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Memoirs ot the aduseum ot Comparative Zodstogy 


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THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE/ 


BY 


CARL H. EIGENMANN. 


WITH TWENTY-TWO PLATES. 


CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.: 
Printed for tbe Museum. 


JANUARY, 1918. 


od 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 103 


25. MOENKHAUSIA LEPIDURA GRACILIMA Eigenmann. 
Plate 101, fig. 7. 


Moenkhausia lepidurus gracilimus EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 104 (Serpa); Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 438. 


Hasirat.— Serpa. 
20983 Cotypes 21 About 39-57 mm. Serpa Thayer 


Anal on an average with twenty-two rays, there being one with nineteen, 
two with twenty, one with twenty-one, eleven with twenty-two, four with 
twenty-three, one each with twenty-four and twenty-five; pectoral not reaching 
ventrals. 

Depth 4 or nearly 4, the greatest depth just behind pectorals, then tapering 
gradually to caudal. The fontanel, in the long, slender ones with a typically 
colored caudal, is narrower than in the others. Lateral line 35 or 36. 

Color of caudal as in typical individuals of M. lepidura, but faint, with a 
dusky shade extending on the lower caudal lobe. 

Humeral spot, even in the smallest, of over twenty chromatophores, not 
well defined. 


20717 17 47-59 mm. Villa Bella Agassiz 


These specimens are nearest those from Serpa. They have, on an average, 
twenty-two anal rays. Five have twenty-one, five twenty-two, and four twenty- 
three; the pectoral does not reach the ventrals. Depth 3-4; lateral line 35 or 
36. Middle caudal rays and distal part of all the remaining rays as well as 
the upper and lower margin of the fin dusky; tip of anal lobe sometimes milk- 
white; humeral spot of many chromatophores, extending up from the second 
and third or third and fourth scales. 

These specimens are appreciably different from typical M. lepidura graci- 
lima, but gradations between them are almost perfect. 


26. MoENKHAUSIA COLLETTII (Steindachner). 
Plate 8, fig. 1; Plate 15, fig. 4; Plate 101, fig. 3. 
Tetragonopterus collettii SrEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidamer., 1882, 4, p. 33, pl. 7, fig. 3, (Obidos; Hyavary); 


EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 53; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. aead. sci., 1895, 
8, p. 81. 


104 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Moenkhausia collettii E1GENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 438; Mem. Car- 
negie mus., 1912, 6, p. 328. 


HapsitTat. — Amazons and Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 

number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20952 36 37-63 Jatuarana Navez 
20711, 20721 20 20-59 Villa Bella Agassiz 
20812 3 37-49 Tea James 
20840 3 3140 ? ? 
20843 41 about 34-54 Obidos Bentos 
1324 C. 11804 I. 19 43-58 Wismar, Demerara River Eigenmann 
1326 C. 11807 I. 5 34-39 Malali, Demerara River Shideler 
1327 C. 11810 I. 136 40-61 Rockstone, Essequibo River Eigenmann 
1328 C. 11806 I. 12 37-59 Gluck Island at Rockstone Eigenmann 
1329 C. 11808 I. 5 41-56 Crab Falls, Essequibo River Eigenmann 
1330 C. 11803 I. 19 338-46 Konawaruk, Essequibo River Eigenmann 
1331 C. 11809 I. 41 35-66 Tumatumari, Potaro River Eigenmann 
1332 C. 11801 I. 100+ 24-68 Erukin, tributary of Potaro Eigenmann 

River, below Amatuk 

1333 C. 1 63 Amatuk Cataract Eigenmann 
1334 C. 3 3840 Tusaca Pan, Rupununi Grant 
3739 C. 111 largest 58 Braganca Haseman 
3740 C. 16 45-50 Bastos Haseman 
3741 C. 2 53-56 Manaos Haseman 
3742 C. 5 40-56 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 


Head 3.7-3.8; depth 2.6 in gravid females to 3.3 in males, 3.75 in some 
specimens from Guiana; D. 11 (rarely 10 or 12); A. usually 33 or 341; scales 
5-34-34; eye 2.5-2.75; interorbital about 3 in head. 

Compressed, dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved, without humps or 
depressions; preventral area rounded; postventral area compressed or narrowly 
rounded; predorsal area keeled for at least half the distance from the dorsal 
to the occipital process; a median series of nine or ten predorsal scales extend- 
ing from the dorsal to the occipital. 

Occipital process extending about one fifth of the distance from its base to 
the dorsal, bordered by two or three scales; interorbital convex in the middle, 
with lateral grooves; frontal fontanel narrower and about three fourths as long 
as the parietal; second suborbital leaving a naked area on the cheek, widest 

1 Of the Amazon valley specimens one has nineteen anal rays, three have twenty, five twenty-one, 
six twenty-two, thirty-four, twenty-three, twenty-eight, twenty-four, eleven twenty-five, and five twenty- 
six. Of forty-one Guiana specimens three have twenty-one anal rays, sixteen twenty-two, sixteen twenty- 


three, and six twenty-four. 
? Rarely 33 and 35. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 105 


below; maxillary equal to distance from tip of snout to pupil, three in the head. 
Usually four, sometimes five teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, the second 
and third close together, the third withdrawn from the line; five teeth in the 
second series; maxillary with two or three minute teeth. 

Four large teeth in the front of the lower jaw, minute ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 10, about one third the diameter of the eye. 

Seales closely imbricate, with several striae; caudal lobes scaled for rather 
more than half their length; anal with a sheath of a single series of scales in 
front; lateral line but little decurrent, the rows of scales above and below it 
parallel with it; a well-developed axillary scale. 

Origin of dorsal usually nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, its height 
three and a half in the length, its highest ray nearly three times as high as its 
penultimate; caudal widely forked, the lobes longer than the height of the 
dorsal; anal emarginate, its highest ray reaching to base of last ray but five, 
its origin considerably behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray, its base 
about three and a half in the length; pectorals reaching ventrals, ventrals to or 
nearly to anal; origin of the ventrals equidistant from tip of snout and base 
of last anal ray. 

No caudal spot; a very narrow silvery band overlying a dark line; a well- 
defined humeral spot of numerous chromatophores above the third, fourth, and 
fifth scales of the lateral line; numerous chromatophores on the upper half of 
the cheek and opercle; a dark line of varying intensity and width along the 
base of the anal; scales of the back margined with dusky; scales of the median 
line in front of and behind the dorsal dusky, or with a dusky margin and a dusky 
median spot. The color varies much in intensity with different localities. 
Those from Jatuarana, Villa Bella, I¢a are pale, those from Obidos are dark. 
In life the vertical fins of the Guiana specimens at least are more or less tinged 
with red. 

Anterior anal rays of the male with recurved hooklets. 

Vertebrae 13 + 17. 

Posterior air-bladder about equal to the eye in diameter, more than twice 
the length of the anterior bladder, about three times as long as the eye, blunt 
behind and bent down to near the origin of the anal. Alimentary canal about 
equal to the length without the caudal. Insect eaters. 

There is considerable variation in shape in the Guiana specimens enumer- 
ated. The specimens from Rockstone are deep and thin, depth about 2.75; 
those from Konawaruk and the Potaro are more elongate and heavier. In the 


Konawaruk specimens the depth is 3.75. 


106 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


27. MoENKHAUSIA COPEI (Steindachner). 


Plate 9, fig. 3; Plate 101, fig. 4. 


Tetragonopterus copei STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., 1882, 4, p. 135, pl. 6, fig. 6, (Santarem); E1rcEen- 
MANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 53. 

Moenkhausia copei E1GENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. Exped. Patagonia, 1910, 8, p. 438; Mem. Carnegie 
mus., 1912, 5, p. 329. 


Hasirat.— Santarem to Para and British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 

number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20783 30 3444 Santarem Bourget 
21072 1 30 (to Para Thayer Ex- 

base of caudal) pedition 

1321 C. 11824 I. 26 30-56 Wismar, Demerara River Eigenmann 
1322 C. 11821 I. 11 33-56 Gluck Island at Rockstone Eigenmann 
1323 C. 11820 I. 53 27-55 Rockstone, Essequibo River Eigenmann 
1324 C. 11823 I. 42 35-45 Tusaca Pan, Rupununi Grant 
3742 C. 5 40-56 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 


Closely allied to M. collettii; distinguished by the shorter anal. 

Head 3.66-4; depth 3.33-3.66; D. 11; A. 18-201; scales 5-32 to 34-3.5 
(usually 33 pores in the lateral line). Eye 2.5-2.75 in the head; interorbital 
3 or a little more. 

Slender, little elevated; dorsal and ventral profiles about equally curved, 
nowhere notably depressed or elevated; preventral area flattish; postventral 
area compressed; predorsal area obscurely keeled just in front of the dorsal, 
with a median series of nine scales reaching to the occipital process. 

Occipital process short, less than one fifth the distance from its base to 
the dorsal, bordered by two or three scales on the side; interorbital convex in 
the center, with lateral grooves; frontal frontanel much narrower and about 
three fourths as long as the posterior; second suborbital leaving a naked border 
on the cheek which is widest below; maxillary equals distance from tip of snout 
to pupil; frequently four teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, of which 
the middle two are close together and remote from the others; five teeth in the 
second row; one or two maxillary teeth; four large teeth in the front of the man- 
dible. 


1 Out of fourteen four have eighteen anal rays, nine nineteen and one twenty. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 107 


Gill-rakers one fifth to two sevenths of the diameter of the orbit, about 
7 + 12. 

Seales closely imbricate, with few divergent striae; caudal lobes scaled for 
about half their length; anal with a sheath of a single row of scales in front; 
lateral line but little decurved, the rows of scales above and below it parallel 
with it; a well-developed axillary scale. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal, 
its height three and a half in the length; caudal deeply forked, the lobes about 
three in the length; anal deeply emarginate, its origin behind the vertical from 
the last dorsal ray; pectorals and ventrals about the same length, about equal 
to the length of the head without the snout; ventrals not to anal, tips of pec- 
torals one or two scales from ventrals. 

No caudal spot; a very narrow silvery band overlying a narrow dark band 
which in some specimens becomes wider in front, sometimes expanded into a 
humeral spot over the fourth scale of the lateral line, continued across the upper 
part of the opercle and preopercle to the eye; a black line along the base of 
the anal, expanded into a broader spot above the base and in front of the first 
anal rays; middle anal rays dark; scales of the back margined with dusky, 
scales of the median line in front of the dorsal dark. 

The Rockstone specimens have the caudal rose colored in life, especially 
the upper lobe; those from Gluck Island have the adipose and upper caudal 
lobe rusty, anal lobe lemon-yellow, dorsal yellow in center, tinged with orange. 

Vertebrae 12 + 17. 

Posterior air-bladder long, banana-shaped; curved down behind to in 
front of the anal, its diameter but little less than that of the eye, its length at 
least twice that of the anterior air-bladder. Alimentary canal about equal to 
the length (without the caudal). 


28. MorNKHAUSIA CEROS Higenmann. 


Plate 9, fig. 2; Plate 101, fig. 1. 


Moenkhausia ceros E1GENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 104 (Lake Hyanuary); Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 438. 


Hasirat.— Amazon Basin. 


108 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20955 Type 1 50 Lake Hyanuary Navez 
3725 .C. 1 52 Manaos Haseman 
3726 C. 3 about 20-51 Bastos Haseman 


Distinguished by its caudal spot and short anal. Head 4; depth 3.25; 
D. 11; A. 18 or 19; seales 5-33 or 34-3. Eye 3, a little more than interorbital. 

Elongate, compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles gently curved, dorsal 
profile somewhat angulated at the origin of the dorsal, not depressed over eyes. 
Preventral area flattish, with a median series of scales, the lateral scales some- 
what angulated; predorsal area somewhat keeled, with a median series of ten 
scales reaching from the occipital process to the dorsal. 

Occipital process short, reaching about one sixth to dorsal, bordered by 
three scales on each side; interorbital very slightly convex; second suborbital 
leaving a wide naked area; maxillary not reaching end of first suborbital, equal 
to distance from tip of snout to pupil, two and two thirds in the head. 

Four teeth in the front series of the premaxillary, opposite the second 
and third of the inner series, the first distinetly largest; inner series of five or 
six graduated teeth; four large, graduated teeth on each ramus of the lower jaw 
and numerous small ones. 

Gill-rakers about 9 + 15, long and slender, one half as long as eye. 

Scales regularly imbricate, with four to six striae; two and a half scales 
between lateral line and front of anal, apparently no anal sheath; caudal lobes 
with scales for at least half their length; lateral line slightly decurved, the rows 
of scales above and below it parallel with it; a well-developed axillary scale. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal, 
the ventrals a little nearer tip of snout; highest dorsal ray not quite four in 
the length; anal emarginate, its origin but little more remote from the tip of 
the snout than the end of the dorsal, anal basis a little more than one fourth of 
the length; the adipose fin opposite the end of the anal. Ventrals reaching anal; 
pectorals to ventrals. 

The middle of the first fully developed anal ray of the male provided with a 
large retrorse hook on each side. 

A faint, ill-defined, silvery band, above which is a gray line; middle caudal 
rays jet black, the color spreading out over the base of the fin. Scales and fins 
minutely punctate; sides brassy iridescent. Humeral spot very faint or absent. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 109 


29. MoENKHAUSIA COTINHO Eigenmann. 


Plate 9, fig. 1; Plate 101, fig. 2. 


Moenkhausia cotinho E1cENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 104 (Para); Rept. Princeton univ. exped. 
Patagonia, 1910, 3, 434; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 327. 


Hasirat.— Amazon Basin; Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 

number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 

21013 Cotypes 2 46-54 ? Justa 
(to base of 
caudal) 
21070 Cotypes 3 67-71 Para Thayer Ex- 
pedition 

3729 C. 3 53-55 Villa Bella Haseman 
3730 C. 2 52-55 Manaos Haseman 
By Ge 1 52 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 
3728 C. 1 54 San Joaquin Haseman 
3747 C. 1 48 Santarem Haseman 
ISIPAGe wakes 35 34-55 Wismar, Demerara River Eigenmann 
1313 C. 11814 I. 33 42-60 Malali, Demerara River Shideler 
1314 C. 11818 I. 22 52-62 Tukeit, Potaro River Eigenmann 
1315 C. 1 64 Cangaruma, Potaro River Eigenmann 
1316 C. 11815 I. 6 45-51 Mud flats below Wismar Eigenmann 
1317 C. 11812 I. 27 44-66 Tumatumari, Potaro River Eigenmann 
1318 C. 11819 I. 17 43-59 Crab Falls, Essequibo River Eigenmann 
1319 C. 11816 I. 7 41-57 Christianburg Canal Eigenmann 
1320 C. 11817 I. 2 35-57 Rockstone, Essequibo River Eigenmann 


Distinguished by its slender form combined with the broad basal caudal bar. 

Head 3.7-4; depth 2.8-3.3; D. 11; A. 19-21. Scales 5-31 to 33-3.5. Eye 
2.71-8. Interorbital slightly greater or less than eye. 

Elongate, not strongly compressed or elevate; dorsal and ventral profiles 
equally curved, without notable depressions or elevations. Preventral area 
rounded or flat, with a median series of scales, bordered by scales not at all or 
but little angulated; postventral area compressed, with a median series of large, 
angulated scales; predorsal area rounded with a median series of nine scales from 
the dorsal to the occipital process. 

Occipital process short, reaching one sixth the distance to dorsal, bordered 
by two or three scales on each side. Interorbital slightly convex; second sub- 
orbital greatly arched, leaving a very narrow naked area; maxillary two and 


110 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


two thirds to three in the head; three or four teeth in the outer series of the 
premaxillary, five teeth in the second series; two teeth in the maxillary. Lower 
jaw with four large teeth followed by a much smaller recurved tooth and a 
number of minute teeth. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 9, very short, the longest about one fifth the diameter of 
the eye. 

Seales very regularly imbricate, of comparatively uniform size, each with 
about five diverging striae, and with the surface minutely marked as in M. 
oligolepis. Caudal lobes sealed for at least half their length; scales above anal 
not decreased in size, at most four (34) scales between origin of anal and lateral 
line; anal with a basal sheath of a single series of scales in front, none posteriorly. 
A well-developed axillary scale. 

Dorsal a little nearer base of middle caudal rays than tip of snout, highest 
dorsal ray three and a half or four in the length; ventrals nearer tip of snout 
than the dorsal, equidistant from tip of snout and base of lower caudal rays; 
origin of anal equidistant from tip of snout and the second or third scale behind 
the dorsal; ventrals scarcely or not reaching anal; pectorals to near ventrals. 
Anal emarginate. 

Brassy, fins dusky. A very large and very conspicuous vertically oval 
black spot occupying all the base of the caudal (to near the tip of the middle 
rays), bordered behind, especially on the third, fourth, and fifth rays from the 
middle, by milk-white.’ 

The three cotypes from Para are much paler, the caudal spot while covering 
the same area is very faint except that part not covered by the caudal scales. 

In all the specimens from the Amazon Basin the lateral line is complete. 
It is also complete in one hundred specimens from Wismar, Malali, Tukeit, and 
Cangaruma. The first two of these localities are on the Demerara River, the 
second two on the Potaro River of British Guiana. Out of six specimens from 
below Wismar one has the line interrupted. 

In at least four out of six specimens from Christianburg, but one mile from 
Wismar, the lateral line is either interrupted or incomplete. 

In the Rockstone specimens it is incomplete. 

In the Crab Falls specimen the lateral line is developed on from ten to 
seventeen scales. 

In five specimens from Konawaruk the lateral line is incomplete. 

Out of the twenty-seven specimens from Tumatumari the lateral line is 


‘ In living specimens from British Guiana this spot is surrounded by rusty. 


complete on both sides of two specimens, two have it complete on one side and 
interrupted on the other. 


side and 


the rest in so far as the specimens are fit for examination it is incomplete. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 


interrupted on the other. 


In a number of specimens it is incomplete on one 


In five it is interrupted on both sides. 


Lateral line of Moenkhausia cotinho from Tumatumari. 


Seales with pores in italics. 


Left Right 

1, 30 30 

2, 30 31 

SG 2 Pip eal een bg 31 

Awe 23 +4-+ 4 

By Qe ae ee te eG, 20 eee 1 pe bes 
6, 16+4+2411 2+9+3 

Tie alee Set itt 20+10+2 

8, 8B+1+24+5 26 +1243 

Gig 83 ser ete tre hig 145 Fa eta esi as a) 


10, 21411 a1+1+2+8 
hieieee ee 12) 23 + 10 
1D, Gh) deo) See 18 + 14 
13, 16 + 16 16 + 16 
(Ap 17 RIS SU Say 
15, Dyas 124+2+24+15 
iGo ighe tl Ser eeae 13 + 19 
Wp, peo by ee aly 
1, FRETS 13 + 20 
19, 71 +20 12+ 18 


A eritical examination of the details given above shows a regular gradation 
from the completed lateral line of Moenkhausia at the top of the list to the 
incomplete line of Hemigrammus at the bottom. 

In specimens numbered 3 and 4 in which the line is complete on one side 
several pores failed of development, not at the end of the line but at some dis- 
tance from the end. In number 5 the line reaches the caudal on both sides but 
some pores are missing on both sides. In number 9 we find the same but the 
missing pores occur four scales further forward. In 6, 7, and 8 the line does 
not reach the caudal on one side and in all the rest it fails to reach the caudal 
on both sides. It becomes progressively shorter. Numbers 11, 12, 14, and 15 
show that the shortening may take place by the dropping, not of the last pore 
but of some pores in advance of it. 

In this series we see a regular progression without notable breaks from the 
condition which is considered to characterize one genus to the condition charac- 


112 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


terizing another genus. This series should be compared with the series of M. 
sanctae filomenae. 

To complete the record I add the conditions in the specimens from Kona- 
waruk, Crab Falls, and Christianburg. 

Konawaruk is a short distance up the Essequibo from the mouth of the 
Potaro River, Crab Falls is a still shorter distance below the mouth of the Potaro 
and Tumatumari a few miles above the mouth of the Potaro at its first cataract. 


Lateral line of Moenkhausia cotinho. 


A. Crab Falls B. Konawaruk 
Left Right Left Right 

17+ 16 16+ 17 14+17 12+ 19 
16+ 15 10+ ? 18+17+3 12+ 21 
16+17 12 + 20 138+ 19 18+ 19 
15+ 18 14+ 19 12 + 20 11 + 20 
15+ 18 13+ 19 11+ 20 10 + 22 
14+ 18 138+ 18 

14+ 19 16+ 16 

14+17 13 + 16 

13+ 19 12 + 20 C. Christianburg 
12+ 20 13+ 18 Left Right 
12 + 20 12+ 21 16+10+3 10 + 21 
12 + 20 11+ 21 11+ 21 9+ 23 
12 + 20 ? ? +21 ? + 22 
10 + 22 11+ 21 9+ 24 9 + 23 


I have arranged the series from Crab Falls in regard to the pores in the 
line on the left sides. There is a regular gradation with an approximate but 
not complete correlation on the two sides of the body. 


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114 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


4. Knopus, gen. nov. 
xvd, a trifle, d50us, tooth. 


Typr.— Bryconamericus breviceps Eigenmann. 

This genus differs from Moenkhausia as Bryconamericus differs from 
Astyanax. 

Second suborbital expanded, in contact with the preopercle below; four 
teeth in the second row of the premaxillary; caudal scaled at its base; lateral 
line but little decurved. 

Haxpitrat.— Tapajos, Tocantins, and Paraguay Rivers; Merida, Venezuela. 


Key to the Species. 


a. Depth 3.5-4.24. 

b. Dentary with a series of four large teeth, the series continued on the side by graduate teeth. 
Head 4.25; depth 3.75-4.25; eye 2.75 in head, equals interorbital; maxillary with 2 or 3 
teeth; D. 10; A. 18-21, usually 19; scales 5-35 to 38-3; caudal entirely hyaline. 

1. heteresthes (Kigenmann). 
bb. Dentary with eight graduate teeth. Head 4; depth 4; eye 3.25 in head; 1.25 in interorbital; 
maxillary with 3 teeth; D. 10; A. 16; scales 14-33-2.............. 2. meridae Kigenmann. 
bb. Dentary with 3 or 3.5 large teeth followed by abruptly smaller teeth on the side; head 4; depth 
3.5-3.75; eye 2.5-2.66, equals the interorbital; maxillary with 1-5 (usually 3) teeth; D. 10, 
A. 22-24; scales 5-39-3.5 or 4; middle caudal rays dark. 
3. moenkhausii (Eigenmann & Kennedy). 
aa. Depth 3 or less than 3 in the length; dentary with four large graduated teeth and a few smaller, 
similar ones on the side. 
c. Head 4.5-4.66; depth 2.66-3; D. 10 or 11; A. 20-23; scales 5.5 or 6-38 to 41-4; eye 
3-3.5; maxillary teeth 2 or 3. Caudal with numerous small scales. 
4. breviceps (Higenmann). 
ce. Head 4.25; depth3 +; D.10; A. 20; scales 4.5-36-3.5, eye 3; interorbital 2.8; maxil- 
lary with three broad teeth; caudal with large scales on the basal third. 
5. victoriae (Steindachner). 
ccc. Head 3.75; depth 3; D. 10; A. 20; scales 642-4.5; eye 3; maxillary with three teeth. 
6. chapadae (Fowler). 
cece. Head 3.5; depth 3; D. 10; A. 27; scales 5-38-4; interorbital 2.2 in the head; maxil- 


lary. without tooth is.)0s kisi. s cess ees ea eke reise si aeremyene 7. jacunda (Fowler). 
ececc. Head 4; depth 2}; D.9; A. 28; scales 6-39-4; interorbital 2.4 in the head; maxillary 
without, teeths a. o > sects ot unrcematety cote cael ae cerns 8. smithi (Fowler). 


1. Knopus HETERESTHES (EHigenmann). 
Plate 10, fig. 4. 


Bryconamericus heteresthes EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 105 (Tapajos); Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 434. 


Hapitat.— Tapajos. 


Forty specimens, 20862 Cotypes 27-51 mm. Tapajos Dexter, James, Talisman 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 115 


This is the most slender of the species of the genus. 

Head 4.25; depth 3.75-4.24; D. 10 (counting everything). A. most often 
19', scales 5-35 to 38-37; eye 2.75 in the head, equal to the interorbital. 

Slender, elongated, very little compressed, the width being about half the 
depth; head blunt, the dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched, without depres- 
sions or humps; preventral area rounded; postventral area compressed, very 
narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, without trace of a keel, with a 
median series of 9-11 scales between the dorsal and occipital process. 

Occipital process very short, about one eighth of the distance from its 
base to the dorsal, bordered by two scales on the sides; frontal fontanel less 
than one third as long as the parietal; interorbital flattish; second suborbital 
covering the entire cheek, leaving no naked portion; mouth small, the lower 
jaw included; maxillary short, equal to snout, three and three fourths in head; 
lower jaw equals diameter of eye. Four or five (rarely six) teeth in the front 
row of the premaxillary, the second tooth withdrawn from the line of the others, 
or the first pushed forward; four teeth in the inner series; maxillary with two 
or three teeth; mandible with four large teeth in front continued on the sides 
in a series of graduated teeth, the fifth tooth not notably smaller than the fourth 
tooth. 

Gill-rakers about 5 + 9, very small, the longest one fifth of the diameter of 
the eye. 

Seales deeply imbricate, without striae; anal sheath composed of a single 
series of small scales; caudal lobes scaled for at least one third of their length, 
the scales caducous. A well-developed axillary scale; lateral line very little 
decurved, the series of scales above and below it parallel with it. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and caudal; the highest ray 
one fifth of the length; adipose fin behind the vertical from the last anal ray; 
caudal lobes equal to the depth; anal origin behind the vertical from the last 
dorsal ray. Origin of ventrals equidistant from tip of snout and second scale 
in front of the dorsal or tip of last anal ray. Ventrals not reaching anal, the 
pectorals not reaching the ventrals. 

Highly iridescent, silvery; a silvery lateral band two thirds as wide as eye, 
from humeral spot to caudal; a vertical humeral spot crossing the third and 
part of the fourth scale of the lateral line; a few pigment-cells on upper part 
of opercle and preopercle. Fins all hyaline, without chromatophores. 

1In eleven of the largest, three have eighteen, five nineteen, two twenty, and one has twenty-one rays. 


2 Of ten one has 5.5 seales above the lateral line, and one has 3.5 below it; one has thirty-five, two 
thirty-six, four thirty-seven, and one thirty-eight pores in the lateral line. 


116 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Anterior anal rays of males with numerous recurved hooklets. Vertebrae 
13 + 20; occipital process not extending back to the vertical from the posterior 
face of the skull. 

Posterior air-bladder continued to the anal, its diameter two thirds that 
of the eye; its length one and a half times that of the anterior section; ali- 
mentary canal little longer than the entire fish. 


2. KNopUS MERIDAE Higenmann. 
Knodus meridae EIGENMANN, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1910, ser. 8, 7, p. 216 (Merida). 


One specimen, 53 mm. Merida, Venezuela British Museum P. M. Briceno 


Head 4; depth 4; D. 10; A. 16; scales 4-33-2. Eye 3.25 in the head, about 
.8 in snout; 1.25 in the interorbital. 

Basal half of caudal scaled. Slender; dorsal and ventral profiles scarcely 
arched. 

Snout short, blunt; second suborbital covering the entire cheek, without 
a naked angle below its anterior corner; maxillary two in snout and eye; occipital 
process about one eighth the distance of its base from the dorsal. 

Five teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, the second retreated from 
the line of the rest; four teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary; maxil- 
lary with three broad multicuspid teeth; mandible with eight graduated teeth. 

Two scales between the lateral line and anal; each scale of the sides with 
numerous diverging striae. Large scales on the base of the anal, scales on 
the base of the caudal lobes also large. 

First dorsal a little nearer to the snout than to the base of the middle caudal 
rays, the highest ray a little more than five in the length; upper caudal lobe 
nearly five in the length, the lower slightly shorter; anal scarcely emarginate; 
ventrals reaching to anal, pectorals not quite to ventrals. A broad silvery 
band, tapering on the caudal peduncle, continued to the end of the middle 
caudal rays. No humeral or caudal spots. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 117 


3. KNoDUS MOENKHAUSII (Eigenmann and Kennedy). 


Plate 10, fig. 3. 


Poecilurichthys moenkhausti E1iGeENMANN & Krnnepy, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1903, p. 522 (Arroyo 
Trementina). 


Bryconamericus moenkhausii E1GENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 434. 


Hasirat.— Paraguay; Upper Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 

number specimens Length in mm. Locality Collector 
10001 I. 1 Near Arroyo 
10002 I. W | 29-43 Trementina, Anisits 
10003 I. } Paraguay 
20760 8! 40-45 Tabatinga Bourget 


Head usually 4 (rarely 4.3); depth 3.5-3.75; D. 10, counting everything; 
A. 22-24; scales 5-39-3.5 or 4, rarely 38 scales in the lateral line; eye 2.52.66, 
equal to interorbital. 

Slender, little compressed, the width about 2 in the depth; dorsal and 
ventral profiles equally curved, without elevations or depressions; preventral 
area rounded, postventral compressed; predorsal area narrowly rounded, 
without a keel, with a median series of (about 12) scales between the occipital 
process and the dorsal. 

Occipital process about as broad as long, its length equals one eighth of 
the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered on the side by one or two 
scales; interorbital flattish; frontal fontanel as wide as, and half as long as, the 
parietal; second suborbital covering the entire cheek to the lower opercular limb; 


maxillary slender, its anterior margin not conspicuously arched, its length not 


1 These eight have the following characters: 


Eye in) Mandible in Teeth of Teeth of 
the length the length the pre- the 
D. A. Seales Head Depth of head of head maxillary maxillary 
10 22 5-38-? 4 3.5 2.66 3.54 4&4 5 
10 24 ? 4.3 3.75 4&4 3 
10 22 5-39-? 4 3.5 2.5 3+ 4&4 3 
10 22 5-39-3.5 4. 3.75 2.5 3+ 4&4 3 
10 24 5-38-4 4.2 3.5 2.5 3+ 5&4 1 
10 22 5-39-3.5 4 3.6 2.6 3+ 4&4 4 
10 24 5-39-3.5 4 3.7 2.5 3+ 5&4 1 
10 23 ? 4 3.5 2.6 3 4&4 3 


118 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


much greater than the length of the snout, three and a half in the head; lower 
jaw two and three fourths in the head; uniformly four teeth in the inner series 
of the premaxillary, six of the specimens from Tabatinga with four, two with 
five in the outer series, the second and sometimes the third removed from the 
line of the first and fourth; lower jaw with only three or three and a half large 
teeth in front and several small ones on the sides; two of the maxillaries of 
the left side of specimens from Tabatinga with one, four with three, one with 
four and one with five teeth. 

