I-NRLF
B M 31M
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
7
THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
AND
BIRDS
OF
HARLESTON
IN
NORFOLK.
£v* ^
AN ACCOUNT
OF THE
FLOWERING PLANTS
FERNS AND ALLIES
OF
HARLESTON.
With a Sketch of the Geology, Climate, and Natural
Characteristics of the Neighbour Jiood.
COMPILED AND .EDITED BY
THE REV. FRANCIS WILLIAM GALPIN,
M.A., F.L.S.,
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; FORMERLY CURATE OF REDENHALL
WITH HARLESTON AND WORTWELL, NORFOLK.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
OBSERVATIONS ON THE
BIRDS OF THE DISTRICT
BY
CHARLES CANDLER.
LONDON: BARTLETT & CO., 10, PATERNOSTER SQUARE
HARLESTON : R. R. CANN.
iSSS.
M366G5O
TO MY
FRIENDS AND FELLOW- WORKERS,
THE MEMBERS OF
THE HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB.
1A plant gathered in some delightful spot is more dear to memory
than even a portrait."— SIR J. SMITH.
PREFACE.
THE following attempt to describe the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of Harleston is the work, not of one, but of many. It
owes its existence to the observations of valued friends found
in my first curacy, whose kindred tastes formed an immediate
bond of association between us, and became the source of
much pleasant intercourse and, I trust, of mutual benefit. To
the records of the Botanical Club have been added those of
another personal friend, the late Rev. E. A. Holmes, Rector of
St. Margaret's, whose kindly interest and scientific experience
were ever extended to those who were endeavouring to trace
the wondrous paths of nature which he had himself known for
more than half a century.
Having, however, undertaken the duty of editing the result
of our combined labours, I have probably made myself re-
sponsible for the truthfulness of the statements given. I trust
it will be sufficient to say that of the six hundred and seventy-
six species recorded by the Club, all except twenty-six have
passed under my own notice ; that of the remaining one hundred
and fifteen species reported, more than half are confirmed by
the authority of Mr. Holmes ; and all records resting on
other authority have been carefully examined, the plants
being considered extinct if recent observation would probably
have confirmed their existence but has failed to do so — marked
as introduced if the locality favoured that supposition —
rejected as unwarranted if upon correspondence no specimens
or details were forthcoming. It asks a little self-denial to
refuse a reported discovery which has been long desired and
would augment the district list, yet cannot be satisfactorily
verified ; such self-denial, however, has not been wanting.
I am sorry that at the time of my departure from the
neighbourhood the Cryptogamic Orders were practically un-
touched : from observation and report I have reason to believe
that, were an enthusiast to arise, he would find an ample
8 PREFACE.
field for his energies, especially among the mushrooms and
toadstools of a most fungiferous locality.
In other branches of Physical History, however, the neigh-
bourhood has not been neglected ; the Geology has received the
careful attention of my friend and fellow- worker Mr. Charles
Candler, who has supplied many details for the present general
sketch, though he is unwilling to commit himself to any
theories therein contained ; to him also the reader is indebted
for the able and interesting observations on the Birds. The
Butterflies and Moths have been partially recorded by the late
Mr. James Muskett, by Mr. Candler and his brothers, and are
now being examined more completely and critically by the
Rev. C. T. Cruttwell, Rector of Denton, who has also com-
menced a record of the Beetles and Flies with a view to
publication at a future date. The Conchology has received the
attention of Mr. Edmund Candler, but as his list is at present
imperfect, it has been thought advisable to defer it.
The lack of works of reference, which a country curacy
necessitated, has been amply supplied by the Libraries of the
British Museum and the Linnean Society, in which many of
the following details have been written and revised. But the
duties of a large London parish, "in the fields" by courtesy only,
have given little leisure ; I must, therefore, apologise for the
apparent brevity of certain portions of the work, and for any
editorial inaccuracies which have found place in it, notwith-
standing the careful scrutiny of my brother and Mr. Walter
Cordwell, who have kindly looked through the proof-sheets.
As I draw my pleasant task to a close, I cannot but take
for my own the quaint words in which a kinsman of the last
century, John Galpine, has concluded his efforts in the same
branch of Natural History — with him " disclaiming any merit
whatever on my part, further than endeavouring to promote
the cultivation of one' of the most innocent, rational, and
useful accomplishments.''
F. W. G.
LONDON.
S. Giles in the Fields,
Christmas, 1887.
CONTENTS.
I.— INTRODUCTION:
A. Local Features.
(i.) Geology,
(ii.) The Stone Age.
(iii.) Climate.
B. Botanical Research.
(i.) Past Observers.
(ii.) The Harleston Botanical Club.
c. Floral Characteristics.
(i.) The British Flora compared,
(ii.) Flora of Norfolk and Suffolk compared,
(iii.) Traces of a Maritime Flora.
II. — BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS.
III. — AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS.
IV. — A LIST or THE PLANTS.
V. — OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS.
VI. — INDICES.
I.— INTRODUCTION.
THE market-town of HARLESTON, the centre of the Botanical
District described in the following pages, is situated in lat.
52° 24' N., and long. 1° 18' E., about nineteen miles due south
of the city of Norwich and eighteen miles due west of the
coast-line, on the southern border of the county of Norfolk.
It is supposed to owe its origin to Herolf the Dane, who, at
the beginning of the eleventh century, obtained a grant of the
narrow strip of land on which the middle row of houses is now
built. The large stone near the Reading-room, popularly
known as Herolf's Stone, is only one of the many boulders
incidental to the geological nature of the district, though its
opportune presence may have suggested its use as a landmark.
In the area embraced by the six-mile circle, which is taken as
a convenient limit of observation, there are fifty-five village
parishes and parts of parishes, thirty- two being in Norfolk and
twenty-three in Suffolk, with a total population of over 23,000
inhabitants, of which about 1,500 are concentrated in or near
the central town.
A.— LOCAL FEATURES.
The country around Harleston is undulating, with occa-
sional woodlands, and wholly devoted to agriculture. The
highest points attained above the sea are — in Norfolk, on the
lands between Shelton and Starston over Pulham North
Green to Wacton Common (195 ft.), and in Suffolk, between
Stradbrook and St. James', South Elmham, where the ground
rises to 186 ft. From these points there are ever-varying
gradations until the low level of the marshes, which bisect the
district, is reached, where to the west the elevation is 67ft.,
and to the east only 25 ft.
A mention of the height above the sea of some of the more
prominent places will not be without interest to those who are
familiar with the locality. As given by the Ordnance Survey
of 1884, they are as follows, with the omission in a few cases
of fractional parts: Harleston Market Place, 91 ft. ; Redenhall
Church, 89 ft. ; Wortwell Green, 50 ft. ; Alburgh Church.
12 INTRODUCTION.
140ft.; Topcroft Church, 155ft.; Gawdy Hall, 120ft.;
Thorpe Abbots Church, 137 ft. ; Hoxne Church, 125 ft. ; Wing-
field High Elm, 146ft.; Wingfield Castle, 163ft.; Shotford
Hill, 118ft.; Shotford Bridge, 58ft.; Weybread Church,
152 ft. ; Weybread Windmill, about 170 ft. ; Fressingfield
Church, 130ft.; Metneld Church, 153ft.; Mendham Church,
52 ft. ; Homersfiekl Church, 48 ft. ; St. Margaret's Church,
South Elmham, lllft.
Through the low marshes before-mentioned the River
Waveney, which divides the counties of Norfolk and Suf-
folk, traces its winding course from Lopham Ford, where it
rises only 300 yards distant from the source of the Little
Ouse, to the German Ocean at Yarmouth. In its present
condition it is fed by all the streams or " becks," as they are
locally called, of the neighbourhood, though, from the sudden
fall of the valley-floor from Mendham to Earsham, a different
arrangement of the watershed seems at one time to have
existed.* The principal tributary is the stream which drains
the shallow depression in which Harleston itself is situated.
Others traverse the Denton, South Elmham, Weybread, and
Hoxne valleys, and are known as the " becks " of the villages
through which they respectively pass.
(i.) Geology. — A table of the geological formations, which
appear at the surface in the district, is given on a subsequent
page. The following short sketch will explain their local
position and characteristics, the numbers having reference to
the table, in which, as will be seen, the most recent beds are
placed first. For many of the following particulars the writer
is indebted to the Memoirs of the Geological Survey,! whose
nomenclature is adopted ; also to Dr. J. E. Taylor, of Ipswich,
Mr. Charles Candler, and Dr. J. J. Raven for notes and
suggestions. \
• The chalk, which covers the northern and western parts
of the county and approaches the surface at Beccles, is nowhere
visible, though it is reached by wells at 138 ft. (Hoxne), 55 ft.
(Billingford); and possibly at 23 ft. (Wortwell). The exposed
beds are confined entirely to the late Tertiary and Postr
Tertiary formations.
No. 7. Upper Crag. — This is the oldest formation apparent
* Page 15.
f The Geology of the Country around Harleston, by "Whitaker and Dalton,
1887 ; Eyre and Spottiswoode ; Is. The principal part of the district is
included in the Geological Survey maps, 50 N.E. and 66 S.E. ; Stanford ; 3s.
each.
£ As the present sketch is intended for general readers, scientists are
referred for complete information to the works of Messrs. Wood, Home,
and Harmer.
LOCAL FEATURES. 13
in the Harleston district, and is very limited in extent. It
flanks the hill-side north of the Waveney from Homersfield
Station up the valley of the Den ton stream as far as the Beck
Gate, and also appears on the escarpment- known as the Bath
Hills, Ditchingham. To the same formation may perhaps be
referred the narrow strip of gravelly sand which forms the
steep bank of Flixton Long Plantation, and beds of a tawny
sand visible on the slope north of Harleston Bridge and
occasionally in the fioor of the Allotment Pit to the west.
It abounds in fragments of shells, and is sometimes dug for
paths.
No. 6. Pebbly Beds. — These include formations lying be-
tween the Crag and Glacial series, and possessing various local
peculiarities. The chief section in the district is obtained in
the Withersdale and adjacent valleys. A clayey bed, visible
at the Cross Roads, is referred by Mr. H. B. Woodward * to
the Chillesford formation, which is placed at the top of the
Crag series ; but a pit sunk a little time ago below this clay
pierced a bed of sand full of smooth round pebbles of equal
size, bearing a close resemblance to the Westleton Pebble Bed.
The Upper Crag and Pebbly formations are supposed to
have been effected in a shallow sea at the mouth of a large
river. As before said, they form but a small part of the
features of the neighbourhood, which are almost entirely con-
fined to the clays, gravels, and sands of the Glacial series.
The Glacial fan nations consist of beds of drift borne down
from previously existing rocks by the action of ice. They are
rendered particularly interesting by the proof which their
composite nature affords of the altered climatic conditions
of our temperate zone during the period of their deposition.
Stones and boulders of a considerable size, oftentimes scratched
and worn by long travel and the friction of the moving ice, are
found resting in confused masses of sand and clay, with fossil
remains of earlier ages. Some of these erratic blocks show, by
their mineral composition, that they have been transported
from the mountains of northern Europe, probably by the great
Scandinavian ice-sheet, which filled the German Ocean at this
time, and deposited its burden on the shores of Norfolk, as
well as over parts of Denmark and Germany.
By far the larger portion, however, of the East Anglian
drift has been derived by the action of land-ice from the rocks
of Scotland and northern England, with a preponderance of
chalk from the adjacent cretaceous formations. Among the
rocks represented in this drift are the white sandstone and
carboniferous limestone of the Pennine chain ; the magnesian
* Geology of England and Wales, p. 467.
14 . INTRODUCTION.
limestone of Durham and Yorkshire ; the new red sandstone
of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Western Midlands ; the
oolitic limestones and clays of the northern and central plains ;
the pink granite, gneiss, and quartzite of the Highlands ; the
basalt of the heights of mid-Scotland, and perhaps of north-
east Ireland ; and the greenstone, greywacke, pink syenite,
felstone, chert, porphyrite, Lydian stone, and porcellanite of
the lower Silurian beds of south Scotland and Cumberland.
These fragments seem to imply the existence of a large ice-
stream passing from the region of the Grampians in a south-
easterly direction over the Yorkshire wolds to the coasts of
Norfolk and Suffolk, where, coming in contact with the more
powerful ice-sheet of the German Ocean, it was compelled to
diverge to the south-west until it melted in the valley of the
Thames.*
The Glacial series is divided into three principal beds.
No. 5. Lower Drift. — This is also known as the Lower
Boulder Clay. It is often difficult to separate from the suc-
ceeding Middle Drift, but it may be seen at the bottom in the
Wey bread Brickyard, and perhaps in a recently-opened pit at
the foot of Needham Hill. Its contorted character was well
shown formerly in a pit at Starston, near the Rectory, t Sec-
tions are exposed in pits near Denton Church ; and on the
Bath Hills the three beds of the series are distinctly traceable.
The Lower Drift generally consists of a brown sandy loam,
with erratic stones and but little chalk. It is particularly
serviceable for brick-making.
No. 4. Middle Drift. — This is generally exposed on the
sides of the valleys of the Waveney and its tributaries, where
it is not overlaid by the river gravels. A good section of its
fine sands is visible in the pit at Mendham on the Withersdale
Road, and in the large pit on Shotford Heath, where they may
be seen covered immediately by Post-Glacial gravel. The
Middle Drift was probably deposited in very shallow water,
subject to strong currents, and under a climate milder than
that of the Lower and Upper Periods, which caused the
glaciers to retreat for a, time. It is almost entirely destitute
of organic remains, and its chief economic value is the water
supply of the district .J
* Geikie, The Great Ice Aye, ch. xxix.
f Geological Magazine (1868), p. 454.
X "The junction at Potter's Pits, Weybread, between this formation and a
loamy clay below is most interesting. The water filters through the sand
till it reaches the underlying and impervious bed, at which point it trickles
out on the face of the section. A vigorous growth of coltsfoot ( Tussilayo
Farfara), which is cut off in a clear line at the top of the clay where it
meets the sand, shows the junction even where the slope is completely
grassed."— C. C.
LOCAL FEATURES. 15
No. 3. Upper Drift. — The Upper Boulder Clay covers all
the high lands to a considerable depth, and forms the principal
feature of the neighbourhood. Its stiff plastic substance is
employed in brick-making, and in the manufacture of "clay
lumps," a local process in which it is mixed with chopped
straw and dried in the sun, after the manner of the ancient
Egyptians ; as marl, it is used for manure on cultivated lands.
Owing to atmospheric influences the clayey element in this
formation is often washed out, leaving a thin layer of stony
gravel and sand on the surface, which alters the apparent
character of the district, as at Starston Brickyard. Fossils,
derived from older formations and chiefly from the Chalk, Oolite
and Lias, are common, and in some cases well preserved. Mr.
Candler has obtained from the drift in this neighbourhood
vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus, and examples of
the following genera of echinoderms and mollusca : — Anan-
chytes, Micraster, Ammonites, Belemnites, Gryphcea, Inocer-
amus, Ostrea, and others.* The clay contains manganese and
a good deal of iron, which sometimes appears in the form of
large nodules, and percolates through the underlying sands
and gravels, giving them a reddish-brown colour.
The remaining two formations belong to the Becent and
Post-Glacial Periods,! and are the earliest in which unques-
tionable traces of man's existence have at present been dis-
covered.
No. 2. Ancient Valley Gravel. — This is the older, and con-
tains bones of animals now extinct. It is found at various
points in the vicinity of the Waveney valley, sometimes with
traces of river loam or brick-earth, which is worked for brick-
making, as at Hoxne. It was probably formed, however, by
the action of rivers before the existing physical features of the
district were developed, and when the valleys were full of
melting ice consequent on the change of temperature. In
those early times, as Messrs. Whitaker and Dal ton suggest,
" the brooks from the South Elmhams, Metfleld, and Fressing-
field may have fed, not the "Waveney, but the Little Ouse, as
indicated by the westward trend of their channels, and by
* " Examples of the above-named genera occur in the Eedenhall Road
Brickyard pit. Gryphcea incurra, a shell from the Lias, is perhaps the
most abundant and characteristic fossil of the Upper Boulder Clay at
Harleston."— C. C.
t "I think that many of our so-called 'Post-Glacial' beds are Post-Gl&cial
only in the sense of being more recent than the Chalky Boulder Clay. The
latter formation, however, only marks the climax of the 'Great Ice Age,'
and we know from the ' Purple Boulder Clay,' and ' Hessle Boulder Clay ' of
Yorkshire, that twice since that climax northern England has been buried
beneath an advancing ice-sheet. To one or other of the two intervening
temperate periods some at least of our ' Post-Glacial ' brick-earths and
gravels will perhaps be eventually assigned." — C. C.
16 INTRODUCTION.
the slight difference of level between Mendham and Lopham
Ford." *
The late Mr. James Muskett, of Harleston, obtained from
the gravel at Wortwell, west of Homersfield Station, a tooth
of the mammoth (Elephas primiyenius), the horn-core of an
extinct ox (Bos prisons), beside bones of the elk and other
animals. Beds of apparently the same age occur at Homers-
field village (with animal remains), at Weybread Brickyard
and Needham Hill (once perhaps continuous), and at Hoxne.
As early as the year 1797, implements of chipped flints, evi-
dently worked by man, were discovered at Hoxne, lying in
undisturbed soil about ten feet below the surface, and under
the bones of the elephant and ox. This fact, with similar dis-
coveries in other parts of Europe, gives to this ancient gravel a
peculiar anthropological interest.!
No. 1. Recent River Deposit. — As such must be classed the
old gravels of Shotford Heath, Flixton, Bungay Common,
Earsham, Brockdish, Thorpe Abbots, and Billingford, with
isolated and later patches in the bed of the present valley, as
at Mendham Old Priory and Wortwell. These gravels are
of various ages, the highest levels as a rule being the oldest.
They are due to the existing water-shed, having been deposited
by river currents over the clays and sands of the Drift, now on
one side of the valley, now on the other — rarely on both at
the same time — in the form of indistinct terraces, as the river
eroded its floor and changed the character of the district from
that of a broad brackish estuary to the ordinary conditions of a
narrow fresh-water stream.
It is well known that in historical times the Waveney was
navigable above Harleston for small vessels, though now this
is rendered possible only for barges by artificial means as far
as Bungay, seven miles below. Anchors and traces of navi-
gation have been found in the bed of the stream at Hoxne :
and in the reign of King Stephen, when St. Mary's Priory was
established at Mendham, the present site of the ruins in the
marshes was called by a distinct name, Hurst or Bruninghurst
— probably from the coppice of alders which then stood on it
— and is described in the founder's deed as an island ; } while,
according to Suckling, as late as the year 1549, during Kett's
rebellion, a small pinnace was prepared at Yarmouth to carry
twenty men up the river as far as Weybread. §
* Memoir of the Geological Survey of Harleston, p. 27.
f Cf. Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 217 ; Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 359.
+ Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. v., p. 56. In the Gentleman's Magazine
(1808), p. 969, a plate shows the chapel and prior's lodge then standing,
though partially in ruins.
§ Introduction to the History of Suffolk, p. 7. Suckling's authority is
Swinden's History of Great Yarmouth (1772), but I fear he has arrived at too
LOCAL FEATURES.
17
Even the present marshes, however, are gradually losing
their character by drainage. They consist of vegetable mould,
gravel, sand, and mud borne .down by the river and its streams
from the adjacent uplands, and are, at their greatest width,
three-quarters of a mile across. They mostly produce hay-grass,
and occasionally afford a rough grazing-ground for cattle.
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE DISTRICT.
FORMATIONS.
CHARACTER.
PERIOD.
CLIMATE.
ALLUVIAL.
1. Eiver De-
Mud, gravel, sand, and
Recent.
Temperate.
posit.
debris.
2. Ancient Val-
Gravel with flint im-
Pleistocene.
Unsettled.
ley Gravel.
plements, bones of
extinct animals, and
occasional brick-
earth.
GLACIAL.
3. Upper Drift.
Stiff chalky clay with
Arctic.
erratic boulders and
derived fossils.
4. Middle Drift.
Fine sand and gravel,
Mild.
with false bedding.
5. Lower Drift.
Brown sandy loam,
Sub- Arctic.
contorted,rarely with
chalk fragments.
LITTORAL.
6. Pebbly Beds.
Sand with round peb-
Pliocene.
Cold.
bles ; sometimes a
loamy clay.
7. Upper Crag.
Shelly tawny sand,
Temperate
charged with iron.
(tending in the
lower formations
to Tropical).
(ii.) The Stone Age. — Allusion having been made in the
Geological sketch to the ancient flint implements found at
Hoxne, a short account of some of the forms met with in other
parts of the district will not be out of place. The following
notes have kindly been made for the purpose by Mr. John A.
Holmes from his own and his brother's observations : —
" The implements and weapons of stone picked up in the
hasty a conclusion. The passage in Swinden (p. 939) occurs in a transcript
of the orders sent to the Yarmouth garrison for the defence of the town
against the rebels. Amongst the precautions is this : — "Item, that a small
pinnace do go up to Waybridge, being victualled for four days, having twenty-
six men in her." This, I presume, is not "\Veybread near Harleston, which
was supplying men and money for Kett and his followers, but Weybridge at
Acle on the Bure, about nine miles from Yarmouth.
18 INTRODUCTION.
neighbourhood of Harleston are almost exclusively of the older
or rough-chipped type, the ground and polished implements of
the Neolithic Period being extremely rare. Of the following
specimens four are in my own collection ; it will be observed
that there is no record of a Neolithic weapon : —
POLISHED IMPLEMENTS.
TYPE. CONDITION. MATERIAL. LOCALITY.
Axe ... Perfect ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's.
Axe ... Butt end ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's.
Axe ... Butt end ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's.
Axe ... Butt end ... Chert ... Flixton.
Hammer* ... Perfect ... Quartzite ... Harleston.
" The rough-chipped implements and weapons discovered
in the district consist of axes of various descriptions, scrapers,
spear, javelin, and arrow-heads, all of flint, many very roughly
worked, and stained or encrusted with the material in which
they have been resting since their disuse. Whether all these
older implements should be referred to the extreme antiquity
of the Hoxne flints it is difficult to say, as they have been
picked up in most cases on the surface of the land, on stone-
heaps, or in the bed of streams.! My brother, however,
discovered in a newly-opened pit at Brockdish an implement
in situ, which may probably have been wielded by Paleolithic
man in times when the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, whose
bones lie buried in the ancient gravels of our valley, shared
with him the struggle for existence.! This specimen is sin-
gularly worked, and evidently intended for fighting purposes.
It is nearly semicircular, the entire edge eight inches in length,
and with a natural hole through the substance of the stone
towards the back, which could be utilised for passing a thong
through in hafting.
" Space will not permit a complete list of all the rough-
chipped flints found in the neighbourhood. The following are
selected types of these older implements in my own possession,
most of them nearly perfect : —
KOUGH- CHIPPED INSTRUMENTS.
TYPE. MATERIAL. SIZE. LOCALITY.
Battle-axe Grey flint 6 in. x 4 in. Pit, Brockdish.
Battle-axe Dark flint 5 x 2^ Stone heap, St. Margaret's.
Adze Dark flint 4 x 2J- Roadside, St. M.
Spear-head Grey flint 4| x 2 Ploughed field, St. M.
* In the possession of the Rev. C. R. Manning, Rector of Diss.
t Evans, Ancient Stnn". Implements of Great Britain, pp. GO— 77.
J Cf. Wilson, Prehistoric Man, pp. 26—28.
LOCAL FEATURES.
19
ROUGH-CHIPPED INSTRUMENTS (continued).
MATERIAL. SIZE. LOCALITY.
Spear-head
Spear-head
Arrow-head
Arrow-head
Scraper
Scraper
Grey flint
Dark flint
Grey flint
Grey flint
Grey flint
Grey flint
3 in.
1|
N
x 2 in.
x 2
x 1
x
early circular, 2
Ploughed field, St. M.
Brook, St. M.
Ploughed field, St. M.
Ploughed field, St. M.
Ploughed field, St. M.
, , . .
Nearly circular, l£ Ploughed field, St. M.
JOHN A. HOLMES, M.A.'
(iii.) Climate. — As the climate of a district naturally affects
the plant life, and is, in its turn, dependent on the physical
features, an account of the Flora of Harleston will not be
complete without a brief summary of its meteorology. Full
particulars are obtainable through the careful and long con-
tinued observations made by the Rev. Charles Gape, M.A.,
(late) F. Met. Soc., at Rushall Vicarage, who has kindly placed
his records in the writer's hands to use as most desirable.
From these observations we find that the average tempe-
rature of the Harleston neighbourhood is a little below that
of Norwich, probably owing to the open nature of the country.
The following analysis of the temperature for three years shows
the lowest and highest reading of the thermometer (in the
shade), and the mean temperature of day and night combined.
The instruments are exposed.
TEMPERATURE.
1884.
1885.
1886.
Lowest. Mean. Highest.
Lowest. Mean. Highest.
Lowest. Mean. Highest.
Jan.
26° 4P 54°
17° 34* 53'
19° 35D 52°
Feb.
19 40 54
17 41 57
17 33 45
Mar.
20 43 69
18 37 58
20 38 62
Apr.
20 44 67
18 45 74
25 46 70
May
29 54 78
22 4;) 76
24* 62* 77*
June
36 55 81
30 57 83
33 56 81
July
37 62 87
35 60 87
34 62 87
Aug.
36 63 90
31 57 79
40 62 85
Sep.
31 58 81
25 54 76
36 59 88
Oct.
24 50 65
29* 45* 58*
38* 55* 76*
Nov.
21 40 59
26 41 58
27* 43* 55*
Dec.
19 38 55
14 37 51
11 34 54
The average heat on a summer day at Harleston is about
75°; on a winter day it is about 42°. The average cold on a
Record imperfect.
20 INTRODUCTION.
summer night is 47° ; on a winter night, 31°. The highest
temperature recorded in the sun during the years 1884 — 86
was 107° on Sept. 18th, 1884, though greater heat was expe-
rienced on August llth of the same year, when the thermometer
recorded 90° in the shade.
Thunderstorms are not infrequent, though often confined
to certain water-sheds ; the tremor of the earthquake which
took place at 9-20 a.m., on April 22nd, 1884, at Colchester, was
distinctly perceptible.
A comparison of the mean summer (July) and winter
(January) and annual temperatures (day and night combined)
with those of well-known places in Great Britain, and also
of Continental cities having the same latitude as Harleston,
will show the relative nature of its climate : —
Harleston ... 62= ... 383 ... 493
London ... G3 ... 37 ... 51
Land's End ... 64 ... 43 ... 54
Edinburgh ... 59 ... 37 ... 47
Amsterdam ... 63 ... 33 ... 47
Berlin ... 66 ... 27 ... 48
Warsaw 64 22 46
From this calculation it will be seen that though the mean
annual temperature of Harleston is almost the same as that
of Berlin, yet the variation of the seasons is less marked ;
there is only 24° difference between summer and winter at
Harleston, as compared with 39° at Berlin. The cause is its
insular and quasi-littoral position ; but if we compare the
climate with that of an English inland town of the same
latitude, we find that, owing to the stiff soil, the absence of
forests and hills, and the prevalence of the east and north-east
winds during the early months of the year, the mean annual
temperature of Harleston is not above the British average for
the same latitude, notwithstanding its proximity to the mode-
rating influences of the sea.
Rain, including snow, hail, and heavy mist, usually falls in
the district on a little under half the number of days in the
year, and to the comparatively small amount of 26-23 inches,
according to the highest average. The daily records are con-
sequently low, and the fall of 2 -21 inches on Sept. 4th, 1884,
was almost unprecedented, as very rarely an inch is attained
in one day. The annual fall in London is estimated, on the
highest average, at 27 inches ; in the higher tracts of Wales
it is over 100 inches; in the Cumberland Lake District over
140 inches ; and in the hills of north-eastern India the yearly
LOCAL FEATURES. 21
average is 600 inches, of which 500 inches falls in the seven
months' monsoon.
Although the rainfall at Harleston is among the smallest
in England, the district is liable to frequent and extensive
floods, owing to the slight gradient of the Waveney valley
and the numerous obstacles which impede the course of the
river. Snow generally covers the country in the early parb
of the year, and often in the later months. In the spring
the intensely keen north- east wind, blowing from the frozen
shores of Scandinavia, lowers the temperature and retards
vegetation, the flowering of plants being about three weeks
later than in the south of England. *
The subjoined tables show the monthly rainfall for the last
five years, with monthly and yearly averages for ten years,
and the number of days in each month on which rain (0 '0 1 inch )
usually falls on both sides of the Waveney valley. An average
for the last five years is also given as perhaps the truer esti-
mate, because the seasons have been more normal, especially
in contrast to the extraordinary humidity of previous summers.
The record for June of the present year (1887) is, however,
unusually small, after the first two or three days the month
being practically rainless ; and the year, as a whole, has been
particularly dry.
Of the two records here tabulated, the northern was kept
by the Eev. C. Gape, of Rushall Vicarage, at 117 feet above sea-
level ; the southern by the Rev. J. H. White, of Weybread
Vicarage, at 152 feet above sea-level. The lower average fall
in the southern station is probably due to the fact that it is
sheltered by higher ground from the beat of the rain-bearing
* The following conditions of climate during the years immediately pre-
ceding 1883 are worthy of record : —
January, 1879. — A severe frost, followed by a rapid thaw, causing an
extensive and long-continued flood in the Waveney valley.
August 2, 1879. — A thunderstorm, with immense hailstones, destroying
trees, glass, and roads. Rainfall at Eushall, 2 '48 inches !
November and December, 1879. — Extreme cold, the thermometer on the
ground registering 26° of frost on several occasions.
January 18, 1881. —A great gale, and heavy fall of snow to the depth of
one foot in the streets, followed by a severe frost. All roads blocked,
and a train embedded in a drift at Pulham.
July 15, 1881.— Extreme heat, the thermometer registering 95° in the
shade.
October 10, 1881.— A great gale, with heavy rain, destroying trees, &c.
October, 1882. — An unprecedented rainfall of 6| inches for the month.
The annual amount was 34 '55 inches (Rushall) ; much above the
average.
22
INTRODUCTION.
winds. Both records are published annually in Symons'
British Rainfall.
RAINFALL AT RUSH ALL, NORFOLK.
1 QQO
1 QQ,i
1 CQ^
1QQ£
1 QQfy
Average Fall.
Av. No.
i-V-C
J-OOO.
Jocyi.
loot).
J.OOO.
loo/.
5 yrs.
10 yrs.
OI
Days.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
iu.
Jan.
1-54
1-52
2-26
2-11
1-33
1-75
1-41
15
Feb.
2-16
0-66
2-22
0-26
0-59
1-18
1-62
13
Mar.
1-55
1-10
1-06
1-21
1-58
1-30
1-27
13
Apr.
May
0-83
1-63
1-50
1-08
1-31
2-66
1-12
1-76
1-07
2-02
1-16
1-83
1-50
1-93
13
13
June
270
0-90
0-73
0-49
0-22
1-00
l-6o
11
July
3-34
1-65
0-96
3-52
1-38
2-17
2-90
15
Aug.
0-71
1-36
1-07
1-68
1-45
1-26
2-55
12
Sep.
3-18
4-19
5-14
1-69
1-88
3-21
2-97
17
Oct.
3-20
3-13
5-45
2-03
2-75
3-31
3-38
18
Nov.
3-52
1-79
3-09
2-45
2-29
2-63
2-80
18
Dec.
2-15
2-50
0-87
3-51
1-41
2-09
2-25
17
Total
26-51
21-38
26-82
21-83
17-97
22-89
26-23
175
RAINFALL AT WEYBREAD, SUFFOLK.
Average Fall.
Av No
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
of
5 yrs.
10 yrs.
Days.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
Jan.
1-55
1-35
1-88
2-07
1-29
1-63
1-45
14
Feb.
1-97
0-52
2-23
0-18
0-49
1-08
1-48
12
Mar.
1-08
1-07
0-95
1-26
1-34
1-14
1-15
11
Apr.
0-80
1-26
1-18
1-27
1-37
1-18
1-41
11
May
1-50
0-89
2-76
1-77
1-89
1-76
1-71
11
June
2-24
1-12
0-95
0-48
0-08
0-97
1-62
9
July
3-20
1-72
1-17
3-29
0-96
2-27
2-57
13
Aug.
0-46
0-92
0-94
1-29
1-59
1-04
2-16
10
Sep.
2-21
3-57
5-34
I'M
2-03
2-86
2-84
14
Oct.
2-83
276
5-37
1-80
2-20
2-99
3-07
15
Nov.
3-12
T53
2-80
2-76
2-15
2-47
2-68
16
Dec.
1-76
2'46
0-96
3-65
1-00
1-97
2.13
15
Total
22-72
19-17
26-53
20-87
16-39
21-36
24-27
151
BOTANICAL RESEARCH. 23
B.— BOTANICAL RESEARCH.
Though Harleston itself can claim but few native botanists,
yet the district has not remained unnoticed or un worked.
Little, it is true, has hitherto been recorded for its northern
and western limits, but on the east and south observations have
been carried on for a period of over eighty years.
(i.) Past Observers. — Attention was first called to the
floral characteristics by Mr. T. J. Woodward, F.L.S., who for
a long time resided at Bungay, and supplied information to the
well-known Botanist's Guide of 1805, and to the later editions
of Withering's Arrangement of the British Flora. Additional
observations were furnished by him to the New Botanist's
Guide (1835), together with those of a younger botanist, resi-
dent in the same town, Mr. Daniel Stock. Mr. Stock's records
are deprived of much of their value for our present purpose by
their vagueness, as in most cases his various localities are
included under the name of the town in \vhich he lived. Such
as they are, however, they supply the chief information of the
neighbourhood in Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk,
published in 1860. Mr. Stock furnished additional notes to
the Rev. Kirby Trimmer, who in 1866 edited the result of his
own inquiries and observations in the county of Norfolk, and
has brought them up to date by a Supplement published a short
time ago.
