Alien flora of Britain

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BeLIEN FLORA OF
BRITAIN

LIRMARY

MEW YORK

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Merrett

BY

STEPHEN TROYTE DUNN, B.A,, JF LS:

_ SUPERINTENDENT, BOTANICAL AND AFFORESTATION DEPARTMENT, HONGKONG

Author of ‘Flora of South-West Surrey,” &c., &c.

LONDON
WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN

1905

MAR 1 1 1932

LIBRARY
wee YoOrs
BOTANICA

GARDEN

PREFACE

HIS little book owes its comparatively early appear-
ance entirely to the energy and diligence of my

wife. When unexpectedly called from the Kew Her-
barium to the charge of the Botanical and Afforestation
Department at Hongkong, the three or four years
during which I had devoted my spare time to the study
of alien plants had only resulted in the accumulation
of a very large number of crude notes. Fortunately
for my purpose, these were nearly complete before
leaving England, and my intention was to arrange them,
and publish the result at an early date. Two unforeseen
circumstances, however, appeared to doom my hopes
to disappointment—one was the pressure of Depart-
mental work, the other the scarcity of books of reference
in the Colony. My wife, fearing that the labour
expended in the compilation of the notes would be
entirely wasted, has persuaded me to dictate to her a
brief summary of my conclusions upon the status and
origin of each species, with the result shown in the
following pages. I hope that the work may prove of
some value to students of English Botany, if only it
draws their attention more prominently than heretofore
to the question of exact habitat, and I would ask the

vi PREFACE

indulgent reader to remember that the final stages of
the book have been gone through without the possibility
of referring to the standard works on the geographical
botany of Europe, or even, with a few exceptions, to
local English Floras.

S$. F oe

HONGKONG,
March 17, 1905.

PNTRODUCTION

——6

HE term alien is used to designate any species

which, though now spontaneous, originated in
Britain through human agency. Cultivated plants are
only included when recorded as escapes from, or
survivals of, cultivation. Now although alien plants
are usually defined as above, and are frequently for that
reason called “introduced plants,” it is seldom possible
to obtain any definite information as to the manner
in which they actually arrived in the country. The
term “introduced plant” or “introduction,” moreover, is
not really distinctive, for all plants, native and otherwise,
must have been originally introduced to their present
habitats. In the great majority of cases botanists arrive
at their conclusions as to the status of a species by
a careful observation of its present circumstances in
the British Isles, and also of its geographical distribution
beyond them. Thus a species which exists in perfectly
wild and natural surroundings, both here and in the
neighbouring parts of the world, is deemed indigenous,
for there is no reason to suppose that its presence is
due to any agent but natural dissemination at the time
when the flora of North-West Europe originated. If,
on the other hand, a species is always found to be
connected with artificial surroundings, it is classed
as an alien. It cannot often be proved to have been
originally introduced by man, but, in the other alter-
native—viz., that it existed in the country prior to
man’s advent—it must once have grown in perfectly
wild habitats. In order to suppose, therefore, that the

vu

viii INTRODUCTION

plants now confined, for instance, to our hedges and
arable lands are not introduced, it is necessary to assume
that they once occupied, but have now become extinct
in, natural habitats. In the presence of a perfectly tenable
alternative, viz., human introduction, and considering
that very few provable cases of extinction of natives
are known, it seems more proper to regard such species
as alien. Even if the possibility of descent from
wild British stock is pressed, it is more accurate to
describe the species extinct as a native than to place
it among our extant indigenous flora. It should be
observed that a species like the Sweet Violet, now
naturalised in Northern Britain, though probably derived
from wild British stock, would not be called native
there, and even if, becoming extinct in Southern Britain,
it were reintroduced from the north, it would none the
less be considered extinct as a native though of unim-
peachable descent. The plea for nativity in artificial
habitats has been brought forward especially in the
case of certain waste ground plants. There are natural
wastes, such as the haunts of wild animals, offering
much the same conditions as those of domesticated
cattle, and it is urged that the natural waste ground
flora has been carried on by artificial conditions.
The same reasoning, however, holds, and, unless a
waste ground species is actually found on a natural
waste, it is here included among the aliens.

More difficult is the problem presented by some of
the plants which abundantly accompany human opera-
tions but also occasionally appear in wild habitats in
their neighbourhood. In such cases it has been found
useful to carefully insert on a large-scale map all the
positions in which the plant grows over a few acres
of land. When that has been done in the case of
several different species it is easy to distinguish the
native diagrams from the alien ones.

While this list will include, then, all species found
only in artificial habitats in Britain, it will also contain
some which occur in natural surroundings but which

INTRODUCTION ix

are considered to be aliens for geographical reasons.
It isa general experience, and one that is to be expected,
that two areas, inhabited by a given native species,
are seldom known to be separated by a large tract
of similar, and apparently suitable, ground devoid
of that species. Where such a gap exists it is often
found that the indigenous character of the species
in one or other of the areas is for some reason
under suspicion. It is, of course, not impossible that
such a gap might occur in the truly native range of
a species, in consequence of its approaching extinction
over the whole region, or from some other cause.
Great caution has therefore been exercised in applying
the argument of discontinuity to discredit the nativity
of a species. The study of geographical distribution
becomes chiefly useful when combined with an exami-
nation of the varying habitats of a species over large
areas; it can then hardly fail to throw light on the
status of the plant in the different parts of its total .
range. The total range of any plant comprises all
the countries in which it occurs, and, in cases where
artificial dissemination has enlarged the original area,
the total range may sometimes be satisfactorily divided
into concentric zones corresponding to the increasing
dependence of the plant on man as it recedes from
its native centre. Thus a number of species which
are native in the Mediterranean area are known further
north on the Continent as established weeds, but reach
England only as casuals. The gradation in these cases.
may be attributed to climate. Again, some of the
natives of the Orient have overspread Europe as weeds
of agriculture, having very probably accompanied the
different incursions of the human race from east to
west in prehistoric times. For the purposes of this
list, then, a species will not be considered a native of
Britain which is not known in at least one natural
habitat, nor even then if it can be shown, by geographical
or other arguments, that it was introduced thither by
artificial means or from an artificial source. A species.

xx INTRODUCTION

as only held to be native in a natural locality to which
it has spread by natural means from a natural source ;
that is, when it has been disseminated as it would
be in a state of absolute nature. The disqualification
of an unnatural introducing agent is exemplified in
the case of garden flowers introduced by gardeners from
distant lands, and surviving after the garden has reverted
to a natural state. The source is, and the habitat appears
to be, natural, but the agent is artificial. The dis-
qualifying nature of an unnatural source of introduction,
even when the introducing agent is natural, is well
shown by the same exotic garden flowers when their
seeds are dispersed by the wind or by birds into
the natural vegetation of the neighbourhood. In the
first examples the alien character of the species. would
be readily recognised in consequence of geographical
‘considerations. It will be seen, however, that, in a
majority of cases, the agency and the source of intro-
duction must remain unknown. It is upon the remain-
ing cause of disqualification, viz., unnatural habitat,
that botanists must chiefly rely to distinguish the true
alien, for it is the only one which can be easily examined
in the field.

It has not been overlooked that A. de Candolle ex-
pended much labour and skill in bringing historical,
philological, and physiological evidence to bear upon
the status of critical species, and his great work on the
‘subject has been largely consulted, but it is neverthe-
less upon the present condition of each species that
botanists must chiefly rely.

The term aboriginal might probably be substituted
for “native” in nearly all cases, for the natural agencies
which can transfer seeds from natural habitats abroad
to those in the British Isles must be very exceptional.
It is not, however, so useful a term as “native” or “indi-
genous,” for it implies a knowledge of the history of
species which we seldom possess. If the term “abori-
ginal,” however, were substituted for “native” in many
of our local Floras, expressions such as “native on

INTRODUCTION xi

walls, and by roadsides” and “native in hedge banks”
would be shown to be inconsistent, for no species
could be aboriginal in these situations.

The term wild is usually applied to all plants growing
spontaneously.

The expressions casual, colonist, and denizen were used
by Watson to denote decreasing stages of dependence
on man. The first only is used in this work where
it is applied to the least independent introductions.

The better established of our aliens can be roughly
classified in accordance with the special artificial habitats
which they affect, and names have been coined to
distinguish the groups. Thus those which inhabit road-
sides are sometimes known as viatical weeds, those of
cultivated fields agrestal, and so on, but the classes are
not clearly enough defined to derive much elucidation
from the use of these terms.

If a species can spread into artificial localities in
regions over which it might have been expected to, but
has not, extended as a native, it must be supposed that
man gives it assistance which compensates it for the
natural advantages enjoyed only in its native area.
Different species find the necessary support for leaving
their native range in different artificial conditions. The
conditions accompanying human operations of which
plants seem especially to take advantage are the dis-
turbance of the ground and the unnatural supply of
plant-food. A more or less methodical series of localities
might be drawn up according to the degree of mecha-
nical disturbance or the supply of various plant-foods
obtaining in each, but a few examples to show what
is meant will be sufficient. Thus hedges afford an
occasional disturbance of the ground in the process of
cleaning the ditches and remodelling the banks. This
seems to be all that is required to attract the White
Dead Nettle, for instance, from its home in South-
T,ast Europe over most parts of the Continent, and
as far as England. Other herbaceous perennials might
be mentioned which have spread as aliens in hedge-

xii INTRODUCTION

rows, and other habitats will occur to every field botanist
which, offering the same conditions, receive the same
flora. Cultivated fields, again, with their abundance of
plant-food, harbour all sort of weeds, but only those
gain permanence which by quick seeding can withstand
the frequent ploughings. Many of the short-lived spring
annuals of the Mediterranean region have thus found
their way northwards.

Introducing Agents. A study of habitat is only useful
in the case of the better established aliens ; there remains
a large class of plants which owe their presence in
Britain more to their adaptation for frequent artificial
introduction than to any power of spreading along the
lines offered by human operations. These are indivi-
dually of short duration, but in consequence of constant
reintroduction maintain their presence in our flora.
They can be most easily reviewed by a consideration of
the various means of plant introduction from the outside
world to Britain now taking place.

By far the most important agent of plant introduction
at the present time is the importation from foreign
countries of the kinds of grain which are most largely
used for making flour and for distilleries. In every
sack countless seeds of the cornfield weeds of the country
of origin come mixed with the grain. Before the grain
is used these seeds are sifted out, and are either thrown
away with other rubbish on waste ground or sold for
feeding domestic fowls and game. In the former case
astonishing crops of exotic weeds may be produced in
a small area, and some of them will possibly survive and
become established there for atime. In the second case
the aliens will spring up here and there around cottages,.
along roadsides, in coppices, or wherever the birds are
fed. All the species introduced in this way must be
cornfield weeds. It should be remembered that corn
has been continuously imported since the fourteenth
century at least, and that some of our oldest recorded.
weeds may be due to this source.

The total foreign wheat imported annually into Britain.

INTRODUCTION xiii

probably exceeds 75 million hundredweight. The 30
million from the U.S.A. come in clean, but the Russian
14 million is largely mixed with weed-seeds, and would
alone account for the constant recurrence of eastern
weeds around our large towns.

More than 20 million hundredweight of barley are
imported into Britain annually. That from France and
Germany is usually in a clean condition, but Persian,
Danubian, and Turkish barley is usually much mixed
with other seeds ; the latter kind is that mostly used for
malting, and its siftings doubtless supply a large per-
centage of our grain-sifting aliens. The annual import
of oats is about the same as barley; more than half of
it comes from Russia, and as the Russian consignments
are nearly always plentifully mixed with extraneous seeds,
they are probably a source of many Northern Russian
weeds.

The same series of plants become introduced also by
the importation of agricultural seed containing weed-
seeds and the sowing of them unsifted in arable land.
Vetch crops are most frequently raised from German
seed, Rape seed is largely obtained from Russia, Clover
seed from U.S.A., France, and Germany.

The extensive use of certain foreign seeds for feeding
cage birds is certainly responsible for several of our
common aliens.

Species having adhesive fruits or seeds are imported
on all kinds of bales and other merchandise ; they thus
become established by reintroduction, if not by indivi-
dual permanence, about the quays and warehouses at
seaports, along railways, and on other trade routes.

Certain species of this kind are especially imported in
wool, in consequence of their prevalence in the sheep
pastures of some of the wool-producing countries. Two
seeds, for instance, are so commonly met with in
Australian wool that they are well known to the English
wool manufacturers as “Burrs” and “Carrot Seeds,”
The former are characteristic of Port Phillip (Victoria)
wool, being the fruits of Medicago denticulata; the

Xiv INTRODUCTION

latter are Calotis cuneifolia achenes, and characterise
especially wool imported from Sydney (N.S.W.).

Alien weeds have sometimes been traced to imported
skins, hides, and furs; and considering that a million
hundredweight of cow-hides and 100 million skins of
other kinds are imported annually, this source of intro-
duction might be expected to be an important one. Horti-
culture is responsible for a large number of aliens which,
having been imported for ornament or for medicinal
purposes from early times, have now become naturalised.

Hay importation is an obvious source of meadow weed
introduction ; the aliens traced to it are, however, not
numerous, because it is only exceptionally that large
quantities of foreign hay are imported.

Seaside plants have frequently been introduced in
ships’ ballast, especially to ports such as Swansea, which
export much more merchandise than they import.

Trees and shrubs have frequently been planted among
the indigenous vegetation to improve the quality of
woods, to afford cover for game, and for other reasons.
Such species, whether established and spreading them-
selves or not, often get recorded in local Floras.

The flora of railway banks has received much attention.
It is composed of numbers of different elements intro-
duced at different stages in the history of the lines. The
development of vegetation on the newly made banks of
the M.S. & L. Railway Extension near Rugby was noted
by the writer in 1897-8, and was the subject of a paper
published in the Rugby School Natural History Society
Report for 1898.

Summary. Out of the 924 aliens enumerated in the
Flora, 123 are old-established weeds of uncertain origin,
332 are due to horticulture and arboriculture, while 206
are grain-sifting aliens of recent appearance and of little
permanence. Of the 170 species referred to in square
brackets, the greater number are common weeds which
have usually been recorded in our local Floras from
artificial habitats only, but which the author for various
reasons believes to be true natives.

INTRODUCTION XV

Books, HERBARIA, AND MSS. CONSULTED.

Nearly the whole of the information contained in this
book was collected in the magnificent Herbarium and
Library of Kew. The work could hardly have been
done in any less completely equipped establishment, for
it has been necessary to obtain details of the native area
of British plants over the greater part of Europe and
Western Asia, and the existing compilations upon the
subject afforded little help. In them no discrimination
is attempted between the truly native area and the area
over which the plants are wild. Reference has therefore
been necessary to individual foreign local Floras in order
to ascertain the exact habitats and status of each species.

Books.

It would serve no useful purpose to enumerate the
many hundreds of British and foreign local Floras and
periodicals consulted, but the following works which
have been of especial use may be mentioned :—

A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique.

H. C. Watson, Cybele Britannica.

aaa of Botany.

eports of the Botanical Exchange Club.

Public Herbaria.

Kew Herbarium. All the writer’s identifications for the
Flora were made there. Much information has been
obtained from the Herbarium labels respecting regions
of which no published botanical records are available.
The Borrer and Watson Herbaria at Kew were con-
sulted for records.

British Museum Herbarium. The British section was
carefully gone through and a large number of records
noted for the list.

Individual Collections.

(1) A collection of seventy-six species of aliens found
at Oulton Broad, Suffolk, from 1898-1902 by Mrs. Baker,
of Oulton Broad.

(2) Thirty-four species found by Mr. Fraser Robinson
near Hull Docks in r1gor.

XVi INTRODUCTION

(3) About a hundred species found by the author at
Twerton, near Bath, in 1897.

MSS.

(1) Mr. Watson’s MS. of the Cybele Britannica and
other of his notes preserved in the Botanical Department
of the British Museum.

(2) Notes by the Rev. E. S. Marshall on Mr. S. T.
Dunn’s Preliminary List of the Alien Flora of Britain.
Mr. Marshall’s notes have been of the greatest service
and have been freely used throughout. It is not the
first time that the author has had occasion to acknow-
ledge Mr. Marshall’s kind and invaluable help.

(3) Miscellaneous notes on British Aliens by Mr. A.
Smith, of Grimsby. Mr. Smith was himself engaged in
collecting materials for an Alien Flora of Britain. On
hearing, however, that one more fortunately situated than
himself for carrying out the work was engaged on the
same task, he, with rare generosity, placed his notes at
the author’s disposal.

(4) The Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock contributed
numerous notes.

(5) Mr. I. H. Burkill contributed a London Catalogue
marked with additional aliens and other notes.

Besides those mentioned above, my sincere thanks are
due for various acts of kindness in connection with my
work to Mr. A. O. Hume, Mr. A. Bennett, to Mr. Britten
and Mr. E. G. Baker at the Natural History Museum,
Mr. C. E. Salmon, Professor Trail, Mr. A. Somerville,
Professor Boulger, Mr. G. Nicholson, Mr. B. D. Jackson,
and Mr. Charles Bailey.

PLAN OF THE LIST.

Natural Orders follow each other in the sequence of the
Genera Plantanum. Genera and species are alphabetical.

The nomenclature is that of the Index Kewensis.

Besides aliens, certain species are referred to in
brackets whose exclusion from the list seemed to call
for explanation.

ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

DICOTYLEDONES

RANUNCULACEZE.

Aconitum Cammarum, L. A native of Southern
Europe, found rarely as a garden escape in Britain.

Aconitum Lycoctonum, L. Native of many of the
mountain districts of Europe. An old garden plant,
which has been found in a semi-naturalised state in
several places in Northern England.

Aconitum Napellus, L. Native of the continent of
_ Europe. It is recorded from many counties, often as an

indigenous plant. Especially is this the case in Hereford,
Monmouth, Derby, and Somerset, where it has the appear-
ance of being perfectly wild along shady streams. The
following facts, however, relating to its history and to its
geographical distribution, make it appear probable that
this is one of the many beautiful wild flowers for which
we have to thank our ancestors’ love of gardening. Ithas

2 I

2 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

been grown in gardens from the earliest times, and it must
have been familiar to the older botanists, yet there is no
record of it as a wild plant until about ninety years ago.
The geographical range of the species extends to Nor-
mandy, but there are two forms in Western Europe, and
the one which reaches furthest north as an undoubted
native is not the form found in England. The British
form is identical with that of the mountains of Southern
Europe, whence it was perhaps originally introduced into
our gardens.

[Actea spicata, L. There can be no question that this
widely spread North European species is a native. The
early records, it is true, look suspicious, both Ray and
Gerarde knowing of it only near houses and parks. It was
not, however, a cultivated plant, at any rate at that time,
and the unanimity of later writers as to its status as a
native in Yorkshire and Westmoreland leaves no choice
in the matter. |

[Adonis zstivalis, L. Recorded by Withering, from
Salisbury Plain. The plants, however, which Smith saw
from this locality were A. autumnalis, L.|

Adonis autumnalis, L. A cornfield weed of old
standing in Britain as in most parts of the Continent.
The species is most abundant in the east of Europe, and
may perhaps be indigenous there. It is a frequent con-
stituent of colonies of weeds in England arising from the
siftings of Eastern corn.

Adonis flammea, Jacq. A cornfield weed of the
Orient which has occurred in places where siftings of
barley from that region have been thrown.

RANUNCULACEA 3

Anemone apennina, L. This native of the south of
Europe has long been a favourite garden flower, and
in England, as in other parts of Northern Europe,
not infrequently occurs in a more or less naturalised
state.

Anemone Hepatica, L. A native of Central and
Southern Europe which, like the last, owes its intro-
duction into this country to horticulture. A large patch
of it in a coppice on the North Downs, in Surrey,
indicates its tendency to become naturalised under
favourable conditions.

[Anemone ranunculoides, L. This is a plant which .
grows very readily in Britain, and persists for a long time
where once planted. It is thus found in an apparently
naturalised state in parks and in the neighbourhood of
gardens in various parts of the country. Its presence,
however, in Scandinavia, Denmark, and Northern France
in an undoubtedly indigenous state necessitates a careful
examination of the supposed non-native records in this
country. There are several stations for the species in
the eastern counties (e.g., the wood at Abbots Langley
in which Hodgson in 1839 recorded it as common) that
remain open to doubt, and may be taken, in conjunction
with the geographical range, to warrant its acceptance as
a native of Britain. |

Delphinium Ajacis, L. A common weed in Central
and Southern Europe which is occasionally found among
crops grown in England from imported seed. It is,
however, more frequently seen in the neighbourhood
of gardens from which it has escaped. It is common
in cultivation. To judge from Fritsch’s record “ inter

4 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Srutices” in Servia (Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, xlix.
[1899] 239), it would appear to be a native of the east
of Europe.

Delphinium Consolida, L. This species has been so
frequently confused with the above that it is safer to
submit the note upon the latter as applicable to both
in conjunction.

Delphinium orientale, L. A garden escape. It is a
weed of cultivation in South-East Europe.

Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb. A native of the south of
Europe which has long been cultivated and is now
naturalised in most of the countries of Northern Europe.
In England it frequently occurs in a spontaneous state
and often in great profusion, but always near houses
and gardens.

[Helleborus viridis, L. Native in woods and bushy
places in England and Wales, especially on chalk and
limestone soils. It is, however, more common as a relic
of cultivation, persisting as it does where once planted
until, its more transitory human surroundings having
disappeared, it may perhaps have only a few fruit trees
or a boundary mound to show its origin. Ray and
Gerarde knew it only in such situations, and such noted
botanists of more modern times as H. C. Watson have
doubted its claim to a place in the British Flora; but
its permanence in certain localities against which no
suspicion rests and its presence in similar places in
Normandy and Belgium seems to warrant its inclusion
as a native of Britain.]

RANUNCULACEA: 5

[Myosurus minimus, L. Native in England and Wales
on damp bare ground. The localities from which the
species is almost invariably recorded both in Britain
and throughout the rest of its range are cornfields. It
might in consequence be inferred that artificial conditions
were necessary for its presence in Europe, and that it
could not therefore be considered indigenous in that
region. There are, however, a few records of the plant
as growing in truly wild habitats, such as broken ground
in meadows and woods. Mr. Fryer, in an interesting
note upon the species in the fournal of Botany, 1883, 280,
mentions a spot in Cambridgeshire where the plant grew
plentifully under trees. The ground had been trodden
and kept bare by cattle, affording a kind of habitat
which, as Mr. Fryer truly remarks, would be available
without the influence of man.]|

Nigella arvensis, L. A common weed in the corn-
fields of Central and Southern Europe and the Orient
which has been observed on one or two occasions
among colonies of aliens arising from corn-siftings.

Nigella damascena, L. Like the last, a common
weed of Mediterranean fields, recorded many times from
waste places in England and usually due likewise to
foreign corn importation. It has also, however, been
observed as a garden escape.

Nigella sativa, L. A weed of cultivated ground in
Eastern Europe well known as a garden plant in
England and occasionally found as an outcast from
gardens.

Peonia corallina, Retz. A native of rocky woods and

6 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

bushy places in Southern Europe, long cultivated in this
country. It has numerous records as a garden escape
and a few as a naturalised plant, In its station on the
Steepholmes it was once considered native, but following
the learned author of the Flora of Somerset, who, after
a careful review of the facts, relegates it to the status
of an introduction, it will be safer to leave it for the
present in that position.

Peonia officinalis, L. The common Peony of gardens.
Occasionally noticed as an outcast or relic of garden

culture. It is a native of the woods of Southern
Europe.

Ranunculus arvensis, L. A widely spread and often
plentiful weed of cultivation in Britain and the rest of
Europe. It probably originates from Central Asia.
Paulsen, in Vidensk. Medd. Kjobenh. (1901) 1902, 307,
records it in moist meadow land at Samarkand.

Ranunculus falcatus, L. A cornfield weed of
Southern Europe which has been observed as a casual
in places where fowls have been fed on siftings of
foreign wheat.

Ranunculus muricatus, L. A common weed in the
great corn-producing regions of the East, and so
characteristic of the numerous recorded colonies of
corn-sifting aliens in Britain.

Ranunculus pensylvanicus, L. A native of North
America which has established itself along many of
the trade routes of the world. It has been observed
near Birkenhead Docks.

BERBERIDACEA 7

{Ranunculus sardous, Crantz. Native in most counties
of England and Wales in marshes and damp pastures,
particularly within the influence of the sea. It is,
however, almost always recorded as occurring only in
cultivated and waste places, and no indication given
that it is anything more interesting than an artificially
sustained weed. In the north of England and in Scot-
land it becomes a casual introduction. |

Ranunculus trilobus, Desv. This weed of cultivated
and waste ground in the Mediterranean region has
occurred as a casual in connection with grain-siftings.

Thalictrum aquilegifolium, L. Has been found as
an escape from gardens. It is a native of Central Europe
which has long been in cultivation in Britain.

BERBERIDACE.

Berberis Aquifolium, Pursh. A native of North
America, much used in some parts of England for
making fences. It occasionally appears in situations
which lead to its record as wild, being doubtless in
many cases bird-sown.

[Berberis vulgaris, L. Native in woods in Yorkshire
(according to Mr. Arnold Lees) and probably in other
counties also, but in consequence of its much greater
frequency as a planted hedge shrub than with any
appearance of wildness it has been excluded by most
authors. The admitted nativity of the plant in France,
Belgium, and Germany, taken in conjunction with its

8 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

occurrence in natural woods in England, leaves ap-
parently no logical ground for rejecting the species
as a native of Britain. |

Epimedium alpinum, L. Native of alpine pastures
in North America, Siberia, and Eastern Europe. It is
much cultivated and has become naturalised near culti-
vation in France, Germany, Belgium, and England.

PAPAVERACEE.

Argemone mexicana, L. A cosmopolitan weed,
probably Central American in origin. It has occurred
a few times in England about quays and ballast heaps.

Chelidonium majus, L. Native in shady mountain
woods in the east of Europe, and common in artificial
surroundings about villages to the north and west as far
as Britain. That its native range once included England
is indicated by Mr. Clement Reid’s discovery of its seeds
preserved with other plant-remains in interglacial deposits
in Sussex. Thus it is prior to man in North-West
Europe, though not now known except in connection
with human habitations.

Corydalis bulbosa, DC. Native of woods in Southern
and Central Europe. In England frequently reported as
naturalised near gardens.

Corydalis lutea, DC. Native of rocky hills in Southern
Europe. Naturalised in many places in England on old
walls as the result of garden culture.

PAPAVERACEZ 9

Dicentra formosa, Walp. A favourite garden flower,
originally from North America. Occasionally naturalised
near gardens.

Eschscholzia californica, Cham. A native of North
America which has become common in English gardens,
and is recorded occasionally as an escape and even as a
weed in cultivated land.

Fumaria agraria, Lag. A native of the Mediterranean
region and a frequent weed of cultivated ground in some
parts of Southern Europe. A rare grain introduction in
England.

Fumaria Borzi, Jord. This species, like the other
capreolate Fumarias, is probably native in bushy and
rocky places in South-West Europe, and possibly very
rarely so in the North-West, though it has not been yet
recorded from natural habitats. In England, though
always associated with agriculture, it seems to be more
common in the wilder regions and to shun the purely
agricultural districts.

Fumaria confusa, Jord. This species has much the
same position in Britain as the last-named. In the absence
of records of natural habitats it must be classed as an
introduced weed.

Fumaria densiflora, DC. Acornfield weed throughout
Europe. Rare in England.

Fumaria muralis, Sond. Native of mountain woods
in Southern Europe. Further north a weed of cultivated
ground. Rare in England.

10 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

\
Fumaria officinalis, L. Native in bushy places in
Southern Europe. In England it isa common weed of
cultivated ground and one of very long standing, to
judge from Mr. Clement Reid’s discovery of its seeds
associated with those of other weeds of cultivation among
Neolithic remains in Scotland.

Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord. A native of bushy places
in South-West Europe. In England, like the other capreo-
late Fumarias, hardly more than a weed of agriculture.

Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Native in the Orient.
Griffith collected specimens (now in Kew Herbarium)
from shingle in fissures of rocks in Afghanistan.
Throughout Europe it is a weed of cultivated ground.
Rare in England, and mostly on calcareous soils.

Fumaria spicata, L. Native of pastures in Southern
Europe. Once recorded in England as a casual intro-
duction with grass seed.

Fumaria Vaillantii, Lois. Native in the Mediterranean
region, and a weed of cultivation from England to India.
In England it occurs chiefly on the chalk in the south-
east.

Glaucium corniculatum, Curt. A native of pastures
in the Mediterranean region, and a weed of cultivated
ground in many parts of the Continent, and even reaching
Britain. Here, however, it is more usually a casual,
sometimes of garden origin, sometimes due to grain
introduction.

Hypecoum procumbens, L. A native of dry rocky

PAPAVERACEA II

and sandy ground in the east of Europe, and very
common in some of the corn-producing districts as a
weed of agriculture. It has been observed in a few
localities in England in connection with grain-siftings.

Papaver Argemone, L. A widely distributed corn-
field weed throughout the north temperate regions of
the old world. Common in Britain.

Papaver dubium, L. Native on dry barren hills in
Southern Europe. A weed of cultivated and waste
ground throughout Europe. In England it appears
to be less dependent on man than its congeners, and
has been designated a native in some local Floras, but
no natural localities have been adduced in support.

Papaver hybridum, L. Native in the same localities
as the last, and spread over about the same area as a
wee In England not common, and usually capricious
in its appearance.

Papaver Rheeas, L. Native with the last two. An
ancient and abundant cornfield weed in Europe. The
commonest of the Poppies in Britain.

Papaver somniferum, L. The variety with setose
peduncles is native in the Mediterranean area on dry
downs, and is an agricultural weed as far as Southern
England. The glabrous variety of gardens (the Opium
Poppy) is common in Britain as a casual.

Platystemon californicum, Benth. A garden plant
originally from North America. It has been observed
in Britain as a casual garden escape.

12 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Roemeria violacea, Medic. A native of the Mediter-
ranean region. It is established as a weed of cultivated
ground in some of the eastern counties, and is also on
record as a grain alien.

CRUCIFERA.

Alyssum calycinum, L. It has been recorded in
numerous localities in Britain, frequently in clover or
cornfields, never as a wild or even as a naturalised plant.
Its power of producing seed in a remarkably short time
in light sandy soil gives it a certain degree of per-
manence in some cultivated areas. The species is
probably one of those introduced with foreign agricul-
tural seed. It is a native of dry stony ground in
Central Europe, becoming rare and of uncertain status
towards the northern coasts in France, Belgium, and
Germany.

Alyssum campestre, L. A native of Southern
Europe which has been recorded once as an alien in
Cornwall.

Alyssum hirsutum, Bieb. A somewhat common
cornfield weed in the East which has occurred in
England among aliens introduced with Syrian barley.

Alyssum incanum, L. A native of dry places in
Central Europe and Siberia, being most abundant in
Austria and Bulgaria. The species shows a marked
tendency to extend itself along railways and roads. It
may indeed be safely assumed that traffic was the cause:

CRUCIFERZ 13

of its introduction and is the means of its distribution
and its permanence in this country.

Alyssum maritimum, Lam. Native in the Mediter-
ranean region and in the Canary Islands. Being a
favourite garden plant in Britain and remarkably hardy,
the plant is frequently found in a semi-wild state near
gardens, and has even become naturalised in a few spots.

Arabis albida, Stev. Indigenous in the rocky hills of
South-East Europe and Western Asia. It is a favourite
cottage garden plant, and is not infrequently recorded
as an escape and even occasionally as naturalised on old
walls.

Arabis alpina, L. A native of the Alps of Europe and
of the extreme North. It has been recorded in one or
two places in England as an escape from gardens.
7

Arabis arenosa, Scop. The native range of this
species extends from Belgium and Southern Sweden
to Central Europe. It would not therefore be sur-
prising to hear of its discovery in stony places in
Southern England. It has, however, so far only been
recorded in connection with weeds introduced with
foreign grain.

Arabis Turrita, L. Native of stony woods and rocky
slopes in the greater part of Europe, Northern Africa,
and Western Asia, but not reaching Holland or
Northern France. It has long been known in Eng-
land as a denizen on old walls, and as the first records
were from the neighbourhood of Botanic Gardens it is
quite possible that it originally spread from them.

14 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Armoracia rusticana, L. Native in Eastern Europe.
It is usually recorded as an escape from cultivation,
but Schur (FI. Transsilvanie, p. 67) records it on
stream banks and in marshy meadows, and it may pos-
sibly be more widely distributed in such situations in
Central and Southern Europe than the Floras would
indicate. The plant certainly becomes more and more
obviously associated with horticulture north-westwards.
In the British Isles it can hardly be called naturalised,
seldom, if ever, producing seed, and never being found
far from the places where it has been cultivated.

Barbarea preecox, R. Br. Native in damp grassy
places, on river banks, &c., in Southern Europe. It is
fairly common in Britain, but always under suspicious
circumstances, as records also show it to be in the whole
of Northern Europe. It was formerly much cultivated as.
a salad plant, and it doubtless owes its presence here and
in North America, where it is also naturalised, to this use.