Gill-rakers about 6 + 9, very minute, the longest about one seventh of the 
diameter of the eye. 

Seales closely imbricate, with four to six diverging striae; a well-devel- 
oped anal sheath of about two rows of scales; caudal lobes scaled for about 
one third their length, the scales caducous; lateral line slightly decurved, 
parallel with the row of scales below it. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal, or slightly 
nearer the latter; origin of the ventrals nearer the tip of the snout by a space 
equal to or greater than the diameter of the eye, equidistant from tip of snout 
and base of last anal ray; highest dorsal ray one fifth of the length; anal emargi- 
nate, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and second third of dorsal; ven- 
trals scarcely reaching to anal, pectorals usually not quite to origin of ventrals. 

An ill-defined silvery lateral band or if dissolved a band of scattered chroma- 
tophores from the eye to the base of the caudal, the cells sometimes concen- 
trated to form a vertical, humeral spot crossing the lateral line. Vertebrae 
13 + 23. 

In the types of K. moenkhausii the caudal sheath of scales apparently 
is not as well developed as in the specimens from Tabatinga. The lateral 
color-band is less well developed. I am not able to make out other differences 


with the material at hand. 


4. Kwnopus BREvicEps (Kigenmann). 


Plate 10, fig. 2. 


Bryconamericus breviceps EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 105 (Goyaz); Rept. Princeton univ. 
exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 434. 


Hasirat.— Amazon Basin. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 119 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20692 Cotypes 24 about 65-87 Goyaz Honorio 
3748 C. 19 21-62 Villa Bella Haseman 
3749 C. 45-48 Aleoboca Haseman 
3750 C. 44 Rio Mamoré Haseman 


Distinguished by its short head, small fins. Head 4.5-4.66!; depth in 
males and spent females about 3, in females with eggs 2.66-2.8; D. 10-11; A. 
20-23. Scales 5; or 6-38 to 41-4 above ventrals or anal. Eye 3 (rarely more, 
to 3.5); interorbital equals eye. 

Elongate, rather heavy; dorsal profile slightly depressed at the nape; 
ventral profile more strongly arched than the dorsal; preventral area rounded, 
postventral area more narrowly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with a median 
series of about twelve scales from the dorsal to within one scale of the occipital 
crest. 

Occipital process very short, not reaching one ninth the distance from its 
base to the dorsal, bordered by two scales on the side; frontal fontanel very 
short; suborbital covering the entire cheek; snout pointed, maxillary not much 
longer than snout, three and three tenths in head; mandible two and a half 
in head. Four or five teeth in the front row of the premaxillary, the first further 
forward than the rest, the second and fourth, or second and third, sometimes 
withdrawn from the line; only four in the second row; two or three teeth on 
the maxillary; lower jaw with four graduated teeth and a few small similar 
ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers very short, one fourth the diameter of the eye, 6 + 10. 

Seales regularly imbricate, thin, adherent, with about six feeble striae; 


anal sheath of a single row of scales; caudal lobes, with minute scales for about 


1 Ten specimens selected at random, have the following 


spent 10 20 6-414 


D. A Scales Depth Eye 
2 with eggs 10= (93) 21 5.5-38-4 2.66 3 
Shes oe ae 10 21 6-414 2.66 3.3 
Ott nes 11 = (103 21 6-39-4 2.8 3.2 
Ops oS 10 22 5-40-4 2.15 3 
eas as 10 20 5.5-39-4 .66 3 
fol 10 23 5.5-36-4 .86 3.5 
g all 3 
fou 3 
©) 3 
ros 3 


120 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


half their length; a well-developed axillary scale; lateral line but feebly 
decurved, the rows of scales above it and below it parallel with it. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; 
ventrals a little nearer snout, equidistant from tip of snout and end of anal, 
not nearly reaching anal in the types, to the anal in the rest; highest dorsal 
ray four or five in the length; origin of anal under the dorsal or behind the 
last dorsal ray; pectoral not reaching the ventrals. 

A plumbeous lateral band on the row of scales above the lateral line, lost 
in front of the dorsal, becoming dusky behind and continued to the end of the 
middle caudal rays as a faint band; an inconspicuous vertical humeral spot 
just above the third and fourth scales of the lateral line, sometimes crossing 
these. Dorsal and anal dusky. 

Vertebrae 14 + 22. 

Air-bladder in a gravid female small, ending bluntly behind, not curved 
down, but ending at the beginning of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity; 
posterior part a little more than one and a half times as long as the anterior 
section, its diameter not equal to that of the small eye. 

Alimentary canal very little longer than the body; pyloric coeca very 
large, about seven. Stomach contained insect larvae. 


5. KNopbus VICTORIAE (Steindachner). 


Plate 16, fig. 3. 


Tetragonopterus victoriae SreinDACHNER, Anz. K. akad. wiss. Wien, 1907, 44, p. 83 (Victoria on the 
Parnahyba). 


One specimen, 3751 C. 53 mm. Lagoa Parnagua, Jan. 17, 1908 Haseman 


Head 4.25; depth 3+; D. 10; A. 20 (-22); scales 4.5-36 (to 38)-3.5; 
Eye 2.25-3; interorbital 2.8 in the head. 

Elongate, not greatly compressed, the ventral profile a little more arched 
than the dorsal; preventral and predorsal areas rounded, the latter with twelve 
scales; occipital process very short, about one seventh of the distance between 
its base and the dorsal, bordered by two scales; interorbital rounded, a constric- 
tion between the fontanels. Cheeks entirely covered, maxillary shorter than 
eye; premaxillary with five teeth in the outer series of which the second and 
fourth are entirely withdrawn from the rest; four teeth in the inner series of 
the premaxillary; dentary with three large teeth, similar but much smaller 


ones on the side. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 121 


Dorsal rounded, its highest ray shorter than the head, its origin equl- 
distant from snout and middle caudal rays. Caudal lobes longer than the 
head; origin of anal behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray; ventrals 
not reaching anal, their origin nearer base of last anal ray than snout: pec- 
torals not reaching ventrals. 

Scales very regular, with two or three striae; caudal with a few scales 
on the base of the lobes, extending further on the lower lobe than on the upper. 
Anal with a sheath of a single series of scales. Maxillary scale small. 

Highly iridescent, a silvery lateral band; tip of dorsal hyaline, an oblique 
dusky streak through its middle. A dark spot on the base of the middle caudal 
rays, continued faintly to the tip of the middle rays and then obliquely across 
the lobes. A very faint humeral spot. 

It is more than probable that the single specimen at hand is the K. vic- 
toriae described by Steindachner. His specimens have the silvery band bor- 
dered by dark above. A cherry-red spot at base of each caudal lobe in life. 


6. KNODUS CHAPADAE (Fowler). 


Plate 10, fig. 1. 


Astyanax chapadae Fow Er, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1907, p. 350, fig. 33 (Santa Anna da Chapada). 
Bryconamericus chapadae ErGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 434. 


21829 Paratype. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 44 mm. to base of caudal. Santa 
Anna da Chapada, Matto Grosso, headwaters of the Paraguay. Known only 
from the types. 

Very closely related to K. breviceps, but with much longer head. Like K. 
breviceps except in the characters noted below. 

Head about 3.75; depth about 3; D. 10; A. 20; scales 6—42-4.5; eye 3, 
equals interorbital. 

Elongate, without prominent elevations or depressions in the profiles, 
the median series of scales in front of the dorsal not quite complete, replaced 
by the overlapping scales of the two sides from the occipital process to about 
the fourth seale behind the occipital process. 

Maxillary equals snout, three and a half in head; mandible two and four 
tenths. Five teeth (three on one side) in the front row of the premaxillary, 
the second is withdrawn from the line, three several pointed teeth on the maxil- 


lary; mandible with four large teeth and several small ones on the side. 


122 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Base of caudal scaled; ventrals rather nearer tip of last anal ray than to 
snout. 

Dusky, a very faint humeral spot; middle caudal rays black; anal and a 
band from the middle of the anterior dorsal rays to the tips of the last six rays 
with numerous chromatophores. 


7. Kwnopus JAcuNDA (Fowler). 


Bryconamericus jacunda Fow er, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 555, fig. 17 (Madeira River, 
about 200 miles east of W. Long. 62° 20’, Brazil). 


This species is known from the type 31 mm. long in the collections of the 
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The following description is con- 
densed from Fowler. 

Head 3.5; depth 3; D. 10; A. 26; scales 5-38-4; 12 predorsal scales; 
snout 4 in the head, eye 2.8, interorbital 2.2, maxillary 2.75, depth of caudal 
peduncle 2.5. 

Five large, broad teeth in the inner series of the premaxillary. No maxil- 
lary teeth. Suborbital completely covering cheeks. No interpolated rows of 
scales; anal with a basal series of scales along its whole length. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from caudal and front of eye; ventrals extend- 
ing past origin of anal, pectorals beyond base of ventrals. 

A vertical humeral spot crosses the third to fifth scales of the lateral line; 
a faint lateral streak. 


This is evidently a young specimen and may belong to Moenkhausia. 


8. Knopus smrtrur (Fowler). 


Bryconamericus smithi Fowuer, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 557, fig. 18 (Tributary of the 
Madeira River near Porto Velho, Brazil). 


This species is known from six specimens 24—35 mm. long, in the collec- 
tions of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The description is 
condensed from that of Fowler. 

Head 3.66-4; depth 2.87-3.2; D. 9-10; A. 27-30; scales 6-36 to 39-4; 
12-14 predorsal scales; snout 3.12—3.8 in the head, eye 2.2-2.75, interorbital 
2.42.8, maxillary 2—2.8, depth of caudal peduncle 2.25. 

Six five-pointed teeth in the premaxillary. No maxillary teeth. Su 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 123 


orbital completely covering cheeks. No interpolated rows of teeth; anal 
with a basal series of scales along its whole length. 

Origin of dorsal midway between snout and base of caudal; ventrals reach- 
ing anal, pectoral extending beyond base of ventrals. 

A vertical humeral spot over fourth and fifth scales of the lateral line. 

“Closely related to the preceding species, though apparently differs in 
the smaller head and deeper body” Fowler. 


5. Marxrana Higenmann. 


For Edward Laurens Mark. 


Markiana Etcenmann, Smithsonian misc. coll. quart., 1903, 45, p. 145. 


Tyrr.— Tetragonopterus nigripinnis Perugia. 

Related to Moenkhausia and Gymnocorymbus, from which it differs in the 
squamation and the abbreviated caudal; the scales are crenate, very regularly 
arranged, becoming gradually smaller below the lateral line, the series extending 
about halfway up on the anal. 

Compressed, deep, with a regularly arched ventral outline, the dorsal regu- 
larity being interrupted at the nape, the profile concave over the eyes. Head 
short, broad; an occipital fontanel continued as a groove on the occipital crest, 
a frontal fontanel extending forward to middle of eye; mouth small, the small 
maxillary nearly vertical, scarcely reaching the eye, slightly slipping under 
the preorbital; cheeks covered by the suborbitals. No maxillary teeth; outer 
row of premaxillary with triangular cutting edge, scarcely notched; inner 
teeth very heavy, with a few points arranged in a crescent; three anterior teeth 
of the mandible heavy, the fourth much smaller. Gill-membranes free from 
isthmus, slightly united to each other; gill-rakers setiform, about twelve on the 
lower arch; dorsal over origin of anal; margin of anal convex; adipose well 
developed; lateral line nearly straight, near the middle of the body. Nares 
together; tongue fleshy, adnate. 

Hasrtat.— Guiana and La Plata. 


Key to the Species. 


a. A dark caudal spot; pectorals dark, extending much beyond origin of ventrals; depth 2.33; head 
Dida OWA TA4 A BCAlER i —OS—1, 60 LO! arc spsievslsceislere vie ov cldleievs ee stelow epee e 1. nigripinnis (Perugia). 
aa. No caudal spot; uniformly silvery; A. 40; scales 7.5-41-7 to the ventral..2. geayi (Pellegrin). 


124 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


1. MARKIANA NIGRIPINNIS (Perugia). 
Plate 13, fig. 3-5. 


Tetragonopterus nigripinnis Peructa, Ann. Mus. civ. storia nat. Genova, 1891, ser. 2a, 10, p. 643 (Rio 
de la Plata); 1897, ser. 2a, 18, p. 25 (Reyes; Rio Beni); ErgenMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1893, 16, 
p. 53; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 263, 273. 

Markiana nigripinnis E1GeENMANN, Smithsonian misc. coll. quart., 1903, 45, p. 145; Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 438. 

Astyanax nigripinnis EIGENMANN & Oct», Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 30 (Paraguay). 

Tetragonopterus anomalus STEINDACHNER, Anz. K. akad. wiss. Wien, 1891, p. 173; Ichthyol. beitr., 1891, 
15, p. 27; Sitzungsb. K. akad. wiss. Wien, 1891, 100, p. 173, 369, pl. 3 (Rio Parana); ErGenmMann, 
Proc. U. S. N. M., 1893, 16, p. 53. 


Hasitat.— La Plata Basin. 


2. MArKIANA GBAyt (Pellegrin). 


Tetragonopterus (Markiana) geayi PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. hist. nat., 1908, 14, p. 347 (Apuré). 
Markiana geayi E1GENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 438. 


Known from a single specimen 104 mm. long, in the Jardin des Plantes. 


6. GymNocoryMBus Eigenmann. 
yuurds, naked; xépuvufos, summit. 


Gymnocorymbus EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 94. 


Typre.— Gymnocorymbus thayeri Eigenmann. 

Very deep, compressed, Tetragonopterini form; anal long, its margin nearly 
straight, its origin behind the origin of the dorsal; mouth moderate, the maxil- 
lary reaching below eye; first and second suborbital leaving a moderate naked 
area all around its lower margin; scales all cyeloid; lateral line complete, caudal 
and anal largely scaled; maxillary with one or two teeth; premaxillary with 
an outer series of tricuspid teeth and an inner series of many pointed teeth. 

Hasrrar.— Amazons and Paraguay. 


Key to the Species. 


a. Scales in lateral line 33-36; parietal fontanel arched over at base of occipital process; anal sheath 
of three or four series of scales; anal margin straight; anal and area above it not notably dark. 

1. thayeri Figenmann. 

aa. Scales in lateral line 30-35; parietal fontanel not arehed over; anal sheath of five or six series 
of scales; anal margin rounded; anal and area above it dark.......... 2. ternetzi (Boulenger). 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 125 


1. GyYMNOCORYMBUS THAYERI Eigenmann. 


Plate 11, fig. 2. 


Gymnocorymbus thayert E1GENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 93 (Tabatinga to Gurupa); Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437. 


HapitatT.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
19242 type 1 40 Tabatinga Bourget 
20706 2 54 Teffé Agassiz 
19272, 20973 4 30-56 Cudajas Thayer & Bourget 
20804 1 70 Manacapuru James 
20807 9 50-77 
20998, 21065 20 40-50 Silva, Lake Saraca Thayer 
20984 29 38-57 Serpa Thayer 
20710, 20720 4 50-62 Villa Bella Agassiz 
20789 22 44-58 Santarem Bourget 
21007 8 45-55 José Fernandez Cotinho 
20724 2 65-72 Gurupa Agassiz 
21001 7 44-54 Jose Fernandez Cotinho 


Head 3.5 on an average; depth 1.7 on an average, ranging from 2.1 to 1.4; 
D. 11; A. 34-41', most frequently 38 or 39; scales 7 to 8-33 to 36-8 to ventrals; 
eye 2.25-3, 2.65 on an average; interorbital slightly less than the eye in the 
young, slightly more than the eye in the adult. 

Very deep and very much compressed; the ventral profile much more arched 
than the dorsal, its deepest point at the origin of the anal; dorsal profile depressed 
over the eyes, humped in front of the dorsal; preventral area narrowly rounded 
in cross-section, postventral area more narrowly compressed; predorsal area 
narrowly rounded. 

Occipital process one third or somewhat less the distance from its base to 
the dorsal; occipital fontanel continued to the tip of the occipital process as a 
groove, parietal portion sometimes partly arched over and demarked from 
the occipital groove; frontal fontanel about half the length of the occipitai, 
its anterior end over the anterior margin of pupil; the profile beginning to 


1 Of sixteen counted one has thirty-four anal rays, two thirty-five, one thirty-six, one thirty-seven, 
four thirty-eight, five thirty-nine, one forty and one forty-one. 

2 Of twelve counted four have thirty-three anal rays, one thirty-four, five thirty-five and two thirty- 
six. 


126 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


rise at the bridge between the fontanels at an angle of about 45° from the line 
joining tip of snout and middle of caudal. Interorbital convex, snout very 
short, mouth very oblique; second suborbital leaving a moderate naked area 
around its entire free margin; maxillary equals snout and eye in front of pupil; 
normally four teeth in the front row of the premaxillary, the third slightly 
removed from the line of the rest; five teeth in the inner series; maxillary 
with one broad or two narrow teeth; mandible with four or five large, graduate 
teeth and several smaller ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers about 10 + 15, slender, the longest nearly half the length of 
the eye. 

Seales cycloid, regularly imbricate, mid-preventral series very small; 
occipital process bordered by about five scales on each side; caudal lobes 
sealed to near their tips; scales of the sides continued without break into the anal 
sheath, which is composed of three or four series of scales in front and reaches 
up one third of the anal base. Scales everywhere cycloid, with several (five 
to seven on a scale above the middle of the lateral line) diverging striae; an 
axillary scale. Lateral line very little decurved, parallel with the row of scales 
just below it. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of upper caudal rays; 
its margin very oblique, the highest ray three in the length; adipose well devel- 
oped, its origin about over the sixth anal ray from the last; origin of anal equi- 
distant from tip of snout, and the third scale behind the dorsal, in the young, 
with the middle of the dorsal in the adult; margin of anal nearly straight; 
ventrals very small, equidistant from tip of snout and base of one of the last 
few anal rays, a little nearer to the tip of the snout than the dorsal or equi- 
distant with the latter, not quite reaching anal in the adult; pectorals long, 
their bases elevated, their tips reaching the third scale above and third or fifth 
behind the origin of the ventrals. 

Color similar to that of Tetragonopterus argenteus, a dark humeral bar 
followed by a lighter area and this again by a bar less well marked than the 
first; the first humeral bar is most intense above the third, fourth, and fifth 
scales of the lateral line, is vertical and extends in some cases to just behind the 
axil of the pectoral; the second bar extends across the ninth, tenth, and eleventh 
scales of the lateral line from in front of the dorsal; the area between the bars 
just above the lateral line is bright silvery. Lower sides brassy; fins hyaline 
to uniform dusky. 

Males with hooklets on the anal. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 127 


Vertebrae 11 +19. Six ray-bearing interhaemals in front of the first 
fully developed haemal spine, five between it and the second. 

Second air-bladder more or less boot-shaped, the “toe” and “leg” of the 
same length, the toe sharply bent down, its tip reaching about halfway between 
the spinal column and anal, its greatest diameter half the length of the head; 
anterior air-bladder equal to the length of the “leg” of the posterior. 


Alimentary canal about equal to the length without the caudal. 


2. GYMNOCORYMBUS TERNETZI (Boulenger). 


Plate 11, fig. 1. 


Tetragonopterus ternetzi BOULENGER, Proce. Zool. soc. Lond., 1895, p. 528; Trans. Zool. soc. Lond., 1896, 
14, p. 35, pl. 8, fig. 2 (Descalvados; Matto Grosso); Boll. Mus. univ. Torino, 1900, 15, no. 370, 
p. 2 (Urucum). 

Gymnocorymbus ternetzi EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 137. 


Hasirat.— Paraguay and Guaporé Basins. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
11435 I. Cotype 1 39 to base Descalvados Ternetz 
ot caudal) 
3294 C. 4 39-53 Arequa, Paraguay Haseman 
3295 C. 12 38-54 Jauru, Paraguay Basin Haseman 
3296 C. 1 Bi San Joaquin, Guaporé Haseman 


Basin 

Very close to G. thayert. 

Head 3.25; depth 1.8; D. 11 or 12; A. 40-42; scales 8-30 to 35-8; eye 
2.5 mm.; interorbital 2.5. 

Parietal portion of the posterior fontanel not demarked from the groove 
on the occipital process; a single maxillary tooth. 

Gill-rakers 9 + 14. 

Anal sheath of five or six rows of scales covering half of the anal. 

About ten striae on a scale above the middle of the lateral line. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and end of adipose fin or 
nearer caudal than snout; origin of anal and base of fourth dorsal ray equi- 
distant from tip of snout; margin of anal rounded; origin of ventrals and 
fourth scale in front of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout, reaching anal. 

The vertical bars more uniform in color throughout their height than in 
G. thayeri, separated by a wider interspace, the second bar largely behind origin 
of dorsal; anal and area above it, with the caudal peduncle dark; dorsal, dark. 


128 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


7. TuHayertia Eigenmann. 


In memory of Nathaniel Thayer. 
Thayeria EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 94. 


Typr.— Thayeria obliqua Eigenmann. 

Small, elongate Tetragonopterids reaching a length of near 80 mm., dis- 
tinguished from all others by the unequally lobed caudal. It is otherwise 
near Hemigrammus and Creatochanes. Caudal scaled, lateral line incomplete. 


Hasirat.— Amazon Basin. 


THAYERIA OBLIQUA Eigenmann. 
AX el VND 


Plate 3, fig. 5, Plate 80, fig. 1, 2, 4, 6. 


Thayeria obliquus EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 94 (Obidos); Rept. Princeton univ. exped. 
Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20841 Cotype 25 47-76 Obidos Bentos 
3712 C. 5 47-62 Bastos Haseman 
TE } 4 52-62 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 
3711 C. ? 


Head about equal to the depth, 2.6 (in young)-3 in the length; D.10.5— 
11; A. usually 16 or 17, rarely 15 or 181; scales 5-11 + 18-3; eye in the 
smallest equals twice the length of the snout, 2.4 in head, slightly greater than 
the interorbital; in the adult 2.9 in head, equal to the interorbital. 

Little compressed, elongate, but little deeper than the head at the occi- 
put; profile gently and evenly convex to the tip of the occipital process. 

Preventral and postventral areas rounded. Predorsal area rounded, with 
a median series of scales. 

Occipital process short, its length about six in the distance from its base 
to the dorsal, bordered by three scales; nares close together, separated by a 
flap only; frontal fontanel about half as long as the parietal, triangular, the 
anterior angle sometimes rounded, above the anterior margin of the pupil; 


‘In a count I found one with fifteen anal rays, five with sixteen, six with seventeen, and two with 
eighteen. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 129 


parietal fontanel somewhat wider than the frontal, extending as a groove to the 
tip of the short occipital process; surface of bridge between the fontanels 
below the surface of the skull; interorbital slightly convex; cheeks nearly 
covered, the naked area between the second suborbital and the preopercle only 
about one fifth the width of the third preorbital; a notch between the first 
suborbital and preorbital, the maxillary slipping under the preorbital but not 
under the first suborbital; premaxillary-maxillary border angulated, the 
maxillary reaching but little beyond anterior border of eye. 

Mouth and dentition as in Tetragonopterus; the lower jaw with four 
heavy teeth on each side, abruptly followed on the side by minute teeth; pre- 
maxillary with three or four teeth on the front series, one of which frequently 
drops out of line; five graduated, multicuspid incisors in the inner series; the 
tips of the cusps very unequal in height, arranged in a nearly straight line. 
Maxillary without teeth. 

Gill-membranes free from the isthmus, gill-rakers 7 + 15, slender, about 
one half as long as the filaments. 

Seales with the margin slightly crenate, the exposed part of the scale 
with numerous slightly diverging striae; lateral line reaching to above ventrals; 
anal with a sheath; caudal partly sealed, ventrals with a slender axillary scale; 
lateral line scarcely decurved. 

Fins with exception of caudal all small; the origin of the dorsal in the 
middle of the body, very little behind the ventrals; adipose fin over end of 
the small, emarginate anal. Pectoral about equal to head less opercle, not 
reaching to ventrals; ventrals a little nearer tip of snout than dorsal, slightly 
shorter than pectoral, not reaching anal; anus nearer ventrals than anal; anal 
emarginate, its highest (first and second divided) rays reaching at least to base 
of the last, sometimes to the tip of the last rays; last ray not reaching more 
than halfway to caudal; dorsal small, its height equals length of head less 
half the opercle; caudal large, forked at the middle, the lower lobe much the 
longer, equals distance from tip of snout to middle of pectoral. 

Brassy; anterior anal lobe usually dusky; male with a black band from 
upper angle of gill-opening to base of middle caudal rays, then obliquely along 
the upper part of the lower caudal lobe; female with a similar band on the 
caudal: the band on the sides extending obliquely upward to the first row of 
seales below the origin of the dorsal which is the second row above the dark 
stripe of the male. 

Posterior part of air-bladder about twice as long as the anterior, scarcely 


130 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


reaching to above anal; alimentary canal about equal to the entire length of 


the fish; seven pyloric coeca. Intestine contains debris of minute insects and 


plant fibers. 
Vertebrae 13 + 15. 


8. Pristetua Eigenmann. 
mpiorns = a saw, i.e.the fully dentate maxillary. 
Pristella EIGENMANN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 99. 


Typr.— Holopristes riddlei Meek. 


This genus differs from Hemigrammus much as Hemibrycon differs from 


Astyanax. 


Lateral line incomplete, caudal scaled for at least one third of its length; 


maxillary with teeth along nearly the entire anterior edge; gill-rakers long, 


setiform; gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus. 


Hapirat.— Coasts of Guiana and Orinoco. 


Key to the Species. 


a, Depth 2.3-2.75; A. 20-24; dorsal, anal, and very frequently ventral, each with a conspicuous black 


Spots) MO; CAUGKL POL, Le ae « o.25- ical eaeisy tn shared Be one etetele aks oe eeteaiea tiers if 


riddlei (Meek). 


aa. Depth 3.5; A. 16-18; caudal with a spot on the base of its middle rays, other fins all plain. 
2. aubynei Eigenmann. 


1. PRISTELLA RIDDLEI (Meek). 


Plate 13, fig. 2. 


Holopristes riddlei Murx, Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 11 (Los Castillas). 


Pristella riddlei E1GENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437; Mem. Carnegie, 


mus., 1912, 5, p. 330, pl. 45, fig. 3. 


Hapirar.— Guiana and Venezuela. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality 

10896 Type 1 about 29 Los Castillas 

— Paratypes ! 4 29-31 Los Castillas 

1317 C. 11798 I. 56 12-29 Wismar, Demerara River 
1308 C. 11800 I. 8 37-47 Georgetown Trenches 

1309 C. 11796 I. 233 26-45 Botanic Garden, Georgetown 
1310 C. 11799 I. 5 Christiansburg Canal 

1311 C. 11797 I. 3 Kumaka 


' Collection of Field Museum, Chicago. 


Collector 
Riddle 
Riddle 
Eigenmann 
Eigenmann 
Shideler 
Eigenmann 
Eigenamnn 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 131 


Head 3.75-4; depth about 2.3-2.75; D. 11; A. 20-24; scales 5-32-3, 
6-8 with pores; eye 2.64; snout 4.12; interorbital about 2.5 in the head. 

Short, deep, especially in the female, not greatly compressed; ventral 
profile more regularly, and in the female more strongly arched than the dorsal 
profile; profile of head nearly straight, rising at the occipital process. Pre- 
ventral area broadly, the postventral more narrowly rounded; predorsal area 
keeled, with nine or ten scales. 

Occipital process about one fifth of the distance from its base to the origin 
of the dorsal, bordered on the side by about three scales; head convex, the 
fontanels broadest at the base of the occipital process, tapering regularly to 
the tip of the process and to a point over the anterior margin of the eye; frontal 
fontanel about as long as the parietal without the groove; second suborbital 
covering the entire cheek or leaving a very narrow naked area at its middle, 
a wider one at its anterior and posterior ends; mouth very oblique, the pre- 
maxillary with a very short antero-posterior extent, the maxillary regularly 
convex in front, broader than the preorbital, about 3 teeth in the front row of 
the premaxillary, about 8 in the second. Those of the outer series incisors with 
parallel margins, with a prominent broad central lobe and two receding shoulders, 
the teeth becoming conical toward the sides; the posterior series pointed incisors, 
or three pointed incisors with the middle point much the longer. Maxillary 
with a few large teeth near its upper angle and minute conical teeth scattered 
along nearly the entire margin; lower jaw with a single series of teeth, imper- 
fectly tricuspid, the points broad, not unlike those of the upper jaw, graduated, 
the lateral teeth minute, conical; snout and maxillary two and a fourth in head. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 12, a little over half the length of the eye. 

Seales cycloid, very regularly imbricate, with numerous striae parallel 
with their convex margin and few divergent striae; anal sheath of a single 
series of scales along the base of the anterior rays; caudal scaled for about 
one third of its length. 

Origin of dorsal and ventrals about equidistant from snout; pectorals 
reaching ventrals, ventrals to anal; anal emarginate. 

A humeral spot over the third and fourth scales of the lateral line; no 
caudal spot; dorsal, anal, and ventrals each with a conspicuous, jet-black 
spot; dorsal spot not extending upon the last ray, and leaving base and tips of 
rays hyaline; anal spot covering the third and fourth fifths (from the base) 
of the rays forming the anterior lobe; ventral spot leaving the outer and 
inner rays and bases and tips of all the rays hyaline. Very brilliant in life, 


132 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


translucent, the caudal bright red, upper parts tinged with red, basal part of 
dorsal and anal lobe below the black spots bright yellow, the distal parts 
milk-white. 


2. PRISTELLA AUBYNEI Eigenmann. 
Plate 13, fig. 1. 


Pristella aubynei ErceENMANN, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 24 (Lama Stop-Off); Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 330, pl. 45, fig. 4. 


Hasitrat.— Lamaha Basin, British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1042 C. Type 1 50 Lama Stop-Off Eigenmann 
1043 C. 11735 I. 203 20-50 Lama Stop-Off Eigenmann 
1044 C. 11736 I. 50 28-46 Cane Grove Corner Eigenmann 
1045 C. 11737 I. 21 35-49 Maduni Stop-Off Eigenmann 


This species is very abundant in the canal from Cane Grove Corner to 
Maduni Creek Stop-Off, British Guiana. 

