Address at the American Pomological Society

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ADDRESS

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DELIVERED AT THE ^i.R »*>^ # i>Tl*=!Ot t|p

MAR271912

NINTH SESSION Aginoultiaral

College

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HELD IN

BOSTON, MASS., SEPT. 17, 18 & 19, 1862.

MARSHALL P. WILDER

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY.

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BOSTON:

McINTIRE & MOULTON, PRINTERS, 42 CONGRESS STREET.

1862.

ADDRESS

DKLIVERED AT THE

NINTH SESSION

American |p0mijkgital Sflcidg,

BOSTON, MASS., SEPT. 17, 18 & 19, 1862.

MARSHALL P. WILDER,

PRESIDENT OP THE SOCIETY.

^ IT b I i s b c b b SI tht ^ o t i £ i it .

BOSTON:

McINTIRE & MOULTON, PRINTERS, 42 CONGRESS STREET.
1862.

ADDRESS.

oJ<Stic

Gentlemen of the American Pomological Society:

Once more a kind Providence permits us to assemble for
consultation, and the friendly interchange of experience in the
ennobling and delightful art to which our Society is devoted.
Once more I rejoice in the privilege of taking by the hand so
many of the distinguished cultivators of our land, with whom I
have enjoyed sweet intercourse for a long period of time, and
from whom I have received so many tokens of confidence and
regard, during the twelve years of official service in this chair.

In behalf of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, at whose
invitation we are here assembled, I extend to each of you a
cordial welcome to this place, to our hearts and our homes.
You come from different, and in some instances from distant,
sections of our country, and some from lands better adapted for
the cultivation of many kinds of fruit than ours. But true to
our own instinct, and to the spirit of our venerable fathers, the
founders of New England Pomology, we have brought up
specimens of the progress which has been attained by us in this
region. The first seeds of our fruits were planted by the
colonists of Massachusetts Bay, in the year 1629. Soon after,
the Colonial Legislature granted to John Winthrop, then
Governor of the Colony, a section of land, on condition that he

should plant thereon a vineyard and orchard, which grant
received its name from his ofhcial position, and has ever since
been known as Governor's Island, in the harbor of Boston.
About the same time. Governor Endicott, of Salem, planted the
first pear trees in that place, one of which is still living and
bears his name. Precisely what the intermediate progress may
have been we are unable to 'state. But, after a space of a
century and a half, we find, in the Boston Gazette of March,
1770, the following advertisement of the gardener of the
immortal John Hancock, the first signer of that memorable
Instrument, the Declaration of Independence : —

" To be sold by George Spriggs, Gardener to John Hancock, Esq., a
Large Assortment of English Fruit Trees grafted and innoculated of the best
and richest Kind of Cherry Trees, Pear Trees, Plumb Trees, Peach Trees,
Apricots, Nectarines, Quinces, Lime Trees, Apple Trees grafted and ungi-afted,
and sundry Mulberry Trees which will be fit to transplant the next Year, and
Medleys."

To these worthy men, and others of more recent date, whose
labors inspired our fellow citizens, may be traced the interest
which, in the year 1829, originated the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society ; and, through the agency of this first Association,
introduced into this section the results attained by Van Mons,
Knight, and other European pomologists. Thus was here laid
the foundation, upon which, the science we seek to promote has
advanced to a rank not inferior to that attained in any other
country in the world.

DECEASED AND ABSENT MEMBERS.

Since our last biennial session, one of the founders of the
Society, who held official positions from the organization of the

Association, has been removed by death to another and, we
trust, a happier world. I allude to the decease of the Hon.
Samuel Walker, of Roxbury, Massachusetts, who died at his
residence in that city, on the 11th of December, 1860. His
death has made a large breach in our pomological circle, and
deserves special notice. Mr. Walker was one of the earliest
and most valuable members of the Society, — for many years a
Vice President, — and at the time of his death Chairman of the
General Fruit Committee. For nearly thirty years Mr. Walker
had been deeply interested in the advancement of horticultural
and kindred pursuits, and had held the offices of President and
Treasurer of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Few
men have taken a deeper interest in the welfare of our institu-
tion, or in the objects it seeks to promote. He was ardently
devoted to its progress, and until our last session, when declining
health prevented his attendance, he was present at all previous
meetings, and took a leading part in all our deliberations and
transactions. It was upon his suggestion that a special Com-
mittee was appointed for the revision and classification of the
Society's Catalogue of Fruits, with special reference to their
adaptation to the different sections of our land.

As a man, Mr. Walker was quick in perception, ready in
debate, refined in taste, courteous in deportment, conscientious
in duty, exemplary in life, peaceful and happy in death. But
his record is on high, yet in our memories his name shall stand
enrolled with Downing, Ernst, French, and other kindred
spirits, who have ceased from their labors on earth.

