BOTANIC GARDENS LIBRARY
SINGAPORE
-3 DEC 1988
1 5303
AR5RV\S
THIRD SERIES.
Agricultural Bulletin
OF THE
— STRAITS —
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
FOUNDED BY
H. N. RIDLEY, C.M.G., n.A„ F.R.S., &c.. in 1 891 , and edited by him up to 1911.
AND CONTINUED BY
The Botanic Gardens Department Singapore.
NO. 1.
JANUARY, 1912.
Vol. I.
CONTENTS.
Index of Bulletins, from 1891 to 1911 inclusive.
The Price of the Bulletin will be as follows:
Annual Subscription for Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States
Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya
Annual Subscription for India and Ceylon
Annual Subscription for Europe (Thirteen Shillings)
Single Copy
Whole Volume
$5.00
$5.50
.. Rs. 9-8-0
.. £0-13-0
. . 50 cts. or s. 1/2 d.
$5.00
All Subscriptions are payable strictly in advance.
To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from Messrs. Kelly
and Walsh, Ltd., No. 32 Raffles Place, and 194 Orchard Road, and
The Straits Times Office, Cecil Street, Singapore.
THIRD SERIES.
Agricultural Bulletin
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Founded by
H. N. RIDLEY, c.m.g., M,A., f.r.s., &c., in 1891, and edite.l by hi.n up to 1911.
SINGAPORE :
THE STRAITS TLVES PRESS, LIMITED.
INTRODUCTION
A S the Bulletins contain much material of great
interest to Planters and Horticulturalists in general,
1 have endeavoured to form as complete an index
as possible by including each article under its special
heading. This has been a matter of extreme difficulty as
many articles had no title so that in many cases one article
may be found under one of two or three headings.
Many of our readers may be interested in some spe-
cial subject and may not want to purchase a complete
volume to obtain the necessary literature, so that I have
given the Volume, the Month and the page in nearly
every case. Should they desire some particular article,
it will now only be necessary to write to the Botanic
Gardens giving Volume and Month (by the way, enclosing
the cost of same).
As the Bulletin has been edited largely for the help
of Planters in general, 1 have also endeavoured to keep all
the articles on Para Rubber by themselves. This method
should greatly facilitate the reference to articles required
by Planters which have appeared in the Bulletins.
I trust this has not been a labour in vain and that it
will supply a long felt want.
JAS. W. ANDERSON.
Assistant Curator.
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Abolition of Botanic Gardens, Penang
9
March
To
97
Abrus precatorius, a covering plant
8
Sept.
’09
415
• „ „ at Batu Tiga
8
’09
447
Abroma augusta as fibre
4
May
’05
158-
Acid soils, treatment of for Rubber, by J. B.
Carruthers
8
Jan.
’09
1
Acalypha fruticosa, by H. N. Ridley
7
July
’08
268
Acanthus montanus
2
Sept.
’03
291
Acclimatization of Plants, notes on, by H.N.R.
6
Dec.
’o 7
415
fi n 99
7
Jnn.
’08
1
Acorus calamus, Use of against Termites ...
3
May
’04
178
Acridium sp. (grasshopper at rubber)
8
Sept.
’09
424
Actinella Richardsonii (Colorado rubber) ...
8
Feb.
'09
S 3
All Subscriptions are payable strictly
in advance
jj
1Iia ,
yo
M
„ of Cloves
„
April
’97
114
„ of Pepper
,,
„
'97
120
„ of Produce
10
July
Ti
210
Africa, British Central, planting in
1
April
’02
267
,, German East, Consular Report
1
99
’02
268
African Products of Rubber
9
May
To
170
„ Rubber Company, a big
5
Jan.
’06
8
„ Rubber Vines, by H. N. Ridley
6
May
’o 7
125
Afzelia palembanica i insect pest of)
6
Aug.
'07
244
„ „ „ pest of, byH. C. Pratt.
6
9 9
’o 7
248
Agave americana — Fiore of
3
March
'04
88
, , „ ,,
3
Oct.
’04
409
Agave sisilana
3
'04
409
„ Zapupe
8
Dec.
’09
569
Age of Rubber
9
Aug.
To
338
Agricultural Association, Report on
5
July
'06
237
„ Exhibitions of the Horticultural
Society
5
March
’06
82
,, Exhibitions — American views of
8
Oct.
'09
474
„ Periods
4
Aug.
’05
299
„ Produce (1909)
9
„
To
301
„ Progress in Perak ...
9
Jan.
To
5
A
VOL
Abolition of Botanic Gardens, Penang 9
Abrns precatorius, a covering plant . 8
» »» at Batu Tiga ... 8
Abroma augusta as fibre ... , 4
Acid soils, treatment of for Rubber, by J. B.
Carruthers
8
Jan.
'09
I
Acalypha fruticosa, by H. N. Ridley
7
July
'08
268
Acanthus montanus
2
Sept.
’03
29 1
Acclimatization of Plants, notes on, by H.N.R.
6
Dec.
’07
413
»» «
7
Jnn.
*08
I
Acorus calamus. Use of against Termites ...
3
May
’04
m
Acridium sp. (grasshopper at rubber)
8
Sept.
’09
424
Actinella Richardsonii (Colorado rubber)
8
Feb.
*09
53
Adenanthera pavonina
OS Dec.
’98
227
Administration of Land Laws of F.M.S.
8
May
tt
’09
195.
„ of Forests in F.M.S. — 1903 ...
3
'04
165
Adulteration of Gam bir
OS Feb.
’92
34
of Patchouli
»f
May
’93
54
„ of Cloves
t»
April
'97
1 1 4
„ of Pepper
ft
ft
'97
120
„ of Produce
10
July
’n
210
Africa, British Central, planting in
1
April
’02
267
„ German East, Consular Report
1
ft
’02
268
African Products of Rubber
9
May
'to
17a
„ Rubber Company, a big
5
Jan.
’06
8
„ Rubber Vines, by H, N. Ridley
6
May
’07
125
Afzelia palembanica linsect pest of)
6
Aug.
’07
244
h „ „ pest of, by H. C. Pratt.
6
ft
’o 7
248
Agave americana — Fiore of
3
March
'04
88
Agave sisilana
3
Oct.
’04
409
3
tt
'04
409
tl Zapupe
8
Dec.
’09
569
Age of Rubber
9
Aug.
To
338
Agricultural Association, Report on
„ Exhibitions of the Horticultural
5
July
’06
237
Society
5
March
’06
82
„ Exhibitions — American views of
8
Oct.
’09
474
„ Periods
4
Aug.
'05
299
„ Produce (1909)
9
»
To
301
„ Progress in Perak ...
9
Jan.
To
5
Date. Page,
March '10 97
Sept. ’09 415
„ ’09 447
May ’05 15S
[ 2 ]
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Agricultural Show
2
Oct. ’03
334
9 1 99
3-
-’04; 66,99,
170,
180, 232, 299
„ „ at Kuala Lumpur (1904)...
4
June ’05
230
„ „ at Penang (1905)
4-
-June; 161238, 333
,, „ at Penang, by W. Fox ...
5
March ’06
73
„ „ at Pc nang
1
Oct. ’01
29
„ „ at Pc nang, rubber list ...
8
Aug. ’09
375
„ „ at Penang, report of {1909).
9
Jan. ’10
15
„ ,, at Malacca
1
Sept. ’02
480
„ „ at Singapore
5
— ’ '06 ; 34, 307
„ „ at Singapore, 1910
9-
-’10; 166, 176,412
„ ,, in Bi itish Africa
5
Nov. 06
41 1
,, „ in the Peninsula
1
—’02; 157, 505
„ ,, ' of Medan
7
— ’08 ; 200, 550
„ Society, proposed ...
4
—’05 ; 49, 162
Agriculture among natives. Encouragement of,
2
Dec. ’03
399
„ among natives, by L. C. Brown ...
3
—’04 ; 53, 90
„ and Science
10
March ’ll
66
„ Directors’ Report
6
Sept. ’07
273
,, History and development of
4
Aug. ’05
292
„ in Brazil
1
Nov. ’02
537
„ in British North Borneo
10
July ’11
220
„ in the Cameroons and Togoland.
2
May ’03
260
„ in the F.M.S.
2
July ’03
211
„ ditto (1905)
5
June ’06
206
,, „ by J. B. Carruthers
6
» ’ 0 7
175
„ in Kelantan
7
Sep. ’08
38 3
,, in Native States (1900)
9
Aug. ’10
3ii
„ in Seychelles
5
May ’06
140
„ Progress of, in F.M.S. by T.W.
Main
8
Aug. ’09
353
„ Report of Director of
7
Nov. ’08
523
n 99 99 f 9
8
Sept. ’09
391
„ „ „ „ in F.M.S.
(1910)...
10
Aug. ’ll
236
„ and Forestry in Hawaii
10
July ’11
219
Albizzia moluccana, (as shade tree)
OS
Dec. ’98
227
„ „ curious roots of
7
April ’08
137
Alchornea villosa
4
June ’05
215
Alligator Apple, by E.G.F. Campbell
5
Nov. ’06
411
Altitude at which Rubber can be grown
5
March ’06
67
Alstonia scholaris
OS
May ’00
250
OS June ’97
133
8
Feb. ’09
52
” “Pulai”
9
„ ’10
54
Amathusia phidippus (Coconut butterfly) ...
OS
May ’00
259
Amazons Rubber versus Plantation
8
Dec. ’09
568
Amorphophallus Prainii
OS
Dec. ’98
215
[ 3 ]
VOL,
Date.
Page.
An Ant-killer
3
Aug.
’04
306
Anacardium occidentale
5
Oct.
*o6
377
Analysis of Castilloaand Funtumia Rubbers.
3
April
’04
130
„ of Gambir
OS
Feb.
’92
37
„ of Rubber
5
May
’06
136
„ of Soils of Singapore Bot. Gardens
7
Dec.
’08
579
Analytical Laboratories of Aynsone
8
’09
564
„ Notes of Rubber Plants
9
Feb.
To
5i
Ananas sativa
3
Jan.
’04
1
Andropogon citratus
5
Aug.
*06
282
Angsana Tree — disease on
9
April
’10
133
Animals associated with Rubber
8
July
’09
316
Annual Report of Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
6
April
'07
9i
» „ „ jt S’pore 1907.
7
March
'08
104
Annual Report of Director of Agriculture ...
7
Nov.
’oS
523
Annual Report of Govt. Micologist (1907) ...
7
Dec.
’08
388
», „ of Govt. Plantations, F.M.S.
(1907)
7
jf
’08
606
Annual Review of Rubber Market
2
Jan.
’03
7
?j 99 9t
5
Feb.
*o6
40
„ „ „
7
March
'08
99
Annuals, treatment of, by C. Curtis
OS
June
’97
154
Anona palustris
4
Dec.
’05
481
Another Para Rubber Fungus ...
9
June
’10
216
Antiaris toxicaria, Ipoh — all about
OS
Dec.
’98
201
„ „
4
June
’05
214
Anti-Opium Drug, by H. N. Ridley
6
Feb.
’o 7
45
„ „ by B. J. Eaton
6
Sept.
’07
3to
Ants
OS
Jan.
’95
78
Ants
OS
May
’00
273
Ants attacking seedlings by F. E. Lease
5
Nov.
’06
408
Ant killer, an
3
Aug.
’04
306
Apogonia (Coleoptera) attacking Coffee
8
Sept.
’09
425
Application & Making of Bordeaux Mixture.
9
April
To
138
Appointment of C. K. Bancroft ...
9
Oct.
bo
44 i
Aquatic Plants, by J. W. Anderson
X
Sept.
bt
282
„ — Action of Copper sulphate on
5
Nov.
’06
403
Aral idium pinnatifidum
OS
D.c.
’08
211
Arden S. — resignation of Appointment
5
March
*06
69
Aroeocerus fasciculatus (Coffee bean pest) ...
1
July
'02
387
Aroid — Cultivation in Singapore, by H.N.R.
4
’05
254
Aroids — List of
4
ff
’03
26l
,, new Introductions
5
Jan.
’06
7
„ Treatment of, by C. Curtis
OS
June
’97
160
Arsenical and sulphur fumes — effect on
vegetation
9
—To
; 46, 137
Artichokes
OS
Dec.
’98
194
Artocarpus Kunstleri (Fibre)
4
June
’05
213
„ integrifolia
9
Feb.
To
54
Arboretum at Batu Tiga
VOI.
8
Date.
Sept. ’09
PAGE,
443
Arenga saccharifera for brushes
OS
May
’93
5$
„ ,, Kabang Fibre
4
March
’05
65
Association — Batu Tiga Planters
7
’08 ;
223, 406
,, — Johore Planters
7
Aug.
'08
351
„ — Kampar Planters ...
7
Aug.
’08
351
„ — Kuala Selangor
*7
/
July
’08
293
,, — Negri Sembilan
7
Nov.
’08
5 52
„ — Perak Planters
7
— '08
; 95,
201
„ — Planters
7 -
'08 ; 412
,482,614
Asclepias curassavica (Wild Ipecacuanha) ...
3
Nov.
’04
464
Asparagus (edible)
OS
Dec.
’98
193
Astychus chrysochloris
OS May
’00
270
„ at Para Rubber, by
R. Pears
3
Jan.
’04
21
at Para Rubber
3
DvC.
’04
493
by H. C. Robinson...
3
July
'04
271
7
March
'08
89
Atlas Moth — Attacus atlas
OS
May
’00
269
„ „ and Rubber
5
Nov.
’06
401
Attacus atlas on Gambir
OS
Feb.
’92
29
OS
May
’00
269
Australia — Rubber in
7
Aug.
’08
345
Anysome Laboratories, Lancashire
9
Feb.
’10
61
Azolla, as an anti-mosquito plant
8
July
’09
322
B
Badly affected Areas of Rubber with Fomes
9
Sept,
’iO
375
Bailey Memorial Fund
X
Jan.
Ti
57
Bangka method of manufacturing Gambir
OS April
33
Bakek (Piper Chaba)
OS April
’97
123
Bakau Firewood — Steaming qualities of
f
May
’02
292
„ ,, Exploitable size, by
V. B. Borges
3
Oct.
’04
418
Bakau Firewood— Swamp growth at Tanjong
Burong
3
Aug.
’04
308
Bamboo — fungus in, by H.N.R. ...
7
June
’08
230
,, Preservation of, E. P. Stebbings
3
Jan.
’04
15
Banana Beetle— Sphenophorus sordidus
OS
May
’00
271
Cultivation — by A. Hale,
5
June
’06
IBS
„ Fibre — by Prof. Dunstan
5
Aug.
’06
259
., Fibre
7
July
’08
265
,, Weaving
7
Sept.
’08
390
Bark Fungus of Para Rubber ...
5
Mar.
’06
69
Barleria Prionitis, remedy for snake-bite ...
8
July
’09
323
Barringtonia seed
2
May
’03
165
Baru — Hibiscus tiliaceus
4
July
272
Bat Guano— by Prof. W. Dunstan
4
Oct.
’05
394
[ 5 ]
Vol. Date. Pace,
Batocera Hector (beetle)
OS May
’00
26 9
Batu Tiga Planters’ Association
7
— ’08; 406,
223
Bassia Motleyana, Fat of — by J. Hewitt
7
May
’08
174
Bean Cheese, — Fruit for colouring
4
Feb.
’05
46
Bean Cheese and Soy, by H. N. Ridley
3
Dec.
’04
494
Beans — Poisonous
3
Mar.
’04
87
„ „
6
May
’07
139
Beaumont Estate, Report on, — byS. Arden...
X
Nov.
’02
55i
Bee culture, — by T. W. Main ...
7
July
’08
255
Bee — Hawk moth
OS May
’00
263
Beetles attacking rubber, — by R. A. Burgess.
3
Oct.
’04
419
„ Coconut, by Mr. Dunman
2
Feb.
’03
64
„ „ by Mr. L. C. Brown
2
’03
65
Beetle, another coconut, by H. N. Ridley ...
7
July
’08
265
Beetles, coconut
7
Dec.
’08
594
,, „ extraction from Annual
Report
2
May
’03
161
Beetles, in Para Rubber
2
July
’03
222
„ injurious to Nutmegs ...
OS
April
*97
112
Beetle, — Red Coconut
4
July
’05
272
„ — Rhinoceros-in-soil, — by W. Dell ...
3
Jan.
’04
18
Begonias, — Treatment of
OS June
*97
156
Belgian Rubber Expert in Ceylon,
by M. O. Collet
3
May
’04
178
Benzoin, Report on a specimen of,
by Prof. Dunstan
5
Aug.
’06
261
Benzoin, Siam
10
Jan.
Ti
15
Reri-Beri, — Pad! and its relation to
8
Oct.
’09
472
Bertholettiaexcelsa (Brazil nuts) by H. N. R.
8
Dec.
’09
551
Betel-nut Sheaths, — use of
OS Jan.
’95
87
Betis or Malay Belian
5
Feb.
’06
39
Biak, Opium substitute
7
’08
40
Bibliography
8
July
’09
324
Big Rubber trees, by H. N. Ridley
7
—’08;
253,
35i
Bini Rubber Co, by W. Dunman
5
—
’06
224
Birds specially useful in destroying insects
OS June
’97
148
„ and Crops
10
Aug.
Ti
232
Bisulphide of Carbon
8
May
’09
245
» „ for Termites
3
July
’04
282
„ by H. C. Robinson ...
3
Dec.
’04
486
Black Cobra
2
July
’03
225
Black Brazilian Cherry
9
March
To
83
„ Hevea Fungus
8—
09; 3ii,
521, 570
„ Pepper
OS
April
’97
118
Bleekrodea — a new rubber tree ...
7
March
’08
89
Blumea balsamifera
OS May
'93
55
»
3
-’04; 23
89
2
Sept.
’03
290
Borassus flabelliformis
OS May
’93
58
[ 6 ]
Bordeaux Mixture, making & application of
Borneo Camphor
Borneo, Corticium Javanicum in
Botanic Gardens, Annual Report, 1907
. T 9°6 -
„ „ Penang, abolition of
Brachartona Caloxantha
Brachy trapes achatinus at Tapioca,
by H. C. Pratt
Brachy trupes achatinus attacking rubber ...
Brazil, — Agriculture in
„ nuts, by IT N. Ridley
„ Rubber Trade
Branch Disease
“ British World ”
Brucea sumatrana
Brucea sumatrana
Brucea sumatrana
„ „ chemistry of ...
British North Borneo, Rubber planting in
Brussels Exhibition
Buffalo Milk, — Composition of
Bulbs & Tubers, treatment of, by C. Curtis
Burials, burial ground enactment
Burn-Murdoch A. M. appointment of
Bamboos, History of
Batang Padang, Administration of Land in
Batu Tiga, Report of Plantations at
Balanocarpus maximus
c
Caesalpinia sappan (as dye)
Calotropis gigantea (Mudar fibre)
Calendering (Indigo)
California, planting in, — E. Mathieu
Cameroons — Agriculture in
Caladiums, treatment of
Calophyllum incphyllum (shade tree)
Camphor Tree, by H. N. Ridley...
„ in F.M.S.
,, some insects at
Camphor
,, outlook for, by H. N. Ridley
„ Pest
„ Oil
„ in F.M.S.
„ Malay
„ Further notes on
VOL.
Date. Fage.
9
April
To
138
8
Aug.
’09
358
9
Feb.
To
59
7
March
’08
104
6
April
’o 7
91
9
March
To
97
8
Aug.
’09
357
8
—’09 ;
1 39 ,
425
5
March
’06
69
1
Nov.
’02
537
8
Dec.
’09
551
1
Oct.
’02
509
9
Sept.
To
373
6
Feb.
’07
50
1
—’02 ;
122, 343
2
Feb.
’03
4 i
6
Aug.
’07
252
7
May
’08
175
8
Aug.
’09
365
9
April
To
I 5 i
8
Jan.
’09
15
OS
June
’97
155
8
May
’09
211
1
’02
122
4
Aug.
’05
312
8
May
’09
216
7
Dec.
’08
603
4
April
’05
124
OS
May
’93
50
4
June
’ 0.5
217
OS
May
’90
47
7
July
’08
288
2
Aug.
’03
260
OS
June
’97
156
OS
Dec.
’98
226
2
May
’03
163
5
July
’06
223
X
Nov.
’II
357
6
June
’07
173
6
Oct.
’07
336
7
Sept.
’08
394
7
Jan.
’08
14
7
Dec.
J o8
598
9
Aug.
To
297
9
„
To
299
Camphor in Ratu Tiga Gardens...
VOL.
8
Uate.
Sept. '09
PAGE
437
„ notes on preparation of
8
Aug.
’02
344
„ Thread Blight on, by Keith Bancroft
IO
April
Tl
no
Canker Fungus in Rubber, by J. B. Carruthers
2
Dec.
’03
260
„ in Hevea by W. J. Gallagher
7
Jan.
’08
15
Canarium commune (for shade tree)
OS
Dec.
’98
225
Cannas attacked by Cetonia
l
Nov.
’02
550
„ treatment of
OS June
’97
155
Cananga odorata
OS
Dec.
’98
228
Caoutchouc in I ndo-Chin a
6
May
'07
127
Capau sp. attacking Afzelia, by H. C. Pratt...
6
Aug.
’07
248
Caprinia Conchyladis — Funtumia Pest
2
Nov.
’03
355
„ „ by E. Green
3
Feb.
’04
52
Capsicum fastigiatum, etc.
OS
April
’97
123
Carapa moluccana (Nireh) for Dye
OS
May
’93
5i
9
99
To
180
Carallia integerrima
9
99
TO
181
Carbon Bisulphide for Termites...
3
July
’04
282
„ „ by H. C. Robinson
3
Deer.
’04
486
„ „ by B. T. Eaton
6
Sept.
’07
309
8
May
’09
245
„ „ by W. J. Gallagher
7
Mar.
’08
95
Cardamons in French Indo-China
i
Mar.
’02
232
Caringas at Nutmegs
OS
April
’97
109
Carrots
OS Dec.
’98
193
Carpodinus lanceolatus
8
Feb.
’09
48
Carruthers J. B., departure of ...
8
Sept.
’09
419
„ „ death of
9
Aug.
To
329
Cashew Nuts wanted
5
Oct.
’06
377
Cassia
OS April
’97
n 7
Cassias suitable for shade trees ...
OS Dec.
’98
227
Cassia fistula
5
Mar.
’06
68
Castilloa and Funtumia analysis of
3
April
’04
130
„ at the International R. Exhibition
8
Feb.
’09
46
„ borer
2
Oct.
-03
322
„ by “ Poison Seffer ”
6
Jany.
’07
1
„ cultivation in Colombia, C. O. Weber
2
May
’03
167
„ cultivation in Java
2
Mar.
’03
105
„ cultivation in Mexico ...
2
Aug.
’03
262
„ cultivation in Assam ...
. 2
Oct.
’03
320
,, elastica
OS June
’97
133
,, elastica in San Miquel...
2
June
’03
198
„ elastica in Mexico
X
July
'ii
212
„ elastica
8
Feb.
'09
46
„ elastica Growth of trees of
2
Oct.
’03
328
„ Formaline in treating Rubber
2
Sept.
’03
285
„ Fruiting in Singapore
8
July
’09
320
„ Geographical distribution of
6
Jan.
’07
3
„ Preparation of Latex ...
3
Mar.
’04
102
[ 8 ]
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Castilloa returns
3
Mar.
’04
84
„ seeds, vitality of
I
— 02
; 3 T 3> 580
„ seeds for sale ... I
July & Aug.
’02
390
,, tree — yield of
2
June
’03
199
Castilloa versus Para Rubber
8
July
’09
327
Castor Oil — Caterpillars
OS
May
’00
266
„ „ pest (Ophiusa melicerte)
3
Jan.
'04
22
Casuarina equisetifolia (shade tree)
OS
Dec.
’98
229
„ „ by R. D. Hudson ...
4
Jan.
’05
11
„ „ Tile pots for
4
„
*05
67
„ „ wood, steaming quali-
ties of
i
May
’02
292
Casuarina glauca — Root-shoots of
X
Nov.
Ti
359
Casuarinas, all about
6
June
’07
169
Catch Crops
8
March
’09
105
„ „ coffee as, E. B. Prior
8
April
’09
170
„ „ for Rubber
5
May
’06
133
„ „ „ Tapioca
5
July
’06
223
„ „ Chillies as a
9
Nov.
'JO
450
Caterpillar attacking Tobacco ...
4
Oct.
’05
391
„ attacking Pepper
3
March
’04
101
Ceara Rubber — analyses of
2
Oct.
’03
329
„ „ by T. C. Campbell
5
May
’06
135
Large tree of, in India
5
„
’06
138
„ „ in Goorg
5
,,
J o6
172
,, „ in Sheets
5
April
’06
119
„ „ in South India ...
5
Feb.
’06
44
„ „ in Christmas Island
7
Dec.
'c8
610
„ „ in Mexico
6
Jan.
’o;
29
(see Manihot)
ji 9* * —
Cement Floors, cleaning of
9
March
To
107
Cephaleuros parasitic on Clove Trees
8
July
’OQ
326
Cephonodes Hylas
OS
April
’91
]6
OS
May 00; 260, 203
Cerbera odollam
OS
Dec.
’98
218
Ceriops candolleana (in dyeing) ...
OS
May
’93
51
Ceylon Agricultural Society (on Camphor) ...
5
May
’06
161
„ Rubber Exhibition
5
May
’06
139
,, Rubber Exhibition, Straits R. at
5
Oct.
’06
383
„ Rubber Exhibition, report
5
Nov.
’06
393
„ Rubber Exhibition
6
ro
O
i — 1
!. 34
„ Rubber Exhibition, notes on
6
Feb.
'07
40
Ceylon’s place in the Rubber Industry
5
May
’06
169
Chemical Composition of Gambier
OS
Feb.
’92
35
Chemist ,— Govt., Report of
6
Sept.
’07
308
Chemistry of Antiaris
OS
Dec.
’98
208
„ of Rubber, by P. T. Burgess
2
»
’03
385
Chengei Damar, by H. N. Ridley
6
May
’07
139
Chengal— Growth of, A. Burn-Murdoch
7
Sept.
’08
386
9
VOL.
Date
. Page.
Cherimoyer
1
Oct.
’OI
32
Cherry Black Brazilian
9
March
’10
85
Chetties — meeting of
I
Dec.
’02
600
Chilies as a catch crop
9
Nov.
’10
450
„ varieties of
OS
April
’97
123
Chilocarpus enervis
OS
May
’00
244
9
Feb.
’10
52
Chinese labour
9
April
’10
153
„ ,, Report on
9
June
’10
226
„ „ Planters on
9
Aug.
’10
331
,, Anti-Opium Drug
6
Feb.
’07
45
„ Reclamation of Land ...
7
Oct.
’08
450
„ Rotation of crops in F.M.S.
;
„
’08
450
Chilo saccharalis (Sugarcane borer)
OS
June
’97
143
Chlorklea assulta at Tobacco
4
Oct.
’05
391
Chocho (Sechium edule)
OS
Dec.
’98
191
Cholera
6
March
’07
85
Choneomorpha macrophylla
9
Feb.
’10
56
„ rubber vines
X
May
’11
146
Christmas Island — Ceara Rubber in
7
Dec.
’08
610
„ „ Phosphate
2
Oct.
’03
321
Chronological Table of Para Rubber 1873-1899
9
June
’10
213
Cinnamomum — cultivation of ...
OS
April
’97
US
„ all species of
OS
J*
’97
117
„ Deschampsii
10
Aug,
’11
235
Citronella Oil
OS
Dec.
’98
231
If }f
3
Aug.
’04
310
,, „ Analysis of, Prof. Dunstan
4
Oct.
’05
397
„ „ Report of sample, B. J. Eaton
8
April
’09
142
Clean Weeding, by J. B. Carruthers
7
— ’08
383
537
„ „ and cover plants
8—
Sept. '095413
,448
„ „ versus Tephrosia, by F.Zernichow 8
April
’09
131
Climate and Condition of Crops in F. M. S....
7
Nov.
’08
526
„ of Penang ...
8
July
’09
320
Climbers, Ornamental, by J. W. Anderson ...
10
April
’11
89
Clouth Fr. Rubber, Gutta-percha & Balatta
3
Mar.
’04
104
Clove tree, disease of, by H. N. Ridley
OS
May
’96
95
Cloves — collection and preparation of
OS
April
’97
114
„ cultivation of
OS
’97
113
,, disease of
7
July
’08
263
„ Enemies of
OS
April
’97
1 14
„ manuring of
OS
>>
’ 97
113
Cnesmome javanica
OS
Dec.
’98
214
Cobra, Black
2
July
’03
225
Coca Leaves
7
Aug.
’08
336
Cocoa Planting— future of
7
Dec.
’08
611
Cocoa— New work on, by B. Head
3
Mar.
’04
101
Coagulation and curing of Rubber
9
July
’10
277
„ of Rubber
2
Jany.
’03
18
[ 10 ]
VOL.
Date. Page,
Coagulating Latex— a new method
„ „ of Dyera
Coconut abnormal
„ beetles
„ beetles in Perak, by W. Dell
„ beetles, Inspector’s report on {1902) . . .
„ cultivation in F. M. S.
„ industry in 191 1
„ pest (Beetles)
Coconut Palm Disease
„ Pest— by R. N. Bland ...
Pest — by J. B. Carruthers
Pest (Brachartona catozantha)
„ Diseases
„ Beetles in Philippines ...
„ Beetles
„ fibre (Coir)
Plantations Report of Inspector ...
„ Planting in Fiji
„ Prolific
„ Prolific, remarkably
Trees, Annual Report for 1905
Trees, attacked by a Coccid
Coconuts
M a disclaimer
„ another beetle attacking
„ another use of
fJ Defoliation of, by H. C. Pratt ...
tt diseases of
„ in Ceylon
in Cocos-Keeling, by A. S. Baxendale
” in F.M.S. in 1903
„ in F.M.S.
„ in F.M.S.
„ in Peat Soil
„ in Selangor
„ in Selangor
„ in South America ...
ft in Plantations and Draining
„ in Planting in Papua
in Report of Inspector of Planta-
tions
„ red beetle at
Coccid attacking Coconuts
Coccus or White Blight on Sugar
Coffea robust :i
„ stenophylla ... 1
Coffea
Coffee, position of, etc.
8
Mar.
’09
no-
8
Dec.
’09
553
2
Oct.
’03
323
2
Feb. ’03 ; 64, 65
3
Jany.
’03
19
2
May
’03
161
9
Sept.
To
394
10
Feb.
Tl
33
5
Aug.
'06
266
9
May
To
I7S
3
—’04; 92, 309
5
April
’06
118
8
Aug.
’09
357
8
Sept.
’09
425
6
June
’07
175
7
Dec.
’08
594
4
March
’05
64
8
Sept.
’09
426
2
June
’03
207
8
Nov.
’09
536
8
tt
’09
318
5
Aug.
’06
265
9
Nov.
To
465
9
Aug.
To
322
1
Sept.
’02
483
7
July
’o8
265
7
tt
’08
258
6
Sept.
’07
306
6
June
’07
165
3
April
’04
134
3
Jan.
’04
18
3
May
’04
162
8
— 09; 237, 394
7
— ’08
; 527, 590
9
June
To
214
1—
-’02 ; 226, 233, 349
8
Sept.
’09
429
1
March
’ 02
227
1
April
’02
261
7
Aug.
’08
339
6
Sept.
’07
295
4
July
’05
272
9
Nov.
To
465
OS June
’97
145
9
May
To
165
July & Aug.
’02
388
OS
Dec.
’98
232
2
—’03 ; 279,
349
II
Vol. Date. page.
Coffee
9
Aug.
To
322
„ and Tea, World’s Consumption of ...
I
Dec.
’01
115
„ as a Catch-crop, by E. B. Prior
8
April
’09
170
„ at Lowlands
i
March ’02
234
„ at Zanzibar
i
Dec.
’02
577
„ Blight
OS
„
’98
232
„ diseases
OS June
’97
146
„ enemies to in S.S.
OS April
’91
15
, f Foxy
I
Nov.
’01
80
„ Hawk-moth
OS May
’00
260
„ husks and Malaria
I
Oct.
’02
510
,, Imports of Coffee & Copra into Holland I July & Aug.
’02
387
„ in F.M.S.
7
Nov.
’08
530
8
Sept.
’09
397
„ Leaf fungus on Liberian ...
3
Dec.
’04
492
locust
OS May
’00
275
„ Method of treatment of Leaf disease
in Java
OS April
’91
2
„ pest in beans
I
Aug.
’02
386
„ pests
8
Sept.
’09
425
„ production and consumption of
l
June
’02
329
„ predisposition to disease ...
OS April
’91
6
„ preventive methods for disease of
OS
,,
’91
8
„ treatment of young plants
OS
„
'91
9
„ vars. — History of
4
Aug.
’05
301
Colonial-grown Fruit
6
Dec.
’07
424
„ fruits
5
Feb.
’06
43
Combretum sundiacum
7
April
’08
136
„ „ (as anti-opiate)
6
Feb.
’07
47
Commelina nudiflora by T. W. Main
8
Jan.
’09
8
Comparison of other grasses with Lallang ...
OS „
*95
82
„ of Humus prod, with worms ...
03
’95
8>
Composition of milk of Dairy cow and
buffalo in Malay Peninsula...
8
’09
15
Conditions for the germination of spores of
of Coffee disease
OS April
’ 9 i
2
Congo Rubber— deterioration of
2
June
’03
202
Congress Fibre, at Surabaya
8
April
’04
144
Connaropsis Griffiths, by H. N. Ridley
4
May
’05
155
Conifers in Botanic Gardens, Singapor3
6
July
’07
197
Continental Scientific Laboratory
9
July
To
28 f
Coolies (see Labour)
Coolies, Free meals to
I
Oct.
’0 [
24
,, Medical management of,
P. N. Gerrard
6
Mar.
’07
72
Coolies Sanitation of.
7
Nov.
’08
546
Coorg, rubber in
5
May
’06
172
Copper Sulphate as a timber preservative ...
OS Jan.
’95
8 7
„ „ action of, on aquatics
5
Nov.
’06
403
Cooper Research Laboratory
8
July
’09
325
Copra, Export of, from F.M.S. ...
7
Dec.
’08
595
„ Industry, by T. W. Main
8
Jan.
’09
2
Coptosapelta flavescens
OS
Dec.
’98
213
Cork — a substitute for
I
May
’02
314
,, substitutes for
2
Mar.
’03
114
Correspondence
9
F eb.
ho
61
Corticium Javanicum
5
June
’06
208
„ „ in Borneo...
9
Feb.
ho
59
„ ,, on Para Rubber
7
May
’08
170
Coscinium fenestratum
OS
Dec.
’98
209
Cost & Production of Indigo
03
May
’93
48
Cotton
2
Oct.
’03
309
,, a sample grown in Singapore
4
Jany.
’05
5
„ Bug
7
Dec.
*08
610
,, correction on, by C. E. Baxendale ...
3
May
’04
169
„ „ byT. H. Hill
3
June
’04
232
,, cultivation of, in S.S.
3
Jany.
’04
7
„ „ „ » in 1837
3
„
*04
10
„ ditto in Malay States, S. Arden
4
July
’05
266
,, experiments in cultivation in S. S. ...
3
Jany.
5 04
7
„ „ in Bot. Gardens, Singapore
4
July
’05
265
„ Imports & Exports into U.K.
3
Jany.
’04
14
„ Industry in Netherlands — India,
Tromp de Haus
3
June
’04
195
in Baram, Borneo
8
Oct.
’09
470
,, in Dutch Borneo
3
Feb.
’04
42
„ in F. M. S., further papers on
3
Mar.
’04
94
„ „ „ by A. S. Baxendale
2
Nov.
-'03
345
„ „ „ by S. Arden
2
Oct.
’03
396
„ in Port Dickson, by D. C. Neave
3
Aug.
’04
305
in Straits Settlements
2
Dec.
’03
398
„ Leaf— roller
3
„ ’04; 161,283
„ Notes (Pests 01P by H. N. R.
3
May
’04
160
„ Report on Sample of
4
July
’05
267
„ Sea Island in Perak, report on sample
3
Feb.
'04
41
Cover plants at Batu Tiga
8
Sept.
09
444
Cover plants instead of Clean weeding
8
Sept.
’09
4^3
Cow, Composition of Milk
8
Jan.
’OQ
15
„ Improvement of Dairy, by T. W. Main
7
Oct.
’08
437
Crenothrix — Further notes, on, by H. N. R....
7
April
’08
136
„ Kuhniana
5
Nov.
’06
407
Creasoting Rubber
5
April
’06
395
Cricket attacking Rubber, by H. C. Pratt ...
8
’09
139
OS May
’00
276
„ „ Tapioca, by H. C. Pratt ...
8
April
’09
139
„ eating rubber plants
5
March
’06
68
Crinum Northianum, by H. N. Ridley
3
Aug.
’04
310
„ „ fruiting
6
May
’07
139
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Crocodiles — Skins and tanning ...
I
’02
6^3
Cropping and preparing of Pepper
OS
April
’97
120
„ Gambir
tt
Feb.
’92
30
„ of Nutmegs
April
’97
104
„ Patchouli
„
May
’93
53 4
Crotoiaria as affecting Termes Gestroi
8
March
'09
104
„ at Batu Tiga
8
Sept.
'09
444
„ attacked by Fungus ...
8
March
’09
105
„ cultivated form of
8
Oct.
’09
474
„ in F.M.S.
7
Dec.
’08
602
„ striata
8
Sept.
’09
416
Crows, Ceylon, in Selangor, by E. V. Carey...
2
Jan:
’03
16
Cryptosfegia grandiflora in Mexico
X
July
Ti
208
Cubebs (Piper Cubeba)
OS April
■97
121
Cumpassia parviflora — “Tualang”
6
June
’0 7
170
Cucumbers
OS
Dec.
’98
191
Curculigo fibre
4
March
’05
67
Curcuma Zedoaria, starch
5
Oct.
’06
374
„ „ (Temu Lawak)
OS April
’97
128
„ longa — “Turmeric” ...
’97
127
Curtis, Mr. C., retirement of
2
Nov.
'03
370
Cultivation of Cassia
OS April
’97
117
„ of Coconuts in Perak
8
Sept.
'09
247
„ of Gambir for profit ...
OS
Feb.
’92
38
„ of Indigo
OS
May
’93
44-
„ of Nutmegs
April
’96
100
„ of Patchouli
**
May
*93
53
„ of Passiflora foetida and Mikania.
8 '
June
’09
2fi2'
„ of Pot-plants, by C. Curtis
OS
,,
’97
150
„ of Sago
,,
Jan.
’95
66
Cultivation of Ferns
8
June
’09
282
„ of Camphor in Malaya
8
Aug.
'09
346
„ of Coconuts in Negri Sembilan...
8
Sept.
’09
431
„ of Pines for fibre
OS May
’93
56
„ of Coconuts in Pahang
8
Sept.
’09
431
Cutting of Cinnamon shoots
OS April
’97
1 15
Cultivation of rubber in Cochin China
9
Sept.
’10
388
„ of rubber in F.M.S.
8
May
’09
232
„ of rubher in F.M.S.; — ’07 & ’08. ...
7
July
’08
282-.
„ of Hevea
OS June
’97
135.
Cry ptostegia grandiflora
8
Feb.
*09
52
,, Madagascariensis ...
a
Dec.
’09
562
Cyanogenesis in Plants, by H. N. Ridley ...
6
May
’07
rji
Cyrtacanthacris nigrovaria (Coffee locust)
OS
if
•'00
275
Cymbopogon spc. as oil grasses
6
'07
129
0
Dadessa evaxaiis Turmeric Moth
OS May
’00
267
Daemonorops Draco, micranthus,
propinquus, etc.
5
Feb.
’o6
28
[ 14 ]
paily versus alternate day, tapping rubber
fcairy Cow— Improvement in, by T. W. Main
Dalpada oculata attacking Gutta-percha ...
Dammar tapping, by S. A. Moorhouse
Datura fastuosa
„ poisonous
Defects in Chinese methods of manufacturing
Indigo
Dendrobium spectabile
taurinum var album
Denudation of Soils r.
Derris elliptic a
Desmodium triflorum
Destruction of Insects
Deterioration of Congo Rubber ...
Different forms of Castilloa
methods of tapping rubber
Dindings, Timber trade, by V. P. Borges ...
Mangroves in, by R. Scott
Dinodermus minutus at Bamboos
Dioscoren daemona
s.p., a Piscicide
„ Daemona
Diospvro^ toposioides — a piscicide
Diplodia rapax (Black Hevea Fungus)
„ by Mr. Massee
Disease, New Ordinance concerning Plant ...
,, of Cloves
„ ofClove'Tree
„ of Coffee
„ of Pineapples
„ Plant life and
„ Prevention of
Diseases and injuries of Indigo
Diseased root of Para Rubber Tiees
Disinfection of Rubber Seeds
Dissemination of seeds by natural causes ...
Distillation of Camphor, by M. K. Bamber ...
DistilKd Spirits in Philippines, by D.T. Brown
Distribution of Sago Palms
Dominica— Rubber in
■^)r. Burck’s method of ireatment of Coffee
disease in Java
Dracaenas— treatment of, by C Curtis
Dragon’s blood, -by H- N. Ridley
Draining land for Coconuts
Drought spell —
Drugs, Malay & History of, by H. N. Ridley
/OL.
Date. Page.
9
July
To
249
7
Oct.
’08
437
1
Nov.
’02
55<>
4
April
'05
124
OS
Dec.
’98
217
2
July
'03
224
OS
May
’93
49
9
Mar.
To
106
2
Nov.
’03
368
9
Mar.
To
82
OS
Dec.
’98
217
7
Nov.
’08
540
OS
May
’00
25 7
2
June
’03
202
6
Jan.
’07
2
9
—To
; 253,
00
CO
4
Feb.
*°5
41
4
April
’05
124
3
Jan.
’04
l6
QS
Dec.
’98
214
7
Oct.
’08
444
10
Mar.
Ti
73
7
Oct.
’08
^43
8
Dec.
’09
5 7 *
9
Aug.
To
290
9
May
To
174
7
Dec.
’08
613
7
July
’08
263
OS
May
’96
95
OS
April
’91
2
10
July
Ti
222
7
Jan.
’08
9
8
Sept.
’09
410
OS
May
’93
45
I
Nov.
’or
81
9
,,
To
433
I
Jan.
’02
153
5
May
’06
165
7
July
’08
284
OS
Jan.
’95
64
9
May
To
174
OS
April
’91
2
OS
June
’97
159
5
„ ’o 5 ; 28
264
I
April
’02
261
10
June
Ti
181
4
Aug.
'05
306
[ 15 ]
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Drugs, Malay
5
June ’06
193
Drugs, Malay, by H. W. Thomson
6
n '07
l60
6
May ’07
128
Drugs Malay, application of
5
Aug. '06
269
„ „ Febrifuges
5
July ’06
245
Drying plants — instructions for ...
1
Jan. ’02
151
Duchemin Fibre Machine
6
Dec. ’07
420
Duration of nutmeg trees
OS
April ’97
104
Duration of protection of coffee leaves
against disease by Tobacco powder ...
OS
„ ’91
II
Durian — packing seed of, by T. W, Main ...
8
Mar. ’09
107
Dutch Govt. Plantations of Gutta-percha . . .
2
Oct. ’03
312
Dye plants
OS May ’93
44
Dyeing by Indigo
OS
» ’93
46
Dyes and dyeing in Sarawak, by J. Hewitt ...
5
July ’06
232
Dyera costulata — history of with plate
2
Mar. ’03
95
„ „ coagulation of latex
8
May ’09 ; 553, 50
„ „ R. Derry
8
11 '09
244
„ „ in Sarawak
3
„ ’04 48, 91
,, — a new use for rubber of ...
8
April ’09
139
„ costulata
OS June ’97
133
ft It
OS May '00
248
Dysdercus cingulatus (red cotton bug)
OS May ’00
272
ff 99 99 ft ft •••
7
Dec. ’08
610
Dysentery
6
Mar. ’07
77
„ cure for (Brucea sumatrana) I
01 & ’02 ; 122, 343
E
Farth Worms
OS
Jan. ’95
77
East Indian Dragon’s Blood
5
Feb. ’06
28
Economic Plants, History of
4
Aug. ’05
301
Ectatops rubescens at Rubber ...
2
Jan. ’02
S
Editorial Note
5
„ ’06
1
Effect of Arsenical & Sulphur fumes on vegetation 6
Sept. ’07
309
« n ,> ii
9
—To; 46, 137
„ of Drought on Plants in 1911
X
June ’ll
185
„ of Grass on trees
9
Feb. '10
63
„ Gale on rubber
8
July ’09
322
„ of clearing of Forest on Rainfall
X
Aug. ’ll
269
„ hurricane on rubber
9
Sept. To
389
„ Nitrate of Soda on flow of Ceara latex.
9
June To
219
Eichornia crassipes, by H. N. Ridley
5
April ’06
H 7
Elaeis guineensis
6
Feb. ’07
37
Employers of Labour, circular to
1
April ’02
276
Encouragement of agriculture amongst nafives
3
Feb. ’04
53
Enemies of Cloves
OS April '97
114
„ of CofLe in the S.S.
OS
„ ’91
15
%
n.
[ 16 ]
vol.
Date.
Page.
Enemies of Gambir
OS Feb.
’92
29
„ of Nutmegs
OS April
’97
106
„ of Black Pepper
os „
’97
119
Enforcement of enactments
9
Aug.
’10
339
Engkabang by, J. Hewitt
7
May
'08
173
Engkala, a new fruit, by H. N. Ridley
5
Jan.
’06
5
Enterolobium saman (rain tree)...
OS Dec.
'98
225
Entomologist, Report of (1908) ...
8
Sept.
’09
422
„ „ of (1906) ...
6
99
’07
303
Epepsoetes luscus at Castilloa ...
2
Oct.
’03
322
Epilampra deplanata on Gutta-percha
1
Nov.
*02
550
Epipremmum giganteum
OS
Dec.
’97
215
Errata
8
March ’09
1 15
Eradication of Coffee disease
OS
April
'91
7
„ of Lallang
8
Sept.
'09
448
Eriodendron anfractuosum at Batu Tiga ...
8
99
’09
441
Erionota thrax, Coconut disease
8
rf
’09
425
„ „ banana skipper
OS
May
'00
259
Erythroxylon coca
7
Aug.
’08
336
Estate mark on Plantation Rubber
8
April
’09
137
Estate sanitation by Dr. Brooke
9
Sept.
’10
366
Estates — Laying out
6
May
’07
135
„ Reports
6
Aug.
’07
256
Eucharis — Fasciation in
X
May
’ii
154
Eugenia Brasiliensis
9
March
To
85
„ Caryophyllata (Clove) ...
OS
April
’97
1 13
,, grandis as shade tree ...
„
Dec.
'98
224
Eumeta Hekmeyera
8
Sept.
'09
394
Euphorbia nereifolia as a sweetmeat
1
July
’02
389
Excoecaria agallocha
OS
Dec.
’97
214
Exhibitions see Agriculture
Exhibition lectures on Rubber ...
9
Jan.
To
12
Experiment Station
8
Sept.
’09
393
Experiments in Krian
5
May
’06
173
Experimental Plantations in F.M.S.
3
’04
162
„ „ Report on (1908)...
8
Sept.
’09
434
„ „ Report of (1907)...
7
Dec.
’08
596
„ Tapping in Botanic Gardens...
5
„
’06
439
99 99 99 »»
9
’10
237 ,
289
„ Plantations in F.M.S.
1
307
Export Telegrams Vol. I — 420 ; 488 ; 521 ;
563;
11—27; 75; II 7; i8i; 232; 295; 337; 373
III— 27569; 106; 144; 146; 183; 237; 285
321 ; 390; 426; 467; 498
IV— 22 ; 54 1 82 ; 129 ; 275 ; 321 ; 369 ; 4»5
446; 490
V— 17; 52; 90; 356; 428;
VI-6;
VII— 141; 183; 358; 416; 496; 232; 85;
[ 17 ]
Export Telegrams Vol. VIII— 24; 80; 1 17; 251 ; 300; 335 : 378 ; 537 ;
543 ; 587 ;
IX— 35; 68; 112; 155; 189; 285:402:442;
466;
„ „ X — II ; 19.
Vol.
Date.
Page.
Exports and Imports of Copra in Singapore.
8
Jan.
’09
4
Exhaustion of Wild Rubber
5
Nov.
’06
402
Extermination of rats
7
ft
’08
522
Eutypha caulivora on Rubber ...
9
To ; 217, 295, 460
Eumeces squamosus eating Rubber
8
Sept.
’09
423
F
Fagraea fragrans as shade tree
OS Dec.
’98
224
Failure— Rubber in Jamaica
9
Feb.
To
57
Fallowing and rotation of crops
OS Jan.
’95
85
Fasciation in rubber trees
9
May
To
175
„ in Eucharis
10
ft
Ti
154
Fenang of Main Trunk Line
2
Aug.
’03
245
Ferns— treatment of, by C. Curtis
OS June
’97
159
„ and their cultivation
8
June
’09
282
„ List of, in Botanic Gardens, Singapore
8
ft
’09
287
Fertilizing plants
7
Aug.
’08
33 »
Fibre H. P. Edwards
4
Feb.
’05
43
„ and Hemp Industry, by C. J. Schirmer
4
July
’05
269
„ Congress at Sourabaya in 1910,
D. T. Cramer
8
April
'09
144
„ machine — Duchemin
6
Dec.
’07
420
„ of Melochia corchorifolia ...
4
July
’05
268
„ of Nipa Palm, by Prof. W. R. Dunstan
10
Feb.
Ti
40 *
„ Zapupe, a new
8
Dec.
’09
569
Fibres, by H. N. Ridley, Vol. 4-05, pages 6, 64,
155 , 43 , 213, 311
„ at Imperial Institute
8
Nov.
’09
519
„ at Kuala Lumpur
8
Sept.
’09
440
„ of the Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley
3 -
-04;
302, 40s
„ of Gomphocarpus semilunatus
8
Dec.
'09
560
„ for Brushes
OS May
’93
„ (see Banana and Ramie) ...
Fibraurea chloroleuca as dye
OS „
’93
50
Ficus bracteata
I
’02
387. 549
FICUS ELASTICA OR RAM BONG.
Ficus elastica —
OS May
’00
250
If 11
8
Feb.
’04
44
ft ft
9
May
To
175
» „ a large
8
Nov.
’09
534
„ animal pests of ...
5
Jan.
'06
8
» „ chemical analyses of
2
’03
392
» » coagulation of, E. S. Carr ...
4
June
’05
224
[ 18 ]
Ficus elastica — coagulation of, by P. J. Burgess
„ „ cultivation of by Claud Bald
}J „ cultivation in Assam
„ „ cutting roots of
„ „ effect of arsenical & sulphur
fumes on
w „ Glyphodes actorionalis at ...
„ „ from seed
Gunda sikkim a (pest)
„ „ in Malacca
„ „ in Mexico
„ in the Mediterranean
„ „ in Selangor
in Tonkin
„ „ new publication on
„ on the Beaumont Estates, by
S. Arden ..
^ J} Parasites on
passing of
„ pests of, in Java...
„ „ Planting, by A. B. Stephens. . .
Price of rubber sent to London
„ Prof. Dunstan on
„ „ Tapping
1f „ ditto by M. Larken
„ „ Tapping, by R. Pears
n „ Tapping in Klang
„ Treatment of
Ficus suitable for shade trees
„ ditto
„ Vogelii
Fiji — coconut planting in
Firewood— experiments with, C. E. Spooner
Flood Gates, by C. A. le Doux
Flora of the Malay Peninsula, indexes to ...
Flower scents
Flower Show in Singapore
Fodder Grasses, by H. N. Ridley
Food, incidental increment of plant
Fomes semitostus, by W. J. Gallagher
in Ceylon, by T. Petch ...
” „ Mycologist’s Report
Forest Administration in Malay States
in F.M.S.
Forestry in F.M.S.
„ in Malay Peninsula
in India, by A. M. Burn Murdoch...
Formaline in treating Castilloa latex
Forms of Gambir
Vol. Date, Page.
4
Jan.
’05
18
5
July
’06
232
i—
-Sept. ’02
; 436 , 553
i
„ ’02
; 483, 484
9
Feb.
To
46
2
Jan.
’03
4
I
Sept.
’02
467
2
Feb.
’03
69
I-
—’02 ;
185. 305
I
Nov.
’02
559
5
Oct,
’06
374
l
May
’02
306
6
Feb.
’07
48
5
July
’06
230
i
Nov.
’02
551
;
May
’08
172
8
Sept.
’09
400
5
Jan.
’06
8
I
Nov.
’02
553
I
’02
557
3
Feb.
’04
48
7
April
’08
133
3
July
’04
270
4
Mar.
’05
78
I
July
’02
390
I
June
’02
352
OS Dec.
98
228
i
Oct.
’01
31
OS June
J 97
133
2
„
’03
207
I
May
’02
292
8
Mar.
’09
113
7
June
’08
230
I
June
’02
340
l
May
’02
314
2
Sept.
’03
273
I
Dec.
’02
1 17
7
Nov.
’08
518
5
April
’06
1 19
7
Dec.
’08
588
2
Oct.
’03
323
3
May
’04
165
5
July
’06
229
4
Aug.
’05
317
5
April
’06
ill
2
Sept.
’03
285
OS Feb.
’92
26
VOL.
date. I
Page.
Fourcroyas
4
Feb.
’05
43
Forsteronia gracilis
8
Feb.
*09
49
Frangipani, Fruiting of
6
May
’07
128
French Indo-China, Rubber in ...
9
Jan.
’10
4
Fruit cultivation, by H. N. Ridley
I
May
'05
298
„ transportation of
I
Dea
’01
115
Fruiting of Sciadopitys
7
July
’08
290
Fruits of Malay Peninsula, by H.N. Ridley I-
-or; 371, 429, 499, 53 *
. „ preserves ...
1
Dec.
’02
588
Fruits at BatuTiga
8
Sept.
’09
441
„ Colonial Exhibition of
6
Dec.
*o 7
424
„ History of
„ in Malaya, improvement of, by T. W.
4
Aug.
'of
3t2
Main
7
Oct.
*08
433
„ in Porto Rico
7
Aug.
’o8
335
Fungi from Penang
9
April
’10
135
„ on Coffee
3
Dec.
'04
492
„ on Para Rubber
'3
May
'04
173
„ on Rubber, by H. N. Ridley
9
Sept.
’10
380
„ on Roses
5
March *o6
68
Fungus — another (Hymenochaete)
8
July
’09
312
,, attacking Para Rubber Roots
5
March
'06
64
„ Bark on para Rubber
5
March
’06
69
„ Black Hevea
8-
09; 311, 521 , 570
„ Leaf on para rubber ...
^5
March
*o6
68
„ on Ficus elastica
5
Jan.
*06
8
„ on seedlings
5
Nov.
*06
400.
Funtumia elastica (Kicksia) Reports on
1
Dec.
’02
591
„ „ Notes on
■ 2
April
'03
136
„ „ by H.N. Ridley
6
Feb.
’07
48
analysis of
3
April
’04
130
„ ,,
8
Feb.
’°9
47
„ „ flowering in Johore
6
May
*07
127
„ „ fruiting in Perak
7
April
’o8
136
„ „ in Trinidad
2
Jan.
'03
7
„ „ Pest of
2
Nov.
■03
355
„ „ Caprinia Conchylalis at
3
Feb.
’04
52
Funtumia elastica
X
if
’ll
34
„ „ (Kicksia africana)
Furnace fumes and Vegetation, by J. B.
OS
-00, 97 ; 133
283
Carruthers
5
April
’06
1 18
Further notes on Malay Camphor
9
Aug.
'10
299
Fusicladium on Rubber, by W. J. Gallagher
7
May
’08
172
„ „ by H. N. Ridley ...
7
Oct.
*o8
441
G
Gadung
10
March
Ti
73
Gale-effect of, on Para Rubber ...
8
July
’09
322
VOL.
DATE.
PAGE-
Gallagher W. J. — appointment of
6
June
'07
i n
Gambir, by H. N. Ridley
OS
Feb.
'92
20
„ disease of
1
May
'02
314
k „ Improvements in the manufacture of 8
July
'09
312
History of
4
Aug.
’05
30s
Garcinia Merguensis
7
Feb.
’08
40
Geographical distribution of Castilloa
6
Jan.
’07
3
German East Africa, report (1900) by A. C. Hollis 1
April
'02
268
„ Colonial enterprise
1—02;
83 & 346
Germination of hard seeds
9
Jan.
'10
5
Getah-Grip from Pulau Jerajah, by R. Derry 8
Sept.
'08
391
Getah Jelutong from Sarawak ...
3
Feb.
*04
48*
Ginger — Cultivation and preparation
OS April
’97
126
„ — black-rot disease
I
June
'02
345
,, — Stems as paper
OS Jan.
’95
87
„ —preserved
• * * ft
April
'97
127
Girth of trees-method of measuring, by J. B.
Carruthers
6
Dec.
'07
420
Girth instrument for measuring, by P. J. Burgess 5
Nov.
’06
394
Gloriosa superba — as poison
OS
Dec.
'98
218-
Glycine hispid a
4
Feb.
’05
49
„ soja (Soy bean)
10
June
'11
186
Glyphodes Actorionalis
2
Jan.
'03
4
Gnetum edute
OS
Dec.
’98
216
s Gnetum
4
June
’05
216
Gomphocarpus semilunatus
8
Dec.
'09
560
Gourds— varieties
OS
’98
19a
Gow, Wilson and Stanton's report Vol.
IV— 05, 484
Do. do. do. ,,
V— 06, 10; 45;
84;
120;
156
; 209;
254;
287;
358 ;
3S3:
; 412
Do. do. do. „
VI— 07, 56; 1 13;
141;
180;
217
; 259; 312;
358;
39i;
428;
Do. do. do. „
VII— 08, 16; 67; 1 17;
146;
185
; 234;
294;
360;
417
; 490;
556;
632;
Do. do. do. „
VIII— 09, 25 ; 35 ;
82;
118;
174;
179; 33i
Do. do. do. „
X— II, page 30
Gramatophyllum speciosum, with plates
4
May
’05
141
„ „ late flowering of 6
Feb.
'07
49
Grasses other than Lallang
OS
Jan.
’95
82
,, Turf and Fodder
2
Sept.
’03
273
Green manuring Rubber Trees ...
9
„
To
391
Growth of Forest trees, by A. Burn-Murdoch 7
'08
386
„ „ „ effect of light
on,
by S. Arden
2
Nov.
’03
352
Growth of Manicoba trees in Malay Peninsula 8
„
’09
522
Guava Jelly, by Mrs. Gunn
Guayule rubber
Gum Benjamin
Gunda Sikkima (Rambong pest)
Gutta Gerip in Pulau Jerajah, by R. Derry ...
Gutta Jelutong
„ „ by R. Derry
Gutta-percha — by A. Burn-Murdoch
at Tjepetir, Java
Dr. Sherman’s researches and
report
Dutch Plantations' of
extraction from leaves
VOL.
1
5
8
6
10
2
7
1
8
3
4
2
1
2
I
Date. Page.
Oct. ’02 519
06; 39; 62
Feb. 09 52
07 ; 29 & 385
Jan. ’ll 12
Feb. ’03 69
Sept. ’08 391
Feb. ’02 188
’09 244
’04 269
’05 33
’03 312
May
July
Feb.
Oct.
02; 83 & 263
Oct.
Jan.
*03 312
’02 153
by P. Dunstan 3 April ’04 128
exports from Sarawak
Gentschos’ new
growth of
in Ceylon
in French Indo-China
1
2
7
1
1
’02 266
June ’03 205
08; 389 & 481
Dec. ’02 581
Nov. ’01 83
in Malacca
I
02; 185 & 305
in New Guinea
I
April
’02
275
in Penang, by C. Curds
I
March
’02
220
in Philippines
2
Nov.
’03
367
„ by Dr. Sherman
3
May
’04
168
in Saigon
3
Aug.
’04
309
insects attacking
1
Nov.
’02
550
Lonchodes brevipes attacking
1
ft
’02
551
methods of extraction
4
Feb.
’05
37
moth
OS May
’00
268
notes on
2
July
’03
226
l— Pest, “Rhodoneura”
6
Aug.
’07
245
report of samples from S.S.
at the Imperial Institute...