This species is placed in the genus with P. riddlei because in the technical 
characters they agree. There is every probability that they are not immedi- 
ately descended from the same ancestor. 

Head 3.75; depth 3.5; D. 10; A. 16-18; scales 6-31 to 33-3 rarely 4; 
7 to 9 pores in the lateral line; eye 2.33; interorbital 3. 

Elongate, heavy forward; ventral profile curved more than the dorsal, 
which is nearly straight to the dorsal, not depressed over the eye; preventral 
area broad, rounded, postventral area keeled; predorsal area narrowly rounded. 

Occipital process triangular, very short, equal to one sixth of the distance 
from its base to the dorsal. Fontanel widest at the base of the occipital process, 
anterior fontanel slightly shorter than the posterior, triangular, its anterior 
pointed end a little in advance of the middle of the eye. Second suborbital 
leaving a wide naked area below, a narrower one behind. Mouth oblique; 
maxillary slender, its anterior margin nearly straight; two and three fourths 
in the head; five teeth in the front series of the premaxillary of which the middle 
one is withdrawn from the line of the rest. Inner series of teeth large, multi- 
cuspid, graduate. Maxillary with numerous similar teeth; lower jaw with four 
or five graduate, multicuspid teeth in front and minute ones on the side. 

Gil-rakers about 6 + 11. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 133 


Seales thin, not conspicuously regularly imbricate; each scale with several 
nearly parallel horizontal striae; anal sheath composed of a single row of scales 
along the front of the fin; caudal lobes scaled for about one eighth of their length. 

Origin of ventrals a little nearer tip of last anal ray than snout, slightly 
in advance of the dorsal; penultimate dorsal ray more than half the length of 
the longest which is three and three fourths in the length. Anal emarginate, 
ventrals reaching anal; pectorals not to ventrals. 

In life, base of upper caudal lobe red, base of lower caudal lobe yellow, 
some yellow on under side of caudal peduncle and in front of anal. A circular 
spot about as large as eye on base of middle caudal rays. A dark line in front 
of dorsal, a series of spots behind it. A well-defined humeral spot on and over 
the second and third scales of the lateral line. 


HemiIGRAMMUS GILL AND HypHEssSOBRYCON DurRBIN.! 


Compressed, rarely subeylindrical. Greatest depth on or near the vertical 
from the first dorsal ray. Postventral region narrow. Maxillary not slipping 
under the preorbitals. Lower jaw included, when the mouth is closed, but 
usually projecting beyond the snout when the mouth is open. Premaxillary 
teeth in two rows, the outer row more or less incomplete. All teeth conical or 
flat or fan-shaped, with 3-7 cusps, usually graduated from the enlarged median 
cusp. 

Seales eycloid, regularly imbricate, striae few and variable in number. 
No interpolated scales or rows of scales. Anal sheath short, of a single, usu- 
ally incomplete series of small scales. Lateral line somewhat decurved to nearly 
straight, the series of scales just below it parallel to it. Pores developed on the 
first three to eighteen scales. 

The genus Hemigrammus was placed in the synonymy of Astyanax (Tetra- 
gonopterus) by Ulrey because Liitken had shown that in some supposed speci- 
mens of 7’. fasciatus the lateral line is complete, in others not. Two other 
species, 7. theringii and T. oerstedvi are given by Ulrey as possessing these inter- 
mediate characters. But in the description of 7. oerstedii it is specifically 
stated that the lateral line is complete, not interrupted. Also all the speci- 
mens of 7’. iheringii so far secured have a complete lateral line. This left 7. 


1 The account of these genera has been worked up from my original manuscript by Mrs. Marion 
Durbin Ellis (Miss Marion Lee Durbin). She has devoted so much labor and care to these genera 
that she alone should be credited with the authorship. 


134 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


fasciatus as an intermediate species. lLiitken separated the species with an 
incomplete lateral line as a variety, T. interrupta. Upon reéxamining Liitken’s 
specimens Eigenmann pronounces 7’. fasciatus and T. interrupta as being unques- 
tionably distinct, differing in several characters besides the completeness or 
incompleteness of the lateral line. 

During the examination of the very large series of specimens enumerated 
in the present work I found a complete lateral line in several species. Thus, 
among one hundred and two specimens of Hemigrammus levis from Lago do 
Maximo one had a complete lateral line. In over one hundred from other 
places the lateral line is incomplete. Of nineteen hundred and seventy-seven 
specimens of Hyphessobrycon gracilis from Brazil four have the lateral line 
complete. Of five specimens of H. inconstans two have the lateral line complete. 
Of nearly fifteen hundred specimens of H. liitkeni four have the lateral line 
complete and several others have it interrupted. Of one hundred and five 
specimens of H. inconstans from Quibdo, eighteen have a complete lateral line, 
eleven have it complete on one side and not on the other, and seventy-six have it 
incomplete on both sides. 

Hyphessobryeon is separated from Hemigrammus by the single charac- 
ter, the scaled or naked condition of the caudal. Three out of the present 
fifty-four species of the two genera seem to be intermediate in regard to this 
character.’ Thus, Hemigrammus elegans has but few scales on the caudal and 
is put with Hemigrammus because it lacks the enlarged scale at the base of 
each caudal lobe which is characteristic of Hyphessobrycon. 4H. analis usually 
has only four or five scales on the caudal, but like H. elegans it lacks the 
enlarged basal scales and is placed with Hemigrammus. Jd. stictus usually 
has the basal scale and is, therefore, put with Hyphessobrycon, although it 
sometimes has a number of small scales actually on the base of the caudal lobes. 

A question as to the validity of the species of these genera has been raised 
on the ground that these small fishes are immature, the young of other species. 
Accordingly dissections were made wherever sufficient specimens were at hand. 
One or more specimens were dissected of each of thirty-two species, and ovaries 
with large, in several cases apparently ripe, eggs were found in so many species 
that there is no room to doubt that, in most cases at least, we are dealing with 
mature specimens. The following table contains the result of the dissections 
in detail: 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 135 


Species 
Hemigrammus ulreyi 
coeruleus 
unilineatus 
marginatus 
erythrozonus 
levis 
hyanuary 
brevis 
rodwayl 
ocellifer 
microstomus 


cylindricus 

analis 

cupreus 

Hyphessobrycon callistus 

serpae 
copelandi 
bentosi 
rosaceus 
panamensis 
gracilis 
taurocephalus 
parvellus 
minimus 
eos 
santae 
anasitsi 
liitkeni 


reticulatus 
duragenys 


stictus 
bifasciatus 


Number 
dissected 


2 


eer ae a ae 


Ll el el el LO CO No 


—_ 


mee bo 


Result of the dissection 
eggs present, but small 
x “~~ well developed 
“ 


“ “ “ 


ripe, large and yellow 

ripe, « “ «“ 

large, ovary broken up 

not large 

large and ripe 

well developed 

white and scattered in body cavity, 
comparatively few 

present but not large 

male specimens. 

eggs large and evidently ripe 

eggs large and evidently ripe 


specimen poorly preserved inside 
“ “ “ “ 


“ 


“ “ “ “ 


eggs large and evidently about ripe 

specimen a male 

eggs fairly well developed 

eggs large, well developed 
“ “ “ 

no eggs, sex uncertain 

eggs large and very evidently ripe 

no eggs 

eggs large, evidently ripe 

eggs of unequal size, some large and full of 
yellow oil 

eggs unequally developed, some quite large 
and ripe 

no eggs 

eggs large, evidently ripe 

eggs large, evidently ripe 


It seems quite certain that these genera are of polyphyletic origin, that 


several sections have been and are arising independently from Astyanax and 


Moenkhausia and probably other genera. 


rather than entities. 


These genera are conveniences 


9. Hermicrammus Gill. 


juc = half, yeauun = a line. 


Hemigrammus Gru, Ann. Lyc. nat. hist. N. Y., 1858, 6, p. 420. 


Typr.— Poecilurichthys (Hemigrammus) unilineatus Gill. 


136 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Minute or small; premaxillary teeth in two rows; the maxillary teeth 
wanting or reduced in number and restricted to the upper part of its free margin; 
scales in the lateral line 29-36; lateral line incomplete. Caudal scaled. 

Hasirat.— Orinoco, Essequibo south to Paraguay, Rio das Velhas, and 
Rio Grande do Sul. 


Key to the Species. 


a. Dorsal with a well-defined black spot. 

b. Anal unmarked, a black line along its base. Dorsal black, with a wide white stripe from the tip 
of the first rays to the base of the last. Humeral spot horizontally elongate, continued as a 
black line to the caudal. Second suborbital leaving a wide naked margin behind and below. 
Maxillary with two or three conical or tricuspid teeth. D. 11, A. 23 to 25; scales 5 or 6-30 to 
DOT OO stasis cline «is Mislote Ae eee ced Eee Se oe aes ne STS ee eee 1. ulreyi (Boulenger). 

bb. Anal with black on the rays. 

ce. An iridescent blue line one scale wide extending from the base of the pectoral to the scale above 
the last anal ray; a wide light lateral stripe from the upper part of the eye to above the 
middle of the base of the caudal, interrupted or not by the vertically elongate humeral spot. 
Ventrals and anal lobe with a submarginal dark band. Second suborbital leaving a narrow 
naked margin. Maxillary with four or five, sometimes two or three, tricuspid teeth. 
D. 11; A. 20'to 22:\ scales'5-3) or 82-8/5.........2.sacrsee-ocoun 2. coeruleus Durbin. 
cc. Anal with an intense black bar from a little in front of the base of the first ray to the tips of 
the fourth and fifth rays. Humeral spot vertically elongate, often faint and sometimes 
lacking. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked area below. Six small, tricuspid and 

conical teeth in the maxillary. D. 11, A. 23 to 27; scales 5-32 to 34-3 to 4.5. 
3. unilineatus (Gill). 
ccc. Black on the dorsal restricted to the first three rays, usually not intense. An oblique blackish 
line from the base of the third to the tip of the seventh anal rays; tips of the second and 
third rays white. No humeral spot. Second suborbital without naked margins. Maxil- 

lary with three, 5-pointed teeth. D.11; A. 23 or 24; scales 5-30 to 33-4.5. 
4. elegans (Steindachner). 

aa. Dorsal without well-defined black markings (see also elegans). 
d. No humeral or caudal spot. 

e. A wide lateral streak from the middle of the caudal to the head and another narrower 
streak from above the anterior anal rays to the mandible without black chromatophores; 
the sides and back everywhere else dusky. Anal lobe and distal half of dorsal lobe 
dusky. Second suborbital about one half as wide as the eye; without naked margins. 
Maxillary 1.33 in the eye, with two to four, 3- to 5-pointed teeth. D. 11; A. 20 to 22; 
scales 5=31 to 189-3 t08325s hens tusoee eet ee eee oe 5. erythrozonus Durbin. 

ee. Lateral stripe leaden, caudal lobes crossed by a broad, black marginal or submarginal 
band. Maxillary slender, about equal to the eye. D. 11; A. 20 to 24; scales 5-29 to 
SEO VON a enn wayne ae Ntity AL eye: Ger Ee 6. marginatus Ellis. 

dd. No humeral spot, caudal spot usually developed, (see also marginatus). 
f. Maxillary without teeth. 
g. Premaxillary teeth tricuspid or conical. Maxillary much shorter than the eye. D. 


11; A. 17 to 19; scales 3.5-30 to 32-2.5 to 3.............. 7. nanus (Liitken). 
gg. Premaxillary teeth 5- to 7- and 9-pointed. Maxillary equal to the eye. D. 11; 
A.'17it0720;/scales'5=30) to $48.5 8.-cees,c eon ee eee ene 8. levis Durbin. 


ff. Maxillary with teeth. 
h. An unpigmented area between the caudal spot and the lateral stripe; caudal spot 
not continued forward on the caudal peduncle. Premaxillary teeth with 5 to 7 
cusps. Second suborbital two thirds the eye in width. Depth 3.2. Maxil- 
lary with one 7-pointed tooth. D.11; A. 24; scales 4-32-4. 
9. microplerus Meek. 
hh. Caudal spot continued forward on the caudal peduncle; more or less continuous 
with the lateral stripe. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 137 


i. Asilvery area on the upper half of the caudal peduncle. Anal lobe dusky, lateral 
stripe and caudal spot very evidently continuous. 

j. Depth 3.6 to 3.8. Second suborbital about half the eye in width, leaving a 
naked margin behind and below. Maxillary with one or two narrow 4- 
pointed teeth. D.11; A. 14 or 15; scales 5-32 or 33-3. 

10. hyanuary Durbin. 

jj. Depth 3. Second suborbital about three fourths the eye in width, in contact 

with the preopercle. Maxillary with three, 3-5 pointed teeth. D. 11, 

ING CRY ECAC Gas Py} (roles =s are Og BU SIoe aoe mnO Hoon es 11. matei Kigenmann. 

ai. No silvery area on caudal peduncle; caudal spot and lateral stripe only dimly 
connected. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. 

k. Caudal peduncle slender, its depth 1.5 in the distance from the base of the 
middle caudal rays to the base of the last anal ray. Caudal spot not as 
wide as the caudal peduncle, on the middle caudal ray and not con- 
tinued forward to the vertical from the adipose. Head 4; depth 2.7 
to 38. Maxillary with two to four, conical or tricuspid teeth. D. 11, 
A. 22-24; scales 5-32 to 34-2 to 3.5........ 12. rodwayi Durbin. 

kk. Caudal peduncle deep, its depth equal to the distance from the base of the 
middle caudal rays to the base of the last anal ray. Caudal spot on the 
caudal peduncle, extending backward to the tips of the middle caudal 
rays, and forward to a vertical from one of the last five anal rays. Head 

3.5; depth 2.6. Maxillary with two or three 3- to 5-pointed teeth. D. 

11; A. 20 to 22; scales 5-29 to 33-3 or 4........... 13. brevis Ellis. 

kkk. Caudal spot intense, continued backwards along the middle caudal rays 

and along the edge of each caudal lobe. Anal falcate. Head 3.4. 

Maxillary with two 5-pointed teeth. D.11; A. 16-19; scales probably 

ALOV GSO MOO Om eres ecyesere evel cle siaisiciete auteresscoue 14. tridens Kigenmann. 

ddd. Humeral and caudal spots both developed. 
l. Dorsal equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and tip of snout, or 
nearer the caudal. 

m. Origin of the dorsal equidistant from front of eye and caudal. Origin 
of the anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Second sub- 
orbital leaving very narrow naked margins below and behind. 
Humeral spot distinct, vertically elongate, surrounded by a bright 
area, often with a second elongated spot behind the bright area. 
An iridescent spot on the upper half of the caudal peduncle. 
Caudal spot often continued along the edge of each caudal lobe. 
Maxillary with two or three, conical or tricuspid teeth. Depth 
2.5; D.11; A. 22 to 26; scales 5-30 to 33-3 to 3.5. 

15. ocellifer (Steindachner). 

mm. Origin of dorsal half the length of the head nearer the caudal than 
the snout. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the first or 

second dorsal rays. No bright area around the vertically elongate 

humeral spot. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. 

Maxillary with one tricuspid tooth. D.11; A. 22; scales 5-30-3. 

16. bowlengeri Eigenmann. 

mmm. Origin of dorsal slightly nearer middle caudal rays than tip of snout. 
Origin of anal on the vertical from the first to third scale behind 

the dorsal. Caudal spot wider than long, not continued backwards 

on the caudal peduncle. Humeral spot small. Maxillary with 

two, 4- or 5-pointed teeth. Second suborbital leaving narrow 

naked margins below and behind. D. 11; A. 15-17; scales 

OOO ate orl oe ome cna Riche arse gai eateries 17. iota Durbin. 

mmmm. Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and base of middle caudal 
rays; origin of anal under dorsal; caudal spot not continued on 

the caudal; maxillary with four or five 6-pointed teeth; third 

suborbital in contact with the preopercle behind. D. 11; A. 

24-25; lateral line 38-35............ 18. barrigonae Kigenmann. 

ll. Origin of dorsal nearer snout than base of middle caudal rays. Humeral 


138 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


spot small and indistinct. Maxillary with two or three small conical 
or tricuspid teeth. Depth 3; D. 11; A. 20-23; scales 5-30 to 34-3 to 
BO cc xeusatere tee sea nete.c ee eben 19. schmardae (Steindachner). 
dddd. Wumeral spot present; no caudal spot, (humeral spot sometimes faint or lacking). 
n. Anal rays 19-26. 
o. Compressed, humeral spot often very faint. 

p. Middle teeth of the inner row of the premaxillary 5- to 7-pointed; 
outer caudal rays unmarked. Frontal fontanel almost equal 
to the parietal. 

q. Depth 2.75. Humeral spot very faint, horizontally elongate. 
Second suborbital sometimes in contact with the pre- 
opercle below. Maxillary three fourths of the eye, with 
two or three small conical or tricuspid teeth. D. 11; 
A. 23 to 26; scales 5-33 to 34-3.5...20. lunatus Durbin. 

qq. Depth 2.8-3.5. Humeral spot faint sometimes vertically 
elongate. Second suborbital leaving narrow naked mar- 
gins behind and below. Mouth very small. Maxillary 
little more than one half the eye, with two or three 4- to 
7-pointed teeth. D.11; A. 19 to 22; scales 5-31 to 34-3. 
21. microstomus Durbin. 
qqq. Depth 3.75. Humeral spot faint or diffuse, roundish. 
Second suborbital leaving narrow naked margins behind 
and below. Mouth moderately large. Maxillary equal 
to eye. First seven anal rays dusky. D. 11; A. 19-22; 
scales 5-30 to 33-3. Caudal not deeply sealed, 3 to 5 
scales on each lobe.-......:......- 22. orthus Durbin. 
pp. The inner row of the premaxillary with five to seven narrow 3- 
pointed teeth. Sides of caudal lobes often edged with a 
narrow dusky line. Humeral spot faint, vertically elongate, 
behind the upper margin of the eye. Eye 2.9 in the head. 
Frontal fontanel small, one half the length of the parietal. 
Second suborbital leaving narrow naked margins behind and 
below. Maxillary with three to five conical or tricuspid teeth. 

D. 11; A. 20-22; scales 5 to 7-30 to 33-3 or 3.25. 
23. cupreus Durbin. 
oo. Subcylindrical, eye a little longer than broad, 2.25 in the head, 
snout comparatively long, 3.25 in the head. Maxillary nearly 
straight, with three to six tricuspid or conical teeth. Humeral 

spot small and intense. D.11; A. 17—20; scales 5-30 to 34-3. 

24. cylindricus Durbin. 

nn. Anal rays 12 to 14. Depth 3.2 to 3.5. Humeral spot diffuse. A 

wide silvery lateral stripe. Each dorsal scale marked with an 

intense dark spot. Second suborbital leaving considerable naked 

margins behind and below. Maxillary with two or three 6- to 7- 
pointed teeth. D. 11; A. 12-14; scales 5-30 to 32-3. 

25. analis Durbin. 


1. HeMIGRAMMUS ULREYI (Boulenger). 


Plate 17, fig. 1; Plate 78, fig. 9, 10. 


Tetragonopterus ulreyi BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., 1895, p. 529; Trans. Zool. soc. Lond., 1896, 
14, p. 35, pl. 8, fig. 3 (Descalvados); Boll. Mus. univ. Torino, 1900, 16, no. 370, p. 3 (Urucum); 
EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1907, 4, p. 126 (Corumba). 

Hemigrammus ulyreyi EIGENMANN & OGLE, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 13; EraenmMann, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 435; Exuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 
(Petas, Bolivia; Caceres; Jauru; Rio Santa Rita). 


Hasirat.— Paraguay Basin. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 139 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
11434 I. Cotype 1 33 Matto Grosso 
10162 I. 1 37 Corumba Anisits 
3048 C. 1 39 Near Petas, Bolivia Haseman 
3049 C. + 38-41 Caceres Haseman 
3050 C. 16 35-44 Jauru Haseman 
3051 C. 4 38-43 Rio Santa Rita Haseman 


Head 3.25 to 3.5, depth 2.5 to 2.75; D. 10; A. 23-25; scales 5 or 6-30 to 
33-3.5; eye 2 to 2.5 in the head, interorbital 3. 

Compressed depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region flat, with sometimes a complete series of 
11 seales. Predorsal region rounded having a regular median series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process 4 in the distance between its base and the dorsal, bor- 
dered by three scales. Interorbital almost flat. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
narrower than and nine tenths as long as the parietals without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital bordered behind and below by a naked margin, 
one half to one third of its own width. Mouth moderately large. Maxillary 
shorter than the eye, a little less than 3 in the head. Mandible heavy, equal 
to the eye. Premaxillary with five or six, 4- and 3-pointed teeth in the inner 
row, and three or four tricuspid ones in the outer row. Maxillary with two 
or three conical or tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of four 
large, 3- to 5-pointed teeth, and a series of eight to twelve minute, conical ones 
on the side. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 13. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 2 or 3 scales and covering the bases of 
the first four or five rays. Lateral line with pores on eight to ten scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray 2.5 in the longest, which is about one fourth of the length. Origin of the 
anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal faleate. Ventrals on the 
vertical from the third scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the 
anal; pectorals just reaching the ventrals. 

Dorsal with a triangular black spot having the first ray for its base and 
the base of the fourth ray for its apex, the fin from the second to the eighth 
ray margined with black; the last two rays with scattered chromatophores. 
Humeral spot narrow, horizontally elongate, and enlarged posteriorly not quite 
connected with the black lateral stripe. No caudal spot. Somewhat silvery 


140 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


below the lateral stripe and on the cheeks. Anal and caudal dusky, a black 
stripe along the base of anal. 

11434 I. U. from Matto Grosso, British Museum have all of these mark- 
ings intense black, while in 10162 I. U. from Corumba they are exceedingly 
faint. 


2. HeEMIGRAMMUS COERULEUS Durbin. 


Plate 17, fig. 2. 


Hemigrammus coeruleus Durxrn, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 99 (Manacapuru); ErcenmMANN, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Exits, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 
(Manaos). 

Hasirat.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 
Number of 


Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20801 Type 1 46 Manacapuru James 
20801 Paratypes 102 42-52 Manacapuru James 
3052 C. 3 49-58 Manaos Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.75; D.11; A. 20-22; scales 5-31 to 32; eye 2.5 to 2.7 
in the head; interorbital equal to the eye. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region slightly rounded, median series of scales 
somewhat irregular, a broad scale occupying the whole space between the 
bases of the ventrals. Predorsal region broadly rounded with a complete 
median series of nine scales. 

Occipital process one eighth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, 
bordered by one and one half or two scales. Interorbital very slightly convex. 
Frontal fontanel triangular just half as long as the parietal without the occi- 
pital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked area behind and a 
slightly wider one below. Maxillary very slightly longer than the eye. Mandi- 
ble two in the head. Snout short, mouth large. Premaxillary with five, 5- 
pointed teeth in the inner row; and four or five less frequently two, conical 
or tricuspid teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with four or five sometimes 
two or three, tricuspid teeth. Dentary with four large teeth, a smaller one, 
and four or five minute conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 10. 

Caudal sealed halfway to the tips of the longest rays. Anal sheath con- 
sisting of about five scales and covering the base of the first ten rays. Lateral 
line with pores on the seven or eight scales. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 141 


Origin of the dorsal the length of the eye farther from the snout than from 
the base of the caudal. The penultimate ray slightly more than half the length 
of the longest, which is about four and a half in the length. Caudal equal to 
the length of the head. Origin of anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray 
or a little behind it. Anal broad, emarginate, the longest rays reaching the 
base of the last ray. Base of ventrals on the vertical from the second scale 
in front of the dorsal. Ventrals barely reaching the anal. Pectorals just reach- 
ing the ventrals. 

Distal two thirds to three fourths of dorsal black or blackish, the color 
more intense in males; a submarginal bar on the anal lobe, and the proximal 
half of the ventrals, black, the rest of the anal rays often tipped with black. 
No caudal spot. Humeral spot vertically elongate, a bright area in front and 
behind it. A wide light lateral stripe from the upper part of the eye to above 
the middle of the base of the caudal, paralleled below by a less distinct, brown 
stripe. A bright iridescent blue streak from the pectoral to the scale above 
the last anal ray. The scales of the sides below the lateral stripe, except those 
bearing the blue stripe, with a greenish iridescence. Scales of the back and 
sides above the lateral stripe deeply outlined with dusky. 


=> 3. HEMIGRAMMUS UNILINEATUS (Gill). 


Plate 21, fig. 5; Plate 78, fig. 8. 


Poecilurichthys Hemigrammus unilineatus Grut, Ann. Lye. nat. hist. N. Y., 1858, 6, p. 420 (Trinidad) ; 
GUnTuHER, Cat. fishes Brit. mus., 1864, 5, p. 317. 

Tetragonopterus unilineatus EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 54; Urey, 
Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 285, (Para, Brazil); Gi~Bert, Proc. Wash. acad. sci., 1900, 2, 
p- 163 (Pernambuco). 

Tetragonopterus (Hemigrammus) unilineatus Rucan, Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1906, p. 384 (Trinidad). 

Hemigrammus unilineatus EIGENMANN and Oct, Proce. U. 8. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 12 (Trinidad); Ercen- 
MANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, 
p- 332; pl. 48, fig. 1; Exurs, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 (Braganga; Maciél, Rio Guaporé). 


Hasirat.— Trinidad, Guianas, and Amazons. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of | Length 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
5779 I. 5 28-38 Para, Brazil Hartt 
10801 I. 1 40 Los Castillas, Venezuela Riddle 
1440 C., 11898 I. 110 35-48 Creek in Moro Passage Shideler 
1441 C., 11899 I. 22 3141 Creek in Barima River Shideler 


1442 C., 11900 I, 86 23-48 Aruka River Shideler 


142 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Number of Length 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
1443 C., 11901 T. 7 32-52 Isoro Mud Creek Shideler 
1444 C., 11902 I. 26 26-53 Mud flats in Demerara River Eigenmann 
below Wismar 
1445 C. ] 37 Georgetown Trenches Eigenmann 
1446 C., 11903 I. q 4147 Wismar Eigenmann 
1447 C., 11904 I. 5 35-47 Cumaka, Demerara River Eigenmann 
3043 C. 24 27-48 Bragan¢a Haseman 
3044 C. 9 31-38 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 


Head 3.75; depth 2.2-3; D. 11; A. 23 to 27; scales 5-32 to 34-3 to 
4.5; eye 2.25 to 2.5 in the head; interorbital narrower than the eye, 3 in the 
head. 

Compressed, deepest at the vertical of the first dorsal ray; depth of head 
at base of occipital process three fifths in the greatest depth. Preventral regions 
rounded, without complete series of median scales. Predorsal region rounded 
without a regular series of median scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2.5 to 3 scales. Interorbital almost flat. Frontal fontanel very narrowly 
triangular, two thirds the length of the parietal without the occipital groove. 
Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin below it. Mouth moderately 
large; maxillary equal to the eye; mandible a little longer, half the length of 
the head. Premaxillary with two to four conical or tricuspid teeth in the outer 
row and five or six, tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with six small 
conical and tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of five, 3- to 
5-pointed teeth and a series of twelve or more minute conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 10. 

Basal third of caudal scaled. Anal sheath rudimentary or wanting. Lat- 
eral line with pores on 5 to 8 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, its penultimate 
ray one third of the longest which is 3.25 in the length. Origin of the anal 
on the vertical from the first scale behind the dorsal. Anal deeply emarginate. 
Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals 
overlapping the anal a distance equal to half the length of the eye. Pectorals 
overlapping ventrals the same distance. 

Dorsal black except the tips of the anterior 5 or 6 rays. An oblique black 
line on the anal from the base of the first to the tips of the fourth and fifth rays. 
Humeral spot vertically elongate, often faint and sometimes lacking. No 
caudal spot. Lateral stripe narrow. Scales of the back outlined with dusky. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 143 


4. HEMIGRAMMUS ELEGANS (Steindachner). 


Plate 17, fig. 3. 


Tetragonopterus elegans STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., 1882, 4, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 4 (Obidos); E1raeNMANN 
& E1cenmann, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 285; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 285. 

Hemigrammus elegans EIGENMANN & OL», Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 12; Ercenmann, Rept. Prince- 
ton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hasitrat.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number — specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20734 4 27-30 Santarem Bourget 
20869 1 35 Tapajos Dexter, James, 
& Talisman 
20840 ! Lh te 28 Obidos James 


Head 3.5-3.67; depth 2.67-3; D.11; A. 23 or 24; scales 5-30 to 33-4.5; 
eye 2.25-25; interorbital 3. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of occipital process 1.75 in the great- 
est depth. Preventral region rounded; no regular series of median scales. 
Predorsal region rounded, with a regular median series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process one fourth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, 
bordered by three scales, interorbital almost flat; frontal fontanel almost equal 
to the parietals without occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow 
naked area behind and below. Mouth large. Maxillary barely as long as the 
eye, mandible equal to the eye. Snout very blunt, equal to half the length 
of the eye. Premaxillary with an outer series of three 5-pointed teeth, and 
an inner series of five teeth, the center one of which has five cusps, the next 
three to six cusps each and the end one seven. The maxillary with three, 
5-pointed teeth broader than those of the outer premaxillary series. Dentary 
with five, 3- to 5-pointed teeth followed by a few conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers about 7 + 10. 

Caudal only partially scaled. Anal sheath of six scales covering the bases 
of the first seven rays. Lateral line with pores on from seven to eleven scales, 
not decurved. 

Origin of dorsal a very little nearer snout than caudal. Penultimate ray 
three in the longest which is 2.75 in the length. Caudal probably equal to 


1 In part. 


144 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the eighth or ninth dorsal 
ray. Ventrals on a vertical from the first or second scale in front of the dorsal. 
Ventrals reaching just to the anal. Pectorals reaching to the ventrals. 

The distal three fourths of the first, second, and third, and distal one fourth 
of the fourth dorsal rays pigmented. An oblique blackish line passing over 
the basal fifth of the third, the entire fourth and fifth, and the tips of the sixth 
and seventh anal rays. The first and distal half of the second and third anal 
rays, with intervening membrane, with a milk-white elongate spot. A very 
slender dark gray lateral stripe from the caudal peduncle to the vertical from 
the dorsal. A few chromatophores, much scattered and very faint, occur in 
the humeral region. The one 35 mm. specimen from Tapajos differed from 
the rest in the anal marking. In it the oblique line was lacking, giving place 
to a semicircular dark spot including the tips of the sixth, seventh, and eighth 


rays. 
5. H®rMIGRAMMUS ERYTHROZONUS Durbin. 


