M&MW&W*mm%®lBnS& C,iu s «
Vol. XI.
MAY, 1914
No. 5
Price, 10c. Per Copy; Per Annum, $1.00; Foreign, $1.25.
^^THE
Hawaiian forester
AND
Agriculturist
A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
OF
Forestry, Entomology and Agriculture
ISSUED UNDER THE DIRECTION
OF THE
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Entered as second-class matter at the Post office, at Honolulu, Hawafi.
ADDRESS ALL. COMMUNICATIONS TO
DANIEL- LOGAN,
EDITOR "THE FOHESTER,"
P. O. BOX 366,
HONOLULU,^. T.
For business relating to advertising or subscriptions, address
Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Publishers,
217 S. King St,, Honolulu, Hawaii.
THE UNIVERSITY OF MiCHlQAH LIBRARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS-
PAGE.
Division of Animal Industry — annual report 127
report for April 154
Division of Entomology — annual report 139
report for April 157
Division of Forestry — annual report 146
report for April 160
Division of Hydrography— annual report 152
report for April 164
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.
The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Govern-
ment Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced
trees. These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or
growing.
The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10
to 50 cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2y 2 cents each,
except a few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also
for sale; the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested
before being sent out, which insures its being good.
All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.
RALPH S. HOSMER,
Superintendent of Forestry.
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division, and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make in-
quiry in person and by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently
or send the right kind of useful insects for relief, we like and sometimes
it is indispensable for us to see the insects suspected or caught in the act,
also specimens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden
box specimens may be mailed by parcels post. When specimens are
not accompanied by letter always write your name and address in the
upper left-hand corner of the package. Address all communications
SUPERINTENDENT DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 20*
TONOLULU, HAWAII.
EDW. M. EHRHORN,
Superintendent.
THE ^HAWAIIAN
FORESTER I AGRICULTURIST
Vol. XL MAY, 1914. No. 5
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
ANNUAL REPORT FOR YEAR 1913.
Honolulu, December 31, 1913.
The Honorable the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and
Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.
Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian
for the year ending December 31, 1913.
As all routine and detail work has been recorded in the twelve
monthly reports of my Division it has been my aim in this report
to show the present status of live stock conditions in the Ter-
ritory in order to emphasize what has been accomplished during
the nine years I have had the honor to be the head of the Division
of Animal Industry.
Very respectfully,
Victor A. Norgaard,
Territorial Veterinarian.
REPORT OF THE TERRITORIAL VETERINARIAN— 1913
THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY OF THE TERRITORY.
The year ending December 31, 1913, must be said to have been
in most respects favorable to the live stock interests throughout
the Territory. The prolonged drought of the previous year ex-
tended well into the spring or summer of 1913 and the feed on
the ranges became very short, but with the improved water supply
of nearly all the stock breeding districts the losses from this cause
w r ere comparatively small.
The vast increase in the consumption of beef and other meats,
as a result of the great number of soldiers now stationed here,
necessitated the importation of large amounts of beef and mutton
from California, as well as from the Colonies, but the expected
reduction in price from the removal of the duty on live stock
products did not materialize, the foreign exporters advancing the
128
price in direct proportion to the reduction and pocketing the profit
that was to have benefited the local consumers.
The past year has seen the sheep industry reduced to a con-
siderable extent in favor of cattle raising, it being generally be-
lieved that many of the sheep ranges have been overstocked and
consequently worn out, at least in so far as sheep are concerned.
No epidemic of any kind has occurred among either cattle or
sheep, but for the first time in four years a considerable number
of hogs have been lost from cholera, especially on the Island of
Oahu, thereby necessitating the importation of butcher hogs from
California. Previous to 1908 this Territory imported annually
from 4000 to 6000 butcher hogs, and pork was always a very ex-
pensive meat on the local markets. Hog raising was consequently
encouraged and urged at every opportunity by the federal, ter-
ritorial and local live stock authorities until the production of hogs
increased to the point when importations were no longer neces-
sary. This condition lasted, as stated, for four years, or until
the latter part of 1913, when a shipment of 200 hogs arrived here
from Oregon. There is, however, little cause to believe that this
condition will last for any length of time. The outbreak of hog
cholera was under control shortly after its presence was definitely
established, and were it not for the persistence of the infection
for about six months after the last case had occurred in any
locality it would soon have been safe for the hog raisers to begin
to stock up again, at least with serum-immunized hogs. But, in
any case, it has been demonstrated that hog raising is a very
profitable business in this Territory, at least to the extent where
cheap feed (hotel, mess or kitchen swill) can be obtained, and,
further, that there is now a sufficient amount of that feed here
to supply the local demand for pork.
Horse and Mule Breeding has taken an immense upward swing
during the past few years and it is highly satisfactory to report
that the past year has demonstrated the absolute fitness, or rather
superiority, of locally raised horses for all the branches of the
military service stationed here. About three years ago the cavalry
began experimenting with Parker Ranch horses, first as polo
ponies and then as regular mounts and officers' chargers, since
which time about 200 head of horses have been purchased on
various ranches on Hawaii and are giving great satisfaction. It
may therefore be safely predicted that no more horses will be sent
here for military purposes, but that the future needs of the regi-
ments stationed here will be supplied by the local horse breeders.
The only possible objection to such an arrangement might be the
price asked for Island-bred horses, as there remain but few of the
cheap cow-ponies of common-breed stock. All the larger breed-
ers now use only pedigreed stallions of high class, and the colts
and young animals are no longer left to care for themselves on
the ranges at all times of the year, but are fed, broken and handled
and, in fact, looked after and cared for, selected and classified
129
until they can hardly be called range horses any longer ; and, as a
steadily increasing percentage shows all the qualities and marks of
high breeding seen in the blue grass regions of the States, it is
obvious that they cannot be sold at the figures which prevailed five
to ten years ago. As regards the health of the horse stock it
must be said to have never been better. A few scattered cases
of spinal meningitis — so-called — have occurred, on* Maui and Mo-
lokai principally, but beyond these there has not been one out-
break of infectious or contagious disease worth mentioning. Two
cases of suspected glanders in the same stable were reported from
Hawaii, but as this was in a neighborhood where glanders had
not occurred for many years, and quite isolated, it is more likely
to have been epizootic lymphangitis.
IMPORTATIONS OF LIVE STOCK.
The following numbers of different classes of live stock have
been received through the ports of Honolulu and Hilo during the
past year :
Honolulu Hilo
Horses 550 6
Mules 710 6
Cattle . . . . : 93 42
Sheep 2 42
Swine 227 11
Dogs and cats 75 11
Poultry (crates) 1330 127
From the above table it will be seen that by far the greater
number of live stock enters the Territory through the port of
Honolulu. Direct importations to the Island of Maui are included
in the Honolulu record, since they all arrive here first and are
inspected before being passed -on to Maui, for quarantine or
otherwise.
Of the 1200 to 1300 head of horse stock which arrived here
during the year by far the greater part, that is, more than one
thousand, were for military purposes. Of the remaining number
most were draft horses of medium quality, and finally a number
of stallions and mares for breeding purposes. Among these must
be mentioned an importation of six black Percheron stallions and
mares for the Parker Ranch, which undoubtedly will put their
mark on many of the coming generations of heavy draft horses
for which this ranch is so justly noted.
Among the cattle imported must be mentioned a bunch of five
"Dutch Belted" cattle, the first seen here of that breed, and which
were purchased by Mrs. B. M. Allen at the California State Fair,
where they were prize winners. There also arrived a number of
good bulls of the beef breeds but not by far as many as the Ter-
ritory needs. Quite a number of the larger ranch owners are
130
exceedingly slow when it comes to improving their herds through
the purchase of high class pedigreed sires, and seem to think that
the end may be gained as well through the use of one-half, three-
quarter or seven-eighth cross-bred bulls, many of which can now
be purchased here, and some of which are splendid individuals
besides costing much less than pure-bred animals. These breed-
ers, however, do not realize that such animals lack that unfailing
breeding potency inherent in the pure-bred sire of an old estab-
lished breed, and which makes even the first cross with a com-
mon-bred cow worth twice as much and mature a year earlier
than the offspring of a cross-bred or common sire with the same
class of mother. It may be argued that the local market does
not call for such heavy beeves or for such large cuts as those
resulting from 1500 lb. steers, but that is simply because the con-
sumers have become used to the smaller cuts and never have had
an opportunity to learn that the larger the cut the smaller the
waste. Another discouraging feature in this connection is the
present system of the wholesale trade in butcher animals, all of
which are practically bought on the block, that is, after they are
butchered, and very rarely on the hoof, as is done everywhere
else. This throws the entire loss from shrinkage — from the time
a steer leaves the pasture until it has been butchered, bled and
well drained, in many cases more than a week — on the stock
grower, and the quality of the carcass, so apparent in the live
animal in the feed yard or on the range, becomes almost insigni-
ficant. Whereas, for instance, a bunch of high grade Hereford
or Shorthorn steers in the stables averaging 1400 or 1500 lbs.
would bring the top market price, say seven or eight cents per
pound on the hoof, a bunch of fat common-bred steers of all
colors but fairly even size and weighing about 1100 pounds would
bring at best five to six cents per pound. In the local market,
however, the ranchman ships his cattle to Honolulu, taking them
off the pasture and after a strenuous trip landing them in the
slaughterhouse pens, where they remain until butchered, getting
nothing but dry hay and water, a procedure which is obviously
much more trying on well-bred cattle than on scrub stock and,
as stated, when the final deal is made the carcass of the latter
will in most cases bring as much as the former and possibly be
preferred on account of their smaller size, the larger carcasses
being classified as stags even if they average a year younger
than the others. So long as this condition continues there is little
incentive for the progressive cattle raiser to improve his herd
with expensive sires and only concerted action on their part for
the sale of the live animals to be consummated either on the
ranch before shipment or else immediately after arrival in Hono-
lulu, will give the producer of high class beef his just dues, and
help to elevate the live stock industry to the standpoint which
the ideal climatic conditions and the almost total absence of dis-
eases of live stock warant.
131
QUARANTINE STATIONS.
In connection with the importation of live stock and the above
mentioned absence of disease, it is worthy of note that the Board
has done everything in its power not alone to guard against the
introduction of infected animals, but also to facilitate the impor-
tation of valuable breeding animals and assist the progressive
stock breeder in bringing such into the Territory with as little
cost and inconvenience as possible. To this end two ports of
entry besides Honolulu, that is, Hilo and Kahului, were during
the past year provided with quarantine stations. The Hilo station
cost nearly $3000 and the Kahului Station about half of that
amount, besides which the Board provided a permanent caretaker
for each. Both stations are of solid construction and absolutely
modern in so far as sanitation and hygiene, as well as comfort
and convenience, are concerned. The old quarantine station at
Hilo was at best a makeshift affair, while importations of live
stock for the Island of Maui had to be quarantined, when re-
quired, at Honolulu, and were it not for the uncertainty engen-
dered through the change in the national administration, these
improvements would undoubtedly have seen a great increase in
the numbers of draft and breeding animals imported. The ob-
servations made by this Division during the past eight years have
however demonstrated beyond a doubt that so long as new cen-
ters of infection are prevented from gaining entrance it is pos-
sible to eradicate the infection already established here. The fol-
lowing section of this report, dealing with glanders, shows this
most clearly and accentuates the necessity for continuing the
policy of vigilance embodied in the Board's regulations requiring
inspection, testing and quarantine of all live stock coming from
or through a state, territory or country known to be infected
with one or more of the numerous animal scourges from which
the Territory now is free.