3
April
’04
121
Malay Peninsula, by H. N. Ridley
5
March
’06
6l
H
Haddon’s Produce letter, Vol. VII— ’08, 353 ; 498 ; 568 ; 630
” » » » VIII— ’09, 29 ; 87 ; 121 ; 172 ; 249 ; 298 ;
328 ; 376 ; 456 ; 527 ; 586
„ IX— ’10, 31 ; 66
Hail in the Malay Peninsula ... ... 3 May ’04 169
„ in Ulu Langat, by C. W. Harrison 3 March ’04 101
Hailstorm in Singapore ... ... 8 July ’09 320
Hancornia speciosa ... ... OS June ’9 7 133
[ 22 ]
Hancornia speciosa
Hard seeds, germination of
Hawaii— Agriculture and Forestry in
Hevea brasiliensis
„ „ abnormalities in stem of
„ „ Capsules gathering, by
G. Welman
„ „ Early fruiting of
„ „ Enemies of
„ „ Seed, oil of
„ „ Seed, weight of
„ „ Tapping patterns, by
C. B. Kloss
tt „ Transmission of seed ...
Vitality of seed
„ Wind twist in
„ „ Yield of rubber
(See also Para Rubber)
Hats — Pandan
Health on Estates
Heliconias, by H. N. Ridley
Hemileia vastatrix •
Hemp and Fibre Industry, by C. J. Schirmer
Henna (Lawsonia inermis, L.) ...
Herbarium in Botanic Gardens ...
Herbs, culture of
Hibiscus esculentus (Okra)
„ tiliaceus, “Baru”
„ vars for fibre
History of Gambir
„ Gardens of the Peninsula
„ Nutmegs
,, Sago Palm
Historical notes on Rubber Industry
High price of rubber
Hosea Lobbiana
Humus producing animals
Hydrocotyle asiatica (as Stomachic)
Hydrocyanic acids in plants
Hymenochmte
noxia on Rubber ...
I
Immigration Fund Enactment
Imperata arundinacea
>i *> “■
„ eradication of
VOL.
DATE.
PAGE.
8
Feb.
’09
49
9
Jan.
To
5
10
July
’n
219
OS
June
’97
134
6
’07
157
6
May
’07
134
6
June
’07
176
6
Aug.
’07
251
6
June
’07
1 77
6
Nov.
’07
384
6
Nov.
’07
387
6
May
’07
138
6
,,
’07
132
6
June
’07
160
6
Sept.
’07
281
5
Aug.
’06
263
8
Sept.
’09
408
7
April
’08
129
OS
,,
’91
2
4
July
’05
269
OS
May
’93
50
6
Oct.
’07
329
OS
Dec.
’98
183
„
’98
197
4
July
’05
272
4
April
’05
156
OS
Feb.
’92
22
9
March
To
100
OS
April
’96
99
99
Jan.
’95
65
9
June
To
201
5
Jan.
’06
8
9
March
To
106
OS
Jan.
’95
77
5
June
’06
201
6
Sept.
’07
3ii
8
July
’09
312
9
Nov.
To
461
8
Jan.
’09
9
OS
Feb.
’92
27
7
08;
177 &
585
8
Sept.
’09
448
[ 23 ]
Vol. Date. Page.
Imperata cylindrica
OS
Jan.
’95
73
(Lallang for paper)
9
March
’10
85
„ as a paper material
6
Nov.
’07
379
Imperial Institute
2
99
’03
369
„ work of
5
99
’06
398
work of
8
99
’09
5i8
Imports and Exports of Copra in Singapore
8
Jan.
’09
4
Improvements in Dairy Cow, by T. W. Main
7
Oct.
’08
437
Improvements in Fruits, by T. W. Main ...
7
99
’08
433
Improvements in the Manufacture of Gambir
8
July
’09
312
Imported Sago to Singapore (raw)
OS
Jan.
’95
68
Imperial Institute on Cotton from Baram ...
8
Oct.
’09
471
Indexes to Malay Flora
7
Tune
’08
230
INDIA RUBBER, (See Ficus Elastica).
India rubber Manufacturers Association
4
Dec.
’05
477
India Rubber Market Reports Vol. V — 06, 10
; 45
; 120;
[56;
209;
2545 287
38;
1; 412;
417
419
India rubber market for 1905
5
Feb.
'06
40
Indigo, History of, by H. N. Ridley
4
Aug.
’05
306
Indigo cultivation diseases and injuries
OS
May
’93
44
„ cultivation in Singapore
99
Jan.
’95
87
„ natural
2
Sept.
’03
286
„ Trade of in Marseilles and Lyons ...
I
Jan.
’02
146
Indigofera tinctoria ' ...
OS
May
’93
44
Infection of leaves in Coffee disease
•I
April
’91
4
Injurious Fungi
99
May
’00
284
Insecticides
2
July
’03
229
Insect notes
2
Jan.
’03
4
„ pests — all about
OS
May
’00
252
„ „ general treatment of
I
Nov.
’01
64
„ „ on Gutta-percha and Cannas...
I
’02
550
„ „ (see also White Ants).
Insects destroyed by luminous snares-
2
Aug.
’03
261
Introduction of new Agricultural Products...
2
Oct.
’03
333
Instructions to Managers on Rubber Estates
9
Sept.
’10
369
International and Allied Trades Exhibition
8
Feb.
’09
39
99 99 99 99
9
March
’10
no
Introduction of Para into F.MS.
2
03
2,
& 61
Ipecacuanha, by H. N. Ridley ...
7
April
’08
134
„ cultivation of, E. M. Holmes
8
Aug.
’09
363
,, prices
OS
Jan.
’95
88
„ root analysis, by M.G.S. Blake
8
Aug.
’09
364
Ipoh (Antiaris toxicaria)
OS
Dec.
’98
201
Isoptera borneensis
4
June
’05
219
99 99
7
May
’08
174
Ixonanthes icosandra, juice used in harden-
ingjelutong
3
March
’04
91
%
[ 24 ]
J
Vol.
Date.
Page.
Jamaica Rubber — a failure in
9
Feb.
'10
57
Jacaranda mimosaefolia as shade tree
OS
Dec.
’98
226
Jatropa urens (rubber producing)
9
May
’10
188
Java Grass oil
10
March ’ll
7i
Jelebu-Land administration in ...
8
May
’09
224
Jelutong — “Pagar Anak ” used in hardening 3
March ’04
9i
„ preparing of
2
June
’03
191
„ from Sarawak
3
Feb.
’04
48
„ gutta
i
Feb.
’02
188
Jelutong (see Dyera)
Jeringu (Acorus calamus), use of
3
May
’04
178
Journal of Cooper Research Laboratory
8
July
’09
325
Johore Planters’ Association
7
Sept.
’08
408
Justicia Gendarusa, Remedy for snakebite ... 8
July
’09
323
K
Kabong Sugar, by T. W. Main . . .
7
July
’08
266
Kadok — Piper longum
OS April
’97
323
Kapar District Planters’ Association
7
June
'01
22s
tt tf t* »»
9
Jmi.
’10
30
Kapok as a textile
9
June
’10
215
Karatas plumieri — the Mexican Fibre
4
Jan.
’os
7
Keeping land clear of weeds
2
Aug.
’03
248
Kelantan — Agriculture in
7
July
’08
283
„ District Planters’ Association ... 9
April
’10
149
„ Meteorological reports Vol.
VIII— 09, 35; 94;
191;
256;
306; 339
462
512
Kelantan Meteorological Reports, Vol.
I — ’02, None
yt tt it >f
III— ’04, 247; 296; 329;
403 ;
439
501
9t tt a a
IV — ’05, 31 ; 61 ;
95;
138;
246;
284;
330;
378 ;
420
; 455
507
tt a if 99
t V— ’06, 25; 54;
102 ;
130;
182
; 220
391
tt ft a 99
VI— ’07, 156; 239; 272;
372;
413
438
t* tt if a
VII— ’08, 30; 38;
128;
251;
305 ;
381;
429;
512;
574;
646
„ VIII ’09, 35; 94;
I 9 i;
256;
306;
339; 462;
512;
549
603
tr tt **
IX — ’10, 44
; 76;
128;
162 ;
tf • ' '
198
235
tt it 99 99
X— ’ll, 23; 58;
134;
176 ;
201 ;
230;
273;
315 ;
340;
372;
399
[ 25 ]
VOL.
Date. Page.
Khartoum, Report of Wellcome Laboratories
8
July
’09
318
Kinds of Rubber
OS
June
’97
132
King, Sir George— Obituary
8
April
’09
169
Kinta— Land administration in ...
8
May
’09
216
Kicksia africana
OS
June
’97
33
if fl
OS
May
’00
283
Knife— new tapping
8
May
’09
245
Koalatex in coagulation, Lehmann and Voss
5
July
’06
243
Krian— experiments at
5
May
’06
173
„ irrigation canal, opening
5
Aug.
’06
283
Kuala Lipis, Land administration in
8
May
’09
229
Kuala Kangsar „ „
8
„
’09
215
Kuala Pilah „ „
8
„
’09
227
Kuala Selangor „ „
8
„
’09
221
Kuala Langat District Planters’ Association
8
Nov.
’09
524
Kuala Trengganu Dt. „ „
8
Dec.
’09
605
„ „ Rainfall Vol. IX — 10,
45; 79 ; 129;
164;
200
Kuala Selangor Planters’ Association
7— June ’08
221, 293
Kuantan, Land Administration in
8
May
’09
230
Kumus (Shorea ciliata), by H. N. Ridley ...
4
March
’05
63
L
Laboratory — Journal of Cooper Research ...
8
July
’09
325
Labour — Circular to employers ...
1
April
’02
276
„ in the Malay Peninsula
8
Sept.
09
409
question in the F.M.S. ...
5
— ’06
; 159, 239
„ on supply
I
Nov.
’02
544
„ (see also Association reports)
7
if
’08
545
Lachnosterna sp. (Brown chafer at Sugar)
OS June
’97
144
Lagos — silk Rubber in Trinidad
2
Jan.
’03
7
Lallang as a paper material
OS Jan.
’95
86
„ „ „
6
Nov.
’07
379
„ „ „ by Clayton Beadle 7
—’08
; 1 77 , 585
„ grass in paper-making ...
9
Mar.
’10
85
„ eradication of
8
Sept.
’09
448
„ eradication of
6
Sept.
’07
294
„ Soil
OS Jan.
’95
74
„ reclamation of Land
7
Oct.
’08
450
„ Comparison with other Grasses
OS Jan.
’95
82
Land and Agriculture
9,
—’10; 319, 323
Land Laws of the F.M.S., by R. G. Watson
8
May
’09
195
Landolphias
OS May
’00
243
„ vars of
8
Feb.
’09
47
„ Heudelotii
9
99
’10
53
Laportea crenulata
O?
Dec.
’98
213
» „ by H. Furnival
4
May
’05
163
Larut and Krian — Land Laws for, etc
8
99
’09
213
Large Soursop
9
Nov.
’10
464
[ 26 ]
Vol. Date
Latex — collecting ■ 1
„ mechanical preparation of ■ 7 Au £-
„ new method of coagulating ... 8 Mar.
M pricking rubber trees for ... 9 J an -
M significance of ... 7 »>
(See also Under Para Rubber, Dyera, etc).
Lawns, by T. W. Main
Lawsonia inermis (Henna)
Leaf fungus on Para Rubber
Lecanium Coffeae
Lemon Grass Oil
„ ,i »*
Leptocorisa acuta— rice sapper ...
Leuconotis— description of
eugeniifolius
eugeniifolius
eugeniifolius
Griffithii
Lewis & Peats Rubber Report
„ ” 99
f , »* »»
f9 >1 » ,f
Life History of Termes Gestroi...
Life — plant and disease, by W. J. Gallagher
Light, effect of, on growth of trees
Liberia— rubber in
Lime preserves, by L. E. Bland ...
Liquid Fungicides for rubber diseases
List of Climbers (ornamental) ...
List of Ferns in Botanical Gardens, Singapore
List of Plants suitable for baskets
List of Plants used in Dart-poison
List of shade trees
List of Prize winners at Show, 1909
Litsea persella, by H. N. Ridley...
Local Flower-pot making, by J. W. A.
Lanchodes brevipes attacking Gutta-percha
Long distance and transportation of seeds...
Pepper (Piper officinarum)
Lophopetalum pallidum
Low, Sir Hugh— Obituary
8 Dec.
OS May
3 Aug.
OS April
OS Dec.
5 Aug.
OS May
OS May
9 Feb.
8 Feb.
OS May
OS May
7
6—07, 54;
8—09, 379;
x— 11, 81 ;
5 April
7 Jany.
2 Nov.
9 Jany.
2 Jany.
9 Sept.
10 April
8 June
OS June
03 Dec.
OS Dec.
8 Oct.
5 Jany.
9 Nov.
1 Nov.
2 Jany.
OS April
OS Dec.
4 June
M
Macaranga hypoleuca in Gambir manufacture OS Feb.
Maize (Jagong) - . - * c ‘.
Making and application of Bordeaux mixture 9 A P‘
Malacca Cane
’02
’08
'09
’10
’08
’09
’ 93
’04
’91
’98
’06
’00
’00
’10
’09
’oo
*01
’08
65;
’06
’08
’03
’10
’03
’10
’ii
’09
’97
’98
’98
’09
’06
’io
’02
’03
’97
’98
’05
'92
’98
’io
’03
PAGE.
382
352
no-
il
13
557
50
308
16
231
282
272
245
54
30
245
245
63
140 ;
107
9
352
3
22
382
97
287
162
200
224
491
6
460
55t
5
122
210
239
32
197
138
134
[ 2 7 ]
VOL
Date.
Page.
Malacca Horticultural show
1
Sep.
’02
480
Malay Camphor
9
Aug.
’10
297
,, Drugs, by H. N. Ridley ...
5 -
-’06; 193, 245
, 269
„ Medical Journal
10
June
Ti
[89
,, Peninsula — Agriculture in 1902
2
July
’03
21 1
„ Introduction of Para Rubber
2
Jan.
’03
2
„ Ramie Company
7
Feb.
’08
51
„ Timbers and Guttas
5
Mar.
f o6
6l
„ Varnish
7
Feb.
’08
40
Malarial Fever
6
Mar.
’07
76
Malaria and Cofteebean Husks ...
1
’02
510
Malacca Meteorological Reports Vol. 5 — ’06
; 22;
55 ; 96;
125 ;
177;
299;
364 ; 388
; 433
;478
I— ’02, 39; 91; 130; 167; 205
241 ; 284; 322; 360; 423
494 ; 567; 612
„ „ n—03, 35; 83; 124; 239; 302
342 ; 378; 416
» » HI— ’04, 33 ; 74 ; 151 ; 189 ; 242
290 ; 325 ; 395 ; 433
IV— '05, 27; 88; 134; 247; 280
326; 374; 410; 451; 500
» » V— ’06, 22; 55; 96; 125; 1 77
299 ; 364 ; 388 ; 433; 478
» .» VI— ’07, 120 ; 187 ; 192 ; 234 ; 270
326 ; 368 ; 434
„ „ VII— ’08, 26 ; 34 ;
>> „ X — ’ll. None.
Malacca, extract of Report for the year 1910
Managers and Assistants, instructions to ...
Management of Exhibitions, by G. A. Hall...
Mangifera indica as a shade tree
Mango borer
ff trees— pest of, by J. Hewitt
Mangroves in the Bindings, by R. Scott
tt .» by H. Furnival
Manicoba Rubbers
„ (see under Manihot)
Manihot dichotoma
„ dichotoma
„ Glaziovii
„ Glaziovii experiments in extraction
of Latex
„ Glaziovii
„ Glaziovii
„ Piauhyensis
„ Piauhyensis
»» effect of nitrate of soda on flow of
latex of
X July
Ti
213
9 Sept.
*10
369
5
’06
352
OS Dec.
’98
228
OS 93 &
’no
4 Oct.
’05
399
4 April
’05
124
4 Jan.
’05
3
ol. 8 — 09, 5 ;
436 ;
522
8—09, 5 & 522
9 Aug.
8—09, 42;
’10
326
X Dec.
Ti
382
OS June
’97
134
9 Feb.
To
56
8 Jan.
’09
5
8 Nov.
’09
522
9 June
To
219
[ 28 ]
Manufacture of Gambir
„ Oil or Attar from Patchouli
Manure for Nutmegs
Manuring Para Rubber
Marcottage — an improved method, bvC. Curtis
Market Reports, Vol.
Vol. Date, Page.
OS Feb. ’92 3t
OS May ’93 54
OS April ’97 102
2 Nov. ’03 351
I Oct. ’02 503
I—02, 33; 85; 125; 158; 196; 235; 279; 316;
352; 4U; 488; 521
„ „ „ II—03, 25 ; 73 ; 1 13 ; 180 ; 231 ; 293 ; 336; 372
„ „ „ III— ’04 ; 26 ; 68 ; 105 ; 143 ; 184 ; 236 ; 284 ; 38Q;
424 ; 465 ; 497
„ „ » IV— ’05; 21; 53; 81 ; 128; 243; 274; 320; 368;
404; 445 ; 488
„ » „ V— ’o 3 ; 15; 20; 51; 93 ; 355 ; 427; 431
„ „ „ VI— ’07; no
„ „ „ VII—’ ’08; 84; 140; 231 ; 356 5425 ; 489; 555
„ „ „ VIII— '09; 23; 78; 1 16; 258 5309; 343; 390; 528;
543; 593
„ ,, „ IX— ’10; 38; 7r; IIS; 157; 191; 287; 400; 468
X— ’ll ; 21
Marks on Estate Plantation Rubber
Marsdenia tinctoria in dyeing
Mascarenhasia elastica
Materia Medica — notes on
Medical management of coolies by Dr Garrard
Medical Report
“Megass” in Paper-making
Melastoma polyanthum in dyeing
Melon — large Indian
Melochia corchorifolia — fibre of
Melodinus orientalis
8 April
OS May
8 Feb.
X May
June
’09 137
’93 50
’09 48
’ll 154
6 June ’07 161
6 March ’07 71
9 March ’10 117
9 March ’JO 90
OS May ’93 50
1 Nov. ’02 548
4 July
05 May
8 Feb.
8 Feb.
’05 268
’00 245
’09 50
’09 109
Memorandum on “Sesamum” in Krian
Meteorological Report ...Vol. I — 02; 36; 87; 127; 164; 204; 233; 282;
320; 356 5422 5492; 525; 565
„ „ „ 11—03; 33 ; 81 ; 122; 1 50; 185 ; 237 ; 267;
300 ; 340; 376
„ „ „ III— 04; 30; 72; 109; 148; 186; 187; 240;
288 ; 297 ; 431 ; 342 ; 393 ; 4/o ; 498
„ „ „ IIII — 05; 20; 25; 52; 57; 80; 85; 127; 132;
165; 246; 278; 324; 367; 372; 403; 408;
444; 449; 487; 496
„ „ „ V— 06; 27; 54; 94; 131; 174; 183; 413; 214;
362; 386
„ „ „ VIII — Op; 32
X— II; 221
Methods of preparing Sago
„ exterminating Tenr.es Gestroi ...
OS Jan. ’95 67
8 March ’09 99
[ 29 ]
J
\
)
VOL.
Date
Page.
Milk, composition of (cow and buffalo)
8
Jan.
’09
15
Micrandra siphonoides
8
Feb.
’09
44
Mikania scandens, by M. Kelway Bamber
8
June
’09
262
Mi musops Elengi— seeds of
5
Jan.
’06
3
„ „ as shade tree
OS Dec.
’98
228
Mimosa pudica at Batu Tiga
8
9 f
’09
416
445
99 If
7
Nov.
’08
540
Mining Land — reclaiming
2
Feb.
’03
63
Minutes of Meetings of Planters’
Association of Malaya, Vol. VIII— 09; 62; 145; 267; 366; 476; 576
IX— 10; 23; 146; 221; 33O; 393
VII— 08; 269; 395; 482; 615
Minyak Tengkawang
4
June
’05
219
Miquelia cordata
OS
Dec.
’98
209
Missouri Botanic Gardens
9
May
’10
188
Mistletoes on Nutmegs
OS
'96
94
Mites on Rubber
...
9
Aug.
’10
296
Monthly returns of Rubber
. . .
9
Aug.
’10
351
More Rubber producing plants ...
9
May
’10
187
Moringa pterygosperma — Horse radish
tree
OS
Dec.
'98
186
Mosquito Plant (Ocimum viride)
...
2—’
03; 196
■» 313
, 165
3
Jan.
’04
24
Murva fibre (Sansevieria zeylanica)
2
’03
; 220,
■ 246
Musa textilis as a catch crop
. . .
8
March
’09
105
„ paradisiaca for paper
. . 4
6
Nov.
’07
382
„ sumatrana (wild plantain)
OS
May
’93
59
Mushrooms
OS
Dec.
’98
198
Mussaenda erythrophylla
8
March
’09
1 14
Mussaendopsis Beccaria
6
June
’07
170
Myristica fragrans
OS
April
’97
98
Mycologist— Report of, for 1908
8
Sept.
’09
419
Muar Meteorological Reports Vol. I-
-’02,
364; 427; 498;
530 ;
575 ;
616
„ „ „ „ II-
-’ 03 ,
39; 87
; 128;
155 ;
190 ;
242, 271; 308; 344; 384; 419
„ ill— ’04, 36; 79 ; ii 7 ; 157 ; 194;
295; 402; 438; 503.
>* VI— ’05, 30; 60; 94; 137; 248;
283; 329; 377 ; 489; 454 ; 506
N
Native Rubbers of Malay Peninsula
Nature of Soils as affecting abundance of
Termes Gestroi
Natural Indigo
Negri Sembilan Planters’ Association
OS
May
’00
239
8
March
’09
99
2
Sept.
’03
286
7
—
’08
552
1
—
’02
409
%
99
[ 30 ]
Negri Sembilan Meteorological Reports, Vol.
I — ’02 none
II— ’03, 413
III— ’04, 76;ii5; 155 ;
192 ; 246
IV— ’05, 127; 253; 3 19;
367 ; 403 ; 444 : 4 87
V— ’06, 15; 174:258;
366; 426; 473
VI— ’07, 124
VII — ’08, 573: 647
VIII— ’09, 36 ; 95 ; 129 ;
189; 255; 304;
340; 382; 464;
513; 546; 599
IX— ’10, 42 ; 74 : 124;
160; 194; 231
X— ’i i, 24; 180; 227;
274; 316; 34i;
373 : 398
Vol. Date. Page.
Negri Sembilan, Administration of Land in
Negros, Sugar Planting in
Nephopteryx sagittiferella (Pumelo moth) ...
Nest of Termes malayanus with many Queens
Netherlands Indian Agricultural Association
New Literature in Rubber
„ Rubber Journal
„ Tool for Tapping Para Rubber
„ Fungus pest on Para Rubber
„ Use for Jelutong Rubber ...
Ngai Camphor
Nipa Palm, Fibre of, by Prof. W. R. Dunstan
Nitrate of Soda, effect on flow of latex
Nitrogen, Fixation of
Nitrogenous plants- ■■■
Nonagraria inferens attacking Padi
» » » ”
Note on Peat Soil
Note on recent fungus literature
Notes on Angsana tree in Penang (disease)
„ cultivation of pot plants
„ cultivation of Hevea Brasiliensis
„ Ipecacuanha cultivation
„ Soils and Lallang Grass
„ Sugar cultivation
Notice to subscribers of Bulletin
Nutmeg beetles (Scolytidae)
„ butter
cultivation in Singapore, by R. Little
„ enemies of blight, etc.
8
May
’09
223
9
Nov.
’10
465
OS May
’00
267
9
Jan.
To
13
8
Dec.
’09
566
9
Feb.
To
62
9
Jan.
To
4
2
Oct.
’03
330
8
July
’09
310
8
April
’09
139
OS May
’93
55
10
Feb.
Ti
40
9
June
To
219
6
Oct.
’07
334
2
Sept.
’03
288
6
1 J
’07
306
8
’09
426
9
Jan.
To
1
9
Nov.
To
456
9
Feb.
To
133
OS June
’97
150
9
July
To
256
8
Aug.
’09
363
OS Jan.
’95
73
OS June
’97
141
5
Jan.
’06
10
OS —’00; 269, 91
OS April ’97 HI
7 July ’08 257
OS— April ’97 : 106, 109
31 ]
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Nutmeg seed, selection of
OS April
-’97
101
„ Preserves, by L. E. Bland
2
Jan.
’03
22
Nutmegs— beetles injurious to ...
OS April
’97
1 12
„ History, cultivation, etc.
OS
’97
98
„ products of tree
OS
’97
no
„ Report on, by H. N. Ridley
OS May
’96
9 i
Nutrition of Plants, by T. W. Main
7
Dec.
’08
581
0
Obituary notice- — Sir H. Low
4
June.,
’05
239
„ Dr. C. Weber ...
4
April
’05
123
„ Dr. M. Greshoff
9
March
’10
109
,, Sir George King
8
April
’09
169
„ Mr. A. D. Machado
9
Aug.
To
328
,, Mr. A. B. Stephens
7
Feb.
'08
66
,, Mr. J. B. Carruthers
9
Aug.
"to
329
Ociiimm viride — mosquito plant
2
’03; 196 & 313
„ „ by H. N. Ridley
3
J ai V
’04
24
„ basilicum
OS
May
’ 93 -
54
Oil Grasses
6
May
’07
129
Oil Palm
6
Feb.
’07
37
Oils— Volatile, by H. N. Ridley ...
I
June
’02
335
„ Java Grass Oil
10
March
Ti
71
Onions and Leeks
OS
Dec.
'98'
193
Opium substitute
7
Feb.
’08
40
Orchids — treatment of, by C. Curtis
OS June
’97
t 57
„ cultivation of, by C. Curtis
1
Dec.
’02,
586 :
Ordinance, Pests
7
Dec.
’cS
613
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, by T. W. Main
7 ■
Aug,
’08
3 ii
„ Climbers, by J. W. Anderson
...
10
April
Ti
89
Oryctes rhinoceros in Perak
3
J«L
’04
18
Other Dye Plants
OS May
’93
50
„ Malay Poisons
OS Dec.
’97
217
„ Diseases of Nutmegs
OS
May
’96
93
,, Enemies of Nutmegs
OS April
’97
109
„ Sago producing plants ...
. . .
OS Jan.
’95
70
„ Uses of Sago Palm
OS Jan.
’95
70
Ophiusa Melicerte — Castor-oil Pest
...
3
Jan.
’04
22
Packing Durian Seeds for export
Rubber
Padi borer— Chilo sp.,
„ fields, extermination of rats in
„ and its relation to Beri-Beri
„ Experiments in Krian
by L. Lew ton Brain
8 Mar. '09 107
5 March *06 83
03 May ’00 268
. 7 '08, 92 & 522
8 Oct. ’09 472
7 Nov. ’08 529
10 Oct. ’ii 322
J J
VOL.
Date.
Page.
[ 32 ]
Padi pest — Kuang 6 ^ept. 07 304
„ pests, by H. C. Pratt ... 8 Sept. '09 426
„ Experiments at Krian, 1908 8 Sept. ’09 396
Pahang Meteor. Reports Vol. 3 — 04 ; 35 5 77 ; * 56 ; 193 5 2 45 > 2 93 r
328; 398 ; 436 ; 504
I— ’02; 42 ; 94 ; 133; 1/0; 208 ; 244 ; 287 ;
325 ; 363 ; 426 ; 497 ; 529 ; 570 & 615
„ IV— ’05 ; 93 ; 136; 413 ; 505 ; 116
„ V— ’06; 100; 128; 180; 218; 305; 390; 436;
481
127
VII— ’08; 29;
VIII— ’09; 34 ; 93
IX— ’10 ;
X— ’ll,
43 ;
59 ;
75 ;
137
Pahang, Land Administration in
Pahang Report
Papaya culture
Pagar-Anak Tree, use in hardening Jelutong
Palaquium— disease of seedlings of. by Keith
Bancroft
Palacjuium Gutta, Pests of
„ obovatum and others
Palmetum, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, by
T. W. Main
Palms, Collection and cultivation of
„ List of, cultivated in Bot. Gdt s., S’pore
„ new, introduction of
„ treatment of, by C. Curtis
Pandan Fibre and Mat Bags
Pandans, by H. Ni Ridley
Pandan Hats
Paper-Making- Megass ” in ...
Paper stuff (Lalang)
Papilio Erithonius-caterpillar ...
Papua, Coconut planting in
Parassa lepida on Coffee
Parasitic fungus on Roses
Paspalum dilitatum
grass, by B. Harrison...
Parameria polyneura
Parthenium argentatu n
Palaquium Gutta, by A. Buru-Murdoch ...
i’assilora foetid . 1
„ foetida, at Batu Tiga ..
195;
324;
327 ;
37 i;
377 ;
; 412
; 437
156 ;
250;
307;
380;
427
513:
; 577 :
; 648
128;
193 ; :
257;
305 ;
r ; 386
• ; 465 ;
; 545
: 602
22 ; 195 ; 232 ; 288
177 ;
198 ;
226;
343 ;
375
; 397
8
May
’09
228
9
July
’10
288
10
May
’ii
152
3
March ’04
91
10
April
’11
108
6
Aug.
’07
244
5
March ’06
62
8
Sept.
’09
455
3
July
’04
249
3
July
’04
2=i9
5
Jan.
’06
6
OS
June
’97
158
3
Oct.
’04
405
6
Aug.
’07
241
5
„
’06
263
9
Mar.
’10
90
OS
Jan.
’95
86
OS
May
’00
259
7
Aug.
’08
339
OS
May
’00
266
5
March ’06
68
5
April
’06
113
6
June
’07
177
CS
May
’97
248
6
Jan.
’07
29.
4
Feb.
’05
34
8
June
’09
262
8
’09 415 - 447 ”
[ 33 ]
VOL.
Date.
PAGE.
Patchouli, all about, with prices, etc
OS May
'93
52
7
June
’08
196
„ Oil, Report on, by Prof. W Dunstan
4
Oct.
'05
394
Payena-vars. for Gutta
5
March
’06
62
Peat formation
8
Dec.
’09
570
„ soil
8-
-’09 ; 469,
516, 570
soil, coconuts in
9
June
’10
214
„ soil note
9
Jan.
’10
l
„ soils
9
Oct.
’to
438
Pekan, Land Administration in ...
8
May
’09
231
Peliosanthes violacea var. Clarkei
9
March ’10
105
Penang, Abolition og Gardens of
9
’10
97
„ Agri-Horti. Show, 1909
9
Jan.
’10
15
„ Annual Report, 1906 ...
6
April
’07
104
Meteor. Report, Vol. I— ’ 02 , 38; 90 ; 129; 166 ; 204; 240;
283; 321 ; 359 ; 422 ; 493 ; 526;
566; 610
„ „ II— ’03, 34 ; 82 ; 123 ; 15 1 ; 1 86 ; 238 ; 269 ; 301 ;
34 i; 377 J 415
„ „ III— ’04; 31; 73; III ; 150; 188'; 241 ; 2895324;
33 i; 394 ; 432 ; 505
„ ,, IV— ’05 ; 26 ; 57 ; 87 ; 133 ; 249 ; 279 ; 325 ; 373 ;
409; 450; 498
» ,1 V— ’06; 21; 56; 95; 124; 176; 215; 301; 362;
387; 432 ; 47
» » VI— ’07 ; 152 ; 188 ; 235 ; 367 ; 409
» » VII — ’08 ; 25 ; 32 ; 123 ; 153 ; 372; 428; 507; 576 ;
649
„ „ VIII— '09 ; 33 ; 90 ; 126 ; 187 ; 253 ; 261 ; 303 ; 338 ;
383; 459; 514; 548; 601
IX— 1 'io ; 41; 73; 121; 159; 193 ; 199; 230
X— ’ll; 22; 57; 133
Pentaspodon Motleyi (oil)
7
May
’08
175
Pepper— cultivation of Black
OS April
’97
1 18
,, enemies of
OS April
’97
1 19
„ in Sarawak, by J. Hewitt
7
June
’08
189
„ new disease of
10
Oct.
'll
320
„ plants attacked by Caterpillars ...
3
Mar.
’04
101.
„ Trang, by R. Derry
8
May
’09
240
„ variation in flower of black
8
>>
’09
244
Perak — Agricultural Progress in
9
Jan.
’10
5
„ Land Laws for, etc.
8
May
’09
212
„ Meteor. Reports, Vol. I — ’02 ; 40 ; 92 ;
131; 168;
206;
242;
285; 323; 36.1; 424 5 495 ; 527;
568; 613
» 11—03; 36; 84; 125; 152; 187; 240;
303; 380; 417
„ III— ’04; 33; 1 12; 153; 190; 243 5291;
326; 396; 4344 506
[ 34 ]
Voi . Date. Page.
Perak— Meteor. Reports, Vol. IV — *05 ; 28; 58; QO; 135 ; 250; 281;
327 ; 375 ; ; 452; 50
„ V— ’06; 23; 57 ; 98; 126; 178; 216;
303 ; 363 ; 434 ; 479
„ VI— ’o;; 153’ 190; 238; 321; 325; 370;
376; 411 ; 435
„ VII— ’08; 27; 126; 154; 248; 306; 377;
” 426; 508; 575 ; 6 5 <>
, VIII— ’09; 32; 91; 12 7; 188; 302; 385;
461; 511; 547 ; 596
IX— ’io ; 40 ; 126 ; 163 ; 196 ; 233
„ X — ’ll ; 25; 63; 87; 135 ; 179 ; 202;
229; 275; 3i7; 342 ; 374 ; 396
Pefetrophe tinctoria as Dye
Personal, T. W. Main's Appointment
Pests— of Sugar-Cane
„ some insect
„ New Ordinance
,, Legislation against dissemination of
Pjhaseol us 1 u n atus — poisonous ...
Philippines— Distilled Spirit Industry
Phosphate — Christmas Islands ...
^hosph'ates and Phosphoric Acid, by Mr. Pearson
Phytopthora ornnivora on Cacao
Pine Apples as a catch crop, by Dr. Li in
Boon Keng ...
cultivation & diseases, with
plates
cultivation in Singapore ...
Fibre
Fibre
fertilization
diseases of
Piper Beetle, Cubeba, Longum, (Kadok) also
P. chaba, P. officinarum (long pepper) ...
Piscicides, Notes on
Plague
Plant diseases
„ sanitation
food, value of Incidental increment,
by V. K. Mearson
„ Houses, by A. W. Stevens
Life and Disease, by W. G. Gallagher
,, Nutrition of, by T. W. Main
Planters’ Association. Minutes of Meetings Vol.
OS May
’93
50
5
'06
156
8
Mar.
’09
US
9
Sept.
’10
392
OS
June
’97
142
7
Dec.
’08
610
7
99
’08
613
10
Jan.
’ll
1
3
Mar.
'04
87
7
July
'08
284
2
Oct.
'03
321
1
Dec.
'01
119
9
Nov.
’10
457
9
Sept.
? I0
384
3
—
’04 1
, 37
7
Aug.
’08
351
OS May
’93
56
4
Jan.
'05
6
10
Oct.
'ii
327
10
July
'ii
222
OS April
*97
121
7
Oct.
’08
443
6
Mar.
'07
84
9
April
'10
153
8
July
'09
326
I—
02 ;
II 7 , 195
6
Oct.
’07
389
7
Jan.
’08
9
7
Dec.
’08
581
X—
*n, 43 :
115 ; 157 ;
296
Planters’ Association, Minutes of Meetings Vol. IX— *10, 23 ; 146 ; 221 ;
it
it
t>
»l W it »>
Planters’ Association, Kapar District
» » »»
Planters’ Association, Kuala Langat
n it ff
330; 393 ; 497
„ VIII— ’09, 62 ; 145 ; 2 67 r
366; 476; 576
„ VII— ’08, 201; 269; 395;
412; 482; 614
„ VI— ’07, 206
» V-’o6
„ IV — *05
„ II— 1 '03, 138
„ I— ’02, 394; 412; 539 '
„ IX— ’9, 10; 30
„ VII— ’08, 225 ; 351
„ IX— ’10
„ VIII— ’09, 524
Planting — conference
„ ofGambir
„ of trees
„ in California
in Ceylon, Science of
„ in F.M.S. in 1902
„ in Selangor (Coffee) -
Plants— Acclimatization of, by H. N. Ridley
„ Instructions for drying, by C. Curtis
Plumieria, Fruiting of
Pogostemon Patchouli
Pogostemon (see Patchouli.)
Poisonous Fodder Plants
„ Plants of Malay Peninsula
Poison excreted by Plant Roots
Polystichus oceidentalis (fungi) Penang
** „ on Bamboo
Ponciana regia as shade tree
Porto Rico, Fruits in
Pot Plants, soil for, by C. Curtis...
Potatoes
Powell Wood Process
Pratt, H. C.,
Predisposition to disease in Coffee
Preparation of Camphor
„ of fibre from Pineapple
„ of Indigo
Preventive method for Coffee disease
Price of Timber in 1867
Prismatomeris albidiflora (poisonous)
Prize list of Agri-Horti, Show 1910
Produce — Adulteration of
Produce of Sago
VOL.
Date.
Page.
9
April
To
150
OS
Feb.
’92
27
8
May
'09
239
7
July
’08
288
I
April
’02
271
2
July
’03
2 1 1
2
Sep.
’03
279
7
Jan.
’08
I
1
Jan.
’02
151
6
May
’07
128
OS
May
’93
52
3
Mar.
’04
87
OS
Dec.
’98
199
7
July
’08
267
9
April
To
136
7
June
’08
230
OS
Dec.
’98
226
7
Aug,
’08
335
1
Dec.
’02
593
OS
Dec.
’98
195
6
Feb.
'07
49
7
Oct.
’08
481
OS
April
’91
6
8
Aug.
’09
346
OS
May
’93
57
OS
May
’93
46
OS
April
’91
8
5
Feb.
’06
38
OS
Dec.
’98
213
9
Oct.
To
422
10
July
Ti
210
OS
Jan.
’95
71
[ 36 ]
Production and cost of Indigo
Progress in Uganda
Propagation of Plants, by C. Curtis
Pseudococcus adonidura on Coffee
Pterocarpus indicus
„ „ diseases on ...
Pumelo Moth (Nephopteryx sagittiferella) .
Pupoi (Connaropsis Griffithii)
Pythium palmivorum at Coconuts
Quality of Rubber, by C. E. S. Baxendale
Quinine factory, Banda ng
OS
1
3
3
5
2
5
2
R
Rainfall at Rang Nan, Siam
Ramie
by E. S. Baxendale
by D. E. Radcliffe and C. Baxendale
byjas. Anderson
by D. E. Radcliffe
a nascent industry
again
cultivation, by C. Curtis & J. Anderson
cultivation, and produce, by C. S. Baxendale 2
cultivation
cultivation and treatment...
Fibre, adaptability to Malaya soil
Malay Company
Trade of the World
Rhea and China Grass ...
growing Association
enemies of, extraction of fibre, uses of
Rats — destruction of in Cochin-China
„ Extermination of, by W.J. Gallagher ...
„ in Rice fields
„ Virus remedy against
Rattans, by H. N. Ridley
Raub, Land Administration in ...
Ravenala, fruiting of, by H. N. Ridley andC. Curtis
Reclaming mining land ... 2
Reclamation of lalang land, by Dr. Lim Boon Keng 7
Record of Banana cultivation— *05,— ’06 ... 5
Red Cotton Bug ■■■
Renantheras — Cultivation of ... 2
OS
Rengas poison
Remedies for Snake bites ... °
VOL.
Date.
Page.
OS
May
’93
47
9
Nov.
To
458
1
Nov.
’01
73
OS
April
’91
17
OS
Dec.
’98
225
9
April
TO
133
OS
May
’00
267
4
May
'os
155
9
May
To
179
5
Mar.
’06
81, 4
1
Nov.
’01
85
8
April
’09
171
April ’Q7 138
July ’02 414
April ’04 134
Oct.
May
Nov.
Oct.
Feb.
’04 420
’06 141
*03 356
’06 376
’03 61
April ’97 138
’08 445
Oct.
Feb.
51
June ’03 208, 362
I Oct. ’02 518
05
7
7
3
I
6
OS
5
7
8
2
8
’08
Oct. ’04 422
’02 295, 507
Feb. ’o 7 51
April '97 139
Oct. ’c6 373
’08 92 & 522
Sept. ’09 422
Jany. ’09 9
'03 129 & 157
May ’09 229
2 ’03 291 & 405
Feb.
Oct.
June
May
Aug.
Dec.
July
’03 63
’08 450
’06 187
’oo 272
’03 243
’98 218
’09 323
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Remedy for Nutmeg beetle
OS May
’99
92
Retirement of Mr. Fox
9
May
’10
176
Report of Diseases on Nutmegs in F.M.S. ...
OS May
'96
91
„ Director of Agriculture for 1908 ...
8
Sept.
’09
391
„ Entomologist for 1908
8
Sept.
’09
422
„ Government Mycologist for 1908...
8
Sept.
’09
419
„ Welcome Research Laboratory ...
8
July
’09
318
„ Penang Agri-Hort. Show
9
Jan.
’10
15
„ on sample of Citronella Oil, by B. J.
Eaton
8
April
’09
I42
„ Chinese Labour
9
June
’10
226
Retirement of J. B. Carruthers ...
8
March ’09
115
„ W. J. Gallagher ...
9
Aug.
’10
328
„ S. Arden
5
March
’06
69
Rhinoceros beetles in soil, by W. Dell
3
Jany.
’04
18
Rice as a catch crop
1
July
’02
391
„ cultivation of in Pahang, by D. H. Wise
1
Oct.
’01
13
„ letter on, by Rajah Bot.
1
Dec.
’02
582
„ the sapper-Leptocorisa acuta
OS May
’00
272
Roots— curious in Albizzia
7
April
’08
137
Rose sawfly — Hylotoma victorina
OS May
’00
273
Rosellinia radiciperda on Ficus ...
OS May
’00
285
Roses in Perak
7
Dec.
’08
607
„ treatment of, by C. Curtis...
OS June
’97
157
„ parasitic fungus on
5
March ’06
68
Rotation of Crops, by Dr. Lim Boon Keng...
7
Oct
’08
450
Roucheria Griffithiana
I
June
’02
345
,, „
OS
Dec.
’98
210
Royal Horticultural Society
5
March '06
82
11 n
6
Dec.
’07
424
s
Sago cultivation for Profit
OS Jan.
’95
71
„ Description of plant, etc. ...
31
Jan.
’95
62
Sagus laevis
11
Jan.
’95
69
Sago flour and produce
11
Jan.
’95
71
„ history of
4
Aug.
’05
310
Salad herbs
OS
Dec.
’98
183
Sandoricum indicum as shade tree
11
Dec.
’98
228
Sansevieria — Cultivation of, in East Africa
3
Aug.
’04
303
„ in East Africa
6
Feb.
’07
48
„ Zeylanica
4
April
’05
123
)> „ growth of
2
Aug.
’03
246
,> „ in Selangor
2
July
’03
220
Sapium vars. of, for rubber
8
Feb.
’og
44
Sarawak — Vegetable Fats of, by J. Hewitt ...
7
May
’08
173
Sarcolobus globosus
2
July
’03
223
Sciadopitys vertlcillata fruiting ...
7
July
’08
290
[ 38 ]
Science and Agriculture
Scolytus destructor on nutmegs
Sechium edule (Chocho)
Seed of nutmegs — selection, etc.
Seeds — Transportation of
„ Vitality of ...
„ longevity of ...
Selangor — Experimental Gardens Report,
by S. Arden
Selangor— Experimental Gardens Report,
by S. Arden
Selangor Meteorological Reports, Vol.
vol. Date. Page,
io March ’ll 66
OS April ’97 106
„ Dec. ’98 1 91
„ April ’97 101
2 Jan. ’03 5
1 Nov. ’01 78
10 July 'II 209-
I May ’02 307
Selangor— Administration of Land in
Seremban — Administration of Land in
Senna, Indian
Seremban Meteorological Reports, Vol.
2 July ’03 2x4
I— ’02, 41; 93; I 3 2 ;
169; 20 7; 243; 286 r
324; 362; 42s; 496 ;
528; 569; 614
II— ’03, 37; 85; 126;
153; 188; 304; 381 ;
4x8
III— ’04, 34 ; 7 5 ; 1144
154; 191; 244; 292;
327 ; 397 ; 435 ; 507
IV— ’05, 29; 59; 91 ; 165?
251; 282; 328; 376 ;.
412; 453 ; 503
V— ’06, 24; 58; 99; 127;
179; 217; 304; 365 ;
389; 435
VI— ’07, 154; i8 9 ; *94 r
237 ; 271; 323; 369 ;
375 ; 4*0
VII— ’08, 28; 124; l $5 r
308; 378 ; 43 i; 509 ;
572; 651
via— ’09, 92; 124; 192;
254; 307 ; 34 *; 384
IX— ’io, 78; * 25 ; 161;
197 ; 234
X— ’ll, 26; 62; 132;
178; 200; 231; 272;:
314 ; 339 ; 371
8 May ’09 218
8 May ’09 224
1 March ’03 23 1
III— ’04, 109; 148; 186;.
29 7; 338 ; 404; 440 ;
502-
IV— ’05, 32562; 96; 139;
254; 33 *; 379 ; 421;
456; 508
[ 39 ]
Seremban Meteorological Reports, Vol. V— ’06, 183; 221 ; 259;
367; 438 ; 471
VI— ’07, 123
„ „ „ „ VII— 1 '08, 379 ; 430 ; 432 ;
5 10; 578; 652
„• „ „ „ VIII— ’09, 37; 96; 130 ;
194 ; 258 ; 308 ; 387 ;
467 ; 515 ; 550 ; 600
„ „ „ „ IX— 1 ’iO, 39; 7 2; 120;
158; 192; 229
„ » „ n X— ’II, 27
Serica, sp. (Lamellicornia)
Seringueiras — History of
„ or Heveas
Sesamun cultivation in Krian, by R. G. Palmer 8 March ’09 109
Shade Trees — also treatment of ... ... OS Dec. ’98 221
for Nutmegs (Canarium commune) OS April ’97 100
Vol. Date. Page.
OS May ’00 269
2 May ’03 166
2 Feb. ’03 5 7
Shorea glauca (Balau)
„ ciliata (KumusJ
„ collina
„ Ghysbertiana
„ leprosula “Seraya,” by T. W. Main..
„ materialis
Show, Agricultural (1910)
Shrubs, Ornamental, by T. W. Main
Siam Benzoin
Significance of Latex in Plants ...
Sindora Wallichii
Singapore Market Reports
Singapore Meteor. Reports Vol,
% _ - „ „ VII — ’08, 24
Sirih (Piper Beetle)
Sitophilus sculpturatus (sugar weevil)
Smoked Rubber
Snake — bite, remedies for
Soil — Analysis
„ >r of S’pore Botanic Gardens
„ Action of Sun heat on
6 June ’07 171
4 March ’05 63
9 May ’10 182
7 May ’08 173
8 Aug. ’09 364
9 May ’10 183
9 Sept. ’10 412
7 Aug. ’08 31 1
10 Jany. ’ll 15
7 Jan. ’08 13
9 May ’10 181
8 ’09 23
I— ’02, 37 ; 89 ; 128 ; 165 ; 203 ; 239
282; 320 ; 338; 421 ; 492;
525 ; 565 ; 610
II— '03, 33 ; 8l ; 122 ; 150 ; 185 ; 237 ;
268; 300; 340; 376; 414
III— ’04, 30; 72; 1 10; 149; 187; 240;
288; 330 ; 393 ; 431 ; 508
IV— ’05, 25 ; 85 ; 132 ; 252 ; 278 ; 324 ;
372 ; 408; 449; 496
V ’06 ; 20 ; 59; 94; 123; I75;2I4;
300; 386; 431; 476
OS April ’97 12 1
OS June ’97 144
9
7
9
Oct,
July
June
Dec.
Mar.
*10 437
’09 323
’02 348
’08 579
’10 83
[ 40 ]
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Soil and plant sanitation on Cocoa & Rubber E.
. 10
June
’ll
188
„ Denudation of
9
Mar.
’10
82
„ for Pot Plants, by C. Curtis
1
Dec.
’02
593
„ of Malaya
6
Sept.
’0 7
274
„ Peat
9
Oct. ’io 438 & 1
V ,1
8
09, 468
; 516
; 570
„ Tillage of
9
Mar.
To
80
„ Tilled and untilled
9
Jan.
To
9
„ Treatment of acid for Rubber Planting
8
’09
1
Solanum Melongena (Egg-plant)
OS
Dec.
’98
196
Some suggestions
10
Mar.
’ll
69
Sourabaya — Fibre Congress, at
8
April
’09
144
Soursop— -a large
9
Nov.
To
464
„ spangle scale on
10
Mar.
’ll
7 4
Sowing Gambir
OS
Feb.
’92
29
Soy and Bean Cheese
3
Dec.
’04
494
„ Beans
10
Tune
’ll
186
Soybeans (Glycine hispida)
4
Feb.
’05
49
Spathodea campanulata as shade tree
OS
Dec.
’98
226
Sphaerostilbe repens
9
Nov.
To
462
Spangle scale on Soursop
10
Mar.
’n
74
Sphenophorus sordidus (Banana Beetle)
OS
May
’00
271
Spices — History of — by H. N. Ridley
4
Aug,
’05
3°4
Spores, condition for germination of, in
Coffee disease . ,
OS
April
’91
3
Spraying Weeds
7
Nov.
’08
542
Spray diffusers for Coffee Disease . .
OS
April
9i
10
Statistics in Agriculture (1908)
8
Sept.
’09
393
Stephens, A. B., Obituary notice
*7
4
Feb.
’08
66
Stephanotis propagation
I
—
’02
603
Sterculia alata
OS
Dec.
’98
226
„ scaphigera
3
Aug.
’04
307
Strange growth of Para Rubber Tree cutting
9
Feb.
To
60
Straits Report
9
» ’io
65 i
fc 31
Sty rax Benzoin
10
Jan.
’n
12
Strychnos Tieute
OS
Dec.
’98
211
Substitute for Weeding, by J. B. Carruthers...
6
Sept.
’07
286
Substitute for Rubber
9
April
To
135
Sudu Sudu
1
July
’02
389
Sugar-cane borer (Chilo saccharalis)
OS
June
’97
143
>, „ from seeds in F.M.S. by C. Curtis
OS
Dec.
’98
219
„ „ in F.M.S
8
May
’09
239
„ „ cultivation, notes on
OS
June
’97
141
Sugar — History of, by H. N. Ridley
4
Aug.
’05
310
„ planting in Negros
9
N )v.
To
463
„ Rhinoceros beetle (Zylotropes Gideon)
„ weevil (Sitophilus sculpturatus
OS
June
’97
144
Sulphur Fumes— effect on Vegetation
9
— ’10
; 46,
137
Surinam — New Hevea from
9
Aug.
To
295
[ 41 ]
Swine culture, notes on, by H. N, Ridley
Syllapta derogata (cotton roller)
Synopsis of Experiments in Bot. Gdns. S’po
Synthetic Rubber
Synthetics
System of Laying out Estates ...
Tabernaemontana crassa
Tabernaemontana malaccensis ...
„ dichotoma
Tamarindus indicus (Shade Tree)
Tamil Emigration Fund Enactment (1908) ...
Tampin, Land Administration in
Tan Stuffs and Dyes
Tapioca as a catch crop, by H. N. Ridley ...
„ by W. Dunmann ...
at Experimental Station in 1907 ...
common flour of, by A. L. de Morney
cricket attacking
diseases of
Fungus on
history of
ii: F.M.S.
manuring of, at Batu Tiga
Tapping knife— a new
Tea, Coffee, and Rubber Shares Vol. VI — 07
Tea and Coffee, WoTd’s Consumption of ..
Temerloh, Land Administration in
Temu Lawak (Curcuma Zedoaria;
Tengah Bark, by R. Scott
„ „ by V. P. Borges ...
Tephrosia and Clean Weeding, by F. Zernichow
„ purpurea
„ vars., at Batu Tiga
Termes Gestroi ... ... C
drains as affecting
Life history < f, by E. P.Stebbing
nature of soil as affecting ...
methods to be employed against
on future clearings
Termes Gestroi — by tf. C. Robinson
” 77
„ new way of dealing with ...
» Trees attacked by
/oi-
Date.
Page,
IO
May
Tl
148
3
July
'04
283
9
July
To
239
5
Oct.
’06
369
9
Sept.
To
390
9
May
To
184
6
May
’07
135
8
Feb.
’09
48
OS Dec.
’98
213
9
Feb.
To
53
OS Dec.
’98
226
8
Jan.
’09
9
8
May
’09
226
4
Aug.
’05
305
5
May
’06
133
5
July
'06
223
7
Dec.
’08
599
3
April
’04
133
8
April
’09
139
8
Sept.
’09
425
6
July
’07
204
4
Aug.
’05
310
7
Nov.
’08
530
8
Aug.
’09
397
8
Sept.
’09
438
8
May
’09
243
. 231; 257;
267;
364
1
Dec.
’01
US
8
May
’09
230
OS April
’97
128
3
May
’04
176
3
May
’04
1 77
8 -
-April ’09, 13 1
,247
8
Sept.
’09
416
8
Sept.
’09
446
iS—
May ’co
;2 77,
286
8
March
’09
102
5
April
’Oo
107
7
May
’08
165
7
May
’08
167
8
March
’09
101
3
Dec,
’04
477
8
March
’09
97
5
June
’06
208
8
Dec.
’09
563
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Termes Gestroi— Insecticides for extermina-
ting
„ crotolaria and green ma-
nures as affecting
1t reward for Extermination...
„ j> »»
„ vars. of
Termes Malayanus (nest with many Queens)
Terminalia eatappa (shade tree)
Termites— Acorus calamus for ...
Bisulphide of Carbon for
<Neuroptera)
R. Pears
H. C. Pratt
and Rubber
at Singapore in 1878 ...
importance of distinguishing the
vars.
Methods of extermination
011 white ants (as humus producing
animals)
„ Tuba Root for killing ...
Thespesia populnea— " Baru ” ...
Tile pots for Casuarina seedlings
Tillage of Soils
Tilled and untilled soils
Til-seed cultivation in Krian (Sesamum) ...
Timber — Annual lings of, by A. Burn-Murcioch
and trees of the Malayan Peninsula
(review)
containing Termitaria of Termes...
notes
ft
of Malayan Peninsula...
price of, in 1867
removing, on Rubber Estate
Trade in the Dindings...
tree-discovery of a valuab’e one in
Natal
Timbers of Malayan Peninsula, Vol. I —
Tirucalli Tree
Tineid sp. at Afzelia
Tinnea cranella (Wolf moth on Rice)
Tobacco— caterpillars attacking
„ Expert wanted
„ water for coffee disease
Togoland— Agriculture in
Tomato culture
8
March
’09
103
8-
Mar. ’09; 104,97
8
June
'09
297
9
Jan.
’10
12
7
May
’08
159
9
Jan.
To
13
OS
Dec.
’98
226
3
Mav
’04
178
3
July
’04
282
OS
May
’00
2 77
4
March
'05
78
7
May
*08
157
3
May
’04
171
4
May
’05
159
8
March
’09
103
8
March
’09
99
OS
Jan.
’95
79
1
June
’01
218
4
June
’05
214
4
March
'05
67
9
11
To
80
9
Jan.
To
9
8
Mar.
’09
109
1
Feb.
’02
181
10
July
Tl
218
8
March
’09
98
6
June
’07
170
9
May
To
180
5
March
’06
60
5
Feb.
’06
38
9
Sept.
To
377
4
Feb.
'05
41
10
July
Ti
215
'02 I
; 43 ; 95 ;
135;
171
; 209; :
245;
289
10
July
Ti
215
6
Aug.
’07
250
OS
May
00
267
4
Oct.
’05
391
2
June
’03
209'
OS
April
’91
II
2
Aug.
’03
260
OS
Dec.
’98
192
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Tomato disease
3
Mar.
’04
93
Tomatoes, by J. W. Anderson ...
10
Dec.
Ti
377
Toxins
3
Mar.
’04
390
Trade of Pepper
OS April
’97
120
„ in the Straits Settlements...
4
Dec.
’05
482
„ of Singapore for 1907 and 1908
8
Aug.
'09
388
Transportation of Seeds
2
Jan.
’03
5
Treatment of Acid Soils
9
Jan.
’09
1
„ of young Coffee Plants
OS April
’91
9
Trees attacked by Termes Gestroi
8
Dec.
’09
563
„ effect of light on
2
’03
352
„ effect of grass on
9
Feb.
To
63
„ Ornamental
7
Aug.
’08
3 ii
„ planting of
8
May
’09
239
„ Rate of growth of forest, by A. B. Murdoch 7
Sept.
’08
386
Trichospoeria sacchari (Red smut fungus) ..
OS June
’97
145
Tuba Root for Killing Termites ...
9
To
218
Tuber — Rubber from a, at last ...
Turf and fodder Grasses
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
„ moth (Dadessa evaxalis)
Turnips
Two Manicoba Rubbers, by T. W. Main
OS
OS
OS
Aug.
Sept.
April
May
Dec.
Jan.
’07 252
’03 273
’97 127
’00 267
’98 193
’09 5
u
Uganda — Progress in
U!a Selangor, Land Administration in
Uncaria Gambir
Upper Perak, Land Administration in
Urceole elastica
„ lucida and all other vars
Urena lobata added to Patchouli
Use of Hedges against Coffee Disease
„ of Gambir Drug
„ of Cloves
„ of Ramie
Ustilago Maydis-maize fungus ...
Uvaria purpurea
¥
Vacuum Dryer for Rubber
Vanilla sp. — planifoiia and Pompona
it
Vanillin (Imperial Institute)
Variation in flowering of Black Pepper
Varieties or Rubber
Various notes
9
Nov.
To
458
8
May
’09
219
OS
Feb.
’92
21
8
May
'09
214
8
Jan.
’09
50
OS
May
’00
246
OS
„
’93
54
OS
April
’ 9 i
10
OS
May
’92
24
OS
April
’97
115
OS
f*
’97
140
OS
Dec.
’98
197
7
Jan.
'08
7
5
May
’06
142
OS April
’97
124
OS Jan.
’95
88
3
April
'04
137
8
May
’09
244
9
ft
To
169
8
April
’09
134
Varnish — a Malay
voi-
7
DATE.
Feb. '08
Page.
40
Vegetable Fats of Sarawak
7
May
’08
17 3
„ Culture and Treatment
OS
Dec.
’98
180
„ Insect pests of
OS
’98
182
„ a plea for
7
July
'08
258
Vegetables — growing of in Malaya
X
Nov.
Ti
345
Virus remedy against Rats, W. G. Gallagher
8
Jan.
’09
4
Vitality of Seeds
1
Nov.
'01
79
„ of Para Rubber Seeds ...
2
July
'03
228
Volatile Oils
1
June
'02
335
Vines— Rubber in the Malay Peninsula
OS
May
'00
240
w
Walter Fox — Retirement of
9
May
TO
176
Washed Soils and how to reclaim them
2
Aug.
'03
250
Water and its relation to plant life
4
’05 363 & 478
Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)
Weather Reports Vol. VI— '07, 120; 153
5 April ’05 1 17
234; 270; 314; 367; 433
VII— ’08, 24; 83; 123; 153; 248; 372 ; 426;
507 ; 572
VIII— ’09 32; 90; 124; 187; 253; 302; 337 ;
382; 459; 509; 545 ; 596
IX— ’10 39 ; 72; 120; 158; 192; 229; 288;
Weber— death of
Weed Pests
Weeding experiments at Batu Tiga
Weeds— Keeping Land clear of ...
„ Spraying
Welcome Laboratory Report, Khartoum ...
White Ant Reward withdrawn ...
White Ant detection and remedy
White Nutmegs
99 99
Wild Cinnamon
Wild Plantain Fibre
Willughbias, vars. of
„ firma, (account ofy ...
„ Rubber in Pulau Jerajah
„ coriacea, flavescens, grandiflora
„ tenuiflora
„ firma
World's future Rubber Supply ... ..
„ output of Rubber
Wounded Rubber Trees
X
35 2; 343 ; 404 ; 444 ; 469
4
April
’05
123
3
Dec.
’04
490
8
Sept.
'09
448
2
Aug.
’03
248
7
Nov.
'08
542
8
July
’09
318
9
April
To
148
8
Sept.
To
37 i
OS '97 105 & ’00
-285
’96 94
OS
April
'97
1 16
OS May
'93
59
8
Feb.
'09
49
OS May
'00
241
7
Sept.
'08
391
OS May '00 243 & 244
OS
May
'00
244
9
Feb.
To
52
9
Jan.
To
13
9
May
To
186
9
Sept.
To
377
8
Sept.
'09
423
Xyleborus in Para Rubber Trees
[ 45 ]
Y
VOL.
DATE. Page.
Yam-Beans,— Cultivation of (Pachyrrhizus
tuberosus)
OS
Dec.
’98
195
Yuccas
4
Jan.