Plate 21, fig. 4. 


Hemigrammus erythrozonus DurBin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 56 (Erukin); Ercenmann, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 333, pl. 48, fig. 2. 


Hasirat.— British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 


1448 C. Type 1 32 Erukin Eigenmann 

ees Soe t 32 21-33 Erukin Eigenmann 

Head 3.75; depth 3.33 to 3.75; D.11; A. 20-22; scales 5-31 to 34-3 to 
3.5; eye 2.5 in the head, snout 1.5 in the eye. Interorbital less than eye, about 
2.75 in head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete, regular series 
of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, median series of scales incom- 
plete, always more or less irregular near the head. 

Occipital process from one sixth to one seventh of the distance from its 
base to the dorsal; bordered by 3 scales. Interorbital convex. Frontal 
fontanel much narrower than parietal, triangular, two thirds of the parietal 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 145 


without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked 
margin behind and below. Snout short; mouth moderately large. Maxil- 
lary 1.33 in the eye. Mandible equal to the eye, 2.5 in head, much weaker 
than the upper jaw. Width of naked area of the cheek 4 in the eye. Pre- 
maxillary with five 3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row, and two or three 
narrow tricuspid teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with two to four, 3- to 
5-pointed teeth. Dentary with four or five, 5- to 7-pointed teeth in a 
graduated series, followed by seven or eight minute tricuspid and conical teeth 
on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 6. 

Anal sheath short, of three scales covering the bases of the first five anal 
rays. Caudal scaled over the basal one fourth. Lateral line with pores on 
six to nine scales. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate ray 
one third the longest which is 3.67 in the length. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal deeply emarginate, longest ray 1.25 
in the length of the base. Caudal equal to the length of the head. Ventral 
on the vertical from the second scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just 
reaching the first or second anal rays. Pectorals reaching the first scale in 
front of ventrals. 

No true humeral spot; pores and margins of the first three or four scales 
in the lateral line heavily outlined with dusky and a group of large chromato- 
phores just behind the eye on the head give the appearance of a humeral spot. 
Web of distal half of dorsal, almost all of the caudal, all of the ventrals, pec- 
torals, and the web between the first seven anal rays dusky. Often a faint 
little dark spot at the base of each caudal lobe, no true caudal spot. Scales 
of the back and upper one third of the sides outlined with dusky. A broad 
stripe without chromatophores cherry-red in life, extends from the head to the 
caudal and halfway to the end of the middle caudal rays. Below this lateral 
stripe a dusky stripe two scales in width extends the length of the body. The 
belly and a streak on the sides, from just above the bases of the anterior ten 
anal rays to the mandible, without chromatophores. Bases of the anal and 
under side of the caudal peduncle black to dusky. Lips dusky. Dorsal lobe 
and upper part of the iris cherry-red in life. 


146 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


6. HEMIGRAMMUS MARGINATUS Ellis. 


Plate 20, fig. 1. 
Hemigrammus marginatus Evuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 159, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Queimadas). 


Hasitat.— Head waters of Parana, Paraguay, Guaporé, Itapicurti, and 
San Francisco Rivers. 
Specimens examined. 


Number of Length 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 

3053 C. Type 1 38 Rio Itapicuri, Queimadas Haseman 

3054 C. Paratypes 22 13-39 Rio Itapicuri, Queimadas Haseman 

3055 C. Paratypes 3 23-29 Boqueirao near mouth of Rio Haseman 
Preto 

3056 C. Paratypes q 28-30 Santa Rita, Rio Preto Haseman 

3057 C. Paratypes 3 29-33 Lagoa da Porto, near Barra, Haseman 
Rio San Francisco 

3058 C. Paratypes 6 26-38 Jacobina, Rio Jacobina, Ita- Haseman 
picurti Basin 

3059 C. Paratypes 18 33-38 Pirapora, Rio San Francisco Haseman 

3060 C. Paratypes 42 18-42 Lagoa Pereira, Barra Haseman 

3061 C. Paratypes 5 37-42 Jaguara, Rio Grande Haseman 

3062 C. Paratypes 5 32-39 Rio Paiaia, Itapicurfti Basin Haseman 

3063 C. Paratypes 8 32-38 Barreiras, Lagoas of Rio Haseman 
Grande, San Francisco Basin 

3064 C. Paratypes 6 22-38 Sete Lagoas, Rio das Velhas Haseman 

3065 C. Paratypes 3 29-35 Tinho, Rio Itapicurii Haseman 

3082 C. Paratypes 1 40 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 

3084 C. Paratypes 1 28 Mogy Mirim, a creek in Sao Haseman 
Paulo, Parana Basin 

C. Paratype 2 40-42 Rio Zinga, Itapicuri Basin Haseman 

3066 C. Paratypes 9 26-32 Riberao, Azul Lagoa 12 miles Haseman 
from Tieté 

3067 C. Paratype 1 21 Sapucay, Paraguay Haseman 

3077 C. Paratype 1 40 Caceres, Paraguay Haseman 

3083 C. Paratype 1 34 Rio Itapicurt, fazenda de Haseman 
Amaratu, 6 miles north of 
Bom Fin 


Head 3.6 to 3.8; depth 2.8 to 3.25; D.11; A. 20 to 24; scales 5-29 to 
34-3 to 4. Eye 2 in the head. Interorbital less than the eye, 2.75 in the head. 
Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions rounded, without complete 


series of median scales. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 147 


Occipital process 5 or 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 3 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
almost as wide as the parietal and as long as the parietal without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital little more than half the eye in width, usually with 
narrow naked margins behind and below. Mouth large; snout little more 
than half the length of the eye. Maxillary slender, just, or not quite, equal to 
the eye; 2 to 2.3 in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary 
with three or four tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and four or five, rarely six, 
3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with two or three, less often 
four, 3- to 5-pointed teeth, the posterior one sometimes conical. Dentary 
with a graduated series of four or five 3- to 5- and 7-pointed teeth, followed 
by a series of seven to twelve minute, conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 10. 

Caudal scaled over the basal one half. Anal sheath short, consisting of 
about 6 scales over the bases of the first 10 rays. Lateral line with pores devel- 
oped on 5 to 14 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal; penultimate 
ray short, one fourth of the longest, which is 3.67 in the length. Origin of the 
anal on the vertical from the first scale behind the dorsal. Anal emarginate, 
the longest ray 1.25 in the length of the base. Ventrals on the vertical from 
the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the anal. Pec- 
torals just, or not quite, reaching the ventrals. 

No humeral spot. Caudal spot faint or lacking. A heavy leaden lateral 
stripe often somewhat expanded near the end of the caudal peduncle, nar- 
rowed in the region just below the dorsal. Dorsal and anal somewhat dusky. 
A broad black marginal or submarginal band across the caudal lobes. When 
this band is submarginal the middle caudal rays are black also. The base of 
the caudal lobes hyaline, probably orange or red in life. Seales of the back 
and sides, above the lateral stripe outlined with dusky. Sides below the lateral 
stripe with pale bluish iridescence. 


7. HEMIGRAMMUS NANUS (Liitken). 


Plate 18, fig. 1; Plate 78, fig. 2, 7. 


Tetragonopterus nanus LiitKEn, Overs. K. Dan. selsk. Forh., 1874, p. 133 (Lagoa Santa); Vidensk. selsk., 
1875, 12, p. 218, pl. 5, fig. 17 (Rio das Velhas); ErgeNMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 
14, p. 282; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 286. 


148 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Hemigrammus nanus E1GENMANN & OGLE, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 15; Eraenmann, Rept. Prince- 
ton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 435. 


Hapitat.— San Francisco Basin. 
44958 U. S. N. M., 4 Cotypes Lagoa Santa Reinhardt 


Head 3.9; depth 3.5-4; D.11; A.17-19; scales 35-30 to 32-2.5 to 3; 
eye 2.2 in the head, interorbital narrower. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded with complete median series of 11 scales. 

Occipital process one seventh of the distance from its base to the dorsal, 
bordered by two and a half scales. Interorbital region somewhat convex. 
Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked area below and a much narrower 
one behind. Maxillary much shorter than the eye, 3.25 in the head. Mandible 
nearly as long as the eye, 2.75 in the head. Premaxillary with four, 3-pointed, 
teeth and sometimes one conical tooth in the inner row, and two similar but 
narrower teeth in the front row. Maxillary without teeth or with one tooth. 

Caudal probably scaled; anal sheath of probably a single series of scales 
extending the entire length of the base of the fin. Lateral line with pores on 
from 4 to 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal half length of the eye nearer the caudal than the snout, 
penultimate ray one third of the longest which is 4.2 in the length. Origin 
of the anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Height of the anal nearly 
equal to the length of its base. Anal emarginate. Base of the ventrals on the 
vertical from the second or third scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals not 
quite reaching the anal, and pectorals almost reaching the ventrals. 

Fins all hyaline except where the large, diffuse dark caudal spot extends 
over the caudal, often reaching the ends of the middle rays. No humeral spot. 
An inconspicuous, silvery lateral band. The scales of the back outlined with 
pigment, a few chromatophores scattered over the sides except above the body- 
cavity. 

8. HeMIGRAMMUS LEVIS Durbin. 
Plate 18, fig. 2. 
Hemigrammus levis DurBin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 100 (Lago do Maximo); Ercenmann, Rept. 


Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 486; Exuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 
(Santarem). 


HapiratT.— Amazon. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 149 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 

Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20738 Type 1 47 Lago do Maximo Agassiz 
20738 Paratypes 201 35-48 Lago do Maximo Agassiz 
20838 Paratypes 18 33-45 Chidas James 
20829 Paratypes 3 38-44 Chidas James 
20716 Paratypes 63 34441 Villa Bella Agassiz 
20749 Paratypes 35 44-47 Lake Jose Assu Agassiz 

3088 C. 2 31, 38 Santarem Haseman 


Head 3.5 to 3.66; depth 3.2 to 3.6; D. 11; rarely 10; A. 17-20; scales 
5-30 to 34 to 3.5; eye 2.5 to 2.67 in the head; interorbitals slightly less than 
the eye. 

Compressed, head short, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 
1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, usually without com- 
plete series of median scales; sometimes a more or less regular series of 12 or 
13 scales, the last enlarged. Predorsal region rounded, a regular median series 
of 9 scales. 

Occipital process one sixth of the distance from its base to the origin of 
the dorsal. Bordered on the side by two or three scales. Interorbital slightly 
convex. Frontal fontanel narrowly triangular, just or a little less than equal 
to the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a 
narrow naked margin behind and below it. Maxillary equal to the length 
of the eye. Mandible a little longer than the eye. Snout short, about 1.3 in 
the length of the eye; mouth large. Premaxillary with three, sometimes four, 
3-pointed teeth in the outer row, and five, the middle 6- to 7- and the rest 7- to 
9-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary without teeth. Dentary with 
five large or four large and one small, 7- to 9-pointed teeth, several minute coni- 
eal teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 12. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 2 or 3 scales covering the bases of the 
first 6 or 7 rays. Lateral line developed on from 6 to 11 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal. Penultimate 
ray 2.33 in the longest which is 3.67 to 4 in the length. Caudal equal to the 
length of the head. 

Origin of the anal on the vertical from the first or second scale behind the 
dorsal. Ventrals on the vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Pectorals not 
reaching the ventrals; ventrals almost reaching the anal. 


150 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Middle caudal rays with a round black spot; all other fins unmarked. A 
slate-black lateral stripe beginning on the vertical of the adipose fin and gradu- 
ally fading out again just below the origin of the dorsal. A silvery stripe on the 
scales below the lateral stripe. All of the scales below and half of the row just 
above the lateral stripe more or less covered with greenish golden iridescence 
that partakes of a turquois tinge as it approaches the anal, especially in speci- 
mens from Lago do Maximo and Lake Jose Assu, Brazil.’ 


9. HEMIGRAMMUS MICROPTERUS Meek. 


Plate 18, fig. 3; Plate 78, fig. 6. 


Hemigrammus micropterus MEEK Ms., Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 15 (Los Castillas); E1GENMANN, 
Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


One specimen 10802 I 35 mm. Los Castillas, Venezuela O. Riddle 


Head 3.8-4; depth 3.2; D.10 or 11; A. 24; scales 4-32-4; eye 2.75 in 
the head, interorbital about equal to the eye. 

Compressed, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, with complete median series of 
10 scales. Postventral region not so narrow as in most species of the genus. 
Predorsal region rounded with complete median series of 9 or 10 scales. 

Occipital process 5 or 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal. Inter- 
orbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular and equal to the parietal 
without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle 
behind and below. Snout short and narrow, mouth rather small. Maxillary 
about equal to the eye. Mandible a little longer, 2.25 in the head. Pre- 
maxillary with an inner series of five, 5- to 7-pointed teeth and an outer 
series of two narrowly tricuspid teeth. Maxillary with one 7-pointed tooth. 
Dentary with a graduated series of five, 3- to 5-pointed teeth and a row of 
minute conical teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 9. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 1 or 2 scales. Lateral line with pores on 
4 or 5 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal, the penultimate 
ray four ninths of longest which is 4 in the length. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the second scale back of the dorsal, anal slightly emarginate, 


1 One specimen from Lago do Maximo with a complete lateral line. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 151 


rather narrow. Caudal equal to the head. Ventral on the vertical from the 
first dorsal ray. Ventrals not quite reaching to the anal. Pectoral reaching 
to within one scale of the ventrals. 

Fins all a little dusky, without definite markings. No humeral spot. A 
narrow black lateral stripe, faint from the head to the vertical from the origin 
of the anal and ending abruptly before it meets the caudal spot, which is con- 
tinued to the end of the middle caudal rays. Scales of the back with rather 
broad dark margins. 


10. HrmMIGRAMMUS HYANUARY Durbin. 


Plate 18, fig. 4. 


Hemigrammus hyanuary Durpin Ms. Etcenmann, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, 
p. 436. 


Eight specimens 20955 40-44 mm. Lake Hyanuary Navez 


Head 3.5-4; depth 3.6-3.8; D.11; A. 14-15; scales 5-32 or 33-3; eye 
2.67 in head, snout 1.5 in the eye; interorbital almost equal to the eye, very 
nearly 2.75 in the head. 

Compressed, depth of head at base of occipital process 1.25 to 1.33 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded with regular median series of about 9 scales. 

Occipital process about 8 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2 and 1.5 scales. Interorbital almost flat. Frontal fontanel much 
narrower than the parietal, equilaterally triangular, very small about one 
fourth the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving 
a narrow naked margin behind and below. Snout short but not so short as 
in H. matei; mouth large. Lower jaw included only when the mouth is closed. 
Maxillary 1.25 in the eye. Mandible about equal to the eye, 2.75 in the head. 
Premaxillary with four, narrow, tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and five, rarely 
six, large 3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with one or two 
narrow 4-pointed teeth. Dentary with four or five large 4- to 6-pointed teeth 
in a graduated series followed by five or six minute teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 8. 

Lateral line with pores developed on 8 to 10 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal less than the length of the eye nearer the snout than 
the caudal; penultimate ray one third of the longest which is 3.75 in the length. 
Origin of the anal on the vertical from the second scale behind the dorsal. Anal 


152 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


emarginate, the longest ray equal to the base. Anal armature developed on 
males. Ventrals on the vertical from the second scale in front of the dorsal. 
Ventrals reaching the first to third anal rays. Pectorals usually just reaching 
the ventrals. 

Humeral spot absent, (a small and faint round spot on two specimens). 
Caudal spot very dark, round or vertically elongate, entirely covering the 
middle caudal rays. Usually extending forward onto the caudal peduncle 
so as to give the spot a roughly triangular shape, placed rather below the 
middle of the peduncle. Scales of the back dusky; those on the sides above 
the narrow lateral stripe outlined with dusky. The first half of the anal rays, 
all of the dorsal, ventrals, and pectorals dusky. Scales below the lateral stripe 
with bright greenish iridescence. An uneven iridescent spot on the caudal 
peduncle above and in front of the caudal spot. 


11. Hemicrammus MATE! Eigenmann. 


Plate 19, fig. 1. 
Hemigrammus matei EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 
One specimen 11438 I. Type 43 mm. Argentina 


Head 3.75-4; depth 3; D.10; A. 23; scales 5-32 to 34-3; eye 2.2 in 
the head, snout 2 in the eye, interorbital slightly less than the eye, 2.6 in the 
head. 

Compressed; depth of the head at the base of the occipital process, 1.5 
in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of 
median seales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete median series of 10 
scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 3. scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel not narrower 
than the parietal, triangular and 1.25 in the length of the parietals without 
the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. 
Snout short and blunt, mouth large. Maxillary equal to or slightly less than 
the eye. Mandible a little longer than the eye, 2.14 in the head. Opercle 
incised above. Premaxillary with five or six 2- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner 
row and two or three similar but narrower ones in the outer row. Maxillary 
with three teeth, the posterior one 3-pointed, the anterior one 5-pointed. 
Dentary with graduated series of four or five teeth and several minute conical 


ones on the sides. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 153 


Gill-rakers 4 + 10. 

One third of caudal scaled. Anal sheath of about 5 scales covering the 
basis of the first 8 anal rays. Lateral line with pores on 3 to 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal one third of the length of the eye nearer to the caudal 
than to the snout, its penultimate ray two fifths of the longest which is 3.5 in 
the length. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the seventh anal ray. Anal 
emarginate, the longest ray 1.33 in the length of the base. Caudal somewhat 
shorter than the head. Ventrals on the vertical from the second scale in front 
of the dorsal. Ventrals not quite reaching the anal; pectorals reaching a little 
beyond the origin of the ventrals. 

No shoulder-spot; a black lateral band beginning over the middle of pec- 
torals as a thin line, becoming gradually broader to the caudal peduncle where 
it expands more rapidly, abruptly contracted at the base of caudal but con- 
tinued for a short distance on the middle rays, the markings on the caudal 
being arrow-shaped. Back dusky, except the upper surface of upper caudal 
rays, and a spot behind the adipose. Fins all dusky. Spot on the back 
behind the adipose iridescent, yellowish, practically free from pigment. 


12. HermiGRAMMUS RODWAYI Durbin. 


Plate 2a ties. 
Hemigrammus rodwayi Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 58 (Georgetown Trenches), E1aenmMANN, 
Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 334, pl. 
48, fig. 3; Exurs, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 (Braganga; above Cachoeira, Rio Nova, Goyaz, 


Piabana). 


Hasrrat.— Lowland rivers from the Orinoco to Para, also Rio Nova. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Length 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
1450 C. Type 1 46 Georgetown Trenches Eigenmann 
1451 C., 11906 I. 183 38-49 Georgetown Trenches Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1452 C., 11907 I. 112 28-53 Botanic Garden, Georgetown Shideler 
1453 C., 11908 I. 4 24-26 Mud Creek in Aruka River Shideler 
1454 C., 11909 I. 7 34—40 Creek in Barima River Shideler 
3045 C. 6 31-40 Bragan¢a Haseman 
2 42-45 Georgetown Trenches Ellis 

12656 I. 3 31-36 Lama Stop-Off Eigenmann 
2949 C. 1 27 Above Cachoeira Rio Nova Haseman 


into Somno, into Tocan- 
tins, Goyaz 


154 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Head 4; depth 2.75-3; D.11; A. 22-24; scales 5-32 to 342.5 to 3.5; 
eye 2-2.33 in the head; snout 7.5 in the eye, interorbital very nearly equal to 
the eye, 2.4 to 2.5 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of occipital process 1.5 to 1.2 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded, sometimes with complete series of 9 or 10 
median scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 3 seales. Interorbital convex. Frontal fontanel narrower than the parie- 
tal, triangular and almost as long as the parietal without the occipital groove. 
Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Snout short, mouth moder- 
ately large. Maxillary not quite equal to the eye. Mandible a little longer 
than the eye, 2-2.4 in the head. Preopercle not deeply incised above. Pre- 
maxillary with four or five, 4- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner, and three or four 
tricuspid teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with two or four small uni- bi- 
or tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of four, 5- to 7-pointed 
teeth, and several minute conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 10 + 6. 

Caudal much sealed. Anal sheath of about 5 seales covering the bases 
of the first 6 to 8 anal rays. Lateral line with pores on 9 to 12 sometimes on 
15 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from snout and caudal, penultimate ray 
one third of the longest which is 3.5 in the length. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the first or second scale behind the dorsal. Anal deeply emarginate, 
longest ray 1.5 to 1.33 in the length of the base. Caudal half the length of 
the eye longer than the head, ventral lobe slightly larger than the dorsal lobe. 
Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal, just reaching 
the anal. Pectorals either not quite or just reaching the ventrals. 

No shoulder-spot. A silvery lateral stripe extending from the caudal 
to about the vertical from the first dorsal rays, and continued forward by a 
few large scattered chromatophores. The black caudal spot usually extending 
nearly or entirely to the end of the middle caudal rays. Scales of the back and 
sides outlined with pigment above the lateral stripe, an olive stripe along the 
back, sides above stripe straw colored, scales below the stripe with a light 
blue iridescence. No iridescent spot on the back of the caudal peduncle. All 
fins somewhat dusky. Males with a cherry-red spot on the base of each caudal 
lobe, anterior anal margin with a white bar, broadest towards the tip, the rest 


tes nw rey al 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 155 


of anal and the base of dorsal tinged with red. Females with yellow on caudal, 
anal, and dorsal in place of the red described in the case of males. The white 
bar on anal lacking in females. 


13. H®rMIGRAMMUS BREVIS Ellis. 


Hemigrammus brevis Euuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 161, pl. 3, fig. 4 (Barreiras). 


Hasitat.— San Francisco Basin. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 


Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 

3068 C. Type 1 35 Barreiras, Lagoas of Rio Grande Haseman 
of San Francisco Basin 

3069 C. Paratypes 2 31, 33 Penedo, Rio San Francisco Haseman 

3070 C. Paratypes 3 34-36 Barreiras, Lagoas of Rio Grande Haseman 

3071 C. Paratypes 33 20-27 Boqueirao, Rio Preto Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.6; D.11; A. 20 to 22; scales 5-29 to 33-3 to 4. Eye 
2 to 2.3 in the head; interorbital less than the eye, 2.7 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process about 
1.6 in the greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions rounded. 

Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
as wide as the parietal, and almost equal to the parietal without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Mouth large, 
snout short, little more than one half the eye. Maxillary and mandible approxi- 
mately equal to each other and to the eye. Premaxillary with three to five 
tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and five, rarely four, 3- to 5-pointed teeth 
in the inner row. Maxillary with one to three, 3- to 5-pointed teeth. Dentary 
with a graduated series of five 5-pointed teeth followed by a series of seven to 
eleven minute tricuspid and conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 10 + 9 with 5 minute spines behind the last two on the shorter 
limb. 

Caudal sealed over the basal one half. Anal sheath short, composed of 
5 scales covering the bases of the first 9 anal rays. Lateral line with pores 
developed on the first 5 to 9 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and the caudal; penulti- 
mate ray about one fifth of the highest, which is 3.67 in the length. Caudal 


156 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


very little longer than the head. Origin of anal on the vertical from the last 
dorsal ray. Anal deeply emarginate, the longest ray 1.25 in the anal base. 
Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals 
reaching the second to fourth anal ray. Pectorals reaching to the first scale 
in front of the ventrals or to the second scale behind the ventrals. 

No humeral spot. Caudal spot not quite as wide as the caudal peduncle, 
but extending from the tips of the middle caudal rays to the vertical from 
one of the last five anal rays, more diffuse at the anterior end. Lateral stripe 
very faint, heavily overlaid with silvery. Fins all a little dusky. Scales of 
the back outlined with dusky. Cheeks and sides below the lateral stripe with 


bluish iridescence. 
14. HemicrRaMMus TRIDENS Eigenmann. 


Plate 19, fig. 2; Plate 78, fig. 4. 


Hemigrammus tridens E1GENMANN, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1907, 83, p. 15 (Arroyo Pypucu); Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hapirat.— Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
11262 I. Type 1 20 to base of Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay Anisits 
, caudal 
11262a I. 2 17, 18 to base Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay Anisits 
of caudal 


Head 3.4; depth 3; D.11; A. 16-19; scales probably 4 to 5-30 to 35-3; 
eye 2.4 in head, interorbital 3+ in the head. 

Compressed, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.75 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded or very slightly keeled, with complete regu- 
lar series of 11 scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2-2.25 seales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
its base narrower than the parietal and half as long as the parietal without 
the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Snout 
short, mouth large; maxillary shorter than the eye, 3 in the head. Mandible 
about equal to the eye. Premaxillary with an inner row of five teeth, with 
5 long points, the middle one much the longest, the outer row with two nar- 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 157 


row tricuspid teeth. Maxillary with two 5-pointed teeth, the points nearly 
equal in length. Dentary with a graduated series of four large, 4- or 5-pointed 
teeth and two quite small tricuspid ones. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 10. 

Anal sheath short. Lateral line with pores on 4 to 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal almost the length of eye nearer the caudal than to 
the snout, longest ray 4 in the length. Origin of the anal on the vertical 
from the second scale behind the dorsal. Anal faleate, the longest ray equal 
to the length of the base; origin of ventrals on the vertical from the first scale 
in front of the dorsal, reaching the anal. Pectorals not reaching the ventrals. 

Dorsal and anal very slightly dusky. No distinct humeral spot, a few 
seattering chromatophores forming a horizontally elongate bar extending 
from the head to vertical from the base of the ventrals, where the narrow black 
line-like lateral stripe begins. The caudal spot forms a jet-black band across 
the end of the tail, continued forward to a blunt median point upon the lateral 
stripe, and backwards along the edge of each caudal lobe and along the middle 
caudal rays, but not to their tips. Scales of the back outlined with pigment. 


15. HEMIGRAMMUS OCELLIFER (Steindachner). 


Plate 19, fig. 3; Plate 21, fig. 2. 


Tetragonopterus ocellifer STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidamer., 1882, 4, p. 32, pl. 7, fig. 5, (Villa Bella; 
Cudajas); EtGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 54; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. 
sci., 1895, 8, p. 286 (Amazon and Solimoes Basin). 

Holopristis ocellifer EIGENMANN, Smith. misc. coll. quart., 1903, 45, p. 145; Eraenmann & OcLp, Proc. 
U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 11. 

Hemigrammus ocellifer Exxis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 (Braganca); Eracenmann, Mem. 
Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 335, pl. 48, fig. 4; Fowxmr, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 544, fig. 
13 (Rio Madeira). 


Hasrrat.— Amazon; British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Length 
Catalogue number specimens inmm. Locality Collector 
Part of 20842 33 28-44 Obidos Col. Bentos 
21017 1 38 Curupira Maj. Cotinho 
20774 16 37-28 Tabatinga Bourget 
20969 5 31-36 Cudajas Thayer & Bourget 
1455 C., 11910 I. 109 26-37 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
1456 C., 11911 I. 3 small Konawaruk Eigenmann 
MS aG. Aoi e 4 28-29 Malali Shideler 


3046 C. 11 31-40 Braganca Haseman 


158 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Head 3.25 to 3.5; depth 2.5 to 2.75; D. 10 or 11; A. 22 to 26; scales 5-30 . 
to 33-8 to 3.5; eye 2.25 to 2.5 in head, snout little more than one half of the eye, 
interorbital about equal to the eye, 2.5 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of occipital process 1.33 in the great- 
est depth. Preventral region rounded, sometimes with a regular median series 
of 11 seales. Predorsal region rounded with complete median series of 11 
scales. \ 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the origin of the dorsal, 
bordered by about 3 seales. Interorbitals slightly convex. Frontal fontanel 
not narrower than the parietal, equal to the parietals without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbitals leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. 
Snout rather short; mouth large. Maxillary slightly less than the eye. 
Mandible very little longer than the eye, about 2.33 in the head. Premaxil- 
lary with five, 3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row, and two to four smaller, 
3- to 4-pointed teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with two or three small 
tricuspid or conical teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of four large 5- 
pointed teeth, followed by nine or ten minute tricuspid and conical teeth. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 11. 

Anal sheath of about 13 scales, the first 7 extending over the bases of the 
first 11 anal rays, the remaining 5 or 6 quite small and inserted between the 
scales above the anal, but not touching the anal rays. Caudal scaled over the 
basal one third. Pores developed on 6 to 8 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal half the length of the eye nearer the caudal than the 
snout, the penultimate ray one third of the longest, which is 3+ in the length. 
Origin of the anal on the vertical from the middle or last dorsal ray. Anal emar- 
ginate, the longest ray 1.33 to 1.5 in the length of the base. Caudal less than 
the width of the eye longer than the head. Ventrals on the vertical from the 
second scale in front of dorsal; ventrals reaching to second or third anal ray. 
Pectorals reaching a little beyond the base of ventrals. 

Humeral spot distinet, vertically elongate, paralleled in front and behind 
by a bright bar nearly as wide as the humeral spot itself; a secondary, fainter, 
dark bar behind the posterior bright bar. A black (brown in very old aleoholic 
specimens) caudal spot not extending much, if at all, onto the middle caudal 
rays; a bright ring around the entire caudal peduncle, from the caudal spot 
to last anal ray, iridescent above the narrow sharp gray lateral stripe. The 
base of the caudal lobes and upper part of the peduncle a rusty red in life. 
Dorsal somewhat dusky, with an orange tinge when alive, caudal and anal 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 159 


rays tipped with dusky black, distal third of second anal rays white. Anal, 
ventrals, and pectorals yellow in life. Scales of the back outlined with pig- 
ment, a few large chromatophores scattered over the cheeks. 


16. HeMIGRAMMUS BOULENGERI Higenmann. 


Plate 78, fig. 3. 


Tetragonopterus fasciatus interruplus K1GENMANN (in part, non Liitken) Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1894, 7, 
p. 634 (Rio Grande do Sul). 

Hemigrammus boulengeri EIGENMANN & OGLE, Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1907, 33; p. 15; Eraenmann, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hasrrat.— Rio Grande do Sul. 
One specimen 11073 I. Type 45 mm. Rio Grande do Sul Von Ihering 


Head 3.33; depth 2.66; D.11; A. about 22, scales 5-30-3; eye 2.6 and 
interorbital 2.75 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 3 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded, with regular series of 11 scales. 

Occipital process 7 in the distance between its base and the dorsal, bordered 
by 3.25 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
broader than, and two thirds as long as, the parietal without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Snout short; 
mouth large. Maxillary 2.75 and mandible 2.33 in the head. Premaxillary 
with five 5-pointed teeth in the inner series, and three tricuspid teeth in the 
outer series. Maxillary with one 3-pointed tooth. Dentary with a graduated 
series of five 5-pointed teeth and three very small, 3-pointed teeth. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 8. 