[Barbarea stricta, Reich. Native by rivers and similar
places throughout Northern Europe, Asia, and North-
West America. It is found in these situations in Eng-
land, and any statement as to its exotic origin in such
habitats would have to be supported by very strong
evidence. Such statements are to be found in many
local Floras, but they are as a rule insufficiently sup-
ported. The species may certainly in some cases be
introduced, but its claim to be a native of Britain is not
weakened thereby. |

Boreava orientalis, Jaub. and Spach. A Syrian
species received with other grain-imported aliens from.
Burton.

CRUCIFERAE: 15

Brassica adpressa, Boiss. A native of river banks.
and sea shores in the Mediterranean region, and a weed
of cultivation in most parts of Europe and Western Asia..
In England it has been several times recorded from
localities where foreign grain-siftings have been thrown
away, and also in fields sown with foreign seed.

Brassica alba, Boiss. Indigenous in the natural
pastures of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. In
Britain and Northern Europe in general it is only a
weed of cultivated and waste ground.

[Brassica campestris, L. This name, taken in a wide
sense, includes a wild form (Brassica sylvestris, H. C.
Watson) indigenous in meadows in Southern England.
Other forms—Rape, Swede, and Turnip—are frequent
escapes from cultivation. ]

[Brassica Cheiranthus, Vill. Native in rocky and
sandy ground from the Peninsula through Western
France to Normandy and Western England. In the
greater part of its range it shows a tendency to spread
over dry waste ground, railway banks and hedgebanks,
and in England it is very rare except in such situations. |

Brassica dissecta, Boiss. A weed of Southern
Europe which has appeared on_ several occasions
among colonies of grain aliens.

Brassica elongata, Ehrh. Native of dry deserts in
Asia Minor, and a weed of cultivated and waste ground
in various parts of Europe. Several times recorded in
waste places in England, once in connection with grain-
siftings.

16 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Brassica Erucastrum, L. A native of sandy and rocky
ground in Spain, and probably elsewhere in South-West
Europe, where it is generally very common on waste
ground, and along roadsides. It has been recorded on
several occasions in different parts of England under
conditions that suggest commercial traffic as the agent of
its introduction.

Brassica hispida, Boiss. A cornfield weed of the
Western Mediterranean area which has appeared rarely
in England in connection with grain-siftings.

Brassica juncea, Coss. Largely cultivated in parts
of temperate and tropical Asia for the same purpose
as B. alba isin Europe. The species has been recorded
once or twice in waste places in Britain. It probably
reached this country with merchandise from the East.

Brassica longirostra, Boiss. A Spanish plant once
recorded from a railway bank in Warwickshire.

[Brassica nigra, Koch. Certainly native in Southern
England on stream banks. More common as a weed
of cultivated and waste ground, and in the north known
only in such localities. |

[Brassica oleracea, L. A native of the southern coasts
of England, Wales, and perhaps Ireland, growing as
naturally on the cliffs here as it does in the rest of
Europe. It is, however, much more common as a relic
of cultivation. |

Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss. An _ old-established
and abundant weed of cultivated land in Britain as it

CRUCIFER & 17

is throughout Europe, Northern Africa, and Western
Asia. Its native range cannot be traced.

Bunias orientalis, L. A native of the meadows of
South-East Europe, and spread as a weed of roadsides
and cultivated ground over the greater part of the
Continent. In England it occurs in arable land, on
river banks in the neighbourhood of towns and such-
like places, being doubtless introduced with grain and
agricultural seed. It shows signs of remarkably rapid
extension in recent years.

Camelina sativa, Crantz. Probably native in the
South-East of Europe, throughout the whole of which
continent it is a very common weed of cultivation. In
Britain it is a frequent plant in cultivated fields, and
especially those upon which imported seed has been
used. ©

Camelina sylvestris, Wallr. A plant of similar
range but much less common occurrence than the last.
It has only been found once or twice in England, in
places where it doubtless owes its presence to imported
seed.

Capsella Bursa pastoris, L. In Britain, as in most
temperate countries, one of the most abundant weeds
in all localities frequented by man. It certainly owes
its maintenance, in the great majority of its habitats,
to human agency, and it apparently does not per-
sist in ground which is left undisturbed by man.
It is therefore probably not indigenous in this
country.

18 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Carrichtera Vella, DC. A native of the dry hills of
the Mediterranean region which is said to be common
as a weed of cultivated fields in many parts of Europe
and Western Asia. It is only as a grain-sifting introduc-
tion that it has been recorded in England.

Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. The Wallflower is indigenous
among rocks in the Mediterranean region. In the rest
of Europe, including Britain, it is naturalised on walls,
in quarries and on cliffs in the neighbourhood of houses,
as a result of its general and long-continued cultivation
in gardens.

Chorispora syriaca, Boiss. This weed of the Syrian
deserts, and of cultivated and waste ground in their
neighbourhood, has once been recorded as a grain
introduction in England.

Chorispora tenella, DC. Has also been recorded once
under similar conditions. It is a native of the Caspian
region.

Conringia austriaca, Sweet. A native of dry stony
hills in East Central Europe, and becoming a cornfield
weed there. Once recorded in England. Probably a
grain introduction.

Conringia orientalis, L. A common cornfield weed
in Europe, especially on calcareous soils. In Britain
rarely in cultivated ground, frequently among grain-
sifting aliens on waste ground.

Crambe orientalis, L. A native of rocky ground in
Asia Minor and Persia. It has once been recorded in

CRUCIFER 4: 19

Scotland. If the determination was correct, the species
would probably owe its presence to garden culture.

Diplotaxis erucoides, DC. A common weed of dry
cultivated ground in the Mediterranean region which
has been recorded several times in Britain as a grain-
sifting introduction. |

Diplotaxis muralis, DC. Native of dry rocky ground
in the Mediterranean area, and possibly on the sea-coast
further north. In Britain it is confined to old walls,
rubbishy places about towns, and dry cultivated ground.
It shows signs of recent and increasing extension, being
absent in the older Herbaria, but now becoming ex-
ceedingly common along railway embankments and
other lines of traffic as far north as Scotland.

Enarthocarpus lyratus, DC. A weed of cultivated
ground in various parts of the Mediterranean area,
especially in Greece and Egypt. It has occurred in
waste places in a few scattered localities in England,
in some at least of which introduced grain was the
cause of its appearance.

Eruca sativa, Mill. A weed of cultivated and waste
ground from the Mediterranean area to Turkestan,
including the great cornlands of South-Eastern Europe.
It is rather frequently recorded in Britain in connection
with the siftings of Eastern grain.

Eruca vesicaria, Cav. This is stated to have been
found by Dr. Leitch at Silloth, in the locality which
has produced such large numbers of corn-sifting aliens.

20 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

As, however, the species is a native only of dry hills
in Southern Spain, it is a most unlikely one to owe
its introduction to grain importation, and its presence
there, if the identification is correct, is not easy to explain.

Erucaria aleppica, Gaertn. A weed of waste and
cultivated ground from Arabia to Greece. Once re-
corded as a grain introduction in England.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. A weed of cultivated
and rubbishy ground in most of Europe. It is not
recorded from natural habitats in any part of its range.
In Britain it becomes rapidly rarer and less permanent
northwards.

Erysimum hieracifolium, L. Mr. Woodruffe-Peacock
has recorded this Southern European weed as an alien
in two places in Lincolnshire.

Erysimum perofskianum, Fisch. and Mey. A
native of Beluchistan and Afghanistan. Cultivated in
English gardens, and occasionally found as an escape
in their neighbourhood.

Erysimum repandum, L. A weed of cultivated fields
in Central and South-East Europe. Recorded in several
places in England, usually on waste ground about the
big towns, where it may probably owe its presence to
foreign corn importation.

Erysimum virgatum, Roth. A native of dry bushy
places in Central Europe, said by Babington in his.
Flora of Bath to occur about that neighbourhood.
Presumably an alien there.

CRUCIFERA 21

Euclidium syriacum, R. Br. A weed of cultivated
and waste ground from Hungary to India. Once found
by the writer on mud, dredged from a pond, in the
village of Albury, Surrey. The only way of accounting
for its presence there would be to suppose it sifted from
foreign grain and used together with the other siftings
for feeding fowls, or some such purpose, in a place from
which it could be washed into the pond.

Goldbachia levigata, DC. Once found with other
corn-introduced aliens in the neighbourhood of Oulton,
Norfolk.

Hesperis matronalis, L. Native of damp, grassy,
and bushy places from Southern Europe to Central Asia.
It is the familiar Dame’s Violet, so long cultivated as a
garden flower in Northern Europe. Ray and Hudson
both wrote of it asa British plant. At the present time
it is not uncommon on river banks, in damp ditches, and
in woods, where it has more or less obviously escaped
from some garden hard by.

[Iberis amara, L. Native of Southern England and
the extreme west of the Continent, in woods and
stony places. Throughout its range it is, however,
much more common as a cornfield weed, and as a
garden escape, than as a native. In fact, in England
there are only two reliable records of the species in
natural habitats. |

Iberis umbellata, L. Native in a few places in
Southern Europe. It has been commonly cultivated
in English gardens for centuries, and appears occasionally
as an escape.

22 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Isatis tinctoria, L. Apparently nativein South-East
Russia, where Korshinsky recorded it growing, as a
native, on exposed hillsides and in bushy places. Its
cultivation from the earliest times has led to its
occasional appearance in an apparently spontaneous
state in other parts of Europe, including England. It
is one of those species which occasionally appears in
plenty when ground is newly turned, doubtless on the
site of former woad-crops, from which stragglers have
persisted and seeded from time to time, until some
fortuitous disturbance of the ground has given the
seeds a chance of germinating.

Lepidium campestre, R. Br. A plant of roadsides,
cultivated and waste ground, throughout Europe and
North America. In England it has long been known
as a plentiful weed in ground unintentionally prepared
by man, but it is nowhere known in this country, or
elsewhere, in perfectly natural habitats. It is possible
that it is a derivative of the wild Lepidium hirtum, its
annual habit and other distinctive characters having
resulted from adaptation to agricultural surroundings.

Lepidium coronopifolium, Fisch. Probably a native
of Persia and Turkestan. A frequent weed in parts of
Eastern Europe, and once recorded as a casual in
England.

Lepidium Draba, L. Native of dry sterile ground in
South-East Europe, and Western Asia, being especially
abundant in the deserts of the Caspian region. Though
apparently only introduced into Britain in the early part
of the nineteenth century, it has now become a not
infrequent weed on rubbishy ground, on railway and

CRUCIFERZ 23

canal banks, and such-like places, particularly in the
neighbourhood of large towns, and readily becoming
naturalised.

Lepidium graminifolium, L. Native in a few spots
in the Mediterranean region on dry pasture land,
and a common waste ground plant of the greater
part of Central and Southern Europe and Northern
Asia. Once recorded among grain-sifting aliens in
England.

[Lepidium hirtum, Sm. Native in France and Spain
in pastures, on sandy heaths, and on rocks. There seem
to be no definite records of it in natural localities in
Britain, its usual stated habitats being roadsides and
waste places, but from its appearance in many districts
of Southern England, for instance on Dartmoor in
Devonshire, there can be little doubt that its native
range extends at least as far north as this. ]

Lepidium lacerum, C. A. Mey. Native of stony
ground in Persia and Central Asia. It has once been
recorded as a wool introduction in England.

[Lepidium latifolium, L. The species ranges from
Western Europe and Northern Africa to Siberia. There
can be little doubt that it is native in some parts of
the coast of Britain, where it has long been known in
wild habitats, but in most of its localities it must be
admitted to be a relic of cultivation (for it was once
widely grown in gardens), its long creeping roots
rendering it capable of surviving for some time when
once planted. |

24 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Lepidium perfoliatum, L. Appears to be a native of
Eastern Europe and Western Asia, where it grows in
dry desert regions as well as in cultivated land. It
is a characteristic weed of some parts of the grain-
producing area of Eastern Europe, to which fact it
owes its appearance in England in places where grain-
siftings have been thrown.

Lepidium ruderale, L. A species of wide range,
extending completely round the north temperate zone,
but almost always in places frequented by man. It may
possibly be truly native in Afghanistan, for there is a
note by Aitchison in the Kew Herbarium that the species
is “abundant in lands from which the river had retired
in spring,” in the Hari-rud valley. It is common in
some parts of South-East England, but only in waste
places.

Lepidium sativum, L. Garden Cress. Said to be
indigenous in Persia; extending to cultivated fields in
Eastern Europe and Western Asia, but only found
casually near gardens in Other parts of Europe, including
England.

Lepidium virginicum, L. This North American weed
has been recorded in several localities in England in
connection with town rubbish. It is probably sometimes
grown in gardens in the place of ordinary cress.

Lunaria annua, L. A native of woods in Southern
Europe. It is a favourite garden plant in England, and
occasionally appears in banks and hedges. Its per-
sistence in certain localities of this kind has given the
impression of its being wild.

CRUCIFER 4: 25

Malcolmia africana, R. Br. A native of sandy places
in the Mediterranean region, and a common weed in
cornfields in some parts of the same area. It has
occurred once or twice in England among corn aliens.

Malcolmia crenulata, Boiss. A native of Syria,
which has more than once been recorded in connection
with corn aliens in England.

Malcolmia littorea, R. Br. A native of the shores of
the Western Mediterranean area which has likewise
occurred among corn aliens in Britain.

Malcolmia maritima, R. Br. This favourite garden
annual, native of the sea-coasts of Southern Europe, has
frequently been noticed as a garden escape in Britain.

ad

Matthiola bicornis, DC. A cornfield weed of Eastern
Europe found on several occasions among the siftings of
introduced grain in England.

Matthiola incana, R. Br. Native of rocks near the
Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded as established
near the coast in three places in England, namely, in
Somerset, in Devon, and in the Isle of Wight. In the
two first cases it is considered by local botanists to be
of garden origin. Bromfield considered it native in the
Isle of Wight, but its range as a native plant outside
Britain is opposed to this supposition.

Matthiola tristis, R. Br. Has once been recorded in
waste ground in England. It is native in rocky ground
in Southern Europe.

26 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Moricandia arvensis, DC. A cornfield weed of the
Mediterranean area which has occurred in several
localities in England among colonies of corn-introduced
plants.

Myagrum perfoliatum, L. A cornfield weed of
Southern and Central Europe, occasionally found in
places where corn refuse has been thrown away in
England.

Nasturtium austriacum, Crantz. A cornfield weed
of Southern and Central Europe, once recorded from
Ireland in connection with foreign grain introduc-
tions.

Neslia paniculata, Desv. A very common weed in
some parts of Central and Southern Europe, and a
characteristic associate in England of plants introduced.
with foreign grain and agricultural seed.

Raphanus Landra, Moretti. A weed of cultivated
and waste ground in South-West Europe, and
occasionally recorded in England where foreign grain
is introduced.

Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. Native in pastures,
and on the seashore of the Mediterranean area.
Further north in Europe, including Britain, it becomes.
a common weed of cultivated and waste ground.

Raphanus sativus, L. A frequent garden outcast in
Britain. The Radish has been cultivated in Europe
from very early times. Tradition derives it from
China.

CRUCIFERZ 27

Rapistrum linneanum, Boiss. and With. A very
common weed of cultivated fields in some parts of the
Mediterranean region. Once found among aliens derived
from corn-siftings in Britain.

Rapistrum orientale, DC. Native in the pastures of
South-East Europe. A weed of cultivated ground in the
greater part of the Continent, but in England only a
casual grain introduction.

Rapistrum perenne, All. A weed of Central and
Southern Europe which has been recorded from a few
English localities in connection with imported grain.

Rapistrum rugosum, All. A common cornfield weed
in some parts of the Mediterranean area, and more rarely
in other parts of Europe. In Great Britain it is very rare
in cultivated ground, but is more commonly met with
among the siftings of foreign grain.

Securigera Coronilla, DC. A common weed of
cultivated ground in South-East Europe. Once re-
corded in England among weeds introduced with grain
from that region.

Senebiera Coronopus, Poir. A common weed of
roadsides, farmyards, and _ such-like situations in
Britain. It has not yet been recorded in quite wild
habitats, such as it occurs in in the Mediterranean region,
though it is quite likely that it may have maintained
itself about the haunts and tracks of wild animals before
man’s advent in the country. It should therefore for
the present be classed as a long-established introduction.

28 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. A weed of roadsides
and waste ground, especially near the sea in many parts
of Great Britain. No earlier record of it is known than
Hudson’s in 1778, and, indeed, it shows signs of quite
recent introduction in most of its stations. Its range
may be said roughly to include the Atlantic shores of the
‘Old and New Worlds, and the Atlantic Islands. In
Europe it is usually said to be introduced from America,
while in other continents botanists usually derive it
from Europe. Sir Joseph Hooker gives a full and lucid
‘summary of its distribution in his Flora Antarctica,
p- 241. He considers that it is originally from the New
World because the most closely allied species is only
found in the Chonos Archipelago. Whichever side it is
from, it has almost certainly been originally spread by
‘ships’ ballast.

{Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop. Native in woods in
Britain, but very much more common along hedges
about human habitations, though not persisting for long
in such situations without an occasional disturbance of
the ground. |

Sisymbrium altissimum, L. A South European
weed which has been recorded from waste ground in
Britain.

Sisymbrium austriacum, Jacq. Native of dry stony
hills in Central Europe, becoming a cornfield weed there
and in the neighbouring parts of the Continent. It has
several times been recorded on waste ground in England.

Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. A North American
‘weed, once recorded on waste ground in England.

CRUCIFER 29°

Sisymbrium Irio, L. The range of the species is from
Europe to India, but nowhere within this area are its
habitats given as obviously natural ones. Its abundance
in Afghanistan and parts of Northern India suggests that
this region may be its home. In Europe it is a weed
of cultivation, of waste places, and of roadsides. It
was abundant about London in the seventeenth century,
and its appearance in the streets after the Great Fire
led to its name of London Rocket. It did not appear
for the first time after the fire, as some have sup-
posed, for both Merrett and Ray expressly state that
it was common in the suburbs of London during
the years preceding 1667. That it was then a recent
introduction is, however, suggested by the fact that
Parkinson, writing in 1640, did not know it as an
English plant.

° AE : ; ;
Sisymbrium junceum, Bieb. A native of Eastern
Europe and Western Asia which has once been recorded
from Yorkshire as a waste ground alien.

Sisymbrium Loeselii, L. A native of Central Asia
which has been noticed on waste ground in England
On many occasions in recent years.

Sisymbrium pannonicum, Jacq. One of those way-
side and waste ground weeds the native limits of which
it is most difficult to determine. It is undoubtedly
native in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, being very
common, for instance, in the deserts about the Caspian
Sea. In England its status is also undoubted, for it
only occurs sporadically and temporarily as a waste
ground introduction.

30 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. It is seldom recorded
from natural habitats in England or the rest of Europe.
There can be no doubt, however, of its indigenous
nature on the banks of our larger rivers, and other
naturally broken ground.]

Sisymbrium polyceratium, L. A plant of waste
ground in Southern Europe and Western Asia which
has occurred about Bury St. Edmunds and in a few
other localities in Britain.

Sisymbrium orientale, L. Native of dry hills and
rocky places in the Mediterranean region. It has
become a common weed of cultivated and waste ground
over a large part of Europe. In Britain, though of
comparatively late introduction, it is occasionally very
abundant about London and some of our larger towns.
In a few localities it was certainly introduced with
foreign grain.

Sisymbrium Sophia, L. Native in the Mediterranean
area. According to written records it grows only in
artificial localities in Northern Europe, though widely
spread and common. In Britain its association with
human habitations and operations is usually obvious.

Sisymbrium strictissimum, L. A native of woods
in Central Europe which has been recorded from the
banks of the Mersey near Stretford. It does not seem
to be a plant of waste or cultivated ground. The record
is difficult to explain. I have seen no specimens.

[Sisymbrium Thaliana, L. It is usually recorded
from hedge banks, cultivated ground, walls, and similar

RESEDACE4 31

artificial localities in Britain, but it is also common
as a native plant, especially on wood borders and
stream banks. ]

Tetragonolobus siliquosus, Roth. A pasture plant
of Central and Southern Europe which has been found
in cultivated ground in England on a few occasions.

Thlaspi arvense, L. A common and long-established
cornfield annual in Britain and the rest of Europe, and
in Western Asia. In the Altai region, Ledebour reported
it as frequent in meadows, so that Central Asia may be
looked upon as its home.

‘ RESEDACE.

Reseda alba, L. Native of Europe, and a weed of
cultivated and waste places there as well as in other
parts of the world. It is only as a weed of garden
origin, or, more rarely, as a grain introduction, that
it is known in Britain. It is, however, abundantly
naturalised in one or two spots, especially on sea-
shores.

[Reseda lutea, L. A native of dry downs and stony
and sandy hillsides in the greater part of Europe. It
grows in such situations, especially on calcareous soils,
in England. It would, however, be difficult to find
more than one or two instances in British Floras in
which the plant is recorded from such natural surround-
ings. It is almost invariably located on “roadsides,”
“cultivated fields,” and “waste ground.” In fact, it is

32 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

probably much more common in such situations than
as a native plant. |

Reseda odorata, L. A very common garden plant,
and frequent as an escape from cultivation.

VIOLACEE.

[Viola arvensis, Murr. Almost universally recorded
in Europe as a weed of cultivation, and very common
in Britain in this condition. It has been observed
growing naturally on the seashore in certain parts of
Britain and elsewhere in Northern Europe, and in these
natural habitats it may be native. In fact, in the absence
of geographical evidence to the contrary, it must be
allowed as being indigenous in these localities. |

Viola cornuta, L. A native of Pyrenean pastures
which had been noticed as a garden escape in Britain.

[Viola odorata, L. Mr. H. C. Watson doubted the
universality of this species as a native in England, and
stated that he had only seen it as such in Lincoln and
Surrey. It has doubtless established itself in numerous
situations in hedges, near cottages, and has come to
be considered as a wild plant there, but truly natural
habitats also abound in England, Scotland, and Wales.
In Ireland the authors of the Cybele Hibernica regard
all the stations as doubtful. |

[Viola tricolor, L. Native on the seashores of our
southern counties, as it is also in Germany, Normandy,

CARVOPHYLLACEA 33

and the west of France. Mr. E. S. Marshall tells me
that he has seen it also in open copses in Kent. It is,
however, more frequent in Britain as a weed of cultivated
ground or as a garden escape.

CARYOPHYLLACE®,

Arenaria balearica, L. Native of the Balearic Isles.
It has long been cultivated in English gardens, and
is occasionally found established on walls in their
neighbourhood.

Arenaria montana, L. A native of Western France
which has been recorded as an introduction in England,
being propably of garden origin.

Cerastium arvense, L. Native in elevated pastures
from Switzerland to South-East Russia. Further north
and west it appears to be confined to roadsides
and cultivated fields. In Britain it is fairly general in
such situations. Such are the majority of book records,
but particular attention should be paid by local botanists
to the exact localities of this beautiful species. It occurs
in the turf on the borders of downs, and old permanent
pastures, but, in any of these situations which I have
been able to examine, the species has always shown
undoubted signs of being a survival of former
agriculture. .

Cerastium dichotomum, L. A weed of cultivation in
the Mediterranean area. Communicated by Mr. Fraser
Robinson among casuals from Hull.

4

34 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Cucubalus baccifer, L. Native in woods and bushy
places in Europe and Northern Asia. It is common
in Central Europe, becomes rare in Northern France
and Belgium, and, in England, has only been recorded
from the Isle of Dogs in London, where it was doubt-
less introduced by some accident, and has long since
disappeared.

[Dianthus Armeria, L. Native of dry wood borders
in many English counties, as it is in Normandy and
Belgium. The species has, however, long been cultivated
in gardens, and is much more commonly recorded from
waste places and hedge banks, where it is of garden
origin. |

Dianthus barbatus, L. Indigenous in the mountain
pastures of Southern Europe. This plant, the Sweet
William of gardens, has occasionally been observed as
established on old walls, where it had obviously escaped
from culture.

[Dianthus cesius, Sm. Native on Cheddar Cliffs—an
outlying station, as its range almost terminates on the
North Coast of the Continent. It is often grown
in gardens, and is rather frequently recorded as growing
spontaneously on walls in their neighbourhood. |

Dianthus Carthusianorum, L. An occasional escape
from garden culture.

Dianthus caryophyllus, L. This favourite garden plant
is indigenous no nearer than the rocky hills of Southern
Europe. Further north, and in England, it is an occa-
sional stray on old walls and in hedges near gardens.

CARVOPHYVLLACEA 35

Dianthus plumarius, L. A native of stony and bushy
hillsides, from Germany to Northern Asia. It is a
frequent garden plant, and has often been recorded as
a semi-naturalised escape on old walls.

Gypsophila muralis, L. Native of dry stony places
in Northern and Central Europe, and in Northern Asia.
It has occurred once or twice in Britain as an escape
from gardens.

Gypsophila paniculata, L. Native of dry stony places
from Central Europe to Siberia. Not infrequently re-
corded from waste ground in Britain. In some cases
of garden origin, in others more or less obviously
introduced with foreign grain. It is a cornfield weed in
many parts of Europe.

’

Gypsophila porrigens, Boiss. A cornfield weed of
the East, several times recorded in connection with
grain-sifting aliens in Britain.

Gypsophila viscosa, Murray. A weed of the Orient
communicated among casuals from Hull by Mr. Fraser
Robinson.

Holosteum umbellatum, L. Native of dry pastures
from Europe to Western Asia, but more common over
this area as a weed of cultivated fields. In England it
has only been found on walls and roofs in Norfolk and
Suffolk, and may be an introduction or a survival. It
can hardly be called a native from such habitats alone.
In the United States it has become abundantly naturalised
in a few places.

36 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Lychnis alba, Mill. One of those species under which
the designation “native” in most of our Floras is fol-
lowed by such unconvincing habitats as cornfields,
hedgerows, &c. It is native in woods and on bushy
hillsides in most of Europe, but in Normandy, Holland,
and Belgium, as well as in Britain, its records are those
of a weed supported by man.

Lychnis coronaria, Desv. A native of stony pastures
in the mountains of Southern Europe, which has long
been cultivated in gardens, and has been recorded as
an escape in a few places in Britain. It has a similar
origin in the United States.

Lychnis Githago, Scop. An almost universal corn-
field weed, and common in most parts of Britain. Its
origin is very doubtful, but, as Lindemann records it
“in segetibus et in deserto” (Fl. Chers. 94), it may be
native in South-East Europe.

Sagina Reuteri, Boiss. Mr. Towndrow, in the Fournal
of Botany, 1897, p. 409, summarises all that is known
of this species as a British plant. It was found by
him in three places in Herefordshire, in all cases growing
in artificial habitats. In Britain, it cannot therefore be
said to be known in a native state, but as it is most
unlikely that it has been introduced from its only other
known station in Central Spain, we must hope that
its discovery in natural surroundings will soon add it
to our indigenous list.

[Saponaria officinalis, L. This species is common in
the greater part of Europe, but is more obviously native
in the woods and on the grassy hillsides of the eastern

CARYOPAYLLACEA an

portion of its range. Its commonest habitat, on river
and stream sides, is open to doubt in the case of a species
so largely cultivated in gardens, and known to establish
itself so readily in their vicinity. There is, however,
this to be said in favour of its indigenous character in
Britain: it was recorded as long ago as the time of
Gerarde and Ray as a wild plant on stream banks,
and it is known to grow in precisely similar localities
in countries in which it is undoubtedly native. It may
be provisionally admitted, therefore, as being a native of
Britain. |

Saponaria Vaccaria, L. Native of oak woods in Asia
Minor, and a very common cornfield weed in Eastern
Europe and Western Asia. It is one of the most
frequently introduced grain aliens in Britain; it occurs
here also as a weed of cultivated ground, possibly from
the use of foreign seed.

Silene annulata, Fenzl. A native of Eastern Europe
which has become established further west as a weed
of cultivation, and has occurred, as such, in South-
West England.

Silene Armeria, L. A native of rocky woods in
Central and Southern Europe. It has been long in
cultivation, and has frequently been recorded in Britain
as an escape from gardens.

Silene catholica, Ait. Recorded by Mr. Wolsey in
1857 aS growing among trees in a park near Bury St.
Edmunds. It is a native of woods and bushy slopes
over a limited area of Southern Europe, and it has been
established in the Bois de Vincennes, near Paris, as

38 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

well as in the first-named locality. It has not been
cultivated for ornament, and its introduction in these
localities is difficult to explain.

{Silene conica, L. Native on the sea-coast of Britain
and of the Continent of Europe. It is most common
as a grain-sifting introduction and as a cornfield weed,
its presence being due in both cases, no doubt, to its

frequency in some parts of Europe on sandy cultivated
ground. |

Silene conoidea, L. Once found as a casual intro-
duction in Yorkshire. Introduced, doubtless, with seed
from Southern Europe, where it is often a common
cornfield weed.

Silene dichotoma, Ehrh. A common weed in the
cultivated land of Central and South-East Europe.
It has occurred in numerous localities in Britain, both
as a weed in cultivated fields and also near mills and
other places to which foreign seed is imported.

[Silene Cucubalus, Sm. Native on sea cliffs in
Britain, and also perhaps in a few inland _ localities,
but much more common as a weed of field borders,
hedges, and roadsides. |

Silene Fabaria, Sibth. and Sm. A native of South-
East Europe, cultivated in English gardens, and
recorded as an escape in Cornwall.

Silene gallica, L. A species having a remarkably
small native range compared with its wide distribution
as a weed of cultivated ground. It occurs, independently

CARVOPAVLLACEA 39

of cultivation, only in pastures in parts of the Mediter-
ranean shores. As a weed of cultivated and waste places
its distribution is world-wide. It is fairly common in
Southern England, becoming rarer northwards. The
form S. quinquevulnera is rare in Britain, and chiefly a
grain introduction.

[Silene italica, Pers. Abundant on shingle and cliffs
on the coast of Kent, and considered certainly native
there by Messrs. Hanbury and Marshall. The range
of the species as a native had been considered to be
confined to the south and east of Europe, and the
Kent localities as due to garden culture, but in view
of the definite opinion of the learned authors of the
recently published Flora of Kent its station there
must be regarded as a survival of a once more extended
range.| 4

Silene muscipula, L. A common cornfield weed
of the Mediterranean region which has occurred a

few times in England in connection with grain
aliens.

Silene noctiflora, L. Native in bushy places in
Bulgaria and probably other parts of South-Eastern
Europe, also common as a cornfield weed from Western
Europe to Persia. It is rather frequent in Britain, except
in the extreme north.

[Silene nutans, L. Native on rocks and bushy ground
from Western Europe, including England, to Siberia.
It is more frequent, however, as a garden escape on old
walls and waste ground. |

40 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Silene pendula, L. A native of Southern Europe
which has long been in cultivation, and has occurred
as a garden escape in Britain.

Silene rubella, L. A native of dry pastures in the
Mediterranean area, and also, particularly in the East,
a cornfield weed. It has occurred in Britain among
grain-sifting aliens.

[Spergula arvensis, L. Native on the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea, and, more rarely so, in other parts
of Europe, including Britain. In this country it is,
however, much more common as a weed of sandy culti-
vated ground. |

[Stellaria media, Cyrill. Perhaps the commonest of
all British weeds. It is so universal that, were it not
for geological evidence of its existence prior to man
in England, it would be impossible to decide on its
claims as a native. It is now abundant in all places
disturbed by man, as well as in naturally broken ground,
such as surrounds the homes of our wild mammals.
In the latter localities it may doubtless be considered
a true native of the country. ]

Tunica velutina, Fisch. and Mey. Once found as an
introduced casual in Somerset.

PORTULACACEE,

Claytonia perfoliata, Donn. Native of stream-sides
in North America. Certainly not known in this

FRANKENIACEE 4l

country much before the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, and not recorded at all generally,
as a spontaneous plant, before the middle of the cen-
tury. It has increased very rapidly, by what means
has not been satisfactorily explained, and it is now
scattered all over England, even on heaths and sandy
banks, far from cultivation. In sandy cultivated
ground it is sometimes an abundant and troublesome
weed,

Claytonia sibirica, L. A native of moist shady
places in North America which has long been
cultivated in British gardens. It frequently becomes
spontaneous in places where it has been planted, and
it has been recorded also from woods and parks in
various parts of England and Scotland. The records
are usually accompanied by notes as to the probability
of garden origin. Its distant foreign range and recent
appearance in this country must brand it in all its
stations as an introduction.

Portulaca oleracea, L. This universal weed of warm
countries has been found as a casual in England.

FRANKENIACEE.

Frankenia pulverulenta, L. A native of sandy
shores in the Eastern Mediterranean area which was
recorded by Hudson from the coast of Sussex. It
is quite possible that it was introduced there with
ballast.

42 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

TAMARIXACEE,

Tamarix gallica, L. Native of the Atlantic coast of
Portugal and Southern France. It becomes rare further
north, and ceases, except as an introduced shrub, in
Normandy and Brittany. It seems to have been recog-
nised long ago as a shrub suitable for the coast of
South-West England, and its numerous wild-looking
stations there are in every case ascribed to cultivation.

