The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist; quarterly magazine of forestry, entomology, plant inspection and animal industry

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TheHA\MAN

FORESTER

AND

AGRICULTURIST

^ DECEMBER 1917

CONTENTS

PAGE

Editorial 349

Division of Forestry 350

Arbor Day 353

Division of Plant Inspection 354

Division of Entomology 356

Division of Animal Industry 357

Marketing Division 358

Mangrove in the Hawaiian Islands, The 361

Pineapple Guava, The 366

VOL XIV, PRICE, TEN CENTS NO. 12

THE UNIVERSITY OF KiOH«.3AH LIUHAKItS

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OFFICES:

STANGENWALD BUILDING
MEHLHORN BUILDING
82 WALL STREET - - - -
ALASKA COMMERCIAL BLDG.

HONOLULU, T. H.

SEATTLE, WASH.

NEW YORK, N. Y.

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

OFFICEES AND DIRECTORS:

J. P. GOOKE President and Director

W. M. ALEXANDER First Vice-President and Director

J. R. GALT Second Vice-President and Director

W. O. SMITH Third Vice-President and Director

J. WATERHOTJSE Treasurer

JOHN GUILD Secretary

H. A. BALDWIN Director

A. L. CASTLE Director

C. H. ATHERTON Director

C. R. HEMENWAY Director

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AGENTS FOR

• 5 Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company

! S Haiku Sugar Company

! 55 Paia Plantation

*S Maui Agricultural Company

55 Hawaiian Sugar Company

Ef McBryde* Sugar Company, Ltd.

55 KahuRu Plantation Company

2 Kauai Fruit and Land Company, Ltd.

56 Kajmlui Railroad Company

Kauai Railway Company, Ltd.

Honolua Ranch

Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company

American Central Insurance Company

The Home Insurance Company, New York

New Zealand Insurance Company

German Alliance Insurance Association

Switzerland Marine Ineuance Company, Ltd.

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1 The Hawaiian Forester |
and Agriculturist

A Monthly Magazine of Forestry,

Entomology, Animal Industry

and Agriculture.

Issued under the direction of the Board
of Commissioners of Agriculture
and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii.

Address all communications to

DANIEL LOGAN

Editor "THE FORESTER"
P. O. Box 366, Honolulu, T. H.

For business relating to subscriptions

or advertising, address

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD.,

Publishers, Honolulu, T, H.

Price 10c. per copy; $1.00 a year; Foreign, $L25

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Honolulu, Hawaii.

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Board of Agriculture and Forestry

DIVISION OF FORESTRY.

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TEEE SEED AND SEEDLINGS FOR
SALE AT THE GOVERNMENT NURSERY.

The Division of Forestry keeps constantly on hand at the Government
Nursery, seed and seedlings of the important native and introduced trees.
These are sold at prices just covering the cost of collection or growing.

The list includes both forest and ornamental trees, such as Silk Oak,
Koa, various species of Eucalyptus, Golden and Pink Showers, Pride of
India, Poinciana, Albizzia, etc. The price of the seed varies from 10 to 50
cents per ounce. The seedlings may be had for 2% cents each, except a
few kinds which are 5 cents. Seed of the various palms is also for sale,
the price per 100 varying from $1.00 to $2.50. All seed is tested before
being sent out, which insures its being good.

All communications in regard to seed or trees should be addressed to
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman, Box 207, Honolulu, Hawaii.

C. S. JUDD,
Superintendent of Forestry.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

To give information about insects free of charge is one of the duties
of this Division, and Hawaiian readers are hereby invited to make inquiry
in person and. by mail. In order to be able to advise intelligently or send ,
the right kind of useful insects for relief, we like and sometimes it is indis-
pensable for us to see the insects suspected or caught in the act, also speci-
mens of the injury. In a tin with a hole or two, or a wooden box, speci-
mens may be mailed by parcels post. When specimens are not accompanied
by letter, always write your name and address in the upper left-hand corner
of the package. Address all communications, SUPERINTENDENT DIVI-
SION OF ENTOMOLOGY, P. O. BOX 207, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

EDW. M. EHRHORN,
Superintendent of Entomology.

.PUBLICATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION.

The Board of Commissioners issues for general distribution to persons J
in the Territory, annual reports, bulletins, circulars, copies of its rules arid
regulations, and other occasional papers, which may be had, free, upon :
application.

A complete list of the publications of the Board available for distri-
bution (together with the titles of certain issues now out of print) is to be.'
found on the cover of the last biennial report.

Applications for publications should be addressed to the Mailing
Clerk, P. O. Box 207^ Honolulu, Hawaii.

THE HAWAIIAN FORESTER
AND AGRICULTURIST

Vol. XIV. Honolulu, December, 1917. No. 12

Although the number of trees distributed from the government
nurseries for planting out on Arbor Day, which this year was
celebrated on November 16, fell somewhat below the average
and amounted to a total of only 12,111 trees, general interest in
tree planting is still great as indicated by the fact that the Gov-
ernment Nursery has at present on file orders for 265,000 seed-
lings to be delivered within the next two months. Those who
have chiefly celebrated Arbor Day in the past, viz., school chil-
dren, residents of army posts, and homesteaders, have already
planted up on past Arbor Days most of the available areas at
their disposal and so the demand for trees for planting on Arbor
Day will probably not increase in the future.

The new buildings for the Division of Plant Inspection on Ke-
kuanaoa street are almost completed and Chief Plant Inspector
Ehrhorn expects to move into the new quarters with his staff
before the end of the year. They are of reinforced concrete, fire-
proof, and built according to modern ideas so as to facilitate the
important work of plant inspection and fumigation to prevent
injurious insects from gaining a foothold here.

Entomologist Fullaway continues to breed out, in addition tc
the parasites on the fruit fly, large quantities of the corn leaf hop-
per parasite, sending out for liberation in cornfields on Oahu and
Maui a total of 13,500 during November. This parasite is al-
ready reported as doing very efficient work.

The testing of dairy animals for bovine tuberculosis by the
Territorial Veterinarian and his assistants continues in the effort
to reduce greatly if not entirely eliminate this obnoxious disease.
Of the 178 animals tested during November all but 6 per cent
were passed as free from the disease.

On account of ill health Deputy Territorial Veterinarian H.
B. Elliot has been granted leave without pay for one year begin-
ning December 1. Dr. O. B. Shipman will serve as his substitute
on Hawaii during his absence.

