The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist; quarterly magazine of forestry, entomology, plant inspection and animal industry

J

Vol. XI.

MARCH, 1914

No. 3

Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.

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Hawaiian forester

AND

Agriculturist

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF

Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture

ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.

ADDRESS ALL OO M M U N I O ATI O N S TO

DANIEL LOGAN,

EDITOR "THE FORESTER,"

P. O. BOX 366,

HONOLULU, H-T.

For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
217 S. King St,, Honolulu, Hawaii.

S.

'f!i*§

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LiBRARp-r ->^

TABLE OF CONTENTS*

Page

Editorial 61

Intensive Farming 61

The Spineless Cactus 62

Division of Animal Industry 64

Division of Entomology 68

Division of Forestry 70

Division of Hydrography 73

Kuliouou Forest Reserve 75

Alfalfa (continued) 77

By Authority 83

Advertisements 84

(Note. — "The Kalo in Hawaii,'' No. IX, was received too late
for insertion in this number.)

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division, and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send the right kind of useful insects for relief, we like and sometimes
it is indispensable for us to see the insects suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed by parcels post. When specimens are
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 20*
IONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EHRHORN,

Superintendent.

'-> THE JHAWAIIAN

FORESTER I AGRICULTURIST

Vol. XL MARCH, 1914. No. 3

"Root Borers and Other Grubs in West Indian Soils," by H. A.
Ballou, entomologist of the Imperial department of agriculture
for the West Indies, has been issued in the pamphlet series of that
department. It is concise in its descriptions and illustrated with
more than a score of figures.

An exchange tells of ironbark foliage destroyed by insects, the
Lerp (Psyllidae), aphis-like insects which attack eucalyptus trees,
suck up the sap and construct delicate shell-like coverings called
"lerps," under which they grow, moult several times and then
appear as minute four-winged insects, which lay the eggs noticed
on the leaves, from which fresh broods soon hatch. Generally
only temporary damage of the trees, during the season of preva-
lence, is caused by the insects. Minute chalcid wasps are para-
sites of the Lerp insects, checking their unlimited increase.

INTENSIVE FARMING.

Half a page of the Washington Herald was lately taken by an
article to magnify intensive farming, the author being Truman
G. Palmer, student and writer on agricultural subjects. It is in
reply to an interview with Thomas Nixon Carver, of the federal
Department of Agriculture, which held that "intensive farming
is expensive farming." Referring to a statement by Mr. Carver
that the 16,000 acres which had been said was formerly required
to support an Indian and his family would now provide farms of
160 acres each for 100 white families, Mr. Palmer says that the
"unrepealable law of nature" that drove the Indian out "is equally
applicable when comparing the one family which 160 acres will
support by 'extensive' agriculture and the four families it will sup-
port by applying 'intensive' agriculture." He argues at length
that intensive farming will cheapen the cost of living to the con-
sumer while yielding the farmer a greater revenue per acre. Fur-
ther, Mr. Palmer gives definite instructions in a plan of rotation
of crops, to show what he means by intensive farming. Instead
of sowing four fields of 25 acres each to cereals annually, the in-
tensive farmer sows three to grain, planting some root crop in the

62

fourth. This one he plows deeply after fertilizing it heavily, and
having prepared his seed bed with care plants it to any kind of a
hoed root crop. He cultivates and hoes it thoroughly during the
early part of the season, thus killing off the weeds and other
noxious growths. The following year a cereal follows the root
crop, while one of the first three grain fields is devoted to root
cultivation, precisely in the manner of the original field of such
crop, and so on, the process being repeated from cycle to cycle of
four years indefinitely.

In Hawaii, where land for general farming is exceeding scarce,
there can be no question that intensive farming is the only kind
for the homesteader and truck gardener.

THE SPINELESS CACTUS.

An Australian correspondent of the Tropical Agriculturist
(Ceylon) says of the spineless cactus:

"This really wonderful plant is not yet much known and it
would prove invaluable to stock owners and others, more espe-
cially in poor or dry districts, where vegetation of any kind is
grown with difficulty. It is easily grown from the heavy leaves
or slabs in any class of dry soil, and after the first year will yield
according to conditions from 100 to 200 tons of succulent and
nutritious fodder which can be fed to all kinds of stock and more
especially dairy cattle. By analysis one ton thereof is equal in
feeding value to three-fourths that of lucerne [alfalfa], which is
the richest fodder plant grown. During the hot summer months
this plant would be luxuriant, and being of a rich juicy nature
would also greatly allay thirst and would therefore prove the
salvation of stock owners. Some of the species yield 8 tons of
well-flavored fruit per acre, which makes excellent jams and jel-
lies, etc., and growers have made up to £160 [about $800] per
acre. The young fleshy leaves are a good and wholesome vege-
table when fried like egg-plant or boiled as greens, etc., and they
also make good pickles. This very useful plant should prove a
very great boon to residents in the East Indies, as not only is it
the heaviest yielding fruit and fodder plant yet known, but it will
thrive where hardly any vegetation will exist and requires but
little attention. Stock owners particularly would find it useful. "

A bulletin of the agricultural department of Trinidad and To-
bago gives an estimate of the profit in making paper from the
megass furnished in cane sugar factories. It takes into account
the cost of a paper mill — roughly $100,000 for one of 40 or 50
tons of paper capacity per week — with interest thereon, repairs,
depreciation and difference of value between coal and megass as

63

fuel for the sugar factory, and finds a profit of about $6.50 per
ton of megass converted into paper. It is premised that there
should be a local demand for the unbleached wrapping and pack-
ing papers contemplated to be produced. Hawaii imports about
a quarter of a million dollars' worth of paper not specified in the
more expensive classes each year from the mainland, and prob-
ably a large portion of this "all other" item consists of the un-
bleached qualities in question. With a development of miscel-
laneous fruits trade, no doubt the demand for packing papers
would greatly increase.

