An address delivered at Northampton, before the Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin, Agricultural Society, October 27, 1831

Xf^

AN

ADDRESS

DELIVERED AT NORTHAMPTON,

BEFORE THE

HAMPSHIRE, HAMPDEN AND FRANKLIN

^QVlmUnxul Socfets,

OCTOBER, 27, 1831.

BY SAMUEL F. DICKINSON,

PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE SOCIETY,

AMHERST:

J. S. & C. ADAMS, PRINTERS.

1831.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
AT AMHERST

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Special Collections & Rare Book;

GIFT OF

ADDRESS.

The cultivation of the Earth is the natural and ap-
propriate employment of man. He was formed of the
earth ; and his birtli-place was a garden. A garden too,
planted and cultivated by the hand of Him, who created
it ; in which " grcAV every tree pleasant to the sight, or
good for food ; the tree of Life, also, in the midst of
the garden."

This exhibition, so rich in the beauties of Nature ;
so luxuriant in her fruits and foliage ; was designed to
teach the new inhabitant his future employment ; and
his connection with the earth, which he was soon to be
commissioned " to dress and till." And, " the tree of
Life in the midst of the garden," contained a direction,
as by precept, that, amid all his cares and labors, the
Avorship of his Maker, the Great Proprietor, should
hold a preeminent place. Thus establishing, by a silent
but immutable decree, the intimate relation subsisting
between his labors and his duties — a relation as lasting,
as his pilgrimage on earth.

How much ought every husbandman to regard his
high destination ! How deeply feel his responsibility, and
his obligation to follow the great example here set be-
fore him ; and to obey the precept, here so forcibly
taught !

Accordingly we find, in the only authentic record of
early times, that the oldest son of Adam was " a tiller
of* the ground ;" and that Noah, immediately after the
deluge, ''became an husbandman, and planted a vineyaxd^''''

We find also, in sacred history, frequent allusions to the
culture of the earth. Plowing^ sowings reaping^ thresh-
ings seed-time^ and harvest^ and other like expressions are
used; showing, that agriculture was early and success-
fully in use.

We know also, that, by the longevity of that period,
the earth was early and rapidly peopled, and cities
builded ; and that this immense population could not
have been sustained ; or those cities builded, without
the knowledge and the aid of agriculture.

We know also, that there could have been no com-
merce, without an interchange of the productions of the
earth ; and, that where agriculture has not made some
advance, arts and manufactures have no place.

Until a people, by occupation or habit, become fixed
to some spot, as their home ; they have no need of houses
or barns ; or of implements of husbandry ; or of smiths
or mechanics to construct them. Among the natives of
this country was found no mechanic, manufacture, or
commerce. And this is common to all uncivilized nations.

It may, then, be assumed as true, that the cultivation
of the earth is the basis of all the mechanic arts, man-
ufactures, and commerce. All depend upon it. And
every thing, which lives, and breathes, and moves,
whether in the waters, in the air, or on its surface, de-
rives its support from the earth, as the mother of all.

I shall, therefore, need no apology, on this occasion,
for specially addressing those, on whom this important
business rests : practical husbandmen ; those who join na-
ked hands to the axe and the plough ; and are not
ashamed to bear the scythe and the sickle.

I shall attempt, concisely, to delineate,

I. The character of good Husbandry.

5

II. The character of good HusBANDi^fc, as connected
with their social, civil and moral duties.

I. The character of good Husbandry.

The first characteristic of good husbandry, is to cul-
tivate well.

It has never yet been ascertained, to what extent the
earth is susceptible of culture, nor the amount it is ca-
pable of producing. Much depends on climate, and the
nature and qualities of the soil ; but 7nore depends on
cidtivation. No field has ever jet been so highly culti-
vated, that it was not capable of higher improvement.
In England, the most highly cultivated soil in Europe,
there are about two acres and one third of improved
land, to one individual ; in France, nearly four ; within
the limits of this Society, more than seven. Agriculture
can hardly be said to have begun its progress, in any
country ; especially, in the United States. Much is yet
to be learned, and taught, and done^ on our best hus-
banded lands.

Assuming as the ratio, that each acre now cultivated,
may be made to produce only twice its present crop,
— and this falls far short of the truth — it may be made
to yield a much greater increase : then cultivating well
will save

1. Capital, The culture of fifty acres will be equal
to that of one hundred ; and fifty acres will cost but half
as much.

In every enterprise, the amount of capital required
enters into the calculation of gain or loss. And this is
of no small account to a young New England farmer;
whose capital chiefly consists in his muscular strength,
his bold and enterprising spirit, and his moral habits.

2. Cidtivating well saves labor. But half (he time is

necessary to tHi^el over fifty acres, which is required to
travel over one hundred. But half the labor is required
to plough, sow, mow or reap, one acre, which is required
to perform the like operations, on two. Besides, the
earth, being more thoroughly subdued and broken, yields
more readily to the plough, the harrow, and the hoe ;
and every man knows, that a grass-field, thoroughly
and well prepared for the scythe, is mown with greater
ease, and Avith less expense of time and strength. So
of every thing about a farm.

3. Cultivating well saves fence, in the same propor-
tion that it saves capital and labor ; which is an item of
increasing importance ; as fencing stuffs, annually, grow
more valuable.

4. The produce of one acre, well cultivated, if not
more in amount, exceeds in value, that of two acres,
poorly managed. It will be of a better and richer qual-
ity. Every one knows the difference in the quality of
Indian corn, rye, Avheat or potatoes, raised in full and large
crops ; from that of the same kind of produce, raised in
sparing and lean crops. The difference is as perceiva-
ble, as between the full and blasted ears in Egypt. The
same principle is applicable to the raising and manage-
ment of all kinds of live stock. Every husbandman
knows, how much strength is added to his ox, and his
horse, by the increase of their flesh; and how much
the quality of his butter and cheese is enriched, by the
thrift of his cow.

5. Cultivating well is a duty. The cultivator owes it
to himself; in this way, he increases his profits and con-
sequent usefulness. He owes it to his country ; he
thereby adds to the common stock. The wealth of a
nation consists in the wealth of individuals composing

ihc nation. He owes it to thp' Great Proprietor,
whose steward he is. He appropriates but half the
territory, or less, as the case liiay be, and produces as
much ; leaving the other half, to be improved by others.
He follows, more closely, the example of Eden.

6. Cultivating well adds to the pleasures of labor.
This is not an unmeaning expression. The seven years
of servitude seemed short to the Patriarch ; because,
surrounded by objects pleasant to his view ; and enjoy-
ing anticipations, pleasing to his thoughts : so, a well cul-
tivated farm, regularly divided into fields, and neatly
fenced, with growing luxuriant crops, presents to the
husbandman a pleasant and interesting view ; affording
also, anticipations of receiving the reward of his labors ;
shortening very much the hours of toil ; strengthening
all his local and domestic attachments.