Lieut. A. T. Longley, on receiving his commission with the U.
S. Army, has been granted a leave of absence from the position
of Superintendent of the Marketing Division for the duration of
the war.

350

Division of Forestry

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry.

Honolulu, December 12, 1917.

Gentlemen: — I respectfully submit the following routine re-
port of the Division of Forestry for the 'month of November,
1917:

KAUAI TRIP.

During the first three days of the month I was still on Kauai
investigating several forest matters. In company with Forest
Ranger Hosea K. Lovell I went over a large part of his district
inspecting his work and instructing him in his future duties. The
trees which he has been planting on the Kamalomalo flats on
government land within the Kealia forest reserve are doing nicely
and I pointed out to him the method by which this planting should
be continued. A fence along the boundary of the Moloaa forest
reserve was found to be in need of repair and upon investigation
the matter was called to the attention of the holder of the lease
which requires that this fence be maintained in good condition.

The boundaries of the proposed new forest reserve on the ma-
kai land of Wailua to include the Nonou ridge, where there yet
remains a remnant of good native forest in need of protection
for water conservation purposes, were thoroughly gone over and
found to include the land which it is desirable to set apart.

TREE PLANTING.

Tree planting on government lands has continued with the set-
ting out during the month on the Honolulu Watershed forest
reserve of 755 koa trees in Manoa valley, and 800 silk oak and
500 swamp mahogany trees on the Kealia reserve, Kauai. The
recent plantings here and in Makiki valley have also been gone
over to clean out the weeds which have come up with recent rainc.

ARBOR DAY.

Arbor Day was celebrated on November 16 and large con-
signments of trees w r ere sent to the other islands for planting on
this day. Owing to the half-holiday on the same day, on account
of the Queen's funeral, the planting on Oahu was not so exten-
sive as on former occasions.

A request has been received from the county engineer of the
Island of Hawaii to look into the need for tree planting on the
watershed area back of the town of Hilo in order to perpetuate
the water supply. This matter will receive attention on my next
trip to Hawaii.

351

FOREST FENCING.

The building of the fence between the government land of Latu
pahoehoe and the private land of Maulua within the Hilo forest
reserve, Hawaii, in cooperation with the Kukaiau ranch, a dis-
tance of 2.78 miles, was completed on the first of the month.
The very dry summer in this region delayed the operations due
to the lack of water and an extension of time on the contract
of two months, or until the end of the year, was granted for the
completion of the remaining distance of 2.26 miles along the Piha
boundary. Since May the tame cattle running loose in the forest
reserve in this region have all been removed and over 30 head of
wild cattle have been shot by H. Meyer and the Kukaiau ranch
under permit from this office. This has tended already to im-
prove forest conditions in this region.

The new fence on the boundary of the proposed Hauula forest
reserve, Oahu, was inspected and found to be almost completed.
One more small valley and a short stretch up the last ridge will
complete the job which is being done by local residents.

MISCELLANEOUS.

On November 14 and 15 attempts were made in company with
the President of the Board to reach Moku Manu off windward
Oahu, one of the islands included in Rule IV, in order to place a
sign on the island warning against the destruction of birds.
Owing to heavy seas and engine trouble it was not found possi-
ble to reach the island.

A considerable part of my time during the month has been
spent in compiling reports, on new forest reserves and other mat-
ters which will shortly be presented to the Board for action. '

Respectfully submitted,

C. S. Judd,
Superintendent of Forestry.

REPORT OF FOREST NURSERYMAN.

Honolulu, December 11, 1917.

Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Dear Sir : — I herewith submit a report of the work done dur-
ing the month of November :

NURSERY.

Distribution of Plants.

The distribution of plants, with the exception of a very few
orders, were all for Arbor Day planting. A special report on
Arbor Day is attached, which contains the number of trees dis-
tributed and other information.

352

COLLECTIONS.

Collections on account of plants sold $ .35

Rent of office building, Nursery grounds, September 35.00

Total $35.35

Plantation Companies and Other Corporations.

The distribution of plants under this heading amounted to 500
pot grown. We have orders on file for 265,000 seedlings to be
delivered within the next two months. We are getting all orders
ready as quickly as possible.

Collections and Distribution of Seed.

The seeding season for most of the forest trees, and also a
number of the flowering trees is now on, and the seed boys arc
busy collecting. From Mr. Van Valkenberg's place at Kunia we
collected in one day over three pounds of clean seed of the euca-
lyptus citriodora and one pound of encalyptus amygdalina. The
former is catalogued on the Coast at $22.00 per pound and the
latter at $14.00.

We had the pleasure of a visit from Mr. George W. Hess,
Superintendent of the United States Botanic Garden, Washing-
ton, D. C, who accompanied the congressional party. We con-
ducted Mr. Hess to all the places of interest in and around the
city. We also gave him a large package of seed containing many
species, to take back with him.

Makiki Station.

The work at the Makiki Station has been principally routine.
We have now gotten rid of a great deal of our surplus stock, and
we will be busy at this station now for some time to get a fresh
stock up again.

Honolulu Watershed Planting.

The work done on the watershed has consisted of hoeing and
clearing away brush from the young trees, making holes for
planting, etc.

Advice and Assistance.

The writer has made visits and otherwise given advice and
assistance to people who have asked for same as follows : Visits
made to places in and around city, 7 ; advice given by telephone,
10; advice given by letter, 6; advice given at Nursery, 11.

Respectfully submitted,

David Haughs,
Forest Nurseryman.

353

ARBOR DAY.

Honolulu, December 24, 1917.

Superintendent of Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Dear Sir : — I herewith submit a special report on the distribu-
tion of plants for Arbor Day planting from the Government Nur-
sery in Honolulu. The total number of plants distributed amount-
ed to 10,490. This is only about one-half the number distributed
for the 1916 Arbor Day. The decrease may be due to a num-
ber of causes, a few of which are as follows :
> 1. The school grounds are practically all planted, as far as
trees are concerned.

2. The military posts have already planted about all the trees
they desire.

3. As to the homesteaders, there have been no new tracts
opened up and those homesteaders who have occupied their home-
steads for several years have received during that time about all
the trees they want.

Distribution of Plants by Islands.

Islands. Plants.

Oahu ' 6,154

Maui 2,876

Hawaii 1,216

Kauai 244

Total 10,490

Included in the above total is the number of plants sent to the
public schools of the Territory and distributed as follows:

Oahu 8 schools 374 plants.