Last year Hawaii shipped to the U. S. mainland canned pine-
apples to the value of $4,054,711 and pineapple juice to the value
of $106,510. . In the same period its exports to foreign countries
of all kinds amounted to $989,730, as compared with $532,666
in 1912, or an increase of nearly 86 per cent., much of which is
due no doubt to the pineapple industry. To the United States ^j.

the shipments of canned pines have nearly doubled in the past **l <3

two years. «i ^5

Official reports from the State of New York indicate that the
regulation of dairies there, with regard both to tuberculosis con-
trol and general sanitation, is far behind the conditions achieved
on this island of Oahu through the cooperation of the territorial
and the municipal authorities. If Dr. Norgaard has his way, the
conditions on all the islands will ere long equal those on Oahu.

rn

^ (J)

Rubber Day at the rubber and tropical products exhibitions in 2gj ^^

London has been fixed for June 24. Prince Arthur of Connaught ^ ^D

will open the exhibitions, of which King George is the patron, ST -<

and the Right Hon. Lewis Harcourt, M. P., secretary of state £ r ^

for the colonies, will deliver an address on the occasion. Nothing * ^n

appears to be doing toward having Hawaii represented with its ££? r -£j

rubber and other tropical products in these exhibitions. *► *3h

Entomologist Ehrhorn, in his report for February, relates a & }£i

highly humorous incident occurring in the inspection of packages * fTt

from Japan. * Z£.

64
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Honolulu, March 16, 1914.

The Honorable the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and
Forestry.

Gentlemen: — I regret to state that my health has continued
highly unsatisfactory during the greater part of the past month,
the swollen condition of my feet (dermal neuritis) compelling me
to keep to my room unless important business during the absence
of my assistant in the country made it imperative that I attend to it
in person.

In spite of this I have given full time to the work of the divi-
sion, a number of important reports having been received from
various federal and state authorities, principal among which are
the ''Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion'' at its 50th anniversary meeting in New York last fall, and
which contains a number of valuable papers on the eradication of
bovine tuberculosis and its relation to tuberculosis among chil-
dren.

It is also gratifying to learn that the intradermal tuberculin
test, which we have now used here between three and four years,
is finally gaining recognition and that several states have now
adopted it for official tuberculosis work. California especially has
given much thought and work to* the problem and mentions the
favorable results obtained in this Territory.

In regard to the susceptibility of children to bovine tubercu-
losis, it would now seem to be definitely settled that the danger
to children from tuberculous milk is very great. Following the
Tuberculosis Congress in Washington in 1908, where Prof. Koch
again asserted his opposing views, Dr. Park, the director of the
laboratories of the board of health, started to work on this sub-
ject, and has now demonstrated that in the city of New York up-
ward of three hundred children die every single year from bovine
infection — three hundred fatal cases occur each year in the single
city of New York. Dr. Park estimates that this number amounts
to about \2 l / 2 per cent of all the fatal cases of tuberculosis in
children, and adds, "Surely we need no better evidence than that
to demand of us the protection of human beings against bovine
tuberculosis. "

Dr. Park has also collected figures from all parts of the world,
and these are very interesting. He says: "In adults 787 cases
have been examined, of which 777 show human infection and 10
show bovine infection. The conclusion is that, so far as we can
judge, adults are probably fairly immune to bovine tuberculosis
infection. Coming to children from five years of age to sixteen
years of age, we have 153 cases, 117 of which were of human
and 36 of bovine origin. Coming to children five years old and

65

under, we have 280 cases, 215 of which were human and 65
bovine, coming very close to the figures taken from clinical work
in England, from which we get the best information on this sub-
ject, namely, that from about 23 to 25 per cent of the fatal cases
of tuberculosis in children are due to bovine infection. And these
figures do not include the numerous non-fatal cases which pro-
duce only more or less permanent and more or less severe de-
formities of the skeleton — hip joint disease, psoas abscesses, en-
larged glands of the neck, etc. When we come to take these into
account it seems fairly evident that 30 per cent of the cases of
tuberculous children are due to bovine infection." Another emi-
nent authority, Dn Stiles of Edinburgh, has come to the con-
clusion from clinical evidence that most of these cases of bone
and joint tuberculosis were of bovine origin. Being called into
consultation once he made a diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in a
child who was too far gone to be helped and died within a few
days. The father said the infection could not be bovine as he
kept his own cow, and she had been tuberculin tested. The cow
was killed and found to be simply riddled with tuberculosis — a
far advanced case, such as frequently fail to react to the test.
The father was so impressed that he then and there gave a large
sum of money for an investigation, the results of which have just
been published, and some of which are interesting enough to be
quoted here: "Seventy cases were examined, these being chil-
dren most of which have not died. Forty-one of these showed
the bovine bacillus, and 23 human ; three showed both bovine and
human bacilli. Sixty-seven of these cases were children twelve
years or under, and three adults between 24 and 30 years. Forty-
seven were children five years old or under and of these 32 were
infected with the bovine bacillus and 15 with the human, a per-
centage of 68." Dr. Stiles goes on to say: "When we come to
examine the family history of these cows, we find some very
impressive facts. In 21 cases there was a family history of tuber-
culosis. Of these, 15 gave human cultures and 6 bovine. ' That is
71 per cent showed human infection, whereas, in the 52 cases
where there was no family history of tuberculosis, 9 prove to
be human and 43 bovine ; in other words 83 per cent of these
cases were due to bovine infection. The final conclusions to this
very valuable contribution to our knowledge of the importance
of the bovine tuberculous infection to children, are to
the effect that "nobody can deny the great danger to human
health from bovine tuberculosis." "It is a black spot on the repu-
tation of our civilization at the present time, to permit this pre-
ventable disease to continue to reap a harvest of over one million
deaths every single year. In the United States alone over 200,000
of our fellow citizens every year go down to their graves from a
preventable disease."

