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“NORTH AMERICAN 
WILD FLOWERS 


Mortis 


MARY, VAUX) WALCOTT 


PUBLISHED BY 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
1925 
| ERNTHSON TARY 
JUN 2 4 1985 


LIBRARIES 


Neti 
hs ' 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


VOLUME IV 


Note: All sketches are life size. The system used in naming the plants is the American Code of Botanical 
Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray's New Manual, Britton and 
Brown's Illustrated Flora, Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg’s Flora of the 
Rocky Mountains. , 


PLATE 


241. 
242. 
243. 
244. 
“245. 
246. 
Fa DEAE 
248. 
2409. 
250. 
251. 
gE SE: 
253. 
254. 
255. 
25 6. 
257: 
25 8. 
2.5 9- 
2.60. 
261. 


262. 


Showy Orchis. Orchis spectabilis LINNAEUS 

Rosebud Orchid. Pogonia divaricata (LINNAEUS) RoBERT BROWN 
Large Purple Fringe-orchid. Habenaria grandiflora (BicELow) TorrEY 
Franklinia. Franklinia alatamaha MARSHALL 

Blue Phlox. Phlox divaricata LINNAEUS 

Blue-eyed-mary. Collinsia verna NUTTALL 

Dutchmans-breeches. Brkukulla cucullaria (LINNAEUS) MILLSsPAUGH 
Peatpink. Szlene caroliniana \VALTER 

Cut Toothwotrt. Dentaria laciniata MUHLENBERG 

Sweet Pitcherplant. Sarracenia rubra WALTER 

Hooded Pitcherplant. Sarracenia minor \WALTER 

Bowmanstoot. Porteranthus trifoliatus (LINNAEUS) BRITTON 
Pinkshell Azalea. Azalea vaseyi (GRAY) REHDER 

Rosebay Rhododendron. Rhododendron maximum LINNAEUS 
Atamasco-lily. Atamosco atamasco (LINNAEUS) GREENE 
Turkscap Lily. Lilium superbum LiNNaEus 

Orange Polygala. Polygala lutea LINNAEUS 

Red-helmet. Pedicularis bracteosa BENTHAM 

Turttlehead. Chelone glabra LINNAEUS 

Scatlet Elder. Sambucus pubens Michaux 

Crossvine. Avisostichus capreolatus (LINNAEUS) BUREAU 


Indianpipe. Monotropa uniflora LinNazus 


2.63. 
264. 
2.65. 
2.66. 
2.67. 
268. 
2.69. 
270. 
271; 
277, 
2.7 3: 
274. 
275: 
LAG. 
277. 
TS, 
279. 
280. 
281. 
282. 
253. 
284. 
285. 
286. 
207. 
288. 
289. 
2.90. 


29 I. 


Cardinalflower. Lobelia cardinalis LINNAEUS 

Zenobia. Zenobia cassinifolia (VENTENAT) POLLARD 

American Mistletoe. Phoradendron flavescens (PursH) NUTTALL 
American Holly. [lex opaca Arton 

Mountain Hemlock. Tsuga mertenstana (BONGARD) SARGENT 
Western Hemlock. Tsuga heterophylla (RAFINESQUE) SARGENT 
Western Larch. Larix occidentalis NUTTALL 

Douglas-fir. Pseadotsuga mucronata (RAFINESQUE) SUDWORTH 
Bunchberry (flower). Cornus canadensis LINNAEUS 

Bunchberry (fruit). Cornus canadensis LINNAEUS 

Woodnymph. Moneses uniflora (LINNAEUS) GRAY 

Alberta Primrose. Primula maccalliana W1EGAND 

Mourning Groundsel. Senecio lugens RicHARDSON 

Slender Shootingstar. Dodecatheon pauciflorum (DURAND) GREENE 
Snow Willow. Swix nivalis Hooker 

Gray Phacelia. Phacelia sericea (GRAHAM) GRAY 

Nodding Campion. Lychnis apetala Linnazus 

Golden Fleabane. Erigeron aureus GREENE 

Golden Sedge. Carex aurea NUTTALL 

Alpine Pointvetch (flower). Oxytropis podocarpa Gray 

Alpine Pointvetch (fruit). Oxytropis podocarpa Gray 

Rocky Mountain Kalmia. Kalmia microphylla (Hooker) HELurr 
Sidebells Pytola. Pyrola secunda LiNnNaxEus 

Pink Pussytoes. Antennaria rosea (EATON) GREENE 

Elkslip. Caltha leptosepala Dz CANDOLLE 

Rock Wormwood. Artemisia discolor Doucias 

Pearl Everlasting. Anaphalis margaritacea (LINNAEUS) GRAY 
Alaska Fleabane. Evigeron salsuginosus (RICHARDSON) GRAY 


Globe Anemone. Axemone globosa NUTTALL 


292. 
te, 
2.94. 
2.95. 
2.96. 
2.97. 
2.98. 
2.99. 
300. 
30d; 
302. 
203. 
304. 
305. 
306. 
307. 
308. 
3,09. 
3.10, 
2 11. 
312. 
313. 
314. 
315. 
316. 
3,17. 
318. 
3,19. 


3,20. 


Shortspur Columbine. Aguilegia brevistyla HooKER 

Red Dewberry. Rubus pedatus Smirx 

Ladder Gentian. Gentiana acuta MicHaux 

Alpine Milkvetch. Astragalus alpinus LinNAEUS 

Grayleaf Fivefinger. Potentilla glaucoplylla LenmMaNN 
Goldenpea. Thermopsis rhombifolia (N UTTALL) RICHARDSON 
Western Menziesia. Menziesia glabella Gray 

Giant Trillium. Trillium chloropetalum (Torrey) Hows 
Yellow Willow-weed. Epilobium lutem Pursu 

Fiteweed. Epilobium angustifolium LiNNAEUS 

Beargrass. Xerophyllum tenax (Pursx) NUTTALL 

Pink Centaurium. Centaurium venustum (Gray) RoBinson 
Nodding Onion. Allium cernuum Ron 

Rocky Mountain Rhododendron. Rhododendron albiflorum Hooker 
Fotest Anemone. Anemone deltoidea HooKER 

Western Cranesbill. Geranium viscosissimum FiscHER AND MEYER 
Gteen Strawbetry-cactus. Echinocereus viridiflorus ENGELMAN 
Prairie Thistle. Cirsiwm undulatum (NUTTALL) SPRENGEL 
Lilac Mariposa. Calochortus splendens Doucuas 

Orange-eye Globemallow. Sphaeralcea davidsonit Ropinson 
Tassel Cotton grass. Eriophorum angustifolium RotH 

Western Monkeyflower. Mémulus guttatus Don 
Goldenbowl Mariposa. Calochortus clavatus WATSON 

Red Monkeyflower. Déiplacus puniceus NUTTALL 

Columbia Lily. Lilium columbianum Hanson 
Cranbetrybush. Viburnum pauciflorum PyLatE 

Ruff Gentian. Gentiana calycosa GRISEBACH | 

Menzies Pentstemon. Pentstemon menziesti HOOKER 


Purple Prairieclover. Petalostemon purpureum (VENTENAT) RYDBERG 


SHOWY ORCHIS 


Orchis spectabilzs Linnaeus 


Although this orchid is known by the English equivalent of its 
Latin name, showy orchis, the name is really not appropriate, for the 
plant is far less conspicuous than some of its North American tela- 
tives. It is known also as “pulpit-flower,” because of the resemblance 
of the mauve-colored arched petals to the sounding-board over a 
pulpit. In a walk through the deep woods in early spring, our feet 
rustling last year's fallen leaves, it is a pleasant surprise to chance upon 
a gtoup of plants of this shy beauty, the earliest of the orchids to 
blossom. | | 

The flower is well adapted to insure cross-pollination by bumble- 
bees, for not only is the lip or lower petal of just the size to enable 
these insects to get a good hold upon it, but the sput, at the bottom 
of which the nectar is contained, is exactly equal in length to the 
bumblebee's tongue, so that smaller insects can not reach the nectar. 
Finally, the anther is so situated that while the bee is busily engaged 
in extracting the nectar, its head is smeared with the sticky pollen, 
and as the bee enters the flower of another plant, this pollen is 
tubbed off on the stigma, thus effecting cross-pollination. The waxy 
flowets ate borne on a short stem, atising between two bright green 
leaves. 

Showy otchis is found from Georgia to Arkansas, and northward 
to the Dakotas, Ontario, and New Brunswick. 


The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co- 
Jumbia. 


