An address upon the forests of New Hampshire

AN ADDRESS

UPON THE

FORESTS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE,

BY

JOSEPH B. WALKER.

DELIVERED BEFORE SEVERAL MEETINGS HELD UNDER THE
AUSPICES OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, DURING

THE WINTER OF 1871-72.

(LS

MANCHESTER:

CAMPBELL & IIANSCOM, PRINTERS, 839 ELM STREET.

1 8 7 2.

'

L

t

'

-i /■

■

-

v

/

I

OUR

FORESTS.

[An Address delivered at various Farmers’ Meetings, by Joskpii B.

Walker of Concord.]

You may all, perhaps, remember the sage advice of the dying
Laird of Dumbiedikes to Jock, Lis by no means hopeful son and
heir, “Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, ye may be aye stick¬
ing in a tree; it will be growing, Jock, while ye’re sleeping.” Al¬
though Jock, in his stupidity, appreciated little this good counsel
of his father, it may be well for us to take a hint from it and be¬
think ourselves, more than we have been wont to do, of our wood
and timber lands.

THEIR IMPORTANCE.

We are in little danger of exaggerating their importance. Of
the nearly ^six millions of acres, (5,930,200,) constituting the area
of New Hampshire, probably about three millions, or one-half of
the whole number, are covered with forests.* These, some of very
recent and some of primeval growth, not confined to any one sec¬
tion, are scattered over all parts of the State, in tracts varying in
extent from a very few to thousands of acres. The trees ot these for¬
ests are of numerous varieties, and most of them of high value for
wood and timber. We find among them three distinct species of
the Pine: (1) the White Pine (Pinus strobus) ; (2) the Pitch-
pine (P. rigida) ; (3) the Norway Pine (P. resinosa).

At least six of the Oak : (1) the White Oak (Quercus alba);

(2) the Red Oak (Q. rubra) ; (3) the Yellow Oak (Q. tinctoria) ;
(4) the Pock Chestnut Oak (Q. montana) ; (5) the Scrub Oak
(Q. ilicifolia) ; (6) the Cray Oak (Q. ambigua).

* The Census of 1870 returns as improved 2,289,072 acres, leaving unimproved
3,650,128 acres. Deduct from this latter amount 650,122 acres, as unproductive and oc¬
cupied by ponds, lakes, rivers, mountain summits and other barren areas, and there
remains 3,000,000 of acres in lorest.

4

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

Not less than five of the Maples: (1) Red Maple (Acer
rubrum) ; (2) the White Maple (A. diascarpum) ; (3) the Rock
Maple (A. saccharinum) ; (4) the Striped Maple (A. Pennsylva-
nicum) ; (5) the Black Sugar Maple (A. nigrum).

Two certainly of the Ash: (1) the White Ash (Fraxinus acu¬
minata) ; (2) the Black or Brown Ash (F. sambucifolia).

Five at least of the Birch : (1) Black Birch (Betula linta); (2)
the Canoe Birch (B. papyracea) ; (3) White Birch (B. populifolia) ;
(4) the Yelloic Birch (B. excelsa) ; (5) the Red Birch (B. nigra).

One of the Beech : (Fagus sylvatica).

One of the Hemlock : (Abies Canadensis).

Two of the Spruce: (1) the Black or Double Spruce (xAbies
nigra) ; (2) the White or Single Spruce (A. alba).

One of the Hackmatack : (Sarix Americana).

Two of the Cedar : (1) White Cedar (Cupressus thyoides) ;

(2) the Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana).

Two of the Elm : (1) the American Elm (TJlmus Americana);
(2) the Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva).

One of the Tripelo or Hornbeam : (Nyssa multiflora).

Three of the Poplar: The Large Boplar (Populus grandi-
dentata; (2) the American Aspen (P. tremulifirmis) ; (3) the
Balm of Gilead (P. candicus).

One of the Basswood : (Tilia Americana).

Besides, there might be presented a long list of others, some of
them very common and others less so, but all highly esteemed for
building or manufacturing purposes. The precise number of the
-different species, a careful examination only of our -woods, can
determine, but it will exceed, without doubt, an hundred.

Among the agricultural products of this State, in 1870, those of
the forest exceeded in value, every other except hay and slaugh¬
tered cattle, amounting to $2,351,612, or, about eleven percent,
of the entire aggregate of our farm productions.