Maui 10 " 297 "

Hawaii 13 " 431 "

Kauai 3 " 62 "

34 " 1164 "

Reports just received from Bro. Mathias Newell of Hilo and
Mr. Walter McBryde of Homestead, Kauai, give the number of
trees distributed for Arbor Day planting as follows:

Bro. M. Newell, Hilo 334

Mr. W. McBryde, Kauai 1,287

Government Nursery distribution 10,490

Grand total 12,111

Respectfully submitted,

David Haughs,
[ . ' Forest Nurseryman,

354

Division of Plant Inspection

Honolulu, November 30, 1917.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu,
T. H.

Gentlemen : — I respectfully submit my report of the work
done by the Division of Plant Inspection for the month of No-
vember, 1917, as follows:

During the month there arrived at the port of Honolulu 49
vessels of which 22 carried vegetable matter, one of these vessels
passing through the Canal Zone. The consignment consisted of
the following:

Disposal Lots Parcels

Passed as free from pests 1505 45,166

Fumigated 8 18

Burned 77 78

Returned 2 3

Total inspected 1592 45,265

Of these shipments 44,838 packages arrived as freight, 223
packages as .baggage and 204 packages as mail matter.

RICE AND BEAN SHIPMENTS.

During the month 15,231 bags of rice and 1,888 bags of beans
arrived from Japan and Oriental ports, all of which were free
from pests.

PESTS INTERCEPTED.

Approximately 6,122 pieces of baggage belonging to passen-
gers and immigrants from foreign countries were examined and
from these were seized and destroyed by burning 25 lots of fruits
and 77 lots of vegetables.

The~ following disposal was made of plants and seeds from
various sources:

November 1, one bag of abaca seed from Manila for the Ha-
waii Experiment Station was fumigated as a precaution.

November 5, 2 plants found in the baggage of a passenger
from Japan were fumigated and the soil removed, in which we
found a colony of ants.

November 14; 2 crates of boxtrees from California by express
were fumigated. Several garden snails (Helix aspersa) were
found among the packing.

November 20, 3 packages of staghorn ferns came by freight
from Sydney, Australia, also one large fern stump. The ferns

355

were fumigated as a precaution, but the large stump was refused
entry as it showed indications of borers.

November 24, 1 package of Japanese poha fruit was found in
the mail and was returned as contraband.

Two small ornamental plants were found in the baggage from
Japan ; they were fumigated and all soil removed before delivery.
Two packages of tree seed, found in the baggage, were burned
as well as a five-needle pine tree, the last being prohibited entry
into the United States.

November 30, a package of pine trees from Japan was seized
and destroyed by burning.

HILO INSPECTION.

Brother M. Newell reports the arrival of six steamers and
one sailing vessel with lumber. Two of the steamers carried
vegetable matter consisting of 161 lots and 3120 packages. All
shipments were passed as free from pests except one sack of tur-
nips which was destroyed on account of being infested with ths
radish maggot.

KAHULUI INSPECTION.

Mr. Edwin C. Moore, acting Fruit and Plant Inspector for
Maui, reports the arrival of 6 vessels at the port of Kahului, two
of which brought vegetable matter consisting of 13 lots and 699
packages, all of which were passed as free from pests.

INTER-ISLAND INSPECTION.

Fifty-seven steamers plying between Honolulu and other
island ports were attended to, and the following shipments were
passed as free from pests :

Taro 571 bags

Vegetables 297 packages

Plants w 218 packages

Fruit 18 packages

Total inspected 1 104 packages

Seven packages of plants and eleven packages of fruit were
seized and refused shipment on account of infestation and /un-
desirable soil.

I beg to inform you that Mr. Will J. Cooper has returned from
the training camp and will resume his duties of Plant and Fruit
Inspector at Kahului beginning December 1, 1917.

Respectfully submitted,

E. M. Ehrhorn,
Chief Plant Inspector.

356

Division of Entomology *

Honolulu, November 30, 1917.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.

Gentlemen : — During the month of November the insectary
handled 29,400 pupae of the melon fly, from which there were
bred 703 females and 675 males, Opius fletcheri.

The distribution of parasites was as follows :

Opius fletcheri.

Females Males
Oahu — Honolulu :

Makiki 30 30

Kailua 525 555

Tetrastichus. •

Oahu: Kalihi 700

Diachasma fullawayi.

Oahu: Kalihi 85 25

Diachasma tryoni.

Oahu: Kalihi 425 240

Paranagrus (Corn Leaf Hopper Parasite).

Oahu — Honolulu :

Makiki Nursery 7700

Kailua 2600

Maui —

Haiku 3200 •

Very respectfully,

David Fullaway,

Entomologist.

357

Division of Animal Industry

Honolulu, November 30, 1917.

Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, Chief, Division of Animal Industry,
Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H.

Sir : — I have the honor to submit the following report for the
month of November, 1917:

TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL.

The following dairy cattle were tested during the past month :

, Tested, Passed. Condemned.

S.I.Shaw 32 23 9

Girls' Industrial School 10 10

M. Nee 33 32 1

S. Shidara 4 4

C. Ikeda 28 27 1

K. Inouye 44 44

P. Miyakawa 13 13

Mrs. C. M. Cooke 11 11

E.W.Jordan 2 2

C.W.Lucas 1 1

The above tabulated list gives a total of 178 head tested, out
of which number 167 were passed and 11 condemned and brand-
ed.

Besides the above testing, post mortem examinations were
made at the local abattoirs on 113 head of cattle condemned for
tuberculosis. Lesions of varying extent were found in all ani-
mals, but in only one animal were they extensive enough to war-
rant the condemnation of any parts ; in this case both fore quar-
ters were condemned as unfit for human consumption.

Quite a large number of cases of open tuberculosis of the lungs
were found among these animals. Such animals have acted rs
"spreaders," which accounts for the large percentage of infected
animals found in some localities.

All the above condemned animals were appraised according to
the provisions of Act 121, and the owners have received their full
amount of compensation.

IMPORTATIONS OF LIVE STOCK.

S. S. Makura, Vancouver: 1 large crate white leghorns, Mrs.
L. M. Ross.

S. S. Lurline, San Francisco: 58 Holstein cows, 1 Holstein
bull, 4 Berkshire hogs, 1 ct. poultry, W. E. Bellina ; 1 Berkshire
sow, L. K. Smith; 5 Holstein cows, 1 Holstein bull, Lahainaluna
School ; 30 cts. poultry, various.