PLATE 241 


ROSEBUD ORCHID 


Pogonia divaricata (Linnaeus) Robert Brown 


Rosebud orchid is widespread and abundant in the far South, and 
the acid-soil meadows of northern Florida are sometimes colored pink 
by thousands of its blossoms. Farther north it becomes rarer, and is 
seldom found even by the botanist, whose excursions lead him to 
remote fields and bogs. The lovely shading and delicate penciling of 
the petals lend a peculiar charm to this orchid. To people not familiar 
with the book name, it is often known as the “rosebud flower,” be- 
cause of the resemblance of the lip to a slender rosebud. Some bota- 
nists hold that it is not a true Pogonia, assigning to it the name Cleéstes 
divaricata. | | 

Rosebud orchid is found from Florida and Alabama northwatd to 
Kentucky and southern New Jetsey, growing both in lowlands near 
the coast and on high mountains. 

The specimen sketched was obtained near Beaufort,South Carolina. 


PLATE 242 


LARGE PURPLE FRINGE-ORCHID 


Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) Torrey 


Large purple fringe-orchid is perhaps the most beautiful of the 
_ Habenarias. The delightful fragrance of its flowets appeals to us no 
less than their beauty, and we are not surprised that they attract bees 
and moths to their nectar and pollen. The plant prefers moist or 
swampy places in grassy meadows or in partial shade, where the soil 
is distinctly, though not very strongly, acid. 

Large purple fringe-orchid is found from the mountains of North 
Carolina northward to Newfoundland and Ontario. 

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained on Mount Desert 
Island, Maine, where it grows abundantly. 


PLATE 243, 


FRANKLINIA 


Franklinia alatamaha Marshall 


Franklinia, or Franklin tree, a member of the Tea Family, has 
perhaps the most romantic history of any plant included in “North 
American Wild Flowers.’ It was first seen by John Bartram in 1765 
in the vicinity of Fort Barrington, Georgia, and was named by his 
friend, Humphrey Marshall, in honor of Benjamin Franklin. His son, 
William Bartram, also visited the locality in 1791, and described the 
plant in his “Travels through North and South Carolina.” He states 
that he never saw it at any other place but near the Fort, where“thete 
are two or three acres of ground where it grows plentifully.” Thot- 
ough search has since been made by botanists, including Dr. C. S. 
_ Sargent, H. W. Ravenel, and Dr. E. T. Wherry, but no wild plants 
can be found. All those in existence in American gardens apparently 
originated with the plant or plants obtained by William Bartram and 
grown at Philadelphia in the place long known as Bartram’s Garden, 
now a public park. 

Franklinia has been shown by Dr. Frederick V. Coville to belong 
to the great number of plants that flourish only in acid souls. Cuttings 
have been rooted successfully and distributed to nutserymen and to 
ptivate gatdens. At Whitesbog, in New Jetsey, a number of plants 
ate gtowing vigorously under the care of Miss Elizabeth C. White. 
The specimen sketched was obtained from one of these plants when 
they were in blossom in September, 192.6. The delicious odor of the 
flowers attracts many bees, but few viable seeds have resulted. The 
Franklinia blooms in autumn when most other trees or shrubs ate 
past flowering. Its leaves turn a beautiful crimson before falling from 
the branches. 


PLATE 244 


BLUE PHLOX 


Phlox divaricata Linnaeus 


Blue phlox is a lovely flower of spring. It often grows in com- 
pany with cream-white violets in rich valleys, beneath tall trees, 
affording a delightful combination of dainty color. In its wild state, 
this species of phlox 1s variable, the color ranging from pinkish to 
pale violet, and the corolla-lobes may be entire or deeply notched. 
It was one of the earliest American plants to be cultivated in Europe, 
being illustrated in Miller's “Figures of Plants” in 1758. 

At Plummets Island, near Washington, District of Columbia, 
where the specimens sketched were obtained, visitors ate not per- 
mitted to gather the flowets, and in consequence blue phlox has 
thrived and grows in great profusion, filling the woods with its fra- 
grance. The plant is well adapted to cultivation in shady gardens. 

Blue phlox is found from Florida to eastern Texas and northward. 
to Quebec and Minnesota. 


PLATE 2.45 


BLUE-EYED-MARY 


Collinsia verna Nuttall 


Blue-eyed-maty is one of the daintiest of spring flowers. In the 
Middle West it sometimes grows in such profusion that the meadows 
ate blue with its brightly colored blossoms. The plant is fragile in 
appearance. Its flowets, although without odor, ate visited by many 
bees. A member of the Figwort Family, this plant is thus related to 
the snapdragons, pentstemons, and monkeyflowets. It can be culti- 
vated easily in rich, gtavelly soil, and is a very desirable addition to the 
wild garden. Since it is a winter annual, the seeds should be sown in 
summer ot early fall, but once established, it reseeds itself abundantly. 

The specimen sketched was gtown by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry in his 
gatden in Washington from seeds procured from Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Blue-eyed-mary ranges from Western Pennsylvania to Kentucky 
and Kansas, and northward to western New York, Ontario, and 
Wisconsin. 


PLATE 246 


DUTCHMANS-BREECHES 


Bikukulla cucullavia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh 


The peculiarly delicate flowets of dutchmans-breeches, held aloft 
above the lacelike leaves by a slender stem, are one of the delights of 
flower lovets in early spring. This plant prefers rich soil on rocky 
ledges or well-drained wooded slopes. The leaves wither when the 
warm days of late spring come. The plant was valued as a love charm 
by the North American Indians. Recent tests made by the United 
States Department of Agriculture trace many cases of stock poison- 
ing to this plant. The leaves, unfolding before thete is much other 
green vegetation, ate eaten greedily by cattle, and since the plant 
grows in leafmold, with slight hold in the earth, it is easily pulled 
loose, and the tubers as well as the leaves are eaten by the animal. 
This double dose of the toxic substance, which is contained in all parts 
of the plant, often produces fatal results. The Virginia highlandets 
know the plant as “little staggerweed.” It belongs to the Fumitory 
Family. Many authots use the name Diécentra for the genus. The 
flowets of this species ate usually white, but pink-flowered plants are 
found occasionally, especially in the southwestern part of its range. 

The specimen sketched was obtained near Washington, District 
of Columbia. 

Dutchmans-breeches has a wide range, occurring from North 
Carolina to Kansas, and north to Minnesota and Nova Scotia. 


PLATE 247 


PEATPINK 


Szlene caroliniana Walter 


The bright flowers of the peatpink are larger than the blossoms 
of most of our wild membets of the Pink Family, and always at- 
ttact notice among the spring flowers. The plants grow in clumps, 
~ and prefer dry, sandy or rocky, usually rather acid soil. The flowers 
have two sets of stamens, one set maturing before the other. The 
styles do not mature until the stamens have unloaded their pollen 
on visiting insects, which transfer it to the older flowers, thus en- 
suting cross-pollination. The flower stalks are sticky, so that small 
insects, endeavoring to reach the flowers by crawling up the stem, 
ate trapped. 

This species, termed in some books Szlene pennsylvanica, tanges from 
Georgia to Massachusetts. A closely related species, differing in that 
the stems and calyx of the flowers are not sticky, grows ftom Ala- 
bama to Kentucky and has recently been named by Dr. J. K. Small, 
Silene wherrye. 

The specimen painted was obtained at Washington, District of 
Columbia. 


PLATE 248 


CUT TOOTHWORT 


Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg 


Cut toothwort is found in spring growing plentifully in rich, 
moist woods, at about the same time as bloodroot and hepatica. The 
name toothwott is given because of the protuberances on the root- 
stocks of some of the species of Dentaria. These tootstocks have a 
spicy flavor similar to watercress, and ate enjoyed by country children, 
who know one of the species as “crinkleroot” and dig its rootstocks 
to eat with their school lunches. The pale pink or white flowets of 
cut toothwott ate rather attractive, but the plant withers quickly 
when gathered, and does not easily revive. 

This member of the Mustard Family is found from Florida to 
Louisiana and Kansas, and northward to Quebec and Minnesota. 

The sketch was made from flowers gathered in Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 


PLATE 249 


SWEET PITCHERPLANT 


Sarracenia rubra Walter 


Sweet pitcherplant is a lovely member of its family, its flowers 
held aloft on delicate stems well above the “pitchers.” In addition to . 
other interesting features, it has a delightful odor similar to that of 
wild grape blossoms. The leaves have the usual characteristics of 
pitcherplants, catching and digesting unwaty insects that enter them. 
Of all the pitcherplants, this is, perhaps, the most desirable to culti- 
vate because of its fragrance and its lasting qualities. It should be 
grown in a cool greenhouse. 

Sweet pitcherplant is found from Georgia and Alabama to North 
Carolina, growing chiefly at moderate elevations. 

The specimen sketched was brought into bloom by Dr. Frederick 
V. Coville in the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture 
in Washington, District of Columbia. 