7. Cultivating well improves the mind, and temper, and
habits, of the cultivator. The principle of association
is so strong and powerful, that we borrow our thoughts,
and feelings, and habits, in a great degree, from objects
around us. The influence of " the Grecian skies'''' is pro-
verbial. Every naturalist is acquainted with this prin-
ciple of our nature. It is not difficult to learn the tem-
per of any man, when it is known, with what objects
he most familiarly associates.

Secondly. Good fences are essential to good hus-
bandry.

1. They save time. The husbandman, who is oblig-
ed to leave his team or his labor, and travel to a distant
field, to drive out intruding cattle, loses much valuable
time, which he knows not how to spare.

2. Good fences protect and secure crops, the fruit and
just reward of toil and care ; and prevent the pain of

seeing them carelessly wasted or destroyed ; and in this
way, hghtcn care, and sweeten the hours of rest.

3. Good fences prevent unkind feehngs among neigh-
bors; and not unfrequently, vexatious and expensive
lawsuits — the evils of which are sometimes seen, and

felt^ by the next generation.

4. Good fences are an ornament to a farm. An ex-
tended plane — an unbroken view of a lake, or an ocean,
produces painful sensations ; while a landscape, inter-
spersed with hills, and meadows, and forests, and cleared
fields, excites lively emotions. Such is the pleasure aris-
ing from the view of a neatly and well fenced farm ; as-
sociated, as it always will be, with considerations of se-
curity and profit — and the certainty of finding every ox,
and horse, and cow, in his own pasture.

Thirdly, The use of manure is another characteris-
tic of good husbandry.

Most of the soils in New England, and wilhin the
limits of this society, require this nourishment and sup
port. And this necessity will always make this a high-
ly favored land. Wherever manure is required, in or-
der to produce good crops, and to constitute good hus-
bandry, there will be, of necessity, industry, economy,
and consequent wealth, with domestic happiness. If it
should be inquired, what has converted the native bar-
renness of the counties of Essex and Norfolk, into luxu-
riant fields and gardens — the answer is, A soil rcqmring
manure^ with industry. If it should be further inquired ;
what has made the inhabitants of these counties pros-
perous, independent, and happy ? the answer is, Jl soil
requiring manure^ ivith industry and economy, A young
man, aspiring at vigor of body, independence of mind, and
prosperity, with long life, ought, in choosing his settle-

ment, to select a soil, not too barren to reward his in-
dustry ; yet requiring manure to render it productive.
Much of the land in New England answers this descrij)-
tion.

In most of the Western States, manure is esteemed
of no value. It is suffered, either to accumulate about
their barns and hovels, for years ; or is thrown into
their creeks, as a nuisance. I have, however, never
seen this, without witnessing, at the same time, weeds,
and wild growth, as rank and luxuriant, as the corn-
blades, or stalks of wheat : with miserable husbandry.

That a soil so rich, as to require no manure under
the hand of a skilful cultivator, will produce sloth and
its kindred vices, is a principle, as unvarying as the laws
of Nature. The barrenness of New England, which
is not unfrequently spoken of at the West, is one of
the most distinguished blessings of this enviable land.

While the cultivator of the rich allu vials, and exten-
sive priaries of the West, shall be pale with ague, and
inactive and slothful, by reason of the richness of his
soil, his farm unfenced, and overspread with weeds and
wild growth ; the more favored son of New England
shall be muscular and strong, energetic and enterpris-
ing, intelligent and moral ; enjoying the fruits of his
industry, in a salubrious atmosphere, and blessed with a
surrounding group of healthful, intelligent, well instruct-
ed children. Nature is uniform in her operations. A
soil so rich, as the valley of the Mississippi, has every
where produced the consequences of idleness. Men
will not work hard when they can live easy.

That part of Asia, where once was the garden of
Eden, where was the promised land : Italy, where was
Rome, so proud of her orators, statesmen, and conquer-

2

10

ors ; Spain, once so distinguished for her science, and
her intelligence ; Egypt, once renowned for her arts
and her power ; South America, once preeminent for
her honour and her warriors ; the valley of the Missis-
sippi, ivith its present population, illustrate this truth.

The destinies of futurity are not in our keeping.
What consequences may follow from the great moral
efforts, now making to renovate and purify the Western
valley, time only can disclose. But, sure as the connec-
tion between cause and effect ; unless these, or other
causes hitherto inoperative, shall exert a mighty and a
controlling influence, this great and proud valley must,
and ivill, hereafter, slumber, inactive, unblessed. It is,
however, the duty of the Patriot, as well as the Chris-
tian, to hope ; that the religion of the Cross may effect,
what science and philosophy, with all their votaries,
have so long, in vain, attempted !

In addition to barn-manure, the New England hus-
bandman should be unwearied, in collecting Avhatever
will quicken or support vegetation. Lime is a valua-
ble manure, and highly deserving notice. Mud from
ponds, or sunken grounds, common salt, with every kind
of vegetable, and animal substance, may be profitably
used in compost ; especially, if exposed to the action of
swine. Changing crops is often useful. Each species
of crop seems to extract from the soil a nutriment pe-
culiar to itself; so as not to exhaust, against the de-
mands of a different, succeeding, crop. Alternate
ploughing and seeding is a valuable substitute for man-
ure ; and an economical method of keeping land in
heart. However highly other grasses may be valued
in other counties or States; I am satisfied, that no
grass, with us, is so enriching to the soil ; or nutricious

for hay or pasture, as the clover. The (|uahty, which
enriches, is not in the stalk, or leaf, of this grass, as is
sometimes supposed ; but in a black mould, collected
about the roots. Whether extracted from the air, by
means of its blossoms, its broad leaf, or porous stalk, I
do not pretend to say. If turned in, with a plough, for
manure, it should stand until ripe. The mature stalk,
and full grown leaf seem necessary to collect, and depos-
it, its nutritive qualities.

A coat of grass, left in the fall, on mowing or pasture-
land, is equal to a covering of manure. This serves the
double purpose of enriching the soil ; and of protect-
ing it from frosts and cold. It is like the clothing of
the human body, protecting it from the cold of winter.
Every blade of grass left growing, in the fall, will pro-
duce twice its value, the next season. Considering the
coldness of our climate, this subject has not been suffi-
ciently regarded.

Fourthly, Deep ploughing is essential to good hus-
bandry.

The plough is the most important implement of hus-
bandry ; too much pains cannot be taken in its construc-
tion. A share so broad, as to cut the whole width of
the furrow, is essential. Ploughing is the most impor-
tant operation in husbandry, and deep ploughing still more
important. Such parts of the earth, as are not broken,
or turned up by the plough-share, yield no support to
the growing plant — they are in the way of the roots,
and worse than useless.

Deep ploughing brings up more earthybr use ; gives
more room for the roots to grow and extend in ; affords
more nourishment; and greater security against drought ;
the deeper the soil, the more moisture is contained in

12

it — and the longer it will resist the effects of heat ; the
more easily is it moved by the hoe and harrow ; and or-
dinarily, will produce a more abundant crop. There is
a quality, nutritive to vegetation, which settles down
below ordinary furrows ; and which, turned up, brings
strength, as well as quantity, to the soil. I have seen
pumpkins and other vines grow luxuriantly, on earth
thrown out of a cellar, three feet below the surface.

