American forests

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FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

VOR a, 1962

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE
NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION

H. M. SOTER,

EpITOR AND PUB.ISHER

WASHINGTON, D. C.

“ae

WASHINGTON, D.C.
PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER —

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII.

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES.

Page

Administration of U. S. Forest Reserves.
Biliberew oth M... fo5 hoch hoak IQI, 241, 279
Agricultural Competition Impossible...... 7o
Alaska, Forests of. Dr. B. E. Fernow..... 66
Alkali from Irrigation. Prof. R. H. Forbes. 249

American Forestry Association, Twentieth

HAST MAINT el les Ente eats f <1) cP, aioe Soetaieiates! et 28
Appalachian Forest Reserve, The.......... 12
Arizona, Forest Conditions in Southern.

ROR Alle Ce LQG 05. ok es 2 os vs. c cbieernte 501
Beetle Pest in the Black Hills Forest Re-

serve, The. Filibert Roth............ 458
Berea College, Teaching Forestry at. S.C.

ICTS OMS Hs » sev sfcj.c.«) «io olathe en eae 165

Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Grazing and
Water Storage in the. A. F. Potter... 236
Boundary Line Between the Desert and the

Forest; The. Sajaselolsinwers 3.2 das. 21
California-Nevada Reservoirs. F. H. Newell 78
Colorado, Extent of Irrigationin.......... 323

Colorado, Hydrography of. A. J,. Fellows. 205
Colorado River, Irrigation Possibilities of
Ene Wower, | j-B.ippimcott..25.4.34. 06 153
Dendro-Chemistry, Recent progress in.
William H. Krug... .257, 302, 342, 386, 476
Dendro-Chemistry, Work in. William H.

MRT oe cree: c steht sPaleseiclowic Whiavors Sie la: flere 202
Diseases of Timber. HermannvonSchrenk. 60
Earthen Reservoirs. Arthur P. Davis..... 121
Ast lr sactor 1m thiey .). 4). : ants lad plasva > 298
Ree aMRNES Le. 3 hacc 2 os. 6 Me raieeid att de 511
Exotic Treesin Southern Florida, Planting

Olen Joan Gittords, 04.2). 2 «se LO. 073
Fir, A Notable California. William Russel

IDKEO DES eC eo Sere DOD EE an ca tcrar een 193
Fir, Notes on a Northwestern. J. Girvin

SECL Se mene op Potttae nie 6 o's, eye aie oer diets 362
Fires in 1Igo1, Colorado Forest. Henry

Wiyvelel Senna tetris. 9s hhto re veces III
TTS @reSt a (ites evens sve ss <8 sy eve, ater heater 296
ices, Horest (September)* .. 20-2. cep ects 423
Fires in Oregon and Washington, Recent

Motests Wwilliatm by Coxe ia... coe eee 462
Flood in Eastern Tennessee, May, Igor.

New new ANSYEES ie i205) o1e ie. cir =o) 3) 108 6 ic gel dieteee 109
Flood in the Southern Appalachian Region,

May, 1901., Wade MH. Harris...:...25% 105
Tiler bagtacnetoys tm isl) ene ae ae 340
Forest and Water Association in New York,

ISGANHS SIRE Red? SaaS oh ca a 456
Forestry and Irrigation. George Hebard

Mascwells 2.35... E5507 55 ody 1.72, 218,253

(iii)

Page
Forestry and Plant Ecology. Ernest

Brunckeh , { .. tees sne tid. eens ee 251
Frost Checks and Wind Shakes. Eugene

Bracevaste A Gis. bce eS A ee 159
Hardy Catdipa,: The ps.).:. ogden’ 2s ae eaepewe 518
Hawaiian Islands, Forest Conditions of the.

Wie Ri Castle wise eit eg a re 37
Hemlock, “The Westerns (.2 eos pone ae 426
Humanitarian Aspect of Modern Irrigation.

‘Thomas sBawWalshties ste... eee 505
Ice Storms on Trees, Effect of. Herman H.

Chapman! Si chet Ne: lan ae 130

Illegal Sheep Grazing in the Sierra Forest
Reserves sohn De Welandias ts snes
Immediate Future in Forest Work, The.
GittordvBinchotie ericsson cette 18

Inrivation Ueillenhe ws | oasis asa 231, 276
Irrigation Creates Home Markets. Hon.
James Wilson). piso soe aes setae oe 10
Jack Pine Plains of Michigan, The. Fili-
bert Roth: 23 3k-8 A aie ade eee 413
Larch, A Plantation of EKuropean. Austin
P. awes « aan «3 ee eas 472
Light out of Darkness. Guy Elliot Mitchell. 126
Lightning, An Elm Tree Struck by. L. H.
Patnimelsiss4 2.25 eee ee ee ee 250
Lumber Industry in New York, The....... 381
Lumbering in New Hampshire. Albert T.
Cooper and! di.7 5. Woolseyauiineentee tt 210
Maple Plantations in Vermont. George H.
WO d5 2 eRe Pio MCE ec 05 Bia) o.c totes: 123
Maryland, Tree Planting in. Albert Neil-
SOU AGENDA Sitar Sac, tte inh oe 72
Massachusetts, Forestry in. Warren H.
LE bab bit-qheed A AR OPE ARTERIES cc 80
Mesquite, The; A Desert Study. S J. Hol-
BIS SISA. Stleeterlssommcetae hagas ata oie eae 447
Michigan Forest Reserve, The. Thomas H.
Sherrard: cite nee Coca, atte 404
Michigan Hardwood Forests, Management
of. Walter C. Winchester............ 4II
Model Farm in Texas, A; Notable Irriga-
tion: Works, Tle yy tt. oe eee 331
Montana, Irrigations 50056... nas eae 379

National Irrigation Congress, The Tenth.. 400

National Irrigation Policy, A. Senator H.C.
an Sbrouoh:. Poce sires «icity ahah oor 102

National Irrigation Works. Hon. Francis

Gy Newlands: 25 15.0.2, 14a seston 63
Nebraska, Tree Growing in. Dr. Charles E.