PLATE 250 


HOODED PITCHERPLANT 


Sarracenia minor Walter 


Hooded pitcherplant has some distinctive features not shown by 
most other membets of the family. The hood is beautifully arched, 
and tends to darken the interior cavity of the leaf. Contrasting with 
the opaque yellow-green of the surrounding leaf structure, the trans- 
lucent patches near the summit of the hood are white, and act as 
windows, transmitting light to the upper part of the “pitchers.” In- 
sects encoutaged by the light to enter are often unable to find the 
way out, and exhausted by their endeavors to escape, drop to the bot- 
tom of the “pitcher,” where they die and are digested for the use of 
the plant. 

This is the southernmost in range of all the pitcherplants, occut- 
ring in damp, acid meadows as far south as the middle of the Florida 
peninsula, and ranging northward through eastern Georgia, but 
barely entering Alabama and North Carolina. 

The sketch was made from plants collected near Beaufort, South 
Carolina. 


PLATE 251 


BOW MANSROOT 


Porteranthus trifoliatus (Linnaeus) Britton 


The delicate flowers of bowmanstoot gtace the woodlands in 
June, when the graceful loose panicles of white blossoms, some- 
times tinged with pink, ate at their best. To the layman, the plant 
bears little resemblance to other members of the Rose Family, to 
which it belongs. The name Porteranthus was given in honor of 
Thomas Contad Porter, professor of botany in Lafayette College. 
In many books the plant 1s named Gillenia trifoliata. | 

Bowmanstoot ranges from Georgia to Missouri, and northward 
to New York, Ontario, and Michigan. 
The plant sketched gtew neat Washington, District of Columbia. 


PLATE 292 


PINKSHELL AZALEA 
Azalea vaseyi (Gray) Rehder 


The pinkshell azalea is so charming in form and color that it de- 
setves attention from flower lovers who cultivate out native plants. 
It prefers rather moist, acid soil, and yields easily to cultivation. The 
corolla is so different in shape from that of other Azaleas that it is 
considered by some botanists to belong to a distinct genus, named 
Biltia in honor of George Vanderbilt. 

Pinkshell azalea has a narrow range, being found only at a few 
restricted localities in the mountains of western North Carolina. For 
many yeats nutsetymen have been digging and shipping this species 
from its native haunts, until it has been nearly exterminated as a wild 
plant. Fortunately it can be propagated in acid soils from seed. 

The specimen sketched was grown by Dr. Paul Bartsch in his 
gatden in Washington, District of Columbia. 


PLATE 253 


ROSEBAY RHODODENDRON 


Rhododendron maximum Linnaeus 


The glory of the rosebay rhododendron when in bloom can hardly 
be exaggerated. Its lovely white or delicately pink flower clusters, 
sutrounded by dark green leaves, make a charming picture. The 
shrub grows to a height of thirty feet in the Carolina mountains, 
where it often covets every available spot, both swamp and hill- 
side, with a tangle of stiff stems and leathery foliage. The moun- 
taineers know it as “laurel.” Its roots lie in mats close to the surface 
of the ground, and are protected by a cover of fallen leaves, which 
consetve the moisture, retain the acid condition of the soil, and add 
fertility. 

Rosebay rhododendron 1s the state flower of West Virginia. It 
is abundant from central Georgia and Alabama as far north as Penn- 
sylvania. It is occasional farther north, even reaching one or two 
localities in Nova Scotia. 

The specimen sketched was obtained from the mountains of 
North Carolina. 


PLATE 254 


ATAMASCO-LILY 


Atamosco atamasco (Linnaeus) Greene 


Springing from the brown bed of the southern forest, no love- 
lier flower graces the awakening of spring than the atamasco-lily, 
a member of the Amaryllis Family. Blooming as it does in many 
places about Easter time, it is widely known in the South as “Easter 
lily.” Great bunches of the flowers are gathered to decorate homes 
and churches, but since the bulbs are not disturbed, the plants are 
not injured. A few long grass-like leaves grow from the bulb, and 
above them the flower stem, bearing the beautiful white flower, 
which sometimes is shaded delicately with pale pink. The thrill 
that comes when the flowets are discovered for the first time will 
long be remembered, for a patch of moist open woods starred with 
hundreds of the blossoms is a beautiful sight. 

Atamasco-lily ranges from Florida and Alabama northward to 
southeastern Virginia. It has been reported also from Pennsylvania, 
but has not been found in that state in recent years. By some bota- 
nists the plant is known as Zephyranthes atamasco. 

The flowers sketched wete obtained near Yemassee, South Caro- 
lina. 


PLATE 25§ 


TORKSGCAP EELY 


Lilium superbum Linnaeus 


It is not surprising that Linnaeus gave the specific name superbum 
to this beautiful lily. Anyone who has seen it growing in meadows 
ot bogs in midsummer will never forget the impression created by a 
great number of these plants blooming together. The stems, which 
at times attain a height of seven feet, are crowned with a panicle of 
magnificent flowers, sometimes numbering forty, whose color varies 
from ted to orange. This lovely wildling yields easily to garden treat- 
ment, especially in acid, boggy soil, and survives from year to year, 
even increasing in beauty. 

Turkscap lily is found from the mountains of Georgia to Missouri, 
and northward to New Brunswick and Minnesota. 

The flowets sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia. 


PLATE 256 


ORANGE POLYGALA 


Polygala lutea Linnaeus 


At many places in the Southeastern States the brilliant heads of 
the orange poly gala stand out in bold relief from the background of 
grasses and weeds that surround them. The pine-barren swamps are 
its chosen habitat, and here it may be found in blossom most of the 
summer. Most of the North American plants belonging to the Poly- 
gala Family have inconspicuous flowers, often dull in color, but the 
flowers of this species are very showy. The roots of the plant, like 
those of many other species of Polygala, contain the chemical sub- 
stance commonly known as “oil of wintergreen,’ which can be rec- 
ognized by its odor and taste. As this same flavoring substance is used 
in candy, the country people throughout the South know the species 
of Polygala as “candyweed” or “candyroot,’ and chew the roots as a 
cute for coughs and colds. The medicinal value of this species is 
slight, although extracts of the roots of other members of the genus 
are used extensively in cough remedies. 

Orange polygala ranges from Florida and Louisiana northward to 
New Jetsey and Long Island. 

The sketch was made from flowers collected near Beaufort, South 
Carolina. 


PLATE 257 


RED HELMET 


Pedicularis bracteosa Bentham 


Red helmet, or wood betony, is found plentifully in the Cana- 
dian Rocky Mountains, and frequently, before it comes into bloom, 
deceives the passer-by, who assumes that its fern-like leaves are fern 
fronds. The flowets are curious in structure, the “helmet” having 
the shape of a walrus head with tusks on either side, and being so 
arranged that it protects the stamens from the rain. Insect visitors ate 
plentiful, and gather the nectar easily from its shallow receptacles. 

This member of the Figwort Family ranges from Colorado to 
California, and northwatd to Alberta and British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was gathered near Baker Lake, fifteen 
miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 
feet. 


PLATE 258 


TURTLEHEAD 


Chelone glabra Linnaeus 


This plant prefers to grow along water courses or in swamps, 
where it blooms freely in late summer and fall. The ingeniously con- 
structed flower is visited by bees and other insects. The lower lip 
forms a platform on which the bees alight, and as the hooded upper 
lip is large enough to enclose the body of any but the largest kind 
of bees, they usually disappear completely when they go in to get 
the nectar. When they back out, their heads bear pollen brushed from 
the anthers, and in entering another blossom they leave some of this 
on the stigma, thus effecting cross-pollination. The creamy color of 
the flower, sometimes tinged with pink, turns to brown as it fades. 
Turtlehead 1s easily cultivated and forms a desirable addition to the 
wildflower garden. It belongs to the Figwort Family, and is often 
known to country folk as “wild snapdragon.” 

Turtlehead has a wide range, occurring from Florida and Ala- 
bama to Kansas, and north to Newfoundland and Manitoba. 

The plant from which the sketch was made gtew on Mount 
Desert Island, Maine. 


PLATE 259 


SCARLET ELDER 


Sambucus pubens Michaux 


Although rather inconspicuous in spring when its small, green- 
ish-white flowets open, scarlet elder is a striking plant in summer 
and fall, with its bunches of brightly colored berries against a back- 
ground of deep green leaves. The bushes are from five to thirty feet 
in height. Since they grow in rather barren, rocky places, and are 
not particular about soil or altitude, they have a wide distribution. 
The eldets belong to the Honeysuckle Family. 

This species is a tather northern one, ranging from the moun- 
tains of Georgia to those of Colorado and California, and north- 
watd to Newfoundland and Alaska. 

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Glacier 
House, Glacier, British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 260 


CROSSVINE 


Anisostichus capreolatus (Linnaeus) Bureau 


Although its flowets are very showy, crossvine is not familiar 
to many flower lovers. Its glossy, evergreen, paited leaves are borne 
on tough, tangled, woody stems with stout tendrils. The plant 1s 
neatly related to the trumpet-creeper, but is easily distinguished 
from it by the shorter trumpet of its flower. In some botanical 
works it is listed as Bignonia crucigera, the species name meaning cross- 
bearer. In a section of the stem certain elements of the wood make a 
perfect cross, hence the name crossvine. In autumn the leaves turn 
to a bronze color. The crossvine prefers moist, almost swampy situa- 
tions having an acid soil. 