Fifthly. JYeatness is essential to the character of
good husbandry.

This consists in the arrangement and divisions of a
farm ; the order and style of the buildings ; the setting
out and pruning, with judgment, Jruit and shade-trees.
The garden of Eden, the great example set before
husbandmen, contained " every tree, pleasant to the
sight^^'' as well as " good for food."

Neatness also consists in the cutting of bushes, tearing
up and subduing hedges ; clearing every field of weeds
and wild growth ; keeping the best implements of hus-
bandry ; and in best order and condition ; and generally,
in keeping every thing as it should be.

There should be " a place for every thing ; and eve-
ry thing in its place." There should also be a time for
every thing ; and every thing in its time.

More time and labor are saved by neatness, on and
about a farm, than ten times its cost. The breaking
of a bow pin ; or the unsewing of a harness, frequently
occasions, not only loss to the owner, and danger to the
driver ; but sometimes brings suiTerings, not to be re-
paid.

Neatness adds much to the enjoyments of the hus-
bandman ; and the pleasures of home. It induces hab-
its of order and propriety ; which will, insensibly, be

13

carried into all the business and relations of life. It is
enviable, every where, indoors and out ; and, if not one
of the cardinal virtues, every husbandman, and husband-
woman too^ ought to be willing to add it to the list. It
should be carried into the family — there should be or-
der there. Every one should know his place, and his
duty. There should be order in the field, and in all
the business of the farm ; there should be order every
where. " Order is Heaven s first law.'''' Let it never be
second to the husbandman, or his household !

Sixthly. It is the character of good husbandry, to
be constantly improving.

The nineteenth century finds all things around us pro-
gressing. The art, or the business which does not make
progress ; is like the by-stander on the bank of a
stream, whom the current soon leaves behind.

While the inventions and discoveries, in the mechanic
arts, and manufactures, within thirty years past, have,
with unexampled rapidity, been acquiring for them new
skill, and increased powers ; agriculture has been, com-
paratively, stationary ; at least, progressed with a slow-
er step. Government has exerted, in behalf of these,
its full strength ; leaving this to its own protection. —
And we feel a manly pride, in confiding this important
interest to its natural guardians ; a virtuous^ intelligent^
and enterprising yeomanry. Their ingenuity will suggest
new modes of culture ; new kinds of crops ; new
branches of industry ; new sources of wealth. The
great staples of New England are not yet settled.
There will be changes, as there have been, unfriendly
to the agricultural interest. The cultivator, therefore,
must adapt his system of culture, to the circumstances,
to the state and prospects of the country.

14

The consequences resulting to New England, from
the construction of the Erie Canal, Avhich every hus-
bandman has, more or less, known and felt, were prompt-
ly met ; by increased attention to manufactures and to
dairies ; the growing of wool ; and, in the valley of the
Connecticut, the raising of that invaluable plant, the
broom corn ; with other kindred improvements in agri-
culture and the arts.

But no branch of domestic economy offers so great
encouragement to American industry, as the raising of
the mulberry^ and silk-worm.

This promises to the North, advantages far greater,
than the cotton-growing, or gold mines, to the South.

The culture of silk was first known in China ; where
both the mulberry and the silk-worm are of spontane-
ous growth. According to Chinese records, it com-
menced there, many centuries prior to the Christian
era. This delicate manufacture, in all its mysterious
branches, was, for a long time, under the exclusive man-
agement of the Empresses, and the women of their
households ; but was, afterwards, spread among all the
females of the empire. China was long called " 77i6
inexhaustable store-house of silk,^^ From China, it made
its way into the other parts of Asia ; and subsequently,
into Europe ; successively, into Greece, Italy, France
and England. Into Greece and Italy, many centuries
ago ; into France, about two hundred years ago ; more
recently into England. The raw material is still raised,
in great abundance, in these, and other countries of the
East ; excepting England ; her climate does not admit
of its growth — the skill of her artists is exercised in the
manufacture alone.

Nearly one hundred years ago, the growing of the

mulberry-trcc was commenced in Georgia; and, in 1766
twenty thousand pounds of cocoons were exported from
tliat State ; and sold in England. Soon after, a similar
beginning was made in Pennsylvania; but both were
discontinued by the revolution.

In Connecticut, sewing silk has been manufactured
more than seventy years. The product of the town of
Mansfield alone, the present season, is estimated at eigh-
ty five thousand dollars.

About thirty years ago, this article was manufactured,
to some extent, in Amherst in this county ; and several
beautiful webs were woven; and worn, in gowns and
handkerchiefs, by the females, whose ingenuity and
skill fabricated them. But the business was afterwards
discontinued.

The culture of the mulberry, has made some pro-
gress, in Delaware, Ohio, and, I believe, some other of the
States of the Union. And a laudable spirit, character-
istic of the people, is diffusing itself over the territory of
this society. — There are within its limits, about twenty
mulberry orchards; nurseries, containing plants, suffi-
cient to set over hundreds of acres ; and in one place,^
sewing silk, and other light fabrics are manufactured.
The quantity of silk stuffs, manufactured on the East-
ern continent, is immense. Though once an article of
luxury,and exchanged, in equal weight, for gold, and after-
wards, by some governments, forbidden to be used, consid-
ered as extravagance ; yet it is now, an article much in
use, in all countries ; and Avill, in all probability, in our
time, become as common for wearing apparel, as the
fabrics, made of flax or cotton.

* Belchertown.

16

Great Britain imports, annually, chiefly from Bengal,
Italy, China, and Turkey, raw silk, to supply her manu-
factories, to the amount of more than seven millions of
dollars ; France imports from the same places, chiefly,
more than twenty millions ; besides large quantities rais-
ed in her own territory ; and she exports^ " besides a
much greater saving from the quantity used at home,"
of this article manufactured, the incredible amount of
'''five hundred millions of dollars,'^''

The records of the treasury show, that the United
States imported, in five years, from 1821, to 1825 inclu-
sive, more than thirty five millions of dollars, in manu-
factured silks. Of which eight millions only were ex-
ported 'y leaving to be used, and paidfor^ in the United
States, twenty seven millions ; or about four ayid a half
millions annually. This has since increased — and the
probable consumption of silk stuffs, within the United
States, at this time, is between seven and ten millions^ an-
nually. And this amount increasing in a ratio, greater
than that of the population of the country. This
large sum is to be paid for ; and it will be seen, that
our exports, from New England, fall short of doing it.

These facts show the importance of this culture ;
both to agriculturalists, and to the nation. We pay for
this article, manufactured abroad, an annual tax, of be-
tween seven and ten millions ; Avhich its culture would
save — and, in a few years, enable us to export, of the
same material, as much more. Thus saving that sum,
" twice toldy The fact also, that the demand, abroad,
for our bread-stuffs, is constantly diminishing ; and our
exports of that article, annually, decreasing, adds im-
portance to this culture.