Lumber and wood bring ready cash in the market and always
have. In good old Provincial times, when the inhabitants of
New Hampshire had little money, boards and pipe staves were a
legal tender for taxes, and their value was fixed by statute. Un¬
like the hay and other crops we raise, these may be sold and con¬
sumed off the farm, without impoverishing it. And, but for the
dividend made him ever}' winter by his wood and timber lands,
many a farmer would find it difficult to pay his store bills and his

OUR FORESTS.

taxes, particularly, if he expends as much for foreign corn and
flour as many are now doing, and which might and ought to be
produced at home.

Mr. George B. Emerson says, in his report upon the trees and
shrubs of Massachusetts, published in 1846, that no less than sixty-
six of the trades and manufactories of that State were dependent,
wholly or in part, for their working material, upon the forests.
This remark, true there twenty-seven years ago, is doubtless true,
and perhaps more than true, in New Hampshire to day.

Our forests are important too for other reasons. They perform
an invaluable office in sheltering the pastures and cultivated fields
from the cold and oftentimes violent winds, that would otherwise
do serious injury to their herbage and other crops. And, where
these are wanting, our best agricultural writers have repeatedly
urged the planting of tree belts for this very purpose.

And then, too, the forests exert an important influence upon our
climate, moderating the extremes of heat and cold, rendering our
summers cooler and our winters more tolerable than they would
otherwise be.

They also intercept the clouds which the east winds bear west¬
ward from the ocean and wring from them the moisture with
which they are freighted, precipitating it in rains upon the spongy
earth beneath, to be there protected from evaporation and held
in reserve until wanted by the myriad springs and streamlets that
unite and form the river system of the State.

Sweep from our mountains and hillsides and plains, the trees
that now robe them in verdure and they would, ere long, become
barren, and to barrenness would soon succeed a desolation as awful
as that of the Sahara. The rivers, that sweep now in beauty
through our meadows and afford motive power to those great in¬
terests that build up our largest cities and most thriving villages ;
these rivers would forsake their channels, except at intervals,
when they returned as mountain torrents, bearing inundation and
destruction to all they met ; going forth in madness, on errands
of violence which no human power could restrain ; a curse to the
land instead of a blessing ; an Alaric instead of a messenger of
beneficence.

But I need urge no further the importance of this great
branch of our agriculture. It is as apparent as it is real.

G

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

DIMINUTION OF OUR FORESTS.

Allow me now to ask, what is being done for the improvement
or preservation even of this magnificent heritage upon which “we
are reaping where we have not sown, and gathering where we
have not strewed? ” Nothing, almost literally nothing. We are
doing less than our forefathers did, more than two hundred years
ago, when New Hampshire was a Province under the Stuarts ; for,
as early as 1640, only two years after the settlement of that town,
the inhabitants of Exeter regulated the cutting of -oak timber by
a general order. And, twenty-eight years afterwards, the falling
of all pine trees fit for masts, within three miles of the meeting¬
house of this same town, was forbidden by statute. Some forty
years later still (1708) an act passed the Provincial Assembly to
prevent the cutting of all mast trees on ungranted land by a pen¬
alty of £100 sterling. New Hampshire had too, in those days, a
Surveyor-General of forests, and woe 'be to a man daring to fall a
pine, upon which he had blazed the royal mark of the “ broad
arrow.”

In many European countries, laws analagous to these, have

«

long been in force and promoted greatly the protection and pres¬
ervation of their forests.

About four years ago, Kansas, in order to encourage the plant¬
ing of forests, made provision, by statute, for the payment of a
bounty of two dollars per acre, per annum, for a period of twenty-
five years, amounting in the aggregate to fifty dollars per acre,
on all forests planted and maintained in that State.

Missouri has since followed this example and agricultural organ¬
izations in Massachusetts, New York, Illinois and California have
also offered bounties for the promotion of forest culture in their
several States. Indeed there is reason to hope from recent advi¬
ces that, before the close of its present session, Congress will
adopt meafures for the preservation of a portion at least of the
timber now standing upon the public lands.

But in our own State no steps have yet been taken in this direc¬
tion, and the rapid destruction of the forests is painfully apparent
everywhere. Large quantities of lumber, both manufactured and
in the rough, are being exported continually. Some five or six
millions pass down the Merrimack in the log every year ; more al¬
so goes down the Androscoggin and the Saco ^ much is sent away

OUR FORESTS.