The plant ranges from Florida to Louisiana, and northward to 
Virginia, southern Ohio, and Illinois. 

The specimen sketched was gathered near Beaufort, South Caro- 
lina. 


PLATE 261 


INDIANPIPE 


Monotropa uniflora Linnaeus 


The weitd flowets of the Indianpipe develop in warm mid- 
summer weather after rains. The flowets rise above the forest floor 
when most plants ate past their bloom. The plants subsist upon 
decaying vegetable matter, having a mat of rootlets under the dead 
leaves. They have specialized away from the habits of ordinary plants, 
having lost their chlorophyl, and are ghostly white, or sometimes 
pale pink, with leaves that are mete scales. As the seeds mature, the 
flowets turn upward and blacken. 

This plant is very widely distributed, being found practically 
throughout the North American continent north of Mexico, and also 
in Japan and the Himalayas. | 

On Mount Desert Island, Maine, where this specimen was gath- 
ered, Indianpipe grew in many localities. 


PLATE 2.62. 


CARDINALFLOWER 


Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus 


Cardinalflower, one of the most brilliantly colored of all our wild 
flowers, loves swampy places or the banks of streams, whete in mid- 
summer it teaches its perfection. The long spikes continue to bloom 
for weeks. The flowets open in succession from the lowest buds on 
the stem to those at the top. For this reason, the plant is easily ex- 
terminated in its native haunts, the flowers at the top of the stems 
being gathered with the old flowers and ripening seeds below. The 
color of the flowers is likened to that of a catdinal’s hat, and surely 
the corolla of no other of our wild flowers is so rich and velvety. 
Cardinalflower may be grown easily from seed, but in gardens it 
must be treated as a biennial unless its wet habitat can be reproduced. 
In the wild state, it is perennial by offsets. 

Cardinalflower occuts from Florida westward to Texas, Kansas, 
and Colorado, and north to New Brunswick and Ontario. 

The sketch was obtained from — gathered near Pocono 
Manor, Pennsylvania. 


PLATE 263 


ZENOBIA 


ZLenobia cassintfolia (Ventenat) Pollard 


Zenobia is a branching shrub, from three to five feet in height, 
with glossy, deep green leaves. Its clusters of large, creamy-white, 
bell-shaped flowers exhale a delightful perfume, and its name is a 
fitting tribute to the beautiful Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, in the days 
of its glory. The plants flourish 1n acid soil, like most other members 
of the Heath Family, to which the genus belongs. 

Zenobia tanges from Florida to North Carolina, in the coastal 
plain and piedmont provinces, but it has proved hatdy much farther 
north. 


The sketch was made from specimens obtained near Rose Hill, 
North Carolina. 


PLATE 264 


AMERICAN MISTLETOE 
| Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nuttall 


The mistletoe of romance does not grow in America, but out 
native species serve the same decorative purpose, and are used at 
Christmas time with holly and other evergreens. There ate several 
kinds of mistletoe, parasitic on both evergreen and deciduous ttees. 
The name Phoradendron, applied to the principal Ametican genus of 
the Mistletoe Family, is dertved from Greek words meaning “tree- 
thief.” Where American mistletoe is plentiful it often kills its host. 
The flowers appear in September, but the fruit does not mature 
until the following year. Each berry contains a single seed. 

This species of mistletoe is found from Florida to Texas and 
Missouri, and northward to New Jersey and Ohio. 

The sketch was made ftom a specimen obtained in Virginia, 
whete it gtows chiefly on tupelo trees, but sometimes on red maples. 


PLATE 265 


AMERICAN HOLLY 


Ilex opaca Aiton 


The brilliant red berries and spiny evergreen leaves of American 
holly carry with them all the Old World associations, even though 
out species is different from that of Europe. The inconspicuous 
flowers ate of a greenish color, and the pistillate and staminate flow- 
ets usually occur on sepatate trees. American holly is most abundant 
in moist woods on rather acid soils. It sometimes teaches a height 
of fifty feet, with a trunk three and a half feet in diameter, but 1s of 
slow growth. The wood is white, close-grained, and hard; the bark 
greenish gray, with white markings. The great demand for holly at 
Christmas stimulates cutting for commercial purposes, and 1s de- 
nuding the forests of this beautiful evergreen. To save it from exter- 
mination, substitutes must be used whenever possible. 

American holly is found from Florida to Texas and Missouri, and 
northward to Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. 

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained near Washington, 
District of Columbia. 


PLATE 2.66 


MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK 


Tsuga mertensiana (Bongard) Sargent 


Mountain hemlock forms wide expanses of dark green foliage 
along the mountain sides. A mature tree has a tapering trunk two 
to four feet in diameter and seventy to a hundred feet in height, and 
gracefully drooping branches. The heavy cones ate abundant and 
beautifully colored, especially in their earlier stages, before the scales 
have dried in ripening. In the Selkirk Mountains this is a conspicu- 
ous tree, adding greatly to the beauty of the landscape. 

Mountain hemlock has a comparatively narrow range, occurring 
from western Montana to California and Alaska. 

The specimen sketched grew near Glacier House, Glacier, British 
Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 267 


WESTERN HEMLOCK 


Tsuga heterophylla (Rafinesque) Sargent 


Western hemlock is a tall tree with graceful feathery branches, 
quite different from the mountain hemlock in habit and in fruttage. 
It sometimes grows two hundred feet high, with a trunk six to nine 
feet in diameter. The small brown cones, not more than an inch long, 
ate produced abundantly, and contrast with the background of shiny, 
dark green leaves. The leaves are marked on the lower surface with 
white bands. 

This species of hemlock occurs from western Montana to north- 
etn California, Alberta, and Alaska. 

The specimen was obtained at Glacier House, near Glacier, British 
Columbia, at an elevation of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 268 


WESTERN LARCH 


Larix occidentalis Nuttall 


One of the stateliest trees in our northwestern country is western 
latch, which gives a distinctive appearance to the forests whete it is 
found. The tall, straight trunks, often three feet in diameter, reach 
a height of a hundred feet or mote, rising above the surrounding 
trees. The wood is very durable, which makes it especially suitable 
for railroad ties. In consequence, the large trees are being cut rapidly. 

Westetn latch ranges from western Montana to Oregon and 
British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Horse 
Thief River, a tributary of the Columbia River in British Colum- 
bia, Canada, at an altitude of 3,000 feet. 


PLATE 269 


DOUGLAS-FIR 


Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque) Sudworth 


The giant Douglas-fir is an impressive tree wherever it reaches 
its full development. It grows from eighty to two hundred feet in 
height with a trunk two to eight feet in diameter, or sometimes 
even larger. The rich green foliage, pointed buds, and beautiful pen- 
dent cones distinguish it from its forest companions. The long bracts 
ate Conspicuous on the cones, since they extend half an inch beyond 
the scales. | 

Douglas-fir is found from western Texas and northern Mexico 
to California, British Columbia, and Alberta. 

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained near Radium 
Hot Springs in the Columbia River Valley, British Columbia, at an 
altitude of 3,000 feet. 


PLATE 270 


BUNCHBERRY 


Cornus canadensis Linnaeus 


To see bunchberty in its glory we must ttavel to the northern 
woods, where the cool summers and generally moist conditions of 
soil and atmosphere are most favorable to its growth. Hete it covets 
acid humus with its bright green leaves, producing at the top of 
each stem a whorl of pointed, white, petal-like bracts. The flowers 
ptoper ate the few inconspicuous purple or greenish tubular objects 
clustered in the center of these bracts. Bunchberty is closely related 
to the showy dogwood trees of more southern regions and in its way 
is quite as beautiful, in spite of its small size. 

Bunchberry has a wide range, being found from the mountains — 
of West Virginia and New Jersey to Maine and Labrador, and west- 
ward to Colorado, California, and Alaska. 

The specimen sketched was gathered at Lake Louise, Albetta, 
Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. 


PLATE 271 


BUNCHBERRY 


Cornus canadensis Linnaeus 
FRUIT OF PLATE 271 


When in August the bunchberry is in fruit, 1t is even mote strik- 
ing than when in flower, for the berries are exceptionally brilliant 
in color. They are relished by wild birds, though insipid and unat- 
tractive to our taste. Both stems and leaves also turn red, enhancing 
the charm of the bunchberry's home, in the shady places of the deep 
northern forest. 