Its value may be learned from the estimation, in which

17

other nations have liekl it. The art has been consid-
ered as mysterious; and artists, skilled in it, prohibited
from leaving their country, under severe, and I beheve
capital punishments. If a solitary artist eluded this
prohibition, he has been courted in other countries, and
there rewarded with a princely munificence. As late
as 1823, a silk manufacturer of Lyons, in France, at
the solicitation of individual manufacturers in England,
went there to introduce certain parts of his art ; and
impart some portions of his skill. He returned, in one
year, with a bonus of twenty thousand pounds sterling —
eighty thousand dollars. On his return to France, he
was prosecuted, for communicating his skill — but had
the good fortune to elude the penalty.

In England, France, Italy, and China, this manufac-
ture could not be valued. It is, equally, above price, here.
Our climate, and our soil, are equally adapted to it ; and
will raise the raw material in greater abundance ; and
of a finer, richer, and superior quality.

It is proved by actual experiment ; that the mulberry
will flourish equally well, in all parts of the United
States ; unless it be the extreme North and South ;
that the silk-worm, in all its mysterious forms, grows
and works, as Avell here, as in the East, and even bet-
ter ; that the whole process from the egg, to the wind-
ing and finishing of the cocoon, is accomplished in thir-
ty one days ; whereas the same process, in the East,
occupies from forty five to forty seven days : that the
cocoons produced here, are larger, and of a more uni-
form size ; evincing clearly the uniform health of the
worms, that wind them ; and that the silk extracted
from them, is of a finer, stronger, and more beautijid
texture.

3

18

It deserves tlie notice of husbandmen, also, that the
whole business may be done in sixty days ; principally,
in the months of May and June ; Avhen labor on a farm
is not so much needed ; and by women and children.
The fabric surely not of less value, because wrought
by fairer hands.

Experience has not yet taught this country, the net
produce of one acre. It has been estimated from two
to twelve hundred dollars. If the less of these ex-
tremes be considered as the more correct sum ; even
in this case, a profit is yielded, far greater than that aris-
ing from the culture of any other article known in the
United States. It offers immense wealth to New Ens:-
land industry ; and seems one of the choicest gifts of
Providence to this highly favored land.

That an insect so minute ; emerging from an egg^ of
the size of a pin's head ; should wind, Jrom itself^ a
thread of so great length ; of the finest, richest, and
most delicate fabric ; in one month, arriving at ma-
turity, and finishing its work ; encircling itself with the
web so nicely wound, as with its shroud ; is one of the
mysteries of Nature ; presenting, as it does, the riches
of a world, in the compass of a nutshell.

I am now to consider —

II. The character of good husbandmen ; connected
with their social^ civil, and moral duties.

1. A good husbandman will value his time. Time
is the highest gift of God. We are never to waste or
misspend it. It is not our own. The man, who com-
mits suicide, is justly pronounced a violator of the Di-
vine Law ; while he, who wastes his time in idleness,
is thought guiltless. The cases are, nevertheless, par-
allel; differing, in degree, only. The one goes into the

19

presence of his Maker, uncalled for, (o render liis ac-
count : llie other, although more tardy In his approach,
as surely goes to the same retribution ! No time, in
hfe, is allotted to inaction. Nature has no blanks. When
years render a man incapable of acting ; he is, immedi-
uteJy, ''gathered to his fm^fathers ;" his days having been
" numbered and finished,''^ No time is given the hus-
bandman, for sloth or pastime. If the steward, who
neglected to improve his talent of silver, was worthy of
reproof ; of how much severer reproof is he worthv, who
neglects to improve his time ; a talent infinitely more
precious, than those of gold and silver.
2. He will make the best use of time.

1. Because it is for his interest ; as well as his duty.
Industry is a sure pledge of wealth. It diffuses health,
over the body ; and vigor, through the mind. Nature
has established an unvarying connection between our
wants, which are constantly urging us to exertion ; and
our happiness. He, who rises early, and steadily pur-
sues the business of the day, greets the evening, with
no unpleasant thought in his mind ; or evil purpose in
his heart. He rejoices in the labor of his hands.

2. He will make the best use of his time, because it
is short. Deducting childhood ; days appropriated to
rest ; and hours, to sleep : what may be claimed for
sickness and the calls of humanity and charity ; a small
portion only remains for active duty.

3. He will make the best use of time ; because, much
is to be done. The whole earth is to be subdued, and made
habitable and productive ; and its whole population, civil-
ized. And this is to be accomplished, principally, by
husbandmen. It is tlieir appropriate business. Their
right hand, aided by the mighty energies of Nature,

20

every where developing themselves, is destined to sub-
due the earth ; and prepare it for the great events,
which are after to follow. Let every one, therefore,
gird on his strength ; putting forth his first efforts, on
his own farm ; making Eden his jjattern.

" Every valley is to be exahigd ; and every mountain
and hill made low ; the desert blossom as the rose ;
and the solitary place be made glad."

Does any one doubt the accomplishment of these and
similar predictions ; let " the sure word of prophccy^^ si-
lence that doubt.

Let late discoveries, in chemistry, and philosophy, of
new combinations ; of new principles and powers ; and
their application to scientific and mechanical purposes ;
let the late improvements in roads and canals ; the un-
told advantages of labor-saving machines; with the
uncontrolled enexgies of steam ; silence that doubt.

Let mountains of granite, torn from their foundations ;
divided and fashioned, at the will of the workman ; car-
ried into all parts of the land ; forming magnificent
dwellings ; and stupendous monuments of art ; silence
that doubt.

If the efforts of thirty years, without impidse, have
produced these astonishing effects ; who can calculate
the mighty results of a coming century ? The decree has
gone forth. The earth must be renovated ; and its popu-
lation civilized and Christianized also.

The mountains, ranging behind, and the beautiful val-
ley, spreading itself, before us ; may become the scenes
of these wondrous operations. Mount Holyoke too;
now proudly rising above ; may be brought down ; and
its stones, converted into workshops, and villages, and
temples, on the level, below.

21

Does any one doubt, that the whole population of the
earth, shall be enlightened, and purified, and Christian-
ized; let the powerful moral causes, now in operation,
silence that doubt.

Let the two hundred Missionary stations, the thousand
Christian Missionaries, from the United States and Eu-
rope, scattered over heathen lands, and the islands of
the seas ; the fifty thousand hopeful converts from hea-
thenism to vital Christianity ; with the five hundred thou-
sand heathen children in Christian schools ; all the fruits
of a few years ; silence that doubt.

Let the three hundred thousand copies of the Bible,
issued by the United States ; the seven millions and a
half, issued by the British and Foreign Bible Society ;
printed in missionary presses ; and in most of the langua-
ges on the globe ; and all now open, and read, by as
many millions of immortals, put that doubt at rest.