’05
8
z
Zalacca conferta
3
May
’Q4
1 68
Zapupe, — a new fibre...
8
Dec.
’09
569
Zedoary Starch
5
Oct.
*06
374
Zingiber officinale, etc.
OS April
’97
126
Zyloborus perforans at sugar — the shot borer
„
June
’9;
145
Zylotropus Gideon
ft
June
’97
144
RUBBER INDEX.
Historical Notes on Introduction, etc., of Para with
Various Notes on.
VOL.
History of introduction of into Malay Peninsula 2
Historical notes
Introduction of into Straits by H. A. Wickh
History of Para
Introduction of into Straits
Natives of Malay Peninsula
Early planting enterprise in Straits
Seringueiras — History of
Notes on, by C. Curtis
„ by C. Curtis
Notes on
„ from Ceylon Observer...
„ from Consular Reports
9
1
4
4
05
10
2
I
OS
9
I
5
5
DATE. PAGE.
’03, 57; 6i; 2;
12; 166
June To 201
Sept. ’02 474
Aug. ’05 308
Oct. ’05 390
May ’00 239
Dec. ’ll 391
—’03, 57: 166
Dec.
May
May
Sept.
Oct.
May
’02 592
’00 279
’10 174
’02 481
’06 375
’06 138
Soils.
Soil
Soil and plant sanitation on Estates
Soils, analyses of (Singapore B. Gardens)
„ of Malaya
„ Peat
„ Peat ...
„ Peat formation of
„ Peat note
„ application of Lime to, by B. J. Eaton
Reclaiming mining land
Suitable for rubber
Tillage of
Tilled and untilled
Treatment of Acid for rubber planting
Washed soils and how to reclaim them
Water and its relation to plant life, by S. Arden
Instructions for taking and collecting samples
of soils ... 10
Reclamation of Lalang Land, by Dr. Lim
Boon Keng ... 7
05
10
7
6
8
9
8
9
10
2
4
9
9
8
2
4
Jan.
’95
74
June
’ll
188
Dec.
’08
579
Sept.
’07
274
’09, 516; 468
Oct.
To
438
Dec.
’09
570
Jan.
To
1
Sept.
’ll
291
Feb.
’03
63
Oct,
’05
388
Mar.
To
80
Jan.
To
9
„
’09
1
Aug.
’03
250
’05 363 ; 478
Dec.
Ti
380
Oct.
’08
450
Labour.
Chinese
„ Planters on
„ Report on
9 April ’10 153
9 Aug. To 331
9 June To 226
[ 49 ]
Circular to employers
VOL.
I
Date.
April ’02
Page.
276
Coolie sanitation
7
Nov.
08
546
Coolies, medical management of, by Dr. P. N.
Gerrard
6
March
’07
72
Coolies, Medical report
9
tf
’10
II 7
„ returns of sickness in ..
9
Aug.
'10
335
Enforcement of Enactments
9
If
’10
339
Free meals to coolies, by A. Haviland
i
Oct.
’01
24
Immigration Fund Enactment (Tamil)
8
Jan.
’09
9
In the Malay Peninsula
8
Sept.
’09
409
Locally recruited Labour
10
Feb.
’II
50
On supply of
i
Nov.
’02
544
Question in the F.M.S.
5
— ’06
159;
239
(see also Association reports)
7
Nov.
’08
545
Cultivation and Growth, with Propagation other
than Seed.
Abnormalities in stem of
6
June
’07
157
Abnormalities of, by Mr. Petch ...
8
July
’09
3i4
Abnormal, tree of
10
Nov.
’II
351
Advantages of close planting
6
Jan.
’07
11
Age of rubber
9
Aug.
’10
338
Altitude at which it can be grown
5
March
’06
6 7
At high elevations
2
Jan.
’03
21
An Old Rubber Stump
5
April
’06
1 17
Big trees in Botanic Gardens, Singapore with
correction
7
—’08
253;
351
“Burrs” ...
6
June
’07
157
Bough destroyed by Rot
2
Feb.
’03
48
Burrs — occurrence of, on
10
May
’II
138
Close planting and manuring of
5
April
’06
105
Close planting
8
March ’09
107
Conditions in Para ...
5
April
’06
105
Cultivation and preparation of by W. H.
Johnson (review)...
4
Feb.
’05
46
Cultivation as an investment
6
June
’07
176
„ on so called Peat Soils
8
Oct.
’09
468
„ notes on ...
OS
June
'97
135
„ notes on by Lieut.-Col. Wyllie ...
6
June
’07
167
„ of Para in F.M.S.
8
May
’09
232
Distance between trees
8
—’09
4ii;
534
„ of planting ...
6
Sept.
’07
284
tj
9
July
’10
260
Effect of Arsenical and Sulphur Fumes on ...
9
— ’IC
> 46; 137
„ Gale on
8
July
’09
322
„ Hurricanes on
9
Sept.
’10
389
VOL.
Excrescences on bark of trees ... ... 8
Fasciation in ... ... ... 9
From old trees ... ... ... 9
Growing, notes on ... .. ... I
Growth of trees of ... ... ... 2
Health of trees in F.M.S. ... ... 6
» « „ ... 7
Instructions to manage) s on estates ... 9
Knots on trees ... ... .. 3
Large trees in cultivation ... ... 5
Layering Rubber Trees (with Plates) ... 3
In “First Hands ” ... ... ... 3
New Hevea from Surinam ... ... 9
Notes on Cultivation of (with yield of crop) 9
Old tree at Penang ... ... • •• 5
“ Peas ” ... ... ... .■ 8
Planting of ... ... 8
Plants from cuttings ... ... 7
Porcupines damaging plants, by W. H. Barrard 4
Precocity of trees ... ... ... 7
8
Progress in Cultivation in 1909 ... ... 9
Pruning ... ... ■ 8
Recovery of trees injured by fire ... 3
Removing timber from Estates ... ... I
Stump — notes on an old ... 5
Stumps and transplanting of (with Plate) ... I
Stumping on Estates... ... 10
Strange growth of cutting ... 9
System of laying out Estates, by W. R. Rowland 6
Tree Sanitation ... ... 9
Varieties of ... ... 9
„ and Cultivation of ... ... OS
Visit, Report of, to Great Britain, by P.J. Burgess 4
Vitality of ... ... 6
Where Para will not grow, by H. Wright ... 7
Wind twist in trees ... ... ••• 6
Wounded rubber trees ... ■ • 9
Date.
Page.
Sept.
’09
420
May.
To
175
March
TO
95
May
’02
301
Oct.
'03
328
Sept.
’07
283
Nov.
’08
543
Sept.
To
369
Jan.
’04
20
April
’06
1 19
Nov.
’04
441
May
’04
82
Aug.
To
295
July
To
256
May
’06
138
March
’09
107
May
’09
239
July
’08
259
Oct.
’05
394
Aug. ■
-’08
348
April
’09
138
April
TO
130
March
’09
106
March
’04
83
Sept.
’01
377
April
’06
11 7
—’02, 604 ;
552
June
’II
195
Feb.
To
60
May
’07
135
Sept.
To
37 i
May
To
169
June
’97
132
Dec.
’05
458
May
’07
132
July
’08
259
June
’07
160
Sept.
To
377
Tapping, Collecting, and Yield of Latex.
Collection of ... OS June 97 136
„ at Soebong (Java) by H. C. Dinet 3 Feb. 04 5 1
„ observations on, by P. J. Burgess I July ’02 380
„ observations on, by M. H. Lecomte I „ ’02 381
business of Gathering ... 2 March *03 9 7
VOL.
Date. Page
apping
4
June ’05
226
f>
byW. S. Todd
4
Feb. '"05
47
8
Sept. ’09
402
daily, versus alternate tapping
9
July To
249
different methods of
9 — July '10; 253,383
■
extraction of, from bark
2
Jan. ’03
6
effect of, on seeds
7
July '08
275
„
experiments in Bot. Gardens, Singapore 3
—'04; 339 , 442
„ tt tt „
-’05
98, 144, 285, 424
„
f> ff 91 99
5
- '06
m
9 f 99 99 99
6
’07
—
>1 »9 99 99
7
’oB
—
If 9 * J* 99
8
— ’09
—
» „ „ ,, 9 -
-TO;
239, 23;, 289, 249
„ „ „ 2—03; 264, 354 . I. HI, 395
»9 If 19 99
1
June ’02
328
experiments in Botanic Gardens, Penang 2
July ’03
229
„
„ results of (Tromp de Haas') 4
Aug. ’05
286
extraction of, from bark
1
Sep. -02
479
herring-bone at Singapore, with plate
4
June ’05
226
methods
5
May ’06
139
„
methods of, and collecting, by P. J.
Burgess
3
Sept. ’04
330
new knife for
8
May *09
245
new punch for
3
Oct. ’04
4 H
new tool for
2
* ’03
33 o
new instruments for
1
Mar. ’02
230
new knife for
1
July ’02
3 B 9
Nitrate of Soda, effect of flow on ...
9
June To
219
notes on
2
’03
72
»9
4
Oct. *05
391
in the dry season
3
May ’04
178
Patterns, by C. B. Kloss
6
Nov. ’07
3 S 7
pricking trees for
9
Jan. To
II
peculiar flow of latex ...
4
Feb. ’05
49
Physiological Principles of method of
9
Mar. To
108
,,
period in Brazil
8
Nov. ^09
534
»
seasons
5
Dec. ’06
461
n
scar on old wood
4
Oct. ’05
391
,»
scars, with plate, by H. N. Ridley ...
3
May '"'04
159
ff
at Tenom, by E. Lease ...
7
July ’08
291
at La Zacualpa
6
Jan. ’07
22
in Java
5
March ’06
65
>’
in Malacca
2-03; 191, 354
in North Borneo
1
Oct. *02
519
”
in Penang, by C. Curtis...
1
July *02
385
VOL.
Date.
page.
Tapping in Penang
2
It
t 03
229
„ in Perak
I
Oct.
’OI
19
„ . - in Selangor
I
July
’02
415
„ on' Penang Hill
5
Oct.
’06
381
„ in San Miquel (results),*...
2
1 1
'03
19 &
Yield of per tree
I
Nov.
’02
556
„ in Ceylon
ft M
2
June
’03
I94
6
Sept.
’07
281
„ amount produced per tree
OS
June
’97
137
„ dry rubber per tree
8
Sept.
’09
399
„ crop, with notes on cultivation
9
July
To
256
,, big crop of
2
Jan.
’03
6
„ decline in yield of
4
April
’05
97
„ monthly returns of
9
Aug.
To
351
Coagulation, Preparation and
Packing.
Acetic Acid in
3
July
’04
273
Apparatus for testing unmanufactured
6
’07
201
Cr§pe — occurrence of Red patches on, by C. T.
Brooks
10
Jan.
Tl
16
Crepe
4
Dec.
’05
459
Creosoting of
5
March ’06
393
Crude
1
Sept.
’02
47i
' preparation of, by F, Pears
3
April
’04
1 19
Curing of — Hot and cold methods
4
Dec.
'05
470
Cut thread and sheet
4
Dec.
’05
475
Experiments in Treatment of Preparation and
Packing Smoked Rubber for transport ...
10
Oct.
Ti
332
Drying of, by P. J. Burgess
4
—’05;
121,
46S
Estate marks on Plantation, by T. W. Main
8
April
’09
137
Latex— Coagulation and curing of — notes on
9
July
To
2 77
„ „ of, by F. Pears
1
—’02 ; 558, 602
„ „ of, by E. Mathieu
2
Jan.
’03
18
„ „ of, by C. O. Weber
1
June
’02
330
„ „ of, new process described
7
July
’08
280
„ „ new method, by W. J.
Gallagher
8
March ’09
no
f „ Koalatex in— Lehmann
and Voss
5
July
’06
243
„ „ “Purub”
8
-09;
no,
553
,, Function of, remarks on
6
Jan.
’07
20
„ significance of
7
it
’08
13
„ sulphurizing of .
6
tt
’07
25
„ peculiar flow of
4
Feb.
’05
49
^ treatment of, by M. K. Bamber
7
Aug.
’08
347
„ Mechanical preparation of
7
Aug.
’08
352
„ variation in quality of
3
May
’04
175
Marks on Estate Plantation
VOL.
8
Date.
April ’09
Page,
137
Masticating
4
Dec.
'05
468
Occurrence and nature of spots on sheet and
crepe by Keith Bancroft
10
Oct.
'II
319
Preparation of
3
March
'04
102
8
Sept.
'09
405
6
Jan.
'07
25
„ raw ...
4
Dec.
’05
464
„ by P. J. Burgess ...
3
Aug.
'04
311
, and improvement (the con-
sumers’ view) ...
3
Oct.
’04
416
„ in Trinidad
1
Nov.
'01
84
„ for Market
8
Sept.
'09
40 S
tt tt
7
Nov.
'08
544
6
Sept.
’07
290
„ in Ceylon
2
March
'03
108
„ Botanic Gardens, Singapore . . .
2
Dec.
'03
395
„ notes on, improvement in Ceylon 3
Oct.
'04
416
„ moisture in, prepared
3
May
’04
175
Smoked Rubber
9
Oct.
'10
437
„ „
10
Jan.
'11
17
Smoking House
10
March
'ii
64
Tackiness in (of various varieties)
8
Dec.
'09
561
Some suggestions
10
March 'II
69
Packing, suggestions for
5
tt
’06
85
ft
8
July
’09
325
„ of, by P. J, Burgess
4
Dec.
'05
461
„ boxes for
9
May
'10
174
„ Shipment of
1
Feb.
'02
189
Spread and sheeted goods of
4
Dec.
’05
474
Stamped goods of
4
ft
’05
472
Washing of
4
99
’05
467
machine
3
Aug.
’04
317
Washed— adulteration of, etc., by P. J. Burgess
4
— 05 ;
226. 461
Vacuum dryer for
5
May
’06
142
Vulcanization tests with plantation
7
Feb.
'08
54
Vulcanization, by P. J. Burgess ...
4
Dec.
’06
469
Manuring and Measurement of Trees.
Manuring experiments
„ and dose planting
,, with plate
„ of
„ of, by L. Lewton-Brain
Green manuring and
Guano for trees of
2 Nov. '03 35i
5 April '06 105
3 Oct. ’04 405
8 —’09, 316; 421
10 Nov. 'ii 362
9 Sept. ’10 391
9 March ’10 108
[ 54 ]
Phosphates, Christmas Island ...
VOL.
2
Date.
Oct. '03
Page.
321
Problem of manuring, by B. J- Eaton
10
Dec.
'll
386
Measurement of trees
I
Jan.
'02
156
Measuring device, by P. J. Burgess
5
Nov.
'06
394
„ of girth, handy method of
6
Dec.
'o;
420
„ of girth of trees by P. J. Burgess
5
Nov.
’o6
394
„ standard for ...
i
Jan.
'02
157
Growth of trees
I
June
'02
332
Increment of growth in trees
5
Dec.
'o6
465
Analyses and Quality of Rubber with Reports on Samples.
Analyses of
4
July
’05
2/2
„ by P. J. Burgess
4
Dec.
'05
461
5
May
’06
136
„ various
5
Oct.
’06
375
„ Ceylon R.
3
Oct.
’04
417
9
July
'10
2 77
„ Latex
10
May
'ii
144
„ in Botanic Gardens, Singapore . . .
9
Feb.
'10
5 i
Chemistry of, by P. J. Burgess ...
2
Dec.
'03
385
Methyl-inosite in
10
May
'II
145
Quality of Plantation, by P. J. Burgess
4
Dec.
’05
462
„ by C. E. S. Baxendale
5
March
'06
81
5
Jan.
'06
4
,, improvement in
10
Feb.
'II
35
„ variability in
10
Feb.
'II
36
„ Plantation
„ difference between Amazon and
10
Oct.
'II
327
Plantation
10
Oct.
'II
323
Samples, report on
2
—’03 70 ;
33 i;
„ notes on
4
- -05,
IoO;
42;
Machines.
Machines, by J. B. Curruthers ..
„ and other improvements
„ testing
„ Advert, of
Machinery at the International Exhibition ’08
Michies machine
Hand power Creping and Sheeting machine
7
Nov.
’08
543
4
June
’05
223
8
Nov.
’09
533
4
Oct.
’05
401
8
Feb.
’09
61
4
June
’05
242
10
Jan.
’ll
18
[ 55 ]
Catch Crops and Weeding.
Catch Crops for
99 ...
„ Chillies as a
„ Coffee as a, by E. B. Prior
„ Musa textilis as a
„ mustard as a i ...
„ Pineapples as a, by Dr. Lim
Boon Keng
„ Tapioca as a
„ Tapioca, by W. Dunman
Cover plants —
Comparison of action of other grasses with
Lalang
Crotolaria at Batu Tiga
„ attacked by fungus
„ cultivated form of
„ in F.M.S.
Desmodium triflorum
Effect of grass on trees
Grasses other than Lalang
Keeping land clear of weeds
Lalang — eradication of
„ notes on, and soils
Trials with green dressings in Dominica ...
Mikania scandens, by M. K. Bamberl
Commeline nudiflora as weed eradicator
Passiflora foetida, by M. K. Bamber
„ at Batu Tiga
Spraying weeds
Substitute for weeding by I. B. Carruthers ...
Tephrosia and clean weeding, by F. Zirnichow
Weeding, by J. B. Carruthers
Seeds.
Seeds
Chemical examination of seeds, by Pro
W. R. Dunstan
Commercial valuation of
•composition of, for oil
Dissemination of by natural means
Disinfection of
Early fruiting of trees
Exporting of
« by T. W. Main
Vol. Date. Page.
8
Mar.
’09
105
5
May
’06
133
9
Nov.
’10
450
8
April
’09
170
8
Mar.
’09
105
10
”
Tl
74
9
Sept.
To
384
5
— ’06,
133;
223
5
July
’06
224
8
—’09,
413;
448
OS
Jan.
’95
82
8
Sept.
’09
444
8
Mar.
’09
105
8
Oct.
’09
474
7
Dec.
’08
602
7
Nov.
’08
540
9
Feb.
To
63
OS
Jan.
’95
82
2
Aug.
1’03
248
8
Sept.
’°9
448
OS
Jan.
’95
73
10
May
Ti
156
8
June
’09
262
8
Jan.
’09
8
8
June
’09
262
8 •
Sept.
’09
415
8
Sept.
’09
447
7
Nov.
*08
542
6
Sept.
’07
286
8
—’09,
131;
247
7
—’08,
383;
536
2
Sept.
’03
284
3
Feb.
’04
44
3
Feb.
’04
47
6
Nov.
’07
383
I
Jan.
’02
153
9
Nov.
To
453
6
June
’07
176
5
Jan.
’06
I
7
Nov.
’08
548
[ 56 ]
Experiments with
Extraction and examination of oil from seeds
Effect of tapping on seeds
Five-seeded capsule
Gathering capsules of, by G. Welman
Germination of
hard
in British Guiana, by J. B.
Harrison
Imperial Institute on
Influence of maturity of
Oil from
,, purposes
Oil and cake, by Prof. W. R. Dunstan
Packing of
Planting of
Selection of
Sending of
Size of
Seeds— Theft of seedlings
„ transmission of
„ transportation of (long distances)
„ travelling of
„ utilization of
„ vitality of
” ” of ;■
„ „ and longevity of
,, weight of
„ weight of
„ vitality of
VOL.
Date.
Page.
7
July
’08
27 S
3
Feb.
’04
45
7
July
’08
273
7
May
’08
176
6
May
’07
134
10
June
Ti
192
4
May
’05
159
7
Aug.
'08
333
OS Dec.
’98
229
9
Jan.
To
5
10
Feb.
Ti
38
3
Feb.
’04
43
6
Jan.
’07
14
2
June
’03
196
8
Sept.
’09
406
6
June
’07
1 77
7
Nov.
’08
544
4
Mar.
’05
77
8
May
’09
245
8
April
’09
135
6
Jan.
’07
13
4
June
’05
242
7
Aug.
’08
335
5
April
’06
1 16
6
May
’07
138
2
Jany.
’03
5
10
June
Ti
191
10
Nov.
Ti
352
2
July
’03
228
6
May
’07
132
10
July
’n
209
6
Nov.
’07
384
8
Sept.
’09
407
10
Dec.
Ti
379
Exhibitions, etc.
At the Agri-Horticultural Show
„ in Penang ...
ft 99 »
Ceylon Exhibition
99
„ report of, at
The International and Allied Trades Exhib.
report of at above, by R.
Derry
6 Oct. 'o 7 358
8 Aug. ’09 375
9 —To, 1 66 ; 176
5 May ’06 139
6 —’07, 34 ; 4 t>
5 —’06, 383 ; 393
7 — ’08, 41 ; 18O;
290 ; 138
8 Feb. ’09 39
] 57 I
VOL.
Date
Page.
The International exhibition of 1911
9— ’10, 176;
180 ;
no
Jf
10
—’II,
165;
12
Exhibition lectures on rubber (report^
9
Jan.
’10
12
International R. Exhibition 1911 — Reports
10
Dec.
’ll
364
Manufactured Rubber at Exhibition, London
8
„ ’09, 39; 61
Pests, Diseases, etc.
Acddium sp. (Grasshopper) at ...
8
Sept.
’09
424
Age of trees when attacked by Termes
3
Dec.
’04
48I
Animals associated with
8
July
’09
316
Another fungus
9
June
’10
216
Ants
OS
;8 273
Ants attacking seedlings, by F. E. Lease ...
5
Nov.
’06
408
An ant killer
3
Aug.
’04
306
Application and making of Bordeaux mixture
9
April
’10
138
Astychus chrysochloris attacking
3
—’04,
21;
493
„ „ by H. C. Robinson
3
July
’04
271
*7
i
March
’08
89
Attacus Atlas and {Atlas moth) ...
5
Nov.
’06
401
„ ,,
OS May
’00
269
Bleeding of a tree ... ...
10
Nov.
’11
361
Badly affected area with Fomes...
9
Sept.
’10
375
Bark fungus on
4
Nov.
’05
423
5
March
’06
69
Beetles attacking, by R. A. Burgess
3
Oct.
’04
419
„ (boring)
2
July
’03
222
Bough destroyed by Rot
2
Feb.
’03
48
Brachytrupes achinatus attacking
5
March
’06
69
„ „ attacking
8
April
’09
139
Branch disease
9
Sept.
’10
373
Brown Root disease, of by Keith Bancroft ...
10
April
’11
106
Burrs, occurrence of by Keith Bancroft
10
May
Ti
138
Bordeaux mixture, recent work on
10
Dec.
Ti
383
Canker of, by W. J. Gallagher
7
Jan.
’08
15
ft ft *«*
4
March
’05
74
„ „ by J. B. Carruthers ...
2
Dee.
'’03
389
Canker of, by Keith Bancroft
10
July
’11
203
Chief diseases of Rubber in Ceylon and Malaya 10
May
’ll
T41
Caprinia conchyladis, by E. Green
3
Feb.
’04
52
Caterpillars attacking, by F. W. Douglas ...
1
Oct;
’01
26
Cicindela sp. (Beetle) attacking, by R. A. Burgess 3
Get:
’04
419
Coffee locust on
4
March
’05-
68
Cbrticium javanicum on
5
June
’06
208
» „ in Borneo...
9
Feb.
’10
59
' ,1 ,, on
7
May
’08
170
„ on
10
142;
247
prevention experiments
10
Jail.
’ti
6
VOL.
Date. page.
Crickets at
„ attacking, by H. C. Pratt
„ eating
Cyrtanthacris varia eating
Damaged by porcupines
Diplodia rapax (Black Hevea Fungus)
„ by G. Massee
- 8-09
Disease — note on the canker of ...
Diseases of, by T. Petch
of seedlings ...
Latest notes on, by T. Petch
of, in Ceylon
of, chief in Malaya and Ceylon
important notification about
Earth Worms
Ectatops rubescens at
Eumeces squamosus, eating plants of
Effect of gale on
Eutypa caulivora, by G. Massee
„ as a parasite ...
Epepscotes luscus. an enemy of ...
Excrescences
Fomes semitostus
by W. J. Gallagher
in Ceylon, by T. Petch
badly affected area with
Fungi from Penang
injurious
on
on
on
on leaves
„ two
Fungus on (Syncephalis)
„ on bark
„ on roots of
Fusicladium on, by W. J. Gallagher
„ by H. N. Ridley
General diseases of
Hemileia vastatrix
Hymenochaete noxia on
Insecticides
Insect pests, some
notes
OS May
’00
276
8
April
’09
139
5
March
’06
68
4
March
'05
6B
4
Oct.
’05
393
9
Aug.
’10
29a
9
Nov.
’10
460
>; 312; 521;
570 ;
: 571
10
July
’11
204
5
March ’06
39 <>
8
Nov.
’09
535
5
March ’06
400
4
Oct.
’05
384
10
March
’11
70
10
May
’11
141
4
Oct.
’OS
392
OS Jan.
’95
77
2
„
’oj
5
8
Sept.
’09
423
8
July
’09
322
9 ~
-’io ; 217, 460, 295
10
Jan.
’11
6
6
Aug.
’07
251
8
Sept.
’09
420
0—
Aug. ’ll
; 245, 14 1
7 -
-Nov. ’08
; 518, 588
5
April
’06
1 19
9
Sept.
’10
375
3
May
’04
174
9
April
’10
135
OS May
’00
284
4
Oct.
’05
384
3
May
’04
173
9
Sept.
'10
380
4
—’05
I; 68, 271
2
Nov.
’10
461
I
June
’02
333
5
Mar.
’06
69
5
’06
64
7
May
’08
172
7
Oct.
’08
441
7
Oct.
’08
439
10
Aug.
’11
248
8
July
’09
312
9
Nov.
’10
461
10
—’ll
106; 246
2
July
’03
229
7
Dec.
’08
610
2
Jan-
’03
4
59
VOL.
Dati
P
Insect pests, all about
OS
May
’00
„ general treatment of
I
Nov.
’01
Insects destroyed by luminous snares
2
Aug.
’03
Leaf fungus (Uredineae)
3
Aug.
’04
ft
5
Mar.
’06
Latex and its relation to life of parent plant...
10
Sept.
’II
Liquid fungicides for
9
Sept.
’10
Light, effect of, on growth of trees, by S. Adren
2
Nov.
’03
Loranthus as a parasite on
10
Nov.
’II
Mites in Nursery, by S. Arden ...
4
June
’05
» on
9
Aug.
’10
New fungus pest on
9
July
’10
New ordinance for pests
7
Dec.
’08
Notes on recent fungus literature
9
Nov.
’10
Parasitic fungi on
3
May
’03
Pests
9
Aug.
’10
,, of, by H. N. Ridley (Caterpillars)
7
Mar.
’08
Phytopthora Faberi in Ceylon ...
10
Mar.
’11
Pink Disease, (see Corticium Javanicum) ...
Plant life and disease, by W. J. Gallagher ...
7
June
’08
,, diseases
9
April
’10
Prevention of disease, by J. B. Carruthers ...
8
Sept.
’09
Piscicides, notes on, by H. N. Ridley
7
Oct.
'08
Rhinoceros beetle in soil
3
Jan.
’04
Root disease by W. J. Gallagher
8
March
’09
Rot— tree destroyed by
2
Jan.
’03
Root diseases from Singapore (helicobasidium sp) I
Nov.
’01
„ „ by W. J. Gallagher
7
>1
’08
Slugs and crickets at
4
Dec.
’05
Trees diseased by E. Smith (microscopical)...
7
March
’08
„ „ from Puak
7
’08
Two enemies of
6
Aug.
’07
Warts and Peas
8
March
’09
Wounded trees
9
Sept.
’10
Xyleborus in
8
ft
’09
Termes Gestroi
OS
May T 00; 277,
„ „ — H. C. Robinson (reprint) ...
3
Dec.
’04
,, „
8
March
’09
„ life history of, by G. R. Stebbing
5
April
’06
„ „ crotolaria as affecting
8
March
’09
„ ,, new way of dealing with
5
June
'c6
„ „ on future clearings
8
May
’09
„ „ reward for extermination
8
June
’09
„ „ „ „
9
Jan.
’10
„ „ reported on, by W. W. Bailey
1
Oct.
’01
„ „ trees attacked by
8
Dec.
’09
Termes carbonarius
10
’ll,
268;
„ Malayanus with many Queens
9
Jan.
'10
Termites — Acoruscalamus — u c e of against
3
May
’04
'AGE.
2S2
64
26 [
309
68
276
382
352
360
229
296
310
613
456
173
289
89
70
9
133
41a
443
18
104
48
82
515
437
90
90
251
107
377
423
286
477
97
107
104
208
ioi
297
12
27
563
196
13
1 78
VOL.
Date.
Page.
Termites and rubber, by H. N. Ridley
3
May
'04
171
at Singapore in 1878
4
„
’05
159
tt
attacking, by E. V. Carey
I Mar, ’02, 223
; 233
tt
attacking
4
—’05
78; 159
tt
Bisulphide of Carbon for
8
May
’09
245
tt
„ by H. C. Robinson
3
Dec.
’04
486
it
„ by B. J. Eaton
6
Sept.
’07
309
tt
„
3
July
’04
282
tt
by F. Pears
1
it
’02
124
tt
by R. Pears
4
March
’05
78
tt
by H.C. Pratt
7
May'
’08
157
tt
detection and remedy on
9
Sept.
’1.9
371
tt
methods of extermination
8
March
’09
99
>t
(neuroptera)
OS
May
’00
2 77
or White ants
OS Jan.
’95
79
,, another preliminary note on
ID
June
Ti
196
, f
Tuba root (Derris) for killing
I
June
’or
218
, ,
varieties of
* ..
7
May
’08
160
tt
white ant reward withdrawn
9
April
’JO
148
Thread
blight on Para and Camphor,
by
Keith Bancroft
10
’11
IIO
Distribution of Rubber.
Rubber
in Africa
4
Oct.
’05 387
,,
„ ...
8
Nov.
’09 533
,,
,,
9
May
’jo 170
„ and South America
2
May
’03 176
„ exhaustion of
5
Nov.
’06 402
- j>
in Angola
10
May
’n 155
in Assam
2
Oct.
’03 . 320
,in Australia
7
Aug. .
’08 345;
in Bermuda
1
Oct.
’02 517
in Bolivia.
10
Feb.
’ll 28.
in Brazil ...
r
, —’02 ; 274, 509
J;
in British Central Africa
1
—
’02 267
in British Empire , ...
6
July
’07 205
in British Guiana
10
Feb.
’n 38
J( ;
in British Honduras
JO
Dec.
’11 3'8o
. it)
in British North Borneo (planting)
■ a
Aug.
’09 365
in California, by E. Mathieu
7
July
’08 288
in Central America
6
Jan.
’07 4
in Ceylon . 4 ... <v
1-
-02;
300, 581
. .'r
. 2
’03; 22,
v * :
108, 176,
178
’04; :
\/.9i
39 v
in Cochin China .... ••
' "2
April
i,38 i
,, ,, ...
9
Sept.
BO 388*
6i
Vol. Date.
Page.
Rubber in Columbia
2
— ’03 : 48, 167
»
in Costa Rica
I
’02
sn
in Dominica
9
May
’10
174
»
»*
IO
May
’ll
156
in Dutch Guiana
8
Nov.
’09
532
in Ecuador
S
Oct.
’06
375
!■
in European Continent
4
f(
’05
389
t*
in F.M.S,
2
—’03
211 ;
113
1 1
7 ~~
’08, 282;
530
596
»t
8—
’09, 232; 398
435
in Fiji
10
Feb.
’ii
29
in “First Hands ”
3
March ’04
82
in German East Africa (Report)
i
April
’02
268
„
„ Colonies
10
Jan.
’11
5
ft
in Gold Coast
5
—’06,
10;
402
„
19 ...
10
Feb.
’II
30
in Goorg
5
May
’10
172
„
in Government Gardens at Tenom
7
July
’08
291
in Guatemala
i
— 02,
330
549
1 *
in Guiana (French)
i
Nov.
’02
538
11
in Hacienda
i
Dec.
’02
58 i
in Hawaii
7
Dec.
’08
612
in Indo China
3
Oct.
’04
412
>t
„
6
May
’07
127
„
9
Jan.
’10
4
in Java
7
July
’08
278
ft
>.
9
Sept.
’10
389
5*
„ (Soebang)
3
Feb.
’04
51
in Jamaica
9
Nov.
’10
459
>»
„ a failure
9
Feb.
’10
57
11
11
10
Nov.
’11
356
11
in Johore, by R. W, Burgess
4
Jan.
’05
1
19
2
Dec.
’03
393
11
in Liberia
9
Jan.
’10
3
in Madras
i
Oct.
’02
509
1 >
rt
8
Nov.
’09
520
11
in Malacca
2
June
’03
191
11
„ Estate near
3
July
’04
267
11
in Malaya, by H. K. Rutherford ...
3
Oct.
04
414
11
99
8
Sept.
’09
397
19
in Malaya
4
June
’05
241
11
6
May
’0;
133
11
2
March
’03
113
11
in Manaos
3
March
’04
85
r i
in Mexico, by H. Horne
I
Dec.
’01
123
j i
19
2
— 03,
67;
262
ii
91
6
Jan
’07
6
il
„ and Central America
6
Jan.
’07
1
h
in Mysore
2
Sept.
’03
282
62
VOL.
date.
Page
Rubber in New Guinea
6
May
’o 7
139
tt
in North Borneo
I
Oct.
’02
519
ft
in Penang
I
—’02,
82;
384
tt
„ (with plate)
I
July
’02
385
)?
„
8
April
’09
134
in Perak, by E. V. Carey
3
May
’04
171
»»
in Queensland
9
June
TO
215
J »
in Samoa
5
July
’06
243
yi
in Sarawak
4
Sept.
’03
365
in Selangor
2—
-’03, 316
; 279 ; 42
» »
in Sierra Leone
3
Oct.
’04
413
in South Anam
4
Jan.
’05
10
? >
in Southern India
3
May
’04
160
j)
„ ,,
5
Feb.
’06
43
,, ,,
8
Nov.
’09
534
in Southern Nigeria
10
Feb.
Ti
30
,,
in Straits Settlements, by C. Curtis
1
Feb.
’02
193
in St. Lucia
8
Nov.
’09
535
>»
in Surinam
10
Feb.
Ti
29
in Togoland
2
Aug.
’03
260
in Tropical Australia ...
7
Aug.
’08
345
in West Indies
7
July
’08
261
In Western Siamese States
7
Aug.
’08
349
»)
in Uganda
5
July
’06
244
>>
Jt
9
—’10
108; 458
„
10
May
Ti
155
in Zanzibar
9
Jan.
To
5
»>
at Bukit Timah with Plates
1
Sept.
’02
474
at high elevations
'y
Jan.
'03
21
* j
at Kuala Kangsar
5
Aug.
’06
263
n
,, n
6
Oct.
’07
337
,,
at St. Louis Exhibition,
3
Oct.
’04
413
from the East
1
July
’02
392
,,
in the Amazons (working estates)
2
March
’03
99
? *
in the Amazonas
I
Dec.
’01
109
» »
on Penang Hill {1906)
5
— 06
138;
38i
• •
on European Continent
4
Oct.
’05
389
Reports, Statistics,
etc.
Acreage of, in the Colony
10
Feb.
Ti
28
Amazon versus plantation
8
Dec.
’09
568
Areas and production
8
Oct.
’09
475
Castilloa versus plantation
8
July
’09
327
Ceylon’s place in the Industry ...
5
May
’06
169
Ceylon from the manufacturers point if view
4
April
’05
122
„ future, if in
3
99
’04
I3i
„ versus F.M.S. ...
6
June
’07
171
Ceylon beats Para
Chronological table of industry 1873-1899
Comparative rubber export table,
Tables of crops in Malaya
Congress at Manaos
Companies in the East
Comparative tables of acreages in Malaya . . .
Development of
Demand for
Dealers Bill
Directory of india rubber industries
Exports — from Brazil in 1907
„ „ Africa
„ „ British Indian
,, „ F.M.S., comparative table
„ ,, Mozambique ...
„ „ Para and Manaos in 1906
„ „ S. S. in 1905
„ ,, South American
„ „ output of ’05 — ’06— ’07
Falling off in quality of
Factory in Singapore
Future of, by W. E. G.
„ of in Ceylon
„ of plantation
of
„ supply of World
Industry
Industry, Report on, by P. J. Burgess
Growth of trade with reply
Imports of into U.S. A., in 1907 ...
Malacca Plantations, by P. J. Burgess
Malay still leading in
Manufacturers view of Plantation
Market, Position of in 1901
in 1905
>1 „ in 1906
,, Prices and their effects ...
„ Report of
„ review of for 1901
Mexican Plantations
Position of among cultivated plants
Producing companies
Prospects of
Progress in cultivation of (1909) ...
Price of— for 12 % cents
.. „ high
» high
VOL.
Date.
Page
4
March ’05
72
9
June
’10
213
8
April
’09
172
10
Aug.
’ll
267
9
April
’10
148
6
Dec.
’o 7
439
8
—’09
399
; 400
8
Nov.
’09
532
I
Sept.
’02
467
9
April
’10
i47
8
July
’09
324
7
Sept.
’08
392
8
Feb.
’09
41
8
,,
’09
41
7
—’08
. 11 7
; 414
1
Oct.
’02
516
6
July
’07
333
5
,,
’06
229
8
Feb.
’09
41
8
„
’09
55
6
Feb.
’o 7
53
6
June
’07
174
3
July
’04
280
3
April
’04
131
6
Sept.
’07
282
8
„
’09
416
9
Jan.
*10
13
6
June
’07
171
4
Dec.
’05
458
5
April
’06
1 14
7
Aug.
’08
338
6
June
’07
158
6
May
’07
132
4-05
; 222,
, 460
1
March
’02
231
5
Feb.
’06
40
6
Nov.
‘07
389
7
„
’08
534
4
Dec.
’05
484
2
Jan.
’03
7
6
„
’07
8
4
Oct.
’05
381
7
Jan.
’08
39
3—04;
281,
386
9
April
’10
130
7
Sept.
’08
349
5
Jan.
’06
8
3
Dec.
’04
494
4
March
’05
69
Price of
by H. N. Ridley
„ „ fluctuation in price of
Profits on a small scale
Prospects
Report of the Belgian Rubber Expert, M. O.
Collet
„ „ sample from S.S., by Prof. W. R.
Dunstan
„ ,, the Consul of Rubber in Brazil in ’09
„ ,, State of Amazonas for 1899
„ „ Straits
Report on
n „ by R. Derry (first sale of rubber)
„ „ brief review, by R. Derry
Reports, Ceylon. Straits and F.M.S.
„ on, by S. Arden
Report in F.M.S.
Sales of
Share Market
Shortage of supply
Sources of supply
Sources
Statistics, F.M.S. and Malayan (1908)
„ companies
Some remarks on Plantation
Trade of Brazil
Valuation of from Singapore ... 2 —’
„ from other places in Malaya 2 — ’
,, Malacca R., by R. N. Bland ...
Synthetic.
Artificial Rubber
Synthetics
„ and its substitutes
Overproduction and Synthetic
Uses.
Dipped goods of
Electrical uses of
Goloshes
VOL.
Date.
Page.
8
Sept.
’09
402
3
July
'04
272
OS June
’97
137
3
July
>0 4
275
4
June
’05
218
8
Feb.
’09
56
3
May
’04
178
3
April
’04
130
10
March
’11
76
1—02
; 122
, 189
9—10; 3C 65
2
May
’03
179
T
Jan.
’02
19
3
Mar.
’04
82
8
April
’09
184
2
Feb.
’03
42
9
—’10
307 ;
320
4 -
-’05 122;
273 ;
392
6-
’07 231;
256;
; 264
8
Nov.
’09
523
9
May
’10
171
8
Feb.
’09
40
8
—’09
398;
399
8
Dec.
’09
572
1
June
’02
330
1
Oct
’02
509
03 192; 331 ;
355 ;
396
’03 24; 354;
393 ;
70 ;
193 ;
355
3
Sept.
’04
385
3
Oct.
’04
413
9 “
-10;
184
,390
5
Oct.
’06
369
8
Sept.
’09
408
7 -
—’08 ;
40
, 535
9
April
’10
135
7
Nov,
’08
535
4
Dec.
’05
476
4
„
’05
477
9
May
’10
172
VOL.
DATE.
Page.
Motor tyres of
9
May ’10
172
Other manufactures with
... - 9
„ ’10
173
Principal uses of
9
„ ’10
171
Solution making
4
Dec. ’05
471
Literature.
A Brief Rubber Review
3
March
’04
81
“Cultivation in the British Empire” (review)
6
July
’07
205
“ Dollar Share Values” 'review* ..
10
July
’ll
217
“ The rubber country of the Amazons ” (review)
10
June
’11
190
H. Wrights’ Lectures on
5
Oct.
’06
377
„ Review on
5
April
’06
103
Literature on (new) ...
9
—’ 10 ,
4 &
62
New pamphlets on, by G. O. Ahern
5
May
’06
139
New Rubber Journal ...
8
April
’09
143
99 99
9
Jan.
’10
4
Notes from the India Rubber Journal
3
April
’04
140
„ on rubber growing
1
May
’02
301
Rubber, Gutta Percha and Balata, by F. Clout
3
March
’04
104
Recent Publication on Rubber and its cultivation 3
Feb.
’04
50
Other Rubber Producing Plants.
Actinella Richardsonii (Colarado)
African Vines
Afzelia palembanica
Alstonia scholaris
Bleekrodia tonkinensis
Carpodinus lanceolatus
Chilocarpus enervis
Chonemorpha macrophylla
Cryptostegia grandiflora
Dichopsis Gutta, etc.
Forsleronia gracilis
Funtumia elastica
Guayaie (Parthenium argentatum)
Hancornia speciosa
Jatropha urens
Kicksia africana
Landolphias in variety
Leuconotis eugenaefolius and vars.
Mascarenhasia elastica
Manihot Glaziovii, etc.
Melodinus oriental is
Micrandra siphonoides
Palaquium oblongifolium, etc.
[ 66 ]
Parameria glandulifera
Parthenium argentatum (Guayale)
Payena vars. for Gutta
Raphionacme utilis (Encanda Rubber)
Sapium Vars. for rubber
Sphaerostilbe repens
Tabernaemontana crassa
Tuber-from a
Urceole elastica and vars. VoL - date. page.
Rubber producing Plants ... ... 8 Feb. ’09 40
Articles on “Other Rubber Producing Plants” will be found under
their respective headings.
Estate
Account Books.
Report Forms.
Company Reports and
Balance Sheets.
Registers.
Pay Books.
Charts.
Pamphlets.
Circulars.
Catalogues.
&c. t &C., &Ci
Bookbinding in all
Styles
Paper Ruling, &c.
desire to call the at-
tention of planters and
others to the fact that we can
furnish them with all kinds of
estate printing. The quality
of work we produce is not to
be surpassed anywhere in the
Straits. We give prompt de-
livery and pay special attention
to those far removed from a
reliable printing centre. Our
printing department, which is
kept always up-to-date, is spe-
cially laid out for carrying on
all branches of printing and
bookbinding whilst the adoption
of the most modern methods
enables as to quote at very
reasonable charges. Write
us at once for quotations.
Jke
Straits Zimes press
c Ctd.
Printers, Publishers &■ Bookbinders
Cecil 4 Stanley Streets, Singapore .
Telephone :
Printing Dept. No. 348.
Telegrams.
"Times," Singapore.
THIRD SERIES.
Agricultural Bulletin
OF THE
— STRAITS —
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Founded by
H. N. RIDLEY, C.!*1.CJ., N.A., F.ft.S., Sc., in 1691, and edited by him up to 1911.
AND CONTINUED BY
The Botanic Gardens Department, Singapore.
No
2. FEBRUARY, 1912.
Vol. I.
CONTENTS.
Page. ;
2.
Vitality of Rubber Seeds— F. G. SPRING
I
3-
“ Gogo Vine ( Encada Scandens ) ”
4
4-
Factories on Plantations ...
5
5*
Potatoes and Jerusalem Artichoke for Pigs—
J. W. Anderson ....
8
6.
Horticultural Notes— J. W. ANDERSON
12
7-
Export Telegrams -
13
8.
Singapore Market Report
14
9*
Meteorological Readings -
15
10.
Minutes of the Planters’ Association of Malaya
23
To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from Messrs.
Kelly
and Walsh, Ltd., No. 32 Raffles Place, and 194 Orchard Road, and
The Straits Times Office, Cecil Street, Singapore.
*
9
THIRD SERIES
Agricultural bulletin
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Founded by H. N. RIDLEY, m.a., f.r.s., &c.,
in 1891 and edited by him up to 1911 .
The Price of the Bulletin will be as follows:
Annual Subscription for Straits Settlements and federated Malay States
Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya
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SINGAPORE :
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NOTE.
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for the year has been received.
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
5T8AIT5
AND
FEDERATED [TALA'/ STATES.
No. 2.]
FEBRUARY, 1912.
[Vol. 1
VITALITY OF RUBBER SEEDS,
By F. G. Spring, Superintendent, Government
Plantations, F.M.S.
Seeds of Hevea braziliensis do not retain their vitality for a long-
period and the consequent difficulty of forwarding them successfully
to distant countries is well known. This year several hundred thou-
sand Para seeds from tapped trees were packed in Venesta chests
with charcoal and forwarded to Trinidad. The results obtained were
far from satisfactory although the seeds were most carefully selected
and packed.
There is no doubt that seeds picked immediately on falling, and
carefully packed, give the best results. If they are allowed to be on
the ground, or if badly packed, a smaller percentage of germination
will be obtained. It must be borne in mind however, that no matter
how the packing has been done, the vitality of Para seeds cannot be
retained for any length of time if they are not gathered immedi-
ately. The seeds must not be packed too many in a box, otherwise
fermentation starts and the whole mass heats and loses its vitality;
the packing material must be just sufficiently moist to prevent the
seeds from drying out and not moist enough to encourage the growth
of moulds and bacteria. For the same reason the packing must be
fairly tight and yet not quite air-tight. Small boxes seem better
than larger cases.
2
Experiments have been carried out as mentioned in a previous
article* at the suggestion of the Director of Agriculture to compare
the germinating power of seeds from tapped and untapped trees
(Expt. I.) and to see if by coating the surfaces of the seeds with
various substances (Expt. II.) the germinating power could be re-
tained for a longer period. The tapped and untapped trees selected
for the experiments are 12 years old ; the first mentioned have been
tapped for the past 2 years, the seeds were collected fresh each
morning and treated as mentioned in the following list.
Experiment I.
The Vitality of Seeds from Tapped and Untapped Trees.
All seeds were packed with burnt padi husk in biscuit tins, each
containing 200 seeds. The tins were wrapped in brown paper and
sealed.
Boxes Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were kept 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10 weeks
respectively then opened, and the seeds planted in well prepared
nursery beds. It will be seen from the tables that seeds from un-
tapped trees gave on an average 50 percent, higher germination than
those from tapped trees reckoned on the absolute percentage. In
each test the former showed from two to three times as many ger-
minations as the latter.
A record of similar experiments is published in the Circulars and
Agricultural Journal of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Volume
IV., No. II, May 1908. This circular states that “seeds from tapped
trees kept for five weeks did not germinate but those kept for four
weeks showed 28 per cent, germination while seeds from untapped
trees kept for four weeks did not germinate and those kept for three
weeks showed only 3 per cent, germination. Both in percentage, ger-
mination, and time of germination the seeds from tapped trees are
better throughout/’ No information is given regarding the manner
in which the seeds were kept previous to planting.
It will be seen that the Ceylon figures are at variance with those
obtained here, but it is difficult to say why this should be.
The Ceylon Circular also states that seeds from tapped trees
are smaller, weigh less per 1000 seeds than those from untapped
trees. This agrees with the figures obtained here, namely, seeds
from untapped trees were found to be on an average 10.7 per cent,
heavier than those from tapped trees of similar ages. The figures
in Experiment I. are of interest not only as regards the suitability of
exporting seeds from untapped trees but they also tend to show the
effect tapping has on the vitality of the seed. Tapping lessens the
weight and size of the seeds, and according to the present experiments
reduces the germinating power.
* Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States Vol. X. No. II, p. 345 ,
Novemb.r 1911.
3
It is evident that seeds which are t j be exported are best selected
from untapped trees.
Experiments are to be conducted to compare the growth of
plants resulting from seeds of + apped and untapped trees.
Table i.
Percentage of Seed Germination obtained from Tapped and
Untapped Trees.
No of
box.
No. of |
seeds 1
in box.
Length of
time the
seeds were
in boxes.
No. of plants
obtained.
Percentage of seed
Germination.
Tapped. :
|
Untapped.
Tapped.
Untapped.
—
I
200
3 weeks
67
156
33
78
2
200
5 »
46
133
2 3
66
3
200
7 »
48
IOJ
24
50
4
200
8 „
40
167
20
83
5
200
9 »
40
164
20
82
6
200
f 10 „
49
165
24
82
Experiment II.
The Preserving of Rubber Seeds from Tapped Trees.
The seeds in these experiments were collected and packed in a
similar way to those in the first experiment but they were coated
respectively with bees wax, hard paraffin, and vaseline. The bees
wax and hard paraffin were melted and the seeds dipped into their
respective liquids, allowed to solidify and then packed. Previous to
planting the seeds, the hard paraffin, bees wax, and vaseline were
removed.
The percentage of germination of untreated seeds from tapped
trees can be seen by referring to experiment I. On comparing
this with the seeds coated with bees wax it will be seen that
the latter showed an increased germination to the extent of ap-
proximately 30 per cent. The seeds coated with (hard paraffin gave
better results than untreated seeds from tapped trees but not as good
as those coated with bees wax.
The seeds treated with vaseline did not germinate. The coating
of rubber seeds with any substance is undoubtedly an expensive
treatment but if seeds have to be sent to countries which take from
1 y 2 to 2 x / 2 months to reach and seeds from untapped trees cannot
be obtained, then, I think that the extra percentage of germination
resulting from seeds being coated with bees wax would more than
repay the extra expense entailed by this system of treatment.
4
Table Ii.
Percentage of Germination of Seeds from Tapped Trees coated with
Bees Wax and Paraffin.
No of
r
No. of
seeds
in box.
Length of
time the
No. OF PLANTS
OBTAINED.
Percentage of seed
GERMINATION.
box.
seeds were
in boxes.
Bees Wax.
Paraffin.
Bees
Wax.
Paraf-
fin.
Untrea-
ted. *
r
180
3 weeks
107
62
59
34
33
2
180
5 »
108
7 1
60
40
23
3
180
7 »
94
74
52
41
24
4
180
8 „
82
66
45
37
20
5
180
9 »
100
61
55
34
20
6
180
10 „
86
58
47
32
24
* Untreated seeds from tapped trees (see Expt. I.)
In no case was there apparent a large falling oft in germin-
ating power from the third to the tenth week.
It is hoped to repeat both experiments in 1912.
GOGO VINE.
( Bntada seandens, Benth).
In the “Board of Trade Journal,” September 14th last, reference is-
made to samples of “soap bark,” the prepared bark of the Gogo
Vine recently received from H. M. Consul at Manila, with the in-
formation that the material is suitable for the manufacture of soap
and hair-washes.
From small specimens of the stem and prepared bark obtained
from the Board of Trade, it has been possible to determine the
material as the produce of Entada seandens. This is an immense
Climber cosmopolitan in the tropics, and may be readily recognised
by its spirally twisted stems and huge pods which are from two to
four feet long, containing hard polished fl.t circular seeds of a chest-
nut colour. So long ago as May, 1855, the late Mr. T. C. Archer
presented to the Museum a similarly prepared sample of the bark
under the same vernacular name, with a note to the effect that it
contains saponaceous properties, forms a lather with water, and is
much used by Manila ladies for cleaning the hair. The following
particulars as to the mode of preparing the bark and its local appli-
ations are gathered from “The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines,”*
5
byT. H. Pardo de Tavera, p.I06: — “The use made of the mashed bark
of this tree is well known throughout the Philippines. Cut in strips
and beaten thoroughly between stones it is sold under the name of
‘Gogo,’ it is macerated in water to which it imparts a reddish colour,
and forms a substitute for soap. The Filipinos use this preparation
for bathing especially the hair, for which purpose there is no more
useful or simple preparation. It cures pityriasis, and renders the
hair very soft, without drying it too much as is usually the case with
soap. The natives use it in treating the itch, washing the affected
parts with the maceration and at the same time briskly rubbing them
with the bark ; in this way they remove the crusts that shield the
acari. The treatment is successful in direct proportion to the energy
of rubbing. . . The maceration of gogo is emetic and purgative ; it
is used in the treatment of asthma; it is exceedingly irritating, the
slightest quantity that enters the eye causing severe smarting and a
slight conjunctivitis for one or two days.”
The seeds, which contain saponin, are stated to be used by the
Nepalese in the preparation of a hairwash. According to Watt
(Diet. Econ. Prod,, India,) the most general use to which the seeds aro
applied in India is for crimping linen. The Dhobis cut one side of
the seed and scoop out the kernel then they introduce two fingers
into the cavity, and quickly stroke the damp linen forwards with
its polished su-face. This crimps it beautifully crossways. The
seeds are made occasionally into snuff-boxes and other articles, and
are often carried long distances by ocean currents . — ( Kew Bulletin,
page 474— yio. 10 1911)
J. M. H.
The subject of the preceding note ( Entada scandens) is a fairly
common plant throughout the Malay Peninsula where it is known
under the native name of “ Akar Beluru.” The flowers are borne on
spikes 6-10 inches long but are not attractive. The pod which is said
to be 1-3 feet long is spirally curved into a mass in the Malay plants,
and has the appearance of being far too heavy for so slender a clim-
ber, which however, depends on its tendrils for support. There is a
model of the fruit in the collection at Raffles Museum.
R. DERRY.
FACTORIES ON PLANTATIONS.
The Selection of a Site.
The selection of a suitable factory site requires, in some countries,
considerable thought. On hilly estates, it is customary to select some
area as low, while as central, as possible. This generally enables the
manager to economise in transport and sometimes to use water power.
6
On such properties, sites which are swampy, liable to flood, or un-
healthy, should be avoided. It is often much cheaper to select a site
at some altitude, and pump water up to the factory, than to choose a
place convenient only for water and transport. In considering the
site in relation to transport, it should be borne in mind that carrying
the latex — which may contain more than 50 per cent, of water to
the factory is more expensive than subsequent transport of dry rubber
to the nearest cart road. The selection of a site is also partly deter-
mined by the accessibility of the area for passengers and cart traffic,
proximity to a good, clean supply of water, exposure to wind, and the
character of the subsoil.
One difficulty frequently experienced, especially when artificial
heating apparatus is not employed, is .that of getting a good supply
of coolair through the building. This defect is often due to the site
not being at a sufficient altitude and to the building being closely
surrounded by forest trees of the Hevea type.
Types of Factories Required.
The type of factory to be erected depends upon many conditions,
such as the amount of the crop and the methods of curing and
washing.
In order to meet crop requirements, care should be taken to
ensure that extensions can be easily and economically made from
time to time. This is particularly the case where small and similar
acreages come into bearing regularly each year for many years in
succession. Where the whole of the area is in bearing, the building
need not provide for extensions to the same degree, though an annual
increase in yield per acre must be allowed for.
The method of curing also has a bearing on the type of factory
required. If vacuum driers are used, the size of the factory can be
reduced. If artificial heating apparatus is provided the rubber is
dried more quickly, and less space is therefore required in the curing
section. The installation of heating apparatus, fans, etc., generally
necessitate the erection of a two-storey building. Smoking must also
be considered, though in many cases a separate building is erected
for this phase of the curing process. Frequently, however, the rub-
ber is smoked, while being cured, in a part of the factory permanently .
set aside for this work.
The kind of washing machine and position of shafting must also
be considered in the erection of the walls and floor of a factory.
There are some washing machines which have double or treble the
working capacity of others, and which demand comparatively less
space. Shafting, if overhead, may require wall brackets, which fre-
quently necessitate an entirely different construction. Floor shafting,
on the other hand, may be erected more or less irrespective of the
materials used in the construction of the building.
7
Type Now Used on Plantations.
Though in the types of factories now used on plantations there
is considerable variation, there is some ground for hoping that stan-
dardisation will ultimately be recognised. If rubber plantation fac-
tories were standardised, the cost would be appreciably lessened, and
additions more easily made. A width of forty feet, with bays ten
feet, has been suggested {Davidson, Souvenir, I. R. J.) as the standard
to adopt.
On Eastern estates the factories are either : (i) entirely on ground
floor, (2) two-storeyed (or more) throughout, or (3) two-storeyed only
in the curing section. They are provided with a space for the
engines inside the factory, or a separate building adjoining the
factory is reserved as the power station.
Materials Used in Construction.
Most factories are steel-framed and covered with galvanized
corrugated-iron sheets. Where the roof is not provided with a
timber ceiling, the air is apt to get very warm in the tropics. The
sides, or walls, are usually made of corrugated-iron sheets, similar
to those used for the roof. On some estates timber is sometimes
favoured, in which case it is advisable to use wood which has been
impregnated with creosote, in order to preserve it against the
attacks of white ants. Brick walls, between the iron columns,
are not often erected, though they are always cool, durable, and
neat.
Ventilation of Factories.
Apart from health reasons, there are many others why rubber
factories should be well ventilated. Rubber contains a proportion of
putrescible matter, and if the air is not kept pure, bacteria may
appear in large numbers and lead to deterioration of the rubber
during curing. Furthermore, drying is, even in dry weather, expedited
if a good draught of fresh air is maintained through the building.
The majority of factories rely upon open windows and doors, together
with a fan, for their supplies of fresh air; expanded metal, which
is so constructed as to allow of air currents, is now used, near the
eaves or floor level.
Floors of Factories.
The ground-floor is, for durability and cleanliness, usually made
of cement. It is, however, not uncommon to find white ants boring
their way through thin layers of cement, and it is therefore necessary
to see that this work is properly executed. In order that water may
be carried rapidly away from the washing machines and drip racks,
channels should be freely provided. The floor requires washing at
regular intervals (preferably with water containing some cheap
disinfectant) and it is therefore necessary to construct it with a slope
of, say, one in eighty, to hasten drying.
8
Where one-storey buildings are installed with artificial heating
apparatus, -a timbered floor is often necessary. This may be provided
with spaces for the passage of air, and be raised above the level of
the ground to enable steam or hot-air pipes to be laid and to create a
hot-air chamber in this region.
Light and Windows in Factories.
The bad effect of light on rubber, and the necessity of having
abundance of light in the machinery sections, necessitate the adoption
of a different arrangement in various parts of the factory. There can
hardly be too many windows near the engines and washing mills.
These should therefore be provided and constructed so as to open
inwards for draught purposes.
In the curing room, however, windows must either be supplied
with red glass, or curtains, to stop the chemical rays from reaching
the rubber, or with wooden or corrugated iron doors — which can be
opened from the inside to allow light to enter during inspection of the
rubber. It is necessary that the rubber in the curing room be fre-
quently inspected in order that the development of moulds and
tackiness may be arrested in the initial stages; hence the desirability
of having even the curing room well supplied with light under control.
Doors and windows should, whenever possible, be made to close
on the inside in order that draughts of fresh air can enter the building
without check . — (India Rubber Journal.)
POTATOES AND JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES
FOR PIGS.
“ In his valuable work on “Pigs and their Management,” Mr. H.W.
Potts, Principal of the Hawkesbury College and Experiment Farm,
Richmond, New South Wales, gives a chapter on “ Crops for Pigs.”
Amongst the roots and tubers he considers Jerusalem artichokes as
a most valuable food. Why this crop has been so much neglected
by Queensland pigbreeders is hard to understand, seeing that its
cultivation is simple and the yield of tubers considerable.
Concerning roots and tubers generally as pig-food, Mr. Potts
says that : — “All these, when fed continuously and exclusively to
pigs, have a lowering tendency on the digestive functions, but that this
is a matter which, in intelligent hands, can be controlled. The value
and importance, he says, of root crops for pigs, particularly in our
warm climate, are now widely recognised, in so far as they are used
only as a succulent and relishable adjunct to other classes of food,
richer in protein, and containing less moisture. A normal
nutritive ratio must be maintained, and the success of feeding
largely depends on the right interpretation of the balanced ration.
We find that many root crops form excellent aids to the standard
feeds.
9
“Amongst the domestic animals, none respond so readily to root
crops as pigs. We have to admit that, under some conditions of
climate, they are costly crops to raise, as they require large quanti-
ties of water. All things being equal, however, they provide a high
percentage of digestible dry matter. Their value is chiefly emphasis-
ed in making available, during the hot, dry months of summer, and
the cold months of winter, a succulent, relishable fodder, when our
natural pastures and herbage are dry and scarce.