Owing to the wide range of the bunchberty, it 1s well known 
to flower lovets everywhere. From West Virginia to New Jersey 
it grows only on the higher mountains, but it descends to sea level 
from Massachusetts to Labrador. It is common also in the moun- 
tainous regions of western North America from Colorado and Cali- 
fornia to Alaska. 

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Hector, 
British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 4,500 feet. 


PLATE 272 


WOODNYMPH 


Moneses uniflora (Linnaeus) Gray 


Woodnymph would probably escape the attention of the passet- 
by, wete it not for the pervasive odot of its flowers. Beautiful trails 
in the deep forest, where the sunshine filters through, lead us to the 
quiet spots where it grows in perfection. Half hidden by surround- 
ing moss, with the stem turned down so that the flower is shielded 
from tain, it is seen only by sharp eyes. After fertilization the stem 
straightens, turning the flower upward. 

Woodnymph constitutes a genus of its own, and belongs to the 
Pyrola Family—in fact, it is often known as the “one-flower pyrola.” 
It has a wide range, occurring from the mountains of Pennsylvania 
to Labrador, and from New Mexico northward to Oregon and 
Alaska, as well as in Europe and Asia. 

The specimen sketched was gathered in the valley of Baker 
Creek, twenty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an 
altitude of 6,000 feet. 


PLATE 273 


ALBERTA PRIMROSE 


Primula maccalliana Wiegand 


Travelers to the mountains in midsummer tarely see this lovely 
primrose, for it soon passes with the first warm days. It delights in 
wet banks or moist, sandy or gravelly places, and is so small that 
sharp eyes are needed to find it. The slender, dainty stem carries the 
pale pink flowers four or five inches above the basal tuft of green 
leaves, from whose center they spring. The flowers become purple 
in withering. | 

Alberta primrose has a natrow tange, occurring only in the Cana- 
dian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was found on the shore of Bow Lake, 
twenty-five miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti- 
tude of 5,000 feet. 


PLATE 274 


MOURNING GROUNDSEL 


Senecio lugens Richardson 


Mourning groundsel is a peculiar plant, thriving in situations 
where camps have been located, and blooming late in the flowet- 
ing season. The flower stalk, about a foot tall, rises from the center 
of a tosette of large leaves, and from the top of the stem a half 
dozen flowers on long stems sprawl irregularly. The name com- 
memotates a massacte at Bloody Falls on the Coppermine River in 
Yukon, within the Arctic Citcle, where a patty of Eskimos was de- 
sttoyed by Northern Indians who accompanied the explorer Herne. 

The range of mourning groundsel is from Montana and Wash- 
ington northward to Yukon. 

Out sketch was made from a specimen found on the upper Pipe- 
stone River, fifteen miles northwest of Lake Louise, at an altitude 
of 5,000 feet. 


PLATE 275 


SLENDER SHOOTINGSTAR 
Dodecatheon pauciflorum (Durand) Greene 


Slender shootingstar has a delicate habit of growth, and appears 
so frail that one wonders how it thrives in its chosen location. It 
loves moist places, such as wet meadows, or rocky ledges where 
cold water trickles down. The stems rise from the center of a loose 
tuft of green leaves. The flowers always remind us of the cyclamen, 
and this is not surprising, as both belong to the Primrose Family. 

The range of slender shootingstar is rather wide, from Colorado 
northward to Saskatchewan, Mackenzie, British Columbia,and Alaska. 

The sketch was made from a specimen found in the valley above 
Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,500 feet. 


PLATE 276 


SNOW WILLOW 


Salix nivalis Hooker 


When climbing in the higher altitudes of the Rocky Mountains, 
just above timber line, one often finds large patches of the ground 
coveted with a low plant about an inch high, bearing spikes of tiny 
ted flowets surrounded by small, dark green leaves. It proves to be 
the snow willow, one of the smallest of all the large group of wil- 
lows. Later in the season the flowers ate followed by tiny seeds 
with feathery appendages, by means of which they ate carried by 
the wind to new locations far from the parent plants. The plant is 
so low that it is not torn by the winds, however violent they may 
become on the bleak mountain slopes. In winter, also, it is well 
protected by even the thinnest blanket of snow. Thus has the tiny 
willow become adapted to its envitonment. 

The species tanges from Montana to Washington, and northward 
to Alberta and British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was found near Bow Lake, twenty-five 
miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude 
of 7,000 feet. 


PLATE 277 


GRAY PHACELIA 
Phacelia sericea (Graham) Gray 


Gtay phacelia grows under various conditions in the higher 
mountains. Some plants are quite low, others form stems a foot tall, 
springing from a bunch of silky gray-green leaves. The flowets are 
produced in elongated clusters. The deep purple color of the flowers 
contrasts with the bright yellow of the anthers, which stand out on 
filaments much longer than the corolla, giving a feathery appeat- 
ance to the spikes. Numerous insects are attracted by the strong, dis- 
agreeable odor. Gray phacelia belongs to the Waterleaf Family, and 
tanges from Colorado and Nevada northward to Alberta and British 
Columbia. 

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Glacier, 
British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. 


PLATE 278 


NODDING CAMPION 


Lychnis apetala Linnaeus 


Nodding campion grows among the rocks and bouldets of old 
moraines or on alpine summits. Its flowers, turned toward the 
ground, ate inconspicuous. The tiny petals project only a little from 
the end of the inflated calyx. Though the species has a wide distri- 
bution, it is seldom seen by the traveler because the coloring of both 
leaves and flowets is similar to that of the rocks among which it 
gtows. 

Nodding campion is found in both Labrador and Greenland, and 
extends from Colorado and Utah northward to Alberta, British 
Columbia, and Alaska. It occurs also in Europe and Asia. 

The sketch was made from a specimen found near Lake McAr- 
thur, fourteen miles by trail from Hector, British Columbia, at an 
altitude of 7,000 feet. 


PLATE 279 


GOLDEN FLEABANE 


Frigeron aureus Greene 


Golden fleabane is known to all mountaineers in the Canadian 
Rockies, for its clear yellow flowers cover the ground in favorable 
situations above ttee line, or appear in tock crevices where the soil 
has gathered in sufficient quantity to give the plants a foothold. The 
flowets spring from a tuft of gray-green leaves, and are raised by 
theit tiny stems an inch or more above the ground. They are not so 
perishable as most alpine flowers, and may be found through most 
of the season. They belong to the Aster Family. 

Golden fleabane has a narrow tange, being found only in Alberta 
and British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was obtained on the summit of Mount 
Fairview, near Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 8,500 
feet. 


PLATE 280 


GOLDEN SEDGE 


Carex aurea Nuttall 


Sharp eyes are needed to find this attractive sedge in fruit, for 
it gtows neat the ground among other gtasses and plants. Its seeds 
ate heavy in proportion to the slender stems, and the bunches are 
borne over toward the ground. We have frequently found it on the 
flats of glacier-fed streams, whete the hot mid-day sun melted the 
ice and sent down a flood of water evety afternoon. 

Golden sedge has a wide range, being found from Pennsylvania 
and Connecticut to Newfoundland, and westward to New Mexico 
and California and northward to Yukon. 

The specimen sketched was obtained at Lone Pine Camp, in the 
valley of the Siffleur River in Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 
5,000 feet. 


PLATE 281 


ALPINE POINTVETCH 


Oxytropis podocarpa Gtay 


Rocky slopes above timberline yield many of the most attractive 
flowets, among them the alpine pointvetch. This plant overcomes 
the handicaps of its difficult environment by growing close to the 
ground, its woody root holding it firmly to the soil that has col- 
lected among the stones or in the crevices of rocky ledges. The gray- 
green leaves form a fine background for the comparatively large 
purple flowers, which also lie near the ground. 

Alpine pointvetch belongs to the Pea Family. It occurs from Col- 
otado to Idaho, and northward to British Columbia and Alaska, also 
in Labrador. 

The sketch was made from a specimen collected at Wonder Pass, 
neat Mount Assiniboine, fifty miles south of Banff, Alberta, Canada, 
at an altitude of 8,000 feet. 


PLATE 282. 


ALPINE POINTVETCH 


Oxytropis podocarpa Gtay 
FRUIT OF PLATE 282 


Alpine pointvetch is adorned, a little later in the season, with in- 
flated pods. As the slender stems are unable to beat their weight, the 
pods lie on the ground, and sometimes, if the plant is especially sturdy, 
make a circle of fruit around the gray silky leaves. The tiny peas soon 
ripen, and finding lodgment in some cranny among the stones and 
rocks, produce new plants. 

We find this member of the Pea Family in Labrador, and in the 
west from Colorado and Idaho northward to British Columbia and 
Alaska. 

The specimen sketched was collected near Bow Lake, twenty-five 
miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,800 
feet. 