Let the eleven millions of tracts, issued in one year ;
and other uncounted numbers issued in previous years,
by the London Tract society ; the two hundred and sev-
enty millions of tract-pages, issued by the American So-
ciety ; all wafted, as by the breath of the Almighty, over
all lands, like the leaves of the tree of life, " for the
healing of the nations," command that doubt to " be stiW^
The whole earth shall be filled with the knowledge, and
glory of God.

Secondly, A good husbandman will make the best
use of his property.

As a steward, he will feel this to be his duty.

]. He will not contract debts. This is making a bad
use of property. Contracting debt is pledging all to the
creditor ; a stake too fill of hazard. It is also staking
personal liberty ; at which nature recoils. It is barter-

22

iiig tliat noble independence of mind, and thought, which
ought to animate every cuUivator of the soil. Debt is
like a canker, which never ceases to waste ; and never
fails to destroy. The progress, from debt to ruin, is as
certain as the course of Nature. A man, in debt, may
read his future history, in the fate of others, as certaii>
ly, as an astronomer can calculate an eclipse ; or, the
hour and minute of the rising, or setting of the sun.
A Bank debt, or mortgage, is as sure foreboding of ruin
to the husbandman ; as the morning dram ; or evening
revel. There may be cases, when one may pledge his
farm,ybr part of the consideration of the purchase ; but
that part should be small ; and such cases rare,

2. He will not lay up property for his children. No
error is more common, or more destructive, than this.
Nature has ordained, that every generation shall provide
for itself. The young animal, of every species, is left
of its dam, as soon as capable of protecting itself ; or,
providing for its own wants. The reason of this provis-
ion applies, with double force^ to our species. We have
mind, as well as strength, to aid in our defence and sup
port. Besides, we need the stimulus of providing for
ourselves, to invigorate mind and body.

Property inherited oftener proves a curse, than a bles-
sing. The manna in the wilderness, gathered for the
succeeding day, became offensive. In the strong and
expressive language of inspiration, " it stank,^^ A stri-
king representation of property, laid up for children!
We have no warrant for doing this. Property is given,
for use, as much as bodily strength ; and, when hoarded
up, is haunted with anxiety and perplexity, as the re-
ward.

If any one doubts the truth of these remarks ; let

23

him look round ; and count the men of property, and in-
fluence, and usefuhiess, in his neiglibourhood, and town :
who began with the inheritance of their fathers. No
arithmetic will be necessary to finish the computation.
3. He will use his property in the education of his sons.
The agriculturist sustains an honorable rank, and acts
an imporant part, in society. His labor and skill pro-
duces all^ which every other class consumes. He ought,'
therefore, to be thoroughly acquainted with the nature
of his employment. He should call to his aid the sciences ;
especially, chemistry and natural philosophy ; which are
intimately connected with the science of agriculture ; in
as much, as they show the properties of soils, and ma-
nures ; and their adaptation to the various classes of
vegetation.

He ought to be acquainted with the geography, the
natural and civil history of his own, and of other coun-
tries. And his mind, and thoughts, and character, should
be elevated, by a knowledge of general literature.

He should understand the condition and wants of the
uncivihzed millions, inhabiting the earth ; for, he must
aid in their emancipation from heathenism.

As a citizen of a great Republic, and, as a freeman,
he should understand his rights : the foundation, on
which they rest : and the principles, which should gov-
ern their exercise. Liberty is yet striving for her do-
minion, on the earth. Her last struggle with despotism
and depravity is at hand. Over this united host, this
unholy alliance, she will triumph. But this victory is to
be achieved, by corresponding efforts of her friends.
Every proprietor of the soil should be armed for the
conflict, with all the panoply, which knowledge and pa-
triotism can supply.

24

He should regard the character of his rulers. It is
true, every where ; that the character of the people,
is identified with the character of their rulers. It is
emphatically true, in this land of liberty ; where public
opinion is the supreme law. Great responsibility, there-
fore, rests on every husbandman, in selecting those, who
are to rule. His own character will be judged by
theirs. Let the language of inspiration and experience,
be remembered : " When the wicked bear rule, the peo-
ple mourn.'^^

4. A good husbandman will also educate well his
daughters. I distinguish the education of daughters
from that of sons ; because, Nature has designed them
to occupy places, in family, and in society, altogether
dissimilar.

Daughters should be well instructed, in the useful sci-
ences ; comprising a good English education : including a
thorough knowledge of our own language, geography, his-
tory, mathematics and natural philosophy. The female
mind, so sensitive, so susceptible of improvement, should
not be neglected. This sensibility presents strong claims
for its culture. God hath designed nothing in vain.

Daughters should, also, be thoroughly acquainted
with the business and cares of a family. These are
among the first objects of woman's creation ; they ought
to be among the first branches of her education. She
was made for a mother. They should learn neatness,
economy, industry and sobriety. These will constitute
their ornaments. No vermillion will be necessary to
give colour, or expression to the countenance ; no arti-
ficial supports, to give shape, or torture, to the body.
Nature will appear, in all her loveliness of proportion,
and beauty ; and modesty, unaffected gentleness of man-

25

ner will render them, amiable^ in the kitchen and dining-
room ; and ornaments to tlic sitting-room and parlor.

How enviable the parents of such a daughter. How
lovely the daughter herself. How happy the husband
of such a wife. Thrice happy the children of such a
mother. They shall rise up and call her blessed ; and
her memory shall live.

The influence of the female character cannot he esti-
mated. It is decisive of the character of the other sex.
If her character be pure, and elevated, and without re-
proach ; such will be the character of the other sex.
There is no man, so much a monster, that he would dare
to be vicious, in the presence of a modest and virtuous
woman. Her character is a shield against even the
solicitation to vice.

Every thing, domestic or social depends on the fe-
male character. As daughters and sisters, they decide
the character of the family. As wives, they, emphati-
cally decide the character of their husbands ; and their
condition also. It has been 7iot unmeaningly said ; that
the husband must ask his wife, whether he may be
respected. He certainly must inquire at her altar;
whether he may be prosperous, or happy. As mothers,
they decide the character of their children. Eternity
only can disclose the consequences. Nature has consti-
tuted them the early guardians and instructors of their
children ; and clothed them with sympathies, suited to
this important trust. Who, that had a pious and faith-
ful mother, can, without emotion, call to mind her early
solicitudes, and prayers, and counsels, in his behalf.'* Such
remembrance shall not cease to warm and enrich the
heart, so long as clothed with mortality. And, of this
4

26

and of that^ it shall be said in Heaven, He had a faith-
ful., a pious mother !

In this age, characterized by so many benevolent ef-
forts ; I have wondered that mothers have not associa-
ted ; for the improvement of their daughters ; in the do-
mestic and social relations and duties. Such an association,
though more humble in its pretensions, would not be less
useful in its fruits ; than the most imposing unions.

Half the wretchedness^ and 7nisery, in families, arising
from the temper^ or want of economy in the wife ; has
not been told. Not even the bestial habit of drunken-
ness in the husband produces more disastrous conse-
quences. To this cause, also, may be attributed many
of the vices of the husband. He will not love home ;
if his f reside is rendered uncomfortable or unpleasant.
And when the love of home is gone ; the man is lost.
There is no redemption. Better that he had not been !