HYPERICACE®,

Hypericum barbatum, Jacq. Once recorded by
Don from a hedge in Perthshire. It is a native of
the mountains of South-East Europe, and was _ pre-
sumably not a native of Perthshire.

Hypericum calycinum, L. A native of shady woods
in the Orient which has long been in cultivation all
over Britain, and has become plentifully established here
and there, in woods, hedges, and banks.

Hypericum elatum, Dryand. A native of wood-
borders and bushy places in the Canary Islands which
was introduced into British gardens before Aiton’s time,
and is now established, in a wild state, in many localities.
The identification of this garden plant with Choisy’s
Hypericum grandifolium of the Canary Islands has
been retarded by Aiton’s erroneous statement that its
origin was American. .

MALVACE 43

‘Hypericum hircinum, L. A native of bushy places
and stream-sides in the Mediterranean area, commonly
cultivated in Britain, and naturalised in many situations.

MALVACE.

Althea hirsuta, L. Mr. C. E. Salmon has lucidly
and impartially stated the case for the nativity of this
species in the Fournal of Botany, 1902, pp. 409-412.
It is probably native in stony woods in Central and
South-East Europe. In the northern countries of
the Continent, and rarely in England, it is naturalised
on roadsides and field-borders. In Britain it is most
frequent ag a grain introduction.

[Althea officinalis, L. The Marsh Mallow. There
is no reason to doubt its indigenous state on the
western and south-eastern coasts of England, but in-
land it is probably always introduced. It has been in
cultivation for many centuries, and all its numerous
inland stations are attributable to garden culture. ]

Hibiscus Trionum, L. Extends over the greater part
of the north temperate zone as a weed of cultivated and
waste places. Very common in cornfields in Eastern
Europe, and thus imported to Britain with corn, and
appearing sporadically where corn-siftings are thrown.

Kitaibelia vitifolia, Willd. A native of mountain
woods in Hungary. It has been introduced into English

gardens, and occasionally appears as a casual escape
from them.

44 ALIEN "FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Lavatera arborea, L. A native of rocks on the sea-
coasts of Western and South-Western Europe which
has never been doubted as indigenous in the southern
part of its range, though in the north-west of France,
in South-West England, and in Wales it certainly
Owes its presence, in the majority of localities, to gardens,
it having been in cultivation for many centuries. Some
of its stations, however, in Cornwall, Somerset, Car-
narvon, and co. Dublin have been judged to be native
ones, and in view of its nearly continuous range in
Europe should be admitted as valid. Parkinson and
Merrett, in the seventeenth century, both speak of it as.
a British plant. ]

Lavatera cretica, L. A native of the Mediterranean
area, occasionally found as a casual in England...
Probably of garden origin.

Lavatera Olbia, L. Native of woods and bushy places.
in the Mediterranean region. It has been widely culti-
vated, and is occasionally found in a semi-wild state
in England in places where it has escaped from
gardens.

Lavatera punctata, All. A native of rocky ground
in Southern Europe which has been recorded in a few
localities in Britain. Its origin is apparently to be:
attributed to foreign grain-siftings, as it is a common
weed of cultivated ground in some parts of its area.

Lavatera thuringiaca, L. A native of woods in
Central Europe, said to have been found growing wild
near Bedford. Presumably of garden origin.

MALVACE4 45

Lavatera trimestris, L. A common cornfield weed
in many parts of Europe, and occasionally found in
England where foreign grain or seeds have been
introduced.

Malva Alcea, L. A native of woods and bushy
places as far north in Europe as Normandy and
Belgium. There are also many records of the species
as a wild British plant. Its geographical range is
not against its presence as a native, but no recent
authors include it as such, the former records being
referred to the somewhat similar Musk Mallow. It
has been recorded among grain-sifting aliens in a few
places.

Malva PD renlis. Wallm. So much confusion has
attended the reference of different authors to the
small-flowered mallows of England that it is difficult
to gather their individual status in different localities.
The present species was, together with that now
known as M. neglecta, Wallr., included by Linnzeus
under the name MM. rotundifolia. Most English botan-
ists mean by M. rotundifolia what Wallroth described
as M. neglecta, though some follow Koch’s Synopsis FI.
Germanice, ed. 3, in making Linnzeus’s M. rotundifolia
synonymous with M. borealis. The latter is becoming
more and more noticed as a waste ground plant in
England, often being introduced with grain. It is also
frequent in some other parts of Northern and Central
Europe. —

Malva niceensis, All. Native of dry stony places in
the Mediterranean region, and abundant in the cornfields

46 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

of some parts of South-East Europe. It is owing to the
latter habitat that it has so often been recorded in
connection with grain-siftings and in cultivated fields.
in Britain.

Malva parviflora, L. Native of dry, sandy, and rocky
ground in the Mediterranean region, and a weed of
cultivated ground in Central and Southern Europe. In
its numerous recorded British localities it can usually be
traced to grain introduction.

Malva rotundifolia, L. A common waste ground
plant of England and the rest of Europe, but nowhere
in this area recorded from natural habitats. Aitchison
found it “everywhere among stones” in the Karrum
valley in Afghanistan, and it is very probably one of the
native plants of Central Asia which have advanced west--
wards with man.

Malva sylvestris, L. A native of bushy places and
pastures in most parts of Europe, but becoming more
and more confined to artificial habitats north-westwards.
in Europe, and in England not recorded in natural
habitats, though common on roadsides and about
houses.

Malva verticillata, L. It is probably a native of
China where it is frequent also as a weed of cultivated
and waste ground. In Europe it has long been culti-
vated, especially the variety crispba, for various purposes,
and in England has been recorded once or twice as an
escape from gardens.

Wissadula spicata, Presl. One of the introductions.

TILIACEAE 47

noticed on the site of the 1862 Exhibition. A weed of
tropical America.

TILIACE,

[Tilia cordata, Mill. Native in woods in the Severn
Valley and in Somerset, and probably in Lincolnshire
(Ray recorded it there as abundant in woods, and Mr.
Smith, of Grimsby, tells me that it is still known there)
and in Normandy and Belgium. Its native range
extends to Siberia. It is more frequent in England as.
a planted tree.]
‘

[Tilia platyphyllos, Scop. Native of Central and
Southern Europe, reaching as far north as the
Ardennes. In Normandy and England it is very
often planted, but in one spot, namely, Wyre Forest,
it is believed to be native, and the geographical dis-
tribution is not sufficiently adverse to make it unsafe
to accept the general opinion of local botanists on this
point. |

Tilia tomentosa, Moench. A native of the Continent
of Europe, much planted for ornament in England, and
occasionally recorded as wild, though certainly not
really indigenous in this country.

Tilia vulgaris, Hayne. A native of Europe from
Scandinavia to Greece, and reaching neither Normandy,
Belgium, nor England. Rather common as a planted.
tree in Britain.

48 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

LINACE:.

Linum grandiflorum, Desf. An Algerian annual,
much cultivated in English gardens, and once found
on the Thames bank near Kew Gardens by Mr. J. G.
Baker.

Linum usitatissimum, L. A plant of very ancient
cultivation, which is constantly to be seen as a casual
in Britain, owing to the wide use of its seeds
for various purposes. It is probably a native of
North-East Africa.

ZYGOPHYLLACE/®,

Tribulus terrestris, L. A native of the sandy shores
of the Mediterranean Sea, and a common weed in many
parts of Southern Europe. It is occasionally introduced
into Britain with ballast.

GERANIACE:.,

Erodium ciconium, Willd. A native of the dry downs
of Spain and from there to Persia. It is a weed of
cultivated ground and waste places in many parts of
Europe. It has been recorded from Yorkshire as a
probable garden escape, and from one or two other
localities.

GERANIACE4 49

Erodium cycnorum, Nees. A native of Australia,
noticed occasionally in Britain where Australian wool-
combings have been thrown.

Erodium malachoides, Willd. Native in sandy places
in the Mediterranean area, and a somewhat common
weed of dry cultivated and waste ground in other parts
of Europe. It has been recorded as a casual in
Britain.

[Erodium moschatum, L’Hérit. Native in pastures,
and on seaside dunes in several parts of Europe, in-
cluding Normandy, South-West England, and Ireland.
In the whole of this area, however, it is almost invariably
recorded as a plant of roadsides and cultivated ground,
and it is probably much more common in these than
in truly native habitats. ]

[Geranium angulatum, Curt. Once reported to
Borrer from a wild locality in the Lake District, but
the plant is now considered to have been Geranium
sylvaticum. |

[Geranium columbinum, L. A native of dry woods
in South-East England, as on the Continent. It is,
however, much more common as a weed of waysides
and cultivated fields. |

[Geranium dissectum, L. A common weed of culti-
vated and waste ground in Britain. It is also found as.
a native in certain localities in Southern England, such
as the limestone downs in Somerset and the chalk
downs in Kent. It is recorded as indigenous in pastures
in Belgium and France. ]

50 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Geranium lucidum, L. Though usually only recorded
from hedges and walls, this species is truly native in
England on seashores and among loose stones on
hillsides. |

Geranium macrorrhizum, L. A native of the moun-
tains of Southern Europe, which has been introduced
into English gardens, and grows in a perfectly naturalised
state on and near old walls in two places on Dartmoor
in Devonshire.

{Geranium molle, L. A plant which has been most
persistently restricted by the authors of local British
Floras to cultivated and waste ground. It is common
in such situations, but is also an undoubted native of
dry pasture land. ]

Geranium nodosum, L. A native of rocky and bushy
places from the Pyrenees to Greece. It has long been
in cultivation in England, and is recorded as naturalised
in several localities.

Geranium pheum, L. Though absent as a native
in Northern France and Northern Germany, this species
reaches Belgium, where it occurs in woods and by
streams. There is therefore no geographical reason
why it should not be found as an indigenous British
plant. In all its numerous British stations, however,
local authorities now consider it naturalised, and of
garden origin.

Geranium pusillum, Burm.f. Native in Belgian pas-
tures, but not in Normandy or in Northern Germany.

GERANIACEA 51

In the latter, as in England, it is only recorded from
hedges and from waste and cultivated ground.

Geranium pyrenaicum, Burm.f. A native of woods
and meadows in the west of Europe, as far north as
the centre of France. In Normandy and England it
is only known on hedge-banks and in field-borders. It
occupies the same position in our Flora as Lamium
album, but, unlike most of our hedgerow weeds, it
appears to be of fairly recent introduction, being
unnoticed until the time of Hudson (1762). It is
not impossible that garden culture may have assisted
in its dispersal. 1s The species is claimed, it must be
noticed, by several writers of British local Floras, but
in no case is any natural habitat recorded to support
the claim.

{Geranium rotundifolium, L. Native on rocks in a
few localities; locally common on old walls and such-
like artificial situations. |

Geranium striatum, L. A native of the woods of
Southern Europe, naturalised in numerous localities in
England, especially in the south-western counties, and
always traceable to garden culture.

Impatiens biflora, Walt. Native of temperate North
America; first recorded in England at Albury in Surrey,
in the year 1822. It has since been traced along the
banks of the Tillingbourne, from many miles above
Albury to the junction of that stream with the river
Wey, down the latter to the Thames, and as far down
the Thames as London. Along the whole of this
line it is now completely naturalised. It has since

52 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

been found in a similar state in many other parts
of England, doubtless in each case originating from
gardens.

[Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, L. Indicated asa native
in Northern Wales and in Cumberland, as on the
neighbouring parts of the Continent. In most of its
localities in Britain it is treated by local botanists as an
introduced plant. |

Impatiens parviflora, DC. A native of mountain
woods in Siberia, which has become plentifully naturalised
in various parts of Europe. It was not known in
England before the year 1851, when it was discovered
by Mr. Irvine at Battersea. It had made its appearance
twenty years earlier in the Botanic Gardens of Geneva.
The records, indeed, suggest horticultural trade as the
cause of its distribution. When once introduced its
spread has been remarkably rapid in numerous English
localities.

Impatiens Roylei, Walp. Rather a favourite cottage-
garden plant in some parts of England, which has
appeared in a semi-naturalised state in several localities.
It is a native of the Himalaya region. Mr. Britten has
summarised its history as an English plant in Fournal of
Botany, 1899, p. 50. ;

Limnanthes Douglasii, R. Br. A native of North
America which has been found once or twice as an
escape from cultivation in Britain.

Oxalis corniculata, L. An abundant weed in most
of the warmer parts of the world, being probably native

SAPINDACE 4: 53

in tropical South America, where its nearest allies
are indigenous. In Britain it is cultivated as an orna-
mental plant, often becoming a weed in gardens and
their neighbourhood. In some of the warmer parts of
England it is quite naturalised.

Oxalis violacea, L. A garden plant which has been
found as a casual in Britain. A _ native of North
America,

i]
SAPINDACEZE#,

Acer platanoides, L. The Norway Maple. Frequently
cultivated in gardens and parks, and occasionally recorded
in Floras as an escape.

Acer pseudoplatanus, L. The Sycamore. Very
generally planted, and often self-sown, so that it comes
sometimes to be mistaken for a native tree.

4Esculus Hippocastanum, L. The Horse Chestnut.
Of very general cultivation, and occasionally self-sown.
It was probably introduced from Turkey in the seven-
teenth century.

Staphylea pinnata, L. Native of the forests of Central
Europe, extending as far as Syria. Much cultivated in
England from as early as the seventeenth century,
and, from the first, showing a tendency to establish itself
outside gardens. Ray, in 1670, saw it under such con-
ditions “non tamen ita copiosa ubi spontaneam assuere
ausim.”

54 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

LEGUMINOSE.

Astragalus hamosus, L. Native of rocky places in
the Mediterranean region. It has been recorded as a
ballast plant near Cardiff, where possibly it was of
garden origin.

Cicer arietinum, L. Generally cultivated in the
Orient, in which region De Candolle considered it to be
native. It becomes a common cornfield weed in many
parts of its range. It has been several times noticed
in England in connection with grain-imported weeds.

Coronilla scorpioides, Koch. A native of grassy hills
in the East, and an abundant weed of cultivated ground
in that region and the Mediterranean area. In England
it has frequently been recorded in connection with
foreign grain introduction.

[Coronilla varia, L. Native of woods and dry lime-
stone hills from Central and Southern Europe to Persia,
reaching to Normandy, Belgium, and Northern Germany,
and in one locality even to England. There seems no
reason to doubt that the station recorded by Mr. Plumtree
(Fournal of Botany, 1897, p. 449), in a rough wood
on the chalk in Kent, is a natural one. It is much
more frequently recorded in England as a waste ground
plant, in which state it is frequent over most of its
range. |

Galega officinalis, L. A native of Southern Europe,
occasionally recorded in Britain as an escape from
garden culture.

LEGUMINOS 4: 55

Glycyrrhiza echinata, L. A native of Southern
Europe, which has been found in England as a garden
escape.

Glycyrrhiza glabra, L. Liquorice. Native in Southern
Europe. It is sometimes grown as a crop in Britain,
and has been recorded in a semi-wild state.

Hedysarum coronarium, L. The French Honeysuckle
of British gardens. A native of the Mediterranean
region, occasionally found in this country as an escape
from cultivation. ,

Hippocrepis unisiliquosa, L. Native of dry stony
and grassy places in the Mediterranean region, and a
cornfield weed in the same area. It has twice been
recorded in Britain in association with other imported
cornfield weeds.

Laburnum vulgare, L. Native of woods in Southern
Europe. It is frequently planted for ornament, and
occasionally recorded from semi-wild localities such as
hedges and copses near houses.

Lathyrus annuus, L. A Mediterranean cornfield weed
which has occurred in England among corn-sifting
aliens.

[Lathyrus Aphaca, L. Native of wood-borders and
similar situations from Western Asia to Western Europe.
In Britain it occurs here and there on gravelly banks,
under conditions which make it possible to regard it
as spontaneous and aboriginal, and, as it appears to be
an undoubted native in Normandy and Belgium, there

56 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

is no geographical evidence against this view. It is
much more common in this country in cultivated land,
by roadsides and in waste ground. ]

Lathyrus Cicera, L. An annual weed of Southern
Europe, communicated by Mr. Fraser Robinson among
casuals from Hull.

Lathyrus hirsutus, L. This species occurs in grassy
and bushy places in Central and Southern Europe, but
in France, Belgium, and England it is only recorded
from cultivated fields, roads, &c., or so near them that
it must be looked upon with suspicion.

Lathyrus latifolius, L. A native of the woods of
Southern Europe, long cultivated in British gardens,
and noticed as an escape from them in various localities.

Lathyrus Ochrus, DC. Recorded in The Naturalist,
1902, p. 315, by Dr. Arnold Lees, as an abundant
colonist in a grain field in the West Riding of
Yorkshire.

Lathyrus odoratus, L. The Sweet Pea. This favourite
garden plant, which is a native of woods in Italy and
Sicily, has often been recorded in Britain in a semi-wild
condition.

Lathyrus sativus, L. A cultivated vetch, probably
derived originally from Western Asia, which has been
widely grown in Europe for fodder, and has become
a cornfield weed in some countries. In Britain it has
been recorded from cultivated fields and from localities
where the siftings of foreign grain have been scattered.

LEGUMINOS4& 57

‘Lathyrus spheericus, Retz. Native in bushy places
in some parts of the Mediterranean region, and rather
a common cornfield weed there also. In Britain it has
‘several times been recorded among grain-sifting aliens,
.as well as in scattered localities on waste ground.

-Lathyrus tuberosus, L. A cornfield weed of Southern
Europe and Western Asia which has become established
as such in Essex. In some other parts of England,
where it has been recorded, it might be of garden
origin.
‘

Lotus tetragonolobus, L. A cornfield weed of the
Mediterranean region which has occurred in Britain as
a corn introduction.

‘Lupinus angustifolius, L. A cornfield weed of the
Mediterranean region. It has been found in Britain
-on waste ground where barley-siftings have been thrown.

Lupinus nootkatensis, Donn. A native of North
America which, escaping from garden culture, has
established itself in immense quantities on the banks
of the Dee and Tay in Scotland. Many of the older
records of Lupinus perennis, L., are referable to this
species.

‘Medicago bonarotiana, Arc. A _ native of Italy.
Found on waste ground near Hull Docks. Probably
a grain introduction.

Medicago ciliaris, Willd. A weed in the Mediterranean
region which has been recorded as a wool casual in
Britain.

58 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Medicago denticulata, Willd. An undoubted native
of sandy pastures near the sea in various parts of
Europe, including Normandy and South-East England.
In Britain, however, it is far more common as a weed in
cultivated and waste places. ]

Medicago laciniata, Mill. A cornfield weed of the
Orient, which has occurred in connection with barley-
sifting aliens, showing a tendency in one locality to
establish itself in the turf.

Medicago littoralis, Rhode. A native of sea sands
on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It has been
recorded at Cardiff, to which port a large quantity of
shipping comes in ballast, and was doubtless introduced
in the ballast of a ship from the south of Europe.

[Medicago maculata, Willd. Native of dry pastures.
in various parts of Britain, but more often recorded
from waste ground roadsides, &c., to which it has been
carried by human aid in consequence of its clinging
fruit.]

Medicago marina, L. A conspicuous feature of the
vegetation of parts of the Mediterranean shores. It has.
been recorded at Cardiff, having been introduced, most
probably, in ships’ ballast.

[Medicago minima, L. A weed of dry sandy
places in Europe and Western Asia. It has been re-
corded from several localities in the south-east of
England, and may well be native there, as it is in
Normandy. Elsewhere in Britain the records are all
in connection with corn, wool, or ballast introductions. |,

LEGUMINOS4 59

Medicago orbicularis, All. A rather common corn-
field weed of Central Europe, Southern Europe, and the
East, which has frequently been recorded in connection
with other grain introductions in England. It is appa-
rently a native of the grassy hills and seashores of the
Mediterranean region.

Medicago rigidula, Desr. A weed of Southern Europe.
Occasionally found as a casual in waste places in Britain.

Medicago sativa, L., Common, and doubtless wild,
in Northern Africa and Western Asia. In Europe,
more or less obviously, a relic of cultivation. In Britain
it is commonly cultivated as a field crop, and persists
for many years after sowing, sometimes remaining after
other signs of cultivation have disappeared, and so
looking like a native.

Medicago scutellata, Mill. Native of pastures in
Southern Europe. A widely distributed cornfield weed
of the Mediterranean region and the East, and several
times recorded as a grain introduction in Britain.

Medicago Soleirolii, Duby. Native of the mountains
of Southern Italy. It was recorded by Dr. Leitch among
grain aliens at Silloth, in Cumberland, and it is so
distinct that an error of determination is unlikely. It is
difficult to understand the presence of such a species
under these conditions, either there or in Southern
France, where it is also said to be naturalised in one
place.

Medicago spherocarpa, Bert. A Mediterranean weed,
recorded as a casual near Tunbridge.

60 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Medicago tenoreana, Ser. A native of grassy places
in the Mediterranean area which has been recorded
among grain introductions in England.

Melilotus alba, Desv. Native in sandy meadows in
the north temperate regions of the Old World, but not
reaching England without the assistance of man. It
ceases to be recorded, as a native, further north-west
than Central France. In Normandy, as in Britain,
it is frequent by roadsides, in waste ground, and in fields
where it has once been cultivated. It shows a ten-
dency to spread along railway lines. It has appeared as
an introduction in nearly all temperate countries in
which it is not native.

{Melilotus altissima, Thuill. Native in bushy places
in various parts of Southern England, always on dry
ground. Its native range extends as far as Central
Europe, but, outside England, its habitat seems to
be confined to river banks, wet meadows ; never in dry
places. This change of habitat at the limit of its range
is curious. The plant is mentioned here because it is
frequent also in artificial surroundings in Britain, and
because it is hardly ever recorded in local Floras under
natural conditions. |

Melilotus indica, All. Very common as a cornfield
weed and waste ground plant in parts of the Mediter-
ranean area. It has appeared, often abundantly, and
most probably as a grain introduction, in various
parts of the world. In England it has become quite
common in waste ground in the neighbourhood of
some of our larger towns.

LEGUMINOS4 61

Melilotus messanensis, All. Native of damp ground
in the Mediterranean region, becoming a weed on cul-
tivated ground there and in the East. It has occurred
in England several times in connection with aliens
imported with foreign corn.

Melilotus officinalis, Lam. Probably native in Europe,
but not reaching England in that state. Throughout
Britain it is fairly common as a waste ground in-
troduction.
‘

Melilotus sulcata, Desv. A weed of cultivation of
the Mediterranean area. It has occurred in England
as a wool introduction, and also in one or two localities.
where its presence might probably be traced to the im-
portation of merchandise from the Mediterranean region.

[Onobrychis viciefolia, Scop. The species is, and has
long been, cultivated in various parts of Europe, especially
on dry calcareous soil. Itis frequently found in England
as arelic of such cultivation, persisting for many years
where once sown. In many southern counties it 1s.
recorded as growing wild, amid natural surroundings,
on the chalk and limestone downs, and is regarded by
local botanists as indigenous. It may, in some of these
localities, be a survival of forgotten sainfoin cultivation,
but in the absence of geographical evidence to the con-
trary—for it is nowhere of more native appearance—it
may be treated as a British native. ]

Ononis mitissima, L. Native of sea sands and stony
places in the Mediterranean area and Western Asia.
It has been recorded as a casual in Britain, introduced
with foreign seed.

62 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Ononis Natrix, L. Native of sandy shores in Southern
Europe, and recorded at Cardiff as a ships’ ballast intro-
duction.

Ornithopus compressus, L. Very common on the
shores and sandy pastures of some parts of the Mediter-
ranean area, spreading also to cultivated fields as far
north as Central Europe. In England it has been
recorded a few times as a grain introduction.

[Ornithopus ebracteatus, Brot. Native of dry, rocky,
and sandy places, from the Mediterranean area to the
north of the Continent and the Scilly Islands. Elsewhere
in England it has only been recorded as a very rare
casual. |

Pisum sativum, L. A mere relic of cultivation in
Britain. In the south of Europe it becomes a sub-
spontaneous cornfield weed. Its native country is
not known.

Robinia Pseudacacia, L. A native of North America,
much planted in England, and sometimes having a
wild appearance.

Scorpiurus subvillosus, L. A very common weed of
cultivated and waste ground in some parts of the
Mediterranean area. It has been recorded several times
as a wool casual in Britain.

Spartium junceum, L. Native of woods and bushy
places in Central and Southern Europe, once recorded
on the seashore at Hythe; doubtless an escape from
cultivation.

LEGUMINOS 4: 63

Trifolium agrarium, L. Native of woods and bushy
places in Southern Europe and Western Asia, sometimes
cultivated as fodder, and throughout Europe, including
England, an occasional weed in sown grass and clover
fields.

Trifolium alexandrinum, L. Found by Mr. Mont-
gomery in a meadow at Twickenham. It is a weed of
cultivated fields of the East, and was probably introduced
with Eastern grain. &

Trifolium armenium, Willd. Native of alpine meadows
in Greece and Asia Minor, becoming a cornfield weed in
some parts of Europe and once found in connection
with grain-sifting aliens in Britain.

Trifolium Cherleri, L. Native of hills in the
Mediterranean area, especially common in Algeria.
Once found in England in connection with Eastern
barley aliens, apparently having held its ground for
several years.

Trifolium hybridum, L. Native of damp meadows
in Middle and Southern Europe and the East. Once
much cultivated in England, now less so, but often found
as a weed in other clover crops, along roadsides, and in
other waste places.

Trifolium incarnatum, L. Native in Southern Europe,
much cultivated as a fodder crop in England, and
frequently observed as a stray from cultivation.

Trifolium lappaceum, L. Native in dry sandy fields
in the Mediterranean region. Occasionally found in

64 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

waste places in Britain, probably the result of foreigm
grain introduction, as the species is a cornfield weed
in some parts of Europe. .

Trifolium michelianum, Savi. Native in meadows.
in the West Mediterranean area, but more widely spread
as a cornfield weed. It has been found on waste ground.
in England, the result probably of the use of imported.
grain-siftings for feeding fowls.

Trifolium parviflorum, Ehrh. Native of grassy places.
in the Mediterranean region, and a weed of cultivated.
and waste places in Southern Europe. Once found
in England in connection with grain - introduced
aliens.

Trifolium resupinatum, L. Native of pastures in the
Orient, and a cornfield weed of the Mediterranean
area. A characteristic plant of grain alien colonies in
Britain.

Trifolium spumosum, L. Native of grassy places
in the East, and a rather common weed of cornfields:
in some parts of Southern Europe. Several times re-
corded in England where the siftings of foreign grain
have been scattered.

Trifolium squarrosum, L. Native of damp meadows.
in the East. Once recorded in England, probably as.
a grain introduction.

Trifolium stellatum, L. Native of grassy hills im
Western Asia, and very common as a cornfield and waste
ground weed on the shores of the Mediterranean.

LEGUMINOS 4: 65

It was long known as a naturalised plant on the ballast
in Shoreham Harbour, and has been found under
similar conditions at Cardiff, and in waste ground in
one or two other places in England. In one locality
it was distinctly associated with grain aliens.

Trifolium supinum, Savi. Native of damp places in
the East, and a cornfield weed in the same region.
Found several times in England as a grain alien.

»

Trifolium tomentosum, L. Common in grassy places
in the eastern portion of the Mediterranean area, ex-
tending to cultivated fields in Southern Europe. Once
recorded in England, probably owing its presence to
the importation of grain.

Trigonella arabica, Delile. An Oriental weed, once
recorded in England among grain aliens.

Trigonella besseriana, Ser. Native of Central Europe,
and common in some parts of Europe as a weed of
cultivation. It has been recorded in several waste
ground localities in England in connection with other
aliens introduced with foreign grain.

Trigonella cerulea, Ser. Native on the banks of
rivers in Central Europe. A weed of cultivation in that
area, and further East. It has been found in England
in several localities near cornmills and distilleries in
which grain from the East is used.

Trigonella corniculata, L. Native in maritime pas-

tures of Italy and Asia Minor, also a weed of cornfields

in many parts of Europe. Once or twice noticed in
6

66 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

England on waste ground where siftings of foreign
grain have been deposited.

Trigonella Foenum-grecum, L. De Candolle was
of opinion that this species was not indigenous in
Europe, but came from the East with the Aryans, and
it was certainly cultivated by the ancient Greeks and
Romans, and was, even before their time, cultivated in
India. It is not claimed as a native of the Continent
of Europe. In Somersetshire and one or two other
counties in England it has been considered to be
indigenous by local botanists, but in consideration of
its recognised native geographical range, and also of
its wide distribution as a weed, it will be necessary
to reconsider the whole question before admitting it
as a native of Britain.

Trigonella gladiata, Stev. Native of stony hills of
the Mediterranean region. A weed of cultivated ground
in the greater part of the same area. Occasionally
recorded in connection with foreign grain siftings in
England.

Trigonella hamosa, L. An abundant weed of culti-
vated ground in the east of the Mediterranean area,
recorded several times in England as a grain alien, and
once as introduced with fodder or cotton from Egypt.

Trigonella laciniata, L. Native of marshes in Syria
and Egypt, and occurring as a weed of cultivated fields
in the Eastern Mediterranean area. There is a specimen
in the British Museum Herbarium from Mitcham in
Surrey. The species may have been introduced with
imported barley from the East.

LEGUMINOS 4 67

Trigonella maritima, Delile. An annual weed of the
Mediterranean shores which was found among grain
introductions at Hull.

Trigonella monspeliaca, L. Very common on dry
sandy hills and in cultivated ground in parts of the
Mediterranean area and the East. Noticed once or twice
where screenings of imported grain have been thrown.
Trigonella Noéana, Boiss. Native in pastures, and
a weed in cultivated fields in Asia Minor and Persia.
Once recorded in England as introduced with barley
from the East.

Trigonella polycerata, Led. Native of sandy pastures
in Spain and other parts of the Mediterranean area,
becoming a weed of cornfields, especially towards the
East. Noticed a few times in connection with grain
aliens in Britain.

Vicia Bivonea, Rafin. A native of Southern Europe,
and a cornfield weed in the same region. One of
the Wandsworth aliens, and therefore probably in-
troduced with grain.

Vicia Ervilia, Willd. A common cornfield weed of
the Mediterranean region which has occurred very
rarely in cultivated land in England.

Vicia Faba, L. Often found as a stray relic of the
cultivation of the Bean.

Vicia gracilis, Loisel. Native of bushy places in
Central and Southern Europe, becoming dependent on

68 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

cultivation, or at any rate on the operations of man,
in the northern part of the Continent and in England,
where it occurs in cultivated fields, hedge-banks, road-
sides, and such-like situations.

Vicia grandiflora, Scop. Native of grassy hills in
Southern Europe, and a weed throughout the Medi-
terranean region in arable land. Communicated by Mr.
Fraser Robinson among casuals from Hull.

{Vicia hirsuta, S. F. Gray. One of those abundant
weeds which, though really native, is rarely recorded
from native habitats. It is truly indigenous in meadows
and woods, at least in Southern England, but it would
be hard to find a mention of it in these situations in
our local Floras. |

Vicia hybrida, L. A rather common cornfield weed
in the East of Europe which has occurred in waste
and cultivated ground in England, doubtless in con-
sequence of introduction with foreign seed.

[Vicia lutea, L. Native in dry stony ground from the
East to Britain, and a somewhat common cornfield weed
in the greater part of Europe. In England it is appa-
rently native on shingles on the Southern Coast, but is
much more frequent in connection with the siftings
of imported grain. ]

Vicia monanthos, Desf. Cultivated as fodder in some
parts of Southern Europe. It has occurred in Britain
in vetch fields, to which it was doubtless imported as
an impurity in foreign seed.

LEGUMINOSA: 69

Vicia narbonensis, L. A rather common weed of
cultivated ground in the Mediterranean area. It has
been recorded on several occasions in connection with
grain-sifting aliens in Britain.

Vicia pannonica, Crantz. Native of meadows and
bushy places in Central and Southern Europe, and a
weed of cultivation in many parts of the same area.
In England it has occurred as a weed of cultivated
and waste ground, the result, certainly in one Case,
probably in all, of the importation of seed and grain.

Vicia peregrina, L. A weed of cultivation of the
Mediterranean area, found among grain-sifting aliens
at Silloth in Cumberland and in other places.

Vicia Pseudo-cracea, Bertol. Native of bushy places
in the east of Europe. Once recorded on ballast in
Britain.

Vicia sativa, L. Anciently cultivated in Europe. In
Britain not uncommon in cultivated and waste ground,
but always a relic of vetch cultivation.

Vicia tenuifolia, Roth. Native of bushy places from
Central Europe to the Orient, also a weed of cultivated
fields in Europe. It has been recorded once in Britain
among a colony of grain-sifting aliens.

Vicia villosa, Roth. Native of rocky ground and
bushy places in Central and Southern Europe, and
common in cultivated ground in many parts of the
Continent. Several times recorded in England in
connection with siftings of imported wheat.

7O ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

ROSACE.

Acena Sanguisorbe, Vahl. A _ native of New
Zealand, which was found by Mr. W. R. Martin on
Heytor Down, Dartmoor, Devonshire. How it came
to this bleak moor is exceedingly difficult to determine,
but it is almost certain that it was carried thither by
reason of its clinging seeds, which would be carried
on the fur of animals or the clothes of human beings.