“Seeing they contain high percentages of water, starches, and
sugars, it is essential, in the maintenance of a maximum growth in
fattening swine, that they be combined judiciously with cereals, maize,
flesh food, lucerne, pollard, skim milk, cowpeas, peas, beans, and other
similar foods.
“ A too wide nutritive value may create waste and check good
growth by preventing the complete digestion of the protein, as well as
permitting some of the starches to pass from the body as manure. ”
On the subject of
Potatoes
as pig food, the author says : “ When fed to pigs, potatoes appear to
agree with them better than other root crops, particularly when the
ration is balanced with barley, maize, or oats and skim milk. The
Danes secure very high returns with this class of food. The starchy
matter of the potatoes is combined with the protein of the skim
milk and cereals to formulate a well-arranged diet. The bacon made
from pigs fed on these rations has a notable reputation.
“At the Wisconsin Experiment Station it was ascertained that
I bushel of maize is equal in food value to 4H bushels of cooked
potatoes. In numerous experiments it was found that pigs always
secured better flesh gains by being fed on cooked potatoes in com-
parison with those given raw.
“ The use of potatoes as pig-feed can only be determined by the
current market values. When potatoes are low in price, their use as
a pig-food is justified ; but, where potatoes are grown as a staple
crop on the farm, there is always an unmarketable residue, and these
can be fed to pigs with advantage. Pork raised solely from potatoes
has a tendency to be very fat, and wasteful in cooking. In every
instance they must be fed with other foods in which the percentage
.of protein is prominently high.”
Artichokes.
“ This is a flowering, perennial plant which has, in the past, been
overlooked as a valuable food for pigs. It grows from 6 to 9 feet high,
.and when in bloom, seen from a distance, the crop looks like one of
miniature sunflowers.
“The stalks are frequently used for feeding sheep or conversion
into silage, and the tubers afford a palatable and succulent food for
pigs. The plant is very persistent in growth, and, if raised, in suit-
10
able soil, is difficult to eradicate. Enough tubers, as a rule, are left
each year to continue the crop ; hence it is wise to set apart a per-
manent paddock for it, or the odd corners of a farm, or waste places
of little value for other crops may be used for growing artichokes.
“ The plant is extremely hardy ; it resists frost and drought.
Whilst the best crops are raised on good mellow loam, profitable
yields are secured on stiff clay lands, light sandy or gravelly soils. The
land is best suited where the drainage is good ; in fact, any soil
suitable for potatoes will answer for artichokes. It is a crop that re-
quires little attention when it is established.
“The soil needs thorough cultivation. It should be deeply
ploughed about May or June. During the winter it may be harrowed
occasionally, lightly reploughed about September, and well manured
as if for sweet potatoes. The tubers are then planted by dropping
them into furrows 3 ft. apart, with a space of 2 ft. between the tubers.
If the sets are small, plant whole, while large ones may be cut. Cover
by turning a furrow over them. About 4 cwt. of tubers will plant an
acre.
'* The crop matures in five months. Should rain fall immediate-
ly after planting, the harrow maj'' be run over the land to fine the
surface. This should be repeated when the plants are about 4 in.
high. It checks evaporation, destroys, weeds, qnd will not injure the
crop. Later on, the cultivator should be kept moving between the
rows about once a month.
“ When the crop flowers and the tops droop and die, about April
or May, it is ready for harvesting. The average yield will be from
7 to 8 tons per acre.”
“Two varieties were tested at Hawkesbuiy College, and gave
the following results : —
Jerusalem White ... ... 9 t° ns 1 cwt> P er acre *
Jerusalem Pink ... . . 6 tons 16 cwt. per acre.
“ For feeding pigs it is best to turn them into the crop to root
out the tubers. It must be remembered that, where it is desired to
continue the crop, the pigs should be removed before all the tubers
are eaten.
“ Few foods are more relished by pigs. The tuber in the raw
state is very nutritious, more especially for pregnant sows, and also
sows reduced in weight and condition after suckling and weaning
big litters.
“ This class of food acts as a diuretic, or promotes a healthy
action of the kidneys in secreting urine ; it relieves constipation and
stimulates liver function. One acre will support twenty sows from
four to six months. Young growing pigs evidence considerable
growth on being fed with them for a short period. The exercise
obtained in harvesting or rooting up the tubers has a beneficial
influence. It is especially notable that artichokes are very digestible.
II
“The outcome of a number of tests goes to show that, for fatten-
ing purposes, these tubers must be given with grain, and have a
similar result to feeding with ordinary potatoes ; 325 lbs. of wheat fed
with 820 lbs. of artichokes gave too lbs. increase. The average com-
position of the artichokes is shown here in contrast with the
potato”: —
[ Water.
Ash.
Protein.
1
Carbo
hydrates.
Fat.
Nutritive
Value.
Artichoke
79-5
1.0
I
24 |
16.7
0.2
1:7
I : 8.6
Potato
78.9
1.0 j
2.1
17.9
0.1
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.
The culture of Jerusalem Artichokes ( Helianthus tuberosum)
has long been neglected in the Malay Peninsula. It is difficult to
imagine why this should be so as their cultivation is of the easiest.
Beyond deep changkoling of the soil and the keeping down of weed?,
little further attention is required.
The tubers are used as a vegetable, sometimes as a dish but
more usually for flavouring purposes. They are very popular with
many Europeans, and as good vegetables are difficult to ootain, this
plant ought to be more widely cultivated than it is at present.
Plants will grow in almost any situation but the best results and
largest tubers are obtained when they receive plenty of room and
liberal treatment. Deeply changkol the soil and add to it a little
well decayed cow manure about a fortnight before planting. Avoid
using horse manure for various reasons.
The roots or tubers are planted in rows 2 feet apart and it is
often as well to shade the plants when the leafshoots first appear.
The stems do not grow to the height they do in Europe but they
usually produce flowers, which is the exception in England. When
the plants are about four feet high (usually their full height) the
leaves wither and die. It is then that the tubers are in an edible
condition.
When artichokes are grown as a vegetable for European
consumption, it is not advisable to plant up a large area at once as
the resultant tubers soon become discoloured and uneatable if lifted
and stored, and if left in the ground for very long they would
commence to sprout again. If a small bed is planted with tubers at
the above mentioned distances and three weeks are allowed to elapse
between each successive planting, a continuous supply of fresh
tubers can be obtained. It usually takes from three months from
the time the tubers are planted until the next crop is available.
The plant is really a Canadian sun flower.
J. W. A.
12
HORTICULTURAL NOTES.
Euphorbia pulcherrima or, as it is commonly called, Poinsettia
pulcherrima is a plant frequently met with in the East. Its beauty
does not so much reside in the flowers as in the bracts with which
they are surrounded. It may be successfully grown in tubs or large
pots, and small plants are admirably adapted for table decoration.
Owing to the amount of latex which exudes when a shoot is cut,
the propagation of this plant is attended with considerable difficulty.
It is practically useless to attempt to strike newly made cuttings, as
the greater percentage will shrivel and die. Cuttings of Poinsettia,
and this applies to many other lacticiferous plants, require to be
slightly dried before they are inserted. Remove the shoots which
can he spared from a plant and allow them to lie for about a fort-
night in a shady, dry situation. The soft, sappy, useless shoots will
immediately shrivel but the firmer wood at the base of the shoots
remains sound. At the end of about a fortnight cuttings can be
made and inserted in pots.
The size of the cuttings should be about four inches and it is
essential that the base of the cutting be cut slightly below a node or
bud, i.e., where the stem is solid. The internodes or other parts of
the stem are hollow and the shoot has generally to rot away until a
solid piece of stem is reached. As may readily be imagined it is a
matter of considerable difficulty to arrest the growth of this rot.
Insert the cuttings in six inch pots using a sandy compost.
Cuttings root much more readily when placed round the side of a pot
so that only four or five should be inserted round the side of the
above mentioned size of pot. Until the cuttings are rooted, the soil
requires to be kept slightly drier than is usually the case with other
plants. Pot off singly into small pots and provide the same treat-
ment afforded other plants of a like nature.
J* W. A.
13
EXPORTS TELEGRAM TO EUROPE AND
AMERICA
Wired.
Steamers.
Jan. 15 Jan. 31
Tons. Tons.
Tin
Singapore & Penang
to U. Kingdom &/or
1,276
1,192
Do.
do.
U. S. A.
335
816
Do.
do
Continent
250
128
Gambier
Singapore
Glasgow
. * .
. . .
Do.
do.
London
35
10
Do.
do.
Liverpool
300
Do.
do.
U. K. &/or Continent
125
275
Cube Gambier
do.
United Kingdom
30
10
Black Pepper
do.
do.
10
...
Do.
Penang
do.
...
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
10
95
Do.
Penang
do.
. . .
Pearl Sago
Singapore
do.
5
15
Sago Flour
do.
London
150
175
Do.
do.
Liverpool
975
Do.
do.
Glasgow
50
Tapioca Flake
Singapore
United Kingdom
83
85
Tapioca Pearl & Bullet do.
do.
190
75
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaya
do.
550
625
Gutta Percba
Singapore
do.
35
40
Buffalo hides
do.
do.
290
. • *
Pineapples
do.
do.
14.500 8,000
Gambier
do.
U. S. A.
225
85
Cube Gambier
do.
do.
30
80
Black Pepper
do.
do.
, p ,
45
To.
Penang
do.
20
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
85
70
Do.
Penang
do.
. . .
5
Tapioca Pearl
Singapore
do.
• . •
Nutmegs
Singapore & Penar
Lg do.
9
22
Sago Flour
Singapore
do.
125
100
Pineapples
do.
do.
2,750
1,000
Do.
do.
Continent
2,750
2,500
Gambier
do.
South Continent
160
...
Do.
do.
North Continent
250
30
Cube Gambier
do.
Continent
45
80
Black Pepper
do.
South Continent
80
25
Do.
do.
North do.
15
25
Do.
Penang
South do-
10
20
Do.
do.
North do.
• • *
White Pepper
Singapore
Scuth do.
10
* « *
Do.
do.
North do.
50
20
Do.
Fenang
South do.
10
5
Do.
do.
North d -.
...
5
14
Wired.
Jan. IS Jan. 31
Steamers.
Tons.
Tons.
Copra
Singapore & Penang
Marseilles
400
800
Do.
do.
Odessa
100
280
Do.
do. Other South Continent
600
...
Do.
do
North Continent
880
1,275
Sago Flo Dr
Singapore
Continent
1,500
825
Tapioca Flake
do.
do
95
55
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
35
15
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
...
Do. do.
Penang
TJ. K.
...
50
Do. Pearl &
Bullet do.
do.
150
85
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
25
350
Do. F ake
dp.
Continent-
10
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
75
270
Copra
Singapore & Penang
England
150
50
Gutta Percha
Singapore
Continent
75
Tons Gambier ^
„ B. Pepper 1
...
| 100
1,050
270
Para Rubber
Straits and Malaya
U. S. A.
25
30
Do.
do.
Continent
55
55
SINGAPORE MARKET REPORT.
January, 1912.
Copra
Tons.
4,237
Highest
$10.85
Lowest.
$10.00
Garubier Bale
1,150
10.50
10.10
„ Cube No. 1 & 2
398
16.00
13.50
Gutta Peicba 1st quality
...
275.00
200.00
„ medium
...
140.00
90.00
„ lower
...
70.00
17.00
Gutta Jelotong
9.87*
8-25
Nutmegs 110s.
...
25.00
24 00
„ 80s.
...
27.00
26.00
Black Pepper
270
23.00
21.00
White „
149
34.00
30.50
Sago Peail, small
181
5.40
5.30
„ Flour No. 1
5,173
4.30
4/5
„ „ No. 2 ...
979
3.60
1.36
Tapioca Flake, small
578
9.10
8.90
„ Pearl „
129
1 1X0
7.60
„ medium
267
9. 10
8.50
Tin
2,410
96.45
92.00
*o
iF
PERAK.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barome-
trical Pressure
at 32° Fall.
Maximum in
Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
| Prevailing
Direction of
Winds.
1
Total Rainfall.
[Greatest Rain-
fall during 24
hours.
.Q
a H
a s*
p
a
p
a
M
eg
a
Minimum, j
©
DC
a
a
Mean
Wet Bulb.
!
V apour
| Tension.
Dew Point.
I
Humidity.
Taiping
105
79.35
91
70
21
76.09
856
87
23.24
2 56
Kua'a Kan gear
...
78.45
93
69
24
75.08
826
...
86
10.03
4.71
Batu Gajali
95
79.81
90
71
19
76.46
867
87
13.43
2.33
Gopenf!
78.88
90
68
22
74.71
807
82
15.38
4.19
ipoh
80.29
91
70
21
75.78
830
. . .
80
8 52
1.62
Kara par
79.31
91
70
21
75 99
853
86
15.20
3.00
Telok Anson
79.64
93
71
22
76.47
869
87
14.04
3.20
Tapah
79.12
91
68
23
75.89
851
86
22.08
2.98
Par it Bun tar
...
80.eo
88
71
17
76.15
844
82
11.00
2.53
Bagan Serai
...
80.61
89
71
18
76.87
874
85
13.36
240
Selama
79.31
94
70
24
75.39
827
84
22.30
4.69
Lenggong
...
...
78.93
89
70
39
75.51
840
86
12.29
2.30
Tanjong MaHni
80.17
92
69
23
77.24
897
89
9.93
1.77
Grit
77.34
91
67
24
73.55
779
84
9.01
1.84
Ivlian Intan
. . .
. . .
...
11.24
1.73
Palau Bangkor Laut
...
...
* . .
„ .
...
...
9.14
1.78
Kuala Kurau
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
11.59
1.49'
The Cottage
...
* • .
• * .
...
...
...
22.33
3.78
Maxwell’s Hill
...
...
...
...
19.11
4.23
Office of the Senior Medical Offcer,
Taiping, 14th December, 1911.
S. C. G
Fox,
Senior Medical Officer
PERAK.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Per ah for the month of December, 1912 .
DISTRICT.
'u -S
-+3 C3
a £,d
| go
0) c3
Maximum in
Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direc -
tion of Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rain-
fall during
24 hours.
Mean
Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
<33
%°
d
P?
.
Mean
Wet Bulb.
Vapour ]
Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Taiping
*
105
80.11
91
70
21
76.43
863
85
18.97
3.48
Koala Kangear ...
78.89
91
69
22
75.42
837
86
9.97
2 62
Ratu Gajah
96
81.08
91
71
20
76.30
845
80
12.79
2.40
Gopeng
78.98
90
69
21
74.59
799
82
13.22
2.02
Ip h ...
80.98
93
71
22
76.57
856
82
10 62
1.93
Kaiupar
...
79.84
90
70
20
75.87
842
84
17.01
4.62
Telok Anson
80.50
93
70
23
76.77
875
85
16.57
3.55
'Lapah ...
79.86
91
68
23
75.90
852
86
25.11
5.91
PaiitBuntir
80.68
88
71
17
76.28
848
82
6.66
1.96
Bagan Serai
. . .
80.94
91
70
21
76.81
868
82
10.72
4.86
Selama
79.97
92
70
22
75.27
813
80
...
9.00
2.68
Kenegong
78.52
91
69
22
75.08
825
86
...
i 90
T-njong Malim
79.72
92
69
23
76 82
885
89
12.09
2 67
Grit
Klian Intan
76.69
92
66
26
72.78
756
84
11.80
3.37
Pulau Pangkor Laut
...
9.40
1 .95
Kuala Kurau
. . .
...
11.46
1.87
The Cottaye
...
...
...
6.96
2.40
Maxwell’s Hill ...
...
. . .
...
11.02
1.78
...
I
...
...
12.11
2 20
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Taipinu, 19th January, 1912.
S. C. G. Fox,
Senior Medical Officer.
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Selangor for the month of November, 1911.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical
Pressure at 32° Fall.
| Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
rO
9
PQ
©
£
a
cS
0)
a
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
29.897
144.3
81.1
85.4
73.2
12.2
761
81.0
72.8
76
Prisons ,, „
•••
...
* • .
District Hospital „
...
„ Klang
88.8
69.9
18.9
„ Kuala Laugat
85.9
73.7
12.2
...
Eajang
85.1
74.9
10.2
.
...
Kuala Selangor
86 9
71.6
i 15.3
...
Kuala Kubu ...
89.8
70.5
19 3
...
„ Serendah
...
92.1
70.3
21.8
1
„ Rawang
...
90.9
72.4
18 5
Sabak Bernan
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall dur-
ing 24 hours.
Calm.
12.25
2.46
...
12.09
2.10
9.59
2.38
13.51
3.81
9.98
2.95
11.56
2.18
4.80
1.05
17.94
3 90
14.68
2.06
13.43
2.08
13.47
1.88
Office of The Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 3rd Jan,, 19X2,
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
KELANTAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Kelantan for the Month of November , 1911 .
m
©
a
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
CUD
a
PL,
a
CO
i
o
*n
Is ja
a
a
o
a
H3
O S3
a
a
g
^5
a’
© 1
c3
DISTRICT.
~P
P
p
'p
u
-j
fl
i »
s «
PQ £
□
S
a
PP
t*
Q
.a
cS
s
a
'a
§
©
CUD
a
cS
W
m
"©
£
a
©
H
M
a
>>
■+3
5
•S ^
TP P
jjS
a
'3
Oh
"3
-W co
to fcj
© a
a p
cS
©
a
cS
©
a
a
©
a
cS
0)
a
cS
©
S
©
a
cS
©
O
*
o
a
a
eS £
£*
■e
t? ®
a
S
s
3
M
Ph
H
1
5
Kota Bharu
o F
0 F
0 JF.
o p
° JF-
0 E,
0 p
O
° p 7 .
%
Ins.
Ins.
142.0
i78.4
81.88
74.03
7.85
76.2
.857
74.6
89.4
48.43
10.68
Kuala Lebir
75.8
8-3.9
72.4
11.5
74.5
.832
73.7
93.3
23.27
4 59
Kuala Kelantan
80.33
74.26
6.07
44.07
8 79
Kuala Pali i
Kuala Val Estate
Taku Plantation
"*
80.76
80.53
72.53
72.70
8.23
7.83
...
23.54
31.71
3.55
6.12
Kenneth Estate
Pasir Jinggi
Chaning Estate
M.
...
...
...
26.79
31.67
23.04
93 7fi
4.10
6.51
3.76
Pasir Gajah Estate
Pasir Besar
Pasir Puteh
...
...
...
...
35.66
36.96
39.37
O.OD
6.54
6.75
8*37
Residency Surgeon’s Office,
Kota Bhaku, 28th November, 1911.
John. D. Gimlette.
Residency Surgeon , Kelantan.
kelantan.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Kelantan for the month of December , 1911.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pres-
sure at 1:2° F.
Mean Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
i Prevailing direction of
winds.
Total rainfall.
Greatest rainfall during
21 houis.
£
'p
tt
u
ft
a
£
j
Mean Maximum.
Mean Minimum.
Mean Range.
Mean Wet Bu b.
l Vapour Tension.
.9
&
*
Q
ft
! Humidity.
0 F.
° F.
° F.
° F.
° F.
o F
0 F.
o F
° p
%
Ius.
Ins.
Kota Bharn
148.0
77,5
81.22
73.77
7.45
75.6
.829
73.6
89.4
50.72
11.05
Kuala Lebir
74.9
83.6
72.00
11.5
73.9
.810
72.9
93.4
23.55
4.30
Kuala Kelantan
79.93
74.16
5.77
, , .
47.95
11.39
Kuala Val
79.32
72.25
7.06
. . .
25.71
3 95
Kuala Pabi
80.00
71.83
8.17
...
23.49
2.86
Taku Plantation
...
24 04
3.57
Pasir Besar
. . .
28.16
6.80
Kenneth Estate
2 7.90
5.85
Chaning Estate
24.35
3.83
Pasir Jinggi
. . .
...
. • .
‘ * ’
* * '
23.40
3 68
Residency Surgeon’s Office,
Kota Bharu, 20th January, 1912.
John D. Gimlette,
Residency Surgeon, Kelantan.
NEGRI SEMB5LAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Negri Sembilan for the month of October , 1911.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pressure
at 32° Pah.
j Maximum in Sun.
Temper
ATURE.
I
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
la
‘3
"o
H
Greatest Rainfall during 24 |
hours. 1
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum
a
©
to
a
C3
Ph
Mean Wet Bulb. '
Vapour Tension.
2
©
p
| Humidity.
General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
29.898
h- 4
Cl
b
79.5
88.8
72.6
16.2
76.0
0.832
73.6
82
Calm
16.77
3.17
Pudoh Gaol „ „
...
. . *
...
18.26
3 27
District Hospital „
...
13.20
4.09
Klang
88.3
70.3
18.0
13.05
3.63
„ „ Kuala Langat
85.9
7.4.4
12.5
9.56
1.95
„ „ Kajang
. 84.4
74.9
9.5
15.34
2.88
,, „ Kuala Selangor
86.2
72.2
14 0
. . .
13.35
290
,, „ Kuala Kubu
89.4
70.5
18.9
19.64
2 78
„ „ Serendah
91.4
70.5
20.9
. * ,
19.72
2.54
„ » Rawang
90.7
72 8
17.9
...
14.77
1.89
Sabah Bernam ...
* * *
14.25
2.85
A, J. McClosky,
Ag. Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
KuAfcA Lumpur, 14th Dec., 1911,
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Reading* in the various Districts of the State of Negri Sembilan for the month of November, 1911.
©
H
3
r Si
tn
a>
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
j Winds. !
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pi
at 32° Fall.
a
a
CO
0
a
1
■p
cfi
a
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
a
a
3
%
o
oc
0
as
Ph
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
>>
sat
K3
a
ffl
District Hospital, Seremban
14.59
79.6
87.1)
71.8
15.3
76.9
.874 1 75.1
85
N. W.
8.77
1.45
„ „ Kuala Pilah
78 5
87.1
71.9
15.2
75.3
.819 73.2
84
10.90
3.14
„ „ Mantin
. • •
• • *
...
...
11.05
1.65
,, „ Jelebu
. . .
. • .
. . .
, . ,
...
...
8.67
1.82
,, „ Tampin
...
...
...
...
...
...
11.43
3.72
„ „ Port Dickson ...
..
, , .
. . ♦
. . .
... |
...
10.39
1.65
Beri-beri Hospital
\
...
11.83
2.56
OFFICE OF THE SENIOR MEDICAL OFFICER,
G. D. Freer,
Kuala Lumpur, 3rd Jan,, 1911.
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
PAHANG.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Pahang for the Month of November , 1911.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pressure
at 32° Fall.
a
E3
CZ5
.2
a
3
a
V.
«3
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
or
a
cS
03
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
District Hospital, Kuala Lipis
78.7
85.8
67.9
17.9
75.0
11.67
2.00
„ „ Raub
81.8
90.9
67.6
23.3
72.8
18.76
2.19
„ „ Bentong
80.2
88.3
71.2
17.1
75.0
19.64
3.80
„ „ Pekan
79.3
85.2
72.7
12 5
76.3
18.44
2.72
„ „ Kuantan
78.1
87.3
71.1
16.2
76.2
19.41
2.81
Dispensary, Temerloh
. . -
88.1
66.1
22.0
10.21
2.10
Sungei Lembeng
i
...
85.5
72.5
13.0
...
18.99
3.23
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 2nd January, 1912,
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer ,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
23
MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE PLAN-
TERS’ ASSOCIATION OF MALAYA.
Held at 10.15 a.m. on January 7th, 1912, at the Selangor
Club, Kuala Lumpur.
Present :
Mr. E. B. Skinner, Chairman.
Mr. H. C. E. Zacharias, Secretary.
Mr. W. G. Dobson, Legal Adviser.
and the following delegates : —
From Kuala Lumpur District Planters’ Association : — Messrs. F. G.
Harvey, H. F. Dupuis, A. J. Fox.
„ Klang District Planters’ Association : — Messrs. J. Gibson,
E. B. Prior, C. A. Buxton.
„ Kuala Langat District Planters' Association : — Messrs. E. Mac-
fadyen, F. J. Dupuis.
„ Johore Planters’ Association: — Mr. H. E. Burgess.
„ Taiping Planters’ Association : — Mr. E. R. Salisbury.
„ Batu Tiga District Planters’ Association : — Mr. H. L Jarvis.
„ Negri Sembilan Planters' Association : — Mr. A. Dupuis Brown.
„ Kapar District Planters’ Association : — Mr. E. D. King Hannan
and the following visitors : —
Messrs. L. Lewton-Brain, Director of Agriculture, J. Rea,
C. K. Harrison, L. Morecambe.
I. The Notice convening the meeting having been read, the
minutes of the previous meeting are taken as read, and on the motion
of Mr. Gibson, seconded by Mr. Fox, confirmed.
2. Quarantine.
The Secretary reads the following letter
Kuala Lumpur, 23rd November, 1911.
Sir, — I have the honour to inform you that plans are being prepar-
ed for a quarantine station to supplement the accomodation at Pulau
Jerejak which has been found to be quite inadequate. It is suggested
that the site of the new Station should be at Port Swettenham but be-
fore coming to a final decision on the subject I should like to ascertain
the views of the Planting Community who are directly interested in
this matter, and I would suggest that a small Committee of the
Planters’ Association of Malaya should meet me in consultation with
52 .
24
the Principal Medical Officer and Director of Public Works with a
view to discussing the plans and site.
I have, etc.,
(Sd.) E. L. Brookman,
Chief Secretary, F.M.S.
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
The Secretary reports that on December 3rd a deputation, con-
sisting of Messrs. E. B. Skinner, E. B. Prior, F. G. Harvey, Dr. Watson,
Macfadyen and H. C. E. Zacharias, met the Chief Secretary at Car-
cosa, Dr. Sansom, Mr. E. G. Broad rick and Mr. J. Trump being also
present; that the site and plans of the prepared Quarantine Camp at
Port Swettenham were discussed; and that a unanimous agreement on
all points was arrived at.
Mr. E. B. Prior says the permanent quarantine camp, the
Government had decided to construct at Port Swettenham, would be
under the control of the Principal Medical Officer, Dr. Sansom, who
had a large experience of quarantine camps in other parts of the
world. He would therefore suggest that H. E. the High Commis-
sioner be asked that the control of the quarantine camp at Pulau Jere-
jak be also under the control of the F.M.S.
The Chairman agrees with Mr. Prior regarding the quarantine
camp at Penang, but said the great difficulty was that Pulau Jerejak
belonged to the Colony, but he had already suggested that the F.M.S.,
should take a lease of the land, to get over the difficulty.
Mr. Macfadyen says the Port Swettenham camp was really the
outcome of a sort of compromise; the Association asked that the
Pulau Jerejak camp be placed under F.M.S. control; the Govern-
ment could not see their way to do so and as an alternative consen-
ted to the Port Swettenham camp being built.
Mr. Prior: Hardly an alternative, Port Swettenham camp was an
absolute necessity.
The Chairman’s suggestion is embodied in Mr. Prior’s motion,
which is carried.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence, which is noted
with satisfaction :
Kuala Lumpur, 6th December, 191 1.
Principal Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — T have the honour to enclose for your information copy of
minutes of this Association, held on October 29th and would draw
your attention to the last but two paragraphs on page 5.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) A. C. E. Zacharias,
Secretary.
25
1251/19 11 Kuala Lumpur, 7th December, 1911.
Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge your letter of December
6th, 1911, enclosing copy of the minutes of a meeting of your Associa-
tion held on October 29th, 1911. I have noted the suggestion made
by the Chairman in the paragraph on page 5 and I shall have much
pleasure in meeting with the wishes of your Association.
I have, etc.
(Sd.) C. L. Sansom,
Principal Medical Officer, F.M.S.
The Secretary,
The Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
3. Chinese Labour.
The Secretary reports that since the last meeting the Govern-
ment had issued a notification that all Indentured Chinese Sinkeh
labour would have to cease on July 1st, 1914. The Sub-Committee
had not yet been convened and he was trying to arrange for them
to meet the Protector of Labour and the Secr.tary of Chinese Affairs.
Mr. Jarvis would take this opportunity to bring to the notice
of the meeting the exhorbitant wages paid at present to Chinese
tappers, who in his district made as much as $1.20 a day, if he tapped
400 trees. He would propose— “ That all Constituent Associations be
circularized, to find out the rates paid to Chinese tappers with the
object of endeavouring to standardize rates.”
Mr. Gibson seconds the proposition.
Mr. Skinner considers the matter a purely local one and points
out that conditions differ on different estates even in one and the
same district.
Mr. Harvey thinks it more to the purpose if the employers of
Chinese tappers were to meet and arrange these matters amongst
themselves.
The motion is then put to the meeting and declared carried.
4. Javanese Labour.
The Secretary reads the following report, as received from Mr.
H. J. Cooper on behalf of the Sub-Committee appointed.
The Secretary.
Planters’ Association of Malaya.
Sir, — We, the members of the Sub-Committee appointed to
enquire into the question of recruiting Javanese coolies have the
honour to report : —
26
We were unable to arrange a meeting till thf 1 3rd of December,
when we met in Singapore and the same day had an interview with
the Consul General for the Netherlands Indies and the Vice Consul.
We explained to the Consul at some length that our objects were
to facilitate the importation of Javanese coolies, to reduce the cost
by doing away with the middle-man’s profit and also to secure a
better class of labourer than many supplied by the present agents.
The Consul General received us very favourably and enquired
from us the details of the present system for the recruiting of Indian
labourers and the regulations of the Immigration Department. He
advised us to see the authorities in Java as soon as possible and
to take with us a detailed statement of the Indian Immigration
system and copies of the enactments in force. It was possible that a
similar system might be approved by the Dutch Government, but
this could not be for some considerable time as it would mean the
revision of all the existing enactments.
He then referred to the present system in Java by which certain
firms were allowed to recruit coolies from the agricultural districts
and said that he had no doubt that if we were to open an agency
of our own in Java, in charge of approved persons, his Government
would grant a licence, and we could then send out our own recruiters
who would be registered at this agency and work under its supervision,
more or less on the lines of the Madura Co. in India, but of course
the coolies would be under the present system of indenture
The Consul General further advised that it would help us very
much if we went to Java accredited by the Government of the
Federated Malay States, in the same way as a similar mission under
Mr. Carey some years ago.
We thanked the Consul General for his advice and suggestions,
and on the 4th saw the Colonial Secretary who said that the High
Commissioner would probably have no objection to giving us a letter
to the Governor General if he first received an official letter from the
Planters’ Association of Malaya, appointing us as their delegates and
mentioning the object of our mission, and we, therefore, suggest that
this letter should be sent at once and that we should go over to Java
at the beginning of February.
We need hardly point out that the establishment of some system
of free recruiting in Java would be of incalculable benefit to the
planters of Malaya, and now that we have received so much
encouragement it behoves us to go ahead as quickly as possible and
in connection with this the Consul General mentioned to us that the
Sumatra planters were already moving in the matter and had sent
a deputation.
We have the honour to be. Sir,
Your obedient servants,
H. J. Cooper and
(for Messrs. Maude and Pears,)
Members of Sub-Committee.
2 7
i
The Chairman draws attention to the fact that no mention is
made of the incidence of the expenses of the suggested visit to Java;
and that the P.A.M. had no funds to meet this expenditure.
Mr. Gibson thinks every effort should be made to broaden the
base of their labour force.
Mr. Macfadyen proposes that the letter referred to by Mr.
Cooper be obtained from Government, provided the expenses of the
Sub-Committee’s visit to Java do not fall on this Association.
Mr. Fox seconds the proposal which is carried unanimously.
5. H. N. Ridley Fund.
The Secretary reports that $300 had been received to date.
The Chairman suggests that sufficient should be collected,
enabling them to present a really valuable piece of plate to Mr. Ridley.
The Secretary is instructed to circularize again the various
District Associations and to bring up the matter at the subsequent
meeting.
6. London Exhibition, I9II.
The Secretary submits the following accounts received from
the Under Secretary :
MALAY STATES DEVELOPMENT AGENCY.
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements on Account of
the International
Receipts. £ s d
Received from Crown
Agents for the Colonies 138 16 0
Contributed by Rubber
Companies 845 7 6
984 3 6
I certify that the above is a
and Disbursements.
Rubber Exhibition.
Payments. £ s d
Actual Disburse-
ments as per
Schedule B ... 984 3 6
984 3 6
statement of actual Receipts
I certify this is a true copy.
(Sd.) W. T. Taylor,
18th August, 1911.
(Sd.) H. Vane,
Treasurer, F. M. S.
28th December, 1911.
28
INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION EXPENSES
FUND CONTRIBUTIONS.
Name of Contributors.
Amount.
£
S
d
Bukit Rajah Rubber Company Ltd.
.. 26
13
4
The Selangor Rubber Company Ltd.
• • 50
0
0
Bukit Mertajam Rubber Company Ltd
.. IO
10
0
The Rembia Rubber Estates Ltd. ...
.. 10
10
0
Shelford Rubber Estate Ltd.
. 25
0
0
Straits Settlements (Bertam) Rubber Company Ltd.
.. 25
0
0
Batu Caves Rubber Company Ltd.
.. 25
0
0
The Klanang Produce Company Ltd.
.. 25
0
0
The Sungei Salak Rubber Company Ltd.
.. 20
0
0
The Johore Rubber Lands (Malaya) Ltd.
- 25
0
0
The Penang Sugar Estates Company Ltd.
20
0
0
The Rubana Sugar Estates Ltd.
10
0
0
The Straits Rubber Company Ltd.
20
0
0
Seafield Rubber Company Ltd.
- 50
0
0
The Carey United Rubber Estates Ltd.
• 25
0
0
The Damansara (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd.
. 50
0
0
Harpenden (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd.
.. 25
0
0
Linggi Plantations Ltd.
11 7
14
2
The Kapar Para Estates Company Ltd.
. 25
0
0
The UIu Rantau Rubber Estates Company Ltd.
10
0
0
The Federated (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd.
• 25
0
0
The North Hummock (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd..
■ 25
0
0
The Kuala Selangor Rubber Company Ltd. ...
• 25
0
0
The Edinburgh Rubber Estates Selangor Ltd.
• 25
0
0
The Scottish Malay Rubber Company Ltd. ...
10
0
0
Riverside (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd. ...
10
0
0
The Strathmore Rubber Company Ltd.
5
0
0
The Sungei Kapar Rubber Company Ltd.
■ 25
0
0
The Tremelbve (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd
• 25
0
0
The Batu Tiga (Selangor) Rubber Company Ltd.
■ 25
0
0
The Vallambrosa Rubber Company Ltd.
• 50
0
0
Total ...
00
4*.
<-n
7 -
6
I certify this is a true copy.
(Sd.) H. Vane,
Treasurer, F. M. S.
28th December, 1911.
29
B
Payments made by the Malay States Development Agency on
account of the representation of British Malaya at the International
Rubber Exhibition, Islington.
No. Date. Service. Amount.
£
s
d
9
June 13.
L. H. Taylor, Petty Expenses
0
2
10
10
IS-
Do. do.
0
I
9Y2
15
20.
Post Office — Postage
4
0
0
15
L. H. Taylor — Tea for Special
Typist
0
2
6
16
L. Wray— Sundrjr Expenses
1
5
8
1 7
21.
T. H. Reid — Postage
1
0
0
1 7
Post Office do.
4
0
0
18
C. S. S. A. Visitors’ book for
Exhibition
0
6
0
19
M. R. Peacock — Postage
2
0
0
20
Do. do.
1
0
0
21
F. J. B. Dykes, Petty Expenses
0
2
0
25
28.
L. H. Taylor do.
0
13
9
26
Commissionaires employed at
Exhibition June 19th to 25th
5
14
0
27
Gratuity to Messrs. Pollitzer’s
men
0
15
0
28
30.
Gratuities to Waiters at recep-
tion
1
12
0
29
Refreshments provided at re-
ception
21
5
11
30
Payment on account to Cine-
matograph operator
2
2
0
31
F. J. B. Dyke’s Sundry expenses
June
2
9
3
8
July 1.
Puddicombe and Kay, cleaning
stand June 24th to July 1st ...
1
10
0
9
3-
Commissionaires employed at
*
exhibition, June 26th to July
2nd
7
4
0
11
6 .
H. J. Badcock, mounting exhi-
bits
1
18
6
12
J. D. Hewett & Co., charges on
.
railway frames
2
4
8
13
Oliver Typewriter Co., Special
Typists
5
0
0
14
Raines & Co., enlarging photo-
graphs ...
35
5
0
15
Townson and Mercer — Glass
jars
1
8
0
Total.
£ s d
48 12 8 l A
Carried forward 54 10 2 48 12 8%
30
No.
Date.
Service.
Amount. Total.
£
s
d £ s d
Brought forward
54 10
2 48 12 Wz
18
July
6.
Post Office rent of Telephone
4
0
0
24
10.
L, H. Taylor, Petty Expenses
0
10
10
26
Hill Siffken & Co., Invitation
cards
7
10
0
27
Piggott Bros. & Co. Ltd., on
account
300
0
0
32
Pathe Freres Cinematograph
Film
18
6
4
33
Commissionaires employed at
exhibition, July 3rd to 9th...
7
4
0
34
Puddicombe and Kay, cleaning
stand to July 7th
1
10
0
35
Lewis and Peat Transport ...
0
2
6
38
IS-
Commissionaires employed at
exhibition to July 15th
7
4
0
39
Cinematograph operator, bal-
ance of account
4
4
0
40
Puddicombe and Kay, cleaning
stand to July 14th
1
10
0
43
17 .
T. Cox & Son — Carpentering
work
4
3
0
44
International Rubber Exhibi-
tion Tickets
6
8
0
45
Gratuities to Commissionaires
and others
I
6
0
46
19.
Union Bros., Printing
25
10
0
47
Stroud and Co., Foliage plants
18
0
0
48
Lanadron Rubber Estates Ltd.
Refund insurance
1
0
0
.50
L. H. Taylor Petty Expenses
0
9
4
53
21.
L. Wray do.
0
6
6
54
F. J. B. Dykes do.
0
1 7
4
56
26.
Agricultural Hall Coy. Elec-
trie power Cinematograph...
4
15
0
57
L. Wray, Hotel Expenses, etc.
15
19 10
—
— 485 6 10
8
Aug.
12.
The Telia Camera Coy., photo-
graphs
1
1
0
9
14.
International Rubber Exhibi-
tion. Banquet Guarantee ...
4
8
7
10
Piggott Bros. & Co. Ltd., balance
of account
182
17
6
11
W. T. Taylor, Stamps
0
2
7
13
Lanadron Rubber Estates Ltd.
Mitchell’s Expenses
72
0
0
Carried forward 260 9 8 533 19 6 l A
31
No. Date. Service. Amount. Total.
£ s d £ s d
Brought forward 260 9 8 534 4 6^
25 18. Executor of Thomas Drew,
rent of store ...
7 10 0
26
Beck & Pollitzer, accounts .
.. 113 3 8
381
3 4
Cost of Pamphlets and
post-cards distributed
by the F. M. S. Infor-
mation Agency
69
0 iVi
Total ... 984 3 6
I certify this is a true copy
(Sd.) H. Vane,
Treasurer, F. M. S.
28th Dec. 1911.
The Secretary further reports that the total cost of this exhibition
had been $14,501.66, as compared with $9,031.92, the cost of the 1909
Exhibition.
The following contributions had been made :
The Government of the Straits Settlements ... $ 2,000.00
„ F. M. S. ... 4,000.00
Rubber Companies : collected in London, £845 7s. 6d. 7,246.07
„ „ K. Lumpur ... 1,010.64
$ 14,256.71
leaving a deficiency of $244.95, which had been defrayed by the
P. A. M. This sum included $ 98.35 due by various exhibitors for
duty; but the various amounts were so small that he considered it
impracticable to recover same.
Mr. Gibson proposes, Mr. Harvey seconds, and it is resolved
unanimously, to pass the accounts as above set out and to pay the
deficiency of $244.95 out of the funds of the Association.
7. Standing Committee.
Mr. A Dupuis Brown proposes : “ That in view of the rapid ex-
pansion of the rubber industry and the great importance of keeping
the planting community informed of all legislative or other measures
which may in any way affect its interests, the P. A. M. appoint a
Standing Committee of five from amongst its members in addition to
the Chairman and Secretary, to consider such measures and com-
municate its opinions to the district associations, also to act as a
consultative body for dealing with the current work of the P. A. M.”
and submits the following elaboration of the scheme:
32
REASONS FOR ITS PROPOSED CREATION.
X. The Meetings of the P. A. M. are held at irregular intervals
and in the interim the Secretary has no opportunity of consulting the
representatives of the Association.
2. He is, therefore, unable to proceed with negotiations on a
given subject until he has received fresh instructions from a sub-
sequent meeting. For this reason such negotiations are likely to be
unduly protracted.
3. Under present arrangements the delegates to the P. A. M.
are expected to pass very important resolutions, affecting the entire
planting community, without any opportunity for mature reflection
or for consultation with their respective district associations.
CONSTITUTION.
1. I think the first and chief consideration is to get men who are
willing and able to attend the meetings of the standing committee.
2. For this reason I should advocate the appointment of those
who live within a fairly easy distance of Kuala Lumpur.
3. At the commencement the standing committee could be
formed of 5 of the delegates with power to add to their number, the
Chairman and the Secretary of the P. A. M. being ex-officio members-
4. The standing committee should meet at least once every
month. Additional meetings to be convened on the requisitions of the
Secretary of the P.A.M. or of two members of the standing committee.
FUNCTIONS.
1. To consider all draft enactments of the F.M.S. Government
and to take steps to call the attention of the P.A.M. delegates to any
proposed legislation which is likely to affect the interests of the
planting community.
2. To authorise the Secretary of the P.A.M. to continue negotia-
tions and correspondence if in accordance with the policy determined
at the meeting of the P.A.M.
3. To sift and prepare the matter intended for discussion at the
meetings of the P.A.M.
Mr. Macfadyen is afraid that the creation of this committee
would emphasize still further the preponderance of Kuala Lumpur.
He would therefore suggest that members from other States be eli-
gible, and if that was agreed to, he had much pleasure in seconding
the proposition
Mr. Burgess thinks that Johore would certainly like to be
represented.
33
Mr, Skinner suggests one member for each State.
Mr. Gibson considers, that if the Association found the intervals
between meetings too long, a better plan than appointing a com-
mittee, which would in a way usurp the rights of delegates, would be
to hold meetings of the Association oftener.
Mr. Dupuis Brown says even if the Assoiation did meet twice
every month he’ still thought a standing committee should be formed
to boil everything down and prepare it for the Association meetings.
The motion is then put to the meeting and carried by 8—2.
Mr. Dupuis Brown proposes that the Committee be forthwith
appointed.
Mr. Gibson is in favour of leaving this over until the Annual
General Meeting.
The Meeting decides in favour of Mr. Gibson’s suggestion by
9 votes to 5.
8. New York Exposition.
The Secretary submits the following correspondence : —
Malay States Information Agency,
London, E.C., 3rd November, 1911.
Dear Sir, — I beg to forward for the consideration of your
Association copy of a letter received from Mr. A. Staines Manders,
regarding a Rubber Exhibition to be held in New York in September
and October, 1912.
Mr. Staines Manders calls attention to the fact that the charge
for space will be 8/4^. a square foot as against 4/- a square foot which
was charged at the Agricultural Hall, Islington. Other expenses al-
so would probably be higher than in London.
Mr. Staines Manders is very insistent as to the benefits likely to
result from Plantation Rubber being made better known in the U.S.A.
I have communicated Mr. Staines Manders’ letter to the F.M.S.
and to the Straits Governments.
The Secretary,
I am, Dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) W. T. Taylor.
Planters' Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Dear Sir, — I have recently returned from New York, U.S.A. ,
which I visited by invitation of several gentlemen, for the purpose o 1
34
discussing the matter of a Rubber Exposition in New York. After
numerous meetings and on the advice of Mr. Henry C. Pearson,
Editor of the “ India Rubber World,” New York, it was decided to
hold an Exhibition under the above title in Sept, of 1912, Mr. Pearson
being the active Vice-President, and under the auspices of the
International Exposition Company, an incorporate body of New York.
All necessary finances for the organisation have been provided and
the Exposition will comprise the following sections, and will be one of
considerable importance.
1. Crude Rubber — indigenous and plantation.
2. Manufacturers, and Machinery Makers.
3. Kindred Trades.
Mr. Pearson is of opinion that it is a unique opportunity (see
his remarks re Brazilian rubber) for the producers of plantation rub-
ber to come forward and secure a much larger proportion of the trade
of America.
From enquiries I made, and conversations I had with experts I
found the one opinion general, vis., that the manufacturers are eager
for more knowledge than they now possess regarding plantation rub-
ber. Further, my experience was that they were thirsting for infor-
mation, and as the “India Rubber Journal” says, the opportunity
will not occur again for a while. M3' advice is that planting countries
should take part, though there will be no necessity to make the ex-
pensive display they did in London this year. What they require is
a good, comprehensive exhibit of plantation rubber, plenty of litera-
ture, and above all, a good Representative able to give full informa-
tion, and to be able to write up a report on the details he received as
to the requirements of manufacturers, etc.
The Exposition will be open for ten days ; Conferences will be
held under the Presidency of Mr. Henry C. Pearson, but no Confer-
ence book will be published though full reports will appear in the
“ India Rubber World,” New York.
Indigenous rubber countries will be well represented, and planta-
tion should also. There is no doubt in my mind, and I should not
say so unless I believed it, that the prospects for plantation rubber
in the States are . enormous if it is shown to the manufacturer in a
proper way. We shall have the American manufacturers at the Ex-
position, and those who do not exhibit will be there to seek informa-
tion regarding plantation rubber as they know all that is possible re
Brazilian.
The rates for space will be slightly higher than in London but
this is counterbalanced by the fact that we lay down the platforms
and cover them for exhibitors, so that they only have the fitting up
of the stands to do.
35
I shall be glad if you will kindly take up the matter with your
Colony and hoping they will exhibit,
I am, etc.,
(Sd.) A. Staines Manders.
Organising Manager.
Rate for space =$2 ( 8 / 4 d) per square foot which includes covered
platform specially laid for each exhibitor.
H. C. E. Zacharias Esq., New York, November 6 th, 191 1.
Secy., Planters’ Assn, of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S.
Third International Rubber and Allied Trades Exposition.
-Dear Sir,— I take pleasure in informing you that the Third
International Rubber and Allied Trades Exposition will be held at
the New Grand Central Palace, 46th to 47th Street and Lexington
Avenue, New York City, from the 23rd day of September, 1912, to
October 3rd, 1912. You will probably remember my name as the
organizer of the successful rubber expositions in London in 1908
and 1911. Further particulars will be sent you in due course, and I
trust that you will give the exposition your kind support.
Yours very truly,
(Sd.) A. Staines Manders,
Organising Manager.
P. S.— My friend, Mr. Henry C. Pearson, Editor of the “ India
Rubber World” has very kindly consented to become the Vice-
President of the exposition.
No. 3 in 7950/1911. Kuala Lumpur, I2th December, 1911.
Sir, — I am directed to inform you that a Rubber Exhibition will
be held'in New York in October next and that the Government has
under consideration the advisability of arranging for the Federated
Malay States to be officially represented. I enclose a copy of a letter
which has been received from Mr. A Staines Manders, Organizing
Secretary, and I am to enquire what prospect there is of Planters in
the Federated Malay States taking part in the Exhibition and what
financial support may be expected from them towards defraying the
necessary expenses.
2. A letter has been received from Sir. W. Taylor stating that he
has been making enquiries as to how the proposal is regarded by the
Rubber Growers’ Association and others in Great Britain connected
with the industry, and he is informed that the proposal has been
received with favour generally and that the impression appears to be
that Plantation Rubber interests might be benefited.
3. The expenses are likely to be greater than the expense in-
curred in connection with the recent exhibition in London.
36
4. If it is decided to take part it is hoped that a good display of
exhibits from the Federated Malay States will be guaranteed.
The Secretary, I have etc.,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, (Sd.) F. E. Taylor,
Kuala Lumpur. Ag. Under-Secretary, F.M.S.
13th December, 1911.
Under-Secretary, F.M.S.
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter
3/7950 dated yesterday, contents of which I will place on the agenda
of our next meeting to be held on the 7th proximo.
I have etc.,
H. C. E. Zacharias,
Secretary.
Mr Harvey : May I suggest the Association be not represented
in New York.
Mr. Macfadyen: seconds.
Mr. Gibson : I think the New York Exposition will be fruitful
of good results and it will be foolish indeed not to be represented.
We know perfectly well that America is a big consumer and is likely
to increase, and I think if we made a good show in America it would
be to our own benefit. I feel confident of the fact that we have
only to get the Yankee to take to using our rubber in real earnest,
to see another rubber boom. We have only to show him we can
produce goods as good as are produced in other parts of the world.
It would be wanting in energy and enterprise if we were not
represented.
Mr. Dupuis Brown supports Mr. Gibson’s contention.
The Chairman thinks it would be a great pity to decide that the
Association be not represented and suggests circularizing the various
Planting Companies, to get their views on the subject.
Mr. Macfadyen explains that he had seconded the proposition,
not because he thought it undesirable that the Malay Peninsula
should be represented, but because he had misgivings that it would
be well represented. The last Exhibition in London had strained
their resources and he was afraid that contributions might not
come forward as readily as was necessary, to get their industry
adequately represented.
Mr. Harvey’s motion is put to the Meeting and declared lost by
by 8 — 4.
Mr. Gibson then proposes and Mr. Fox seconds that the
Secretary communicate with the Government of the F.M.S and S.S.
and with the Rubber Growers’ Association and solicit their co-
operation in the matter.
The motion isYarried by 10 — 2,
37
9. The Labour Enactment, I9II.
The Secretary informs the meeting that at a meeting of the
Taiping Planters Association held on the 8th ultimo the following
resolution was passed: “That the Labour Enactment, 1911, be
cancelled or at least considerably modified.”
He explains that previous to this he had received notice of a
motion from Mr. Macfadyen on the same subject and had con-
st qiuntly placed Mr. Macfadyen’s motion on the Agenda
Mr. E. Macfadyen, proposing “ that this Association strongly
deprecates the precipitancy with which the Labourers Enactment,
1911, was passed through the Federal Council, said that for a law
conferring such wide and far reaching powers upon the executive, the
Labour Enactment, 1911, appears to have been passed after only the
most perfunctory deliberation. No one would suggest that Govern-
ment resorted to secrecy in order to faciliate its passage. We are
under no delusion as to the real powers of Government in regard to
legislation whatever fictions may be maintained about their
sharing such powers with Councils or Committees. There may be
limits to the powers of Government in administering some of their
laws; but in the making of them they are absolute. The burden of
my complaint is that Government has no moral right to pass a law
such as this, whatever its actual power, without giving members of
Council an opportunity to consider its nature and probable effects.
The official apology for a degree of haste admitted to require
apology was that the law would only be applied in one instance.
Surely this is an aggravation rather than an extenuation of the
circumstances. If Government may take an employer into court
when they see their way to a conviction; and when they did not,
may make a new law to meet his special case, it must be patent
that there ceases to be any guarantee for commercial enterprise at all.
The whole proceeding appears to be against any right principle.
This very instance might be so handled as to do infinite damage to
the reputation of our government for fair play ; which is one of the
chief commercial assets of this country.
I am not concerned to argue that the powers conferred should
not, in the peculiar conditions of the labour situtation here, be in
existence. My contention is that such powers ought not to be
exercised by government officers on the advice of other government
officers alone. To remove the labour force from an estate, by a
stroke of the pen, is to annihilate that estate as a profit-earning
concern; and I urge upon the members of Council to secure the
provision of adequate safeguards against the possible misuse of such
extreme powers. Whether the necessary safeguard should take the
form of a reference to the council itself or to a Committee of the
council or to somebody appointed ad hoc — is not for me to say : but
I do say emphatically that without such a reference, the perpetuation
of this enactment would be highly dangerous. If unofficial opinion
38
had to be consulted in some form or other the position of govern-
ment would be strengthened ; the public would be given the security
it has a right to demand and it is more than probable that in most
cases a resort to extreme measures would be rendered unnecessary
by the pressure which might in this way be brought to bear. Some
such machinery would have been elaborated, I feel sure, had even 48
hours been allowed on deliberation : and that this could not have
been granted, it is impossible to believe, seeing that eight days were
allowed to elapse before the powers conferred were made use of
I move “that this Association strongly deprecates the precipitancy
with which the Labour Enactment, 1911, was passed through Federal
Council.”
The Chairman thinks every member of that Association would
have voted for the Bill after having heard the guarantee of the
Government, who were about to redraft the Bill. The conditions of
the Tamil labour force on the estate referred to were an absolute
disgrace. All the unofficial members of the council objected to the
procedure, but it was felt it was not right to vote against the
measure after receiving the Government’s guarantee that the enact-
ment would only be applied to one group of estates, and that a fresh
Bill would be submitted to them at the next Federal Council. He
felt confident from what Sir Arthur Young and the Chief Secretary
to Government had said that they had every intention of consulting
the planting community on the steps they proposed to take in this
direction in future.
Mr. Gibson regarded the Government’s actions from another
standpoint. If this Enactment went home, the man in the street,
who had invested his money and did not know exactly the position
or conditions of the country where his investmen was, but got to know
the Government of that country could turn round and take away the
labour of the estates he had invested his money in, it might be the
means of bringing about a panic and doing tremendous harm to the
rubber industry. Those were the far reaching effects of such an
action on the part of the Government and it was the bounden duty of
the Association to impress on the Government that «uch high-
handed legislation was intolerable.
He had great pleasure in seconding Mr. Macfadyen’s motion.
Mr. Macfadyen’s motion is then put to the meeting and carried
unanimously.
10. Honorary Members.
The Secretary reports that Mr. A. C. Corbetta has applied for
Honorary Membership and explains that the present lules do not
provide for this.
Mr. F. G. Harvey proposes, Mr. A. J. Fox seconds, and it is
agreed to, that a new rule to that effect be drafted and submitted
to the forthcoming Annual General Meeting.
39
II. Medical Staff on Estates.
The Chairman informs the Meeting that the Government had
under consideration a scheme, whereby they would provide all the
necessary staff and second same for service oil the various estates, as
required. This would do away with all the present difficulties the
planters were labouring under. The Secretary might write in and
find out, how far this matter had progressed.
The Secretary is instructed accordingly.
Mr. Burgess asks for details of the Bailey Memorial Fund.
The Secretary, being unable to give these particulars without
reference to his books, is instructed to submit these at the next
meeting.
12. Absconding.
Mr. Jarvis asks whether the Enactment making absconding a
criminal offence has yet come in force.
The Chairman understands that the Enactment, as originally
gazetted, did not meet the views of the Secretary of State for the
Colonies, and that another Bill is in preparation.
13. Indian Labour.
Mr. Harvey enquires whether it is legal for the Indian Immigra-
tion Department to demand the discharge of a coolie on tendering
themselves a month’s wages in lieu of notice.
The Legal Adviser is requested to look into this point and to
give his opinion thereon.
Mr. Gibson enquires whether a coolie recruited for an estate
from India, but who has worked previously dn another estate, is
considered to belong to the former or to the latter estate.
The Chairman says that undoubtedly the coolie belonged to the
estate who recruited him.
14. Recruiting Commission.
Mr. Gibson suggests that something be done to remove the
discrepancy between the amounts paid to kanganies by the various
estates for recruiting purposes. Some estates paid their kanganies
as much as three and four times as much as others, and it was found
these well-paid kanganies stayed at the depots in India and waited
the arrival of other kanganies bringing coolies forward from up
country. An equal rate should be authorized by the Immigration
Committee and thus prevent this anomaly.
The Chairman recommends that the amount be stated on the
licence, and that the Indian Immigration Committee be asked to fix a
maximum commission.
4 o
15. Sitiawan and Bindings Planters’ Association.
The Secretary places on the table the first Annual Report of
this Association and is instructed to inform the said Association,
in response to private enquiries, that the P.A.M. will greatly welcome
the application of this new body.
18. Brussels Exhibition.
The Secretary submits account from Messrs. Lewis and Peat,
showing balance still due of $499-37-
17. General.
The Secretary lays on the table copy of By-laws and Regulations
of the Selangor Chamber of Commerce Rubber Association.
The Meeting terminates at 12-30 p. m.
H. C. E. Zach ARIAS,
Secretary.
The Planters’ Association of Malaya.
In Account with
The Planters’ Stores & Agency Co., Ltd.
Dr. Cr.
1910.
Aug. 19
To samples of Rubber for Brussels
$
cts.
$
cts.
Exhibition (by our London Office)
703
39
Dec. 31
Antwerp charges
75
17
...
1911.
Jan. 31
By Proceeds of Rubber sent to
Exhibition
279
19
„ n
By Balance
499
37
778
5 b
778
56
To balance
499
37
NOTE OF SALE.
Per s/s “Cormorant” from Antwerp,
49 lbs. Block
15 „ Sheet
10 „ Sheet
20 „ Crepe
20 „ CrSpe
9 ,, Crepe
123 lbs. at 5/7M 14 Dec. n - Exhibition Samples
fiom Brussels.
The Planters’ Stores & Agency Co., Ltd.
Estate
Account Books.
Report Forms.
Company Reports and
Balance Sheets.
Registers.
Pay Books.
Charts.
Pamphlets.
Circulars.
Catalogues.
&c., &c., &c.
Bookbinding in all
Styles
Pape* Ruling, &c.
Jke
W E desire to call the at-
tention of planters and
others to the fact that we can
furnish them with all kinds of
estate printing. The quality
of work we produce is not to
be surpassed anywhere in the
Straits. We give prompt de-
livery and pay special attention
to those far removed from a
reliable printing centre. Our
printing department, which is
kept always up-to-date, is spe-
cially laid out for carrying on
all branches of printing and
bookbinding whilst the adoption
of the most modern methods
enables us to quote at very
reasonable charges. Write
us at once for quotations,
St ret its Zimes press
c Ctd.
Printers, Publishers &■ Bookbinders
Cecil Stanley Streets , Singapore.
Telephone :
Printing Dept. No. 348.
Telegrams.
"Times," Singapore,
Agricultural Bulletin
OF THE
— STRAITS —
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Edited by the
Botanic Gardens Department, Singapore.
No. 3. MARCH, 1912. Vol. I.
CONTENTS.
Page.
11. The Third International Rubber Exhibition - 43
12. Ipecacuanha (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha) - - 45
13. Calabar Bean (Physostigma Venenosum ) - 47
14. Cocaine (Erythroxylon Coca ) 48
15.
Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria)
-
-
50
16.
Pruning -
-
-
55
17.
In Unknown Papua
-
-
57
18.
Lewis & Peat’s Rubber Report
-
-
67
19.
Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Ltd., India
Market Report
Rubber
68
20.
Exports Telegram
-
-
69
21.
Singapore Market Report
-
-
70
22.
Meteorological Readings
-
-
71
To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from Messrs. Kelly
and Walsh, Ltd., No. 82 Raffles Place, and 194 Orchard Road, and
The Straits Times Office, Cecil Street, Singapore.
THIRD SERIES
Agricultural bulletin
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY THE
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NOTE.
No further copies of the Bulletin will he forwarded
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All remittances should be in favour of the Editor,
and not personal.
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
No. 3.]
MARCH, 1912.
[Von. 1
THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER
EXHIBITION.
There is much to commend the proposal of holding the Third
International Rubber Exhibition in New York during the current year
and it is gratifying 'to learn that what appeared to be lukewarm
interest in London and the East is being replaced by active support.
The India Rubber Journal of February 17 states that “ at a special
meeting of the Rubber Growers’ Association held at the London
Chamber of Commerce this week, it was resolved to present to the
New York Rubber Exposition, which opens in September next, a
series of gold, silver and bronze medals for free competition open
at all the rubber plantation countries in the world exhibiting at the
exposition.”
“The condition of the competition is that at least one hundred-
weight of rubber— to be a commercial, not an exhibition, sample—
mustbe shown for each entry made, and planters are to have the
privilege of making more than one entry if they wish.”
Every one will be aware that of all industries those pertaining to
agriculture are the slowest to mature, although the rapid develop-
ment of plantation rubber has been amazing, and where events have
moved so quickly it cannot be complained that the industry is
suffering from a plethora of exhibitions; while the stimulus of the
preceding exhibitions have materially assisted development.
Writing on the scope and utility of the proposed exhibition
Mr. Pearson, Editor of The India Rubber World, says : —
“Steps have been taken to secure exhibits of crude rubber from
every rubber producing country in the world.
44
There is also in process of formation an advisory committee,
made up of the most influential manufacturers, chemists, importers,
and scientists in every way connected with the trade.
There will be notable loan exhibits, European and American,
exhibits of laboratory and factory appliances, etc., etc.