7

upon the cars in boards and dimension timber. Our numerous
manufacturing establishments of furniture, carriages, agricultural
implements, and other articles of wood, consume large quantities,
the State Prison alone converting over 2,000,000 feet into bedsteads
every year.

The railroads are also large consumers of both timber and wood.
Those centering at Concord, with their branches, use annually of
the latter, about 72,000 cords at their shops and on their locomo¬
tives. If these afford a fair index of the amount required by the
other lines, the aggregate railroad consumption must be 123,000
cords. Assuming the lands furnishing this to yield an average of
thirty cords an acre, forty-one hundred acres must be swept clean,
every twelve months, to meet this demand; a very large surface,
when it is considered that all this is necessarily taken from the
belts of land bordering upon the road, and not exceeding six or
eight miles in width.

These same roads also renew their sleepers once in about seven
years and a half, and reckoning 2,300 to a mile, must have
250,000 new ones each year to maintain their tracks in good con¬
dition. They have too, some fifteen hundred miles offence, which
annually requires for its reconstruction and repairs, more than two
millions of feet of boards and posts.

When^to such amounts as these are added those required for
buildings, farm fences, bridges, fuel, etc., we can easily account
for the rapid destruction of our forests. Much of it, however, is
thoughtless, unwise and wanton. An observing writer has very
truly said that “ the cunning foresight of the Yankee seems to de-
sert- him when he takes the axe in hand.” It requires no prophet
to divine the sad consequences of such a course. Wood will soon
become scarce in many sections, and timber in all. We have al¬
ready exhausted, to a very great extent, our first class pine lum¬
ber, and are sending to Maine, Michigan, and Canada for much
that we now use, and even these sources of supply will not con¬
tinue always. Mr. J. F. Joy, the Vanderbilt of Michigan, has
recently stated that the eastern shore of Lake Michigan sends to
market 350,000,000 feet of lumber annually. Another locality in
that same State is expecting to cut and export 200,000,000 feet
this very winter. It also appears by a statement in the last re¬
port of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, that Wisconsin and
tli e upper Peninsula of Michigan are annually exporting the enor-

8

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

mous quantity of 1,750,000,000 feet, and that, should this expor¬
tation continue unabated, the lumber of these sections will be ex¬
hausted in twelve years. As the supply diminishes, prices, as a
matter of course, proportionately advance. Thirty -five years ago,
the best of hard wood could be bought in Concord market for two
dollars a cord. It is now worth seven or eight. I have in my
mind an eighty foot barn, the white pine boarding and hard pine
frame of which were furnished in 1831, for seven dollars a thous
and. A similar schedule of lumber of the same quality would
now cost three times as much, and this rise is not confined to any
one, or to a few localities. It may be observed everywhere, vary¬
ing indeed in amount, from Indian Stream to Massachusetts line ;
the inevitable result of an increased demand accompanied by a
diminished supply.

If our forests fail, our various industries that draw from them
the raw materials of their manufactures must also fail, and the
cities and towns, and villages, to which these impart vitality, must-
sink to insignificance, and with them the local markets that en¬
courage our agriculture, and make it remunerative.

TIIE IlEMEDY.

Now, what can we do to avert the dangers that impend, for I
hold that we cannot afford much loimer to do nothing ? It is said
that a fashionable little lady, who had never had a serious thought
in all her life, once walked up to the side of the cynical, but sensi¬
ble Leighton, as he sat upon the piazza of his hotel at the Shoals,
and in lisping articulation inquired of him what he could possibly
find to do on that lone island in winter. Surveying for an instant,
with a glance of compassionate contempt, the fluttering mass of
flounces that stood expectant before him, he laconically replied,
u I think.” And the first thing for us to do, is to collect together
such facts as we can, bearing upon this great interest, and ponder
them with a seriousness commensurate with their importance,
for the disaster that threatens comes mostly of our thoughtlessness.

And nothing would help us more in coming to right conclusions
than a thorough survey of all our forests, making known to us
their varying characters, condition, and situation. It would aid
immensely any intelligent examination of the subject. Some of
the wisest European governments secured such surveys long ago,
and upon them have based much of their forest legislation. In-

OUR FORESTS.