DISEASES OF LIVE STOCK.
Glanders. It is with considerable satisfaction that this Division
believes itself justified in claiming that glanders, the most de-
structive of all equine diseases, has apparently been eradicated
from the Territory, especially in view of the fact that the disease
was very prevalent here when the Division was established about
nine years ago, and that no indemnity has ever been paid for
destroyed animals. This is a feat which the best live stock sani-
tarians have claimed to be impossible and one that has not been
accomplished anywhere else in the civilized world. It must, how-
ever, be said that it would have been nearly as difficult here had
it not been for certain natural, especially climatic, conditions and
resulting circumstances, all of which tended to favor the efforts
at eradication. The prime factor, however, was the exclusion of
132
fresh infection with horses and mules imported from or through
California and other countries. Owing to the great distance of
these Islands from the mainland, and to the absolute necessity of
importing large numbers of draft animals from the nearest avail-
able market, that is, California, it seemed to have become a habit
with horse dealers there to unload on Hawaiian buyers latent or
obscure cases of glanders, taking it for granted that the diseased
animals could not be returned and that, if returned, they would
not be admitted to the State but would have to be destroyed upon
return arrival. It seemed therefore to be perfectly safe to ship
such animals to Hawaii, and, until the mallein test came into
general use, there can be little doubt that many reactors found
their way to this Territory. No wonder therefore that glanders
spread through the local stables and pastures until over one hun-
dred outbreaks per annum became the rule rather than the excep-
tion and that the losses from this disease alone at times aggre-
gated $30,000 pe-r year.
With the establishment of the Division of Animal Industry in
1905 a check was immediately put upon the importation of in-
fected animals, although it was not until the cooperation of the
federal Bureau of Animal Industry was enlisted in 1907 that a
complete stop may be said to have been effected. This policy of
the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry, to demand
and obtain federal protection in the interstate shipment of live
stock, was soon followed by other states and territories until at
the present time it is universally employed throughout the Union,
and the regulations of this Board pertaining to the importation
of live stock have been adopted, and in some cases copied word
for word, by a number of the States.
At the same time a vigorous fight against the disease within
the Territory was inaugurated and this again led to the appoint-
ment of deputy territorial veterinarians on the principal islands,
without which the creditable result, that is, the apparently com-
plete eradication of the disease, could not have been accomplished
in such a short time, and especially without the payment of com-
pensation for destroyed animals. It is, of course, not impossible
that the disease may linger in some out-of-the-way mountain
valley or gulch or remain latent in some old "carrier," as was
the case in Waipio Valley, but even so if another outbreak should
occur it will soon be apprehended and suppressed, while the in-
tradermal test with mallein is so easy and simple that all exposed
animals can be located and rendered harmless with comparative
ease.
Bovine Tuberculosis.
What has been said above in regard to glanders in horse stock
may to a certain extent be repeated in so far as bovine tubercu-
losis is concerned. What has been accomplished here along the
line of control, suppression and eradication of this fatal insidious
disease of dairy cattle and the resulting improvement of the local
133
milk supply is unparalleled in any other country, state or terri-
tory where no indemnification is provided for the destruction of
diseased cattle, and where the enforcement of sanitary regulations .
is in the hands of political employees.
Beginning four years ago with the tuberculin testing of the
dairy cows of the City of Honolulu conditions were met of suf-
ficient severity to discourage the stoutest heart, and, had it not
been for the unfailing support of the leading dairymen and their
willingness to sacrifice large numbers of their best animals, it is
doubtful whether the present satisfactory state could ever have
been reached or, at least, not until the milk consumers had been
educated up to demand pure and wholesome milk for their chil-
dren.
The first tuberculin test revealed no less than 32% of diseased
cows among the Honolulu dairy- herds, which figure was reduced
to 24% when all the dairy cattle of the City arid County of
Honolulu, that is the Island of Oahu, were tested, and it cannot
be disputed that had the test been postponed even one single
year the question of eradication would have had to be abandoned
and either pasteurization or the "Bang method" of gradual elimi-
nation resorted to. But as it was, by far the greater part of the
469 head of reactors to this first test belonged to three or four
of the largest dairymen, who were financially able to bear the
loss and who declared themselves willing or even anxious to
have their herds cleaned up. There was consequently nothing
else for the recalcitrants to do than to follow this step or else
go out of the dairy business, as the milk consumers were quick
to respond to the movement for sanitary dairies and clean milk
and refused to buy from any dairy that was not declared clean
officially, even though there was a slight advance in the price
of milk from the clean herds.
In the latter part of 1910 (November), the intradermal method
of testing was adopted, whereby the greater part of the objection
to the work of eradication was overcome. This method, fully de-
scribed in the previous reports from this Division, has proved
absolutely satisfactory and is fully believed to be the only means
whereby the universal eradication of bovine tuberculosis can ever
be accomplished.
The second and third annual tests gave respectively 5.8% and
3.8% of reactors whereas the 1913 test, comprising 4444 head
of cattle, gave only 119 reactors of which a great part were range
cattle that had escaped the previous tests and about V/2% were
actual dairy cows. All of these reactors were slaughtered with-
out unnecessary delay and, whenever possible, examined post
mortem. In every case did the pathological changes verify the
diagnosis and prove the value of the intradermal method of test-
ing. All stables where reactors were found were thoroughly dis-
infected and whitewashed, and these herds are now being sub-
mitted to the test every three months in order to apprehend any
134
case, that may still develop, in its incipiency. In the meantime it
may be said that the milk supply of the City and County of Hono-
lulu, to all intents and purposes, is free from tuberculous infec-
tion and it is to be hoped that this good work which has only
recently been inaugurated on the other islands, where deputy terri-
torial veterinarians are located, will progress and meet with the
same support from the public as has been the case here. Up
to the present time the efforts of this Board to do its share in
fighting the Great White Plague by suppressing the one source
of infantile tuberculous infection that we know can be sup-
pressed, — viz., the milk-borne infection — has met with but luke-
warm support from the municipal authorities in this county and
none at all in the other counties, while the Territorial Board of
Health is doing splendid work all over the Territory fighting the
spread of the disease among all classes and nationalities of the
population. Whether the efforts of the Boafd of Agriculture and
Forestry along these lines are of any actual value in saving
human lives has frequently been disputed, but knowing as we do
that children under five years of age are especially susceptible to
the bovine tuberculous infection, so often contained in milk from
tuberculous cows, the Board of Health was asked for statistics in
regard to the mortality among children from tuberculosis in Ho-
nolulu as compared to the rest of the Territory, during the period
of the last three years. The report received covers the number of
cases, with the number of deaths, of all forms of tuberculosis
among children under five years of age, in the entire Territory
and in the district of Honolulu alone, and proves clearly that
there has been a decrease in the number of cases in Honolulu
since 1910, of more than 66%, or to one-third of the annual
number of cases, while the number of deaths has decreased more
than 75%, or to one-fourth of the annual number of deaths. On
the other hand the number of cases for the entire Territory
shows an increase of 40% and the mortality an increase of 80%
per annum. These figures cover the period from April, 1910, to
June, 1913, with a total of 102 cases of infantile tuberculosis with
90 deaths, of which number 50 cases with 35 deaths occurred in
Honolulu. But whereas the last year, ending June 30, 1913, gave
the entire Territory 36 cases with 32 deaths, the District of Ho-
nolulu had only 9 cases with 5 deaths, which warrants the con-
clusion that some extraordinary factor must have contributed to
this immense reduction in the local prevalence of the disease
which it would not seem far-fetched to attribute, at least in part,
to the absence of the specific infection, the tubercle bacillus from
the local milk supply, especially as milk forms such an important
part of the food of children under five years of age.
By this inference it is not meant to take an iota of credit away
from the splendid work done by the Anti-Tuberculosis League
of Hawaii and the Territorial Board of Health, but an analysis
of the statistics contained in the pamphlet published by the
135
League (Advertiser, December 20, 1913), shows a reduction in
the death rate from tuberculosis of all classes and ages (1911-
1913) of from 3.5 per 1000 to 2.7 per 1000 inhabitants, which
makes the increase in mortality among children under five years
of age except in the one district where non-tuberculous milk is
available, so much more conspicuous, and forcibly accentuates
the fact that the said pamphlet, entitled "Fighting the Great
White Plague in Hawaii," in no place on its fourteen pages men-
tions either cows or milk or the danger of transmission of bovine
tuberculosis to children with infected milk, but simply ignores the
efforts of this Board to assist in the fight along the lines which
are now recognized the world over, that is, the eradication of the
tuberculous cow. This statement is made with regret as there
can be little doubt that, had the League embodied in its educa-
tional campaign a single paragraph urging the necessity of pro-
viding the children with milk from healthy tuberculin-tested
cows, the milk producers all over the Territory would long ago
have been forced to clean up their herds and stables in spite of
the lethargy of the various municipal sanitary authorities, and
more than a few lives might have been saved.
To attempt to eradicate human tuberculosis while the children
are being fed milk from tuberculous cows is futile. Consequently
the first step must be the eradication of bovine tuberculosis, and
that can only be accomplished by teaching the parents the danger
of tuberculous milk. Pasteurization cannot be relied on, especially
not home pasteurization. To protect the children the parents
must therefore refuse to buy milk from any but tuberculin tested
cows, guaranteed professionally or preferably officially, to be free
from the disease and kept in sanitary surroundings. The first
dairyman in Honolulu to receive a clean bill of health from this
Board found the demand for his milk doubled within one month
even though he advanced the price from 10 cents to \2y 2 cents
per quart. There are at the present time few families left where
tuberculosis has not claimed one or more victims, and no mother
will, after once being taught the danger, willingly buy milk from
untested or diseased cows if wholesome milk can at all be obtained
for her children.
There is consequently no reason why any individual or any
community should wait for official action in order to get clean
milk. In every district or community there is at least one dairy-
man who has a clean herd or who is progressive enough to clean
up his herd the moment there is any agitation for clean milk, and
it may safely be said that an application from a dairyman to have
his herd tested and cleaned up, addressed to the proper local
authorities, would hardly be denied at the present time. If it
should be denied there is still the practicing veterinarian, who, if
he, is at all progressive, is the one who should take the initiative
in every district or community where the authorities are slow
about attacking the problem.