Meanwhile, a careful examination of the country around
Harleston was being made by the Rev. E. A. Holmes, F.L.S.,
late Rector of St. Margaret's, South Elmham. Commencing
his observations on his institution to the living in the year
1833, -he continued them for more than fifty years, keeping an
annual record for at least half that period. Unfortunately, in
this case also, an absence of specified localities detracts in a
great measure from the extreme value of his work. This
deficiency has been somewhat counteracted by the personal
knowledge which it was the writer's privilege to have of Mr.
Holmes. During many botanical rambles and conversations
opportunity was given for identifying the localities of the rarer
plants, and even of verifying some of the records of Mr. Stock.
The notes thns made, with a few written sud manu in an inter-
leaved copy of the Botanist's Guide, have proved of great
assistance in determining the localities of other plants in the
annual lists, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Holmes,
have been inspected for the purposes of this Flora. Mr.
Holmes' long residence in the neighbourhood, his complete
knowledge of the subject, and intimate acquaintance with the
24 INTRODUCTION.
immediate vicinity of Harleston, render his records by far the
most valuable of the past.
Two names connected svith the town itself deserve a men-
tion— that of the Rev. H. Tilney, who occasionally resided
here in the early part of the present century, and contributed
many localities of rare plants to the Botanist's Guide; and that
of the late Mr. James Muskett, whose entomological pursuits
brought him into close contact with the wild flowers, and
enabled him to give much interesting and trustworthy in-
formation.
(ii.) The Harleston Botanical Club. — In the autumn of the
year 1882 the writer became acquainted for the first time
with this Eastern county. Having made some personal obser-
vations of the Flora during the following year, on his sugges-
tion it was resolved, in the spring of 1884, to form a small
club of working botanists resident in the town and neighbour-
hood for the purpose of collecting information upon its flower-
ing plants and ferns. A short account of methods used and
results attained may perhaps suggest to other lovers of nature
the formation of a similar parochial society for the recreation
and instruction of its members, as well as for the general
advancement of science. Nor was there anything in the
existing local circumstances which predicted or insured the
success of the Harleston Club ; on the contrary, from the first
the difficulty of . combined work was foreseen, owing to the
various occupations of the observers. Interleaved copies of
the London Catalogue of British Plants were, however, sup-
plied for independent use, while the members offered to share
in common such books and knowledge of the subject as they
possessed for the identification of doubtful discoveries. At
the end of the year the catalogues were collected, and their
contents tabulated in one schedule, which was circulated
amongst the "workers. Such is the course which has been
pursued in the main for the four years during which the Club
has existed, though, as the Flora has been more completely
recorded, fewer annual additions have required shorter
schedules. Apart from frequent walks in company, two
general meetings have usually been held each year, at which
results have been announced, reports collected, and plans for
extended observations submitted and accepted. In order to
encourage a systematic study of botany, the Club, for two
successive years, offered prizes at the Harleston Horticultural
Society's shows for specimens of plants belonging to the natural
orders JRosacece, Compositfe, Juncacece, Cyperacece, Graminew,
and for aquatic plants, but the response did not warrant their
continuance.
In the first year (1884) the area under observation was
BOTANICAL RESEARCH. 25
that included by a circle of four miles' radius from Harleston
Station. At the close of the year 532 species of flowering
plants and ferns were recorded, with twenty varieties. For
the next year (1885) the circle of observation was extended to
a radius of five miles. Eighty additional species were re-
corded, including a more complete study of the local Rubi and
Gramma* In the following year (1886) the area was extended
another mile, and forty new species were added, with five
new varieties. During the present year (1887) a general re-
vision of the existing area has been attempted, and, as might
have been expected from the active investigations of previous
years, few additions have been made, twenty -four new species
only having been recorded.
In order to render the details of the Flora more perfect
and representative, the observations of Mr. Holmes and others
before-mentioned, together with the reports of friends, duly
examined and credited, have been included in the present
account. The following table will therefore show the number
of species at present known within six miles of Harleston, and
in those parishes through which the six-mile circle passes.
Eighteen of their number are probably extinct, not having
been observed for many years : —
FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND ALLIES.
SPECIES observed by the HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB (1884) 532
., (1885) 80
» (1886) 40
„ (1887) 24
TOTAL SPECIES observed by the Club 676
SPECIES added by an examination of PRINTED RECORDS ... 50
„ „ ,, „ MANUSCRIPT LISTS ... 57
„ „ „ ,, CREDITED REPORTS ... 8
TOTAL SPECIES within a six-mile radius 791
ADDITIONAL SPECIES already recorded within an eight-mile radius 43
TOTAL 834
(The species are determined by the London Catalogue, 8th edition, 1886.)
A comparison of the Harleston Flora with those of Great
Britain and the Eastern Counties will be found in the next
section of the Introduction. The proceedings of the Club
have already been noticed in a paper read before the Norfolk
and Norwich Naturalists' Society in February, 1886, and
followed by an additional paper in the present year.* The
* Transactions of the Norfolk and Nonvich Naturalists' Society, Vol. IV.,
Part II., p. 225, and Part III., p. 395.
26 INTRODUCTION.
enumeration given above differs slightly from tliat recorded in
the Transactions of the Society, and supersedes it.
The progressive aspect of the Club's efforts will be shown
by a mention of the species which it has been enabled to add
to the Floras of Norfolk and Suffolk. The list of Norfolk
plants, with additions published yearly, is already approxi-
mately complete, under the direction of a friend interested
in the Club, Mr. H. D. Geldart of Norwich. The Suffolk
Flora is very imperfect, so far as the present published records
are concerned. Even Britten's list of Suffolk plants (1874)
admits a great many additions from the Harleston list, but it
has been considered hardly just to base calculations on accounts
so defective. The Rev. W. M. Hind, LL.D., of Honington,
near Bury, has prepared for immediate publication a new
Flora of the county. The manuscript of the present list has
therefore been submitted to him, and, in addition to several
records of plants collected by Dr. Hind himself, the writer
has received a statement of those of which the Club furnishes
the first information. By this means it is hoped no undue
credit is gained.
SPECIES AND VARIETIES RECORDED FOR THE FIRST TIME.
IN NORFOLK. IN SUFFOLK.
RlLENE NUTANS. RlJBUS RHAMNIFOLIUS.
VIOLA REICH ENBACHI ANA. RUIUJS KOEHLERI (infestus).
RUBUS SALTERI. JUNCUS DIFFUSUS.
RUBUS SCABER. SPARGANIUM NEGLECTUM.
ORXITHOGALUM PYRENAICUM. *LILIUM MAKTAGON.
CAREX ACUTA (gracilescens) .
*ANEMONE APENNINA.
*ERANTHIS HYEMALIS.
*TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM.
*PETASITES FRAGRANS.
*NARCISSUS BIFLORUS.
*LlLIUM MARTAGON.
C. -FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS,
Under this title an attempt has been made to show, by
comparison with other Floras, some of the peculiarities of the
botany of Harleston. In so small an area it is hardly possible
that great divergencies can exist, but the eastern position of
the district, its situation on the sands and clays of the Drift,
and its proximity to the sea-coast, give to it a character
interesting if not unique.
(i.) The British Flora Compared.— The late Mr. H. C.
* Introductions.
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 27
Watson, in his Cybele Britannica, was one of the first to
systematise the distribution of plants in the British Islands.
Considering the Flora, first of all, with reference to the climate,
he arranged it under two regions, called respectively the
Agrarian and the Arctic, each containing three zones, rising
in altitude, and distinguished by the presence or absence of
certain well-known plant forms. Following his arrangement,
the lowest Agrarian zone is marked by the presence of the
southern-type plants, Clematis vitalba, Rubia pereyrina and
Cyperus longus ; the mid- Agrarian zone by the absence of these
species, but the presence still of Rhamnus catharticus ; the
highest Agrarian zone by the absence of Rhamnus, but the
presence of Pteris aquilina. The lowest Arctic zone is, in its
turn, distinguished by Erica tetralix, without Pteris ; the mid-
Arctic zone by Calluna vulgaris, without Erica ; and the
highest Arctic zone by Salix herbacea, without Calluna.*
As will be seen from the first record in the Flora, the
district of Harleston lies in the lowest Agrarian zone ; though
Rubia and Cyperus are not found in the neighbourhood,
Clematis is decidedly frequent. In fact, all the country south
of the Humber and the Dee, or an imaginary line drawn from
Liverpool to Hull, is included in this lowest zone, except the
mountainous tracts of Wales, and the high moors of the Severn
provinces. The following plants found in the Harleston dis-
trict are, in most cases, generally distributed throughout the
zone to which it belongs, but are unknown as natives in the
mid- Agrarian zone immediately above it : Helleborus fcetidus,
Aconitum napellus, Trifolium glomeratum, Trifolium suffo-
catum, Latliyrus aphaca, Tilloea muscosa, GEnanthe Jluviatilis,
Fceniculum vulgare, Galium anglicum, Linaria spuria, Cheno-
podium hybridism, Rumex pulcher, Carpinus Betulus, Ruscus
aculeatus, Fritillaria meleagris, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum,
Tulipa sylvestris, Alopecurus fulvus; while the following
denizens are absent in the succeeding zone : Adonis autumnalis,
Erysimum cheiranthoides, Verbascum Blattaria, Setaria viridis.
No mention is here made of the more local species which are
enumerated under the next section.
Mr. Cottrell Watson then proceeds to resolve the British
Flora into types with reference to geographical position.
1. The British Type includes thirty-four species of plants
thoroughly native to our island, though not to be considered
necessarily of sole British origin. All of these the Harleston
Flora possesses.
2. The English Type includes thirteen species adapted to
* Cf. Cybele Britannica, vol. i., p. 40; Compendium of the Cybele, pp.
14—32.
28 INTRODUCTION.
the geographical position of England.* Of these the district
claims all except Ulex nanus, which, however, is reported as
growing a few miles beyond the border.
3. The Scottish Type ; and 4. The Highland Type embrace
species generally unknown in lower latitudes. It is notice-
able, however, that the district possesses two species of Ferns
which are natives of higher elevations — Asplenium viride and
Cystopteris fragilis. There is, of course, some difficulty in
deciding how far they owe their presence here to human
agency, but both have been recorded by various observers for
nearly half a century, and in 1884 Cystopteris appeared — and
was immediately eradicated in spite of the efforts of the Club
to preserve it — in a new locality in which its intentional intro-
duction was out of the question.
5. The Germanic Type embraces eleven species of plants
having a tendency to a distribution connected with the pro-
vinces of England bounded by the German Ocean and North
Sea.f It is natural that, owing to our eastern position, a
record of all these species should be expected ; but, owing also
to the absence of the chalk which covers a large part of the
east of England, and the distance which now separates the
district from the sea, only four species are forthcoming :
fieseda lutea, Silene nocti/tora, Lactuca scariola, and Aceras
anthropophora.
6. The Atlantic Type includes species having a tendency
to a distribution on the western side of the island. It is not
to be expected that such species should be met with here,
though Ceterach officinarum, which is generally known as a
western plant, finds a place in the district list.
Hence it will be seen that the Flora of Haiieston belongs
to the lowest zone of the Agrarian Region ; that it confirms
the British, English, and Germanic character its geographical
position assigns to it, and at the same time anticipates by
certain marked forms the approach of higher latitudes.
(ii.) The Flora of Norfolk and 'Suffolk Compared. — Allu-
sion has already been made to the new species which the Club
has been enabled to add to the Flora of these counties ; it,
therefore, only remains to point out general affinities and
divergencies between their botany and that of the district.
An inspection of our list reveals a marked absence of heath
* English Type. — Examples : — Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus, Tamus
communis, Bryonia dioica, Hottonia palustris, Chlora perfoliata, Sison amo-
mum, Linaria elatine, Ranunculus parviflorus, Lamium galeobdolon, Hor-
deum pratense, Alopecurus af/restis, Cettrach officinarum.
f Germanic Type. — Examples : — Frankenia Iceris, Anemone pulsatilla,
Reseda lutea, Silene noctijiora, Silene conica, Pimpinella major, Pulicaria vul-
garis, Lactuca scariola, Atriplex pedunculata, Aceras anthropophora, Spartina
stricta.
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 29
and marsh plants from the district. The sole representative
of the natural order Ericacem is one plant of Callunci erica
(vulgaris). The so-called " heaths " of the neighbourhood are
usually beds of Post-Glacial gravel, with disused pits, possess-
ing none of the characteristics of true heather-land, except the
gaunt forms of Pinus sylvestris. It is, moreover, strange that
species so generally distributed as Saxifraga tridactylites,
Pedicularis sylvatica, Polystichum angulare, Athyriuin Filix-
fwmina, and Asplenium adiantum-nigrum should be amongst
the local rarities ; and when we turn to the Flora of the
marshes, where the frequent occurrence of typical plants might
be reasonably expected, we find that though records are given
for some of them, yet, on the whole, they are now seldom seen.
This is probably due to the effective system of drainage, which
was established about thirty years ago ; for in the " good old
times " the Bladderworts, the Water Soldier, and many other
interesting plants gladdened the eyes of the fortunate ob-
server; but, while they still linger in higher parts of the
Waveney valley and are to be found in the lower' reaches of
the river, they are known to us no more.
The district nevertheless is abundant in species belonging
to the natural orders Geraniacece, Leguminiferce, Rubiacece
and Scrophularinece. It is especially rich in the Monocotyle-
donous orders Orchidacece, Iridece, Amaryllidece and Liliacew,
the chalky clay seeming to favour the growth of bulbous
plants. Forty -six species, belonging to these last-named orders
are reported in the latest lists of Norfolk plants : thirty-seven
species have already been observed in the neighbourhood of
Harleston, including the two new plants Ornithogalum pyre-
naicum and Narcissus biftorus, but exclusive of Narcissus
major and Asparagus officinalis, established in a wild locality
for nearly a century.*
As the surface soil of the district mainly consists of the
chalky boulder clay before mentioned, we might expect to
find that some of those plants which have a preference for the
* The habitats of these two plants— the large hedgebank on Beacon Hill
above Shotford Bridge, and the clump of trees a short distance eastward,
called Mendham Grove, Norfolk— are interesting. By their Flora they sug-
gest the existence in former days of gardens, and tradition asserts that in the
last century two halls, one of them perhaps never completed, stood on these
spots. An old map of the year 1795, however, shows no such dwellings there,
and the oldest inhabitant of Harleston, Mr. Barber, who remembers the
locality as it was in 1810, can give no information respecting them. It is,
perhaps, possible that at one or other place stood WHICHENDON, or WHITE-
HILLS HALL, the family seat of the Frestons, to whom the manor was
granted in the first year of the reign of Edward VI. The family, whose
history is traced by Blomefield (Hist. Norfolk, Vol. V., p. 377), held an im-
portant position during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but now
not even the name— much less the site— of their ancestral mansion is remem-
bered in the neighbourhood.
30 INTRODUCTION.
chalk formation occur also on its drift. Suck have been re-
corded in Reseda lutea, Galium tricorne, Carduus nutans,
Cnicus acaulis, Lactuca muralis, Specularia hybrida, Ac.eras
anthropophora, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys muscifera, Iris fceti-
dissima, and probably in Tulipa sylvestris, Bupleurum rotandi-
folium and Viburnum Lantana.*
Of plants chieny confined to the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk the district possesses Holosteurn umbellatum, Trifo-
lium ochroleucum, Veronica verna (extinct ?), Primula elatior,
Muscari racemosum, Potamogeton trickoides, Apera interrupta
and Gorynephorus canescens.
The London Catalogue (8th edition) records 1,858 species
of flowering plants, ferns, and allies, for the British Isles ; the
Flora of Norfolk, published by the Norwich Society, reports
about 1,200 species ; the new Flora of Suffolk will include
1,219 species, and 177 varieties; the Flora of Haiieston re-
cords for six miles 791 species, and 36 varieties, and for eight
miles, according to present information, 835 species.
(iii.) Traces of a Maritime Flora. — In an age of theories
it is not the writer's wish to multiply them needlessly. There
are, however, certain species of flowering plants growing in the
higher Waveney valley which seem to exist as relics of an
older and maritime Flora. In the Geological sketcht mention
has been made of the former condition of the valley as a
brackish estuary, and of the traces still lingering in its physical
features. An observer standing on Redenhall Church tower
during a period of flood will gain some idea of the ancient
character of the surrounding country. In association with
this estuarine condition, a class of plants incidental to salt
marshes arid the sea-coast was naturally established, and some
of them seem still to linger. Such, for instance, are the fol-
lowing Umbelliferous species : —
Fodniculum vulgar e. — According to Hooker's Flora (3rd
edition), the Fennel is found on " sea-cliffs," and is " perhaps
native from North Wales and Norfolk to Cornwall and Kent."
In a corresponding position inland, upon the sides of the valley
of the Waveney and its tributaries, this plant is frequent
throughout the district. As early as 1835 it was recorded as
growing "on the Bath Hills for many years," and its preva-
lence seems only satisfied by the supposition of a native origin,
and not by an introduction from innumerable gardens.
Apium yraveolens. — " Marshy places, chiefly by the sea "
(Hooker). Though the Celery is not recorded at present 'within
* In this and the statements of the next section Hooker's Student's Flora
(3rd edition) and Watson's Topoyraphical Botany (2nd edition) have been
adopted as standards.
f Page 10.
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 31
our six-mile circle, it grows just outside it at Bungay, and in
the lower parts of the valley is frequent.
Sinyrmum olasatrum. — " Waste places, especially near the
sea" (Hooker). This plant is a doubtful native in Britain,
and if only a few specimens of it occurred in the district, it
would not call for notice, as in olden days it was cultivated as
a pot-herb under the name of " Alexanders." It abounds, how-
ever, in many spots on the valley-sides, as a rule at a somewhat
lower level than the Fennel.
The following plants are particularly interesting in this
connection, as they are representative of the Flora now exist-
ing on the coast : —
Trifolium suffocatum. — This Trefoil grows in a pit on
Bungay Common, and also at Broome. It is found " especially
near the sea," and, though a rare plant, is abundant on the
sandy Denes of Yarmouth, Lowestoft, and Southwold.
Erodmm cicutarium. — The Stork's-bill, which is "most
frequent by the sea," is common on dry banks throughout the
district. Both here and on the coast it is one of the earliest of
the wayside flowers.
Teesdalia nudicaulis. — The Teesdalia forms one of the
principal elements of the coast Flora, and in the early months
of the year characterises it. In the Harleston district it grows
on a bank of Post-Glacial gravel, called " Homersh'eld Heath,"
opposite the Flixton. Park gates, and has also been found on
the gravel at Needham Hill and Ditchingham.
Senecio viscosus. — This Groundsel is especially noticeable
on the coast, where its sticky stem is coated with the blown
sand. In our district it has been observed in a gravel-pit at
Ditchingham.
Coryne])ltorus canescens. — This rare grass was discovered
by Mr. Walter Cordwell, of our Club, on the Post-Glacial gravel
at Flixton before-mentioned. It is plentiful on the Denes at
Yarmouth and Lowestoft, but grows nowhere else in England.
Its presence so far inland (about sixteen miles due west) is re-
markable ; but Dr. Hind has received the report of another
inland station in north-west Suffolk. The fact that, sixty
years ago, Mr. Stock cultivated specimens of this plant in his
garden at Bungay, does not seem sufficient to account for its
establishment on Homersh'eld Heath. The east winds, which
might perhaps transport the seeds from the coast itself, are
almost entirely confined to the earlier months of the year,
when the grass, which is an annual, is not even in bloom. The
late Mr. Holmes, moreover, who knew Mr. Stock, and often
spoke of Homersfield Heath, never mentioned its existence
or its introduction there. As it grows in immediate associa-
tion with Teesdalia^ and in close proximity to the plants named
32 INTRODUCTION.
above, it points its origin rather to the littoral conditions which
once existed in its present locality.
Other plants there are which, by a like association, imply
a similar condition ; amongst them we may mention Samolus
Valerandi, Iris fwtidissima and Rumex maritimus.* Sufficient
traces are, therefore, extant to bear common testimony with
the physical features to the great change which has been taking
place in the general aspect of the valley during the formation
of its present Flora.
* Additional interest has been added to these conclusions by the capture
of the rare moth Eremobia ochroleuca — at Harlestoii by Mr. C. Candler, and
at Denton by the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell. Its few known haunts are on or near
the sea-coast.
II.— BOTANICAL BOOKS AND
COLLECTIONS.
MANY who are desirous of acquainting themselves with our
native flowers are occasionally in doubt as to the best books
for their purpose. It has therefore occurred to the writer
that a short and informal excursus on Botanical books, with a
few hints to intending collectors, would be both welcome and
useful.
There are, of course, a great number of treatises of recent
publication bearing on the subject, and on special branches
of it, but our intention is not to advise specialists or advanced
students ; the works enumerated are for general knowledge,
and their value has been tested by practical experience. In
order to include beginners, who might be deterred from taking
up the pursuit through fear of long words and hard names, the
list is arranged under two heads, according as the subject is
treated in the (so-called) "popular" and "scientific" methods.
POPULAR TREATISES.
1. The Flowers of the Field, by the Rev. C. A. Johns, F.L.S. ;
post 8vo. 5s. S.P.C.K.
This is an excellent book, and its low price brings it within
the reach of all. The letterpress, which gives an explanation
of the structure of plants, contains a short account of most
British species as far as the Pond- weeds and Rushes. It is
copiously illustrated with wood-cuts, and has done more to
diffuse a knowledge of plant-life than any other book of its
kind.
2. British Ferns and Allied Plants, by Thomas Moore, F.L.S. ;
coloured plates ; fcap. 8vo. Is. and 3s. 6d. Routledge.
This little book is a useful adjunct to Johns' Flowers of the
Field. Besides the plates, there are numerous illustrations of
varieties, with full particulars of Fern structure and culture.
34 BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS.
2*. A History of British Ferns, by Edward Newman, F.L.S. ;
8vo. 18s. Sonnenschein. An abridged edition, 2s.
The excellent engravings which distinguish Newman's
works surpass the coloured plates of most authors. The illus-
trations of varieties are very numerous and minute in their
details.
3. Familiar Wild Flowers, by F. E. Hulme, F.L.S. ; 200
coloured plates and descriptive text ; 5 vols., post 8vo.
62s. 6d. Cassell and Co.
Carefully prepared, with artistic representations of the
plants described. It is a work in which scientific difficulties
are avoided, and additional volumes would extend its use-
fulness.
4. The Flowering Plants, Sedges, Grasses, and Ferns of Great
Britain, with their Allies, by Anne Pratt ; coloured
illustrations of 1,644 species ; 6 vols., 8vo. 75s.
Warne.
The Flowering Plants of Great Britain, by Anne Pratt;
coloured illustrations of 1,340 species; 3 vols., 8vo.
42s. Warne.
The Ferns of Great Britain, with their Allies, by Anne
Pratt ; coloured illustrations of 63 species ; 8vo.
12s. 6d. S.P.C.K.
Anne Pratt's works are too well known to require much
comment or recommendation. The descriptions are not suffi-
cient for a scientific identification of the plants, but illustra-
tions of almost every British species are attached, and the
popular portions are most interesting. The three publications
mentioned above are similar. The first is the original and
complete edition, or its re-issue ; the second is an issue of
the first five volumes, with the letterpress printed in smaller
type, and the original plates retained. The third is the
latter part of the sixth volume published separately. The
Sedges and Grasses have not been so issued at present.
Wild Flowers, by Anne Pratt; with 192 coloured plates;
2 vols., 16mo. 12s. S.P.C.K.
This is a simple guide to the flowers of the fields and hedges,
but it has in its day given to many, as to the writer himself,
the first introduction to a friendship with Nature "which will
stand true for ever.
SCIENTIFIC TREATISES. 35
SCIENTIFIC TREATISES.
Amongst those held in most general estimation at the pre-
sent time are : —
5. The Student's Flora of the British Islands, by Sir J. D.
Hooker; 3rd edition ; post 8vo. 10s. 6d. Macmillan.
This is the latest authority on English botany : to a critical
description of every plant, the geographical range is also added.
There are no illustrations in this work, but it is by far the most
useful and interesting to the student.
6. A Manual of British Botany, by Prof. C. C. Babington ;
12mo. 10s. 6d. Van Voorst. A thin paper edition
for field use, 12s. 6d.
A work of long-recognised merit. There are no illustra-
tions, but the descriptions are valuable, and special points are
emphasised to facilitate identification.
7. A Handbook of the British Flora, by George Bentham ;
1,295 wood-cuts; 2 vols., post 8vo. £1 Is. Reeve.
This handbook has found many admirers. It departs,
however, so widely from the present accepted definition of
species and varieties that confusion is inevitable.
The plates which accompany it in a second volume are
carefully executed, but are too minute to insure safe guidance.
8. The Botanist's Pocket Book, by W. R. Hayward ; crown
8vo. 4s. 6d. George Bell.
This is only a small key of genera and species for field
use. The writer has used it constantly with doubtful satis-
faction.
9. Soiverbijs English Botany, containing a description and
life-size drawings of British plants, edited by Boswell
Syme ; 1,923 coloured plates; 12 vols., imp. 8vo.
<£24 3s. George Bell. (The 12th volume, containing
Ferns and Allies, with General Index. 35s. cloth.)
This is the standard work on British Botany. It has seen
many alterations and additions since it was first issued in
1790. An edition in 12 volumes, published in 1832 — 1846,
with descriptions by Sir James Smith, is sometimes met with ;
it is carefully executed, and the plates of Flowering and Crypto-
gamic Plants not to be surpassed ; but, as it is arranged on the
Linnean system, it is somewhat out of date. A good copy is
worth about £12. The present and third edition (1863—1886)
36 . BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS.
is an entire revision and re-arrangement to suit the Natural
Order system and the extended knowledge of the British Flora ;
it only contains the Flowering Plants, Ferns and allies.
For many the. possession of all the above-named works is
needless, perhaps impossible, though it may be worth remem-
bering that many booksellers (Edward Bumpus, Holborn Bars,
E.G., for instance) will allow 25 per cent, off the prices here
quoted. For practical purposes, however, sufficient would be
found in N"os. 1 and 5, or, better still, in Nos. 4 (6 vols.) and 5 ;
perhaps in No. 7 alone, used with caution.
To these should be added a book on Structural Botany :
Oliver's Lessons in Elementary Botany (Macmillan, 4s. 6d.)
is as good as any. There is a work — recently published — by
F. A. Messer (10s. 6d.), which is a praiseworthy attempt to resist
the unsatisfactory and unworthy plan of identifying plants by
pictures, without a knowledge of their structural peculiarities.
Sections are given of the critical parts of the plants, and if the
principle were extended to the species as well as the genera, a
want would be supplied and an evil checked. A most in-
teresting book is Le Maout and Decaisnes' General System
of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical, translated by Mrs.
Hooker, with 5,500 figures and sections (31s. 6d., Longmans).
It embraces exotic as well as British orders. The chief
authority on the whole subject is Sach's Text Book of Botany,
translated by Bennett and Dyer (31s. 6d., Clarendon Press),
in which the organism of plants is subjected to a rigid and
critical analysis.
Having spoken of the aids to a knowledge of Botany, and
intending to append a few hints to collectors, a protest must
here be made against the pernicious custom of rooting up wild
plants for transference to the garden. The inevitable result
must be a complete annihilation of all interesting species, as
there are but few gardens where their natural surroundings
can be supplied and their growth insured. From the first the
Club has endeavoured to discountenance this practice, with
what success the total destruction of the rare Brittle Bladder
Fern in its new locality will show ; if that fern is extinct in
Harleston, it is probably lost to the county. Foreseeing, then,
that the publication of the localities of the flowering plants of
Harleston might be their death-knell, the writer has abstained
from giving much of the detailed information possessed, pre-
ferring to direct those who desire to obtain specimens without
injury to the living plant to the members of the Club, on whose
authority the records are given. It is a truly selfish principle
which robs the woods and hedges of flowers given for the
enjoyment of those who, as the writer himself, have no other
HINTS TO COLLECTORS. 37
flower garden, and ask no other. Nor can it be for one
moment supposed that our modest English flowers will yield
the true pleasure for which they were created when they are
ranked side by side, in. seeming mockery, with the gay produc-
tions of foreign countries.
Trusting that in the student of Nature love and reverence
will go hand in hand, the writer ventures to give the following
few suggestions on the collection and preservation of plants
based on his own experience : — The chief requisite for collecting
is a long and nariow tin-box, in which the specimens may be
placed when gathered, and in which they will keep fresh for
some hours. To insure lasting specimens for the herbarium
the plant should not be gathered when soaked with rain or
heavy dew ; if such is unavoidable, the moisture must be
damped off* with blotting-paper before pressure is applied. For
drying, use a rough paper without glaze, and fairly thick. Some
kinds of newspaper, blotting-paper (if often changed), and an
absorbent brown paper used by grocers and sold sometimes as
botanical drying-paper are good for the purpose. The plant
must be placed between the sheets as evenly as possible ; if
the stem is thick, it is advisable to take a slice off' one side ;
and if it prevents the pressure resting on the petals — as in the
Rosce and Rubi, for instance — a pad of blotting-paper under the
flower will prevent shrinkage. A perfect specimen should
contain flower and fruit ; if the root is a critical part, it
should also be added. The plant, thus prepared and placed in
the drying-paper, must be put between boards under a strong
and even pressure. After the second or third day it should be
examined ; as it will then be less rigid, the leaflets and petals
may easily be set out. Pressure even stronger than before
must again be applied, and for succulent species the paper
changed occasionally.
When completely dry the plant should be mounted on stiff"
white paper. The size depends on the purpose of the collec-
tion ; paper 17 in. by 10 in. will be found useful and workable,
and can be obtained of most printers. It is a bad system to
fasten the specimens on with glue or gum, as it renders it
impossible to shift the mount, and the finer parts of the
flowers are destroyed. The writer has found that very thin
strips of parchment, cut with wider ends, laid across the
stoutest parts of the plant and fastened to the paper with
strong cement, form a most easy and effectual way of mounting
with the least possible unsightliness.
To the paper must be attached the name (Latin and Eng-
lish), the Order, the date of collection, and the locality of the
plant. Each Species should be placed, with its fellows of the
same Genus, in a stout cover of blue or brown paper, bearing
38 BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS.
the generic name in the right-hand lower corner ; the Genera
in their turn should be included in another cover, bearing
the name of the Natural Order to which they belong. The
Orders may then be arranged after some such recognised list
as the London Catalogue (Bell and Sons, price 6d.), and placed
in a box or cabinet having many shelves to prevent undue
pressure.
A systematic arrangement, insuring easy consultation, is
necessary if the collection is intended for practical reference,
and not for a melancholy spectacle of faded beauty ; for it is
impossible to prevent certain colours from changing, though
careful selection and drying will do much to save disappoint-
ment, and to maintain at least some traces of Nature's
loveliness.
III.— AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS,
AND SIGNS.
AUTHORITIES.
HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB.
1884—1887.
BBREV.
A. Buckingham, Herbert, M.R.C.V.S., Harleston.
B. Candler, William, Harleston.
C. Candler, Charles, Harleston.
D. Cord well, Walter R., Harleston.
E. Domrison, Miss A. Stote, The Dove House, Mendham,
Norfolk.
F. Galpin, Rev. F. W., (late of) Harleston.
G. Prentice, John G., Harleston.
H. Wilson, Edward, Harleston.
I. Cartwright, Miss Ethel, and Miss Frieda Guthe, (late of)
Flixton, Suffolk.
K. Candler, Edmund, Harleston.
L. Owles, Frederick R., Harleston.
M. Cann, Archibald, Harleston.
N. White, Miss Mary de Lacy, Weybread Vicarage, Suffolk.
O. Hanmer, Miss Alice, Weybread, Suffolk.
PRINTED RECORDS.
(FB) Flora Britannica, by Sir J. E. Smith, 1800—1804.
(BG) The Botanist's Guide through England and Wales, by
Dillwyn and Turner, 1805.
(WA) Withering's Arrangement of British Plants. The
sixth edition (1818) was principally consulted.
(NBG) The New Botanist's Guide, by H. Cottrell Watson,
1835—1837.
(HS) Henslow and Skepper, Flora of Suffolk, 1860.
(T) Trimmer, Flora of Norfolk, 1866.
(TS) Trimmer, Supplement to the Flora of Norfolk, 1884,
40 AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SIGNS.
MANUSCRIPT RECORDS.
(EAH) A Catalogue of Plants found in the neighbourhood
of St. Margaret's, South Elmham, in Suffolk, and
Brockdish in Norfolk, by the Rev. E. A. Holmes,
M.A., F.L.S., 1833—1885.
(DC) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parish of Dickie-
burgh, 1860—1870.
(JM) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parish of Shim-
pling by the Rev. J. W. Millard.
(JC) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parishes of
Hoxne, Eillingford, Scole, Wacton, &c., by Mr. J.
C. Collins, of Diss.
[( JH) Specimens in the Herbarium of Miss Jeffes (Needhani
Market) ; communicated by the Rev. W. M.
Hind, LL.D.
CONTRIBUTORS.
The Rev. J. Landey Brown, Norwich.
Mr. Samuel Carman, Harleston.
The Rev. C. T. Cruttwell, Denton Rectory.
The Rev. Spencer Fellows, Pulham Rectory.
Mr. Flint, Gawdy Hall, Harleston.
The Rev. H. Temple Frere, Burston Rectory.
Mrs. Hanbury Frere, Horham Rectory.
The Rev. W. M. Hind, LL.D., Honington Rectory, Bury.
The Rev. E. F. Linton, Sprowston Rectory.
Mrs. J. Sancroft Holmes, Gawdy Hall.
Mr. James Muskett (the late), Harleston.