358

S. S. Wilhelmina, San Francisco: 1 dog, W. J. White; 1 cat,
Mrs. J. Hickey ; 5 cts pheasants, F. F. Baldwin.

S. S. Tenyo Maru, Orient : 1 dog, S. Shigemoto.

S. S. Hyades, San Francisco : 47 Holstein cows, 1 Holstein
bull, 1 Berkshire boar, C. H. Bellina.

S. S. Manoa, San Francisco : 13 cts. poultry.

Respectfully submitted,

Leonard N. Case,
Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.

Marketing Division

Honolulu, December 15, 1917.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit herewith the finan-
cial statement and report of the Superintendent of the Territorial
Marketing Division, for the five months ending November 30,
1917:

Since July first, the consignment sales of the Division have
been very good and, through the commission earned on these
sales and the surplus on hand, it has been possible to pay off all
but $500 of the note for $3,000 owed on July 1, 1917. The last
payment will be made in December. A surplus should then be
accumulated to cover the fixtures, autos, etc., listed as assets.

Due to the lack of equipment, poor location of the Division
for retailing, and the uncertainty of the supplies that could be
sold at retail, the retail departments have not been paying ex-
penses and, with the consent of the Board, they were closed on
November 30. The closing of the retail departments will in no
way affect the sale of island produce consigned to the Division
for sale. In fact it should give the Division more time to sell
island produce to wholesalers and the Army at less expense to
the Territory and with as good returns to the producer. The
force of employees will be reduced to the actual needs of the
consignment department at once.

The pineapple crates are being sold just as fast as they can be
brought in from Aiea and Wahiawa where they have been stored.
When these crates are all sold, the account will probably show a
small loss due to the crates rotting while in storage of the Bureau
of Immigration and the necessity of selling some of them for less
than cost in order to dispose of them. This loss could be made
up from earnings. The Attorney General's office states that suit
will be brought shortly to collect- a claim of $1651.61, due this
account from F. E. Haley. This claim and a few other smail

359

non-collectable claims are included in the reserve for doubtful
accounts.

There was not as great a demand for seed from the Division
as was anticipated by the last legislature when it made an
appropriation of $2500 and as a consequence there was a lot of
seed left on hand at the end of the 1917 planting season.

With the Governor's approval $688.40 worth of seed was turn-
ed over to the Army for the Post garden at Wahiawa on the
understanding that the seed was to be paid for out of the crops,
if any, either in cash or produce. A report has been requested
from the Army on this matter. The other seed on hand is get-
ting old and losing its germination, and I would suggest that it
be distributed free of charge if need be in order that it may be
of some use to the producers.

The deficit shown in Schedule "C" of the financial statement
includes all expenditures from the Territorial expense appropria-
tions and does not represent losses.

Due to the inability of our largest dressed meat consignor to
make regular shipments, the consignment sales for December
will probably be considerably less than the average for the past
few months. There will be a large crop of beans, however, which
should be handled by the Division.

Respectfully, '

A. T. Longley,

Superintendent.

SEGREGATION OF PRODUCE RECEIVED BY THE MARKETING DIVISION
DURING THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1917.

Total Oahu Hawaii Maui Molokai Kauai

Articles :

Avocados . 504

Bananas, bches 475

Beans, dry, sacks 156

Beef, dressed, carcasses 119

Butter, pounds 45

Cabbage, pounds 954

Chickens 210

Chinese squash 10

Cooking bananas, bches. 6

Corn, dry, sacks 370

Ducks <. 101

Eggs, dozen 33

Egg plant, dozen 9

Ginger, pounds 80

Grapes, pounds 317

Hides 10

Hogs 16

504

475

# ,

, a

1

• 4

151

5

1

107

45

242

712

112

51

10

'<5

370

89

12

33

. .

. .

9

80

127

190

# t

8

1

, #

5

7

4

47

360

Total
Articles:

Lemons 418

Limes 2357

Oranges 4896

Papaia, pounds 66

Peppers, sacks 1

Pigs, dressed 9

Pineapples, pounds ....1720

Pohas, pounds 1158

Potatoes, white, sweets

- sacks 149

Pumpkins 112

Taro flour, pounds 30

Turkeys 12

Tomatoes, pounds 940

Veal, dressed, carcasses 25
Yams, red, sacks 10

Oahu Hawaii Maui Molokai Kauai

418

707

460

66

1

1720

149

109

30

6

940

6

10

1300
4436

1158

350

16

How the work of the Forest Service was realigned to meet
war conditions is described in the annual report of the Forester,
made by acting Forester A. F. Potter. The report also states
that practically every form of use of the forests* was greater than
ever before, that the receipts again touched a new high level with
a total of $3,457,028.41, and that the increase in receipts over the
previous year was $633,487.70.

Under the provisions of the national forest section of the Fed-
eral Aid Road Act approximately $1,410,000 of Federal Aid road
money is available during the next ten years, at the rate of
$141,000 a year, for the construction of roads and trails within
the national forests of California. In each case, under the
terms of the Act, the road funds must be derived partly from
local sources.

A 14-lb. Christmas box for each member of the Forest Service
from California in France*with the 10th Engineers, the Lumber-
jack and Forestry regiment, was shipped from the San Francisco
office of the Forest Service. Each box contains candy, tobacco,
cigarettes, toilet articles, raisins and dates, a pipe, deck of playing
cards, a book, and a waterproof match safe. These boxes are be-
ing sent by former associates of the men in the Forest regiment.

The yucca plant or Spanish bayonet, common in the hills of
southern California, is now being used for the manufacture of
brooms. Another species of the yucca is used for the manufac-
ture of surgeons' splints, and is being experimented with for
use as artificial limbs.

The common manzanita bush, grown everywhere in California,
may be of value in dye-making. A carload of stems and roots

361

was recently shipped from northern California to an eastern dye
manufacturer for experimental purposes.

The root swellings or burls of the wild lilac are proving valu-
able as a substitute for briar in the manufacture of tobacco pipec.

Bay rum, used in toilet preparations, is manufactured from the
California bay tree, and quinine is produced from the wild
quinine bush that grows widely over the southern deserts.

On December 5, 1917, a proclamation was signed by the Presi-
dent eliminating approximately 431,000 acres from the Sequoia
national forest, California. The greater portion of the lands
eliminated comprise three large tracts situated at the southern end
of the forest. Of the entire area eliminated from the forest
about 20,000 acres are shown by the classification reports to have
agricultural value, and it is believed that considerable of this land
will be filed upon in the near future.