BESSCV <ictaiiete aiers ie aunts oe atop ee 453
New Hampshire Forests, For the Protection

Of; ‘thee as ei eke <n o ca eee ete 396

iv FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Page
New Jersey, Forestry in. By aJerseyman. 286
Nile Reservoir Dam at Assuan, The. Thomas
ISO UME Ra tis G6 CO SMEsS Agios 6 aiotm. aa Cala 491
Osage Orange, The. William L. Hall.....
Pinus Attenuata (or Pinus Tuberculata) as
a Water Conserver. -T. P. Lukens..... 246
President’s Message, The...............-.. 490
Progress in Tree Planting. William L. Hall. 40
Public Forest Lands, The Future of the.

leibtoane XN le sea 5 cod apD OURO GOW 498
Pumps Waters: ... 22s ie. ls pea Ost son 70
Reclamation of the Arid Region. George

Hebard Warxcwelll 5) onsen secede els ote 444
Red Cedar in Nebraska, The. Louis C.

VINES ey aac Sot ction aoe’ Mee aera o aeeeRte 282

Relation of Forests to the Manufacturing In-
dustries in Tennessee. R. W. Powell. 215
Reports by Secretaries Wilson and Hitch-
COLO) <a ia Se me RAPE Err tet cnieis Sia!
Reservoir Idea, The. G. M. Houston..... S78
Rice Growing in Louisiana, Irrigation and. 366
Two Irrigation Projects: I, The San Carlos
Dam; II, The St. Mary Diversion Canal 36
Simple Method of Raising Water, A. Major

rl berbeH oii psoimer er eee eee ei 245
Sunnyside Canal, The; Notable Irrigation

Nye CN Cea eae te Ms ray Bes Cees Aa te 293
Table of U.S. Government Forest Reserves

/Sermabavexsal ly SMES, 5 Guo ogdbuouboaaude 152
Trespass Problem, and How to Solve It.

Jan noKece lshebbatel col ete Wa tA Ano caeoaen ues 426
arespasswn Corectiony cS. Pes epee ale) 470
Universities’ Interest in Irrigation, The.

Dr wVillaamr Slocum.) are iene: 474
Water Resources of the Southern Appala-

CHIaMMVLOUNTATIIS epee. oltre 335
White Pine, Treatment of Second Growth.

Wallace eintchinsont.rocsiss). 6 319, 370
White Pine Belt, The Climate of the. Pro-

fessor Allired i Hetty) 55. aes cs. cen 419
White Pine Planting in New England. Har-

Geigy SET LOMG we oaks ech ok steak 288

Wisconsin, Results of Irrigationin. George

TAPPPALC Herein cieeic eae icteisionsle cetera 198
Yellow Locust in Maryland, The Cultiva-
tion of the. Albert Neilson.......... 326
NEWS AND NOTES.
AGIT ONG AG Kb ataml ene toe ah. snuoes een 141
Adirondacks, To Cut Timber in........... 99
Adirondacks, To Preserve the,............ 4
laaina, Trrigaom i, cee.) se 187

American Association for the Advancement

Olpclence Micetinod a her net. 483
American Forestry Association, Summer
MSE RIT OS aire ores 142, 225,269, 300, 358

Page
‘American Forestry Association Meeting.... 483
I Nae WVOrorel DEI aviKees Sama mono ooo Sono 439
Artesian Water for Irrigation............. 5
Biltmionene Atop rye ree aise cee cb feveieilc «hole Steele 393.
Bureau of Forestry Field Work............ 271
(CHibtiOrgoNE)., 14 co oo calcn Ga He ewe poaeod cas 65 6
California Water and Forest Association... 488
Canadian Forestry Association............ 147
Cedarnty Arie @ lal ieee set els<. «saps heetenal a oreuate 439:
City,i;Poresters, Proper litle fot. oseece 142

Collecting and Planting Forest Tree Seeds. 394

Contlecticnialicnisatlonmin.. Yeas eeee 99
Cornell :

Commencenmtentatyry.c. cee re lect ier 269

Controversy aneNewiorke sc). oe ein 47

ChangeroisDereceneay fe fee ere I

16a (Cornars lle enor, 488 sadacounqouac Die
Deaths of Prominent Foresters............ 150
Wetorestations -HiteckOlayey Heer 146
Wendro-Chemistry s-4c0 = serene eee BILE
Dicposalot Public Wands,” fovea 484.
European Forests, Tour Through.......... 51
Examinations :

Civil: Services cel: eee ee sete eae 228:

Of Bneineers 80. en Cot EE 352
Fires, Forest.... 93, 146, 188, 231, 313, 356, 485.

ANO) FOCUS Eng 6 sicko DORMS OHO bind O010.0 0.0/0 434.
HiloodsnnitierSouthwe VMionre sya oe eee 148
Horest BE xtensiomeann ceric dance ae ian Pg fo
Horest WawsyEntorcement @tee.4..s-eere 228
Forest Reserve Officers :

ING wisiz Pear reiterate catrsie Cree eck rictiestthus tetova 270:

Notés abot Cannan. certon eis anne 435
Forest Reserves :

NChTIL SENN Ola gn oocsaasconsabouo. 394

MOren xe ek Cee nk ne oben toasts ice cite eenens 229

News SB Rab eis Eatees wap eiae eset 187, 251

INE ogo UNS. Asuka vote des bose 352

SUEVeYy OR Soha Arae oe eRe aes 438:
Forest Reserve Transfer Bill.......... 226, 270
Forestry and Irrigation :

ApproprationptOter ain sane ene 228

Tn Paviorionie tn ot. nse os eee ee 434
Grand) Raver Valley lrrigationtineers 43¢
Martiord lakesiu pp honest een enter 436
Uiiaois Centrally Tree Platine biyean sae ee 99
Iowa Park and Forestry Association....... 3
Irrigation Bill, The:

Com pronmiise.)).-.'.. eee ene eee I

THEA ie ois cc o>. 3 <a eee I4¥

Passed@ibyathe Senate s.5 ee 99

PASSEG eater taceicia este ol Se Ener 225
Irrigation :