Mrs. Pemberton, Denton House.
Miss Perowne, Redenhall Rectory.
Mr. F. Spalding, -Colchester.
Mr. W. Squires, Harleston.
The compiler here takes the opportunity of thanking the
above-named contributors for the information and help they
have given ; also Mr. H. D. Geldart of Norwich, Mr. Arthur
Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon, and Mr. Bagnall, A.L.S., of
Aston, for their assistance in determining doubtful species ;
and Sir Hugh Adair, Bart., and J. Sancroft Holmes, Esq., for
permission to explore the woods on the Flixton and Gawdy
Hall estates.
SIGNS. 41
SIGNS.
* preceding the name of a plant denotes that it has been in-
troduced, but is now established.
f preceding the name of a plant denotes that it is considered
as probably extinct, not having been observed for many
years.
etc. attached to the list of localities implies that it is not
considered to be exhaustive.
Localities connected by a semi-colon and followed by an abbre-
viated name rest on the same authority.
A bracketed abbreviation followed by an initial letter signifies
that the record has been verified by a member of the
Club during the years 1884—1887.
The usual period of flowering is denoted by the number of the
months following the English name. It can only be
considered approximate.
The nomenclature is that adopted in the London Catalogue,
8th edition, 1886. The synonyms of the 7th edition
are added in brackets.
Interleaved copies of the Flora are supplied for recording
personal observations and ascertaining the distribution
of plants in the district.
IV.
A LIST OF
THE FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS
AND THEIR ALLIES.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES.
BANUNCULACE^E.
CLEMATIS, L.
C. Vitalba, L. Traveller's Joy. 6 — 8. Frequent in hedges
and thickets : Weybread Road, near the Heath House ;
Needham ; Brockdish ; Rnshall ; Dickleburgh ; Long
Stratton ; Mendham ; Wingfield ; Denton ; Alburgh ; the
Bath Hills, Ditchingham, etc. Cf. Introd., p. 27.
THALICTRUM, L.
T. flavum, L. Meadow Rue. 6, 7. Abundant by the sides
of streams : The Waveney Marsh Dykes (Homerstield
Bridge, etc.) ; Redenhall Beck ; Flixton; Dickleburgh, etc.
ANEMONE, L.
A. nemorosa, L. Wood Anemom. 4, 5. Frequent in woods
and groves : Hornersfield ; Haiieston Wilderness Copse ;
Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Flixton ; Dickleburgh,, etc.
*A. apennina, L. Blue Anemone. 5, 6. Established for
many years in a copse at Denton House (Mrs. Pemberton)
F. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
ADONIS, L.
A. autumnalis, L. Pheasant's Eye. 5 — 8. Very rare : on
land near Gawdy Hall (EAH). It occurs as a weed in
gardens, F.
MYOSURUS, L.
tM. minimus, L. Mouse-tail. 4 — 6. Very rare. Sandy fields
at Earsham (BG and WA), but has not been found for
many years (NBG).
46 FLOWERING PLANTS.
RANUNCULUS, L.
R. circinatus, Sibth. Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot. 5—7.
Common in ponds and dykes : the Waveney Marshes ;
Flixton Park ; Denton, etc.
R. fluitans, Lam. River Water Crowfoot. 6, 7. Rare : in
the Waveney below Syleham (EAH) ; introduced into the
Redenhall Beck, F.
R. trichophyllus, Chaix. Hair-leaved Water Crowfoot. 6 — 8.
Frequent in ditches and ponds : Mendham Marshes ;
Shotford; Rushall Wood; Dickleburgh ; Shelton ; St.
Margaret's.
R. Drouetii, Godr. Drouefs Water Crowfoot. 5, 6. Abundant
in streams and ponds : Moat at Ant Hill Farm, Reden-
hall ; ponds, Harleston ; Lush Bush ; Heedham ; Wey-
bread ; plentiful in the Waveney at Earsham, F.
R. peltatus, Schrank. Common Water Crowfoot. 4 —6. Pond
on Harleston Common, F.
Var., floribundllS. Very common in ponds and ditches, often
growing with R. Drouetii.
R. sceleratus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. 4 — 8. Abundant
in the marsh dykes : Weybread, Needham, Mendham, etc.
Pond-sides at Harleston, Flixton, etc.
R. Flammula, L. Lesser Spear wort. 6 — 8. Frequent in
damp places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Needham Alder Carr ;
Fir Cover, Brockdish ; Rushall Wood ; Dickleburgh ;
Flixton.
R. Lingua, L. Greater Spearwort. 6 — 8. Rare : moist places,
Hoxne (JC). Sides of the Waveney below the Bath Hills,
Ditchingham (BG).
R. auricomus, L. Wood Croivfoot. 4—6. Common in bushy
places : Cuckoo Hill, Mendham ; Mendham Long Lane ;
Flixton, etc. Popular name Goldilocks.
R. acris, L. Meadoiu Crowfoot. 6 — 8. Common in meadows
and by roadsides. Popular name Butter-cup.
Var., vulgatus. Abundant in the marshes.
R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. 6 — 8. Common in pastures
and meadows.
R. bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot. 5, 6. Common by road-
sides and in meadows.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 47
R. Sardous, Crantz. (R. hirsutus, Curtis). Hairy Crowfoot.
6 — 10. Rare : in a field in front of Weybread Lodge,
D ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ; Shelton (TS).
R. parviflorus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. 5 — 8. Very
rare : at Harleston (NBG). Bedingham (TS).
R. arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. 6, 7. Frequent in culti-
vated fields : near Harleston Green Lane ; Weybread
Rifle Range ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; Shimpling ; Flix-
ton, etc.
R. Ficaria, L. Lesser Celandine. 4, 5. Common in meadows
and on shady banks.
CALTHA, L.
C. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. 4 — 6. Common in the
marshes of the Waveney and in meadows.
HELLEBORUS, L.
H. viridis, L. Green Hellebore. 3, 4. Very rare. Bushy
places near Stradbrook (HS). Very poisonous.
H. fcetidus, L. Foetid Hellebore. 3, 4. Rare : rather plen-
tiful in lanes at St. Margaret's, and between St. Cross and
Flixton (EAH) F. Bath Hills, Ditchingham (NBG and
Mr. F. Spalding). Laxfield (BG). Very poisonous.
ERANTHIS, Salisb.
*E. hyemalis, Salisb. Winter Aconite. 2, 3. Gawdy Hall
Great Wood, C. In Flixton Long Plantation (EAH) F.
Cf. Introd., p. 26.
AQUILEGIA, L.
A. vulgaris, L. Columbine. 5 — 7. Rare: near St. Cross
Church and at St. Margaret's (EAH) F. Hedgerows at
Denton, B, and between Denton and Alburgh, H. Wey-
bread (JH).
DELPHINIUM, L.
|D. Ajacis, Reich. Branching Larkspur. 6, 7. Cornfields at
Earsham (BG), but not confirmed since. This is the
D. Consolida, L., of earlier botanists.
48 FLOWERING PLANTS.
ACONITUM, L.
fA. Napellus, L. Monkdwod. 5 — 7. Formerly plentiful in
a ditch at St. Peter's, but now lost owing to alteration of
the locality (EAH). Very poisonous.
BERBERIDE^E.
BERBERIS, L.
fB. vulgaris, L. Barberry. 5, 6. An old bush formerly in
Gawdy Hall Wood (Mr. Flint).
NUPHAR, L.
N. luteum, Sin. Yellow Water Lily. 6, 7. Abundant in the
Waveney ; the Redenhall and the Weybread becks.
NYMPH^EA, L.
N. alba, L. White Water Lily. 7. Not infrequent in the
Waveney (Syleham, Needham, Mendham, Fiixton, etc.).
PAPAVEKACE.E.
PAP AVER, L.
*P. somniferum, L. White Poppy. 6, 7. Occasionally in
cultivated ground and by way-sides, F.
P. Rhoeas, L. Common Red Poppy. 6 — 8. Common on
cultivated ground. Seed-vessel assuming the shape of a
smooth round head.
P. dubium, L. Smooth long-headed Poppy. 6, 7. Frequent :
Starston Railway Bridge ; sand-pit on Withersdale Road,
Mendham ; Homersfield, etc. A] (parent! y only var.,
Lamottei, (Lond. Cat., 7th ed.).
P. Argemone, L. Rough long-headed Poppy. 6, 7. Frequent
in sandy places : Redenhall Road ; Mendham ; Dickie-
burgh ; Earsham, etc.
P. hybridum, L. Rough round-headed Poppy. 5—7. Very
rare. On an old wall at Dickleburgh (DC). I have
found it in a similar situation in Dorset, F.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 49
CHELIDONIUM, L.
C. majus, L. Celandine. 5 — 8. Frequent in hedges : Reden-
hall Road ; Mendham ; Weybread j Dickleburgh, etc.
FUMABIACE^E.
CORYDALIS, DC.
*C. bulbosa, DC. (C. Solida, Hook.). Tuberous Fumitory.
5 — 7. A weed in shrubberies at Wortwell.
*C. lutea, DC. Yellow Fumitory. 5 — 8. On walls and
waste ground at Harleston.
FUMARIA, L.
F. pallidiflora, Jord. (F. capreolata, L.) Rampant Fumi-
tory. 5 — 8. Yar., Borsei. Rare : in hedges near Wey-
bread Church, F.
F. officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. 5 — 8. Common in
fields and by waysides : London Road, Harleston ; Need-
ham ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh ; Wortwell ; Flixton, etc.
CBUCIFER.E.
CHEIRANTHUS, L.
*C. Cheiri, L. Wall-Flower. 4—6. On an old wall in Ellis'
Yard, Harleston, formerly in great abundance, F. Plenti-
ful on the ruins of Bungay Castle.
NASTURTIUM, R.Br.
N. officinale, R.Br. Common Watercress. 5 — 10. Common
in streams and dykes.
N. sylyestre, R.Br. Creeping Yellow-cress. 6 — 9. Rare : in
a dry brook below St. Cross Rectory (EAH), F. On
Earsharn Common (BG).
N. palustre, DC. Marsh Yellow-cress. 6 — 9. Common in
wet places : Wortwell Marshes ; Stow Fen, Earsham ;
Mendham; Harleston Common ; Needham; Dickleburgh.
N. amphibium, R.Br. Great Yellow-cress. 6 — 9. Not com-
mon : sides of pond, Harleston Common, B. Pond in
meadow adjoining Wilderness Lane, D. Syleham
(EAH). Tivetshall, F. Dickleburgh (DC).
50 FLOWERING PLANTS.
BARBAREA, R.Br.
B. vulgaris, R.Br. Common Yellow Rocket. 5 — 8. Com-
mon in meadows, fields, and by the sides of streams.
ARABIS, L.
A. perfoliata, Lam. (Turritis glabra, L.). Smooth Tower
Mustard. 6 — 8. Not uncomfnon on dry banks : plenti-
ful near Wortwell Schoolroom (1885); between Homers-
field and St. Cross ; below Homersfield Church (EAH), F.
Near Wortwell Windmill (BG). Flixton (NBG). Scole
(JC).
CARDAMINE, L.
C. amara, L. Bitter Lady's Smock. 4 — 6. Abundant in
the meadows of the Waveney Valley (Weybread Water
Mill, etc.).
C. pratensis. L. Meadow Lady's Smock. 4 — 6. Common in
meadows and moist places : occasionally a double form is
found. Popular name Cuckoo Flower.
C. hirsuta, L. Hairy Lady's Smock. 4, 5. Common on
dry banks and walls.
C. flexuosa, With. (C. sylvatica, Link.). Creeping Lady's
Smock. 4 — 6. Rare : in shady places near Wortwell
Water Mill (EAH).
EROPHILA, DC.
E. vulgaris, DC. (Draba verna, L.). Common Whitlow
Grass. 3 — 5. Very common on dry banks. One of the
earliest wayside flowers.
COCHLEARIA, L.
*C. Armoracia, L. (Armoracia rusticana, BM). Horse
Radish. 5 — 8. Abundant in a ditch at Flixton Village,
F. Mendham, A.
HESPERIS, L.
*H. matronalis, L. Dame's Gilliflower. 5 — 7. Rare : in a
cultivated field on Balking Hill, Harleston, H.
SISYMBRIUM, L.
S. Thaliana, Hook. (Arabis Thaliana, L.). Thale Cress.
4 — 7. Abundant on dry banks.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 51
S. officinale, Scop. Yellow Hedge Mustard. 6 — 8. Common
in hedge-banks and by roadsides.
S. Sophia, L. Flixweed. 6 — 8. Not uncommon in waste
places : Mendham Old Priory, F. Shotford Heath, D,
Homersfield Village, K.
S. Alliaria, Scop. (Erysimum Alliaria, L.). Garlic Mustard.
5, 6. Common in hedge-banks and woods.
ERYSIMUM, L.
E. Cheiranthoides, L. Wallflower Mustard. 6 — 8. Abun-
dant in cultivated fields.
BRASSICA, L.
*B. Napus, L. Rape. 5 — 7. Banks and borders of fields :
Harleston, etc.
*B. Rapa, L. Turnip. 5, 6. Waste places and borders of
fields : Kedenhall, etc.
*B. nigra, Koch. (Sinapis nigra, L.). Black Mustard.
6 — 8. Not common : sides of the stream between Har-
leston and Redenhall (T), and also at Wortwell, F. This
is generally supposed to be the Mustard Plant of the
Bible.
B. Sinapis, Vis. (Sinapis arvensis, L.), Wild Mustard.
5 — 8. A common weed in cultivated ground. Popular
name Charlock.
B. alba, Bois. (Sinapis alba, L.). White Mustard. 6—8.
Probably frequent, but not satisfactorily determined.
Cultivated in gardens.
DIPLOTAXIS, DC.
D. muralis, DC. Sand Rocket. 6 — 9. Rare : roadside, Ear-
sham Village, F ; Shelton, Tivetshall (T). Bungay, D.
CAPSELLA, DC.
C. Bursa-pastoris, DC. Shepherds Purse. 3 — 9. Every-
where, and of various forms.
SENEBIERA, DC.
S. Coronopus, Poir. (Coronopus Ruellii, Gcert.). Common
Wart Cress. (5 — 9. Common in waste places : the Boys'
School, Harleston ; St. Margaret's, etc.
52 FLOWERING PLANTS.
LEPIDIUM, L.
L. campestre, R.Br. Common Field Pepper-wort. 5 — 8.
Frequent in fields and waste places : Baker's Barn Brick-
yard ; Shotford ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; Earsham, etc.
L. Smithii, Hook. Hairy Field Pepperwort. 6 — 8. Rare :
hedge-banks, Flixton (EAH).
THLASPI, L.
T. arvense, L. Penny Cress. 5 — 7. Common in cultivated
ground : Redenhall ; Wortwell ; Weybread ; Pulham ;
Shimpling, etc.
TEESDALIA, R.Br.
T. nudicaulis, R.Br. Naked-stalked Teesdalm. 4 — 6. Rare :
Homersfield Heath, F ; Needham Sandpit (BG-) ; the
Bath Hills, Ditchingham (NBG). Cf. Introd., p. 31.
RAPHANUS, L.
R. Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. 6 — 9. Frequent in
waste ground : railway cutting, Redenhall ; Weybread
Targets, etc.
BESEDAOEL®.
RESEDA, L.
R. lutea, L. Wild Mignonette. 6 — 8. Not common : Gate-
house gravel pit, Redenhall, D. Earsham, F. Scole,
Billingford (JC). Formerly at Dickleburgh (DC).
R. luteola, L. Dyer's Weld. 6—8. Frequent in hedge-
banks and waste places : near Harleston Station ; below
Homersfield Church ; Earsham ; Flixton ; Scole ; Billing-
ford; Needham, etc.
VIOLARHLE
VIOLA, L.
V. palustris. L. Marsh Violet. 5 — 7. Very rare : in the
Spring Meadow, Dickleburgh (DC). Reported also from
Flixton.
V. odorata, L. Sweet Violet. 2 — 5. Common in woods and
hedge-banks. Var. alba, frequent : Mendham Road, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
V. sylvatica, Fr. Wood Violet. 3 — 6. Common in woods
and hedge-banks. This is var. Riviniana, Reich. Popu-
lar names Horse or Dog Violet.
V. Reichenbachiana, Bor. Lesser Wood Violet. 3 — 6. Not
common : Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F. Linton) ;
Redenhall Lanes, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Introd.
p. 26.
V. arvensis, Murr. Small-flowered Field Pansy. 4 — 10.
Common in cultivated ground. Popular name HearCs-
ease.
POLYGALE.E.
POLYGALA, L.
P. vulgaris, L. Common Milkwort. 5 — 9. Not common :
near Capt. Moore's Farm, Needham ; Homersfield Heath ;
Dickleburgh.
CABYOPHYLLE7E.
DIANTHUS, L.
D. Armeria, L. Deptford Pink. 7, 8. Occasional : near Har-
leston (NBG) ; Balking Hill, E. Well's Lane, D. Mend-
ham (EAH), B. Near the White House, Harleston ;
roadside opposite Middleton Hall, Mendham, G. Between
Denton and Earsham (Mrs. Pemberton).
SAPONARIA, L.
S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. 7, 8. Rare : in hedges
near houses ; between Flixton and Bungay (BG), F.
Formerly in a hedge-bank on the Needham Road near
the first milestone (Mr. Samuel Carman).
SILENE, L.
S. Cucubalus, Wib. (S. inflata, Sm.). Bladder Campion.
6 — 8. Common in fields and by roadsides.
Var., puberula ; Earsham (T).
S. gallica, var. anglica, L. English Catch-fly. 6 — 8. A
weed in the Rectory Garden, St. Margaret's (EAH).
S. nutans, L. Nottingham Catch-fly. 6 — 8. Borders of
fields : several plants a few years ago on a wild bank
54 FLOWERING PLANTS.
near the Little Barn, Gawdy Hall North Lodge (Mrs. J.
Sancroft Holmes), F. It is not cultivated in gardens,
and the locality appears natural. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catch-fly. 7, 8. Frequent
on the clay : cultivated fields, Dickleburgh, Shinipling, F ;
St. Margaret's (EAH). Earsham ; Shelton (T).
LYCHNIS, L.
L. alba, Mill. (L. vespertina, Sibth.). White, Campion.
6 — 10. Common in cultivated fields.
L. diurna, Sibth. Red Campion. 5 — 9. Common in bushy
places and hedge-banks. Popular name Robin Hood.
L. Flos-CUCllli, L. Meadow Campion. 5 — 8. Common in
meadows and damp places. Popular name Ragged
Robin. This is the true Cuckoo Flower, as its name
implies.
L. Githago, Lam. (Agrostemma Githago, L.). Corn Cockle.
6 — 8. Abundant in corn-fields.
HOLOSTEUM, L.
H. umbellatum, L. Umbelliferous Chickweed. 3, 4. Very
rare : sparingly on the ruins of Hoxne Abbey (JC, 1883).
It has long been recorded for the neighbouring parish of
Eye, but is rapidly disappearing from Norfolk and Suffolk,
its only British habitats.
CERASTIUM, L.
C. quaternellum, Fenzl. (Moenchia erecta, Sin.). Upright
Mouse-ear Chickweed. 5 — 8. Rare : in a dry pasture
adjoining Homersfield Heath, F.
C. semidecandrum, ' L. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. 4, 5.
Frequent on dry banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; below
Homersfield Church ; Dickleburgh.
C. glomeratum, Thuill. ^Broad-leaded Mouse-ear Chickweed.
3 — 9. Common on dry banks. Included under C.
vulgatum, L.
C. triviale, Link. (C. viscosum, Sm.). Narrow-leaved Mouse-
ear Chickweed. 4 — 10. Common on dry banks and waste
places. Included under C. vulgatum, L.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 55
STELLARIA, L.
S. aquatica, Scop. (Cerastium aquaticum, L.). Water C kick-
weed. 7 — 9. Frequent in moist places : ditches of the
Waveney (Syleham, Mendham, Wortwell, Flixtoii, Ear-
sham, etc.).
S. media, L. Common Chickweed. 3 — 10. Common in
waste places and cultivated ground.
S. Holostea, L. Greater Stitchwort. 4 — 6. Common in hedge-
banks and bushy places.
S. palustris, Ehrh. (S. glauca, With.). Marsh Stitchwort.
5 — 7. Rare : in ditches of the Waveney, Billingford
(JC), and about Bungay (NBG).
S. graminea, L. Lesser Stitchivort. 5 — 8. Frequent in
bushy places : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Flixton ; St.
Margaret's, etc.
S. uliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort. 5, 6. Common in
marshy places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Weybread, etc.
ARENARIA, L.
A. trinervis, L. Three-nerved Sandwort. 5 — 8. Frequent
in shady places : Shotford Hill ; Starston, Weybread,
Flixton, etc.
A. serpylli folia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 5 — 8. Common
in dry waste places.
Var. leptoclados, Guss. Frequent : Needham Alder Carr
Pit ; Flixton, etc.
SAGINA, L.
S. apetala, L. Small-flowered Pearlwort. 5 — 9. Common
on walls : Harleston ; Redenhall ; Pulham Market, etc.
S. procumbens, L. Creeping Pearlwort. 5 — 9. Common on
walls and in waste places.
SPERGULA, L.
S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. 6—8. Frequent in fields
and waste places : near the White House, Harleston ;
Mendham Pit on Withersdale Road ; Flixton.
56 FLOWERING PLANTS.
LEPIGONUM, Fr.
L. rubrum, Fr. (Spergularia rubra, Fenzl.). Field Sand-
wort Spurrey. 5 — 8. Rare : gravelly places in the
neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH).
HYPEBICINEJE.
HYPERICUM, L.
*H. calycinum, L. Large-flowered St. John's Wort. 7, 8.
Mendham Grove, Norfolk, in the last century a garden.
Cf. Introd., p. 29, note.
H. perforation, L. Common St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Common
in woods and hedge-banks.
'H. quadratum, Stokes. Square - stalked St. John's Wort.
7. Frequent in moist places : Shotford ; Brock dish ;
Dickleburgh ; Earsham, etc.
H. humifusum, L. Trailing St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Rare :
wood near Brockdish Hall (EAH). Weybread (JH).
On Stuston Common (WA).
H. pulchrum, L. Small Upright St. John's Wort. 6, 7. Rare :
waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, C.
Mendham Priory Plantations, F. Hedenham (T).
H. hirsutum, L. Hairy St. John's Wort. 6 — 8. Not un-
common in woods : Gawdy Hall ; Mendham ; Dickleburgh ;
Flixton ; St. Margaret's, etc.
|H. montanum, L. Mountain St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Rare :
bushy places, Bath Hills (WA).
MALVACEAE.
MALVA, L.
M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow. 7, 8. Frequent : Starston
Road, near the railway bridge ; Weybread ; Needham ;
St. Margaret's.
M. sylvestris, L. Common Mallow. 6 — 9. Abundant in
waste places.
M. rotundifolia, L. Dwarf Mallow. 6 — 10. Common by
roadsides : Harleston ; Brockdish ; Wortwell ; Homers-
field ; St. Margaret's, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. ' 57
TILIACEJE.
TILIA, L.
*T. vulgaris, Hayne. (T. intermedia, DC). Common Lime.
7. Frequent in plantations and hedgerows. T. platy-
phyllos, Scop., has been introduced at Redenhall.
LINUM, L.
L. catharticum, L. Purging Flax. 6 — 9. Frequent in dry
pastures : Harleston Green Lane ; near Gawdy Hall
Wood ; Shotford ; Dickleburgh ; Denton ; Flixton, etc.
L. angustifolium, Huds. Narrow-leaved Flax. 6 — 8. Rare :
on the banks of the railway cutting at Redenhall, F.
|L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. 1. Dry fields :
Shimpling and Fressingfield (formerly). No longer culti-
vated in the district.
GEBANIACE.E.
GERANIUM, L.
*G. Striatum, L. Pencilled Crane's Bill. 5, 6. Established
in plantations at Denton (Rev. C. T. Cruttwell).
*G. phseum, L. Dusky Crane's Bill. 5, 6. Rare : bushy
place, called Pound Hole, near Shotford Hall, L. On the
site of an old garden, Shimpling (JM), K. Orchard,
St. Margaret's (EAH), I.
G. pratense, L. Blue Meadow Crane's Bill. 6 — 9. Very
rare : waste ground, Oaklands, Redenhall (perhaps an
escape) B. Hoxne (JC).
G. pyrenaicum, L. Mountain Crane's Bill. 6, 7. Very
common on banks by roadsides at Harleston. Needham
(T) ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ; Oakley ( JC).
G. molle, L. Soft Crane's Bill. 4 — 8. Common in waste
places and on banks. A white variety is frequent.
G. pusillum, Burm. Small-flowered Crane's Bill. 6 — 9. Fre-
quent in situations similar to G. molle. Harleston ;
58 FLOWERING PLANTS.
Needham ; Brockdish \ Dickleburgh ; Mendham ; St.
Margaret's ; Earsham.
G. dissectum, L. Jagged-leaved Crane's Bill. 5 — 8. Common
in hedges and on the dyke-banks.
G. columbinum, L. Long-stalked Crane's Bill. 6, 7. Fre-
quent in hedges and on banks : pit between Wortwell
Schoolroom and Low Street • Shotford Hill ; Mendham ;
Starston; Pulham.
G. lucidum, L. Shining Crane's Bill. 5 — 8. Rare : a weed
on rock work at Al burgh, C. Hedge-bank near St. Mar-
garet's Church, Ilketshall (EAH).
G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. 4 — 9. Common in
hedges and woods and on walls. With white flowers at
Shimpling (JM).
ERODIUM, L.
E. cicutarium, Sm. Common Stork's Bill. 6 — 9. Common
. on sandy banks. A prolific fiowerer. Cf. Introd., p. 31.
OXALIS, L.
0. Acetosella, L. Wood Sorrel. 5, 6. Not common : Gawdy
Hall Wood (Miss Perowne), C. Mendham Priory Plan-
tations, D. Billingford (JC). Fur Green Lane at Rushall
(Mr. Arnold).
*0. corniculata, L. Procumbent Yellow Sorrel. 6 — 9. Waste
ground by roadside, Harleston.
ILEX, L.
1. Aquifolium, L. Holly. 5, 6. Frequent in hedgerows and
woods : Redenhall ; Starston ; Shotford, etc.
GELASTEINEJB.
EUONYMUS, L.
E. EuropSBUS, L. Spindle Tree. 5 — 7. Not uncommon in
hedgerows : Gawdy Hall ; Shotford Hill ; Dickleburgh ;
Shimpling ; Flixton, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 59
BHAMNE.E.
RHAMNUS, L.
R. catharticus, L. Common Buckthorn. 5—7. Not com-
mon : a bush on South Elmham Minster ruins ; in the
Rectory Paddock hedge, and occasionally elsewhere at
St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Hedge near Weybread House.
Hoxne (BG).
R. Frangrila, L. Alder Buckthorn. 4 — 6. Eare : in planta-
tions near Bungay (BG). Wacton (T).
SAPLNDACE.E.
ACER, L.
*A. pseudo-platanus, L. Sycamore. 5, 6. Frequent : Wey-
bread ; Starston, etc.
A. campestre, L. Maple. 5, 6. Common in woods and
hedges. Fine trees at South Elmham Hall.
LEGTTMINOSJS.
GENISTA, L.
G. anglica, L. Needle Green Weed. f>, 6. Rare : sparingly
on Wacton Common (TS and JC). Stuston (JC). Bungay
Common (WA).
G. tinctoria, L. Dyer's Green Weed. 7, 8. Frequent :
Wacton Common ; Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ;
Weybread ; Needham ; Dickleburgh, etc.
ULEX, L.
U. Europseus, L. Common Furze. 3 — 6. Common in sandy
and gravelly places. Popular name Gorse.
CYTISUS, Link.
C. Scoparius, Link. (Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch.). Com-
mon Broom. 4 — 6. Common, especially in gravel pits.
ONONIS, L.
0. repens, L. (0. arvensis, L.). Procumbent Rest-Harrow.
6 — 9. Frequent in barren pastures : Well's Lane, Har-
leston ; Wort well ; Dickleburgh; Flixtoii.
60 FLOWERING PLANTS.
0. spinosa, L. Upright Rest-Harrow. 6 — 9. Common in
waste places and pastures. With white flowers at Dickie-
burgh (DC).
MEDICAGO, L.
*M. sativa, L. Lucerne. 6, 7. Near the top of Stubbing's
Lane, Weybread, D.
M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. 5 — 8. Common in waste
ground and pastures. Popular name Black Nonsuch.
MELILOTUS, Lam.
M. altissima, Thuill. (M. officinalis, Wilkl). Common Melilot.
6 — 8. Not uncommon : fields near Harleston Bridge ;
Gawdy Hall ; Mendham ; Weybread ; St. Margaret's ;
Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Scole ; Shimpling.
TRIFOLIUM, L.
T. subterraneum, L. Subterranean Clover. 5 — 8. Rare :
in a grassy pit of footpath-field near Starston Rectory,
C ; near Harleston Bridge, D. St. Margaret's (EAH).
T. pra tense, L. Red Clover. 5 — 9. Common in meadows
and by roadsides.
T. medium, L. Zigzag Clover. 5 — 9, Rare : Stubbing's
Lane, Weybread, D ; Flixton, I ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ;
Bath Hills (WA).
T. ochroleucum, L. Sulphur-coloured Clover. 6—8. Very
frequent in pastures : Mendham Long Lane ; Homers-
field ; St. Margaret's ; Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Thorpe
Abbots ; Dickleburgh ; Shelton ; Denton ; Bath Hills,
etc. Cf. Introd., p. 30.
*T. incarnatum, L. Crimson Clover. 6, 7. Roadsides, Need-
ham, Billingford, Shimpling.
T. arvense, L. Hare's-foot Clover. 7, 8. Frequent in dry
places : Needham Alder Carr Pit ; Mendham Pit, on
Withersdale Road ; Homersfield ; Dickleburgh, etc.
T. striatum, L. Soft knotted Clover. 6, 7. Common in dry
pastures and gravel pits.
T. scabrum, L. Rough rigid Clover. 5 — 7. Rare : Needham
Alder Carr Pit, F. Balking Hill, Harleston (BG) ; Bath
Hills (WA).
FLOWERING PLANTS. 61
T. glomeratum, L. Smooth round-headed Clover. 5, 6. Not
infrequent in dry places : below Homersfield Church
(EAH) ; gravel pit near Earsham Station, F. Bath Hills
(FB).
*T. hybridum, L. Alsike Clover. 6 — 8. In fields and by
roadsides : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redeiihall ; near
Mendham Bridge ; pasture opposite Hulk's Graves, Wey-
bread; D. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
T. repens, L. White Clover. 4 — 9. Common in pastures.
This is the Shamrock of Ireland.
T. fragiferum, L. Strawberry-headed Clover. 7, 8. Frequent
in meadows and pastures : Harleston Green Lane \ pond-
side, Harleston Common : near the Moat, Gawdy Hall ;
Mendham ; Weybread ; Needham.
T. procumbens, L. Hop Clover. 6 — 8. Common in gravelly
places.
T. dubium, Sibth. (T. minus, Sm.). Lesser Hop Clover. 5 — 7.
Common in dry pastures.
T. filiforme, L. Slender Clover. 6, 7. Frequent : roadside
near Denton House ; grassy bank, Shotford Hill ; dry
pasture near Homersfield Heath, F. St. Margaret's
(EAH), I.
ANTHYLLIS, L.
*A. vulneraria, L. Common Kidney Vetch, 5 — 8. In a
grass field near Chediston, apparently introduced with
seed, K.
LOTUS, L.
L. corniculatus, L. Common Birds-foot Trefoil. 6 — 8.
Common in meadows and pastures. Popular names
Ladies' Slippers, Shoes and Stockings.
L. pilosus, Beeke. (L. major, Scop.). Greater Birds-foot
Trefoil. 6 — 8. Common in damp places.
ORNITHOPUS, L.
0. perpusillus, L. Common Birds-foot. 5 —7. Not infre-
quent on dry banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Homers-
tield ; pasture opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread.
62 FLOWERING PLANTS.
HIPPOCBEPIS, L.
fH. comosa, L. Horse-shoe Vetch. 5 — 8. Very rare: pas-
tures, Ditchingham (BG).
ONOBRYCHIS, Touru.
*0. sativa, Lam. Sainfoin. 6, 7. Mendham Pit, on Withers-
dale Road ; Alder Carr Pit, Needham ; St. Margaret's.
Probably escaped from cultivation.
VICIA, L.
V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy Tare. 6 — 9. Common in dry
bushy places and on banks : Needham Alder Carr Pit, etc
V. tetrasperma, Moench. Four-seeded Slender Tare. 6, 7.
Frequent in hedges : The Hoi-Way, Gawdy Hall : Wey-
bread : Mendham Hill : Flixton, etc.
V. Cracca, L. Tujted Blue Vetcli. 6 — 8. Frequent : Baker's
Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; Needham Alder Carr Pit ;
Shotford Dykes ; Dickleburgh, etc.
V. sepium, L. Bush Vetch. 5 — -7. Common in hedges and
thickets. With white flowers near the White House,
Harleston.
*V. sativa, L. Common Cultivated Vetch. 5 — 7. Borders of
fields and waste ground : Harleston ; Alburgh ; Flixton
etc.
V. angustifolia, Roth. Common Wild Vetch. 5 — 7. Waste
places, especially on a sandy soil. Var. segetalis, common.
Var. Bobartii, pit at Needham Hill, F.
V. lathyroides, L. Spring Vetch. 4, 5. Frequent in dry
pastures : Shotford Heath ; Needham Alder Carr Pit ;
Balking Hill, Harleston ; Homersfield Pit ; roadside
below Homersfield Church (" apparently spreading," 1869,
EAH). Bath Hills.