Caudal probably scaled. Lateral line with pores on about 7 scales. 

Origin of dorsal half the length of the head nearer to the caudal than to 
the snout, penultimate ray 2.75 in the longest, which is almost 4 in the length. 
Origin of anal on the vertical from the first or second dorsal ray. Anal some- 
what emarginate, longest ray 1.25 in the base. Ventrals on the vertical from 
a point 1.75 the length of the eye in front of the dorsal. Ventral reaching to 
the base of the fourth anal ray. Pectorals a little more than reaching the 
ventrals. 

Humeral spot vertically elongate, distinct; a narrow black lateral line 
lying deeper than the caudal spot and not connected with it; caudal spot well 


160 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


defined, not quite extending to the end of the middle caudal rays, lower half 
of the caudal with many pigment-cells and blackish, upper half hyaline; basal 
two thirds of anal dusky. 


17. HemiGcrRamMus 1oTA Durbin. 


Plate 22, fig. 7. 


Hemigrammus iota Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 60 (Gluck Island); Ergenmann, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Haxirar.— Essequibo River. 
Specimens examined. 
Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1458 C. Type 1 18 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
1460 C. 11914 I. dq 19-21 Rockstone Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1459 C., 11913 I. 7 18-21 Gluck Island Eigenmann 


Paratypes. 


Head 3.6; depth 3.4; D. 11; A. 15-17; scales 5-30-3; eye 2.33-2.5; 
snout 1.67 in the eye. Interorbital slightly less than the eye, 2.8 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of occipital process 1.33 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, usually without complete series 
of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, usually with complete series of 
9 to 11 median scales. 

Occipital process 7 or 8 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2 seales on each side. Interorbital convex. Frontal fontanel much nar- 
rower than the parietal, triangular, three fourths of the parietal without the 
occipital groove. Second suborbital covering the entire cheek. Snout short, 
mouth comparatively large. Maxillary 1.4 in the eye. Mandible a little 
longer than the eye, 2+ in the head. Premaxillary with five, 3- to 5-pointed 
teeth in the inner row and two or three narrow tricuspid teeth in the outer 
row. Maxillary with one or two broad teeth with 4 or 5 points. Dentary with 
a graduated series of four or five large, 5-pointed teeth, followed by four or five 
minute conical ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers about 9 + 7. 

Anal sheath short, of 7 scales, covering the base of the first 8 or 9 anal rays. 
Lateral line with pores on the first 6 to 8 scales. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 161 


Origin of dorsal less than half the length of the eye nearer the caudal than 
the snout. Penultimate ray two fifths of the longest, which is 3.2 in the length. 
Origin of the anal on the vertical from the first to third scale behind the dorsal. 
Anal deeply emarginate, the longest ray almost equal to the base. Caudal a 
very little longer than the head. Ventrals on the vertical from the second or 
third scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the anal, pectorals 
barely reaching the ventrals, more often only reaching to the second or third 
scale in front of the ventrals. 

Humeral spot conspicuous, black, vertically elongate, surrounded by a 
small light area. Caudal spot variable in intensity, vertically elongate, I-shaped, 
not extending on to the caudal rays, and not continuous with the narrow black 
lateral stripe, which is overlaid with silvery. Scales of the postdorsal region 
each marked with a round dark spot in addition to a few scattered chromato- 
phores. Scales of the predorsal region with round spots less distinct and the 
general dusky shading more pronounced. Scales of the sides above the lateral 
stripe outlined with dusky. A few chromatophores scattered over the region 
between the anal and the lateral stripe. Some indications of a very faint 
secondary humeral spot. Fins all a little dusky. Caudal with an orange spot 
on the base of each lobe (evident in fresh specimens only). 


18. HEMIGRAMMUS BARRIGONAB Eigenmann and Henn. 


Plate 93, fig. 2. 
Hemigrammus barrigonae K1geNMANN & HENN, Indiana univ. studies, 1914, no. 24, p. 232 (Barrigona). 


Hasitat.— Rio Meta, Colombia. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
13423 I. Type 1 41 Barrigona, Rio Meta Gonzales 
13424 I. Paratypes 65 25-43 Barrigona, Rio Meta Gonzales 


Head 4; depth 2.6-3; depth of caudal peduncle 9-10; D. 11; A. 24-25. 
Scales 33-35 in a longitudinal series, about 11 in a transverse series. Develop- 
ment of scales with lateral line pores extremely variable and not even equal 
on both sides of the same specimen. Usually a continuous series of at least 
14 seales with pores, thence lateral line discontinuous; pore usually developed 
on last scale in the series. One specimen has the lateral line 7/6 + 3 + 7 + 


162 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


11 + 2, (the italicized numerals represent scales with pores). Another has 
17+6+2+4+4+2+483. A specimen of 41 mm. has the lateral line 17 + 
14 + 2 on the left side and /6 + 18 + 1 on the right side. Of others, one, 
34 mm. has respectively 24 + 8 + 3 and 20 +8 +7; one, 37 mm. has 16 + 19 
and 1/6 + 18; and one, 42 mm., has 24 +5 +5 on the left and 24+7+3 
on the right side. The lateral line is developed on the seventh transverse series 
of scales. Scales in the type are 6-/6 + 18 + 1-4. Eye 2.6 in head, about 
equal to or slightly greater than the interorbital. 

Compressed, rather deep, caudal peduncle slender; predorsal area arched 
or rounded with a variable median dorsal series of from 9 to 12 (usually 10) 
scales; preventral area rounded, with an ill-defined median series of about 12 
large scales. Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to the 
dorsal, bordered by three seales. Skull convex; fontanels moderately large; 
second suborbital in contact with the preopercle behind. 

Mouth terminal; snout blunt, about one half the eye; maxillary short, 
about three fourths the length of the eye. Premaxillary with three tricuspid 
teeth in the outer row and five 5- to 6-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary 
with four or five minute, 6-pointed teeth, visible only in preparations. Man- 
dible with four or five 6-pointed incisors in each ramus, their tips flaring out- 
wards. Caudal scaled over one third of the basal lobe. Gill-rakers 7 + 6. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base of middle caudal 
rays, its height 3.5 in the length. Origin of anal on vertical from last ray of 
dorsal, fourth to sixth rays elongate, forming an anterior lobe, its height about 
4.7-5 in the length, two large scales overlapping on the anterior margin. Caudal 
deeply forked, its lobes about equal to the height of the dorsal; pectorals do 
not reach the ventrals, the latter just overlap on the anal. 

General coloration light olivaceous; operculum, cheeks, and snout under- 
laid with bright silvery. Top of head dusky, no predorsal median line. A 
broad horizontal lateral stripe from the hind margin of the operculum to the 
caudal base, here expanded to form an ill-defined, oval caudal spot. An in- 
distinct humeral spot is overlaid by this lateral stripe. A conspicuous dark 
band along the entire anal base, outer margin of anal sometimes dark tipped. 
Fins otherwise without color. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 163 


19. H®rMIGRAMMUS SCHMARDAE (Steindachner). 


Plate 20, fig. 2; Plate 78, fig. 1. 


Tetragonopterus schmardae STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., 1882, 4, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 6 (Tabatinga); EraEn- 
MANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 54. 

Hemigrammus schmardae Fower, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1906, p. 333 (Peruvian Amazon); ErcEn- 
MANN & Oats, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 13; Eraenmann, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Pata- 
gonia, 1910, 3, p. 486; Exuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 163 (Santarem). 

Tetragonopterus santaremensis UuREY, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 283 (Santarem). 

Hemigrammus melanochrous Fowurr, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 548, fig. 12 (Tributary of Rio 
Madeira near Porto Velho). 


Hasitat.— Amazons. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
4 34+43 Manaos Agassiz 
5174 1. 1 28 Brazil 
5499 I. 2 29 Santarem Menot 
8085 C. 1 39 Santarem Hasemann 


Head 3.4-3.6; depth 3; D.11; A. 20-28; scales 5-30 to 34-3 to 3.5; 
eye large, 2.3-2.5 in the head; interorbital 3 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 to 
1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, with complete median 
series of 10 or 11 scales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete median 
series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2.5 scales on the side. Interorbital region almost flat. Frontal fontanel 
triangular to truncate triangular, equal to the length of the parietal without 
the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a very narrow naked margin 
behind and below. Snout short, mouth large. Maxillary and mandible both 
long and equal to the eye. Premaxillary with 5 teeth in the inner row, four 
large, 4- to 5-pointed, and one very small; three small tricuspid teeth in the 
outer row. Maxillary with two or three small conical or tricuspid teeth. 
Dentary with a graduated series of four large, 5-pointed teeth, one very small 
tooth and twelve or more minute conical teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 9. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 4 scales covering the bases of the first 5 
rays. Lateral line with pores on 7 to 16 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal very slightly nearer the snout than the caudal, penul- 


164 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


timate ray 2.5 in the longest, which is about 3.5-3.25 in the length. Origin of 
the anal on the vertical from the eighth or last dorsal rays. Anal emarginate, 
its longest ray 1.25 in the base. Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in 
front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching to the fifth anal ray. Pectorals often 
reaching a little beyond the base of the ventrals. 

Fins all hyaline; humeral spot small, dark and surrounded by a ring of 
light, an inconspicuous silvery lateral stripe, widest at the vertical from the adi- 
pose, not reaching the caudal spot and subtended by a faint, slaty gray line; 
caudal spot almost as wide as the caudal peduncle, terminating abruptly before 
and more gradually behind, not, however, extending to the tips of the middle 
caudal rays. Sometimes a little black near the tips of the first anal rays. 
Seales of back and upper part of the sides broadly outlined with dusky. Scales 
below the lateralstripe with pale bluish and greenish iridescence. 


20. HrMIGRAMMUS LUNATUS Durbin. 


Hemigrammus lunatus Dursix MS. E1rcenmann, Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436 
(Amazon); Exits, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 162 (Caceres; Jaurti; Rio Boa Vista). 


Haprrat.— Amazon Basin. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 


Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20964 Type 1 33 
20964 Paratypes 3 27-32 
20840 Paratype 1 32 Obidos 
3081 C. 5 24-45 Caceres Haseman 
2942 C, 4 46, 48 Jauru Haseman 


Head 3. to 3.2; depth 2.75; D.11; A. 23 to 26; scales 5-33 to 34-3.5; 
eye 2.25 in the head, interorbital not quite equal to the eye, 2.5 to 3 in the head. 

Very compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process about 
1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, with a complete median 
series of 10 or 11 scales. Predorsal region narrowly rounded, with a complete 
median series of 10 scales. 

Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 3 seales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
very nearly as wide as the parietal, equal to the parietal without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital moderately wide, leaving a very narrow naked 


margin behind but sometimes none below. Snout short, mouth large. Maxil- 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 165 


lary three fourths of the eye, about 3.25 in the head. Mandible equal to the 
eye. Premaxillary with four broad, tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and five 
3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with two or three conical 
or tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a series of four large, 5-pointed teeth followed 
by seven to ten small, conical or notched ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers about 6 + 11. 

Anal sheath short, of about 5 seales covering the bases of the first 8 anal 
rays. Lateral line with pores developed on the first 10 or 11 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, the penulti- 
mate ray two fifths of the longest, which is 3 in the length. Origin of the anal 
on the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal faleate, the longest ray almost 
equal to the base. Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the 
dorsal. Ventrals reaching to the third anal ray. Pectorals reaching the second 
scale beyond the base of the ventrals. 

Humeral spot small, semicircular, the curved margin directed upwards 
always very faint and often lacking. No caudal spot. Lateral stripe a nar- 
row, dark line overlaid with silvery. All the fins hyaline. A few chromato- 
phores at the base of each anal ray. Sides below the lateral stripe faintly 
iridescent. 

Two specimens, 45 and 48 mm. Rio Boa Ventura, (2943 c. m.) differ from 
the typical specimens of H. lunatus as follows:— the maxillary with two or 
three broad, 3-, 5- and 7-pointed teeth. Humeral spot very diffuse, lateral 
stripe not overlaid with silvery. 


21. HrMIGRAMMUS MICROSTOMUS Durbin. 


Hemigrammus microstomus DurBin MS. E1cenMann, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, 
p. 436 (Amazon); Exiis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 163 (Santarem). 


Hasrrat.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens inmm. Locality Collector 
20782 Type 1 28 Santarem Bourget 
ie \ Paratypes 19 23-30 Santarem Bourget 
20840 Paratypes 5 30-37 Obidos James 
20970 1 34 Cudajas Thayer, Bourget 
2944 C. 7 29-34 Santarem Haseman 


166 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Head 3.6 to 4; depth 2.8 to 3.5; D.11; A. 19 to 22; scales 5-31 to 34-3; 
eye 2.25 in the head; interorbital about equal to the eye, 2.3. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process about 
1.66 in the greatest depth. Dorsal profile only slightly arched. Preventral 
region rounded, without a complete series of median scales. Predorsal region 
rounded, often with a complete series of 9 to 11 median scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal. Inter- 
orbital very slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, as wide as the parietal, 
three fourths the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital 
narrow, leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. Snout short, 
mouth very small. Lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond upper, even when 
the mouth is open. Maxillary convex in front, little more than half the eye, 
3.5 in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary with two or three, 
5-pointed teeth in the outer row, and four or five 5- to 7-pointed teeth in the 
inner row. Maxillary with two or three 4- to 7-pointed ‘teeth. Dentary with 
five broad, 5- to 7-pointed teeth, followed by a series of several small teeth on 
the sides. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 7. 

Caudal sealed over the basal half. Anal sheath short, of about 3 scales, 
covering the base of first 5 or 6 rays. Pores developed on the first 7 to 9 scales 
of the lateral line. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray two fifths of the longest, which is 3.25 in the length. Caudal about one 
third the length of the eye longer than the head. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the second scale behind the dorsal. Anal almost faleate, the long- 
est ray about 1.2 in the length of the anal base. Ventrals on the vertical from 
the first dorsal rays or the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reach- 
ing the anal. Pectorals reaching the first scale in front of the ventrals. 

No caudal spot, humeral spot small and round, usually faint and often 
lacking. A narrow, blackish, lateral stripe overlaid with silvery, from the base 
of the caudal to the humeral spot, if the humeral spot is present. Fins all 
hyaline. Seales of the back outlined with dusky. Bluish and greenish iri- 


descence on the sides and cheeks. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 167 


22. HEMIGRAMMUS ORTHUS Durbin. 


Plate 21, fig. 1. 


Hemigrammus orthus Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 61 (Tukeit); Ercrnmann, Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 143; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 336, pl. 48, fig. 5; Exus, 
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 163 (Santarem). 


Hasrrat.— British Guiana; Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number _ specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
1477 C. Type 1 28 Tukeit Eigenmann 
1478 C., 11912 I. 7 22-30 Tukeit Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1479 C., 11922 I. 25 14-21 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1480 C. Paratype 1 27 Essequibo below Packeoo 
3600 C. 6 25-34 Hubabu Creek Ellis 
2945 C. 5 26-31 Santarem Haseman 
2948 C. 5 19-21 Konawaruk Eigenmann 


Head 3.75; depth 3.75; D. 11; A. 19 to 22; scales 5-30 to 33-3; eye 2.5 
in the head; interorbital not quite equal to the eye, about 3 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process about 
1.33 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series 
of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, probably with a complete series 
of 9 median scales. 

Occipital process about 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2 or 3 scales on thesides. Interorbital sightly convex. Frontal fon- 
tanel triangular, narrower than the parietal and not quite equal to the parietal 
without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving narrow naked margins 
behind and below. Snout a little more than one half the length of the eye. 
Mouth large. - Maxillary equal to the eye, narrow, slightly curved backwards, 
the two sides parallel to each other. Mandible equal to the maxillary. Pre- 
maxillary with three tricuspid or conical teeth in the outer row, and five, 3- to 
5- or rarely 7-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with one to five tri- 
cuspid or conical teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of four or five large 
3- to 5-pointed teeth. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 14. 


168 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Caudal with 3 to 5 scales on the base of each lobe. Anal sheath short, 
of 3 scales covering the base of the first 6 anal rays. Lateral line with pores 
developed on about 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray one third of the longest which is 3.5 in the length. Origin of the anal on 
the vertical from last dorsal ray. Anal deeply emarginate, the longest ray 
about 1.25 in the base. Base of ventrals on the vertical from the second scale 
in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching anal. Pectorals just reaching 
ventrals. 

A diffuse, round or somewhat vertically elongate, humeral spot. A dark 
lateral stripe, heaviest behind the origin of the anal, but not reaching the base 
of the caudal. No caudal spot. A black line at the base of the last anal rays 
not continuous with that at the base of the first seven. Dorsal, caudal, first 
seven rays of the anal, and first two or three rays of ventrals dusky. Seales 
of the back dusky, each often bearing a single black spot. 


23. HEMIGRAMMUS CUPREUS Durbin. 


Plate 20, fig. 3. 


Hemigrammus cupreus Dursin MS. E1cenMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436 
(Amazon). 


Hasirar.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 


Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20952 Cotypes 11 42-53 Jatuarana Navez 
21069 Cotypes 6 32-35 Silva, Lake Saraca Thayer 


Head 4; depth 3-3.75; D. 11; A. 20-22; scales 5 to 7-30 to 33-3 or 3.25; 
eye 2.9 in head; snout 1.25 in the eye; interorbital slightly less than the eye, 
3 in head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.25 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete series of 9 median scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the origin of the dorsal, 
bordered by 3 scales. Interorbital convex. Frontal fontanel narrower than 
the parietal, triangular, one half the parietal without the occipital groove. 
Second suborbital having a narrow naked margin below but not behind. Snout 
moderately long; mouth large; lower jaw protruding beyond the snout when 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 169 


mouth is open. Maxillary 1.33 in the eye, much arched in front. Mandible 
longer than eye, 2.25 in head. Premaxillary with five to seven narrow, tri- 
cuspid teeth in the inner row, and two to three conical teeth in the outer row. 
Maxillary with three to five conical and tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a 
graduated series of five to seven tricuspid teeth, grading into a series of several 
minute conical teeth on the side. 

Gil-rakers 6 + 10. 

Anal sheath of 2 or 3 scales covering the bases of the first 7 to 9 anal rays. 
Lateral line with pores on 8 to 10 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant between snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray one third of longest which is 3.75 in the length. Origin of anal on the verti- 
cal from the second scale behind the dorsal. Anal emarginate, longest ray a 
little longer than the base. Caudal the length of the eye longer than the head, 
slightly less than the basal half scaled. Ventrals on the vertical from the origin 
of the dorsal. Ventrals barely reaching the anal, pectorals not usually reach- 
ing the ventrals in specimens over 43 mm. long. 

A faint, vertically elongate humeral spot, a slender black lateral stripe 
not reaching the caudal but overlaid with a silvery iridescent stripe which 
does extend to the caudal. The outer and sometimes the extreme tips of middle 
caudal rays slightly pigmented. The scales of the back and bases of the anal 
rays faintly outlined with brownish. A few chromatophores scattered over 
the dorsal and first anal rays. Iridescence on scales below the lateral stripe 
shading from rich copper on caudal peduncle to pale bluish on the lower series. 
No caudal spot. 


24. HrMIGRAMMUS CYLINDRICUS Durbin. 


Plate 22, fig. 5. 


Hemigrammus cylindricus Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 62 (Tumatumari); ErgenMAnn, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 426; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 337, pl. 49, fig. 3. 


Hasirat.— British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1461 C. Type 1 57 Tumatumari Eigenmann 
1462 C., 11915 I. 6 35-58 Tumatumari Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1163 C., 11916 I. 11 46-54 Crab Falls Eigenmann 


Paratypes 


170 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1464 C., 11917 I. 20 Rockstone Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1465 C. Paratype 1 45 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
54 45-108 Gluck Island Gimbel Exped. 


Head 3.3-3.66; depth 3.66-4.66; D.11; A. 17 to 20; scales 5-30 to 34-3; 
eye large, slightly longer than wide, 2.75 in the head; interorbital almost flat, 
almost equal to the eye, 3 in the head. 

Subceylindrical, or only slightly compressed; depth of head at the base of 
occipital process 1.25 to 1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, 
without complete series of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, with a 
complete median series of 8 to 12 scales. 

Occipital process about 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, 
bordered by 2 or 3 scales. Interorbital nearly flat. Frontal fontanel small, 
triangular, narrower than the parietal; two thirds the parietal without the occi- 
pital groove. Second suborbital leaving considerable naked margins behind 
and below. Maxillary straight, 1.25 in the length of the eye. Mandible a 
little longer than the eye, 2.5 in the head. Premaxillary with three or four 
tricuspid teeth in the outer row, and six tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Max- 
illary with three to six tricuspid, or occasionally conical teeth. Dentary with 
a graduated series of four or five teeth also tricuspid. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 9. 

Caudal sealed over halfway to the end of the lobes. Anal sheath short, 
consisting of the edge of 3 large scales. Lateral line with pores developed on 
7 to 12 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray one third the longest, which is 4 in the length. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the third scale behind the dorsal. Anal very deeply emarginate, 
the longest ray just reaching the base of the last ray. Ventrals on the vertical 
from the origin of the dorsal. Ventrals, just barely or not quite, reaching the 
anal, pectorals reaching the second scale in front of the ventrals. 

Humeral spot small, roundish or roughly triangular, often intense. A 
black line at the base of the anal. A narrow black lateral stripe. No true 
caudal spot, sometimes a dusky spot at the base of each caudal lobe. Each 
scale of the back often with a single intense dark spot. Scales of the sides 
often outlined with dusky. Scales of all except the upper three series with 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 171 


iridescence, the last few on the end and middle of the caudal peduncle rich 
copper. In life adipose yellow and dorsal yellowish. 


25. HeMIGRAMMUS ANALIS Durbin. 


Plate 22, fig. 2. 
Hemigrammus analis Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 64 (Rockstone); EIGENMANN, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Exxis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 163 
(Santarem); Ercenmann, Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 337, pl. 49, fig. 6. 


Hapitat.— British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
1466 C. Type 1 35 Rockstone Eigenmann 
1468 C., 11919 I. 21 24-29 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1467 C., 11918 I. 72 19-36 Rockstone Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1469 C., 11920 I. 2 29, 35 Wismar Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1 30 Santarem Haseman 


Head 3.5-3.75; depth 3.25-3.50; D.11; A.12-14; scales 5-30 to 32-3; 
eye 2.33 in head, snout 1.5 in the eye, interorbital less than the eye, about 
2.75 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of occipital process 1.33 in the greatest 
depth. Preventral region rounded, without regular series of median scales. 
Predorsal region rounded, having a regular median series of 8 scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the origin of the dorsal, 
bordered by 2 or 3 scales. Interorbital flat. Frontal fontanel small, triangu- 
lar, narrower than the parietal, half the length of the parietal without the 
occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin below and 
behind. Snout short. Mouth large. Maxillary not so long as the eye. 
Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary with three or four 5-pointed teeth 
in the outer row, and five, 5- to 7-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary 
with two or three 6- to 7-pointed chisel-shaped teeth. Dentary with four 
broad, 7-pointed teeth, followed by three or four minute teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers about 6 + 9. 

Caudal sealed halfway to the end of the longest rays. Anal sheath of 3 


172 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


or 4 normal scales which extend over the bases of the first 7 or 8 rays. Pores 
developed on 7 or 8 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal about equidistant from the snout and caudal, the 
penultimate ray 0.4 of the longest which is 3.67 in the length. Origin of the 
anal on the vertical from the second scale behind the dorsal; anal emarginate, 
longest ray equal to the base. Caudal half the length of the eye longer than 
the head. Ventrals on the vertical from the first dorsal ray; ventrals just 
reaching the anal. Pectorals not reaching the ventrals. 

Humeral spot distinct but not heavy, not conspicuously elongated. Lat- 
eral stripe the width of one scale, not so intense as the humeral spot, expanded 
on the caudal peduncle, but not extending on the fin; scales overlying the 
lateral stripe distinctly silvery. No caudal spot. First five anal rays, the 
caudal and all of the dorsal dusky. Each median dorsal scale with a roundish 
dark spot. Scales of the upper half of the sides outlined with dusky. A few 
chromatophores scattered about the base of the anal and aggregated so as to 
form a small dark spot or line on the ventral side of the caudal peduncle. Top 
of the head dark. The lateral stripe probably red in life. 

The single specimen from Santarem resembles very closely H. analis, and 
has 13 anal rays, but the maxillary has but one tricuspid tooth which is not 
typical. 

10. HypnHrssoprycon Durbin. 


igjoowv = smaller, Bpvxw = to gnash the teeth, from which Brycon a genus of Characins. 


Hyphessobrycon Dursin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 100 (compressus). 
Dermatocheir Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 55, (catablepta). 

Typn.— Hemigrammus compressus Meek. 

Like Hemigrammus but with the caudal naked. 

The genus Dematocheir was based on a specimen with arrested pectoral 
development. Several other species have since been discovered with similar 
pectorals, but otherwise showing the characters of this and of other, quite 
distinct genera. 

Hasrrat.— Mexico to the La Plata, Pacifie Slope of Ecuador. 


; Key to the Species. 


a. Scales 45-48, no lateral band, no caudal or humeral spots. D.11; A. 25-27; scales 8-45 to 48-7. 
b. Dorsal with a conspicuous spot on basal half of anterior rays; maxillary equals eye. 
seh, 1. compressus (Meck). 
bb. Dorsal’dark; anal mostly dark; maxillary less than eye; everywhere densely peppered with 
GHTOMAPOPNONED | i, wai aie Ss sie tote se a attee oaMRRN iE serie In lce atte en chen 2. milleri (Durbin). 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 173 


Scales not more than 36. 
ce. Dorsal black or with a well-defined black spot. (See also melanopleura). 
d. Humeral spot present, anal unmarked with black or with black only on the tips of the rays. 
e. Dorsal black, a deep humeral spot, last five anal rays and distal two fifths of remaining 
anal rays black. D.11; A. 27 to 30; scales 6 to 7.5-31 to 33-3.5. Maxillary with two 
(ITELCOTSTOVG LTR SCCUIL ANS herd ie Ie ee ae oe 3. callistus (Boulenger). 
ee. Basal part of dorsal not black. 
f. Maxillary with two or three teeth; inner row of premaxillary of five teeth. 
g. Maxillary teeth tricuspid; last few and frequently the first few anal rays with black 
on or near the tips. 
h. Humeral spot very small, black on anal subtended with white; depth 3.8; head at 
base of occipital process 1.33 in. the greatest depth; D. 11; A. 26; scales 5-32 to 
BEI B)y Ao Roma Oe OC eS EE oe eS eee ey erm 4. minor Durbin. 
hh. Humeral spot vertically elongate, anal rays often tipped with black; depth 2.75; 
head at the base of occipital process 1.5 in the greatest depth; D. 11; A. 25-27; 
S@AGS GPU RBIS Pie ote ae ee ee ee Oe ee, 5. serpae Durbin. 
gg- Maxillary teeth with 6 to 8 cusps, broad, set: obliquely, overlapping; anal usually not 
black tipped. D.11; A. 28; scales 5 to 7-24 to 27-3.5.....6. copelandi Durbin. 
ff. Maxillary with about six, tricuspid or conical teeth; eight tricuspid teeth in the inner 
row of the premaxillary; base of caudal hyaline; lower fins dusky, ventrals sometimes 
reaching the fifth anal ray. D.11; A. 27 to 30; scales about 30 to 33 
7. bentost Durbin. 
dd. No humeral or caudal spot. 
t. The black dorsal spot margined with white above. Maxillary with four to six 
tricuspid or conical teeth. D. 11; A. 26 or 27; scales 5-31 to 33-3. 
8. rosaceus Durbin. 
it. Maxillary without teeth; D. 11; A. 22; scales 5-34-3..... 9. hasemani Fowler. 
cc. Dorsal plain. 
j. No humeral spot. 
k. Caudal spot lacking or faint; premaxillary with five teeth in the inner row 
l. Fourteen scales in a vertical series; caudal spot entirely lacking, much 
compressed. Sides thickly peppered with small inconspicuous chroma- 
tophores. Maxillary with three conical or tricuspid teeth: D. 11; 
G20 aa LO SOx O terete aieicienctsreeeieel ssiclons cere 10. panamensis Durbin. 
ll. Nine scales in a vertical series; caudal sometimes plain, with a faint spot. 
Maxillary with two minute teeth. Eye2to2.5inthehead. D.10or11; 
A. 17 to 24; scales 5-29 to 34-3.5 to4......... 11. gracilis (Reinhardt). 
kk. A small spot at the base of each caudal lobe; a row of spots along the base 
of the anal. Four to six small teeth in the maxillary. Ten to twelve, 
conical or tricuspid teeth in the second row of the premaxillary. D. 10 
or 11; A. 19 or 20 scales 4 or 5-32 to 34-3.5........... 12. riddlei (Meck). 
kkk. Caudal spot well developed, single. 
m. Maxillary without teeth, premaxillary with nine tricuspid teeth in the 
inner row. Lateral stripe silvery, no black; caudal spot confined to 
the peduncle. D. 10; A. 27; scales 5-32-3. 
13. stramineus Durbin. 
mm. Maxillary without teeth, very short. Premaxillary with five broad 
5- to 7-pointed teeth. Caudal spot continued forward as a heavy 
lateral stripe, often reaching the head. D.11; A. 14 to 16; scales 
DOL G-B2 160 .90=4/ OLD 3.002 < e <eye sole Miche teas 14. taurocephalus Ellis. 
mmm. Maxillary with or without one small conical tooth. Premaxillary with 
five 3-pointed teeth in the inner row. Caudal spot condensed or 
diffuse. D.11; A. 20 or 21; scales 5-32 to 34-8 or 4. 
15. parvellus Ellis. 
mmmm. Maxillary with two or three broad, 5- to 7-pointed teeth; premaxil- 
lary with five, 5- to 7-pointed teeth in the inner row. A black 
lateral stripe somewhat diffused in the humeral region, caudal spot 
continued on the middle rays but not to theirend. D. 11; A. 16 or 
Lie Beales 5-30 tO da—os - < «sere 2 ere ie eral eves erases 16. minimus Durbin. 


174 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


mmmmm. Teeth strong, simply conic or tricuspid, and in the latter case of large 
size; maxillary with three cusps. Caudal spot continued on the 
middle rays but not to their tip. D.11; A. 19; scales 33. 

17. stigmatias Fowler. 
jj. Humeral and caudal spot both developed. (See also minimus and poeciloides). 
n. Fourteen or more scales in a vertical series, dorsal profile very convex. 