Amelanchier canadensis, Medic. A native of dry
open woods in temperate North America. It has
been largely planted in various parts of England, and
occasionally, as for instance in the Hurt Wood in Surrey,
it has all the appearance of being an indigenous tree
among birches, oaks, and other native species. It
apparently, however, never ripens fruit.

Aremonia agrimonioides, Neck. Native in woods
in Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Asia Minor. First
recorded in Britain from Scone Wood, near Perth, where
it was plentiful, and believed by Sim, the discoverer,
to be native. Apart, however, from the very slight
probability of the plant occurring naturally so far from
its main range, it was clearly shown that this station,
and others in Scotland and the North of England, were
of garden origin.

Cotoneaster integerrima, Medic. A native of most
of the mountainous districts of Europe, known in one
spot in Britain, namely, on Great Ormes Head. The
fact that it has long been cultivated makes it probable
that in this isolated station it was originally bird-sown,

ROSACE 71

Cotoneaster microphylla, Wall. A native of the
Himalayan region. Cultivated in English gardens, and
said to be naturalised on Brean Down in Somerset.

Crategus coccinea, L. A native of North America,
imported and largely planted in Britain, and semi-
naturalised in woods in one or two places.

Crategus pyracantha, L. A native of Southern
Europe. Much cultivated in Britain, and occasionally
noticed in a semi-wild state.

Fragaria chiloensis, Duchesne. A native of Europe,
reaching northward to Normandy and Belgium, but
apparently nowhere acknowledged as indigenous in
Britain. It was, however, once much cultivated, and
escapes have frequently been recorded from different
parts of the country.

Mespilus germanica, L. Native of woods in Central
and Southern Europe. In England it was very generally
cultivated during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, and has survived in many parts of Southern
England in hedges and woods, where it had been
originally planted. It does not appear ever to have
been observed as spontaneous, or in a locality entirely
free from suspicion, and should not therefore, without
further investigation, be admitted into our native
list.

Potentilla collina, Wib. A native of Southern Europe
which has been recorded once in England amongst
other casuals, and was probably an outcast from some
garden.

72 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Potentilla fruticosa, L. Native, though very rarely,
both in Ireland and England. More often recorded
as an alien due to garden cultivation. |

Potentilla hirta, L. Native of stony places of Southern
Europe ; rather frequently recorded as a garden outcast
in England.

Potentilla inclinata, Vill. Native of stony hills from
Eastern France through Southern Russia to Western
Asia. It has been recorded several times as a garden
outcast in England.

Potentilla intermedia, L. A native of woods in
Central Europe, recorded once or twice presumably
as an outcast from gardens.

Potentilla norvegica, L. Native of wet sandy places
in Europe, much cultivated in English gardens, and
often noticed as an escape from cultivation. In some
localities it is even said to be thoroughly established.

Potentilla opaca, L. A native of the mountains from
Northern and Central Europe to the Altai region. It
was recorded by Don as a wild Scotch plant, but the
author of the Students’ Flora states that Don’s specimens
are referable to Potentilla intermedia. In either case
it would not be safe to accept the record as a native
one, as Don’s discoveries have been questioned by so
many reliable botanists of subsequent times. Their
assumption is that some of his most remarkable dis-
coveries were introductions (whether intentional or not
need not here be discussed), and so they will find a
place in this list.

ROSACE 73

Potentilla recta, L. Native of open woods of Central
and Southern Europe. Not infrequent as a garden
escape.

Potentilla supina, L. Native of damp sandy places in
Central and Southern Europe, which has been recorded
in waste places in Britain. Being an annual plant, it
may perhaps have been introduced as a weed among
grain.

Potentilla tridentata, Soland. A _ native of the
mountains of North America. Recorded by Don as
a native of Scotland. Possibly an introduction.

Poterium polygamum, W. and K. Native of dry
grassy places from Central Europe to the East. It
has been sown as a fodder crop in England, and is
fairly frequent as a relic of such cultivation, and also
as a weed among other crops.

Prunus domestica. L. A native from the Caucasus.
region to Persia. Very early cultivated in Europe. As
a relic of cultivation it is fairly common all over
England, and even in some places has the appearance
of being wild in woods.

Prunus insititia, L. Wild in Southern Europe and
Northern Africa. Bullace has been much planted, and
is now rather common in England as a naturalised
plant in hedges and woods,

Prunus Laurocerasus, L. Native in Eastern Europe
and Western Asia. Much cultivated in England, and
occasionally seen as an escape from cultivation.

74 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Pyrus communis, L. Cultivated from very ancient
times in England, and frequently occurring as an escape
from cultivation.

Rosa alba, L. A native of the East which has occurred
as a garden escape in England.

Rosa alpina, L. A native of the mountains of Central
and Southern Europe which has occurred as an alien
near gardens in England.

Rosa cinnamomea, L. Native of the Alps of Northern
Europe and Siberia, and occasionally found in hedges
and woods in England in the neighbourhood of
houses.

Rosa gallica, L. A native of dry woods on the
Continent of Europe. Cultivated in England, and once
or twice observed as an escape from gardens.

Rosa lucida, Ehrh. A native of North America.
Cultivated in English gardens, and recorded occasionally
as an escape.

Rosa pomifera, Herrm. A native of the Orient.
Much cultivated in England, and occasionally observed
in hedges and woods near gardens.

Rosa sempervirens, L. Native of woods in the
Mediterranean region. Cultivated in England, and
occasionally straying into semi-wild surroundings.

Rubus laciniatus, Willd. A cultivated blackberry,
recorded once or twice near gardens.

SAXIFRAGACEAE 75

‘Rubus spectabilis, Pursh. A native of North America,
recently introduced into cultivation in England, and
noticed once or twice as an escape from cultivation.

Spirea chameedrifolia, L. Native of mountain woods
from the northern part of the European Continent
to Siberia. It has been recorded as a garden escape
in England.

Spirea hypericifolia, L. Native of rocky mountains
in Russia and temperate Asia. It is cultivated in
England, and has been noticed in a semi-wild condition
near gardens.

Spirea salicifolia, L. A native of wet river banks,
and bushy places in Southern Europe and the greater
part of the North Temperate Zone, but further north
than Central France it is only known in a naturalised
state. In this condition it occurs not infrequently
in Normandy, Belgium, and England. In every case
it doubtless originated from garden culture.

Spirea tomentosa, L. A native of bushy places in

North America. Recorded by Mr. Lees as apparently
thoroughly established in North Lincolnshire.

SAXIFRAGACEE.

Escallonia rubra, Pers. Native of Chili. A garden
escape on cliffs in Northern Ireland.

Mitella diphylla, L. A native of woods in North
America, recorded as a garden escape in England.

76 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Ribes alpinum, L. Doubtless native in Northern |
England, but in its numerous other Scotch and English
stations an escape from garden culture. |

[Ribes Grossularia, L. An undoubted native of
most of Europe, reaching the northern shores of the
Continent. It is doubtless also indigenous in England,
but the extensive cultivation of the gooseberry and the
readiness with which it can be bird-sown has thrown
doubt upon it in many localities. There is nothing
in the geographical range of the species to make its
nativity improbable, and it is common in damp woods
in perfectly natural surroundings in England, just as it
is throughout the rest of its range. ]

[Ribes nigrum, L. This species grows in Britain
and the greater part of the rest of Europe under
exactly the same circumstances as Ribes Grossularia,
and should probably be admitted as a native for
similar reasons. It seems inadmissible to suppose that
a species growing here amid natural surroundings,
independently of cultivation, and native on the adjacent
parts of the Continent, is not a native. It appears
strange that British botanists, with a few exceptions,
have excluded the species from the British Flora. ]

[Ribes rubrum, L. A native of England and the rest
of Northern Europe, growing in similar situations.
to the last two, and for the same reasons admitted
as indigenous. It has been frequently classed as an
introduction by local botanists, but less often so than
the last-named species. ]

[Saxifraga Geum, L. Native of Western Europe,

CRASSULACEE 77

including Ireland. In England only recorded as
a garden escape. |

Saxifraga rotundifolia, L. A native of the mountains
of Southern Europe, much cultivated in England, and
occasionally noticed as a garden stray.

Saxifraga Sibthorpii, Boiss. Native of* Greece.
Mr. William Whitwell informs me that this species
has been sent to him from Tunbridge Wells, where it
was a garden weed.

{Saxifraga tridactylites, L. This is one of the
species which is almost invariably relegated in local
Floras to artificial habitats such as walls. If these were
the only situations in which it was known in England
it should not be claimed as an undoubted native. As
a matter of fact, however, it is fairly common on dry
stony hills, though perhaps more often seen on walls
than anywhere else. |]

CRASSULACE.

Cotyledon hispanica, L. A native of the Western
Mediterranean area. There is a specimen in the British
Museum Herbarium, collected near Oban, and _ pre-
sumably a garden escape.

[Cotyledon lusitanica, Lam. Native of Southern
Europe. Recorded by Hudson from Somerset and
Yorkshire. This species must also be looked upon
as alien in the absence of confirmatory records. ]

78 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. A species abundantly |
naturalised on walls and in hedge-banks in the west
of Britain, and seldom, if ever, recorded from any
more natural habitat. In Devonshire, however, on the
borders of Dartmoor, I have frequently seen the species.
growing on rocks on the open moor, and it is doubtless.
native in such situations there and elsewhere. |

[Sedum album, L. Native throughout the whole of
the Continent of Europe, up to the northern coast,
but only known as an indigenous plant in England
in one or two localities, and even there doubted by
some botanists. There seems to be little cause, how-
ever, to doubt its native state in such situations as.
are described by Mr. Murray in the Mendip Hills of
Somerset. As an escaped garden plant naturalised on
walls and roofs it is frequent throughout England. |

Sedum Cepza, L. Native of stony woods in Central
and Southern Europe. Once recorded as a garden
escape in England.

Sedum dasyphyllum, L. A native of Southern Europe,
extending as an introduced plant to North-West Europe,
including Britain, where it is not uncommon on old
walls.

Sedum hybridum, L. A native of Western Asia, long
cultivated in gardens in England, and once or twice
recorded as a naturalised plant on walls.

Sedum sexangulare, L. Native on rocks in the west
of Europe, reaching as far as Normandy and Belgium.
It has been recorded in several localities in England

LYTHRACEZ 79

on old walls, and is certainly a naturalised plant. It
is quite likely that further investigation may reveal
it in natural surroundings, in which case there would
be nothing in its geographical distribution to prevent
it from being reckoned as a native of Britain.

Sedum stellatum, L. Native of rocky places in
Southern Europe. Cultivated in gardens, and occa-
sionally occurring on walls and banks in_ their
neighbourhood.

Sempervivum tectorum, L. Apparently native on
rocks in Southern Europe. Known from ancient times
as an introduction in the northern part of the Continent
and in England, growing on roofs and walls.

LYTHRACEE,

Lythrum Grefferi, Ten. Very common in wet
ground in some parts of the Mediterranean area. It
has been recorded several times from waste ground
in England, but as yet no definite clue as to its origin
has been afforded.

[Lythrum MHyssopifolia, L. Native in wet places
throughout Europe, including probably some _ parts
of England. It is, however, a species which has been
known to spread very rapidly in waste places far
from its native range, as for instance in Australia
and New Zealand, where it has become locally abundant.
It may perhaps belong to the numerous class of grain
casuals, for it occurs in cultivated fields in the east

80 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

of Europe. At all events it has occurred in connection
with grain weeds in England, and is much more
common as a waste ground casual than in natural
surroundings. |

ONAGRACE/E.

Clarkia pulchella, Pursh. Native in stony ground
in Western North America. Much cultivated in British
gardens, and occasionally found as an escape in their
neighbourhood.

Cnothera biennis, L. Common in North America
on river banks, lake margins, &c. In England and
many other parts of Europe it is locally abundant
as a naturalised plant, and is apparently perfectly
established in several places where the environments
suit it, such as seashores and sand-hills. It has long
been a favourite garden plant, and its presence is pro-
bably entirely due to this fact.

Cnothera odorata, Jacq. Native of the stony pastures
of temperate South America. Cultivated in gardens
in England, and found on several occasions in a semi-
naturalised condition near villages and towns.

Gnothera pumila, L. Native of North America. A
plant sometimes cultivated, and readily establishing
itself as a weed in and near gardens.

- Enothera purpurea, Curt. Native of North America.
There is a specimen in the British Museum Herbarium,
recorded as a garden escape.

UMBELLIFERA 8

Cnothera rosea, Soland. A native of marshes and
stream banks in Mexico and temperate South America.
It has been recorded twice in England, once at Kelso
in Roxburgh, and I have seen it growing plentifully in
a wood border, and in a neighbouring potato-field at
Holnicote in Somersetshire. The only possible explana-
tion of its occurrence there would be its cultivation in
some neighbouring cottage garden.

Cnothera tenella, Cav. A native of Chile. Once
recorded by Dr. Leitch at Silloth in Cumberland,
where it was presumably a garden outcast.

LOASACE.

Mentzelia albicaulis, Dougl. A native of arid sandy
plains in Western North America. Once recorded in
England, probably as a garden outcast.

UMBELLIFER.

_ Zgopodium Podagraria, L. Native in woods and
meadows in Eastern Europe, and possibly further than
this in a north-westerly direction. In England it is
common, but its habitat is apparently always near
houses. Where it is abundant in a village it can
usually be traced for a short distance along the neigh-
bouring hedges and field-borders, but careful search has
invariably failed to satisfy the writer that it occupies
quite natural habitats in England. If Cockayne is

7

82 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

correct in his identification of this species with the
Goatweed of Saxon herbalists, it was extensively used
in England from the tenth to the seventeenth century.
This may be a clue to its introduction, but it is no
proof that it grew in England, either as a native or
under cultivation, because herbs of obviously foreign
origin are frequently mentioned by the same writers.

Athusa Cynapium, L. Not known in a wild state.
It accompanies cultivation everywhere in England and
Wales, and, to a less extent, in Scotland. It extends also
over the greater part of Europe. &thusa cynapioides,
which differs in a slight degree only, and is indeed
usually regarded as a variety of the above, is a native
of the woods and bushy places of South-East
Europe; that is, towards the eastern end of the area
occupied by the type. In fact, perhaps it would be
historically more correct to look upon Athusa Cyna-
pium as a variety of &thusa cynapioides, originally
produced by the favourable conditions attending the
appearance of agriculture in Southern Europe and
carried westwards with civilisation.

Ammi majus, L. A native of the Mediterranean area.
It has been known as an imported medicinal plant
from Saxon times, but its first record as a weed in
England dates from the early part of last century.
It has been found sporadically throughout the greater
part of the country, owing its introduction, in most of
the ascertained cases, to the importation of foreign grain.

Ammi Visnaga, Lam. A native of sandy ground
in the Eastern Mediterranean region which has been
found once or twice as a grain importation.

OMBELLIFERA $3

Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffm. Native in bushy
places in South-East Europe and Persia. Long culti-
vated in England under the name of Chervil, and
now surviving in many places in a semi-naturalised
state near gardens, or where gardens have been.

Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh. Native in Croatia in
shady woods and bushy places. In the rest of Europe
and Western Asia it is recorded only from roadsides,
hedges, and waste ground, where its presence is doubtless
due to its ready dissemination by man and domestic
animals, to whom its fruit clings by means of hooked
hairs.

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm. A native of wet
woods and river banks from Scandinavia to Central
Asia. It has long been cultivated, and is known in
a naturalised state in England and other countries
where it is not native.

Astrantia major, L. Native of mountain pastures
in Central and Southern Europe. Cultivated in English
gardens, and occasionally found as an escape.

Astrantia minor, L. Indigenous in Central Europe ;
occasionally recorded as a garden escape in England.

Bifora radians, Bieb. A cornfield weed of Southern
Europe which has been recorded as a grain introduction
in England.

Bifora testiculata, Roth. A weed of cultivated ground
in the Mediterranean region, introduced into Britain
with imported grain, and occasionally observed where
grain-siftings have been thrown.

84 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Bowlesia tenera, Spreng. A native of South America
observed at Silloth in Cumberland on ballast discharged
from ships from South America.

[Bupleurum aristatum, Bartl. Native of the Continent
of Europe up to the north coast of France, and also
of the Channel Islands, Devon, and Sussex. It is
also a cornfield weed in the Mediterranean region,
and has occasionally been found as a grain-imported
alien in Britain. ]

Bupleurum faleatum, L. Native in the centre and
South of Europe, on dry hills and stony ground.
Further north its localities become more and more
subject to suspicion. In England it is a rare weed,
found along roadsides and field-borders.

Bupleurum fruticosum, L. A native of bushy places
in Southern Europe, grown in gardens in England,
from which it is occasionally observed as an escape.

Bupleurum Qdontites, L. Native of dry hills in
Southern Europe and a weed of cultivated ground
in the Mediterranean region. Has. been recorded in
Britain as a grain alien.

Bupleurum protractum, Hoffmgg. and Link. A com-
mon cornfield weed of the Mediterranean region,
occurring here and there in England in connection
with introduced grain.

Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. Native in rough stony
ground in South-East Europe and Western Asia. Also
common there and in the rest of Europe, including
England, as a cornfield weed.

UMBELLIFERAt 85

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch. A native of meadows,
grassy places, and woods in the south of Europe,
becoming restricted to cultivated ground further north,
and locally present in England under these conditions.

[Carum Carvi, L. Native in the meadows of Northern
and Central Europe, reaching Holland, Scandinavia,
and Britain. It is of very general occurrence in Britain,
as a casual in waste places, in consequence of the
extensive use of its seeds for culinary purposes. It
has been recorded also as occurring plentifully in pastures
in Herefordshire and Bedfordshire; in such situations
there is nothing to throw doubt on its natural status.
It may be mentioned in this connection, though hardly
as corroboration, that its seeds have been identified by
Mr. Reid as occurring in interglacial deposits in Britain. ]

Carum Petroselinum, Benth. and Hook. f. Native in
dry hills in Italy and a few adjacent countries. Its
general cultivation has led to its frequent occurrence
in a subspontaneous state in other parts of the world.
In Britain it is frequently noticed in connection with
garden rubbish, and occasionally appears as an estab-
lished plant on cliffs and other natural habitats upon
which garden rubbish has been thrown.

Carum segetum, Benth. and Hook. f. This species is
limited to England, Guernsey, France, and Portugal,
and is, in all, apparently confined to field-borders,
cornfields, roadsides, and hedge-banks. There seems
no reason why it should not grow on bushy hillsides,
similar in character to its artificial habitats, but it has
not been expressly recorded from any quite natural
situations in Floras.

86 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds. An undoubted native
of wood-borders and bushy hillsides, but, from its
remarkable suitability for artificial dissemination along
roads and paths, perhaps more common in connection
with human operations than in its natural habitats. ]

Caucalis arvensis, Huds. A native of bushy hillsides
in South-East Europe, and a weed of cultivated fields
in the remainder of the Continent and in England.

Caucalis daucoides, L. Native of the dry hills of
Persia, and perhaps other neighbouring countries. Now
abundant in many parts of Central and Southern Europe
as a cornfield weed. In England it occurs rarely as
a weed of cultivated ground, and it is not uncommon
in colonies of grain-sifting aliens.

Caucalis latifolia, L. Widely distributed in the corn-
fields of the Mediterranean region. A rare cornfield
weed in a few of the southern counties of England and
Wales. Occasionally found in connection with imported
grain.

Caucalis leptophylla, L. Native in dry places from
the Mediterranean eastwards to Persia and Afghanistan.
A cornfield weed in South-East Europe, and occasionally
noticed in England as introduced with imported grain.

[Caucalis nodosa, L. Native in Britain in dry broken
ground on hillsides, but far more common along road-
sides and similar places, to which it is introduced by
means of its clinging fruits through the agency of men
and domesticated animals. It is in the latter situations
that it is almost invariably recorded in local Floras.]

UMBELLIFERA 87

Cherophyllum aromaticum, L. A_ native of
meadows and woods in the mountainous districts of
Central and Southern Europe. It was recorded as a
native of Scotland by Don, but, in the absence of con-
firmatory records, the weight of geographical evidence
makes it necessary to regard it in Don’s station as an
introduction or as a wrong determination.

Cherophyllum aureum, L. A native of mountain
pastures in Central and Southern Europe. Recorded
from Scotland by Don, and to be judged on the same
lines as Cherophyllum aromaticum.

[Conium maculatum, L. Native in Britain in open
woods, but much more commonly recorded along hedge-
banks, in waste places, and other artificial habitats.
In the rest of Europe, as in Britain, it is on rare
occasions recorded from natural habitats, but, just as
in Britain it is much more common as a native than
would be supposed from these scattered records, so
also in the rest of Europe it is probably a fairly common
native, but generally overlooked in its natural habitats,
being so much more commonly seen in artificial ones. |

Coriandrum sativum, L. A weed of cultivated fields
in Southern Europe and the East, and occasionally
reported among grain introductions in different parts
of England. In a few instances its occurrence seems
to be due to cultivation.

Daucus grandiflorus, Scop. Native of Southern
Europe. A common weed of arable land in some parts
of Europe. Mentioned by Mr. Davey as a casual in
Cornwall. Probably introduced with grain.

38 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Echinophora capitata, Desf. Native of seashores in
the Mediterranean area. Once recorded as a wool-refuse
casual in England. Its adhesive fruits render it par-
ticularly likely to be carried in wool.

Echinophora spinosa, L. A native of maritime sands
from Western France to Western Asia. It does not
reach the north of Europe as a native, and Ray’s record
of the species from the coasts of Lancashire and Kent
probably refers to plants introduced with ships’ ballast.

Falearia vulgaris, Bernh. A native of the south-east
of Europe, becoming a weed of cultivated places and
roadsides in that region and beyond it from England
to Persia.

Heracleum giganteum, Fisch. A native of shady
spots in the more rocky parts of the Caucasus. Widely
cultivated in gardens in Britain. It has been noticed
in a semi-wild state near places where it has been
cultivated.

Levisticum officinale, Koch. A native of the moun-
tains of Southern and Eastern Europe. A cultivated
plant which has been found casually in Britain.

Myrrhis odorata, Scop. A species having all the
appearance of an abundant native in some parts of Central
England. There is, however, considerable reason to
regard it as a naturalised introduction. It is not men-
tioned by the earlier botanists ; it is not known, except
as an introduction, in Northern France or Belgium
{though it is native in Scandinavia and Germany). It
has been cultivated in former times for its medicinal

OMBELLIFERA: 89

‘properties, and this may account for its original intro-
‘duction. Its native habitat is mountain pastures in
South, Central, and North-East Europe.

Peucedanum graveolens, Benth. and Hook. f.
Probably a native of Persia, where Haussknecht found
it in sandy plains. A weed in cornfields in Eastern
Europe, whence it has occasionally been introduced
into England by means of grain importation.

-Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. Native along moun-
tain streams in Central and Southern Europe. It is
absent as a native in Normandy and Belgium. The
‘species is well established in a few places in Northern
England, but its indigenous state must be doubted for
‘similar reasons to those brought forward in the case
of Myrrhis odorata. Like it, this plant has been used
medicinally.

{Peucedanum sativum, Benth. and Hook. f. Native
of chalk and limestone downs in Southern England,
but much more common as a relic of cultivation,
It is in fact seldom recorded in local Floras, even
in the southern counties, as growing in natural sur-
roundings. |

Scandix australis, L. A native of the shadeless grassy
hills of the Mediterranean region. It is a common
cornfield weed in some parts of Europe, and occurs
occasionally in England as a grain introduction.

Scandix Pecten-veneris, L. Native of bushy places
in some parts of Eastern Europe. An abundant weed
of cornfields throughout Europe, including England.

90 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Scandix pinnatifida, Vent. One of the numerous
grain aliens noticed by Mrs. Baker at Oulton Broad,
Norfolk.

[Selinum Carvifolia, L. There can be no doubt that
this is a true native of its few stations in Eastern
England. It was cautiously designated a denizen by Mr.
Lees (on its first discovery) in his admirable summary
of its history (fournal of Botany, 1882, p. 129), but in
the absence of any geographical evidence to the contrary,
and considering that it has been discovered in other
unsuspected localities, no further doubt need now exist
as to its native status. ]

Siler trilobum, Crantz. In its one known station in
England near Cambridge it is certainly an introduction,
probably an example of intentional planting or sowing
by some local botanist. The settlement of its status
forms an instructive contrast to that of the Selinum
Carvifolia, L. Both species are growing in their usual
native surroundings, and both well established, but
the Selinum is supported by geographical evidence.
The Siler falls under strong suspicion in consequence
of all want of support in that direction. Its geo-
graphical range on the Continent completely ends in
Mid-Europe, and, so far as can be ascertained, no
other station for the species is known further north-
east than Metz.

Sison Amomum, L. Native in bushy and grassy
places in the Mediterranean region. In Normandy,
Belgium, and Britain only recorded, so far as the writer
has seen, from roadsides, field-borders, and such-like
artificial situations. Careful investigation, moreover, in

UMBELLIFERZ gl

the field has only confirmed the impression that the
plant is dependent on man at the present time in
Northern Europe.

Smyrnium Olusatrum, L. Apparently native in some
parts of the Mediterranean area. In England locally
frequent, especially near the sea, but nearly always more
or less associated with human habitations. In most
of its stations, though thoroughly naturalised, its posi-
tion shows it to be a relic of cultivation. It is seldom
cultivated now, but in the fifteenth century it was one
of the commonest Umbellifere in British gardens.
Celery has largely taken its place. It is apparently not
known, except as an obviously introduced plant, in
the neighbouring parts of the Continent, and the few
British stations in which it appears to be indigenous
should not perhaps be taken as sufficient warrant for
admitting it to our native list, adding as they would
so isolated an outlier to its native range.

Tordylium egyptiacum, Lam. A native of culti-
vated fields in the Eastern Mediterranean area. Once
observed in connection with imported grain in
England.

Tordylium maximum, L. A native of bushy places
in Central and Southern Europe. Also widely spread
as a weed of cultivation. In England it was once
plentiful in the neighbourhood of Oxford, about London,
and in one or two other isolated spots. It may have
been introduced in all of these cases with agricultural
seed or with grain.

‘92 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

CORNACE.

Cornus stolonifera, Michx. Native in wet places
in the Northern States of North America, much
grown for ornament in Britain, readily establishing
itself, and several times observed as an escape from
cultivation.

CAPRIFOLIACE.,

Diervilla trifida, Moench. Native of rocky ground
in the Northern United States. Said to be naturalised
in one locality in Scotland, where it had been planted.

Leycesteria formosa, Wall. Native of the Himalayas.
Much grown in English gardens, and occasionally found
as an escape in their neighbourhood.

Lonicera alpigena, L. Native of the Alps of Southern
Europe. Frequently cultivated in England, and occa-
sionally found in a semi-wild state in hedges and woods
near houses.

Lonicera Caprifolium, L. Native of bushy places
in Southern and Eastern Europe. Naturalised in
Northern Europe, including England. It has frequently
been found as a naturalised plant in hedges, thickets,
and bushy places near villages.

Lonicera etrusca, Savi. Native of the mountains of
Southern Europe. Once found as a naturalised plant
in a hedge.

CAPRIFOLIACE A 93:

[Lonicera Xylosteum, L. There seems a good deal
to be said for the claims of this species as a native
of Britain. There is nothing against it geographically,
since it is found in the woods in Belgium—a fact appa-
rently unknown to De Candolle when describing it as a
plant of eastern range. In many of its stations it is.
doubtless bird-sown from gardens, like several of the
introduced species of this genus, but the mere fact
that it is known as a perfectly wild plant in natural.
surroundings should, in the absence of overwhelming
geographical difficulties, be sufficient to warrant its.
inclusion as a native of Britain. |

Sambucus Ebulus, L. Native in bushy places in the
centre and south of Europe, hardly reaching the northern
coasts, except as a denizen. In England it is not
uncommon locally, but always growing in waste places
near villages along roadsides and in field-borders. It is
one of those plants which might be expected to have
existed prior to man in ground much disturbed by wild
animals, but as there is no trace of it in England, except
in artificial habitats, there is no warrant for claiming
it as a native on this assumption. It was formerly
cultivated for the manufacture of a dye, and this may
account for its frequency in some parts of England.

Sambucus racemosus, Willd. A native of the Con-
tinent of Europe. Frequently cultivated in England,
and occasionally noticed as a semi-wild plant near
gardens and shrubberies.

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. A native of
the mountains of North America which has long been
a favourite cottage-garden plant and which not infre-

94 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

quently appears in hedges and thickets (as a naturalised
plant) near villages.

RUBIACE/E.

Asperula arvensis, L. Native of rough stony ground
at high altitudes in Syria, Persia, and Afghanistan. A
weed in cornfields in Mid and Southern Europe and
Northern Africa, and carried as a grain importation into
many other countries, including Britain, where it was
recorded as early as 1700.

Asperula taurina, L. Native in woods and shady
places from South-Western France to Persia. It has
long been in cultivation as one of the Madders, and
is now naturalised in many localities in Britain, being
doubtless a relic of cultivation.

Crucianella stylosa, DC. Native of Southern Europe.
Once or twice recorded as an introduction in waste
places in England, as a result, probably, of garden
culture.

[Galium Aparine, L. One of the commonest weeds
of cultivated ground, hedges, and waste places in
England and the Continent. On account of its clinging
fruits it is carried by cattle into all situations, sometimes
far from habitations and quite wild in appearance,
whither the animals go in search of food. It is from
the more artificial habitats that it is almost invariably
recorded in British local Floras, but careful investigation
reveals it also, though more rarely, in broken stony

RUBIACEA: 95

ground, about rabbit-warrens, fox-earths, and such-like
perfectly natural situations. It should therefore be
classed as a native, much extended indirectly by
man. |

Galium aristatum, L. Native of woods in the
Orient, and a weed of cultivated land in many parts
of Europe. Once recorded in England as a grain
introduction.

Galium articulatum, Roem. and Schult. A remark-
able cornfield weed of Southern Europe. Once found
among grain-sifting aliens in Britain.

Galium tricorne, Stokes. A widely spread weed of
cultivated ground in Europe, being especially common
in the East, in which region it may possibly be native, as
it is recorded from the rocky hills of Palestine. In
England it is particularly frequent in chalky and lime-
stone cornfields.

Sherardia arvensis, L. Recorded as a weed of
cultivated ground throughout the greater part of
Europe, including England. No clearly native locality
can be found in European Floras. The writer has,
however, noticed it growing in the grass of the chalk
downs of Surrey, but whether it was a relic of
cultivation or a stray from some arable land, or
whether it was an indication that the species is a
native of Europe, cannot be decided without further
investigation. For the present it is better to follow the
consensus of opinion and treat the species as a weed of
cultivation.

96 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

VALERIANACEZE,

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr. Native in stony places:
in the Mediterranean region. Only known as a wild
plant in England, on old walls at Eltham in Kent,
and formerly at Chelsea. In both these situations it is.
believed to have originated from neighbouring gardens.

Centranthus ruber, DC. Native on rocks in Southern
Europe. Thoroughly naturalised in Southern England,
near towns and villages. It has been found growing
on cliffs and walls, always in more or less obvious
connection with neighbouring gardens. it seems to
have a less permanent footing in its more northerly
stations, and is hardly more than a casual north of
Birmingham.

Valeriana pyrenaica, L. Native in shady valleys in the
Pyrenees. Naturalised in Scotland, originating, doubtless,,
from garden culture.

[Valerianella carinata, Lois. Native of the Continent
of Europe as far as the north coast of Guernsey. There
seems to be no sufficient reason why it should not also
be considered native in England. There are six localities.
on record where the species grows in the turf in
perfectly natural surroundings—exactly the habitat
affected by the plant in its more southern stations.
There are numerous other records where the species
is certainly a weed of cultivated ground. ]

Valerianella dentata, Pollich. Native of exposed

VALERIANACE 97

stony situations, and also of woods in Dalmatia, and
a common weed of cultivated ground throughout
Europe, including England. Messrs. Hanbury and
Marshall think it may be native in Kent, where it
grows in open places in woods. The whole question
of the status of the species in Europe requires in-
vestigation. At present English botanists are hardly in
a position to claim it.as a native.

Valerianella eriocarpa, Desv. Native of dry hills and
fields in the west and south of Europe, and a weed
of cultivated ground in many parts of the Continent.
It has been found in one or two places in England in
waste ground. It may have been introduced with grain,
but it is more likely the result of the cultivation of
the species in gardens under the name of Italian Corn
Salad.

{Valerianella olitoria, Pollich. A weed of cultivated
ground throughout the whole of Europe. The species
was considered by De Candolle to be indigenous only
in Sardinia and Corsica, but its distribution in
natural habitats was not fully known to him. In
Belgium, as well as in more southerly countries,
it is now recorded from woods, bushy places, and sea-
sands, as well as from artificial habitats. The authors
of the Flora of Kent regard it as native on the seashore
of that county, and there are indications that this is
the case in other parts of the coasts of Southern
England. Inland, though thoroughly naturalised in
hedges, banks, and walls, it is chiefly found in the
neighbourhood of villages, and appears to be de-
pendent on artificial conditions in the great majority
of cases. ]
8

98 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Valerianella rimosa, Bast. A weed of cultivated
ground throughout Europe, including England. It is
probably native in sterile rocky ground in the Medi-
terranean area.