LATHYRUS, L.
tL. Aphaca, L. Yellow Vetchling. 5 — 8. Very rare : in a
gravel pit with Chlora perfoliata at Ditchingham (NBG).
L. NlSSOlia, L. Grass-leaved Vetchling. 5, 6. Rare : by the
side of the footpath from Harleston to Mendham (BG),
FLOWERING PLANTS. 63
E ; Mendham Hill (EAH). Gawdy Hall Great Wood
(NBG and Rev. J. L. Brown). Thelveton Churchyard
(WA).
L. -pratensis, L. Meadow Vetchliny. 6 — 8. Common in
meadows and hedge-banks.
BOSACE.E .
PRUNUS, L.
P. communis, Huds. (P. spinosa, L.). Common Sloe. 4, o.
Common in hedgerows. Popular name Black-thorn.
P. institia, L. Bullace. 4, 5. Occasionally in hedgerows :
Lush Bush ; Wortwell, etc.
*P. domestica, L. Wild Plum. 4, 5. Near the Heath House,
Weybread ; Flixton Village.
P. Avium, L. Wild Cherry. 5. Not common : by the foot-
path from Harleston Green Lane to Mendham, H. Wey-
bread Village, O.
P. Cerasus, L. Morella Cherry. 5. Rare : Skeatsmere,
Needham, D.
P. Padus, L. Bird Cherry. 5. Rare : Starston (introduced),
F, Hoxne (JC). Bedingham, Earsham (BG).
SPIMSA., L.
S. Ulmaria, L. Meadow Sweet. 6 — 8. Common in meadows
and damp places.
RUBUS, L.
R. Idaeus, L. Common Raspberry. 6, 7. Not common :
Gawdy Hall Great Wood.
R. Lindleianus, Lees. Lindley's Bramble. Frequent : Gawdy
Hall Great Wood : Mendham Priory Plantations, F. St.
Margaret's (EAH).
R. rhamnifolius, W & N. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. Rare :
Flixton Long Plantation, F. Of. Introd., p. 26.
R. incurvatus, Bab. Curled-leaved Bramble. Rare : Brock-
dish (EAH).
64 FLOWERING PLANTS.
R. rusticanus, Merc. (R. discolor, W & K). Common
Bramble. 7, 8. Hedges everywhere, with many varieties.
R. leucostachys, Sin. Long-clustered Bramble. Frequent :
Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Flixton. Long Plantation and
Abbey Wood, F.
R. Salteri, Bab. Salter's Bramble. Rare: Gawdy Hall
Great Wood, F. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
R. carpinifolius, W £ N. Hornbeam-leaved Bramble. Not
common : St. Margaret's (EAH).
R. macrophyllus, W & N. Large-leaved Bramble. A variety
is not uncommon in Gawdy Hall Wood and Mendham
Priory Plantation, F.
R. scaber, W & N. Rough-leaved Bramble. Rare : Gawdy
Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F. Linton), F. Cf. Introd.,
p. 26.
R. Radula, W. File-stemmed Bramble. Frequent : Gawdy
Hall Wood ; Mendham Priory Plantations, F.
R. Koehleri, W. Koehler's Bramble. Yar. infestus, bushy
places opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, F.
Yar. pallidus, St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Introd., p. 26.
R. Balfourianus, Blox. Balfour's Bramble. St. Margaret's
(EAH).
R. corylifolius, Sm. Hazel-leaved Bramble. 6 — 8.
Yar. conjungens, common. Yar. fasciculatus, frequent :
Lush Bush ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Needham, F.
R. deltoideus, P. J.M. Mallow-leaved Bramble. Rare : St.
Peter's Lane, South Elmham (EAH).
R. scabrosus, P. J.M. Tubercular Bramble. Rare : St. Mar-
garet's (EAH).
R. csesius, L. Dewberry. 6, 7. Common in damp places.
Yars. tenuis and Mspidus, Gawdy Hall Wood, F.
GEUM, L.
G. urbanum, L. Common Avens. 6 — 8. Common in hedge-
banks and fields.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 65
Gr. rivale, L. Water Avens. 6, 7. Rare : pondside, Strad-
brooke Rectory Grounds (Mrs. Hanbuiy Frere). Moist
places, Billingford (JO).
FRAGARIA, L.
F. vesca, L. Wood Strawberry. 4 — 7. Frequent on banks
and in woods : Gawcly Hall ; Denton ; Flixton ; Dickie-
burgh, etc.
*F. elatior, Ehrh. Hautbois Strawberry. 6 — 9. On roadside
bank, Denton House Plantation, F.
POTENTILLA, L.
P. Fragariastrum, Ehrh. Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil. 2 — 5.
Common on dry banks : often confounded with Fragaria
vesca.
P. Tormentilla, Neck. Common Tormentil. 5 — 8. Frequent
in meadows and woods : Starston ; Fir Cover, Brock-
dish ; Mendham Priory Plantations ; Fiixton ; St. Mar-
garet's.
P. reptans, L. Creeping Cinquefoil. 6 — 9. Common on
banks and by roadsides.
P. Anserina, L. Silver-weed. 5 — 7. Common by roadsides
and in waste places.
P. argentea, L. Hoary Cinquefoil. 6 — 8. Frequent on
sandy banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Shotford Heath ;
Wortwell ; Homersfield ; Flixton ; Earsham ; Thorpe
Abbots.
P. Comarum, Nestl. (Comarum palustre, L.). Marsh Cinque-
foil. 5 — 7. Rare : ditches of the lane to Wortwell
Cricket Field, F.
ALCHEMILLA, L.
A. arvensis, Lam. Field Lady's Mantle. 5 — 8. Common in
cultivated fields and waste places.
AGRIMONIA, Tour.
A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. 6 — 8. Common on
dry banks and by roadsides.
66 FLOWERING PLANTS.
POTERIUM, L.
*P. muricatum, Spach. Muricated Salad Burnet. 5 — 8.
Not infrequent on borders of cultivated fields : Needham
Alder Carr Pit, D. Redenhall Gatehouse Pit, F. Mend-
ham Hill, H. Near Starston Bridge, C. Generally with
Sainfoin.
ROSA, L.
R. tomentosa, Sm. Downy-leaved Rose. 6, 7. Frequent :
Gawdy Hall ; Redenhall ; St. Margaret's, etc. .
Yar. subglobosa, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F.
Linton), F.
R. rubiginosa, L. True Sweet-briar. 6, 7. Frequent : lane
near Harleston Station ; Needham ; Mendham ; Abbey
Wood, Flixton ; Dickleburgh.
R. micrantha, Sin. Small-flowered Sweet-briar. 6, 7. Rare :
hedges, St. Margaret's (EAH).
R. canina, L. Common Dog Rose. 6, 7. Vars. dumalis and
urbica, common. Var. lutetiana, frequent : Harleston
Green Lane, etc.
R. arvensis, Huds. White-flowered Trailing Rose. 6, 7. Fre-
quent : Harleston Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ;
Flixton, etc.
Var. bibracteata. Gawdy Hall Wood.
PYRUS, L.
P. torminalis, Ehrh. Wild Service Tree. 5. Rare : woods,
Bath Hills, Ditchingham (BG).
P. Aria, Sm. Common White-beam. 5. Rare : woods, Ear-
sham (BG).
P. communis, L. Wild Pear. 4, 5. Not common : hedges,
St. Margaret's and St. Peter's (EAH). Shimpling
(JM).
P. Malus, L. Wild Apple. 5. Frequent : Vars., acerba
and mitis growing together in hedges near Starston
Bridge.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 67
CRATjEGUS, L.
C. oxyacantha, L. Hawthorn. 5, 6. Hedgerows : Yar.,
oxyacanthoides, Redenhall Road, near Lush Bush. Var.,
monogyna, common. Popular name May.
SAXIFRAGES.
SAXIFRAGA, L.
S. tridactylites, L. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. 3—6. Rare : on
old walls at Brockdish (EAH), and Mendham, F. Dickie-
burgh (DC).
S. granulata, L. White Meadow Saxifrage. 5, 6. Abundant
in pastures and on banks : Harleston ; Redenhall ;
Homersfield ; Hoxne, etc.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L.
C. alternifolium, L. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage. 4 — 6.
Rare : Spring Wood, Weybread (BG), K. In a shady
lane by the river at Needham (BG). Plentiful in Flixton
Long Plantation, I.
PARNASSIA, L.
P. palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus. 8, 9. Very rare : on
Kett's Fen, Shimpling (JM), K.
RIBES, L.
*R. Grossularia, L. Gooseberry. 4, 5. Frequent in hedges
and woods : Starston ; Homersfield ; Flixton ; Shimp-
ling, etc.
*R. rubrum, L. Red Currant. 4, 5. Not common : Homers-
field Wood ; bank of the Weybread Beck : Shotford Dykes :
Gawdy Hall Great Wood.
R. nigmm, L. Black Currant. 4, 5. Occasionally by streams :
Needham Alder Carr ; Weybread Beck ; near Flixton
Village; Shimpling.
CRASSULACE.E.
TILLJLA., L.
T. muscosa, L. Mossy Tillcea. 4 — 8. Rare : gravel walks
at Hoxne (BG) : also near Bungay (Mr. D. Stock).
FLOWERING PLANTS.
SEDUM, L.
S. Telephium, L. Live-long Orpine. 7, 8. Var., purpurascens,
frequent : Foxburrows Plantation, Weybread, C, D. Plen-
tiful in a gravel pit near Earsham Station, F. Homers-
field, K.
S. acre, L. Yellow Stone-crop. 6, 7. Common on roofs of
houses, walls, and dry banks.
S. rupestre, Huds. Rock Stone-crop. 7, 8. Rare : roadside
between Needham and Brockdish, D.
SEMPERVIVUM, L.
*S. tectomm, L. Common House-leek. 1. Frequent on roofs
and walls.
HALORAGE2G,
HIPPURIS, L.
H. vulgaris, L. Common Mare's-tail. 6, 7. Common in
shallow dykes and ponds : Shotford Bridge, etc.
MYRIOPHYLLUM, L.
M. verticillatum, L. Whorled Water-Milfoil 7, 8. Not
uncommon : ditches near Lush Bush ; pond near Rushall
Wood ; Brockdish ; frequent in the Mendham Marshes.
M. spicatum, L. Spiked Wat 3r- Milfoil. 5 — 7. Frequent in
the marsh dykes : Needham ; Shotford ; Mendham, etc.
CALLITRICHE, L.
C. vernalis, Koch. Vernal Water Storwort. 4—9. Common
in ditches and ponds.
C. stagnalis, Scop. (C. platycarpa, Kutz.). Large-fruited
Water Starwort. 5 — 9. Frequent in the Mendham
Marshes ; ponds at Pulham Mary and Gissing (T).
C. hamulata, Kutz. Hooked Water Stcirwort. 4 — 9. Need-
ham Marshes (Rev. E. F. Linton), and Shimpling, F.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 69
LYTHKABIELE.
LYTHRUM, L.
L. Salicaria, L. Purple Loosestrife. 6 — 9. Common by the
sides of the Waveney and water-courses.
PEPLIS, L.
P. Portula, L. Water Purslane. 6" — 8. Rare : moist places,
Topcroft (TS). Near Bungay (Mr. D. Stock).
EPILOBIUM, L.
E. hirsutum, L. Great hairy Willow-herb. 7, 8. Frequent
in damp places and 011 river-sides : banks of the Waveney ;
Harleston Green Lane ; Redenhall Beck ; Gawdy Hall
Wood, etc.
E. parviflorum, Sch. Small-flowered hairy Willow-herb. 7/8.
Common in watery places. Var. rivulare (subglabrous
form) common in the marshes.
E. montanum, L. Broad-leaved Willow-herb. 6—8. Common
in woods and shady places.
E. tetragonum, L. Square-stalked Willow-herb. 8, 9. Frequent
by the side of ditches and in damp situations : The Wil-
derness Pond, Harleston ; Gawdy Hall Great Wood ;
Needham Marshes, etc.
E. palustre, L. Narrow-leaved Willow-herb. 7, 8. Not com-
mon : marshy ground ; Brockdish (EAH), Dickleburgh
(DC).
(ENOTHERA, L.
*(E. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. 7 — 9. Rail-
way banks at Homersfield.
CIRCjEA, L.
C. lutetiana, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. 6 — 8. Frequent
in shady places : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Dentoii
Plantations ; Flixton Woods ; Bath Hills ; Dickleburgh ;
Billingford, etc.
70 FLOWERING PLANTS.
CUCUEBITACE^B.
BRYONIA, L.
B. dioica, L. Red-berried Bryony. 6 — 8. Frequent iri
hedgerows : near Harleston Bridge ; Baker's Barn, Re-
denhall ; near Brockdish School ; Dickleburgh ; Flixton ;
Earsham.
UMBELLIFEB.E.
HYDROCOTYLE, L.
H. vulgaris, L. Marsh Pennywort. 5 — 8. Not common :
marshy ground near Wingtield Castle, 0. Lane to Wort-
well Cricket Field, F. On Dickleburgh Moor (DC).
SANICULA, L.
S. europaBa, L. Wood Sanicle. 5 — 7. Common in woods :
Gawdy Hall ; Homersfield ; Mendham ; Flixton ; Den-
ton ; Dickleburgh ; Billingford.
CONIUM, L.
C. maculatum, L. Common Hemlock. 6 — 8. Frequent in
bushy places : Shotford Hill ; Redenhall Beck ; Mend-
ham ; Weybread ; Dickleburgh ; St. Margaret's ; Flixton,
etc. Very poisonous : stem spotted with purple.
SMYRNIUM, L.
S. Olusatrum, L. Common Alexanders. 5, 6. Frequent in
waste places : between Gawdy Hall and Lush Bush, C.
Bungay Road, Flixton, I ; near Homersfield Wood, F.
Between Harleston and Scole, and at Flixton Village
(NBG), F. Cf. Introd., p. 31.
3UPLEURUM, L,
B. rotundifolium, L. Perfollate ffare's-ear. 6, 7. Rare : a
weed in the Mill House Ground, Jay's Green, Harles-
ton, F.
APIUM, L.
A. nodiflorum, Reich. (Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch.).
Procumbent Water Parsnip. Q- — -8. Common in the
marsh dykes : Shotford, Mendham, Wortwell, Flixton,
etc. On Dickleburgh Moor.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 71
A. inundatum, Reich. (H. inundatum, Koch.). Lesser
Water Parsnip. 6, 7. Wet places : not common : Win»-
field, D. Dickleburgh Moor and Stow Fen, Earsham, F.
Tivetshall (TS).
SISON, L.
S. Amomum, L. Hedge Stonewort. 7 — 9. Common in
hedge-banks and by roadsides.
SIUM, L.
S. latifolium, L. Great Water Parsnip. 7, 8. Frequent by
the sides of the Waveney (below Mendham Mill ; Need-
ham Alder Carr ; Brockdish, etc). Dickleburgh.
S. erectum, Huds. (S. angustifolium, L.). Upright Water
Parsnip. 7 — 9. Common in the marsh dykes and in
streams.
jEGOPODIUM, L.
M. Podagraria, L. Gout-weed. 6 — 8. Common in bushy
and waste places.
PIMPINELLA, L.
P. Saxifraga, L. Common Burnet Saxifrage. 1 — 9. Common
in meadows and on banks : plentiful on the steep bank of
Redenhall Churchyard.
CONOPODIUM, Koch.
C. denudatum, Koch. (Bunium flexuosum, With.). Earth-
nut. 5, 6. Not common : meadows near Mendham
Targets, C. Foxburrows Plantation, Weybread, D.
Dickleburgh (DC).
CHJJROPHYLLUM, L.
C. temulum, L. Rough Chervil. 6 — 8. Common in fields
and hedges : Harleston ; Weybread ; Mendham ; Starston,
etc. This and the poisonous Hemlock are the only British
species of the Order having purple-spotted stems.
SCANDIX, L.
S. Pecten-Veneris, L. Venus' Comb. 5 — 9. Common in
cultivated fields. Popular name Shepherd 's-needle.
72 FLOWERING PLANTS.
ANTHRISCUS, Pers.
A. vulgaris, Pers. (Chaerophyllum Anthriscus, Lam.). Com-
mon Chervil. 5, 6. Frequent in hedge-banks ; Wilder-
ness Lane, Harleston ; Starston "Road ; Flixton ; St.
Margaret's, etc.
A. sylvestris, Hoff. (Chaerophyllum sylvestre, L.). Wild
Chervil. 4 — 6. Common in hedge-banks and groves.
*A. Cerefolium,Hoff. (Chaerophyllum sativum, Lam.). Garden
Chervil. 6, 7. In great plenty on a bank near Hales-
worth, to all appearance wild (F.B., 1800). Growing
quite wild on the roadside between Wisset and Hales-
worth (id. loc., EAH).
FCENICTJLUM, Hoff.
F. vulgare, Gaert. Common Fennel. 7, 8. Frequent :
Wortwell ; Harleston Bridge ; Baker's Barn Brickyard,
Redenhall ; Starston ; Shotford Heath ; in a hedge on
the Bath Hills, where it has grown for many years
(NBG). Cf. Introd., p. 30.
(ENANTHE, L. '
(E. fistulosa, L. Common Water Dropwort. 6—9. Frequent
in the marsh dykes : Wortwell ; Flixton ; Mendham ;
Brockdish ; Dickleburgh
(E. Phellandrium, Lam. Fine-leaved' Water Dropwort. 7 — 9.
Frequent in ponds and slow ditches : near the White
House, Harleston ; Gawdy- Hall Great Wood ; near
Starston Hall ; Flixton ; St. Margaret's ; Dickleburgh, etc.
(E. fluviatilis, Cole. Miver Water Dropwort. 6 — 9. Abun-
dant in the Waveney (Syleham, Shotford, Homersfield,
etc.). Also in the slow ditches adjacent, where it main-
tains its characters. First recorded for Norfolk in 1883.
JETHUSA, L.
. Cynapium, L. Common FooVs-Parsley. 7, 8. Frequent
in fields, gardens, and waste places : near Wortwell
School ; Mendham Long Lane ; Starston Fields, etc.
Somewhat like the Parsley, but very poisonous.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 73
SILAUS, Bess.
S. pratensis, Bess. Meadow Sulphurwort. 6—9. Frequent
in pastures and thickets : Harleston ; Gawdy Hall ; Re-
denhall ; Mendham ; Shimpling ; Topcroft, etc.
ANGELICA, L
A. sylvestris, L. Wild Angelica. 7 — 9. Frequent in moist
woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ;
St. Margaret's (EAH).
PEUCEDANUM, L.
P. sativum, Beutb. (Pastinaca sativa, L.). Wild Parsnip.
6 — 8. Frequent, especially on clay soil : about Starston
Hall and Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; hedges, Jay's Green,
Harleston, etc.
HERACLEUM, L.
H. sphondylium, L. Common Cow-Parsnip. 6 — 9. Common
in hedges and fields.
DAUCUS, I.
D. Carota, L. Wild Carrot. 6 — 8. Frequent in fields and
by waysides : Needham Hill; Mendham; Dickleburgh,
etc.
CAUCALI3, L.
C. arvensis, Huds. (Torilis infesta, Spr.). Field Hedge-
Parsley. 7, 8. Not common : fields near the Weybread
Targets, D. St. Margaret's (EAH).
C. Anthriscus, Huds. (Torilis Anthriscus, Gaert.). Up-
right Hedge-Parsley. 6 — 9. Frequent in hedge-banks :
Redenhall Road ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Dickleburgh, etc.
C. nodosa. Scop. (Torilis nodosa, Gaert.), Knotted Hedge-
Parsley. 6 — 9. Not uncommon on banks by waysides :
Starston Road, near the Railway Bridge, H. Between
Needham and Brockdish, F.
AEALIACEJE.
HEDERA, L.
H. Helix, L. Common Ivy. 9 — 11. Common on trees and
in woods and hedge-banks.
74 FLOWERING PLANTS.
COKNACE.E.
CORNUS, L.
C. sanguinea, L. Common Dogwood. 6—8. Frequent in
copses and hedges : Harleston Green Lane ; Wortwell j
Flixton ; Dickleburgh, etc.
CAPEIFOLIACE^].
ADOXA, L.
A. Moschatellina, L. Tuberous Moschatel. 4, 5. Frequent
in woods and shady banks : Shotford Hill ; Lush Bush ;
Redenhall ; Homersfield Wood ; Dickleburgh ; Billing-
ford,
SAMBUCUS, L.
S. nigra, L. Common Elder. 5, 6. Common in hedgerows
and woods.
|S. Ebulus, L. Danewort. 6 — 8. Rare : waysides and waste
places : Mendham Long Lane by Harleston (BG).
VIBURNUM, L.
V. Oplllus, L. Common Guelder-Rose. 5 — 7. Frequent in
damp situations : Wey bread Beck ; Need ham Osier
Ground ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ;
Wacton ; Scole ; Flixton, etc.
V. Lantana, L. Wayfaring Tree. 5, 6. Rare : in Mendham
Grove, Norfolk, K. Cf. Introd., p. 30.
LONICERA, L.
*L. Capri folium, L. Perfoliate Honeysuckle. 5, 6. Not
common, but well established : hedges near Needham
Mill, Suffolk, F. Roadside between St. Margaret's and
St. Peter's (EAH), F. Bath Hills (T).
L. Periclymenum, L. Common Honeysuckle. 6 — 9. Frequent
in hedges and thickets : Harleston ; Mendham ; Flixton ;
Dickleburgh, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 75
EUBIACE^E. .
GALIUM, L.
G. cruciatum, With. Crosswort. 4 — 7. Frequent in hedge-
banks and copses : Mendham Long Lane ; Well's Lane,
Harleston ; near Shotford Hall ; Rushall Road ; Flixton ;
St. Margaret's.
G. verum, L. Yellow Bedstraw. 6 — 9. Frequent : Reden-
hall Churchyard ; Needham Hill ; Shotford Hill ; Flix-
ton; Dickleburgh, etc.
G. erectum, Huds. Narrow-leaved Great Bedstraw. 6, 7.
Rare : hedges, Brockdish (T).
G. Mollugo, L. Great Bedstraw. 6—9. Var. elatum, abun-
dant : roadsides, Redenhall, Wey bread, Needham ; gravel
pits, Redenhall Gatehouse, Wort well Broad wash, Flixton;
Dickleburgh, etc. A very strong growth when supported
by bushes.
G. saxatile, L. Heath Bedstraw. 6 — 8. Dry pastures :
not common : opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, D.
Homersneld Heath, F.
G. palustre, L. Marsh Bedstraw. 7, 8. Common in marshy
ditches and damp woods.
G. uliginosum, L. Rough Marsh Bedstraw. 7, 8. Not
uncommon in damp places : between St. Margaret's and
St. Cross ; Shotford Bridge, F. Dickleburgh (DC).
G. anglicum, Huds. Wall Bedstraw. 6 — 8. Very rare : on
an old wall below Needham Mill, Norfolk, C.
G. Aparine, L. Goose-grass. 5 — 9. Common in bushy places.
Popular name Cleavers.
G. tricorne, With. Rough Corn Bedstraw. 6 — 9. Very
rare : field near cinder-path before entering Flixton
Park, I. Cf. Introd., p. 30.
ASPERULA, L.
A. odorata, L. Sweet Woodruff. 5, 6. Rare : shady places,
Dickleburgh (DC).
76 FLOWERING PLANTS.
SHERARDIA, L.
S. arvensis, L. Field Madder. 4 — 10. Common in culti-
vated fields and on banks.
VALEBIANE.E.
VALERIANA, L.
V. dioica, L. Small Marsh Valerian. 5, 6. Frequent in
damp meadows : near Weybread Water Mill ; Brockdish ;
Mendham ; Dickleburgh ; Flixton.
V. officinalis, L. Great Wild Valerian. 6 — 8. Common by
riversides and in damp places.
CENTRANTHUS, DC.
*C. ruber, DC. Red Valerian. 6 — 9. In waste places and
on walls : Harleston Common.
VALERIANELLA, Tour.
V. olitoria, Moen. Common Lamb's Lettuce. 5 — 8. Common
on banks and in gravel pits : below Balking Hill, Harles-
ton ; Downs Farm, Homersfield ; Needham Alder Can-
Pit, etc.
V. dentata, Poll. Narrow-fruited Lamb's Lettuce. 6 — 8.
Not common : fields near Stubbings' Lane, Weybread ;
Needham Green Lane ; near Rushall Road, D. Shimp-
ling, F. Brockdish and St. Margaret's (EAH).
DIPSACE^E.
DIPSACUS, L.
D. sylvestris, L. Wild Teasel. 7 — 9. Not uncommon in
bushy places.
D. pilosus, L. Small Teasel. 7 — 9. Not uncommon : Gawdy
Hall Great Wood; Lush Bush; Weybread Beck, F.
Brockdish, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). Near Harleston
(NBG) ; Homersfield (BG).
FLOWERING PLANTS.1
SCABIOSA, L.
S. SUCClSa, L. DeviVs-bit Scabious. 6 — 8. Not common :
moist places : near Mendham Targets, 0. Wey bread
Meadows, D. Shimpling, F. Dickleburgh (DC). Fres-
singfield, D.
S. columbaria, L. Small Scabious. 7, 8. Rare : dry banks :
Bath Hills, Ditchingham (T). Dickleburgh (DC).
S. arvensis, L. (Knautia arvensis, Coult.). Field Scabious.
6 — 9. Common in fields and hedge-banks.
COMPOSITE.
EUPATORIUM, L.
E. cannabinum, L. Hemp Agrimony. 1 — 10. Frequent
by the sides of streams ; Shotford Bridge ; Weybread
Mill ; Needham Mill ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh, etc.
SOLIDAGO, L.
S. Virgaurea, L. Common Golden-rod. 7, 8. Rare : on
waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread (the late
Mr. Muskett), K
BELLIS, L.
B. parennis, L. Common Daisy. 3—9. Generally distributed.
EEIGERON, L.
E. acris, L. Blue Fleabane. 1 — 9. Rare : gravelly places,
Needham Alder Carr Pit, E. Homerstield Heath (plen-
tiful), F.
FILAGO, Tour.
F. germanica, L. Common Cudweed. 6 — 10. Frequent in
cornfields and waste places : Shotford ; Starston ; Flixton,
etc. Called by the old botanists Herba impia, because the
young branches overtop the older head from which they
spring.
F. minima, Fr. Slender Cudweed. 6 — 9. Not common :
gravelly places : by the side of the Rectory House Wall,
Redenhall ; Flixton New Road, F. Dickleburgh (DC).
78 FLOWERING PLANTS.
GNAPHALIUM, L.
G. uliginosum, L. Marsh Cudweed. 7, 8. Not common :
pond-side near the Dove House, Mendham (Norfolk), E.
Damp places between Shotford Bridge and Spurkett's
Lane, D. Brockdish (EAH).
G. sylvaticum, L. Upright Cudweed. 7 — 9. Rare : bushy
ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, E. Dickie-
burgh (DC).
INULA, L.
I. conyza, DC. Ploughman's Spikenard. 7 — 9. Frequent
in hedge-banks and woods : Harleston Green Lane ;
Mendham Hill (Norfolk) ; Mendham High Road ; Bath
Hills, etc.
PULICARIA, Gaert.
P. dysenterica, Gaert. (Inula dysenterica, L.). Greater Flea-
bane. 7 — 10. Frequent in moist situations : Gawdy
Hall Wood ; Waveney Valley, etc.
BIDENS, L.
B. cernua, L. Nodding Bur- Marigold. 6 — 9. Frequent in
the marsh dykes : Brockdish ; Needham ; Weybread ;
Wortwell ; Dickleburgh Moor ; Shimpling.
B. tripartita, L. Tripartite Bur-Marigold. 7 — 9. Rare :
pond near Mendham Cross Roads, Norfolk ; sides of lane
to Wortwell Cricket Field, F.
ACHILLJEA, L.
A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow. 6 — 9. Common in
banks by waysides.
A. Ptarmica, L. Sneeze-wort Yarrow. 7, 8. Rare : river-
bank below Mendham Mill, H. Brockdish (EAH), D.
ANTHEMIS, L.
A. Cotula, L. Stinking Mayweed. 6 — 9. Frequent in waste
.places : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; Mendham
Pit, on Withersdale Road ; St. Margaret's, etc.
A. arvensis, L. Corn Chamomile. 6 — 9. Rare : waste
ground above the Alder Carr, Needham ; near the Met-
tield footpath, Mendham, F.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 79
A. nobilis, L. Common Chamomile. 6 — 9. Not common :
woods and fields at Flixton, F.
CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
C. segetum, L. Corn .Marigold. 6 — 9. Rare : occasionally
in fields between Dickleburgh and Billingford (DC).
C. Leucanthemum, L. Great White Ox-eye. 6 — 8. Abundant
in pastures and on railway banks.
*C. Parthenium, Pers. (Matricaria Parthenium, L.). Com-
mon Feverfew. 6 — 9. Occasionally in hedge-banks :
Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; the Rectory Paddock (Miss
Perowne), F. Flixton, I.
MATRICARIA, L.
M. inodora, L. Scentless Mayweed. 6 — 9. Plentiful in fields
and waste places.
M. Chamomilla, L. Wild Chamomile. 6 — 8. Not common :
roadside at Highgate, between Needham and Rushall, D.
Waste ground, Shiinpling, F.
TANACETUM, L.
T. vulgare, L. Common Tansy. 6 — 8. Abundant by road-
sides and on banks of streams.
ARTEMISIA, L.
A. vulgaris, L. Mug-wort. 1 — 9. Common by waysides and
in bushy places.
TUSSILAGO, L.
T. Farfara, L. Common Coltsfoot. 3 — 6. Common, espe-
cially in brickyards and on clay surfaces otherwise bare,
C. Of. Introd., p. 14, note.
PETASITES, Gaert.
*P. fragrans, Pres. Sweet-scented Coltsfoot. 1 — 3. Hedge-
banks near Denton House, and between Pulham Market
Station and Village, F. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
P. Vlllgaris, Desf. Common Butter-bur. 3 — 5. Frequent in
wet places : beyond the island at Syleham ; hedge-bank
near Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road ; Mendham
Mills ; St. Margaret's, etc.
80 FLOWERING PLANTS.
DORONICUM, L.
*D. Pardalianches, L. Great Leopard's Bane. 6, 7. Spar-
ingly in the laoe from Alburgh School to Denton, B
SENECIO, L.
S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. 1 — 12. Generally dis-
tributed. Local name Ascension Weed.
S. sylvaticus, L. Wood Grounds il. 6—9. Not uncommon
in bushy places: Gawdy Hall Wood; Shotford Heath, etc.
18. viscosus, L. Stinkiny Groundsel. 7, 8. Very rare : in
a gravel pit at Ditchingham (BG). Cf. Introd., p. 31.
S. erucifolius, L. Hoary Ragwort. 7 — 9. Frequent : Baker's
Barn Brickyard, Redenhall : ditches, Wortwell Cricket
Field : Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; Bath Hills.
S. Jacobaea, L. Common Ragwort. 7 — 9. Common by road-
sides and in waste places.
S. aquaticus, Huds. Water Ragwort. 7 — 9. Common in the
marshes (Needham Alder Carr ; Mendham, etc.). Dickie
burgh Moor.
ARCTIUM, L.
A. majus, Schk. Great Burdock. 1 — 9. Frequent : Wood
behind Weybread Hall ; Well's Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood,
etc.
A. minus, Schk. Small Burdock. 6—10. Common in fields
and by roadsides.
A. intermedium, Lange. Intermediate Burdock. 7 — 9. Waste
places, St. Margaret's (EAH).
CARDUUS, L.
C. nutans, L. Musk Thistle. 6 — 10. Frequent : Needham
Alder Carr Pit ; Wortwell ; Shotford ; Flixton ; St. Mar-
garet's, etc.
C. crispus, L. Welted Thistle. 6 — 9. Frequent : roadsides,
Mendham, Wortwell, St. Margaret's, Dickleburgh ; Har-
leston Green Lane. Gawdy Hall Wood (prob. var. poly-
anthemos).
FLOWERING PLANTS. 81
CNICUS, Hoff.
C. lanceolatus, Hoff. Spear Thistle. 7 — 9. Common on banks
and waste ground.
C. palustris, Hoff. Marsh Thistle. 7, 8. Common in wet
meadows and damp woods. Frequently with white
flowers.
C. pratensis, Willd. Meadow Thistle. 6 — 8. Very rare :
damp places, Wacton Common (T).
C. acaulis, Hoff. Dwarf Thistle. 7—9. Rare : Balking
Hill, Harleston, E. Bank near Redenhall Grange, B.
Dickleburgh Moor (DC). Sandpit, St. Cross (EAH).
Wacton Common (T).
C. arvensis, Hoff. Creeping Plume Thistle. 7, 8. Common
by waysides and in cultivated ground. A variety with
weaker spines by the side of Starston .Rectory wall, F.
ONOPORDON, L.
0. Acanthium, L. Scotch Thistle. 7, 8. Frequent in meadows
and waste places : field adjoining the White House, Har-
leston ; Spurkett's Lane ; near Mendham Mill. Alburgh,
Brockdish (T). This Thistle, though adopted as the na-
tional emblem of Scotland, is quite a southern-type plant,
and a doubtful native north of the Tweed.
SILYBUM, Gaert.
*3. Marianum, Gaert. (Carduus Marianus, L.). Milk
Thistle. 7, 8. Frequent and well established : fir copse
near Homersfield Church : between Mendham and Shot-
ford Bridge (Norfolk) ; Brockdish. Alburgh (T).
CENTAUREA, L.
C. nigra, L. Slack Knap-weed. 7 — 10. Common in fields
and by waysides.
C. Scabiosa, L. Greater Knap-weed. 6 — 9. Not common :
JSTeedham Alder Carr Pit, and beside footpath from Gun-
shaws Hall to the Waveney, D. Mendham Gravel Pit, H.