While we drop a tear of grateful remembrance over our
departed associates, we would not forget one who still lives.*
His infirmity detains him from this meeting, and calls for our
sincere sympathies. He also was among the originators of this

* W. D. Brhuklo, M. D., of New Jersey.

6

institution, and for a term be was its presiding officer. Would
that we could hope to enjoy his presence with us once again.
His cordial salutations, and his constant interest in our Associa-
tion and its pursuits, have long endeared him to its members.
With him the outward man perishes, but we have reason to
know that his love of our favorite art, refined and sanctified by
his afflictions, ministers to his daily relief and consolation, and
makes his declining life tranquil as the twilight of a summer
eve.

PROGEESS.

This is the fourteenth year of our Association. Eight years
have elapsed since the Society held its session in this city.
Most sincerely do I congratulate you upon the attendance at
this meeting. But while I gratefully acknowledge this favor,
I should be delinquent in duty did I not also allude to the
absence of many others dear to us as co-laborers, and eminently
useful as members of our institution. Some of tlie States, here-
tofore represented in this Association, are now engaged in a
sanguinary struggle against the General Government"; and as
one among the many j^ainful casualties of this most unnatural
and fratricidal war, we are now deprived of the presence and
co-operation of our Southern members. But we will still hope
for their return to us in allegiance and fraternal love, and for
their reunion with us, leaving no sting in the heart of memory,
no stain on the wing of time. Yes, even in this dreadful conflict,
we will still cling to the hope that, like ourselves, they will
stand firm by the principles of Constitutional Authority, and
the American Union.

But we are not here to discuss the present state or future
political prospects of our country, dear to us as life is dear,

except as they arc connected with the great objects of our
Association, — objects powerfully contributing to individual
happiness and national welfare. Our past success is a matter
of sincere congratulation to all who live upon our soil. The
errors and ignorance of former days are fast yielding to the
progress of truth and the march of intelligence. We have the
most gratifying evidence of the extension of pomological
enterprise and knowledge.

Our Society has already accomplished a great good in correct-
ing the nomenclature and classification of fruits, in rejecting
numerous worthless varieties from its Catalogue, and now, by a
revision of the same, presenting a list of those adapted to the
various local districts of our widely extended country. The
advantages which will arise from this in the future, improved
as it will be from year to year, can scarcely be too highly esti-
mated. The Committee who have charge of this responsible and
arduous duty, especially the Chairman, have labored with great
diligence, and I have no doubt that their efforts will be highly
appreciated by an enlightened and grateful community. In
connection with this progress, I respectfully recommend that the
Committee on Rejected Fruits be authorized to present, at the
next biennial session, a list of such other varieties as, in their
opinion, may be dispensed with. I would also suggest the
propriety of establishing some permanent Rules of Pomology,
especially in reference to the naming of seedling or other new
varieties, which may from time to time come to notice.

REVULSION OP 1860, '61.

The consumption of fruits has become so common as to
constitute one of the most important articles of daily food.
The loss of a crop is now deemed as a great public calamity ;

8

its abundance as one of the greatest blessings, adding immeas-
urably to social health and comfort, and to the wealth and
commerce of the country.

It becomes, therefore, my duty to record in the Volumes of
our Transactions a remarkable fact, which has occurred since
our last session, namely, the general failure of the fruit crop
for the year 1861. In history, this, as a great national calamity,
will be associated with the civil commotion that at the same
time convulsed the whole land. What causes, if any, may
have produced this remarkable coincidence between the vegeta-
ble and the civil kingdoms, we may not be able to discover.
Manifestly " time was out of joint ;" both heaven and earth
seemed to frown upon our happy land. In regard to our fruits,
a kind Providence has brought about a renovation and restora-
tion, which makes the present year as remarkable for excellence
and abundance, as the former year was for the injury and loss
of the crop. Oh ! that this golden harvest in the natural
kingdom, may prove the harbinger of a more glorious one of
peace and prosperity to our bleeding country.

The causes of the singular phenomena, and the loss of the
fruit crop of 1861, have been variously described. Disasters of
similar character, though not generally so severe, have occurred
in the vegetable world in past time, and in different locations
and latitudes. Cycles, of favorable and unfavorable seasons,
have checkered the history of Pomology, and made occasional
mutation almost as certain as success. It is well, therefore, to
note carefully the facts connected with these great revulsions,
and to report them for future guidance and instruction. Espe-
cially, in a National Association like our own, should these be
recorded, for the benefit of generations which are to follow us.
Thus shall we treasure up lessons of the past, and gain wisdom
for the future.