DIPSACE/#.

Cephalaria syriaca, Schrad. Native of stony places
in the extreme east of the Mediterranean area, and
extending from there, as a cornfield weed, to Spain.
It has been gathered in one or two places in England
in connection with other grain-sifting aliens.

Cephalaria transylvanica, Schrad. A cornfield weed
of Southern Europe. Once recorded from waste ground
in England, where it was doubtless the result of corn
introduction.

Dipsacus fullonum, L. Long cultivated in Europe,
and occasionally found in England as a straggler from
cultivation.

Dipsacus laciniatus, L. Native of wet ground in
Southern Europe and the East. Recorded as a waste-
ground casual near Oxford.

[Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. A native of damp woods
in England and Wales, but more commonly recorded
from hedges, waysides, and waste places. In the north
of England and Scotland it is perhaps always an
introduction. |

COMPOSIT 99

Scabiosa maritima, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region. Cultivated in English gardens, and occasionally
found, more or less naturalised, in their neighbourhood.

COMPOSITE.

Achillea asplenifolia, Vent. Probably a native of
North America. Once found in an _ apparently
naturalised state, but with other garden plants, at
Twickenham, near London, no doubt on the site of
an old garden.

Achillea decolorans, Schrad. Native of Southern
Europe. A garden plant which has been found once
or twice as an escape from gardens in England.

Achillea ligustica, All. Native of the Mediterranean
coast. Once recorded on waste ground at Grimsby.
No doubt of garden origin.

Achillea magna, L. Recorded as an alien from
Ireland. Presumably a garden escape.

Achillea nobilis, L. Native in the mountains of
Southern Europe. Recorded from waste ground in a
few spots in England, where it was doubtless of garden
origin.

Achillea tanacetifolia, All. A native of Central
Europe, which has been recorded, from apparently
wild situations, on one or two occasions in England.
Probably a garden escape.

100 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Achillea tomentosa, L. An alpine perennial of
Southern Europe, which has occasionally been found
near gardens in a semi-wild state.

Ambrosia artemisiefolia, L. A native of North
America which apparently reaches this country with
agricultural seed and with grain, for it has been recorded
from scattered localities all over England in waste and in
cultivated land.

Ambrosia maritima, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region, and a weed of cultivated and waste ground
in many parts of Europe. In England it has been
recorded in one or two stations in connection with
other grain importations.

Ambrosia trifida, L. A North American species,
recorded several times in connection with imported

grain in England.

Anacyclus clavatus, Pers. A native of the Medi-
terranean region. Common as a weed of arable land
in some parts of Europe, and recorded rarely as a grain-
sifting alien in England.

Anacyclus radiatus, Loisel. A weed of the Medi-
terranean region. Once recorded in England in
connection with other grain-imported species.

Anaphalis margaritacea, Benth. and Hook. f. Native
of dry woods in North America, It is an old favourite
in cottage gardens, and has been recorded as well
established in several localities in England, in the
neighbourhood of, or on the site of, gardens.

COMPOSITAE IOI

Anthemis altissima, L. A weed of arable and waste
land in Southern Europe and the East. Several times
recorded in connection with plants introduced with
foreign grain.

Anthemis arvensis, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region in maritime pastures and in woods. The typical
form is not, however, found in such situations; it is
confined to cultivated land in all parts of Europe, being
doubtless derived from one of the wild varieties, and
spreading in a form better adapted to agriculture. In
Britain it is not infrequent in the south, but becomes
rare in Wales and Scotland.

Anthemis austriaca, Jacq. A native of Central and
South-East Europe. Recorded by Mr. Brotherson as
a grass-seed introduction in Kelso churchyard (Botanical
Record Club Report, 1878), and by Mr. Davey as a
casual in Cornwall.

Anthemis Cotula, L. Nowhere known in wild situ-
ations, but it may be presumed to have once been,
or to be still, in some undiscovered spot, native in
Europe, for its nearest ally—Anthemis Bourgei, Boiss.
and Reut.—grows in stony places in Spain. It is plentiful
in England and Wales as a weed of roadsides, cultivated
and waste places, but is hardly more than a casual in
Scotland.

Anthemis leucanthemifolia, Boiss. and Planch. A
native of North America, naturalised in some parts
of Europe, and once recorded from waste ground in
Surrey by Mr. H. C. Watson (fFournal of Botany,
1866, p. 81).

102 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Anthemis mixta, L. An abundant weed of cultivation
in some parts of the Mediterranean area. Once or twice
recorded among grain-sifting aliens in England.

Anthemis ruthenica, Bieb. A weed of South-East
Europe, mentioned by Mr. Davey as a casual at
Penzance in Cornwall.

Anthemis tinctoria, L. Native of Southern and

Central Europe. Recorded in many scattered localities

in England, in waste and cultivated ground. In some

cases its origin has been traced to imported Eastern

barley, in others agricultural seed has probably been the
cause of its appearance.

{Arctium minus, Bernh. A native of Britain, but
almost always recorded from non-native habitats. It
is abundant, in consequence of its clinging burs, along
the tracks of men and cattle, and so has got to be
looked upon as a weed of roadsides, but it may also
be found wherever animals, domesticated or wild,
congregate, and often under perfectly natural con-
ditions, so that it may well be supposed to have existed
prior to man, and to be a member of our indigenous
flora. |

Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn. Native in sandy pastures
in a few parts of Central Europe, elsewhere a weed
of sandy cultivated fields, becoming very rare in the
extreme south and north. In British local Floras there
is no indication that the species is known except in
cultivated land in the south-eastern counties, and in a
few other isolated spots.

COMPOSIT At 103

[Artemisia Absinthium, L. From published records
the species seems to be native in England, Germany, and
Transylvania. Its range as a plant of waste ground
extends nearly round the North Temperate Zone.
Mr. Murray declares it to be native on the moors and
sea-beaches of Somerset, but in the rest of the British
Isles it is only found in obvious connection with human
operations, where it is pretty generally distributed. ]

Artemisia cerulescens, L. Native of the Mediterranean
region. Recorded by Gerarde as occurring on the coast
of Southern England, but whether it was an introduction
there, or whether this was a wrong determination, cannot
now be ascertained.

Artemisia pontica, L. A native of dry hills from
Southern Germany to the Caucasus. It has been grown
in English gardens, under the name of Roman Worm-
wood, from early times, and has been found as a relic
of cultivation in one or two localities.

Artemisia scoparia, Waldst. and Kit. A native of
sandy river banks in South-East Europe and Asia, now
common in waste ground in many parts of the world.
Recorded by Trimen and Dyer in their Flora of
Middlesex as plentiful on the site of the 1862 Exhibition
for some years, and mentioned by Davey as a casual in
Cornwall.

Artemisia stelleriana, Bess. A native of Kamschatka.
Quite naturalised in County Dublin and Cornwall, as
well as in Southern Sweden. The status of the species
in Europe was the subject of some interesting notes
in the Fournal of Botany in 1894.

104 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Artemisia Tournefortiana, Reichb. Native on sandy
shores and salt marshes from Asia Minor to Afghanistan.
Recorded by{Mr. Druce in the Flora of Berkshire as an
introduction at Didcot.

[Artemisia vulgaris, L. Native in rough stony and
sandy ground from Scotland to Siberia. Formerly
cultivated in Europe. In England it is recorded only
from hedges and the neighbourhood of houses, never
from natural situations. The same habitats hold over
the whole ,of its range in Europe and Asia, with the
exception of the extreme north. There it occurs in
various reduced forms, in localities where it may be
considered indigenous. Mr. Marshall’s accurate re-
searches in West Sutherland enable British botanists
to add this species to their native list.]

Asteri:levis, L. A native of North America. One
of the commonest of our garden Asters, and occasionally
found in a naturalised state in the neighbourhood of
gardens.

[Aster Linosyris, Bernh. In consequence of its
scattered stations in Britain, and its cultivation in
gardens, many botanists have regarded the species as
an introduction. As, however, its Continental native
range reaches Normandy, and as some of its stations
in Britain are perfectly natural, it seems more in
accordance with our knowledge to admit it as an
indigenous plant. |

Aster longifolius, Lam. A native of North Ame ‘ica
much cultivated in England. It has occasionally teen
noticed in a semi-wild state, and seems to iave

COMPOSITA 105

established itself in particular abundance on the banks
of the Tay below Perth.

Aster Novi-belgii, L. A native of North America
which has long been a favourite in English gardens.
Of the many Asters found in a semi-naturalised state
this is certainly the commonest.

Aster paniculatus, Lam. A North American Aster.
Occasionally found in a naturalised state as an escape
from gardens in England.

Aster Tradescanti, L. A native of North America.
Recorded as an escape from gardens in England.

Atractylis cancellata, L. Native of the dry hills of
the Mediterranean region. Recorded once as a grain
introduction in England.

Beria carnosa, Greene. A native of California. A
specimen is preserved in the Herbarium of the British
Museum which was found as a casual growing on ballast
in Cornwall.

Buphthalmum aquaticum, L. Native of wet meadows
in the Mediterranean region. Recorded by Mr. Lees, in
his Flora of West Yorkshire, p. 294, as sent to him from
a disused quarry where garden rubbish was thrown.
It has also been noticed on waste ground near Bath. It
is not grown in gardens, nor is it likely to be imported
with grain, so that no clue as to its origin in England
could have been suggested, had not chance revealed a
channel of introduction. Upon experimentally sowing a
sample of bird seed a few years ago, a quantity of this

106 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

species came up, and its seed was afterwards recognised
in other samples. This is, therefore, probably one of the
casuals introduced with foreign bird seed.

Calendula arvensis, L. A native of dry sandy hills in
South-East Europe and Western Asia. Its range as a
weed of cultivation extends from there through the
Mediterranean area into Central Europe. Several times
recorded from waste ground in England and Scotland,
evidently introduced with grain.

Calendula officinalis, L. The common garden Mari-
gold. A native of calcareous rocks in the Mediterranean
region. It is a frequent straggler from cultivation ; in
fact, it is one of the most consistent and conspicuous
indications of colonies of aliens resulting from the
throwing out of garden rubbish.

Calotis cuneifolia, R. Br. A native of arid sandy
ground in Australia. It infests sheep pastures in many
parts of that Continent and New Zealand. Its seeds
cling, by means of their barbed bristles, to the sheep’s
wool, and, becoming inextricably entangled, are imported
with the wool to this and other countries. The pest is
known as the Burr to sheep-farmers, and as Carrot Seeds
to wool-dealers (in consequence of their conical shape).
It has been recorded in England in connection with
wool refuse.

Calotis hispidula, F. v. M. A native of the Western
Plain of New South Wales, having the same character
and being recorded in the same conditions as the
last.

COMPOSIT 107

Carbenia benedicta, Adans. A plant of dry, waste,
and cultivated ground in the Mediterranean region.
Once recorded in England as a Turkish barley intro-
duction.

Carduus acanthoides, L. Native of woods and
pastures in South-East Europe. In England and the
whole of Western and Northern Europe the species
confines itself to roadsides, hedges, and waste places,
and must therefore be looked upon as a weed dependent
on artificial conditions.

Carthamus lanatus, L. Native in dry bushy places in
the Mediterranean region, but more common in Europe
as a weed of cultivated and waste ground. It has been
noticed in England only as a casual, introduced with
foreign grain.

Centaurea amara, L. Native in the woods of Southern
Europe. One of the species recorded upon the site of
the 1871 Exhibition in London.

Centaurea aspera, L. Native of dry ground in the
Mediterranean region, and a common weed in Southern
Europe. It has been recorded among grain aliens in
England.

Centaurea Calcitrapa, L. Native in dry places in the
Mediterranean region and naturalised in many other
parts of the North Temperate Zone, along roadsides,
and in cultivated and waste places. It has frequently
been recorded in England. With one or two exceptions
its English stations are of the latter sort, and, although
in a few exceptional places the plant is described

108 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

as growing in natural surroundings, it can hardly be
admitted to a place in our native list in the face of its
geographical distribution.

Centaurea calcitrapoides, L. Native in the Medi-
terranean region. Once recorded as an introduced

casual in England.

Centaurea centauroides, L. Indigenous in the dry
mountain pastures of South-East Europe and a weed
of dry arable land over a rather wide area. It has
been noticed in England as a casual (presumably grain-
introduced).

Centaurea Cyanus, L. It appears to be indigenous in
woods in Southern Russia and Asia Minor, and it has a
wide range as a cornfield weed in Europe. In Southern
and Mid-England it is often plentiful among cereal crops,
but further north it becomes scarce.

Centaurea dealbata, Willd. A native of rocky places.
in the Orient. Cultivated in gardens in England, and
occasionally reported as an escape from horticulture.

Centaurea depressa, Bieb. A native of Asia Minor,
better known as a cornfield weed in South-East Europe.
Communicated by Mrs. Baker from Oulton Broad. In-
troduced with Eastern barley.

Centaurea diffusa, Lam. Indigenous in dry sandy
situations in South-East Europe and Asia Minor, and
a cornfield weed in the same region. Once or twice
noticed in connection with introduced grain.

COMPOSITAt 109

Centaurea diluta, Ait. A native of Northern Africa.
A specimen exists in the British Museum Herbarium
gathered on waste ground in Upper Holloway.

Centaurea iberica, Trev. A weed of cultivated and
waste ground from South-East Europe to Persia. Re-
corded as a grain introduction in one or two places.

Centaurea intybacea, Lam. A native of exposed
rocky ground in South-West Europe. Recorded as
a wool introduction at Tweedside, Kelso, by Mr.
Brotherson.

[Centaurea Jacea, L. Apparently truly indigenous in
meadows in Sussex, as it undoubtedly is in Normandy
and Belgium. In other parts of England it has fre-
quently been recorded as an alien; being so much more
frequent as an introduced plant, it has generally been
excluded from the native English list. ]

Centaurea melitensis, L. Native in dry stony places
in South-East Europe, and at the present time a not
uncommon cornfield weed of the Mediterranean area.
It has frequently been noticed in company with other
grain introductions in England.

Centaurea montana, L. Indigenous in the woods of
Central Europe. Long cultivated in English gardens,
and occasionally noticed as an escape.

Centaurea napifolia, L. Indigenous in the pastures
of Southern Europe. A specimen, gathered by Mr.
Arthur Bennett at Kelso, is preserved in the British
Museum Herbarium. It was doubtless a casual.

110 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Centaurea nigrescens, Willd. Native of the meadows:
of Southern Europe. Once recorded as a casual in
waste ground near London.

Centaurea salmantica, L. A native of Southern
Europe. Recorded once or twice as an introduction
in England.

Centaurea solstitialis, L. A native of the east of the
Mediterranean area in dry stony ground, and common
in the whole of Southern Europe as a weed of arable
land. It is of frequent occurrence in Southern England
among grain aliens and among crops raised from foreign
seed.

Centaurea Verutum, L. A native of Asia Minor which
is cultivated in gardens in England. Recorded as a
casual in Cornwall.

Chrysanthemum coronarium, L. A native of sea
sands and desert and rocky places in the Mediterranean
area, but much more common in cultivated land. It is.
rather frequently noticed in England, both as a grain-
sifting introduction and as a garden escape.

Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Bernh. Indigenous
in the woods of Southern and South-East Europe.
In the rest of Europe, including Britain, it is some-
times plentiful near gardens in which it has been
cultivated.

Chrysanthemum segetum, L. It is rare as a native:
plant, being only known from a few parts of the Medi-
terranean area in pastures. It is, however, a very

COMPOSITA ILE

common weed of cultivated land throughout Europe,
including Britain.

Cichorium divaricatum, Willd. A weed in waste
ground in the Mediterranean region which has been
noticed among cornmill refuse in England.

Cichorium Endivia, L. Generally cultivated as a
vegetable, and occasionally noticed as a garden escape
in England.

Cichorium Intybus, L. A plant of uncertain status in
North-West Europe. It is invariably relegated in local
Floras to roadsides and waste ground, except in South-
East Europe, where it apparently occurs naturally in dry
pastures. It seems better to regard it as an introduced
weed of long standing in Britain until it is observed in
more natural habitats.

[Cnicus arvensis, L. A native of dry pastures in
Britain, but much more common as a weed of culti-
vated fields, roadsides, and waste ground. The variety
setosus, which is common as a cornfield weed in
Southern Europe, is frequently found as an introduced
plant.]

Coreopsis aristosa, Michx. Native of North America.
Recorded by Mr. Cedric Bucknall on waste ground near
Bristol.

Coreopsis tinctoria, Nutt. A well-known garden plant.
Native of the plains of North America. Once or twice
recorded in England as a garden escape.

112 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Cotula aurea, Loefl. Recorded from waste ground ‘in
one locality in England, where it was probably intro-
duced with chicken food.

Cotula coronopifolia, L. Perhaps a native of wet
places in Southern Africa. Now naturalised in several
places in Europe, and annually extending its range. In
England it is thoroughly established near Birkenhead in

Cheshire, where it is supposed to have been purposely
introduced.

Crepis barbata, L. Recorded by Mr. H. C. Watson
from Devonshire in a locality in which it was probably
of garden origin.

[Crepis biennis, L. Native in dry broken and bushy
ground in the south-eastern counties of England. Else-
where in Britain a weed of roadsides, clover-fields, and
other cultivated ground. ]

Grepis feetida, L. Native of sandy seashores, dry
meadows, and rocky places in South-East Europe.
Further north and west it is only recorded from corn-
fields and waste ground. In England, though often
styled a native in the south-eastern counties, it is usually
recorded expressly from artificial habitats. The record
from shingle at Walmer Castle, where it is said to be
abundant, should probably not be taken as sufficient
reason for admitting it as a native of Britain, in view of
the present records of its foreign native range.

Crepis nicewensis, Balb. A native of dry pastures in
Central and South-East Europe. In England occa-
sionally noticed in sown grass fields and occasionally

COMPOSIT A 113

spreading from there to waste ground in the neighbour-
hood.

Crepis rubra, L. A native of Italy, long cultivated for
ornament in English gardens, and occasionally found as
an escape from cultivation.

Crepis setosa, Hall. f. A native of the meadows of
Central and Southern Europe. In England frequently
recorded in clover and sown grass fields. In many cases
due, no doubt, to imported seed.

[Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill. Native in South-East
England in meadows and bushy places, especially on the
chalk. Elsewhere in Britain it is merely a weed, though
often abundant in cultivated land, on roads, railway
banks, and other bare ground where the young plants
can be free from competition. |

Crepis tectorum, L. Native in meadows in Central
and perhaps in South-East Europe. It becomes rare,
and only a weed of waste ground, in the north of the
Continent and in England. Its abundance as a cornfield
weed in some parts of South-East Europe suggests that it
may be a grain introduction with us.

Dimorphotheca pluvialis, Moench. Native in grassy
_places in Cape Colony, whence it was long ago imported
as a garden plant. It has been recorded in England in a
semi-wild condition near gardens.

[Doronicum Pardalianches, L. Native in woods in
the mountainous districts of the north of England and
Scotland. It has been generally relegated to the position

a

114 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

of a naturalised alien of garden origin in Britain, and
in many of its localities, especially in the south, this is
doubtless its proper status. Its presence, however, as a
native in Normandy, Belgium, and Holland, and its long
standing (since the time of Gerarde) as a spontaneous
plant of this country, seem to warrant its acceptance as
a native. |

{Doronicum plantagineum, L. Native in woods in
Perthshire. Subject to the same conditions as Doronicum
Pardalianches. Its foreign distribution is strictly western,
stretching from Portugal to Normandy. |

Encelia mexicana, Mart. A native of Mexico. Once
recorded from waste ground in Bristol.

Erigeron canadense, L. A native of North America,
now spread all over the temperate regions of the world.
It was first noticed in the seventeenth century in France,
and a few years later in England also. It is now a
common weed, especially in the southern and eastern
counties, where it frequently has all the appearance of
a native.

[Filago germanica, L. Native in England in dry
pastures and heaths. It is much more abundant as a
weed of dry cultivated fields, and in most local Floras
is recorded only as such. |

Filago spathulata, Presl. A weed of cultivated ground
over the greater part of Europe and in Northern Africa.
It may perhaps be a native of the mountains of Corsica,
where it is recorded from natural habitats. In England
it is confined to the south-eastern counties.

COMPOSIT At 115

Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. Native of rough, marshy,
and stony ground in Central and South America. It
was first noticed in Europe at the beginning of the
nineteenth century, and it is now locally abundant in
different parts of the Continent and of England. It is
particularly abundant about London. Its occurrence
among corn-siftings suggests that the introduction of
American wheat may have been the cause of its appear-
ance in Europe.

[Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. Apparently native on
the Continent, up to the north-west coasts, and extend-
ing to Jersey and Guernsey. Though it has usually been
regarded as a casual in England (and may be so in many
cases), records such as Mr. Linton’s in the Botanical
Exchange Club Report for 1882, where he describes it
as well established, if not native, may well be admitted
as indigenous ones. Mr. Britten, in fournal of Botany,
1900, p. 520, gives other reasons for considering it in-
digenous. |

Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. A native of the prairies
of North America, and spreading rapidly as a weed of
cultivated ground in the United States. Several times
recorded in England in connection with the siftings of
imported grain.

Guizotia abyssinica, Cass. A bird-seed introduction.
The species is one of the oil-producing plants of
India, and its seeds are evidently used for making
up packets of bird seeds. Several times recorded in
England and from other parts of Europe from waste
ground.

116 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Helianthus annuus, L. A native of river banks in
North America. Long one of the commonest of
English garden plants, and very frequently observed as
an escape.

Helianthus tuberosus, L. Native of moist alluvial
ground in North America. Cultivated by the aborigines,
and long since introduced into Europe under the name
of Jerusalem Artichoke, and tending to become estab-
lished in and near garden ground.

[Helminthia echioides, Gaertn. Although generally
recorded as a weed of roadsides and other artificial
situations, it is doubtless a true native of England. Its
natural stations are to be looked for in dry copses and
such-like places. These are the situations in which it is
indigenous throughout the whole of Europe. |

Hemizonia fasciculata, Torrey and Gray. A Cali-
fornian weed. Occasionally recorded as a grain intro-
duction in England.

Hemizonia Kelloggii, Greene. A weed of dry ground
in the United States. Several times noticed in con-
nection with other grain-sifting aliens in Britain.

Hemizonia pungens, Torrey and Gray. Native of
dry hills in the United States, and a common weed
there also. It is on record from several localities in
Britain, near cornmills where American grain has been
used.

Hieracium amplexicaule, L. A native of Southern
Europe. Long cultivated in English gardens, and now

COMPOSIT 117

thoroughly established in several places on old walls
near villages.

Hieracium aurantiacum, L. Native of the Alps of
Southern Europe. An old garden favourite. Often
thoroughly and abundantly naturalised near gardens.

Hieracium chondrilloides, Vill. A native of bushy
hills in Central Europe. Sometimes recorded as a
garden escape in England.

Hieracium maculatum, Schrank. A rather widely
cultivated garden plant which has frequently been
recorded as naturalised on walls and waste ground
near gardens.

Hieracium prealtum, Vill. Once recorded by Mr.
Craig Christie as plentiful on roadsides near Edinburgh
(Botanical Record Club Report, 1877). It is a native of
Central and Southern Europe, presumably of garden
origin in this locality.

[Hypocheris glabra, L. With a few exceptions this
species has been universally recorded in local Floras
from cultivated ground, but it is truly native on open
sandy commons in most counties of Southern England. ]

[Inula britannica, L. Recorded by Mr. Mott in the
Botanical Exchange Club Report for 1895 as naturalised
on the shore of Cropstone Reservoir near Leicester. It
is indigenous in marshes and on river banks from
Normandy and Belgium to the Orient, and if, as seems
possible, the seeds were introduced by migratory water-
fowl, the species may be regarded as a native. |

118 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Inula Helenium, L. Native in meadows and bushy
places from Southern England and Spain to the Altai
Mountains. It has been recorded from all parts of
England and Wales, and in a few of its localities it is
declared by local botanists to be undoubtedly native.
In most of its stations, on the other hand, it is with
equal certainty declared to be a relic of cultivation.
In weighing these contrary opinions, help is naturally
looked for from a consideration of its history and its
geographical distribution. Both these favour its native
status, for it was known to the earliest botanists as
growing spontaneously in the country, and its range
on the Continent reaches the north coast. ]

Inula viscosa, Ait. Native of sandy river banks in
Southern Europe. Once recorded as growing on
ballast at Cardiff.

Iva xanthifolia, Nutt. Recorded by Mr. Hume
among the introduced aliens in the neighbourhood of
Par Harbour.

Lactuca Scariola, L. A plant of waste ground in
England, as it is in the greater part of Europe. Where
it is known in natural habitats the writer has been
unable to discover, but it seems certain that it cannot
be claimed as a native of this country.

[Lactuca virosa, L. Native of woods and stony
and sandy places on the Continent, and _ probably
also in the South of England. In most of its English
stations it is said to be a weed of roadsides and waste
ground. |

COMPOSIT A: 119

[Lapsana communis, L. Undoubtedly a native of
England, though very seldom recorded in local Floras
from natural habitats. It may be found in wood borders,
newly cut copses, and bushy slopes, but it is only
abundant as a weed of roadsides and of cultivated and
waste ground. |

Madia glomerata, Hook. A native of North American
prairies. Once recorded in England near a cornmill
and in connection with other North American weeds.
Probably imported with corn.

Madia sativa, Molina. A native of sterile mountain
ridges in Oregon, and also a weed of cultivated land,
especially in California. It has been found in several
localities where American corn has been introduced.

Matricaria Chamomilla, L. Probably native in dry
pastures in Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean
area, though the only record from natural habitats
that can be found is from Liguria. In England and
the rest of Europe it is a weed of roadsides and
cultivated ground. There seems reason to suppose
that it may have been introduced originally for medicinal
purposes.

Matricaria decipiens, C. Koch. A cornfield weed of
the Orient, communicated by Mrs. Baker from Oulton
Broad. Introduced with barley.

Matricaria discoidea, DC. A native of open ground
in Oregon and other parts of the United States. It
has become naturalised in several parts of Europe. In
England it has been recorded in the neighbourhood of

120 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

some of our larger towns. It is, for instance, thoroughly
naturalised in the turf of Kew Green, South-West
London.

[Matricaria inodora, L. The variety salina, Bab.,
is apparently native on the seashores and cliffs of
Southern England, so that the type which is so common
on waste ground and arable land may perhaps be looked
upon as an artificial extension of a native seaside plant.
This supposition gains support from Mr. Reid’s discovery

of fragments of this species in interglacial deposits in
England. |

Mulgedium tataricum, DC. Native of seashores in
Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Recorded as a casual
in England.

Onopordon Acanthium, L. A weed of waste ground
throughout the whole of Europe and Western Asia,
especially along roadsides. No distinctly natural
localities are given for the species in any of the local
Floras, British or foreign, which have been consulted,
but there can be little doubt that it is indigenous on the
dry sandy hills of Southern France, where it may be seen
growing quite independently of human interference.

Parthenium Hysterophorus, L. An abundant weed
of hot and dry waste places in tropical America, especially
in towns. It has several times been recorded as a weed
of waste ground in England, and usually in connection
with introduced grain.

Petasites albus, Gaertn. Native of wet mountain
pastures from Central Europe to the Altai region.
Recorded in many places as an escape from gardens.

COMPOSITA: 121

Petasites fragrans, Presl. A native of the Medi-
terranean region, now naturalised in most of the
countries of Europe. Though of much more recent
introduction as a garden plant in England than Petasites
albus, it is far more common as a naturalised escape
from cultivation than that species.

{[Picris hieracioides, L. Undoubtedly a native of
Britain. It is generally recorded in Floras as a plant
of roadsides, waste ground, and other artificial habitats.
It may be found, however, in perfectly natural situations
in woods and dry pastures, especially in limestone
districts. |

Picris pilosa, Delile. A weed of cultivated ground in
the Eastern Mediterranean region. Once recorded with
other aliens in connection with the siftings of Eastern
barley.

Picris spinulosa, Bertol. Native of dry pastures in the
south of Europe, and also a weed there of cultivated
ground. It has been recorded as a grain-introduced
casual in England.

Prenanthes purpurea, L. Native of woods and bushy
places of Central and Southern Europe. Occasionally
found as an escape from English gardens.

Rhagadiolus edulis, Gaertn. Native of the Medi-
terranean region. One of the casual introductions found
near the West Dock at Hull.

Rodigia commutata, Spreng. Native of dry grassy
hills in the east of Europe. One of the grain-sifting
aliens introduced with barley from the East.

122 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Rudbeckia laciniata, L. A native of North America,
a specimen of which is preserved in the Watson
Herbarium at Kew, having been found by Sim (doubtless
as an introduction) in Scotland.

Santolina Chameciparissus, L. Native of the
mountains of Southern Europe. Recorded by Mr.
Hume as a garden escape in Cornwall, the species being
apparently grown for ornament in cottage gardens.

Sanvitalia procumbens, Lam. A native of Mexico,
the seeds of which are used for feeding birds, and
which occasionally appears as a waste ground casual in
England.

Schkuhria abrotanoides, Roth. A native of Peru.
Sent to the writer by Mr. Cedric Bucknall from waste

ground near Bristol.

Scolymus hispanicus, L. A native of rough stony
ground, and a weed of roadsides and field-borders in
Central and Southern Europe. Occasionally found in
England on ballast.

Senecio brasiliensis, Lees. A native of Brazil, re-
corded as a wool introduction from near Galashiels,
Selkirk, by Mr. Brotherson (Botanical Record Club
Report, 1874).

Senecio Cineraria, DC. A native of the seashores.
of Southern Europe which has long been a favourite
garden plant, and has been recorded on cliffs in
Devonshire as an abundantly naturalised garden
escape.

COMPOSITH 123

Senecio crassifolius, Willd. Native of the shores of
the Mediterranean. Recorded once or twice in waste
ground in England.

Senecio Doria, L. Native of meadows and marshes in
Central and Southern Europe. It has been recorded
as an introduction in England.

Senecio sagittatus, Sch. Bip. A native of woods in
Russia and Eastern Asia. Grown in gardensin England,
and said to have been established for many years on
the banks of the Avon near Bath, whither it doubtless
escaped from some neighbouring garden.

[Senecio sarracenicus, L. Native on river banks in
some parts of Britain, but in most of its localities
probably introduced originally through its use as a
cattle medicine. As it is native in Holland and
Denmark in similar localities to those mentioned
above, there is no reason to doubt that it is native
in Britain, though it may probably be rare in that
state. |

Senecio squalidus, L. Probably a native of Sicily,
where it grows profusely on the volcanic sands. It is
supposed to have been introduced into the Oxford
Botanic Garden, and to have spread from there to
other towns where it is now established on old walls.
In the neighbourhood of Oxford it is not only holding
its ground, but rapidly spreading along railway banks,
roadsides, and other waste ground.

Senecio vernalis, Waldst. and Kit. A native of sea
sands and of rocky mountain slopes in the south-east

124 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

of Europe, in which region it also becomes a cornfield
weed. It has been noticed many times in connection
with grain introduction in England.

[Senecio viscosus, L. A native of Europe, reaching
the woods of Normandy and Belgium. In England
it is very common as a weed of waste ground, but
it is also averred to be native of shingles and sand-
hills in many parts of our coasts, and, considering its
foreign distribution, there is no reason to doubt this. ]

[Senecio vulgaris, L. This species is so universal in
all temperate parts of the world, as a weed of cultivated
and waste ground, that it is impossible to say where
it may have existed before the advent of man. It
would, however, be equally impossible to prove that
it is not aboriginal and indigenous on ground naturally
broken by wild animals and on river banks, in both
of which situations it is a characteristic plant in
Britain. |

Silybum Marianum, Gaertn. A native of the Medi-
terranean region and the East. In other parts of
Europe, including England, it is only known as a weed
of waste ground. Its dissemination has doubtless been
greatly accelerated by garden culture.

Solidago lanceolata, L. A native of marshes on the
prairies of North America. Cultivated in gardens and
occasionally recorded as an escape.

Sonchus arvensis, L. It is very doubtful whether the
type of this species has ever been found in natural
habitats. It has certainly never been recorded so in

COMPOSITE 125,

England, where it is, however, rather a common weed
of cultivated land. The presence of two varieties,,
uliginosus and maritimus, in marshes and on seashores
respectively in South-East Europe, may be a clue to:
its origin.

Sonchus asper, Hill. A common weed of cultivated
and waste ground in England. It is very common in
parts of the Mediterranean area, and appears to be
native there on bare sandy hills.

Sonchus oleraceus, L. A common weed of cultivated.
and waste ground in Britain. Native in the Medi-
terranean area in wet sandy places.

Stuartina Muelleri, Sond. A native of Australia.
Recorded from Yorkshire as a casual introduced with
Australian wool.

Tagetes micrantha, Cav. Native of Mexico. Once
recorded as a casual near a cornmill, and therefore
probably a grain introduction.