THE MANGROVE IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

By Vaughan MacCaughey, College of Hawaii.

One of the most abundant and characteristic trees along trop-
ical and subtropical coasts, throughout the world, is the mangrove.
This tree possesses a number of highly interesting peculiarities.
It grows in salt water. It forms impenetrable thickets with its
branching aerial roots. It does not have true seeds, but is vivi-
parous, and the young plants are remarkably adapted for life in
their marine nursery.

The mangrove is a notable land-builder. It has added thou-
sands of miles of terra firma to the coast lines which it inhabits.
The writer, who has been interested for the past decade in the
natural history of Hawaii, has often deplored the absence of
mangrove swamps in the Hawaiian Archipelago, both from the
economic standpoint, and from the standpoint of the general
natural history interest of such a life zone. The absence of the
mangrove from Hawaii is another evidence of the profound
isolation of this archipelago through long periods of time. The
coasts of the Hawaiian Islands, both naturally and as a result cf
the devastations of man and his live stock, are singularly barren
of arborescent vegetation.* There are extensive areas, particu-
larly on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Maui, that are
admirably adapted to the mangrove, and that would be greatly
benefited by the presence of this valuable land-building tree.

The mangrove tree is not generally known to be introduced
into the Hawaiian Islands. The writer by chance discovered a

* See MacCaughey, Survey of the Hawaiian Land Flora, Botanical
Gazette, August, 1917.

362

fine specimen growing in a fish pond, at the Kalihi Farm, near
Honolulu, belonging to the Alexander Young Estate. This tree
was planted by Mr. Allan Herbert, many years ago, and is now
in flourishing condition. wSo far as is known to the writer, it is
the only tree on the Island of Oahu. Under the direction of Mr.
George Cooke there have been extensive plantings of mangrove
along the shores of the Island of Molokai. The trees were plant-
ed as a source of floral honey, as Molokai is a noted honey-
producing region. The trees are spreading and seeding and rapid-
ly becoming thoroughly naturalized. The mangrove is not men-
tioned by Hillebrand, or by any other of the many botanists who
have visited and written of the native and naturalized plant life
of Hawaii. The tree specified is not only in vigorous growth, but
has produced many seedlings which have evidently become thor-
oughly naturalized. The evidence strikingly corroborates the
writer's previous conviction as to the Hawaiian possibilities of
the mangrove.

The family Rhizophoracese, of which the mangrove is char-
acteristic, comprises 15 genera and about 50 species. Prominent
among the genera are : Weihea, 12 spp., Old World tropics ;
Ccriops, 2 spp., Old World tropics ; Pruguiera, 5 spp. tropical Asia
and East Africa ; Anisophyllea, 5 spp., Old World tropics ; Poga,
1 spp., Africa. Rhizophora has 3 species, mangle, of tropical
America and West Africa ; mucronata and conjugata, of tropical
Asia and East Africa. These three are widely distributed on the
shores of tidal marshes and estuaries. The generic name is from
the Greek, root-bearing, and was used by early writers to desig-
nee various climbing plants with aerial roots.

The genus is almost unique in the plant world because the seeds
have no true resting period, that is, they germinate at once on
the plant. The radicle may reach a length of 3 feet, although
usually less ; it is club-shaped and heaviest at the apex, so that
when the seedling finally falls from the tree, it sticks vertically
in the mud, with the radicle down, ready to grow. This is one
of the best examples of vivipary, as the embryo continues in a
state of uninterrupted development from the outset. This is
essentially seedlessness, from the physiological standpoint, and
germination, in the usual sense, does not take place. This habit
is of obvious usefulness, facilitating both the wide dispersal and
abundant reproduction of these plants, as is testified by the exten-
sive coastal mangrove swamps throughout the tropics. This ex-
traordinary combination of structural and ecologic characters —
vivipary, aerial roots, ability to grow 'in salt water, rapid lateral
growth, and freedom from fungus and insect pests — has given
to the mangroves a tremendous advantage in the invasion of
tropical coasts*

The name mangrove is derived, by corruption, from the orig-
inal Malayan name mangi-mangi. The American species, R.
mangle L., is called Red Mangrove, referring to the color of the
inner bark. There are various trees in other regions that are

363

called mangrove, that are not true mangroves, and do not belong
to the mangrove family. The White " Mangrove" is Laguncu-
laria racemosa of tropical America. The Black Mangrove is
Avicennia nitida, also of tropical America, and sometimes called
Olive Mangrove. The Mangrove Myrtle is Barringtonia acutan-
guta, of the East Indies. The Milky Mangrove is Excaecaria
agallochum of Australia. The Tasmanian "Mangrove" is Acacia
longifolia. The River Mangrove is Aegiceras majus, of Indo-
Malaya and Australia.

The American mangrove, which is the species represented in
the Hawaiian Islands, is abundant along the coasts of Florid?.,
tropical America, the West Indies, and the Galapagos Islands.
It forms vast, monotonous green thickets, and is the van of ad-
vancing vegetation along the salt marshes. Its maze of roots
make it an effective land builder, and it rapidly gives a foothold
to less hardy species. In West Indian waters, for example, man-
grove islands are formed so rapidly that in a few years they dot
the shallow waters of bays which were formerly destitute of
them.

The tree is round-topped, bushy, and usually 15-20 feet high.
Its branches are spreading, like those of the hau, and its roots
make almost impenetrable thickets. Sometimes, in inland situa-
tions, the tree grows erect, attaining a height of 70-80 feet, witli
a fine tall straight trunk, 3-4 feet in diameter, and clear oC
branches for more than half its length. These trees, of course,
yield the best timber. Normally, however, the tree is squat and
broad, and as it grows it throws out great numbers of aerial roots,
which brace it well on all sides, like those of the Pandanus or
Banyan, so that the waves and tides cannot dislodge it. The
roots branch profusely in the air and spread out laterally, form-
ing a dense network. They are of special importance in support-
ing the numerous branches, as in most cases the basal part of the
primary trunk has an early death. The roots themselves are very
stem-like in internal structure. The aeerial roots or pneumato-
phores comprise an interesting feature of this tree. These are
erect or kneed branches of the roots, which project above the
mud, and are provided with stomata and lenticels, into which air
passes freely and is then carried by means of passages in the soft
spongy tissues to the underground roots. Like certain other
aquatic plants, the mangrove develops intercellular or internal
hairs in its air-passages. These hairs are of ecological signifi
cance in connection with the fluctuations in the air-supply, which
varies greatly, of course, with the rise and fall of the tides.