‘To Have Charge of...... of Sten 269

Mr. Walcott Ss irip a pant eae 351

Kirby Tract, A Working Plan for the...... 228

CONTENTS OF

Page

Labor Unions Favor National Irrigation... 50

Meecey Trricatigm Mle. ae ssa ctew sweet 56

Lake Superior Forest Reserve, Proposed... 314

Near Pest Tiree eb etecpetatrs cis) tysielseleie ean cadets ots 314

Maryland ssborestry. inl... fess. awe. 97

Massachusetts Forestry Association........ 4

Maxwell, Banquet in Honor of Mr........ 394

Measurement of Water................0.. 95
Meetings :

Announcementsiof-.............. 396, 433

DOUG grec ois 2. SA a 95

Tbe) a ar 6

Of Tennessee Forestry Association..... 311

Of Utah Irrigation Association........ 355

tamvshinoton, DiC... ../cikedclne ok 2
Michigan Forest Schools

Sao: a ane ea ea 393
Meares ALINSATIONAN:. 2 ov .'/oc. Seeiee « e4-3 48
Minnesota Forest Reserve, A............. 274

Mississippi, Forest Reserve at Head of the. 311
National Irrigation Congress, Tenth
Mational Irtisation) Projects. 35222 60: 22...
National Live Stock Association........... 6

New England, Tree Planting in........... 226
INewshorestyASsOCIatiomier 1. sacar eee a. os 273
News Horest,Maazinee eae recs ss ais cca 314
reas Laeetiipi Sted A wre Ie fete ood was svi e 3 48
New Hampshire, Forest Conditions in..... 7
News Jersey, Inticatiomiite, 2.) <3. 66+6 +6 97
New Jersey Forests, A Plea for............ I
New York State College of Forestry....... 393
New York, Forest Tree Nurseriesin....... 352
Pennsylvania Forest Reserves............. 93
Penrsylvania, Forestry inl... .: 2s) ase fae te 231
Hontyay pile hail le gh 1 ee 146
Philippines, Mr. Pinchot Goes to the.. 314, 356
Pracwen: Hwrmoplace, Alms! ote. e. 434
Present Irrigation, Extent of.............. 99
Progress of Reclamation Work........... 355
Prospective Forest Students, To........... 55
PubliescandsySalevolwy teak ioits fi oe. 55
Railroad Buys Irrigation System.......... 49
Railroad Spike, New Kind of....:......... 225
Reservoirs, Forest Planting and........... Zita
Sptemeande Valley. 200.228 aie De 48
ie Nitivevesery atin; '.7... sheet perches ¢ oneiohs 184
Rat AuaLOMTOMeDOERAGS +2 y5..\./chiaaceiels ook seats 56
- Sterling Irrigation Convention............ 147
Student Assistant Semimar................ 147
Steril [havc seal b ley) ae 440
Southern Forest Reserve.................; 273
SiatesmPOLrest WOK ItMtMesc os. ileal ocd oe 149

Texas Irrigation Experiment, A........... 310
Tree Planting in Northwestern Texas...... 436
Timber Tests of Native Trees............. 396

see eee

VOLUME VIII.

v
Page
Wiaiversity jof Californias isy. ees) see ase 95
Utah Irrigation Congress. 5. cesses oeee eee | 394
Vacation Notice’to Subscribers............ 84
Wisionron Trnimation ewan nice see 500
Water Power in the Central West......... 438
Water Rights on Public Domain.......... 487
Wiest Point, Borestry ater cer .itlts - sal ietetr 184
Winter Irrigation for Orchards............ 97
Wyoming, Irrigation in Northern ........ 440
Yale Forest School :
AE Che? + ays et nck eben eh ley ants apd rst aveiees 393
CONIMENCEM Git, abe iis cts et telantiatete 2 270
Students Study Lumbering........... 58
REVIEWS.
According: to.Seasonine eee. <i een teria 259
American Food and Game Fishes......... 389
Asnonge the Waterfowl, \.cieiges oes ine 305
Birds that Hunt and are Hunted.......... 429
Bilazed! Trail Rhee cee re see eee 220
Canadian Forestry Association............ 522
Desert, These... eee eee ae oe . 304
Familiar Trees and Their Leaves.......... 430
Field Book of American Wild Flowers..... 220
Field Operations of the Burean of Soils... 522
inst Bookvof, Horestry# 4+ cae) eels ee eetels 477
Borest) Miatterky vacancies cies crept ete 477
Borest Reserve Mantaltse oe oa serra 304
Borestry an) Wihitimesotaae sds sce s seer 389
Borstasthetikes Fett Poe me sarees lee eer 179
How: tosletl the Drees gains ctciestecte reece 477
Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black
HialllssBorest RéServelyssn =e eee 344
Iowa Park and Forest Association......... 389
Eniieatiow- arming, . 2.5.) can ees celeele « Seer 345
Irrigation in the United. States... 2. 36
Irrigation Practical Among Fruit Growers
oOltheiRacine Coastties beeen eer etree 260
Keri reciobseenvy 110i 2a eee ee rarer 304
New York State Fisheries, Forest and Game
POMATMISSTOM «cafe a) arolelers © Met eieeerototerteiats 137
Onn NationallParksiy sc icce ociecele eerneeranees 180
EAC EG APH OLES Eyes torte -talaleloceratel ta ate 258
Propagation of Forest Trees Having ee
mercial Value and Adapted to Pennsyl-
NieLIA nes FP OMEPR role VeralereN acolo svous lalate era ateate E207,
Report of the Commissioner of the General
Miata i @ HVC Gas atatetsiate elcielele oo! acct atetettere tae 522
Sindiestobl -hrees ItieNy thet 24. so eres oi etetee 87
Speckled Brook Trout...........-s++eee0% 221
Seventh Annual Report of the Chief Fire
Warden of Minnesota for I901........ 186.
sirees, of News bucland.\5 |: lems isa eter 88
‘ypical. Forest Trees... ..... 2.250006 semeewe 180
Twelfth Annual Report of the Missouri Bo-
fanical Gardense <2 a.cancl ate aie ssleteenrets 430

vi FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Page

Wild Life in Orchard and Field........... 259

Mionderlande 1902.0. oi): .uterete biel feye eel ie 260

Woodman’s Handbook, Part I............ 521
BIOGRAPHICAL.