[Tanacetum vulgare, L. Native of river banks and
rough bushy hillsides in England, though generally
recorded from such artificial surroundings as road-
sides, hedges, and field-borders. }

Tragopogon crocifolius, L. A native of bare hills in
the Mediterranean region, where it is also a cornfield.
weed. It has been noticed as a grain introduction in
England.

Tragopogon orientalis, L. A native of mountain

126 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

meadows from France to Siberia. Occasionally re-
corded from waste ground in England.

Tragopogon porrifolius, L. Native in grassy places
in Southern Europe. Long cultivated in Northern
Europe as a vegetable (Salsify), and now often noticed
in a semi-naturalised state near gardens where it has
been cultivated.

Villanova dissecta, DC. Native of Peru. Recorded
as a casual in waste ground near Hull Dock, and
elsewhere in connection with grain aliens.

Volutarella muricata, Benth. and Hook. f. Recorded
by Mr. Britten in the Fournal of Botany, 1863, p. 375,
on waste ground near Kew Bridge. It is a native of

Morocco.

Xanthium spinosum, L. The species is now so widely
spread along many of the trade routes of the world,
and especially about large towns, and has become
so abundant, that it is difficult to determine where it
is truly indigenous. Substantial claims have been
advanced for the Steppes of Russia and for South
America as its home, but, at any rate, it is clearly not
native in Western Europe, where it was first observed

in the year 1700.

Xanthium Strumarium, L. A rare weed of waste
ground in England. It is very widely spread in all
parts of the world, probably on account of the great
tenacity of its fruits, which adhere to any but the
smoothest surfaces, and are therefore liable to be
carried on bales of merchandise and other distributing

media.

CAMPANULACEA 127

Xeranthemum cylindraceum, Sm. An annual weed
in dry cultivated ground in Southern Europe. Re-
corded by Davey as a casual in Cornwall.

CAMPANULACE/E#,

Campanula Medium, L. Native in dry places in the
mountains of Northern Italy. It is commonly cultivated
in England, and has occasionally been noticed as an
escape in the neighbourhood of gardens.

[Campanula patula, L. Native in woods in a few
places in the south of England and Wales, or perhaps
extending to the Midlands. The greater number of its
stations in Britain are of an artificial character, such
as roadsides, hedges, and field-borders. |

[Campanula persicifolia, L. Native of elevated woods
and pastures in most parts of Europe, including,
according to Mr. Druce (fournal of Botany, 1903, p. 289),
one spot in England. In Britain it is, however, chiefly
an escape from gardens. |

Campanula rapunculoides, L. Native of woods and
meadows from Asia Minor to France and Germany,
becoming rarer northwards, and in North France,
Belgium, Holland, and England only recorded from
waste ground near houses, from roadsides, and from
cultivated fields.

Campanula Rapunculus, L. Native of meadows and
woods from Syria and Western Siberia to Belgium

128 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

and Northern France. It is often recorded in Eng-
land, especially in the midland and southern counties, as
a weed in hedges and on roadsides. It has long been
cultivated for the sake of its edible roots, and it is.
probably due to the size and durability of its rootstock
that it now appears in so many places in Britain,
though apparently not indigenous in the islands.

Specularia hybrida, A. DC. Probably native on the
slopes of mountains in the Mediterranean region. In
other parts of Europe, including England, a more or less.
common cornfield weed.

Specularia Speculum, A. DC. Probably native in the
Mediterranean region. Elsewhere on the Continent a
cornfield weed. It occurs in England in waste ground
as a grain introduction, as a garden escape, and.
occasionally also as a weed introduced into arable
land with foreign seed.

ERICACE/#.

[Dabeecia polifolia, D. Don. Native on heaths in
Ireland, Western France, Portugal, and Northern Spain.
It has been recorded from a few wild situations in
England, where it is known to have been planted.]

Erica carnea, L. Native from Southern Germany and.
Switzerland to the Orient. Recorded by Dr. Hance
from a heath near Newton Abbot, Devonshire. If
correctly named, it may doubtless be assumed to be
an introduction.

PRIMULACEZ 129

[Erica mediterranea, L. Native from Ireland to
Spain. One large bush was recorded by Mr. Wheldon
(Science Gossip, 1891, p. 185) in Cornwall. It was
considered to be an escape from cultivation. |

[Erica vagans, L. Native on heaths in Cornwall. It
is recorded as planted for ornament in a few wild
localities in other parts of England. ]

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers. A native of bogs in
North America. Frequently planted by ornamental
waters in England, and occasionally having the
appearance of a naturalised species,

Rhododendron ponticum, L. Commonly cultivated
in England, and occasionally planted among indigenous
vegetation for ornament.

PRIMULACE/E,

[Anagallis arvensis, L. A widely spread weed of
roadsides, cultivated and waste places. It is native on
sand-dunes in England, as well as in Southern and
Western Europe. It is not often recorded in England
from natural habitats, and may be confined as a native
to the south-western counties. On the other hand, it
may perhaps have a wider indigenous distribution, as
such a common plant would often be overlooked in
unusual habitats. With regard to the variety cerulea,
the plant recorded under this name by British botanists
is the blue-flowered form of the Pimpernel, differing
from the type in no other respect than colour. It is
10

130 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

a common cornfield weed in Europe, and frequently
reaches this country as a grain introduction. |

Androsace maxima, L. A Mediterranean cornfield
weed, communicated by Mr. Fraser Robinson from
Hull, among other casuals.

Cyclamen hederefolium, Ait. Native in shady woods
of Southern Europe. It has been claimed as a native
in Sussex and other counties, where it occurs in woods
and hedges. A consideration, however, of its general
cultivation, its powers of persistence where once
cultivated, and its limited southern distribution, make
it almost certain that the species is an introduced one
in Britain.

Lysimachia punctata, L. A native of damp shady
places from Belgium to Southern Russia. It has been
grown in English gardens, and has been recorded as
more or less established in a few localities. In Canada
and the United States it is also known as an adventive
from Europe.

Lysimachia stricta, Soland. Native of wet ground
in the United States. Naturalised on the shores of
Windermere. Probably of garden origin.

Steironema ciliatum, Rafin. A native of low ground
and thickets in the United States. Long cultivated in
England, and now sometimes occurring in a semi-
naturalised state near gardens or where gardens have
been.

HYDROPHYVLLACEZ 135

OLEACE%.

[Ligustrum vulgare, L. A true native of Britain,
though much more common at the present time as a
planted shrub in hedges and gardens. |

Syringa vulgaris, L. A native of woods in Central
Europe. Much cultivated in England, and occasionally
observed in apparently wild surroundings, where it has
escaped from cultivation.

APOCYNACEE,

Vinca major, L. Native of the woods in South-East
Europe. Not uncommon in England as an escape from
gardens.

[Vinea minor, L. Native in woods in Southern
England, as it is in the neighbouring parts of the
Continent. Much more common, however, as a garden
escape than in the indigenous state. ]

HYDROPHYLLACEE.

Phacelia ciliata, Benth. A native of damp shady
places in California. Once recorded from waste ground
at Silloth in Cumberland.

132 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Phacelia parviflora, Pursh. A native of shady places
in North America. Observed on the banks of the
Thames between Kew and Richmond.

Phacelia tanacetifolia, Benth. A native of sandy and
gravelly banks of streams in North America. Much
grown in England for purposes of apiculture, and
occasionally found in quasi-wild situations.

POLEMONIACE.

Collomia grandiflora, Dougl. A native of the plains
of North-West America. Cultivated in British gardens,
where it frequently becomes spontaneous, and even
escapes into waste ground in the neighbourhood.

Collomia linearis, Nutt. Native of North-West
America, and observed by Mr. A. B. Jackson as a
garden weed in Leicestershire.

Gilia achillezefolia, Benth. A native of Western
North America, recorded by Davey as a casual in
Cornwall.

Gilia capitata, Sims. A native of low ground in
California and a weed of cultivated ground throughout
North America. Several times recorded as a grain-
sifting introduction in England.

Gilia intertexta, Steud. Native of dry hills in
California, and a weed of arable land in the United
States. Twice recorded as a grain introduction in
Britain.

BORAGINACEA: 133

Gilia laciniata, Ruiz and Pav. A Californian species
which has been observed as a grain introduction in
Cumberland.

Gilia micrantha, Steud. Noted by Davey as a casual
in Cornwall. A native of California.

Gilia multicaulis, Benth. A Californian weed. Once
or twice observed on waste ground in connection with
grain introductions.

Gilia tricolor, Benth. A common weed in California,
which has been recorded from waste ground in
Britain.

[Polemonium ceruleum, L. Truly wild and native
in the limestone tracts of Northern Britain. Not un-
common throughout the whole of Britain as a garden
escape. |

BORAGINACEE,

Alkanna lutea, A. DC. A native of Southern Europe.
Once recorded from waste ground in Britain.

Amsinckia angustifolia, Lehm. Native of Chili.
Recorded by Mr. Davey as a casual near Penzance
in Cornwall.

Amsinckia lycopsoides, Lehm. A native of Cali-
fornia and common there in cultivated fields. Rather
frequently recorded in England as a grain introduction,
and as a wool-waste plant.

134 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Amsinckia spectabilis, Fisch. and Mey. Native of
California. Has been recorded as a casual on waste
ground in the neighbourhood of Liverpool.

Anchusa hybrida, Ten. A native of the shores of
the Eastern Mediterranean area, and a weed there
in cultivated fields. Occasionally found as a grain
introduction in England.

Anchusa italica, Retz. A weed of waste ground in
Southern Europe. Observed in waste ground about
Bristol and Bath. Very probably a result of garden
cultivation.

Anchusa officinalis, L. A native of Central and
Southern Europe which occurs in many parts of
England and Scotland in a half-wild state. Being a
perennial, it frequently lasts for a long time in hedges
and field-borders near gardens where it is cultivated.

[Anchusa sempervirens, L. The distribution of this
species is from Portugal to England. The confidence
with which it is claimed as a native by the authors of
local Floras decreases in proportion as it extends towards
the north. It is, however, so claimed by botanists in
Western France, Normandy, Jersey, and Southern
England, and, being a plant of decidedly western range,
it may be admitted to our Flora. It is not uncommon
as an escape from gardens. |

Anchusa strigosa, Labill. A weed of cultivation in
Syria and Persia. Observed among weeds derived from
the siftings of Turkish barley in waste ground near
Bath.

BORAGINACE 4 | aig

Anchusa undulata, L. A weed of Southern Europe
and Western Asia. Recorded on several occasions in
connection with grain introductions.

Asperugo procumbens, L. It is probably native in
the region between South-East Europe and Afghanistan,
the only part of the world in which it has been recorded
from any but obviously artificial habitats. It is very
common throughout that area as a weed of waste and
cultivated ground, and extends in the same localities
over Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. In
England it has long been known as a _ weed of
cultivated ground, and it is also rather a frequent grain
introduction.

Borago officinalis, L. A native of rich damp ground
in the Mediterranean region. Now extended by cultiva-
tion throughout Europe. In England it is a frequent
escape from gardens.

Cerinthe minor, L. Native in mountain pastures of
the Mediterranean area and the Orient. Cultivated in
gardens in England, and sometimes recorded as a semi-
naturalised escape.

[Cynoglossum officinale, L. Native in bushy places
among rocks and on sand-dunes in Britain, and
dispersed along roadsides and other places frequented
by men and cattle, by reason of its clinging seeds.
It is, in fact, much more common in the latter class
of localities, and seldom receives recognition in its
natural habitats. |

Echinospermum deflexum, Lehm. A native of the
dry hills of many parts of the North Temperate Zone.

136 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

In England it is only known as a cultivated plant and
as an escape from gardens.

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm. Native in various.
parts of the North Temperate Zone of the Old World,
and often a common weed of cultivated ground in that
region. In England it only occurs in waste ground,
being introduced with imported grain, wool, and hides.
Its fruits render it peculiarly liable to be carried in the
latter class of merchandise.

Echinospermum Szovitzianum, Fisch. and Mey.
Native of the Orient.’ Once recorded as “a )eram
introduction.

Echium italicum, L. Native in dry places in the
Mediterranean region and _ locally common_ there
in cultivated and waste ground. It has once been
recorded in England from ballast in the county of
Durham.

Echium violaceum, L. Native of meadows in South-
East Europe, and distributed throughout Southern
Europe in arable land. It is only known in England
as a grain introduction.

[Echium vulgare, L. Native in Britain in rocky
ground, dry banks, and clearings in woods. The species
is usually recorded here and throughout Europe from
artificial situations, such as hedge banks, walls, and
cultivated fields. ]

Heliotropium europeum, L. A weed of cultivated
fields in many parts of Europe. Once recorded as a

BORAGINACEAt 137

ballast plant in Wales. It is perhaps a native of dry
pastures in the Mediterranean region.

Lithospermum arvense, L. A weed of cultivated
fields in England, becoming rarer northwards. It is
said to be abundant in some parts of Southern Europe
and Northern Africa, and reaches as far east as India.
It is probably indigenous in the Orient, where it occurs
in dry alpine pastures.

Lycopsis arvensis, L. Rather a common weed of
cultivation in England and the Continent. It is native
in Southern Europe, and has the appearance of being
so on the coasts of England. It is, however, such a
common weed that it is not safe to include it as a
true native of Britain if it is absent as such in Mid-
Europe.

Mertensia pulmonarioides, Roth. A native of North
America introduced into cultivation in England, and
rarely found as an escape from gardens.

Myosotis dissitiflora, Baker. A native of the
mountains of Switzerland. Frequently grown in
gardens in England, and occasionally recorded as an
escape from cultivation. Sometimes probably re-
corded as Myosotis sylvatica—a species which it nearly
resembles.

[Myosotis versicolor, Sm. A true native of dry
heaths and pastures in England, though so often
recorded in local Floras only from artificial habitats. |

Omphalodes verna, Moench. Indigenous in the
mountains of Southern Europe. Long ago introduced

138 ALIEN. FLORA OF BRITAIN

into horticulture, and occasionally recorded in England
as naturalised near gardens.

[Pulmonaria officinalis, L. Native from England to
Southern Russia. Plentiful in Belgian woods, and
doubtless also in one or two spots in South-East
England. It is, however, more common as an escape
from cultivation. ]

Symphytum asperrimum, Donn. A native of woods
and bushy places in the Orient. It has been grown
in England as fodder for cattle, and has thus come
to be noticed and recorded in quasi-natural situations.

Symphytum orientale, L. A native of shady places
in South-East Europe. Established in several places
in England, perhaps, like Symphytum asperrimum, in
consequence of its use as a fodder plant.

Symphytum tauricum, Willd. Native of shady places
in the Orient. Established here and there in waste
ground in England. It was possibly originally in-
troduced as a fodder plant.

CONVOLVULACEE.

[Convolvulus arvensis, L. Native on the sandy hills
of the Kentish coast, and probably in similar situations
in other parts of our southern seaboard. It is very
common as a weed in all kinds of cultivated ground,
and is seldom recorded from any more natural
situation. |

SOLANACEA 139

Convolvulus tricolor, L. Very common in cultivated
places in the Mediterranean area. Cultivated in gardens
in Britain, and sometimes recorded as an escape.

Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe. Parasitic on flax in many
parts of England. Doubtless originally imported when
the flax industry was introduced.

Cuscuta planiflora, Ten. Native from the Medi-
terranean to the Himalayas. It has been found in
England on cultivated Melilotus, being doubtless in-
troduced with its host.

Cuscuta racemosa, Mart. Parasitic on various wild
species in tropical South America. It has been noticed
vonce or twice in England on Lucerne.

SOLANACEE,

[Atropa Belladonna, L. Native in woods in England
and in most parts of Europe. It was anciently
cultivated for medicinal use, and perhaps in most of
its stations is a relic of such culture, but in the chalky
and limestone woods of Southern England it is as
undoubtedly indigenous as in similar situations in
France, Holland, and Belgium. ]

Datura Stramonium, L. De Candolle, after a very
careful review of all the facts known to him bearing
upon the subject, concluded that the species originated
from the Caspian region, and that it was introduced
into Europe at some time between the fall of the Roman

140 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Empire and the discovery of America. It was probably
early cultivated in Britain for medicinal purposes, and,
though not in frequent cultivation now, it sometimes
appears in plenty near towns and villages when the
ground is disturbed. Its seeds have a remarkably long
period of vitality, and, being abundantly produced, lie
dormant until some favourable circumstance permits of
their germination.

Hyoscyamus albus, L. A native of hot rocky situations
in Southern Europe, and a weed of waste ground in
most parts of the Mediterranean area. Further north,
and in Britain, only rare and sporadic.

Hyoscyamus aureus, L. A weed of roadsides and
waste ground in the Orient. Once recorded as a.
ballast plant from the Tyne.

[Hyoscyamus niger, L. Probably a true native of
sand-dunes on the coasts of England and Wales,
but far more common as a weed of waste ground
about villages. |

Lycium barbarum, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region. It has. been frequently recorded from alk
parts of Britain as an escape near cottage gardens.
All the specimens, however, which the author has been
able to see from such localities are referable to Lycium
chinense.

‘Lycium chinense, Mill. A native of China. Rather
common as a garden escape in Britain.

Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill. A native of the
New World. Much cultivated in England, and a com-

SOLANACEA: I4I

mon feature of waste ground in the neighbourhood
of towns and villages.

Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. A native of Peru,
Now more or less naturalised in various parts of Europe.
In England it has several times been recorded as a
casual.

Nicotiana rustica, L. Cultivated in Central Asia
and in tropical Africa, and naturalised here and there
in Europe. In England it has been noticed as a sporadic
weed in a few localities.

Physalis Alkekengi, L. A native of rich mountain
pastures in the East and a rather common weed in
some parts of Europe. A favourite garden plant in
England under the name of Winter Cherry, and some-
times recorded as an escape from cultivation.

Solanum cornutum, Lam. Native of Mexico. Recorded
once or twice in the neighbourhood of cornmills in
England.

Solanum nigrum, L. A weed of such world-wide
distribution that it is difficult to trace its natural
area, if indeed it has ever been found in quite natural
surroundings. In Britain it is a common and character-
istic weed of waste ground, with no claim to be
considered indigenous, unless further investigation proves
it to grow naturally on shingles in some parts of
the southern coasts of England.

Solanum rostratum, Dun. Several times recorded
during the last few years from waste ground in Great

142 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Britain. It seems to be spreading with some rapidity,
as it is said to be doing in the United States also.

Solanum triflorum, Nutt. Native of North America.
Once recorded from waste ground at Silloth in
Cumberland.

SCROPHULARIACEE.

Antirrhinum Orontium, L. Its distribution as a native
is limited to parts of the Mediterranean area in dry
pastures. In Southern England and Wales it is frequent
in cultivated ground, and it is known under the
same conditions in most parts of the North Temperate
Zone.

Antirrhinum majus, L. Native in dry stony places:
in the Mediterranean area. It is naturalised in many
other parts of Europe, usually on old walls, and in
most cases escaped from cultivation. In this state
it is not uncommon in England.

Calceolaria glutinosa, Heer and Regel. A_ native
of Guatemala which has been recorded as growing
spontaneously in a garden at Norwich. It is a showy
plant, and was probably introduced originally for
horticulture.

Celsia cretica, L. A garden plant which has been
recorded more than once as an escape. Native of
the Mediterranean region.

SCROPHULARIACE4: 143.

Collinsia bicolor, Benth. Native of California. Col-
lected by Mr. Hume on waste ground in South Devon.
Doubtless a garden escape.

Erinus alpinus, L. A native of rocky places in the
mountains of South-West Europe. Long cultivated for
ornament in England, and occasionally more or less.
naturalised on old walls.

Linaria bipartita, Willd. A native of the seashores
of the Mediterranean area and a weed of cultivated
fields in Southern Europe. It has been recorded as
occurring where pheasants’ food has been thrown,
and may have resulted from grain-siftings being used.
for this purpose.

Linaria canadensis, Dum. Cours. A native of North
America which has been recorded from waste ground
in England.

Linaria chalepensis, Mill. Noticed in several places.
near cornmills, and doubtless imported with foreign,
grain.

Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. Found on old walls in
nearly all parts of Europe, but apparently native on
rocks only in the south. In England it is supposed
to have originated in the Chelsea Botanic Garden, and.
it is at any rate probable that it dates its rapid extension
in England from the time that it began to be cultivated
in gardens—that is, about the same time as Dillenius.
mentioned its escape from the Chelsea Garden.

Linaria Elatine, Mill. A weed in cultivated ground
in most parts of Europe. In England mostly in the

144 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

southern counties. The only possibly wild locality
of which record can be found is in the south of
Italy, where it is said to grow on the seashore.

Linaria parviflora, Desf. A weed of cultivated and
waste ground throughout Europe. It has been recorded
from waste ground in England.

Linaria Pelisseriana, Mill. A native of the south
of Europe which has been recorded from waste ground
in England.

Linaria purpurea, Mill. Native of the mountains of
Southern Europe. Long known in cultivation in
England, and now established in many places on old
walls and in waste ground near towns.

Linaria spartea, Hoffmgg. and Link. A native of
the Western Mediterranean region which appeared for
several years in waste ground at Walton in Surrey.

Linaria spuria, Mill. A native of Southern Europe
which has become common in some parts of the Con-
tinent as a weed of cultivated ground. As such it is
fairly general in Southern England.

Linaria supina, Desf. A native of Central and
South-West Europe, extending in sandy pastures as
far north as Normandy. It might therefore have been
expected as a native of Britain, but at present it
has only been recorded from a few situations as a
ballast plant.

Linaria triphylla, Mill. A cornfield weed of the

SCROPHULARIACEi 145

Mediterranean area. Once recorded on waste ground
in England.

Linaria viscida, Moench. A native of rocky ground
in Southern Europe, and a cornfield weed over a more
extended area. In England it is chiefly a weed of waste
ground, affecting especially such localities as cinder
heaps near railway stations.

[Linaria vulgaris, Mill. Native in Britain in rough
stony places, though seldom recorded except as a weed
of cultivated ground and of roadsides. ]

Melampyrum arvense, L. Probably wild in the
south-east of Europe and the neighbouring parts of
Asia. In England, as in most parts of Europe, it is
an introduced weed of cultivated ground.

Mimulus Langsdorfii, Donn. A native of stream sides
in Western North America. Cultivated in Europe since
the beginning of the nineteenth century, and soon
becoming a favourite in English gardens. Now
abundantly naturalised, especially along the courses
of streams in various parts of England.

Mimulus luteus, L. A native of North America. This
is the usual name given by British botanists to Mimulus
Langsdorfii, Donn. It has been cultivated in gardens,
but the writer knows of no authentic record of it as
a naturalised plant.

Mimulus moschatus, Dougl. A native of America.
Long cultivated in English gardens. It is now found
as an escaped plant here and there near gardens.

II

146 ALIEN FLORA SOF BRITAIN

{Rhinanthus major, Ehrh. A native of woods and
pastures from Southern England (Mr. Marshall tells me
it grows in damp meadows in West Somerset), Normandy,
and Belgium to Siberia. Elsewhere in England it has
only been recorded as a non-permanent introduction
in cultivated ground. |

Scrophularia canina, L. A native of dry hills in
South Europe. The variety pinnatifida has been found
on ballast at Cardiff.

Scrophularia vernalis, L. A native of wet bushy
places over the greater part of Europe, reaching as far
as Belgium. In England and Normandy it is only
naturalised. The English records are all more or less
associated with garden culture.

Verbascum Blattaria, L. Widely dispersed in the
Old and New Worlds. Scattered irregularly in culti-
vated and waste places over the central and southern
counties of England. It is of long standing in such
situations, being on record as early as the seventeenth
century.

[Verbascum Lychnitis, L. Native in dry pastures
and woods in Southern England, as it is also in the
northern part of the Continent. Over the greater part
of its range in England it is, on the contrary, a mere
casual in waste ground. |

[Verbascum nigrum, L. A native of wood-borders
and broken hillsides in Southern England, as in Belgium
and many other parts of Europe. It shows, however,
in Britain a distinct tendency to occupy waste ground

SCROPHULARIACE 147

around cultivated fields and villages, and, being most
often recorded from the latter artificial situations, it is
liable to be mistaken in all cases for a non-indigenous
plant. |

Verbascum phlomoides, L. A native of dry hills in
the greater part of Europe, and reaching nearly to the
north coast. In England only known as a garden escape.

Verbascum pheeniceum, L. A garden plant which
has been recorded as an escape in England. A native
of stony and sandy places from Central Europe to Siberia.

Verbascum pulverulentum, Vill. A native of rocky
ground and gravelly river banks in Western Continental
Europe. Over the same area it becomes a weed of
waste ground and roadsides, and extends as such to
South-East and Eastern England and to Southern
Europe.

Verbascum thapsiforme, Schrad. A native of dry
stony hills in Central and Southern Europe. Occa-
sionally noticed as a garden escape in England.

[Verbascum Thapsus, L. A native of openings in
woods, broken hillsides, river banks, and similar situa-
tions in Britain. Exceedingly common as a weed of
artificially disturbed ground. ]

Verbascum virgatum, Stokes. A native of dry
hillsides in Central Europe. Cultivated in English
gardens, and frequently found as an escape near them.
It is averred by some experienced British botanists
that it is a native on rough banks in Devonshire and

148 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Somerset, but this cannot be confirmed without more
precise information than is at the writer’s disposal as
to its habitats in England and Northern Europe.

Veronica agrestis, L. Native in the mountains
of the Mediterranean region. It is not on record
from natural situations in Northern Europe. In
England it is not uncommon in cultivated and waste
ground.

Veronica arvensis, L. Native of the Mediterranean
area, and exceedingly common in some parts of that
region. Abundant in Britain as a weed of cultivated
and waste places.

Veronica campylopoda, Boiss. A cornfield weed in
Eastern Europe. Recorded in England as introduced
with barley from Turkey.

Veronica Chamepitys, Griseb. Observed in England
as a grain introduction from Turkey.

Veronica crista galli, Stev. An Oriental species which
_has been cultivated in gardens, and is known as an
escape more or less established in a few localities.

Veronica didyma, Tenore. Native in dry pastures
in the Mediterranean region. In Britain a not uncom-
mon weed of cultivated and waste land.

Veronica fruticulosa, L. A native of alpine rocks
in Southern Europe. Noticed as a garden escape on
walls in Edinburgh.

OROBANCHACE A: 149

Veronica glauca, Sibth. and Smith. A native of
South-East Europe, communicated by Mr. Fraser
Robinson among casuals from Hull.

[Veronica hederefolia, L. A native in open hilly
pastures in England, though very seldom recorded in
these or any other natural habitats. It is a common
plant of cultivated and waste ground. ]

Veronica peregrina, L. A North American species
which has been recorded as a weed in gardens in
England.

Veronica repens, DC. Native of the alpine pastures
of Spain and Corsica. Once recorded as a weed in
nursery ground in Yorkshire.

Veronica Tournefortii, G. C. Gmel. A native of dry
pastures in South-East Europe which has spread, appa-
rently in quite recent times, over the rest of Europe as
a weed of cultivated ground. Although first recorded
in Britain no earlier than 1829, it is now, especially in
the south, a common plant.

OROBANCHACE:.

Orobanche ramosa, L. This species has occurred
in hemp crops in England, having been doubtless
introduced with its host. The type is apparently un-
known, except on cultivated crops, but the variety Muteli
is more common in the Orient than the type, and grows
on wild Composite.

150 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

ACANTHACE.

Acanthus mollis, L. A native of Southern Europe,
which has been a favourite garden flower in England
and has been observed in an apparently wild state near
Penzance and in the Scilly Isles. Doubtless in both
cases of garden origin.

VERBENACEE.

Verbena hastata, L. A native of North America.
Recorded as a casual in England.

Verbena officinalis, L. The confinement of this
species to the neighbourhood of roads and houses
prevents its acceptance as a native of England or of
Northern Europe. It appears to be a native of dry
pastures in the Mediterranean region, being intro-
duced both further north and also into the tropics to
the south.

Verbena supina, L. A native of damp sandy places
in Southern Europe and the Orient. Recorded once
from the well-known colony of aliens at Wandsworth
in Surrey.

LABIATA.

Ajuga Chamepitys, Schreb. It extends, as a weed
of cultivated ground, from England to Asia Minor. It is —

LABIATA 151

nowhere known under natural conditions. Its very
near ally, Ajuga Chia (differing only in the size of the
flowers and in degree of hairiness), is a native of the
south-eastern corner of the above region, and it is
possible that the former species may have originated
from the latter as a modification especially adapted
to agricultural conditions.

Ajuga Iva, Schreb. A cornfield weed of Central
and Southern Europe and the East. A grain introduc-
tion in England.

Ballota nigra, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region and Western Asia. In England and most of
Europe it is a weed of hedges and waste places,
showing a preference for the neighbourhood of human
habitations.

Calamintha graveolens, Benth. A casual in several
situations near cornmills, or where the siftings of corn
have been thrown.

Elsholtzia cristata, Willd. A weed of cultivation
in Northern Continental Europe which has been noticed
as a casual in waste ground near London.

[Galeopsis Ladanum, L. A native of dry stony places
in the greater part of Southern Europe, becoming more
rare in this condition northwards, and only found as
an obvious native in Britain on shingles, and in a few
other such places in Southern England. It is, however,
common in cultivated fields both here and on the
Continent. |

152 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Galeopsis ochroleuca, Lam. A cornfield weed in the
east of England. It is recorded in natural habitats in
Belgium, but seems to be uncommon in Europe, except
as a weed.

{[Galeopsis Tetrahit, L. Native in England in
woods, but much more common as a weed of culti-
vated and waste ground, and usually recorded from
such localities. |

Galeopsis versicolor, Curt. Native of dry stony places
in Southern Europe. In Northern Europe, including
England, it is a cornfield weed.

Hyssopus officinalis, L. An old garden plant in Eng-
land which has been found as an escape from cultivation.
Sometimes thoroughly naturalised.

Lamium album, L. Native in woods and forests from
Spain and Morocco to Siberia and the Himalayas. Also
a weed about villages, roadsides, and waste places
throughout most of the North Temperate Zone. In
England it is a common plant in the latter kind of
situations. For a fuller discussion of the “Origin of
the Dead Nettles in Britain” see the Fournal of Botany,
1902, p. 360.

Lamium amplexicaule, L. It extends over the whole
North Temperate Zone of the Old World, including
England, but only as a weed of cultivated and waste
ground. It is nowhere recorded from native situations,
but may perhaps be an adaptation of Lamium macrodon
(a native of the cedar forests of Asia Minor) suited to
agricultural conditions.

LABIATH 153

Lamium bifidum, Cyr. Native of woods in South-
East Europe and a weed of cornfields in the neigh-
bouring regions. Once recorded as growing plentifully
in a cornfield in Yorkshire.

Lamium intermedium, Fries. A weed of cultivated
ground in North-West Europe, including Northern
Britain and Northern Ireland.

Lamium levigatum, DC. Native of the mountains
of Southern Europe. In Britain recorded as an escape
from gardens.

Lamium maculatum, L. A native of woods from
Persia to Southern Belgium. Much cultivated in
Britain, and often found near gardens in a quasi-
naturalised state.

Lamium purpureum, L. A weed of arable land, road-
‘sides, and waste ground over the whole of Europe,
Northern Africa, and Western Asia. It is difficult to
determine whether it is truly native in any part of
this area. No record can be found of its appearance
in any perfectly natural locality, at any rate in England.

Leonurus Cardiaca, L. Not recorded in England,
except in the immediate neighbourhood of gardens
where it is cultivated. In Southern Europe it seems
less dependent upon actual cultivation, but nowhere
can a native record be found.

Leonurus Marrubiastrum, L. A native of Eastern
Europe and Northern Asia. A casual in the neighbour-
hood of Hull Docks.

154 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Marrubium Alysson, L. Native of the Mediterranean
region. Once recorded in connection with many other
grain-sifting aliens near Oulton Broad in Norfolk.

[Marrubium vulgare, L. A native of downs on
calcareous soil in England. Much grown in old times,
and still grown to a smaller extent in cottage gardens,
under the name of Horehound. It is now a frequent
naturalised weed by roadsides and waste ground. |

Melissa officinalis, L. A native of woods in the
Mediterranean area. Much and long cultivated in
British cottage gardens, and sometimes occurring as
a garden escape.

[Mentha alopecuroides, Hull. A rare plant in the
British Isles, and frequently under suspicion of being
a garden escape, the species being sometimes used
as a substitute for Mentha viridis. There can be little
doubt, however, that it is a true native in the eastern
counties. |

[Mentha arvensis, L. According to written records.
it is almost confined to cultivated and waste ground
in England. It is certainly native, however, in damp
meadows and by river sides, though much less common
in these than in artificial situations. ]

[Mentha piperita, L. The commonly cultivated Pep-
permint. A frequent escape from cultivation. It is
confidently recorded as a native in several English
counties, and there seems no external evidence to throw
doubt upon the statements. |

LABIATA 155

Mentha Requieni, Benth. A native of the south of
Europe. Recorded as a garden escape in England.

[Mentha rotundifolia, Huds. Undoubtedly native
in damp pastures in England, but perhaps more frequent
as an escape from cultivation in the neighbourhood
of villages. |

Mentha sylvestris, L. Always suspected as a relic
of cultivation in England. Its habitats are usually
natural ones, and its undoubted native range reaches
Belgium, so that there is nothing to throw doubt
on its nativity except the general consensus of opinion
of the actual observers.