9

A^icissitiidcs attend the cultivation of trees as well as other
vegetable products. In regard to the one under consideration,
we may mention the fact, that so general was the injury through-
out a large part of our country, there was but little fruit in
the year 1861. The previous Autumn had been marked with
an early and very severe frost. On the morning of Oct. 1,
1860, the mercury fell, in the vicinity of Boston, to 24° Faren-
heit, causing the apples and other fruits to freeze on the trees,
and, in some instances, to burst open. This was the most severe
of any on record, so early in the Autumn. Again, on the
morning of Fob. 8, 1861, the mercury fell, in several places
around Boston, to 25° below zero, a degree never before recorded
at this season. The previous day had been mild and pleasant.
Again, early i^i the month of March, the fluctuations of the
mercury were equally astonishing. The 3d day was warm and
delightful ; the thermometer at Dorchester, four miles from this
city, stood at 75° at 2 o'clock, P. M., and at 8 o'clock, at 65° ;
and although no very severe cold succeeded immediately, yet, on
the morning of the 18tli inst., the glass stood at zero. These
extremes of temperature were most unusual and unnatural, and
not only destroyed the crop of fruit, but injured many trees
past recovery, especially Peaches, Plums, and Cherries. These
vicissitudes serve to illustrate the comparative vigor, hardiness,
and power of endurance, in some varieties of the same species,
and develop different degrees of susceptibility in others, and
thus furnish most useful information to the cultivator.

From this experience we deduce the fact, that some varieties
of the pear are even more hardy than the apple, a fact which a
little reflection will confirm. Thvis among the few pear trees
which here bore abundantly in 1861, were the Vicar of
Winkficid, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Urbaniste, and Belle Lucra-
tive, while the apple, and most other varieties of the pear, failed

B

10

of a crop. "With me, during the last thirty years, the apple
has many times failed, while these varieties of the pear have
produced fruit annually.

Whether the cause of the revulsion just noted was the frost
of October, 1860, destroying, as it did, the germ of some of the
flower buds of trees and shrubs, or whether the sudden alterna-
tions of heat and cold in the Winter and Spring of 1861
produced this result, or whether, as seems more probable, it is
to be ascribed to these two causes combined, we cannot with
certainty decide. If there were some localities in which this
injury was less, it is not unlikely that circumstances which
affected one region might not be so active in another. The
effect of a bright sun, or of keen, dry, piercing winds, immedi-
ately succeeding the frost, would intensify the damage ; and,
on the contrary, a cloudy sky and humid atmosphere would
modify and ameliorate it. But my object is not to discuss at
length this subject, but only to record the facts in our National
Annals, for the information of physiologists in our own and
other lands, whose professional business is to observe these
freaks of nature, and to give us their philosophy in the case.

Upon the observation and study of these, and similar facts, the
progress of Pomology eminently depends. The different ability
of varieties to resist heat and cold, and other meteorological
agents, reveals a most wonderful analogy between the vegetable
and animal kingdoms ; for while certain animals find their
natural home in the frigid zones, others in the temperate, and
still others in the torrid, there are some that are cosmopolites.
So with our fruits ; some are suited to one location, some to
another, and a very few flourish in a great variety of latitudes.

But as to the means of protecting our fruits from these
injuries, we need more knowledge. Experience teaches us,
however, that shelter and aspect have a powerful influence,
especially on certain varieties.

11

As to aspect, I am more and more convinced of its impor-
tance. The Belgians, in tlieir descriptive Catalogues, are
accustomed to designate the aspect most favorable to each sort ;
and when we shall be able to do the same, we shall have
attained a result most eminently desirable.

In regard to shelter, here in the North, so as to protect our
trees from currents of fierce drying winds, which are as equally
injurious to vegetation as a parching heat, no one can doubt
its beneficial effect. The influence of shelter and aspect is
more perceptible in some varieties than others. This is seen
in the fact that certain kinds are healthly and beautiful on
fences or in sheltered places, while they are worthless elsewhere.

DEMANDS FOR VIGILANCE AND PERSEVERANCE.

These considerations all teach us the vast range of our
science, the great number of secondary causes that modify
results, and consequently the imperative demand for extensive
research, for the accumulation of ripe experience, and for great
patience and vigilance in the pomologist. How many sad
mistakes are developed every year, by leaping from partial
observations to general conclusions ! Witness the frequent
errors of cultivators. How often do they condemn the qualities
of certain varieties before they have tested them at mature
age. They cut off and graft their trees with other sorts,
instead of waiting for nature to do her work in her own proper
time.

Witness again the complaints against the hardiness of partic-
ular kinds, which have arisen from the fact that they had not
passed the vascillations incident to youth, and attained a suffi-
cient degree of age and solidification of tissue, in bark and wood.
This may be seen in the numerous injuries sustained by young

12

trees of luxuriant growth. They are subjected to the vicissi-
tudes of climate, some years only recovering what they have
lost in the preceding in health and vigor. But having overcome
the trials of this early period, they rise above these enfeebling
causes, and shoot up into a mature manhood, and thereafter
are less liable to the fluctuations of temperature.