9

deed, our legislature could not do a wiser thing than to order
such a survey. Forestry should, and doubtless will, ere long, be
taught in our Agricultural College. France, Bavaria and Prussia,
have each instituted special schools, in which men are trained in
the scientific and economical management of timber lands. The
former had, before the late war, 2,300,000 acres of forests, less in
quantity than ours, but which yielded an annual income of
$8,700,000, nearly four times the amount afforded by the wood
and timber lands of New Hampshire.

This subject should be discussed at our agricultural meetings
and by our agricultural papers, just as all other branches of farm¬
ing are discussed. But we need, as introductory to these discus¬
sions, accurate statistics relating to the subject. These would afford
safe suggestions and lead to the institution of such experiments
as the proper settlement of our forest policy demands. We need
to know what varieties of trees we now have in our woods ; the
different rates of their increase, and under what conditions they
grow the fastest ; what soils are most favorable to the production
of each, and to what uses they are best adapted ; at what ages the
different species of trees should be cut , and, in short, all other
facts that will indicate to us the best methods of managing growing
wood and timber.

We talk about wood and timber lands. In the older countries
which were driven years ago to the contemplation of this subject*
we hear mostly of timber lands. The raising of timber is the end
sought. Wood, though economically cared for, is an incident on¬
ly, and regarded as of comparatively small importance. Our fu¬
ture experience will doubtless develop a similar sentiment, and the
sooner we get to appreciate the difference in value between a tim¬
ber lot and a wood lot, the sooner we shall approach a true policy
as to the management of this great interest. No prices we have
yet reached will warrant the cutting and transportation of ordinary
mixed wood more than five or six miles to a market. The wood
purchased for the Concord Railroad, during the last six years, has
cost an average price per cord of three dollars and seventy five
cents, and hardly any of it has been drawn a distance of more than
three or four miles. Standing mixed wood, therefore, eight miles
from a market, has no value worth mentioning.

But it is not so with timber. This will pay transportation lor al¬
most any distance. Much of the hard wood lumber used in the

10

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

manufacture of bedsteads at our State Prison nets its owners four
and five dollars per thousand on the stump, while the same trees,
cut into wood, would not be of sufficient value to pay for the cut¬
ting. I have in my mind a growth of white pine trees sold some
two years ago for ten dollars per thousand, standing. To cut into
wood they were worth but about one dollar and a half a thousand.

While it will not be found profitable, as a general thing, to raise
wood, it will almost always pay to raise timber on low-priced land,
adapted to its growth. To this therefore, we should chiefly look.

Under some circumstances, however, wood is the most profitable
crop. A growth of this, being produced in one-half or one-third
of the time required for the maturing of timber, two or three crops
of the former may be had to one of the latter ; so that, in localities
where low-priced lands are found, and wood commands a high
price, it will yield a better profit than timber, particularly if the
item of interest be introduced to the calculation.

i

But such cases are exceptional. Timber, however, is remuner¬
ative in all localities, whether on the swells of Rockingham, or the
hills of Cheshire, or the mountain sides of Coos. Our lumber men
seek it everywhere. They are cutting it to-day on the slopes of
Kearsarge. Millions will be fallen this winter on the remotest
tributaries of the Merrimack, the Saco and the Androscoggin.
The haunts of the bear will be invaded, and the wilds of the Ma
galloway enlivened by the shout of the teamster and the ring of
the axe. What matters the remoteness of the locality, when our
maddest mountain torrents can be bridled for its transport, and the
locomotive rushes through all sections of the State, not only dis¬
turbing the quiet of our valleys, but sounding the yell of its whis¬
tle upon our highest mountain peak, and literally mingling the de¬
fiant breath of its nostrils with the vapor of the clouds.

It is for the highest interest of every country to have. a portion
of its area in forest. What that portion shall be, depends upon the
soil, location and other varying circumstances attaching to any
particular country. In New Hampshire, as we have already re
marked, about one-half the surface is in wood and timber. Con¬
sidering the large amount of land we have that is unprofitable for
tillage, or even pasturage, this is none too much. Indeed it had
better be more than less, and instead of lamenting as we often do,
the abandonment of hard farms, we should rather rejoice that they
are to be devoted to a use that will render them more productive.

OUR FORESTS.

11

It is only to be regretted that means cannot profitably be taken to
cover them with trees in a shorter time than unaided nature re¬
quires for the work.