136
Bovine tuberculosis must go first, but to await its eradication
through the promulgation of laws, ordinances and regulations
which necessarily must carry large appropriations to become
effective is futile. Action must come from below and not from
above. It therefore rests with either the consumer, the milk
producer or the local veterinarian to start the ball rolling and, as
it is the milk consumer who is to reap the greatest benefit from
the improvement, it is only reasonable that the consumer should
pay for it. And what would the cost amount to? An advance
of one cent per quart of milk would in one year pay the full
value of every tuberculous cow in the United States and besides
leave a handsome profit for the producer as well as pay for the
work of the veterinarian. In accordance with statistics furnished
by the Hygienic Laboratory (Bulletin No. 56) of the U. S. Public
Health and Marine Hospital Service there were consumed in the
United States in the year 1900 (12th census) no less than 740,-
000,000 gallons of milk and cream by the urban and suburban
population alone — that is, this enormous quantity was sold by the
milk producers and did not include what was consumed on the
farm and what was used in the manufacture of butter, cheese,
condensed milk, etc. This amounts to about 23 gallons a year for
each person. The consumption of milk in Philadelphia during
the year 1905 was estimated at 23 gallons for each inhabitant
or an average of half a pint per day for each person. The daily
consumption of milk in Honolulu aggregates 6000 quarts, so an
advance of one cent per quart would mean $60 per day or $21,900
per annum. This sum would, and probably has, fully reimbursed
the milk producers in the City and County of Honolulu if taken
as a whole, since the bovine tuberculosis work began in 1910,
for losses sustained through the destruction of diseased animals,
and it has been paid without objection by the milk consumers.
It will therefore be seen that if the annual consumption of milk
in Honolulu averages 23 gallons or about 100 quarts per head
as in Philadelphia, the insurance against tuberculous infection
through cows' milk would, at an advance of one cent per quart,
have cost the consumers on an average one dollar per annum
each.
In conclusion it may be stated that the intradermal test is slowly
but surely gaining ground, at least four States using it officially
and many others experimenting with it. In California it is now
used almost exclusively by the live stock sanitary authorities, even
though it is admitted that considerable practice is required before
. the veterinarian in general can be trusted with it.
Preventive Measures Against Rabies.
It is now nearly two years since the regulation requiring'the
quarantining of all dogs coming from or through territory in-
fected with rabies went into effect.
137
While the measure has met with a considerable amount of more
or less pertinent criticism it cannot be said to have been actually-
opposed and it is doubtful whether a single dog, if at all worth
while, has been left behind on that account.
The actual number of dogs imported or arriving here with
tourists or returning residents fell during 1913 to 75 head as
compared with 106 during 1912 and 132 in 1911, but this reduction
is due principally to an official order restricting the number of
pets and mascots which usually arrived here with every regi-
ment, company or troop that was to be stationed here. During
the past year only officers' dogs have been allowed to accompany
the various contingents of soldiers arriving here, thereby elimi-
nating a great number of more or less worthless dogs which
otherwise would have crowded the quarantine station for four
months each. Another cause for the reduction is due in part to
the strict six months' quarantine maintained in Australia and New
Zealand which in conjunction with the local quarantine prevents
theatrical companies, such as dog and monkey shows, from bring-
ing performing animals to any of these countries or which at
least makes it so expensive and annoying to the managers that
they have practically abandoned the Hawaii, New Zealand, Aus-
tralian circuit which formerly concluded such companies' tour of
the world. In 1911 for instance more than 33 per cent, of the
dogs arriving here consisted of soldiers' pets and performing
dogs. That the dog quarantine regulation has proved effective in
keeping the disease out until this time is very gratifying, espe-
cially when considering that the epidemic prevailing in the Pacific
Coast States, so far from being suppressed, is constantly on the
increase, and, while a number of attempts have been made to
willfully circumvent the regulation and land dogs here regardless
of the quarantine requirements, it is believed that no such at-
tempt has so far been successful, and it is sincerely to be hoped
that common sense will prevail among both tourists and resident
dog owners and make them realize the awful responsibility they
assume in attempting or conniving at the introduction of a dog
without quarantine. The last case reported to the Board, from
Hay ward, California, where one rabid dog bit six persons, a
couple of horses and more than twenty other dogs in less than an
hour, before it was cornered and shot, furnishes a good illustra-
tion of what might happen in this dog-infested district, should the
disease gain an entrance here. In the first place it would be
necessary to establish a Pasteur institute here for the preparation
of the vaccine and the treatment of bitten persons, a matter of
several thousand dollars, and the employment of at least one ex-
pert scientist and assistant. California now has seven such official
institutions and a number of private ones, in which hundreds of
people are being treated annually. But before such laboratory
and clinic could be established here it would be necessary to send
all bitten persons to San Francisco, in many cases at public ex-
138
pense, and, owing to the distance and length of time required to
get there — in some cases ten to twelve days— at great risk to the
life of the patient. There is consequently every reason why this
preventive measure of the Board, the dog quarantine, should
receive the full support of the public as well as of the press. To
recommend that a Pasteur laboratory be established here before
the actual appearance of the disease would probably be futile,
besides which it is a matter for the consideration of the Terri-
torial Board of Health exclusively. But there can be no doubt
that the disease may gain entrance here in spite of every precau-
tion taken, and, if this calamity should occur, the question will
immediately be raised, Why was nothing done in time, when we
had the disease next door to us ?
SUMMARY.
Summing up the results of the year's work it may be stated:
(1) That inspection and testing of all classes of domestic ani-
mals before or upon arrival here, and the enforcement of the
various quarantine regulations, have again proved effective in
preventing the introduction of any of the many diseases of live
stock and other domestic animals so prevalent on the mainland
of the United States or in its colonies and other countries.
(2) That glanders among horses and mules, which formerly
caused a greater loss than all other diseases of live stock com-
bined, has been practically wiped out, only one doubtful outbreak,
affecting two animals, having occurred during the year, as com-
pared to a hundred outbreaks annually a few years ago.
(3) That bovine tuberculosis has been reduced to a minimum
among the dairy cattle in the City and County of Honolulu and
bovine tuberculous infection removed from the milk supply in
that district, which work coincides with a reduction of 50% in
the mortality among children under five years of age from all
forms of tuberculosis, as compared with an increase of 80% in
the rest of the Territory where tuberculous cows are still being
milked and the milk fed to the children ( facts based on Board of
Health records).
(4) That the eradication of bovine tuberculosis on the other
islands is being pushed as fast as the deputy territorial veteri-
narians can do it and the local health authorities and the milk
producers and consumers will furnish and support it, and finally —
(5) That the live stock industry of the Territory is prosper-
ing under the natural and unparalleled favorable conditions and
unprecedented freedom from infectious and contagious diseases
of animals, results and conditions which have placed the Territory
among the leaders in live stock sanitary work and caused a num-
ber of States in the Union to emulate or copy the policies,
methods and regulations of this Board.
Respectfully submitted,
Victor A. Norgaard,
Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial Veterinarian.
139
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
ANNUAL REPORT.
Honolulu, December 31, 1913.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu.
Gentlemen: — I have the honor to submit herewith a brief re-
port covering the various lines of work carried on by the Divi-
sion of Entomology during the calendar year, 1913.
The principal and most important work of my Division during
the year consisted of the usual quarantine inspection of all agri-
cultural and horticultural products which were shipped into the
Territory from the mainland and foreign countries. In addition
to this work, a thorough inspection of all fruits, vegetables and
plants going from the Island of Oahu to the other islands has
been carried on during this period. There was also attached to
this general work the introduction, care and distribution of sev-
eral parasites of the Mediterranean f ruitfly and the hornfly. This
work, although connected with my Division, was under the direct
supervision of W. M. Giffard, Esq., president of the Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, and only on special occasions were my
services required. The personnel of this branch, as well as a re-
view of the work done, has been published in Bulletin No. 3 of the
Division of Entomology, which Bulletin is in itself a complete re-
port and was recommended by me for publication and appeared
at the end of the year.
During the year the fruitfly control work by clean culture
methods, as instituted by the Board of Agriculture and Forestry
in November, 1911, has been continued by the Bureau of En-
tomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, of Washing-
ton, D. C., under the superintendence of Dr. E. A. Back, in
charge of Mediterranean fruitfly investigations. He has also had
direct charge of the inspection of all banana shipments to the
Pacific coast. Results of this work will no doubt be reported by
Dr. Back to the Bureau of Entomology and in due time will
appear.
Staff.
During the first half of the year the staff of the Division of
Entomology consisted of the writer as superintendent and chief
inspector ; Mr. D. B. Kuhns, assistant inspector ; Messrs. Edward
Drew, Robert W. Kanakanui and Isaac Kahele, as assistants on
the wharves. On June 3rd, 1913, Mr. J. C. Bridwell was ap-
pointed assistant superintendent of entomology. On account of
the unexpected developments in breeding and distributing the
introduced parasites of the fruitfly and owing to the difficulty of
finding proper men for such work here, he was immediately de-
140
tailed to assist Mr. D. T. Fullaway, whose services were very
kindly loaned to the Board by the Hawaii Experiment Station, in
the multiplication and distribution of fruitfly and hornfiy para-
sites. Mr. Fullaway was called away from the work during the
month of October to take up some special investigation in the
Philippine Islands and Mr. Bridwell then assumed charge of the
breeding work of all the parasites to the end of the year. Brother
Matthias Newell has continued as our regular inspector at the
Port of Hilo, Hawaii, and the following gentlemen have served
as honorary inspectors at the various ports on the islands. Mr.
E. Madden, Mahukona, Hawaii ; Mr. E. R. Bevins, Kahului,
Maui; Mr. W. D. McBryde, Koloa, Kauai; Dr. W. D. Deas,
Hana, Maui ; Capt. C. F. Turne, Kaanapali, Maui, and Mr. G. C.
Munro, Keomoku, Lanai.
Work Performed.
During 1913 we again note a slight increase in the arrival of
horticultural products as well as in the number of vessels entering
the Territory.
Including the port of Hilo, we inspected 565 vessels, of which
we found 342 carrying vegetable matter, amounting to 13,586 lot
shipments, consisting of 295,928 packages. Of this amount 288,-
679 were packages of fruit and vegetables, direct imports for
home consumption, 1866 packages were seeds and 5385 packages
were plants.
From these shipments, on account of infestations, 922 pack-
ages were destroyed by burning, 3850 packages were fumigated
before delivery and 371 packages were returned to the shippers.
Rice and Bean Shipments.
All shipments of rice and beans from the Orient have been
carefully inspected, not only for the rice weevil (Calandra
oryzae), which species already exists on the Islands, but more
especially for the rice moth (Paralipsa modesta), a very serious
pest of stored rice and beans. Under a ruling of the Board of
Agriculture and Forestry all rice shipments are fumigated at the
port of Kobe, Japan, this being the port of debarkation for this
product. I am pleased to report that of the enormous quantity
of rice, 266,677 bags, which arrived in the Territory during the
year, only 3100 bags of rice had to be fumigated at Honolulu.