But the demand for thorough and patient investigation, is
still further exhibited by the wonderful phenomena and myste-
ries of the vegetable kingdom. For instance, why does the
peach, which first puts forth its leaf, delay its florescence until
after that of the apricot, which blossoms first and then puts
forth its foliage ? Why does the Easter Beurr6 clothe itself in
white robe of bloom before the early varieties of pear, and yet
be the very latest to mature its fruit ? Why has the fruit of the
St. Germain pear, which fifty years ago in this locality was
fair and fine, become an outcast, while the wood and foliage
appear fair and healthy ? Why does the Van Mons Leon le
Clerc tree, whose bark is commonly so cracked and cankerous
as to eat into the very heart of the wood, frequently produce
large and beautiful fruit ? Why, in this favored year, should
some of the Doyenn^ Blanc trees produce fair and fine fruit,
while on others by their side it is blasted and worthless ? Why
should the same tree, bearing two sorts, produce on the one
branch these large, fair, and ruddy specimens, * and on the other
those which are spotted, cracked and blasted, like that in my
hand,! ^i^cl yet the tree, in all its parts, be equally vigorous and
healthy ? Why should the Beurre d'Aremberg pear, formerly
so good in this region, but for many years inferior in fruit,
and even diseased in its wood, the present year, resume its
pristine excellence ? These are indeed mysteries which we do
not at present comprehend ; yet far from abating, they should
actually increase our ardor in the pursuit of knowledge.

* Oswego Incomparable. t Summer Bon Chretien.

l;5

How obvious, then, is it, tliat lie who woiihl become an
eminent pomologist, must be a diligent student of nature, and
carefully observe the facts which she brings to his obsei*vation.
With pencil and book at hand, he should note the thousand
little things which arrest his attention in his daily labors, and
make them subjects of future reflection and study. At first
they may appear of trifling consequence, yet in this way they
may lead to the most important discoveries, in respect to the
hitherto concealed processes of vegetation. If all would unite
in this work, and steadily pursue it for a course of years,
recording such meteorological and other facts as they are able
to make, together with personal observations as to their influence
upon vegetation, we might soon learn therefrom the most
salutary and practical lessons.

THINNING OF FRUITS.

One lesson which experience has taught us, is the importance
of thinning the fruit, especially of apples and pears. This
branch of Pomology has received comparatively but little atten-
tion. There is a limit to the capabilities of all created things.
If you tax the energies of an animal too severely for a long
time, the result will be premature age and decay. Subject any
vegetable or mineral substance to too great pressure, and you
destroy its power of cohesion. So if you permit a tree to bear
beyond its strength, you injure its fruit, retard its growth, and
shorten its life. All have observed that superfecundity one
year produces barrenness the next. Hence we hear among our
farmers and gardeners of what they term the bearing year.
They invariably designate the Baldwin apple as a tree that
bears on alternate years. But is not the cause of this alterna-
tion found in the fact, that the abundant crop of the bearing

14

year exhausts the energies of the tree, and absorbs the pabulum
so as not to leave sufficient aliment for the formation of fruit
spurs for the succeeding year ? Many varieties have a ten-
dency to overbearing, especially those which produce their
fruit in clusters. Nature herself teaches us the remedy for
this evil, and a superabundance of blossom is generally followed
by a profuse falling of the embryo fruit. When and where
this dropping is not sufficient to prevent overbearing, we should
resort to the process of relieving the tree of a portion of its
fruit.

The organism which carries on healthful development, in
order to repeat its cycle of functions from year to year, cannot
be overworked without time for recuperation. Whatever of
nutrition goes to the support of useless branches, or a redun-
dancy of fruit, abstracts that strength from the tree which
would otherwise be appropriated to the perfection of the crop,
and the development of the spurs which would bear fruit the
next year. One of the best cultivators in the vicinity of Boston
has reduced this theory to practice, with the happiest effect, in
the cultivation of the pear. His system allows no useless wood,
nor more fruit spurs, and no more fruit, than the tree can
projjerly sustain. As a consequence, he produces every year
superior fruit, which commands tlie highest price. Some have
doubted whether this practice can be made remunerative, except
in its application to the finer fruits. But another cultivator,
who raises an annual crop of the best apples, assures us that the
secret of his success is the thinning of the fruit, and he has no
doubt of the economy of the practice. No good farmer doubts
the necessity of thinning his root crops, no vigneron the
propriety of thinning his grapes. Analogy of cultivation,
therefore, justifies the practice, and I entertain no question of
its great importance.

15

Light, air, find moisture, arc essential to tlie production of
vegetable products, and especially of fine fruits. Who has not
observed that the best specimens of fruits on a tree are ordina-
rily those which are most exposed to these elements ? Who
does not select the full sized ruddy fruit, which has had free
communion with light, heat, and air, in preference to the half
fed specimen which has shared its own proper nourishment with
five or six crowded rivals on the same spur ?