I have taken the liberty to quote these figures at length for the
reason that the local sanitary authorities, as well as the Anti-

66

Tuberculosis League of Hawaii, do not seem to realize the im-
mense importance of this source of infection to human beings and
especially to children. That there has been a decided decrease in
the mortality from tuberculosis among children under five years
of age in the district of Honolulu during the past year coincident
with the elimination of the tuberculous cow from this same dis-
trict, while at the same time infantile tuberculosis has been in-
creasing in all other parts of the Territory, is admitted by the
Anti-Tuberculosis League. It would therefore seem that no time
should be lost in extending the bovine tuberculosis eradication
to the other islands, especially as will be seen from the appended
letter from the superintendent of the Anti-Tuberculosis League
to the effect "that our records show infantile mortality from
tuberculous meningitis and other forms of this disease to be far
greater on Kauai than on any other island." This information
has been communicated to the deputy Territorial Veterinarian on
Kauai with a request for information in regard to the prevalence
of bovine tuberculosis on that island and what steps are being
taken for its suppression. As I expect to visit the island of Maui
this coming week I shall look into conditions there with a view
to inaugurating an active campaign against the tuberculous cow.

Dr. Fitzgerald reports that glanders has again made its appear-
ance among a certain bunch of horses, through which one planta-
tion mule became infected. By the speedy application of the
intradermal mallein test to all exposed animals the infected ones
were located and destroyed and it is^ believed that the outbreak
has been suppressed. This matter will, however, have my per-
sonal attention, especially as this is the first opportunity to try
the new ophthalmic mallein test which has been adopted by the
federal Bureau of Animal Industry for use in inter-state ship-
ments of horse stock.

The correspondence pertaining to both the outbreak on Maui
and to the new test is herewith appended.

A number of inquiries have been received in regard to the
continuation of the quarantine of hogs on the island of Oahu, to
which I have replied that the embargo cannot safely be removed
for some time yet.

Very respectfully,

Victor A. Norgaard,
Territorial Veterinarian.

report of assistant veterinarian.

Honolulu, Feb. 31, 1914.

Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry.

Sir: — I have the honor to report as follows for the month of
February :

67

Tuberculosis Control.

The following herds have been subjected to the intra-dermal
tuberculin test:

T. P. C.

Charles Lucas 82 80 2

T. F. Farm 40 35 5

F. Medeiros 21 21

P. Miyakawo 15 15

K. Inouye 17 17

The total number injected is 175, out of which 168 have been
passed and 7 condemned and branded. It was surprising and
also discouraging that five cows were condemned at Farm's
dairy, but considering the fact that Mr. Farm has never followed
our instructions in regard to disinfecting after each test the result
could not have been otherwise. He now intends to remove all
the old feed boxes, replacing them with new ones and give his
barn a complete and thorough disinfection.

/
Importation of Live Stock.

Feb. 2 — S. S. Sierra, San Francisco. 4 crates poultry.

Feb. 2 — S. S. Matsonia, San Francisco: 16 crates poultry;
1 dog, Mrs. J. M. Senni.

Feb. 4 — S. S. Missourian, Seattle: 17 horses; 200 hogs
(slaughter), 77 hogs (breeding), 5 crates poultry, A. L. Mc-
pherson.

Feb. 6 — S. S. Tenyo Maru, Orient: 6 crates pheasants, E. H.
Paris.

Feb. 9 — S. S. China, San Francisco: 1 dog, Wells Fargo Ex.
Co.

Feb. 16 — S. S. Ventura, San Francisco: 7 crates poultry; 1
dog, Nellie Adams.

Feb. 16 — S. S. Mongolia, Orient: 1 dog, J. C. Collins.

Feb. 17 — S. S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco: 29 crates poultry.

Feb. 20 — S. S. Sonoma, Sydney: 1 cat, Mrs. C. D. Thomas.

Feb. 24 — S. S. Honolulan, San Francisco: 2 Shorthorn bulls,
Antonio Perry; 7 crates poultry.

Feb. 26 — S. S. Niagara, Vancouver: 1 dog, Mr. Payne.

Respectfully submitted,

L. N. Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

68
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Honolulu, Feb, 28, 1914.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit my report of the Division
of Entomology work for the month of February, 1914, as fol-
lows:

During the month 34 vessels arrived at the port of Honolulu,
' of which 24 carried vegetable matter.

Disposal Lots Parcels

Passed as free from pests 683 15,276

Fumigated 1 27

Burned 41 43

Returned 4 42

Total inspected 729 15,388

Of these shipments 15,186 packages arrived by freight, 124
packages by mail and 78 packages as baggage of passengers and
immigrants.

Rice Shipments.

During the month 18,005 bags of rice and 1721 bags of beans
arrived from Japan and being found free from pests were passed
for delivery.

Pests Intercepted.

Thirty-three packages of fruit and 4 packages of vegetables
were found in the baggage of passengers and immigrants from
foreign countries, all of which, being prohibited from entry, was
seized and destroyed by burning.

One lot of orchids from Costa Rica, Central America, came by
local boats and in the packing were found a few Tenebrionid
beetles and some atlts. These plants were fumigated and the
packing destroyed. A permit from the federal horticultural board
accompanied the shipment.

Two cases of apples were returned to the storeroom of the
transport Sherman, having been found infested with Codlingmoth.

Thirty-eight sacks of potatoes arrived from Sydney, Australia,
and under a ruling' of the federal horticultural board of the United
States Department of Agriculture could not enter the Territory
on account of not having the required permit and the shipment
remained on board of the S. S. Marama.