«

J MANUFACTURE OF FOREST PRODUCTS AT HOME.

The cheapest as well as the most convenient way of obtaining
the wood and timber we need is to raise it. We avoid thereby the
outlays requisite for its importation, and increase to that extent
the wealth of the State.

And next to the folly of importing lumber is that of sending it
abroad in a rough state, thereby realizing to ourselves but a small
part of the value it bears when manufactured.

The difference between a given amount of lumber in the rough
and in the manufactured state, is much greater than is commonly
supposed. The President of the New Hampshire Board of Agri¬
culture handed me, a few days since, a statement carefully pre¬
pared by himself, of the value at his mill, of a cord of white pine
wood and also of the mackerel kits subsequently made from the
same ; that of the former being four dollars and seventy-five cents,
and that of the latter twenty-five dollars and twenty cents, — a gain
tb the State of twenty dollars and forty five cents above what
would have accrued to it had the wood been exported before its
manufacture ; and more, even, as this would have been worth less
for exportation than the price affixed to it.

From another statement, similarly prepared by a gentleman ex
tensively engaged in the manufacture of furniture, it appears that
a thousand of the lumber used for that purpose is worth fifteen
dollars in the plank at the mill, where it is sawed ; when con¬
verted to furniture and ready for market it is worth ($75. GO) seven¬
ty-five dollars and sixty cents, nearly the entire difference of sixty
dollars and sixty cents on every thousand, being saved to New
Hampshire by its manufacture at home, amounting in the course
of a single year to more than a hundred thousand dollars,
($106,260.00.)

FORESTS IMPROVE THE SOIL.

A forest growth, instead of impoverishing a soil, improves it.
It derives a considerable part of its support from the atmosphere,
and supplies to the ground an annual dressing of leaves, more
than equal to what it has extracted from it. Hence, by this means

12

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

alone, exhausted fields may, in a course of years, be restored to
fertility. Several of the Dukes of Athol, in Scotland, have
planted extensive tracts of their poorest lands with larch trees.
From these plantations they have not only derived lucrative re¬
turns in timber, but the lands thus treated, have been lifted from
absolute barrenness to a fair degree of fertility.

PROFITABLENESS OF OUR FORESTS.

Does some one ask, what interest will a forest return upon its
cost? A question involving so many and so various conditions,
cannot easily be answered with a definiteness at all satisfactory.
In part answer, however, I would say that, the lot of pine timber
to which I have previously alluded, as having been sold, was a
second growth and had been standing not far from eighty-five
years, on a piece of very rocky, moist, hard-pan soil, sloping to
the northwest. No care had ever been bestowed upon it, and it
had grown unevenly, being much too thick in some spots, and too
thin in others. At the time of sale, the growth was supposed,
from careful estimates, to average twenty-two and a half thousand
of timber and ten cords of wood to the acre. The price received
for it was two hundred and thirty-five dollars an acre. Timber
and wood had from time to time been previously cut upon it in
sufficient amounts to offset its taxes. What, then, could a person
have afforded to pay for it eighty-five years ago, to realize six per
cent, simple interest on his investment ? About thirty-eight dol¬
lars and fifty-two cents according to my computation, or one dol¬
lar and seventy-five cents if compound interest was demanded.
Had it been properly cared for during its growth, the timber
would have been of better quality, and might, doubtless, have at¬
tained the size it did, in three-fourths of this time. In that case
it would have had an original value per acre of forty-eight dol¬
lars and fifty cents or five dollars and eighty-one cents, according
to the rate of interest, simple or compound, required.

A wood lot, on a good soil and having a favorable exposure,
may generally be expected to yield some thirty-five cords of mixed
wood per acre, in thirty-six years. If this be worth one dollar a
cord, upon the stump, it will pay six per cent, compound interest,
during that time, on an original outlay of about four dollars and
thirty-seven and a half cents an acre. Some wood grows much

OUR FORESTS.

13

/

faster than this, yielding twenty cords in as many years, and for
ests of clump birch, in favorable locations, are occasionally seen-
which can be profitably cut', oftener than once in twenty years.

GROWTH OF TIMBER.