PLATE 283 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN KALMIA 
| Kalmia microphylla (Hooker) Heller 


The dainty stems and flowets of Rocky Mountain kalmia cause 
that plant to seem far removed from its sturdy relatives of the east- 
etn United States. It grows in swampy places near streams and al- 
pine lakes, often forming masses of color among the moss, grasses, 
and other low-growing plants which love similar conditions of soil 
and moisture. The first hot days cause the corollas to fall, leaving 
behind them a cluster of ted seed vessels. Rocky Mountain kalmia 
belongs to the Heath Family, and is closely related to Rocky Moun- 
tain cassiope, as well as to the pink and the white mountain-heathers, 
which often grow near it in somewhat drier soil. 

Rocky Mountain kalmia has a comparatively narrow range, oc- 
curring from Colorado west to California, and northward to Al- 
betta, British Columbia, and Alaska. 

The specimen sketched was collected at Burgess Pass, seven miles 
by trail from Field, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 7,000 
feet. 


PLATE 284 


SIDEBELLS PYROLA 


Pyrola secunda Linnaeus 


Sidebells pyrola—its name often contracted to sidebells—is a dainty 
plant, with small, leathery leaves close to the ground. It loves moist 
shady places. The tiny bell-shaped flowers hang from one side of the 
flower stem, and by this characteristic the species is easily distin- 
guished from the other pyrolas. It seems easily satisfied with respect 
to habitat, for we find it growing plentifully in widely different 
situations, although always in rather acid soil. 

This diminutive relative of the heaths has a wide range, occurring 
from Virginia to California and Mexico, and northward to Alaska 
and Labrador. It is found also in Europe and Asia. 

The sketch was made at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, where the 
specimen grew at an altitude of 5,500 feet. 


PLATE 285 


PINK PUSSYTOES 


Antennaria rosea (Eaton) Greene 


Of all the kinds of Antennaria, pink pussytoes is one of the most 
attractive, the pale silvery leaves and stems and the pink bracts of the 
flower heads forming a pleasing color combination. The plants are 
found usually in dry sterile or moist open ground, whete they form 
mats, often in association with Antennaria microphylla, a similar species. 

Pink pussytoes belongs to the Aster Family, and ranges from 
Colorado to California and Yukon. 

The specimen shown was collected at an altitude of 6,000 feet, 
neat Lake Agnes, reached by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. 


PLATE 286 


ELKSLIP 
Caltha leptosepala De Candolle 


_ The traveler seldom sees the beautiful elkslip in perfection, be- 
cause it frequents retired spots high in the mountains. It grows in 
dense masses, preferring swampy meadows wet by the cold water 
from melting snow. The leaves suggest those of the cyclamen, but 
the flowers, with their yellow centers and white petals, are more 
_ like the flowers of bloodroot. Sometimes the petals ate tinged out- 
side with pale blue. They soon fall when the hot sun strikes them. 

Elkslip has a wide range, occurring from New Mexico to Wash- 
ington, Alberta, and British Columbia. It belongs to the Crowfoot 
Family and is closely related to the marshmarigolds of the East. 

Near Mount Assiniboine, where this specimen was collected at 
an altitude of 5,000 feet, the alpine meadows in places are covered 
with its sturdy growth. Mount Assiniboine is fifty miles by trail 
south of Banff, Alberta, Canada. 


PLATE 287 


ROCK WORMWOOD 


Artemisia discolor Douglas 


The wormwoods all have a pungent odor, especially when the 
leaves and flowers ate crushed. Rock wormwood grows among 
the loose stones of steep rock slides. The plants are so nearly the 
color of their rock surroundings that they are easily overlooked. 
The wormwoods belong to the vast Aster Family, and to the sub- 
division that includes the oxeye daisy and yatrow. 

Rock wormwood has a nattow range, being found from Mon- 
tana to Washington, and northward to British Columbia. 

The specimen sketched was obtained by the side of the rocky 
trail under Mount Wapta, ten miles by trail from Field, British 
Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. 


PLATE 288 


PEAR IARVERLASTING 


Anaphalis margaritacea (Linnaeus) Gray 


Pearl everlasting, with its clusters of yellow-centered white flower 
heads, grows plentifully in many situations, but it is not one of the 
most beautiful of the mountain flowets. The white, cottony leaves 
and stems contrast with the background of dark green grasses and 
leafy plants among which the plants grow. The flowets are some- 
times dried for winter use in making wreaths and other decorations, 
and they are often dyed red for use at Christmas. The plant belongs 
to the Aster Family. 

Pearl everlasting has a wide range, being found from Pennsylvania 
to Kansas and California, and northwatd to Newfoundland and 
Alaska. It occurs also in Asia. 

The specimen sketched was gathered near Moose Creek, in the 
valley of the Kootenay River, forty miles southwest of Banff, Al- 
berta, Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 289 


ALASKA FLEABANE 


Evigeron salsuginosus (Richardson) Gray 


Of all the mountain flowers in the Canadian Rockies, Alaska flea- 
bane is one of the most conspicuous on the higher slopes and in the 
alpine valleys. The flower heads ate large, their bright yellow centers 
sutrounded by purple rays. The stems are often eighteen inches tall. 
Growing in profusion, frequently with lemon columbine, they make 
the slopes gay with their colors. The hotses apparently enjoy their 
flavor, and always try to nip them along the trail. 

The range of this fleabane is from New Mexico to California, and 
northward to Alaska and Saskatchewan. 

The sketch was made at Tilted Mountain Camp, eighteen miles — 
by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 7,500 
tect: 


| PLATE 290 


GLOBE ANEMONE 


Anemone globosa Nuttall 


This beautiful flower is often the first anemone seen by the flower 
lover whose Western journey is taken in midsummer, when the 
early anemones are past flowering. The plants grow in clumps, the 
flowets borne on stout stems well above the gray-green foliage 
and colored pink, red, white, or sometimes lavender. A thimble-like 
seed-head follows the flowers, and this soon develops into a fluffy 
mass, each seed being provided with cottony hairs by which the 
wind transports it to a new location. The anemones belong to the 
Crowfoot Family. 

Globe anemone occurs from New Mexico and California north- 
ward to South Dakota, Mackenzie, and Alaska. It is very plentiful 
in some of the dry meadows near Banff. 

The sketch was made from specimens gathered near Mt. Mas- 
sive, ten miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 
feet. 


PLATE 291 


SHORTSPUR COLUMBINE 


Aquilegia brevistyla Hooker 


Shortspur columbine is a rate member of the Crowfoot Family, 
seldom found by mountain visitors. Its blue coloring is most beauti- 
ful, and in marked contrast to that of the lemon columbine and ted 
columbine, both of which are familiar plants in the alpine valleys of 
the Canadian Rockies. 

This species is found from Minnesota and South Dakota to Alberta 
and Yukon. It is closely related to the European columbine (Aquilegia 
vulgaris) so often cultivated in our gardens. 

The sketch was made from a specimen obtained in the valley of 
Healy Creek, ten miles south of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude 
of 6,000 feet. 


PLATE 292 


RED DEWBERRY 
Rubus pedatus Smith 


The rich green leaves of the red dewberty form close mats over 
the ground, and the star-like white flowets conttast sharply with 
them. The fruits have usually four or five drupelets, bright red in 
color, surrounded by a leafy envelope. The stems creep along the 
ground, rooting at the joints. Both flowets and fruits often are 
found on the plants at the same time. This member of the Rose 
Family inhabits cool, damp woods. 

In the Selkirk Mountains red dewbertry is very plentiful, but our 
specimen was obtained near the trail leading from the Banff-Win- 
dermere motor road at Marble Canyon to Evelyn Glacier, five miles 
south, in the valley of Vermilion River, fifteen miles from Castle 
Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. 

Red dewberry is found from Montana to California, and north- 
watd to Alberta and Alaska. 


PLATE 293 


LADDER GENTIAN 


Gentiana acuta Michaux 


Ladder gentian is not so handsome or showy as many other gen- 
tians. The stems are stiff and frequently dark ted in color. The nu- 
merous flowets ate lavender or sometimes white, and spring from 
the stem in the axils of the upper leaves. Often the plants are almost 
pytamidal in form, especially when growing among other plants in 
full sunshine in upland meadows. This species prefers rather dry, 
sandy soil, and as the roots ate vety shallow, the plants ate easily 
pulled up. 

Ladder gentian ranges from New Mexico to California and north 
to Alaska, and from Maine to Labrador. It is found also in Europe 
and Asia. 

The sketch was made from a specimen secuted neat Lake Louise 
Station, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. 


PLATE 294 


ALPINE MILKVETCH 


Astragalus alpinus Linnaeus 


Alpine milkvetch is found at high altitudes. It covets the ground 
with a mat of leaves, above which the loose bunches of delicate 
mauve flowets ate borne in short heads. It delights in rocky soil in 
partially shaded situations. When found above tree line, the flower 
heads ate borne on vety short stems. The flowers show the plant to 
be a member of the Pea Family. 