There will be a series of conferences at which essays on various
subjects of interest to the trade will be read.
When one considers that the United States not only uses one half
of the world’s crude rubber, but manufactures much more than one
half of the world’s rubber goods ; when one further considers the very
general interest that the press and the people of the country are to-
day evincing in rubber, it would appear that the exhibition was
timely. That it can be made broadly informing to every trade and
profession, to business organizations and to schools, goes without
saying, and Mr. Manders’ past record furnishes no reason to doubt*
his complete grasp of the possibilities as well as his ability to carry
his plans through to a successful finish.”
A Rubber Exhibition in New York offers an opportunity to
planters to emphasise the real position of the present and prospec-
tive magnitude of plantation rubber in the East, which financial
statements showing the area under cultivation and the output of
rubber fail to convey, as is evidenced by the American manufacturers,
and delegates from Brazil, who have visited Singapore and the
Federated Malay States during the past few months.
Hitherto manufacturers (the real masters of the rubber market)
held large stocks of crude rubber, and this policy is slowly changing
in favour of forward contracts with estates. It only remains to
convince all manufacturers that the plantation industry is an estab-
lished one, and that the output of over 10,000 tons for Malaya during
1911 will be largely exceeded year by year. It would therefore be of
direct advantage to estates to earn a good name on the market.
Another advantage is offered, which should not be lost sight of,
by displaying plantation rubber in bulk, it furnishes an opportunity
of conveying to all concerned the improbability of synthetic rubber
replacing raw rubber. Synthetic rubber is a scientific fact so far as
the laboratory is concerned, and it may not be long before the
commercial proposition is before the world. Rubber displayed in
bulk would be more convincing than figures. It could be seen what
the substitute would have to replace in both wild and cultivated raw
rubber, and also, what is usually forgotten, reclaimed rubber. Both,
governments and financiers, might pause to think that rubber trees
■can be brought into bearing in a few years, while turpentine, the base
of synthetic rubber and the product of fir trees, approach a century.
Two results are apparent, the gradual destruction of forests which
could not be replaced; the consequent increased price of turpentine,
and the improbability of producing synthetic cheaper than raw
rubber. *
The converse of synthetic rubber is overproduction of plantation
rubber— also a possibility. Outside Malaya there is more real acti-
vity in planting rubbers at the present time than at any previous
45
period; Brazil is both planting and fostering natural reproduction;
the West Indies have embarked on a strong rubber planting policy ;
all tropical Africa is actively engaged in planting Para and Ceara ;
from India Ceara is expected to be largely exported ; Mexico expects
to increase her output in the near future.
Where so many countries are engaged different systems of culti-
vation and methods of preparation naturally follow, and the oppor-
tunity presents itself at the forthcoming exhibition of studying the
real position in all its latest developments.
“Entries for the competition close on August I, and are to be
made direct to Mr. A. Staines Manders, c/o the Grand Central Palace,
46th to 47th Streets, Lexington Avenue, New York city.”
It is inferred that exhibits not intended for competition would be
received later, as the exhibition opens during the last week in
September 1912.
The following suggestions are made from experience and to avoid
errors and save delay :
1. All cases of exhibits should be fastened by screws and
not nails. Nailed cases frequently split and are spoiled
for returning.
2. The name of the estates, settlement or state, should be
stencilled or printed on 2 or 3 faces of the case. Con-
e ignee’s address on top of case.
3. Cases to be returned should have the addresses printed
on a board and screwed face downwards on top of the
case when consigned to New York.
4. Full instructions; if for competition; description of
contents; number of cases; weight of rubber; whether
offered for sale or to be returned; address for returning ;
should be communicated to the local secretary, or direct
to the Commissioner.
5. Instructions should not be enclosed in the cases of rubber.
6. Instructions, part to local secretary or Commissioner,
and part to agent or friend, should be avoided.
7. Cases should be numbered and contents described on
case, as well as mentioned with instructions.
The matter is receiving the attention of Government, and it only
remains for plantations to come forward with rubber in bulk to place
Malaya in the front of rubber producing countries.
R. DERRY.
IPECACUANHA.
(Cephaelis Ipecacuanha.)
The superior claims of rubber have so absorbed the attention of
planters during recent years that only occasional enquiry is made of
other plants. With many economic plants, particularly drugs, the
demand is temporary only and a fascinating price is best measured
40
by the possible demand for the product and the probable extent of its
cultivation.
At the present time enquiry is again being made respecting
Ipecacuanha, and considering the consumption and consequent
demand for the drug, the limited sources of supply, its slow reproduc-
tion and cultivation, there does appear a prospect for further
development. In most instances, however, enquiry is based on the
suitability of the plant for a Catch-crop, and the object of this note
is to indicate its inadaptability for cultivation under such conditions.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha is a dwarf, half shrubby, shade loving
plant indigenous to many parts of Brazil, and sparsely in New
Granada and probably Bolivia. It was first introduced to Europe
about 1830 and to India 30-40 years later. Ipecacuanha is prepared
from the dried roots of the plant which are exported from Brazil,
Cartagena, Selangor and Johore, and India ( an analysis showing the *
relative value of the commercial drug from the first three countries
mentioned k published in the Agricultural Bulletin p. 364, Vol. 8.)
Its cultivation — owing to its special requirements — is still limited
while the demand for the drug is increasing.
Bentley and Trimen describe the process of collection in Brazil
as follows: — The roots of the Ipecacuanha plant are collected more
or less all the year round, but less during the rainy season from the
difficulty then experienced in drying them properly. The collectors
are called Poayeros from the Brazilian name Poaya by which this
plant is known. A Poayero collects the roots by grasping in one
hand as many stems as he is able, and with the other he pushes a
pointed stick obliquely with a see-saw motion in the ground beneath
the plants, by which he is able to pull up a lump of earth with the
inclosed roots in an almost unbroken state. The earth is then shaken
from the roots which are placed in a bag brought for that purpose,
and the same process is repeated with other plants. When the
f*oayera pulls up the roots, he breaks them at certain points, and
from these broken parts of the roots which are left in the soil, young
plants are subsequently produced, and thus the total destruction of
the plant is avoided.”
In the East the plant is reproduced by root cuttings (so far as I
know it does not seed locally, but where well matured plants are
available old enough to flower, seeds could be produced by artificial
fertilization) but such cuttings are not easy to establish, and if the
root is subdivided into numerous cuttings due protection to prevent
loss from excessive damp is necessary. On virgin soils, or where
there is a depth of vegetable humus and the situation is moist and
shady, the plant grows well when establishe 1 but the properties of
the root deteriorate with continued cultivation. Such deterioration
might be minimised, if nit avoi led, by mulching with leaf-soil and
burnt-earth, especially burnt-humus, as the lime contained in burnt-
earth and applied in thi* form, alth >ugh the proportion is small, is
easy of absorption. Careful cultivation is necessary as the alkaloid
cr active principal of the drug, only amounts to about I per cent, of
the loot.
47
The Brazilian plant is variable in habit, and the Cartagena or
Colombian variety is distinct and of less commercial value.
R. DERRY.
Mr. R. IT. True (Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture) has been supplied with the following informa-
tion from the American Consul at Cartagena regarding the cultivation
of Ipecacuanha, and this we publish from the “Oil Paint and Drug
Reporter” Ipecac, a trailing plant thrives best in clay soil along the
banks of rivers. While it requires a great deal of moisture, it cannot
live under water, and consequently in Colombia it is found in its best
development in regions where the rainfall is abundant, but where the
rivers do not overflow.
The Sinu River is the ideal region for ipecac. The plant is
found in abundance from near the head-waters of this river . . .
The growth extends to a distance of several miles on each side of the
river and also to the more important tributaries of the Sinu, the
Esmeralds, Verde and Manso rivers. In regions where the water is
excessive, such as the valleys of the Atrato, the plant though found,
has a poor growth and is of an inferior quality. In gathering ipecac
the whole plant is up-rooted and the thin and soft rootlets are thrown
away, and these discarded rootlets serve as a means of reproduction,
becoming in a year well-developed plants having valuable roots of
their own. The present demand for ipecac is good, for the average
price in Cartagena is about $l.8o per lb. and $2.20 per lb. can be
obtained in some of the foreign markets for the dry roots. The
European demand is especially strong. France paying from ioc. to
20c. more than can be obtained in the United States. The total
shipment of ipecac from this port during the calendar year 1910
amounted to 14,181 kilos. The area from which Cartagena ipecac
is derived is very extensive and somewhat scattered, though by
far the most important region is that of the Sinu River and its
tributaries. It is thought that the land actually covered by the plant
must embrace several hundred square miles, though any attempt at
an accurate estimate would be useless. A relatively small amount
of Cartagena ipecac comes from the Atrato, and it is of inferior
quality. In addition to the two regions mentioned, there is still
another, nearer than either of them to Cartagena, called San Onafre.
Ipecac is not an object of cultivation in Columbia, though there is
no reason why it should not be, except the fact that it is found wild
in such abundance.”
(The Chemist and Druggist , Feb. 24, 1912, p. 78'.
CALABAR BEAN.
(Physostigma Venenosum).
A plant allied to the runner-beans (Phaseolus) and native of
Nigeria and the Congo where it is used as an ordeal, but owing to its
poisonous properties the production has been discouraged.'
48
The drug, which is obtained from the ripe seed, has been recog'
nized in different Pharmacopseias for many years as a valuable poison
and for external use in cases of Myopia. Quite recently a further
chemical examination by the Wellcome Chemical Research Labora-
tories has resulted in the isolation of a new alkaloid which will
doubtless add to the value of the plant although the demand may be
limited.
R. D.
COCAINE.
(Erythroxyloiv Coca.)
In the Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits Settlements and
Federated Malay States page 336 vol. VII. there is an account of
this plant as grown in the Botanic Gardens Singapore and a report
from the Imperial Institute on a sample of dried leaves submitted by
the late Mr. Machado for analysis and valuation. The colour of the
leaves was not quite good but “the percentage of alkaloids present
was equal to the average amount found in commercial supplies of
Coca leaves from other sources.” Planters are also cautioned that
the demand is small and that leaves would be over-produced if
extensively cultivated.
At the present time the price is high and leaves from the East
appear to be exported from Java only. The plant is exceptionally
hardy and is grown as a hedge-plant in the Singapore Gardens,
There would be a great saving in ’.handling and freight if anyone
cared to try the production of Cocaine instead of exporting leaves.
R. D.
The Production of Cocaine in Peru.
This subject receives attention in a recent number of The
Engineer, in an article which is reproduced in Peru To-day for Septem-
ber 1911: In introducing the article, the latter publication points out
the importance of the cocaine industry in Peru ; this is shown by the
circumstance that the value of the annual production of the drug is
£2,500,000. A great part of this is exported, while most of the rest
is consumed by the native Indians.
The account in The Engineer states that the processes employed
in Peru for the extraction of cocaine from the leaves of the coca
plant ( Ery thro xylum Coca) are crude, owing to the fact that the treat-
ment takes place in the interior, on account of the expense of trans-
port of the leaves; the extent of this expense is illustrated by the
fact that 200lb. of coca leaves are required for the manufacture of lib.
of cocaine. Doubtless, improved means of communication will bring
the manufacture nearer the coast, and then better methods will be
employed.
49
For the extraction of the drug from the leaves, three operations
are employed : (l) maceration, (2) intermediate precipitation, and (3}
final precipitation. For maceration, the leaves are placed in four
tanks, in the first of which they are treated with a 0.5 per cent,
solution of sulphuric acid. After twenty-four hours, the liquid is
allowed to flow into the second tank and the first is again filled with
new leaves and the acid solution. After another interval of 24 hours,
the contents of the second tank are run off into the third while
the former is filled from the first as before, the first again receiving
a new charge. The fourth tank, after another period of twenty-four
hours, is filled from the third, and the preceding processes with the
other tanks are repeated. • In this way, leaves in a state for further
treatment, namely, those originally put into the first tank, are
obtained at the end of four days. The tincture thus obtained is next
placed in a strainer, for the purpose of filtration, after which the
processes of maceration is complete-
For the intermediate precipitation, the tincture is subjected to the
action of sodium carbonate in cylindrical vessels. At this stage,
in order to test if precipitation is complete, a small quantity of the
tincture is removed, filtered from the cocaine, and the filtrate tested
with ammonia, when there should be no precipitate formed. The
obtaining of a precipitate indicates the necessity for the addition
of sodium carbonate to the tincture in the cylindrical vessels.
The first operation for the final precipitation is the addition
of petroleum, the mixture being stirred carefully for three to four
hours at a very slow rate. At the end of this period the oil, which
now contains the cocaine, is washed with acid-free water, and then
treated with acidulated water, the proper amount being determined
by the testing for precipitation of an aliquot part. During this
process, the mixture is stirred vigorously for half an hour to forty
minutes, with the result that the cocaine is transferred from the oil
to the acidulate water, which can be separated from the former after
the mixture has been allowed to stand for about a quarter of an
hour.
At this stage, the extract is ready for final precipitation, which
as before is effected with sodium carbonate, the amount required
being determined by a test with ; n aliquot part of the solution. The
mixture is then allowed to settle for twelve hours and, filtered while
being washed with distilled water, to remove any excess of sodium
carbonate. The wet residue of cocaine is finally subjected to
pressure, when the drug is obtained as a white paste containing 87 to
93 per cent. The usual yield is about 2 %tb. of cocaine per day of
twenty-four hours.
When inferior leaves are used, the product is brownish in colour
and has to be subjected to further treatment, similar to the above ;
this results, however, in the loss of some of the cocaine. A last
matter of interest is that the approximate cost of producing 1 lb. of
cocaine is about .£5 — an amount which naturally varies with the
price that has to be given for the leaves . — Agricultural News , West
Indies .
50
INDIGO.
(Indigofera tinctoria.)
The following paper read before the Ceylon Agricultural Society
on the possibility of producing natural Indigo to compete with the
synthetic dye is of especial interest for its latent possibilities.
Synthetic Indigo is a bye-product of coal-tar and although
extensively used it has not entirely replaced the natural indigo.
For silks and high class textile goods the natural dye is still pre-
ferred for its durability as a fast dye.
As the indigotine, or blue colouring ^matter, varies with culti-
vation and preparation from 20 to 90% there does appear an oppor-
tunity for producing an improved standard dye. It is very probable
too, that in preparing the Indigo in the form of paste there is con-
siderable saving over solid or cube Indigo which is the result of
sterilizing. (Singularly, some years ago, great efforts were made in
Singapore to produce solid or stick Indigo which failed).
Locally, the plant is grown from cuttings and not seeds, so that it
may improve the cultivated product if seeds were tried instead of
cuttings.
Formerly the cultivation was extensive but has gradually dwind-
led to almost nil, possibly due to a combination of causes.
When Indigo was extensively cultivated in Java and Sumatra it
was known that its cultivation improved the soil for tobacco, sugar
and other crops.
It certainly deserves careful experimental trials for green soiling
with rubber, but if intended as a Catch-crop, a good water supply is
essentia] and prospective crops assured before embarking on the
apparatus necessary for its preparations-
R. D.
Ceylon as an Indigo Country.
Interesting Paper.
Baron Schrottky — then read an excellent paper entitled, “The
cultivation of Indigo in Ceylon,” in which he said : —
The object of the paper on Indigo, which you have permitted me
to read to you to-day, is to arouse interest in an industry which, for
some time past, has been considered moribund, if not dead.
The natutal indigo industry, at one time one of the most pros-
perous industries in the East, has been practically ruined by the
competition of a synthetic dye.
Adolf von Bayer discovered in 1880 a method of producing from
coal tar products a substance identical in every respect with indigo-
tine, the chief dyeing principle in the indigo of commerce, in which it
is found to the extent of about 60 per cent.
The Badische Soda and aniline Fabrick acquired Bayer’s patents,
and in 1897 brought into the matket a synthetic indigotine at a price
low enough to compete with the natural dye. Ihe Badische Com-
pany was able to sell their product at a profit at the cost price of
natural indigo, which was then about Rs. 120 to Rs. 150 per maund
of 74 lb.
This competition naturally resulted in the closing of most indigo
factories in Bengal and Northern India which were dependent for
financial assistance on Calcutta houses and only those planters who
had land of their own, on which they could very profitably utilize the
excellent manure which indigo refuse yields, were able to keep their
heads above water.
The export of indig?, which in 1896 was 187,337 cwt, valued at
nearly 4 million pounds sterling, had fallen in 1910 to 18,061 cwt.
valued at a little over 200,000 pounds sterling.
Indigo continued to be grown in Behar and elsewhere in India,
but chiefly for the sake of manure it yields, the dye coming to be
looked upon almost as a by-product, it was at the darkest period of
the Indian indigo industry that Sir Edward Law, Finance Member of
the Indian Council, in his Budget speech, March, 1904, spoke hope-
fully of a possible revival of the industry, if planters would only put
their factories on a sounder financial basis, practise economy in the
management of their estates, select the best yielding variety of the
indigo plant, and adopt more scientific methods of manufacture. It
is due to a few of the more enterprising planters of Behar that pro-
gress has been made in these directions.
The great increase in the yield of dye obtained by the latest
■developments of the industry will be more fully realised by compa-
ring a maximum outturn of Y\ lb. of dry from 100 lb. green plant
in 1887, which was then spoken of as “ marvellous,” with the 3 4 lb.
•of dry dye which 100 lb. of green plant can be made to yield now, an
increased outturn which, 20 years ago, would have been regarded as
impossible. But quite* as important has been the advance in the
marketing of the dye in the more convenient form of a paste of such
qualities and of such an atomically fine division of the dye that
speaking from practical experience— as much yarn can be dyed a
certain shade with one pound of Indigotine in the Standard Natural
Indigo paste than can be dyed with I % lb. of Indigotine in the
synthetic dye.
We arrive now at the question of how this development of the
indigo industry affects Ceylon, where it has never been considered
profitable to grow the plant, even at the flood tide of prosperity in
that industry. In those days the yearly outlay of an indigo factory—
for supervision, rent of land, cultivation, manufacture, and the
marketing of the dye — used to be in Behar about Rs. 36 per acre, and
the outturn was 24 lb. of the dye per acre, selling at Rs. 3 per lb.
This gave a cent, per cent, profit.
Cheapness of labour and cheapness of land were then the essen-
tial elements in the profitable cultivation of indigo, and on this basis
Ceylon could not hope to compete with India. But now these items
are not of such importance, since the industry has developed on lines
52
which make it necessary to treble the outlay, so that the cost of
labour and land is now proportionately much smaller. It is this
change which enables Ceylon planters to take up indigo cultivation
with every chance of success and profit. The increased outlay is
chiefly due to the cost of scientific methods of manufacture, and the
very large additional outturn of dye obtained thereby has reduced
the cost of natural indigo of average quality (60 per cent, indigotine)
to Is. per lb. whereas the synthetic dye costs is. 6d. to manufacturer
and is sold at present at 8d. per lb. of 20 per cent paste equal to 2s.
per lb. of 6o per cent, indigotine.
The way is, therefore, open for a revival of the natural indigo-
industry on a better basis than ever before, for it is well-known that
the cost of the synthetic dye cannot be further reduced. It is gene-
rally acknowledged that natural indigo has better dyeing properties
than the synthetic product, and dyers will give preference to the
natural dye if they can get it at the same price of a standard quality
and in the more convenient form of a paste. Such a standard natural
indigo paste of keeping qualities has now been produced ; it has been
tested by practical dyers, it has met with the approval of Mincing
Lane brokers, and it finds a ready demand and sale at a remunerative
price.
It will, of course, take some time before an indigo industry on
these up-to-date lines is established even in Behar. But a beginning
has been made there and it is to be hoped Ceylon will follow suit, for
here there is no lack of enterprising nen with a command of credit and
ready money, which is essential. The climate is favourable, the soil is
suitable, and, in short, we have here all the elements that should en-
sure success.
The indigo plant grows better in Ceylon than in Behar. It
grows wild in the low-country and at high altitudes, it is found up to
5,000 feet, it grows in the dry districts and in the wet districts, and
there are some sixteen varieties of Indigofer a indigenous to the Island.
The plant grows in Ceylon for the greater part of the year (excepting
the very dry districts), and will jdeld three to four cuttings in the
twelve months; whereas in Northern India, where there are four
months of cold weather and three months of drought, only one good
cutting can be obtained, the second cutting depending much on the
season, and, at the best, yielding only a half crop.
Mr. Teixeira de Mottos, General Secretary of the Midden Java
Planters’ Association, has given me the crop outturn of Indigofera
arrecta in Java as amounting per acre to 32,000 lb. per year for three
cuttings, the yearly outlay being Rs. 100 per acre. This crop outturn
of green could, I feel certain, be reached here also in Ceylon, when-
ever the rainfall is over 60 inches for the year, and where the fall is
well divided bet ween the south-west and north-east monsoons.
In the dry districts of the Island, with only one monsoon, and a
rainfall of only about 40 inches spread over four to five months of
the year, we can only expect two cuttings, which might be estimated
to yield about 20,000 lb. of crop per acre, for in Behar I have the
53
statistics of a crop of Indigofera arrecta sown on March 20, and yield-
ing' before the middle of September, within a period of six months
two cuttings amounting to 21,600 lb. per acre.
If we take for Ceylon a rather higher outlay per acie than in
Java, say Rs. 120 per acre, and add to this the expenditure in work-
ing according to scientific methods of manufacture (say Re. I for
every 400 lb. of crop treated) we arrive at a total outlay, for a yield ot
32,000 lb. per acre of Rs. 200 per acre, and for a yield of 20,000 lb.
crop Rs. 170 per acre. The outturn of dye for Ceylon may be safely
estimated at about the same as that obtained in Behar by scientific
methods of manufacture, i.e., 2% lb. of standard indigo paste per 1 00
lb. of green plant, though actual manufacture from plants giown in
Ceylon has shown that the yield of dye is higher than in Behar.
Arrangements have been made with a Mincing Lane fhm to take
over this standard paste at the rate of 5 ° cents per lb. c.i.f. Colombo.
The outturn of standard paste per acre yielding 32,000 lb. green
plant may therefore be estimated at 800 lb. of paste, value Rs. 400,
plus Rs. 148, the estimated value of the residual manure which the
decomposed plant yields after the dye has been extracted, making a
total of Rs. 548 against an expenditure of Rs. 200. In the districts
where only 20,000 lb. of green plant c^n be cut per acre, the outturn
of standard paste will be 500 lb., value Rs. 250, plus Rs. 100, the value
of the manure, or a total of Rs. 35 °» against an expenditure of Rs. 170.
There must further be deducted rent of the land (or interest on
the capital represented by it) and also the interest on the capital
invested in the building of a factory and depreciation.
With the assistance of a few enterprising men in Colombo, this
question of the possibility of successfully pioneering in Ceylon an in-
digo industry on up-to-date lines has been brought nearer torealisation.
Indigofera arrecta and Indigofera sumatrana have been experimentally
cultivaed during the last six months in gardens within Colombo city,
as well as at higher elevations on coconut and rubber estates. The
plants have grown satisfactorily, as could not otherwise have been
expected, for indigo is a weed which will flourish well with ordinary
cultivation in all tropical and semi-tropical countries. Even where
it was sown broadcast on totally unprepared hard laterite soil a crop
has been obtained, though the growth is irregular.
What was sown in Colombo in July last has already yielded two
cuttings (the second cutting at the rate of 14,500 lb. per acre), and
the plants are shooting out well for a third cutting.
Plant grown in the Kalatara district has been manufactured in a
miniature factory according to scientific methods and has yielded
well, the outturn of dye being much greater than the Behar plant
yields, and was equal to 3U lb. of standard paste for 100 lb. of green
leaf.
You will have noted that I have added to the value of the dye the
estimated value of the manure, which is a by-product of indigo
manufacture. This is a most valuable asset, especially for Ceylon,
where the soil cries out for manure more and more every year. The
54
fact that indigo cultivation and manufacture will yield as a by-
product one of the most valuable of natural manures is one pregnant
with the greatest possibility for this Colony.
We know from the experience gained in India and Java that
this manurial matter trebles the outurn of tobacco; that it doubles
the outurn of paddj', in grain as well as in straw; and it will also
be found very suitable for coconut cultivation, for cacao, and for tea.
The manure, consisting of the fermented green leaves and stalks,
is put into heaps and kept in pits, and can be further improved
in value by running the waste liquid after fermentation over it. The
bacterial life, set going by the fermentation, helps to decompose the
plant, and turns the whole mass into a brown friable mould. Sir
George Watt, in his Dictionary of the Economic Products of India ,
specially refers to the great value of this manure, and you will find
the fact mentioned there that experience has shown that land cutlti-
vated in indigo is greatly benefited thereby.
Indigo is one of the few plants which enrich the soil on which it
is grown, (I) by the exudation into the soil of nitrogenous matter
from peculiar root-nodules in which through bacterial action the
inert nitrogen of the air is worked up into assimilable nitrogenous
products ; (2) by the fall oflleaf; and (3) by the droppings of the
millions of insect life which an Indigo field harbours, while the long
tap roots of the plant draw nourishment from strata of soil not
reached by ordinary crops.
This Indigo refuse is called “ seet,” and closely approximates in
Its general composition good English Farmyard manure, though it
is decidedly richer in its chief constituent — nitrogen. From IOO
maunds of green plant about 80 maunds, or about 3 tons, of well-rotted
“seet ’’are obtained. Mr. Pawson, from whose report to the Behar
Planters’ Association, pages q-I2, I quote, says that without taking
into consideration the very valuable manurial qualities of the decom-
posed organic matter in the “seet,” its principal plant food consti-
tuents per ton would be equivalent to 103 lb. sulphate of ammonia,
36 lb., sulphate of potash and 13 lbs., tribasic phosphate of lime.
Compared with oil cake, which contains only 14 per cent, of mois-
ture, while “seet” contains 70 per cent., one ton of “seet” is
equivalent in manurial value to about 5 cwt, °f castor cake. The
actual results are, however, even greater in the case of “seet,” as
the plant food there is in a ' more assimilable and subdivided form
than in either farmyard manure or oil cake. Composition of Indigo
refuse or “ seet ”: —
Per cent
Water ... 72 ‘56
Organic matter ... 22'88
Mineral matter ... 4‘56t
100*00
55
Containing nitrogen
Equal to ammonia
0‘98
ri9
f Containing —
Silica
Lime
Magnesia
Potash
Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid equal to tri-
roq
I '09
Q‘2 1
0*89
027
basic phosphate of lime
0'58 (Rawson)
Rawson gives the actual’ money value of the “seet” from I0»
maunds ( = 8,000 lb.) of green plant as amounting to Rs. 37.
Fron an outurn of 3 2 >°00 lb. of green plant per acre we may
therefore expect, in addition to the dye, a residual manure worth Rs.
148. The amelioration of the soil, as a concomitant of indigo
cultivation, has been recognised as one of the most important
elements of the industry in India, and should receive the same
recognition in Ceylon.
I trust that the data I have given will draw the attention of
Ceylon planters to the cultivation of a product which, even grown as
a subsidiary crop, opens such large possibilities for the more success-
ful cultivation of the present stable products of the Island . — Ceylon
Observer , March 7, 1912.
PRUNING.
Pruning consists in removing any part of a tree, either stem,,
brandies or root with a view to repressing its growth in one direction,
and directing the course of sap towards other parts of the tree or
shrub, etc, which are better situated and constituted for performing
the natural functions.
In this country, trees and shrubs generally, produce an over-
abundance of branches, half of which are sufficient for all purposes
required, decorative or otherwise. It is therefore essential that
pruning be resorted to. By pruning I do not mean to infer that in
the case of such trees as Cassia fistula, etc., wholesale, ruthless
cutting out of branches is required, far from if, but if a few r of the
weaker branches were removed, the sap which would have been
utilised by the removed branches, is directed into the remaining
branches, strengthening and enlarging them so that they are better
able t ) continue the satisfactory growth of the tree.
In fruit trees generally, pruning has a most beneficial effe t on
the yield of crop, enlargement of the fruit, genera! productiveness of
branches hitherto barren, and admission of more light and air to the
remaining branches are some of the immediate results attained.
56
Pruning may be performed with a pruning knife, secateurs,
parang, or small hand-saw, but in all cases the branch should
be removed as close to its base as possible, leaving a clean, slightly
sloping cut. Cover the scar completely over with coaltar, taking
care that no tar is allowed to trickle down the bark of the tree. As
any unprotected wound or scar is liable to introduce fungi to the
tree, it is better to apply the tar two times. i.e„ once immediately the
branch has been removed and again about a fortnight later. Never
leave scars or cuts unprotected for any length ol time.
If it is decided to remove some of the branches say of a Mangos-
teen tree, then immediately the fruit has been gathered is the best
time to do so. This allows the remaining branches to enjoy, during
the whole of the following growing period, the additional supply of
sap thus caused, and consequently the tree produces larger and better
fruits the ensuing season. When one sees the numerous inferior
Mangosteens placed on the market, it is surprising that some such
method of thinning out of the branches has not been practised.
Neglecting to thin out the weaker branches is one of the causes by
which we get an enormous crop of medium-sized fruits one season fol-
lowed by a more or less dearth during the next season. Even in this
country where growth is extremely rapid, a tree cannot be expected
to yield large crops of first class fruits regularly each season, unless
some such method of thinning out of branches is adopted. Ihe
Chiku (Achras sapota) is another fruit which would be immensely
improved by the judicious removal of many of the weak branches
The first thing to be done when priming trees, shrubs or any sort
of plant is commenced is the removal of all dead and dying branches
(even if nothing else is done, all such branches should be removed as
soon as they appear.) All the weak and useless shoots should then
be removed. In pruning ornamental trees or shrubs one must
endeavour to preserve the natural symmetry of the plant, but if as is
often the case, one branch has a tendency to outgrow its neighbours,
then it may be pruned about two feet lower than the tips of the
others. If, however, on branching again it still has the same
tendency, it should be removed altogether as this excess of growth is
probably due to its being in direct contact with a large and strong root.
Shade trees and roadside trees in particular require frequent
primings to obtain the necessary amount of shade with the minimum
amount of waste branches. To do this, one must commence pruning
■shortly after they are removed to their permanent -quarters. In
many instances, young trees are lifted from the nursery beds and
planted without the least care and forethought. Preparations shou d
be made some time beforehand so that the roots are exposed to as
few drying influences as possible.
Seedling trees have usually one main shoot which vanes in
length according to the vigour of each particular variety. It such a
tree as this be lifted and planted, in all probability the leaves shrivel
and die, causing the death of th3 shoot two th-ree feet from the tip.
It takes some considerable time for the tree to recover from such
a check and also produces an unnecessary amount of lateral
5 7
branches. If, however, the tip of such a tree be removed until firm
wood is obtained (usually about 6 inches) some ten days before
planting, the axillary buds will have become plump and active.
Planting may then be carried out with much less danger of checking
the growth of the tree and almost immediately continue its growth.
The subsequent lateral branches must be pruned or removed
according to the purposes the tree is desired to fulfil, but in order that
there be as little waste of sap as possible, they should be removed
when quite young.
Ornamental and flowering shrubs require frequent pruning. In
the case of the former, sufficient only should be removed to preserve
the shape of the shrub unless it has become scraggy, when severe
pruning is necessary. For the latter the secateurs may be used fre-
quently and more drastic treatment may be given them.
The pruning of flowering shrubs can be done immediately the
flowers have faded but the best and most favourable time to do so is
is at the commencement of the rainy season. They may then
receive a severe pruning without causing so great a check as when
done at any other time of the year.
When a shrub or tree has been pruned, it should immediately
receive a liberal dressing of manure, either by mulching or by digging
it lightly into the soil. Well decayed leaves and old cow-manure
mixed together is the most suitable manure for this purpose.
The following list comprises a few Ornamental and, flowering
plants which require such pruning -.—Acalyphas; Angelonia salicarae-
folia ; Aristolochia ? (a few); Beloperone oblongata; Bougainvilleas',
Brunfelsia ; Clerodendrons ; Congeas ; Crossandra ; Daedalacanthus ;
Duranta; Eranthemum {except E. Malaccensis); Cryptostegia ; Excae-
caria bicolor; Galphimia glauca; Graptophyllum (Caricature plant);
Hibiscus (all); Hohnskioldia ; Ipomoea carnea ; Ixoras ; Jasminum (slight);
Jatropha; Lantanas ; Murraya (slight); Mussaendas ; Quisqualis in-
diga (Drunken sailor); Nerium; Palicourea gardenioides ; Petraea
volubilis; Plumbago rosea (frequently); Rondoletia odorata (slight)
Russelias ; Sanchezia nobilis ; Punax fruHcosu${a\\ vars.); Strobilanthes
Dyerianus ; Tecoma stans ; Thunbergia erecta; and W ortnias.
J. W. ANDERSON.
IN UNKNOWN PAPUA.
Mr. Staniforth Smith’s Tour.
London, Feb. 1 6 .
Mr. Staniforth Smith, Administrator of the Territory of Papua,
lectured this week before the Royal Geographical Society on his
recent adventurous journey through the Western District of Papua.
Here are some notable results of his adventures which prove that the
terra incognita consisting of huge up-raised coral bels has a larger
area of elevated land than any other discovered in the territory.
58
The Natives.
The description of the country given postulates a somewhat
sparse population over this elevated portion of the Western Division.
At Sambregi, immediately to the north-west of Mount Murray, are a
cluster of villages with an aggregate population of about 1,000 people.
Throughout our trip we saw only one other village of any size, which
we reached on December 27th. This was on a large tributary of
the Kikor flowing south of east. In every other instance the tribe
or clan lived in one communal dwelling, varying in dimensions
according to the size of the community, and capable of housing from
ten to seventy people. These dwellings, especially the smaller ones,
are generally hidden away or perched on steep ridges, that are
not easy of access, probably from motives of defence. The popu-
lation of this area of elevated land is estimated at 15.000 inhabitants,
or about one and a quarter persons to every square mile.
The native inhabitants of the interior do not appear to be a
homogeneous people ; racial distinctions are apparent that seem to
indicate a mingling of Papuans and Papuo-Melanesians, to use
the terminology of Dr. Seligmann. Some of the inhabitants of a
village were dark-skinned, dolichocephalic men, with wiry frames and
somewhat slender limbs, and, in disposition, rather morose and
unemotional. In not a few instances the somewhat prominent nose
was arched, presenting the appearance of the so-called Semitic
type. Other villagers again were unusually light skinned —
more the colour of a Samoan. The high altitude might accen-
tuate this. I was unable to obtain the cephalic indices of
any of the natives, as they were very shy, and we could not
afford to make a long stay anywhere. The faces of the light-skinned
men were broader and shorter than their darker neighbours, their
limbs stouter, and they appear to be more vivacious and intelligent,
and also to be fonder of ostentation in the shape of ornaments and
paint. The Melanesian migration into New Guinea is believed to
have advanced along the north-east coast as far as Cape Nelson,
where their progress was stopped by the warlike Binandili tribes ;
and along the southern coast till they reached the populous villages
of the Gulf country. It is, however, not yet known how far the im-
migrant race penetrated inland. Certain of the inhabitants ot
the main range near the Gap, at Mount Albert Edward, and
on the Chi lima, as well as in the neighbourhood of Mount Yule,
are lighter skinned and broader headed than the Papuan, and it
is possibible that the Melanesians have gradually diffused themselves
inland along the southern slopes of the main range, where the
original inhabitants were few in number, and therefore less able to
successfully resist the advance. The greatest obstacle would be the
natural features of the country, which would necesitate very slow pro-
gress. This might account for the marked distinction in physical
characteristics which have not yet been obliterated by miscegenation.
The light skinned people were nearly always in a minority. Mr. J.
P. Thompson, in his book, * British New Guinea/ speaks of the -
59
"remarkably light bronze colour,” of some of the natives of the up-
per Fly river.
I obtained a small vobabulary — principally substantive nouns —
from the Sambregi tribes, immediately to the northwest of Mount
Murray, in the hope that it would contain sufficient information to
enable philologists to determine if the language was Papuan or Mela-
nesian; unfortunately, this was lost with all other papers in the
Kikor river.
By exercising great forbearance and patience, we were fortu-
nately successful in making friends with these bushmen everywhere.
As they had never seen white men before, our arrival caused great
excitement. At the first small communal dwellings we reached they
all turned out with their bows and arrows, and stood shouting their
war cries. They naturally thought we were a marauding party, and
naturally, and rightly they were prepared to defend their wives and
children and homes. While they were in this condition of extreme
excitement our party sat down, and, although our arms were ready
for any emergency, appeared to take no notice of them, except to
hold up some red cloth. They then retired, and, when some presents
were sent up to the house, we found that they had all fled, the hostile
demonstration being probably to allow the women and children time
to get away into the jungle. Great care was taken that nothing was
touched, and a tomahawk, a knife, and some red cloth were left in
the house. Not seeing them return, we started on our march next
morning, and in the afternoon were overtaken by the natives, who,,
when they found that we had no desire to hurt them, evinced the
greatest joy, and made us presents of food. After that for some
days we experienced little trouble in establishing friendly relations
with the natives we met. Possibly, by some bush telegraphy they
had notified the other tribes that we had no desire of injuring them.
In many instances the friendship of the natives was of great service
to us. Not only were we able to buy food, but they showed us native
tracks, and, in one instance, took the whole party over a wide river
in their canoes.
The inhabitants of the Sambregi villages were particularly
interesting as they live at an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea-
level, the highest elevation, I believe, of any Papuans so far visited.
The physique of some of the young men was magnificent, the Kagi
men of the main range approaching most closely to them in this,
respect. While the tracks between the villages of Sambregi were in
wretched repair, and the houses below the standard of native dwellings
in Papua, these people excelled in drainage schemes. The gardens-
in the rich low-lying portions of the valley are drained into the Sam-
bregi creek by water channels varying in depth with the contour of
land. In some cases the drains are as much as 8 feet in depth ; no
water lodges in them, and they are kept in excellent repair. With
the exception of the native irrigation channels near Dogura in the
Eastern Division, in no other part of the territory do the natives-
show such knowledge of channel construction. Although it is most
6o
improbable that any of these bushmen have ever seen the sea, it is
evident that they are able to carry on some trade with the coastal
men, probably through many intermediate tribes, as we found them
wearing sea-shell ornaments, and possessed, in some instances, of iron
implements, such as a much used axe blade and plane irons. They
also knew the names of the Kikor, Turama, and Bamu rivers, but
their ideas as to the directions of same were sometimes far from
correct.
While these far-inland bushmen are probably cannibals, we were
unable to find any direct evidence. At Sambregi, one youth had a
skull hung round his neck, and one man a pair of human jawbones;
these, however, many have been the remains of relatives. In their
dubus, or communal dwellings we saw no skulls or other human
bones, although the jaws of pigs and other trophies of the chase
were in evidence.
It appears that the natives bury their dead, and, at any rate in
some instances, dig up the bones at a later period and put them on
platforms. In one instance we saw a tiny house like a small dove-
cot built on piles about 6 feet from the ground. In this was a skull
painted with red ochre, and some bones. We also saw a platform
recently erected, and the natives indicated that it was for human
bones. In a rock shelter v^e saw two skulls and bones placed side by
side in a circle of stones ; close by were evidences of a grave having
been opened and bodies exhumed.
For clothing the natives wear a piece of netted cloth hung down
from the waist in front from a wide girdle of bark ; at the back dried
grass or the bright coloured leaves of a plant. In other instances,
tapa cloth was hung from the waistband. As a head-dress they wore
the black plumes of the cassowary, or the feathers of the white
cockatoo; very occasionally we saw the plumes of the raggiana bird
of Paradise. Their hair was usually worn short in front and long
behind, clotted into tags and rolls, either with oil or honey and wax
of the little black stingless bees. The hair is not bleached with the
lime as in other parts of the territory. They wore cane armlets,
anklets, and waistbands. These canes were used for fire making.
The septem of the nose is pierced and the lobes of the ear, and
various things hung thereon from a pencil of bone to circular pieces
of cane and the claws of birds. It is remarkable that during our
whole trip we saw no evidence of tattooing nor any cicatrices or
mutilation of the body. Skin disease was exceedingly rare, and only
seen in one or two instances in the adults, and rather more frequently
amongst the children. In fact, the natives generally were a remark-
ably healthy lot of people. In time of war, and probably on festive
occasions, they paint themselves either wholly or in part with yellow
or red clay, or with ground charcoal and oil. The women wore a
tapa cloth rami from waist to knee. They also have tapa cloth cloaks
which cover the head and reach to the ground ; this I have seen
nowhere else in the territory. In their dubus or communal dwellings
they keep rolls of tapa cloth blankets as the nights are cold on the
great plateau.
6i
They have no pots or cooking vessels and consequently all their
food is roasted over the fire ; the only exception I saw was in the case
of the leaves of an oleaginous plant which they boil as a vegetable in
bamboos. We saw no evidenceof polygamy, and the probability is that
it is not largely practised. From the inhabitants we saw, the women
folk seemed less numerous than the men but this may have been
owing to the warriors keeping them in the background. Children
seemed fairly plentiful. The time of the men is principally occupied
in clearing ground for gardens, hunting the pig, cassowary, and flying
fox, building houses, making weapons, and cutting down sago trees.
The women make all the sago — a continuous and exacting occupation
—look after the gardens, do the cooking, and carry water required
for household purposes in bamboos. They also hammer out the tapa
cloth from the bark of a tree, and look after the rising generation.
These bushmen are certainly not a nomadic people. Their
buildings are substantial, and, in every instance, they had a consider-
able garden and a number of village pigs. Their weapons consist of
the bow and arrow, a heavy pig spear which is not used for throwing,
and a man-killing club. Very rarely we saw stone clubs; these had
probably Deen introduced from the coastal districts. The bow and
arrow men wore plaited gauntlets from wrist to elbow on the right
arm. The stone axe and adze are largely used. The natives do little
carving except on their arrows (which are made of bamboos often
tipped with bone or a cassowary’s claw), spears, and wooden clubs.
They also carve out wooden bowls to hold water ; these have no
ornamentation. The tribes on the western portion of the plateau
seemed to be at war with each other during our visit ; they, were
frequently met in full war paint ; with bundles of arrows and killing
clubs; in one instance they informed us by signs that they wei'e on
their way to tight a neighbouring tribe. Possibly, constant inter-
necine strife keeps their numbers down, and accounts for the com-
paratively sparse population, as the climate is bracing and healthy
and the natives singularly free from disease and full of vigour.
Their method of making fire is superior to the usual Papuan
system. They get a piece of dry soft wood, split one end and insert
2 . piece of tapa cloth, then taking a piece of cane, which they carry
twisted round their waists, they place it under the wood on which
they stand. Grasping each end of the cane, they pull it
backwards vigorously ; when it has eaten halfway through the wood
to the tapa cloth the heat generated is so great that the clbth
smoulders and is blown into flame. The whole process is accom-
plished in ten or fifteen seconds, I am informed that certain natives
on the main range about Kagi adopt this system also; if so, it is
interesting as possibly shewing some connection between them.
With the exception of two large villages, all the natives we saw
were split up into small tribes, and each community has one com-
munal dwelling, varying in size, according to their numbers, which
would probably range from ten or fifteen up to seventy or eighty.
62
The dwelling is erected on 'a Iforest of piles composed of thin
but durable wood, and is elevated from 10 to 12 feet above the
ground. The sides of the great living room are only about 4 feet
high, and the pitch of the roof is low. The roof is made of the
fronds of the sago palm, each separate leaf being doubled round
the rafters (which are only about 6 inches apart), and sown with
native fibre to keep it in its place. At one side of the entrance is a
partition, which does not reach as high as the roof ; this divides the
house lengthways into the men’s quarters on the one side, and the
women’s and children’s on the other. In each subdivision there
is a gangway the whole length, and on one side of each a
raised floor which is sub-divided alternately into sleeping plat-
forms and fireplaces, each about a yard in width : above the
fireplace is a platform filled with wood, and above
each sleeping place another platform on which the men keep
their weapons and other effects, and the women their tapa cloth,
bamboo drinking vessels, and food supply. The dogs share the
buildings with the natives. The house is generally surrounded by a
garden. Variations of the above were seen. Near Mount Murray
there were two additional rows of sleeping platforms and fireplaces
on the ground level, one on each side with a separate entrance for
each. Again, about 300 miles up the Kikor at the largest dubu we
had seen (which we estimated was 70 yards in length) the partition,
instead of running lengthways, was across the centre of the building
dividing the men’s and women's quarters. We have travelled down
the Kikor about Il6 miles to this point before we came upon the first
coconut trees we had seen on our journey, nor did we see any more
until we reached the mouth of the Kik >r. We found that the langu-
age or dialect of the people was continually changing as we advanced.
At the Sambregi a vocabulary of the most useful words, principally
substantive nouns, was compiled; this, besides being of philological
interest, we hoped would be of use to us in communicating with the
natives we subsequently met; we found, however, that after advan-
cing about 20 miles, the dialect changed, and very few of the words
could be understood. Further o 1 the language was quite different.
While the many tribes of natives we met on our exploration
showed no suspici >n and absolute confidence in us, after we had
succeeded in establishing friendly relations, frequently coming to our
camp and sitting round the fire at night, and bringing their women
and children to see the “palefaces” during the daytime, they all
without exception, refused even to taste any food we offered them,,
although they would take it and wrap it up in leaves, probably as a
curiosity. ThN refusal may indicate that they possessed a know-
ledge of poison (we saw a fish-poison tree in one of their gardens), it
may, on the other hand, h ive risen from a fear of “pouri-pouri” or
witchcraft, or again, it may be that they were conservative in their
commissariat an I di 1 not care to eat new foods they were not
accustomed to.
63
Climate.
The climate of the' plateau was cool and bracing, the nights
being sharp and cold. This doubtless accounts for the healthy
appearance of the people who also gave evidence of greater activity
than the coastal races. The rainfall on the eastern portion of the
plateau was heavy and of almost daily occurrence, generally com-
mencing about four o’clock in the afternoon. As we advanced west
the rainfall became less frequent and torrential, only falling on an
average about three or four times a week. This might be accounted
for by the great distance we were front the sea.
Coal.
There is every probability of beds of good coal being found on
the borders of the great plateau, although I do not think that any
minerals of value will be found in the elevated region caused by the
upheaval of the coral beds. Coal has been found on the upper
waters of the Purari by the Mackay expedition, and it was found by
us both on the lower and upper waters of the Kikor river. On the
upper waters of the Kikor there is undoubtedly a very extensive field
of excellent coal. Unfortunately, the large number of specimens we
were bringing down were lost when the rafts capsized. We followed
down a creek for some days that brought us to the Kikor. Every-
where the beds were strewn with lumps of good-looking, bright,
hard coal, and for about 15 miles down the Kikor coal was seen in
almost every little creek and waterway, as well as on the banks of
the river. The attempt to develop this field by the Kikor waterway
is evidently impossible, as for 120 miles the river is one succession
of rapids, whirlpools, and gorges. There is no reason jsvhy this coal-
field should not extend further west, in fact a seam of coal was seen
on the western side of the river, and, if so, it might be worked from
the Strickland river, which it was estimated could not be more than
20 miles distant.
The coal we found on the lower Kikor was one isolated lump
considerably weathered. However, as the creek was a very small
one, running northward for only a few miles, it is evident that the
seam from which it came could not be far off, and, when a magisterial
station is established on that river, a fuller investigation might be
made. If a large bed of good coal could be found here, I believe
barges might be brought up the river to within 6 or 7 miles of it,
although two very small rapids occur on the route. These run
swiftly when the river is high, but are barely noticeable when the
river is not in flood.
Flora.
The whole of the country traversed was covered by dense jungle
'and scrub, and we literally had to cut our way through the 374 miles
traversed on foot, except where we occasionally met a native track
going in the desired direction. It was surprising that over rough
coral ranges and valleys, trees of considerable size and dense scrub
could find a roothold and sufficient nourishment. The roots spread
all over the surface of the rocks, constituting steps and ladders up
6 4
the steep mountain-sides, without which their ascent would have
been most difficult. A remarkable fact was that we saw no grass
whatever, except a little reedy grass near the rivers during our whole
trip.
Of the economic flora, by far the most important was sago
(Sagus Rumphii). We found these useful storehouses of nourishing
food growing as far north as we penetrated, and up to an elevation of
3,500 feet. It had previously been considered that sago only grew
along the coast and in the alluvial mud of riverbanks near the sea-
level. This constitutes the staple food of all the inland natives we
met, except the inhabitants of the Sambregi villages, who live princi-
pally on sweet potatoes, the elevation (6000 feet) being too great for
sago. Wild breadfruit trees are fairly numerous. The fruit, unlike
the Samoan breadfruit, is full of large seeds nearly the size of wal-
nuts. These, when roasted, are palatable and make a good sub-
stitute for potatoes. The natives when hungry eat the pith of a
small palm that grows plentifully over a large area of the country
traversed by us. In time of scarcity our police and carriers consumed
a good deal of this. To our palates it had a watery and woody taste
that was far from agreeable; in fact, when hungry I tried to eat it,
but in each instance it made me sick. I collected the seeds of several
indigenous fruits, which, while not palatable, might have been im-
proved by cultivation, but these were lost with other things.
; Cultivated in the native gardens we found sweet potatoes, taro,
yams, sugarcane, bananas, betel-nuts and ginger, the last-named cul-
tivated as a medicine. Maize is unknown. No coconut trees were
seen on the whole trip until we reached the lower waters of the Kikor
river, nor are there any mango trees or tapioca. The natives grow a
green vegetable, the leaves of which they boil in bamboos. It makes
a very good substitute for cabbage and appears to contain a lot of
vegetable oil.
Tobacco is cultivated in every native garden, which might lead
one to suppose it was indigenous ; the name, however, tends to show
that it is an introduced plant. It is universally called “Saku ” by the
bushmeh, which is evidently derived from “Kuku,'’ the coastal name.
In one of the gardens on the headwaters of the Kikor I found a Kava
plane (Macro-piper methysticum) although I saw no evidence of the
manufacture of the beverage.
Fauna.
The wild pig, judging by the amount of ground that is rooted up,
is plentiful everywhere. It is the chief source of meat-supply for the
natives, and is continually being hunted with dogs, the killing wea-
pons being bow and arrow and spear. The only animals domesticated
are the pig and the dog. The wallaby is very scarce, owing to the
absence of grass. Cassowaries are fairly plentiful, their back plumes
forming a favourite head-dress. Flying foxes are very numerous.
Their flesh is much relished by the bushmen. Tree-rats were occa-
sionally seen, and the streams abound in fish of excellent quality.
Two or three were shot with a rifle, but as we had neither fishing lines
65
nor nets, this luxury was usually denied us. The natives catch the
fish by spearing them and by fish-traps composed of stones or pickets
across the streams. The little black stingless bee is common every-
where, and the honey and comb is much prized for food and as a
dressing for the hair.
Cockatoos, both black and white, and pigeons were plentiful.
Those wonders of avian architecture, the play grounds of the bower
bird (Amblyornis subalaris), were seen on Mount Murray, at an ele-
vation of 7000 feet. Of insect pests, the land leeches were very
troublesome. The feet of the police and carriers were often red with
blood from their bites. We tried painting their f^t with sulphur
ointment, but it proved quite useless. Scrub itch was very bad,,
except in the valley of the upper Kikor. The scrub itch is caused
by a minute red insect that buries itself under the skin. Mosquitoes
did not trouble us while on the highlands, but both they and sand-
flies were very troublesome on the Kikor river.
The “leaf” or “stick” insects were fairly plentiful, and in some
instances their resemblance to the plant life in their immediate
environment was wonderfully accurate. One insect resembled a stick
covered with green moss ; the green colouring appeared so exactly
like moss, that a member of our party refused to believe it was not
actually moss until he had examined it with a magnifying glass.
On the map accompanying this report the course of that portion
of the Kikor river lying to the west of the 114th meridian of east
longitude is only approximate, as, while descending this river, most
of our instruments were lost, and the compass-bearings and estimated
speed could not be checked by observations for latitude. In addition
to which the great difficulties that beset us on our return journey did
not permit of the careful mapping previously undertaken.
The most important results of the exploration were : —
(1) We went practically right across the centre of the unexplor-
ed portion of the territory of Papua, travelling approximately 524
miles through totally unexplored country (374 miles on foot and 150
by river.)
(2) We ascertained that instead of the Western Division of
Papua being low-lying recent alluvial country, as previously sup-
posed, it is (except along the coast and in the vicinity of its navigable
rivers) an upraised plateau having an area of approximately 12,000
square miles, the lowest valley being over 2,000 feet above sea-level.
(3) The upper waters and watersheds of the great rivers empty-
ing into the Papuan Gulf are now roughly defined, thus completing
our knowledge of the river system of the territory.
(4) We have now data for estimating the population of the
whole territory with some accuracy, the hinterland of the Western
Division being formerly an unknown quantity.
(5) We found coal deposits in two places along the watershed
of the Kikor river, the coal country along its upper waters being very
extensive.
(6) We found sago growing inland as far as we penetrated and
at an elevation up to 3,500 feet.
66
( 7 ) We established friendly relations with the natives every-
where, and were successful in avoiding all fighting. Singapore Free
Press , 15 th and 16th March, 1912.
Before proceeding to Papua as Administrator Mr. Staniforth Smith
spent some time in Ceylon and Singapore , studying the agriculture and
Economic Botany. From Singapore matiy cases of useful plants were
taken for introduction to Papua and seeds are periodically communicated.
67
LEWIS AND PEAT’S RUBBER REPORT.
February 15th, 1912.
The market since our last report has been very steady and
a fair business done.
Hard Fine done up to 4/7^ for March/April, delivery and 4 17 %
for April/May. At the close, however, prices are a little easier and
there are sellers of these positions at a farthing per lb. less.
Soft Fine— very quiet with nothing offering under 4/7 per lb.
Peruvian Fine— value to-day 4/6. Ball— sellers of spot 4/-,
March/April 3/11, buyers 3/ 10% per lb.
Medium grades are in good demand, but there is very little
•offering.
Plantation Grown Para — a fair business done privately at very
-steady prices. Feb./March done up to 5/3^, Feb./July 5/3, April/
June 5/2 and 5/2 J4, July/Sept. 5/- and 5/0 56 per lb.
Particulars of the Auction as follows : —
INAMBARI. — 26 Pkgs. offered and sold. Fair average unsorted
•4/3/4. fair scrappy part sticky 3/ 654 per lb.
MANGABEIRA. — 88 Pkgs. offered and 16 sold. Pressed sheet
fair 2/9% per lb.
MOZAMBIQUE. — 253 Pkgs. offered and 153 sold. Rough
Nyassa.
NYASSALAND, etc. — Biscuits 4/824 and 4/9/4. red and whitish
pressed ball 4/3 and 4/4, washed rooty 3/6 and 3/9%, washed crepe
4/5, thin rather rough Ceara sheet 4/5T2 per lb.
CENTRAL AMERICAN.— 32 Pkgs. offered and 16 sold. Dark
Brown rather barky scrap 3/8J4 and 3/854 per lb.
MANIHOT. — 85 Pkgs. offered and sold. Good dean pressed
crepe 4/8^ and 41 J4. dark pressed mixed whitish 4/3, pressed whitish
smoked 3/9% per lb.
CONGO. — 30 Pkgs. offered and sold. Pressed red and whitish
ball, part heated 3/634 per lb.
The following were offered and bought in: —
MANICOBA 200, MADAGASCAR 18, AFRICAN 35, PER-
NAMBUCO 20, & MALAYSIAN 28 Pkgs.
PLANTATION, At the sales held on the 13th and 14th inst.,
about Grown Para, 9241 Pkgs. comprising about 400 tons
Malay, 110 tons Ceylon and 5 tons Java were offered. Prices opened
about a penny under those prevailing at the last Auctions; later
however, rates hardened and the decline was fully regained, although
at the close prices were again slightly easier.
68
CREPE. — Fine blanket 5/354 and 5/4%, pale and palish 5/2 V 2
and 5/454, light 5/1% and 5/3%, light brown and mottled 5/1 x / 2 and
5 l 3 %f brown and dark brown 5/% and 5/3, dark and black 4/10% and
5 l%, specky and barky 4/9% and 5/- smoked 4/1 1 J4 and 5/2% per lb.
BISCUITS & SHEET. — Fair smoked sheet 5/2^ and 5/4%, fair
average 5/2 and 5/3, rather rough S/H and 5/2, per lb.
SCRAP. — Fair ilsH and 4/6 54 P^r lb.
RAMBONG. — Crepe 4/5% and 4/754 per lb.
LANADRON.— Block 5/4 and 5/4 54 per lb.
CASTILLO A. — Sheet 4/3% per lb.
GOW, WILSON & STANTION, LTD.
India Rubber Market Report.
February 15th, 1912.
Since the last auction the market has assumed a rather quieter
tone, but prices have only shown very slight variations.
At the sale held this week, the amount advertised was about 120
tons less than a fortnight ago.
In sympathy with the private market, the sales opened with
rather quiet competition, but all through the auction the tone steadily
improved, and while at the beginning quotations were id. to i%d.
below those of a fortnight ago, by the end of the sale the whole of
this discount was made up, and rates, especially for Crepe, often
marked a slight improvement on those of the end January sale.
The highest figure was 5/4% for one parcel of Highlands sheet,.
5/454 being frequently paid for light Crepe on the second day of the
sale.
As will be seen from the figures published overleaf, the total
exports of Plantation Rubber from the East during 1911 amounted
to nearly 14,000 tons.
bruary 13th 1
and T4th
Malaya
Etc.
Ceylon.
Total.
, No.
Pkgs.
1 Sold.
J Average Price
Plantation
Robber.
Fine Hard
Para.
Fine
Plantation.
1 No. Pkgs.
1 7124
2150
9274
9080
Tues.
Wed.
5 '23 to 5/4!
IP
fe
| ,, Tons
411
98
509
5/l^
4/7
4/754
.= <P
£3
| No. Pkgs.
4994
1086
6080
5150
6/1%
6/2%
6/2%
6/1 to 6/n : t
j ,, Tons
2 77
48
325
6g
EXPORTS TELEGRAM TO EUROPE AND
AMERICA.
Month of February.
Wired.
Tin Str.
Steamers.
Singapore A Penang to U. Kingdom &/ or
Feb. 15
Tons.
1,660
Feb. 2E
Tons.
1.455
Do.
do.
U. S. A.
1,056
405
Do.
do
Continent
395
285
Gamble L'
Singapore
Glasgow
10
Do.
do.
London
10
...
Do,
do.
Liverpool
!20
...
Do.
do.
U. K. &/ or Continent 25
125
Cube Gambier
do.
United Kingdom
10
15
Black Pepper
do.
do.
...
Do.
Penang
do.
...
15
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
125
5
Do.
Penang
do.
80
5
Pearl Sago
Singapore
do.
50
15
Sago Flour
do.
London
75
200
Do.
do.
Liverpool
1,300
...
Do.
do.
Glasgow
125
...
Tapioca Flake
Singapore
United Kingdom
260
...
Tapioea Pearl A Bullet do.
do.
120
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaya
do.
725
625
Gutta Perch a
Singapore
do.
110
20
Buff -do hides
do.
do.
180
5
Pineapples
do.
do.
17.500
3,150
Gambier
do.
U. S. A.
275
150
Cube Gambier
do.
do.
...
10
Black Pepper
do.
do.
5
5
r o.
Penang
do.
25
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
20
15
Do.
Penang
do.
...
15
Tapioca Pearl
Singapore
do.
110
45
Nutmegs
Singapore & Penang
do.
40
4
Sago Flour
Singapore
do.
50
25
Pineapples
do.
do.
4,500
300
Do.
do.
Continent
8,750
2,250
Gambier
do.
South Continent
225
60
Do.
do.
North Continent
340
50
Cube Gambier
do.
Continent
30
35
Black Pepper
do.
South Continent
55
85
Do.
do.
North do.
20
35
Do.
Penang
South do.
75
30
Do
do.
North do.
...
...
White Pepper
Singapore
South do.
5
...
Do.
do.
North do.
15
5
Do.
Penang
South do.
5
10
Do.
do.
North do.
15
...
Wired.
Steamers.
1
Tons-
Tons*
Copra
Singapore & Penang
Marseilles
400
150
Do.
do.
Odessa
50
Do.
do. Other South Continent
540
150
Do.
do.
North Continent
300
580
Sago Floor
Singapore
Continent
1,700
550
Tapioca Flake
do.
do.
210
65
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
40
5
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
...
Do. do.
Penang
U. K.
...
...
Do. Pearl &
Bullet do.
do.
170
250
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
30
290
Do. Fiake
do.
Continent
...
10
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
225
110
Copra
Singapore & Penang
England
50
...