The wood and timber of our forests, when left to itself
grow less rapidly than is often supposed. I found, some years
since, by counting the rings and measuring the huts of forty white
pine logs, averaging about fifty feet in length, taken from various
localities in the vicinity of Concord, that their average diameter
was twenty-two and eighty-two one hundredth (22.82) inches,
their average age, eighty-six and seventy-six one-hundredth (8C.7C)
years, and their average contents three hundred and sixty three
feet (363), showing an average growth of four and two-tenths
(4.2) feet a year, board measure.

A similar examination of twenty chestnut logs, averaging
thirty feet in length, showed their average diameter to be twenty-
one and four-tenths (21.4) inches, their average age seventy-four
(74) years, and their average contents two hundred and ninety-
six feet, having increased at an average rate of four feet a year.

Twenty red oak logs of an average length of thirty feet, and
an average diameter of eighteen and two-tenths (18.2) inches, had
an average age of seventy and one-tenth (70.1) years, and con¬
tained on an average, two hundred and fifty-three feet, having
grown at the rate of three and six-tenths (3.G) feet, each year.

Five hemlock logs averaging thirty-five feet in length, and sev¬
enteen and two-tenth (17.2) inches in diameter, had an average
age of seventy-seven years, and an average measurement of two
hundred and seventy-one (271) feet, having increased at the rate
of three and a half feet a year.

Now, gentlemen, these are not encouraging figures upon which
to base an after-dinner speech in glorification of our forests. But
we can improve them, if we will set about it, and accelerate their
growth as certainly, as, in enlightened animal husbandry, we can
now secure as much beef, on an animal two or three years old, as
we formerly did, on one four years old. In this, as in every other
business, we want early returns, that will enable the profits to out¬
run the interest, which like the old Scotch laird’s tree, grows
“while ye’re sleeping.”

14

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

And not only earlier, but greater returns. Every good firmer
well understands that it is more profitable to raise fifty bushels of
corn to an acre, than twenty-five ; the latter hardly paying its cost,
while the former affords a fair profit. We don’t apply to our for
ests the careful consideration which we bestow upon our fields.
How many farmers there are who would refuse to sell a neighbor
a bushel of corn, without measuring and even streaking it, but
would be perfectly willing to sell to a stranger, they had never
seen, an hundred acres of wood or timber, and guess at the
quantity. That very philosophic gentleman, Mr. Tristram Shandy,
gravely informs us that “ the ancient Goths had all of them a wise
custom of debating everything of importance to their state twice ;
once drunk and once sober.” We shall do well to get a hint from
these old barbarians and revolve and debate this great interest of
our agriculture, not only twice, but thrice twice, and every time
sober.

Yes, gentlemen, we need quicker and greater returns from our
woodlands ; and they are not beyond our reach. We can have
them, if we will. How, do you ask? By adopting and pursuing
a better system of management.

MANAGEMENT OF OUR FORESTS.

First. If any portion of a forest is wet, either from springs or
stagnant water, it should, if practicable, be drained. It is in vain
to expect satisfactory results fiom any crop on wet land.

Second. We should raise, as far as possible, either wood or
timber, but not both indiscriminately. The former needs one
kind of treatment and the latter another. The wood will crowd
upon the timber and impede its growth, while the timber will
overshadow the wood. In illustration of this fact, I see daily,
when at home, two elms, both of which were set out on the same
day more than a hundred years ago, for shade trees. The first,
having had ample space in which to grow, has developed a mag¬
nificent top, and, at three feet from the ground, its trunk has a
circumference of sixteen feet and ten inches. The second having
been crowded by neighboring trees has a very small and imper¬
fect top and measures at the same distance from the ground but
nine feet and four inches, lagging behind the first, seven feet and
six inches.

OUR FORESTS.

15

Third. Generally, a forest devoted to wood, had best be kept
to itself until its trees are fit to be cut, when they should all be
removed as fast as the ground is passed over. The old idea of
taking out the least promising trees is, pretty generally, discoun¬
tenanced by our most intelligent wood- growers. Better results
are attained by cutting clean. A lot’of thirty-five acres, on land
maturing a satisfactory crop in as many years, will, when once
properly started, yield annually an acre of wood for all time to
come. By the time the last acre is cut off, for the first tipie, the
first acre will be ready to be cut off a second time. A wood lot
thus managed, is like the cruise of oil daily drawn from by the
widow of Zarephath, constant in its supply and unfailing.