Mentha viridis, L. A native of Europe, but in the
British Isles always an escape from cultivation.

[Nepeta Cataria, L. Usually a plant of hedges and
dry field-borders in Britain. It has apparently never
been observed growing under quite natural conditions
except on bushy ground in a few localities on calcareous
soil in Southern England. |

Origanum Onites, L. A native of the hills of the
Eastern Mediterranean area. Observed as a casual in
England. Doubtless an escape from cultivation.

Phlomis fruticosa, L. A native of the dry stony
hills in the east of the Mediterranean region. It
has been planted in many localities in shrubberies and
ornamental grounds, and, becoming naturalised, has
come to be recorded as a quasi-wild garden escape.

156 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Salvia bicolor, Lam. A native of the dry hills of
Spain and Northern Africa. Recorded in waste ground
at Silloth in Cumberland by Dr. Leitch.

Salvia controversa, Ten. Native in the pastures
of Southern Europe. Found as a casual near the
West Docks at Hull by Mr. Fraser Robinson.

Salvia glutinosa, L. A native of shady woods in
Southern Europe. Recorded once or twice as a casual
in waste ground in England.

Salvia Horminium, L. A weed of cultivated ground
in the Mediterranean region. Twice recorded in England
in connection with grain introductions.

Salvia nemorosa, L. A South European weed. On
record as a weed of waste ground in Britain.

Salvia officinalis, L. Native among rocks in the
mountains of Southern Europe. Occasionally recorded
as a garden escape in Britain.

[Salvia pratensis, L. A native of Europe, becoming
very rare towards the north. That it is native in Belgium,
Normandy, and England in dry pastures cannot be
doubted, but most of its records in the latter country
are as a garden relic. ]

Salvia sylvestris, L. A weed of waste ground in
Southern Europe which has been recorded several times
in the neighbourhood of docks, cornmills, &c., in
Britain. |

LABIATAE 157

Salvia verticillata, L. A native of mountain pas-
tures in the Mediterranean region. Rather frequently
recorded on waste ground in England.

Salvia viridis, L. A native of dry stony ground
in the Mediterranean region. A weed of cultivation
in Southern Europe which has been noticed as a grain
introduction in England.

Satureia hortensis, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region. A garden plant. Occasionally noticed as an
escape.

Sideritis montana, L. A weed of cultivated fields in
Southern Europe. Often noticed asa grain introduction
in England.

Stachys annua, L. A native of dry pastures in the
Mediterranean region and a weed of cultivated and
waste ground in most parts of the Continent of Europe..
It is rare in England.

Stachys arvensis, L. Native of dry sandy situations
in the Mediterranean region. Not uncommon as a
cornfield weed in Europe, including England.

Stachys germanica, L. A native of dry hilly pastures
from the east of Europe to Belgium. In England it
is rare, and probably always of garden origin.

Stachys italica, Mill. Native of stony places in
Southern Europe. Once recorded on ballast at Cardiff.

[Teucrium Botrys, L. A native of dry stony pastures.
from England and France to Russia. It has been

158 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

relegated by some to the status of an introduction in
England, because its habitats are in the neighbourhood
of cultivated fields. It grows, however, naturally on
rough stony ground in a few scattered localities in the
southern counties, just as it does more abundantly in
Normandy and Belgium. |

Teucrium Chamedrys, L. A native of dry stony
hills on the Continent of Europe, reaching Normandy
and Belgium. It is only known in England on old
walls and similar situations near houses, and would
appear, therefore, to be an escape from cultivation.

Wiedemannia orientalis, Fisch. and Mey. Acornfield
weed of Europe. Recorded as a grain introduction in
England.

Ziziphora clinopodioides, Lam. A native of the
mountains of Asia Minor, long cultivated in gardens
in England, and noticed as an escape near Penzance,
in Cornwall.

PLANTAGINACE/E.

Plantago arenaria, Waldst. and Kit. Native of sandy
pastures in the Mediterranean area, and widely spread
throughout the rest of Europe in waste ground. In
England it has been found sometimes abundantly, and
apparently well established in sandy waste ground.

Plantago Lagopus, L. Native of rough pastures
in the Mediterranean area, and a weed of cultivated
ground throughout Southern Europe. Several times —

AMARANTACE4 159

recorded in connection with grain-sifting aliens in
Britain.

Plantago Psyllium, L. A native of the seashores
of many parts of Europe, but only known in England as
a rare weed of waste ground. Though not common, it
has long been known as a casual, being recorded by
Miller in 1759 (Britten, in fournal of Botany, 1900, p. 328).

Plantago virginica, L. A native of sandy ground
in North and South America. Recorded by Mr.
Brotherson near Galashiels, Selkirk, where it was
believed to be a wool introduction.

ILLECEBRACE/E,

Herniaria cinerea, DC. Native of sandy places in
South-West Europe and an abundant weed in sandy
cultivated ground in some parts of the Mediterranean
area. A few plants occurred among grain aliens from
Turkish barley at Twerton, near Bath.

Herniaria hirsuta, L. A native of sandy pastures
in Europe extending to Normandy and Belgium. It
may also be native in England, but its only records
so far seem to be from waste ground.

AMARANTACEZE,

Amaranthus albus, L. A native of sandy ravines
in the Southern United States, first recorded in Europe
a century ago. A rare casual weed in England.

160 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Amaranthus Blitum, L. A rare casual in England.
Commoner on the Continent. Native in the Orient.

Amaranthus chlorostachys, Willd. A native of
North America which occurs rarely as a waste ground

weed in Europe, and has been once recorded in
England.

Amaranthus deflexus, L. An American species.
Widely naturalised in the Mediterranean region. Once
recorded as a casual in Yorkshire.

Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A native of the prairies
of the Southern United States. It was known as a
garden plant in England in 1759 (Miller’s Gardener's
Dictionary), and was in the Kew collection in 1769.
It soon became naturalised, and spread rapidly as a
garden and field weed during the early part of the
nineteenth century. It is now very common in most
parts of Europe, including England.

CHENOPODIACE/#£,

Atriplex hortensis, L. A native probably of Tur-
kestan much cultivated in Europe. Found in England,
not infrequently, as an escape from cultivation.

Atriplex nitens, Schkuhr. Its native country is not
known, unless Lessing’s report of it from pastures in
the Kirghiz Steppe (Linnea, vol. ix. p. 203) indicates am

CHENOPODIACE A: 161

indigenous habitat. It is grown as a garden plant in
England, and has been noticed as an escape.

Atriplex patula, L. In its widest sense a native of
seashores in Great Britain, but much more common
as a weed of cultivated and waste ground.

Atriplex rosea, L. Native of the shores of the
Mediterranean and the banks of some of the larger
rivers of Europe, and a common cornfield weed in
some countries. It has been observed a few times
in England, apparently in connection with grain
aliens.

Atriplex tatarica, L. A native of the seashores
of the Mediterranean region and a weed of cultivated
fields in some parts of Europe. Once recorded as a
grain introduction in England.

Beta trigyna, Waldst. and Kit. Recorded by Mr.
Druce in two or three localities in Berkshire, where
it may have been imported with grain or with agricul-
tural seed.

Beta vulgaris, L. Native of the seashores of
Europe and North America. Cultivated from very

early times, and frequently recorded as a relic of
cultivation.

Blitum virgatum, L. Native in sandy places in
Southern Europe and Western Asia. Also a weed of
cultivated ground in many parts of Europe. In Eng-

land rare, and only as a garden stray or as a grain
introduction.

12

<

162 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Chenopodium album, L. Very widely distributed in
Britain and in the rest of the North Temperate
Zone as a weed of cultivated and waste places. It
has not been recorded, so far as the writer can trace,
in any country in natural habitats.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. According to De
Candolle, a native of Mexico. Introduced into South-
West Europe in the seventeenth century, and now
thoroughly naturalised there in sandy fields. It is also
very widely spread in other regions. It has been noticed
in a few waste ground localities in England.

Chenopodium aristatum, L. Native of Northern Asia
and a weed of many other parts of the world in sandy
ground. Recorded by Mr. Davey near Penzance, in
Cornwall.

Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, L. Possibly native
in the high mountains of Southern Europe. In Northern
Europe, including England, it is always associated with
human dwellings, and is doubtless in many cases a
relic of cultivation.

Chenopodium Botrys, L. A native of seashores and
river banks in Central and Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, and other regions. It has long been cultivated in
England, and is on record asarare casual in waste places.

Chenopodium ficifolium, Sm. A weed of roadsides
and waste places, about villages, and in cultivated ground
over a wide range, including England. It is now
frequent in the south-eastern counties, and appears to
be spreading rapidly.

CHENOPODIACEA 163

Chenopodium glaucum, L. A_ weed of cultivated
ground, roadsides, and waste places in the greater
part of Europe, including the eastern counties of
England.

Chenopodium hybridum, L. A native of South-East
Russia, in woods and on rocky ground. In the rest
of Europe, including the southern counties of England,
it occurs only in cultivated and waste ground.

Chenopodium leptophyllum, Nutt. A native of North
America. Once recorded by Mr. Hume as a casual
in the neighbourhood of Par Harbour.

Chenopodium murale, L. It extends over most of
Europe and as far east as Arabia. Mr. Marshall con-
siders it to be native on the beaches of Kent, Sussex,
and Dorset. If so, its distribution as an indigenous
plant has been strangely overlooked, for no statement
can be found in British or foreign Floras of any native
habitat for the plant. Until more attention is paid
to the exact environment of the species in different
parts of its range, it will perhaps be better to class
it among homeless plants.

Chenopodium opulifolium, Schrad. A rare weed
of roadsides and waste ground in England. In similar
habitats it extends from Europe to Turkestan.

[Chenopodium polyspermum, L. A native in damp
woods in the south of England and from Western
France to Southern Russia, though in most local Floras
throughout its range it is recorded only from waste
and cultivated ground. Its generic connection with so

164 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

many weeds of waste ground has perhaps caused
it to be overlooked as indigenous in some coun-
tries. |

[Chenopodium rubrum, L. Rather a common casual
in waste places in England. It occurs more rarely
as a native on muddy shores. |

Chenopodium urbicum, L. A rare weed of culti-
vated and waste ground in England and the greater
part of Europe. Nowhere recorded from native
habitats.

[Chenopodium Vulvaria, L. It extends from the
extreme north of Europe to Northern Africa and Syria,
and is throughout this area recorded only from roadsides
and waste places, except on the shores of Southern
England and Guernsey, where it seems to be indigenous
on pebbly beaches. |

Corispermum hyssopifolium, L. A casual near the
West Docks at Hull. Native in Southern Europe,
Asia, and America.

Roubieva multifida, Mog. A South American plant
naturalised here and there in Southern Europe, and
once recorded in England as a casual at Gloucester.

Spinacia oleracea, L. Much cultivated in Eng-
land, and occasionally noticed as an escape, or relic
of cultivation.

Suceda altissima, Pall. A casual near the West Docks,
Hull. Native of Southern Europe. .

POLYGONACE4: 165

POLYGONACEE.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. Apparently a
native of Manchuria. In Britain a frequent casual about
towns and villages, and even in woods where game is
preserved, in consequence of its use for bird-seed.

Fagopyrum tataricum, Gaertn. Native of Northern
Asia. Occasionally recorded as a weed in cultivated
ground in Britain.

Polygonum arenarium, Waldst. and Kit. Native
of dry hills from Central Europe to Siberia, and a
common cornfield weed in some parts of that district.
Recorded in Britain as a grain introduction.

Polygonum arifolium, L. Once recorded in Britain
on imported garden soil. A native of Asia.

[Polygonum aviculare, L. Invariably recorded in
local British Floras as a weed of cultivated and waste
ground. Though more common in such situations,
it undoubtedly occurs as part of the native vegetation
of the seashore of Britain, as well as on sandy heaths,
and such-like natural habitats inland. |

Polygonum Bellardi, All. Once recorded by Mr.
E. G. Baker as a casual near Limerick, in Ireland. A
native of the Mediterranean region, Siberia, and India.

[Polygonum Convolvulus, L. It has been stated
that this is an Asiatic species occurring only as a weed
of cultivated and waste ground in Europe. As, however,

166 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

it occurs in England and Belgium in woods and bushy
places (especially as the variety Pseudo-dumetorum),
there seems no good reason to exclude it from our
native list. ]

Polygonum corrigioloides, Jaub and Spach. Re-
corded as a grain introduction in one or two localities.
Native of Persia.

[Polygonum lapathifolium, L. A native in marshes
and on river banks in England, but in the great majority
of Floras mentioned only as a weed of cultivated and
waste ground. |

[Polygonum Persicaria, L. The same remarks apply
to this species as to P. lapathifolium. The plant is
common in natural habitats. ]

Rumex alpinus, L. A native of grassy places in the
mountains of Southern Europe. Formerly cultivated
in Britain for its roots, which were apparently used
medicinally. It.is now occasionally found in waste
ground about villages.

[Rumex crispus, L. A very common weed of road-
sides, field-borders, and other waste ground; also not
uncommon in natural habitats such as seashores, glades
in woods, and naturally broken ground, though seldom
so recorded. |

Rumex dentatus, L. A weed of cultivated fields from
the Eastern Mediterranean area to Northern India.
Occasionally recorded in England as a grain intro-
duction.

AKRLSTOLOCHIACEZE 167 ..

{Rumex obtusifolius, L. A very common weed of
waste ground and roadsides, but, like Rumex crispus,
truly a native in naturally disturbed ground, though
seldom so recorded. |

Rumex Patientia, L. A native of alpine meadows
in the Orient. The species has been cultivated in
England, and has been recorded in a half-wild state
near habitations.

Rumex pulcher, L. It has every appearance of
being wild in English pastures, but on the Continent
itis only recorded from roadsides and cultivated ground.
De Candolle considered that it became established in
Europe in modern times, and that its native country
was in Asia. Considering the small amount of attention
which has been paid to exact habitat in European
Floras, it is quite possible that the species may really
be native on the Continent, but British botanists would
hardly seem justified in claiming it as a native until
more careful examination confirms its indigenous con-
dition on the other side of the Channel.

Rumex scutatus, L. A native of rocky ground from
Belgium and Central France to the Orient. In England
only recorded from old walls near houses, in the
gardens of which it had probably been cultivated.

ARISTOLOCHIACEE.

Aristolochia Clematitis, L. A native of Western
Asia. Cultivated from ancient times in Europe, and

168 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

now naturalised in many places, being a common weed
in some of the warmer parts of the Continent, but
confined in England to hedges and old walls near
gardens where it has been cultivated.

[Asarum europeum, L. Native of woods in Europe.
It has been recorded from various parts of Britain,
occasionally in woods, but usually as a more or less
obvious escape from gardens, but, as it is undoubtedly
native in Northern France, Belgium, and Holland, its
few natural habitats may be accepted. |

THYMELASACEE.

[Daphne Mezereum, L. Native in England and Wales
in woods, as it is also in Normandy and Belgium.
Mr. H. C. Watson noted that the seeds of this species
are often sown by robins from cultivated bushes, but
this need throw no doubt on its native state in the
absence of adverse geographical evidence. |

EUPHORBIACE.

[Buxus sempervirens, L. Native in the woods
of Normandy, Belgium, and Holland. In England
there are a few localities, notably Box Hill in Surrey,
where the tree grows plentifully and naturally, and
there seems no reason to doubt its being as truly native
here as in the rest of Northern Europe. A great deal
has been written both for and against its nativity in

EUPHORBIACEZ 169

Britain, but the plain facts of its present circumstances.
are perhaps the most satisfactory evidence that can be
obtained. It is also frequent in Britain as a garden
relic. |

Euphorbia Characias, L. A native of woody districts
in the Mediterranean region. There are old records
of the plant from Worcestershire and Staffordshire.
If the identification was correct, the plant was certainly
an introduction.

Euphorbia coralloides, L. A native of shady woods
in Italy. Recorded from Slinfold, Sussex, by Borrer,
in 1837. Doubtless an introduction.

[Euphorbia Cyparissias, L. Native of dry hilly
pastures from Southern England, Normandy, Belgium,
Sweden, and Russia to the south of Europe. It has
been recorded from several English counties as a garden
escape. The only natural locality is on the downs near
Dover. |

Euphorbia dulcis, L. Native in woods and bushy
places from Normandy and Belgium to the Mediter-
ranean Sea. It is on record from two _ localities.
in Scotland, where it was presumably of garden
origin.

Euphorbia Esula, L. Native of woods and meadows.
in Central and South-East Europe, becoming rarer
north-westwards. It is one of those species which
extends rapidly along roads and railways, being
found in these situations in Belgium, England, and
Scotland.

170 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Euphorbia exigua, L. Rather a common weed
‘of cultivated ground over the whole of Europe and
the Orient. In England it appears to be a native, at
least in Surrey, where it occurs (so Mr. Marshall tells
me) in newly cut copses and on sandy heaths, and,
as I have myself often observed, on the chalk downs.
These are the only records known from natural situations,
but perhaps further investigation will show the species
to have a wide native range. |

Euphorbia helioscopia, L. A weed of cultivated
and waste ground over the whole of Europe, and
nowhere recorded in natural habitats. Mr. Reid’s
discovery of its seeds in interglacial deposits in England
suggests that it may once have been native in Northern
Europe.

[Euphorbia Lathyris, L. Native in stony woods in
Southern England, appearing after the brushwood is
cut. It is much more common, however, as a weed
of gardens, cultivated and waste ground, in Western
Europe—probably the result of its former extensive
cultivation. |

Euphorbia Peplus, L. A weed of cultivated ground
throughout Europe. Common in England.

Euphorbia platyphyllos, L. A weed of cultivated
and waste ground throughout Europe, but nowhere
throughout this area recorded as a native. Not common
in England.

Euphorbia prostrata, Ait. A native of tropical and
sub-tropical America and Africa. Recorded by Mr.

URTICACEE 171

Whitwell (fournal of Botany, 1898, p. 32) from
cultivated ground in Hampshire.

Euphorbia salicifolia, Host. Native of meadows
from Southern Germany to Southern Russia. Said to
be naturalised in one or two localities in Britain.

Mercurialis annua, L. Apparently native in woods
in Southern Europe. In other parts of Europe only
recorded from cultivated and waste ground. In Britain,
especially in the south, it is locally common in such
situations.

URTICACEE.

Cannabis sativa, L. Of very wide cultivation from
prehistoric times in the Old World. One of those weeds
in England which, though nowhere established, is yet
common from the continuous introduction of its seeds
for feeding birds and other domestic uses.

[Humulus Lupulus, L. Certainly indigenous in
woods in England and Wales, as it is also in the
neighbouring parts of the Continent. Its frequent
cultivation often causes it to appear about arable and
waste ground. |

Parietaria officinalis, L. Nowhere in Northern
Europe is this species recorded from natural situations,
though in Southern Europe and in the East it is
recognised as native on rocks. In England it is very

172 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

common on old walls, but it has also been observed
by the writer on rocks in Somerset, and perhaps when
more attention is turned to the precise status of such
plants it may be found in similar situations in other
parts of Northern Europe. Pending such time it is
more prudent to class it among introductions.

Ulmus campestris, L. Very common as a hedge-
row tree in England. It rarely ripens its seeds, has
no vernacular name, and shows other signs of being
an introduction. It is native on the Continent.

[Urtica dioica, L. This plant is now so widely
distributed in the North Temperate Zone, and is
so extremely common in waste and cultivated ground
in England, that it is difficult to determine which
of its apparently wild habitats, if any, are reliable
evidence of its indigenous state. The mere fact,
however, that it grows plentifully about the homes
of such wild mammals as still survive in England
seems to place its native status beyond the possibility
of criticism. |

Urtica pilulifera, L. A common weed of cultivated
and waste ground in some parts of Europe. Its
popular name of Roman Nettle suggests that it was
introduced in the time of the Romans. It has
certainly been known from the earliest botanical times,
but never under conditions that could suggest its being
native.

Urtica urens, L. A common weed of cultivated and
waste ground in Europe, including England. Its origin
is uncertain.

CUPULIFERZ 173

CUPULIFERE.

{[Carpinus Betulus, L. A native of the south-
eastern counties of England, and perhaps in a few
places further north and west, but far more common
in England, Scotland, and Wales as a _ planted
tree. |

Castanea sativa, Mill. Native in woods in the
North Temperate Zone. A native of England in pre-
historic times (H. N. Ridley, Fournal of Botany,
1885, p. 253), but extinct as such now. It is widely
planted, and has been cultivated in England for many
centuries. It seldom ripens seed, and is nowhere
established.

[Fagus silvatica, L. Julius Czsar’s statement that
the Beech did not occur in Britain, taken in con-
junction with the wide cultivation of the tree, has
induced some botanists to reject it as a native. In
the southern counties, however, and as far north as
Yorkshire, there seems no reason to doubt that the
fine Beech woods are truly indigenous. This would
not be the only point in the natural history records
found in Ceesar’s writings which has been refuted by
later investigation. Such a statement as the one quoted
would certainly be received with great hesitation even
if made by a competent botanist unless he had a full
knowledge of the country. It may be mentioned, more-
over, that Beech wood has been recognised in recent
geological strata in England, and that the tree is
received as a native in the neighbouring parts of the
Continent. |

174 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Juglans regia, L. Native in woods from the Caucasus.
to India. In recent geological times its range reached
and included England, but now it is only known as.
a cultivated tree.

Populus alba, L. Native of damp woods in Centrak
and Southern Europe. There seems to be a general
impression among botanists in England, Normandy,
and Belgium that it is nowhere indigenous in those
countries. It is widely planted, and is common in
many parts of England along river banks and other
wet places. It would probably be difficult to prove
its exotic origin, but until its situation in Northern
Europe has been carefully re-examined it should not
be admitted to our native list.

Populus balsamifera, L. A native of the borders
of swamps and rivers in North America. It is rather
frequently planted in England, and it is occasionally
recorded from semi-wild situations.

Populus monilifera, Ait. A native of the margins.
of lakes and streams in North America. It is occasion-
ally planted in England, and rarely noticed as an
escape from cultivation.

Populus nigra, L. Native of Central and Southern
Europe. A commonly planted Poplar in England,
Belgium, and Normandy. As in the case of Populus alba,
until its whole position in Northern Europe is carefully
considered it should be treated as an introduction.

Populus pyramidalis, Salisb. A widely cultivated tree-
Not uncommon in England, but only as a planted tree.

SALICACE 175,

Quercus Cerris, L. Native of mountain woods in
the Mediterranean region. Much planted in England,
and sometimes self-sown, and having a wild appearance.

Quercus Ilex, L. Indigenous in the Mediterranean
region. Long cultivated in England, sometimes self-
sown, and thus taken for a naturalised tree.

SALICACEE.

[Salix alba, L. A rare native in England. As an
introduced plant it is common, and easily becomes.
naturalised along streams, in which places it assumes.
the appearance of a true native, and it cannot be
proved that it is not indigenous in some of its wildest
stations, as it is moreover recognised to be such in
the rest of Northern Europe. |

Salix babylonica, L. A native of Asia from Persia
to Japan. Much cultivated in England, and in some
situations having the appearance of a naturalised plant.

Salix daphnoides, Vill. A native of river banks from
Belgium to Siberia, but at present only recorded as.
a cultivated osier in England.

[Salix fragilis, L. Like Salix alba, hardly free from
doubt in any situation in Northern Europe because:
it has been so frequently planted, but, like Salix alba,,
the evidence, either geographical or otherwise, against
its native status is not sufficient to exclude it from
the British native list. It is true, as Mr. Murray points.

176 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

out, that its close intermixture with Salix alba in
South-West Asia points to the nativity of both in
that region, but this does not militate against its
indigenous condition in other places. Remains of its
wood have been found in recent geological formations
in Europe. |

[Salix pentandra, L. Mr. Marshall, whose knowledge
of the British willows is wide and accurate, tells me
that this tree is native in the north of Britain
and in Ireland, but only planted in the south of
England. |

[Salix triandra, L. Although the species has been
doubted as a native in England, the writer cannot dis-
cover any valid objections to its native range, which
covers Northern and Central Europe, being considered
to extend to this country. ]

CONIFERZE.

Larix europw#a, DC. A native of the Alps of Southern
Europe. Cultivated in England since the seventeenth
century, and now semi-naturalised in some places.

Pinus excelsa, Vill. A native of the Himalayan region.
Seldom seen out of parks and gardens, and then only
where planted.

Pinus Laricio, Poir. A native of South-East Europe.
Much planted for ornament in Britain, but seldom
giving the impression of being naturalised.

HVDROCHARIDACE At 177

Pinus Pinaster, Soland. A native of Southern Europe
introduced into England in the sixteenth century, and
now abundantly naturalised near Bournemouth and
in one or two other places.

[Pinus sylvestris, L. An undoubted native of Great
Britain in recent geological times, probably forming
large forests. Whether any of the Scotch pines growing
now are descended from the wild stock must always
remain doubtful, but, as it is undoubtedly native in
other parts of Northern Europe, it may be allowed the
benefit of the doubt and a place among the rarer natives
of Britain. The tree has been abundantly planted in
all parts of the islands. |

HYDROCHARIDACE.

Aponogeton distachyon, Thunb. A South African
aquatic, often grown in England in ornamental ponds,
whence it occasionally escapes into wild-looking
situations.

Elodea canadensis, Michx. Native of North America.
It seems to have been first observed between the years
1842 and 1847 near Bewick, near Market Harborough,
and in Cambridge. From these centres, and perhaps
from others unrecorded, it spread with extraordinary
rapidity over the whole of Britain. It is now showing
signs of decrease, perhaps in consequence of its long
dependence (in the absence of the male plant) upon
vegetative reproduction.

13

178 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

(Stratiotes aloides, L. It has been recorded in many
parts of England, in ditches, canals, and backwaters
of rivers, and as it occurs on the Continent in
similar situations, there is no reason to doubt its
indigenous state. In Scotland and Ireland, however,
there can be little doubt that all the stations recorded
for the species are due to introduction, though it now
appears quite naturalised in them. ]

IRIDACEAE,

Crocus aureus, Sibth. and Sm. A native of meadows
in South-East Europe. Recorded as a garden relic in
a few situations in England.

Crocus biflorus, Mill. Native of meadows in Southern
Europe. Once or twice observed in Suffolk in a semi-
naturalised state about old parks and gardens.

Crocus nudiflorus, Sm. Native in meadows of
Southern Europe and the Orient. Absent, at least
as a native, in Northern France, Belgium, and
Holland. In England it appears to be naturalised
in meadows in the midland counties, near gardens
and villages.

Crocus sativus, L. Several forms are said to be wild
in the mountains from Italy to Kurdestan. It has long
been cultivated in England, and has been observed
as an established plant in meadows near places where
it has been cultivated.

IRIDACE4 179

Crocus vernus, All. Native of meadows of Southern
and parts of Mid-Europe. Absent as a native further
north. Recorded as a relic of cultivation, sometimes
more or less naturalised, in various parts of England.

Gladiolus communis, L. Native from Southern France
to Persia. Much cultivated in England, and occasionally
recorded as a garden stray.

Gladiolus illyricus, Koch. A native of dry mountain
heaths in South-West Europe. Unknown as a wild
plant in Northern France. Supposed to have been
introduced in its New Forest station in Hampshire.
It was first recorded there in 1857.

Iris germanica, L. Native of damp rocky hills in
Southern Europe. Widely cultivated in England, and
sometimes recorded as an escape near gardens,

Tris pumila, L. Native of sandy meadows in Southern
Europe. Long under cultivation in Britain. An occa-
sional garden escape.

Iris tuberosa, L. A native of dry hills in the Mediter-
ranean area. Often cultivated in England, and recorded
in a naturalised state in Cornwall and South Devon.

Iris xiphioides, Ehrh. Native of meadows in South-
West Europe. Much cultivated in England, and
sometimes becoming naturalised near gardens.

Iris Xiphium, L. Native of sandy situations in South-
West Europe. Long cultivated in English gardens,
and once or twice recorded as semi-naturalised.

180 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Mill. In the fournal
of Botany, 1882, p. 8, Mr. More mentions three localities
in Ireland in which this species has been found—in
one undoubtedly introduced. It is a native of North
America.

Sisyrinchium californicum, Dryand. Native of
Western North America. Discovered in an apparently
natural situation near Wexford in Ireland by the Rev.
E. S. Marshall in 1896. It must be regarded as an
introduction until further facts transpire to counter-
balance the weighty geographical evidence against its
nativity.

AMARYLLIDACEE,

[Galanthus nivalis, L. Native in Northern and Central
Europe including Belgium, Normandy, and England.
In the latter country, however, its records are, in the
great majority of cases, accompanied by expressions
of doubt as to its native status. It has been a favourite
garden plant for many centuries in England. As, how-
ever, the few spots in which it appears to be perfectly
natural are in uninterrupted connection with its main
range, its claims to a place in our native Flora should
not be denied. |

[Leucojum estivum, L. Like the Snowdrop, this
species is frequently recorded in England under
suspicious circumstances, being much cultivated in
gardens. Occasionally, however, it appears to have

AMARYLLIDACEAt 18t

been observed in natural habitats, and as its un-
doubtedly native range includes Northern Continental
Europe, it may be considered a rare native of Britain
also. ]

Leucojum pulchellum, Salisb. A native of the Medi-
terranean region, grown in English gardens, and occa-
sionally observed as an escape.

Leucojum vernum, L. Native of wet meadows and
woods in Central Europe, reaching as far as Belgium.
In England only recorded in Dorsetshire, where it is
considered to be an escape from garden culture.

Narcissus bifiorus, Curt. Native of the Mediterranean
region. Much grown in gardens in England, and
frequently recorded as a naturalised plant in orchards,
meadows, and woods near villages.

Narcissus Bulbocodium, L. Occasionally recorded
as an escape from gardens in England. Native of
South-West Europe.

Narcissus incomparabilis, Mill. A native of Southern
Europe. Long cultivated in England, and occasionally
naturalised near gardens.

Narcissus poeticus, L. A native of mountain meadows
in Central and Southern Europe. It has long been a
favourite flower in English gardens, and has often been
recorded as a naturalised stray from cultivation.

Narcissus serratus, Haw. A garden plant which has
been found in a semi-naturalised state in Middlesex.

182 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

Narcissus Tazetta, L. A native of the Mediterranean
region. Found as a garden stray near Cardiff.

Narcissus triandrus, L. A rare garden escape in
England. Native of the Pyrenees.

LILIACE/E.

Allium ampeloprasum, L. Indigenous in the Medi-
terranean area. The species is absent as a native in
Northern Europe, but, if it is identical, as supposed,
with the cultivated Leek, it is one of the most anciently
grown vegetables in the British Isles. It has long
been established on the Steep Holmes, a small island
in the Bristol Channel, and it has more recently been
found in South Dorset. In both stations its presence
is attributed to garden origin.

Allium carinatum, L. Native in Europe on dry
hills extending to Northern France and Belgium. It
is also known in cultivated fields and waste ground
beyond this area. In the British Isles it is said to
be established in wet muddy situations on the banks
of the Tay, Ouse, and Esk, where it is suspected as
a garden escape. It might be expected, from its
geographical range, to occur as a native on the dry
hills of Southern England. Its presence in the above-
mentioned localities would hardly suggest a native
status.

Allium nigrum, L. Recorded under the name of
Allium ampeloprasum in Trimmer’s Flora of Norfolk,
p. 144. Probably of garden origin.

LILIACEZ 183

Allium paradoxum, Don. A Siberian species which
has become introduced and naturalised, probably through
garden culture, in Scotland, near Edinburgh. It is
recorded under the same conditions near Prague in
Bohemia.

Allium roseum, L. A native of the Mediterranean
area. Twice recorded as naturalised in England.
Doubtless of garden origin.

Asphodelus fistulosus, L. Native in dry places in
the Mediterranean region, and a common weed of
cultivated fields and roadsides in Syria and Palestine.
It has several times been recorded in considerable
quantity in England. It may possibly owe its origin
to Eastern grain.

[Fritillaria Meleagris, L. Native in meadows in North
and Central Europe, including Southern England. In
such districts as the Thames Valley, where it grows
under conditions similar to those on the other side
of the Channel, there seems no room for doubt as
to its indigenous state, but in the greater number of
its localities it is recorded as a garden escape. |

Fritillaria pyrenaica, L. A garden escape in the
New Forest. Indigenous in the Pyrenees.

Hemerocallis flava, L. Native in the marshes of
Central and Eastern Europe. Recorded from woods
near the Menai Straits, where it is probably an escape
from gardens, but plentifully established.

Lilium Martagon, L. Commonly cultivated in gar-

184 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

dens in England and recorded in many localities as
naturalised in their neighbourhood. A native of Central
and Southern Europe.

Lilium pyrenaicum, Gouan. A native of the moun-
tains of South-West Europe. Cultivated in English
gardens, and long established in one locality in Devon-
shire. It was doubtless of garden origin there.

Muscari comosum, Mill. Native of sandy places
of Central and Southern Europe, where it is also a
weed of cultivated fields. Once recorded in England
as a cornfield weed introduced with foreign seed.