82 FLOWERING PLANTS.
CICHORIUM, L.
C. Intybus, L. Wild Succory. 6 — 9. Plentiful in cornfields
and by waysides. The root dried and ground supplies the
Chicory of commerce ; the leaves are used as a salad
under the name of Endive.
LAPSANA, L.
L. communis, L. Common Nippleioort. 7 — 9. Common in
lanes and woods, and on the borders of meadows.
PICEIS, L.
P. hieracioides, L. Hawkweed Ox-tongue. 6—10. Frequent:
by footpath and in pit on Shotford Hill ; bushy places
near Mendham Cross Roads; Norfolk ; Dickleburgh ;
Flixton ; Topcroft ; St. Margaret's, etc.
P. echioides, L. (Helminthia echioides, Gaert.). Bristly Ox-
tongue. 6 — 10. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood ;
near Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Denton. Hill ; St. Mar-
garet's.
CREPIS, L.
C. virens, L. Smooth Hawtts-leard. 6 — 9. Common by
roadsides and in waste places.
HIERACIUM, L.
H. Pilosella, L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. 5 — 9. Common on
dry banks and in pastures.
H. vulgatum, Fr. Wood Hawkweed. 1 — 9. Rare : copses,
Dickleburgh (DC).
H. umbellatum, L. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. 7 — 9. Not
frequent : waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Wey-
bread, E. Bath Hills (BG).
HYPOCEUERIS, L.
H. glabra, L. Smooth Cat's-ear. 6 — 9. Rare : in a sandy
field by the Bath Hills (NBG).
H. radicata, L. Long-rooted Catjs-ear. 6 — 8. Common on
dry sandy and gravelly banks.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 83
LEONTODON, L.
L. hirtus, L. (Thrincia hirta, DC.). Hairy Hawk-bit. 7—9.
Not common : in footpath field adjoining Starston Rec-
tory, B. Dickleburgh (DC). St. Margaret's (EAH), etc.
L. hispidus, L. (Apargia hispida, Willd.). Rough Hawk-bit.
6 — 9. Frequent in grassy places : Harleston Green Lane :
Dickleburgh, etc.
L. autumnalis, L. (Apargia autumnalis, Willd.). Autumnal
Hawk-bit. 8, 9. Frequent in pastures and waste ground :
Harleston Green Lane ; Mendham, etc.
TARAXACUM, Juss.
T. officinale, Web. Common Dandelion. 3 — 10. Var. dens-
leonis, common. Var. erythrospermum, frequent on sandy
soil : Beacon Hill, Shotford : Redenhall Road, near Lush
Bush, F.
LACTUCA, L.
L. virosa, L. Strong -scented Lettuce. 7, 8. Rare : Shotford
Heath Pit, C, D. Alburgh (T).
L. Scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce. 7, 8. Apparently frequent:
Billingford, Needham, Harleston, Brockdish (T) ; Stars-
ton, Redenhall (TS). Have seen it only at Billingford, F.
Cf. Introd., p. 28.
L. muralis, Fres. Ivy-leaved Lettuce. 6 — 8. Frequent .in
shady places : Starston ; near Rushall Village : between
Denton House and Rectory ; Dickleburgh ; Pulham Mary ;
St. Margaret's.
SONCHUS, L.
S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow-Thistle. 6 — 8. Common in
fields and waste places.
S. asper, Hoff. Rough Sow-Thistle. 6—8. Common : Balk-
ing Hill, Harleston ; Brockdish Road, etc.
S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow-Thistle. 8, 9. Plentiful in corn-
fields : Mendham Hill ; Gawdy Hall ; Flixton ; Dickle-
burgh, etc.
84 FLOWERING PLANTS.
TRAGOPOGON, L.
T. pratensis, L. Yellow Goat's-beard. 6, 7. Frequent : road-
way, Clapper Farm : Mendham Hill : Ant Hill Farm,
Redenhall : Gawdy Hall ; Dickleburgh, etc. Yar. minor,
Redenhall Churchyard, F. Shimpling (T).
CAMPANULACEJB.
JASIONE, L.
J. montana, L. Annual Sheep's-bit. 6 — 9. Not uncommon
in sandy places : Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road ;
roadside below Homersfield Church ; opposite Hulk's
Graves, Weybread ; Needham Hill Pit.
CAMPANULA, L.
C. Trachelium, L. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. 8—10. Rare :
bushy places near Middleton Hall, Mendham, B. St.
Margaret's (EAH).
C. latifolia, L. Giant Bell-flower. 7 — 9. Rare : thickets,
Linstead Parva (BG). The Bath Hills (T).
C. rotundifolia, L. Hare-bell. 7 — 9. Frequent on dry
banks : Harleston ; Needham ; Starston ; Shotford Heath ;
waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread ; Homers-
field Heath.
C. Rapunculus, L. Rampion Bell-flower. 7, 8. On old walls
at Earsham (NBG).
C. patula, L. Spreading Bell-flmoer. 7 — 9. In hedges at
Denton (Rev. C. T. Cruttwell), F.
.SPECULARIA, DC.
S. hybrida, DC. Venus' Looking-glass. 6 — 9. Rare : in cul-
tivated ground near Shotford Bridge, Norfolk, E.
EKICACE.E.
CALLUNA, Salisb.
C. Erica, DC. (C. vulgaris. Sal.). Common Ling. 6 — 9.
Very rare : one plant in the waste ground opposite
Hulk's Graves, Weybread, E. Cf. Introd., p. 29.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 85
MONOTROPE.E.
HYPOPITYS, L.
H. multiflora, Scop. (Monotropa Hypopitys, L.). Yellow
Bird's-nest. 7, 8. Rare : lir plantations in the Norfolk
neighbourhood of Bungay (NBG). Beech woods at Ear-
sham (Mr. F. Spaldiiig).
PEIMULACE.E.
HOTTONIA, L.
H. palustris, L. Water Violet. 6, 7. Abundant in the
marsh dykes.
PRIMULA, L.
P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. 3 — 5. Common in
woods and on hedge-banks. Yar. caulescens (a luxuriant
form with many flowers on one stalk) occasionally found.
P. veris, L. (P. officinalis, With.). Cowslip. 4, 5. Abundant
in pastures.
P. elatior, Jacq. Jacquin's Oxlip. 4, 5. Rare : pro wing
rather freely on a small boggy hill on Dicklebur jh Moor
(DC), F. Cf. Introd., p. 30.
P. veri-vulgaris, Syme. Common Oxlip. 4, 5. A hybrid.
Frequently found with the Primrose and COM slip.
LYSIMACHIA, L.
L. vulgaris, L. Common Loosestrife. 7, 8. Nr t common :
near Spring Wood, Weybread, K. Shimplin,' (JM), K.
Riverside between Shotford and Mendham (EA rl). For-
merly on Dickleburgh Moor (DC). At the fooi of the
Bath Hills (WA).
L. Nummularia, L. Moneywort. 6 — 8. Frequent in
meadows : Shotford ; Weybread ; Mendham ; Rushall ;
Dickleburgh ; Pulham, etc. Popular name Creeping
Jenny.
L. nemorum, L. Yellow Pimpernel. 6 — 9. Not uncommon
in moist woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Spring Wood,
Weybread ; Abbey Wood, Flixton ; Billingford.
86 FLOWERING PLANTS.
ANAGALLIS, Tour.
A. arvensis, L. Scarlet Pimpernel. 5 — 10. Common in cul-
tivated ground. Popular name Poor Man's Weather-glass
A. cserulea, Sch. Blue Pimpernel. 7, 8. Rare : cornfields
at St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Redenhall (T).
A. tenella, L. Bog Pimpernel. 7, 8. Very rare : on Kett's
Fen, Shimpling (JM).
SAMOLUS, Tour.
S. Valerandi, L. Brookweed. 1 — 9. Not common : river-
side below Weybread Mill, C : rather plentiful near Luck's
Mill, Needham, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). Of. Introd.,
p. 32.
OLEACE.E.
FRAXINUS, L.
F. excelsior, L. Common Ash. 4, 5. Common in woods and
hedgerows.
LIGUSTRUM, Tour.
L. vulgare, L. Common Privet. 6, 7. Frequent in hedge-
rows near dwellings.
APOCYNACE^E.
VINCA, L.
*V. major, L. Greater Periwinkle. 4 — 6. Hedge-bank near
Weybread House, F. Pondside, Pulham Mary ; Tiyets-
hall : the Bath Hills (T).
V. minor, L. Lesser Periwinkle. 4 — 6. Abundant in some
places : Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Denton ; Flixton ;
St. Peter's ; Earsham Wood, etc.
GENTIANE.E.
BLACKSTONIA, Hucls.
B. perfoliata, Huds. (Chlora perfoliata, L.). Yellow Cen-
taury. 6 — 9. Not common : roadside between Flixton
and St. Margaret's, I. Brookside, St. Margaret's (EAH).
Hoxne (JC). Wacton and Earsham (T). Gravel pit
adjoining the Bath Hills, with Lathyrus Aphaca (NBG).
FLOWERING PLANTS. 87
ERYTHEMA, Ren.
E. Centaurium, Pers. Common Centaury. 6 — 9. Frequent :
Harlestoii Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; lane from
Rushall to Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; Flixton, etc. At
Hoxne, with pink, white, and red flowers (JC).
MENYANTHES, L.
M. trifoliata, L. Common Buckbean. 5 — 7. Not common :
Stow Fen, near Earsham Mill (EAH), F. Shimpling
(JM). Dickleburgh Moor, F. Formerly in the Wort-
well Marshes (W. Squires).
CYNOGLOSSUM, Tour.
C. officinale, L. Hounds-tongue. 6 — 8. Not infrequent :
Mendham Grove and Pound Hole, Norfolk ; Shotford
Hill Pit ; Earsham ; St. Margaret's.
SYMPHYTUM, L.
S. officinale, L. Common Comfrey. 5 — 9. Not common :
Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road, E, H. Roadside
between Weybread and Wingfield, F. Dickleburgh (DC).
BORAGO, L.
*B. officinalis, L. Borage. 6 — 8. Waste ground, Gawdy
Hall Wood, I. Shimpling, on an old garden site (JM).
ANCHUSA, L.
*A. sempervirens, L. Evergreen Alkanet. 5 — 7. Rare :
waste ground, Flixton Village, I.
LYCOPSIS, L.
L. arvensis, L. Small Bugloss. 6 — 8. Frequent on banks,
by roadsides, and in fields : roadside below Homerstield
Church, near Shotford Bridge, Norfolk. Weybread ;
Mendham ; Flixton ; Earsham ; Needham ; Billingford.
MYOSOTIS, Dill.
M. csespitosa, Sch. Tufted Water Forget-me not. 6 — 8. Not
common : ditches of the Waveney at Mendham, F.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
M. palustris, With. Common Water Forget-me-not. 6 — 9
Abundant in the Waveney and in moist places.
M. repens, Don. Creeping Water Forget-me-not. 6 — 9. Not
common : St. Margaret's (EAH).
M. sylvatica, Hoff. Wood Forget-me-not. 5 — 8. Rare :
Flixton Woods (EAH), I.
M. arvensis, Hoflf. Field Forget-me-not. 6 — 8. Common in
fields, woods, and waste places,
M. COllina, Hoff. Dwarf Forget-me-not. 4, 5. Common on
dry banks in the spring.
M. versicolor, Reich. Yellow and blue Forget-me-not. 4 — 6.
Not common : wayside bank, Homersfield Wood (EAH) ;
Homersfield Heath and Flixton, F.
LITHOSPERMUM, Tour.
L. officinale, L. Common Gromwell. 5 — 8. Frequent in
waste places : Redenhall Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ;
Billingford ; St. Margaret's, etc.
L. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. 5 — 7. Frequent in culti-
vated fields : near Starston Railway Bridge ; near Spur-
kett's Lane ; near Mendham Old Priory ; St. Margaret's,
etc.
ECHIUM, L.
E. vulgare, L. Viper's Bugloas. 6 — 8. Not uncommon in
gravelly places : Needham Alder Carr Pit : near Harles-
toii Bridge ; Flixton New Road ; Dickleburgh.
COKVOLYULACE^].
CALYSTEGIA, R. Br.
C. Sepium, R.Br. (Convolvulus sepium, L.). White Convol-
vulus. 7, 8. Common in bushy places, especially near
water-courses. Popular name Bindweed.
CONVOLVULUS, L.
C. arvensis, L. Field Convolvulus-. 6 — 8. Common on banks
and in fields.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
CUSCUTA, Tour.
fC. Epilinum, Weihe. Flax Dodder. 7. Shimpling (JM).
This parasitical plant is probably extinct, as Flax is no
longer grown in the district.
C. Epithymum, Murr. Lesser Dodder. 7, 8. On furze and
thyme : rare : Dickleburgh (DC). Also near Bungay
(T).
*C. Trifolii, Bab. Clover Dodder. 7 — 9. Occasional : clover-
field near Old Weybread Green, D. Field near the New
Buildings, Harleston, K. St. Margaret's (EAH).
SOLANACEA
SOLANUM, L.
S. Dulcamara, L. Woody Nightshade. 6 — 8. Frequent in
hedgerows, and common in the marshes. Popular name
Bittersweet. Berries poisonous.
S. nigrum, L. Black Nightshade. 6 — 10. Abundant in
waste places : Clapper Pit, Mendham ; marsh above Syle-
ham Mill ; Harleston Gasworks ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh,
etc. Berries poisonous.
LYCIUM, L.
*L. barbarum, L. Box-thorn. 6 — 9. In hedgerows near
dwellings : Redenhall ; Dickleburgh, etc.
ATROPA, L.
*A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. 6 — 8. A weed in
the late Mr. Muskett's garden and yard, Harleston, F.
Plentiful at Framlingham Castle. The most poisonous of
all British plants to human beings, though animals and
birds appear unaffected by it.
HYOSCYAMUS, L.
H. niger, L. Common Henbane. 5 — 8. Occasional : railway
cutting near Lush Bush (the late Mr. Muskett). A weed
in garden ground, Dickleburgh (DC). Earsham (T) ; St.
Margaret's (EAH). Mr. Muskett observed that the seeds
require repeated exposure to the air in order to insure
growth, and will lie dormant for years until the soil is
newly turned. Poisonous.
90 FLOWERING PLANTS.
SCKOPHTJLAKINE.E.
VERBASCUM, L.
V. Thapsus, L. Great Mullein. 6 — 9. Common on dry
banks : roadside, Shotford to Mendham, Norfolk : Shot-
ford Heath ; Shimpling ; Billingford, etc.
V. pulverulentum, YilL Hoary Mullein. 7. Rare : road-
side at Earsham (Mr. F. Spalding). Ditchingham (WA).
V. nigrum, L. Dark Mullein. 6 — 9. Frequent by waysides :
Homersfield and St. Cross Road ; Mendham and Metfield
Road ; Scole ; Billingford ; Great Melton, etc.
V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. 7, 8. Rare : waste ground,
Weybread (JH, 1863).
LINARIA, Tour.
*L. Cymbalaria, Mill. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax. 6 — 10. Fre-
quent : walls ; Wilderness Lane, Harleston ; Brock dish ;
Flixton, etc.
L. Elatine, Mill. Sharp-leaved Fluellin. 7, 8. Not common :
field, Harleston Green Lane, opposite Anthill Farm,
F. Field near North Lodge, Weybread, D. Dickleburgh
(DC), F. St. Margaret's (EAH).
L. spuria, Mill. Round-leaved Fluellin. 7 — 9. Not common :
with L. Elatine, near the Green Lane, Harleston, F.
Field near Mendham Grove, Norfolk. At St. Cross in
great abundance (EAH).
L. vulgaris, Mill. Yellow Toad-flax. 7 — 9. Frequent on
dry banks and in cornfields.
L. viscida, Mcench. (L. minor, Desf.). Least Toad-flax.
6 — 10. Not common : cornfields, St. Margaret's (EAH),
F. Flixton 1.
ANTIRRHINUM, L.
A. Orontium, L. Lesser Snap Dragon. 6 — 10. Not com-
mon : Homersfield Allotments (W. Squires), F. Wortwell
School Allotments, F. Cultivated ground, Dickleburgh
(DC).
SCROPHULARIA, L.
S. aquatica (var. Balbisii), L. Water Betony. 6 — 9. Abun-
dant in the marsh dykes and by the side of streams.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 91
S. nodosa, L. Knotted Figwort. 6 — 8. Frequent in damp
bushy places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Alburgh ; marshes at
Wey bread and Shotford, etc.
VERONICA, Tour.
V. hederifolia, .L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 3 — 8. Common in
fields and by waysides. Popular name Winterweed.
V. polita, Fr. Grey Procumbent Speedwell. 3 — 9. Frequent
in fields and waste places : Harleston Green Lane ; Reden-
hall Road ; London Road, Harleston ; St. Margaret's ;
Dickldburgh, etc.
V. agrestis, L. Green Procumbent Speedwell. 3 — 9. Common
in fields and on banks : Harleston Bridge j Flixton, etc.
*V. persica, Poir. (V. Buxbaumii, Ten.). Buxbaum's Speed-
well. 4 — 9. Abundant in cultivated fields. This strong
species, introduced into England in 1829, is rapidly exter-
minating V. polita and V. agrestis.
fV. verna, L. Vernal Speedwell. 4, 5. Balking Hill, Harles-
ton (BG). The features of this locality are now altered
through cultivation and enclosure.
V. arvensis, L. Wall Speedwell. 4 — 7. Common in pastures
and waste places. A very small form on Balking
Hill, F.
V. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 5 — 7. Frequent
in dry places and by roadsides : Shotford Heath ; Spur-
kett's Lane ; Flixton ; Homersfield Wood ; Dickleburgh.
V. officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. 5 — 8. Frequent :
Gawdy Hall Great Wood \ near Weybread Mill : Mend-
ham ; Needham ; Flixton ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh, etc.
V. Chamaedrys, L. Germander Speedwell. 5 — 8. Common
on grassy banks and in woods. Popular name Bird's-eye.
V. montana, L. Mountain Speedwell. 4 — 6. Rare : road-
side near Flixton Church and at St. Cross (EAH). Flix-
ton Woods, I. Earsham (T).
V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. 6 — 8. ^ Not common :
marshy ground, Wingfield Common, D. Boggy Meadow,
St. Margaret's (EAH), F.
V. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell. 6 — 8. Frequent in marsh
ditches : Mendham ; Weybread ; Flixton ; Scole ; Dickie-
burgh, etc.
92 FLOWERING PLANTS.
V. Beccabunga, L, Brooklime. 5 — 9. Common in ponds and
ditches.
EUPHRASIA, L.
E. officinalis, L. Common Eyebriyht. 5 — 10. Frequent :
Clintergate Road, Redenhall ; Meiidham Hill, Norfolk ;
Stubbings' Lane, Weybread ; Flixton Park ; Dickleburgh,
etc.
BARTSIA, L.
B. Odontites, Huds. Red Bartsia. 7, 8. Frequent in culti-
vated ground : Gawdy Hall ; Dickleburgh, etc.
PEDICULARIS, L.
P. sylvatica, L. Procumbent Lousewort. 5 — 8. Rare : be-
tween Brockdish and Rushall, near Fir Cover (EAH).
MELAMPYRUM, L.
M. pratense, L. Cow-wheat 5—8. Rare : Gawdy Hall
Great Wood, F. Knight's Grove, Langmere (DC). Bil-
lingford (JC).
RHINANTHUS, L.
R. Crista-galli, L. Yellow Rattle. 5 — 7. Common in damp
meadows : Weybread ; Shotford ; Wort well ; Flixton ;
Dickleburgh, etc.
OBOBANCHACE^E.
OROBANCHE, L.
fO. ramosa, L. Branched Broom-rape. 8, 9. Earsham (T).
Formerly not uncommon on Hemp and Galeopsis Tetrahit.
Mr. Holmes, however, failed to find it on Hemp grown
some years ago by the late Lord Waveney at Flixton.
0. major, L. (0. Rapum, ThuilL). Greater Broom-rape.
6, 7. Not common : waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves,
Weybread, D. The Bath Hills (T). Dickleburgh (DC).
Parasitical on broom and furze.
0. elatior, Sut. Tall Broom-rape. 6—8. Rare : Needham
(T). Parasitical on Knapweed.
0. minor, Sm. Lesser Broom-rape. 6 — 8. Frequent : fields
near Harleston Bridge ; Wortwell ; Pulliam ; Shimpliug ;
Flixton, etc. Parasitical on Clover and many other plants,
including the garden Geranium.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 93
LENTIBULAKIEjE.
UTRICULARIA, L.
U. vulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort. 6 — 8. Now rare :
pond between Brockdish and Rushall, B. Ditch adjoin-
ing Needham Osier Ground (the late Mr. Muskett). In
ditches near Mendham Bridge and at Brockdish (EAH).
Cf. Introd., p. 29.
U. minor, L. Lesser Bladderwort. 6—8. Very rare: in
slow water at Pulham Market (TS).
VEKBENACEJE.
VERBENA, L.
V. officinalis, L. Common Vervain. 1 — 9. Frequent by
roadsides : Redeiihall ; Well's Lane, Harleston ; Wortwell
Low Street ; Flixton. ; Dickleburgh, etc.
LABIATE.
MENTHA, L.
M. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Mint. 7 — 9. Not infre-
quent in banks and moist places : roadside opposite Mend-
ham Priory Mansion ; Withersdale Street ; Metfield Road ;
near Wey bread Windmill ; Shimpling Common ; St. Cross.
M. sylvestris, L. Horse Mint. 7 — 9. Rare : road from
Metfield Parsonage to Church, at the bottom of the hill
(EAH). Moist places, Pulham Market (TS).
*M. viridis, L. Spear Mint. 8 — 10. Rare: on the south
side of the Waveney, about a mile below Sylehain Mill
(EAH). Alburgh (TS).
M. Piperita, Huds. Peppermint. 8, 9. Rare : damp places :
var. officinalis, Denton (TS). Yar. vulgaris, Harleston
(TS).
M. hirsuta, L. Hairy Capitate Mint. 7 —9. Common in
ditches and damp places. Often very luxuriant, as at
Mendham Cross Roads, Norfolk.
M. sativa, L. Hairy Whorled Mint. 1 — 9. Not common :
Pond, Harleston Common ; ditches, Weybread Marshes ;
Gawdy Hall Wood, F. Scole, Shimpling (TS).
94 FLOWERING PLANTS.
M. rubra, Sm. Glabrous Bed Mint. 7—9. Rare : damp
situations, Wacton and Scole (TS). Reported from the
Waveney Marshes, but requires confirmation.
M. gentilis, L. Bushy Red Mint. 1 — 9. Rare : damp
places, Pulham, Starston, Shelton, Hempnall (TS).
M. arvensis, L. Corn Mint. 8, 9. Common in cultivated
ground. Var. Allionii, Needham (TS).
M. Pulegium, L. Penny-royal. 8, 9. Rare : wet places,
Bedingham (T). Ditchingham (BG).
LYCOPUS, L
L. europseus, L. Water Horehound. 6 — 9. Frequent in wet
places : Harleston Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ;
Dickleburgh Moor. Abundant in the marsh dykes.
Popular name Gipsywort.
ORIGANUM, L.
0. vulgare, L. Sweet Marjoram. 7 — 9. Rare : dry banks,
Hempnall (TS). Yar. megastachyum, Hardwick (TS).
This is supposed to be the Hyssop of the Bible.
THYMUS, L.
T. Serpyllum, Fr. Creeping Wild Thyme. 6 — 8. Not
common : Flixton New Road, I.
CALAMINTHA, Mcench.
C. Clinopodium, Benth. Wild Basil. 7 — 9. Frequent in
bushy places : Harleston Green Lane \ Lush Bush ; Mend-
ham Priory Plantations ; Starston, etc.
C. officinalis, Mcench. (C. menthifolia, Host.). Common
Calamint. 7 — 9. Frequent on dry banks : Shotford
Hill ; Withersdale Road, Mendham ; Metfield ; Homers-
field, etc.
SALVIA, L.
S. Verbenaca, L. Wild English Clary. 5 — 8. Abundant on
dry banks : Wortwell ; Well's Lane, Harleston \ Star-
ston ; Billingford ; Scole ; Shotford ; Flixton ; St. Mar-
garet's ; Ditchingham, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 95
NEPETA, L.
N. Cataria, L. Cat-mint. 7 — 9. Frequent on banks : Wort-
well End ; roadside near Shotf ord Hall ; Abbey Wood,
Flixton. ; Dickleburgh, etc.
N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground-ivy. 3 — 6. Common in hedges
and woods. Before the introduction of Hops the Ground-
ivy, with the Wood Sage and Sweet Marjoram, was in
great demand for ale-brewing ; hence its popular name
A le-hoof.
SCUTELLARJA, L.
S. galericulata, L. Skull-cap. 7, 8. Abundant in the Wave-
ney Marshes. Gawdy Hall Wood ; Shimpling.
PRUNELLA, L.
P. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. 7 — 9. Common in meadows and
waste places.
MARRUBIUM, L.
M. vulgare, L. White Horehound. 7 — 9. Rare ; waste
ground, Brockdish (T). On the site of St. Nicholas
Church, South Elmham (extinct, EAH).
STACHYS, L.
S. Betonica, Benth. Wood Betony. 7, 8. Rare : pastures,
Brockdish (EAH). Footpath field near Syleham Hall
(W. Squires).
S. palustris, L. Marsh Woundwort. 1 — 9. Common in the
water meadows : also in corntields and by roadsides.
S. sylvatica, L. Hedge Woundwort. 7 — 9. Common in hedge-
banks and bushy places.
S. arvensis, L. Corn Woundwort. 4 — 10. Frequent in
cultivated fields : Mendham Hill, Norfolk ; fields near
Shotford Bridge ; Lush Bush Allotments ; near the
Woodman's Cottage, Gawdy Hall ; Brockdish, etc.
GALEOPSIS, L.
G. Ladanum, L. Red Hemp-nettle. 6 — 9. Not common : in
cultivated ground near the river, Brockdish, F.
96 FLOWERING PLANTS.
G. speciosa, Mill. (G. versicolor, Curt.). Large-flowered
Hemp-nettle. 7, 8. Rare : cultivated fields, Dickie-
burgh (DC). Earsham (T). Brockdish (not lately, EA.H).
Eye (JH, 1876).
G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-nettle. 7 — 9. Common in
cornfields and cultivated ground, especially in damp situa-
tions. With white flowers in cornfields below Mendhani
Mill and near the Shotford Dykes.
LEONURUS, L.
*L. Cardiaca, L. Motherwort. 7, 8. Rare : hedges and
waste places : near (the late) Wortwell Windmill (BG),
but probably extinct, F. Denton, Ditchingham (T).
LAMIUM, L.
L. amplexicaule, L. Henbit Dead-nettle. 5 — 9. Not com-
mon : gravel pit near Redenhall Gatehouse, F.
L. hybridum, Vill. (L. incisum, Willd.). Cut-leaved Dead-
nettle. 4 — 8. Frequent : roadside near Weybread House ;
the Hoi- Way, Gawdy Hall ; Needham, etc.
L. purpureum, L. Red Dead-nettle. 5 — 9. Common in hedges
and waste places. With white flowers near Shotford Hall
and Mendham Mill. Yar. decipiens, waste ground,
Withersdale, F.
L. album, L. White Dead-nettle. 5 — 8. Abundant in hedge-
banks.
L. Galeobdolon, Crantz. Yellow Archangel. 5, 6. Frequent
in bushy places : Cuckoo Hill, Mendham, Norfolk. Lush
Bush ; Homersfield Wood ; Billingford ; Dickleburgh ;
Bath Hills, etc.
BALLOTA, L.
B. nigra, L. Slack -Horehound. 7 — 9. Common in hedge-
banks.
TEUCRIUM, L.
T. SCOrodonia, L. Wood Sage. 7, 8. Not common : bushy
places opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, D. Mendham
Priory Plantations, F. Foxburrows Plantation, Wey-
bread, C, D.
AJUGA, L.
A. reptans, L. Common Bugle. 5 — 8. Common in pastures
and woods.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 97
PLANTAGINE.E.
PLANTAGO, L.
P. major, L. Greater Plantain. 6 — 9. Common by roadsides
and in waste places.
P. media, L. Hoary Plantain. 6 — 9. Common in pastures.
P. lanceolata, L. Rib -wort Plantain. 6 — 9. Common in
waste places, .
P. Coronopus, L. Buck's-horn Plantain. 6 — 8. Frequent in
waste places : Wortwell Road, opposite the Schoolroom ;
Well's Lane, Harleston ; Needham Alder Carr, etc.
ILLECEBKACE.E.
SCLERANTHUS, L.
S. animus, L. Annual Knawel. 6 — 8. Rare : a few plants
on sandy ground, opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, F.
Abundant on Bungay Common.
CHENOPODIUM, L.
C. polyspermum, L. Many-seeded Goosefoot. 7 — 9. Abundant
in cultivated ground.
C. album, L. White Goosefoot. 7 — 9. Var. candicans, com-
mon. Var. viride, Wortwell School Allotments, F. Var.
paganum, Allotments near Dickleburgh Rectory, F.
C. murale, L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. 6 — 9. Rare : waste
ground, St. Margaret's (EAH).
C. hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. 7. Rare : waste
places : St. Margaret's (EAH). Earshain (T).
C. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. 7, 8. Rare : waste
ground, Ditchingham (TS).
C. Bonus- Henricus, L. Allgood. 6 — 8. Abundant by roadsides
and in waste places, especially near villages : Redenhall ;
Wortwell End ; Dickleburgh, etc. Popular name Good
King Harry.
98 f FLOWERING PLANTS.
ATRIPLEX, L.
A. patula, L. (Var. angustifolia, Sm.). Spreading narrow-
leaved Orache. 1 — 10. Frequent on cultivated and waste
ground : Needham Alder Carr Pit : St. Margaret's ;
roadside, Redenhall, etc.
Var. erecta, rare : Brockdish (EAH).
A. hastata, L. (A. Smithii, Sm.). Hastate-leaved Orache.
7 — 9. Not uncommon : waste ground below Balking
Hill, Harleston ; Wort well ; fields between Wey bread
and Needham Mills, etc.
A. deltoidea, Bab. Triangular-leaved Orache. 6 — 8. Fre-
quent in waste places and cultivated land : Harleston ;
Homersfield Allotments, etc.
POLYGQNAOB^B.
POLYGONUM, L.
P. Convolvulus, L. Climbing Buck-wheat. 7 — 9. Abundant
011 cultivated land.
P. aviculare, L. Common Knotgrass. 5 — 9. Common in
waste places.
P. Hydropiper, L. Water Pepper. 7 — 9. Common in ditches
and marshes.
P. minus, Huds. Small Persicaria. 8, 9. Rare : damp
places in the neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH).
P. Persicaria, L. Spotted Persicaria. 6 — 9. Common in
damp places and in cultivated ground.
P. lapathifolium, L, Glandular Persicaria. 7, 3. Not in-
frequent : damp ground near Weybread Targets ; beckside
near Redenhall Gatehouse, F. Needham (T). St. Mar-
garet's (EAH).
P. amphibium, L. Amphibious Bistort. 7 — 9. Common in
or near the marsh dykes.
P. Bistorta, L. Common Bistort. 6, 7. Not common : on
the island, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Mrs. Pemberton), F.
in meadows near the Church, Mendham ; Flixton Hollow
(EAH).
FLOWERING PLA.NTS. 99
RUMEX, L.
R. conglomerates, Murr. Sharp Dock. 6 — 9. Frequent in
the marshes.
R. sanguineus, L. (R. nemorosus, Sch.). Bloody-veined Dock.
6, 7. Var. viridis, not unfrequent : Needham Alder
Carr ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Flixton Park.
R. pulcher, L. Fiddle Dock. 7—9. Frequent by roadsides :
Rederihall ; Well's Lane, Harleston ; Flixton, etc.
R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Dock. 5—10. Common by
waysides and in fields.
R. crispus, L. Curled Dock. 6 — 9. Frequent in waste
ground : London Road, Harleston ; The Green Lane, etc.
R. Hydrolapatkum, Huds. Great Water Dock. 7, 8. Abund-
ant by the riverside and in the dykes.
R. Acetosa, L. Common Sorrel. 5 — 7. Common in meadows
and woods.
R. Acetosella, L. Sheep's Sorrel. 5 — 7. Common 011 dry
banks and in pastures.
THYMEIIEACEJG,
DAPHNE, L.
*D. Mezereum, L. Mezereon. 3. The Lady's Grove, Gawdy
Hall (EAH). Formerly at Laxfield (WA). Ditching-
ham (T).
D. Laureola, L. Spurge Laurel. 2 — 5. Frequent in woods
and hedge-banks : Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Mendham
Grove, Norfolk ; near St. Cross Schoolroom ; Flixton ;
the Bath Hills ; Denton Plantations ; Redenhall Green
Lane ; Shelton ; Dickleburgh ; Hoxne, etc.
LOEANTHACILE.
VISCUM, L.
V. album, M. Mistletoe. 3 — 5. Not common : on poplar-
trees, Pulham Market ; on Wild Apple, Pulham Mary, F.
Orchards, Homersfield, G. Alburgh, F. St. Margaret's
(EAH). Veales Farm, Fressingfield, N.
100 FLOWERING PLANTS.
EUPHORBIACE.E.
EUPHORBIA, L.
E. Helioscopia, L. Sun Spurge. 3 — 10. Common in cultivated
ground.
E. amygdaloides, L. Wood Spurge. 4—8. Rare : bushy
places, Shelton (TS).
E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurge. 6 — 9. Common in cultivated
ground.
E. exigua, L. Dwarf Spurge. 7 — 10. Common in cultivated
fields. Yar. retusa, DC. Shimpling, F.