An experienced English cultivator says : " Tlie bending of
branches of trees by an overcrop of fruit is most injurious, for
the pores of the woody stalk are strained on the one side of the
bend, and compressed on the otlier ; hence the vessels through
which the requisite nourishment flows being partially shut up,
the growth of the fruit is retarded in proportion to the straining
and compression of the stalk." This is illustrated in the over-
bearing of some varieties, which, from a redundancy of fruit,
without the process of early and thorough thinning, seldom
produce good specimens, and in a few years become stinted and
unhealthy trees. The overbearing of a tree is as much a tax
upon its energies and constitution, as is the exhaustion of a
field by excessive crops of the same kind, year after year,
without a return of nutritive materials. Inexhaustible fertility
is a chimera of the imagination. Sooner or later, the richest
soils will require a restoration of what has been abstracted by
vegetation. However fertile at first, the constant overcropping
of the soil is a reduction of the elements on which health and
fruitfulness depend. This great principle of sustenance and
reciprocal relation runs through the whole mass of life, of
mind, and of matter.

" One cry with never ceasing sound,
Circles Creation's ample round."

16

Intimately connected with tliis process of thinning, is the
time when the work shoukl be executed. It sliould not be done
before we can distinguish the choicest specimens in a cluster of
fruit, nor delayed so long as to waste the energies of the tree.
This practice, judiciously followed, will supersede the necessity
of staying up the branches, will prevent injury to the tree by
their breaking, and will prove decidedly economical.

Associated with the thinning of fruits is the expediency of
gathering a part of the crop as soon as it approaches maturity.
The remaining specimens will thereby be much increaeed in
size and excellence. The fruit of a tree does not all come to
maturity at the same time, hence this successional gathering
will turn tlie crop to the highest practical account, and will
keep the productive energies of the tree in a healthful and
profitable condition.

Does some one say, leave all this to nature, and not attempt
to mend the ways of Providence ? But was not man ordained
to help nature, and placed in the garden to dress and keep it ?
True, God has enacted general laws, but requires us to turn
them to the highest practical account. Thus he has given us
in fruits and flowers forms of beauty and loveliness, and has
assigned to us the duty of bringing them to the greatest possible
perfection. It is, too, by a co-operation with nature, in what
we may esteem little things, that the highest achievements in
science are reached, and the most valuable results attained.
The ocean is but the accumulation of drops, and the mountain
is but the rolling up of pebbles. From the slender spire that
trembles beneath the weight of the dew drop, to the lofty mon-
arch of the forest, whose hoary branches waved in the breeze a
thousand years before the birth of the Christian era, we have
signal proof of the law of mutual dependence and support.

17

Fruit trees will not take care of themselves. Constant
vigilance is the price of su})crior trees or superior fruit. The
poet may sing of the

" redundant growth
Of vines and maize, and bower and brake,
Which nature, kind to sloth,
And scarce solicited by human toil.
Pours from the riches of the teaming soil ; "

but the cultivator of fruits must realize the fact, that without
care and skill he cannot depend on uniform and continued
success.

NEW NATIVE VARIETIES.

I have before spoken of the production of new varieties of
fruits adapted to our country. But as it is " line upon line,
and precept upon precept," that makes a durable impression,
let me remind you again that the future success and progress of
American Pomology must rest mainly upon the introduction of
new kinds raised from seed upon our own soil. Let me, then,
encourage you in this laudable enterprise.

Is there any reason why we cannot produce Winter varieties
of pears of the finest quality, as beautiful and smooth as the
favorite Bartlett, or Louise Bonne de Jersey ? The Buerre
Langlier, and Glout Morceau, in regard to beauty, are of this
class. Why cannot we have, instead of the rough exterior of
some of our late sorts, those of fair skins and ruddy colors ?
And then in regard to flavor, why not be able to produce those
of a rich character, like the Seckel, Belle Lucrative, and Passe
Colmar ? From the seed of the latter many varieties were raised
by the late Mens. Esperin, of Malines. Some of these are even
superior in saccharine matter and richness to the parent, but
c

18

Hiifortunately not well adapted to our climate. Wliy should
not our popular Bartlett be the mother of a race equal in
quality and hardier in character? Of the seedlings raised in
this vicinity, those on exhibition from Mr. Richardson, of
Dorchester, Mass., are striking illustrations of the value of this
variety as a parent from which to originate good native sorts.
The experiment of the late Mr. Clapp, of Dorchester, in the
union of the Bartlett and the Flemish Beauty, as is believed,
produced the Clapp's Favorite, a pear of equal size and beauty,
entirely hardy, and pronounced by the best judges to be superior
to the variety first named. The seedlings raised by Mr. Dana,
of Roxbury, Mass., are all good. Some of them are superior,
and evince a constitution and vigor which adds much to the
value of their excellence. When we reflect upon the little
effort which has been made to produce native varieties, it is
wonderful what progress has been made.