Maxillary with five small stout teeth. Humeral spot oval, not 

surrounded by a bright border. D. 11; A. 27; scales 7-35-6. 

18. robustulus Cope. 
mn. Less than fourteen scales in a vertical series. 

o. Lower part of caudal peduncle dark, the upper part of the peduncle 
light; second suborbital broad, in contact or nearly in contact 
with the preopercular limb. 

p. Third anal ray extending to the base of the last ray. The dark 
spot on the caudal peduncle diffuse, covering little more than 
the lower half of peduncle; the part above the spot iridescent; 
maxillary with one to three, 3- to 5-pointed teeth; humeral 
spot obscure, round. D. 11; A. 22; scales 5-34-35. 

19. melazonatus Durbin. 
pp. ‘Third anal ray not extending to the base of the last ray. Entire 
lower two thirds of caudal peduncle very black, no iridescence 
on the peduncle; humeral spot obscure much elongated verti- 
cally. Maxillary with five to seven very narrow conical and 
tricuspid teeth. D.11; A. 17 to 20; scales 6-33 to 34-4. 
20. eos Durbin. 
= oo. Caudal peduncle symmetrically marked; second suborbital leaving 
a considerable naked area on the cheek. 

q. Caudal spot not continued forward, not continued on the 
middle caudal ray; humeral spot faint. Maxillary much 
shorter than the eye, with one broad 7- or 8-pointed tooth. 
Lateral line often interrupted, complete or incomplete. 
D. 11; A. 24 to 26; scales 6-32 or 33-4.5 to 5.5. 

21. inconstans (Kigenmann). 
qq. Caudal spot continued forward and backward usually to the 
tip of the middle caudal rays. 
r. Second suborbital leaving a naked margin behind and below. 
s. Anal rays 20 to 22. (See also luitkeni). Humeral spot 
obscure; maxillary with two, 3- to 5-pointed teeth. 
Depth 3; head 3.6; D. 11; scales 5-324. 
22. santae (Higenmann). 
ss. A. 19-23. Humeral spot obscure; maxillary with two 
small tricuspids and one conical tooth. Depth 3.5- 
4 equal to the head; scales 5-6 + 2444. 
23. meltae Kigenmann and Henn. 
sss. A. 23. Maxillary without teeth; mouth large; D. 12; 
scales 5-34-3. Middle caudal rays dark, a dark 
lateral band, no distinct caudal spot. 
24. agulha Fowler. 
ssss. Anal ray 20 to 26. 
t. Maxillary with one tricuspid tooth; mouth large. 
Humeral spot often obscure; lower lobe of the caudal 
hyaline; distal third of the anal dusky. D. 11; A. 
22-26; scales 6-33 to 36-5 or 6. 
25. anisitsi (Higenmann). 
ut. Maxillary with two, 7- to 10-pointed teeth. Humeral 
spot distinct, vertically elongate, margined in front 
and behind with light. Caudal spot not always reach- 
ing the end of middle caudal rays. Depth 2.3 to 2.6; 
head 3.7 to 4.4; D. 11; A. 20 to 26; scales 5 or 6-30 
10 'BO—#Ori'b: 5 saeriamarene cs 26. litkeni (Boulenger). 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 175 


rr. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. 

u. Large caudal spot; humeral spot intense; lateral 
stripe black, linear, most intense over the middle 
of the anal, disappearing below the origin of 
the dorsal, and becoming very faint before it 
reaches the caudal spot. Lateral line with pores 
on 5 to 7 scales. Maxillary with one small 3- to 
5-pointed tooth. D.11; A. 18 to 21; scales 6 to 
7-31 to 344 or 5.....27. recticulatus Ellis. 

uu. Intense caudal spot; humeral spot dim and verti- 
cally elongate. Lateral stripe plainly continu- 
ous with the caudal spot. Caudal spot continued 
to the end of the middle caudal rays. Eyesmall, 
3 to 3.5, interorbital 2.8-3 in the head. D. 11; 
A. 16 to 18; scales 5 or 6-36—-4 or 5. 
28. duragenys Ellis. 
uuu. No caudal spot. Humeral spot faint and vertically 
elongate. Lateral stripe broad, continued to 
the end of the middle caudal rays. Eye small 4, 
interorbital 2-2.6 in the head. D.11; A. 16-18; 
lateral line 36.....- 29. poeciloides Bigenmann. 
No caudal spot, humeral spot developed, cheek partly naked. (See also poeci- 
loides). 
v. Humeral spot not continued backwards. 
w. Humeral spot much nearer to the posterior 
margin of the eye than the dorsal. 
xz. A black line along the middle of the sides. 
Maxillary with one or more, usually two, 
conical or 3-pointed teeth. Humeral 
spot round or oval. Mouth large; D. 11; 
A. 22-26; scales 5-31 to 33-3 to 3.5. 
30. bellottii (Steindachner). 
zz. Two vertical humeral spots, a series of v- 
shaped lines along the middle of the sides. 
Young uniformly dotted. Maxillary with 
one moderately large 3- to 5-pointed tooth. 
D. 11; A. 29 to 32; scales 6 or 7-33 to 
36-Dn0r One eeee ree 31. bifasciatus Ellis. 
zrx. Humeral spot very faint; maxillary with 
seven small conical teeth. A. 20; scales 
5-33-3.......-- 32. catableptus (Durbin). 
ww. Humeral spot round, with vertical elongations, 
equidistant from the posterior margin of the 
eye and the base of the first dorsal ray; 
mouth only moderately large. Maxillary 
with three broad, 4- to 7-pointed teeth. 
D. 11; A. 26 to 31; scales 6-33-4.  * 
33. stictus Durbin. 
www. Humeral spot vertical, conspicuous; maxillary 
with 0-3 minute teeth; A. 22-24; scales. 
34. ecuadoriensis Eigenmann and Henn. 

vv. Humeral spot not separable from the conspicuous 
lateral band. 

y. Lateral band bordered above with silvery. 
First six anal rays elongate. Maxillary, 
with four conical teeth. Origin of the 
anal under the last dorsal ray. D. 11; 
A. 20-23; scales 5-32 to 34-8. Hye 
2.5 in the head. 

35. heterorhabdus (Ulrey). 


176 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


yy. Lateral band not bordered above with 
silvery. Origin of the anal on the verti- 
cal from the third dorsal ray. D. 11; 
A. 26 to 28; scales 6 or 7-30 to 36-5. 
36. melanopleurus Ellis. 


1. HypHrssoprycon compressus (Meek). 


Plate 24, fig. 1; Plate 79, fig. 14. 


Hemigrammus compressus MEEK, Field Columbian mus. Publication, 1904, Zool. ser. 6, p. 87 (El Hule, 
Oaxaca in basin of Papalvani). 
Hyphessobrycon compressus EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hapsitrat.— Mexico. 
Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
10798, 11126 I. 7 36-42 Obispo, Vera Cruz, Mex. Meek 
10929 I. 1 +4 Perez, Mex. Meek 


Head 3.5-3.7; depth 2.5-2.7; D.11; A. 25-27; scales 8-45 to 48-7; eye 
2.5 or a little more in the head; interorbital 3 to 3.5 in the head, much less 
than the eye. 

Compressed, comparatively deep; depth of head at the base of the occipital 
process 1.75 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without regular 
median series of scales. Predorsal region slightly keeled, a regular series of 
about 18 narrow median scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance between its base and the dorsal, bor- 
dered by about 5 scales. Interorbital very slightly convex. Frontal fontanel 
triangular, narrower than and almost as long as the parietal without the occi- 
pital groove. Second suborbital small, leaving a naked area behind and below 
as wide as the bone. Maxillary equal to the eye; mandible 1.25 to 1.3 times 
the eye. Snout short, 2 in the length of the eye. Mouth large; premaxillary 
with five tricuspid teeth in the inner, and two or three tricuspid teeth in the outer 
row; the two rows close together. Maxillary with four to seven conical or 
tricuspid teeth placed far apart. Dentary with a graduated series of five tri- 
cuspid teeth followed by a series of minute conical ones on the sides of the jaw. 

Gill-rakers 12 + 7, the longest nearly half the length of the eye. 

Seales small and narrow. Imbrication usually regular, in one instance 
a row of seales dropped out above the middle of the ventrals. Anal sheath 
short, consisting of 5 to 8 scales, and covering the base of the first 5 or 6 rays. 
Lateral line developed on 6 scales. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 177 


Origin of the dorsal nearly the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than 
to the snout, the penultimate ray 2.5 in the longest which is 4 in the length. 
Anal origin on the vertical from the fifth or sixth dorsal ray. Anal emarginate. 
Caudal equal to the head in length. Ventrals on the vertical half the length 
of the dorsal basis in front of origin of dorsal. Ventrals reaching the base of 
the fifth anal ray; pectorals reaching to third scale beyond origin of the 
ventrals. 

A triangular black spot covering all but the extreme base of the proximal 
half of the anterior six or seven dorsal rays, widest anteriorly. Membranes 
especially at the tip of anal with numerous chromatophores, chromatophores 
scattered sparingly over all the fins and sides excepting the part over the body- 


cavity. No humeral or caudal spot. Preopercle with some silvery iridescence. 


2. HYPHESSOBRYCON MILLERI Durbin. 


Plate 24, fig. 2. 


Hemigrammus compressus M1tuEr, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, 28, p. 101 (Los Amates). 
Hyphessobrycon compressus milleri DurBin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 100; Eraenmann, Rept. Prince- 
ton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hapitrat.— Guatemala. 


One specimen 112551. Type 40 mm. Los Amates, Guatemala Miller 


Very closely related to H. compressus from which it may be distinguished 
by having the entire dorsal dark. Anal membranes except, in the anal lobe, 
black. Opercle deeply incised behind, maxillary less than the eye; naked margin 
around the second suborbital not more than half the width of the bone. 

Head 3.25; depth 2.5; D. 11; A. 25; scales 8-45 to 48-7, eye 3 in the 
head, interorbital equal to the eye, 3 in the head. 

Like H. compressus in shape and scaling of preventral, postventral, and 
predorsal regions, relative length and size of occipital process, frontal, and parie- 
tal fontanels. Interorbital slightly more convex. Second suborbital small, 
about half as wide as the eye, but more than twice as wide as its naked margins. 
Opercle deeply incised behind. Maxillary shorter than the eye; mandible 
1.2 times the eye. Snout a little less than half the eye. Teeth as in H. com- 
pressus. 

Gill-rakers 9 + 10, slender, serrate on one side only. 

Seales not different from those of H. compressus, except that the lateral 


line is very slightly decurved. 


178 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Origin of the dorsal as in the related species but origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the third instead of the fifth dorsal ray. 

Entire dorsal dark, anal web, except in the anal lobe, black; some large 
black chromatophores on the anal rays. The sides everywhere thickly peppered 
with conspicuous chromatophores; especially dusky about the origins of the 
anal and ventrals. The scales in the upper half of the region above the anal 
more or less distinctly outlined. Preopercle and second suborbital with brassy 
reflections which are less evident on the scales of the body. 


3. HYPHESSOBRYCON CALLISTUS (Boulenger). 


Plate 24, fig. 3; Plate 79, fig. 13. 


Tetragonopterus callistus BouLENGER, Boll. Mus. univ. Torino, 1900, 15, no. 370, p. 2 (Carandosinho, 
Matto Grosso). 

Hemigrammus melanopterus ExaeNMANN and Kernnepy, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1903, p. 518 
(Arroyos Trementina and Pypucu, Paraguay). 

Hyphessobrycon callistus EXGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; ELuts, 
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 158. 


Hasirat.— Paraguay Basin in Matto Grosso and Paraguay. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
10039 I. ! 1 33 (about) Arroyo Trementina Anisits 
10040 I. ? 1 33 (about) Arroyo Pypucu Anisits 
10041 ? 1 28 (about) Arroyo Pypucu Anisits 
3039 C. 8 26-38 Caceres Haseman 
3040 C. 14 33-38 Puerto Suarez Haseman 
3037 C. 4 31-39 (about) Corumba Haseman 
3038 C. 6 25-38 (about) Jauru Haseman 


Head 3.2-3.6; depth 2.33-3; D. 10 or 11; A. 27 to 30; scales 6 to 7.5-5 + 31 
to 33-3.5; eye 2.25 to 2.66 in head, interorbital 3.5 in the head. 

Compressed, deep; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 2, 
or little less, in the greatest depth. Dorsal profile much arched to the origin 
of the dorsal. Dorsal base steeply inclined toward the caudal. Preventral 
region rounded, no regular median series of scales. Predorsal region rounded, 
with a regular median series of 11 scales. 


' Type of H. melanopterus Kigenmann & Kennedy. 
? Paratypes of H. melanopterus Eigenmann & Kennedy. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 179 


Occipital process 4 to 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal; bordered 
by two and five tenths to three scales. Interorbital almost flat. Frontal fon- 
tanel much narrower than the parietal, two thirds as long as the parietal without 
the occipital groove. Second suborbital broad, in contact with the preopercle 
at its middle and below, leaving a narrow naked margin behind it, third sub- 
orbital narrow, inconspicuous. Mouth small; snout short. Maxillary shorter 
than the eye, mandible a little longer. Premaxillary with five, 3- and 4-pointed 
teeth in the inner row; two tricuspid teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with 
two or three small tricuspid teeth placed close together. Dentary with a 
graduated series of five large 3- to 5-pointed teeth followed by five or six 
minute conical ones on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 11. 

Anal sheath short, of about 6 scales, covering the bases of the first 5 rays. 
Lateral line developed on 5 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, penultimate 
ray 2 in the longest ray, which is 3.5 in the length. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the fifth or sixth dorsal rays. Anal long and wide, the rays of 
nearly the same length throughout. Origin of ventrals on the vertical from the 
third or fourth scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching to or beyond the 
origin of the anal, pectoral barely reaching the ventrals. 

Entire dorsal black, with never more than the narrow base and extreme 
tips of rays whitish. One half to one fifth of the anterior seven anal rays, the 
tips of all the middle ones and almost the entire last five rays black. A heavy 
black vertically elongate humeral spot crossing the fourth, fifth, and sixth 
scales of the lateral line series. No caudal spot. Seales of the dorsal surface 
outlined with dusky. 

In the type of H. melanopterus the ventrals reach considerably beyond 
the origin of the anal, and the anal is more conspicuously marked with black 


than in the other specimens. 


4. HyYPHESSOBRYCON MINOR Durbin. 


Plate 22, fig. 3. 
Hyphessobrycon minor Durpin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 65 (British Guiana); ErGenMANN, 
Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie mus. 1912, 5, p. 339, pl. 
49, fig. 5. 


Hapirat.— British Guiana. 


180 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Specimens examined. 


. Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
1189 C. Type 1 19 Konawaruk Eigenmann 
11767 I. Paratypes 2 21-25 Konawaruk Eigenmann 
3075 C. 1 25 Demerara river Eigenmann 


Head 3.5; depth 3.8; D.11; A. 26 to 28; scales 5-32 to 34-3; eye 2.5 in 
head; interorbital less than the eye, about 3 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of the occipital process 1.25 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, with complete median series of 10 
to 11 seales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete median series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by two scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
narrower than the parietal, three fourths the length of the parietal fontanel 
without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving narrow naked margins 
behind and below, the lower margin being a mere line. Snout short, 1.5 in 
the length of the eye. Mouth small. Maxillary less than the eye, about 3 
in the head; mandible equal to the eye, about 2.5 in the head. Premaxillary 
with one or two narrow tricuspid teeth in the outer row and five 3- to 5- 
pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxillary with two or three broad 3- to 
5-pointed teeth. Dentary with four or five 3- to 5-pointed teeth in a grad- 
uated series, followed by several minute conical or 3-pointed teeth on the sides. 

Anal sheath short, of 5 scales covering the base of the first 8 or 9 rays. 
Lateral line with pores developed on 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsals equidistant from the snout and caudal; penultimate 
ray little more than one third the longest which is 3.8 in the length. Origin 
of the anal on the vertical from the fourth dorsal ray. Anal emarginate, the 
longest ray 2 in the length of the base. Ventrals on the vertical from the first 
or second scales in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching the third anal ray; 
pectorals reaching just beyond the base of the ventrals. 

Humeral spot small, black, vertically elongate. No caudal spot. Lateral 
stripe extremely narrow and line-like, interrupted and very faint. Scales of 
the back and upper half of the sides outlined with dusky. Dorsal with an 
intense black bar on the outer half of the anterior six or seven rays; the tips of 
the second, third, and fourth rays and a streak directly below the black bar, 
white. Posterior half of anal rays with blackish tips. Caudal, anal, ventrals, 
and pectorals a little dusky. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 181 


5. HYPHESSOBRYCON SERPAE Durbin. 


Plate 25, fig. 1; Plate 79, fig. 12, 12a, 12b. 


Hyphessobrycon serpae Durnin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 100 (Serpa); Ercenmann, Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Exxis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 159. 


Hasitat.— Amazon, Rio Guaporé, Upper Paraguay. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20985 Cotypes 46 26-30 Serpa Thayer 
3086 C. 2 27-42 Maciél, Rio Guaporé Haseman 
3087 C. 1 23 Caceres Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.75-3; D.10 or 11; A. 25-30; scales 5-29 to 31-3.5: 
eye 2.5-2.75; interorbital 3 in head. 

Body compressed, deepest at the origin of the dorsal. Depth of head at 
the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region 
rounded in front, flattish near the ventrals, without a regular series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded, very slightly if at all keeled, with a median 
series of 10 scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the origin of the dorsal, 
bordered by 3-83.67 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel 
narrowly triangular, 1.25 in the much wider parietal, without the occipital 
groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle below, a narrow 
naked border behind it, second suborbital narrow. Mouth moderately large. 
Maxillary almost equal to the length of the eye. Mandible a very little longer 
than the eye. Snout short. Premaxillary with two or three tricuspid teeth 
in an outer row and five to seven 3- to 4-pointed ones in the inner row. 
Maxillary with two, sometimes three, small tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a 
graduated series of five 3- to 5-pointed and five or six minute conical teeth 
on the side. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 16. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 4 or 5 scales covering the bases of the 
first 8 or 9 anal rays. Pores on 5 or 6 scales of the lateral line. 

Origin of dorsal half the width of the eye nearer to the snout than to the 
base of the caudal, penultimate ray half as long as the longest which is 4 in the 


182 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


length. Caudal not so long as the head. Origin of anal on the vertical from 
the 5th to 8th dorsal ray; anal rather narrow. Ventrals just reaching to anal. 
Pectorals just reaching ventrals. 

A round black spot of variable size on the dorsal, bounded above with 
the white tips of the second and third rays and below by a narrow white bar 
that is widest on the first ray, coming to a point on the fourth, fifth, or sixth 
rays. The black may extend over all of the rays or only the first five. A 
submarginal bar of black on the first anal rays, a marginal black bar on the 
last rays; occasional specimens have the intermediate rays also tipped with 
black. A slender narrowly diamond-shaped humeral spot, more distinct on 
small than on large specimens. No caudal spot. Caudal lobes tipped with 
dusky. Scales of the back outlined with dusky. 


6. HyYPHESSOBRYCON COPELANDI Durbin. 


Plate 25, fig. 2; Plate 79, fig. 11, lla, 11b. 


Hyphessobrycon copelandi Dursin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 101 (Tabatinga); Ercenmann, Rept. 
Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hasitrat.— Upper Amazon. 
One hundred specimens, 20771 Cotypes 29-42 mm. Tabatinga Bourget 


Head 3.5 to 3.8; depth 3 to 3.2; D.11; A. 28; scales 5 to 7-24 to 27- 
3.5; eye 2.25 to 2.3; interorbital 2.8 to 3 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region flat, a large scale just in front of the ven- 
trals occupying the entire space between them; an irregular median series of 
10 scales. Predorsal region narrowly rounded, with complete median series 
of 8 or 9 scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2.5 to 3 scales. Interorbital very slightly convex. Frontal fontanel tri- 
angular, narrower than and two thirds as long as the parietal, without the occi- 
pital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin behind but 
not below. Maxillary about 1.33 in the length of the eye. Mandible equal 
to the eye. Snout short. Premaxillary with two or three 3- to 5-pointed 
teeth near the center of the outer row, the first falling between the first and 
second teeth of the second series, and the second between the second and third 
of second series. The inner series of five 5- to 7-pointed teeth. Maxillary 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 183 


with two or three teeth of from 7 to 9 cusps each. Dentary with a graduated 
series of about ten teeth, the five in front with 5 to 7 cusps, those on the sides 
tricuspid. 

Gill-rakers about 6 + 10. 

Anal sheath represented by 6 scales diminishing in size from the anterior 
two. Lateral line with pores on 5 to 9 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and the last anal ray or 
tip of the adipose; the penultimate ray almost half as long as the longest, 
which is 4.16 to 4.25 in the length. Caudal a little longer than the head. 
First anal ray on the vertical from the fourth to eighth dorsal ray. Ventrals 
directly below the second scale in front of the dorsal. Pectorals reaching the 
ventrals. 

First six dorsal rays tipped with chalky white their submarginal half 
covered with a black bar; another bar of chalky white covering one half 
or two thirds of the remaining distance to the base of the rays; anal usually 
plain, sometimes tips of the second, third, and fourth anal rays white, a black 
line passing from just proximal of the white to the tips of fifth and sixth rays. 
The tips of all the other anal rays touched with black which deepens a little 
upon the last rays. A vertical humeral spot crossing the third and fourth, 
sometimes the fourth and fifth scales of the lateral line; margin of caudal dusky; 
sides, excepting over the body-cavity, with chromatophores. Outer rays of the 
ventrals and pectorals chalky white. 


7. HyYPHESSOBRYCON BENTOSI Durbin. 


Plate 25, fig. 3; Plate 79, fig. 9, 9a. 


Hyphessobrycon bentosi DurRBIN, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 101 (Obidos); Ercenmann, Rept. Princeton 
univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hapirat.— Amazon. 
Twenty-one specimens 20842 Cotypes 30-38 mm. Obidos Bentos 


Head 3.3 to 3.5; depth 2.8-3.2; D. 11; A. 27-30; scales about 30-33; 
eye 2.5 in head; interorbital much less than the eye. 

Compressed; depth of the head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 
to 1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded. Predorsal region 
slightly keeled. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the origin of the dorsal. 


184 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Interorbital flat. Frontal fontanel small, triangular, and two thirds the length 
of the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact 
with the preopercle below, having a narrow naked line behind; third suborbital 
narrow. Maxillary equal to the eye; mandible a little longer than the eye, 
a little more than two times in the head. Snout short. Premaxillary with two 
or three conical teeth in the outer row, and eight teeth, the first four always 
tricuspid, and the rest either tricuspid or conical, in the inner row. Maxillary 
with from four to eight, usually six, conical or narrowly three-pointed teeth. 
Dentary with five, rarely four, 3- to 5-pointed teeth; eight to thirteen minute 
conical ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 14, long and slender. 

Seales are mostly lost in the specimens. 

The origin of the dorsal the length of the eye nearer to the snout than to 
the base of the caudal; the penultimate ray about 2.33 in the longest, which 
is 3.5 in the length. Caudal equals the length of the head. Anal somewhat 
emarginate, its origin on the vertical from the sixth dorsal ray; penultimate 
ray 3 in the longest which is 3.75 in the length. Ventrals on a vertical half 
the length of the eye, or a little more, in front of the dorsal, and reaching to 
the third anal ray. Pectorals overlapping a third of the ventrals. 

A round black spot on the distal half of the second to sixth dorsal rays; 
the first, second, and third rays tipped with white, a white bar bounding the 
lower margin of the spot and covering the outer half of the proximal half of the 
marked rays, the basal fourth and other five rays hyaline. Anal, caudal, and 
other fins a little dusky. Upper scales margined with dusky. A very indis- 
tinct broad lateral band passing from the indistinct, or almost obsolete, brown 
humeral spot to the caudal peduncle. No caudal spot. 


8. HypHessoprycon rosAcEUS Durbin. 


Plate 23, fig. 5. 


Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 67 (Gluck Island and Rockstone, Brit. 
Guiana); EraenMann, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie 
mus., 1912, 5, p. 339, pl. 2, fig. 1; Ennis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 159. 


Hasirat.— British Guiana, Guaporé Basin. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 185 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1190 C. Type 1 35 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
1191 C., 11768 I. 25 19-38 Gluck Island Eigenmann 
Paratypes 
1192 C. Paratype 1 34 Rockstone Eigenmann 
3078 C. 2 24-34 Bastos Haseman 


Head 3.33-3.67; depth 2.75; D.11; A. 26 or 27; scales 5-31 to 33-3; 
eye 2.5 in head; interorbital almost equal to the eye, 2.6 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of occipital process 1.5 in the greatest 
depth. Preventral regions without complete series of median scales. Pre- 
dorsal region rounded, without complete series of median scales, slightly keeled. 

Occipital process about 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 3 scales. Interorbital somewhat convex; frontal fontanel triangular, 
as wide as the parietal and almost equal to the length of the parietal without 
the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin behind 
but not below; third suborbital very small. Maxillary equal to the eye. Man- 
dible longer than the eye, 2+ inthe head. Snout short, mouth large. Premaxil- 
lary with two or three narrow tricuspid teeth in the outer row and six to eight 
small tricuspid and conical teeth in the inner row. The two rows of premaxil- 
lary teeth not so far apart as in most species of the genus. Maxillary with four 
to six very small narrowly tricuspid or conical teeth. Dentary with a graduated 
series of five 3- to 5-pointed teeth followed by about eight minute teeth on the 
sides. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 12. 

Anal sheath short, composed of 4 or 5 scales covering the base of the first 
7 or 8 anal rays. Lateral line with pores developed on 6 or 7 scales. 

Origin of dorsal about half the length of the eye nearer to the snout than 
to the caudal, the penultimate ray almost one third of the longest which is 
3 to 3.5 in the length. Caudal equal to the head. Origin of the anal on verti- 
cal from the middle dorsal ray; anal emarginate, the longest ray 1.5-2 in the 
base, rays very close together. Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale 
in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the first or second anal rays. 
Pectorals reaching a little beyond the base of the ventrals. 

Humeral and caudal spots lacking. Scales of the back outlined with dusky. 
The entire sides, except over the body-cavity, with scattered chromatophores 


186 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


which are a little thicker on the caudal peduncle and on the third and fourth 
scales of the lateral line and the 3 scales above them. The chromatophores 
are thinner over a small vertically elongate area immediately behind the humeral 
area just described. The lateral stripe very slender extending entirely to the 
caudal. Dorsal with a round intensely black spot on the first seven rays, the 
tips of the second and third rays white. The distal half of the longest anal ray 
and the tip of the next ray also white. All the fin-rays dusky. Scales on the 
sides with a pale blue iridescence in life. Rosy tinged, especially above anal, 
base of caudal lobes, and ventrals. Anal lobe and base and tip of dorsal lobe 
bright orange. 


9. HyPHESSOBRYCON HASEMANI Fowler. 


Hyphessobrycon hasemani Fow er, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 545, fig. 13 (Madeira River, 
above the Falls of Guajaramirim, approximately in Lat. 8. 10° 47’, Long. W. 65° 23’). 

This species is known only from the type, a specimen 28 mm. long, collected 
by E. A. Smith. 

Head 3.25; depth 3.125; D. 10; A. 30; scales 32, 10 scales between dorsal 
and ventral; 11 predorsal scales; snout 4.25; eye 3.6; interorbital 3.5 in the 
head. No maxillary teeth; suborbitals completely covering cheeks. 

No humeral or caudal spot, a black spot slightly above the middle of the 


first seven dorsal rays. 


10. HypHESSOBRYCON PANAMENSIS Durbin. 


Plate 26, fig. 1; Plate 33, fig. 4. 


Hyphessobrycon panamensis Dursin, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 52, p. 101 (Boqueron River, Panama); 
E1GenMAnn, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 

Hemigrammus minutus Meek & HitpeBRanp, Field mus. Publication, 1912, Zool. ser., 10, p. 67 (Rio 
Agua Clara, Panama Canal Zone). 


Haprrar.— Panama and Colombia. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of Size 
number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
20688 Cer 1 31 Panama Hassler Exped. 
20688 re 6 29-32 Panama Hassler Exped. 


—— U.S.N.M. 1 32 Boqueron River, Panama  Busck 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 187 


In addition to these on which the description is based, I have series of speci- 
mens from the Patia, San Juan, Atrato, and Magdalena Basins. 

Head 3.25 to 4; depth 2.75 to 2.8; D. 11; A. 23-25; scales 7-34 to 36-6; 
eye 2.1—2.4, in the head; interorbital less than the eye, 3 in the head. 

Very compressed; dorsal profile about equally arched with the ventral 
profile. Preventral region rounded, without a complete series of median scales. 
Predorsal region obscurely keeled, with a median series of 10 to 13 scales. 

Occipital process little more than 4 in the distance from its base to the 
dorsal, bordered by 3 or 4 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fon- 
tanel elongate, triangular, narrower than the parietal, as long as the parietal 
without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a very narrow naked 
margin around its entire edge. Snout short, about 2 in the eye; mouth large. 
Maxillary slender, its anterior margin nearly straight to near the posterior 
angle where it is rounded, a little less than the eye, about 2.67 in the head. 
Mandible considerably longer than the eye, 2 in the head. Premaxillary with 
an outer row of three tricuspid teeth and an inner row of five 3- to 5-pointed 
teeth. Maxillary with three tricuspid or conical teeth. Dentary with four 
large teeth and a series of about seven abruptly smaller teeth on the side. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 11. 

Anal sheath short, with about 7 scales covering the base of the first 7 or 8 
anal rays. Lateral line with pores developed on 9 to 13 scales.’ 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, the penulti- 
mate ray two fifths of the longest, which is 3.25 in the length. Caudal about 
half the length of the eye shorter than the head. Origin of the anal on the 
vertical from the eighth or ninth dorsal ray. Anal long, somewhat emarginate, 
the longest ray about 1.5 in the base. Base of ventrals on the vertical from 
the first scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching the second or third 
anal ray. Pectorals reaching the first or second scale beyond the base of 
ventrals. 

No humeral spot, no caudal spot. A few of the anal rays sometimes tipped 
with black, the other fins unmarked with black. Scales of the back and upper 
half of the sides broadly outlined with dusky. A very narrow lateral stripe. 
Numerous inconspicuous chromatophores everywhere on the body except over 
the body-cavity and a small area just behind the humeral region. A pale blue 
iridescence on the cheek and sides below the lateral stripe. 