Fourth. But a timber lot calls for a different treatment.
Here, besides rapid growth, long, smooth trunks and as few limbs
as possible, are sought. To attain these ends, the growth, partic¬
ularly if an evergreen one, should be left quite thick in its infan¬
cy. The trees will crowd upon one another somewhat, and not
increase as fast as if they stood farther apart, but they will stretch
continually upward and the lower limbs will die and fall off. As
the tops thicken and begin seriously to exclude the sun and air,
the lot should be thinned, care being taken to remove such trees
as will leave those remaining scattered as evenly as possible over
the ground. In a few years the tops will again thicken, more
limbs will die and a second thinning be called for, to be repeated,
every ten or fifteen years, until maturity. If judiciously done, on
ground of fair productiveness, the three objects sought will be
attained, viz: Rapidity of -growth, and as large trees in sixty
years, as nature unaided or improperly interfered with, would have
produced in seventy-five ; length of trunk, of great importance
as affecting the quantity of timber ; and smoothness of trunk, of
no less consequence as influencing its quality.

On a lot thus treated, the trees will stand at pretty even distan¬
ces from one another as the corn does in a corn field. And with
about the same propriety, might this be sown broadcast and its
stalks left to grow promiscuously, as to leave timber to grow
thus.

Twenty thousand of pine timber to the acre is esteemed a good
crop, but we ought to raise at least twice as much. By such a
disposition of the trees that each shall occupy one square rod of
ground and allowing them to stand until they average two hundred

1G

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

feet to a tree we may secure a crop of thirty-two thousand feet to
the acre. If, at this time, every other one is removed, or sixteen
thousand feet, and the remainder left standing, each tree on two
square rods, until their size is doubled, the crop will again amount
to thirty-two thousand per acre, the value of which added to that
of sixteen thousand previously removed, enlarged by the accumu¬
lated interest thereon, very far exceeds any returns we now realize.

Forty-eight thousand of pine timber to an acre is not an im¬
possible crop. It is certainly a pleasant one to anticipate. I am
aware that it may be urged that, he who plants it cannot hope to
live long enough to gather it. True, but do those that buy the
new five per cent bonds of the Government feel quite sure of liv¬
ing to their maturity? The bond, however, will bring to its
holder its value any day, and so will a good wood and timber lot.

JBifth. The age at which trees attain a fair degree of matur¬
ity, depends much upon their variety*, the soil they occupy, the
exposure to which they are subjected and the culture they receive.

As a general thing, unless injured by some means, or in the
way, a tree should not be cut until ripe. Sapling lumber has not
the density or firmness imparted by maturity, is weak and liable
to quick decay upon exposure to the weather. Age consolidates
the sap into heart wood, and in a tree of good size, the proportion
of the latter to the former is much greater than in a small one.

The time ot cutting, however, should be governed by the use to
be made of the lumber cut, as it will be often found more profita¬
ble to cut fast growing saplings, such as white pines, wanted for
staves, or small chestnuts for posts, before their maturity, than to
keep them for larger timber.

Trees oftentimes continue to grow vigorously to great ages. I
have ever been familiar with five elms, standing upon the oldest
street of Concord, which were transplanted from the interval to
the places they now occupy, on the second day of May, 1764.
They are all yet flourishing and in vigorous health. The largest
had a circumference of sixteen feet, at three feet from the ground,
fifteen years ago. To-day, it measures sixteen feet and ten inches.

The hand of him (1) who planted these veteran elms has long
mouldered in the dust, but they “ still live ” to extend their wide
arms in benediction over his descendants to the fifth generation.

(1) Rev. Timothy Walker.

OUR FORESTS.

17

Through all periods of our country’s history, from the bloody days
when our fathers, spurning the hated name of rebel, with which
an unjust government sought to stigmatize them, proved them¬
selves patriots and American citizens ; down to the bloodier days
of our generation, these stalwart trees have stood, mute witnesses
of the great march of events, reminding the living of the virtues
of the dead, and gathering about them the associations of each
passing age, that they may transmit them to the future. Their
circumferences taken at three different times in 1856, 1864 and
1871, were as follows, viz :

i

18

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

ffl

4

<o

(<>

o

6

cO

Cn

•<s>

Co

SO

s

o>

p*>

cs.

’O

<o

|S>

c?s

<§>

'O

<©

.fO

•<s>

Co

CJ

«^s

*cS>

5*

o*

<?s

•<s>

©

s

v

0>

*2

Q .