Gutta Percha
Singapore
Continent
16
40
Tons Gambler
f 250
200
„ B. Pepper
• ■ •
t 280
230
Para Rubber
Straits and Malaya
U. S. A.
50
10
Do.
do.
Continent
50
40
SINGAPORE MARKET REPORT.
February, 1912.
Tons.
Highest
Lowest,
Copra
3,198
10.70
10.20
Gambier Bale
460
10.45
9.95
,, Cube No. 1 & 2
102
15.85
13.50
Gutta Percha 1st quality
275.00
200.00
medium
140.00
90.00
„ lower
70.00
17.00
Gutta Jelotong
10.00
8 40
Nutmegs 110s.
25.00
24 00
„ 80s.
...
26.00
25.00
Black Pepper
511
22.62$
21.75
White „
94
32.75
30.50
Sago Pearl, small ...
...
41
5.35
5.00
,, Flour No. 1
. . .
3,820
4.36
4.15
„ „ No. 2 ...
...
628
1.75
1.60
Tapioca Flake, small
...
356
9.25
8.60
., Pearl „
126
8.20
7.60
„ „ medium
. . .
225
9.00
8.50
Tin
...
2,145
96.90
96.00
•O
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Selangor for the month of December , 1911,
.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
O
,
S3
o
'TS
O Pe
d
T3
£2
DISTRICT.
U c
-gg
§-g
m
£
P3
J3
P Q
§
go
3
a
S
Jn
5
*c3
*4-(
.a «
3 «
9
d
2
•+=»
a?
a>
H
.a
>1
DC
a .
a
'3
^ o
ao
C
3
|
3
?
o
2
to
'3 2°
«
S ■H' 1
+j (M
9 a)
5 u
13
%
S
ce
a>
■ rH
ce
’3
&
bn
3
=e
n
ce
a
«e
£
o
Q
a
ffl
Pm
2
o
Eh
o sc
it a
o-
General Hospital. Kuala Lumpur
Prisons ,, „
29.872
147.5
81.4
89.6
73.9
15.7
76.7
0.821
73.3
77
Calm.
11.06
14.23
2.66
2.27
District Hospital „
...
...
9.44
3.20
„ Klang
,, Kuala Langat
...
88.7
69.6
19.1
15.34
4.65
86.1
73.7
12.4
11.43
2.00
Kajang
84.5
74.8
9.7
15.28
1.74
„ Kuala Selangor
87.3
71.3
16.0
13.27
2.50
„ Kuala Kubu
89.4
70.9
18.5
13.92
2.82
„ Serendah
92.0
70.4
21.6
16.00
2.35
„ Rawang
91.6
72.5
19.1
...
13.66
1.75
Sabah Bernan
. . .
...
...
9.24
1.19
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 30th Jan., 1912,
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang,
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Selangor for the month of January , 1912 .
DISTRICT.
General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
Prisons „ „
District Hospital „
it Klang
» Kuala Langat
Kajang
ii Kuala Selangor
» Kuala Kubu ...
ii Serendah
,, Rawang
Sabak Bernan
cj e3
.ah
a”
o cfi
S O
PQ g
a
a£
29.883
148.3
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Mean Dry Bulb.
a
1
ce
| Minimum.
•oStiuy;
Mean Wet Bulb, j
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
81.4
89.2
73.1
16.1
76 5
.826
73.2
77
90.4
69.6
20.8
88.0
73.0
15.0
87.1
74.4
12.7
89.5
71.6
17.9
91.8
71.6
20 2
93.3
70.8
22.5
90.5
70.9
19 6
ttD .
B an
a
o
H
Calm.
3
ns
O
4.76
2.21
3.68
2.73
4.58
1.57
3.25
J0.93
5.73
2.24
2.12
0.46
1.66
0.60
2.42
0.73
7.81
2.92
9.30
4.30
2.65
2.15
Office of The Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 26tli Feb, 1912.
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
ts>
PAHANG.
Abstract of Meteorological Rea ding, in Ike various Districts of the State of Pahang for the Month oj I -HI.
CD
H
Temperature
Hygrometer.
cm
So
W
CD
e+H
O
G
u
Ph
ri
o
s
r O
DISTKICT.
TS
_o
*C
"©
3
c o
£
£Q
o
’5?
©
©
'U
^3
c3
C+H
G
s .
S A
g*
►»
a
a
©
0?
H
-f3
a
tlO
Q 00
a
‘ri
« £
43 £
rife
ffl .
p
a
1
a
5
53
a
a
V
£
!fe
nj
o
CM
— T3
■3 .a
Ph
|i
§!
l *
p
a
QJ
*
• t-H
R
ri
£
*3
tr
a
<3
ri
©
S
o
Cu
ri
!>
*
©
Q
a
K
CM
ri
O
la
O
—
District Hospital, Kuala Lipis
Raub
78.2
82.9
85.1
90.9
67.4
67.6
17.7
23.3
74.5
73.1
12.52
13.04
3.10
2.48
PenVvng
80.3
88.5
70.5
18.0
74.0
...
...
17.07
3.00
78.4
83.6
72.2
11.4
760
47.57
9.52
Kuautan
78.6
86.6
69.8
16.8
76.5
35.11
6.52
Dispensary, Temerloh
Sungei Lembing
87.0
84.0
67.0
73.6
20.0
10.4
‘ 4 ’
11. “8
35.44
11.22
2.14
86.2
2.43
Kuala Tembling
...
■VI
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 23rd January, 1912.
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
Abs.Tact of Meteorological Headings
DISTRICT.
District Hospital- Kuala Lipis
»» >i Raub
)> », ben tong
*i „ Pekan
n Qnantau
Dispensary, Temerloh
Sungei Lembing
Kuala Tembling
Office of the Senior Medical Officer.
Kuala Lumpur, 4th March, 1912.
PAHANG.
in the various Districts of the State of Pahang for the month of January 1912.
oh
P
&
"S
CJ 0
h Ssa
o®
Si
<a cj
3* cy
S3 P
c3 &
QJ
a
g
GO
p
S
o3
tcH
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Pievailing direction of
winds.
Total rainfall.
Greatest rainfall during
2i liouis.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
6
sc
□
CQ
M
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
1
**0
3
79.5
87.0
67.1
19.9
74.5
7.09
1 95
82 6
91.8
67.5
24.8
73.3
5.52
1 92
80.5
89.1
70.1
19.0
75.2
4 09
2 27
8u.3
84.9
72.2
12.7
74.6
8.31
2 68
1 8.5
89.1
70.9
18.2
74.2
9 34
4.30
...
87.9
67.8
20.6
3 85
0 85
...
85.8
72.7
13.1
...
...
10.66
2.44
3.46
1. 3
G. D. Freer, Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Nrgi Sembilan & Pahang.
3 ^
PERAK.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Perak for the month of January 1912.
DISTRICT.
£ 'S
a
2 K rf
i/. A
as 2 o
* *-t
s s
a
a .
p p
3 3
9
'?■*
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
6 .
<D (Jl
U Tl
s.a
*3 "3
a n
► a
Q .2
Sh
A*
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rain-
fall during
24 hours.
jS
a 13
0)'^
^ Z*
Q
3
a
s
S3
a
£5
.§
<E
be
c3
«
rO
fl 3
s«
0)
p
Vapour
Tension. 1
! -pilO.j -W9Q
Humidity.
Taiping
105
82.22
93
69
24
77.13
865
• * *
79
12.49
4.94
Kuala Kangsar ...
80.61
92
68
24
75.06
809
80
5.09
2.32
Batu Gajah
95
80.63
92
70
22
75.47
813
78
4.31
1.35
Gopeng
80.11
92
67
25
74.06
760
74
8.72
3.79
Iroh ...
81.91
93
69
24
76.27
830
77
4 09
2.00
Kampar
•••
81.09
93
69
24
75.84
824
78
7.04
2.13
Telok Anson
81.50
93
69
24
77.18
875
83
3.96
2.67
Tapah ...
81.48
92
65
27
76.17
831
78
13.75
5.70
Parit Buntar
81.68
93
68
25
76.26
833
78
2.47
1.00
Bagan Serai
81.96
92
70
22
76.76
850
78
1.H5
.54
Selama
80.94
94
66
28
75.07
792
76
7.57
2.96
Lenggong
79.90
90
65
25
75.07
8' 6
78
5.88
1.50
Tanjong Malirn
. * .
80 83
94
66
28
76.62
861
82
9.06
3 74
Grit
77.61
94
61
32
71.82
70S
75
4.81
2.54
Klian Intan
, ..
4.87
2.37
Pulau Pangkor Laut
. . »
5.15
2
Kuala Kurau
. . .
2.65
1.75
The Cottage
...
8.46
2.70
Maxwell’s Hill ...
,
...
...
8.71
2 30
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Taiping, 16th February, 1912.
S. C. G. Fox,
Senior Medical Officer.
PERAK,
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Perah for the month of February, igi2.
Mean Barome-
trical Pressure
at 32° Fah.
.5
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
S-t
be °
cS
sh
DISTRICT.
Maximum
Sun.
Mean
Dry Bulb.
5
p
a
8
6
S
Minimum.
Range.
Mean
Wet Bulb.
Vapour
Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Prevailin
Direction
Winds.
a
3
Ph
c3
O
EH
Taiping
...
...
106
82.28
94
70
24
77.13
864
79
10.57
Kuata Kangsar
...
...
82.00
94
70
24
75.83
811
74
5.17
Batu Gajah
82.11
93
70
23
76.27
828
77
9.01
Gopeng
80.87
92
68
24
74.80
784
74
6.68
Ipoh
82.87
91
70
24
76.23
816
73
5.74
Kampar
81 47
93
68
25
76 34
839
78
14.43
Telok Anson
81.68
93
69
24
77-18
867
81
10.41
Tapah
81.69
92
66
26
76.54
845
78
9 05
Parit Buntar
82.33
92
69
23
76.44
834
77
3 62
Bagan Serai
...
82.39
92
69
23
77-26
867
79
6 92
Selama
80.95
94
61
33
76-23
842
80
10 94
Lenggong
80.91
94
65
29
75.43
810
78
7 70
Tanjong Malim ...
81.82
94
65
29
77-11
863
81
5.31
Grit
79.33
97
62
35
71-75
680
68
3 32
Klian Intan
Pulau Bangkor Laut
...
...
4.54
9 66
Kuala Iiur an
Maxwell’s Hill
...
...
...
...
4.55
7.97
4.28
i
The Cottage
...
...
...
...
...
~
:::
q
4J HO rq
ea „
'll £3
cd
d §
1.58
1.75
3.86
1.97
1.86
3.38
2.10
1 79
1.26
1 85
3.84
3.22
1.75
1 79
2.50
1.96
1.30
1.78
1.10
Office of the Senior Medical Offcer,
Taiping, 16th March, 1912.
S. C. G. Fox,
Senior Medical Officer.
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Negri Sembilan for the month of December , i§H.
DISTRICT,
District Hospital, Sereinbafi
„ „ Kuala Pilah
„ „ Mantin
„ >t . T ampin
,, „ Jelebu
„ „ Port Dickson
Beri beri Hospital „
Mean Barometrical Pressure
at 32° Fah.
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature,
Hygrometer,
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during 24
hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
<v
§
Ph
£
ja
&
a
a
©
a
a
o
CO
3
<8
EH
*4
O
eS
>
A
a
• rH
G
Pk
F
©
ft
Humidity.
79.6
87.#
72.1
15.7
76.0
CO
! oo
73.9
82
N.W.
11.64
3.30
77.9
88.7
71.9
14.8
75.0
.816
73,1
85
< ii
15.38
4.23
...
...
...
...
4 ii
16 93
3.70
...
...
...
...
...
>**
10.19
2.05
i
...
...
...
...
...
7.22
2 57
...
...
...
...
8.90
1.50
...
...
444
...
...
...
...
...
...
7.97
1.20
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,-
Kuala Lumpur, 24th Jan,, 1912,
G, D, Freer.
Senior Medical Officer ,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan- & Pahang/
NEGRI SEMRILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts o f the State of Negri Sembilan for the month of January , 2912 t
DISTRICT.
Oi
s
Jl
m
$
■—
”3
;w
43
1 .
£ p
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer,
o
a
o
o
QJ
U
Q
— W
sl
Total Rainfall.
to
a
*fl3
s
« *
43 —
CC [3
-S «
5*
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
I
s
3
&
a
cS
«
.£> i
<u
a
ce
©
Vapour Tension.
1 :
"S
'o
£
CJ
ft
Humidity.
District Hospital, Seremban
146.8
80.0
89.0
70,7
18.3
75.7
.820
73.1
79
N. W.
3.26
0.88
„ „ Kuala Pilah
78.9
87.8
70.3
17,5
74.6
.783
71.8
80
2.11
0.76
„ „ Mantin
...
...
* « ,
• „ ,
,,,
...
2.97
0.56
„ „ Tampin
80.2
86.6
73.0
13.6
74 2
...
2.31
0.83
,, ,, Jelebu
. , .
* • .
...
. . .
3.17
1.28
„ Port Dickson ...
i ...
...
.94
060
Beri beri Hospital
...
...
***
* • •
. . «
’ * *
1
...
,81
0.45
OFFICE OF THE SENIOR MEDICAL OFFICER,
Kuala Lumpur, 24th Feb,, 1912,
O. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer.
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang,
Estate
Printing
Account Books.
Report Forms.
Company Reports and
Balance Sheets.
Registers.
Pay Books.
Charts.
Pamphlets.
Circulars.
Catalogues.
&c., &c., &c.
Bookbinding in all
Styles
Paper Ruling, &c.
Iliflfl
* * r *■ ^ ^ — u ' —
W E desire to call the at-
tention of planters and
others to the fact that we can
furnish them with all kinds of
estate printing. The quality
of work we produce is not to
be surpassed anywhere in the
Straits. We give prompt de-
livery and pay special attention
to those far removed from a
reliable printing centre. Our
printing department, which is
kept always up-to-date, is spe-
cially laid out for carrying on
all branches of printing and
bookbinding whilst the adoption
of the most modern methods
enables us to quote at very
reasonable charges. Write
us at once for quotations.
Straits Cimes press
Xtd .
Printers, Publishers & Bookbinders
Cecil <{ Stanley Streets, Singapore .
Telephone :
Printing Dept. No. 348.
Telegrams.
"Times/' Singapore.
Agricultural Bulletin
OF THE
— STRAITS —
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Edtted by the
Botanic Gardens Department, Singapore.
No. 4. APRIL, 1912. Voi. I.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Notes for a Demonstration of an Invention
Concerning the Improvements in, or Relat-
ing to, the Coagulation and Curing of Para
Rubber 8l
Exports Telegram - - - - 92
Singapore Market Report - - 93
Meteorological Readings - - - 94
Minutes of a Meeting of the Planted Associa-
tion of Malaya - 107
Planters’ Association of Malaya (Fifth Annual
Report) - - - - - 1 37
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! '
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
STRAIT5
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
No. 4.] APRIL, 1912. [Vol. 1.
NOTES FOR A DEMONSTRATION CONCERN-
ING THE IMPROVEMENTS IN, OR RELATING
TO, THE CURING OF PARA RUBBER.
(PATENTED).
1. This invention relates to improvements in the curing of Para
Rubber and refers more particularly to apparatus for coagulating,
and curing the latex of Para Rubber known as Hevea Braziliensis.
2. It is an anti-metal process and as will be apparent, the appa-
ratus has been designed to accommodate the process of coagulating
latex as it is brought from trees, without the addition of chemicals.
In this first respect the process differs from all others that obtain,
viz: — the machinery or apparatus has been modified so as to coagulate
latex direct and not latex treated or manipulated to suit the machine.
3. At the time of the first Rubber Exhibition held at Olympia,.
London, I inquired of some of the leading manufacturers (the real
masters of the rubber market) what they wanted from Plantation
rubber and wherein it differed from fine hard Para. Plantation rubber
was considered softer ; the addition of chemicals was disliked; and
there was serious objection to variation in the character of the rubber.
Not only did the rubber from different estates vary from one another
but even from any one estate there was considerable want of uni-
formity. What manufacturers required was “latex as it came from
the tree, cured by smoke as was done in Brazil, without the aid of
chemicals.”
4. It is not asserted by manufacturers that fine hard Para is:
always of an uniform character — indeed, I was informed that different
results has been obtained from the same ball of such rubber when
treated in Hamburg, Harburg, and Vienna — but it is claimed that
the variation with Brazilian is far less than with Plantation rubber.
It is obvious that climatic differences have to be considered — and due
allowance should be made for the much shorter period of tapping in
Brazil (April to September) as compared with the almcst-all-the-year-
round seasons in Malaya— this difference is all the more important if
it is remembered that the dry season in Brazil, April to September
82
(although occasional showers and storms occur) is more pronounced
and the rainfall less equable than the driest months in Malaya.
Thus, the latex during this period in Brazil would contain the mini-
mum quantity of water and in the more rarified air, or, air containing
less water-vapour than in the rainy months, there would be less
tendency for latex coalescing too rapidly through atmospheric condi-
tions.
5. The more material advantage, however, lies in the circumstance
that trees in tropical * countries conform to their natural periodicities
with most regularity where the dry season is sufficiently marked to
represent a true resting period. Here in Malaya, between mid-Janu-
ary and March on the western coast of the Peninsula — the season of
rice harvest — there occurs a short dry season when most of the deci-
duous trees shed their leaves and produce flowers. It is so with Hevea
braziliensis when the conditions are normal, but when, after heavy
rains from September to mid-January the rains still continue, then the
rubber trees may not, or only partially defoliate and the floral
periodicity may be scant or suppressed. The flowers too, through
heavy rains may be poorly pollinated only, and such trees, whether
partially defoliated or lightly pollinated, may perform their foliar
and floral function during the following August or September f thus
providing what is called the Spring crop of seeds, but the result is an
irregular and uncertain crop of latex ; as a matter of fact, a wet season
at the time of year under review is represented by the trees in every
physiological phase common to the species at different periods instead
of the real season (February). I believe every planter is aware that
there is a fall off in the yield of latex at the time of trees wintering,
and the diversity of yield in the following tabulated statements will
be more apparent when it is reflected that every gradation of differ-
ence may have been exhibited by the trees at the time of tapping.
6. In table I the diversity of yield within the same group of 200
trees during a period of 5 years is shown. The diversity of resulting
rubber is more variable than the yield of latex.
Table I.
Experi-
ment.
No. of
trees
tapped.
No. of
times
tapped.
Season.
Fluid
ozs. c/c
obtain-
ed.
Weight
of dry
rubber.
Comparative
yield of fluid
ozs. to ozs. dry
rubber
advoirdupois.
1905
200
25
Oct-Nov.
11746
lbs. ozs.
199 0
3H- ozs. c/c
1906
200
25
Mar.-Apr.
10943
154 0
Ais n
1909
200
32
Aug.-Sept.
1 1323
181 15
t 3 it 1,
* In all countries when the dry season is not an absolute drought,
t It is so with other trees.
t Reduced to 25 lappings the result would be much less favourable.
83
7. The diversity that may occur within one year is represented
in the following table 2, but it should be mentioned that Experiment
7 were overcrowded inside trees in which the increment of growth
was fractional only and the bark poor as a consequence.
No. of
Experiment
Total
fluid.
Total dry
rubber
avoirdupois
Comparative yield
of fluid ozs. to ozs.
of dry rubber
advoirdupois.
Season 1909.
7
ozs. c/c.
2826
lbs. ozs.
21 10^
ozs. c/c.
8%
February —March.
Old trees) I
3323
75
4
2M
April — May
2
7718
128
7
3/4
May, June— July
3
7861
US
7
3 %
May, June —July
4
(1st) 1 1323
181
15
3 %
August — Sept.
4
(2nd) 5575
75
12
4 w
4%
Dec. — January
6
18748
251
8
Nov. -December
(Young trees) 9
f 3433
43
0
4 f
Oct. — N ovem ber
Young trees) 8
t 3981
48 0
Slk
September
5
1 1957
175 8
Sts
Sept — October
Young trees) 10
t 3511
37
0
sn
Nov. — December
8. " This diversity is further disclosed in table 3, viz: — Not only
s the yield of latex variable but the latex is variable per se. From
the same group of trees 30 fluid ozs. of latex was taken from the bulk
daily, coagulated and weighed separately, with the following result : —
Table 3.
Dry weight of
1
Date
Rainfall inches
Total latex
Sheet of 30 ozs.
Remarks.
parts.
obtained Daily.
latex after
Coagulation, j
1909.
Ozs/ C/C.
(Ozs.
avoirdupois).
Dec. 29
60
1 14
6
„ 30
187
6
* £
„ 31
145
7
d i n
1910
0 'o
tn £
Jan. 3
38
210
7
K F
0 %
„ 4
85
200
6
0 T
„ 5
43
252
7%
rO CJ
„ 6
47
270
7 l /2
ra c
>. 7
it 8
291
304
8
7\?.
'O >v
„ 10
338
814
<D
„ n
12
272
276
7Vz
6 H
’c 3
„ 13
3 b
268
7 l A
S 1
tt 14
340
7%
<L> >
S’S
„ 15
30
304
&y 4
„ 16
288
8
<u «
„ 17
3(6
6 r 4
T 3
„ 18
326
614
fi a
» 19
„ 20
89
308
292
7
6 H
'-J
& a
21
284
6 14
l
Half, not full herring bone tapping, although large trees yield better than young trees pro ra.a.
84
«
g. Another reason of variation may be caused by mixing the
latex of trees of different age and size. It is frequently asserted that
there is no difference in the latex from trees of different age— a state-
ment which could not be supported by fact. Under normal conditions
the water contained in latex may vary from 55° to 65°. It may however,
in very wet weather and with young trees, contain a much higher
per centage as is shown in the following experiments :
Table 4.
SMALL TREES.
Nu Tiber
of Trees
Tapped.
Aggregate
girth at 3
ft. from
ground.
Number
of times
tapped.
Fluid
oz. of
latex.
Dry
weight
of rubber.
Ratio of
fluid to
ozs.
Adoir-
dupois. j
Including
some added
water.
90
220' 5"
24
3,5ii
37 lbs.
cia
-> ie
Nov.-Dee.
120
276' lOf"
26
3433
43 »
. 4ilr
Oct.-Nov.
100
276' 10T
28
3,981
48 „
5w
Sept.
310
774 2*"'
26 (average)
10,925
128 lbs.
Total small trees.
LARGE TREES.
150
71.3' 41"
30
18,748
lbs. ozs.
251 8
4 %
Nov.-Dee.
It may be noted that the diversity is greater in the resulting
rubber than in the volume of latex from young and old trees
10. Considering the variability of latex which has been referred
to, and the objection of manufacturers to the same cause in the le-
sulting rubber, such results are not astonishing when the system of
treatment is examined. In Malaya all the latex obtained is coagu-
lated by some chemical re-agent, usually Acetic acid, and as will be
evident by glancing at Table 4 different results were obtained from
approximate volumes of latex in three experiments, while almost
double the weight of rubber was obtained from a less area of bark in
another experiment. If therefore, in one instance a given quantity
of Acetic acid is necessary to precipitate one pound of dry rubber
from one gallon of latex, in another instance the same quantity of
acid would be used to precipitate double the weight of resulting
rubber. The most that could be claimed for such a system is that it
is an empirical one.
XX. It should be observed too, that Acetic acid is far from being
a perfect re-agent— unless an inordinate quantity of acid is used—there
is always some water left, which, if again treated with Acetic acid will
precipitate more coagulated latex
85
12. Asa matter of fact, under the system which obtains on nearly
all estates, very little latex is coagulated, the process only amounts to
coalescing. The globules of caoutchouc suspended in the latex have
partially clotted without separating or disposing of much water and
that such coalesced latex is fitted to pass through heavy machines is
no more rational than milling unripened wheat — except that it would
be more evident in the latter instance.
13. The time however is fast approaching when Plantation rub-
ber will have to stand a severer test than has yet been applied. Once
the supply of raw material reaches demand and stocks accumulate the
value and test of raw rubber, must as with tea, depend on its keeping
qualities. It is true a fair proportion of Plantation rubber is super-
ficially smoked, but in effect there is no comparision between smoke-
cured and smoke-dried rubber. Superficial smoking is an antidote
against most fungi if commenced in good time, and the life of rubber
kept free from mould is preserved, but such smoking cannot re-
cure raw material of which the constituent elements are already fixed
14. If the practice of using chemical re-agents was discontinued
and all possible care taken over latex from trees of different ages, there
is little doubt that Plantation rubber could be brought up to thestan
dard of fine hard Para, which it may be remarked represents only a
small part of the bulk of rubber which reaches the markets by way
of Brazil. Smoke-cured Rubber from Malaya has been declared
comparable with fine hard Para and a small sample sent to the recent
Exhibition in London cured by myself 14 years ago was perfectly
sound. A sample submitted to the Imperial Institute (really as a
test for packing smoked rubber) was analaysed and furnished the
following result : —
“ The results of the chemical examination were as follows : —
Per cent.
Moisture
...
04
Caoutchouc
95.OI *
Resin
2.2
Proteid
. .
2.2
Ash
...
0.6
As an instance of the keeping qualities of smoked rubber it
may be interesting to remark that, at one time a large manufacturer
reported on a sample sent for his opinion as a retrogressive step and
subsequently — after keeping the same rubber twelve months— that
he had tried it again and obtained much better results and considered
it equal to fine hard Para for all practical purposes.
16. In the use of smoke there are already several misconceptions
but in the method of application as adopted nothing could be more
primitive. Let it be remembered from the outset that smoke is a
result of imperfect combustion; that it is not the elementary consti-
■* Including 1.3 per cent, of insoluble Caoutchouc.”
86
tuents contained in the fuel but the compound which is formed
with sufficient heat in the process of combustion that acts as the
real re-agent and coagulates latex ; that volumes or clouds of
smoke are not only unnecessary but are* positively harmful ; that
a smoke house should be well ventilated and the temperature kept
as low as possible; that the furnace or heat should always be
generated outside the smoke house ; that smoke from a furnace should
never go direct on latex or rubber; that fuel (wood or coconut husk)
be always dry in view of furnishing comparatively dry smoke;
that all smoke be passed through the furnace chimney until the fire
is established or burnt through and the temperature very high ; that
the fire is well stoked and not choked with too much fuel or allowed
to fall too low.
17. How these various items are arranged in the apparatus I
am exhibiting will be explained, but I wish to pause here to emphasise
the importance of maintaining a regular supply of smoke from a well
consumed fire. Of all the constituents contained in wood-fuel water
is the most troublesome. However perfect the combustion water-
vapour has to be disposed of, and excess smoke-vapour results in
condensation within the house and a steamy atmosphere which is
fatal to good coagulation. (The fat and oil ever present on superfi-
cially-smoked biscuits and sheets is really a deposit of wood naptha-
line and other impurities conveyed by excess vapour in smoke due
to wet fuel and the smoke passing direct on to the rubber — an error
easily avoided). In the process of coagulation it is essential that the
evaporation of water within the thin layers of latex shall be commen-
surate with the heat supplied (not a high temperature at which
caoutchouc perishes), and this cannot occur in an atmosphere sur-
charged with steam or vapour, and the result is, the water and
caoutchouc coalesce and the resulting rubber is uncured.
18. The real problem of the treatment of Hevea latex is one of
separation between the water and caoutchouc. With Castilloa and
some other latices which contain an acid reaction this can be done
by centrifugal motion at high speed, the caoutchouc separates into
a mass and can be skinned off. With Hevea latex however, although
remarkably flocculent — perhaps more so in Malaya than in South
America — -such methods are futile. Hevea latex is alkaline to litmus
and the process of coagulation, whether with or without a re-agent r
is really one of coalescing into an agglutinated mass and the variable
water residuum, is I suspect, more the result of pressure than separa-
tion or precipitation of caoutchouc. (Under normal conditions Hevea
latex coalesces by natural means satisfactorily if placed in a cylinder of
which the height is three or four times that of the diameter and the water
residuum is about the same as when treated with a re-agent such as acetic
acid. In certam phases of the Hevea tree, at the time of this writing,.
29-1-1912, all the latex in a cylinder 7 ins. by 2% ins. coalesced in fifteen
hours without leaving a drop of fluid. Such re-agents as acetic-acid
It is paradoxical. Volumes or clouds of smoke imply excess water-vapour.
87
merely expedite the process of coalescence). Both by volume and
weight water is the larger and heavier body in the composition of
latex, from 55° — 75°, and even more at certain seasons. If too, it is
remembered that the specific gravity of water is heavier than latex,
the refinement of the arrangement of partial separation between the
water and caoutchouc contained in latex by mechanical means in the
process of coagulation by heat and smoke, now to be described, will
be apparent.
19. Heat is generated in a furnace supplied with wood, coconut
husk, or similar fuel and should be quite dry. The furnace is placed
outside the smoke-house and a large pipe is led from the furnace
along the ground of the house into a smoke-box, a row of smaller
pipes is led from the smoke-box back to the funnel of the furnace,
the rate of combustion and also the passage of smoke being con-
trolled by separate dampers. The pipes are perforated underneath
so that the smoke in passing through the perforations strike a re-
covery trough placed beneath which acts, like the smoke-box, as a
filter, as the water vapour in the smoke condenses in the trough and
deposits various impurities and this liquid is drained away.
20. Latex is exposed to the action of heat and smoke by the em-
ployment of an endless flexible band or belt which passes through
an adjustable receptacle containing latex placed outside the smoke
chamber and continually removes the surface layer of latex out of
this supply vessel into which the band dips.
21. The arrangement of belts is such that one or any number
can be carried on the same machine, and the belt is carried on pulleys.
One pulley (or more) supported by brackets is inside the chamber, and
one attached to the driving gear outside the chamber.
22. These brackets are adjustable in two directions, vertically, to-
allow of lowering or lifting the belts independently, horizontally, to
allow of any sagging being taken up, or, if necessary, the removal of
same; automatic belt adjusting gear is also attached, which can be
easily put in or out of action.
23. The driving machine carries one, or as may be desired, any
number of pulleys. These are driven by a worm and worm wheel, and
this worm shaft can be driven by either hand or motor power as
required. This machine is also adjustable vertically so that the
distance between the belts and smoke pipes can be controlled.
24. The supply vessels below the belts are supplied from
cylindrical reservoirs carried by movable supports. The supports are
controlled vertically by a wheel and screw so that the flow of latex into
the supply vessel can be regulated. The reservoirs and support is
easily detached from the supply vessel and can be readily removed
for the purpose of stripping the belt alter coagulation.
25. Smoke and heat is concentrated on the belts by the receiving
trough and the temperature of the smoke chamber is regulated by
ventilation.
26. Before commencing to coagulate, it is essential that the
■necessary heat and smoke has been raised and that the furnace
fire is burning briskly. The rate of combustion is then controlled
by dampers and the requisite heat can be maintained by a slow fire,
which, with a heated furnace, dries up most of the moisture in the
fuel while affording sufficient smoke on the belt in its passage over
the pipes. The smoke chamber is constructed with a raised or lantern
roof providing sufficient ventilation for the air and smoke surcharged
with vapour from evaporation of moisture in the latex on the belt,
thus excluding condensation within the smoke chamber. (It is best
to admit air at the bottom of the chamber too, and blanket the smoke.
Free circulation of air allows induced draught and the ready escape
of smoke from the supply pipes, such dry filtered smoke is then
retained sufficiently long to take up all the moisture 'evaporated
during the chamber. When these factors are all in harmony perfect
coagulation is assured.)
27. For the process of coagulation the supply vessel, through
which the travelling belt passes, is made shallow and to contain very
little latex so as to preclude the possibility of coalescence
from a smoky belt. This supply vessel is supplied from a reservoir
at about the same rate that the latex is removed by the belt, and both
vessels are specified to be placed outside the smoke chamber in view of
preventing coalescence from the proximity of smoke.
b
28. The belts may be made of canvas, or other similar material,
dipped in rubber solution and vulcanized so as to obtain a smooth
outside surface, which is necessary for the easy stripping of the belt
after coagulating. The length of the belts is estimated at forty-two
feet overall, and the width may vary from a few inches to two feet
a greater width is considered unwieldy.
29. As the belt passes through the supply or feeding vessel a thin
layer of latex adheres to the belt in its most expanded form and is
then exposed to the action of smoke and this re-agent immediately
separates much of the water in the latex on the outside of the belt,
The pulleys, too, which support the weight of the belt — if maintained
at slight tension, — -afford sufficient pressure on the belt to express out
most of the remaining water left in the latex on the outside of the belt,
from where some drops off as clear water, while the the remaining
moisture is evaporated by heat and smoke and the resulting caout-
chouc is coagulated into a concentric film of rubber. Smoke is there-
fore the host in three different functions of the process ; (a) it is the
host which carries the compound re-agent which separates the water
from the caoutchouc in the latex; (b) it is the host which absorbs and
■carries off excess moisture within the chamber ; (c) it is the host which
fixes the re-agent in the coagulated latex and thus resists oxidization.
The process, therefore, consists of coagulation by separation of water
from the caoutchouc in the latex by heat and smoke in concentric
layers between films of smoke on a travelling belt in which every
89
■ component particle, even the molecule, is exposed to the action of
smoke and is so polymerised, and thus the keeping quality of the
resulting rubber is assured, and the subsequent vulcanizing test satis-
factory for years afterwards.
30. It will be evident that the process differs from all others that
obtain, and it is, asserted that perfect coagulation and curing of Hevea
latex can only be effected when the water within the latex is separated
and disposed of at the same time. Whatever the re-agent may be,
when Hevea latex is treated in volume, the process is one of coales-
cing {smoke applied to latex in volume furnishes the same result). In
volume the re-agent diffuses too slowly, and the particles of caout-
chouc flock into an agglutinated mass, leaving a residuum of caout-
chouc in the mother liquor. Such coalesced rubber not only oxidises
and moulds after preparation, but is also faulty in the vulcanizing
process. Smoke coagulated rubber on a belt, where the particles and
globules of caoutchouc are expanded, so that even the molecule is
exposed and polymerised, improves in keeping, while coalesced rub-
ber which has not been cured but merely agglutinated, deteriorates.
31. The process differs too from the Brazilian method in the
application of dry filtered smoke as compared with the water vapour-
ish smoke used in Brazil. In Brazilian smoke the three elements of
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon are excessively high, while other ele-
ments are only partially generated. The more material difference
however, lies in the separation of water by this process against its
absorption in the Brazilian one.
32. Mention has already been made of vertical adjusting gear
to accommodate the sag of the belt as it becomes loaded, the weight
however, is in inverse ratio to the latex supplied, as owing to the
separation of wacer and caoutchouc there is considerable drip and
evaporation of moisture.
33. It is estimated that a belt one foot wide would coagulate
7% gallons of latex in 3 to 4 hours. Before removal from the belt
the rubber should be surface dry or slightly hardened for stripping.
It can then be readily removed and passed through rollers in the
same operation of stripping, when the remaining water is expressed
out, and complete drying is effected in a few days, if the rubber is
smoked daily, for which purpose the smoke chamber could be
utilized. {A sample of such rubber analysed at the Imperial Institute
was reported to contain 0.04% moisture and arrived in excellent
condition free from mould). On estates where there is washing
and preparing machinery the process would be considerably ex-
pedited if the belt was stripped at intervals, as the water separates
and evaporates quicker the less the belt is loaded. It is esti-
mated that a belt one foot wide and stripped at intervals would
coagulate from 4 or 5 gallons of latex per hour. An adjustable
rubber brush is attached to the driving gear which scrapes off the
freshly coagulated rubber and leaves the surface of the belt compa-
ratively dry. The rubber is brushed into a funnel and drops into a
go
collecting basin. It can be immediately treated by washing, and pre-
pared in any desired grade. Such smoke coagulated rubber would
surpass any plantation rubber that has yet reached the market. In
this latter instance a belt two feet wide would be practicable, in the
former instance an one foot belt is considered more serviceable.
34. Whether it is better to add some water in the collecting cups,
as is done for latex intended to be acid-coagulated, I am not able to say
without further observation, but I am inclined to think that the addi-
tion of water helps to eliminate resin. The best fine hard Para'
contains 15% of moisture on arrival in European markets when it is
probably one year old, so that the addition of some water, which is
expressed within a few hours, is not abnormal. It is very important,
however, that the density of latex be taken into consideration. In the
dormant or wintering season, mid-January to mid-March, latex
reaches its greatest density. With the appearance of flowers, and, as
the leaves mature, all the functions of the tree are most active and the
consistency of latex changes with the higher percentage of water. At
such a time additional wnter may be superfluous, and also on rainy
days or following continuous rain storms when the ground is saturated.
Supposing the wintering season to have been normal and the trees to
have conformed to their period of defoliation, the best tapping months
are from May to November during which time (exclusive of excep-
tional weather) latex may be of a fair average density and vice versa
when the seasons have not been favourable.
35. The value, too, of commencing tapping at break of day — with
the first streak of dawn should not be overlooked. It cannot be too well
known that on warm dry days, Hevea trees contract, through exhala-
tion of moisture, as the day advances, and the tension pressure which
sustains the flow of latex is pai*tial only, and the loss of first latex from
coalescence increases.
36. It should not be overlooked that latex travels best when
strained. Lumps or clot left in latex produce natural coalescence,
even the smallest particle of clot or foreign matter furnishes a
tendency for latex to flock, some days more than others.
It is suggested : — -
(1) That additional drying houses could be supplied with
smoke from the smoke-chamber furnaces and that the
smoke be applied by piping perforated underneath which
should be received in a filter trough before dispersing,,
care being taken that the fuel is dry. By this system
of applying smoke uniform results can be obtained.
The drying house would only require slight ventilation'
during smoking and additional ventilation at other times..
A few days’ smoking would suffice.
(2) That the process under review' could be carried out in
existing or central factories, and is also adapted for
decentralised factories with hand or motor power, or
portable buildings.
9i
It is claimed : —
(1) That the weight of the resulting rubber of a given volume
of latex is increased by this process as there is no loss of
caoutchouc which occurs when latex is treated in volume.
(2) That it is a perfect system of coagulation, and by the
thin accumulation of films of latex and separation of
water in the process, coalescing is avoided, and the
minutest component particles down to the molecule aie
exposed to the action of smoke and smoke-curing, thus
precluding the possibility of subsequent oxidisation.
(3) That the inherent characteristic of Hevea latex to foul
when in contact with another body (a spout, a funnel,
or when flowing or dripping) has been overcome in the
method adopted in supplying the belt by dipping outside
the smoke area.
(4) That the process disposes of the whole difficulty of
fungoid attacks whether in the latex ; in drying ; in
store; or in transit.
(5) The keeping quality is assured, a fair sized sample one
year old was reported by a large manufacturer “to be
equal to fine hard Para for all practical purposes,” and
the specimens of smoked spindles prepared by myself
and analysed at the recent Rubber Exhibition in
London and reported comparable to fine hard Paia, were
three years old.
.(6) In the arrangement of combustion, draft, filtration, and
ventilation, wood napthaline and other impurities in the
smoke injurious to latex are disposed of; the excessive
water and the resulting water vapour in wood fuel is
exhausted, and a concentrated smoke containing the
necessary elements in a compound form is produced.
(7) That the variation in latex, already referred to, is largely
overcome by the method of supplying latex on a travell-
ing belt from outside the smoke chamber, where the
amount of latex taken up by the belt can be regulated
by the adjustable feed pans so as to ensure consistent
separation of water and the action of smoke. The
variable consistency of latex is disposed of and the resul-
ting rubber is of a standard form.
(8) Finally a standard rubber which will keep for years and
prove superior in the vulcanizing process, the real test,
to any other Plantation Rubber.
R. DERRY,
Botanic Gardens, Singapore
92
EXPORTS TELEGRAM TO EUROPE AND
AMERICA.
Month of March.
WiretC
Mar. 15 Mar. 3 £
Steamers. Tons.
Tin Str. Singapore & Penang to U. Kingdom &/or 1,501
Tons.
1,698
Do.
do.
U. S. A.
506
730
Do.
do
Continent
380
330
Gambier
Singapore
Glasgow
...
Do.
do.
London
...
...
Do.
do.
Liverpool
70
...
Do.
do.
U. K. &/or Continent 125
25
Cube Gambier
do.
United Kingdom
25
20'
Black Pepper
do.
do.
5
Do.
Penang
do.
45
...
White Pepper
Singapore
d
45
...
Do.
Penang
do.
5
5
Pearl Sago
Singapore
do.
100
10
Sago Flour
do.
London
50
260
Do.
do.
Liverpool
1,700
Do.
do.
Glasgow
25
25
Tapioca Flake
Singapore
United Kingdom
130
...
Tapioca Pearl & Bullet do.
do.
200.
65
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaya
do.
350
700
Gutta Percba
Singapore
do.
35
60
Buffalo bides
do.
do.
150
...
Pineapples
do.
do.
25.000 8,500
Gambier
do.
U. S. A.
375
190
Cube Gambier
do.
do.
110
35
Black Pepper
do.
do.
110
10
J 0 .
Penang
do.
10
30
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
90
....
Do.
Penang
do.
...
25
Tapioca Pearl
Singapore
do.
15
40
Nutmegs
Singapore & Penang
do.
6
29
Sago Flour
Singapore
do.
100
125
Pineapples
do.
do.
5,750
800
Do.
do.
Continent
6,750 1,250
Gambier
do.
South Continent
80
75
Do.
do.
North Continent
140
80
Cube Gambier
do.
Continent
40
10
Black Pepper
do.
South Continent
180
70
Do.
do.
North do.
75
...
Do.
Penang
South do
15
• •r
Do
do.
North do.
5
"1
White Pepper
Singapore
South do.
10
10
Do.
do
Noitli do.
10
- ...
Do.
Penang
South do.
10
...
D
*■ • do:
North do.
20
5
93
Wired.
Steamers.
Mar. 15
Tons,
Mar. 31
Tons.
Copra
Singapore & Penang
Marseill* s
681
22 )
Do.
do.
Odessa
1,275
1,025
Do.
civ Other. South Continent
50
Do.
do
North Continent
2,300
i,n 0
Sago Flo' r
Singapore
Continent
2,000
600
Tapioca Flake
do.
do
50
25
Do. Pea'l
do.
do.
45
...
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
5
Do. do.
Penang
U. K.
...
...
Do. Pearl &
Bullet do,
do.
75
85
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
Do. Pear'
do.
do.
100
470
Do. F ake
do.
Continent
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
575
70
Copra
Singapore & Penang
England
50
100
Gutta Percha
Singapore
('ontinent
35
30
Para Rubber
Straits and Malaya
U. S. A.
60
20
Do.
do.
Continent
10
40
Tons Rambler
t
/ 300
300
„ B. Pepper
...
\ 310
130
SINGAPORE MARKET REPORT.
March, 1912.
Tons.
Highest
Lowest-
Copra
3,714
11.10
10.40
Gambier Bale
560
10.75
10.20
„ Cube No. 1 & 2
236
15.90
13.75
Gutt? Perclia 1st quality
..
275.00
200.00
medium
. .
140.00
90.00*
„ lower
..
70.00
17.00
Gutta Jelotong
..
11.75
875
Nutmegs 110s.
26.00
25 00
„ 80s.
...
28.00
26.00
Black Pepper ... .
399
21.25
22.00
White ,,
79
33.75
31.75
Sago Pearl, small ...
1
5.40
5.30
„ Flour No. 1 ...
,\ 4,321
4.60
4.17
„ „ No. 2 ...
95
1.90
1.70
Tapioca Flake, small
339
9.45
9.25
„ Pearl
133
8.30
7.85
„ „ medium
211
9.20
9.10
Tin
1,830
96.37£
94 00
PAHANG.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Pahang for the Month of February, 1912.
DISTRICT.
<o
£ A
£ «
cS
M c
„ cm
§*
© -*3
i eg
District Hospital, Kuala Lipis
,, „ Raub
m „ Bentong
» ,t Pekau
tt „ Kuantan
Dispensary, Temerloh
Sungei Lembing
Kuala Tembling
Office of thb Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 28! h March, 1912.
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
1 Minimum.
<D
cr
a
eS
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
80.3
89.0
67.3
21.7
74.9
5.25
1.50
83.2
90.2
74.2
16.0
73.6
10.70
2.40
83.0
90.2
70.6
19.6
76.0
7.51
1.70
...
81.3
86.0
72.7
13.3
76 6
10.07
2.55
79.7
89.8
70.0
19.8
76.5
7.83
2.73
89.7
68.3
21.4
4.40
1.01
...
82.7
748
7.9
6.85
1.01
...
. . .
5.72
2.10
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
vO
4^
PAHANG.
1912.
DISTRICT.
District Hospital, Kuala Lipis
„ „ Raub
» „ Bentong
„ „ Pekan
„ „ Kuantan
Dispensary, Temerloh
Sungei Lembing
Kuala T enabling
cr .
Q
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
*o
Mean Barometrical Pi
sure at 32° F.
Maximum in Sun.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
6
DC
o3
P3
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
£
.*tn
a
w
Prevailing direction
winds.
Total rainfall.
82.0
90.8
67.7
23.1
75.7
A
2.44
83 0
91.6
70.4
21.2
73.6
3.20
82.8
90.9
70.7
20.2
75.8
7.30
2.18
1.24
2 31
7.61
3.00
82.4
89.0
71.7
17.3
77-5
78.1
89.8
...
...
73.4
...
92.0
67.5
24.5
...
...
...
92.9
74.1
18.8
...
• ■ •
CO
■9
c3 ih
u *+
-B O
A
<N
©
0.70
1.47
2.76
130
.62
1.03
3.44
1.2 7
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 24tli April, 1912.
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Nergi Sembilan & Pahang.
vO
oi
PERAK.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometri-
cal Pressure at
82° Fah
Maximum in
Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direc-
tion of Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rain- j
fall during 1
24 hours. |
Mean
Dry Bulb.
Maximum
a
3
a
S
©
ic
q
3
W
£>
a 3
© ~
i— 1
^ ©
a a
| ■!
c3 ?
!>- r-'" 7
-<2
fl
'3
is
©
P
Humidity.
Taiping
106
82.67
93
70
23
78 01
898
81
12.18
1.57
Kuala Kangsar ...
82.63
94
69
25
76.7 <
842
77
5.02
.65
Batu Gajali
82.99
94
69
25
76.45
823
73
8.61
1.65
Gopeng
81.46
93
68
V5
75.3 1
797
74
13.69
2.42
Iroh ...
82.83
94
70
24
76.81
842
75
5 88
1.96
Kampar
82.28
94
71
23
77.11
864
79
11.08
1.98
Telok Anson
82.42
93
70
2 i
77.87
892
81
7.78
1.77
Tapah ...
82.39
92
68
21
77.25
867
79
12.41
2.60
Par it Buntar
83.21
92
73
19
77.83
883
79
8.92
3.17
Fagan Serai
83.29
98
72
21
78.10
v 08
81
4.74
1.37
Selama
81.87
94
69
25
77.87
899
83
5.96
1.23
Lenggong
82.14
94
66
28
76.12
821
75
6.79
1.95
THnjong Malim
81.92
94
68
24
77.72
894
83
7.03
2.12
Grit
80.33
96
62
34
73.91
755
74
6.25
2.80
Klian Intan
, , .
1.18
.55
Pulau Pangkor Laut
6.19
1.58
Kuala Kurau
* , .
3.61
1.50
The Cottage
...
10.46
2.01
Maxwell’s Hill ...
...
...
...
...
7.43
1.90
Taiping, 15tli April, 1912.
Senior Medical Officer
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Negri Sembilan /or Ous inonth of February, 1911.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pressure
at 32° Fak.
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
| Total Rainfall.
t
Greatest Rainfall during 24
hours.
j Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
o3
sc
S3
ce
Ph
Mean Wet Bulb.
j Vapour Tension.
1
Dew Point.
| Humidity.
District Hospital, Seremban
...
...
80.4
90.0
72.0
18 0
76.2 .826
73.4
79
...
6.48
1.30
H „ Kuala Pilah
...
• •
79.0
87.8
70 3
17.5
74 5 . r .75
71.5
79
9.02
2 24
„ „ Mantin
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
777
2.02
,, „ Tampin
...
159.4
80.7
87.7
74.1
13.6
75.0 , .771
71.2
73
4.27
1.10
„ „ Jelebu
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
6.37
1.54
, , „ Bort Dickson
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
4.07
1.04
Beii-beri Hospital „ „
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.54
0 77
G. D. Freer.
Office of the Senior Medical Officer, Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 23id March, 1912. Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
vO
vj
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Negri Sembilan for the month of March, 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pressure
at 32° Fah.
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
District Hospital, Seremban
151.0
82.2
90.4
72.4
18.0
769
.845
74.3
79
N. W.
4.*9
0.99
„ „ Kuala Pilah ... ...
• . i
...
818
91.0
72.9
18.1
76.4
.812
73.6
75
4.2)
2.24
„ „ Jelebu
...
...
...
. . ,
• ♦ ,
3.40
1.30
„ „ Tampin
155.9
82.4
89.3
74.2
15.1
76 3
.797
72.2
71
3.19
1.14
„ „ - Mantin
• . .
. . .
...
1
5.48
1.25
Town Hospital Port Dickson
• . *
83.8
90.0
75.0
15.0
76.6
1 06
0 32
Beri beri Hospital „
...
...
* * *
• . •
...
...
0.59
0.40
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 24th April, 1912,
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer.
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang,
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Beading in the various Districts of the State of Sclav gqr for the month of February, 1912.
DISTRICT.
, H A
oj oS
.2 ^
|l
2 *
a 05
CC g
c l
«i —
® eu
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevai ing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall dur-
ing 24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
* a>
at
8
eg
Ph
Mean Dry Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity,
General Hospital,
Kuala Lumpur
29.872
143.2
80.4
89.2
72.5
16.7
76.7
0.825
73.4
75
Calm.
10.50
2.50
Prisons „
• . .
9.93
1.98
District Hospital
11
...
. . *
5.89
2.22
5?
Klang
90.6
70.0
20.6
6.93
1.38
Kuala Langat
88.6
74.4
14.2
7.16
2.25
11
Kajang
88.1
75.2
12.9
8.38
1.89
Ivuala Selangor
89.7
71.9
17.8
4.16
1.63
11
Kuala Kubu
91.5
70.9
20.6
6.38
2.10
11
Serendah
92.4
70.3
22,1
6.59
2,45
Rawang
92.3
71.5
20.8
11.08
2.61
Sabah Bernan
***
...
...
...
9.71
1.85
Office of the Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 22nd Mar., 1912,
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Selangor for the month of March, 1912.
DISTRICT.
General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
Prisons • „
District Hospital
Sabak Bernan
Klang
Kuala Langat
Kajang
Kuala Solan g 01
Kuala Kubu
Serendak
Rawang
p-. .-a
ed d
.gh
01 CM
a «
d O
« £
w
S ®
93 u
® Ph
a
d
m
Temperature.
rO
d
e§
29.891
143.0
82.9
a
a
*3
c3
91.5
91.4
91.2
89.0
90.8
93.0
92.6
92.5
72.6
68.7
74.4
76.4
72.0
71.0
70.5
72.2
e3
Hygrometer.
18.9
22.7
16.8
12.6
18.8
22 0
22.1
20.3
.o
76 7
©
H
807
o
P4
72.7
>>
h3
*a
d
u> .
d co
X H3
•s.a
93
=4H
a
’3
Ph
72
Calm.
d
O
6.79
8.60
4.88
5.29
1.16
7.03
1.69
6.61
7.03
7.49
8.15
1.30
3.24
1.40
1.18
0.50
1.71
0.72
1.37
1.65
1.68
2.38
O
o
Office of The Senior Medical Ofbicer,
Kuala Lumpur, 26th April, 1912.
G. D. Freer,
Senior Medical Officer ,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
KELANTAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Kelantau for the Month of January, 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pres-
sure at 32° Fah.
Mean Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Mean Maximum.
| Mean Minimum.
Mean Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
°F.
O
o F
° F.
°F.
0 F
° F.
°F.
O p
%
Ins.
Ins.
Kota Bliaru
...
144.6
78.4
83.10
72.54
10 56
75.5
.810
72 9
84.5
14.13
4.00
Kuala Lebir
• , .
76.2
87.08
71.69
15.39
74.3
.801
72.6
89 2
6.76
2.51
Kuala Kelantan
. , ,
82.06
73.88
8.68
13.84
4.50
Kuala Yal
. . .
...
82.90
71.77
11.12
8.06
2.60
Kuala Pahi
• ...
83 84
70.77
13.07
6.88
2.09
Taku Estate
6.63
2.48
Chaning Estate
7.13
2.14
Pasir Jinggi
6.35
2.26
Kenneth Estate
10.07
3.34
Pasir Besar
8 88
3.75
Pash- Gajah
9.54
3.25
Semerah Estate
12.13
4.92
Ti ko Ayer Merah
15 17
5.20
Ulu Kusial
...
...
...
10.16
4.72
Residency Surgeon s Office, * John. X). Gimeette,
Kota Bharu, 17th February, 1912, Residency Surgeon , Kelantan.
KELANTAN.
DISTRICT.
Kota Bh<>ru
Kuala Lebir
Kuala Kelantan
Kuala Pahi
Kuala Va) Estate
Semerah Estate
Pasir Jiutgi
Chaning Estate
Pasir Gajah Estate
Taku Plantation
Pasir Besar
Sokf r Kenneth Estate
2
d
a
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
«4-4
O
Mean Barometrical p
sure at 32° F.
Mean Maximum in S
Mean Dry Bulb.
Mean Maximum.
' Mean Minimum.
Mean Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Prevailing Direction
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
0 f.
0 f.
°F.
°F.
°F.
0 f.
°F.
°F. ■
0 P'
0 F.
Ins.
139.0
79.7
84.74
72 82
11.91
76.4
.820
73.3
80.1
9.84
76.4
87.9
83.82
85.03
72.0
73.44
71.31
15.8
10.38
13.72
74.4
.812
73.0
89.3
3.02
7.‘-9
3 79
83.82
72.10
11.72
6.64
...
...
8.00
• ••
**.•
...
2.91
...
4.0i
...
...
...
6 49
...
...
...
3.44
...
...
...
6.71
...
4.80
00
a
a
nj
a
i
C»
0
_ O
o3 <M
<U
u
o
Ins.
4.01
1.24
3.75
1.00
2.32
3.29
1.43
1.22
1 98
.97
2.14
1.44
Residency Surgeon's Office,
Kota Bharu, 19th February, 1912.
John. D. Gimlette,
Beaidency Surgeon , Kelantan,
102
KELANTAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Kelantan for the Month of March, 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical pres-
sure at 32° F,
Mean Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Mean Maximum.
Mean Minimum. j
©
be
a
ci
Ph
fl
3
©
a
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
°F.
°F.
0 F.
•if.
0 F.
O p
°F.
°F.
°F.
%
Ins.
Ins.
Kota Bharu
147.0
81.2
87.50
78.83
14.17
78.2
.897
76.0
84 8
] .40
1.23
Kuala Lebir
79.3
29.8
73.0
18.8
76.0
.832
73.7
83.2
2.63
1.16
Kuala Kelantan
...
86.35
74.77
i 11.58
■ . •
,,,
1.41
1 24
Kuala Yal
...
87.90
73.12
14.77
...
2.?5
0.80
Kuala Pabi
88.06
72.06
16.0
, , .
. . .
3.29
1.45
Pa sir G a jah Estate
...
...
...
...
0.59
0.29
Taku Plantation
...
...
...
...
2.63
1.17
Pasir Besar Estate
...
...
•••
...
2.00
1.00
Kenneth Estate
...
...
-
...
2 16
1.19
Pasir Jinggi
...
...
...
...
2.7 *
0.97
Chaning Estate
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2 84
1.45
Residency Surgeon’s Office, John. D. Gimlhtte
Kota Bharu, 28rd April, 1912. Residency Surgeon , Kelantan.
MALACCA.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Malacca for the month of January , 1912 .
Temperature
Hygrometer.
O
U
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrica
Pressure at 32° Fi
Maximum in Sun.
Mean Dry Bulb.
j Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Prevailing Direction
Winds. /
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall du
ing 24 h< urs.
j
%
Ins.
Ins.
Durian Daun Hospital
29.923
156.2
82.3
89.3
72.7
16.6
77.7
.886
...
81
N.
.86
.27
on 7 th
NH
O
4 ^
Malacca, 4th April, 1912,
E. W. De Cruz,
Assistant Surgeon.
MALACCA.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Malacca for the month of February, 1912.
O
t-n
Malacca, 4th April, 1912,
E. W. De Cruz,
Assistant Surgeon.
MALACCA.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Malacca for the month of March, 1912.
©
1
CL)
U
Temperature
Hygrometer.
«M
tac
□
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical F
at 32° Fall.
Maximum in Sun.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Prevailing Direction t
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall dur
24 hours.
%
Ins.
Ins.
Durian Daun Hospital
29.894
157
83.3
903
73.5
16.8
78.7
.914
...
81
N.
2.51
1.04
on 2i th
o
Malacca, 30th Apr 1912.
E. W. De Cruz,
Assistant Surgeon.
107
MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE PLANTERS’
ASSOCIATION OF MALAYA.
Held at 10.45 a.m., on March 5, 1912, at the Selangor Club,
Kuala Lumpur.
Present :
Mr. E. B. Skinner, Chairman.
Mr. H. C. E. Zacharias, Secretary.
Mr. W. G. Dobson, Legal Adviser,
and the following delegates: —
From the Kuala Lumpur District Planters’ Association : — Mr.
F. G. Harvey.
„ Kuala Langat District Planters’ Association : — Mr.
R. W. Munro.
„ Negri Sembilan Planters’ Association: — Messrs. A.
Dupuis Brown, T. G. Hickley, P. W. N. Farquharson.
„ Batu Tiga District Planters’ Association : — Messrs.
H. L. Jarvis, H. E. G. Solbe, H. R. Quartley.
„ Klang District Planters’ Association : — Messrs. C. A.
Buxton, W. H. Trotter, John Gibson.
„ Kapar District Planters’ Association: — Messrs. E. H.
King-Harman, J. G. Cruickshank.
„ Batang Padang Planters’ Association Mr. F. J.
Ayr is.
„ Kuala Selangor District Planters’ Association:—
Messrs. A. Irving, F. G. Souter.
Visitors :— Mr. L. Lewton-Brain, Dir. of Agriculture, Dr. Ch
Lane Sansom, P.M.O., Mr. T. J. Cumming.
I. The Minutes, having been taken as read, are confirmed, after
the additon of the word “ last ” on line 18 p. J 3 -
2. Quarantine.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence :
Chief Secretary, F.M.S., Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. I2t h January, 1912.
Sir, — I have the honour to inform you that at a Meeting of this
Association, held on the 7th instant, the control of the Quarantine
Camp 011 Pulau Jerejak was discussed.
io8
The Meeting was unanimously in favour of this Camp being
placed under the control of the Principal Medical Officer of the
F.M.5., and that, if necessary, the Camp be leased from the Govern-
ment of the Straits Settlements ; and I was intruded to submit that
H. E. the High Commissioner be approached by you accordingly.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
No. 2 in 516/1912. Kuala Lampur,
The Secretary, 13th February, 1912.
The Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — I am directed to refer to your letter dated the I2th January,
1912, on the subject of the control of the Quarantine Camp at Pulau
Jerejak and to inform you that the question has been referred to the
Colonial Government, and a reply has been received to the effect that
the Colonial Government regrets its inability to meet the views of
the Planters’ Association in this mater.
I have etc.,
W. H. MACKRAY,
For Under Secretary, F.M.S.
Mr. E. B. Skinner reports that this matter had again been brought
before the Indian Immigration Committee, who had been promised a
number of improvements by the Colonial Government. He was in
favour of giving them a trial until the end of the recruiting season in
September; and to take up the matter again then, if no permanent
improvement had resulted. In the meantime he proposed that the
matter stand over.
Mr. Cruickshank seconds the suggestion, but wished to know
whether there was an inspection committee of planters.
Mr. Skinner replies that the planting members of the Indian
Immigration Committee were the officially appointed visitors.
Mr. Skinner’s suggestion is agreed to.
3. Chinese Labour.
The Secretary reads the following Report of the Sub-Committee
of their Meeting held on January, 21st 1912, there being present Mr.
H. R. Quartley (in the chair), Mr. Choo Kia Peng and Mr. H. C. E.
Zacharias ; also the Hon. C. J. Saunders and Messrs. L. H. Clayton
and J. R. O. Aldworth.
REPORT.
The feeling of the Meeting was that there was a sufficiency
of Chinese Labour in the country to do all the work required,
but that it was desirable to introduce more labour, in order to
lower rates of pay. The Planting Industry is really not at all
109
in need for a large influx of Chinese, but the Mining Industry
no doubt is short of labour ; Mr. Choo Kia Peng instancing
that whereas formerly naichang gangs consisted of 50-80 men,
now their maximum number was 30.