The appearance of the husband ; and the condition
of the children, faithfully express the character of the
wife. If she be the neat, prudent, modest, and dignified
woman; her husband will proclaim it, wherever he
goes ; in his countenance, in his apparel, in his whole
demeanour : it is inscribed on every thing about him.
The children, also, will be modest and manly ; in clean
and whole apparel. If she chance to possess the oppo-
site qualities -, her husband will be uneasy, and fretful,
and gloomy, he knows not why : and her children, impu-
dent and ugly ; their apparel, unmended and unwashed.

These appearances ; and they are not images of fan-
cy ;' as surely foretel the ruin of a family as does the
thunder cloud, the rain ; or, the rumbling of the moun-
tain, the bursting of a volcano.

How important then, that every husbandman should

27

educate loell his dauglitci-s : chcrishinjr and maturing all
that excellence of mind and temper ; and sincerity of
heart; which belong to her sex, and preeminently fit
her for the endearing relations of cki/d, of sister, of wife,
and of mother.

How important, also, to every young man, that he be
blessed with such a connection.

It cannot be too often, or too strongly impressed up

on the minds of fathers, and of mothers too ; that their

daughters hold, in their keeping, the destinies of the

present; and at least, of the next generation. How

desirable, too, that their other virtues be clothed with

piety. Pious women have ever been highly favored of

Heaven. They were first to listen at the feet of the

Saviour ; first to weep at his sufferings ; last to linger

around his cross ; first to worship at his sepulchre ; to

them,^r5^, was announced the resurrection. They shall

stand nearest his throne.

Thirdly. A good husbandman will promote the best
interests of society.

This requires,

1. Temperance ; or abstaining from ihe use of ardent
spirits. Much has been written, and done, on this sub-
ject ; and yet the half has not been revealed. A glance
only can be expected, in this place. It has been com-
monly thought, that ardent spirits are necessary for la-
boring men. No doctrine can be more pernicious.
It is proved by actual chemical experiment ; that ar-
dent spirits contain no nourishment ; but a poison, dele-
terious, fatal.

Experience is every where unvarying, that more labor
can be performed ; both in the field and in the shop,
without them — and in a better manner, with better
health, and longer life. — That, wherever ardent spirits

28

are used, there follow in train, most of the evils Avhich
pollute and afflict society : pauperism, mental debase-
ment, moral degradation, a total prostration of every
domestic virtue and comfort ; crime, premature death —
and the loss of the soul ! And when the sea shall give
up her dead, and disclose the losses, sufferings and hor-
rors, on this element, occasioned by ardent spirits; a
still more apalling account shall be rendered.

The expense, too, is overwhelming. It was compu-
ted, fine years ago, before the temperance reform be-
gan; that ardent spirits, with attendant losses and sac-
rifices, cost the United States, annually^ one hundred mil-
lions ; and thirty thousand lives ; besides a larger num-
ber, by their use, predisposed to disease.

But there is a redeeming spirit. More than three
thousand societies, on the plan of entire abstinence, are
in operation, in the United States. Of this number,
nineteen are State Societies. These number three hun-
dred thousand members ; and are exerting a salutary in-
fluence over a vastly greater number. Similar associa-
tions are formed in the other quarters of the globe.
The desolation begins to be stayed ; and where stayed
is every where followed, by the spirit of God.

2. In promoting the interests of society, the husband-
man ought to regard the expenditures of government.

In the language of our Bill of Rights, " government is
instituted for the common good ; and not for the profit,
honour, or private interests, of any man, family, or class
of men." The emoluments of office ought, therefore,
to be ample ; yet, in proportion to services rendered. If
too great, extravagance is the consequence ; the public
mind, also, becomes the more disturbed and agitated in
the greater struggles for office.

29

I submit the following facts, relative to the expenses
of this commonwealth.

The salary of governor was earlj fixed, at eleven hun-
dred pounds. It was soon after reduced to eight hun-
dred : and so continued, for thirty years ; during the
administrations of Hancock, S. Adams, Strong, Sullivan,
and other patriots : times of great pecuniary embarass-
ment ; and great political excitement. It 1819, it was
raised to the former sum, 83,366.66; and so continues.
Immediately after this, Maine became a State ; lessen-
ing the duties of the governor ; and, the revenues of
the State ; one third. And it is well known that three
dollars now will purchase as much for a family's use, as
four in 1819.

The Lieut, governor receives §533.33 for which he
renders no service ; except bearing the title.

The Attorney and Solicitor General receive, each, a
salary of S2,000. One can easily perform the duties of
both.

In addition to the salary of two thousand dollars each,
to the Secretary and Treasurer ; and one thousand and
five hundred dollars to the Adjutant General ; we p^jfor
clerks and clcrk-hire,in those three offices, annually, more
than six thousand dollars : relieving the incumbents, more
than the treasury. The business may he faithfully done,
for half that sum.

We pay annually, ohout fifty thousand dollars, for the
support of State paupers. One half that sum would
equally well support them ; if the responsibility rested
on towns.

We pay to the judges of the court of Common Pleas,
two thousand and pne hundred dollars, to the Chief Jus-
tice, and one thousand and eight hundred, to each of his

30

associates, for spending one third of their time^ in public
duty.

Whether these all are the just reward of services ren-
dered ; whether consistent with a just regard to " a wise
economy ;" and Republican principles ; let the people
judge.

Our militia system is also a burthen ; from which the
people ought to be relieved.

This is a tax principally on labor : and falls heavily
on the cultivators of the soil — laboring men fill the
ranks — the rich are rarely found there. The actual ex-
pense^ of the militia, in time and money, exceeds all the
school taxes in the State. This is worse than thrown
away. Its tendency is to demoralize. Discipline gains
nothing ; and nothing is gained on the score of defence.
The defence of a nation consists in the strength and
patriotism of individuals. We need an organization,
bringing into the ranks, every man capable of bearing
arms, with rarely an exemption ; and a rigid annual ex-
aminatian of arms ; and no more. This is all the laws
of the United States require, or the country demands.
If any one doubts the efficiency of fire arms and patriot-
ism, without epauletts and feathers; let him look to
Bunker hill. If he need more, let him cast his eye
across the Atlantic, to Poland.

3. In promoting the best interests of society, one
other subject of increasing moment, requires the consid-
eration of husbandmen : Imprisonment for debt. This
is a relict of ancient barbarism — and to the honor of
this nation, in most States of the Union, done away. It
ought to be abolished at once : and the debtor, who se-
cretes his property; or, defrauds his creditor; j)uuished
us a criminal, or as a felon.

31

1. Because it is wrong in principle — a waste of time ;
and loss of labor. The God of Nature has given us
limited control over our offspring; necessity givesralike
control, over the violators of its laws. But personal
liberty is born with every child of Adam ; and is unal-
icnable^ with the above exceptions. We hold our per-
sonal liberty, by the same tenure, we hold our lives ;
and. we have no better authority for surrendering the
one ; than taking tlie other.