Probably the most remarkable seizure ever made by the divi-
sion took place in the postoffice. A package of twigs from Japan
was held for our inspection and on opening the same the inspector

69

found tree twigs which were hollow, each opening plugged up
with twisted grass. A closer examination disclosed the fact that
each twig contained a good, fat, live borer. A letter was enclosed
in the packages and the same, after having been translated, told
the following story :

"Greetings : This time I am sending you some medicine, good
for consumption. Open the twigs and you will find a worm
(Sabutori-mushi) in each twig. Take out one and wrap it in
sembi or ame and swallow it alive. The juice of the living worm
is good for the disease. However, if the worms are dead, you
can bake them until black and powder them up and drink it with
sake. Those I send will constitute a dose for one week. When
you take the worms please inform me if you digest the same. If
you should find any such worms in Hawaii, continue taking same
for some time," etc., etc.

The worms found in the twigs represent two distinct orders of
insect. Some* were the grubs of a large stem-boring beetle be-
longing to the Cerambicidae ; the others the larvae of some stem-
boring moth. The package was seized and the contents are now
the property of the board museum, as alcoholic specimens. This
illustrates another channel through which some serious pest might
enter the Territory. Worm diet for the cure of the white plague
might be all right in Japan but we have not as yet heard of this
method being used here and we surely shall not allow a trial with
imported borers such as were found in the mail package.

Hilo Inspection.

Brother Matthias Newell at Hilo reports the arrival of 7
steamers, all of which brought vegetable matter consisting of 91
lots and 1962 packages. Three sacks of turnips had to be cleaned
of earth and 39 bags of potatoes were too scabby to land and as
no one wanted to pay for the return freight, they were dumped
at sea.

Inter-Island Inspection.

During the month of February 52 steamers plying between the
islands were attended to and the following shipments were in-
spected and passed:

Plants . . 78 packages

Taro j 960 bags

Fruit \ . ." 18 packages

Vegetables 42

Total passed 1098 packages

The following packages were refused shipment on account of

70

being either infested with pests or having soil attached to the
roots :

Plants 16 packages

Fruit 8

Vegetables 2

Total refused 26

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Honolulu, Feb. 28, 1914.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit as follows, the routine
report of the Division of Forestry for February, 1914:

Forest Reserves.

On February 12 a public hearing was held by Governor Pink-
ham and the Board of Agriculture and Forestry to consider the
setting apart as an addition to the Kaipapau forest reserve, of a
part of the land of Hauula, and as a new forest reserve, of the
upper portion of Kuliouou valley, both on Oahu. Objection being
made by certain of the Hauula homesteaders to the location of
the. proposed makai boundary, Governor Pinkham postponed ac-
tion by taking the matter under advisement. There being no
objection to the reservation of Kuliouou, the Governor, on Feb-
ruary 13, signed a proclamation officially setting this land apart.
The area is 214 acres. It is the thirty-fifth forest reserve to be
made in the Territory of Hawaii and brings the total area in the
system up to 787,083 acres, of which 69 per cent., 541,091 acres,
is government land.

Forest Fences.

Early in February I made a quick trip to Kauai to inspect the
recently completed forest fence on the boundary of the Moloaa
reserve and to make further arrangements in connection with the
building of another fence on the government land of Wailua,
mauka of Lihue. On February 20, Mr. A. M. Brown notified
me of the completion of the fence on the Kula forest reserve
boundary, Maui, required to be built under leases held by the

71

Cornwell Ranch. Mr. Brown further said that the tree planting
called for under the same leases was going forward satisfactori-
ly, the number of trees in the ground being up to the require-
ment for this time.

Considerable preliminary work was done during the month on
other fence projects which will be reported on to the Board in
the near future.

Special Reports.

Toward the end of the month several letters and brief reports
were got ready containing recommendations on forest matters
that had recently been referred to me for investigation. Also
during February I prepared for the use of the Board a short re-
port covering the routine work of the Division of Forestry for
the calendar year, 1913.

Tree Planting and Seedling Distribution.

Good progress is being made in the tree planting on the slopes
of Sugar Loaf, above Makiki valley, Honolulu, and recently the
Division of Forestry has succeeded in making better provision
for supplying seedling trees to homesteaders in several newly
opened tracts in different parts of the Territory. Mr. Haughs'
report, transmitted herewith as usual, gives additional facts and
figures.

Forest Fire Service.

Owing to removal from Maui, Mr. A. K. Jones resigned early
in February as district lire warden for Kahikinui and Honuaula,
Maui. His resignation was accepted at a meeting of the Board
held on February 26, 1914. No one has as yet been appointed
in his stead.

Very respectfully,

Ralph S. Hosmer,
. Superintendent of Forestry.

report of forest nurseryman.

Honolulu, February 28, 1914.

R. S. Hosmer, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry.

Dear Sir : — Herewith I submit a report of the principal work
done during the month of February, 1914:

72
Nursery.

Distribution of Plants.

In Boxes Pot

Transplanted. Grown. Total.

Sold 38 38

Gratis 250 2314 2564

250 2352 2602

Collections.

On account of plants sold $1.20

On account of seed sold 8.00

Total $9.20

Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

During the month we distributed 5500 seedlings in seed boxes,
400 in transplant boxes and 500 pot grown. Total, 6400. The
species consisted of eucalyptus and casuarina.

Experiment Garden, Makiki.

The principal work done at this station during the month con-
sisted of transplanting seedlings, mixing and sterilizing soil and
doing other routine work.

Honolulu Watershed Planting.

Three extra men were engaged and started work on February
16th, making a gang of eight men altogether. Trees to the
number of 458 were planted out. Other work done consisted of
clearing off and making holes. The total number of trees planted
on Sugar Loaf up to the end of February amounted to 2544, all
of which are koa.