In the production of new sorts we should aim first, at a strong,
hardy, robust, vigorous habit, and thus overcome a difldculty
which now exists witli many of the Ijest fruits, namely, a weak,
straggling growth. Others are constitutionally wayward and
unhappy in their growth, like Beurre Bosc, so as to render them
scarcely obtainable from our nurseries. For instance, instead
of trees with the feeble wood of the Winter Nclis, we could have
the same fruit from a tree like the Doyenne Boussock, or
BufFum, the former of which, in Europe, attains the height of
fifty to sixty feet, and here both are scarcely less vigorous or
hardy. This is only to be obtained by the choice of parent
varieties to breed from, one of which, at least, possesses like
vigorous habits.

In regard to bearing properties, we should select those which
come early into fruit, and set their fruit readily, and annually,
like the Louise Bonne de Jersey and Vicar of Winkfield pears.

10

and not like many kinds which flower freely, hut do not set
their fruit until the trees have attained a great age. With the
apple, we should aim to produce varieties of the constitution and
beauty of habit, as well as of fruit, like the Baldwin, King,
and Gravenstein, and should avoid, if possible, those of an
opposite character. It may be said, that many of our earliest
fruits are necessarily of medium, or small size. This can be
overcome. There is no general law which limits this feature.
The improvement is all within the hand of man to mould them
as he will. The field of progress is endless, and it is our duty
to occupy it. The same Divine Power that created the infinite
species of plants and trees, also furnished them with the ability
not only to perpetuate themselves, but like the animal kingdom,
under judicious treatment, to produce improved varieties.

The success which has attended the application of judicious
labor, leads to the conviction that great improvement is also to be
made in our methods of cultivation. Compare, for instance, the
magnificent specimens of some varieties now on exhibition with
those of ten years ago. What has produced this great change ?
Why manifestly a better knowledge of their several character-
istics, and of the best mode of cultivation. What has given the
little Delaware grape a world-wide celebrity but proper cultiva-
tion ? What has rendered Hovey's Seedling strawberry so
deservedly popular in the Boston market, but a knowledge of its
characteristics and the right method of treatment ? In the
former case at the lona Island, and in the latter, at Belmont, it
would seem that perfection in culture had been attained.

THE VINE.

Of all fruits the grape is the most excellent, delicious, and
salutary in its uses. It is in the "Pegetable kingdom, what gold
is in the mineral, and man in the animal.

20

When Providence designs the rapid progress of any indnstrial
art for the welfare of man, attention is suddenly turned towards
it, and a new zeal and enterprise awakened in its development.
Thus, in the nineteenth century, the coverings of the gold mines
of California and Australia arc removed, and the immense
deposits of coal and the fountains of oil in their bosoms are
discovered, just when the age demands their use. So with the
cultivation of the grape in our land, a fruit so universally and
highly appreciated ^n the old world ; yet here, it has been
allowed to slumber until the necessities and tlie demands of
progressive civilization require the vine to minister to the wants
of the community.

We hail, therefore, with pleasure, the deep and general
interest awakened in the culture of the grape, in the production
of new varieties so well adapted to their respective districts, as
to indicate the near approach of that day, when " every man
may sit under his own vine."

No department of the pomologist is of more importance than
the vineyard. No other fruit, at the present moment, awakens
so deep an interest in our country as the grape. None, . I
imagine, is more intimately connected with the future commerce
or well being of our country. Strange, that a fruit of such
antiquity and excellence should not have received more of our
attention. The grape is often alluded to in the Old and New
Testaments ; also in the classics, whose authors wrote under
its shade, and whose songs were redolent with its sweetest
perfume. Thus the grape comes down to ns hallowed by a
thousand memories, and honored with a genealogy extending
back to its primitive Eden. In the days of the Prophets, the
grape constituted one of the chief articles of food in Syria, and
other orient lands, and the loss of a crop was considered as a
judgment of Heaven. •

21

IIow sacred and holy arc the references to the vuie l)y our
Saviour. References to the vine are numberless in the Bil)le,
in the Greek and Roman classics, in sacred and profane
writings, — in festivals in honor of the vintage, in nearly all
civilized nations, and in every age.

We believe that the grape is destined to liecomc, in modern
times, as it certainly was of old, one of the largest and most
important of our crops. When we shall have produced varieties
suited to the various latitudes of our country, appropriate for
early use and for late keeping, adapted for drying into raisins,
foi' other culinary purposes, and for the manufacture of the
various kinds of wine, we shall Ijegin to realize the great value
of the grape, — equal, perhaps, in its future uses to that of the
apple.

It appears from the census taken at the close of the last
decade, that there was an increase in the population of the
States, during that period, of thirty-five per cent., — in the
products of the orchard, one hundred and sixty per cent., or
fifty per cent, more than any other product, except that of the
single article of wine, which increased nearly seven hundred
and fifty per cent.