1 In at least some of the Pacific slope specimens the line approaches completeness, 


188 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


11. HyYpHEssoBRYcoN GRACILIS (Reinhardt). 


Plate 22, fig. 4; Plate 26, fig. 2; Plate 79, fig. 7. 


Tetragonopterus gracilis RernHARpDT in Liitken, Overs. K. Dan. selsk. Forh., 1874, p. 133 (Lagoa Santa); 
LiirKen, Velhas-Flodens fiske, 1875, p. 217, pl. 5, fig. 16, (Rio das Velhas); Ercenmann & 
EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 53; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 286; 
Boulenger, Boll. Mus. univ. Torino, 1895, 10, no. 196, p. 3 (Villa Rica). 

Hemigrammus gracilis EIGENMANN & OGLE, Proc. U. 8. N. M., 1907, 38, p. 15 (Lagoa Santa); ErGEn- 
MANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 
340, pl. 44, fig. 4. 

Tetragonopterus schmardae ULRryY, (non Steindachner), Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 286 (Para). 


Hasirat.— San Francisco, Paraguay, Amazon Basin, and British Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of Length 
number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
21008 1977 24-30 Brazil Justa 
5176 I. 4 20-24 Para, Brazil Hartt 
Sia as 1 27 Lower Amazon Hartt 
20812 1 44 Ica James 
1247 C., 11772 I. 16 19-24 Gluck Island Eigenmann 


Head 3-3.5; depth 3-3.5; D. 10, occasionally 11; A. 17-24'; scales 5-29 
to 34-3.5 or 4; 6 to 13 pores in the lateral line; eye 2—2.5 in the head; interorbi- 
tal little less than the eye, 2.7—3 in the head. 

Compressed; head short, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 
1.5 to 1.25 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, with a regular 
median series of 9 to 12 scales. Predorsal region rounded, not keeled, with a 
regular median series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2 to 2.5 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, 
narrow, and equal to the length of the parietal without the occipital groove. 
Second suborbital leaving a naked border about one third of its own width; 
third suborbital small. Maxillary not quite equal to the length of the eye. 
Mandible a little longer than the eye. Snout short. Premaxillary with five 
3- to 5-pointed teeth in the inner row, and two to four tricuspid teeth in the 
outer row. Maxillary with one to three very small tricuspid or conical teeth 
that are usually very difficult to see. Dentary with four, less frequently five 


1 The anal in No. 21008 varies from 17-20, in 5176 from 22-24, in 2812 there are 24, and in 5177 
there are 21 anal rays. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 189 


4- to 5-pointed teeth in a graduated series, the last followed by seven or eight 
minute conical teeth. 

Gill-rakers 7 or 8 + 12. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 3 or 4 scales and covering the bases of the 
first 7 rays. Lateral line with pores on 6 to 13 scales; four specimens in 21008 
have lateral line complete. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, the penultimate 
ray one third of the longest which is 4 in the length. Caudal equal to the 
length of the head plus the length of the eye. Origin of the anal on the verti- 
cal from the last dorsal ray; anal emarginate. Origin of the ventrals on the 
vertical from the first or second scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reach- 
ing the anal; pectoral lapping a little onto the ventrals. 

All of the fins hyaline except an occasional dim spot at the base of the 
caudal which never reaches the end of the caudal rays. A distinct silver lateral 
stripe subtending a very inconspicuous, narrow brown or black stripe. The 
scales of the lateral line and the series above and below it have iridescence. 
The scales over the body-cavity have a less pronounced blue iridescence. 


12. HyPHESSOBRYCON RIDDLEI (Meek). 


Plate 26, fig. 3; Plate 79, fig. 6, 14a. 


Hemigrammus riddlei Mrrx MS. ErcenMANN & Oct», Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 13 (Los Castillas). 
Hyphessobrycon riddlei ErarNMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436; Mem. 
Carnegie mus., 1912, 5, p. 340. 


One specimen Type Field Museum 38 mm. Los Castillas Riddle 


Head 3.85; depth 2.66; D. 10; A. 19; scales 5-32 to 34-3.5; eye and 
interorbital equal, 2.9 in the head. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 4.75 in the 
depth. Preventral region rounded, without regular and complete series of 
median scales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete median series of 
10 scales. 

Occipital process 7 in the distance between its base and the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2.5 to 3 scales. Interorbital very slightly convex. Frontal fontanel 
triangular, very small, narrower than the parietal, and half the length of the 
parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact with the 
preopercle. Mouth small. Maxillary very little shorter than the eye, 3 in 
the head. Mandible 2.1 in the head. Premaxillary with about ten very small 


190 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


tricuspid teeth in the inner row and two conical or tricuspid ones in the outer 
row. Maxillary with four small conical and 3-pointed teeth. Dentary with 
a graduated series of about eight very small tricuspid teeth followed by four 
minute conical ones. 

Gill-rakers 8 + 14. 

Anal sheath probably obsolete. Lateral line with pores on about the 
first half of the scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and the caudal, its penulti- 
mate ray 2.33 in the longest which is 3.33 in the length. Origin of the anal 
on the vertical from the first scale behind the dorsal. Anal slightly faleate. 
Base of ventrals on the vertical from the second scale in front of the dorsal. 
Ventrals barely reaching to the anal. Pectorals not reaching the ventrals by 
half the width of the eye. 

A small black spot at the base of each caudal lobe. No humeral spot or 
lateral stripe. Seales of the dorsal surface and basis of the anal rays outlined 
with dusky. Fins all a little dusky. 

A single specimen, 1248 C. M., 23 mm. from Rockstone, probably H. riddlei 
or very near it, differs as follows from the type of H. riddlei from Los Castillas. 
Dorsal profile straight. Maxillary with six conical teeth, premaxillary with 
twelve small teeth in the inner row and two in the outer. Depth 3.8; eye 3 in 
the head; D. 11; A. 20; scales 4-31-3. 


13. HyPpHESSOBRYCON STRAMINEUS Durbin. 
Hyphessobrycon stramineus Dursin MS. E1ceNMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, 
p. 436 (Tabatinga). 


One specimen 20772 Type 38 mm. Tabatinga Bourget 


Head 4; depth 2.8; D. 10; A. 27; scales 5-32-3; eye 2.7 in the head, 
interorbital just equal to the eye. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.75 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral and predorsal regions rounded, without complete 
regular series of median scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2+ seales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel small, triangular, 
narrower than the parietals, little more than one half the parietal without the 
occipital groove. Second suborbital in contact with the preopercle. Snout 
shorter than the eye, mouth comparatively small. Maxillary about equal to 


THE AMERICAN TERTAGONOPTERINAE. 191 


the eye; mandible equal to the eye, 2.7 in the head. Premaxillary with two 
conical teeth in the outer row and nine tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Maxil- 
lary without teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of about nine tricuspid 
teeth. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 9. 

Anal sheath probably short or lacking. Lateral line with pores developed 
on the first 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal one half the length of the eye nearer to the caudal 
than to the snout, penultimate ray one third the longest which is 3.67 in the 
length. Caudal longer than the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from 
the seventh dorsal ray. Anal emarginate, rays fine and close together, longest 
ray 1.8 in the base of the fin. Ventrals on the vertical from the second or third 
seale in front of the dorsal; ventrals not quite reaching the anal. Pectorals 
barely reaching the ventrals. 

Caudal spot intense and round, not continued on the middle caudal 
rays. No humeral spot. Lateral stripe silvery, without dark pigment. Fins 
all hyaline. Suborbitals and the scales over the lateral stripe silvery iridescent. 
The specimen may be badly faded, as even the usual dusky coloration on the 


back is lacking. 
14. HypHESSOBRYCON TAUROCEPHALUS Ellis. 


Plate 29, fig. 3. 


Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus Exuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1912, 8, p. 151, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Serrinha Parana). 


Hasitat.— Upper Iguassu. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
3007 C. Type 1 55 Serrinha Parana, Rio Iguassii Haseman 
3008 C. Paratypes 32 30-46 Serrinha Parana, Rio Iguassti Haseman 
3009 C. Paratypes 22 30-45 Porto Uniao, Rio Iguassti Haseman 
3010 C. Paratypes 13 27-36 Porto Uniao, Rio Iguassti Haseman 


Head 3.8-4; depth 3; D. 11; A. 14 to 16; scales 5 or 6-32 to 36-4 to 5. 
Eye 3 to 3.25; interorbital much wider than the eye, 2.2 in the head. 

Little compressed, depth of the head at the base of the occipital process 
1.25 in the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series 
of median scales. Predorsal region rounded. 


192 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Occipital process a little more than 4 in the distance from its base to the 
dorsal, bordered by 2 or 3 scales. Frontal fontanel triangular, as wide as the 
parietal, two thirds of the parietal without the occipital groove. Second sub- 
orbital leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. Maxillary margin 
very convex, the proximal third much constricted, very short, 1.5 in the eye or 
nearly 5 in the head; mandible short, equal to the eye, about 3 in the head. 
Mouth moderately large; snout very short, equal to the maxillary. Premaxil- 
lary with three 3- to 5-pointed teeth in the outer row, and five broad 5- to 7- 
pointed teeth in the inner row; the last of the inner series is often much reduced. 
Maxillary without teeth. Dentary with graduated series of four or five 5- to 
7-pointed teeth followed by one or two small notched teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 10. 

Anal sheath rudimentary. Lateral line with pores developed on 5 to 9 
scales. 

Origin of the dorsal the length of the eye nearer to the caudal than to the 
snout, the longest ray 4.6-5 in the length. Caudal equal to the head. Origin 
of the anal on the vertical from the second or third scale behind the dorsal. 
Anal emarginate, the longest rays almost equal to the anal base which about 
equals the head without the preopercle. Anal armature developed on the first 
six or seven rays. Ventrals on the vertical from the first or second scale in 
front of the dorsal, reaching the first, second, or third scale in front of the anal. 
Pectorals reaching the second or third scale in front of the ventrals. 

Humeral spot lacking. Caudal spot sharply constricted behind and con- 
tinued to the end of the middle caudal rays, continued forward as a heavy lat- 
eral stripe which often reaches the upper angle of the preopercle. The lateral 
stripe overlaid with a dull silvery. Dorsal, caudal, pectorals, and first five 
anal rays dusky. Scales of the back outlined with dusky. Bluish iridescence 
on the sides over and below the lateral stripe. 


15. HypHESSOBRYCON PARVELLUS Ellis. 


Plate 29, fig. 1. 
Hyphessobrycon parvellus Eui1s, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 153, pl. 2, fig. 1. 


Hasirat.— Southeastern Brazil. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 193 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
3011 C. Type 1 30 Alagoinhas, Rio Catu Haseman 
3012 C. Paratypes 3 20-30 Alagoinhas, Rio Catu Haseman 
3013 C. Paratype 1 22 ? Haseman 
2932 C. Paratypes 7 13-29 Rio Itapicurti, Queimadas Haseman 
3014 C. Paratype 1 17 Agua Quente Haseman 
2930 C. Paratype 1 18 Riberao, Azul Lagoa Haseman 
2931 C. Paratype 1 12 Rio Tieté Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.75; D. 11; A. 20 or 21; scales 5-32 to 34-3 to 4. Eye 
2.3 in the head; interorbital less than the eye, about 2.7 in the head. 

Compressed, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.25 in 
the greatest depth. Occipital process bordered by 2.5 scales. Interorbital 
convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, very small. Second suborbital leaving 
a narrow naked margin behind and below. Mouth rather small; snout very 
short, about 1.66 in the eye. Maxillary less than the eye, 2.6 in the head. 
Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary with three or four narrow, conical 
teeth in the outer row, and five or six tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Maxil- 
lary with, or without, one small, conical tooth. Dentary with a graduated series 
of four tricuspid teeth followed by three conical ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers 11 + 9, short and strong. 

Anal sheath composed of 6 scales covering the base of the first 10 rays. 
Lateral line with pores developed on the first 6 to 8 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and the caudal. Longest 
dorsal ray 3.5 in the length. Caudal a little longer than the head. Origin of 
the anal on the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal usually emarginate. 
Ventrals on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal, ventrals just 
reaching the anal. Pectorals just reaching the ventrals. 

No humeral spot. Caudal spot either diffuse or condensed. Lateral 
stripe narrow, faint, overlaid with silvery. Anal often with a dark margin. 
Longest anal and dorsal rays tipped with white. Sides, exclusive of region 


over body-cavity with numerous chromatophores. 


194 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


16. HyYPHESSOBRYCON MINIMUS Durbin. 


Plate 22, fig. 6. 


Hyphessobrycon minimus Dursin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 68 (Cane Grove Corner, British 
Guiana; ErGeNMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 486; Mem. Carnegie 
mus., 1912, 5, p. 341, pl. 49, fig. 2. 


Hasirat.— Guiana. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of 


Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1193 C. Type 1 18 Cane Grove Corner Eigenmann 
11769 I. Paratypes 4 16-21 Cane Grove Corner Eigenmann 


Head 3.33 to 3.67; depth 3.5 to 3.75; D. 11; A. 16 or 17; scales 5-30 to 
33-3; eye 2+ in head, snout less than the eye, interorbital less than eye, about 
3 in the head. 

Compressed, depth of head at base of the occipital process five sixths of or 
equal to the greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without regular com- 
plete series of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, with a regular series 
of 9 or 10 median scales. 

Occipital process short, bordered by 1 to 1.5 seales. Frontal fontanels 
much narrower than the parietal, about three fourths the length of the parietal 
without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin 
behind and below. Snout short, about 2 in the length of the eye; mouth mod- 
erately large. Maxillary less than the eye, 2.75 in the head. Mandible a little 
more than 2 in the head. Premaxillary with two, rarely three, small tricuspid 
teeth in the outer row, and five broad, 5- to 7-pointed teeth in the inner row, the 
tooth at the median end of the inner row of each premaxillary fitting together so 
that the two apparently form a very large median tooth. Maxillary with two 
or three broad 5- and 7-pointed teeth. Dentary with four large 7-pointed teeth 
followed on the sides by one or two minute tricuspid teeth. 

Anal sheath of 3 scales covering the base of the first 5 or 6 rays. Lateral 
line with pores developed on 5 to 8 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal, its longest 
ray 3.5 in the length. Origin of anal on the vertical from the last 2 or 3 dorsal 
rays. Anal emarginate, the longest ray 1.5 in the base. Ventrals on the verti- 
cal from the second dorsal ray. Ventrals just reaching the anal. Pectorals 
just reaching the ventrals. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 195 


Caudal spot intense black, roundish and scarcely if at all continued on 
the caudal rays. Humeral spot lacking but the intense narrow black lateral 
stripe widened somewhat in the humeral regions. Scales of the back and sides, 
above the lateral stripe, heavily outlined with dusky. All the fins somewhat 
dusky but without distinet black or white markings. Sides over the lateral 
stripe and below it with a steel-blue iridescence. Preopercle also with blue 
iridescence. 


17. HypHESSOBRYCON STIGMATIAS Fowler. 


Hyphessobrycon stigmatias Fowimr, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 547, fig. 14 (Tributary of the 
Madeira River near Porto Velho). 

This species is known only from the type, 23 mm. long, No. 39231 A. N.S. P. 
Head 3.6; depth 3.6; D. 11; A. 19; scales 33, 9 scales between dorsal and 
ventral; snout 4; eye 2.5, interorbital 2.5 in the head. 

Eleven predorsal scales. Maxillary with three cusps on its upper, anterior 
margin, suborbital nearly covering cheek. 

Seales of back with dusky margins, fins all dusted; no defined humeral 
spot; a narrow dark lateral stripe widening above the middle of the anal, cover- 
ing over half the caudal peduncle, contracted again on middle caudal rays. 


18. HyYPHESSOBRYCON ROBUSTULUS (Cope). 


Hemigrammus robustulus Corr, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc., 1870, 11, p. 561 (Pebas); 1878, 17, p. 690 
(Peruvian Amazon); Fowuer, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1906, p. 335, fig. 24 (Pebas; Peruvian 
Amazon). 

Tetragonopterus robustulus EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 54; Urey, Ann. 
N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 8, p. 286. 

Hyphessobrycon robustulus EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437. 


Hasitrar.— Upper Amazon. 
One Cotype 8083 Acad. nat. sci. Phil. 44 mm. Pebas 


Head 3.4-3.5; depth 2-2.25; D. 11; A. 27; scales 7-35-6; eye 3 in the 
head; interorbital just equal to the eye. 

Compressed; deepest at the vertical from the origin of the dorsal; depth 
of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the greatest depth. Preventral 
region rather narrow, without complete series of median scales. 

Occipital process 4.25 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 2 scales. Interorbital region very slightly convex. Frontal fontanel trian- 
gular, one half of the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital 
leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. Snout short, mouth large. 


196 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Maxillary equal to the eye. Mandible 2.5 in the head. Premaxillary with 
an inner row of five 5-pointed, and an outer row of four 3-pointed teeth. Maxil- 
lary with four or five rather small tricuspid teeth. Dentary with a graduated 
series of four large, 5-pointed, one small, 3-pointed and five or six minute conical 
teeth. 

Gill-rakers 6 + 9. 

Caudal seemingly naked. Lateral line with pores on 9 or 10 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the caudal and snout. Origin of 
the anal on the vertical from the second dorsal ray. Anal emarginate. Ven- 
trals on the vertical from about the fourth scale in front of the dorsal. 
Ventrals just reaching the anal or a little further. Pectorals reaching the 
ventrals. 

Fins all dusky, the middle rays of the caudal black. Humeral spot indis- 
tinct, large, oval, and horizontally elongate. A broad leaden lateral stripe. 
Seales of the back outlined with pigment. 


19. HyPpHESSOBRYCON MELAZONATUS Durbin. 


Plate 26, fig. 4. 


Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Dursrn, Bull. M. C. Z., 1908, 62, p. 101 (Lago do Maximo; Silva, Lake 
Saraca); ErapNMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 436. 


Hapitrat.— Amazon. 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of 
number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
20737 Type 1 about 38 Lago do Maximo Agassiz 
21069 Paratype 1 about 34 Silva, Lake Saraca Thayer 
20995 1 36 Serpa Thayer Exped. 


Head 3.5; depth 2.66-2.5; D. 11; A. 22; scales 5-34-3.5; eye 2.66 in 
head; interorbital equal to the eye. 

Compressed, deepest at the origin of the dorsal; depth of head at the 
base of the occipital process 1.67 in the greatest depth. Preventral region 
rounded, without complete series of median scales. Predorsal region rounded, 
with complete median series of 9 scales. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2 to 2.5 seales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel trian- 
gular, as wide as and nine tenths as long as, the parietal without the occipital 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 197 


groove. Second suborbital leaving a very narrow naked margin behind and 
below. Maxillary equal to the eye; mandible a fifth longer than the maxil- 
lary. Snout short. Lower jaw heavy. Mouth large. Premaxillary with an 
inner series of five 4- or 5-pointed teeth and an outer series of three or four 
tricuspid teeth. Maxillary with one to three 3- to 5-pointed teeth. Dentary 
with a graduated series of four large 5-pointed teeth followed by six or more 
minute conical ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers about 9 + 7. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of very small scales that do not reach the 
rays, about 9 in number, the first 6 together and the other 3 between the larger 
scales of the series just above the fin. Lateral line with pores on about 7 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and the caudal, penulti- 
mate ray one third of the longest which is 3.25 in the length. Caudal probably 
about equal to the head. Origin of the anal on the vertical from the last dorsal 
ray or a little behind it. Anal emarginate. Ventrals on the vertical from the 
second scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals just reaching the anal. Pectorals 
lapping half the length of the eye over the ventrals. 

Webs of the dorsal and sometimes those of the anterior 7 or 8 anal rays 
dusky. A diffuse dark spot covering a little more than the lower half of caudal 
peduncle. Upper half of caudal peduncle silvery. A very faint humeral spot. 

In the paratypes the second suborbital is not so wide as in the type and 
leaves a wider naked margin. 


20. Hypurssosprycon £os Durbin. 


Plate 28, fig. 4. 


Hyphessobrycon eos Durpin, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1909, 6, p. 69 (Between Potaro Landing & Kanga- 
ruma); ErcENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437; Mem. Carnegie 
mus., 1912, 6, 341, pl.-1, fig. 2. 

Hasirat.— Guiana. 
Specimens examined. 


Number of 
Catalogue number specimens Size in mm. Locality Collector 
1194 C. Type 1 36 Between Potaro Landing & Shideler 
; Kangaruma 
1196 C., 11770 I. 24 35-42 Between Potaro Landing & Shideler 
Paratypes Kangaruma 
als (Cr, Tara 43 19-34 Tukeit Eigenmann 


Paratypes 


198 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Head 3.25-3.33; depth 2.5-2.7; D.11; A. 17-20; scales 6-33 or 344; 
eye 2.5 in the head, snout about 2 in the eye, interorbital almost equal the eye, 
2.76 in head. 

Compressed; depth of head at base of occipital process 1.5 in the great- 
est depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete, regular series of 
median scales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete series of 10 median 
scales. 

Occipital process about 8 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 2 or 3 scales. Interorbital slightly more convex than in any other 
species of the genus. Frontal fontanel small, triangular, narrower than the 
parietal and two thirds the parietal without the occipital groove. Second 
suborbital leaving a narrow naked margin behind but not below. Snout short, 
mouth large. Maxillary equal to the eye; mandible scarcely longer than 
the eye, about 2.3 in head. Premaxillary with three or four narrow tricuspid 
teeth in the outer row, and five or six tricuspid teeth in the inner row. Max- 
illary with five to seven conical or very narrow 3-pointed teeth. Dentary with 
a series of four or sometimes five tricuspid teeth followed by a graduated series 
of seven to ten minute conical and 3-pointed teeth on the sides. 

Gill-rakers about 6 + 10. 

Anal sheath of 4 to 7 scales covering the bases of the first 7 rays. Pores 
developed on 7 to 10 scales. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the caudal and snout, penultimate 
ray one third the longest which is 3-3.25 in the length. Origin of anal on the 
vertical from the last dorsal ray. Anal very slightly emarginate, third ray 
not reaching to the base of the last ray, the longest ray 1.33 in the length of 
the base, anal armature well developed. Caudal equal to the head. Ventrals 
weak, on the vertical from the first scale in front of the dorsal or from the first 
dorsal ray; ventrals barely reaching the anal. Pectorals just reaching the 
ventrals, distinctly longer than ventrals. . 

Humeral spot very faint, vertically elongate, very near the head. Lat- 
eral stripe narrow and very indistinct. Caudal spot intensely black, covering 
the ventral two thirds of the caudal peduncle, a little narrower in front than 
on the vertical from the origin of the lower caudal lobe, not extending onto the 
caudal rays. The black is on the skin without the scales and also in the scales. 
Top of head and dorsal scales very dark. Scales of upper half of the sides 
heavily outlined with dusky. All fin-webs dusky. Numerous chromato- 
phores scattered over the rest of the body, especially large and prominent on 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 199 


the cheeks.’ In life, anterior half of anal, base of anal, sides just above the 
anal, and ventrals reddish; caudal red or orange to deep yellow, lower lobe 
often more colored than the upper one, base of dorsal, pectorals, cheeks, and 
under part of head yellow. 


21. HyYpHESSOBRYCON INCONSTANS (Eigenmann and Ogle). 


Plate 27, fig. 1, 2; Plate 33, fig. 1, 2; Plate 78, fig. 5; Plate 79, fig. 2. 
Hemigrammus inconstans E1GENMANN & Oatxu, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 17, fig. 8 (Para). 
Hyphessobrycon inconstans EIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437. 


Hyphessobrycon proteus EtGeNMANN, Indiana univ. studies, 1913, no. 18, p. 28. 


Hasrrar.— Colombia. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 

Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 

5094 C.8 1 74 Quibdo Eigenmann 
5095 C., 12858 I. 100+ Quibdo Eigenmann 
5096 C., 12852 I. 68 234 Soplaviento Eigenmann 
5097 C., 12853 I. 54 454 Calamar Eigenmann 
5098 C., 12854 I. 47 47 Cienega at Calamar Eigenmann 
5099 C., 12855 I. 2 Puerta Wilches Eigenmann 
5100 C. 1 Below Buena Vista Eigenmann 
5101 C. 1 39 Honda Eigenmann 
5102 C., 12856 I. 7 50* Bernal Creek, near Honda Eigenmann 
12857 I. 1 30° Apulo Gonzales 


1 All specimens at hand were preserved in formalin and have the black pigment emphasized. 

2 Type, 34591 U.S. N. M. Para ? Brazil, scales 6-32-4.5, A. 26, lateral line on left 13 + 4 +2 + 
3+1+7+ 2, onright 15 + 14+ 4; one maxillary tooth. 

Paratypes, four 37-45 mm. to base of caudal (47-57 over all) A. 24-26, scales 6-32 to 33-5; lateral 
line complete in two, in another, on the left 10 + 1+2+ 16+ 3; onthe right 17 +2+1+9+43; 
in another it is complete to within two or three scales. 

3 Type of H. proteus. An examination of the specimens from Quibdo on which the description is 
based shows eighteen with a complete lateral line, eleven with the line complete on one side and not 
on the other and seventy-six with the line incomplete on both sides. In the following table showing 
the lateral line on the two sides of a number of Quibdo specimens the numbers in italics indicate scales 
with pores. 


Length Left side : Totals Right side 

mm. 

57 32 32 33 = 33 

70 (A Se oes a ie = 32, 32=124+1+1+4+10+1+3+4+8+1 
70 22+44+24+24+1+4+2+4+1 = 34, 38=16+1+2+1+1+4+18 

73 14 + 19 = 33, 33 = 16+9+2+6 

72 13+15+2+3 = 33, 32=14+2+2+4+2+4142-+45 
69 TO 6 oN a1 = 34, 33 =2%+1+2+6 

68 32 = 32, 33 = 33 

76 28 +2+2 = 382, 33 = 19 +2-+ 12 

65 35 = 35, 35 = 38 

60 23 -+4+14-2-+-4 = 34, 34=18+1+42+42-+11 


200 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Very similar to Astyanax ruberrimus from the San Juan and Dagua Rivers 
from which the specimens with a complete lateral line can only be distinguished 
with difficulty. Its formal distinguishing features are the smaller number of 
anal rays, and smaller number of scales, and the nature of the scales below the 
lateral line. 

Head about 4; depth 2.6-2.75; D.11; A. 24-26, scales 6-32 or 33-4.5 
to 5.5; eye equal to interorbital, 2.75-3 in the head. 

Compressed, depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.5 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded, with complete median series of ten scales. 

Occipital process about 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by about 2.5 to 3 scales. Interorbital convex. Second suborbital leaving 
a naked margin behind and below. Maxillary much shorter than the eye, about 
23.5 in the head. Mandible a little longer than the maxillary, not longer than 
the eye. Premaxillary with five large 6- to 8-pointed teeth in the inner row, 
the last smaller than the rest and half hidden behind the one next to it, outer 
row with four 3- to 4-pointed teeth, set so as to coincide with the spaces between 
the first four of the inner series. Maxillary with one very broad, 7- to 8-pointed 
tooth. Dentary teeth large. 

Anal sheath almost obsolete. Lateral line complete or irregularly incom- 
plete, often interrupted. 

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the snout and caudal; penultimate 
ray 3 in the longest which is 3.5 in the length. Origin of anal on the vertical 
from the first scale behind the dorsal, anal emarginate. Ventrals on the vertical 


* continued. 
Length Left side Totals Right side 
mm. 
62 24+14+6+1+4+1 = 33, 33 = 22+1+8+41+4+1 
51 22 +12 = 34, 34=2 +9 
56 34 = 34, 34 = 34 
62 82 = $2, 338 = 26+1+2+1+6 
59 17+14+84+4+24+1+6 = 33, 383 = 20+5+24+1+46 
65 33 = 338, 34 = 34 
50 @+3+2+4+7+6 = 33, 33 = 33 
64 33 = 33, 32 = 32 
70 10 + 23 = 33, 33 = 10 + 23 
56 10 + 22 = 32, 38 = 14+ 19 
49 16+9+6+2 = 33, 338 = 16+8+2+3+2+4+2 
65 23+1+4+4 = 33, 32=22+1+2+2+4+1 
52 21+1+410 = 32, 32=27+1+4 


Of the specimens from Calamar all but four have the lateral line incomplete. In the specimens 
from the Calamar Cienega the pores are between 7-22 in all but two. In one of the two it lacks but one 
or two scales of being complete, in the other it stutters as in most of the Quibdo specimens. 

‘Largest specimen. 

5 To base of caudal. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 201 


from the second scale in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching nearly or quite 
to the anal; pectorals reaching slightly beyond the base of the ventral. 

Caudal spot conspicuous, not continued on the middle caudal rays. Humeral 
spot obscure and vertically elongated. Lateral band indistinct. Highly iri- 
descent. Fins all dusky. 

I hesitate to unite H. proteus from Colombia with H. inconstans from 
Para. 

The following is the original description of H. proteus. The description 
above is drawn from two of the types of H. inconstans. 

Head 4; depth 2.25-2.66; D.11; A. 22, 23, 24, 23 28 the denominator in- 
dicating the number of individuals having the number of rays in the numer- 


ator. Scales 6 or 7 — #4, 33, %', 32, — 44 to 54; eye 2.6—-2.75, equals interorbital ; 
depth of caudal peduncle equal to its length. 

Compressed, oval; dorsal and ventral profiles nearly equally curved, 
only a slight depression in the profile over the eyes; preventral area narrow, 
rounded, without a distinct median series of scales; or with a regular series 
of about eleven scales; postventral area rounded, with three or four scales; 
predorsal area keeled, with a distinct median series of nine or ten scales; occi- 
pital process about 5 in the length from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three 
cr four pairs of scales; skull smooth, convex; parietal fontanel without the 
groove about one and a half times as long as the frontal fontanel. Second 
suborbital leaving a naked area one fifth to one half of its own width around its 
entire distal margin; maxillary-premaxillary border angulated, equal to a full 
diameter of the eye; the mouth terminal, the longitudinal extent of the pre- 
maxillary very short. Three or four teeth in the outer row of the premaxillary, 
five in the inner, the two rows parallel; a broad tipped, multipointed tooth on 
the maxillary; five rather small, 5-pointed graduate teeth in the mandible in 
front, none on the sides. 