CO OQ
c3 U
o> c3
r? 0)

tc
• >— <
«

© .

cc co
cC J-
0> si

»H ©

I -

CO

to

CO

to

»o

CO

o

£ e c

o

CQ fcjQ

CO

lO ^ CO t> iO
^3 r-i ?— I i— (

© 3 3
£.£?
r— '•H r-t

+2 fcjQ

CO

O

- o to ^ co a

O r-i ri r-i

-W _J
O ^

.m s a

” c 3

*& £

cc bfi

CO

— Ol-HWO
O’-1 1-1

o c -
© c *->
U .— O

r- 'ft £-.

*3 be

co

0)

'+ CO CA ff) 3s.

o

c

© h a

,-M o P

X* ©

• >-H 1

co be

«ie®i>ia

• in co cs <y» e*c

© =
© ©

o — i th so t*

t— 1

ec -!+• os eo ^

© ~

^° =
.a* £

co bo

^ co^wc

r— » r*H

•* 'K c-i os cm ec

© g P

£|3

.-i C*h ^

33 bo

C ^ »C CA CA :

• cmc:«’

« _ ^

,Og2

'H?5

lx* ,*-« O

ri

co bo

£ OWWCffl

• ^ oi o: oi ^

° 5 ^
£.£©

C o c: o o c:

• to <M 3S CO

£2 r— 1 r- ' r— • r—

I a

ioo'f

? tjtltl ®

C O C C O

_ X. X X £

s X X X £
C © 0) © c

x X X X C

.

OUR FORESTS.

19

But these trees are children compared with many, of whose
ages we have authentic records. The old Elm on Boston com¬
mon was more than a hundred years old at the time of the
Revolution. There was, not many years since, and is perhaps
even now, a Linden tree in Fryeburg, Switzerland, which was
planted sixteen years before the discovery of this continent by
Columbus. Struth, in his Sylva Brittanica, mentions a tree which
was of notable size in the reign of Stephen, who ascended the
English throne in 1137. Some of the Cypress trees of Mexico
are of incredible ages, the great one at Atlisco being over twenty-
four hundred years old.

Sixth. I doubt if we have yet reached a point, here in New
Hampshire, at which it is prolitable to attempt very much in the
way of planting forest trees, and so long as their seeds are left to
nature’s sowing we can control but partially the varieties to be
produced on a given lot. But, we may do this to some extent by
an early removal of those not wanted and by keeping those that
are. So far as that control can be exercised it should be, and
those only left to stand to whose growth the soil is well adapted.
The diluvial sands of this valley are not favorable to the produc¬
tion of deciduous trees, but the pitch-pine prefers them to any oth¬
er; and where oak and the rock maple would nearly or quite
starve, the spruce and the hemlock will live luxuriously.

The summary, gentlemen, of the whole matter is this, viz :

(1) We have in our forests a magnificent heritage.

(2) We are destroying them with a recklessness and rapidity
that is alarming.

(3) We are drifting towards a timber famine that diminished
consumption or better treatment oidy can avert.

(4) Intelligently and systematically managed, our forests will

yield annually profitable returns, not only to our own but to all
succeeding generations. .

No branch of husbandry furnishes more agreeable occupation
than forest culture. It affords to the farmer pleasant diversion
from the protracted labors of the field and employment for long
winters that without it might prove monotonous.

There is, too, an interest attaching to the forests which the open
fields do not afford. Their presence fascinates and enchants us.
By subtle influences they seize upon our feelings ere we are aware
and for all our varying moods afford their ready sympathies.

20

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURE.

Wliat better accords with our gayest hours than the lesplendent
robes of bright October woods, blazing in light and carpeted in
colors richer by far than Persia’s looms afford? How gra-Hul m
midsummer to flee for a while the oppressive heat and stroll in the
cool of the trees whose tall trunks and o’er-archmg branches hrst
suggested the towering columns and lofty vaults of the cathedral !
How grateful, in our serious mood, the deep shades ot the foies ,
its solitude and its silence, disturbed only by the sweet voice of
the birds, or the splash of the waterfall or the grand old anthem
played by the wind in the coronals ot high trunks which stan
like vast organ pipes on every side around-imposing anthems
which, from creation’s dawn have sounded and awed the soul ot
man to thoughts of 'its Creator and to prayer.

ABRONIA UMBELLATA.