During the year we were surprised to find a consignment of
soya beans badly infested with the rice moth and I immediately
notified all shippers to have all bean shipments destined for these
Islands fumigated at the port of debarkation in Japan. In this
matter I had the heartiest cooperation of the shippers and of the
Japanese Merchants' Association. During the year 15,075 bags
141
of beans arrived in the Territory and of this number only 162
bags were found infested with the moth.
About the middle of November the Toyo Kisen Kaisha Steam-
ship Company made Hilo a port of call for their South American
run instead of Honolulu. This meant the arrival of all kinds of
freight, including rice and beans, direct from Japanese ports to
Hilo. The first steamer brought 6457 bags of rice and 110 bags
of beans. As this was a new experience for the Hilo inspector
I thought it best to oversee his Work and accordingly dispatched
Mr. D. B. Kuhns, my local inspector, to attend to this matter.
The shipments proved to be free from both rice pests.
Equipment.
The equipment of the Division of Entomology has been added
to since my last report. In 1912 I drew attention to the inade-
quate quarters that were at our disposal for fumigating large
shipments of infested rice [see page 120 of the 1912 report] , and
recommended the erection of a large fumigating house for this
purpose at that time. During the latter part of the year a very
good fumigating house 20 x 30 feet, with 12 foot ceiling, has been
built near Pier No. 7, that being the dock where all Oriental car-
goes are unloaded. In building this structure the very best plans
for economy as well as efficiency were used. Also, two vent
doors, one at the ceiling line for light gases and one at the floor
line for heavy gases, make our fumigation absolutely without
danger to human life. We have had occasion to test this house
and have had excellent results.
Through the kindness of the Board of Harbor Commissioners,
I have had the privilege of changing my main dock office on
•Pier No. 7 from a small office under the staircase to the one which
was formerly occupied by the harbormaster, near the main en-
trance to the dock. This is more commodious and has greatly
assisted us in this important branch of our work.
As the port of Hilo is now in direct communication with the
Orient and as there are no facilities for handling infested rice
shipments should any arrive there, it becomes apparent that we
shall have to provide a similar fumigating house at that port. I
would, therefore, recommend that the Commissioners consider
this important matter favorably and enable the building of the
necessary structure.
The question is often asked why rice shipments are found in :
fested, when all rice is fumigated at Kobe, Japan. In answer to
this I will state that our observations in the past have demon-
strated that these shipments can easily become infested in the
hold of the vessel during the voyage from Japan here, because all
rice shipments going to the mainland are not fumigated before
leaving Kobe. Our shipments of rice are very often placed along-
side or even on top of these shipments. For this reason the
142
weevils and larvae of the rice moth can readily crawl from one
lot to another. So long as these conditions continue, the con-
signee at Honolulu or Hilo can hardly be held responsible for
the infestation if there be any on arrival, especially when he
has complied with the fumigation regulations in Japan. All bills
of lading for shipments of rice coming to this Territory have
government certificates of fumigation attached. I have recently
taken up this matter with the Commissioner of Horticulture of
the State of California looking to the possibility of that State
requiring the fumigation of all rice shipments in Japan and he
has promised to look into the matter.
Inter-Island Inspection.
The rule which was drawn up by the Board of Agriculture
and Forestry for establishing Inter-Island inspection was passed
at the time when the Mediterranean fruitfly made its appearance
on the Island of Oahu and its intention was to keep the pest from
spreading from that island to the other islands. Now that the
pest has gained a foothold on all the islands we are more con-
vinced than ever that other pests which might be accidentally
introduced at Honolulu, the port of entry, should be closely
watched. All plants, fruit, vegetables and soil, capable of carry-
ing pests of any kind, have been closely examined during the
year and whenever found infested have been refused shipment to
the other islands. Especial stress has been put on soil attached
to the roots of plants which were removed from the ground or
recently potted. The constant finding of grubs and beetles and
especially finding the larvae of nymphs of cicadas in soil from
Oriental countries shows clearly the necessity of a very close in-
spection here. Should accidental introduction of such pests as
just mentioned, or should any plant disease carried in soil, ever
occur, we are in a position through the Inter-Island inspection to
prevent their dissemination to the other Islands for some time at
least.
During the year 716 steamers going from Honolulu to the
various ports on the other islands were attended to and 13,658
packages were examined. These consisted of 4075 packages of
plants, 9252 packages of vegetables and 330 packages of fruit.
The bulk of the plants were nursery stock shipped by the Division
of Forestry in the usual plant boxes, being young seedlings grown
in sterilized soil. The bulk of the vegetables was taro for poi-
making and it was thoroughly washed before shipment. The
fruit was mostly imported fruit from the mainland. In all 326
packages were refused shipment on account of infestation or, in
the case of plants, because questionable soil was attached. Owing
to the rush of passengers at the gangway at time of sailing it
has been our practice to inspect the staterooms and especially look
through the steerage quarters before the gangway is lowered.
143
Everything has been done to make the Inter-Island inspection
thorough and up to date as far as finances would permit.
Federal Horticultural Board.
On December 1, 1912, I received my appointment as collabora-
tor of the Federal Horticultural Board, authorizing me to carry
out the Federal horticultural quarantine and inspection laws,
which became operative on October 1, 1912. After receiving my
appointment I realized the necessity of having assistance in case
of illness or absence from the port or the Territory and I re-
quested the appointment of Mr. J. C. Bridwell and Mr. D. B.
Kuhns as collaborators. They have both been appointed as such,
which will materially strengthen our work.
Although since 1904 under the Territorial law all fruits, vege-
tables and plants have been regularly inspected upon arrival in
the Territory, the additional powers we receive under Federal
regulations have materially assisted us in regulating the unlisted
small package, usually brought in by tourists or travelling friends
of our citizens. Under the regulations of the Federal Horticul-
tural Board it is compulsory for an importer or his agent to make
formal application for a permit to import into the United States
or territories any plants or parts of plants. All such shipments,
therefore, which arrived here without a permit, and this included
those brought by passengers, were refused entry by either being
kept on board the vessel or destroyed after landing. These regu-
lations assist materially in discouraging the promiscuous fetching
in of plants by the travelling public. These plants, gathered at
random and packed in all kinds of soil, moss or other material,
are a great menace. It is usually this small package wherein lies
the greatest danger and one of the main objects of the Federal
Horticultural Board is to discourage this traffic.
It is very apparent from the appended list of pests which were
taken from the various shipments coming into this Territory, that
our occupation has kept us quite busy. There could be no better
proof of what horticultural inspection means to our several indus-
tries. The keeping out of some of the most serious pests known
in various parts of the world means that we may continue having
profitable industries in our country and that whatever crops we
may raise will not be injured and cause us great losses.
Respectfully submitted,
E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.
RECAPITULATION OF INSPECTION WORK.
Vessels inspected, Honolulu 466
Vessels found carrying vegetable matter, Ho-
nolulu 282
144
Vessels inspected, Hilo 99
Vessels found carrying vegetable matter, Hilo ... 60
565 ' 342
Disposal of Shipments, Honolulu.
Lots Packages
Passed as free from pests 10,925 256,169
Burned 613 911
Returned 14 183
Fumigated 110 3,850
Total, Honolulu 11,662 261,113
Disposal of Shipments, Hilo.
Passed as free from pests 1,921 34,616
Burned 2 11
Returned 1 188
Fumigated
Total, Hilo 1,924 34,815
Grand total, Hilo and Honolulu 13,586 295,928
Fruits and vegetables inspected 288,679
Plants inspected 5,383
Seeds inspected 1,866
Total 295,928
Rice Shipments.
Passed as free from pests 263,277
Fumigated on account of infestation 3,400 266,677
Beans passed as free from pests 14,913
Fumigated on account of bean moth 162 15,075
Inter-Island Inspection.
Steamers attended 716
i
Packages of fruits, vegetables and plants passed 13,332
Packages of fruits, vegetables and plants refused shipment 326
Total packages inspected. 13,658
145
Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases Intercepted Which Were
Found on Shipments of Fruits, Vegetables and Plants Im-
ported Into the Territory During the Year ipi 3.
Coleoptera or Beetles — Cincindelid larvae in stems of Orchids,
Manila ; Carabid beetle in moss packing, California ; also 1 species
found on wharf from California ; these are beneficial. Hydrophi-
lus species in soil on Iris roots, Japan; Elater species in Banana
roots, Manila ; Elateria larvae in soil on plants, Japan ; these are
very injurious to many plants. Ccrambycid larvae in stems of
ornamental trees, Japan. Sylphid beetle found on wharf; prob-
ably from California in commercial fertilizer. Anomala larvae in
soil around plants, also larvae of Melolontha species and Scara-
beid species, probably several species were taken 5 or 6 times.
Chrysomelid species, a leaf-eating beetle, in packing around plants
from Sydney, N. S. W. Fleabeetle on Orchids from Manila.
Aracocerus species in seeds of Ziziphus trinerois, Manila. The
following weevils : Bruchus prosopis in Algaroba seeds from Ari-
zona ; Bruchuschinensis in beans and peas from Manila and Japan ;
Bruchus pisorum in Beans and Peas taken from Spanish immi-
grants from Gibraltar ; Balaninus species in Chestnuts from Japan
and U. S. A. ; Calandra granaria in corn from the mainland ;
Calandra oryzae in Rice from China and Japan ; a Calandra spe-
cies in seeds from Sydney, N. S. W. ; Cryptorhynchus species in
seeds of Heritiera littoralis from Manila ; Sphenophoras species in
Banana roots from Manila ; Cylas formicarius in Sweet potatoes
and Yams from the Orient; Acytheopeus aterrimus in stems of
Orchids, Manila; Alphitobius piceus in Banana roots, Manila.
Lepidoptera — Butterflies and Moths — Angumois grain moth,
Sitotroga cerealella in Corn from the United States ; Isia Isabella
larvae found crawling on potato. bags from Seattle ; Sesiid larvae
feeding on the bark and roots of Gardenia from Japan ; Paralipsa
modesta in Rice and Beans from Japan ; Larvae of moths on roots
of plants from Japan; Codling moth in apples and pears from.
California; Anarsia lineatclla, the Peachmoth, in peaches from
California; Leafminers in Citrus leaves from Sydney, N. S. W. ;
Lycaenid larvae and pupae on Orchids from Manila.
Hemiptera — True Bugs — Cicada pupae and larvae in soil on
plants from Japan, also in soil and packing around Orchids from
Manila; Aradid species injuring orchids from Manila; Reduviid
species found crawling on the wharf, probably from California.
The following Aphis species, Mac'rosiphum sanboriuns on Chry-
santhemums from California; Macrosiphum rosae on rose plants,
California, and two species of Myzus pcrsicae on carnations and
Cinerarias from California.