The Government having decided to make indentured sinkeh
labour illegal after July 1st 1914, the question is what would
become of the 25,000 sinkehs, that annually arrived in Singa-
pore? By far the greatest majority went to the Dutch Indies
and that transit traffic will doubtless be deflected from Singa-
pore. Of the balance, only very few go to estates in the
Peninsula. About a year ago, there was a great and acute
demand for Chinese labour, mainly for lalang weeding, but the
demand has subsided as suddenly as it started, and latterly
there have been great difficulties to place even a few hundred
sinkehs then in the depots at Singapore ; and the Hon. C. ].
Saunders corroborated that at the present moment he knew
practically of no sinkehs in the Singapore depots : all of which
goes to show, that there is no urgent demand for this class of
labour on the estates.
To supply the requirements of planters, the latter, if desirous
of getting Chinese labour, will now have to get a kangany
connection in China, in the same as way they all have already in
India. The kangany system of recruiting in small batches is
quite feasible, when not in the hands of professional recruiters,
but of the individual estates.
What can be done, if a planter knows how to handle Chinese
labour and how to go about the recruiting in the right way,
was shown by Mr. Choo Kia Peng, who has recently sent one
of his estate kapalas to Amoy, whence he has returned with 15
men of a most desirable stamp. The advances given out
amounted to $200, which sum represented the total — irrecover-
able — expenditure. The coolies were put on day pay at the
rate of 58 cents out of which 2 cents goes to the kapala.
These coolies have now been on the estate for ten months and
show no inclination of absconding.
Another point, on which there seemed to be a consensus, was
that just now in the troubled times China is going through,
planters have the best opportunity of making a start with
kangang recruiting. People over there finding now neither
work nor safety, are apparently only too anxious to emigrate to
the Malay Peninsula, and this applies particularly to the better
class people and includes families.
Until there is a Chinese Government to treat with, the
Government of this cour try is of course unable to move in the
matter anyhow; and unltss planters are anxious to see consti-
tuted a machinery analogous to the Indian Immigration Com-
mittee and Fund, there is at present no object in asking for any
Government assistance.
no
Kan -any recruiting in China is possible ; it is anyhow the
only means of obtaining satisfactory labour from there ; and it
now rests with the planter, whether or not he can adapt him-
self to the circumstances of the case.
(Sd.) H. R. QUARTLEY.
Mr. Skinner takes it that the feeling of the Association, after the
sub-committee's report, would be that for the present the question of
approaching Government should be dropped and the matter left to
private enterprise.
4. Chinese Tappers.
The Secretary reports having received the following replies from
the various Constituent Associations regarding pay earned by this
class of labour, calculating the rate as per ioo trees:
Batu Tiga—
26 -
-30 cents
Johore :
2 estates
20
,»
2 „
24
i
I >,
30
I „
32
„
Province W ellesley
I estate
124
cents
1 ft
1 7
„
I »
23
II
Klang:
I „
35
fi
K. Lumpur
3 „
20
ft
i »
21
if
2 „
22
I >,
30
(basal V;
I „
32
If if
...
I ,
32
„ (two cups per tree)
I
35
II
...
I „
39
...
I „
45
„ (40 cts. for young trees.
Kuala Selangor Kapar reported that no Chinese tappers were
•employed in these districts ; and from the remaining six associations,
no reply had been receive'd.
Mr. Skinner thinks the figures important and useful although
they were not complete : when tabulated that might induce planters
to reduce the rates generally.
Mr. Quartley thinks it should be stated whether the tappers
scrapped the trees and did everything else necessary themselves ; and
how many cuts they did.
Mr. Dupuis Brown considers the number of cups ought also to be
given ; the present information was too vague.
Mr. Irving suggests in order to simplify matters that each em-
ployer should show the cost per lb. of his dry rubber.
Mr. Jarvis points out that the ages of the trees should be shown,
otherwise, for purpose of comparison, the value of the figures would
be lost.
Ill
Resolved that the information, as received, be published, and that
the Secretary circularize all constituent Associations again, requesting
specific replies as to
1. Whether the price paid includes collecting and scrapping.
2. The number of cuts.
3. The number of cups.
5 Javanese Labour.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence :
Chief Secretary. F.M.S., Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. I2th January, 1912.
Sir, — I have the honour to inform you, that three members of
this Association, Messrs. H, J. Cooper, M. Maude and F. Pears, were
some time ago asked to form a Sub-Committee to go into the
possibilities of recruiting Javanese coolies.
The said gentlemen have since had an interview with the Consul
General of the Netherlands at Singapore and are now desirous of
proceeding to Java on a mission of further enquiry.
As the Consul General advised the gentlemen that it will be a
great help to them, if they went to Java accredited by the Govern-
ment of the F.M.S., I have been instructed to ask whether H. E. the
High Commissioner would be kind enough to furnish them with a
letter to the Governor General of the Netherlands Indies.
I have etc.,
(sd.) H. C. E. ZAC H ARIAS,
Secretary.
No. 517 / 1912 .
The Secretary,
The Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Kuala Lumpur,
27th January, 1912.
Sir, — Referring to your letter dated the 13th January, 1912, I am
directed to forward a letter addressed by His Excellency the High
Commissioner to Hsi Excellency the Governor General of the
Netherlands Indies.
I have, etc.,
(Sd.) W. H. MACKRAY,
for Under Secretary, F.M.S
'1
/Ob
1 12
Under Secretary, F.M.S. Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. 29th January, 1912.
JAVANESE LABOUR.
Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter 517
dated the 27th instant and to thank H, E. The High Commissioner
for his letter to the Governor General of the Netherlands Indies.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
H C. E. ZACHARIAS Esq., Telok Anson,
Secretary, 10th January, 1912.
Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kulala Lumpur.
JAVANESE IMMIGRATION.
Dear Sir, — I shall be much obliged if you will let me know what
action was taken by the P. A. M. on our preliminary report on the
question of Javanese recruiting.
It is of course most important that we should go straight ahead
with the matter now but neither Mr. Maude nor myself are prepared
to pay all the cost of the visit to Java.
I have so far only seen the newspaper reports of the Meeting.
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H.J. COOPER,
H. J. COOPER, Esq., Kuala Lumpur,
Telok Anson. 15th January, 1912.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for your favour of the 10th instant re
Javanese Immigration. •
The Association at their last Meeting received your preliminary
report and instructed me to thank the Sub-Committee for the pains
taken and to address H. E. The High Commissioner in accordance
with your wishes regarding a letter from himself to the Governor
General of the Netherlands Indies; and I have since written to
H. E. accordingly.
As regards your visit to Java, the Meeting was unanimous as to
its desirability, but as this Association has no funds available for
any but current expenditure, they are unfortunately precluded from
offering to bear its cost.
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretarjn
The Secretary, Telok Anson,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 19th January, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Dear Sir, — Your letter of the 15th addressed to Mr. H. J. Cooper
has been brought before my Committee, and I am instructed to ex-
press their regret that the parent Association is unable to finance
the proposed visit to Java, and that not having themselves the
necessary funds. They did not see their way to initiate an appeal
for the raising of the money amongst the estates of the F. M. S.
My Committee' are so impreesed with the general benefit which
will accrue by the completion of the work your Sub-Committee have
so far advanced that they propose to circularize the estates, and at a
Meeting held here yesterday nearly one half of the necessary funds
were provided.
It is hoped however that there will be such a ready response to a
general appeal that the subscription for each estate will be very
small.
I am, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
The Lower Perak Planters’ Association.
(Sd.) F. S. PHYSIC,
Secretary.
F. S. PHYSIC, Esq., Kuala Lumpur,
Lower Perak Planters’ Association, 22nd January, 1912.
Telok Anson.
Dear Sir, — I have your favour of the 19th instant re Sub-Com-
mittee’s visit to Java.
In the absence of any information to the contrary the Meeting
did not feel justified in assuming, that the three gentlemen in
question did not propose defraying themselves the cost of this visit
to Java, any more than e.g., in the case of Mr. Pears’ visit to Hong-
kong re Chinese labour.
As already intimated, this Association has no funds available,
except for current expenditure; but had there been any question of
the immediate necessity for further funds, an appeal to that effect
would no doubt have been decided upon. It is therefore much to be
regretted, that neither of the three gentlemen appointed could make
it convenient to be present at our last Meeting and lay their case
personally before the members present.
Am I correct in saying, that it is now proposed to defray the
total cost of the proposed visit out of the funds of the Lower Perak
District Planters’ Associatian, or do you propose to circularize all
other Associations likewise; and what do you estimate is the total
sum required ?
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZAC HA RI AS,
Secretary.
U4
H. C. E. ZACHAPIAS, Esq., Telok Anson,
Kuala Lumpur. 27th January, 1912.
Dear Sir,— I thank you for your letter of the 15th instant re
Javanese Immigration, which has been laid before the District
Association.
I shall be greatly obliged if you will inform me as soon as
possible whether H. E, the High Commissioner has addressed the
Government of the Netherlands Indies or whether he will give to us
the letter for presentation to the Governor Ceneral.
We propose to leave for Java about the nth February.
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. J. COOPER.
Kuala Lumpur,
H. J. Cooper, Esq., 29th January, 1912.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for your favour of the 27th instant and
now beg to enclose letter, just received from H. E. The High Com-
missioner on your mission to Java addressed to the Governor General
of the Netherlands Indies.
Trusting that your visit will be highly successful.
I remain,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS.
Mr. Skinner remarks that nothing further could be done at
present and that they must await the return of the sub-committee.
6. H. N. Ridley Fund.
The Secretary reports having received to date the following
contributions :
from The Malay Pen. Agr. Ass : $1,305.00
„ Johore Planters’ Ass : 470.00
„ Kuala Lumpur D. P. Ass : 300.00
„ Batang Padang PI. Ass : 200.00
„ Batu Tiga D. PI. Ass : 170.00
„ Klang Dist. PI, Ass : 25.00
Total $2,470.00
From further promises received, he hopes that a total of 500
guineas will be collected.
The Secretary is instructed to inform all Constituent Associ-
ations, that the fund will be closed on the day of the Annual Meeting,
and to express a hope that the expected total of 500 guineas will be
reached.
7. Standing Committee.
The Secretary reports that the creation of a Standing Committee,
decided upon at their last Meeting, constituted an addition to the
Rules and would therefore have to be dealt with under Rule 15 at the
ensuing General Meeting.
The Legal Adviser had suggested as follows :
“That the following rules be added to the Rules of the Planters^
Association of Malaya, viz.,
1. The Association shall at every Annual Meeting elect five of
its members as a Standing Committee with power for such
Standing Committee to add to its number.
2. The duties of such Committee shall be the following :
A. To consider all measures (legislative or otherwise)
which may be of interest or affect the Planting Com-
munity in the Malay Peninsula.
B. To inform the District Associations of such measures
and give them its opinion thereon.
C. To act as a consultative body for dealing with the cur-
rent work of the Planters’ Association of Malaya.
3. The President and Secretary of the Planters’ Association of
Malaya shall be ex-officio members of the Standing Com-
mittee in addition to the five before-mentioned elected
members.
The Secretary is instructed accordingly, to place these draft
rules on the Agenda of the General Annual Meeting. -
8. New York Exposition.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence :
C. Taylor, Esq., Kuala Lumpur,
Secretary, I2th January, 1912,
Rubber Growers’ Association,
I, Oxford Court,
Cannon Street, London, E.C.
NEW YORK EXPOSITION, 1912.
Dear Sir, — The question of being represented at this Exhibition
has been considered by this Association at their last Meeting held
on the 7th instant, when the general consensus seemed to be that it
would be very impolitic for this Peninsula not to be adequately
represented.
We have asked the Government for an indication of the extent
of their support, but before going any further, should be glad to have
the views of your Association on the subject.
Ii6
If any action is eventually decided upon, we trust that we may
count on the same hearty co-operation, that your Association was
kind enough to render us at the London Exhibition of last year.
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACH ARIAS,
Secretary.
Sir William Taylor, Kuala Lumpur,
Malay States Information Agency, I2th January, 1912.
88, Cannon Street,
London, E.C.
NEW YORK EXPOSITION.
Dear Sir, — I thank you for your favour of November 3rd and en-
closures, all of which have been submitted to the members of this
Association at their last Meeting on the 7th instant, when it was
decided that this Association should take part in the said Exposition,
provided the adequate co-operation of the Governments of the
Peninsula could be secured.
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
Under Secretary, F.M.S Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. 29th January 1912.
Sir,— I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter 3 in
7950 of the I2th ihstant, which has been submitted to the members
of my Association.
In reply I am directed to inform you, that this Association is pre-
pared to give its support to the New York Exposition but before
going any further, would like to know, whether and to what extent the
various Governments of the Malay Peninsula would co-operate.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
The Secretary, London,
Planters' Association of Malaya, 5th January, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S.
Dear Sir, — I am sending for your information a copy of a letter,
and particulars and plan of suggested spaces that I have sent to-day
to Sir William Taylor, as he will probably send his letter on to the
Colonial Secretary, who will forward it again to you, thus causing a
slight delay-and it will save time for you to have the letter in advance.
The letter is, of course, to be regarded as private, and is sent you so
that you may receive some additional information.
U7
Ceylon are making a very fine show, and BritishlMalaya will do
the same, I hope. It will be greatly to their advantage, if they wish
to get the trade with America. So far we have received favourable
responses from nearly every rubber country, including Trinidad and
British Guiana.
As you will know from particulars previously sent you, other
tropical products may be exhibited at this Exposition, for the purpose
of trade and commerce, that are cultivated in rubber jj growing coun-
tries. By this means your Colony will have a chance of obtaining
trade for its other products in addition to rubber.
Hoping to receive your support, I am,
Yours truly,
(Sd.) A. STAINES M ANDERS,
Organising Manager.
(ENCLOSURE.)
SIR WILLIAM TAYLOR, k.c.m.g. London,
Malay States Advertisement Agency, 4th January 1912]
88, Cannon Street,
London, E.C.
PRIVATE.
Dear Sir, — I beg to send you herewith plan of the Crude Rubber
Section of the International Rubber & Allied Trades Exposition, to be
held in New York next September.
You will see that I have marked two blocks, one of which I
would suggest for British Malaya in case they should decide to ex-
hibit. I hope they will do so, as in my opinion it would be a suicidal
policy if this important opportunity of bringing before the Manufac-
turers and Investors of the United States of America the vast resour-
ces of Malaya as a Rubber producing country were neglected and the
chance of displaying the quality and the quantity of rubber they can
produce as suitable for the American market.
I may mention that Ceylon will be making a fine show, likewise
most of the other rubber producing countries of the world.
I also attach for your information, the exact cost of space, in case
British Malaya should prefer to arrange for the building of their own
Stand in New York, and I also quote on inclusive price for stands,
stand-fittings, both for showing photographs and other products, as
well as rubber, and for generally furnishing the stand. iThis inclusive
charge consists of everything which would be necessary for the credit
of the Colony with the exception of freight and cartage to the Exposi-
tion. I may add that the price includes the unpacking and repacking
of the exhibits that may require to be returned.
I understand that exhibits from British Malaya can be shipped
by Ceylon direct to New York. It is possible that there may be
direct steamers from your Colony to New York.
II 8
As arranged at a Meeting recently held in New York, and at the
request of several countries exhibiting, it will be permissible to show
for the purposes of Trade and Commerce, other products cultivated
in rubber growing countries.
I am taking the liberty of sending this letter in duplicate, to save
you time in having it copied, and in the hope that you may be able to
forward it by this mail, and I should be glad if it could be arranged to
have a reply before the end of February as to the space required, as I
am leaving for New York, at the date. I return again to London in the
early part of April, leave for New York about the middle of May, and
remain there until the close of the Exposition. At the same time
any matters that require attention will be promptly dealt with at the
London Office during my absence.
I am,
Yours truly,
(Sd.) A. STAINES MANDERS,
Organising Manager.
NEW YORK EXPOSITION.
COST OF SPACE ONLY.
No. I. 6 /lx 27 feet— 1809 sq. feet total cost includ-
ing covered platform the whole length ... £ 723.12.0
No. 2. 1,179 sq. feet total cost including covered
platform ... ... ... ... £ 468. 0.0
No. I. Stand complete-will fit up necessary stand,
tables, screens for pictures, artisticsigns and
all that may be necessary to give British
Malaya a bold display. Unpack exhibit,
supply attendant for distributing literature
and repack exhibit at the close for a total
sum of ... ... ... ... £1,200. 0.0
No. 2. Fit up as described in No. I repack and sup-
ply attendant for a total sum of ... £ 855. 0.0
Stands guaranteed to be in good style with special screens for
photos etc.
These prices have been cut down very fine, and if more money
can be allowed it will be used for special fitting up, and for the benefit
of British Malaya.
The Secretary reports that he is still without a reply from the
Under Secretary and is instructed to press for an answer.
9. Labour Enactment I9II.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence :
Kuala Lumpur,
6th February, 1912.
H. E. Sir Arthur Young, K.C.M.C., High Comm., F.M.S.
Singapore.
Your Excellency,
I have the honour to inform Your Excellency that at a Meeting of
this Association held on January 7th the following resolution was
unanimously passed :
“ That this Association strongly deprecates the precipitancy
with which the Labour Enactment 1911 was passed through the
Federal Council”.
J. 11 d V v
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
Singapore,
2nd March, 1912.
Misc. 179-1912.
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of
6th February and to inform you that the delay in replying thereto is
due to His Excellency the High Commissioner’s desire to send you a
copy of the Minutes of the Federal Council. This copy has only just
been received and is forwarded herewith. ( v. Appendix.)
2. I am to say that His Excellency is confident that on a peru-
sal of these Minutes those members who considered that the Govern-
ment passed this bill after pecfunctory deliberation or who thought
that the provisions of the bill were too drastic will agree that the
measure was one which in the circumstances it was necessary to
carry out not only in the interests of the coolies themselves but also
in the interests of the whole planting community.
3. I am to add that it is the firm conviction of His Excellency
that if the condition of the labourers on this estate had been brought
to the notice of the Indian Government and if no efficient action had
been taken by the Federated Malay States Government to remedy
the state of affairs it might have led to the Indian Government seri-
ously considering whether restrictions should not be placed on the
immigration of coolies into the Federated Malay States.
X Uu V v dLtf
(Sd.) H. MARRIOTT,
I have etc.
Secretary to High Commissioner for the Malay States.
120
The Secretary reports that he had addressed similarly all other
members of the Federal Council, and that he had received the follow-
ing further replies:
The Secretary, Kuala Lumpur,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 8th February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
dated the 6th February informing me that at a Meeting of the
Planters’ Association of Malaya held on the 7th January a resolution
was unanimously passed to the effect that the Association strongly
deprecated the precipitancy with which the Labour Enactment 1911
was passed through the Federal Council, The resolution is one with
which I think I may say generally that I am entirely in accord.
Nothing but the most urgent necessity could justify the passing
of such an important measure in the manner in which it was passed
Such necessity did, in the opinion of the Government, exist, and
subsequent events showed that opinion to be well founded.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) E. L. BROCKMAN,
Chief Secretary, F.M.S.
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Kuala Lumpur,
1 2th February, 1912.
Dear Sir, — Your letter of the 6th instant duly received, and the
contents are noted.
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) E. B. SKINNER.
*
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, Tronoh,
Kuala Lumpur. 14th February, 1912.
Dear Sir, — I beg to acknowledge with thanks your favour of the
6th instant covering Minutes of the Association’s Meeting.
I am in accord wilh the resolution regarding the passing of the
Labour Enactment. As you may remember I strongly protested
against its passing at the Federal Council, and was the only one who
would not vote for it.
Yours faithful^,
(Sd.) H. D. GRIFFITHS.
121
\
No. 2 in 923/1912.
The Secretary; Taiping,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 13th February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Dear Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of 6th February current, forwarding a resolution passed at a
Meeting of the Planters’ Association of Malaya held on January /th.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) W. E. PEPYS,
for Ag. Secretary to Resident, Perak.
The Secretary, Kuala Lumpur,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 22nd February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Dear Sir, — I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of February
6th referring to section 9 of the minutes of your Meeting held on
January 7th 1912.
2 . I quite agree that the precipitancy with which this Labour
Enactment was passed through the Council is to be deprecated.
Another member and myself expressed this opinion in Council. I
asked if there was no existing legal power to enable the Government
to deal with what was obviously, on humanitarian grounds, a matter
of urgency. The reply given was that the Legal Adviser had been
consulted and that the answer was in the negative.
3. In view of all the circumstances and the fact that your own
representative on the Council offered no opposition, I did not feel
justified in voting against the Enactment.
4. Your letter raises rather an interesting point. It may be read
as an expression of disapproval on the part of your Association that
I did not vote against this particular Enactment. Had I voted against
a proposal, affecting planting interests, endorsed by your own repre-
sentative on the council, I could not complain if your Association
thought fit to express disapproval. But so long as the selected re-
presentative of the Planting Community, who is your own elected
chairman, is present at a Council Meeting, you can hardly in fair-
ness blame the other un-official members for taking any sort of
action which meets with the planting member’s approval.
5. It is so obviously to the interests of the general public that
the small unofficial minority On the Council should be united that I
think you will find the other un-official members supporting the
planting representative even when not altogether in favour of some
specific detail. For instance, personally I objected to two sections
in a recent enactment which compel employers of labour to keep a
check roll showing names, clays worked and rate of pay drawn by
122
coolies employed by an outside contractor, but the planting represen-
tative on the Council was satisfied, so I did not vote against the
enactment.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) J. H. M. ROBSON.
10 Honorary Members.
The legal adviser submits that the following be the new rules for
HONORARY MEMBERS.
The Association shall be empowered to elect as Honorary Mem-
bers such persons as it shall think fit, but such person shall not be
entitled to vote at any Meeting of the Association. Notice of any
proposal for the admission of an Honorary Member, together with
the names of the proposer and seconder of such Honorary Member
shall be given to the Secretary of the Association at least a fortnight
previous to the Meeting at which the election of such Honorary
Member shall take place and the Secretary shall put on the Agenda
for such meeting the name and address of such person and the names
of the proposer and seconder.
The Secretary is instructed accordingly, to place this draft rule
on the Agenda of the Annual General Meeting.
II. Bailey Memorial.
The Secretory reports that $1629.28 have been collected to date
as follows : — ■
BAILEY MEMORIAL FUND.
Date paid.
1910
$ c.
Dec. 2
Harpenden Estate
15.00
23
Johore Rubber lands
... 200.00
1911
Jan. IO
Petaling Estate
... 2 f4.28
1 7
H. Irving
50.00
Feb. ' 6
Anglo Malay Rubber Co.
... 250.00
Seaport (Selangor)
50.00
15
Selaba Rubber Estate Ltd.
50.00
Golden Hope Rubber Estate Ltd. ...
50.00
Sungkai Chumor
50.00
Mar. I
Bugit Rajah Estate ... ...
... 100.00
9
London Asiatic
50.00
Bikam
50.00
20
Selangors Rubbers Co. Ltd.
... 200,00
Apl. 1
Johore P. A.
50.00
May. 8
Bukit Khjang
150.00
Aug. 19
Sungei Way (Selangor) R. Co. Ltd.
1 00.00
Total $1,629.28
123
The Secretary is instructed to write to the Principal of the Straits
Medical School at Singapore and ask his opinion as to how the money
could best the expended in connection with the school,; the final
allocation of the fund being left to the next Meeting.
12. Medical Staff on Estates.
The Secretary reads the following letter :
Principal Medical Officer, Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. 29th January, 1912.
Sir, —I understand that a scheme is under consideration, pro-
viding for the seconding of Medical Officers, and Subordinates for
service in estate hospitals.
As the present position of affairs is very acute, the members of
my Association trust that the necessary steps will be expedited as
much as possible.
Will it be possible for me to submit something definite to our
next Meeting early in March ?
I have etc.,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACH ARIAS,
Secretary.
and reports that he had an interview with Dr. Sansom, whom he had
asked to be present to-day.
The Meeting goes into Committee and is addressed by Dr.
Sansom.
Open Meeting having been resumed, it is resolved after some
discussion, that a Sub-Committee of members of the P. A. M. be
appointed to go into the question of the supply of dressers for. estates
and to report as early as possible thereon.
Mr. Skinner proposes, Mr. Farquharson seconds and it is passed
unanimously that the Sub-Committee consist of Messrs. F. G, Harvey,
H. Dupuis Brown, J. G. Cruickshank, H. E. Burgess, F. J. Ayris, H.
R. Quartley, W. H. Trotter, A. Irving and W. Dell.
13. Indian Labour.
RECRUITING COMMISSION.
The Secretary says that at the last Meeting Mr. Gibson suggest-
ed a fixed maximum rate should be authorised by the Immigration
Committee to do away with the evils resulting from the discrepant
and excessive amounts paid to the kanganies by various estates for
recruiting purposes. This opend up a very wide question and after
correspondence with the Chairman and Mr. Gibson he had deferred
communicating with the Indian Immigration Department.
124
o
Mr. Gibson says he was convinced that the question he had
raised was one of great importance. Coolies that were being re-
cruited by kanganies for estates paying small advances were not
reaching these estates. Some planters had been trying to keep down
advances to the ordinary rate of about Rs. 10, but other Superinten-
dents were giving their kanganies Rs. 20, Rs. 30 and even Rs. 40.
The result was that when the coolies recruited up country on the low
advances were brought to the depots in India they were simply
bought up by the kanganies who were paid bigger advances and who
stuck at the depot doing no real recruiting on their own account.
There were many evils arising out of this Coolies came down from
the villages believing that they were going to rejoin friends on par-
ticular estates, but, being transferred to another kangany, not the
original recruiter, found themselves on different and often remotely
situated estates. That conduced to a great amount of dissatisfaction.
If the Immigration Department fixed a uniform rate, some of the
represent anomalies would be removed. He recognised that there
were objections to extended powers being given to the Department
but this course was the lesser evil and would tend to improve the
conditions of recruiting. The present system did not add an addi-
tional coolie to the labour forces of the Country, but it demoralised
the kanganies and put money in their hands which might be better
devoted to other purposes. The time had come for controlling the
advances in some way,
Mr. Skinner agrees that advances should be kept down, but he
thought it rather early to ask for legislation. Latterly a certain
number of recruiters’ licences had been stopped in India because the
kanganies had been discovered buying coolies from others. Power
was given to the Immigration Committee, on finding such a thing
going on, to caneel the licence. But the kangany thus treated often
did not care : he simply went to another licensed kangany and work-
ed the business through him, the coolies coming over under the
latter’s protection. Further steps had been taken to deal with this
move on the part of the kanganies and it was advisable to see how the
new system operated to stop the buyers of coolies before advocating
fresh legislation.
Mr. Gibson was glad to get this information and was quite pre-
pared to leave the matter in abeyance for a time, seeing that the
Immigration Committee were awake to the evils to which he had
drawn attention.
14. Indian Labour.
DISCHARGE OF COOLIES.
Mr. W. G. Dobson reads the following opinion given by him on
the point raised at the last Meeting:
'‘As we understand it, the point on which our opinion is des-
ired is as to whether the Superintendents of Immigrants can
require an employer to discharge a coolie provided a month’s
125
*
wages is deposited in his (the Superintendent’s) hands. It is
quite clear that a coolie on himself paying a month’s wages to
the employer can determine the contract without notice. If the
cooly is anxious to stay on the estate and has not personally
given the employer notice we think the Superintendent of
Immigrants would be exceeding his functions in demanding
that a coolie should be given up and we therefore think that the
employer is not bound to deliver up the coolie in these cir-
cumstances. In the event of a coolie under 15 we think that
the parents will probably have the right to demand the custody
of the child and that therefore the employer could not retain
him.
(Sd.) HEWGILL & DAY.
15. Constituent Associations.
The Secretary reads the following letters :
Bagan Datoh Coconut Planters’ Association,
The Secretary, Lower Perak,
The Planters’ Association of Malaya, 29th February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Dear Sir,— The Planters of this District have formed themselves
into an association under the above title and I have been instructed
by the Committee to write to you and ask for details of subscriptions,
delegates etc. to the Planters’s Association of Malaya. They also
asked me to point out that as it is a new and small association in
such case perhaps a reduced subscription could be arranged.
I am, dear sir.
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) A. J. GILLESPIE,
Hon. Secretary.
The Secretary, The Malacca Planters’ Association.
Planters’ Association of Malaya, Malacca,
Kuala Lumpur. 21st February 1912.
Dear Sir, — We have pleasure in advising that at a Meeting of this
Association held on nth instant it was unanimously agreed to rejoin
your Association and we shall be glad if you will advise us what
the annual subscription per delegate now is.
Kindly also send us say 6 copies of your rules.
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) SIME, DARBY & CO., LTD.,
Secretaries^
126
S. Arden E*g., Kuala Lumpur) 1
Chairman. I2th January, 1912.
Sitiawan & Bindings Pl. Association,
Sitiawan.
Dear Sir, — The question of affiliating your Association was con
sidered at. the last Meeting of this Association held on the 7th instant,
when I was instructed to inform you that this Association would
greatly welcome such affiliation.
As our financial year closes on the 31st of March, I presume that
this matter in any case had better stand over until our Annual
General Meeting, which this year will be held on April 18th. We
trust that yourself and as many of your members as possible, will
personally attend on that occasion, when I hope some definite steps
will be taken.
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
Mr. Hicldey proposes and Mr. Quartley seconds that the Malacca
Planters’ Association be not re-affiliated for one year.
This motion having been lost, the Malacca Planters’ Association
is declared re-affiliatea amidst applause.
The Chairman remarks that apparently their Rules made no
reference whatever to the affiliation of constituent Associations and
•suggests that a rule be drawn up by their Lagal Adviser and be
placed on the Agenda of the General Meeting.
16. Agricultural Bulletin.
The Secretary reads the following correspondence: —
No. 7 in I02I/I9II*
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur. 16th January, 1912.
Sir,— T have the honour the enquire whether in the event of the
monthly Agricutural Bulletin of theS. S. and F. M, S. being continued
by this Department the Planters’ Association of Malya is prepared
to continue its present annual subscription.
2. I should be glad if you would send me a reply at your earliest
convenience.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) B J. EATON,
for Director.
127
Director of Agriculture Kuala Lumpur,
Kuala Lumpur, 17th January, 1912.
Sir,— I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter
7/1021 dated the 16th instant.
I am unable to replv to your query without submitting same to
the Annual Meeting (to be held this year on April 28th) which passes
the budget of our financial year (April 1st to March 31 st).
Perhaps you could make it convenient to be present at this
Meeting and place personally your views before the members.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
Mr. Cruickshank proposes, Mr. Gibson seconds and it is carried
unanimously that the sum of $1,000 appear again under this heading
in the estimates for the .ensuing year.
17. Imperial College of Technology.
The Secretary places the following letters on the Table :
The Secretary,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, Muar,
Kuala Lumpur. 18th January, 1912.
Dear Sir, — I enclose copy of a circular received from the Rector
of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensing-
ton, which I think should be brought to the notice of your members
and I should be much obliged if you could further the objects of the
scheme outlined in the circular.
For some years past the Botanical Division of the College has
endeavoured to meet the demands for men, who, by special training,
are fitted to deal with the problems involved in agriculture both at
Home and more particularly in the Tropics. With the rapid growth
of tropical agriculture, and the increasing complexity of the many
problems associated with the cultivation and the sanitation of plants
(rubber, cocoa, coffee, cotton, etc.), an extension of the Department
has become a matter of necessity. ^
The College has been impressed by the magnitude of the issues
at stake in connection with the modern developments of Agriculture
in the Tropics and it has resolved to meet the need for a thorough
training of those who are to undertake the duties of advisors and
sanitation officers, by founding a new Department of Plant Physio-
logy and Pathology, under the immediate charge of a man specially
selected for his eminence in the branches of science more directly
/ -concerned'.
Trusting you will give this matter attention.
I remain,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) J. MITCHELL.
1
128
(ENCLOSURES
The Imperial College of Science and Technology desires to
increase the facilities for the training of young men for plant sanitaton.
work especially in the Tropics. The Department of Botany in the
College, of which Plant Pathology forms a part, is overcrowded, and
it has not been found possibe (having regard to the commitments in
respect of other departments of the College Work) to provide out of
existing capital the full amount of the funds necessary to place Plant
Pathology on a footing commensurate with the industrial importance
of the subject. The College has already made arrangements for the
maintenance of a teaching staff to deal with the subject, and to
vestigate the problems which are continually arising to confront those
who are directly concerned with plant sanitation. But the work is
seriously hampered by the inadequate space and equipment which
can be placed at the disposal of the Department.
A sum of £l8,000 is required for building and equipping the
laboratories, and of this sura the college is piepared to find £10,000,
while a further sum of about £1,000 has been given or promised,
leaving about £6,000 still to be raised.
The College therefore appeals to those who are interested ill the
great plant industries of the Tropics to enable it to obtain this £6,000
and thus to provide the means for proceeding with the work here in-
dicated. Furthermore, it is believed that the existence in London of
a trained and active laboratory staff will prove of use in helping to
solve in the laboratory many problems that are, for various reasons (e.
g. absence of suitable equipment, books etc.,) difficult to attack with
much hope in the field. In this, as well as in other ways, the Depart-
ment will continue to be of direct use to, and in direct contact with,,
the industries aboard.
Advisory Board : It is also anticipated that it may be possible
to form an Advisory Body, largely drawn from those who are directly
concerned in the Plant Industries. This would serve as a further
means of ensuring that the Pathological Department was placed in
immediate contact with the current needs of research, and would add
to its usefulness.
Nomination of Students : In view of the influx of students which
has now rendered immediate expansion necessary, it is evident that
a selection must be made for admission, and it is recognised as
reasonable that qualified students nominated by those who may have
contributed towards the defraying of the expenses that must be in-
curred, should have prior claims to attend the courses of training they
wish to join.
Donations or subscriptions to the fund for the Plant Pathological
Department may be sent to.
The Rector of the Imperial College,
South Kensington..
129
18. R. G. A. Research Fund.
The Secretary reads the following letter :
The Secretary, Kuala Lumpur,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 18th February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
MALAYA RESEARCH FUND.
Dear Sir, — Acting on instructions from the Local Committee of
the Malaya Research Fund, and confirming my recent interviews
with you on the question of your Association co-operating with the
Malaya Research Fund to assist in continuing and extending the
work carried on by Mr. Morgan, the Resident Chemist of the above
Fund, I shall be glad if you will kindly place the undernoted resolu-
tion of the Trustees fin London) of the Research Fund and let me
know what support your Association would be prepared to give to
the Research Fund financially or otherwise.
RESOLUTION. “ That the Planters ’Association of Malaya be
invited to support the Rubber Growers’ Association scheme with a
view to obtaining additional subscriptons in the Federated Malay
States.”
I remain, dear sir,
Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) J. MORTION.
(ENCLOSURE.)
Rubber Growers’ Association.
(Malay Section.)
I, Oxford Court, Cannon Street,
London, E. C., 6th January, 1912.
MALAY RESEARCH FUND.
Dear Sir, — I am instructed by this Association to refer to the
arrangements made in June,l909,by which rubber-producing companies
possessing estates in the F. M. S. co-operated in the expense of
employing research chemists to conduct experiments with regard
to the curing and preparation of plantation rubber for the market, for
the guidance of those subscribing to the scheme.
Many companies who were producing rubber at the time
guaranteed sums of $50 and $25 per annum for the three periods of
twelve months ending respectively June 30th, 1910 ; June 30th, 1911 ;
and June 30th 1912.
These guarantees will therefore expire on June 30th next, and the
work of the chemists in London and their assistant in the F. M. S,
terminates, under the present agreement, six months later, viz.,
December 31st, 1912.
130
In these circumstances the Council of the Association have dis-
cussed whether it would be advisable for these research schemes to
be continued and extended, and referred the matter to the Trustees of
the Research Fund, who adopted the following resolutions
« That it would be desirable to ask the guarantors to continue
their subscriptions for a further space of three years, and further-
more, to issue an invitation to all other members of the Rubber
Growers’ Association with estates in the F. M. S. to become guaran-
tors.
“That the guarantors should not be recommended to allow the
reports to be issued to all members of the Rubber Growers’ Associa-
tion. but to continue the existing system of issuing reports only to
guaranteeing Companies, their Directors, Agents, etc.
“That the Planters’ Association of Malaya be invited to support
the Rubber Growers’ Association scheme, with a view to obtaining
additional subscriptions in the Federated Malay States.
“That existing and potential guarantors be asked to express an
opinion as to whether it would be desirable, should the renewed funds
permit, to develop the research work by employing Mycologists and
additional scientists in other branches.
“That it would be desirable to exchange information with other
Associations or Companies who were employing scientific investiga-
tors, with a view to obtaining interchange of information.”
It will be seen from the foregoing resolutions that the existing
guarantors are invited to continue their subscriptions for another
period of three years and that companies and other proprietors of
estates in the F. M. S. who are now producing rubber should be
invited also to guarantee.
It is hoped that this will result in a considerably larger sum be-
ing subscribed for the purpose of research work, and should this
anticipation be realized, the Trustees will place a revised scheme
before the guarantors.
During the past two years the work has been carried out by
Messrs. Clayton Beadle & Stevens in London who, under agreement
with the Trustees, have employed an Assistant Chemist working in
the F. M. S., and have themselves conducted standard tests on manu-
facturing lines of the samples prepared and sent home by the Assist-
tant Chemist. The Assistant Chemist has also personally visited
Estates and rendered advice and assistance.
The Trustees feel that it would be desirable, should increased
funds allow, to consider, before the present agreement expires, in
what manner the research work can be extended in the future. For
instance, it has been suggested that a Mycologist and an Entomolo-
gist should be engaged and that the question of soils and manuring
should receive expert attention.
The Laboratory at the Agricultural Station at Kuala Lumpur
has been available for the use of the Assistant Chemist by the kind
permission of the Government up to the present time, but the
Government now require it for their own use and the Trustees have
therefore to build a Laboratory — 'the arragements for this are already
made.
I have written, by instructions, to the Secretary of the Local
Committee in Kuala Lumpur asking to be favoured with their opinion
regarding the manner in which the research work should be continu-
ed and extended. In the meantime I am instructed to ask that you
will consider this matter, and that you will guarantee up to a maxi-
mum of £50 for each of the three periods ending respectively June
30th, 1913, June 30th, 1914, and June 30th, 1915, in order that the
Trustees may be able to submit a scheme to all’ the guarantors when
local opinion in the F. M. S. has been ascertained.
I enclose form of guarantee.
Yours faithfully,
C. TAYLOR,
Secretary.
Mr. Gibson and Mr. F. G. Harvey having spoken in support of
the letter, it is resolved, “that this association heartily endorses the
scheme and recommends all estates to join it.”
19. Land Legislation.
The Secretary reads the following letter:
No. (12) in 909/1912.
The Secretary, Kuala Lumpur,
Planters’ Association of Malaya, 27th February, 1912.
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — I have the honour to inform you that a Committee has been
appointed to consider the existing Land Enactment with a view to
deciding what amendments may be necessary and desirable and to
state that the Committee will be obliged if the Committee of the
Planters’ Association of Malaya will appoint a member of the Associ-
ation to draw up a memorandum in regard to any points in the
Enactment which deserve consideration.
I have etc.,
(Sd.) E. G. BROADRICK,
Acting British Resident, Selangor,
Chairman of Committee.
After a short discussion, Mr. E. Macfadyen is appointed to serve
on the Committee as representative of the P. A. M.
132
20. Education on Estates.
The Secretary reads the following letter :
No. 2 in 1516/1912,
The Chairman,
Kuala Lumpur,
27th February, 1912.
The Planters’ Association of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur.
Sir, — With the increase in the number of Tamil Immigrants many
of whom bring their children with them it has become necessary to
consider the question of affording such children facilities for acquir-
ing in this country the rudiments of education in their own vernacular.
That the absence of such provision is likely to have some effect
in keeping out of the country desirable immigrants can hardly be
doubted apart from the consideration of the welfare of the children
themselves and the main point to be considered seems to be the best
method of making such provision.
The better course would appear to be for the schools to be pro-
vided and maintained by the employers of Tamil Labour the Govern-
ment undertaking the necessary supervision and rendering such
assistance in the way of contributions to the cost of the schools as may
be considered fair and reasonable but the matter is one upon which
the Government would be glad to have the views of the planters
generally and I am to ask you to be good enough to bring it before
your Association.
I have, etc..
X lia V
(Sd.) A. H. LEMON,
Under-Secretary, F.M.S.
Mr. Cruickshank explains at length the existing system of night
schools in Ceylon.
Mr. Skinner bears out the usefulness of having the children on
estates taught the three R’s in the vernacular; but feels strongly that
both English and Religion should be severely left alone.
Resolved that this Association is in favour of Night Schools, as
already existing on several estates, that Reading, Writing and Arith-
metic be taught in Tamil, and that the estates should provide the
teacher and building ; and the Secretary is instructed to reply accord-
ingly to the Under Secretary, F.M.S.
The Meeting terminates at 1.15 p.m.
(Sd.) H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
133
APPENDIX.
Federal Council, Tuesday, 14th November, igil.
PRESENT:
H. E. the High Com missioner, Sir Arthur Henderson Young, K.C.M.G.
The Chief Secretary, Mr. Edward Lewis Brockman, C.M.G.
H. H. the Sultan of Selangor, Alaedin Suleiman Shah, C.M.G.
H. H. the Yarn Tuan of Negri Sembilan, Tunku Muhammed, C.M.G.
The Acting Resident of Perak, Mr. Reginald George Watson, C.M.G.
The Acting Resident of Selangor, Mr. Edward George Broadrick.
The Acting Resident of N. Sembilan, Mr. Cecil William Chase Parr.
The Resident of Pahang, Mr. Edward John Brewster.
Mr. John Henry Matthews Robson, Mr. Edmund Becher Skinner,
Mr. Harry Denis Griffiths, Towkay Foo Choo Choon.
ABSENT:
H. H. the Sultan of Perak, Sir Idris Mersid-el Aazam Shah G.C.M.G.
H. H. the Regent of Pahang, Tungku Mahmud bin Sultan Ahmad,
C.M.G.
The Acting Legal Adviser, Mr. Hastings Rhodhs, was present.
THE LABOUR ENACTMENT, 1912.
READING. ^
The Chief Secretary addressed the Council, and moved that a
Bill entitled “ An Enactment to make provision for the proper super-
vision and treatment of Labourers ” be read. He said :
This Bill will necessarily be only a temporary measure because
the new Labour Code is now in course of preparation and the provi-
sions of this Bill will be corporated in it. We asked the Council to
pass this Bill as special circumstances have arisen which make it a
matter of urgency. The first part of the Bill follows on the lines of
the Bill recently introduced in the Legislative Council in the Colony
and which has now been read a second time. I believe, as a matter
of fact, the second reading was taken without opposition. Necessity
for the second part of the Bill has arisen in the Federated Malay
.States. Shortly, the facts are as follows :
On a certain estate in the Federated Malay States matters have
reached a stage at which the manager is unable to control the labour
force there. There has been terrible mortality on the estate, the
labour force of which consists of 1,100 men. On a recent visit of in-
spection, about 500 were found sick about the estate. The hospital
.accommodation is absolutely insufficient and the medical staff is
.quite unable to look after the coolies. The manager has been directed
to carry out certain works but has failed to carry out promises which
haye been made. He states that matters have been reported to the
Directors but that they have objected to the expenditure necessary to
134
remedy the state of affair?. He admits that matters have got beyond
his control and he has also informed me that he has sent in his
resignation. He has been frequently absent from the estate on other
business and no one is left in charge who has power to deal with
emergencies. In these circumstances it is necessary to ask the Council
to confer powers on the Government to see that this state of things
shall exist no longer. This is the only the possible way to deal with
such a case. As I stated before this is only a temporary measure,
because the Labour Bill will soon be before the Council.
The Acting Resident of Perak seconded the motion.
Mr. Parr translated the Bill into the Malay language.
Mr. H. D. Griffiths: I do not see my way clear to support this
Bill, and in saying so I think I have quite sufficient reason. The
Chief Secretary has given us the outline of the Bill, pointing out the
necessity there is for the Bill to go through. I did not hear the whole
of his speech, but I gathered enough to understand that the Govern-
ment consider the proposed measure absolutely necessary. My first
point of objection to the reading of the Bill is that it has never been
submitted to us before this meeting. As a rule a Bill is submitted to
the Unofficial Members and then published in the Gazette.
By that means a Bill becomes generally known and an opportu-
nity is given to the people it affects to discuss it. In the present
circumstances we have not been given the slightest inkling. It has
been sprung upon us. The Government cannot expect an Unofficial
Member to study such a Bill as this one in five minutes and pass it.
It is asking too much. As far as I can see from its working the Bill
is likely to have far-reaching effects on all employers of labour and
will affect them, to my mind, in a detrimental manner. It is only fair
that the people interested — people who employ large forces of labour
in this country — should be given an opportunity to see the Bill. Why
are we compelled to make a special Bill ? Would not the Government
make rules under the present Enactments to deal with this particular
estate without framing a special Enactment ? I understand the
Government have instituted a special Labour Department, and I
suggest this department might deal with the case. The difficulty I
see if this Bill is passed into law is, that it will be difficult to upset
it again when we find it does not work properly.
I think it would be a gracious act on the part of the Government
to give us time to consider it. If there is danger, as the Chief
Secretary states, will the Government give us time to bring this Bill
to the highest pitch of perfection.
Mr. J. H. M. Robson said : I sympathise with the remarks made
by Mr. Griffiths. It is very hard for us to be suddenly presented
with this Bill and be asked to pass it right away. We have not had
time to consider it in all its bearings. On the other hand, I quite
sympathise with the Government and should not like to do anything
135
to prolong the present state of affairs. I happen to know something
about the estate, I think something ought to be done, and that the
Government should take steps to do everything necessary.
Mr. Foo Choo Choon was of opinion that the existing law was
quite good. If a towkay misbehaved himself the coolies could go to
the Protector of Chinese.
Mr. E. B. Skinner: I quite agree with what the Unofficial Mem-
bers have said about the short notice given. In such a case as the
present it is very difficult to express an opinion ; but in view of the
urgency of the case I, personally, think this Bill should be passed'
provided we have the assurance of the Government that only very
urgent cases will be dealt with until the new measure is ready.
The Chief secretary : It is only because the Government is ad-
vised that there is nothing in the existing laws to enable us to deal
with the present case that this measure has been introduced. It has
necessitated our coining to the Council and applying for this measure
which has been considered purely as a temporary one. The labour
Code is now in course of preparation. If hon. members give their
votes in favour of it to-day we shall not take them as an unqualified
approval of the measure we are going to pass. Its provisions will
only be applied to cases of a very serious nature and of great emer-
gency. I am perfectly willing to give an assurance that I will only
enforce it in cases of great emergency.
The High Commissioner: When I arrived at Kuala Lumpur for
this meeting I had no idea this Bill was to be brought before the
Council to-day. I did not know there would be any question of
emergency. It was only when I arrived that the Chief Secretary
showed me the reports that he had about this particular estate. I
agreed with him that it was a question of emergency, and Members
who have seen the report agree. I am sure that as regards that
particular estate it is a question of emergency.
I agree with what the Chief Secretary has said, as regards the
provisions of the Bill being enforced against any other estate ; and
I will go further and given an assurance that its provisions will
not be enforced against any other estate until the Unofficial
Members of the Council have seen the report upon which we pro-
pose to act, that is until we pass a permanent Bill. I consider
further this Bill will strengthen the hands of managers of estates.
I believe managers are quite willing to help in every way if they see
that the Government rules and laws are necessary. But when you
get men thousands of miles away they do not see eye to eye with the
Government and with the manager. It will strengthen the hands of
the managers and lead to Directors at home carrying out what they
advise.
The Chief Secretary said with regard to clause 2 of the Bill that
it was practically similar to the one that had been read a second time
in the Legislative Council in the Colony. That is so.
136
At the second reading of any Bill in the Colony the Unofficial
Members express their views on the principles of the Bill; but in this
case not a single Unofficial Member spoke. The Bill comes into
Committee on Friday. Clause 3 has not been brought before the
■Council in any way. I hope the hon. member will withdraw his op-
position after we have told him there are no rules in the Enactment
in force to secure for the Government what is required by the pre-
sent Bill and also after I have told him that we will not apply clause
3 to any estate, except in the case of this particular estate, until the
Unofficial Members have seen the report upon which the Government
propose to act. The Bill will remain in force until it is repealed by
a general consolidating law which will be prepared.
Mr. Griffiths: I do not want to take a division in the least, but
the Bill seems rather ambiguous and I cannot quite grasp the mean-
ing of it. It seems by the Bill it will be possible to move away a
certain kind of labour that does not get on well on a particular
estate, and in cases of trouble that the Government can step in, send
the labourers away, and prohibit their return. This is giving an
enormous amount of power to the Government and will have great
consequences to employers of labour. I will withdraw my opposition
by not voting if it is absolutely necessary and will not press for a
division.
The motion was agreed to.
COMMITTEE.
On the motion of the Chief Secretary the Council went into
Committee to consider further the provisions of “ The Labour Enact-
ment, 1911.”
PASSING.
The Bill having been settled in Committee, was reported to the
Council without amendments, and passed.
On the montion of the Chief Secretary the Council adjourned at
12.30 p.m., sine die.
137
PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF MALAYA.
Fifth Annual Report for the year ending
31st March, 1912.
To the Members of the
PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION OF MALAYA.
Gentlemen,
Five meetings of the Association were held during the past year,
four in Kuala Lumpur and one in Ipoh.
I am glad to be able to report that the Malacca Planters’ Associ-
ation has rejoined us, bringing up the number represented to 14
again, as before. The affiliation of four further Associations also
appears to be imminent, viz: —
The Ulu Selangor District Planters’ Association.
The Bagan Datoh Coconut Planters’ Association.
The Dindings Planters’ Association.
The Ulu Langat District Planters’ Association.
If these Associations join, as it is sincerely hoped they will, the only
planting districts not represented will be Kinta and Kedah.
It is felt by members living in the North and South of the
Peninsula, that meetings of this Association should sometimes be
held in Perak, Negri Sembilan, and Johore. Although there is no
doubt that Kuala Lumpur is the most central place for both Northern
and Southern members, it might be advisable, in order to induce all
parties to shew greater interest in the working of the Association, to
hold one meeting in the North, and one in the South, each year.
Indian Labour. — The figures for the past year shew a great
increase on those for the previous two years, and are as follows.
Percentage
Immigrants . Emigrants, of column 2 to
COLUMN 1.
1908
1909
1910
1911
54.522
30,920
5671%
49.817
31,374
62-98%
83,723
39,080
46-66%
108,471
48,103
44'35%
These figures are very satisfactory, and it is expected that those for
1912 will be equally as good. Thenumber of Immigrants in January,
1912 was about 12% more than in January, 1911.
Chinese Labour. — Large numbers of this class of labour came
into the country during the past year. The question of recruiting
Chinese was gone into b) r a Sub-Committee, which came to the
conclusion that no combined system of recruiting could be resorted
to at present, and that it must be done by private enterprise.
The Labour Enactment, No. 12 of 1910.— The Association
has felt the want of this Enactment greatly, and they regret that
n
138
there should have been such a delay in bringing it into force. Owing
to there being one or two points in it which did not meet with the
approval of the Secretary of State, a new Enactment is being drafted,,
which it is hoped will be published shortly.
Labour Enactment of 1911. — A special Enactment was
passed on November 14th, 1911, giving the Government certain powers
to remove any class of labour from an Estate, if it were thought
necessary. The Association deprecated the hasty passing of this
. Enactment, and forwarded a resolution to this effect to the Govern-
ment. A new Enactment is being drafted now, which will replace
that of 1911, and we understand the draft will be submitted to the
Planting Community to consider, before it becomes law.
Medical Staff on Estates.— The present conditions of
obtaining Dressers for Estates are obviously and hopelessly unsatis-
factory. A scheme is now being prepared and considered by a Sub-
committee, appointed to go into the matter, and it is hoped that
Government will see their way to co-operate with us on the lines to
be suggested.
COCONUTS. — The interest in this cultivation is continued, and the
public at Home is beginning to realize the soundness of the invest-
ment. It is to be hoped that during the coming year, no artificial
boom will spoil the present satisfactory condition of this industry,
and that considerable areas will be put under cultivation on the same
sound financial lines as has been the case in the past.
Pests and Diseases of Rubber.— There are still people in
the country who do not realise the importance of dealing with out-
breaks of these when they occur, and the remarks made in the last
year’s report, viz: — that too much stress cannot be laid on the
importance of all planters seeking the advise of the mycologist and
entomologist, and generally keeping up to date with regard to
precautionary measures to deal with any outbreaks which may occur,
still hold good to-day.
Prevention of Plant Diseases.— In order to avoid running
any risk of the cultivation of rubber suffering from the neglect of
diseases or pests on any particular area, it is advisable that Govern-
ment be approached, with a wiew to protecting the rubber industry in
the same way as they have already protected the coconut industry.
It is hoped that the Association will take this matter up during the
coming year.
Quarantine Camp. — During the past year a very serious out-
break of cholera occurred in the Penang Camp, which greatly affected
the health of the labour on the Estates. A deputation was appointed
to meet the Government and discuss the Quarantine question, and,
thanks to the immediate efforts of the Government, the planters
in the Coast Districts of Selangor and to Dr. Watson, a temporary
Camp was erected at Port Swettenham, and all chance of recruiting
being stopped, was avoided thereby. It is very satisfactory to be able
to record that a large sum of money has been passed in this year’s
m
Estimates by Government, for the construction of a permanent camp
at Port Swettenham. Since the outbreak of cholera, the Penang
Camp has been improved very considerably, and is now in a satisfac-
tory position to deal with any outbreaks. From the beginning of
1912, quarantine expenses will be paid out of the tunds at the disposal
of the Immigration Committee.
LOCAL Labour. — An effort was made during the year to induce
the Government to introduce a Registration Fee of $1 perl amil cooly
engaged locally. This scheme was, however, deferred, as the Govern-
ment first desired to see what will be the effect of the present local
labour tax of $4 her flead per annum, and if it induces employers to
recruit freely from India,
\ Mr. Ridley.— This gentleman, who was truly the Father of the
Rubber Industry in this Peninsula, has retired and left the East, after
having devoted many years of his life to benefitting the planting
industry. The Association wishes to put on record its great appreci-
ation of the services which he has rendered, and hopes to be able to
forward him shortly some permanent and useful token of their
sentiments.
Wickham Testimonial. — A sum of £135-1-4 was forwarded to
London to be presented to this gentleman, in appreciation of the
services which he rendered in the past to the Rubber Planting
Industry.
Rubber Exports. — The following are the figures for the past
three years : —
EXPORTS IN PARA RUBBER IN TONS AND DECIMALS OF A TON.
To
U.K.
_ ^ V -
But.
Foreign
Total
From:
Poss.
Countries.
Tons.
Singapore
961
674
48.6
1,677
Port Swettenham
1,2857
190.8*
307.5
1,784
Penang
762.3
674
104
9337
Total 1909 ...
3,009
325-6
460.I
3 , 794-7
Singapore
1,219.5
83.9
183.9
1 , 487-3
Port Swettenham
2,8157
314 - 5 *
471
3,601.2
Penang
1,109.8
III -9
5-9
1,227.6
Total 1910 ...
5,145
510.3
660.8
6,316.1
Singapore
2,005.4
103.2
703-5
2,812.1
Port Swettenham
4,1394
38O.7*
553-5
5 , 073-6
Penang
2,176.5
164.6
5
2,346.1
Total 1911 ...
8,32.13
648.5
1,262
10,231.8
?}/
'iif
* Exclusive of exports to Straits Settlements.
140
Estate Population. — At the census taken in March, 1911* the
Estate Population as such of the F.M.S. and Kedah was taken accord-
ing to race. In the Colony and Johore, however, no such census was
taken according to race; on the other hand occupation was distin-
guished, and the figures compiled under the headings “Betel Nuts,’'
“Coconuts,” “Rubber,” “Tapioca” and “Gambier” have therefore
been taken as the equivalent of the “Estate Population ” in the other
States. The totals thus arrived at are as follows ;
Males.
Fe.mal^.
Total.
Selangor
52,128
14,887
68,015
Perak
48,60;
14,271
62,8/8
Negri Sembilan ...
23,537
3,151
26,688
Kedah and Perlis ...
9,536
631
10,167
Malacca
5.426
612
6,038
P. Wellesley
3377
285
4 d 72
Johore
3,619
12
3,771
Pahang
1,872
hH
CO
Cri
2,057
Penang Island
,1914
1
1,915
Dindings
00
38
823
Singapore Island ...
628
26
655
152,929
34,250
187,179
Standing Committee. — After due consideration, it was decided
to appoint a Committee who would be able to consider thoroughly all
matters which crop up from time to time, affecting this Association,
in order to avoid any risk of resolutions being passed before matters
have been considered on all their merits. It is hoped that this
Committee will be of great use to the Association.
Agricultural Bulletin. — It is a great satisfaction to hear
that arrangements have been made for this paper to be edited and
published in Kuala Lumpur, as it is one of great use to the Planting
Community.
Exhibitions. — During the year,, a successful Rubber Exhibition
took place in London. Another Exhibition is shortly to take place in
New York, to which it is hoped that members of this Association will
give their fullest support, in order to shew America the value of this
country as a rubber producer.
Kuala Lumpur, E. B. SKINNER,
April iyth, 1912. Chairman.
I4i
ANNUAL MEETING OF APRIL 28 th , 1912.
ACCOUNTS AND ESTIMATES.
Revenue Account
EOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH, 1912.
To General Charges
# 111.83
By Subscriptions :
, , Secretary
2,400.00
,, BatangPadang D.P.A.
$ 170.00
,, Library-written off ..
16.48
,, Batu Tiga D.P.A. ..
255.00
, , Eurniture
50.00
,, Johore P.A. ..
340.00
,, Brussels Exhibition . .
499.37
,, Kapar D.P.A.
170.00
,, London Exhibition ..
275.95
,, Keiantan P.A.
170.00
, , Postages and Cables . .
175.88
,, Klang D.P.A.
340.00
,, Subscription to Wick-
,, Kuala Langat D.P.A.
170.00
ham Fund £50
428.33
,, Kuala Lumpur D.P.A.
425.00
,, Printing & Stationery
487.00
,, Kuala Selangor D.P.A.
170.00'
,, Legal Adviser. .
500.00
,, Lower Perak D. f.A.
255.00
,, Malay Pen. Agr. Asso-
ciation
170-55
,, Negri Sembilan P.A.
340.00
,, Taiping P.A
255.00
,, Last Year’s subscrip-
Kapar D.P.A.
400.00
-
,, Excess of expenditure
over income
1,314.84
#4,944-84
#4,944.48
Balance Sheet 31st Makch, 1912.
To Bailey Memo-
rial Fund . .
,, Ridley Testi-
monial Fund
,, Revenue Ac-
count
,, Balance from
last year . .
,, Less Deficit
••
#1,629.23
2,984.62
By Library :
As per last ac-
count . .
, , Additions
#100.00
16.48
#3,693.08
1,314.84
,, Less W/ A
116.48
16.48
# 100.00
2,378.24
, , Furniture as per
last account . .
,, Less W/ A
100.00
50.00
50.00
,, Cash at Bank
••
6,842.14
#6,992.14
#6,992.14
Kuala Lumpur, H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
11th April, 1912 . Secretary .
We have examined the accounts of the Planters’ Association of Malaya for
year ended 31st March, 1912 and found same in order. We hereby certify that
the foregoing Statement shows a true and correct view of the Association’s-
affairs at 31st March, 1912, as shown by the books.
NULL & BELL,
Chartered Accountants r
142
BENEVOLENT FUND.
Revenue Account for the tear ending 31st March, 1912.
To Grants :
By Balance from last year
95,893.85
£25
9 213.33
,, Donations :
£26
213.10
P. S. Murray
25.00
£60
126.19
E. B. Skinner
50.00
, , Discount on cheques
.50
Sungei Kapar Bub-
, , Balance in hand
5,462.89
ber Co., Ltd.
169.91
Sungei Salak Bub-
ber Co., Ltd.
75.00
Bank Interest
102.25
96,316.01
96,316.01
H. C. E. ZACHARIAS,
Secretary.
We have examined the above statement with the Bank Pass Book and
vouchers and certify same to be in order and in accordance therewith.
NEILL & BELL,
Chartered Accountants.
ESTIMATES FOB 1912-3.
Dr. Or.
To Bulletin
91,000.00
By Subscription at 9112.50 per
,, Charges
150.00
delegate :
,, Secretary
2,400.00
500.00
2 Bagan Datoh Coco. PL
, , Legal Adviser
Ass.