Gill-rakers 7 + 12. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base of upper caudal 
lobe, its highest (second and third) rays about twice as high as the antepenulti- 
mate, the fin pointed, the highest ray a little longer than head; caudal lobes 
about 3 in the length; origin of anal behind the vertical from the last dorsal 
ray; anal emarginate, its base about 3.5 in the length; ventral usually not reach- 
ing anal, its origin equidistant from snout with the second or third scale in front 
of the dorsal, pectorals sometimes falling a little short of or extending a little 


beyond the origin of the ventrals. 


202 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Seales very regular, no interpolated rows of scales below the lateral line; 
the third row below the lateral line runs to the end of the anal, the fourth to 
the middle of the anal, the fifth to the sides over the first few anal rays; lateral 
line nearly straight; caudal lobes naked; anal with a sheath of a single row 
of seales; a large axillary scale; lateral line variable. 

Silvery, a silvery lateral band; a faint humeral spot crosses the third scale 
of the lateral line; a large conspicuous triangular caudal spot extending on 
the bases of the middle caudal rays, not to their middle. Caudal lobes with 
cherry spots at the base becoming yellow toward the tip. 


22. HyYPHESSOBRYCON SANTAE (Higenmann). 


Plate 27, fig. 3; Plate 79, fig. 3, 3a. 


Hemigrammus santae ErGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1907, 38, p. 16 (Lagoa Santa). 

Tetragonopterus rivularis interrupta Liitken, Vidensk. selsk., 1875, 12, p. 215 (Lagoa Santa). 

Hyphessobrycon santae ExGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437; Exis, 
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 158 (Sete Lagoas; Mogy das Cruzes). 


Hasirar.— Paraguay; Southeastern Brazil. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number — specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
55652 ' Cotypes 2 Lagoa Santa Reinhardt 
10182 I. 4 Villa Riea, Colonia Anisits 
Gonzales 
3033 C. 6 33-42 Sete Lagoas Haseman 
3034 C. 1 58 Mogy das Cruzes Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.6-3; D. 11; A. 20-22; scales. 5-32-44, to 6-30-3.5, 
and 5-33-3.5; eye 2.25 in the head, equals the interorbital. 

Compressed, deepest on the vertical from the fourth scale in front of the 
dorsal; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.33 in the greatest 
depth. Preventral region rounded, without a complete series of median scales. 
Predorsal region rounded, with regular median series of 11 scales. 

Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 3.25 to 3.5 scales. Interorbital convex. Maxillary 3 in the head, mandible 
2.5. Second suborbital leaving a naked margin behind and below. Premaxil- 
lary with four large 4- to 7-pointed teeth in the inner and three 3- to 5-pointed 


1U. S. National Museum. Cotypes of H. interrupta and of santae. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 203 


ones in the outer row. Maxillary with two 3- to 5-pointed teeth. Dentary 
with a graduated series of five 5- to 7-pointed teeth. 

Caudal naked, but with a sheath two scales deep. Anal sheath short. 
Lateral line with about 17 scales with pores. 

Origin of the dorsal half the length of the eye nearer the caudal than the 
snout, the penultimate ray 2.5 in the longest which is 3.75 in the length. Origin 
of the anal on the vertical from the second scale behind the dorsal. Longest 
anal ray is 1.5 in the anal base. Ventrals on the vertical from the second scale 
in front of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching or not reaching the anal, pectorals 
reaching or not reaching the ventrals. 

Humeral spot usually obscure; caudal spot usually faint, extending to the 
end of the middle caudal rays; lateral band very faint, overlaid with silvery, 
distinct stripes following the scales above the lateral line; dorsal and anal dusky. 


23. HyYPHESSOBRYCON METAE Higenmann and Henn. 
Plate 93, fig. 3. 
Hyphessobrycon metae EtGENMANN & Henn, Indiana univ. studies, 1914, no. 24, p. 233. 


Hasirat.— Rio Meta. 


Specimens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
13421 I. Type 1 34 Barrigona, Rio Meta Gonzales 
13422 I. Paratypes 66 16-35 Barrigona, Rio Meta Gonzales 


19 20 21 


Head 3.54, equal to depth at origin of dorsal; D. 11; A. 19-23, 5, 7,7, 


*2' 3 (the denominator represents the number of individuals); scales about 


Ue Tees tis) 
30 in a longitudinal series, 10 in transverse series; pores developed on 6 (rarely 
7) scales; 9 or 10 scales between occipital and dorsal origin; scales 5-6 + 24- 
4: eye 2.3-2.6 in head, about equal to interorbital; caudal peduncle about 
equal to eye and 1.2 in its own depth. 

Slender, compressed; predorsal area rounded, with a median series of 9 
or 10 scales, preventral area rounded, with a median interpolated series of 
small (6) scales. Occipital process 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, 
bordered by 2 or 3 scales, interorbital slightly convex; fontanels very large. 
First and second suborbitals leaving a high naked margin behind and below. 
Mouth blunt, terminal; maxillary five sixths the length of the eye. Pre- 


204 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


maxillary with three or four narrow tricuspid or broadly conical teeth in the 
outer row, five 2- to 4-pointed teeth in a second series, an inner series of very 
small tricuspid or broadly conical teeth immediately behind them. Maxil- 
lary with two small tricuspids and one conical tooth, mandible with four strong 
3- to 5-pointed incisors in each ramus followed by about seven minute conical 
or recurved teeth on the sides. Gill rakers 6 + 5, short and strong. 

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base of middle caudal 
rays, its height 3.2 to 3.5 in the length; adipose well developed; height of 
anal lobe 4 to 5 in length of fish. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes equal, about 
4.5 in entire length. Anal origin slightly behind vertical from last dorsal ray; 
pectorals reach beyond ventrals; ventrals to beyond anal origin. 

An obscure dusky, humeral spot, operculum underlaid with a dusky verti- 
cal semilunar area; top of head deep black produced into a line from occiput 
to dorsal. A narrow intense lateral stripe from upper margin of operculum to 
below last dorsal rays, broadening to a heavy broad black band on the caudal 
peduncle and an oblong caudal spot, the latter produced as a triangle to the 
tips of the middle caudal rays. Margins of scales above lateral stripe outlined 
with dusky, below heavily sprinkled with chromatophores. Bases of caudal 
lobes in life evidently tinged with deep red. 


24. HyYPHESSOBRYCON AGULHA Fowler. 


Hyphessobrycon agulha Fow.rr, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1913, p. 549, fig. 15 (Madeira River, 200 
miles of W. Long. 62° 20’; above Falls of Guajaramirim; Igarapé de Candalaria, tributary of the 
Madeira River, about S. Lat. 8° 45’, W. Long. 63° 54’; tributaries of the Madeira River near Porto 
Velho). 

Known from the specimens in the collection of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia; the largest 42 mm. in length. 

Head 3.75; depth 3.125; D. 12; A. 23; scales 6-12 + 22-3; snout 3.75, 
eye 2.4, interorbital 2.8 in the head. 

Nine predorsal scales, maxillary reaching to the vertical from the anterior 
margin of the pupil; premaxillary with 8 teeth in each series. No maxillary 
teeth; mandible with four large quinquidentate teeth in front and small conic 
teeth on the side; suborbital leaving a very narrow naked strip in lower angle. 
Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose. No distinct 
caudal spot, humeral region with an elliptical, horizontal blotch continued 
downward. Fins pale, middle caudal rays dusky, 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 205 


25. HYPHESSOBRYCON ANISITSI (Higenmann). 


Plate 28, fig. 1; Plate 79, fig. 4. 


Hemigrammus anisitsi EIGENMANN, Proe. U. 8S. N. M., 1907, 33, p. 16 (Villa Rica). 

Hemigrammus hitkent EraenMann & Kennepy, (in part, non Boulenger) Proc. Acad. nat sci. Phil., 
1903, p. 519 (Estancia la Armonia). 

Hyphessobrycon anisitsi EtIGENMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia, 1910, 3, p. 437; Extis, 
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 158. 


Hasirat.— Paraguay; Upper Parana Basin; Uruguay Basin. 


Specumens examined. 


Number of Size 
Catalogue number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
10182a I. Type eel 37 Villa Rica, Paraguay Anisits 
10182a I. Paratypes 3 Villa Rica Anisits 
9995 I. Paratypes 8 10-25 ! Estancia la Armonia, Paraguay Anisits 
3016 C. 36 30-45 Miguel Calmon, Tieté Basin Haseman 
3017 C. 21 21-44 Jundaihy, Sad Paulo Haseman 
3072 C. 2 53-55 Arequa, Paraguay Haseman 
2947 C. 3 26-35 Cacequy, Uruguay Basin Haseman 
3015 C. a 41-57 Sapucay, Paraguay Haseman 


Head 3.5; depth 2.75-3; D. 11; A. 22 to 26; scales 6-33 to 36-5 or 6; 
lateral line with pores on 8 to 25 scales; eye about 2.75 in the head, interorbital 
about 3. 

Compressed; depth of head at the base of the occipital process 1.25 in the 
greatest depth. Preventral region rounded, without complete series of median 
scales. Predorsal region rounded with complete median series of 11 to 13 scales. 

Occipital process 4 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered 
by 3.5 to 4 scales. Interorbital slightly convex. Frontal fontanel triangu- 
larly oval, three fourths the length of the parietal without the occipital groove. 
Second suborbital small, its free margin surrounded with a naked margin of 
half its width or less. Mouth moderately large. Maxillary not as long as the 
eye, 3 in the head. Mandible a little longer than the eye. Premaxillary 
with an inner row of five teeth graduated from the second of the series which 
is 5- or 6-pointed, the fifth is 3-pointed and much smaller than the fourth; 
the outer row containing 2- to 4-pointed teeth. Maxillary with one 3-, rarely 
5-pointed, tooth. Dentary with a graduated series of four 4- to 6-pointed teeth, 
and five or six minute conical or narrowly tricuspid ones on the side. 

Gill-rakers 8 or 9 + 7. 


206 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Anal sheath consisting of 11 or 12 scales graduated in size from the first and 
covering the bases of 11 to 13 anal rays. Lateral line with pores on 8 to 25 scales, 
the average being about 16 or less. Sometimes many of the scales immediately 
following those with the pores have a notch on the margin. 

Origin of dorsal equidistant from the snout and the base of the caudal 
or a little farther back, longest ray about 4 in the length. Caudal a little longer 
than the head. Origin of anal on the vertical from the fourth to ninth dorsal 
rays. Anal deeply emarginate, its longest ray 1.5 in the anal base. An anal 
armature developed on the first five rays of males 38-45 mm. long. Ventrals 
on the vertical from the third to fifth scales in front of the dorsal. Ventrals 
just reaching the anal. Pectorals a little more than reaching the ventrals. 

Dorsal hyaline, caudal spot forming a band on the end of the caudal 
peduncle, fainter above and below, rather abruptly continued posteriorly to 
the end of the middle caudal rays, gradually narrowed in front and continued 
forward in a dark lateral stripe; caudal lobes hyaline; humeral spot vertically 
elongate. Distal third of the anal dusky, basal two thirds of anterior rays free 
from pigment. Seales along the dorsal margined with dusky. A silvery 
iridescence on the sides except the upper two rows of scales. In life the caudal 
lobes, the anal and region just above the anal, and the dorsal probably are a 
shade of red or yellow. 

The five specimens from Sapucay (3015 em.) vary from typical specimens 
in having 25 to 29 anal rays. One of these specimens has also a 5-pointed tooth 


in the maxillary. 


26. HypHESSOBRYCON LUTKENI (Boulenger). 


Plate 28, fig. 2; Plate 79, fig. 1, 5. 


Tetragonoplerus fasciatus interruptus EXIGENMANN (in part, non Liitken), Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1894, 7, 
p. 634 (Rio Grande do Sul). 

Hemigrammus interruptus Fowuer (non Liitken), Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1906, p. 335 (Jacuhy). 

Tetragonoplterus litkeni BouLENGER, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1887, ser. 5, 19, p. 173 (Rio Grande do Sul); 
E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. N. M., 1891, 14, p. 53; Unrey, Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., 1895, 
8, p. 287. 

Hemigrammus liitkeni Corr, Proc. Amer. philos. soc., 1894, 33, p. 91 (Rio Grande do Sul); Eraenmann & 
Kpnnepy (in part), Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1903, p. 519 (Arroyo Pypucu; Arroyo Trementina) ; 
ErgenmMann, Ann, Carnegie mus., 1907, 4, p. 126, (Puerto Max, Colonia Gonzales). 

Hyphessobrycon liitkeni ErGeNMANN, Rept. Princeton univ. exped. Patagonia 1910, 8, p. 437; Exuis, 
Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 159. 


Hasrrat.— Rio Grande do Sul and Paraguay Basins. 


THE AMERICAN TETRAGONOPTERINAE. 207 


Specimens examined. 


Catalogue Number of Size 
number specimens in mm. Locality Collector 
20699 7 43-61 Maldonado TG. Cary 
9996 I. 5 15-31 Arroyo Trementina Anisits 
11260 I. 6 23-29 Colonia Gonzales Anisits 
10294 I. 9 31-44 Puerto Max? Anisits 
9994 I. 41 25-40 Arroyo Pypucu Anisits 
4890 I. 3 53-65 Rio Grande do Sul Von Thering 
3047 C. 58 25-69 Campos Haseman 
3041 C. 66 31-69 Porto Alegre Haseman 
3042 C. 11 40-54 Lagoa Feia Haseman 
3006 C. 9 26-48 Cacequy Haseman 
3005 C. 13 38-49 Muniz Freire Haseman 
2934 C. 1251 19-60 Jacarehy Haseman 
2933 C. 4 12-19 Jacarehy Haseman 
3073 C. 1 45 Arequa, Paraguay Haseman 
3074 C. 2 41-51 Sapucay, Paraguay Haseman 
2950 C. 6 40-48 Sao Joao da Barra Haseman 


Head 3.8-4.4; depth 2.35-2.6; D. 11; A. 20-26; scales 5 or 6-30 to 35- 
4 or 5; eye 2.75 in the head, equals the interorbital. 

Compressed, deepest at the vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Depth 
of head at the base of the occipital processes 1.87 in the greatest depth. Preven- 
tral region rounded, without complete median series of scales. Predorsal region 
rounded, with complete median series of 9 or 10 scales. 

Occipital process about 6 in the distance from its base to the dorsal, bor- 
dered by 3 scales. Interorbital convex. Frontal fontanel triangular, two thirds 
of the parietal without the occipital groove. Second suborbital leaving a 
naked margin sometimes equal to one third of its width, behind and below. 
Maxillary three in the head. Mandible equal to the eye. Premaxillary with 
five 5- to 8-pointed teeth in the inner row and two to four, usually three, 5- to 
7-pointed teeth in the outer row. Maxillary with two, rarely three, large, 
6- to 9-pointed teeth. Dentary with a graduated series of six or seven large, 
6- to 8-pointed teeth or the last one only 5-pointed and about half the height 
of its immediate predecessor. Beyond these is one small 4-pointed tooth which 
is about one fourth of the smallest of the continuous series. 

Gill-rakers 13 + 7. 

Anal sheath short, consisting of 7 scales and covering the bases of the first 
8 rays. Lateral line having pores on 5 to 20 scales.' 


1In three specimens of 2934 C M. the lateral line is complete; out of nine specimens of 3006 C. M. 


one 32 mm. long the line is complete; of 3042 two specimens the lateral line is nearly complete and one 
has it interrupted 25 + 1 + 7 on one side and 17 +2+2+5+3 +5 on the other. 


208 THE AMERICAN CHARACIDAE. 


Origin of dorsal equidistant from snout and base of the caudal, penulti- 
mate ray 2.5 in the longest which is 4 in the length. Origin of anal on the 
vertical from the last dorsal ray; anal emarginate, its longest ray 2 in the length 
of the base. Ventrals on the vertical from between the first and second scales 
in front of the dorsal. Ventrals barely or not quite reaching the anal; pectorals 
almost reaching ventrals. 

Caudal spot dark, sometimes reaching the tips of the middle caudal rays, 
continued forward as a black stripe which is (except in formalin specimens) 
overlaid with the broad silvery lateral band. Humeral spot large, very distinct, 
usually elongate vertically, the larger upper part surrounded by light in front 
and behind. All scales below the second series above the lateral line iridescent. 
The four scales between the upper end of the humeral spot and the head are 
bluish iridescent. Anal and dorsal a little dusky. 

Five specimens 20895 and 20893 in part, 33-39 mm. (Muriahe, Hartt, and 
Copeland), are probably a variety of H. liitkeni. They differ from the type as 
follows :— 

Head 3-3.33, anal 22-26, scales 6-31 to 33-5.5, eye 2:5 in the head, inter- 
orbital 3. 

Predorsal region with 11 scales in the complete median series. 

Occipital process 5 in the distance from its base to the dorsal. Maxillary 
widest near its tip, instead of in its middle portion, as in typical specimens. Pre- 
maxillary with five 5- to 7-pointed teeth in the inner and two or three tricuspid 
ones in the outer row. Maxillary with two 6- to 7-pointed teeth which are some- 
what chisel-shaped. 

Ventral just reaching the anal, pectorals reaching half the length of the 
eye beyond the base of the ventrals. 

Caudal spot continued to the end of the middle caudal rays. Humeral 
spot very faint. 

The specimens from the Paraguay Basin have the caudal spot very heavy 
and extending band-like over the full width of the peduncle. 


27. HYPHESSOBRYCON RETICULATUS Ellis. 


Plate 29, fig. 2. 
Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Exuis, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1911, 8, p. 153, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Campos). 


HasiraT.— Southeastern Brazil. 


— FP ae 


PLATE 9. 


Fig. 1. Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann. 

11819 I. U. M. 55.5. Crab Falls, British Guiana. 
Fig. 2. Moenkhausia ceros Eigenmann. 

20955 M.C. Z. 50mm. (caudal broken). Type. Lake Hyanuary, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Moenkhausia copei (Steindachner). 

118201.U. M. 55mm. Rockstone, British Guiana. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 9 


COCKAYNE. BOSTON 


PLATE 10. 


Fig. 1. Knodus chapadae (Fowler). 
21829 A.N.S.P. Paratype 44 mm. Chapada, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Knodus breviceps (Eigenmann). 
20692 M. C. Z. 84mm. Cotype. Goyaz, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Knodus moenkhausii (Eigenmann & Kennedy). 
20760 M.C.Z. 41mm. Tabatinga, Brazil. 
Fig. 4. Knodus heteresthes (Eigenmann). 
20862 M.C. Z. 51mm. Cotype. Tapajos, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. Vj CHARACIDAE PLATE 10 


HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON 


PLATE 11. 


PLATE 11. 


Fig. 1. Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger). 

11435 I. U. M. 39 mm. to base of caudal. Cotype. Descalvados, Paraguay. 
Fig. 2. Gymnocorymbus thayeri Eigenmann. | 

19242M.C.Z. 40mm. Type. Amazon. 


11 


AN 
CHARACIDAE PLATE 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON 


ye 


m nas 
ot 


cs 


PLATE 18. 


Fig. 1. Pristella aubynei Eigenmann. (Mem. Carnegie mus., 6, Plate 45, fig. 4). 
1042 C. M. 50mm. Type. Lama Stop-Off, British Guiana. 
Fig. 2. Pristella riddlei (Meek). (Mem. Carnegie mus., 5, Plate 45, fig. 3). 
1309 C. M. 44.5 mm. Botanic Garden, Saesiao British Guiana. 
Fig. 3-5. Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia).  (Steindachner, Sitzungsb. K. akad. wiss., 100, Plate 3). 
La Plata Basin. a 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 13 


JLRRBRARRR 
YS AAaaee ee’ 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 17. 


Fig. 1. Hemigrammus ulreyi (Boulenger). 
3050 C.M. 44mm. Jauru, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin. 
20801 M. C. Z. 40mm. Type. Manacapura, Brazil. 
r Fig. 3. Hemigrammus elegans (Steindachner). 
20869 M. C. Z. 35mm. Tapajos, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 17 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


While, “7. 


vi > . hi ? us if in’ 
¥ 1) wre hee 
ae aii enc) 


: at aa 
on 6 
if ff Y YAP d 
i he p= 


is 


PLATE 18 


PLATE 18. 


Fig. 1. Hemigrammus nanus (Liitken). 
44958 U.S.N.M. Cotype. 47mm. Lagoa Santa, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus levis Durbin. 
20738 M.C. Z. 47mm. Type. Amazon. 
Fig. 3. Hemigrammus micropterus Meek. 
10802 I. U. M. 86mm. Cotype. Los Castillas, Venezuela. 
Fig. 4. Hemigrammus hyanuary Durbin. 
20955 M. C. Z. 37.5 mm. (To middle caudal rays). Cotype. Hyanuary, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 18 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 19. 


7 ww es i) 
2) ie \o ae ’ 
PLATE 19. 
Fig. 1. Hemigrammus matei Eigenmann. 
11438 1.U.M. 43mm. Type. Argentina. ‘ é 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus tridens Eigenmann. 
11262 1. U. M. 20 mm. (exclusive of caudal). Type. Arroyo Pypucu, Paraguay. 
Fig. 3. Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner). 
20774 M. C. Z. 33mm. Tabatinga, Brazil. 
: 
¢. 
- = 
m 
‘a 


@ } if 4 
oe tf 7 vl la ks ; 
YA a el ee erat 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 19 


Hiner 


“9 ain 


)) “ 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 20. 


PLATE 20. 


Fig. 1. Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis. (Ann. Carnegie mus., 8, Plate 3). 
3053 C.M. 38mm. Type. Queimadas, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus schmardae (Steindachner). 
—M.C.Z. 22mm. to end of middle caudal rays. Manaos, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin. - 
20952 M.C. Z. 48 mm. Cotype. Jatuarana, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 20 


ar SS eae — 


PLATE 21. 


(Mem. Carnegie mus., 5, Plate 48). 


Fig. 1. Hemigrammus orthus Durbin. 
1477 C.M. 28 mm. Type. Tukeit, British Guiana. 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner). 
1455 C.M. 40 mm. Gluck Island, British Guiana. 
Fig. 3. Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin. 
1450 C.M. 46mm. Type. Georgetown, British Guiana. 
Fig. 4. Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin. 
1448 C.M. 32mm. Type. Erukin, British Guiana. 
Fig. 5. Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill). 
1446 C. M. 41 mm. Wismar, British Guiana. 


; MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 21 
¥ 

y 

a 

: 

ba 

14 

AT 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


ee ty : 
- 72 dae 


4 


PLATE 22. 


(Mem. Carnegie mus., 5, Plate 49). 


ig. 1. Hyphessobrycon stictus Durbin. 


1197.C.M. 38 mm. Type. Lama Stop-Off, British Guiana. 
. 2. Hemigrammus analis Durbin. 
1466 C.M. 35 mm. Type. Rockstone, British Guiana. 


ig. 8. Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin. 


1189 C.M. 19 mm. Type. Konawaruk, British Guiana. 


ig. 4. Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Reinhardt). 


1247 C.M. 24mm. Gluck Island, British Guiana. 


ig. 5. Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin. 


1461 C.M. 57mm. Type. Tumatumari, British Guiana. 


ig. 6. Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin. 


1193C.M. 18mm. Type. Cane Grove Corner, British Guiana. 


ig. 7. Hemigrammus iota Durbin. 


1458 C. M. 18mm. Type. Gluck Island, British Guiana. 


oe ee 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 22 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 23. 
(Mem. Carnegie mus., 5, Plate 50). 


Fig. 1. Creatochanes caudomaculatus (Giinther). 
1385 C. M. 100mm. Tumatumari, British Guiana. 
Fig. 2. Creatochanes melanurus (Bloch). 
1393 C. M. 96mm. Malali, British Guiana. 
Fig. 3. Creatochanes affinis (Giinther). 
1407 C.M. 96mm. Tumatumari, British Guiana. 
Fig. 4. Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin. : 
1194 C.M. 36mm. Type. Creek near Potaro Landing, British Guiana. 
Fig. 5. Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin. 
1190 C. M. 35mm. Type. Gluck Island, British Guiana. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 


23 


PLATE 24. 


Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek). 
10929 I. U. M. 44 mm. Perez, Mexico. 
Fig. 2. Hyphessobrycon milleri Durbin. 
112551.U.M. 40mm. Type. Los Amates, Guatemala. 
Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon callistus (Boulenger). 
10039I.U.M. 33mm. Arroyo Trementina, Paraguay. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 24 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


a 7 “a 7 
= = — ae a ey See 


PLATE 26. 


Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon serpae Durbin. 
20985 M. C. Z. 26mm. Type. Serpa, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Hypessobrycon copelandi Durbin. 
20771 M. C. Z. 35.5mm. Cotype. Tabatinga, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin. 
20842 M.C. Z. 38mm. Coltype. Obidos, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 25 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


20688 M. C. Z. 31 mm. 


21008 M. C. Z. 30mm. 


Field Museum. 38 mm. 
4. Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Durbin. 


20737 M. C. Z. 38 mm. 


Type. 
Brazil. 
Type. 


Type. 


PLATE 26. 


ig. 1. Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin. 


Panama. 


. 2, Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Reinhardt). 


. 3. Hyphessobrycon riddlei (Meek). 


Los Castillas, Venezuela. 


Lago do Maximo, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 26 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


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PLATE 27. 


Fig. 1, 2. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle). 
34591 U.S.N.M. Type, Paratype. Para?, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon santae (Higenmann). 
42.3034 C.M. 58mm. Mogy das Cruzes, Southeastern Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO., 


BOSTON 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 27 


PLATE 28. 


Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann). 
3016 C. M. 42mm. Miguel Calmon, Brazil. 
Fig. 2. Hyphessobrycon liitkeni (Boulenger). 
4890 I. U. M. 65mm. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 
Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey). 
3004 C.M. 30mm. Braganga, Brazil. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 28 


PLATE 29. 


Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon parvellus Ellis. (Ann. Carnegie mus., 8, Plate 2). 
2932C.M. 29mm. Paratype. Queimadas, Brazil. 

Fig. 2. Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Ellis. (Ann. Carnegie mus., 8, Plate 2). 
3018 C. M. 48 mm. Type. Campos, Brazil. 

Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus Ellis. (Ann. Carnegie mus., 8, Plate ih) 
3007C.M. 55mm. Type. Serrinha Parana, Southeastern Brazil. 


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MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOCL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 29 
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PLATE 33. 


PLATE 33. 


Fig. 1. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle). 
5095 C. M. 62mm. Quibdo, Colombia. 

Fig. 2. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle). 
5094 C.M. 74mm. Type of H. proteus. Quibdo, Colombia. 

Fig. 3. Astyanax daguae Eigenmann. 
5052 C. M. 58mm. Type. Cordova, Colombia. 

Fig. 4. Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin. 
12849 I. U. M. Boca de Raspadura, Colombia. 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 33 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


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Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
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Fig. 


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PLATE 78. 


1. Hemigrammus schmardae (Steindachner). 
Maxillary. 

2. Hemigrammus nanus (Liitken). 

Premaxillary. 

3. Hemigrammus boulengeri Eigenmann. 
Maxillary. 

4. Hemigrammus tridens Eigenmann. 

Maxillary. 

5. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle). 
Premaxillary. (For maxillary see Plate 79, fig. 2). 
6. Hemigrammus micropterus Meek. 

Maxillary. 

7. Hemigrammus nanus (Liitken). 

Maxillary. 

8. Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill). 

Maxillary. 

9. Hemigrammus ulreyi (Boulenger). 

Maxillary. 

10. Hemigrammus ulreyi (Boulenger). 
Premaxillary. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 78 


a I 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 79. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


PLATE 79. 
Dentition. 


1. Hyphessobrycon liitkeni (Boulenger). 

Maxillary. 9994 I. U. M. 

2. Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Higenmann & Ogle). 

Maxillary. 34591 U.S. N.M. (For premaxillary see Plate 78, fig. 5). 


3. Hyphessobrycon santae (Eigenmann). 
Maxillary. 

3a. Hyphessobrycon santae (Higenmann). 
Premaxillary. 

4. Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann). 
Maxillary. 

5. Hyphessobrycon liitkeni (Boulenger). 


Maxillary. 4890 I. U. M. 


ig. 6. Hyphessobrycon riddlei (Meek). 


Maxillary. 


. 7. Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Reinhardt). 


Maxillary. 


. 8. Hyphessobrycon bellottii (Steindachner). 


Maxillary. 


. 9. Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin. 


Maxillary. 


. 9a. Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin. 


Premaxillary. 


. 10. Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey). 


Maxillary. 


. 11. Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin. 


Maxillary. 


. lla & b. Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin. 


Premaxillary and mandible. 


. 12. Hyphessobrycon serpae Durbin. 


Maxillary. 


. 12a. Hyphessobrycon serpae Durbin. 


Premaxillary. 


. 12b. Hyphessobrycon serpae Durbin. 


Mandibulary teeth. 


. 13. Hyphessobrycon eallistus (Boulenger). 


Maxillary. 


. 14. Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek). 


Maxillary. 


. 14a. Hyphessobrycon riddlei (Meek). 


Premaxillary. 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. = 2 ~~ CHARACIDAE PLATE 79 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


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Thayeria obliqua Eigenmann. 


Premaxillary. 

Maxillary. 

Mandibulary teeth from within. 
Mandibulary teeth from without. 


PLATE 80. 


Dentition. 


Hemibrycon dentatus Eigenmann. 


arrangement of the teeth in the first row of the premaxillary in seven different specimens. 


Piedra Moler, Colombia. 
(See also Plate 76). 


Creagrutus magdalenae Eigenmann. 


Mandibulary teeth from the side. 
Mandibulary teeth from above. 
Right maxillary. 

Premaxillary teeth from below. 
Left maxillary. 


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MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. CHARACIDAE PLATE 80 


HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON 


PLATE 93, 


PLATE 93. 


Fig. 1. Bryconamericus brevirostris (Giinther). 
13123 I. U. M. 82mm. Colimes, Ecuador. 
Fig. 2. Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn. 
13423 I.U. M. 41mm. Type. Barrigona, Colombia. 
Fig. 3. Hyphessobrycon metae Eigenmann & Henn. 
13421 1.U. M. 34 mm. Type. Barrigona, Colombia. 
Fig. 4. Creagrutus beni Eigenmann. 
Premaxillary and maxillary teeth. 3216C.M. Type. Rio Beni, Bolivia. 
Fig. 5. Creagrutus beni Eigenmann. 
Premaxillary and maxillary teeth. Quevrada Gramalote, Villacencio, Colombia. 
Fig. 6. Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Higenmann & Henn. 
13105a I. U. M. 31mm. Vinces, Ecuador. 
Fig. 7. Creagrutus beni Eigenmann. 
13373 I. U. M. 66mm. Barrigona, Colombia. 


CHARACIDAE PLATE 93 


MEM. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. 


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