Very respectfully,

David Haughs,
Forest Nurseryman,

73
DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.

Honolulu, March 10, 1914.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen : — The following report of operations of the Divi-
sion of Hydrography during February, 1914, is submitted :

DROUGHT.

The rainfall during February was generally very light, with
the result that all streams are very low. While all reports from
other islands have not been received, indications point to the
driest February in a long period of years. All streams on Oahu
are at the low r est discharge recorded in the past three years.

Should the 1914 summer season follow its usual regime, indica-
tions point to a great shortage of water, and water users should
plan for such a condition.

SERVICE RECORDS.

Daily service records of each employe are filed in the Honolulu
office, and are available for inspection. The records show the
location and services performed by the employe.

G. K. Larrison, Superintendent.

Twelve days were spent in the field, including a reconnaissance
of Molokai from February 11 to 18. Further reconnaissance
was made of the Haiku, Kahana, and Punaluu valleys, on Oahu,
with H. Kimble, Assistant Engineer, who* will begin the con-
struction of clock register stations on these streams, March 4.
The rest of the month was spent on estimates, computations, and
general supervision work.

/. C. Dort, Office Engineer, Oahu.

Five and one-half days were spent in the office, 31 stream-gag-
ing stations and one rain-gaging station were visited, and two
stream measurements made. The greater part of the month was
spent on computation and compilation work in connection with
the 1913 Progress Report. .

C. T. Bailey, Assistant Engineer, Maui.

Twenty-five days were spent in the field, including a recon-
naissance of Molokai from February 11 to 18 with the Superin-
tendent. Nine stream-gaging stations were visited dn Maui, and

74

eight measurements were made. Two and one-half days were
spent on an investigation of the water supply of Wailuku.

H. Kimble, Assistant Engineer, Kona and Oahii.

February 6 to 13 were spent on the special Kona investigation
in measuring the capacity of one of the typical water holes in
South Kona. At the time the field work of this investigation
was being made, wet weather conditions prohibited the measur-
ing of the capacities of the typical water holes of Kona. This
work was consequently postponed until dry weather was reported.

Mr. Kimble spent three days on Maui on construction work
on the new clock register station on the Halawaliilii Stream. The
last five days of the month were spent on stream gaging and con-
struction work on Oahu.

W . V. Hardy, Field Assistant, Kanai.
D. E. Homer, Field Assistant, Kauai.

Mr. Hardy spent the greater part of the month collecting,
checking, and copying Kauai rainfall and run-off data for the
1913 Progress Report. The Stevens clock register station on the
Kalihiwai River was completed — all except installing the register
on its pedestal. This will require about one-half day's time. Con-
struction on the new trail from Lumahai to the new station site
(about five miles long) was started. Mr. Hardy spent ten and
one-half days in the field, visited ten stream-gaging stations, and
made one stream measurement.

Mr. Horner spent all 28 days in the field, visited seven stream-
gaging stations, and six mountain rainfall stations. Fourteen
days were spent on. the construction of the Kalihiwai Station,

H. A. R. Austin, Field Assistant, Oahu.

Eighteen days were spent in the office on computations, check-
ing, etc., and four days in the field. Twenty-one stream-gaging
stations and three rainfall stations were visited.

G. R. White, Field Assistant, Oahu and Maui.

Nine days were spent in the field on Oahu, and four days on
Maui. Thirty-five stream-gaging stations were visited, and
twenty-four stream measurements were made.

1913 PROGRESS REPORT.

All original data for the 1913 progress report are complete,
and blue prints are being made preliminary to sending the original

data to the Washington office for publication. The services of Mrs.
Dort and Mrs. Kennedy, who were employed in this work during
the month, were dispensed with on February 28.

SUMMARY OF STREAM-GAGING STATIONS FOR MONTH.

Est'd Discont'd

At End During During

Island. of Month. Month. Month.

Kauai 31

Oahu 40 2

- Maui 43

Hawaii* 1

Total 115 2

Very respectfully,

G. K. Larrison,
Superintendent of Hydrography.

KULIOUOU FOREST RESERVE.

On February 12, 1914, a public hearing was held by the Gov-
ernor of the Territory of Hawaii and the Board of Commis-
sioners of Agriculture and Forestry to consider the setting apart
as a forest reserve of a small area of forest land at the east end
of Oahu, near Koko Head. The tract is the upper portion of the
half of Kuliouou valley owned by the government, 214 acres.

The purpose of creating this land a forest reserve is to afford
better protection to the small stream that flows down the valley
and waters the dry lower lands. No opposition developing to the
project, Governor Pinkham on February 13 signed a proclama-
tion officially setting the land apart. This is the first forest
reserve to be made by him, the thirty-fifth in Hawaii.

Following is the report of the Superintendent of Forestry on
Kuliouou. Elsewhere in this issue of the Forester appears the
proclamation :

Report of the Superintendent of Forestry.

Honolulu, Nov. 12, 1913.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to recommend the setting apart'
as a forest reserve of the mauka section of the government land
of Kuliouou in the Honolulu district, Island of Oahu.

Kuliouou is a small, detached government land at the east end

* Kona investigation station.

76

of this island. It comprises the east half of the valley of the
same name, the remainder being in fee simple ownership, and
now under the control of Judge Frank Andrade. The makai. por-
tion of Kuliouou was cut up into beach lots and disposed of
something over a year ago. An area of grazing land, 173 acres,
above these lots and running up to the line of the proposed forest
reserve, was leased on November 8, 1913, to Mr. Andrade. This
lease carries a provision that a fence must be built on the forest
reserve boundary within one year.

The section now proposed to be set apart is the mauka end of
the valley, an area of 214 acres. The line was determined after
a personal visit made to the tract, when I was accompanied by
Mr. W. E. Wall, the government surveyor.