Coccidae or Scale Insects — Aspidiotus rapax on laurel and
apples from California ; Aspidiotus cyanophylli on Orchids, East-
ern states; Chionaspis species on Hibiscus, Tutuila, Samoa;
Chrysomphalus biformis on Orchids, Manila; Coccus hemisphae-*
146
ricutn on Ardisia cremilata, Japan ; Coccus hesperidum on Citrus,
New York greenhouse ; Diaspis boisduvali on Orchids, New Jer-
sey nursery ; Fiorinia Horinae on Orchids, Java, and on Strelitzia
regina from California; Fiorinia species on Orchids, Manila;
Lepidosaphes cocculi on Deudrobium, Manila ; Lepidosaphes
beckii on Oranges, Florida ; Hemichionaspis minor on Coconuts,
Washington island; Hemichbnaspis aspidistrae on Orchids, Syd-
ney, N. S. W. ; Parlatoria pergandei on Orchids, Manila, and on
Rose plants, Japan ; Pulvinaria cammclicola on Camellia, Japan ;
Pseudococcus citri, Orchids, Manila ; Pseudococcus pandani on
Palms, Samoa ; Pseudococcus azaleae on Azalea, Japan ; Pseudo-
coccus longispinus on Palms, Sydney, N. S. W. ; Saissetia nigra
on Hibiscus, Samoa ; Saissetia oleac on Palms, Sydney, N. S. W.
Formicidae or Ants — Lasius niger, Prenolepis obscura in soil
from Japan; Monomorium pharaonis, Tctramorium guincense,
Dolichoderus bituberculatus ; Prenolepis species, Ponerid species
in soil and packing from Manila ; Tetramorium guineense in the
roots of Palms, Sydney, N. S. W. ; Prenolepis imparis and a
Myrmicid species in soil, U. S. A. A Ponerid and Myrmicid
species in baggage of immigrants from Gibraltar and a Myrmicid
species in moss from England.
Diptera or Flies — Ptectus species, Tipula species and Phorid
species in soil from Japan, Phorbia brassica in turnips from Cali-
fornia and Drosophilid species in fruit from California.
There were also found Spiders, Millipeds and Centipeds in soil
from Manila and other Oriental ports. Four species of Mollusks
from Australia, Java and the Philippines and the following fungi :
Cladosporium citri on Citrus, Japan, Fusicladium dendriticum and
pirinum on Apples and Pears from California; Claeosporium
fructigenum on Apples from Japan; Oospora scabies on Potatoes
from Pacific Coast; Phragonidium subcorticatam on Roses from
United States.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
ANNUAL REPORT SUPERINTENDENT OF FORESTRY.
Honolulu, December 31, 1913.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.
Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit as follows a brief re-
port covering the work of the Division of Forestry for the year
1913.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Continuing the established policy now pursued for over a de-
cade, the work of the Division of Forestry in 1913 was pri-
marily directed to preserving and protecting the native Hawaiian
147
forest on the important watersheds throughout the Territory and
to establishing on waste and other non-agricultural areas stands
of valuable trees.
Several forest reserve projects that had for some time been
pending were brought to final action in 1913 by the setting apart
of additional sections of forest land on Oahu and Hawaii. As
regards .technical reservation of the land, the forest reserve sys-
tem in Hawaii is now pretty well completed. Some scattered
areas now wait to be brought within the boundaries to round out
certain reserves, but taken by and large the belt of forest that
is needed on each island to protect its water supply has nearly all
been proclaimed as forest reserves.
The formal declaration that a given tract is a forest reserve
does not of course exempt it from trespass. Such action is but a
necessary step toward its adequate protection and proper adminis-
tration. But it is in just this way that the year 1913 marks real ad-
vance. The action of the Legislature of 1913, in creating a spe-
cial fund for forest and hydrographic work from the revenues
derived from water licenses and leases, has made available for
the first time since the organization of the forest reserve system
in Hawaii funds for forest fencing and the active prosecution of
other forms of protective work. Since July 1 several fencing
projects have been got under way and preparation made under
others for the inauguration of active work on the ground in the
near future.
Along with the forest reserve work the Division of Forestry
has continued its accustomed distribution of seedling trees, free
and at cost, to individuals and corporations engaged in tree plant-
ing and as far as was practicable has carried forward the testing
in the nursery and the propagation for subsequent distribution of
plant introductions new to the Territory. Requests for advice on
forest questions have increased in number and variety. In a
quiet way a great deal of information is thus given out, which, in
connection with the distribution of plant material, is of material
assistance to local tree planters. It is a phase of the work that
meets a growing demand.
Other activities of the Division of Forestry have followed the
lines of former years. The forest fire organization has been kept
up to date by the appointment of new fire wardens. During the
year members of the staff responded to a number of calls to fight
fires. Fortunately all the fires occurring in 1913 were stopped
before serious damage had been done.
The following paragraphs outline briefly the points touched on
in this summary.
Forest Reserves,
The list of the new forest reserves created in 1913 is as fol-
lows:
148
Total area Area Gov't. Date of
Name and Island acres land, acres proclamation
Nanakuli, Oahu 1.010 1,010 June 4, 1913
Makua-Keaau, Oahu 4,716 4,376 "
Kuaokala, Oahu 434 434 <' ".
Kohala Mountain, Hawaii 29,627 14,204 Oct. 13, 1913
Upper Waiakea, Hawaii 51,800 51,800 " "
Upper Olaa, Hawaii ; 9,280 » 9,280
Honolulu Watershed, Oahu 6,950 5,000 "
On October 13, 1913, the boundary of the "Moloaa forest re-
serve on Kauai was modified by the elimination of 83 acres and
the addition of 34 acres, a net decrease of 49 acres. This action
was taken on the basis of a recent survey, to straighten the boun-
dary and exclude from the reserve a section of open land suitable
for grazing and found not to be essential for water protection.
At the end of the year 1913 there were 34 forest reserves in
Hawaii with a total area of 786,869 acres, of which 69 per cent.
(540,877 acres) was land belonging to the Territory.
_•
Forest Fencing.
The action of the Legislature, in setting apart the water rev-
enues from Government forest lands as a special fund to be
used for forest and hydrographic work, was one result of the
long campaign that has been carried on by the Board for securing
better provision for the protection of the native forests. In
securing the final passage of the act, the efforts of a joint com-
mittee of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association and the Board
of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry played no small
part. A comprehensive statement of the reasons why such a use
of public moneys was justifiable, prepared by the chairrmn of that
committee, Mr. W. M. GifTard, was printed earlv in the year.
This statement also appeared as an appendix to the biennial re-
port of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, issued in March,
1913:
Under the terms of the new law (Act 57 of 1913) one-half of
the revenues derived from the lease of water rights is devoted to
forest work. The annual income for water rights is a little over _
$66,000. The share for forestry is therefore $33,000 per annum,
an increase of about $22,000 per annum over the amount whidi
the Division of Forestry has had in recent years. Continuing the
staff of the Division of Forestry, unchanged arid making the same
provision as in. the past for its routine work, the bulk of this
money will be expended for the construction of forest fences on .
the boundaries of certain forest reserves where there remain gaps
in the line, in the eradication of wild stock-Seattle, goats and pigs
— in other of the forests; and* in planting areas of Government
land with forest trees. During the six months period from June
to December, 1913, fencing projects were got under way at r
Moloaa, Kauai, and at Makawao and Nahiku, Maui. At the £tid
149
of the year calls for tenders were out for other fences at Ninole,
Kau, Hawaii, and at Lualualei, Oahu, both of which projects were
actually started in January, 1914. Much preliminary work was
also done toward getting ready to let contracts on several other
fencing projects.
In the way of forest planting actual work has been going oh
since July, 1913, on the replanting of the slopes of Mount Sugar
Loaf on Tantalus Heights, back of Honolulu, with a stand of
two native Hawaiian trees, koa and kukui. The area chosen for
the first work was on the bare hillsides at the head of a valley
tributary to the reservoir in Makiki that is now in use by the City
of Honolulu for domestic supply. .
Another planting project, continued during the last six months
of 1913 under this fund, was in the Koolau district, Maul; where
the work of caring for young trees set out by the Alexander &
Baldwin interests on Government land was kept on, as otherwise
it could not have been. This particular project consists of tree
planting in areas along the lines of the "ditches of the East Maui
irrigation system, where the native Hawaiian forest suddenly died
off a few years ago. The present planting is being done tinder a
planting plan worked out by the Division of Forestry.
Administration of Forest Land Under Government Leases.
During 1913 a number of visits of inspection were made to
Government lands in various parts of the Territory to 'see that
conditions in regard to forest protection, fencing and tree planting
were being carried out. Following conferences with . the Land
Commissioner an improved system of cooperation, between the
rwo departments was worked out, that* should in future result in '
a better enforcement of the Government's requirements. The
immediate result of the inspection visits was, in several instances, '
an increase of activity on the part of the lessee in pushing for-
ward work on fences and in tree planting. So far as possible it
is the policy of the Territorial Government to secure the construc-
tion and maintenance of fences on forest reserve boundaries as
conditions under the lease of adjoining agricultural or grazing
lands. Provision was made in this way in 1913 for the upkeep of
the fences a good part of the wav around the Kohala mountain
on Hawaii and in other districts for the carrying out of needed
forest work. . . ...
In several places, too, tree planting has been required on tracts
leased for grazing in specified areas. Not withstanding, tin favor-
able climatic conditions in 1912 and 1913, the results of the plant-
ing un r *er these, leases is generally, encouraging,- Especial nieh- f
tion mav he made here of nrogress under such auspices in tree-
planting on the Parker and Kukaiau ranches, Btawai^ art<J on tHer
Ccrnwell ranch on Maui. * ,. /; , ' '.'.**
150
Forest Extension.
Mention has already been made of the giving of advice on
forest matters to anyone in the Territory who desires such help.
This function of the Division of Forestry has grown in impor-
tance with the passing years. As much of it is verbal in response
to inquiries made in person at the Nursery, it is not easy to keep
an exact record of how much is accomplished, but from the num-
ber of persons calling on the Division it is evident that such
assistance meets a real demand.
It may be noted in passing that during 1913 many requests*
came from Army officers recently arrived in Hawaii who desired
to do their part in making the new posts more comfortable and
attractive than they found them.
As in former years, the distribution of seedling trees, free and
at cost price to individuals and to corporations, has gone steadily
forward. Especial efforts have been made to render it easy for
homesteaders to get trees, particularly in such localities as the
recently opened tracts at Haiku, Maui, and Kapaa, Kauai. At
other times as well as on Arbor Day, there have been periods of
free distribution, and even when a charge is made the price is
so low that no one who really wants trees need have reason to
go without.
The two sub-nurseries so far established by the BoaH on
Hawaii and on Kauai continue to serve their respective localities.
That at Hilo, under the direction of Brother Matthias Newell,
takes care of the Hilo district and, now that the Hilo railroad
extension is in operation, a portion of Hamakua as well. From
the Homestead nursery on Kauai, under the direction of Mr.
Walter D. McBryde, trees are distributed to anyone who applies
on the lee side of that island. And from Honolulu shipments
are made to other parts of the Territory as there is demand.