Hitchcock, Hon. Ethen Allen............. 442
(EG inlet ole slows So ARO eon ou bade 235
Maxwell, George Hebard...........-....- 403
Mondell) Hon Prank Wiss eee 2). eG 275
NSILaAe ew ELor, hhos., Corns aeaiieeerassioia ens I4O
Newlands Elon. sh raticis. Ger neri-c1 sien eke 151
RaEhy Davide lacl, calle. ( cater nehscs eran sierie, < 361
Pettve MO EG LOLs A ee sc oi ae eto ale 489
RowellMiay or JObmIW ee me alee tele eres = 59
Proctome MOM mReEGMeldn o. . uickte | seek tts 100
Reeder on William A... aancae nese eis 318
Walcott. sHonChanles.Ds\ 2h iat: 443
Willson PEL OM. Jalles:.i. 457 asses Me eee 9
OBITUARY.

Morton, Hon:.J* Sterling. 2, 95.9 secu see 186
Powell, Major John Wesley....... edo Sr 398
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adirondock Logging Camp (full page).... 382
Alfalfa, Machine (Pressitio. seeers. 2. 378
‘‘Among the Water Fowl,”’ Illustration from 306
Angora Goats Feeding on Young Trees ... 26
Appalachian Forest Scene (full page)...... 13

Aqueduct Across Piedras Creek, San Anto-
Mio; hex. (tlle pase) serene eee ade 57
Arizona Pine in Santa Catalina Mountains 504

Arkansas River Valley, Growth of Planted
PSEEEG. Sele ay ise oe, ARR tases 41

Artesian well wAny 55 aa plains ae See 5
Assuan Dam:

_ Filling in) Che Excavations jess a. ct 493
Nearinc:Completionsic. seen te eee 493
Wock Gate or ohip) Canali naar 494
Butldine; Ship/ Canal s7itehen siseveev so este 495
Phe Slip! Canales cewceee Bere eee 495
Wpstreant Side , sy. sya es ener 496

. Downstream) (full) pace)ee mee ace 497
Atanum Valley, Wash. (full page)......... 98
Bear River Canal, Looking North.......... 144
Bear River Canal, Utah, Tunnel of (full page) 143
Beets at Loveland, Colo. (full page)..... en STi7.
Berea College Forest Reserve.....5/.:..24. 169
‘* Black Forest,’’ Ariz., Borderof.......... 23
Black Hills Forest Reserve (full page)..... 460
Black Jacke ly peor BullsPines i: yas eee 505
‘*Blazed Trail, The,’’ Illustration from..., 220
BlueiGumi (fully page) sn. (ease seeeeelen 512
Blue Gum, 20-year-old Grove............. 512
3oundary Between Forest and Desert, Capi-

tan WMiountatnis. IN Ml Joy created tone tier: 22

Page

Brown Punk, Trametes Pini, on Shortleaf
Vellow, Rite wacss sa. <2 0c + she) -shheeeert 62
Brush Lands of Arizona Desert......:..... 24
Bull Pine, A Good Specimen.........-+++: 501
Bull Pine Killed by Fire.........--..060+: 63

Bull Pine, Open Forest, Altitude, 9,000 feet. 502
Bull Pine, Reproduction in Santa Catalina

Mountains, Altitude, 9,000 feet........ 502
Burned Areas of Oregon Forest Fires (map). 463
Burned Areas in Washington (map).....-. 467
Burned Timber, Hills of South Platte Re-

Sergiy © o's Sd ee On b CE. Scene tal cS. 355 ¢ 16
Camphor Tree, Santa Barbara, California.. 119
Casuarina Equisetifolia.......-........-+ 118
Cattle Range within Forest Reserve, Slope

Of VerderRiver mere. pce weer ocent 240
Cedar Swamp, N. Jz, After Haren.:).2> 3.) 2

Cedrela Odorata, Havana Botanical Gardens 175
Cement Lined Canal, Santa Ana (full page). 145
Chestnut Trees on Priestwood Farm, Md.

(froutispiece) ...<..% «ge. seer 47
Chippewa Reservation, Cass Lake, Wis.... 313
Cimarron Valley Irrigation, Kans......... 354
Cork Oak, St. Raphael, Prance....-...-.7- 120
Corn Field Buried under Sand Bed.... .. 106
Cotton-Duck Hose, Home-Made.......... 200

Cover Design, ‘‘Speckled Trout Book’’... 221
Deep-Well Stock Watering Plants... ..... 394
Deforested Hillside, Effects of Erosion.... 337

Dutch Windmill at Lawrence, Kans....... 84
Delegates to Tenth Nat’! Irrigation Cong.
Colo. Sp’gs (full: pagel). <.. «Seamer 437
Eucalypt Grove (frontispiece)...... ASRS Re 482
Pucaly person Parks... sakes. = Peetatee 514

Fir and Hemlock Forest, Oreg. (frontispiece) 351
Fire, Complete Destruction Following Lum-
lGiniteka cee erUARA d Goomomucen cosa joes 409
Fires, Effect of Repeated (full page)...... 424
Fire, Forest Entirely Destroyed (full page) 230

Fire Results in Battle Mesa Reserve, Colo.. 296
Fire, Forest Ruined by, White River Re-
Senve;, Colo cc iis «lac Seleneeeet tne 2017
Fireplace,(A: Practical). Ja2cc5 eee eae ees 435
Flat Uplands of the West, Lack of Irriga-
Honl(frontisprece jase serele Betas 183
Elood;Gatawina: Ravetema ciao cerns: ancien 105
Flooded Farm Lands, Catawba River...... 108
Floods Along Nolichucky River, Effect of
oR DL overs) eens eM aie Gola Gio Bae 339
Flow of Water on Strawberry Patch in ©
WHsconsings. >. ....nttn-te yee sen eee 198
Blume abavatayette, Calls: «1. is emeectectees 186
Flume for Irrigation, Greeley, Colo. (full
PAPE) Riva Jc lcese Acted arena ca. 5 Seog tate pana 184

Forestry and Irrigation Call at the White
HMiousel(Cartoon) se. aetacia- 1 eee 56

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII.