The object of the proposed reserve is to protect the stream
that runs intermittently in the upper portion of the Kuliouou
valley. Water is said to be found in pools much of the time,
above the reserve line. Below, the stream bed is dry, except dur-
ing rains. With a dense forest cover restored there is good reason
to think that this source of water could be made a much more
dependable, though limited supply.

Efficiently to protect the valley of Kuliouou will require the
cooperation of the owner of the west, or fee simple half. From
conversations had with Mr. Andrade on this matter I believe it
will be possible to effect this. A comparatively short stretch of
fence across the fee simple land, from the end of the required
government fence to a pali, would block cattle from getting
mauka.

There are said to be goats on the ridge above Kuliouou, that
work over from the adjoining fee simple land of Maunalua, on
the east. Just how much damage they are doing I am not in a
position to say.

•Between Kuliouou and the east end of the Honolulu Water-
shed forest reserve, at Palolo, is a stretch of privately owned land,
in part belonging to the Bishop Estate. On a good part of it pro-
vision has been made by the owners for forest protection. While
part of this fee simple area is thus being treated as a forest reserve
it has for various reasons not been considered advisable to in-
clude it in the present project. The Kuliouou forest reserve as
proposed includes only the above described piece of unleased gov-
ernment land.

Accompanying this report is the official technical description
of boundary, prepared by the Government Survey Office as
C. S. F. No. 2363.

For the reasons set forth above I do now recommend that the
Board approve the creation of the Kuliouou forest reserve and
call upon the Governor of the Territory to cause the land to be
so set apart.

Very respectfully,

Ralph S. Hosmer,
Superintendent of Forestry.

77

ALFALFA— A PROMISING FORAGE CROP FOR
HAWAII.

By William H. Meinecke, Class of 1913.
(Continued.)

1. Chilian or common or California alfalfa.

The common alfalfa is distributed practically throughout North
and South America and Hawaii, and is especially adapted to those
sections of Southern California and the Western States, and also
Hawaii, where the climate is mild and where there is a fair
amount of rainfall or irrigation water. While it does fairly well
in dry regions, it is best suited to those places where the water
table is fairly high, and will respond wonderfully to proper irri-
gation. It can withstand fairly severe winters, but it is not con-
sidered the best variety for the northern conditions.

The many strains of this variety are Commonly known by the
name of the state or region from which the seed is obtained, e. g.,
Utah, California, Kansas, etc.

2. Arabian alfalfa (M. sativa arabianica).

As the name indicates, this variety was discovered in Arabia
and was imported directly into the United States in 1902, and the
first seed planted in Hawaii was obtained directly from Wash-
ington, D. C.

This variety is readily recognized by its thick succulent stems
and large dark green hairy leaves. It is a very rapid grower
and recovers quickly after cut^jng, the crop maturing within three
weeks and in general one to two weeks earlier than the common
variety. It cannot withstand frost or drought and is generally
more susceptible to plant diseases than the other varieties, but
will do very well in humid regions or where irrigation water is
abundant.

3. Turkestan alfalfa.

Turkestan alfalfa was imported into the United States in 1898
and brought to Hawaii within the last decade. This variety is
considered more resistant to cold and drought than the Chilian
and has proven in South Dakota 1 to be more drought and cold
resistant than Grim's alfalfa, but in North Dakota 2 , with the tem-
perature at 35° f. (1906-7), fifteen percent of the Turkestan
plants were winter killed against five percent of those of the Grim

1 U. S. D. A., B. P. L Bui. 196.
* U. S. D. A., B. P. I. Bui. 185.

78

variety. (The intense cold was accompanied by a heavy snow-
fall, which undoubtedly saved most of the plants.)

During the tests made by the Hawaii Station in 1910-11, this
variety did not yield as much seed or fodder as the Chilean and
Arabian, but it may prove valuable in some other parts of the
Territory where the conditions are warmer and dryer. It may
be also interesting to note that the Turkestan "is decidedly in-
ferior in the humid sections of the Mississippi River, but has
given somewhat better results than the ordinary alfalfa in the
semiarid portion of the great Plains and in the Columbia Basin." 3

4. Australian alfalfa.

The so-called Australian variety is probably a strain of the
Chilian, which has been grown in Australia. Its foliage is some-
what darker and slightly more dense and fine than the latter, but
from all practical standpoints it is the same.

The College of Hawaii has a plot of an eighth of an acre
planted to this strain, but it has not proven to be quite as pro-
ductive as either the Utah or the Kansas strain.

5. Peruvian alfalfa.

Peruvian alfalfa is very much like the Arabian in its lack of
ability to withstand cold and drought. It is more woody than the
latter and has proved to be inferior to other varieties' in the North
Western States,, but is highly recommended by the Department of
Agriculture 4 for the Southwest.

It has been planted at the Hawaii Station, but no reports as to
its, merits have been published.

6. Ecuador^alfalfa. 6

The Ecuador variety originated in the mountains at about 9000
feet elevation. It starts a little slower than other varieties, but
soon maintains a fast, steady, vigorous, erect growth. It is quite
profusely covered with hairs and is readily distinguished by its
very dark green color. The stems are coarser and more rigid
than usual. It seems to be more woody than most of the others,
with a less amount of foliage, and withstands well the changes in
temperature but does not yield as well as the others.

7. Tripoli. or Algerian and Oasis.

The Tripoli or Algerian and Oasis varieties are not easily
winter killed, but grow very slowly and are of a pale, sickly color,

8 Farmers' Bulletin 339.
* Nev. Sta. Report 1909.
6 Nev. Sta. Report 1909.

79

indicating their inadaptability to the climate of the United States,
especially that of the West.

8. French or sand lucerne.

French or sand lucerne has very pale purple flowers, some of
them almost white. It is said to be a different species of alfaffa

Typical breeding plant of Alfalfa one year old (grown on shallow ground).