Accompanying this report is a tabular statement prepared by Mr
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, giving the statistics of the
plant distribution for 1913.
Experimental Planting.
Only the briefest mention can be made here of a subordinate
but highly important line of work carried on by the Division of
Forestry, the trial and experimental planting of trees of economic
importance new to Hawaii. From various sources seed is received
from time to time and started in the propagating houses of the
Government Nursery. The plants are then cared for in the ex-
periment garden in Makiki valley and finally distributed or planted
out where they can be kept track of. During the latter part of
1913 there were received from Mr. Joseph F. Rock, consulting
botanist of the Board, a number of consignments of seeds that
had been personally collected by him in India, during a trip
around the world.
151
In connection with the sub-nursery at Homestead some experi-
mental planting of exotics has been done at the Papapaholahola
Spring reserve. On Maui experimental forest planting in co-
operation with the Division of Forestry is in progress at Kailiili,
under the charge of Mr. W. Hannestad; at Wailuku, under an
agreement with the Wailuku Sugar Co., and in Koolau, under
the arrangement with the East Maui Irrigation Company already
referred to.
The experimental plantation of eucalypts in Nuuanu Valley,
Oahu, started with funds provided by the U. S. Forest Service,
has now got to the stage when the little trees can take care of
themselves. It may be regarded as established.
Forest Fires.
During the year forest or brush fires were reported from the
following localities : Kapaa, Kauai ; Waipio, Wahiawa, Pacific
Heights and Kalihi Valley, Oahu; Pukoo, Molokai, and Ninole,
Kau, Hawaii. In each case the fire was got under control and
put out before it had resulted in serious damage.
New fire wardens were appointed during 1913, as follows:
Island of Kauai: F. A. Alexander (Koloa), G. P. Wilcox (Ka-
waihau). Island of Oahu: H. Blomfield Brown, Geo.'M. Rob-
ertson and Geo. Wilson (Waialua), C. J. Wheeler (Koolauloa)
and Otto Ludloft* (Koolaupoko). Island of Maui: Andrew Gross
(Wailuku), A. K. Jones (Kahikinui). Island of Hawaii: Geo.
Gibb (Kau), C. F. Eckart (Puna), D. S. Macalister and Alex.
Morrison (Hamakua), and O. L. Sorenson (So. Kohala).
Publications.
The biennial Report of the Board and its several divisions for
1911 and 1912 was issued in March. As usual the divisional re-
ports appeared also as separates, for distribution to persons and
institutions interested only in particular phases of the work. .
In June there appeared, as Botanical Bulletin No. 2 of the
Board, a "List of Hawaiian Names of Plants," by Toseph F. Rock,
consulting botanist of the Board. This list is compiled from Mr.
Rock's volume, "The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands,"
that appeared in June, 1913. Privately printed, under patronage,
the field work on which this work was based was largely done
while Mr. Rock was still actively on the staff. of the Division of
Forestry. The book is a highly valuable contribution to our
knowledge of the Hawaiian flora and from now on will be looked
to as the recognized authority in local dendrological questions.
Looking back at the year, nineteen thirteen may be regarded
as the beginning of a new regime in the forest work of Hawaii — •
the time when education and propaganda gave place to getting
actually under way in the forest on a scale large enough to be
152
worth while, the things that are necessary to a proper administra-
tion of its forests.
Very respectfully,
Ralph S. Hosmer,
Superintendent of Forestry.
DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.
ANNUAL REPORT FOR XHE YEAR 1913.
April 7, 1914.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.
Gentlemen: — The following brief report of operations of the
Division of Hydrography for the period July 1 to December 31,
1913, is submitted :
The Division of Hydrography was created by Act 56 of the
1913 Legislature on July 1, 1913, which provided that the present
District of Hawaii of the U. S. Geological Survey, Water Re-
sources Branch, should become a division of the Bureau of Agri-
culture and Forestry.
During the six months period a large amount of reconnaissance
surveys have been made on all islands, preliminary to the out-
lining of a definite policy as to the carrying on of the work. All
of these investigations were completed on December 31, and
stream measurement stations have been selected on all streams
and ditches to be investigated. The policy adopted in this con-
nection is covered in detail in a special report under date of Octo-
ber 3, 1913. A further special report has been submitted on
"Kauai Irrigation Projects ,, under date of November 6, 1913.
The field work of the Special Kona, Hawaii, Investigation
authorized by Act 102 of the 1913 Legislature was practically
completed. Stream and rainfall measurements will be continued
during the calendar year 1914, after which the final report and
estimate will be filed.
The following tabulation shows the status of all stream and
rain gaging work during the period ending December 31, 1913.
Attention is invited to the decrease in the number of stations.
This is the result of the policy adopted to abandon all stations of
which the records can not be of value in connection with present
or future utilization and development. Since December 31 many
of the discontinued stations have been replaced by permanent sta-
tions at locations where these records will be of value.
. It is estimated that about three hundred stream and ditch
measurement stations will be necessary to entirely cover the isl-
ands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Hawaii.
15.1
Stream Measurement Stations,
Island
CO
t— 1
Oi
rH
CD
53
CO
rH
rH
a> aS
C3 0>
O
rH
*« 'TJ
3 S
CO
a
53 2
^2
03
w
o
03
s
d5
ft
93 bO
0& CD
a» h
Kauai
, 43
1
10
34
24
Oahu
. 27
6
21
70
42
Maui
, 48
6
15
39
77
17
Hawaii
. 87
"i
87
"i
1
6
Kona Investigation.
6
Total
. 205
8
118
95
172
71
In addition to the above records were furnished from private
sources as follows: Kauai, 10; Oahu, 0; Maui, 17; Hawaii, 2;
total, 29 stations.
Rainfall Measurement Stations.
June . Dec.
Island 30, 1913 Established Discontinued 31, 1913
Kauai 28 28
Oahu 6 1 ..,.• 7 ,
Maui 18 .... .... 18
Hawaii 20 1 20 1
Kona Investigation 15 .... 15
Total ....72 17 20 69
In addition to the above records were furnished from private
sources as follows: Kauai, 6; Oahu, 1; Maui, 16; Hawaii, 1;
total, 34.
Evaporation Measurement Stations.
All of these were established between July 1 and December 31,
1913: Kauai, 4; Oahu, 3; Maui, 4; Hawaii, 0; Kona Investiga-
tion, 3 ; total, 14.
Very respectfully,
G. K. Larrison,
Superintendent of Hydrography.
154
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Honolulu, April 30, 1914.
Albert Waterhouse, Esq., President and Executive Officer, Board
of Agriculture and Forestry.
Sir: — I beg to report on the work of the Division of Animal
Industry for the month of April, 1914, as follows:
Bovine Tuber miosis Control.
As will be seen from the appended report of Dr. Case another
test of the dairy herds of Honolulu has nearly been finished ; that
is, practically all, with the exception of the railroad ranches, have
now been through the fifth test. The final result of 2.89% of
reactors looks at first sight as an increase in the number of ani-
mals affected, but when the several thousand head of railroad
ranch cattle is added — among which it is not expected that any,
or at least very few, reactors will be found — the final percentage
will be materially reduced.
As an example of the efficiency of the test it may be mentioned
that one of the largest dairy herds in the county, but at the same
time the one in which the eradication of tuberculosis was first
begun, this time came through the test with a single reactor.
While this animal was sent to the slaughterhouse immediately it
must not be taken for granted that the herd, consisting of several
hundred head, is now permanently free from the disease. In this
mild climate the infection seems able to persist for a considerable
length of time unless destroyed by repeated and effective disin-
fection, and even when this precaution has been taken the disease
has been known to crop up again after two or even three success-
ful tests have been passed.
This' statement should not be considered as discouraging but
on the contrary should stimulate every milk producer who has
once got his herd cleaned up not to drop the work there but to
continue the same vigilance against its recurrence as was taken
towards its eradication, and in a community where the inspection
and testing is done without any cost to the owners this cannot be
considered a hardship, when a herd has once been cleaned up it
cannot suddenly drop back to be a heavily infected herd, unless
gross carelessness or criminal negligence is practiced by the
owner or his employees. The immense importance of the subject,
that is, the recurrence of tuberculosis in a herd once declared
clean, may be understood when it is learned that one of the prin-
cipal papers to be discussed at the annual meeting of the Ameri-
can Association of Medical Milk Commissioners, to be held at
Rochester, N. Y., June 10-20, 1914, is entitled, "The Amount of
Return Tuberculosis in Certified Herds, " by no less an authority
155
than Dr. W. H. Park, chief of the hygienic laboratories of the
Board of Health of New York City, the same scientist who was
quoted in one of my recent reports as author of the statement
that not less than 300 children die annually in that city from
tuberculosis of proved bovine origin, the infection in every case
being traced to milk from tuberculosis cows.
While by far the greater majority of milk producers in Hono-
lulu have got their herds cleaned up so far as tuberculosis is con-
cerned, there has at the same time occurred a distinct relapse in
the amount of care and cleanliness employed in a number of the
local dairies. This applies to animals as well as to premises, and,
so far as the milk is concerned, to utensils as well as to methods ;
in short the present form of milk inspection in the city and
county of Honolulu cannot be considered anything but a farce.
When to this is added an unfortunate tendency on the part of a
few dairymen and cattle dealers to traffic in condemned tubercu-
lous cows it will be seen that the ultimate complete eradication
of bovine tuberculosis cannot be expected in the immediate future,
unless more drastic measures be adopted.
There still remains, even in the heart of the city, private herds
or individual family cows, that have never been tested and which
the owners object to having tested. Such animals remain a
menace to all the milk producers, not alone in the immediate
vicinity, but, through trade and transfer, to every part of the
city and county, who have earnestly endeavored to eradicate the
disease from their herds, and they certainly are entitled to pro-
tection as much as the general public are entitled to clean milk.
Filthy stables and unsanitary methods and milk rooms can only
serve to keep the infection alive while diseased animals may
spread it promiscuously in being transferred from place to place.
An animal which has reacted to the tuberculin test can under
the statutes of Hawaii and the rules and regulations of the Board
of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as those of the Board of
Supervisors, neither be used for dairy purposes nor any other pur-
poses, nor be sold or exposed, but can only be taken to the
slaughterhouse or otherwise destroyed under competent supervi-
sion, and, 'if the carcass is passed as fit for human consumption,
it can be sold as beef. Consequently anybody who purchases or
sells a reacting animal and disposes of it in any other way is vio-
lating the law and must take the consequences.
The statistics of the Board of Health as well as of the Anti-
Tuberculosis League have fully demonstrated that infantile tuber-
culosis has diminished to a considerable degree in the city of
Honolulu since the eradication of bovine tuberculosis was practi-
cally accomplished — that is', in other words, a number of human
lives is annually being saved as the direct result of the work of
this board, which should be sufficient to put a stop to any inter-
ference with or obstruction of such work. And now that we are
approaching the warmest season of the year, when milk deterio-
156
rates twice as fast as at any other time, there is every reason why
the local milk regulations should be complied with and their en-
forcement placed in efficient hands.