Page
Fowler Switch Canal, Cal............ 144
Mrost Check on Gpgmeers. oo ..2 3.6... e ee 160
Frost Check, Contraction, on Birch. ...... 163
Frost Cheek, Contraction, Sectional View. 161
Frost Check, Expansion, Sectional Views.. 162
Fruit Orchard, Irrigated, Yakima Valley,

NO aaUMMNET SR REP IEEs he kta ck cls bees 17
NEM ntA ATION: Pieters. ss cee ee eee B22
Garden of the Gods, Entrance............ 358
Glacier, Trees Upset by, Alaska..... ..... 69
Hansbrough, Hon. H. C. (portrait)........ 235
Pratcy Garg Oa, SECON. .: .....-... Bate S20)
Pateyataipa, Lopeca, Kats... ......<.. 441
Hardy Catalpa, 20-year-old Plantation in

WOW" > oe CA eae Ro OReIOeOEEre OD on odoe 519
Hardwood Forest (frontispiece)........... 393
Hardwood Undergrowth under Mature

HATES NTR: 5! 5, acc n at Ones aietepets trees hae nies 302
Hawatian Forest Growths................. 38
ennlocks(Plantedsinglo22emerer sant. 5). sist: 74
Hemlock Seedlings in Rotten Wood....... 428
Hitchcock, Hon. Ethan Allen (portrait)... 442
Honolulu, Bare Mountain Sides........... 39
Irricated@Ameass Cal sap)... js ote 22
Irrigated Areas in Colorado (map)......... 325
Irrigated Areas of Montanaimap)......... 380
Irrigated Areas of New Mexico (map)...... 274
Irrigated Farms, Atanum Valley, Wash.... 49
Irrigation Canal, Jennings, La. (full page). 367
Irrigation Plant on North Platte River, Wyo. 271
Jack Pine Barrens, Roscommon Co., Mich.. 414
Jaek Pine Destroyed by Fire....2......... 408
WabissbeaketGalwran mes. . ciate fe. le weiss 78
‘‘ Kindred of the Wild,’’ Illustration from.. 305
Kukui Nuts, Aleurites Moluccana......... 117
Lake Superior Forest Reserve, Proposed

ETE em safe cetera a, cots ores Wishess'ar so we 315
Laramie River Ditch, Sky Line Canal (full

[DBIME) S55 CERES Ge CRA CR RSE ie mere 94
AU AL CUM A EATTOIE: ys liaise ss 4 o.s pele cies oistete 473
Larch Timber, Edge of Clearing..... 38 383
Lightning, An American Elm Struck ye SENT
Beanlolly PINeg VAs ee. 22.5.5 > spied vs se 301
Locust Lane, Priestwood Farm, Md........ 326
Longleaf Pine Forest (frontispiece)........ 225
T,ower Colorado River, Boat on........... 153
Lower Colorado River, Dam Site.......... 154
Lower Colorado River, Valley of.......... 156
Lower Colorado River, Vegetation Along . 158
Lumber Camps, North Woodstock, N H.. 214
Lumber and Lumbered Land, North Wood-

Gesell, HR r reek hiss... dees 211
McRae, Hon. Thoinas C. (portrait)... 190
Mahogany as a Shade Tree................ 176
Mange rest oi. 2. eee. ks. 174
Mason Valley, Nev., Land that can be Re-

claimed by Eerigation. - Se teeaeee. 79

Maxwell, George Hebard (portrait)........
Mesquite Beans, Sheep Feeding on........

Mesquite, Coppice Reproduction, Pinal Co.,
AFADK: »: Gniswpuslel thal. Sapte Se Me as

Mesquite Tree as Cut by Mexicans .......
Mesquite Tree, Mature, Maricopa Co., Ariz.
Mesquite, Parasite on +.12.i taste vin wns ye ee

Michigan Forest Reserve, Character of Lands
Ob. ook ss Bic ee ae ee

Mondell, Hon. Frank W. (portrait)
Mountain Side, Forest-covered............
Newell, Frederick Haynes (portrait).......
Newlands, Hon. Francis G (portrait) .....
Nile Reservoir Dam at Assuan (frontispiece
Noble-Fir,-Clear Length’. 72: 22.00 2

North Poudre Irrigation Company, Char-
acter of Lands afi./iipeecs Tas veheanice

North Poudre Irrigation Ditch (full page)...
Norway Pine, Second.Growth.............
Onion Field, Greeley, Colo..........5....
Oregon Forest (full page)
Osage Orange }Plantatiome- iy sees eters nae
Parry, David McLean (portrait)
Pinehot, Gifford! Gportrait)b eee. eee
Pine and White Oak ‘* Flat Woods”’’ After

oe 2 a.s/a ®

qe a8 aw 6, 2 9X ein) ©) elo) bce

ee ey

Tumbertng: . Sat eee ee
Pine Beetles’ Attacks, Marks on Wood wide

BAL RY ss cslors) aso sal eos ORE ela 345,
Pine Beetle, Freshly Attacked Tree... . 344,

Pine Reproduction in Black Hills Forest
UES 0 REI or CCIE BTA Moin aise Go

Pine Weevil, Tree Attacked by..0.j.c.+«
Pinus Attenuata, Burned Area Self-sown.. .
Pints Attenwata,, Cones Oke. .en ae enone
Pinus Attenuata Covering Burned Slope...

Pinus Echinataand Pinus Virginiana, Berea
College sis... Pease sch see eee

Poinciana Regia, Nassau. sacs eee:
Polyporus Pinicola on Western Hemlock ..
Rotate, Dusout (tml page)s. esas eee
Potato Field Irrigated, Greeley, Colo. (full

page)
Potatoes Grown by Irrigation, North Ya-

kniman Wash (fll parcel. <a
Powell, Major John Wesley (portraits). 59,
Proctor Lon Redtieldi (portrait). eee
BPrumprigs BAG {2 yc vase erotedsteree acl ae eee een
Prine. GOO: | esas alae ae

CLF 06) (0.0 ee Lele 6 oe « ¢.0'0) 8 oa bn a wlelp le se) 66

459
458

461
373
247
248
247

168

L7 5
60

129

Public Lands Withdrawn from Entry for

National Irrigation Works | frontispiece)

Public Lands Withdrawn from Entry, Colo-
PAC OPRIVEL iam Nels ces a i helere eine eee

Pulp-wood Industry, Cutting Spruce, Adi-
rondacks

Rilp=wood: ors at, Mill. 29).):....,./te cies 2

Pumping Plant on Cache Creek, Cal......
Pumping Plant, Portable, Capay Valley, Cal.
Pumping Water by Horse Power

viil

Page

Pumping Water with Threshing Engine.. 44
Reclaimed Desert Lands, Southern Cal.