The bark is at first smooth, reddish brown, becoming .35-. SO
inch thick, and gray faintly tinged with red. The surface is
irregularly fissured into low close ridges, these again are trans-
versely broken into thin appressed scales, giving a very character
istic appearance to the old bark. The bark is red inside. It is
rich in tannin, and is used for tanning leather, and also in dye-
ing. The Florida Indians formerly used the copious bast for

364

an excellent cordage. A decoction of the bark is used by the
natives of tropical America as a febrifuge.

The wood is very heavy, weighing 72.40 lbs. per cubic foot of
seasoned wood. It is very hard, tough, strong, and durable. It
is close-grained, and takes a beautiful satiny polish. The heart-
wood is dark-reddish-brown streaked with lighter brown; some-
times it is almost black. The sapwood is pale, with 40-50 sea-
sonal rings. The pith rays are thin and broad ; the ducts are open
and diffuse. The following table will show the mechanical
properties of the wood :

Specific gravity 1 . 617

Percentage of ash 1 . 82

Relative approximate fuel value 1 . 1406

Coefficient, of elasticity 165567

Modulus of rupture . . ; 1207

Resistance to longitudinal pressure 860

Resistance to indentation 462

The wood makes an excellent fuel. As it is not attacked by
teredos, it is sometimes used for wharf pilings. It also has been
used for flooring. The mangrove, however, grows in situations
that render very difficult the cutting and transportation of the
wood, and it is of little commercial importance.

The young branches are stout, terete, conspicuously marked by
the large, oval, slightly elevated leaf-scars. The leaves are oppo-
site and stipulate. The stipules are interpetiolar, lanceolate,
acute, 1.5-2 inches long, glabrous, light green, infolding the bud,
and deciduous as the leaf unfolds. The terminal bud is strong and
conspicuous. The leaves are 3.5-5 inches long and 1-2 inches wide.
The petioles are 0.5-1.5 inches long, smooth, light green, and
flattened. The blade is oblong, oval, or elliptical. It is glabrous,
thick, and coriaceous. The apex is rounded or acute; the base
is cunette, narrowing gradually. The margin is entire and slight-
ly thickened. The upper surface is dark green and very glossy ;
the lower surface is pale, but veinlets are rather obscure, reticu-
late. The leaves are persistent for 1 or 2 years. It is interesting
to note that the old leaves serve as water-storage organs. The
old, yellowish leaves are twice as thick as leaves which have just
attained their full size, and the former are notably charged with
water.

The flowers are small, dull colored, and not particularly con-
spicuous. They are produced continuously throughout the year
in the axils of the young leaves. They are borne on stout 2- or
3-branched peduncles 1.5-2 inches long. Each pedicel is sub-
tended by a 2- or 3-lobed involucral cup at the end of the pedun-
cle. Each flower has 2 short bracelets united in an involucral cup.
The flowers are perfect, regular, and when fully expanded are
about 1 inch in diameter. The calyx is coriaceous; lobes 4; 2-3
times as long as the turbinate, globose tube; each lobe acute,
thickened at the margins and with a median rib on the inner sur-

365

face; persistent; reflexed at maturity. The petals are 4; indup-
licate in the bud ; inserted on a fleshy disk-like ring in the mouth
of the calyx tube ; nearly linear, cleft at the tip ; pale yellow :
coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs ; reflexed be-
tween the calyx-lobes at maturity, and early caducous. The
stamens are 8-12 in number, in 2 sets; filaments vollose, very
short or none; anthers attached at the base, elongated, introrse,
connivent, and areolate. The ovary is conic, partly inferior, and
2-loculed. There are 2 awl-shaped, spreading .styles, stigmatic
at their tips. The nectaries are well-developed, and the flower is
an important source of honey.

The fruit is berry-like, 1 inch long, conical, rusty-brown, leath-
ery, and slightly studded with minute bosses. It is normally
1-celled and 1-seeded. It is subtended by the persistent reflexed
calyx-lobes, and perforated at the apex by the germinating em-
bryo. The fruit is said to be sweet and edible, and its juice, when
fermented, yields a light wine. The apex of the seed is sur-
rounded by a thin, albuminous, cup-like aril. The cotyledons are
dark purple. The embryo is surrounded by a thin coat of albu^
men. The seed coat is thick and fleshy.

As already has been indicated, the viviparous habit is one of
the remarkable features of the mangrove. The embryo has no
true resting period. Upon the maturity of the fruit the cotyle-
dons develop as a slender, hard, woody, thick- walled tube, pro-
truding 0.S-.75 of an inch beyond the apex of the fruit. The
plumule is enclosed within this tube. The radicle is elongate and
club-shaped and grows pendulously from the tube. It is dark-
brown, marked with occasional orange-colored lenticels. It rap-
idly enlarges and becomes the most conspicuous part of the
reproductive mechanism. When mature it is 10-12 inches or
more long, and .25-. 35 of an inch in diameter near the apex. It
drops from the cotyledon tube which has supported it. The
heavy, club-shaped apical end sticks into the mud, and the lighter
basal end, bearing the plumule, is uppermost. The plumule is
thus held above the surface of the shallow water; the radicle
strikes root; and the seedling quickly establishes itself. If the.
water is deep, or there are currents, the nautical seedling may
float unimpaired for great distances before finally reaching shal-
low water where conditions permit a continuation of its growth
processes.

There is abundant evidence that the mangrove, if once suit-
ably established on the shores of the Hawaiian Islands, would : n
time become one of Hawaii's most important littoral trees.

Editor Hawaiian Forester.

Dear Sir : — Will you please append the following statement, by
Mr. George P. Cooke, of Molokai, to my article upon the Man-
grove in Hawaii. In kind response to my inquiry, Mr. Cooke
wrote December 15 in part:

"In reply to your favor of recent date re mangrove trees, will

366

say that the first trees planted on the Molokai Ranch were set
out before I came to the ranch in 1908. One of our men, M r .
James Munro, informs me that they were set out about the year
1905. The trees are from seed that came from Florida. They
now cover thinly about one mile of the shore. The planting of
the trees was for the purpose of holding back soil that is being
washed down by every heavy rain into the sea, and also as a
pasture plant for bees. I do not know of . any other trees in the
Islands. In 1908 shortly after I came to Molokai we received a
lot of seed of the Philippine mangrove. These had been shipped
on a transport but were not landed till the steamer returned to
Honolulu from San Francisco. None of these germinated.