The improved method of testing mentioned in last month's re-
port whereby the injection is being made under the eye instead
of under the tail continues to give highly satisfactory results, and
will undoubtedly be adopted wherever it becomes known. Photo-
graphs showing the pronounced reaction resulting from this new
method of injection are appended hereto and, while not every re-
action is as pronounced as two of those shown, it may be said
that the smaller one (the black animal) shows an average reac-
tion, which in all cases is very plain.
Respectfully submitted,
Victor A. Norgaard,
Territorial Veterinarian.
REPORT OF ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN.
Honolulu, April 31, 1914.
Dr. V. A. Norgaard, Chief of Division of Animal Industry.
Sir : — I have the honor to report as follows on the work of the
month of April, 1914:
Tuberculosis Control.
T. P. C.
J. M. Whitney 13 13
J. H. Cummings 7 7
H. Focke 7 3 4
F. K. Makino 2 2
M. Quintal 6 6
S. Tsumoto 8 8
Lunalilo Home 19 19
B. M. Allen 17 15 2
Dr. Straub 17 15 2
F. Valph 7 7
F. Correa 12 12
W. P. Louis 3 3
K. Oshiro 11 11
M. Kawamura 7 7
Geo. Wond 28 28
Kamehameha Schools 48 47 1
C J. Day 4 4
D. Tello 2 2
J. P. Mendonca 9 9
Geo. Holt 27 18 9
S. M. Damon 320 317 3
Y. Nakamura 4 4
S. Boyama 5 5
I. Morioko 20 20
157
The above table gives a total of 603 head of cattle tested out
of which number 582 were passed and tagged and 21 head con-
demned and branded. Up to the present time 2490 head of cattle
have been tested with the result that 72 head or 2.89% have been
found diseased and consequently condemned and branded. This
is a decrease of 1% from the amount of disease present in the
same district last year.
Importation of Live Stock.
S. S. Lurline, San Francisco: 15 horses, Hawaiian Pineapple
Co. ; 8 horses, A. W. Eames ; 1 dog, Mrs. Belle Bucklin ; 5 Berk-
shire hogs, Cornwell Ranch ; 20 crates poultry.
S. S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco: 32 crates poultry; 1 dog,
Mrs. L. Mathew.
S. S. Sonoma, Sydney : 1 dog, Mrs. E. Adams.
S. S. Missourian, Seattle : 169 butcher hogs, A. L. Macpherson.
S. S. Niagara, Sydney : 1 dog, Mr. Harvey.
S. S. Manoa, San Francisco : 22 mules, Schuman Carriage Co. \
21 cows (grades), 2 calves (grades), 1 bull (Holstein), 1 bull
(shorthorn), 3 horses, 26 crates poultry, Charles Belhna; 8 crates
poultry. .
S. S. Matsonia, San Francisco: 2 crates poultry, 2 pigs, A.
Zumstein; 10 crates poultry, G. S. Mackenzie ;<5 crates poultry,
Sing Sing.
Respectfully submitted,
Leonard N. Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Honolulu, April 30, 1914.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.
Gentlemen :— I respectfully submit my report of the work per-
formed by the Division of Entomology for the month of April,
1914, as follows:
During the month 36 vessels arrived at the port of Honolulu,
of which 26 carried vegetable matter and 2 carried moulding
sand.
Disposal Lots Parcels
Passed as free from pests 648 ^^l?
Fumigated 33 m
Burned 62 91
Returned : 8 21
Total inspected 751 25,595
158
Of these shipments' 25,301 packages arrived as freight, 177
packages by mail and 117 packages as baggage of passengers
and immigrants. ^
Rice and Bean Shipments.
During the month the usual quota of rice and bean shipments
from the Orient was thoroughly inspected. Thirty-two thousand
five hundred seventy-six bags of rice and 2357 bags of beans
arrived which were found free from pests and allowed to land.
Pests Intercepted.
Forty-eight packages of fruit and 23 packages of vegetables
were found in the baggage of passengers and immigrants from
foreign countries, all of which, being prohibited from entry, was
seized and destroyed by burning.
Three packages of plants and 3 packages of seeds arrived by
parcels post from a foreign country and, under the ruling of the
Federal horticultural board, were returned to the shipper by the
postmaster.
The Luka brought a cargo of coconuts (about 4000) and by
previous arrangement they were turned over to us for treatment.
They were fumigated in the large fumigating house on Kilauea
street in the usual manner and more particularly as a precau-
tionary measure. A few of the nuts had indications of the work
of Lepidopterous larvae, feeding in the old, soft fibre. Probably
it is the same species we have here.
A large package of Japanese sugarcane came by mail from
Florida. I found it infested with the fungus Colletotrichum
falcatutn, kindly determined for me by Dr. Lyon, and ordered it
burnt in Lucas' mill. The party receiving it lives on Maui and
saw an advertisement in a paper that this kind of sugarcane is
good for forage. Through the kindness of the H. S. P. A. she
will receive a good supply of Japanese sugarcane in a few weeks.
Three hundred twenty-five cases of apples had to be overhauled
on account of containing larvae of the codlingmoth between the
ends and sides of the boxes, the fruit being in excellent condition
and free from worms. I have notified the shippers of this con-
dition and I have warned them that in the future such shipments
will be either returned to them or destroyed. Fifteen boxes of
apples were infested with codlingmoth and were returned to the
Coast.
A case of hibiscus cuttings and one of growing ginger arrived
by the S. S. Sonoma from Samoa and not having the necessary
permit from the Federal horticultural board were ordered de-
stroyed. The hibiscus cuttings were infested with two scale in-
sects, Saissetia nigra and Chionaspis mussaendae; the ginger with
a mealy bug.
159
Another case arriving from Singapore containing orchids was
also ordered destroyed, not having the required permit from the
Federal horticultural board.
A box containing some roseplants and geraniums arrived from
the Coast ; the geraniums were infested with the Greenhouse white
fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum, and were fumigated before delivery.
The following insects were taken from a shipment of orchids
from Manila: Two species of ants in the packing and around
the roots of one plant. One plant infested with a scale insect,
Lepidosaphes cocculi, the orchid borer (Acytheopeus atterrimua) ,
2 species of weevils in the larvae, some capsids and three species
of beetles — a Dytiscid, a Carabid and a fleabeetle, crawling about
in the packing. Shortly before the sailing of the S. S. Nippon
Maru on April 9 one of the U. S. immigration officers found two
caterpillars crawling on the coatsleeve of the interpreter. One of
the snip's plants probably was infested with the pest and passing
by he must have brushed against it and dislodged the caterpillars.
It was too late to examine the ship's plants but the two cater-
pillars are in the cabinet of the (division. This goes to show how
easy it is for pests to be carried ashore without being contained
in a shipment consigned to this port. Plants used as table decora-
tions on board ship are often found infested with various pests.
The ship John Ena with coal and moulding sand was sent to
Pearl Harbor direct. After notifying the authorities of the soil
regulations they notified us when the sand could be examined.
It proved to be the ordinary moulding sand and was allowed to
land.
Beneficial Insects.
Several lots of Japanese beetle fungus were distributed during
the month. Also a colony of ladybirds which Mr. Fullaway
brought from Manila. He has liberated several colonies in va-
rious places. These are supposed to feed on mealybugs.
Four packages of dungfly parasites arrived from Dr. Silvestri.
These were staphylinid beetles which feed on the larvae of all
dungflies, the housefly, stablefly and possibly the hornfly. Upon
arrival all live beetles are taken from the material and placed
in manure containing housefly larvae. All material is thoroughly
fumigated and then destroyed by burning, lest there be some eggs
or a germ which might accidentally bring a new pest into the
country. A thorough record is kept of every shipment, its condi-
tion on arrival and where distributed.
Hilo Inspection.
i
Brother Newell at Hilo reports the arrival of eleven steamers,
six of which brought vegetable matter consisting of 132 lots and
2408 packages. All of these were found free from pests and
were passed.
160
Inter-Island Inspection.
During the month of April 54 steamers plying between the
islands were attended to and the following shipments were in-
spected :
Plants . 59 packages
Taro . . 418 bags
Vegetables 19 packages
Fruit 18 packages
Total passed 514 packages
The following packages were refused shipment on account of
being either infested with pests or having objectionable soil at-
tached to plants :
i
Plants 14 packages
Fruit 3 packages
Vegetables 1 package
Total refused 18 packages
i
Respectfully submitted,
E. M. Ehrhorn,
Superintendent of Entomology.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
- Honolulu, April 30, 1914.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.
Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit as follows the routine
report of the Division of Forestry for April, 1914:
FENCING OF FOREST RESERVE BOUNDARIES.
During the first week of April I made a quick trip to Hawaii
to inspect the forest fence at Ninole, Kau, going over from Hilo
with the contractor, Mr. C. H. Will. This fence follows the
mauka line of the Ninole homesteads and is designed to close an
unprotected gap in the forest boundary between the protected
forests above trie Hawaiian Agricultural Company lands and the
Hutchinson plantation.
Towards the end of the month, under an agreement between
Mr. J. Frank Woods and the Government to unite in the
building of a fence along one course of the Kohala Mountain
161
forest reserve boundary, between the lands of Kawaihae 1 and
Waika, in North Kohala, Hawaii, Mr. F. W. P. Bluett was in-
structed to run out and clear the line on the ground. This fence
will protect the Kohala mountain on the west by filling in the
gap between the Honokane gulch and the corner of the forest
reserve fence that now runs across the face of this mountain.
Work on the fence itself will be begun in the near future.
Progress is reported on the other fencing projects now under
way . under the auspices of the board above Lihue, Kauai ; at
Nahiku, Maui, and at Lualualei, Oahu. Dr. J. H. Raymond re-
ports that the fence around the Polipoli spring in the Kula forest
reserve, Maui, is being repaired and that it should be completed
within a month.
Finding that dairy cattle from Palolo were working up the
ridge between Palolo and Manoa, a short stretch of temporary
fence was put up across the top of the ridge by employees of this
board on April 21. This will serve to prevent stock from getting
mauka into the thick forest until such time as a proper fence can
be built on the line between the lands of Wailupe and Pukele
(government). Negotiations for this fence are now in hand.
With this exception the Honolulu Watershed forest reserve is not
anywhere in danger from cattle.
TREE PLANTING.
Homestead, Kauai.
A report recently received from Mr. Walter D. McBryde in
regard to *the plant distribution during 1913 from the Division
of Forestry nursery at Homestead, Kauai, shows a total of 6500
trees given out for that calendar year. In addition 12,044 trees
were planted in the Papapaholahola Spring reserve. This number
includes several species of eucalypts, koa, silk oak and Japanese
cedar, all of which "have made a most satisfactory growth, due
in part to the fact that all land to be planted to trees is first given
a good plowing and just prior to planting is well harrowed.