*E. Lathy ris, L. Caper Spurge. 6, 7. In waste places, and
a weed in old gardens,, Harleston, Withersdale, F.
MERCURIALIS, L.
M. perennis, L. Perennial Doys Mercury. Common in woods
and shady banks.
UETIC ACE^E.
ULMUS, L.
U. montana, Sm. Broad-leaved Elm. 3, 4. Redenhall Road,
near the second railway bridge, F. Popular name Wych
Elm.
U. campestris, Sm. Common Elm. 3 — 5. Var. suberosa,
common.
HUMTJLUS, L.
H. Lupulus, L. Common Hop. 7 — 9. Frequent in hedge-
rows : Harleston ; Redenhall ; Denton ; Flixton ; Withers-
dale ; Mendham, etc.
URTICA, L.
U. dioica, L. Common Nettle. 5 — 9. Common in waste places
and hedge-banks.
U. urens, L. Small Nettle. 5 — 9. Abundant in waste places
and cultivated ground.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 101
PAEIETARIA, Tour.
P. officinalis, L. Pellitory of the Wall. 5 — 10. Not common :
walls of Wingfield Castle, F. Metfield churchyard wall,
D. Pulham (T).
CUPULIFEE^].
BETULA, Tour.
B. alba. L. White Birch. 4, 5. Not abundant. A row of
fine trees on the Weybread and Syleham Road, C.
" Byrche is called in Latin Betula. I have not red of
any vertue that it hath in physik, howbeit it serveth for
many good uses, and none better than in betinge stubborne
boys that ether lye or wyll not learne." — TURNER, 1550.
(Quoted in Flor. Dorset.)
ALNUS, Tour.
A. glutinosa, L. Common Alder. 4, 5. Abundant in damp
thickets, and by banks of streams.
CARPINUS, L.
C. Betulus, L. Hornbeam. 4, 5. Abundant in hedgerows
and woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Harleston Green
Lane ; St. Margaret's, etc.
CORYLUS, Tour.
C. Avellana, L. Hazel. 2 — 4. Common in hedgerows and
woods.
QUERCUS, L.
Q. Robur, L. Oak. 4, 5. Var. pedunculata, common. A
very fine tree near the railway (north side), between Pul-
ham Market and Tivetshall Stations.
CASTANEA, Tour.
*C. sativa, Mill. (C. vulgaris, Lam.). Sweet Chestnut. 5, 6.
Priory Plantations, Mendham. Fressingfield Hall Plan-
tations.
FAGUS, Tour.
F. sylvatica, L. Common Beech. 5. Abundant in woods
and hedgerows.
102 FLOWERING PLANTS.
SALICINE.E.
SALIX, Tour.
S. fragilis, L. Crack Willow. 4, 5. Frequent in moist
meadows : near Weybread Mill, etc.
S. alba, L. White Willow. 4. Frequent on banks of streams:
near Needham Osier Ground ; Starston Beck ; Wortwell,
etc. A fine male tree near Spring Wood Bridge, Wey-
bread.
S. triandra, L. Almond-leaved Willow. 4 — 6. Abundant on
damp banks. Cultivated in osier grounds.
S. purpurea, L. Purple Willow. 3 — 5. Not common : river-
side near Weybread Mill ; Shimpling, F.
S. rubra, var. Forbyana, Sm. Basket Osier. 4. Bare : river-
side at Needham Osier Ground. Many varieties are cul-
tivated in the district for basket-work.
S. viminalis, L. Common Osier. 4, 5. Common in damp
places and osier grounds.
S. cinerea, L. Common Sallow. 3 — 5. Not common : Shot-
ford Heath Pit, F. Var. aquatica, common in moist
places : Mendhara Long Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood, etc.
Yar. oleifolia, frequent : Harleston Green Lane, etc.
S. Caprea, L. Great Sallow. 4, 5. Frequent in hedges and
woods : Harleston Green Lane ; Wortwell ; Gawdy Hall
Wood, etc.
POPULUS, Tour.
P. alba, L. White Poplar. 3. Not common : Mendham
Grove, Norfolk; Pulham Market, F. St. Margaret's
(EAH). Popular name Abele.
P. canescens, Sm. Grey Poplar. 3, 4. Frequent : roadside
near Redenhall Church ; Shotford ; Starston, etc.
P. tremula, L. Aspen. 4, 5. Frequent : Shotford Hill ;
Wortwell ; Gawdy Hal] Wood.
*P. nigra, L. Black Poplar. 4. Abundant : Shotford
Bridge ; Homerstield ; Redenhall ; Pulham ; Ru shall, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 103
CERATOPHYLLE.E.
CERATOPHYLLUM, L.
C. demersum, L. Common Hornwort. 6 — 8. Frequent in
the marsh dykes : Homersfield ; Shotford ; Mendham, etc.
Ditches, Lush Bush.
C. submersum, L. Unarmed Hornwort. 6 — 8. Rare : ditches,
Brockdish (EAH).
CONIFERS.
TAXUS, Tour.
*T. baccata, L. Yew. 3. Occasionally in plantations. An
old tree opposite the Yew Tree Inn, Redenhall.
PINUS, Tour.
*P. sylvestris, L. Scotch Fir. 5, 6. On sandy and gravelly
soil : Homersfield ; Redenhall ; Shotford ; Earsham, etc.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
HYDEOCHAEIDEJE.
ELODEA, Mich.
*E. canadensis, Mich. (Anacharis Alsinastrum, Bab.).
Water Thyme. 7 — 9. Frequent in the marsh dykes :
Wortwell, Shotford, etc. A North American plant, first
observed in England in 1847, and now generally dis-
tributed.
HYDROCHARIS, L.
H. Morsus-ranae, L. Frog-lit. 7, 8. Frequent in ditches :
Weybread Mill ; Shotford Bridge ; Mendham Marshes ;
Dickleburgh, etc.
STRATIOTES, L.
S. aloides, L. Water- Soldier. 7, 8. Formerly frequent,
now rare : Homersfield ditches (1863), and slow ditch
above Syleham Mill, Norfolk (EAH). Pond in Alder
Carr Meadow, Neeclham (the late J. Muskett). Ditches,
Scole and Billingford (JC). Cf. Introd., p. 29.
OKCHIDE.E.
NEOTTIA, L.
N. Nidus-avis, Rich. Bird's-nest Orchis. 6. Not common :
Gawdy Hall Wood (BG), I. Barker's Wood, Rushall
(EAH). Hedenham and Tindall Woods (T).
LISTERA, R Br.
L. ovata, R. Br. Common Tway Blade. 5 — 7. Abundant
in woods and copses : Gawdy Hall ; Denton ; Starston ;
Weybread ; Needham ; the Bath Hills, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 105
SPIRANTHES, Rich.
S. autumnalis, Rich. Autumnal Lady's Tresses. 7 — 9. Rare :
St. Margaret's and All Saints (EAH). Flixton (the late
J. Muskett). Near Gawdy Hall Wood (Mrs. Pemberton).
Bedingham Green (BG).
CEPHALANTHERA, Rich.
fC. ensifolia, Rich. Long-leaved Helleborine. 5, 6. Rare :
bushy places at the foot of the Bath Hills (BG).
EPIPACTIS, Rich.
E. lati folia, All. Broad-leaved Helleborine. 7, 8. Rare : the
Abbey Wood, Flixton, E. Gawdy Hall Wood (Mrs.
Pemberton). Reported also from Starston.
ORCHIS, L.
0. pyramidalis, L. Pyramidal Orchis. 6 — 8. Frequent :
Redenhall ; Starston ; Baker's Barn ; Gawdy Hall ; Al-
burgh ; Flixton ; Mendham ; Hoxiie ; Scole ; Dickie-
burgh ; Shimpling ; Gissing ; Tivetshall ; Shelton, etc.
0. Morio, L. Green-winged Orchis. 5, 6. Abundant in
meadows : occasionally with white flowers. This and the
next species are called Cuckoo-flower in Norfolk.
0. mascula, L. Early Purple Orchis. 4, 5. Common in woods
and meadows.
0. incarnata, L. Common Marsh Orchis. 5, 6. Not com-
mon : marshy field, St. Margaret's (EAH), and meadows
near Weybread Mill, E.
0. latifolia, L. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchis. 5, 6. Frequent :
Wortwell Marshes ; Weybread Marshes near the Targets ;
St. Margaret's ; Billingford ; Wacton ; Dickleburgh.
0. maculata, L. Spotted Palmate Orchis. 5 — 7. Common
in woods and damp places.
ACERAS, R. Br.
A. anthropophora, R. Br. Green Man-Orchis. 6. Not com-
mon : meadows near Mendham Long Lane (the late J.
Muskett). Hartcup's plantations near Bungay (EAH).
106 FLOWERING PLANTS.
Shimpling (JM). Tivetshall St. Margaret (TS). Ear-
sham (NBG). In a dry pit (now the Dove House Dell)
at the end of Mr. Wright's garden at Mendham, Norfolk
(BG).
OPHRYS, L.
0. apifera, Huds. Bee Orchis. 6, 7. Common in some years :
Needham Alder Carr Meadows ; between Wey bread
Church and Beck ; Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall :
Gawdy Hall Wood ; Mendham Long Lane ; Denton ;
Earsham ; St. Margaret's ; Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Shimp-
ling. Frequent near Harleston (BG, 1805). Plentiful
1884.
0. muscifera, Huds. Fly Orchis. 5 — 7. Occasional : All
Saints' Rectory field with Spiranthes autumnalis (EAH,
1884). Shimpling (JC). Gawdy Hall Wood (NBG, and
Mrs. Pemberton). Bath Hills and Earsham Wood (WA).
HABENARIA, R. Br.
H. conopsea, Benth. (Gymnadenia conopsea, R. Br.).% Fragrant
Orchis. 6 — 8. Not common : Shimpling (JM). Dickie-
burgh (DC). Fulham (TS). Sparingly on Wacton Com-
mon (T). Reported also from Gawdy Hall.
H. viridis, R. Br. Frog Orchis. 6 — 8. Abundant in fields
near St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Ditchingham (T).
H. bifolia, R. Br. Lesser Butterfly Orchis. 6—8. Frequent
in damp woods and pastures : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Need-
ham ; Wey bread ; Starston ; Mendham. Denton (Rev.
C. T. Cruttwell). Wacton (T).
H. chloroleuca, Rid. (H. chlorantha, Bab.). Greater Butterfly
Orchis. 5, 6. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood ;
Starston Wood ; Rush all Wood ; Flixton.
IBIDEM.
IRIS, L.
I. fcetidissima, L. Blue Iris. 5 — 7. Not common : Mend-
ham Grove, Norfolk, F. Flixton Long Plantation, I.
Swampy ground, Tivetshall Wood (Rev. H. T. Frere).
Very abundant on the Bath Hills, Ditchingham (WA).
Cf. Introd., p. 32.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 107
I. Pseudacorus, L. Yellow Iris. 5—8. Frequent : banks of
the Waveney; Bedenhall Beck; pond, Shotford Hill;
Spring Wood, Wey bread ; Flixton, etc. Popular name
Flag.
CROCUS, Tour.
* C. vernus, All. /Spring Crocus. 3. It " covers a field by
the side of Mendham Long Lane by Harleston, and has
grown there before the memory of the oldest person in the
neighbourhood" (EG, 1805). Still abundant and appar-
ently spreading.
AMAETLLIDEJB
NARCISSUS, L.
N. Pseudo-narcissus, L. Wild Daffodil. 3, 4. Not com-
mon : occasionally in meadows near Jay's Green, Harles-
ton, F. Plentiful on the island, Gawdy Hall Wood
(EAH), F. Popular name Lent Lily.
*N. major, L. Spanish Daffodil. 3, 4. Mendham Grove,
Norfolk, in the last century a garden. Cf. Introd., p. 29,
note.
*N. biflorus, Curt. Two-flowered Narcissus. 4, 5. Bare :
in a meadow at St. Margaret's (EAH), E. Mendham
Grove, Norfolk, DH. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
GALANTHUS, L.
G. nivalis, L. Common Snowdrop. 2, 3. Not common :
marshy corner of a meadow by the Waveney, Weybread,
C. Plentiful in the Long Plantation, Flixton (EAH),
F. Hedges at Laxfield in the greatest profusion (BG).
DIQSCOBEJB.
TAMUS, L.
T. communis, L. Black Bryony. 5 — 7. Frequent in woods
and hedges : Jay's Green, Harleston ; Gawdy Hall Wood ;
Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Thorpe Abbotts, etc.
LILIACEJE.
RUSCUS, L.
R. aculeatus, L. Butcher's Broom. 3, 4. Bare : in an orchard
hedge, Alburgh, A.
108 FLOWERING PLANTS.
ASPARAGUS, L.
*A. officinalis, L (var. hortensis). Asparagus. 6 — 8. Estab-
lished in the hedge-bank of a cultivated field on Beacon
Hill, Shotford. Norfolk, in the last century the site of a
hall and its gardens, D. Cf. Introd., p. 29, note.
CONVALLAEIA, L.
*C. ma.jalis, L. Lily of the Valley. 5, 6. Gawdy Hall Great
Wood (Mrs. Sancroft Holmes). Scarcely spreading, F.
ALLIUM, L.
A. vineale, L. Crow Garlic. 6, 7. Rare : bank of footpath
from Harleston to the Dove House, E, G. Field between
. the Mendham Long Lane and White House (Mrs. Pember-
ton), F. Very scarce in Norfolk.
A. ursinum, L. Broad-leaved Garlic. 5 — 7. Not infrequent :
Homersfield Wood \ Spring Wood, Weybread ; Bath Hills.
Popular name Ramsons.
MUSOAEI, Tour.
M. racemosum, Mill. Grape- Hyacinth. 5. Rare : on dry
banks : roadside opposite Shotford Hall, E. Harleston
Common, C. A doubtful native. Root poisonous.
SCILLA, L.
S. nutans, Sm. (Hyacinthus non-scriptus, L.). Wood Hya-
cinth. 4 — 6. Abundant in some woods ; Homersfield,
Weybread, Need ham, etc. Occasionally with white
flowers. Root poisonous. Popular name Bluebell.
ORNITHOGALUM, L.
*0. umbellatum, L. Common Star of Bethlehem. 5, 6. Not
uncommon in meadows : near Spurketts' Lane by Har-
leston, D. Field near Potash Driftway, Weybread, E.
Meadow near Flixton Hollow, I.
0. pyrenaicum, L. Spiked Star of Bethlehem. 6, 7. Very
rare : in the Rectory Paddock (Miss Perowne, 1883), F.
A casual. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
FLOWEIUNG PLANTS. 109
LILIUM, L.
*L. Martagon, L. Turk's Cap Lily. 6, 7. Not common, but
well established. Denton Plantations, and in hedges in
the neighbourhood, F. Copse near Flixton Village, G.
Cf. Introd., p. 26.
FRITILLARIA, Tour.
F. Meleagris, L. Common Fritillary. 4, 5. Not infrequent
in pastures. " In a field called the Seven Acres, and the
adjoining ones by the side of Mendham Long Lane, near
Harleston, where it also varies with a white flower " (BG,
1805), C. Meadows at Laxfield, near the church (BG).
Plentiful in a field at St. Margaret's, where it has grown
from time immemorial ; also at St. Cross (EAH).
Meadows at Luck's Mill, Needham, D. Metfield.
TULIPA, Tour.
T. sylvestris, L. Wild Tulip. 4. Very rare : above Wey-
bread Watermill, Suffolk (NBG), F. It rarely flowers in
its natural locality.
COLCHICUM, L.
C. autumnale, L. Meadow Saffron. 8, 9. Not common : in
a meadow at Fressingfield (the late J. Muskett), D. Plen-
tiful in the parish of Pulham S. Mary Magdalene (Rev.
Spencer Fellows). St. Cross (EAH, 1864). Laxfield
(BG). Reported also from Starston.
PARIS, L.
P. quadrifolia, L. Herb Paris. 5, 6. Very rare : Beding-
ham Wood and Tindall Wood, Ditchingham (T).
JUNCACE.E.
JUNCUS, L.
J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. 7, 8. Common in muddy and
marshy places.
J. glaucus, Ehr. Hard Rush. 6, 7. Common by roadsides
and in poor pastures.
110 FLOWERING PLANTS.
J. diffusus, Hop. Diffuse Rush. 6, 7. Rare : damp places,
Flixton Woods, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Iiitrod.,
p. 26.
J. effusus, L. Soft Rush.' 6 — 8. Common in moist places.
J. conglomeratus, L. Common Rush. 7, 8. Common in
marshy places, especially in woods.
J. obtusiflorus, Ehr. Blunt-flowered Rush. 7, 8. Not in-
frequent in wet meadows : Needham, Shimpling, etc.
J. lamprocarpus, Ehr. Shiny-fruited Rush. 7, 8. Abundant
in the marshy meadows of the Waveney Valley. Gawdy
Hall Wood ; Spring Wood, Weybread.
J. acutiflorus, Ehr. Sharp-flowered Rush. 6 — 8. Not un-
common : wet ground, Jtushall Wood and Spring Wood,
Weybread, F. Marsh near Earsham Hall, F. Brockdisli
and" St. Margaret's (EAH).
LUZULA, DC.
L. pilosa, Willd. Hairy Wood Rush. 3 — 5. Abundant in
woods and shady places : Gawdy Hall ; Shotford Hill ;
Homersfield, etc.
L. campestr.is, DC. Field Wood Rush. 4, 5. Common in
pastures and on grassy banks.
L. multiflora, Lej. Many-headed Wood Rush. 6. Rare :
Fir Cover, Brockdish, F.
TYPHACEJ3,
TYPHA, L.
T. latifolia, L. Greater Reed-Mane. 7, 8. Frequent in ponds
and ditches : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; near
Mendham Priory ; Dickleburgh ; Harleston ; Wortwell ;
Pulham ; Shimpling, etc. Popular names Cat's-tail, Bul-
rush.
T. angustifolia, L. Lesser Reed-Mace. 6, 7. Not infrequent
in ditches and pools : The Little Barn, Gawdy Hall North
Lodge ; riverside near Mendham Targets ; Brockdish ;
Shimpling ; Pulham Market ; Earsham.
FLOWERING PLANTS. Ill
SPARGANIUM, Tour.
S. ramosum, Curt. Branched Bur-reed. 6, 7. Abundant in
the marsh ditches and streams.
S. neglectum, Beeby. Sharp-fruited Branched Bur-reed. 7.
Banks of the Waveney at Needham, and in the Wey-
bread Beck, K. This is a new plant, and has only recently
been named. Cf. Introd., p. 26.
S. simplex, Huds. Unbrancked Bur-reed. 7. Frequent in
ditches and streams : Redenhall Gate House ; Wort well ;
Dickleburgh ; Brockdish ; Scole ; Pulham Mary, etc.
ABOIDE M,
ARUM, L.
A. maculatum, L. Common Cuckoo-pint. 4, 5. Common in
hedge-banks and shady places. Occasionally with a
yellow spadix. Poisonous. Popular name Lords and
Ladies.
ACORUS, L.
A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. 6. Now rare : waterside, Hoxne
(JO). St. Margaret's Moat (introduced, EAH). The
Waveney, near Bungay (WA). It still grows at Bungay
Staithe (Mr. F. Spalding). Till very lately the floor of
Norwich Cathedral was strewn with this sweet-smelling
rush on certain festivals according to the general custom
of the Middle Ages.
LEMNACE.E.
LEMNA, L.
L. trisulca, L. Ivy -leaved Duck-weed. 6, 7. Frequent in
ponds and slow ditches : The Wilderness, Harleston ;
Shotford Dykes ; Gawdy Hall Wood, etc.
L. minor, L. Lesser Duck-weed. 6, 7. Common in pools
and ditches.
L. gibba, L. Gibbous Duck-weed. 6 — 8. Not uncommon :
in the beck at Redenhall, F. Ditch near Wortwell Low
Street, CD.
112 FLOWERING PLANTS.
L. polyrrhiza, L. Greater Duck-weed. Flowerless in England.
Frequent : pond near Harleston Common ; ditch near
Alburgh Wood ; Shotford Bridge Dykes ; Dickleburgh.
ALISMACE^].
ALISMA, L.
A. PlantagO, L. Greater Water Plantain. 7 — 9. Common
by the side of streams and in ditches and ponds.
A. ranunculoides, L. Lesser Water Plantain. 6 — 8. Not
common : marshy ground near Wingfield Castle, C.
Needham Alder Carr Meadow, F. Scole and Hoxiie
(JC).
SAGITTARIA, L.
S. sagittifolia, L. Common Arrow-head. 7 — 9. Abundant
in the Waveney and its ditches.
BUTOMUS, Tour.
B. umbellatus, L. Flowering Bush. 6, 7. Not infrequent:
Shotford Dykes ; Mendham Mill ; Flixton Marshes ;
Stow Fen, Earsham ; Dickleburgh ; Scole ; Shimpling ;
Hoxne.
NAIADACE M.
TRIGLOCHIN, L.
T. palustre, L. Marsh Arrow-grass. 7, 8. Frequent : marshes
of the Waveney at Hoxne, Needham and Weybread.
Boggy ground, St. Margaret's (EAH).
POTAMOGETON, L.
P. natans, L. Floating Pondweed. 5 — 7. Common in ponds,
ditches, and streams.
P. rufescens, Sch. Ruddy Pondweed. 6, 7. Not common :
Dickleburgh Moor ; pond near Rushall Wood ; Shimp-
ling, F. Billingford, Pulham Mary (T). River near the
Bridge at Scole (FB).
P. heterophyllus, Sch. Different-leaved Pondweed. 6, 7.
Rare : slow water, Dickleburgh (TS).
FLOWERING PLANTS. 113
P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. 6, 7. Common in the
Waveney and its ditches.
P. praelongus, Wulf. Long-stalked Pondweed. 6, 7. Not
common : in the Waveney at Homersfield (EAH) and
above Shotford Bridge, F.
P. perfoliatus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. 7. Abundant in
the Waveney at Flixton and Earsham, otherwise rare, F.
P. crispus, L. Curled Pondweed. 6, 7. Common in the
marsh dykes and ponds : var. serratus, Wortwell
Marshes, D.
P. densus, L. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. 6, 7. Frequent in
the Waveney and its ditches : Mendham ; Wortwell ;
Shotford, etc.
P. pusillus, L. Small Pondweed. 6, 7. Frequent in ditches
of the Waveney : Homersfield ; Mendham, etc.
P. trichoides, Cham. Hair-like Pondweed. 7 — 10. Hare :
Brockdish Dykes (EAH). Slow water ditch near Tivets-
hall Station ; Pulham Mary ; Alburgh (T). Discovered
in Norfolk and added to the British Flora by the Rev.
Kirby Trimmer.
P. pectinatus, L. Fan-like Pondweed. 6, 7. Rare : in the
Waveney at Earsham, F. Ditchingham (TS).
ZANNICHELLIA, L.
Z. palustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed. 5 — 8. Frequent
in the marsh ditches : Mendham Old Priory, etc. ; Wort-
well Broadwash.
Z. pedunculata, Reich. Long-horned Pondweed. 5—8. Rare :
slow ditches, Gissing (T).
CYPEEACE.E.
ELEOCHARIS, R.Br.
IE. acicularis, Sm. (Scirpus acicularis, L.). Slender Spike-
rush. 7, 8. Very rare : on Stow Fen, at Earsham (T.
and EAH).
E. palustris, R.Br. (Scirpus palustris, L.). Creeping Spike-
rush. 6, 7. Abundant in the marshes (Mendham, Need-
ham, etc). Pond, Harleston Common.
114 FLOWERING PLANTS.
E. multicaulis, Sin. (Scirpus multicaulis, Sm.). Many-
stemmed Spike-rush. 6, 7. Rare : Needham Alder Carr
Meadow ; Wortwell Marshes, E. Stow Fen, Earsham
(EAH).
SCIRPUS, L.
S. setaceus, L. Bristly Club-rush. 6 — 8. Rare : moist places
about Earsham and Bungay (EAH).
S. lacustris, L. Common Bull-rush. 7, 8. Common by the
riverside and in ditches.
S. sylvaticus, L. Wood Club-rush. 7. Frequent : banks of
the Weybread Beck, C ; bushy places near Foxburrows
Plantation, Weybread, K ; near Mendham Targets, F.
Above the Mill at Syleham, and at the entrance of the St.
Margaret's rivulet into the Waveney (EAH) ; moist woods,
Ditchingham (FB).
S. Caricis, Retz. (Blysmus compressus, Panz.). Broad-
leaved Blysmus. 7, 8. Rare : damp pastures, Shimpling,
K. Ditchingham Bath Hills (T).
ERIOPHORUM, L.
E. angustifolium, Roth. Common Cotton Grass. 5, 6. Rare :
boggy meadow, St. Margaret's (EAH), and Wortwell
Marshes, E.
CAREX, L.
C. disticha, Huds. (C. intermedia, Good.). Soft Brown Sedge.
5, 6. Not common : pondside, Harleston Common, F ;
bank of the stream between St. Peter's and St. Margaret's
(EAH), F.
fC* teretiuscula, Good. Lesser Panided Sedge. 5, 6. Rare :
marshes at Earsham and Ditchingham (BG).
C. paniculata, L. Greater Panided Sedge. 6. Not common :
pondside, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (EAH), and Flixton
Long Plantation, F.
C. VUlpina, L. Great Spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Abundant by
ponds and streams : Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Redenhall
Beck ; Needham ; Tivetshall ; Wacton, etc.
C. muricata, L. Greater Prickly Sedge. 5, 6. Frequent in
woods, pastures, and on banks : the Wilderness copse,
Harleston ; Gawdy Hall ; Redenhall Road ; Flixton ; St.
Margaret's, etc.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 115
C. divulsa, Good. Grey Sedge, 5, 6. Frequent in moist
shady places : roadside, Baker's Barn ; Gawdy Hall
Wood; Harleston; Needham; St. Margaret's, etc.
C. remota, L. Distant-spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Abundant in
damp woods and hedge-banks ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Lush
Bush ; Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; St. Margaret's ; Ear-
sham ; Hard wick ; Wacton ; Shimpling ; Dickleburgh, etc.
C. axillaris, Good. Axillary Sedge. 6. Frequent in wet
ditch banks : Harleston Green Lane ; St. Cross ; St. Mar-
garet's ; Mefcfield ; Earsham ; Pulham ; Tumbrill Hill,
Needham ; Rushall Road, etc.
C. OValis, Good. Oval-spiked Sedge. 6. Not common : marshy
ground, Gawdy Hall Great Wood, F.
C. stricta, Good. Tufted Sedge. 4 — 6. Rare : wet meadows,
Earsham (NBG).
C. acuta, L. Slender-spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Not common :
wet meadows, St. Margaret's (EAH). Var. gracilescens,
north bank of the Waveney above Syleham Mill, F. Cf.
Introd., p. 26.
C. Goodenowii, JG. (C. vulgaris, Fr.). Common Sedge.
5, 6. Frequent in wet pastures and woods : Weybread
Meadows ; Fir Cover, Brockdish ; Dickleburgh ; Tivets-
hall ; Shimpling ; St. Margaret's.
C. glauca, Murr. Glaucous Heath Sedge. 5, 6. Common in
poor pastures and damp places.
C. pilulifera, L. Round-headed Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : wet
pastures near the Bath Hills, Ditchingham (T).
C. praecox, Jacq. Vernal Sedge. 4, 5. Not common : dry
pastures, Harleston, F. St. Margaret's (EAH).
C. pallescens, L. Pale Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : damp places,
Gawdy Hall Great Wood, F.
C. panicea, L. Pink-leaved Sedge. 6. Not common : Fir
Cover, Brockdish, F. St. Margaret's Marsh, (EAH), F.
C. sylvatica, Huds. Pendulous Wood Sedge. 5, 6. Common
in shady places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Denton Planta-
tions ; Rushall Wood ; Spring Wood, Weybread ; Mend-
ham Grove, etc.
C. flava, L. Yellow Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : marshy ground, Fir
Cover, Brockdish, F. Var. lepidocarpa.
116 FLOWERING PLANTS.
C. hirta, L. Hairy Sedge. 5, 6. Common in meadows and
wet places : Ant Hill Farm, Redenhall ; Spring Wood,
Weybread ; meadows of the Waveney Valley, etc.
C. Pseudo-cyperus, L. Cyperus-like Sedge. 6. Frequent :
Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Wingfield Castle Moat ;
Rushall ; pond, Spurkett's Lane, Harleston ; Weybread,
etc.
C. paludosa, Good. Lesser Pond Sedge. 5. Abundant by
the riverside : Needham Alder Carr ; Flixton Long Plan-
tation, etc.
C. riparia, Curt. Greater Pond Sedge. 5. Common by the
riverside and in ditches.
C. rostrata, St. (C. ampullacea, Good.). Bottle Sedge. 5, 6.
Not common: ditches near Needham Alder Carr; Stow
Fen above Earsham Mill, F. St. Margaret's (EAH).
C. vesicaria, L. Bladder Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : Gawdy Hall
Great Wood (EAH), F. St. Margaret's Beck (EAH).
PANICUM, L.
*P. glabrum, Gaud. (Digitaria humifusa, Pers.). Glabrous
Finger-grass. 7, 8. Rare : sandy fields by Bungay
(NBG). Earsham (EAH).
SETARIA, Beauv.
*S. viridis, Beauv. Green Bristle Grass. 7, 8. Rare :
Homersfield Allotments (EAH), F. Very abundant at
Ditchingham (T).
*S. glauca, Beauv. Glaucous Bristle Grass. 9. Extremely
abundant in sandy fields at Ditchingham (T).
PHALARIS, L.
*P. canariensis, L. Canary Grass. 7, 8. Waste ground,-
Needham, A.
P. arundinacea, L. (Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.). Reed
Canary Grass. 7, 8. Common in streams and ditches of
the Waveney.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 117
ANTHOXANTHUM, L.
A. odoratum, L. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. 5 — 7. Com-
mon in meadows and pastures. It gives the scent to hay.
ALOPECURUS, L.
A. agrestis, L. Slender Fox-tail Grass. 7, 8. Abundant in
fields and waste places.
A. fulvus, Sm. Orange-spiked Fox-tail Grass. 6 — 8. Rare :
in ditches on Dickleburgh Moor, F.
A. geniculatus, L. Bent Fox-tail Grass. 6, 7. Not common :
damp meadow, Jay's Green, Harleston, A. Baker's Barn.
Brickyard, F. Near Mendham Priory Ruin, D. Pulham
(T), etc.
A. pratensis, L. Meadow Fox-tail Grass. 5, 6. Common in
meadows and pastures.
MILIUM, L.
M. effusum, L. Wood Millet-grass. 6, 7. Rare : Gawdy
Hall Great Wood (EAH).
PHLEUM, L.
P. pratense, L. Timothy Grass. 5 — 10. Common in meadows
and by waysides. Var. nodosum, roadside below Homers-
field Church, F.
AGROSTIS, L.
A. canina, L. Brown Bent Grass. 6, 7. Not common : near
Weybread House, E. Potter's Pits, Weybread, F.
A. alba, L. Marsh Bent Grass. Common in the marsh
meadows.
A. vulgaris, With. Fine Bent Grass. 7, 8. Very common in
cultivated and waste ground.
CALAMAGROSTIS, Ad.
C. epigeios, Roth. Wood Small Reed. 1. Rare : Gawdy Hall
Great Wood (Mr. Flint), F. Spinney in Rushall, near
Brockdish Hall (EAH), F. Earsham Wood (WA).
C. lanceolata, Roth. Purple Small Reed. 6, 7. Rare : pond-
sides, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (EAH). Blake's Grove,
Gawdy Hall (BG). Earsham Wood (T).
118 FLOWERING PLANTS.
APERA, Ad.
A. interrupta, Beauv. (Agrostis interrupta, L.). Short-
panicled Silky Bent Grass. 6, 7. Very rare : in culti-
vated ground between Homersfield and St. Cross, 1884, A.
AIRA, L.
A. caryophyllea, L. Silvery Hair Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in
dry places : Homersfield Heath ; Mendham Pit on Withers-
dale Road, etc.
A. praecox, L. Early Hair Grass. 4 — 6. Abundant in dry
gravelly places : pasture near Homersfield Heath ; Wort-
well Railway Cutting, etc.
CORYNEPHORUS, Beauv.
C. canescens, Beauv. (Aira canescens, L.). Grey Hair-gra*s.
6, 7. Yery rare : plentiful on Homersfield Heath, D.
Cf. Introd., p. 31.
DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv.
D. caespitosa, Beauv. (Aira caespitosa, L.). Tufted Hair-
grass. 6 — 8. Common in woods and moist shady
groves.
HOLCUS, L.
H. mollis, L. Creeping Soft Grass. 6 — 8. Frequent : Flix-
ton Long Plantation ; Homersfield Village ; Mendham
Priory Plantations ; Gawdy Hall W'ood ; St. Margaret's.
H. lanatus, L. Meadow Soft Grass. 6, 7. Common in fields
and by roadsides.
TRISETUM, Pers.
T. flavescens, Beauv. (Avena flavescens, L.). Yellow Oat
Grass. 7, 8. Common on dry banks and in pastures.
AVENA, L.
A. pubescens, Huds. Downy Oat Grass. 6, 7. Not common :
Gawdy Hall, near Redenhall Lodge, F. Near the Beck
Bridge at St. Cross (EAH), F.
A. pratensis, L. Narrow-leaved Oat Grass. 6, 7. Dry pastures
in the neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH).
FLOWERING PLANTS. 119
*A. Strigosa, Sch. Black Oat Grass. 6, 7. Rare : cultivated
fields, Brockdish (EAH).
A. fatua, L. Wild Oat Grass. 6, 7. Not common : corn-
fields near Harleston, A. St. Margaret's (EAH).
ARRENATHERUM, Beauv.