2. Because it is unproductive. In nine cases out of
ten, enough is not obtained, to pay for time lost^ and ex-
pense of commitment.

3. Because it is impolitic. It drives from the State^
a large portion of our intelligent and enterprising popu-
lation : and population is wealth. " These are my rich-
e5," said the Roman, showing his children. This is the
class most exposed to hazards and losses ; on sea and
on land. And to this class, the world owes every thing
good or great. To this class we owe this great and good
land, in which we dwell. To this class civilization owes
all the improvements, which adorn and enrich the earth.
While the money-lender is calculating his interest, se-
curely ; sucking the life-blood of the borrower ; the en-
terprising man is spreading his canvass to the uncertain
winds ; or, opening new mines of wealth, to his coun-
try ; dignifying the spirit, which inhabits mortality.

4. Because it is opposed to the principles of religion.
The prophet wrought a miracle to save from imprison-
ment, by a creditor, the two sons of the poor widow.
Our Saviour came " to proclaim liberty to the captives ;
and the opening of the prison to them that are bound.''''
And, by a parable, he rebuked, and severely punished
too, the servant, who had committed his fellow to prison,
for debt.

32

If our state constitution oppose objections to an im-
mediate abolition ; then, extend the gaol-limits to the
boundjof each county. If you dare not kill the law,
you may take away its life, A practice like this, in
principle, has been sanctioned, for thirty years, by the
congress of the United states ; in repealing the law, es-
tablishing the court ; when they could not directly re-
move the judge. The same thing has been repeatedly
done here, in the successive statutes, establishing new
courts of Common Pleas, and sessions : and repealing
the old laws.

There ought to be no delay in this matter. The ap
peal is distinctly made to husbandmen.

Fourthly, But the husbandman is called to the ex-
ercise of higher and more important duties : of a moral
and religious character.

Religion and morality, though as distinct in their na-
ture, as the colours of the rainbow ; like them are as-
similated, and often blended together. I speak of them
unitedly, without stopping to mark their distinction.
On these depend all our security of property, charac-
ter, and life. Without their unseen, and controlling influ-
ence, the world would become what bad men would
have it, a scene of violence and crime. Washington
once said : " Of all the dispositions, that lead to political
prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable."
The influence of these should be diflused, every where,
like the air we breathe ; directing, purijying, and con-
troling. To these the civil power, especially in this Re-
public, owes all its strength, and efliciency. These,
therefore, the husbandman will cherish ; as a duty to
himself, his family, his country, and his God. Educa-
tion, so desirable under other circumstances, without these.

33

is rather to be dreaded, than encouraged. Knowledge
is power : and power, witliout moral restraint, carries
with it terror. We fear tlie rage of an animal, wild or
furious; the violence of the elements, a tempest or a
flood; because they possess power, without moral re-
straint. We startle at the coils of the serpent; be-
cause, though less powerful, he has subtlety : and we
fear the highwayman and assasin ; because, they possess
knowledge, without moral restraint. How important, that
knowledge be controled by goodness. Let religion and
morality be inscribed on the door-posts of every hus-
bandman.

Of the numerous moral and religious institutions, clus-
tering around. I select three, as worthy of special notice.

First. The observance of the sabbath,

1. The sabbath marks an important division of time :
and contributes more to the order and regularity of so-
ciety, than any other division of time ; that of day and
night excepted. It also contributes much to cleanliness,
and health.

2. The sanctification of the sabbath, is a religious duty,
obligatory on all, God has commanded, " Remember the
sabbath day, and keep it holy ;" this command is often
repeated ; written with his ow^n hand ; " on a table of
stone ;" and of enduring fate. With a seeming refer-
erence to husbandmen, lest they should, on such occa-
sions transgress ; this command is solemnly repeated,
" In earing time and harvest, thou shall rest.^^ The
practice, therefore, of gathering hay or grain, on the
sabbath ; which has been, by some, deemed a matter
of necessity, is without warrant, and against the positive
command of Him, who is " Lord of the sabbath ;" and
" of the harvest,'''^ also.

5

34

Visiting iielcls, salting cattle, removing them from one
pasture to another, and all kinds of labor, are equally
forbidden — " Thou shalt do no work therein^'^ is the com-
mand.

3. It is for the interest^ as well as the duty of husband-
men to observe the sabbath^ and keep it holyJ^^ The keep-
ing of the sabbath prepares the mind, as well as the
body, for the faithful discharge of the duties of the
week. The experience also of every one testifies ; that
more labor, or business, during the year, may be accom-
plished in six days of the week, than in the whole seven.
The seventh day is as much designed, and required,ybr
rest ; as the night, for sleep. Such is our constitution.
On this principle, the Jews were commanded, to let
their lands lie uncultivated, every seventh year; and
thus keep a sabbath.

4. JYo design, formed on the sabbath ; or business then
done ; ever prospers well This has been the universal
testimony of all good men. If any man will look back
on his own life, and examine his own thoughts, he will
need no further evidence. Breaches of the sabbath
have been signally punished, from the days of Elijah,
until now. More persons have been drowned, on the
sabbath, in New England ; than on all other days of the
week. The divine displeasiire has been as strongly ex-
pressed, in other ways.

5. JYothing is ever gained by laboring on the sabbath.
Even in harvest, it will be generally, if not always
found ; that the succeeding monday, although the sab-
bath be fair, is better suited to secure the labors of the
preceding, stormy week.

6. Our cattle, horses, servants, hired men and women,
are to rest on the sabbath ; as well as our own families.

35

"' Thou, tliy man-servant, thy maid-servant, thy cattle,
shall do no work." Let it be remembered that we
have no authority over these, on the sabbath ; unless
for necessity ; and this necessity founded on charity.
Rest is as necessary, for beast ; as for man. We may as
justly invade the personal liberty of a fellow-man, on a
week day; as impose service on our horses or cattle,
on that day of rest. Our authority over them, ceases,
on that day. Let it be repeated.

The sanctification of the sabbath lies at the founda-
tion of all religious institutions : they all depend upon
it. This is the case in all countries ; and at all times.
There can be no religion, without a sabbath. France,
when she became wiser than her Maker ; and abolished
the sabbath ; recorded the history of that event, with
her own hand, in the blood of her best institutions, and
best hopes.

Second, Sabbath Schools,

Like all great events, these grew out of small begin-
nings. Robert Rakes, an obscure, but active Chris-
tian, in Gloucester, England ; witnessing the profanation
of the Sabbath, by children ; was induced to collect to-
gether a little company, on that day, as the only time
he could procure their attendance; for religious and
moral instruction. From this little group, " the school
master has gone forth^^'' into all Christendom ; imparting
instruction, and comfort, in all his goings. And now,
there are, under this same instruction, in the United
States, and other Christian countries ; 20,000 schools;
llOfiOO gratuitous instructors; 2,000 fiOO pupils ; and
50,000 hopefully fitted for Heaven. Who can sup
press the exclammation, " What hath God ivroiight.'^^

This is one of the most powerful means of " training

36

up a child in the way he should go." It leads to a more
thorough knowledge of the Bible. The heathen are
devoted to their legends ; the Mahometan, to the Ko-
ran ; the Christian only neglects that book, which con-
tains the charter of his liberty. Sabbath Schools pro-
mote union of sects ; as they here have a common ob-
ject ; and cherish among them all a kinder and a better
spirit.