INFLUENCE OP EURAL ART.

Never before have we met under circumstances so well calcu-
lated to impress us with the quietude, pleasure, and salutary
influence of rural life. Providence constrains us to view our
fertile grounds in contrast with fields drenched with blood, and
our peaceful homes with the tumult of battle and the horrors
of war. We cheerfully recognize our obligations to the good
Government under which we live ; and we would hold ourselves
in readiness to sacrifice all that is most dear on the altar of her

22

liberties. Yet wo cannot refrain from a brief allusion to the
beneficial and positive tendency of our calling to minister to
the comfort and happiness of the human race.

The influence of pomological pursuits may be classed not
only as one of the most interesting and benevolent, but one of
the most useful and refined employments, opening the heart to
the study of nature in her most beautiful, bright, and fascinating
mood. The love of the garden is the sure precursor of a
higher state of civilization and refinement. Whatever pleasures
may be derived from other sources, this seems to have been
the criterion of taste and comfort in all past ages.

The high estimation in which fruits have been held by all
nations, may be inferred by the frequent allusion to them in the
Scriptures, and other branches of literature. Not only did
Solomon cause the temple to be ornamented with carvings of
fruits, the robes of the priests to be embroidered with them,
but he frequently alluded to them to illustrate the graces of
the Church. Trees, fruits and flowers furnish some of the
most subliihe representations of the Bible, the standard of
all that is beautiful in imagery, of all that is excellent in
character, of all that is hopeful in destiny. What a chain of
exalted metaphor is seen in the Holy Volume from (renesis to
Revelation, in allusion to trees ; from that generated from the
smallest seed, to that " which yieldeth twelve manner of fruits,
and whose leaves are for the healing of the nations." The love
of these is natural and instinctive, inbred in the soul of man.
What an intimate communion exists between yourself and the
tree which you train up in the way it should go, so that when
it is old it will not depart from it.

The imagination of man has never found any other scenes
so enchanting as the associations of the garden. Consecrated
as the birthplace of mankind, holy as the burial-place of the

28

Redeemer, and sanctified by intimate associations with the
eternal home of the blessed, where else can we look so rationally
for joyful aspirations and felicity on earth ? Nor can we
estimate too higlily the influence of these pursuits, in multiply-
ing and sweetening the endearments of home, and in increasing
the welfare of society. You enjoy the Ijenefit (.)f the trees you
plant while you live. Other property may he lost, but the tree
lives on and blesses you with its annual crop, and when you
have done with earth, it still flourishes to enrich the inheritance
of your successors, and to tell them of your love to tliem and to
your country.

The cultivation of fruits, as a science, is one of the most
interesting and delightful that has ever occupied tlie attention
of man. It furnishes an endless variety of objects for, contem-
plation, constantly exciting his wonder, and leading forth his
soul in admiration of the providence, wisdom and goodness of
that Almighty Hand, which bespangles the heavens with
radiant orbs, and carpets the earth with living gems no less
brilliant or wonderful. Whether we study the canopy above, or
the carpet beneath, we are filled with admiration at the order
and infinitude of His works, —

" A world of beauties that throughout their frame,
Creation's proudest miracles proclaim."

The more, therefore, we instil into the minds of our youth
the love of our delightful art, the more will they appreciate
the wisdom, beauty, and perfection of the external world, and
the more will their souls become invested with that purity and
refinement which enlarges the sphere of social happiness, and
elevates the mind to contemplate with reverence and delight
that Infinite Source,

" Which sends Nature forth the daughter of the skies,
To dwell on earth and charm all human eyes. '

24

When our work on earth is finished, how precious the
monuments which this art rears to perpetuate our memories !
It was the custom of some of the ancients to bury their dead
under trees, so that future generations miglit sit over their
graves screened from the parching heat, and to dedicate fruits
and flowers to distinguished men.

What an honorable testimonial to have a luscious fruit dedi-
cated to your memory, — a fruit which shall bear the name not
only of yoiu'self, but of your family long after you shall have
been buried beneath the sods of the valley ! How transporting
the thought, that future generations will sit under the cooling
shade of the tree reared by your own hand, and regale them-
selves with its precious fruit ! Think you not they will shed
the tear of gratitude, and bless the hand that planted it ! How
chastening the anticipation that when we shall have been gath-
ered to our fathers, and those frail tenements are consigned to
the bosom of our mother earth, the particles of our bodies shall
be regenerated and reappear in the more beautiful forms of
fruit or flower, and shall thus minister to the comfort of gener-
ations to come. Oh ! let me be remembered in some beautiful
flower, some graceful tree, some luscious fruit. OliJ yes, far
better than storied monument or sculptured urn, let me be
remembered as one who labored to adorn and improve the
earth, to promote the pleasure and welfare of those who are to
follow me.