A. avenaceum, Beauv. (Avena elatior, L.). False Oat Grass.
6, 7. Common in hedge-banks and bush}'- places. Yar.
nodosum, hedge-banks near Weybread House, F.
SIEGLINGIA, Bern.
S. decumbens, Bern. (Triodia decumbens, Beauv.). Decum-
bent Heath Grass. 7. Rare : barren pastures in the
neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH).
PHRAGMITES, Trin.
P. communis, Trin. (Arundo Phragmites, L.). Common
Reed. 7, 8. Abundant in the Waveney. Pond, London
Road, Harleston ; Denton, etc.
CYNOSURUS, L.
C. cristatus, L. Crested Dog's-tail Grass. 5—8. Common
in meadows and pastures.
KOELERIA, Pera.
K. cristata, Pers. Crested Hair Grass. 6, 7. Not com-
mon : dry pastures in the neighbourhood of St. Mar-
garet's (EAH). Plentiful on Bungay Common, F.
CATABROSA, L.
C. aquatica, Beauv. Water Whorl Grass. 5 — 7. Frequent
in damp places : Shotford Marshes ; Mendham Old Priory ;
Needham and Brockdish Road ; Pulham Market ; Scole.
MELICA, L.
M. uniflora, Retz. Wood Melic Grass. 5 — 7. Frequent in
shady places : The Wilderness Copse, Harleston : Gawdy
Hall Wood ; Mendham Hill, Norfolk ; Brockdish, etc.
120 FLOWERING PLANTS.
DACTYLIS, L.
D. glomerata, L. Rough Cocks-foot Grass. 6—8. Common
in meadows and by roadsides.
BRIZA, L.
B. media, L. Common Quaking Grass. 6. Plentiful in
meadows : Harleston ; Starston ; Needham, etc.
POA, L.
P. annua, L. Annual Meadow Grass. 3 — 10. Common in
fields and waste places.
P. nemoralis, L. Wood Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Not common :
roadside between Harleston and the Dove House, A.
Gawdy Hall Great Wood, and Redenhall Green Lane, F.
Nichols' Hill, Mendham : Flixton, E.
P. COmpressa, L. Flat-stemmed Meadow Grass. 6 — 9. Fre-
quent in dry barren ground ; roadside, Redenhall; pastures,
Mendham, Scole, etc.
P. pratensis, L. Smooth Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Common in
meadows and on hedge-banks.
P. trivialis, L. Rough Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in
meadows : Lush Bush ; Weybread ; Redenhall, etc.
GLYCERIA, R.Br.
G. fluitans, R. Br. Floating Meadow Grass. 6 — 8. Common
in ditches and ponds.
G. plicata, Fr. Folded-leaved Meadow Grass. 6 — 8. Rare :
wet places, St. Margaret's and St. Cross (EAH).
G. aquatica, Sm. Reed Meadow Grass. 7, 8. Frequent by
the side of streams and in ditches : Wortwell ; Mend-
ham ; Needham ; Pulham Market ; Scole, etc.
FESTUCA, L.
F. rigida, Kunth. (Sclerochloa rigida, Link.). Hard
Meadow Grass. 6. Frequent on dry banks : St. Cross
School-ground (EAH), F. Needham Alder Carr Pit;
• Flixton New Road, F.
FLOWERING PLANTS. 121
F. myurus, L. (F. Pseudo-myurus, Soy.). Mouse-tail Fescue
Grass. 6, 7. Not common : abundant in Mendham Pit
on the Witiiersdale Road, F.
F. sciuroides, Roth. (F. bromoides, Sm.). Barren Fescue
Grass. 6 — 8. Frequent in dry places : Needham Alder
Carr Pit : field near Starston Bridge ; gravel pit, Earsham
Station, F.
F. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in dry
places : Homerstield Heath and roadside below the
Church ; gravel pit, Earsham Station, F. St. Margaret's
(EAH).
F. rubra, L. Red Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Damp shady places :
Harleston Green Lane ; Flixton Park, A.
F. fallax, Th. (F. duriuscula, L). Hard Fescue Grass. 6, 7.
-Frequent in dry pastures and on banks : Mendham
Pit on Withersdale Road ; Rushall Road ; Gawdy Hall,
etc.
F. elatior, L. Tall Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Not infrequent :
damp situations, Harleston ; Flixton Park, A. Between
Gawdy Hall and Alburgh, F.
Yar. loliacea, Huds. Frequent : meadows, Lush Bush ;
Wey bread ; St. Margaret's, etc.
Yar. pratensis. Meadow Fescue Grass. Common in pas-
tures.
BROMUS, L
B. giganteus, L. (Festuca gigantea, Vill). Tall Brome
Grass. 7, 8. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood •
damp places near Wortwell Mill ; Mendham Mill ;
Flixton.
B. asper, Murr. Rough Brome Grass. 6, 7. Common in
hedge-banks and bushy places.
B. sterilis, L. Barren Brome Grass. 6. Common on dry
banks, walls, and in fields.
B. secalinus, L. (Serrafalcus secalinus, Bab.). Rye Brome
Grass. 6 — 8. Rare : cultivated fields in the Norfolk
neighbourhood of Bungay (NBG). Local name Drauk.
B. racemosus, L. (Serrafalcus racemosus, Parl.). Racemose
Brome Grass. 6, 7. Rare : damp pastures, St. Mar-
garet's (EAH).
122 FLOWERING PLANTS.
B. commutatus, Sell. (Serrafalcus commutatus, Bab.). Con-
fused Brome Grass. 6, 7. Frequent : pastures and cul-
tivated ground : Mendham Mill ; Needham ; Rushall ;
Gawdy Hall ; Wortwell ; St. Margaret's.
B. mollis, L. (Serrafalcus mollis, Parl.). Soft Brome Grass.
6. Common on banks and in pastures.
*B. arvensis, L. (Serrafalcus arvensis, Godr.). Field Brome
Grass. 7, 8. Waste places and fields ; Shotford Hill ;
FlixtoD, A. Formerly at Earsham (BG).
BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.
B. sylvaticum, Sch. Wood False Brome Grass. 7, 8. Plen-
tiful in woods and shady places.
B. pinnatum, Beauv. Barren False Brome Grass. 1. Rare :
dry open fields, Earsham (T).
LOLIUM, L.
L. perenne, L. Common Eye Grass. 5 — 7. Common in
meadows and waste places. Var. *italicum occasionally
as an escape from cultivation. Monstrosities are fre-
quent. Popular name Tinker-Tailor.
fL. temulentum, L. Darnel. 6 — 8. A very troublesome
weed among wheat in Norfolk and Suffolk (WA). Culti-
vated fields, St. Margaret's, formerly plentiful, now ex-
tinct (1874, EAH). Seeds very poisonous. This is the
Tare of the Bible.
AGROPYRUM, Gsert.
A. repens, Beauv. (Triticum repens, L.). Creeping Couch
Grass. 6 — 9. Frequent : Lush Bush • Spurkett's Lane,
etc. Var. barbatum, field opposite the Anthill Farm on
the way to Mendham, F. Spurkett's Lane, A. The
awned plants appear to be all A. repens.
HORDEUM, L.
H. pratense, Huds. Meadovi Barley. 6, 7. Frequent :
Needham Alder Carr Meadows ; pastures near Redenhall
Grange ; Lush Bush, etc.
H. murinum, L. Wall Barley. 6, 7. Common by waysides
and in waste ground.
FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
ACROGENES.
F I L I C E S .
PTERIS, L.
P. aquilina, L. Common Brake. 6, 7. Common : roadsides
and waste places in a sandy or gravelly soil.
ASPLENIUM, L.
A. Adiantum-nigrum, L. Black Spleenwort. 6 — 9. Rare :
a few plants on Dickleburgh Church, wall (DC). Near
Ditchingham Hall (Mr. F. Spalding).
A. viride, Huds. Green Spleenwort. 6 — 9. Very rare : dis-
covered by Mr. T. M. Spalding, forty years ago, 011 an
old wall between Denton and Bungay, and growing there
still (Mr. F. Spalding), F. Cf. Introd., p. 28.
A. Trichomanes, L. Maiden-hair Spleenwort. 5 — 10. Rare :
occasionally on buildings at Gawdy Hall (Mr. Flint).
Bedingham Church wall (Mr. F. Spalding).
A. Euta-muraria, L. Wall Rue Spleenwort. 5 — 9. Not
infrequent : Harleston Common, B. Fressingfield Church
wall. Syleharn (DC). Dickleburgh (TS). Ditching-
ham Church wall (Mr. F. Spalding). Long Stratton
Church (WA).
ATHYEIUM, Roth.
A. Filix-fcemina, Roth. Lady Fern. 6, 7. Rare : Flixton
Long Plantation, F. Formerly in Gawdy Hall Wood
(the late J. Muskett).
CETERACH, Will.
C. officinarum, Will. Scaly Spleenwort. 4 — 10. Very rare:
Mendham Church wall, B. Bridge near Forncett Station
(Mr. H. F. Wilson). Cf. Introd., p. 28.
124 FERNS AND ALLIES.
SCOLOPENDRIUM, Sm.
S. vulgare, Sym. Common Hart's Tongue. 7, 8. Frequent
in shady places.
CYSTOPTERIS, Bern.
C. fragilis, Bern. Brittle Bladder Fern. 6, 7. On an old
wall at Harleston (1843, the late Mr. Muskett and Mr.
T. M. Spalding) ; locality destroyed. Harleston Station
wall (1884, B.). Cf. Introd., p. 28.
POLYSTICHUM, Roth.
P. lobatum, Pres. (Aspidium lobatum, Sw.). Prickly Shield
Fern. 7, 8. Shady hedge-bank near Redenhall Gate-
house, B. Gissing (T).
Var. aculeatum, Sym. Not infrequent: Redenhall, Rushall,
Needham, etc.
P. ang-ulare, Pres. (Aspidium angulare, Willd.). Angular
Shield Fern. 7, 8. Rare : shady hedge-banks, Shelton
(Mrs. Sancroft Holmes). Formerly frequent at Dickie-
burgh (DC).
LASTRJJA, Pres.
L. Filix-mas, Pres. (Nephrodium Filix-mas, Rich.). Male
Buckler Fern. 6, 7. Generally distributed in woods and
hedge-banks.
L. spinulosa, Pres. (Nephrodium spinulosum, Desv.). Spinu-
lose Buckler Fern. 7 — 9. Rare : moist places in several
parts of Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Mr. Flint), F.
L. dilatata, Pres. (Nephrodium dilatatum, Desv.). Broad
Buckler Fern. 7 — 9. Very rare : sparingly in a shady
lane at Shelton (Mrs. Sancroft Holmes).
POLYPODIUM, L.
P. vulgare, L. Common Polypody. 7 — 11. Common in banks
and on trees.
OPHIOGLOSSUM, L.
0. vulgatum, L. Adder's Tongue. 5, 6. Not infrequent :
pasture near Jay's Green, Harleston, B. Gawdy Hall
.Great Wood, F. Meadow, St. Cross, G. Gawdy Hall
Lawns (Mrs. Pemberton), F. Fressingfield, D.
FERNS AND ALLIES. 125
E Q U I S E T A C E JB .
EQUISETUM, L.
E. arvense, L. Common Horse-tail. 4. Common in cornfields
and gravel-pits.
E. palustre, L. Marsh Horse-tail. 6, 7. Frequent in ditches :
ISTeeclham Alder Carr Meadows ; Weybread, etc.
E. limosum, Sm. Smooth Horse-tail. 6, 7. Common in
ditches and streams.
E. hyemale, L. Rough Horse-tail. 7, 8. Very rare : "I
believe I have seen it growing at the Earsham end of the
Bath Hills " (Mr. F. Spalding). Hedenham (WA).
CHAEACE^B.
CHARA, L.
C. fragilis, Desv. Slender Chara. 6 — 8. Pond, Harleston
Common, F.
C. aspera, Willd. Rough Chara. 8. Ditches near Wey-
bread Mill, Suffolk, F.
C. vulgaris, L. (Chara foetida, ABr.). Common Chara.
6 — 8. Abundant in the marsh dykes : Shotford-; Mend-
ham Priory Meadows, etc., F.
APPENDIX.
ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED WITHIN EIGHT MILES.
Viola canina, L. (Var. flavicornis.) Dillenius* Dog Violet.
4, 5. Sandy places, Broome Heath (T).
Sagina nodosa, Mey. Knotted Spurrey. 7, 8. Broome Fen
(T).
Ulex nanus, Forst. Dwarf Furze. 8 — 11. Stuston ; Bungay.
Medicago maculata, Sib. Spotted Medick. 5 — 8. Bungay
(NBG).
Tri folium suffocatum, L. Suffocated Clover. 6, 7. Bungay
Common (EAH) ; Broome (T). Cf. Introd., p. 31.
*Sedum reflexum, L. Crooked Stone-crop. 6, 7. Bungay, E.
Epilobium angustifolium, L. Rose-bay Willow-herb. 6 — 8.
Hedenham (T).
Epilobium obscurum, Sch. Short-podded Willow-herb. 7, 8.
Bungay (Stock).
Apium graveolens, L. Celery. 6 — 8. Bungay (NBG). Cf.
Introd., p. 30.
*Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane. 7, 8. Mettingham (WA).
Taraxacum palustre (DC). Dandelion. 5, 6. Damp meadows,
Broome (WA).
*Mimulus luteus, L. Monkey -flower. 7 — 9. Bungay (HS).
Veronica triphyllos, L. Fingered Speedwell. 4. Bungay
(Suckling).
Pedicularis palustris, L. Marsh Lousewort. 5 — 9. Bun-
gay (Llev. W. M. Hind).
Calamintha arvensis, Lam. (C. Acinos, Glair.). Basil
Thyme. 6 — 9. Gravelly places, Bungay (Stock). Brooke
128 APPENDIX.
Chenopodium urbicum, L. Upright Goosefoot. 1 , 8. Bungay
(HS).
Chenopodium rubrum, L. Red Goosefoot. 7, 8. Bungay
(HS).
R-umex maritimus, L. Golden Dock. 7, 8. Bungay (NBG).
Rumex palustris, L. Marsh Dock. 8 — 10. Bungay (NBG).
*Aristolochia Clematitis, L. Birthwort. 6 — 9. Stuston (Dr.
Amyot).
*Urtica pilulifera, L. Roman Nettle. 6—8. Bungay (FB).
Salix pentandra, L. Bay-leaved Willow. 4, 5. Bungay
(WA).
Salix aurita, L. Round-eared Willow. 5. Bungay (WA).
Epipactis purpurata, Sm. Purple Helleborine. 7, 8. He-
denham (WA).
Epipactis palustris, Cr. Marsh Helleborine. 7, 8. Broome
Fen (T).
Gagea fascicularis, Sal. Yellow Star of Bethlehem. 4. Pas-
tures, Shipmeadow (WA). Confirmed' by the Rev. E. A.
Holmes in 1884.
Juncus squarrosus, L. Heath Rush. 6, 7. Bungay (HS).
Potamogeton plantagineus, Ducr. Plantain-leaved Pond-
weed. 6, 7. In ditches by Broome (T).
Scirpus pauciflorus, Light. Few-flowered Rush. 7, 8. Broome
Fen (T).
Schoenus nigricans, L. Black Bog Rush. 6, 7. Broome
Fen (T).
Cladium germanicum, Sch. Prickly Twig Rush. 7, 8.
Bungay (WA).
Carex dioica, L. Creeping Dioecious Sedge, o, 6. Broome
(BO).
Carex pulicaris, L. Flea Sedge. 5, 6. Bungay (WA).
Carex echinata, Mnrr. (C. stellulata, Good.). Little Prickly
Sedge. 5, 6. Bungay (Stock).
Carex strigosa, Huds. Loose Pendulous Sedge. 5, 6. He-
denham (BG).
Carex distans, L. Loose Sedge. 6. Bungay (HS).
APPENDIX. 129
Carex (Ederi, Ehr. (Eder's Sedge. 6, 7. Bungay (Stock).
*Panicum sanguinale, Scop. Hairy Finger Grass. 8. Broome
(Stock).
Bromus erectus, Huds. Upright Brome Grass. 6,7. Bungay
(Woodward).
Agropyron caninum, Beauv. Fibrous Couch Grass. 7.
Bungay (HS).
Lastrea Thelypteris, Pres. Marsh Buckler Fern. 7, 8.
Bungay (WA).
Equisetum maximum, Lam. Great Horsetail. 4. Bungay
(HS).
Lycopodium inundatum, L. Common Club Moss. 8, 9.
Bungay (HS).
V.
OBSERVATIONS ON
THE BIEDS.
OBSERVATIONS ON
THE BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT.
BY
CHARLES CANDLER.
THE following list, compiled for the most part from casual
notes entered in a diary from time to time during the last
seven years, without any thought of publication, must not be
taken as a complete catalogue of the birds of the district.
Many species which I have strong reasons to believe are
regular or frequent visitors to our neighbourhood are here
omitted, as for want of a larger number of observers (or
perhaps I should say of more careful attention on my own
part) they have hitherto escaped detection. So far, however,
as the observations extend, I have taken care to insure their
accuracy, and I think that in this respect they may be con-
sidered reliable. It will be found that the notes relate to a
much more restricted area than that covered by the observa-
tions of the Harleston Botanical Club. Indeed, of the 126
species mentioned below, upwards of 100 have been met with
in the two parishes of Redenhall and Mendham alone ; and,
with a very few exceptions, all have occurred within three
miles of Harleston Railway Station. In conformity with
Messrs. Gurney and Southwell's authoritative List of the
Birds of Norfolk, recently published,* the arrangement and
nomenclature adopted by the editors of the fourth edition of
Yarrell's British Birds have been followed ; and I am per-
sonally indebted to Mr. Thomas Southwell for kindly looking
through my notes and otherwise assisting me.
The species marked with an asterisk are known to breed in
the district.
1. WHITE-TAILED EAGLE (Halioeetus albicilla).
A bird in immature plumage is still preserved at Gawdy
* Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, vol. iv.,
pp. 259—286 and 397-432,
134 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
Hall, which, according to the Journal of the Rev. Wrn
Whitear,f was shot in the wood on January 29th, 1823.
2. PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus).
A female in second year's plumage was shot near Gawdy
Hall on the 12th January, 1884.
3. f HOBBY (Falco subbuteo).
Rare. Mr. Stevenson records the nesting of this hawk at
Thorpe Abbots. About fifteen years ago a pair of Hobbies
built a nest in an oak-tree in Gawdy Hall Park. The birds
were shot, and, with their nest and eggs, are preserved at the
Hall. The Hobby has also been killed at Flixton (Suckling's
Suffolk).
4. MERLIN (Falco fesalon).
Sir E. Kay's keeper has killed three or four Merlins at
Thorpe Abbots.
5. *KESTREL (Falco tinmmculus).
Though a constant war is waged against this bird, it is
still by no means uncommon. For several years a pair nested
in the tower of Redenhall Church, and I have known the bird
to breed in the fragment of old wall which is all now remain-
ing of the ruins of Mendham Priory. (In the summer of 1886
I found a Kestrel's nest, containing six eggs hard sat upon,
in the ruinous tower of Linstead Magna Church, within a few
feet of the bell chimed every Sunday for service. )
6. *SPARROW-HAWK (Accipiter nisus).
Less common than the Kestrel, but not yet extinct as a
resident with us.
7. [BUZZARD (Buteo — ?).
Frequent reports of large raptorial birds seen in the
neighbourhood are brought to me in autumn ; most
probably • Common or Rough-legged Buzzards on
passage.]
8. *TAWNY OWL (Strix aluco).
A few Tawny Owls still exist in the woods around Flixton
Hall, but elsewhere in the district the bird is either extinct or
very rare. Two or three years ago Sir E. Kay's keeper killed
one of these birds at Thorpe Abbots.
t The Rev. Wm. Whitear, M.A., F.L.S., was Recbor 9f Starston from
1803 till his death in 1826. His Journal, covering the years' 1809—1826, was
published by the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, in their " Trans-
actions " for 1880—81, vol. iii., pp. 231—262.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 135
9. * LONG-EARED OWL (Asio otus).
Occasionally found in the neighbourhood of the town at
Shotford Hill, and in other similar localities. In the fir woods
at Flixton the bird is common.
10. SHORT-EARED OWL (Asio accipitrinus).
An autumn visitor, occasionally shot by our sportsmen in
the stubbles and turnip-fields.
11. *BARN OWL (Aluco flammeus).
Too many of these most useful and interesting birds pass
every year through the hands of our local bird-stutters. They
cling tenaciously to their old nesting-places. A pair have for
many years haunted a hollow elm near the town, though
frequently robbed of their eggs, stoned, and shot at. If this
bird received the protection it deserved, there would be
scarcely an old homestead in the district without its pair of
Barn Owls.
12. *RED-BACKED SHRIKE (Lanius collurio). "Butcher
Bird."
Now sparsely distributed in summer, the trim fences of
the modern farm affording the bird no nesting cover.
13. "^SPOTTED FLYCATCHER (Musicapa yrisola).
A common summer visitant.
14. ^MISTLETOE THRUSH (Turdus viscivorus). "Fulfer"
and "Dow-fulfer."f
Common. A noisy and conspicuous bird in autumn.
15. "^SONG-THRUSH (Turdus musicus). "Mavis."
Common ; disappearing in seasons of severe and prolonged
frost, as the winter of 1880 — 81.
16. REDWING (Turdus iliacus), and
17. FIELDFARE (Turdus pilaris). "Fulfer."
Regular winter immigrants, the latter being the more
conspicuous and better known.
18. ^BLACKBIRD (Turdus merula).
Common. A hardier bird than its congener the Thrush.
t In the hope of interesting my boy friends in the subject, I have given
the local names of a few of those birds with which they are most familiar.
The word " fulfcr" is here spelt as it is locally pronounced. The name is
also applied, and more properly belongs, to the Fieldfare.
136 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
19. RING OUZEL (Turdus torquatus).
"1818.— April 25th.— A Ring Ouzel was shot this day
upon Spurling's farm in this parish [Starston]." — Mr. Whitear's
Journal (Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society,
vol. iii., p. 247).
20. *HEDGE SPARROW (Accentor modularis).
A common and, I believe, a constant resident.
21. "^REDBREAST (Erithacus rubecula).
Common. Breeding with us from year to year in apparently
unvarying numbers.
22. ^NIGHTINGALE (Daulius luscinia).
A summer visitant, sparingly distributed.
23. * REDSTART (Ruticilla phcenicurus).
A regular summer visitant, frequenting our gardens, though
in small numbers.
24. STONECHAT (Saxicola rubicola).
Not at all common.
25. *WHINCHAT (Saxicola rubetra).
Scarce, especially on the Norfolk side of the river.
26. WHEATEAR (Saxicola cenantke).
Met with on migration.
27. *REED WARBLER (Acrocephalus streperus). " Reed-
bird."
A summer visitant, nesting regularly in the beds of Arundo
Phraymites which fringe the Waveney in many places between
Wey bread and Needham Mills.
28. *SEDGE WARBLER (Acrocephalus scliosnobcenus].
A common summer visitant, haunting rank growths of
vegetation near streams, ponds, and ditcher* all over the
district.
29. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER (Acrocephalus nosvius).
Mr. Whitear writes in his Journal, under date April 27th,
1821 : " Saw a Grasshopper Warbler in the hedge of the Beck
meadow." He also notes the arrival of the bird at Starston on
the 23rd April, 1822.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 137
30. *WHITETHROAT (Sylvia rufa). " Hayjack."
One of the most abundant of our summer migrants.
31. * LESSER WHITETHROAT (Sylvia curruca).
" We have noticed the Lesser Whitethroat more than once
at Starston, and have also procured its eggs at the same place "
(Sheppard and Whitear's Catalogue of the Norfolk and Suffolk
Birds 1825, p. 19). Mr. F. Boyce tells me that he has often
met with this bird at Redenhall, and it appears to be not rare
in the neighbourhood.
32. * GARDEN WARBLER (Sylvia hortensis), and
33. *BLACKCAP (Sylvia atricapilla).
Summer migrants, generally distributed in groves and
gardens.
34. WOOD WREN (Phylloscopus sibilatrix).
" This species is scarce. A specimen was killed at Starston.''
— (List of the birds of the county in Stacy's History of Norfolk,
1829.)f
35. *WILLOW WREN (Phylloscopus trochilus). "Ground-
oven."
Common in orchards and plantations through the summer.
36. *CHIFFCHAFF (Phylloscopus collyUta).
A summer visitant, and nearly as plentiful in our district
as the Willow Wren.
37. "^GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN (Regulus cristatus).
Not very common in summer ; more frequently met with
in autumn and winter.
38. *WREN (Troglodytes parvulus).
Very common. |
•f This list was contributed by John Hunt, of Norwich, author of an
illustrated work on British Birds, and a friend and correspondent of the Rev.
Wm. Whitear, from whom, no doubt, he received the above information.
£ Some years ago, before the days of compulsory education, Wrens were
familiarly known around Harleston as " stags ; " and " stag-hunting " — that is,
stoning a Wren up and down a hedge till a shot from one side or the other
killed the bird — was a favourite sport with our boys, and even young men.
The school-attendance inspector is in many ways a good friend to our wild
birds !
138 OBSERVATIONS ' ON THE
39. *TREE CREEPER (Certhia familiar is).
A common resident.
40. *NUTHATCII (Sitta ccesia). " Nutcracker."
Fairly common. An examination of the old oaks by the
roadside in Gawdy Hall Wood will show traces of the work
of this bird in the form of broken nutshells firmly wedged in
the crevices of the bark.
41. *GREAT TITMOUSE (Parus major), " Pickcheese,"
" Blackcap," and
42. *BLUE TITMOUSE (Parus cceruleus).
Two very common birds.
43. *COAL TITMOUSE (Parus britannicus), and
44. *MARSH TITMOUSE (Parus palustris).
These two species appear to be equally .plentiful with us.
The Marsh Tit is by no means confined to the river valley, but
has been frequently observed by Mr. F. Boyce at Redeiihall,
and is, I believe, generally distributed in the upland districts.
It has been shot in my father's garden in the town.
45. "^LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE (Acredula caudata.} "Pud-
dingpoke."
Tolerably common. Less frequently noticed in summer
than in winter, when small parties are constantly met with
actively moving about in search of food.
46. *PiED WAGTAIL (Motacilla lugubris). "Penny
Wagtail."
Not common, only a few pairs nesting in the neighbour-
hood.
47. * YELLOW WAGTAIL (Motacilla raii). " Capering Long-
tail."
A summer visitant. Several pairs nest regularly along the
margins of the dykes on the Mendham Marshes.
48. *TREE PIPIT (Anthus trivialis).
A common summer migrant. The slopes of the railway
cuttings and embankments are favourite nesting haunts of
this bird.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 139
49. *MEADOW PIPIT (Anthus pratensis). "Titlark."
Not very common ; found frequenting the rough water-
meadows by the Waveney.
50. *SKYLARK (Alauda arvensis).
Very common.
51. *REED BUNTING (Eberiza schcenidus). "Blackcap."
Common in the river valley at all times of the year.
52. *BUNTING (Emberiza miliaria).
A common and conspicuous bird, particularly in the meadows
near the town. Its nest is very rarely found.
53. * YELLOW HAMMER (Emberiza citrinella).
An abundant and, I think, increasing species. Nesting in
banks and ditches, and feeding on grain, it has been little
affected by the destruction of the old hedgerows.
54. ^CHAFFINCH (Frinyilla ccelebs). " Spink."
Abundant.
55. BRAMBLING (Fringilla montifringilla).
An occasional winter visitor.
56. *TREE SPARROW (Passer montanus).
Mr. F. Boyce has identified the Tree Sparrow at Redenhall,
and has taken its eggs from a hole in a tree by the beck.
57. *HousE SPARROW (Passer domesticus).
Abundant everywhere.
58. (* 1) HAWFINCH (Coccothraustes vulgaris).
Not at all rare. I have a bird shot in a garden in the
town in November, 1880, and some dozen others have been
killed in the immediate neighbourhood during the last few
years.f
59. ^GREENFINCH (Coccothraustes chloris). "Green
Linnet."
Only less abundant than the House Sparrow.
•f As to the occasional abundance of this bird at Diss, see Mr. Southwell's
note in his edition of Lubbock's Fauna of Norfolk, p. 03.
140 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
60. ^GOLDFINCH (Carduelis elegans). " King Harry."
A few pairs nest in our orchards every summer, but unfor-
tunately their broods are generally secured by some bird--
fancier. The bird will soon be rare.
61. SISKIN (Carduelis
A winter migrant, uncertain in numbers, frequenting in
severe weather the alders by the river.
62. * LESSER REDPOLL (Linota rufescens}.
Resident, I think, in small numbers, but better known as a
winter visitor. Some years ago a very large flock frequented,
at this season, a wood near Mendham Mansion.
63. *LiNNET (Linota linaria). " Brown," " grey," or "red
Linnet."
Not very plentiful. Nests frequently in the furze bushes
on the now enclosed and cultivated tract of land still known
as " Shotford Heath."
64. ^BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula europwa). " Blood Olph."
A resident, sparingly distributed.
65. * STARLING (Sturnus vulgar is).
Very common.
66. *CARRION CROW (Corvus corone).
A much-persecuted and now scarce bird. For years a pair
has attempted to breed in a plantation near Weybread Hall.
One or two nests are found every summer in the Gawdy Hall
Woods. The bird is frequently seen at Thorpe Abbots, and
nests in some high trees near the river.
67. HOODED CROW (Corvus cornix). " Kentish Crow."
A regular and common winter migrant.
68. *RoOK (Corvus frugilegus).
Abundant. The largest rookeries in the neighbourhood
are at Flixton and Gawdy Hall. In 1881 the rooks returned
again to their old quarters in the lofty elms of the " White
House " garden, which had been deserted by the birds for
several years. Three nests were then built, and the number
has increased every year since.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 141
69. * JACKDAW (Corvus monedula). "Gadder."
Common enough in winter, mingling with the rooks, or
flying separately in flocks often of considerable size. A very
small number of jackdaws breed in the neighbourhood. A few
pairs nest in the hollow trees at Flixton Park.
70. MAGPIE (Pica rustica).
As a resident, the Magpie is quite extinct in the district
under observation, and can only be included in this list as a
very rare visitor. Mr. J. A. Holmes has observed the bird at
Flixton within the last fifteen or twenty years, and I learn
from two informants that it has been seen much more recently
at Thorpe Abbots. The Rev. H. T. Frere tells me that a
Magpie was seen for some weeks last year at Gissing, which,
however, he thinks may have been an escaped bird, as it was
very tame. The last pair of Magpies which Mr. Frere re-
collects in this part of Norfolk frequented the neighbourhood
of Frenze fifty years ago.
71. *JAY (Garrulus ylandarius).
This bird still holds its own against the keepers, thanks to
its silent and wary habits during the breeding season.
72. *S WALLOW (Hirundo rustica).
Common through the summer.
73. *HousE MARTIN (Chelidon urbica).
Not very plentiful. Some years ago my brother counted
forty-five nests under the broad eaves of a thatched house at
Alburgh. This is the largest colony I have met with. The
front of the Swan Hotel in this town is a well-known rendez-
vous of the Martins before their autumn emigration. Numbers
of them may be seen here in the early morning sitting in rows
along the narrow ledges of the brickwork, and clustering upon
the ornamental ironwork supporting the old sign.
74. *SAND MARTIN (Cotile riparia).
Common. A considerable number nest in the large sand-
pit at the foot of Needham Hill.
75. *SwiFT (Cypselus apus). " Devil " and " Deviling."
Not plentiful. A few pairs nest in the tower of Eedenhall
Church every year/
142 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
76. ^NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus europceus).
A rare bird in the vicinity of Harleston, but more fre-
quently met with in Wortwell, Mendham, and Homersfield, on
lighter and warmer soils. A young bird was shot at Brockdish
last August, and another a few weeks later at Wey bread. At
Thorpe Abbots, in the extreme west of the district, the bird is
scarce, though a wooded country and gravelly soil would seem
to be favourable conditions.
77. *CUCKOO (Cuculus canorus).
A common summer visitor. In July, 1881, a Cuckoo laid
her egg in a Spotted Flycatcher's nest, built in the cleft of a
pear-tree, in an orchard near the town. The young Cuckoo
was hatched, and partly reared by the Flycatchers, but unfor-
tunately was taken from the nest before fully fledged. (A
similar instance of a Cuckoo's egg having been deposited in a
Flycatcher's nest, came under my notice at Fundenhall in the
same year.)
78. HOOPOE (Upupa epops).
One killed at Harleston in April, 1859 (Stevenson's Birds
of Norfolk}.
79. ROLLER (Coracias garrulus).
Mr. Stevenson notes the occurrence of a Roller at Earsham.
80. ^KINGFISHER (Alcedo ispida).
These birds suffered much from the high floods and severe
frosts of the years 1878 — 1881, during which period several
were found dead. In 1878 we found a Kingfisher's nest, con-
taining seven eggs, in a Sand Martin's burrow in a gravel pit
close to the town, and at some distance from the river. Pro-
bably not more than three or four pairs now breed in the
vicinity, but in autumn a considerable immigration takes place,
and the bird is then frequently seen, and much too frequently
shot.
81. * GREEN WOODPECKER (Gecinus viridis).
The most common of our three Woodpeckers
82. *GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus major).
Less common than the last-mentioned species, but not rare
in the Gawdy Hall Woods, the Starston Plantations, and other
suitable localities.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 143
83. *LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor).
Rare or perhaps seldom observed. A bird was shot at
Mendhara in February, 1881, and one at Pulharn Market last
October.
84. *WRYNECK (lynx torquilla). " Cuckoo's mate."
A common summer visitor, and one of the best known
heralds of the spring.
85. *RiNG DOVE (Columba palumbus).