[Muscari racemosum, Mill. Native in sandy and
chalky hills in Normandy, and doubtless also in England.
It is confined to the eastern counties, and its nativity
has been doubted by many observers. It has been
difficult to find any statement that it grows in perfectly
natural habitats, but the opinion of Professor Babington
that it was without doubt a native of Cambridgeshire
may, in the absence of geographical difficulties, be
taken as sufficient guarantee of its native status. ]

Ornithogalum nutans, L. Native of woods and
meadows in Southern Europe. Elsewhere a weed of
cultivated ground. Occasionally recorded in England
as an escape from gardens and as a weed in cultivated
and waste ground.

Ornithogalum umbellatum, L. Native of grassy
places in Southern Europe. A weed of cultivated and
waste ground further north on the Continent and in
England. In this country it is not infrequently recorded

ARACEZ 185

‘as an escape from gardens. A similar tendency to
establish itself is shown in the United States of America,
where it has become abundantly naturalised in the
neighbourhood of towns and villages.

(Tulipa sylvestris, L. Native in pastures in Central
and Southern Europe. In Normandy, Belgium, and
England rare, and frequently suspected as an escape
from cultivation. There are, however, several localities
in England in which it has now the appearance of
being indigenous, and as its non-native state in the
neighbouring part of the Continent is open to doubt,

‘there seems no positive reason for rejecting it as a
British plant. ]

JUNCACEA.

Luzula albida, DC. A native of woods and meadows
in Central Europe. Recorded two or three times in
England on railway banks and other dry waste ground.
Possibly introduced with grass seed.

‘Luzula nivea, DC. Native of mountain woods in
Southern Europe. Twice recorded as an alien in
Britain. Probably of garden origin.

ARACEE.

Acorus Calamus, L. Completely naturalised in many
counties of England and Wales, but native only in
the east of Europe. The history of this species has

186 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

been admirably told by Trimen in the Fournal of
Botany, 1871, p. 163. He regarded it as introduced
for the following reasons: (1) It is not recorded as
wild in this country before 1660, and was expressly
stated to be absent by such careful botanists as Turner
and Parkinson. If it had existed in any quantity where
it is now said to be wild, it could not have escaped
their notice. (2) The plant, though common now in
many parts of Western Continental Europe, has been
satisfactorily proved by Kirschleger to have been
introduced there from the East.

[Arum italicum, Mill. Stated to be absent as a native
plant in Northern France, Belgium, and Holland,
but in view of the decided opinion of local botanists
that it is indigenous in Dorset, Sussex, and Kent, where
it grows in natural situations, it cannot be excluded
from our native list. Its status has, however, long been
open to question in consequence of its cultivation
for more than a century in gardens and the suspicion
which attaches to some of its stations. |

Calla palustris, L. Native of marshes in Europe
and North America. Completely naturalised in marshes.
in one spot in Surrey to which its intentional intro-
duction has been acknowledged.

NAIADACEE.

Naias graminea, Del. Native of the tropics of
the Old World. Naturalised in a canal near Man-
chester.

GRAMINE4 187

CYPERACEE.

[Carex brizoides, L. Once found in Studley woods,
Yorkshire, by Mr. Maclvor, and vouched for by
Professor Babington, but not since seen in Britain.
It is native in Belgium, Holland, and Germany in
damp shady woods, and might well occur in Yorkshire
as an indigenous plant. It is included in this list
in consequence of the opinion expressed in English
Botany that it was probably planted where found. |

Carex vulpinoides, Michx. A native of low grounds
in North America. Once recorded by Mr. Nicholson
as an escape near the Thames at Kew.

[Cyperus fuscus, L. Native in wet sandy places in
Surrey, Hants, and Dorset. Before its discovery in the
two last-named counties it was thought by some to be
an introduction by the pond on Shalford Common in
Surrey, but the extension of its English range, and
its presence as a native in similar localities in Northern
France and Belgium, leave no room to doubt its
indigenous status in this country. |

GRAMINE:.
Agropyron cristatum, Beauv. A native in Eastern

Europe, said to have been found by Don on the
Scotch coast.

Agropyron patulum, Trin. A grass of the Levant,

188 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

communicated by Mr. Fraser Robinson as a casual
from Hull Docks.

Agrostis scabra, Willd. Mr. Marshall recorded this
plant as “apparently quite established on the West
Highland railway banks between Tulloch and Fersig.”
The discoverer thought it might have been introduced
with timber from Canada. It is a common native in
the woods of that country, and its seeds are frequently
found adhering to trees in the autumn.

-Alopecurus agrestis, L. Native of grassy places in
Central and Southern Europe, only reaching the extreme
north-west as a cornfield weed. In England it is well
established in cultivated and waste ground, and was
noticed as early as the time of Gerarde. It is, more-
over, constantly re-introduced with imported seeds and
foreign grain. It becomes scarcer and more casual
northwards.

Alopecurus utriculatus, Pers. A native of Central
and Southern Europe. It has been introduced as a
casual into England, doubtless with foreign hay or corn.

Anthoxanthum Puelii, Lecoqg and Lamotte. A
native of Southern Europe which has occurred in many
localities in England. Usually traceable to introduced
agricultural seed and probably always due to that source,
as its seed is unfortunately largely used to adulterate
the seed of Sweet Vernal Grass, to which it bears a
close resemblance.

Apera interrupta, Beauv. A native of sandy pastures
of Central and Southern Europe, appearing in cultivated

GRAMINEZ 189:

land to the east (Syria), and to the north (Northern
France, Holland, Belgium, and England) of its native
range. In England it is confined to the eastern counties,.
and possibly owes its presence to the introduction of
hay.

Apera Spica-venti, Beauv. It appears from book
records to be a native of sandy pastures in Central
and South-East Europe. North-west of this, the plant
is confined to cultivated ground and roadsides. It
is not uncommon in South-East England in sandy
situations of this kind, and is more sparingly scattered
over the rest of Britain. Johnson’s remark in 1633,.
in commenting upon Gerarde’s first record, that it
was probably the grass sold for decoration in London,.
suggests the possibility that a trade in it may have
been the cause of its frequency in Middlesex.

Avena fatua, L. No native habitat can be found on
record for this species, but in Temperate Europe, Asia,
and Africa it occurs in cultivated and waste ground..
In Britain it is locally plentiful.

Avena strigosa, Schreb. Native in meadows near
the Caspian Sea, between Sallian and Lenkoran. In
the British Isles, as in the rest of Europe, it is only
known in cultivated fields.

Briza maxima, L. A native of grassy hills in the
Mediterranean region. An occasional escape from.
garden culture in England.

Briza minor, L. A native of the pastures of Southern
Europe which has spread as a weed of cultivated.

190 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

ground over other parts of the Continent, as well as
in America, South Africa,and New Zealand. In England
it has been recorded from waste ground in several of the
southern counties.

Bromus arduennensis, Dum. A Belgian grass
recorded with many other introductions at Penzance

in Cornwall.

Bromus arvensis, L. Native in grassy places of
Southern Europe, becoming a weed of cultivation in
the east and north. It is somewhat widely distributed
in England in corn and clover fields, often under
conditions that suggest its introduction with agricultural
seed or foreign grain and hay.

Bromus brachystachys, Hornung. A weed of the
Orient which has occurred among aliens introduced
with Turkish barley.

Bromus interruptus, Druce. This interesting addition
to our weeds of cultivation was first distinguished by
Mr. Druce, and described as a species in 1895. Its
range includes the southern portion of England. It
remains to be proved whether it grows as a native
elsewhere, but at present it is only known as an arti-
ficially supported weed.

Bromus macrostachys, Desf. A casual near the
West Dock, Hull. Indigenous in the Mediterranean

region.

Bromus madritensis, L. A native of the Mediter-
ranean region, and also a weed there on roadsides, and

GRAMINEA IQ!

in cultivated and waste ground. It isabsent in Northern
France, Belgium, and Holland. In England it is found
as a weed of dry waste ground in the southern counties,
and is attributable, in some cases at least, to the intro-
duction of foreign grain.

Bromus patulus, Mert. and Koch. Native in grassy
places in Southern Europe and Western Asia. Out-
side this region it is a weed of cultivation, or, as in
England, only a casual due to the grain trade.

Bromus rigidus, Roth. A native of the Mediterranean
region on maritime sands and bare hills. It may be
native further north, as Mr. Lester records it as abun-
dant in sandy places in Jersey (Fournal of Botany, 1901,
p. 64), but in England it has always been attributed to
grain introduction, imported agricultural seed, or ship’s
ballast.

Bromus scoparius, L. A native of dry sandy places
in the Mediterranean region, where it is also a
common cornfield weed. It has been observed a
few times in England in connection with imported
grain.

Bromus secalinus, L. Native of Mediterranean
meadows. Widely spread in Britain, as well as the
rest of Northern Europe and North America, as a
weed of cultivation.

Bromus squarrosus, L. A casual introduction, pro-
bably with grain. It has been found in two or three
localities near large towns in Britain. Native in
Southern Europe and Western Asia.

192 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Bromus sterilis, L. The book records of this species
would lead one to suppose that, at any rate in most.
counties, it is exclusively a weed of waste ground
and cultivated fields. It is certainly much more
frequently met with in such situations, but it is also
an undoubted native in dry broken ground. |

Bromus tectorum, L. A native of dry places in
Europe, Siberia, and Northern Africa. Also a somewhat.
common weed of dry waste ground in the same regions..
It becomes scarcer and less permanent northwards.
in Europe, and in England it is seldom better than
a casual, introduced with grain, agricultural seed, and
other kinds of merchandise.

Bromus unioloides, H. B. and K. A grass of very
wide distribution in tropical, sub-tropical, and even
temperate regions, having been long used as a fodder
crop. As such its seed has been recently on sale
in Britain. Its few records as sub-spontaneous point,
however, rather to its importation with foreign
grain.

Calamagrostis sylvatica, Bess. A widely distributed
native of woods and pastures in the mountains of
Central and Southern Europe and the East. It is cul-
tivated in English gardens, and is on record as a casual.
Doubtless of garden origin.

Chloris radicata, Sw. Native of the savannahs of
tropical America, and of wider distribution as a road-
side weed. Recorded in thé Botanical Record Club
Report for 1875 by Mr. J. Whitehead as a casual near
Chester.

GRAMINEZ 193

Crypsis aculeata, Ait. A native of sandy shores
in Southern Europe. It is widely spread in the Old
World. In England only a grain-introduced alien.

[Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Native on the seashores
of Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset. It is more common
in Britain as a casual on roadsides, village greens,
and such-like localities, in all of which it is introduced.
It is naturalised and spreading in scattered districts in
many other parts of the world. |]

Cynosurus echinatus, L. Native on cliffs, and dry
pastures near the sea in Jersey and Normandy, and
probably other parts of Europe. Much more common
in the South of Europe and the Orient as a weed in
dry cultivated fields. To its presence in the grain
districts of South-East Europe and Asia Minor
is due the large number of localities in which it has
been recorded throughout England as a grain-intro-
duction.

Echinaria capitata, Desf. A grain alien, recorded
by Mrs. Baker at Oulton. Native of dry hills in
the Mediterranean region.

Eleusine indica, Gaertn. A very widely extended
weed of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Occasionally
introduced with merchandise into Britain.

Elymus caput-Meduse, L. A native of sandy and
rocky places from the Mediterranean area to Turkestan
and a weed of cultivated ground in Southern and Central
Europe. In England it is only known as a rare casual,
probably introduced with grain. It has the same

14

194 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

status in North America, possibly from the same
cause.

Eragrostis minor, Host. A widely distributed weed
of tropical and temperate regions. It has been recorded
once or twice in England as a casual.

Gastridium australe, Beauv. Native in dry pastures
in the east of Europe. Now widely spread as a weed
of cultivated ground in most temperate parts of the
world. In England it occurs under the latter conditions,
sometimes even in abundance.

Heleochloa schoenoides, Host. It was found in
England on waste ground associated with certain weeds
which pointed to its introduction with foreign corn.
Native of the Mediterranean region and the East.

Hordeum jubatum, L. Several times recorded from
waste ground in England. It was probably in all cases
a grain-sifting casual. Native of the New World.

{Hordeum murinum, L. Probably native on the coasts
of North-West Europe. In England, except near the
sea, it always grows (or at any rate is always so recorded)
in waste ground around villages and towns. It is
probably much more commonly dependent upon men
than not. |]

Hordeum vulgare, L. Barley is not uncommon as
a straggler from cultivation.

Keeleria phleoides, Pers. A Mediterranean grass which
has more than once been recorded as a casual in England.

GRAMINEZ 195

Lagurus ovatus, L. The Hare’s Foot Grass of gardens.
Native of the sandy shores of the Mediterranean Sea
and a weed of cultivated ground in Southern and Central
Europe. In England it scarcely appears to be more
than a casual. Sometimes of garden origin, sometimes
a grain-introduction.

Lepturus incurvatus, Trin. A native of the sea-
shores of the Mediterranean region which has been
recorded once or twice in England under circum-
stances that suggested its introduction with ships’
ballast.

Lolium multiflorum, Lam. T[talian Rye Grass. A
South European grass, largely introduced for agri-
cultural purposes, and now established in many parts
of the country.

Lolium siculum, Parl. A Mediterranean grass which
has been recorded by Davey as a casual in Corn-
wall.

Lolium temulentum, L. A weed of cultivated ground
in England as in the rest of Europe, in the East, and
in North America. It is frequently re-introduced into
this country with foreign seed, and sometimes becomes
locally abundant for a short time.

Panicum capillare, L. A common weed of cultivated
ground in North America. It has been recorded from
England and Ireland as a casual introduction.

Panicum Crus-galli, L. A cosmopolitan weed. In
England it is not uncommon in damp waste and

196 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

cultivated ground, but does not take the prominent
position which it does in Southern Europe.

Panicum glabrum, Gaud. Common locally in South-
East England, and recorded from one or two other
stations in other parts of Britain. It has not been
observed in quite wild situations anywhere in Europe.
M. Moulins (Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. vol. i. p.. 45) may
be right in supposing that it originally came with
ships’ ballast from America.

Panicum miliaceum, L. Commonly cultivated in
warm countries and much imported into England,
where it has been frequently observed as a casual in
waste ground.

Panicum sanguinale, L. A casual weed of waste
ground in England. Occasionally spreading in arable
land. Its origin is uncertain.

Phalaris czrulescens, Desf. Native in the east of
Europe and a weed of cultivation in the Mediter-
ranean area. Once recorded in Britain on ballast at
Cardiff.

Phalaris canariensis, L. A weed of cultivated ground
in Central and Southern Europe. In England it is
one of the species which betrays the localities where
birds have been fed, or where the sweepings from
their cages have been thrown. It is never more than
a casual.

Phalaris intermedia, Bosc. One of the casuals
recorded by Mr. Bucknall from St. Phillip’s Marsh,

GRAMINEAE 197

Bristol—a large piece of waste ground where siftings
are thrown from neighbouring distilleries and corn-
mills.

Phalaris minor, Retz. Native of grassy places in
the East, and a weed of cultivated land in Southern and
Western Europe. It has been observed as a casual in
many parts of England, and was certainly in one or
two places introduced with Turkish barley.

Phalaris paradoxa, L. A common weed of agri-
culture in the Mediterranean region. Known in England
as a grain-introduced casual.

Phleum asperum, Jacq. An agricultural weed of
Southern Europe which has been several times re-
corded from waste ground in England. Some
of the records have, however, been proved to be
erroneous.

Phleum grecum, Boiss. and Heldr. Native of Greece.
Mr. A. B. Jackson recorded it as a casual in Leices-
tershire.

Phleum tenue, Schrad. A native of Southern Europe,
recorded as a casual in Leicestershire by Mr. A. B.
Jackson.

[Poa Chaixii, Vill. This species is mentioned be-
cause it has usually been regarded as an introduction.
Considering the fact that it is clearly native in the
woods of Belgium and that its British stations look
like natural ones, there seems little reason to include
it in this list. ]

198 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

[Polypogon monspeliense, Desf. Native of wet
sandy ground from the Mediterranean region, extending
along the west coast of Europe to England. A weed
of cultivated and waste ground of very wide distribution.
In England it has more frequently been recorded as
a casual introduction than as a native, in some cases
being traced to imported grain and in others to
imported wool. ]

Secale cereale, L. A frequent stray from rye-fields.

Setaria glauca, Beauv. Probably native on the
grassy hills of Southern China. A weed of cultivated
and waste ground over the greater part of the world
—as such it is not uncommon in England.

Setaria italica, Beauv. Probably a weed of South-
East Asia. It has long been cultivated in Europe,
and its seeds are frequently imported into England
to feed cage-birds. It thus appears as a casual of waste
ground.

Setaria verticillata, Beauv. A frequent weed of
cultivated and waste ground in Central and Southern

Europe and various other parts of the world. In
England it is rare, and hardly more than a casual.
Its introduction has been traced to introduced oil seed
in one instance.

Setaria viridis, Beauv. A native of Manchuria, and
a weed of cultivated and waste ground in the greater
part of the North Temperate Zone. Its native range
is possibly wider than above indicated, but cannot be
supposed to extend to England, where the species has,

FILICES 199

so far as the writer can discover, only been observed
in artificial habitats.

Stipa pennata, Pers. A native of dry mountain
pastures in Central and Southern Europe. It is fre-
quently cultivated in gardens, and doubtless owes its
few records in England to this fact.

Tragus racemosa, Scop. A native of dry sandy places
in Southern Europe. It has become a noxious weed
in the sheep pastures of Australia. Its clinging seeds
become entangled in wool, and so get imported into
England and other countries.

Triticum cylindricum, Ces. Mr. Hume has sent this
grass from Par in Cornwall, where it was doubtless
a casual introduction. Native of Southern Europe.

Zea Mays, L. Indian Corn. In consequence of its
extensive use in England it occasionally appears on
waste ground about towns.

FILICES.

Asplenium fontanum, Bern. A native of Southern
Europe. It has been recorded several times from walls
in various parts of England ; probably always originating
from gardens.

Onoclea sensibilis, L. Native of North America and
Northern Asia. It has been recorded as an established
introduction in Yorkshire.

200 ALIEN FLORA OF BRITAIN

CHARACE.

Chara Braunii, Gmel. Widely distributed as a native
of Central and Southern Europe and Northern Africa,
reaching as far north as Belgium, Sweden, and Norway.
In England it has been found only in one place, viz.,
by Mr. Charles Bailey (fournal of Botany, 1884, p. 4) in
warm water from cotton-mills near Reddish in South
Lancashire. The use of Egyptian cotton in the mill and
the presence of an undoubtedly Egyptian aquatic in
the same locality suggest introduction with the cotton.

SALVINIACEE.

Azolla caroliniana, Willd. A native of the United
States, recently introduced into English gardens and
tending to spread into ponds and ditches.

INDEX

A Anagallis, 129
-Aczena, 70 Anaphalis, 100
Acanthus, 150 Anchusa, 134
Acer, 53 Androsace, 130

Achillea, 99

Anemone, 3

Achillea serrata, Sm.=decolorans | Anethum graveolens, L. = Peuce-

Aconitum, 1 danum graveolens

Acorus, 185 Antennaria margaritacea, Br. =
Actea, 2 Anaphalis margaritacea

Adonis, 2 Anthemis, 1o1

2 gopodium, 81 Anthoxanthum, 188

ésculus, 53 Anthriscus, 83

Ethusa, 82
Agropyron, 187

Agrostemma Githago, L.= Lych-

nis Githago
Agrostis, 188
Ajuga, 150
Alkanna, 133
Allium, 182
Alopecurus, 188
Althzea, 43
Alyssum, 12
Amaranthus, 159
Ambrosia, 100
Amelanchier, 70
Ammi, 82
Amsinckia, 133
Anacyclus, 100

Antirrhinum, 142
Apera, 188
Aponogeton, 177
Arabis, 13
Archangelica, 83
Arctium, 102
Aremonia, 70
Arenaria, 33
Argemone, 8
Aristolochia, 167
Armoracia, 14
Arnoseris, 102
Artemisia, 103
Arum, 186
Asarum, 168
Asperugo, 135
Asperula, 94

201

202

Asphodelus, 183

Asplenium, 199

Aster, 104

Aster leevigatus, Hook. = levis

Asteriscus aquaticus, Less. =
Buphthalmum aquaticum

Astragalus, 54

Astrantia, 83

Atractylis, 105

Atriplex, 160

Atropa, 139

Avena, 189

Azolla, 200

Beeria, 105

Ballota, 151

Barbarea, 14

Berberis, 7

Beta, 161

Bifora, 83

Blitum, 161

Borago, 135

Boreava, 14

Bowlesia, 84

Brassica, 15

Brassica sinapioides, Roth. = nigra

Brassica Sinapis, Vis. = B. Sina-
pistrum

Briza, 189

Bromus, 190

Bromus maximus, Desf. = rigidus

Bromus Schraderi, Kunth. = unio-
loides

Bunias, 17

Buphthalmum, 105

Bupleurum, 84

Buxus, 168
Cc
Cacalia hastata, L.= Senecio sa-
gittatus

Calamagrostis, 192

INDEX

Calamintha, 151

Calceolaria, 142

Calendula, 106

Calendula pluvialis, L. = Dimor-
photheca pluvialis

Calla, 186

Calliopsis bicolor, Reichb. = Core-
opsis tinctoria

Calotis, 106

Camelina, 17

Campanula, 127

Cannabis, 171

Capsella, 17

Carbenia, 107

Carduus, 107

Carduus benedictus, Steud. == Car-
benia benedicta

Carduus crispus, L. = acanthoides

Carduus Marianus, L. = Silybum
Marianum

Carex, 187

Carpinus, 173

Carrichtera, 18

Carthamus, 107

Carum, 85

Castanea, 173

Caucalis, 86

Caucalis infesta, Curt. = arvensis.

Celsia, 142

Centaurea, 107

Centranthus, 96

Cephalaria, 98

Cerastium, 33

Ceratochloa unioloides, DC. =
Bromus unioloides

Cerinthe, 135

Chzrophyllum, 87

Chzrophyllum Anthriscus, Lam.
= Anthriscus vulgaris

Chara, 200

Cheiranthus, 18

Chelidonium, 8

Chenopodium, 162

INDEX

Chenopodium capitatum, Aschers.
= Blitum virgatum

Chenopodium multifidum, L. =
Roubieva multifida

Chloris, 192

Chorispora, 18

Chrysanthemum, 110

Chrysocoma Linosyris, L. = Aster
Linosyris

Cicer, 54

’ Cichorium, 111

Clarkia, 80

Claytonia, 4o

Cnicus, 111

Cochlearia Armoracia, L.= Armo-
racia rusticana

Collinsia, 143

Collomia, 132

Conium, 87

Conringia, 18

Convolvulus, 138

Coreopsis, 111

Coriandrum, 87

Corispermum, 164

Cornus, 92

Coronilla, 54

Coronopus didymus, Sm. = Sene-
biera didyma

Coronopus Ruellii, All.= Senebiera
Coronopus

Corydalis, 8

Cotoneaster, 70

Cotula, 112

Cotyledon, 77

Crambe, 18

Cratzegus, 71

Crepis, 112

Crocus, 178

Crucianella, 94

Crypsis, 193

Cucubalus, 34

Cuscuta, 139

Cyclamen, 130

203

Cynodon, 193
Cynoglossum, 135
Cynosurus, 193
Cyperus, 187

D

Dabcecia, 128

Daphne, 168

Datura, 139

Daucus, 87

Delphinium, 3

Dianthus, 34

Dianthus velutinus, Guss.= Tunica.
velutina

Dicentra, 9

Diervilla, g2

Digitaria humifusa, Pers. = Pani-
cum glabrum

Dimorphotheca, 113

Diplotaxis, 19

Dipsacus, 98

Doronicum, 113

E
Echinaria, 193
Echinophora, 88
Echinospermum, 135
Echium, 136
Eleusine, 193
Elodea, 177
Elsholtzia, 151
Elymus, 193
Enarthocarpus, 19
Encelia, 114
Epimedium, 8
Eragrostis, 194
Eranthis, 4
Erica, 128
Erigeron, 114
Erinus, 143
Erodium, 48
Eruca, 19
Erucaria, 20

204 INDEX

Erucastrum incanum, Koch. =
Brassica adpressa

Erucastrum obtusangulum, Reichb.
= Brassica Erucastrum

Ervum Ervilia, L.= Vicia Ervilia

Erysimum, 20

Erysimum orientale, Mill. = Con-
ringia orientalis

Erysimum perfoliatum, Crantz. =
Conringia orientalis

Escallonia, 75

Eschscholzia, 9

Euclidium, 21

Euphorbia, 169

F
Fagopyrum, 165
Fagus, 172
Falcaria, 88
Falcaria Rivini, Host. = vulgaris
Fibichia umbellata, Koel. = Cyno-
don Dactylon
Filago, 114
Fragaria, 71
Frankenia, 41
Fritillaria, 183
Fumaria, 9

G

Galanthus, 180

Galega, 54

Galeopsis, I51

Galeopsis dubia, Leers = ochro-
leuca

Galeopsis speciosa, Mill. = versi-
color

‘Galinsoga, 115

Galium, 94

‘Gastridium, 194

Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. =
australe

Geranium, 49

Gilia, 132

Gladiolus, 179

Glaucium, Io
Glycyrrhiza, 55
Gnaphalium, 115
Goldbachia, 21
Grindelia, 115
Guizotia, 115
Gypsophila, 35

H
Hedysarum, 55
Heleochloa, 194
Helianthus, 116
Heliotropium, 136
Helleborus, 4
Helminthia, 116
Hemerocallis, 183
Hemizonia, 116
Heracleum, 88
Herniaria, 159
Hesperis, 21
Hibiscus, 43
Hieracium, 116
Hippocrepis, 55
Holosteum, 35
Hordeum, 194
Humulus, 171
Hyoscyamus, 140
Hypecoum, 10
Hypericum, 42
Hypocheeris, 117
Hyssopus, 152

Iberis, 21

Impatiens, 51

Impatiens fulva, Nutt. = biflora
Inula, 117

Iris, 179

Isatis, 22

Iva, 118

Juglans, 174

INDEX

K
Kitaibelia, 43
Keeleria, 194

L

Laburnum, 55

Lactuca, 118

Lagurus, 195

Lamium, 152

Lapsana, 119

Larix, 176

Lathyrus, 55

Lavatera, 44

Leonurus, 153

Lepidium, 22

Lepidium Smithii, Hook. = hir-
tum

Lepturus, 195

Leucojum, 180

Levisticum, 88

Leycesteria, 92

Ligustrum, 131

Lilium, 183

Limnanthes, 52

Linaria, 143

Linaria minor, Desf. = viscida

Linosyris vulgaris, Cass. = Aster
Linosyris

Linum, 48

Lithospermum, 137

Lolium, 195

Lolium italicum, A. Br. = multi-
florum

Lonicera, 92

Lotus, 57

Lunaria, 24

Lupinus, 57

Luzula, 185

Lychnis, 36

Lycium, 140

Lycopersicum, 140

Lycopsis, 137

Lysimachia, 130

205

Lysimachia ciliata, L. = Steirone-
ma ciliatum

Lythrum, 79

Lythrum acutangulum,
Greefferi

Lythrum flexuosum, Lag. = Greef-
feri

Lag. =

M

Madia, 119

Malcolmia, 25

Malva, 45

Malva neglecta, Wallr. = rotundi-
folium

Marrubium, 154

Matricaria, 119

Matricaria Parthenium, L.=
Chrysanthemum Parthenium

Matthiola, 25

Medicago, 57

Medicago arabica, All. = macu-
lata

Melampyrum, 145

Melilotus, 60

Melilotus arvensis, Wallr. = offici-
nalis

Melilotus parviflora, Desf. = in-
dica

Melissa, 154

Mentha, 154

Mentzelia, 81

Mercurialis, 171

Mertensia, 137

Mespilus, 71

Mimulus, 145

Mitella, 75

Moricandia, 26

Mulgedium, 120

Muscari, 184

Myagrum, 26

Myosotis, 137

Myosurus, 5

Myrrhis, 88

206

Naias, 186
Narcissus, 181
Nasturtium, 26
Nepeta, 155
Neslia, 26
Nicandra, 141
Nicotiana, 141
Nigella, 5

.@)

Enothera, 80

Omphalodes, 137

‘Onobrychis, 61

Onobrychis sativa, Lam. = vicie-
folia

Onoclea, 199

‘Ononis, 61

Onopordon, 120

‘Origanum, 155

‘Orlaya grandiflora, Hoffm. = Dau-
cus grandiflora

Ornithogalum, 184

Ornithopus, 62

Orobanche, 149

‘Oxalis, 52

‘Oxycoccus, 129

Pzonia, 5

Panicum, 195

Papaver, II

Parietaria, 171

Parthenium, 120

Pastinaca sativa, L.= Peucedanum
sativum

Petasites, 120

Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm. =
Carum Petroselinum

Peucedanum, 89

Phacelia, 131

Phalaris, 196

Phleum, 197

INDEX

Phlomis, 155

Physalis, 141

Picris, 121

Picris echioides, L. = Helminthia
echioides

Pinus, 176

Pisum, 62

Plantago, 158

Platystemon, 11

Poa, 197

Poa sudetica, Hanke = Chaixii

Polemonium, 133

Polygonum, 165

Polygonum Fagopyrum, L. = Fa-
gopyrum esculentum

Polypogon, 198

Populus, 174

Portulaca, 41

Potentilla, 71

Poterium, 73

Poterium muricatum,
polygamum

Prenanthes, 121

Prunus, 73

Pulmonaria, 138

Pyrethrum Parthenium, Sm.=
Chrysanthemum Parthenium

Pyrus, 74

Pyrus germanica, Hook. f.= Mes-
pilus germanica

Spach. =

Q
Quercus, 175
R
Ranunculus, 6
Ranunculus __hirsutus, Curt.=
sardous

Raphanus, 26
Rapistrum, 27
Reseda, 31
Rhagadiolus, 121
Rhinanthus, 146

INDEX

Rhododendron, 129
Ribes, 76

Robinia, 62
Rodigia, 121
Roemeria, 12

Rosa, 74

Roubieva, 164
Rubus, 74
Rudbeckia, 122
Rumex, 166

Sagina, 36
Salix, 175
Salvia, 156
Sambucus, 93
Santolina, 122
Sanvitalia, 122
Saponaria, 36
Satureia, 157
Saxifraga, 76
Scabiosa, 99
Scandix, 89
Schkuhria, 122
Scolymus, 122
Scorpiurus, 62
Scrophularia, 146
Secale, 198
Securigera, 27
Sedum, 78
Selinum, 90
Sempervivum, 79
Senebiera, 27
Senecio, 122
Setaria, 198
Sherardia, 95
Sideritis, 157
Silene, 37
Silene anglica, L. = gallica
Siler, go
Silybum, 124
Sinapis alba,
alba

Boiss. = Brassica

207

Sinapis arvensis, L.= Brassica
sinapistrum

Sinapis dissecta, Lag. = Brassica
dissecta

Sinapis hispida, Schous. = Bras-
sica hispida

Sinapis incana, L.= Brassica ad-
pressa

Sinapis muralis, Sm. = Diplotaxis
muralis

Sinapis nigra, L. = Brassica nigra

Sison, 90

Sisymbrium, 28

Sisyrinchium, 180

Smyrnium, 91

Solanum, I41

Solidago, 124

Sonchus, 124

Spartium, 62

Specularia, 128

Spergula, 40

Spinacia, 164

Spirzea, 75

Stachys, 157

Staphylea, 53

Steironema, 130

Stellaria, 4o

Stipa, 199

Stratiotes, 178

Stuartina, 125

Suzeda, 164

Symphoricarpus, 93

Symphytum, 138

Syringa, 131

T
Tagetes, 125
Tamarix, 42
Tamarix anglica, Webb. = gallica
Tanacetum, 125
Tetragonolobus, 31
Teucrium, 157
Thalictrum, 7

208 INDEX
Thlaspi, 31 Valerianella, 96
Tilia, 47 Valerianella Auricula, DC. = ri-

Tilia grandifolia, Ehrh.=platy-
phyllos

Tilia intermedia, DC. = vulgaris

Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. = cordata

Tordylium, 91

Torilis infesta,
infesta

Torilis nodosa, Gaertn. = Caucalis
nodosa

Tragopogon, 125

Tragus, 199

Tribulus, 48

Trifolium, 63

Trigonella, 65

Triticum, 199

Tulipa, 185

Tunica, 40

Turgenia latifolia, Hoffm. = Cau-
calis latifolia

Roth. = Caucalis

U
Ulmus, 172
Urtica, 172

Vv
Valeriana, 96

mosa

Vella annua,
Vellz

Verbascum, 146 ©

Verbena, 150

Veronica, 148

Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten.=Tour-
nefortii :

Veronica persica, Poir. = Tourne-
fortii

Vicia, 67

Villanova, 126

Vinca, 131

Viola, 32

Volutarella, 126

L. = Carrichtera

Ww
Wiedemannia, 158
Wissadula, 46

X
Xanthium, 126

Xeranthemum, 127

Z
Zea, 199
Ziziphora, 158

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