_ Alpine vetch has a wide range, being found from Vermont to 
Labrador, and from Idaho to Alaska. It occuts also in Europe. 

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of Johnson 
Creek, thirty miles by trail from Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an 
altitude of 6,000 feet. 


PLATE 295 


GRAYLEAF FIVEFINGER 


Potentilla glaucophylla Lehmann 


On the higher mountain slopes we wete always attracted by the 
cheerful yellow flowers of grayleaf fivefinget. The slender stems, 
tising well above a bunch of gray-green leaves, wave to and fro in 
the mountain breezes. The blossoms seem sometimes almost like a 
shower of gold, just reaching the earth ftom the clouds above. This 
plant belongs to the Rose Family. 

Grayleaf fivefinger ranges from New Mexico to Oregon, British 
Columbia, and Saskatchewan. 

The sketch was made at Lake O'Hara, eleven miles by ttail north 
of Hector Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, 
Canada, at an altitude of 6,000 feet. 


PLATE 296 


GOLDENPEA 
Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nuttall) Richardson 


The cleat yellow flowers of the goldenpea, as observed from the 
cat windows, ate very striking, and they are equally beautiful when 
seen Close at hand. The plant’s suggestion of coarseness is less appat- 
ent when the blooms are gathered to adorn the house, and they do 
not fade so quickly as many of the daintier flowers. 

Goldenpea has a rather wide range, extending from Colorado 
and Nebraska northward to Saskatchewan. 

The specimen sketched was obtained near Medicine Hat, Alberta, 
Canada, at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 297 


WESTERN MENZIESIA 
Menziesta glabella Gray 


Many of the steep wooded slopes in the higher valleys of the 
Notthwest Coast are coveted with blueberry bushes and other 
shrubs, and in company with them is found the western menziesia, 
sometimes called false blueberry. The dainty bells, hanging from the 
upper portions of the bushes, are tinged with vermilion or pink. 
When the leaves and stems ate crushed, an unpleasant skunklike 
odor is very evident. The ponies never eat the bush, and so escape the 
effects of the poison that this plant has recently been proved to con- 
tain. The flowers soon wither when hot days come, and are followed 
by curious little seed vessels. The genus name was given in honor 
of its discoverer, Archibald Menzies, one of the earliest botanists to 
visit the Northwest Coast. 

The genus Menzéesia belongs to the Heath Family. The species 
tanges from Wyoming to Oregon, British Columbia, and Alberta. 
It has a telative also in the Appalachian Mountains. 

The sketched branch was obtained on the side of the Yoho Val- 
ley, near Field, British Columbia, Canada, at an altitude of 6, 500 feet. 


PLATE 298 


GIANT TRILLIUM 


Trillium chloropetalum (Torrey) Howell 


Giant trilltum is found from the mountains of western Washing- 
ton to California. It is easily cultivated in wild gardens, and proves 
to be hardy in the vicinity of Boston, where this specimen was ob- 
tained. 

The petals vary from white and greenish-yellow to wine color. 


PLATE 299 


YELLOW WILLOW-WEED 


Epilobium lutem Putsh 


The lush growth of yellow willow-weed attracts attention to 
the plant, as its greenish-yellow funnel-shaped flowers ate incon- 
spicuous. It loves the moist borders of streams, or othet wet places. 
The long seed pods are characteristic of the Epilobiums, a well- 
known genus of the Evening-primrose Family. This species has 
a nattow tange, being found from Washington State, and British 
Columbia to Alaska. 

Yellow willow-weed grows plentifully in the Selkirk Moun- 
tains neat Glacier House, at Glacier, British Columbia, whete this 
specimen was gathered at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 300 


FIREWEED 


Epilobium angustifolium Linnaeus 


The magenta hue of fireweed is often inharmonious with the 
colors of other flowers, but when seen alone in valleys or on moun- 
tain sides, tinting the landscape, it is very beautiful. The tall, graceful 
stems ate decorated with many flowets, and these ate followed by 
the cottony seeds which are blown everywhete by the passing winds. 
After forest fires, fireweed is the first plant to cover the burns, and 
its name was derived from this fact. Occasionally the flowers are 
white or very pale pink. Where the soil is especially rich, the plant 
may grow to a height of five or six feet. It belongs to the Evening- 
primrose Family. 

Fiteweed has a wide tange, occurring from North Carolina to 
Greenland, and westwatd to New Mexico, California, and Alaska. 
It is found also in Europe and Asia. 

The specimen sketched came from the valley of the Clearwater 
River, thirty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at 
an altitude of 6,000 feet. 


PLATE 301 


BEARGRASS 
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nuttall 


Beargtass is a conspicuous plant when in bloom, the spikes of 
cteamy flowers contrasting with the dark green foliage of the 
neighboring trees and plants. The numerous flowers seem almost 
too heavy even for the stout stems supporting them. On steep 
slopes, sterile plants often form a close swatd, which is so slippery 
that it is difficult to traverse. The tender young flower shoots are 
eaten by beats, and ate also cut down by ground squirrels for food. 
The Indians use the leaves in making fine baskets, and for this tea- 
son the plant is sometimes known as “basketgrass.” The genus con- 
tains only two other species, one of which, known as “turkeys- 
‘beard,’ is found on the Atlantic coast. 

Beargrass belongs to the Lily Family. It has a nartow range, oc- 
cutting only from Montana and California to British Columbia. It 
is especially plentiful in Glacier National Park. 

The specimen sketched was obtained in Mount Rainier National 
Park. 


PLATE 302 


PINK CENTAURIUM 


Centaurium venustum (Gray) Robinson 


The brilliant flowers of pink centaurtum contrast beautifully with 
their gray surroundings, and are the mote striking because the plants 
gtow in bunches. The numerous flowers are large in proportion to 
the size of the plant, and the pea-green leaves are entirely over- 
shadowed by them. The plant belongs to the Gentian Family. 

Pink centaurium has a very natrow tange, being confined to 
moderate altitudes in southern California. 

We gathered specimens at Torrey Pines, near La Jolla, California. 


PLATE 303 


NODDING ONION 


Allium cernuum Roth 


In the Canadian Rockies, nodding onion is a conspicuous plant, 
growing plentifully on the drier slopes. Its graceful leaves and stems, 
the latter curved downward near the top, differentiate it from other 
members of the Lily Family. If its identification is in doubt, how- 
evet, the smell and taste of garlic, when the stems are broken, enable 
one to place it at once. 

This onion has a remarkably wide range, occurring from Virginia 
and New York to New Mexico and British Columbia. 

We gathered it in the Ice River Valley, twenty miles by trail 
south of Leanchoil Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an 
altitude of 4,000 feet. 


PLATE 304 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN RHODODENDRON 
Rhododendron albiflorum Hooker 


To those familiar with the eastern rhododendrons, with their 
glossy evergreen leaves, the Rocky Mountain rhododendron is a 
surprise, for it has deciduous leaves, and the flowets ate not in clus- 
tets at the ends of the branches, but ate scattered along the leafy 
twigs. The creamy flowers, often tinged with pink, remind us of 
orange blossoms. Bees are much attracted to them. No one who has 
traveled over the trails in the Canadian Rockies could have ovetr- 
looked this beautiful plant. It usually grows in acid soil in company 
with menziesia and blueberry bushes, on steep, partially shaded slopes. 

Rocky Mountain rhododendron has a narrow range, from Mon- 
tana to Washington, British Columbia, and Alberta. 

It is very plentiful at Glacier, British Columbia, where this spect- 
men was gathered at an altitude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 305 


FOREST ANEMONE 


Anemone deltoidea Hooker 


This beautiful anemone grows plentifully in deep woods, shel- 
tered from the hot rays of the sun. Its blooming season is much 
longer than that of most other western anemones, which prefer 
alpine meadows in full sunshine. The single flower grows at the 
end of the slender stem, and the pale yellow stamens and pure 
white petal-like sepals are very conspicuous by contrast with the 
shade and dark coloring of the forest floor. The species has creep- 
ing roots, and often grows in clumps. It belongs to the Buttercup 
Family. | 

Forest anemone has a narrow range, being found only in north- 
ern California, Washington, and Oregon. 

We found our specimens in Mount Rainier National Park. 


PLATE 306 


WESTERN CRANESBILL 


Geranium viscosissimum Fisher and Meyer 


Western cranesbill is a more robust plant than its telative, the 
wild geranium, which is so common in the Eastern woods in spring. 
The flowers are borne on sturdy stems well above the beautiful clus- 
ter of rich green leaves, making the plant almost a bouquet in itself. 
The name cranesbill comes from the resemblance of the seed pod to 
the bill of a crane. 

Western cranesbill belongs to the Geranium Family. It is found 
from Colorado and California northward to South Dakota, Albetta, 
and British Columbia. | 

We gathered the flowers in a beautiful meadow, a day and a half 
by trail northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 
5,000 feet. 