In creation there is a wonderful fitness between the native
instinct of man and the object of his attachment. Thus God
gave us trees adorned with inimitable beauty, " pleasant to the
sight and good for food." Thus we have the tree of knowledge
and the tree of life, symbolic sacraments of the patriarchal
Church. Witness the inherent love of these in Abraham, when
he said, " Let us have all the trees that are in the field, and

25

that are round about;" — in Solomon, planting orchards and
vineyards, and classing these pursuits " among the delights of
the sons of men ; " — in our immortal Washington, retiring
from public life to sit beneath the shades of Mount Vernon ; —
in Rousseau, longing to be laid under his own favorite tree ; —
in Temple, directing that his heart should be buried beneath
the trees of his own planting; — and in the untutored Indian,
who, beholding a tree of his native land, sprang forward with
one joyous bound, exclaiming, "0 ! tree of my home, welcome
to my heart." So does the human soul sympathize with the
objects of nature.

CONCLUSION.

Gentlemen : It has been my desire, and my custom, on these
occasions, to confine my remarks to subjects strictly connected
with the objects of our Association, to unite my rejoicings with
yours in the progress of the past, and to look forward with
cheering hopes to the future of our favorite art. But this
calling, our homes, our institutions, and all we hold dear and
sacred on earth, are so involved in the civil conflict in which
our country is now engaged, as to demand, in conclusion, a
passing notice.

Accustomed as we have been, for half a century, to the
enjoyment of uninterrupted peace with transatlantic powers,
to the contemplation of the prosperity and rising greatness
of our Republic, and to the belief that the very name of war
was fast becoming obsolete, we find it impossible to compre-
hend the gigantic proportions and ulterior influences of that
dreadful evil which is upon us, and which has taken from the
peaceful pursuits of active life two millions of our fellow citi-

D

26

zens, and plunged them into the most dreadful and bloody-
conflict, — which has suddenly, as by the stamp of Ajax's foot,
raised up a Navy second to no other on earth, and which has
concentrated the astonishing improvements of the last half
century in machinery and progressive science for the relief of
human toil and the happiness of man, into the single art of his
destruction by war.

At a crisis so momentous and fearful, involving our existence
as an independent and united people, and our relation to every
other nation under heaven, our paramount duty is plain. We
must support with all our means that good Government which
the patriotism and wisdom of our fathers established, and which,
after every effort to avert the evil, is compelled to robe even
her white-winged messenger of peace in the fiery habiliments of
war for the preservation of the Republic and the enforcement
of its laws. We must liold on to the Constitution as the very
palladium of our liberties, and the sheet anchor of our hope.
We must frown upon every attempt at insubordination and
fanaticism to invade our rights, and having done all, we must
stand by the flag of our Union. Yes, stand by those glorious
stars and stripes, which, for more than fourscore years, have
waved over the land of our birth, and the cradles of our
infancy. Stand by this flag, whose every thread is luminous
with the history of our Nation's greatness. Stand by that flag,
which has floated in the breeze of every sea and clime. Stand
by that flag, the harbinger of civilization, and the herald of
salvation to the distant isles of the sea. Stand by it, as the
emblem of all that is great and good in the history of the past,
or the dearest hopes of the future. Stand by the flag of our
Union, in prosperity and in adversity, in life and in death —
here and everywhere — now and forever.

The cloud that overshadows is indeed dark and foreboding,

27

yet we trust it will retire gilded with the bow of promise, and
radiant with the hope of a brighter to-morrow. "VVe believe that
He who rules in mercy as well as in justice, will in the end
bring our beloved nation out of all its troubles, and make us a
wiser and better people ; that He will yet make us one in inter-
est and destiny, a people whose love of self-government, union,
and strength, shall, in the future as in the past, be the wonder
and admiration of the world. Terrible as this crisis is, we doubt
not that the progress of this great Republic is to be onward and
upward in the cause of freedom, civilization and humanity, and
in all that tends to the development of the comfort, happiness,
and perfection of the human race. Yes, we fondly cling to the
hope that the day is coming yet, when war shall wash his bloody
hand and sheath his glittering sword, — when our fields shall
no longer be ploughed with the deadly cannon, or fertilized with
the blood of our brethren, — and when peace sliall again wreath
her olive leaves around these distracted States, and bind them
together in one great circle of life and love. The night is dark,
but the morning cometh. That golden age is " coming yet."

• " Its coming yet for a' that,

When man to man tlie warld o'er,
Shall brothers be for a' that."

To this delightful result our chosen art is to contribute its full
share ; and when it shall have accomplished its whole mission
on earth, our orchards and gardens will be crowned with the
choicest fruits of Pomona, our hill-sides rejoice in the rich
burden of the vintage, and man at last, as at first, enjoy the
fruition of Paradise on earth.