80

(M. media), but it is also believed to be a natural hybrid of
M. sativa and M. falcata. It yielded well in Utah, Colorado, and
Nebraska, but did not do very well in Nevada and Texas. There
are numerous strains of this variety, chief of which are the Ger-
man, Baltic, and the famous Grim's alfalfa.

The latter is one of the most hardy of all alfalfas. It will not
only withstand intense cold and drought but will do well on
poorer soils than do others, its chief drawback being its tendency
to lodge.

9. German strain.

A German strain of M. medica grown by Mr. Isenberg at
Waialae, Oahu, proved to succeed much better than the common
alfalfa. It is now exclusively grown there.

10. Grim's alfalfa.

Grim's alfalfa was originated by Mr. Grim of North Dakota.
It is a close second if not a better variety than the Turkestan in
the matter of resistance to cold and drought and has out-yielded
it in several trials made in South Dakota. It is generally con-
sidered to be better adapted to northern conditions than to the
southern.

11. Baltic alfalfa.

Baltic alfalfa originated in Baltic, South Dakota, and is be-
lieved to be a strain of Grim's. It resembles the latter very
closely, is free from a bacterial disease common to all others, and
is not so liable to lodge as the other strains of M. media.

So far as the writer' can determine, only the following varieties
have been grown in Hawaii thus far. They apparently succeed
best in the order given :

1 Utah (Chilian) 5 German

2 California (Chilian) 6 Arabian

3 Kansas (Chilian) 7 Turkestan

4 Australian (Chilian) 8 Peruvian

Semipalatinsk Alfftlfft. Since the above was written a new dry-land alfalfa
(Semipalatinsk Alfalfa) has been introduced to the Islands by Messrs. H. Hack-
feld & Co., through the efforts of their manager, Mr. J. F. C. Hagens. This seed
was collected in Siberia in 1913 by Prof. K. E. Hansen of the South Dakota Col-
lege of Agriculture. Of it, Prof. Hansen say«:

"These seeds were gathered upon my fourth expedition to Siberia on the dry,
open steppes near Semipalatinsk, Southern Siberia. This is a region with a total
annual precipitation of eight inches, including both rain and snow, and with a
temperature range of from 106 degrees in summer to 50 degrees below zero
Fahrenheit in winter, often without snow. The expedition was authorized by the
South Dakota State Legislature, March, 1913. * * * My opinion is that they
will be a great help to agriculture on the highest and dryest uplands of a number
of our western states where no irrigation is possible."

It is hoped that this variety may prove useful for our dry uplands. We under-
stand that the seed is being rather widely distributed over the group and that
extensive plantings are to be made oh the Island of Lanai. F. G. K.

* Col. Stft. Report 1910.

81

CONDITIONS AFFECTING SUCCESS WITH ALFALFA.

1. Climate and Soil. Alfalfa is naturally adapted to a warm
climate ; in deep soils it is highly drought resistant, but is also well
adapted to irrigation. In general it does not endure very severe
winters and an excess of rainfall or irrigation is decidedly inju-
rious. Regardless of its nature the soil must be well drained or
the crop will fail, as alfalfa is a plant which cannot stand "wet
feet."

It succeeds best on a neutral soil, and will adapt itself to an
alkaline soil, but is an absolute failure where there is more or less
acidity or "sourness." A clean, deep and well drained, light,
loamy soil is best, but heavy clay soils may be so modified as to
yield profitable crops, provided they are not permitted to become
water-logged and sour. Calcareous soils in humid regions are
very good, and even the chocolate colored river bottoms and
maize and oat lands are well adapted to alfalfa.

Another essential for success with alfalfa is the presence of
specific nitrifying bacteria in the soil and a fair amount of humus,
since humus is necessary for the best growth of bacteria and the
plants can not do well without their presence. The lack of these
bacteria in the soils of the Eastern States in the early days has
proved to be the principal source of failure of alfalfa or rather
lucerne as it was then called.

2. Treatment of the Soil. Alfalfa is not stoloniferous and
poliferation is so very rare that it practically cannot spread, and
especially when young is unable to choke out other plants as do
the grasses. It is therefore very essential not only to plow deeply
in order to allow the long roots to penetrate deeply, but also to
cultivate in such a way that the land will be practically free from
weed seeds and in very good tilth before the seeds are sown.

If the land is lacking in lime, it should be applied before plow-
ing at the rate of from one-half to one ton of burned lime, or
twice as much ground limestone per acre. During the plowing
the lime will then become thoroughly mixed with the soil and
will therefore be more efficient. It is well also to add manure
before planting and mix it thoroughly with the soil.

If the land is virgin to alfalfa or has not become thoroughly
inoculated it is well also to add at this time about one-half ton of
soil from a field known to produce good alfalfa plants whose
roots are abundantly supplied with nodules. If such soil is not
conveniently available, "canned bacteria" or "nitragin" (pure
nitrifying bacteria) may be used instead.

A one-pound can of "nitragin" as put on the market commer-
cially is sufficient to inoculate one acre. In purchasing nitragin,
care should be taken to ask for "nitragin for alfalfa," as the
varieties of this material are specific, and a variety for cow peas
will not do for alfalfa.

Most of our soils in Hawaii are fortunately already inoculated

82

with bacteria and the need of inoculation is not very great. If a
field of alfalfa does not do well after a few weeks or better a
few months' growth, carefully dig up a few plants and wash
away the soil. The absence 'of nodules on the rootlest is a sure
indication to the need of inoculation. (Since the nodules are
easily knocked off the roots, extreme care should be used in re-
moving the plant and in washing the soil from it.)