(frontispiece) .......---eee eee eee cere 93

Red Cedar on Rocky Slope, Ogallala, Nebr. 285

Red Cedar Reproduction, Fremont, Nebr.. 253

AVC) ee Ber ba SoS eo Got 427
Red Oak Planted 1n.1822..6.. 2). 2 scj0 62 ,.)4:-/<i- 73
Redwood Stave Pipe, Santa Ana Canal, Cal.

(Pal Page). saciels or vyeter ve sie bis Ss 255, 256
Reeder, Hon. William A. (Portrart) «sje 318
Reservoir and Garden (full page)......... 85
Reservoir and Outlet (diagram)........... 86
Reservoir, Collins Ranch, Texas.......... 334
River-gaging Station, Colo...........-+-+. 206
Rocky Mountains Near Colorado Springs. . 357
Rust Fungus on Seedling Bull Pine....... 61
St. Mary Lake Dam and Canal, Mont..... 36
San Carlos Reservoir, Gila River, Ariz..... 36
Sand Hills of Nebraska, Pine Trees Growing. 455
Sand Hills of Nebraska, Trees Absent..... 454
Sand-hill Region of Nebraska............. 188

Sawmill in Eastern Kentucky (frontispiece) 141
Scotch and White Pine Planted on Steep

Hiilisidess Ridoyway, Pariy-c clot )-clele i= 42
Semicircular Flume, Provo Canyon, Utah

(aVAL, VA) ) oye fs dees -le)>) s+ <taielel oLei-'ypeibynler 185
Sewer-pipe Water Main with Duck Hose.. 202
Shagbark Hickories, Trunks Olona ee 87
Sheep and Cattle Injury to Forest......... 237

Sheep and Cattle, Reproduction on Range
WEE AZEG DY cee hed obits erties tarsi ee ooo) my

Sheep Range, Reproduction from Edge of

Borest on Old: cies Seiler eters: shuclorere ovens 239
Shortleaf Yellow Pine Destroyed by Fungus,

SECuOm Olea ye ftssteweis lees cieioel neeveleyarerl ses 62
Silver Fir, Bear Basin, Santa Lucia Moun-

EAL YAU eter) oyiaie oeacak peteioheesere. eiokee a costs ge 196
Silver Pirs inlvost, Valley, Calis) 5.). 2-104- 195

Silver Fir on Upper Carmel River, Cal. 194, 197
Skidding Red Fir in Washington (frontis-

Dita) spanavonhasodgsosbcuoooageedoue 269
Skidway in Process of Building........... 212
Snow on Bare and Covered Slopes, Colorado

Fe pPemimMent StAON neni. ti l-j-relers 525535054
Spruce Timber, Indian River, Alaska...... 67
Spruce Timber, Heavy, Mad River, N. H.. 7
Sunnyside Canal (full page)............... 293
Sunnyside Canal Intake, Yakima River.... 294
Surface Washing in Capitan Mountains

Miter, Summer SHOWED. -..sie ons oe 2h)
Tenants’ Dwellings, Irrigation Farm in

NEXIS eer orate ics in eodereigiotars, ss luce ote telat euens 334
Termites’ Nest in Fence Post, Cuba....... 436
Terrace Irrigation, Redlands, Cal. (frontis-

PE Beis arc tasa ry. wich e eRe ee emitters arcs a Pints I
Tramway, El Dorado Lumber Company,

PlacenyillewC@al: caer psselelstenik os ered 148

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Page

Transforming Western Deserts (cartoon)... 51
Volunteer Stand of Pure Maple in Need of

Thinning 4s tae csc. ae eee 126

Walcott, Hon. Charles D. (portrait)....... 443
Washed Out to the Depth of Eight Feet,

DOLL: Ae eee tio. eee ee cewias Me 107

Washing and Gullying in Maple Plantation. 124
‘Water Cure,’? The Right Kind of (car-

10)0) 0) eR RES Sig AT EE oo OO Ecko Cone 277
Water, A Simple Method of Raising (dia-

sayz 00) Ran OP OMNOT in oo RIA Chee Oe Ooo OO 245
Water in Furrows, Irrigation in Wisconsin. 199
Water Required for Average Colorado Farm

(diagram) Ramee. ene... tee cclesiesne et 209
Water Slide Sintec sos sce ee ces 384
Water Slide, Pulp WWepdiijogs 522.0... ... +. 383
Water-washed Gully, McDowell Co., N. C.

(full page)....4 Secale sees tataelol us 338
Well, Flowing 1,000 Gallons per Minute... 332
Well-entanaged Horest, Aus. em ce eine 319
Wells, Irrigation, Jennings, La............ 369
Western Hemlock, Cascade Mountains,

WaT coh, ces ctelioice: «ia di esse) Sate nes vane 429
White Ash Planted in 1822.......... Bees 72
White Pines and Gray Birch.............. 322
White and Norway Pine, Virgin Forest,

WM GK WEAN TGS Sago nG bE Gold deep oo 405, 415

White and Norway Pine, Second Growth.. 409
White and Red Pines Attacked by Pine

ASAT too o Gctd on Pep conte en corona: 289
White Pine Forest in Michigan, Winter (full
PAGED! Ss aic oot eeevas cine iemhiysim peter: 96

White Pine Growth, Thinned and Pruned. 81, 321
White Pine, Natural Reproduction.... 321, 322
White Pine Plantation Eighteen Years Old,

WES yoke oon 0a0 oFe Bide hdbopenpo00 + 82
White Pines, Planted, Dominant and Sup-
pressed Preese... 2... .e pinesicin oie eee 288
White Pine Protective Plantation, East
(hasmyatela, lo sodas soacedoune soon 290
White Pine Timber in Chippewa Reserva-
PLOT WAS Pt. co eletete ieee ie sloiet stove volelarenete 312
White Pine under Oak and Pitch Pine..... 370
Wide Planting in Exposed Situation....... 125
‘‘ Wild Life of Orchard and Field,’’ Ilustra-
Lit FLOM eee «ss isehoie ere meer 259
Wilson, Hon. James (portrait)............ 9
Wind Engine, Home Made, Used on the
Greatibiains Sasa eerie oe} -/-1iste 133
Windmills and Circular Reservoir....-.... 131
Windmill and Water Elevator, Defender... 133
Windmill and Tank Tower, Steel.......... 132
Winter Flooding, Young Trees Killed by.. 4
Wreck of Mill, Hampton, Tenn........... 109