"I have found volunteers from our trees growing along the
shore about five miles away. And the other day I found two
healthy seeds on our windward shore, to reach which the seeds
must have drifted on the currents at least sixty miles."

THE PINEAPPLE GUAVA.

A DELICIOUS SUBTROPICAL FRUIT.

By Vaughan MacCaughey, College of Hawaii.

The true guavas (Psidium) are widely known and enjoyed
throughout tropic and subtropical regions, both as fresh fruit and
in the form of jam, jellies, etc. Closely related to them, how-
ever, is a little-known species, the Pineapple Guava, Feijoa Sel-
lowiana.

This species is native to subtropical South America, particular-
ly western Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, and parts of
Argentina. In these countries it is common in the forests. Al-
though not cultivated by the natives, the fruit is highly prized by
them. The designation Pineapple Guava refers to the flavor of
the fruit, which strongly resembles that of the pineapple. It is
also called Brazilian Guava or Fig Guava. It is not listed in
Wilder's book on Hawaiian fruits.

. It was named by Berg (Martius, Flora Braziliensis XIV, 1, p.
616, 1858), after material collected by Friedrich Sellow in Bra-
zil. The genus was dedicated by Berg to Joam de Silva Feijoa
(correctly pronounced fay-zho-a), director of the Museum of
Natural History at San Sebastian, Brazil. The first complete
and accurate description of the species was not made until forty
years later, by Dr. Edouard Andre, in Revue Horticole 70:265.
1896. Two other species have been described — F. obovata Berg
and F. Schenckiana Kiaersk, but the fruit of both these are un-
known. The genus is closely allied to Psidium, but distinguish-
ed from it by albuminous seeds and stamens suberect in the bud.

The only general account in the American literature is that
of F. W. Pbpenoe, in the Pomona College Journal of Economic
Botany 2 (1912) No. 1, pp. 217-242, 13 figs., but this journal had
a limited circulation and has been defunct for several years. The

367

fruit was unknown in the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1908, and
the present account is the first to emphasize its possibilities in this
Territory of the United States. It is cultivated in the Hilo*
region, Hawaii. The College of Hawaii has nursery plants.

The Pineapple Guava was introduced into Southern Europe in
1890, and is grown in southern France and Italy. From Italy it
was introduced into the United States in 1900. It has been wide-
ly planted in California; in 1908 the Hawaii Agricultural Experi-
ment Station received plants from southern California, and these
have grown satisfactorily. The tree itself is well adapated for
use as an ornamental and as a hedge-plant ; the fruit is of unusual
horticultural promise. There are now on the market several
named varieties, of which Andre, Hehre, and Besson are the
best known.

The shrub attains a height of 10-15 feet. Very old plants
may haye a total spread of 18 feet or more, with trunks' 8-10
inches thick at the base. The branches are rounded and swollen
at the nodes. The bark is light gray ; the entire plant, with the
exception of the upper surfaces of the leaves and the corollos, is
covered with white tomentum. The leaves are opposite, short
petioled, thick and coriaceous. They resemble those of the olive,
but are much larger. The upper surface is dark glossy green;
the lower surface is silver gray, canescent and finely pubescent.
The striking contrast in the two surfaces constitutes one of the
ornamental features of the plant. The margins are slightly
recurved. The veins are inconspicuous on the upper surface of
the blade; below they are fine, prominent, and in arcuate reticu-
lations, re-uniting before reaching the margin of the leaf.

The flower buds are globular, puberulent, and constricted above
the ovary. The flowers are showy (1-1.5 inches diameter), red,
white and purple, bisexual, and solitary or in clusters. They
appear in late spring. The pedicles are 1-flowered at the ends
of -the branches or becoming lateral. They are at first straight,
then recurved, .50-. 75 inch long, whitish and velvety. The calyx
tube is turbinate. The sepals are 4, unequal, obtusely elliptical,
recurved ; pubescent, and ciliated. The petals are 4, spreading,
thick and fleshy, ovate or obovate, entire or emarginate, obtuse,
glabrous and ciliated. They are cupped, white on the outside
and purplish crimson within. After anthesis they "become re-
curved. They have a sweet flavor.

The stamens are numerous, perigynous, erect in a large
cluster of many series, about 1 inch long. The filaments are
showy, filiform, deep purple or crimson red- The anthers are
globular and yellow. The style is longer than the stamens, fili-
form, and with a capitate stigma. The ovary is 4-celled, oblong,
turbinate. The flower as a whole is very attractive, with plen-
tiful nectar, pollen and aroma; a bush in full blossom is hand-
some to a marked degree.

It has been demonstrated that the flowers of the Pineapple
Guava are largely self -sterile, and although isolated plants are
not infrequently productive, it is good horticultural practice to

368

plant two or more bushes together so as to permit cross-pollina-
tion. For a detailed statement of these investigations see K. A.
Ryerson, in University of California Journal of Agriculture 2
(1914) No. 2, pp. 51-53.

The fruit is a berry, oblong or oval, 2 inches long and 1.5
inches in diameter (there is considerable variation in size), with
4 many-seeded locules. When mature it is characterized by a
delicious penetrating odor. The surface is at first tomentose,
then smooth. The fruit is crowned by the thick disk and cupped
sepals of the persistent calyx. The skin is much indented, slight-
ly and unequally furrowed, but upon maturity becomes smooth.
In color it is dull green, sometimes flushed with crimson on one
side. The green color is retained at maturity. The flesh com-
prises a firm, whitish, granular layer which surrounds the cen-
tral pulp. This pulp is thick, creamy yellow or translucent, and
melting. It possesses a delicious flavor, strongly resembling that
of the fully matured pineapple, with a rich heavy bland perfume.
In the pulp are 20-30 very small oblong seeds, so small as to be
unnoticed in eating the fruit, and contrasting with the seedy
interior of the common guava.

The fruit should not be picked until it is fully mature. It
ripens in autumn and early winter, and falls to the ground upon
maturity. The ripe fruit should be laid in a cool place until ready
for eating. Little care is required in packing; the fruit i9 an
excellent shipper if it is kept cool. It quickly spoils in a hot,
humid atmosphere, but can be kept for a month or more if suit-
able conditions are maintained. The fruit is not only delicious
when eaten out of hand, but also can be cooked, crystallized, and
made into jams or jellies.