9 225.00
, , Printing and Stationery
500.00
2 BatangPadangPl. Ass.
225.00
,, Postages
100.00
3 Batu Tiga D.P.A.
337.50
, , Depreciations
50.00
4 Johore PL Ass.
450.00
,, Contingencies
700.00
2 Kapar D.P.A.
225.00
2 Kelantan Pl. Ass.
225.00
4 Klang D.P.A,
450.00
2 Kuala Langat D.P.A.
225.00
3 Kuala Lumpur D.P.A.
337.50
2 Kuala Selangor D. P.A.
225.00
3 Lower Perak Pl. Ass.
337.50
3 Malacca Pl. Ass.
337.50
*
2 Malay Pen. Agr. Ass.
225.00
4 Negri Sembi lan Pl. Ass.
2 Stiawan and Dindings
450.00
PL Ass
225-00
3 Taiping Pl. Ass.
337-50
3 Ulu Langat D.P.A. ..
337.50
2 Ulu Selangor D.P.A.
225.00
95,400.00
48 delegates
95,400-00
Estate
Printing
Account Books.
Report Forms.
Company Reports and
Balance Sheets.
Registers.
Pay Books.
Charts.
Pamphlets.
Circulars.
Catalogues.
&c M &c., &c«
Bookbinding in all
Styles
Paper Ruling, &c.
Jfje
W E desire to call the at"
tention of planters and
others to the fact that we can
furnish them with all kinds of
estate printing.^ The quality
of work we produce is not to
be surpassed anywhere in the
Straits. We give prompt de^
livery and pay special attention
to those far removed from a
reliable printing centre. Our
printing department, which is
kept always up-TO'date, is spe^
daily laid out for carrying on
all branches of printing and
bookbinding whilst the adoption
of the most modern methods
enables us to quote at very
reasonable charges. Write
us at once for quotations.
Straits Zimes press
Xtd .
Printers, Publishers & Bookbinders
Cecil 4 Stanley Streets, Singapore .
Telephone :
Printing Dept. No. 348.
Telegrams.
“Times/’ Singapore.
Agricultural Bulletin
STRAITS —
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
Edited by the
Botanic Gardens Department, Singapore.
NO. 5.
MAY. 1912.
Vol. I.
CONTENTS.
The Eucalyptus -
A Saccharine Constiutent of Para Rubber -
Para Rubber in St. Lucia -
Rubber in the Seychelles -
A New Coconut Pest -
The Castor Oil Plant -
Mr. H. A. Wickham, coming out to Ceylon
with a Curing Machine -
Clearing with Explosives
Notice -
Exports Telegram -
Singapore Market Report -
Meteorological Readings
Page.
145
ISO
152
153
155
157
159
160
162
163
166
167
To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from Messrs. Kelly
and Walsh, Ltd., No. 32 Baffles Place, and 194 Orchard Road, and
The Straits Times Office, Cecil Street, Singapore.
THIRD SERIES
Agricultural bulletin
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
EDITED BY THE
BOTANIC GARDENS DEPARTMENT, SINGAPORE.
The Price of the Bulletin will be as follows:
Annual Subscription for Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States
Annual Subscription for other places in Malaya . .
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SINGAPORE :
THE STRAITS TIMES PRESS, LIMITED,
AGRICULTURAL BULLETIN
OF THE
STRAITS
AND
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
No. 5.]
MAY, 1912.
IVol. 1
THE EUCALYPTUS.
From time to time a considerable number of letters appear in
the local papers commenting on the desirability of planting varieties
of the Eucalyptus as suitable roadside trees, and also, on account of
their supposed value in purifying localities where severe fevers are
prevalent.
We have received many letters asking for advice on the same
subjects, and in order to give a general answer to all such correspon-
dents, I shall endeavour to outline the success which has attended the
efforts of this Department, to introduce any of the Eucalyptus family.
A Few General Characteristics of Eucalypts.
As is probably well known, the Eucalyptus or Eucalypts are natives
of Australia and a few of the adjacent Islands. The genus is a
large one, comprising over 150 species. Many of the species are trees
varying in height — some of them being amongst the largest in the
World, while others are small shrubs which thrive in desert and
alpine regions. A number of the species are vigorous growers.
The Blue Gum ( Eucalyptus globulus) is one of the fastest growing of
the genus.
From the middle of the last century, the Eucalypts have been dis-
tributed all over the World with various degrees of success. As is only
to be expected, the most marked success has been attained in coun-
tries having a somewhat similar climate to Australia. Eucalypts have
been successfully established in Algeria, South Africa, on the Nilghiri
and Palui Hills and in North and South America. It is interesting to
note that during the last few years, the chief product of the Eucalypts
i.e., Eucalyptus Oil has largely been produced in California.
; . • -~>c] £nivh',m -p
146
In Australia, the Eucalypts grow in a great variety of soils and
climates, varying from deserts or dry mountainous regions to low
swamps and moist mountainous ones. It would therefore seem possible
to select species which would be suitable to a great variety of situa-
tions. All the. larger arboreal forms delight in a warm climate but
other conditions must also exist to enable them to become successfully
established.
Prof. Charles Naudiu in his memoir on the genus says: — “The
first condition of success in the culture of Eucalypts is a climate
appropriate to their nature; that is to say, for a great majority of the
species, warm summers, a moderate amount of rain, a certain amount
of atmospheric dryness , plenty of sunlight and very temperate winters.”
I have placed in italics the portion of the quotation from- Prof.
Naudin’s memoir which particularly applies to the Straits and
Federated Malay States. It cannot be said that with an average
annual rainfall of 96 inches we enjoy a moderate supply of rain, nor for
the same reason can we lay claim to the certain amount of atmospheric
dryness in our climate necessary to their successful culture.
Most Eucalypts are benefited by occasional heavy rainfalls which
thoroughly saturate the soil, as indeed most arboreal plants are,
but frequent heavy rains and the subsequent very humid atmosphere
are not conducive to their healthful growth. As has already been
mentioned, a few of the species grow in swampy, humid regions,
but the majority, though able to absorb large quantities of water by
means of their roots, prefer for their aboveground parts a dry
atmosphere, at least for a considerable portion of the year.
In Australia, the Eucalypts are generally found forming large
forests and indeed many of them do not form very desirable shade
trees when planted for that purpose.
As I shall endeavour to show, the raising of Eucalypts is
attended with no little difficulty and in view of the fact
that the soils and conditions our present roadside trees are subject to,
would destroy any chance the Eucalypts might have (provided
climatic conditions were suitable) it would seem that we must be
content for the present at any rate, with the large and excellent
variety of other trees that are available.
It is generally believed that Eucalypts have a most benefiting
influence on the climate of those regions in which they are planted
to any large extent. There seems to be a great diversity of opinion
on this point, however, as the following quotations will show.
The American Consul at Florence, in 1894, writes in his Consular
Reports, “It is this latter quality (the property of distributing a
balsamic atmosphere) which has brought the Eucalyptus into such
prominence in Italy, and has been the cause, not only of the planting
of thousands of trees by private individuals and public corporations,,
but of its receiving the indorsement of the Italian Government as
well.”
147
It seems strange that the American Consul at Rome, should
take an altogether different view of the subject. In his Consular
Report for 1894, he says : “ In Italy, although the newspapers had
persuaded everyone that the farm of the Tres Fontane, near Rome,
had become healthful by means of the Eucalypti, it proved a disagree-
able surprise to learn of a sudden outbreak of malaria in 1882 that
caused much sickness among the farm hands, while the rest of the
Campagna remained .perfectly healthy .... Dr. Montechiare, a
practising physician of Rome, who for many years was physician to
the penal colony at Tres Fontane, tells me that his experience
justifies him in declaring that no beneficial results against malaria
has been derived from the planting of the Eucalypts.”
Mr. A. J. McClatchie, M.A., in a Bulletin published by the
Bureau of Forestry of the United States Department of Agriculture
gives a few reasons why such a property has been attributed to the
Eucalypts and though it does not decide the question one way or the
other it may be worth while to repeat them here. “ It is probable that
a great part of the change in the sanitary condition of those places,
said to have been benefited by Eucalypts, has been due to other
causes, such as the making of drainage ditches, etc., and this will
partially account for the conflicting opinions on the subject. When,
however, the nature and habit of the trees are considered, it is entire-
ly reasonable to believe that, to a certain extent, they beneficially
affect the atmosphere in the region of their growth. The grounds for
this belief are : First, their great capacity for absorbing moisture from
the soil, and thus reducing the quantity of stagnant water in the
ground at their roots ; second, their corresponding power of giving
off fresh from their foliage, the water thus t^ken up by their roots;
third, exhalation from their leaves and other parts, of volatile oils,
which affect the climate not only directly but by changing the oxygen
of the atmosphere to ozone; fourth, the purification of germ-infested
matter by the foliage dropped upon the ground or in pools of
standing water. From the combined action of these four characteris-
tics it seems reasonable to believe that the trees would be beneficial
to many climates.”
Mr. Ridley did not believe for an instant that, in so far as the
Straits and Federated Malay States were concerned, the Eucalypts
would influence climatic conditions in any way whatever. We may
take it, however, that, unless the Eucalypts thrive exceedingly well
and are planted in the form of large forests, no benefits can possibly
be derived therefrom. It is not to be expected that a few Eucalyptus
trees planted in a swamp, would change the whole climatic condi-
tions of that swamp just as a few nodules on a leguminous plant
cannot be expected to have the effect of enriching a large area in
nitrogen, to any appreciable extent.
Eucalypts in the Botanic Gardens.
The earliest record of the introduction of Eucalypts to the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore was on January 4th, 1876, or practically
148
12 months after the founding of the Gardens. They were presented
by Dr. Schomburg of Adelaide and consisted of packets of seed of
the following varieties : — E. alpina ; E. amygdalina ; E. calophylla ;
E. coriacea ; E. empetrifolia ; E. ficifolia ; E. globulus ; E. Lehmanni' r
E. margin at a ; E. oblique; E, piperita; E. unifera and an unnamed
species from Tasmania. .
$
Seed of E. tereticornisl were received in June, 1876, from the Botanic
Gardens of Rockhampton and at the same time plants were received
of E. engenoides from the same Gardens. In addition to the already
mentioned varieties, the following were received from time to time: —
k. citriodora, goniocalyx , rostrata, siderophloia and viminalis from the
Gardens, Brisbane in July, 1877. E. Baileyii from the Queensland
Arboricultural Society in 1878; plants of E. longifolia and cornuta in
1878, from the Botanic Gardens, Brisbane ; E. callosa, haematostoma r
pilularis and pankulata, from the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, in 1879
and so on, practically every year, in ever increasing variety down to the
present year. (I have enumerated a few of the many varieties received
in order that there may be no doubt about all or nearly all the
varieties, which had any likelihood of success in this climate, being
tried.)
Jt would seem quite permissable therefore, to imagine that there
ought to be a considerable number of large trees in the Gardens at
the present time, but such is indeed far from being the case. Out of
the many hundreds of packets of seed which must have been pre-
sented to the Gardens during their existence, only one specimen of
any dimension is to be found in the Upper Garden E. intermedia 1
was planted on rising ground adjacent to the bandstand. It is now
a tree of about sixty feet tall and has a circumference of six feet at a
distance of three feet from the ground.
The situation must be described as being dry and favourable to
the growth of plants requiring such an one (I have been unable to
trace “intermedia” in any of the treatises on the genus but as this
tree has lately flowered, specimens have been prepared .in order that
the correct determination may be arrived at).
In the Economic Garden, eleven trees are to be found. Seven of
those were planted adjacent to Bukit Tiinah Road. It is probably well
known that this land is frequently covered with water and at no
time is the water deeper than about eighteen inches from the surface.
The trees do not look healthy and all that can be said of them is that
they have merely existed. They are about forty feet in height un-
branched and with extremely few leaves on the crowns.
The other four were planted adjacent to the Subordinates Quarters
i.e. on rising ground. They are practically in a similar state to the other
seven and all are slowly dying. No particulars can be obtained as to
when those 11 trees were planted nor have I been able to identify
them (specimens have also been prepared for identification).
149
None of those twelve trees can be said to be suitable shade trees
as they do not possess one of the essential requirements of a first
class shade tree i.e., a good spreading head of branches.
Some six or seven years ago, Mr. Ridley selected the driest part
of the Garden for Australian plants ; Callistemons, Grevilleas, Acacias
and three Eucalypts were planted therein. The present condition of
those Eucalypts is as follows; — E. citriodora is now about fifteen feet
high, of slender growth, the lower branches continually dying off and
altogether not in a very healthful condition; E. gomphocephala is
now about eight feet high and in a similar condition to last; E. robusta
on the other hand, as the name implies, is of more robust growth.
The specimen is now about eighteen feet high and in this case, the
lower branches remain on the plant for a much longer period than
on any of the other two. It is the most healthy specimen of the three
and it will be interesting to note its future growth.
It will be seen therefore, that little or no success has resulted in
the endeavour to establish Eucalypts in Singapore.
Why?
Eucalypts are only and can only be propagated from seed, and it
is to the inability of the seedling to withstand our humid climate,
that the failure of establishing Eucalypts must be attributed. I
have personally sown the seeds and attended them in every way
possible and after the seedlings have produced their second leaf they
suddenly die, damping off at the neck. This happened to all varieties
with but one exception i.e., E. citriodora. We have now seven
or eight fairly healthy plants in small pots and it is intended to
try those at a later date in a variety of situations and note results.
In support of my experience with seed and seedlings I may
quote from one of our correspondents. He says “ I may say that
the Eucalyptus has so far shewn no sign of being a success. The
seeds were bedded out in the same manner as Tobacco seeds — in
“tempat bibits Only one variety {E. hemiphloia)_ germinated at all
in numbers, but these, with a doubtful one here and there in other
beds, seemed to be eaten away rapidly and completely. No broken
leaves were seen — they simply vanished ! ”
It may not be amiss to repeat what the late Mr. Murton said in
his Report of Botanic Gardens in 1878. He said: —
I have been very successful during the first year in raising the
various species of Eucalyptus, which hitherto have proved very
difficult to raise from seed in this climate. A number of plants of
Eucalypts as well as other plants have been supplied to the Public
Works Department for planting in the reservoir grounds near Govern
ment Hill and also for the reservoir grounds at Thompson Road.
In his Report for 1878, he said: —
Eucalypts — My anticipation about the Eucalypti when I wrote
my last Annual Report, have not been verified ; for, although they
germinated freely enough, the majority of these species die as they
get a few inches high.
E. globulus appears to be the worst species for this climate, E .
citriodora, E.amygdalinus, E. goniocalyx, E.pilularis and E. calophylla do
best. I attach very little importance, however, to this, as the belief in
their prophylactic virtues is now considerably weakened and they
are quite unsuited, owing to their straggling, ragged appearance, for
garden ornaments.
In his report for 1880, he said : —
When sown in situ they seem to thrive fairly well in Singapore*
but do not appear to stand transplanting. E. siderophloia, E. Baileyii
and one or two other species are growing well in the nursery, (none
of those are now to be found).
One must perforce come to the conclusion that the Eucalypts
(with rare exceptions) are not suited to our climate, and taken for
granted that all the useful and healthful effects which are attributed
to the Eucalypts, in so far as influence on climate is concerned, be
perfectly true, I think it has been proved conclusively that the tree
will not grow in sufficient quantities to warrant further trials.
J. W. Anderson.
NOTE.
Since writing the above note on the* Eucalypts, I have been able
to obtain the correct determinations of the eleven large Eucalypts
mentioned therein. Specimens were sent to Mr. Maiden, Director of
the Botanic Gardens, Sydney and Government Botanist, who most
kindly identified them for me. The one adjacent to the bandstand
and under the name of intermedia has been identified as E. corymbosa,
Sm., while those in the Economic Gardens are probable specimens of
E. terminalis, F. & M., but owing to incomplete specimens being sent
(no seed being available), Mr. Maiden was unable to say for certain
as to whether this was correct or not.
A SACCHARINE CONSTIUTENT OF PARA
RUBBER.
In October, 1909, two small specimens of smoked Para rubber
from the Botanic Gardens at Singapore, representing a consignment
offered for sale in the United Kingdom, were forwarded for examina-
tion to the Imperial Institue by brokers in London, who stated that
the rubber had been prepared experimentally by the Brazilian method
of smoking. On examination in the usual manner, it was found that
the rubber contained a very high percentage of “ resin” {i.e., matter
soluble in acetone), amounting to 5*2 per cent on the dry material.
This proportion of resin is very much ; higher than is usually present
in Para rubber from the East, but owing to the smallness of the
samples supplied to the Imperial Institute it was not possible to
investigate the matter in detail. Subsequently, however, a large speci-
men of smoked rubber, carefully prepared from the latex of a single
tree by the same process as that employed for the earlier specimens,
was forwarded for further examination to the Imperial Institute by
the Director of the Botanic Gardens at Singapore.
The specimen consisted of a spindle-shaped piece of smoked
rubber, weighing 6 lbs., which was almost black externally but whitish
within when cut. The rubber was rather moist, and a quantity of
brown viscous liquid was present between the concentric layers.
An analysis of the rubber gave the following results
■ \ - • ' \<j ■’
Moisture
Rubber as
RECEIVED.
per cent.
7-4
Composition of
DRY RUBBER.
per cent.
Caoutchouc ...
A.
84.6
914
“Resin”
4.4
4*8
Proteid
2.9
3*1
Ash
0.7
0.7
The percentage of “resin ” present in the dry rubber was a little
lower than that found in the previous samples (4.8 per cent, compared
with 5.2 per cent.), but was still very much higher than the amount
usually present in plantation rubber from the East.
An examination was made of the portion of the rubber dissolved
by hot acetone, and it was found that a large quantity of a solid cry-
stalline substance, which was soluble in hot water, was included with
the resin. The substance amounted to no less than 2.7 per cent, of
the dry rubber, so that the true figure for the percentage of resin in
dry rubber was only 2.1 per cent, instead of 4.8 per cent.
The crystalline substance was submitted to a detailed examina-
tion and proved to be a carbohydrate, which was identified as laevo-
methylinosite. The presence of this substance in the aqueous portion
of the latex of Hevea brasiliensis remaining after the coagulation of
the rubber has been previously recorded by de Jong, and closely allied
carbohydrates are known to occur in other latices. The presence of
such a large amount of the /-methylinosite in this specimen of Para
rubber is no doubt to be attributed to the method of preparation
employed, whereby the whole of the solid constituents of the latex
remain in the rubber, whereas in the usual method of coagulation
adopted in the East, the rubber separates from the aqueous portion of
the latex, which retains the soluble constituents in solution. $
152
In order to complete the investigation* a supply of the latex of
the same tree from which the rubber had been prepared was obtained
from Singapore. The aqueous portion of this latex, after separating
the rubber, was found to contains Iquantity of the /-methylinosite,
amounting to 0.46 per cent, of the total -latex. The presence of this
carbohydrate has also been proved in fine hard Para rubber from
South America.
The results of this investigation are of considerable practical
interest as showing that in the analysis of rubber prepared by the
Brazilian method (or by any method which leads to the inclusion in
the rubber of all the solid constituents of the latex) it will be neces-
sary to take into acpount the possibility of other substances besides
resin being extracted from the rubber on treatment with hot acetone.
A preliminary note on the results of this investigation has been
communicated to the Chemical Society of London, by Dr. S. S. Pickles
and Mr. B. W. Whitefeild, of the Scientific and Technical Department
of the Imperial Institute .— {Bulletin of the Imperial Institute , April
1912.)
PARA RUBBER IN ST. LUCIA.
Ten thousand seeds of Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis ) were
obtained from Ceylon and arrived in October. Some of them were
distributed to purchasers and the remainder were sown at the
Experimental Station nursery. Only 10 per cent, of the whple
consignment germinated. At the station 780 plants were raised and
some of the number will be reserved for planting in a plot. About 600
will be available for distribution.
Para rubber planting in St. Lucia is at present only on experi-
mental lines, but the trees planted in 1908-09 appear to be making
very satisfactory growth, and some interest in the cultivation is
developing. A more extended trial is desirable, to test the suit-
ability of different soils and localities for the successful cultivation
of this tree.
Experiments have been carried out to test the hardiness of Para
rubber plants for distribution in the Island, when they are packed,
with the view of reducing the bulk in and therefore the cost of
transporting parcels of them, at the same time ensuring that they
shall arrive at the various estates in sound condition. The trial was
carried out as follows : Twelve plants were lifted from the seed beds,
the tops cut back leaving the plants a little over a foot in length and
all the leaves were removed. The soil was then shaken from the roots
leaving them quite bare. The plants were then divided into two
bundles and wrapped up in banana trash, which had previously been
thoroughly soaked in water; each bundle containing six plants. One
bundle was placed in a dry close potting shed, the temperature of
which often reached 95 0 F., and the other bundle was placed in the
Office.
153
After eight days the plants were examined and found to be in a
fresh and healthy condition. The plants placed in the potting shed
had been badly gnawed by rats, but were otherwise healthy. The
whole twelve were then planted out in the ordinary way, and no
special attention or treatment given to them. The plants commenced
to grow readily with one exception, and this was the plant that had
almost been denuded of bark by rats.
The results are very satisfactory, inasmuch as they prove that
Para plants can be sent to any estate in the Island, packed in the
way described, without fear of permanent injury, or loss, provided
that they receive proper attention upon arrival at their destination.
{ Report on the Botanic Station and Experiment Plots, St. Lucia, 1910-II >
RUBBER IN THE SEYCHELLES.
ris'.L*.
The following extracts are taken from the Report of the Gurator
(M. Dupont) on the Botanic Station, Seychelles, for 1911.
The total number of treess now in Seychelles is estimated at
70,585, of which 4,511 have reached tappable size. The tapping
experiments on Hevea trees were continued. Several kinds of
tapping knives were tried, but it was found that successful tapping
depended more on the skill of the operator than on the instrument
employed. The Barrydo knife proved a less dangerous implement in-
the hands of inexperienced tappers than either the Bowman — North-
way or the Eagle knife, both of which produce deep wounds. The
“half-herring-bone” method of tapping was used in most cases
on the “opposite quarters ” system, i. e., one-quarter of the surface
of the bark of the tree is tapped during one year, and it takes four
years to tap the whole tree before beginning on renewed bark. The
full spiral system was adopted in one set of experiments where
trees were overcrowded, and although the death of few trees may
follow this drastic method, the Curator considers that the greater
yield obtained when prices are high fully compensates for this loss.
He also suggests that in Seychelles it may be better to tap by this
method for three months during the rainy season, when young
trees can withstand the effects of serious wounds, than to employ any
other method which would necessitate extending the tapping period
into the dry season to obtain the same quantity of rubber.
Five-and-six-years-old trees were in one instance tapped by
the full spiral method for five or six months, without any apparent
check to the growth of the trees or to the fulfilment of their natural
functions.
154
The following table shows the daily yield of latex obtained in one
experiment designed to compare the two methods.
Half- herring -bone Method.
Girth of tree at 3 ft. f « .
from ground ( ns '
Date 16.3.11
Latex collected 660 cc.
Number of trees 41
Latex per tree 16 cc.
18 ins. 16 ins.
17.3. IX 16.3. Il
730 cc. 515 cc.
41 60
18 cc. 8 cc.
Full Spiral Method.
18 in. 18 in. 16 in.
16-3-II 17.3-II Id3.1t
1075CC. IO45.cc 650 cc.
34 34 60
32 cc. 31 cc. 10 cc.
The latex was coagulated with acetic acid, ammonia solution
having been previously added to prevent coagulation on the cuts and
in the collecting cups. One cubic centimetre of glacial acetic acid
diluted with 250 cubic centimetres of water, was used to each
litre of diluted latex.
1 1
The rubber was dried slowly in a cool chamber and exported in
biscuit form. The slow drying tends to induce the growth of mould,
and to prevent this, steps are being taken to effect the drying in a
special drying room, after using a smoking machine.
Experiments carried out on a small estate near the Botanic
Station serve to indicate to what extent and in what time a Para
rubber estate comes into bearing in the hilly districts, of Seychelles
The estate in question contains 1,800 trees planted in 1905 and 600
trees planted in 1907 and 1908. The soil is rocky and inferior, the
trees overcrowded and irregularly planted 10 or 12 feet apart; yet in
spite of these adverse conditions about 10 per cent, of the five-year-old
trees have reached tappable size, 16 in. and over in girth at 3
feet from the ground. On marshy land about 50 per cent, reach
tappable size in five years. The average yield of latex, on the twenty-
third day of tapping, from trees 18 in. in girth was 16 cc. per tree by
the half-herring-bone method and 24 cc. by the full spiral method
The best tree, 23 in. in girth, yielded nearly 100 cc. of latex daily
during forty-two days, and this large yield had not decreased at the
time the report was drawn up.
No fungoid disease has yet appeared on the Hevea, in Seychelles,
but as several diseases of other plants, which have spread to Hevea
in Ceylon and other countries are present, precautions are being taken
against infection.
An attempt was made to introduce rubber stumps from Ceylon,
but the experiment was not very successful. The proportion of
plants raised from stumps in two consignments received was 30
per cent, and 50 per cent, respectively. The number of plants
raised from local seeds is steadily increasing, and it is anticipated
that in two or three years it will be unnecessary to import Hevea
seed for planting purposes
155
A NEW COCONUT PEST.
Yet another pest of the Coconut has been discovered in the
Philippines and from all accounts it will prove a serious menace to
plantations in the Colony and Federated Malay States unless suffi-
cient precautions are taken immediately. So far, it seems to be
restricted to certain areas in the Philippines, and the Department of
Agriculture are fully aware of the danger arising from this insect,
and we may be sure that they will use every means in their power,
to prevent its spreading throughout the Philippines and ultimately to
the Straits Settlements.
It has been considered advisable to prohibit the importation of
palms, etc., from the Philippines.
We reprint the description, etc., of this pest as it has appeared in
The Philippine Agricultural Review, together with the copy of
the Ordinance as it appeared in the S. S. Gazette, May 31st, 1912.
“A parasite of the coconut palm, which may prove to be the
most serious pest of this crop in the Philippine Islands, was discover-
ed in May, 1911. This insect is related to the White Fly of the citrus
orchards of Florida, and this fact alone is sufficient to cause the
coconut planters considerable anxiety. For the present, however, it
appears that this insect, which may be termed the Coconut White
Fly, is confined to a district in Negros Oriental, extending from the
barrio of Tabon on the north and the barrio of Zamora on the south,
range of some 35 kilometers in length. Most of the coconut groves
in this area, which extends from the sea-coast back to a range of hills
to the west, are infested with the parasite.
The first specimens were collected on the hacienda of Mr. Henry
Gardner in the vicinity of Guijulgant, It appears that this is the
first occurence of any insect of this genus in the Philippine Islands,
and, further more, the species itself is new to science. It has been
described by Mr., Quainstance of the Bureau of Entomology, United
States Department of Agriculture, D. C., as Aleyrodicus destructo
a similar species {A. cocois, Westw.) occurs in the West Indies and
has caused immense damage there to the coconut groves, some dis-
tricts having even been abandoned largely on account of it attacks.
Like all of the so-called “ White Flies ** (which are, of course, not
flies) and the related “scales,” the individuals are very small and not
readily noticeable except when present in large colonies. The general
color of the older individuals is white or grayish ; at first the larvae
are nearly naked and of a pale brownish shade, but when about half
grown they develop a fringe of white waxy material around the edge
of the body. This waxy substance, as the insect grows, gradually
covers the entrie body with a mass of cottony thread-like appendages
and waxy flakes.
156
The minute eggs are laid on the under surface o,f the leaflets,
usually on the young leaves of the palm. Thus far it appears the
insect is attacking by preference only the young palms, that is, those
under 6 or 8 years of age, but unless checked it will probably soon
spread to all the palms in the vicinity.
Soon after the eggs are hatched the young insect begins walking
about on the underside of the leaf in the endeavour to find a suitable
position for its attack, satisfying itself as to location, it inserts
its beak through the epidermis of the leaf and begins to suck the sap
from the soft inside tissue; after becoming thus attached, the young
insect seldom moves, unless disturbed; until it attains its full size.
Shortly before emerging as a winged insect it stops feeding, but
remains attached to the leaf. Though comparatively vyeak fliers, the
danger of their passing through the air from one tree to another is
greatly increased by the action of winds, since when the insect may
only wish to fly from one leaf to another, it may be accidently borne
by the wind to a considerable distance.
Some of the colonies contain scarcely more than a dozen indi-
viduals, while others contain many thousands and form an irregular
white area over the underside of the leaf. This feature of their colour
is exceedingly valuable to the coconut planter, since it allows him to
readily determine the presence of a colony in his grove.
Although a hymenopterous insect, evidently a parasite of this
■coconut pest, was observed in the act of laying eggs in or upon the
immature White Flies, it is not likely that any natural parasites will
be of much avail in checking the spread of this pest. Therefore the
■coconut planters in the infested district should immediately go
through their groves, cutting off and burning all attacked leaves, or
portion thereof, and by the same token, it would be well for all
coconut planters to carefully look over their young groves, and if any
white insects are discovered, they should report the fact at once to
the Director of Agriculture and should remove and burn all traces of
the parasite. In certain cases it might be advisable to treat the pest
with kerosine emulsion, or some similar spray, but unless the grower
has had experience with such remedies, the use thereof would
probably be in vain, if not actually injurious to the tree itself.
Fumigation could be recommended only for extreme cases and then
only for young trees.
If this pest is taken in hand immediately, there is very little
chance of its spreading to other districts of the Philippines ; and it is
earnestly hoped that coconut planters throughout the Visayas and
Tayabas will make a strenuous effort to prevent the spread of this
pest, which, although apparently new to these Islands may within a
few years become an exceedingly important factor in the coconut in-
dustry of the Far East.
(By D. B. Mackie, in The Philippine Agricultural Review ,
Vol. V. p. 142) .......
157
“Whereas it is provided by “The Destructive Pests Ordinance
1908” that the Governor in Council may from time to time make
such Orders as may to the Governor in Council appear expedient
for preventing the introduction into the Colony of any insect, fungus
or other pest destructive to agricultural or horticultural crops, or to
trees, or plants and for preventing the spreading in the Colony of any
such insect, fungus, or other pest”
“AND WHEREAS information has been received to the effect
that a disease of the coconut palm, believed to be the disease known as
“WHITE FLY” (Aleyrodicus destructor) has apppeared among
coconuts in the Philippines Islands.”
“NOW, THEREFORE the Governor in Council in exercise of
the powers conferred on him by the aforesaid Ordinance prohibits
until further notice the landing in the Colony of any palms, alive or
dead, or any stems or foots or parts of stems or roots of palms or of
any products of palms other than such as are expressly exempted
from the operation of this Order, from the Philippine Islands, and
authorizes the destruction of any such article, if landed in the Colony
from the Philippine Island. This Order does not apply to dried copra
or to oil expressed from coconuts.”
(Sd.) M. S. H. McArthur,
Clerk of Councils.
Council Chamber,
Singapore, 28th May, 1912.
THE CASTOR OIL PLANT.
Having received enquiries from Planters as to the suitability or
otherwise of the Castor Oil Plant as a “ Catch Crop ” for Rubber, it
may be helpful to others with like ideas, if a few of the details of this
plant are enumerated for their guidance.
The Castor Plant ( Ricinus communis) is probably well known to
many Planters in the Peninsula, as scattered plants are generally to
be found growing round Tamil Coolie Lines, the coolies sowing a few
seeds in order to obtain the oil from the plants thus sown.
Belonging to the Natural Order Euphorbia ceae, it is thus related
Hevea brasiliensis and many other plants yielding valuable oil seeds.
It is generally believed to have been originally a native of North
Africa, but the plant is now largely cultivated throughout the world,
in Tropical and sub-tropical and occasionally in Temperate regions.
It is said to occasionally attain a height of from 20 to 30 feet, but
it rarely if ever attains a larger size than from 5 to 7 feet in the
Peninsula.
158
As a purely decorative plant it appeals to many and is largely
cultivated in temperate countries for this quality alone, but the chief
product derived from this plant, as perhaps every one knows, is the
valuable oil obtained from the seeds.
There are many varieties of this plant — the seeds varying in size
and shape, but for all practical purposes, the numerous forms may
be grouped into two classes, i.e., the large-seeded and small-seeded
kinds. The former are more prolific in yield of seeds and the oil
obtained from them is largely used as a lubricating oil, and in India
it is used as an illuminant and is commercially called “ Lamp Oil ”
The latter, i.e., the small seeded kinds, yield a much finer oil and this
is preferred for use in medicine.
The soil best suited to the Castor Plant is, a rich well-drained
sandy or clayey loam. Owing to its well developed root system the
Castor plant demands a deep rooting medium. The Castor plant
soon exhausts the soil and if virgin land is not available for the crop,
natural or artificial manures are necessary. It will be readily seen
that round coolie lines is an ideal situation for this plant, in so far as
food is concerned as decaying matter of all kinds is ever to be found
in such places.
One of the most valuable manures for this plant is the residual
cake left after the expression of the oil from the seeds.
In the tropics the cultivation of this plant seems to be restricted
by excessive rainfall, while in Malaya it is attacked and often denud-
ed of leaves by a Caterpillar (Ophiusa sp.).
Before sowing the seeds it is advisable to steep them in slightly
warmed water for about 24 hours. This treatment soften the hard
seed coat and tends to ensure quick and uniform germination. The
large seeded kinds are generally planted in rows from 5 to 5 feet
apart with a similar distance between the plants in the row. The
small seeded kinds are planted closer, i.e., about 3 feet between the
rows and 18 inches from plant to plant. It is advisable, to secure an
event crop, that 2 or 3 seeds be planted at the distance mentioned
above.
After germination, the weaklings one be removed and the
strongest one in each case allowed to continue its growth.
In India the Castor Plant is seldom grown as a pure crop, it being
usually interplanted with cereals or some leguminous crop. It is
often planted as a border to cotton or sugar fields, when planted as a
pure crop, about 10 lbs. of seeds 'of the large seeded varieties are
required to plant an acre and about 14 lbs. in the case of the small
seeded kinds.
After thinning, it is advisable to slightly mould up the plants by
drawing the soil up round the stem, this preventing moisture from
collecting at the base.
159
The capsules of the small seeded varieties commence to ripen in
from 4 to 6 months from the time of sowing and those of the large
seeded varieties from 7 to 10 months according to variety and the
prevailing climate conditions. Owing to the irregular ripening of
this crop, the harvesting is a somewhat tedious process, but as the
work involved is not laborious, it could be done by women and
children.
As the capsule dehisces and scatters the seed immediately they
are ripe, it is necessary to look over the plants at least once a week,
collecting those sufficiently ripened. The seeds after collecting
require drying and may then be stored in bags in a dry place until
sold or pressed for oil.
The average yield per acre (pure crop) is given as 4 to 6 cwt. of
seeds average good crop.
From the foregoing it would seem that it is not altogether a
suitable Catch Crop for rubber owing to its habit of exhausting the
soil. When practical, however, this plant could be planted as a
border to rubber, but this is largely a question of the quality of soil
in individual Estates.
J. W. A.
MR. H. A. WICKHAM COMING OUT TO
CEYLON WITH A CURING MACHINE.
The father of the plantation rubber industry, Mr. H. A.
Wickham, is due in Colombo towards the end of the month, the
chief purpose of his visit being to introduce a machine which
embodies his ideas, acquired in the home of Hard Fine Para, as to
the curing of rubber. Mr. Wickham lias every hope that his machine
will have a great effect upon the plantation rubber industry. During
his stay in England, Mr. Wickham has been making arrangements
with regard to the machine, but owing to the time it has taken to
settle matters, has been delayed longer than he expected, otherwise
he would have been in the Island now.
We understand that Mr. Wickham claims that his machine
imitates the well-known smoking process employed by the natives on
the Amazon, each layer of rubber being smoked and the article
consequently thoroughly permeated by the disinfectant fumes. It is
Mr. Wickham’s contention that under the present processes some of
the best qualities of the rubber are lost, carried away in the washing,
and it will be interesting to watch how far he will be able to
substantiate his claim by the production of samples of superior
resiliency and tensile strength than the present first quality rubber
turned out on estates. It is also claimed that the machine will turn
out a perfectly uniform quality, whereas at present the rubber from
the same estate varies considerably. (Times of Ceylon 6th June, 1912).
i6o
CLEARING WITH EXPLOSIVES.
The Value of Explosives in Clearing.
It will be found that the chief uses to which explosives can be.
put with economy in clearing land, are in the removal of stumps,
and in so shattering logs or standing trees that they burn more
readily. Trees can be blown right out of the ground; but, owing
to their greater weight they take more explosive than stumps.
I therefore consider it more economical to put sufficient explosive
under them to blow the earth out from around the roots, at the same
time cracking and breaking the roots and butt of the tree. The
cracks will extend from 4 to 15 feet up the trunk of the tree; and
after a week’s exposure to the air in dry weather, even bad burning
timber will then burn readily. I have burnt down trees 7 feet in.
diameter at the ground in six to twenty four hours having used $$.
worth of explosive on some. These trees would have taken a week
to burn down in the ordinary way, that is, digging the earth away
from them, and drawing timber around them with horses or bullocks.
The economy of the method will be realised when I state that
I have cleared 12 acres of land at a cost of £3 per acre, whereas
an adjoining block of similar land cost me about £6 per acre to clear
in the old way. This was on light red volcanic soil, overlying light
clayey loam.
The method cannot be recommended in cases where timber burns
right out of the ground, leaving no roots. But in this district 1 have
found the saving in cost to vary from 25 to 50 per cent, on the usual
methods of grubbing and burning. With practice, much better work
can be done at less cost with explosives. The procedure should be
varied to suit different timbers and different soils; the exercise of
a little judgement will be found profitable.
Sound timber, whether trees, stumps, or logs, will be shattered
with better effect than hollow or rotten timber, as it offers more
resistance to the explosives.
Condition of the Soil.
To obtain best results I find that the ground requires to be fairly
dry. If it is very dry, the explosion is not quite so effective; whilst if
it is too wet, the force seems to act too deeply in the earth, instead of
near and above the surface. In some districts, I am informed, best
results are obtained when the ground is wet ; but that is not my ex-
perience and I do not know to what degree it holds good.
Explosives Recommended.
For firing, a battery guaranteed to fire five or more shots is
absolutely necessary' for best results. It is possible to work in small
timber' with fu'se and Caps,' but the method is not so satisfactory as
the use of c battery. '
l6l
The explosives which I have used are rackarock and rendrock.
I consider the latter the better for earth holes, as it seems to take
more roots with the stump ; but I can recommend both. I have used a
little gelignite, and it seems very good ; I intend to give it further
trials. Other explosives are worthy of trials, but I should not advise
farmers to use dynamite, as it is more subject to chemical changes,
particularly in hot climates.
If rackarock is used, insert the detonator in half a plug of
gelignite for earth holes. Much better combustion will result if this
is done.
Bursting the Timber.
When it is desired to burn trees or stumps level with the ground,
or to burn 'sound logs, bore holes I to 2 feet deep into the soundest
part of the timber, with I inch to I H inch auger, and charge same
with % lb. to I lb. of explosive. A number of shots fired simul-
taneously with the battery will do very much better work than
when they are fired singly with fuse. This method is suitable for
Yankee grubbing, as it uses less explosive ; but is not as good as
the next method for getting rid of trees and stumps.
Clearing for the Plough.
To remove trees and stumps for the plough, put holes under
the heaviest and soundest parts of same, 12 inches or more in
depth, with a 3-inch earth auger or small bar and scraper. When
placing the charges, take into consideration the lay of the main
spur roots. Best results are obtained by using three charges or more
according to the size of the tree. Place each charge up against a big
strong root, or better still in the fork of two roots. If it is not easy
to get the charge against a root, ram small stones into the bottom of
the hole, so as to make a sound bottom for the charge, as the more
resistance obtained the better the results of the explosion. Do this
before any explosive is put in the hole, or there would be great
danger.
In some cases it is better to use both earth and wood holes,
placing the latter in big spur roots ; but I rarely do so, as it snaps the
roots and leaves portion in the ground.
The charges should be carefully tamped with damp clay or earth
observing the proper rules, as there is considerable danger if they are
neglected. Water tamping is not at all effective in wood, though it
is in rock.
In earth holes I find I lb. of explosive about the minimum effec-
tive charge for large frees and stumps ; but I have blown out small
stumps with as little as % lb. With well-placed charges stumps
frequently come out, shattered into many pieces, leaving few if any
roots. When any remain they are so shattered that they burn easily
A Warning.
A beginner will require 50 lbs. of explosive to give the method a
thorough trial. He should start on medium-sized sound stumps, as
they are easier to operate on. Necessary case should be observed
when handling explosives, and he should be extremely careful of the
detonators. He should also bear in mind that large bits Qf wood will
sometimes fly 150 yards. Detonators should never be stored and kept
with explosives in the same receptacle.
{H. B. Faviell, Bonville, in the Agricultural Gazette of New South
Wales, May 2, 1912.)
NOTICE.
A CATALOGUE of all the plants in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, has been compiled and is ready for issue.
It contains plants of Economic, Decorative and Botanical Interest.
Copies may be obtained direct from the Botanic Gardens or from
Messrs. Kelly & Walsh, Singapore, post free on receipt of one dollar.
Early application is essential as only a limited number of copies
have been printed.
163
EXPORTS TELEGRAM TO EUROPE AND
AMERICA.
Month of April.
Steamers.
Wired.
Apl. 15. Apl. 30 .
Tons. Tons.
Tin Str.
Singapore & Penang to U. Kingdom &/or
725
1,758
Do.
do.
U. S. A.
380
825
Do.
do.
Continent
120
427
Gambier
Singapore
Glasgow
...
...
Do.
do.
London
...
25
Do.
do.
Liverpool
10
...
Do.
do. U. K. &/or Continent
50
Cube Gambier
do.
United Kingdom
5
10
Black Pepper
do.
do.
...
5
Do.
Penang
do.
...
10
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
40
10
Do.
Penang
do.
10
40
Pearl Sago
Singapore
do.
Sago Flour
do.
London
100
375
Do.
do.
Liverpool
1,200
160
Do.
do.
Glasgow
50
75
Tapioca Flake
Singapore
United Kingdom
75
10
Tapioca Pearl & Bullet do.
do.
150
120
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaya
do.
550
800
Gutta Perch a
Singapore
do.
60
95
Buffalo hides
do.
do.
110
60
Pineapples
do.
do.
17.50017,500
Gambier
do.
U. S. A.
140
175
Cube Gambier
do.
do.
40
110
Black Pepper
do.
do.
160
45
Do.
Penang
do.
80
25
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
Do.
Penang
do.
...
15
Tapioca Pearl
Singapore
do.
9
27
Nutmegs
Singapore & Penang
do.
Sago Flour
Singapore
do.
550
650
Pineapples
do.
do.
4,500
2,750
Do.
do.
Continent
1,500
2,750
Gambier
do.
South Continent
50
75
Do.
do.
North Continent
125
190
Cube Gambier
do.
Continent
45
IQ
Black Pepper
do.
South Continent
60
95
Do.
do.
North do.
...
Do.
Penang
South do.
...
Do.
do.
North do.
White Pepper
Singapore
South do.
10
Do.
do.
North do.
...
Do.
Penang
South do.
5
10
Do.
do.
North do.
164
Wired.
Steamers.
Tons.
. -n.pl, j\J
Tons.
Copra
Singapore & Penang
Marseilles
501
400
Do.
do.
Odessa
780
780
Do.
do. Other South Continent 100
240
Do.
do.
North Continent
480
1,700
Sago Flour
Singapore
Continent
1,500
1,100
Tapioca Flake
do.
do.
75
85
Do.
Pearl
do.
do.
10
30
Do.
Flake
do.
U. S. A.
t(#
Do.
do.
Penang
U. K.
...
. . .
Do.
Pearl &
Bullet do.
do.
80
50
Do.
Flake
do.
U. S. A.
. . .
. . .
Do.
Pearl
do.
do.
10
420
Do.
Fiake
do.
Continent
...
, . t
Do.
Pearl
do.
do.
180
25
Copra
Singapore & Penang
England
50
. . *
Gutta Percha
Singapore
Continent
5
35
Para Rubber
Straits and Malaya
U. S. A.
85
40
Do.
do.
Continent
45
55
Tons Gambier \
f 400
700
„ B. Pepper *
t 150
320
Month of May,
Steamers.
Tin Str. Singapore & Penang to U. Kingdom &/or
Wired.
May. 15 . May .31
Tons. Tons.
1,840 1893
Do.
do.
U. S. A.
645
960
Do.
do. 9
Continent
120
295
Gambier
Singapore
Glasgow
*. ,
Do.
do.
London
60
Do.
do.
Liverpool
70
...
Do.
do.
U- K. &/or Continent
• . •
...
Cube Gambier
do.
United Kingdom
10
15
Black Pepper
do.
do.
...
Do.
Penang
do.
. . •
...
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
...
10
Do.
Penang
do.
...
...
Pearl Sago
Singapore
do.
10
5
Sa^o Flour
do.
London
175
200'
Do.
do.
Liverpool
1,400
trt .
Do.
do.
Glasgow
...
100
Tapioca Flake
Singapore
United Kingdom
35
170
Tapioca Pearl & Bullet do.
do.
160
30
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaya
do.
525
540
Gutta Percha
Singapore
do.
20
75
Buffalo hides
do.
do.
100
50-
Pineapples
do.
do.
25,000 16,250
i65
Wired.
Steamers.
May IS. May 31 .
Tons.
Tons.
Gambier
United Kingdon
U. S. A.
25
450
Cube Gambier
do.
do.
...
50
Black Pepper
do
do.
30
230
Do.
Pen an *
do.
...
55
White Pepper
Singapore
do.
5
50
Do.
Penang
do. >
...
45
Tapioca Pearl
Singapore
do.
...
30
Nutme,s
Singapore & Penang do.
6
40
Sago Flour
Singapore
do.
...
400
Pineapples
do.
do.
2,250 7,500
Do.
do.
Continent
1,500 2, ,250
Gambier
do.
South Continent
100
...
Do.
do.
North Continent
325
210
Cube Gambier
do.
Continent
15
40
Black Pepper
do.
South continent
75
190
Do.
do.
North do.
...
...
Do.
Penang
South do.
15
Do.
do.
North do.
...
...
White Pepper
Singapore
South do.
10
5
Do.
do.
North do.
5
...
Do.
Penang
South do.
...
...
Do.
do.
North do.
...
...
Copra
Singapore & Penang Marseilles
100
50
Do.
do.
Odessa
...
900
Do.
do.
Other South Continent
i 100
150
Do.
do.
North Continent
3,100
2,200
Sago Flour
Singapore
Continent
700
875
Tapioca Flake
do.
do.
60
55
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
....
20
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A.
...
...
Do. do.
Penang
* U. K.
...
100
Do. Pearl & Bullet do.
do.
85
225
Do. Flake
do.
U. S. A,
...
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
120
550
Do. Flake
do.
Continent
...
Do. Pearl
do.
do.
370
85
Copra
Singapore & Penang England
100
150
Gutta Percha
Singapore
Continent
40
35
Tons Gambier )
("700
700
„ B. Pepper 5
C 340
225
Para Rubber
Straits & Malaj
ra U. S. A.
30
85
Do.
do.
Continent
55
25
SINGAPORE MARKET REPORT.
April, 1912.
Tons.
Highest
Lowest.
Copra
3,736
11.20
10.60
Gambier Bale
1,126
10.45
10.00
„ Cube No. X & 2
169
16.00
13.62*
Gutta Perclia 1st quality
...
275.00
200.00
„ medium
...
140.00
90.00
„ lower
*.*
70.00
17.00
Gutta JelotoDg
...
11.60
9.25
Nutmegs 110 s.
25.00
23 00
„ 80s.
27.00
25.00
Black Pepper
518
22.121
20.75
White „
119
32.50 '
30.50
Sago Pearl, small ...
...
6.00
5.30
„ Flour No. 1
3,179
4.75
4.35
„ „ No. 2 ...
251
1.70
1.60
Tapioca Flake, small
186
9.40
8.90
„ Pearl „
140
9.00
7.80
» „ medium
178
9.40
9.00
Tiu
1,950
100.62*
95.37*
Coffee Bali
May, 1912.
Tons.
... # 10
Highest.
Lowest.
Copra
• * *
4,752
11.80
10.50
Gambier Bale
1,465
10.20
f 9.85
„ Cube No. 1 & 2
307
15.85
13.60
Gutta Percba 1st quality
275.00
200.00
„ medium
140.00
90.00
„ lowest
70.00
17.00
Gutta Jelotong
11.25
8.50
Nutmegs 110s.
25.00
„ 80s.
27.00
Black Pepper
468
22.00
21.12*
White „
144
33.00
31.00
Sago Pearl, small ...
25
6.75
5.75
„ Flour No. 1 ...
...
4,403
5.07*
4.40
2 ...
...
* . .
2.10
2.00
Tapioca Flake, small
...
684
9.70
8.90
„ Pearl „
...
199
8.50
7.90
n n medium
...
221
9.85
9.00
Tin
...
2,295
105.00
100.75
PENANG.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in District Hospital , Penang, for the month of April , 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical
Pressure at 32° Fall.
! Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer,
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall dur-
ing 24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
•
Ins.
Ins.
PENANG.
29.812
15.5
85
95
72
not
82.4
.895
74.8
73.2
not
5.48
79
record-
record-
*
ed.
ed.
Senior Medical Officer'! Office, B. Dane.
Penang, 30fcU May, 1912. Senior Medical Officer, Penang.
NEGRI SEMBILAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Negri Semhilan for the month of April, 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pressure
1 at 32° Fah.
i
Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during 24
hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
J Maximum.
1
a
p
a
a
a
Range,
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
District Hospital,
Seremban
...
153.9
82.4
91.5
73.5
18.0
76.9
.821
73.2
74
N
2,60
1.60
»
Man tin
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.97
1.82
Tampin
150.6
83.1
90.2
75.3
14.9
76.7
.805
72.8
71
...
2.41
1.64
11 19
Kuala Pilah
82.6
91.3
74.3
17.0
77.7
.855
74.3
77
5.78
2.31
9? 99
Jelebu
: ■■■
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.24
1.42
11 11
Port Dickson
...
164.0
84.4
90.3
75.5
14.8
78.3
8.52
74.4
72
...
2.19
0.71
Beri-beri Hospital
«
...
...
...
...
1.77
0,90
- G. D. Freer.
Office of the Senior Medical Officer, Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 28th May, 1912, Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
KELANTAN.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in Kelantan for the Month of April, 1912.
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometrical Pres-
sure at 32° Fah.
Mean Maximum in Sun.
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direction of
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall during
24 hours.
Mean Dry Bulb.
| Mean Maximum.
Mean Minimum. |
Mean Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
°F.
° F.
° F.
° F,
°F.
°F.
°F.
°F.
°F.
0/
Ins
Ins.
Kota Bharu
142.0
82.2
88.4
75.0
13.4
79.2
.927
77.0
84.8
* • .
4.04
1.38
Kuala Lebir
80.6
92.6
74.6
18.0
77,3
.871
75.1
83 5
4.21
1.60
Kuala Kelantan
86.43
74.20
12.23
2.09
0.76
Kuala Pahi
88.80
73.76
15.04
3.09
1.06
Kuala Val
89 00
74.76
14.23
1.96
1.20
Cbaning Estate
91.00
74.00
17.00
3.63
1.03
Pasir Jinggi
2.68
.72
Semerah Estate
2.77
.50
Toko Ayer Merab
2.34
.50
Pasir Gajah Estate
...
1.05
0.70
Taku Plantation
1.61
1.09
Pasir Besar
1.94
1.25
Kenneth Estate
...
...
.31
.23
Residency Surgeon’s Office, John. I). Gimlette,
Kota Bharu, 18th May, 1912. Residency Surgeon } Kelantan,
PERAK.
Abstract of Meteorological Readings in the various Districts of the State of Perak, for the month of April , 1912.
DISTRICT.
Taiping
Kuala Kangsar
Batu Gajali
Gopeng
I poh
Kampar
Telok Anson
Tapah
Parit Buntar
Bagan Serai
Selama
Lenggong
Tan jong Ma'im
Grit
Klian Intan
Palau Bangkor Laut
Kuala Kurau
The Cottage
Maxwell’s Hill
6
S
g ~
.s
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
=x
o
13
a th
•£<*
o
3
23
a
X
a
* rS
a; w
H o
P-t CM
CO
c£ >p
.a C6
■+^
M aximuno
Sun.
Mean
Dry Bulb.
I
Maximum.
1
a
.1
'a
S
Range.
Mean
Wet Bulb.
Vapour
Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
a
5
>
©
H
Oi
Direction
Winds.
a
'3
P5
3
o
Eh
Greatest R;
fall during
hours.
...
106
83.18
93
71
22
78.43
909
81
14.50
2 67
82.52
95
71
24
77.19
862
79
11.18
3.42
83.46
95
70
25
78.27
898
79
15.80
4.15
82.05
94
70
24
76.42
836
77
13.31
3.46
83.37
95
72
23
77-88
882
79
10 77
3 41
82 46
94
68
2i
77-54
879
81
13.16
4.72
82.21
94
69
25
77.96
900
83
7.94
1.55
82.75
93
68
25
77.61
879
79
21.59
3.22
83.93
92
73
19
78.62
908
79
4.23
1.25
83.66
92
72
20
79.16
935
81
7.33
2 18
82.64
94
71
23
78.52
920
83
19.19
3.62
8J.69
94
63
31
77.30
868
79
5.48
1.75
82.43
82.25
95
96
68
68
27
28
78.34
76.02
915
816
...
83
75
13.68
11.02
2.5 H
2 37
• • ■
...
...
3.97
1.68
...
...
...
5.45
1.74
...
...
...
6.07
2.95
• • •
...
...
12.54
4.60
9.39
.2.05
O
Office of the Senior Medical Offcer,
Taiping, 14th May, 1912.
S. C. G. Fox,
Senior Medical Officer,
PERAK.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Perak, for the month of May , 1912 .
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometri-
cal Pressure at
32° Fall.
! Maximum in
Sun.
e
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
Prevailing Direc-
tion of Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rain-
fall during
24 honrs.
Mean
Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum. 1
Range.
rQ
a 3
t rQ
<V ^
*3 ©
£
Vapour
Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Taiping
106
81.88
92
72
20
77.96
905
85
25.22
5.34
Kuala Kangsar ...
81.14
93
73
20
77.26
885
85
8.87
2.15
Pa hi Gnjah
iii
81.88
92
73
19
77.86
899
83
11.20
2.75
Gopeng
80.75
91
70
21
76.36
851
82
22.53
4.74
Ipoh
81.81
92
72
20
77-56
888
83
12.65
2. CO
Kauipar
81.78
92
71
21
77.76
896
83
18.56
2.50
Telok Auson
81.40
93
69
24
77.59
894
85
11.15
1.88
Tapah ...
81.27
92
70
22
77.41
§91
85
25.50
3.10
Paiit Buntar
82.62
92
72
20
78.06
899
81
9.49
2.03
Bagan Serai
82.64
91
72
19
78.69
927
85
19.73
6.87
Selama
82.01
92
72
20
78.58
931
87
23.17
5.52
I-ieupgong
81.32
93
73
20
77.38
887
85
8.83
2.33
T^njong Ma'iin
81.09
93
68
25
78.30
934
89
17.80
3.62
Grit
80.67
94
72
22
76.66
863
82
11.03
1.16
Klian Intan
5.09
.72
Pulau Pangkor Laut
...
...
. . ,
. , ,
10.10
1.82
Kuala Kurau
...
16.25
3.10
The Cottaye
...
. . .
27.75
4.38
Maxwell’s Hill ...
...
...
24.04
3.10
Office of the Senior Medical Officer, S. C. G. Fox,
Taiping, 14tli June, 1912. Senior Medical Officer.
SELANGOR.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Selangor , for the month of April , 1918.
— A
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
o
d
rr!
DISTRICT.
t
M ean Barometrica
Pressure at 32° Fs
Maximum in Sun.
Mean Dry Bulb.
f Maximum.
Minimum.
9
0
Ph
Mean Dry Bulb.
%
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity,
Prevaiing Directio
Winds.
Total Rainfall.
Greatest Rainfall <
mg 24 hours.
General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur
29.884
148.5
83.2
92.2
74.3
17.9
77.6
0.845
74.2
74
Calm.
10.76
3.60
Prisons „ „
Dist ct Hospital „
...
...
...
10.48
12.07
3.62
3.22
„ Klang
94.1
71.3
22.8
6.27
1.90
: „ Kuala Langat
92.3
75.5
16.7
3.43
.90
„ Kajang
89.9
76.9
13.0
5.96
1.78
„ Ivua<a Selangor
91.0
72.7
18.3
3.77
0.80
„ Kuala Kubu
94.1
71.6
22.5
8.19
1.50
„ Serendah
93.2
70.6
22.6
10.26
1.75
„ Rawang
Sabah Bernam
92.4
71.8
20.6
15.54
7.65
3.30
2.10
Office of the Senior Medical Officer, - D - Freer,
Kuala Lumpur, ‘28th May, 1912. Senior Medical Officer,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
MALACCA.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in Malacca, for the month of April , 1912.
<£>
0
m
00
©
Temperature.
Hygrometer.
o
oc
a
&
d
o
3
T3
eg
O
a
p
rQ
.©
a
o
©
IS
«4H
DISTRICT.
■s
g Is
" rv.
in
p
a
d
od
a
a
©
_o
*83
d
©
H
•4$
£
!>>
$-1
s
OD
a oc
13
=4-1
fl
3
_a
*3 .
Oh £
a
eS PH
M o
gw
g-s
g
'a
cfl
A
§
©
D
a
H
cS
p
a
• r*
£
©
or
A
£
d
eS
©
w
d
o
a
eg
o
a
©
f3
a
d
‘3 .a
© ^
PS
"3
o
00 O
© S
1
2 ^
tH (3
s
Oh
►>
Q
w
P-
H
5
Ins.
Ins.
Durian Daun Hospital
29.901^
156.6
83.5
89.6
73.6
16.0
79.5
.919
83
N.
5.85
2.60
on 29th
OJ
Malacca, 22nd May, 1912.
E. W. De Cruz,
Assistant Surgeon.
PAHANG.
Abstract of Meteorological Headings in the various Districts of the State of Pahang , for the month of April, 1912.
g
Temperature.
Hygrometer,
o
too
p
PM
I
a
p
13
_o
O
* r— 1
’-4-3
o
23
DISTRICT.
Mean Barometr
sure at 32° F
' Maximum in Su
Mean Dry Bulb.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Range.
Mean Wet Bulb.
Vapour Tension.
Dew Point.
Humidity.
Prevailing dire
winds.
Total rainfall.
Greatest rainfa
24 hours.
District Hospital, Kuala Lipis
81.8
90.9
\
68.6
22.3
75.9
5.89
1*05
„ „ Raub
82.4
92.4
71.0
21.4
73.0
1 9.87
1.89
„ „ Bentong
82.1
90.9
70.9
20.0
j 76.3
5.55
1.94
„ „ Pekan
...
81.9
88.3
72.8
15 5
77.5
7.29
1.95
„ „ Kuantan
...
78.5
90.7
...
• • •
73.7
7.43
2.28
Dispensary, T* merloh
...
...
92.9
67.5
25.4
...
1.61
0.80
Sungei Lembing
...
...
89.2
75.0
14.2
. . .
11.07
3.22
Kuala T enabling
10.68
3.50
G. D. Freer,
Office of the Senior Medical Officer, Senior Medical Officer,
Kuala Lumpur, 24tli May, 19X2, Selangor, Negri Sembilan & Pahang.
Estate
Printing
Account Books.
Report Forms.
Company Reports and
Balance Sheets.
Registers.
Pay Books.
Charts.
Pamphlets.
Circulars.
Catalogues.
£c., &c., &c.
Bookbinding in all
Styles
Paper Ruling, &c.
W E desire to call the at'
tention of planters and
others to the fact that we can
furnish them with all kinds of
estate printing. The quality
of work we produce is not to
be surpassed anywhere in the
Straits. We give prompt de'
livery and pay special attention
to those far removed from a
reliable printing centre. Our
printing department, which is
kept always up-TO'date, is spe^
cially laid out for carrying on
all branches of printing and
bookbinding whilst the adoption
of the most modern methods
enables us to quote at very
reasonable charges. Write
us at once for quotations.
Jke
Straits Cimes press
Xtd.
Printers, Publishers & Bookbinders
Cecil Stanley Streets, Singapore.
Telephone :
Printing Dept. No. 348.
Telegrams.
“Times," Singapore.
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