Wrecked Bridge, Doe River, Tenn.........
Wreck of Bridge on Southern Railway.... 107
Yellow Poplar Planted in 1822............. 73
Yellow: Poplar, Rafts. ).5 sc0 sce ¢!. so ble, <5 tem

Forestry «4 Irrigation
H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

——

Nee nr ae . —= _
TI At a mT SLE ne SNOT AAEE I CN E Teeee OaEO NOane

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1902

TERRACE IRRIGATION, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA 9 Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES (//lustrated) . : ; , 1-8

Compromise Irrigation Bill—Change of Degree—Plea for New
Jersey Forests — Irrigation Meeting in Washington — Iowa
Park and Forestry Association —To Preserve the Adirondacks
— Massachusetts Forest Association — Artesian Water for
Irrigation — Minnesota Meeting — National Live Stock Asso-
ciation — California — Forest Conditions in New Hampshire—
New Forest Reserve — Obituary — In Connecticut.

HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE
IRRIGATION CREATES HOME MARKETS :
Hon. James Wilson
THE APPALACHIAN FOREST RESERVE (//lustrated)
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION (///ustrated) : f ;
Geo. H. Maxwell
THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE IN FOREST WORK : :
Gifford Pinchot
THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN THE FOREST AND
THE DESERT (///ustrated) - : S. J. Holsinger
TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ; y : s
TWO IRRIGATION PROJECTS (///ustrated) : ; :
FOREST CONDITIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
(Lllustrated) ‘ : : : é Wm. R. Castle
PROGRESS IN TREE PLANTING (J//lustrated) :
Wm. L. Hall 40

PUMPING WATER (J//lustrated) : ; ; 2 ; : 43

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestrs
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00
a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. €., as second-class mail matter,

Published at
5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

a Washington, D. C.

‘VINUOAVIVO ‘SGNWIGHA ‘NOILVOINUL AOVUUAL

Forestry and Irrigation.

Wor VLC.

JANUARY, 1902.

Nee:

NEWS AND NOTES,

Compromise The western Senators and
Irrigation Representatives have wise-
Bill. ly concluded that they can-

not expect action in the
line of national irrigation until they
themselves harmonize their differences
and come together upon some definite
proposition. Senator Warren, of Wyo-
ming, has taken the lead in the matter
by calling the western men together for
general discussion of the situation. As
a result a committee of seventeen, one
member from each of the arid and semi-
arid states and territories, was appointed
to draft a bill. The outcome has been
a modification of the Hansbrough-New-
lands bill of the last session of Congress.

This proposed bill creates what is
known as the Reclamation Fund, from
the proceeds of the disposal of the pub-
lic lands in the arid and semi-arid states
and territories. Surveys of reservoirs
and main-line canals are to be made and
the feasible projects constructed by the
Secretary of the Interior, payment being
made out of the Reclamation Fund.
The government land reclaimed is to be
thrown open to free homestead entry in
tracts not to exceed 8o acres, payment
to be made for the cost of reclamation,
before title is finally passed, at a rate of
$5 per acre.

If land in private ownership is found
to be susceptible to irrigation from these
irrigation works, rights to use of the
water are to be disposed of to the owners
in quantities not to exceed 80 acres ata
cost of not less than $5 per acre.

The amounts received are to be cov-
ered back into the Reclamation Fund to
be used in future work. No undertak-
ings are to be begun until sufficient
funds are in the treasury. It is under-
stood that the western members have
individually pledged themselves to sup-

port a compromise measure, and, al-
though the bill is not as desirable as the
Newlands bill, yet it is welcomed as an
evidence that the western men have
finally shown that an agreement can be
reached on some general measure.

*

The New York State
College of Forestry no
longer confers the de-
gree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry
(B.S. F.) on its graduates. The de-
gree now conferred is Forest Engineer
(F. E.). The reasons for the estab-
lishment of this title are expressed in
an article in the June FORESTER on
‘“The Proper Professional ‘Title for
Foresters,’’? by Dr. John Gifford.

It has been decided that those stu-
dents who have already been graduated
from the New York State College of
Forestry may receive the new degree in
place of B. S. F.

Change of
Degree.

&*
A Plea for The following open let-
New Jersey ter has been addressed
Forests. to Franklin Murphy,

Governor of New Jersey:

To His Excellency Hon. Franklin Mur-
phy, Governor of the State of New
Jersey =
We, the undersigned, members of the

New Jersey Foresters’ Club, of the New

York State College of Forestry, Cornell

University, do earnestly petition that

you will use your influence in the for-

mation of an effective forest service.

New Jersey is now far behind neigh-

boring states in this respect, although

she possesses an immense amount of
land fit for no other purpose, which
has once produced good timber, but
which is now annually burnt over to the

2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

A CEDAR SWAMP AFTER A FIRE, SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

detriment of the state in many ways.
The state is most favorably located for
the sale of wood, having excellent means
of transport, both by rail and water, with
markets near at hand, and is also ad-
mirably fitted for wood production,
owing to favorable soil and climatic con-
ditions. A great variety of valuable
species will grow well, if protected and
encouraged, on the mountains of the
north and in the sandy districts of the
south. Very little has as yet been ac-
complished in this line in the state. We
sincerely hope that you will use your
influence in the formation of a commis-

January:

sion and the appointment
of an educated state for-
ester to take charge of
forest matters. We re-
spectfully | recommend
that the state forester, in
addition to his duties as
secretary to the Forest
Commission, be appoint-
ed professor of forestry
in the State Agricultural
College.