3. Kind and Quantity of Seed and Method of Planting. With
all other conditions supplied, there still remains the matter of
good pure seed. This should be plump, of strong germination,
and free from weed seeds. Much of the commercial seed sold in
bulk contains dodder and other weed seeds which are difficult to
separate from the alfalfa seed. If possible, seed should be secured
from a source known to be free from dodder or carefully re-
cleaned seed should be used. While it is somewhat difficult to
separate the large seeded dodder from ordinary alfalfa seed it can
be done by using a screen made of 20 x 20 mesh, No. 34 steel or
iron wire on the W. & M. gauge ; or, the same mesh of brass or
copper wire, No. 32, English gauge. This should be stretched
over a light wood frame about 12 inches square. A half pint of
seed should be placed in the sieve at a time and thoroughly sifted
until all dodder seed is removed. This will require a half, minute
vigorous shaking, and the results will well repay the trouble. 7
This one feature should not be slighted, for "Trouble with weeds
has caused more alfalfa failures than any other one thing." 8 It
is said- that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, ,,
but in the case of alfalfa it is not only worth a ton of cure, but
is the deciding point between success and failure.
(To be continued.)

7 Hawaii Sta. Bui. 23.

8 Indiana Sta. Cir. 27.

S3

BY AUTHORITY.

PROCLAMATION OF FOREST RESERVE IN THE DISTRICT OF
HONOLULU, CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU, ISLAND OF
OAHU, TERRITORY OF HAWAII.

Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by the provisions of
Chapter 28 of the Revised Laws of Hawaii, as amended by Act 65 of the
Session Laws of 1905, and by Act 4 of the Session Laws of 1907, and of
every other power me hereunto enabling, I. LUCIUS E. PINKHAM, Gov-
ernor of Hawaii, with the approval of a majority of the Board of Com-
missioners of Agriculture and Forestry, having held the hearing of which
notice has been duly given as in said Acts provided, do hereby SET APART
as a forest reserve to be called the KULIOUOU FOREST RESERVE, that
certain piece of government land in the District of Honolulu, City and
County of Honolulu, Island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii, which may be
described roughly as being the mauka portion of the government half of
Kuliouou Valley, and containing an area of 214 acres, more or less, more
particularly described by and on a map made by the Government Survey
Department of the Territory of Hawaii, which said map is now on file in
the said Survey Department, marked "Government Survey Registered Map
No. 2520," and "Kuliouou Forest Reserve," and a description accompany-
ing the same numbered C. S. F. No. 2363, which said description, now on
file in the said Survey Department, is as follows:

KULIOUOU FOREST RESERVE.

Kuliouou 1st, Kona, Oahu.

C. S. F. No. 2363.

Beginning at a pipe at the southwest corner of this reserve on the
boundary between Kuliouou 1st and 2nd, the coordinates of said point re-
ferred to Government Survey Trig. Station r 'K6ko Head" being 14704.1
feet North and 7428.8 feet West, as shown on Government Survey Regis-
tered Map No. 2520, and running by true azimuths:

1. 176° 37' 6964.0 feet along the land of Kuliouou 2nd to the top of the

ridge overlooking Koolau at a place called Ele lupe;

2. 313° 05' 1718.0 feet along top of mountain range along the land of

Waimanalo ;

3. Thence down the top of the ridge along the land of Maunalua to an

iron pipe, the direct azimuth and distance being 349° 10'
5439.0 feet;

4. 76° 50' 1917.0 feet along pasture land of Kuliouou 1st to the point of

beginning.
Area, 214 acres.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my
hand and caused the Great Seal of the Territory of
Hawaii to be affixed.

DONE at the Capitol in Honolulu, this 13th day of
February, A. D. 1914.

LUCIUS E. PINKHAM,

Governor of Hawaii.
By the Governor:

E. A. MOTT-SMITH,
Secretary of Hawaii.

Hawaiian Gazette 60.

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thing needed by the small or large farmer, from the
smallest hand trowel to the largest cane plow. We
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OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.

COMMISSIONERS.

Walter M. Giffard, President and Executive Officer.
J. M. Dowsett Arthur H. Rice

H. M. von Holt Albert Waterhouse

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden,

David Hanghs, Forest Nurseryman.

Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge, of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.

Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai.

David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Edward Ml Ehrhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Plant In-
spector.
J. C. Bridwell, Assistant Superintendent of Entomology.
D. B. Kuhns, Plant Inspector.
Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii.

Mahukona, Hawaii.
Kahului, Maui.
Honorary Plant J Koloa, Kauai.

Inspector at \ Hana, Maui.

I Kaanapati, Maui.
I Manele, Lanui.
Prof. F. Silvestri (of Portici, Italy), Consulting Entomologist.
David T. Fullaway, Special Collaborator.

E. Madden,
W. O. Aiken,
W. D. McBryde,
Dr. W. B. Deas,
Capt. C. F. Turner,
G. C. Munro,

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial

Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H. B. Eliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hawaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.

DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.

G. K. Larrison, Superintendent of Hydrography.

J. C. Dort, Ofhce Engineer.

W. V. Hardy, Field Assistant in Charge, Island of Kauai.

C. T. Bailey, Assistant Engineer, in Charge, Island 0/ M { aui.
E. O. Christiansen, Assistant Engineer, Island of Maui.

H. Kimble, Assistant Engineer, in Charge, Special Investigations.

D. E. Horner, Field Assistant, Kauai.
G. R. White, Field Assistant, Oahu.

E. E. Goo, Recorder.

CLERICAL STAFF. ]

Mrs. A. Oram, Stenographer and Librarian.

Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.

Daniel Logan, Editor of the " Forester."

Board of Agriculture and Forestry

PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

The Board of Commissioners issues for general distribution to per-
sons in the Territory, annual reports, bulletins, circulars, copies of its
rules and regulations, and other occasional paptgrs, which may be had,
free, upon application.

A complete list of the* publications of the Board available for dis-
tribution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print)
is to be found on the cover of the last biennial report.

Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing
Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.