A notable feature of the Pineapple Guava is that it grows bet-
ter under subtropic conditions than in strictly tropical regions.
It -is hardier than most of the fruits found in the Hawaiian Is-
lands, such as the mango, avocado, papaia, etc. The best climate
for the Pineapple Guava seems -to be one free from excessive
moisture and cool for at least a portion of the year. In France
the Pineapple Guava has passed uninjured through temperatures
of 12° F. It would probably thrive in the upland regions of
Maui and Hawaii, as well as on cool parts of the Kauai and
Oahu lowlands. The plant is notably drought resistant, and
contrasts strongly in this respect with many other tropical fruits.
It requires very little pruning or other attention.

Propagation is usually by seed, which comes fairly true. The
seedlings come into bearing in 3-5 years- Cuttings of the young
wood are successfully rooted under glass, with bottom heat, al-
though they root very slowly. Layering is used in France and
other parts of southern Europe to propagate choice varieties-
The layers root in about six months.

The Pineapple Guava offers very attractive possibilities to all
who are interested in tropical and subtropical horticulture. Then
is no question but that in time it will make for itself a large and
undupHcated place in the horticulture of the Hawaiian Islands,
southern California and tropical Florida.

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| E. 0. HALL & SON, LTD. |

E King and Port Streets, Honolulu E

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I ■ I ■ ■ ■ 1 1 ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ 1 1 1^

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|H. HACKFELD & CO., LTDj

= HONOLULU, HAW An S

H San Francisco Office 310 Sansome Street 5

S New York Office 82 Wall Street g

5 IMPORTERS AND GENERAL s

2 COMMISSION AGENTS 5

2 AGENTS FOR S

5 China Mail Steamship Company 5

= American-Hawaiian Steamship Company 5

= INSUEANCE COMPANIES =

Fire Association of Philadelphia
Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co.
Phoenix Insurance Co.,
Colonial Firje Underwriters,

Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd. *s

Allianz Insurance Co., Ltd.* of Berlin S

Tokio Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. jS

Hibernia Underwriters Agency «5

AGENTS FOR

Lihue Plantation Co., Ltd.
The Koloa Sugar Company
Kipahulu Sugar Company
Kekaha Sugar Company, Ltd.
GrQve Farm Plantation

Waiahole Water Co., Ltd.

The Waimea Mill Co., Ltd.

Pioneer Mill Co., Ltd.

Oahu Sugar Company, Ltd.

The Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co.

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5 CabjLe Address: "GUANO" =

5 Codes Used: A B 5th Edition, Lieber's, Western Union, Excelsior 5

I THE PACIFIC GUANO & FERTILIZER CO. I

5 Honolulu, T. H.

Los Angeles

San Francisco, Cal. =

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN

Commercial Fertilizers

Sulphuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid

Superphosphates

Neats Foot Oil
Tallow
Nitrate Soda
Sulphate Ammonia
Sulphate Potash

Muriate Potash

Bone Ash

Rone Meal

Animal and Willow Charcoal

Fish and Bat Guano

POULTRY FOODS

Honolulu Address:
2365 N. KING STREET

San Francisco Address:
343 SANSOME STREET

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I Kamehameha Schools Farm Loan Bulls I

= A chance (or the progressive dairyman of Hawaii E

E to secure a Registered Holstein-Friesian Bull S

J FREE |

s We will loan you a superior bred bull for three E

E years, absolutely free, if you will agree to certain E

E conditions of dairy management E

E WRITE US, FOR OUR ATTRACTIVE PROPOSITION E

| Agricultural Dept. KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS HONOLULU I

E HEADQUARTERS FOR E

E HOLSTEIN BULLS BERKSHIRE HOGS |

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Officers and Staff of the Board of Commissioners
of Agriculture and Forestry

(1917)

COMMISSIONERS.
Arthur H. Rice, President
Walter M. Giffard J. M. Dowsett

A. L. C. Atkinson H. M. von Holt

DIVISION OF FOitESTRY.

Charles S. Judd, Superintendent of Forestry and Chief Fire Warden; als*

Executive Officer of Board.
David Haughs, Forest Nurseryman.
Joseph F. Rock, Consulting Botanist.

Bro. Matthias Newell, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Eilo, Hawaii.
Walter D. McBryde, in charge of Sub-Nursery at Homestead, Kauai.
David Kapihe, Forest Banger for Tantalus, Oahu.
E. H. Hippie, Forest Banger for Palolo, Manoa, and Nuuanu, Oahu.
John Pililaau, Forest Banger for Waianae, Oahu.
Hosea K. Lovell, Forest Banger for Kauai.
A. J. W. Mackenzie, Forest Banger for Hawaii.
James Lindsay, Forest Banger for Maui.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

David T. Fullaway, Entomologist.

Miss Agnes Buchanan, Laboratory Assistant.

DIVISION OF PLANT INSPECTION.

Edward M. Ehrhorn, Chief Plant Inspector.

D. B. Kuhns, Assistant Plant Inspector.

Bro. M. Newell, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Hilo f Hawaii.
Will J. Cooper, Fruit and Plant Inspector, Kahului, Maui.

E. E. Madden, Honorary Plant Inspector at Mahukona, Hawaii.
Geo. B. Leavitt, Honorary Plant Inspector at Eleele, Kauai.

G. C. Munro, Honorary Plant Inspector at Manele, Lanai.

DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDTJSTBY.

Victor A. Norgaard, Superintendent of Animal Industry and Territorial

Veterinarian.
L. N. Case, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian.
Joseph Richard, Livestock Inspector.

H. B. Elliot, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for East Hawaii.
A. R. Rowat, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for West Hawaii.
J. C. Fitzgerald, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Maui.
A. R. Glaisyer, Deputy Territorial Veterinarian for Kauai.
Cyril Golding, Assistant Territorial Veterinarian, Kauai.

MARKETING DIVISION.

A. T. Longley, Superintendent.

J. M. Watt, Marketing Demonstrator, Oahu.

W. W. G. Moir, Marketing Demonstrator, E. Hawaii.

John Midkiff, Marketing Demonstrator, TV. Hawaii.

A. H. Case, Marketing Demonstrator, Kauai.

J. F. O'Brien, Marketing Demonstrator, Maui.

CLERICAL STAFF OF BOARD.

Miss M. T. Kelly, Clerk and Stenographer.

Miss Florence A. White, Librarian and Stenographer. • ) •

Daniel Logan, Editor of the Forester.