Monuments of marble are too cold, to record the
blessedness, that shall follow these humble beginnings.
Warmer, more sensitive. Diviner monuments, the hearts
of' children, shall tell it to thousands, and millions on the
earth ; and the record shall be in Heaven.

Third, The preaching of the Gospel,

This is the appointed means of diffusing, and perpet-
uating the knowledge and practice of the Christian re-
ligion ; and deserves the support of every husbandman.
There can be no sound morality without religion, Wash-
ington said, " Both reason and experience forbid us to
expect ; that national morality can prevail, in exclusion
of religious principle,-^

Every patriot, as v/ell as Christian, will feel the ne-
cessity of religion, not only in his own heart ; but, in
the heart of his country. If our government shall con-
tinue ; it will be owing to the Christian religion. All
others, in principle like ours, have fallen.

I am not advocating a national religion ; or sectarian
creed. My heart revolts from both. 1 would that all
Christians, who have the spirit of their profession, were
united ; not only in one commimion ; but in acts of kind-
ness and charity.

The nineteenth century ought to iind no bitterness
of sect. The times of stern articles of faith have pas-

37

sed away. Creeds are the bones of religion, and the
dry bones too — They have neither muscle, nor flesh, nor
spirit.

The divisions, among Christians, arc alike destruc-
tive of the interests of society ; and the vitality of religion.
The numerous houses of worship, standing alone, in
corners, in the land, as ensigns of their sects, will, ere
long, inform the passing traveller, by their grass-grown
entrance, that they were erected, to further the views of
a party, and not to promote the worship of the living
God. There will be charity ; there will be union ; there
will be perfect religious freedom ; " Where the spirit of
'Lord is; there is liberty. "^^ Evidence of this is every
day, and every where, accumulating. Who gave one
authority to decide for another, in matters of conscience ?
Who would abide the consequences of a wrong decis-
ion? Who more confiding in his religion, than the Cath-
olic or Mahometan? Who more surely wrong?

Our Saviour " went about doing good.^^ His religion
never fails to show itself in a life of humility^ charity^
''full of good fruits.'''' It is the humble and contrite
spirit, that ''in the sight of God is of great price.'''' I
had rather be such a Christian, whatever be his colour,
or profession ; than pillowed on all the creeds in Chris-
tendom; or buoyed up on all the prayers, of all the
cold sectarians in the land. " By their fruits ye shall
know them," said the Saviour of men. And, In the
day of account ; no book of remembrance records
creed, or sect ; but " Come, ye blessed, I was hungry^
and ye gave me meat ;" " Depart, ye cursed ; / icas
hungry., and ye gave me no meat ;" is the ground of the
judgment ; and the reason of the separation.

38

If it should be inquired ; why these considerations
are specially addressed to husbandmen ; the answer is :

They are the great majority of the people, within
the limits of this society.

They are the most stable, unmoving, portion of the
community.

They are settled on the soil ; and their minds and
characters possess corresponding stability and strength.

They are, to the body politic, what bones and sinews
are, to the animal body.

From this class are mostly selected, Select men, As-
sessors, Jurors, and Legislators.

The controlling power is with them ; in election^
and in most of the affairs of society.

A large share of the public burthen rests on them.

They pay a large portion of the public taxes ; for
these, their lands, and their homes^ by the law of neces-
sity, are pledged, as by a mortgage. All others may
avoid ; personal property may be secreted, or removed ?
but the land is visible, permanent. The land-holder is
bound to it, by the strongest ties of interest, and attach-
ment. His all is there. And should the time come,
when defence of rights, or of country, shall be neces-
sary; the land-holder will he, first and last, in the field.

I address to husbandmen, considerations of moral and
religious duty ; because, to no class of men are the attri-
butes of Jehovah, so fully, or so clearly displayed. Each
successive season, each returning day, brings fresh to-
kens of his power and goodness ; each makes new de-
mands on his time and labour; imposes new duties, and
increasing obligations ; bringing also, its rewards and
blessings.

Dependence on God is always in the path of the hus-

39

bandman, in the field, in the house, and by the way;
and humihty ought to possess his heart.

He may sow and plant, with care ; but not a seed will
grow, or a blade of grass vegetate ; without the sun-
shine, the showers, and the dews of Heaven. While
growing, his crops are also exposed to frost, and mildew ;
or, the canker-worm, the grass hopper, the locust, thJ
hail, or the tempest, may be commissioned to destroy
them. And, in maturity, when the fields invite the
sickle; and the meadows, the scythe ; with out the sun-
shine, and the withholding of the rain; the mower and
the reaper labor in vain. Dependence is written on ev-
ery plant, and every fallimg leaf.

His goodness, though sometimes veiled with clouds,
inspires confidence in the promise; that "seed time and
harvest shall not fail." It fills the mind with reverence
for Him, who controls the seasons; directs the rising
and setting of the sun; who gives the rain, and wipes
away the clouds : who " holds the winds in his fists ;"
or, lets them lose, in the tempest.

Is it strange, that the husbandman, rising at the call
of the morning star, as he beholds the lifting of " the
eyehds of the morning;" and listens to the sound of the
quail or the robbin, resting among his fruit-trees ; or
perched upon his dwelling ?

Is it strange, that the daughter, in all the simplicity
of innocence, and in all the bloom of youth ; as she re-
turns, at early twilight, loaded from the milk-yard ?

Is it strange, that the son, as he returns, at evening,
from the wheat field, " bearing his sheaves with him ?"
Is it strange, that these all should raise their thoughts
to Him, who spread beauty over the face of the morn-
ing ; and gave serenity to the brow of evening ? Is it

40

strange^ that these all, feeling the inspiration of dev(
tion, should, involuntarily, join the chorus, breathed ouj
by all the works of Nature around them ? The brute]
keep not silence. The hovel, the pasture, the hill, tm
air, are all vocal, in praise. Can man be silent, whj
alone has the power of speech ? And, while surroum
ed, by this imperishable grandeur, for God is there, \i{
remembers " the tree of life in the midst of the garden ;1
praise will be, on his lips ; and adoration Jill his heart,

I address these considerations to husbandmen ; bel
cause, they are " doing a great work,'''' On them is coi
ferred the honor, of restoring the earth to the order an(
grandeur of its first creation. They are performing thi
closing labors of that great week of toil ; the six tho\
sand years ; and preparing for the approach of the sevent)
the sabbath of time, the rest ofJYature. And when " ai
waste places shall become as Eden; and the desert as tl
garden of God;^^ then shall the Spirit of the Lor(
move over the land, as once, " on the face of the w?
ters ;" and the whole earth respond, " it is finished. ''''