PLATE 307 


GREEN STRAWBERRY-CACTUS 


Echinocereus vividiflorus Engelman 


One of the commonest members of the cactus family in the 
westetn United States is the green sttawberry-cactus, which grows 
abundantly in many places in the Rocky Mountain region, usually 
about tocks on the foothills, or along the stony banks of stream 
beds. Because of its neat habit, and beautifully colored spines, the 
plant is one of the most attractive of our cactuses, and is frequently 
used as a pot plant. The spines, although sharp, are placed in such 
a manner that they are not very offensive when the plant is han- 
dled, in spite of the fact that they protect it effectively from ani- 
mals which might eat the succulent stem. The flowers are small, 
and inconspicuously colored. The small green juicy fruits are edible 
when ripe. 

The green strawberry-cactus tanges from western Texas and the 
desert of northern Mexico as fat northward as southern Wyoming. 

The specimen sketched came from Texas. 


PLATE 308 


PRAIRIE THISTLE 


Cirsium undulatum (Nuttall) Sprengel 


We tately saw the prairie thistle in perfection. Our horses grazed 
on the mountain side back of our camp, and every plant to which 
they had access was denuded of its flowets as soon as they opened. 
Fortunately, a wire fence protected the garden at Radium Hot 
Springs, and under this protection we found a good specimen. 

The plant is a picturesque one. The large purple flowets are very 
sweet and attract many insects to their feast of nectar. The leaves ate 
vety prickly and much waved, so that it is sometimes called wavy- 
leaved thistle. We marveled that the apparently tender lining of the 

horses mouths was not injured by the stiff prickles. 
Prairie thistle tanges from Michigan to Arizona and British Co- 
Tumbia. 

The sketch was made from a plant that grew near Radium Hot 
Springs in the Columbia River Valley, British Columbia, at an alti- 
tude of 3,500 feet. 


PLATE 309 


LILAC MARIPOSA 


Calochortus splendens Douglas 


It is a difficult matter to restrain one’s enthusiasm, while riding 
overt the foothills in California, when the mariposas ate in bloom. 
Their great variety is marvelous, and as their stems are so slender, 
they truly appear like a host of butterflies as they sway in the wind. 
One of the loveliest of them all is the lilac mariposa. It was a beau- 
tiful day when we found them at the Santa Ana Ranch near Santa 
Ana, California, and each specimen seemed more beautiful than the 
last. 

The mariposas are members of the Lily Family, related to the 
garden tulips, which are derived from Old World species belonging 
to a different genus. The mariposas ate of putely west-Amertican 
tange, no variety being found east of Nebraska. Some of the mari- 
posas have edible bulbs, which are highly valued by the Indians. 


PLATE 3,10 


ORANGE-EYE GLOBEMALLOW 


Sphaeralcea davidsonit Robinson 


The striking combination of color in the flowets of the orange- 
eye globemallow is their greatest charm. The center is a brilliant 
vermilion, and the cupped petals surrounding it are a beautiful soft 
pink. The grouping of the stamens in a sort of column is a feature 
which characterizes most members of the Mallow Family. 

Orange-eye globemallow is found only in southern California. 

The plant sketched grew at the Santa Ana Ranch, neat Santa 
Ana, California. 


PLATE 311 


TASSEL COTTONGRASS 


Eriophorum angustifolium Roth 


We had passed many seasons on the trail without meeting speci- 
mens of the tassel cottongtass. This was not because it is tare, but 
because its heads are spoiled completely by wind, snow, or rain, and 
it is then easily passed unnoticed. But when in perfection, the plant 
is most attractive. The heads are supported on tall stems, with the 
dainty tassels pendent on slender threads from the cluster above them. 
We finally discovered it in great quantities in a grassy swamp. 

Tassel cottongrass has a wide range, in regions of cold climate, 
occurring from Maine to Newfoundland, Illinois, New Mexico, 
Oregon, and Alaska. It also occurs in Eutope and Asia. 

The sketch was made from specimens found at Pipestone Pass, 
three days by trail north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti- 
tude of 7,000 feet. 


PLATE 312 


WESTERN MONKEYFLOWER 


Mimulus guttatus Don 


The moist earth in the vicinity of springs and along the banks of 
the little streams that flow ftom them, is favorable for the lush 
growth of the western monkeyflower. Its clear yellow flowers are 
set off to perfection by the brilliant green leaves. The plant is easily 
crushed, and therefore difficult to carry away from its chosen situa- 
tion, but with care it will last if kept in water in a cool place. 

We found this specimen near Vancouver, but it also occurs from 
northern Mexico and New Mexico to California, Alaska, and Sas- 
katchewan. It belongs to the Figwort Family. 


PLATE 313 


GOLDENBOWL MARIPOSA 


Calochortus clavatus Watson 


Growing on a tall stem, its bowl of clear yellow waving in the 
breeze, what could be more graceful and beautiful than the flower 
of the goldenbow] mariposa? We are amazed at the variety of color, 
with endless gradations, in the members of this genus, variations 
that ate increased in number by hybridization. This species exhibits 
even more strikingly than those previously described the relation 
of the genus to the tulips of Europe. 

Goldenbowl mariposa 1s found only in central and southern Cal- 
ifornia. 


PLATE 314 


RED MONKEYFLOWER 


Diplacus puniceus Nuttall 


Red monkeyflower is a bushy plant four to five feet tall, with 
bright green foliage, beautifully decorated with velvety red flowers. 
It is most attractive when found growing in the crevices of the sea 
cliffs on the coast, or the steep sides of the attoyos. Perhaps the flow- 
ets of some species of this genus, a typical member of the Figwort 
Family, may resemble monkey faces as implied in the common name 
but as far as this flower is concerned, the resemblance is remote. 

Red monkeyflower is found only in California, and is especially 
abundant in the region about Torrey Pines, whete the sketch was 
made. 


PLATE 3,15 


COLUMBIA LILY 


Lilium columbianum Hanson 


The western lilies are always a joy to behold. Many of them rise 
on tall stems above the surrounding vegetation, which forms a pet- 
fect background for their graceful beauty. The Columbia lily shown 
in the illustration was obtained in Indian Henrys Garden in Mount 
Rainier National Park, at an altitude of 2,000 feet, where the plants 
ate more delicate than those found at lower elevations. 

Columbia lily ranges from California to Idaho and British Columbia. 


PLATE 3,16 


CRANBERRYBUSH 


Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaic 


Cranbertybush ts a straggling erect shrub growing in cold moun- 
tain woods and along the banks of streams. The few red betries ate 
vety atttactive, but ate sour to the taste, not unlike ordinary cran- 
betries. The ctanbetrybush belongs to the Honeysuckle Family, 
while the true ctanberty, a small slender trailing plant, belongs to 
the Heath Family. | 

The cranbetrybush ranges from Pennsylvania to Newfoundland 
and from Colorado to Alaska. 

The specimen sketched was obtained in the Columbia River 
Valley, in British Columbia, at an altitude of 2,500 feet. 


PLATE 317 


RUFF GENTIAN 


Gentiana calycosa Gtisebach 


The flowets of this lovely gentian are of a wonderful deep blue 
color. As soon as the ditect rays of the sun strike them, the petals 
open, and the clumps are covered with brilliant flowers. On a cloudy 
day, when they ate closed, it is easy to pass without noticing them, 
even where they are abundant. The plants are usually found about 
ttee line, or in gtassy alpine meadows at a slightly lower altitude. 
The large calyx suggests a sixteenth century ruff. 

Ruff gentian ranges from Montana and Wyoming to Washing- 
ton and California. 

We found quantities of this gentian at Indian Pass in Glacier 
National Park, at an altitude of 6,500 feet. 


PLATE 318 


MENZIES PENTSTEMON 


Pentstemon menziesit Hooker 


While we were driving along the motor road in Rainier National 
Park near Paradise Valley, our attention was attracted by a conspic- 
uous outcrop of gray tock. Near the top of this broken rock-pile ap- 
peared clumps of pink flowers, which proved to be the pentstemon 
named in honor of the Scotch explorer Menzies. The lovely flowers 
appear to best advantage when gtowing in crevices with the gtay 
rocks behind them. 

The pentstemons belong to the Figwort Family. This species is 
found only in Washington and British Columbia. 


PLATE 319 


PURPLE PRAIRIECLOVER 


Petalostemon purpureum (Ventenat) Rydberg 


Purple prairieclover, as its name implies, grows abundantly in the 
ptaitie country. It is an attractive plant, and its blossoms have the 
advantage of lasting longer, when gathered and placed in water, 
than most of our wild flowers. 

Purple prairieclover belongs to the Pea Family. It has a rather 
wide tange, being found from Indiana to Colorado and Texas, and 
notthwatd to Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 

The sketch was made from specimens found on the praitie east 
of Glacier National Park in Montana. 


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