"A good road has been built to the Spring reserve by the
county, making the same accessible to those desirous of getting
trees from the nursery. The road within the reserve itself was
built from moneys received from the department." The value
of this sub-nursery is yearly becoming more apparent. It is a
decidedly useful institution.
Kukaiau Ranch, Hawaii.
Under the terms" of four Government leases, tree planting is
required on certain of the Government lands that form a part of
the Kukaiau ranch, Hamakua, Hawaii. During the last week of
April I made a thorough inspection and count of the tree plots,
finding the work well in hand as to the number planted, and the
162
young trees satisfactorily established. Three of the leases require
that the tree planting shall be done during the first five years of
the term; on the fourth, during the first eight years. With the
exception of two plots which are to be completed during the next
month, the required number of trees has been set out.
Notwithstanding delays, setbacks and losses caused by the dry
weather during 1912 and 1913 the, work is now up to date, the
blanks in. some of the earlier planted plots caused by the trees
dying having recently been filled in. This tree planting was
started by Mr. Robert Horner when he was manager of the
ranch. For the past two years it has been carried on by his suc-
cessor, Mr. Donald B. Macalister.
Kona, Hawaii.
On April 30, a lot of 2000 sugi seedlings (Japanese cedar)
was shipped to Mr. L. Macfarlane, manager of the Captain Cook
Coffee Co. of Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii, to use in extending a
stand of this tree begun two years ago. Sugi (Cryptomeria Japo-
nica) has proved itself to be well adapted for use at the higher
levels in this Territory. This particular plantation should serve
not only as a valuable asset to its owners, but also as a good object
lesson to other land owners in Kona. Sugi is a valuable timber
tree that deserves to be more generally planted in Hawaii.
ADVICE AND COOPERATION.
Pursuant to the established policy of the Division to give ad-
vice on forest matters, I visited the Bishop Estate land of Heeia,
Oahu, on April 13, at the request of Mr. G. H. Gere, agent of
that estate, further to consider on the ground questions of tree
planting and forest fencing. Other cases in which the Division
of Forestry has rendered aid to the public in this manner are listed
in the report of the forest nurseryman, which as usual is sub-
mitted herewith.
FOREST FIRE.
On the afternoon of April 10, the staff and four laborers of the
Division of Forestry reported to a call to fight fire above Lot
No. 9 of the Palolo homestead tract. This fire originated in the
escape of a small bonfire from the dooryard of the occupant of
the lot, Manuel Souza. Getting into the dry grass it ran up to
the ridge on the east side of Palolo valley, burning over some 10
to 15 acres of grass and brush, and killing some thickets of ti and
a few koa trees. Through the efforts of Mr. Souza it had been
got practically under control by the time we arrived, so that our
work consisted in putting out the smouldering embers that might
have again been fanned into flame by a rising wind.
For speedy transportation to this fire the Division of Forestry
is again indebted to the Division of Hydrography, Mr. Larrison
163
having put his automobile at our disposal and taken our party to
the nearest practicable point for attacking the fire.
Under the date of April 15, I renewed, as chief fire warden,
the special warning that has now been in force for some years,
forbidding the burning of brush on Tantalus heights and on the
Kalawahine ridge unless a permit is first obtained. The new
period runs until June 30, 1915.
ROUTINE WORK.
As usual considerable time was spent during the month in
routine administrative work, including the preparation of several
short special reports on various matters that have been submitted
to the Board. The report of the forest nurseryman contains addi-
tional details regarding the plant distribution work.
Very respectfully,
Ralph S. Hosmer,
Superintendent of Forestry.
REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN.
Honolulu, April 30, 1914.
R. S. Hosmer, Esq.,
Superintendent of Forestry.
Dear Sir: — I herewith submit a report of the principal work
done during the month of April, 1914 :
Nursery.
Distribution of Plants.
In seed In boxes Pot
. boxes transplanted grown Total
Sold 351 31 382
Gratis 1000 1050 898 2948
1000 1401 929 3330
Collections.
Collections on account of plants sold amounted to $8.20.
Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.
The distribution of trees under this heading amounted to 400
pot grown.
164
Experimental Garden, Makiki.
The work at this station consisted principally of the usual
routine work, mixing and sterilizing soil, transplanting trees, etc.
Honolulu Watershed Planting.
The work on the face of Sugar Loaf is progressing. Four
hundred seventy- four kukui trees and 175 koa trees were planted
during the month. Other work done consisted of clearing off
and making holes, also hoeing the trees first planted.
Advice and Assistance.
The writer, at the request of a number of people, paid visits
and answered inquiries as follows:
Calls made in and around city, 4 ; advice by telephone, 5 ; ad-
vice given at nursery, 4; letters of advice to other islands, 6.
Respectfully submitted,
David Haughs,
Forest Nurseryman.
DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.
May 11, 1914.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.
Gentlemen: — The following report of operations of the divi-
sion* of hydrography during the month of April, 1914, is sub-
mitted :
Oahu.
Stevens automatic continuous registers were installed on the
new. stations on the Haiku, Kahana, and Punaluu streams.
Alterations were made to the concrete measuring weir on the
Nuuanu stream, and a shelter was constructed to house the new
Bristol water register which has been loaned by the College of
Hawaii. Two new converted Watson continuous water register
stations were established on the east and west branches of the
Manoa stream.
Two cooperative staff gage stations were established on the
Waiahole stream to show the developed water in the Waiahole
tunnel. All costs incident to the establishment of these stations
was borne by the Waiahole Water Co. The regular station on
the Waiahole stream was also improved, and three stations in the
Kailua valley were repaired. The regular station on the Poha-
165
kea stream was discontinued as sufficient data have been secured
to rate this stream.
In addition to the above 19 measurements were made and six
rain gages were read.
From April 29 to May 1 a reconnaissance was made of the
streams in the vicinity of Hauula, and tentative arrangements
were made to establish from four to six cooperative stations for
the Laie and Kahuku plantations. It has been proposed that, if
the plantations will purchase and install the necessary equipment
and materials, this division will furnish the supervising engineer
and will rate the stations. Should this arrangement be consum-
mated all windward Oahu streams will be under investigation,
except the Waianu, Waikane, Kahaluu, Waihee, Kaalaea, Ka-
luanui, and Kaipapau streams.
An abundance of rain fell on Oahu during the month, and
all surface and underground storage was well replenished.
i
Kauai.
Little was done on Kauai during the first part of the month
as Mr. Hardy left Waimea April 1 and Mr. Dort, his successor,
did not arrive until April 16. During this period Mr. Horner
spent all of his time constructing the new trail to the new Luma-
hai station. This trail was completed on April 30. The latter
part of the month was spent on general maintenance and con-
struction work on windward Kauai.
Six rainfall stations were visited and the stations on the Ana-
hola, Kapahi, and Kaneha ditches, the old station on the Lumahai
stream, and the station on the Halekua stream were discontinued
as having served the purpose for which these were established.
Maui.
Only routine work was done on Maui with the exception of
the construction of foot bridges for flood measurements on the
Hoolawanui and Hoolawaliilii streams. Twenty-one stream and
five rainfall stations were visited, and twenty-two stream measure-
ments were made.
An unusual amount of rain fell during the month, although
there were no extreme floods. The lowlands were unusually well
supplied. The Wailuku Sugar Co. did not find it necessary to
irrigate from March 25 to April 27, a period of 33 days.
MAY PLANS.
Oahu.
A reconnaissance of the Laie and Kahuku streams will be com-
pleted and station sites selected.
166
Kauai.
The Lumahai clock register station will be completed and work
started on either the Wainiha, or Waioli, station, the latter in-
cluding the construction of about three miles of trail.
Maui.
Routine field measurement and rating work will be clone.
Very respectfully,
G. K. Larrison,
Superintendent of Hydrography.
Hawaiian Gazette 60.
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OFFICERS AND STAFF OF THE BOARD OF COMMIS-
SIONERS OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.
COMMISSIONERS.
Albert Waterhouse, Acting President and Executive Officer.
J. M. Dowsett Arthur H. Rice
H. M. von Holt Walter M. Giffard
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
Ralph S. Hosmer, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden.
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.
Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.
Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Hilo, Hawaii.
Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai.
David Kapihe, Forest Ranger for Tantalus.
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Edward Ml Eh.rhorn, Superintendent of Entomology and Chief Plant In-
spector.
J. C. Bridwell, Assistant Superintendent of Entomology.
D. B. Kuhns, Plant Inspector.
Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo, Hawaii.
E. Madden, 1
W. O. Aiken,
W. D. McBryde,
Dr. W. B. Deas,
Capt. C. F. Turner,
G. C. Munro,
Honorary Plant
Inspector at
" Mahukona, Hawaii.
Kahului, Maui.
Koloa, Kauai.
Hana, Maui.
Kaanapali, Maui.
I Manele, Lanui.
Prof. F. Silvestri (of Portici, Italy), Consulting Entomologist.
David T. Fullaway, Special Collaborator.
DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial
Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
H. B. Eliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Hawaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.
DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.
G. K. Larrison, Superintendent of Hydrography.
J. C. Dort, Engineer in Charge, Kauai, Headquarters at Lihue.
C. T. Bailey, Engineer in Charge, Maui, Headquarters at Wailulcu.
H. Kimble, Engineer in Charge of Construction, Oahu.
H. A. R. Austin, Junior Engineer, Oahu.
E. E. Goo, Cleric.
CLERICAL STAFF
Mrs. A. Oram, Stenographer and Librarian
Mrs. C. L. Seybolt, Clerk.
Daniel Logan, Editor of the iy Forester ."
Board of Agriculture and Forestry
PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.
The Board of Commissioners issues for general distribution to per-
sons in the Territory, annual reports, bulletins, circulars, copies of its
rules and regulations, and other occasional papers, which may be had,
free, upon application.
A complete list of the publications of the Board available for dis-
tribution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print)
is to be found on the cover of the last biennial report.
Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing
Clerk, P. O. Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.
DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY.
Rooms 20-22 Kapiolani Bldg. Tel. No. 3662.
The Division of Hydrography has on hand free publications relative
to the water resources of the Hawaiian Islands. These publications
furnish detailed data as to daily, monthly, mean, maximum, and minimum
run-off of streams and ditches, and also cuts and maps pertaining to the
different islands. Much descriptive data relative to the mountain ranges
and physical configuration of each island is also contained. These pub-
lications will be mailed free of charge on request.
The United States Geological Survey topographic map of Kauai is
also on sale, and copies will be mailed on receipt of 50 cents.
The records and maps of this division are available for inspection
by any one who desires information relative to water resources, topo-
graphy, etc. Blue print copies of hydrographic data relative to any
stream, ditch, spring, etc., which may be under observation by this
division will be mailed free of charge on request.
This division will also make ditch seepage losses and utilization
investigations when the actual cost of the labor, meals, subsistence,
transportation, etc., of each investigation is borne by those desiring
the same.
G. K. LAREISON,
Superintendent of Hydrography.
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