Very common, nesting in nearly all our woods and planta-
tions. In autumn great numbers resort to the oak groves to
feed on the acorns, and are shot from huts made of furze and
hurdles. I have known fifty -four birds, in a small plantation
at Starston, fall to a single gun in one day. In the crops of
these birds I have found, on dissection, an almost incredible
number of entire acorns.
86. STOCK DOVE (Columba cenas).
Nests in the hollow trees at Gawdy Hall and Flixton
(where I found, in 1880, a nest containing three eggs). I have
also found its nest in a hole in the masonry of the ruined
wall of Mendham Priory. Flocks of Stock Doves are occa-
sionally seen here in winter.
87. ^TURTLE DOVE (Turtur communis).
A summer visitant, nesting in the plantations at Gawdy
Hall, Starston and Shotford Hill, and, indeed, wherever it can
tind a sufficiently dense cover.
88. *PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus).
89. * PARTRIDGE (Perdix cinerea).
90. *RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE (Caccabis rufa).
The " French " is decidedly less abundant than the
" English " bird in this district.
91. QUAIL (Coturnix communis).
An uncertain visitor. In 1880, I believe, one or two pairs
nested near the town, and their curious trisyllabic note was
noticed by many persons. A bird was shot at Alburgh in the
autumn of the same year. Several arrived on the Suffolk side
of Scole, May, 1868.— (Babington's Birds of Suffolk.)
144 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
92. *LA.ND-RAIL (Crex pratensis).
Not a common bird with us, though hardly a summer
passes without one or two pairs breeding in the neigh-
bourhood.
93. SPOTTED CRAKE (Porzana parva).
Mr. John A. Holmes informs me that he killed a bird of
this species some years ago in Gawdy Hall Wood, when
pheasant-shooting.
94. * WATER RAIL (Rallus aquations).
Rarely seen through the summer, though not uncommon.
In winter it is often shot by our sportsmen along the
river-side.
95. *MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus).
Common. Between Shotford Bridge and Mendham Priory
the Waveney, during the summer, is in many places silted up
and choked from bank to bank by a rank growth of (Enaiithe,
Sium, and other weeds, which afford protection to numbers of
waterhens.
96. COOT (Fulica atra).
Occasionally shot upon the river in winter.
97. RINGED PLOVER ((Egialetis hiaticula).
Mr. James Elsey, of Mendham, tells me that some years
ago he stuffed a Ringed Plover, which was shot in a ploughed
iield near his house.
98. GOLDEN PLOVER (Charadrius pluvialis).
Flocks appear in our fields in autumn, and again in spring,
when they have been shot with the black breast of their
breeding plumage.
^99. * LAPWING (Vanellus vulgar is). "Peewit."
The Lapwing frequents our fields and marshes in varying
numbers throughout the winter. A few pairs breed here and
there in the valley of the Waveney, and occasionally upon the
larger upland fields.
100. WOODCOCK (Scolopax rusticola).
A regular autumn visitor, though only met with in very
small numbers. At Flixton, this autumn, twelve birds have
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 145
been shot in a week. In the woods at Thorpe Abbots and
Brockdish more than three birds are rarely killed in one day.
101. *COMMON SNIPE (Gallinayo ccdestis).
The Snipe appears regularly upon our marshes in autumn,
its numbers, however, varying greatly with the condition of the
weather. It breeds with us in, I hope, increasing numbers.
Last summer I heard of four nests within a mile of Shotford
Bridge.
102. JACK SNIPE (Gallinago gallinula). " Half Snipe."
A winter visitor, generally in very small numbers.
1 03. DUNLIN. ( Tringa alpina).
I have noted but one occurrence of the Dunlin near Harle-
ston — a bird shot a few years ago by an upland pond-side in
Mendham.
104. COMMON SANDPIPER (Totanus hypoleucus).
Often seen by the river-side in winter.
105. GREEN SANDPIPER (Totanns ochropus).
Single birds of this species have been seen in this neigh-
bourhood at almost every season of the year. It is not infre-
quently shot by the side of marsh dykes in autumn and
winter.
106. CURLEW (Numenius arquata).
Frequently seen or heard passing overhead.
107. LESSER TERN (Sterna minuta).
An occasional visitor. Two or three have been shot in
Mendham.
108. BLACK TERN (Hydrochelidon niyra).
One shot by the river at Mendham, May, 1883. — (Babing-
ton's Birds of Suffolk.}.
109. BLACK-HEADED GULL (Larus ridibundus).
A common visitor in autumn and winter.
110. COMMON GULL (Larus canus).
Not infrequently seen in winter.
J
146 OBSERVATIONS ON THE
111. HERRING GULL (Larus argentatus\ and
112. LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larus fuscus).
Birds of these species frequently wander up the valley in
winter, those shot being generally in immature plumage. A
beautiful adult Herring Gull has been recently killed at
Mendham.
113. KITTIWAKE GULL (Rissa tridactyld).
Numbers of Kittiwakes may sometimes be seen in winter
at Wortwell and Honiersfield when the marshes are flooded.
114. DUSKY PETREL (Puffinus obscurus).
Mr. Wm. Hartcup, of Bungay, has a male bird of this
species, which was found dead at Earsham in the spring of
1858. This is the only example of the Dusky Petrel known
to have occurred in Great Britain.!
115. STORM PETREL (Procellaria pelagica).
Some years ago a Storm Petrel was brought to the late
Mr. James Muskett, which had fallen down the chimney of a
cottage, at Clintergate, Redenhall, during a gale of wind.
116. LITTLE AUK (Mergallus alle).
More than sixty years ago a storm-driven wanderer of this
species was caught alive in a stackyard at Pulham. — (Sheppard
and Whitear's Catalogue of the Norfolk and Suffolk Birds,
p. 60.)
117. * LITTLE GREBE (Podicipes fluviatilis). " Dobchick."
The Dabchick is frequently shot on the river in winter,
and I think nests with us, for birds have been noticed all
through the summer.
+ Mr. H. Stevenson has given an interesting account of the history of this
specimen, and its discovery by him after it had been lost sight of for 24 years,
in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, vol. iii.,
pp. 467 — 473. To Mr. Stevenson we are primarily indebted for our illustra-
tion of this bird, which is reproduced with his approval from a photograph
taken by Messrs. Sawyer and Bird under his direction. The Dusky Petrel
has, with its Australian representative Puffinus a-ssimih's, an extensive
ocean range in both northern and southern hemispheres, but it has very
rarely been met with north of the Mediterranean. The only other example,
which has been noted near the shores of Britain, was caught alive on a vessel
off the southern coast of Ireland in 1853.
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 147
118. *HERON (Ardea cinerea). " Harnser. '
In the spring of 1884, a party of Herons, which had haunted
the vicinity of Flixton Hall during the winter, took up their
quarters in a grove of lofty oaks near the Thicket Wood.
Great care was taken that the birds should not be disturbed,
and seven nests were built in the first year. In 1885 the
number of nests fell to three, and remained the same in 1886.
Last spring the little colony increased to four pairs. A single
pair of Herons have, in recent years, several times nested in
Gawdy Hall Wood.f A small herony has also been established
within the last seven years in the parish of Thorpe Abbots, the
Herons having chosen as a breeding station a plantation on the
grounds of Thorpe Hall. The number of nests has varied from
year to year, but has never exceeded seven, and last year only
three pairs of birds bred in the locality.
119. NIGHT HERON (Nycticorax griseus).
A bird of this species was shot in a fir-tree in the Vicarage
Garden, at Meiidham, on the 10th of May, 1879.
120. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons).^
Several of these birds were shot at Wortwell in February,
1883.
121. *WiLD DUCK (Anas boschas).
Common. This bird breeds by the ponds in Gawdy Hall
Wood, and in other suitable localities where protected.
122. SHOVELLER (Spatula clypeata).
I have only noted two or three of these ducks shot in winter
along the Waveney.
123. TEAL (Querquedula crecca).
A regular winter visitant to our streams and marshes.
124. WIGEON ( Mareca penelope}. " Smee Duck."
A winter visitor.
t The following entry occurs in Mr. Whi tear's notebook : "A pair of
Herons bred three times at Gawdy Hall ; the eggs were taken twice, and the
young once, about the year 1808. " (Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists'
.Society, vol. iii., p. 258.)
+ Triangles of Geese frequently pass overhead in winter, but the birds
are rarely killed, and the White-fronted Goose is the only species I have had
an opportunity of examining. I might, however, with perfect safety, add the
Pink-footed Goose to my list. The Rev. H. T. Frere tells me he has identi-
fied the bird at Burston.
148 BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT.
125. POCHARD (Fuligula ferina).j
Occasionally shot in winter.
126. GOLDEX EYE (Clanyula ylaucion} 1
Mr. J. A. Holmes tells me that some years ago he shot a
Duck at Needham, which he identified with the " Morillon," of
Bewick. It has been occasionally seen at Oakley, near
Hoxne (Babington's Birds of Suffolk).
f Here, as elsewhere, the Teal, Wigeon. and Pochard, are known as
"Half- Duck." My list of Wild Fowl visiting our river marshes in winter is
very defective, and might be largely added to if our local gunners would pay
as much attention to the birds they kill as they do to their sport.
INDEX TO THE BIEDS.
(The numbers refer to those prefixed to the names in the foregoing
Observations.}
Barn Owl, 11.
Blackbird, 18.
Blackcap, 33.
Black-headed Gull, 109.
Black Tern, 108.
Blue Titmouse, 42.
Brambling, 55.
Bullfinch, 64.
Bunting, 52.
Buzzard, 7.
Carrion Crow, 66.
Chaffinch. 54.
Chiffchaff, 36.
Coal Titmouse, 43.
Coot, 96.
Cuckoo, 77.
Curlew, 106.
Dunlin, 103.
Dusky Petrel, 114.
Fieldfare, 17.
Garden Warbler, 32.
Golden-crested Wren, 37.
Golden Eye, 126.
Golden Plover, 98.
Goldfinch, 60.
Grasshopper Warbler, 29.
Great Spotted Woodpecker, 82.
Great Titmouse, 41.
Greenfinch, 59.
Green Sandpiper, 105.
Green Woodpecker, 81.
Gull, Common, 110.
Hawfinch, 58.
Hedge Sparrow, 20.
Heron, 118.
Herring Gull, 110.
Hobby, 3.
Hooded Crow, 67.
Hoopoe, 78.
House Martin, 73.
House Sparrow, 57.
Jackdaw, 69.
Jack Snipe, 102.
Jay, 71.
Kestrel, 5.
Kingfisher, 80.
Kittiwake Gull, 113.
Land Rail, 92.
Lapwing, 99.
Lesser black-backed Gull, 112.
Lesser Redpoll, 62.
Lesser spotted Woodpecker, 83.
Lesser Tern, 107.
Lesser Whitethroat, 31.
Linnet, 63.
Little Auk, 110.
Little Grebe, 117.
Long-eared Owl, 9.
Long-tailed Titmouse, 45.
Magpie, 70.
Marsh Titmouse, 44.
Meadow Pipit, 49.
Merlin, 4.
Mistletoe Thrush, 14.
Moor Hen, 95.
Night Heron, 119.
Nightingale, 22.
Nightjar, 76.
Nuthatch, 40.
Partridge, 89.
Peregrine Falcon, 2.
Pheasant, 88.
Pied Wagtail, 46.
Pochard, 125.
150
Quail, 91.
INDEX TO THE BIEDS.
Red-backed Shrike, 12.
Redbreast, 21.
Red-legged Partridge, 90.
Redstart, 23.
Redwing, 16.
Reed Bunting, 51.
Reed Warbler, 27.
Ring Dove, 85.
Ringed Plover, 97.
Ring Ouzel, 19.
Roller, 79.
Rook, 68.
Sand Martin, 74.
Sandpiper, Common, 104.
Sedge Warbler, 28.
Short-eared Owl, 10.
Shoveller, 122.
Siskin, 61.
Skylark, 50.
Snipe, Common, 101.
Song Thrush, 15.
Sparrow Hawk, 6.
Spotted Crake, 93.
Spotted Flycatcher, 13.
Starling, 65.
Stock Dove, 86.
Stonechat, 24.
Storm Petrel, 115.
Swallow, 72.
Swift, 75.
Tawny Owl, 8.
Teal, 123.
Tree Creeper, 39.
Tree Pipit, 48.
Tree Sparrow, 56.
Turtle Dove, 87.
Water Rail, 94.
Wheatear, 26.
Whincbat, 29.
White-fronted Goose, 120
White-tailed Eagle, 1.
Whitethroat, 30.
Wigeon, 124.
Wild Duck, 121.
Willow Wren, 35.
Woodcock, 100.
Wood Wren, 34.
Wren, 38.
Wryneck, 84.
Yellow Hammer, 53.
Yellow Wagtail, 47.
INDEX TO THE PLANTS.
GENERIC NAMES.
(The numbers refer to the pages.}
Acer, 59.
Asperula, 75.
Centranthus, 76.
Aceras, 105.
Aspidium, 124.
Cephalanthera, 105.
Achillea, 78.
Asplenium, 123
Cerastium, 54.
Aconitum, 48.
Athyrium, 123.
Ceratophyllum, 103.
Acorus, 111.
Atriplex, 98.
Ceterach, 123.
Adonis, 45.
Atropa, 89.
Chaerophyllum, 71.
Adoxa, 74.
Avena, 118.
Chara, 125.
^Egopodium, 71.
Cheiranthus, 49.
^Ethusa, 72.
Ballota, 98.
Chelidonium, 49.
Agrimonia, 65.
Barbarea, 50.
Chenopodium, 97.
Agropyron, 122.
Bartsia, 92.
Chlora, 86.
Agrostemma, 54.
Bellis, 77.
Chrysanthemum, 79.
Agrostis, 117.
Berberis, 48.
Chrysosplenium, 67.
Aira, 118.
Betula, 101.
Cichorium, 82.
Ajuga, 96.
Bidens, 78.
Circsea, 69.
Alchemilla, 65.
Blackstonia, 86.
Clematis, 45.
Alisma, 112.
Blysmus, 114.
Cnicus, 81.
Alliu'm, 108.
Borago, 87.
Cochlearia, 50.
Alnus, 101.
Brachypodium, 122.
Colchicum, 109.
Alopecurus, 117.
Brassica, 51.
Comarum, 65.
Anacharis, 104.
Briza, 120.
Conium, 70.
Anagallis, 86.
Bromus, 121.
Conopodium, 71.
Anchusa, 87.
Bryonia, 70.
Convallaria, 108.
Anemone, 45.
Bunium, 71.
Convolvulus, 88.
Angelica, 73.
Bupleurum, 70.
Cornus, 74.
Anthemis, 78.
Butomus, 112.
Coronopus, 51.
Anthoxanthum, 117.
Corydalis, 49.
Anthriscus, 72.
Calamagrostis, 117.
Corylus, 101.
Anthyllis, 61.
Calamintha, 94.
Corynephorus, 118.
Antirrhinum, 90.
Callitriche, 68.
Crataegus, 67.
Apargia, 83.
Calluna, 84.
Crepis, 82.
Apera, 118.
Caltha, 47.
Crocus, 107.
Apium, 70.
Calystegia, 88.
Cuscuta, 89.
Aquilegia, 47.
Campanula, 84.
Cynoglossum, 87.
Arabis, 50.
Capsella, 51.
Cynosurus, 119.
Arctium, 80.
Cardamine, 50.
Cystopteris, 124.
Arenaria, 55.
Carduus, 80.
Cytisus, 59.
Armoracia, 50.
Carex, 114.
Arrhenatherum, 119.
Carpinus, 101.
Dactylis, 120.
Artemisia, 79.
Castanea, 101.
Daphne, 99.
Arum, 111.
Catabrosa, 119.
Daucus, 73.
Arundo, 119.
Caucalis, 73.
Delphinium, 47.
Asparagus, 108.
Centaurea, 81.
Deschampsia, 118.
152
INDEX TO THE PLANTS.
Dianthus, 53.
Hottonia, 85.
Monotropa, 85.
Digitaria, 116.
Humulus, 100.
Muscari, 108.
Digraphis, 116.
Hyacinthus, 108.
Myosotis, 87.
Diplotaxis, 51.
Hydrochaiis, 104.
Myosurus, 45.
Dipsacus, 76.
Hydrocotyle, 70.
Myriophyllum, 68.
Doronicum, 80.
Hyoscyamus, 89.
Draba, 50.
Hypericum, 56.
Narcissus, 107.
Hypocha'ris, 82.
Nasturtium, 49.
Echium, 88.
Hypopitys, 85.
Neottia, 104.
Eleocharis, 113.
Nepeta, 95.
Elodea, 104.
Epilobium, 69.
Ilex, 58.
Inula, 78.
Nephrodium, 124.
Nuphar, 48.
Epipactis, 105.
Equisetum, 125.
Iris, 106.
Nymphasa, 48.
Eranthis, 47.
Erigeron, 77.
Eriophorum, 114.
Jasione, 84.
Juncus, 109.
(Enanthe, 72.
(Enothera, 69.
Erodium, 58.
Koeleria, 119.
Onobrychis, 62.
Erophila, 50.
Ononis, 59.
Erysimum, 51.
Erythraea, 87.
Euonymus, 58.
Eupatorium, 77.
Euphorbia, 100.
Euphrasia, 92.
Lactuca, 83.
Lamium, 96.
Lapsana, 82.
Lastraea, 124.
Lathy rus, 62.
Lemna, 111.
Leontodo,n, 83.
Onopordon, 81.
Ophioglossum, 124.
Ophrys, 106.
Orchis, 105.
Origanum, 94.
Ornithogalum, 108.
Ornithopus, 61.
Fagus, 101.
Leonurus, 96.
Orobanche, 92.
Eestuca, 120.
Lepidium, 52.
Oxalis, 58.
Filago, 7.7.
Lepigonum, 56.
Foeniculum, 72.
Ligustrum, 86.
Panicum, 116.
Fragaria, 65.
Lilium, 109.
Papaver, 48.
Fraxinus, 86.
Linaria, 90.
Parietaria, 101.
Fritillaria, 109.
Linum, 57.
Paris, 109.
Fumaria, 49.
Listera, 104.
Parnassia, 67.
Lithospermum, 88.
Pastinaca, 73.
Galanthus, 107.
Lolium, 122.
Pedicularis, 92.
Galeopsis, 95.
Lonieera, 74.
Peplis, 69.
Galium, 75.
Lotus, 61.
Petasites, 79.
Genista, 59.
Luzula, 110.
Peucedanum, 73.
Geranium, 57.
Lychnis, 54.
.Phalaris, 116.
Geum, 64.
Lyciumr 89.
Phleiim, 117.
Glyceria, 120.
Lycopsis, 87.
Phragmites, 119.
Gnaphalium, 78.
Lycopus, 94.
Picris, 82.
Gymnadenia, 106.
Lysimachia, 85.
Pimpinella, 71.
• Lythrum, 69.
Pinus, 103.
Habenaria, 106.
.
Plantago, 97.
Hedera, 73.
Malva, 56.
Poa, 120.
Helleborus, 47.
Marrubium, 95.
Poly gala, 53.
Helminthia, 82.
Matricaria, 79.
Polygomim, 98.
Helosciadium, 70.
Medicago, 60.
Polypodium, 124.
Heracleum, 73.
Melampyrum, 92.
Polystichum, 124.
Hesperis, 50.
Melica, 119.
Populus, 102.
Hieracium, 82.
Melilotus, 60.
Potamogeton, 112.
Hippocrepis, 62.
Mentha, 93.
Potentilla, 65.
Hippuris, 68.
Menyanthes, 87.
Poterium, 66.
Holcus, 118.
Mercurialis, 100.
Primula, 85.
Holosteum, 54.
Milium, 117.
Prunella, 95.
Hordeum, 122.
Mcenchia, 54.
Prunus, 63.
GENERIC NAMES.
153
Pteris, 123.
Sedum, 68. Thalictrum, 45.
Pulicaria, 78.
Serapervivum, 68.
Thlaspi, 52.
Pyrus, 66.
Senebiera, 51.
Thrincia, 83.
Senecio, 80.
Thymus, 94.
Quercus, 101.
Serrafalcus, 121.
Tilia, 57.
Setaria, 116.
Tillsea, 67-
Ranunculus, 46
Sherardia, 76.
Torilis, 73.
Raphanus, 52.
Siegling-ia, 119.
Tragopogon, 84.
Reseda, 52.
Silaus, 73.
Trifolium, 60.
Rhamnus, 59.
Silene, 53.
Triglochin, 112.
Rhinanthus, 92.
Silybum, 81.
Triodia, 119.
Ribes, 67.
Sinapis, 51.
Trisetum, 118.
Rosa, 66.
Sison, 71.
Triticum, 122.
Rubus, 63.
iSisymbrium, 50.
Tulipa, 109.
Rumex, 99.
Slum, 71.
Turritis, 50.
Ruscus, 107.
Smyrnium, 70.
Tussilago, 79.
Solanum, 89.
Typha, 110.
Sagina, 55.
Solidago, 77.
Sagittaria, 112.
Sonchus, 83.
Ulex, 59.
Salix, 102.
Sparganium, 111.
Ulmus, 100.
Salvia, 94.
Specularia, 84.
Urtica 100.
Sambucus, 74.
Samolus, 86.
Spergula, 55.
Spergularia, 56.
Utricularia, 93.
.Sanicula, 70.
Spiraea, 63.
Saponaria, 53.
Sarothamnus, 59.
Spiranthes, 105.
Stachys, 95.
Valeriana, 76.
Valerianella, 76.
Saxifraga, 67.
Scabiosa, 77.
Stellaria, 55.
Stratiotes, 104.
Verbascum, 90.
Verbena, 93.
Scandix, 71.
Scilla, 108.
Symphytum, 87.
Veronica, 91.
Viburnum, 74.
Scirpus, 114.
Tamns, 107-
Vicia, 62.
Scleranthus, 97.
Tanacetum, 79.
Vinca, 86.
Scleroehloa, 120.
Taraxacum, 83.
Viola, 52.
Scolopendrium, 124.
Taxus, 103.
Viscum, 99.
Sorophularia, 90.
Teesdalia, 52.
Scutellaria, 95.
Teucrium, 96. , Zannichellia, 113.
INDEX TO THE PLANTS.
ENGLISH NAMES.
(The numbers refer to the pag
Aconite, 48.
Box Thorn, 89.
Adder's Tongue, 124.
Brake, 123.
Agrimony, 65.
Bramble, 63.
Alder, 101.
Briar, 66.
Ale Hoof, 95.
Bristle Grass, 116.
Alexanders, 70.
Brome Grass, 121.
Alkanet, 87.
Brooklime, 91.
Anemone, 45.
Brookweed, 86.
Angelica, 73.
Broom, 59.
Apple, 66.
Archangel, 96.
Broom -rape, 92.
Bryony, 70, 107.
Arrow-grass, 112.
Arrow-head, 112.
Buckbean, 87.
Buckler Fern, 124.
Ash, 86.
Buckthorn, 59.
Asparagus, 108.
Buckwheat, 98.
Aspen, 102.
Bugle, 96.
Avens, 64.
Bugloss, 88.
Bullace, 63.
Barberry, 48.
Bullrush, 110,114.
Barley, 122.
Burdock, 80.
Bartsia, 92.
Bur-Marigold, 78.
Basil, 94.
Burnet, 66.
Bedstraw, 75.
Burnet Saxifrage, 71.
Beech, 101.
Bur-reed, 111.
Bell-flower, 84.
Butcher's Broom, 107.
Bent Grass, 117.
Butter-bur, 79.
Betony, Wood, 95.
Buttercup, 46.
Betony, Water, 90.
Bind-weed, 88.
Calamint, 94.
Birch, 101.
Campion, 54.
Bird Cherry, 63.
Canary Grass, 116.
Bird's-foot, 61.
Carrot, 73.
Bird's-nest, 85.
Catch-flv, 53.
Bistort, 98.
Cat Mint, 95.
Bittersweet, 89.
Cat's-ear, 82.
Blackberry, 63.
Cat's-tail, 110.
Black Bryony, 107.
Celandine, 47, 49.
Black Thorn, 63.
Centaury, 81.
Bladder Fern, 124.
Chamomile, 78.
Bladderwort, 93.
Chara, 125.
Bluebell, 108.
Charlock, 51.
Blysmus, 114.
Cherry, 63.
Borage, 87.
Chervil, 71, 72.
Chick-weed, 55.
Chicory, 82.
Cinque-foil, 65.
Clary, 94.
Cleavers, 75.
Clover, 60.
Club-rush, 114.
Cock's-foot Grass, 120.
Colt's-foot, 79.
Columbine, 47.
Comfrey, 87.
Convolvulus, 88.
Corncockle, 54.
Corn Marigold, 79.
Cotton Grass, 114.
Couch Grass, 122.
Cow Parsnip, 73.
Cowslip, 85.
Cow-wheat, 92.
Crane's-bill, 58.
Creeping Jenny, 85.
Crocus, 107.
Cross wort, 75.
Crowfoot, 46.
Cuckoo Flower, 50, 54,
105.
Cuckoo-pint, 111.
Cudweed, 77, 78.
Currant, 67.
Daffodil, 107.
Daisy, 77.
Dame's-Gilliflower, 50
Dandelion, 83.
Danewort, 74.
Darnel, 122.
Dead Nettle, 96.
Deadly Nightshade, 89
Dewberry, 64.
Dock, 80.
Dodder, 89.
Dog Rose, 66.
Dog's-tail Grass, 119.
156
INDEX TO THE PLANTS.
Dog Wood, 74.
Hair Grass, 118.
Loose-strife, 85.
Drauk, 121.
Harebell, 84.
Loose-strife, Purple,
Drop wort, 72.
Hare's-ear, 70.
69.
Duckweed, 111.
Hart's-tongue, 124.
Lords and Ladies, 111.
Dyer's Green- weed, 59
Hawk's -beard, 82.
Lousewort, 92.
Dyer's Weld, 52.
Hawkbit, 83.
Lucerne, 60.
Hawkweed, 82.
Earth-nut, 71.
Hawthorn, 67.
Madder, 76.
Elder, 74.
Hazel, 101.
Male Fern, 124.
Elm, 100.
Heart's-ease, 53.
Mallow, 56.
Enchanter's Night-
Heath Grass, 119.
Man Orchis, 105.
shade, 69.
Hedge-mustard, 51.
Maple, 59.
Evening Primrose, 69.
Hedge Parsley, 73.
Mare's-tail, 68.
Eye-bright, 92.
Hellebore, 47.
Marigold, 47, 79.
Helleborine, 105.
Marjoram, 94.
Fennel, 72.
Hemlock, 70.
Marsh Marigold, 47.
Ferns, 123.
Hemp Agrimony, 77.
May, 67.
Fescue Grass, 120.
Hemp Nettle, 95.
Mayweed, 78, 79.
Feverfew, 79.
Henbane, 89.
Meadow Grass, 120.
Field Madder, 76.
Herb Paris, 109.
Meadow Rue, 45.
Figwort, 90.
Herb Robert, 58.
Meadow-sweet, 63.
Finger Grass, 116.
Holly, 58.
Medick, 60.
Fir, 103.
Honeysuckle, 74.
Melic Grass, 119.
Flag, 106.
Hop, 100.
Melilot, 60.
Flax, 57.
Horehound, 95, 98.
Mercury, 100.
Flea-bane, 77, 78.
Hornbeam, 101.
Mezereon, 99.
Flixweed, 51.
Horned Pondweed, 1 1 3
Mignonette, 52.
Flowering Rush, 112.
Horn wort, 103.
Milfoil, 68, 78.
Fluellin, 90.
Horse Radish, 50.
Milk Thistle, 81.
Fool's Parsley, 72.
Horse-tail, 125.
Milk wort, 53.
Forget-me-not, 87.
Hound's-tongue, 87.
Millet Grass, 117.
Fox-tail Grass, 117.
House-leek, 68.
Mint, 93.
Fritillary, 109.
Hyacinth, 108.
Mistletoe, 99.
Frog-bit, 104.
Hyssop, 94.
Moneywort, 85.
Frog Orchis, 106.
Monk's-hood, 48.
Fumitory, 49.
Iris, 106.
Moschatel, 74.
Furze, 59.
Ivy, 73.
Motherwort, 96. .
Ivy, Ground, 95.
Mouse-tail, 45.
Garlic, 108.
Mugwort, 79.
Garlic Mustard, 51.
Kidney Vetch, 61.
Mullein, 90.
Gipsy wort, 94.
Knapweed, 81.
Mustard, 51.
Goat's Beard, 84.
Knawel, 97.
Golden Rod, 77.
Knot-grass, 98.
Narcissus, 107.
Golden Saxifrage, 67.
Nettle, 100.
Goldilocks, 46.
Lady Fern, 123.
Nettle, Dead, 96.
Good King Harry, 97.
Lady's-mantle, 65. '
Nightshade, 89.
Gooseberry, 67-
Lady's- slippers, 61.
Nipplewort, 82.
Goose-foot, 97.
Lady's-smock, 50.
Nonsuch, 60.
Goose-grass, 75.
Lady's-tresses, 105.
Gorse, 59.
Lamb's Lettuce, 76. ' Oak, 101.
Gout- weed, 71.
Larkspur, 47. ! Oat Grass, 118, 119.
Grape Hyacinth, 108.
Leopard's-bane, 80. | Orache, 98.
Grass of Parnassus, 67.
Lettuce, 83.
Orchis, 105, 106.
Green- weed, 59.
Lily of the Valley, 108.
Orpine, 68.
Gromwell, 88.
Lily, Turk's-cap, 109.
Osier, 102.
Ground Ivy, 95.
Lily, Water, 48.
Ox-eve, 79.
Groundsel, 80.
Lime, 57.
Ox- lip, 85.
Guelder Rose, 74.
Ling, 84.
Ox-tongue, 82.
ENGLISH NAMES.
157
Pansy, 53.
Saffron, 109.
Thistle, 80, 81.
Parnassus, G. of, 67.
Sage, 96.
Thyme, 94.
Parsley, 72, 73.
Sainfoin, 62.
Tillffia, 67.
Parsnip, 70, 71, 73.
Sallow, 102.
Timothy Grass, 117.
Pear, 66.
Salad-Burnet, 66.
Tinker - tailor Grass,
Pearl wort, 55.
Sand wort, 55.
122.
Pellitory, 101.
Sanicle, 70.
Toad-flax, 90.
Penny -cress, 52.
Saxifrage, 67.
Tormentil, 65.
Penny-royal, 94.
Scabious, 77.
Tower Mustard, 50.
Pennywort, 70.
Sedge, 114.
Travellers' Joy, 45.
Peppermint, 93.
Self-heal, 95.
Trefoil, 60.
Pepperwort, 52.
Service Tree, 66.
Tulip, 109.
Periwinkle, 86.
Sheep' s-bit, 84.
Turnip, 51.
Persicaria, 98.
Shepherd' s-needle, 71.
Tway-blade, 104.
Pheasant' s-eye, 45.
Pimpernel, 86.
Pink, 53.
Shepherds'-purse, 51.
Shield Fern, 124.
Silver Weed, 65.
Valerian, 76.
Venus' Comb, 71.
Plaintain, 97.
Skull-cap, 95.
Venus' Looking-glass,
Plaintain, Water, 112.
Ploughman's Spike-
nard, 78.
Sloe, 63.
Small Reed, 117.
Snapdragon, 90.
84.
Vernal Grass, 117.
Vervain, 93.
Plum, 63.
Polvpody, 124.
Pond weed, 112.
Snowdrop, 107.
Soapwort, 53.
Soft Grass, 118.
Vetch, 62.
Vetch! ing, 62.
Violet, 52.
Poor Man's Weather-
Sorrel, 58, 99.
Violet, Water, 85.
glass, 86.
. Sorrel, Wood, 58.
Viper's Bugloss, 88.
Poplar, 102.
Sow-Thistle, 83.
Wall Flower, 49.
Poppy, 48.
Spearwort, 46.
Wart-cress, 51.
Primrose, 85.
Speedwell, 91.
Water Cress, 49.
Privet, 86.
Purslane, 69.
Spike-Rush, 113.
Spindle Tree, 58.
Water Drop wort, 72.
Water Lily, 48.
Spleenwort, 123.
Water Milfoil, 68.
Quaking Grass, 120.
Spurge, 100.
Spurge Laurel, 99.
Spurrey, 55, 56.
Water Parsnip, 70, 71.
Water Pepper, 98.
Water Plaintain, 112.
Radish, 52.
St. John's-wort, 56.
Water-Soldier, 104.
Ragged Robin, 54.
Ragwort, 80.
Star of Bethlehem, 108.
Starwort, 68.
Water Thyme, 104^
Water Violet, 85.
Ramsons, 108.
Rape, 51.
Stitch wort, 55.
Stone-crop, 68.
Wayfaring Tree, 74.
Weld, 52.
Raspberry, 63.
Stone wort, 71.
White Beam, 66.
Rattle, 92.
Red-berried Bryony,
Stork's-bill, 58.
Strawberry, 65.
Whitlow Grass, 50.
Whorl Grass, 119.
70.
Succory, 82.
Willow, 102.
Reed, 119.
Sulphurwort, 73.
Willow-herb, 69.
Reed-mace, 110.
Sweet Briar, 66.
Woodruif, 75.
Rest-harrow, 59.
Sweet Flag, 111.
Wood Rush, 110.
Robin Hood, 54.
Sycamore, 59.
Wood Sage, 96.
Rocket, 51.
Wood Sorrel, 58.
Rose, 66.
Tansv, 79.
Wound wort, 95.
Rue, Meadow, 45.
Tare," 62.
Rush, 109.
Teasel, 76.
Yarrow, 78.
Rush, Wood, 110.
Teesdalia, 52.
Yellow-cress, 49.
Rye Grass, 122.
Thale Cress, 50.
Yew, 103.
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