Much attention is paid
to game, but how much
more important is the pro-
tection of the forests upon
which the game is de-
pendent? The question
of water supply is also
an important one, and all
admit that the best and
purest water comes from
an uninhabited and for-
ested watershed. Here-
tofore forestry has been
more or less connected
with the geological sur-
vey. Wethink, however,
that the time is ripe to
place the subject on its
own footing, with a state
forester to push matters
and accomplish some-
thing before our forests
have been completely de-
vastated.

Yours very respectfully,

j. ©. Gitford, Pritice-
ton; William J. Ward,
Montclair; Charles F.
Littlejohn, Montclair ; Samuel M. Hig-
gins, Flemington ; Edward P. Welsh,
German Valley, and H. F. Weiss, Pater-
son.

&
Irrigation Hon. Francis G. New-
Meeting in lands, of Nevada, is
Washington. manifesting his contin-

ued interest in irrigation
by bringing prominently before the lead-
ing men of the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives the claims of the national
irrigation movement. He has not only
taken a vigorous part in shaping the
compromise irrigation bill, but has sig-

1902.

nalized its completion by giving a ban-
quet to the members of the Senate and
House Committee on Irrigation and to
leading men of both great political par-
fies. ,

At this banquet, on December 23, the
speakers were Hon. Jas. Wilson, Secre-
tary of Agriculture ; Hon. Charles D.
Walcott, Director of the Geological Sur-
vey; Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the
Bureau of Forestry, and Mr. George
H. Maxwell, of the National Irrigation
Association.

Secretary Wilson spoke of the impor-
tance of irrigation in creating opportu-
nities for homes for those who are seek-
ing them, and in particular stated that
the sons of farmers of Iowa and adjacent
states were going to Canada for land.
These vigorous, energetic men, he in-
sisted, should be retained as citizens
and induced to remain within our own
borders. The opportunities for home
markets was also dwelt upon, and the
immense value of the development of
the arid region to the remaining part of
the United States was shown.

Mr. Walcott described the surveys
and examinations which have been made
of the vast public domain, and _ briefly
referred to the work of the Geological
Survey and its investigation of the ex-
tent to which the arid lands can be re-
claimed: He emphasized the fact that
his bureau was one primarily of infor-
mation, but that in the engineering
branches it had one of the best organized
corps of experienced inen, capable of
carrying forward the construction of
reservoirs and main-line canals, if de-
sired by Congress.

Mr., Pinchot showed that the national
government had already begun the work
of water conservation by setting aside
the forests on the catchment areas, and
that this work is to be continued by
building reservoirs largely within these
forest reserves.

Mr. Maxwell spoke of the wonderful
growth of the national irrigation move-
ment, especially in the East, and the
close affiliation of great associations of
manufacturers, who are looking to the
West for the future market, and of the
labor organizations, who view the public
land as an outlet and opportunity for

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 3

work in time of industrial pressure.
He dwelt upon the fact that irrigation
is not a local matter, but one of interest
to all the people of the United States,
owners of this vast domain, and who are
interested not simply as proprietors, but
also as citizens in seeing it put to the
best use and made of highest advantage
to all industries and occupations.

&

Iowa Park At the meeting of the
and Forestry | lowa Park and Forestry
Association. | Association held at Des

Moines on December 11,
a bill was drafted, to be presented to
the state legislature, proposing to cre-
ate the office of state park commis-
sioner and to make the Secretary of the
Department of Horticulture ex-officio in-
cumbent of the office. Heisto havegen-
eral supervision over proposed parks, and
forest and orchard reservations in the
State of Iowa. The bill provides that
persons may set aside tracts of land for
forest or orchard reservations and receive
concessions in the way of taxation. The
object of the movement is to encourage
the making of many small parks along
the streams of the state and near the
lakes. The Park and Forestry Associa-
tion will co-operate with the Horticul-
tural Society in having a new depart-
ment created, at the head of which will
be the Secretary of the Horticultural
Society. The Forestry Association also
passed resolutions indorsing the plan
for a great national forest reserve at
the headwaters of the Mississippi, and
for other national forest reserves. The
resolutions also favor permitting the
President to set apart additional ground
for park purposes, as he has the author-
ity now to make forest reservations.

The Iowa Park and Forestry Associa-
tion was organized at Ames in Novem-
ber, at which time the following officers
were elected:

Dr. Thomas H. McBride, Iowa City,
president ; Wesley Greene, Davenport,
vice-president ; L. H. Pammel, secre-
tary; Geo. H. Van Houten, Lenox ;
Cc. A. Mosier, Des Moines; Prof. H.C.
Price, Ames, members of the executive
board ; Silas Wilson, Atlantic, treas-
urer.

4 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

The object of the Association is to
create an interest in the preservation of
. forests, encourage the establishment of
parks, to create an interest in the better
care of cemeteries, to encourage state
and national legislation for rational for-
est management and the creation of more
forest reserves. Since the announce-
ment of the formation of the organiza-
tion the secretary has received many
letters of encouragement from Iowa
people.

&

In response to a letter
sent out by ex-Judge
Warren Higley, presi-
dent of the Adirondack
League Club, a meeting of men inter-
ested in the preservation of the Adiron-
dack forests was held at the offices of
the Board of Trade and Transportation,
in New York, December 12th.

Among those present were Lieuten-
ant Governor Timothy L. Woodruff,
ex-Judge Warren Higley, Edward H.
Litchfield, Henry S. Harper, Harry V.
Radford, James W. McNaughton, W. H.
Boardman, Colonel W. F.- Fox, State
Superintendent of Forests, and Colonel
A. G. Mills.

Mr. Higley appointed a committee of
five, who are to devise means for mak-

To Preserve
the Adiron-
dacks.

January,

ing permanent an organization to be
devoted to the object of preserving the
Adirondacks, and report at a meeting
to be held at the rooms of the Board of
Trade and Transportation some time in
January.

Sd

Massachusetts The fourth annual meet-
Forestry ing of the Massachu-
Association. | setts Forestry Associa-

tion was held the first
week in December, in the rooms of the
Appalachian Mountain Club, Tremont
Building, Boston. A review of the
work during the past year was given by
Secretary J. Woodward Manning, who
told of the successful efforts of the for-
est committee in preventing the de-
spoliation of the Blue Hill reservation
by a trolley company. ‘The committee
presented a substitute route and the
other one was given up.

The report also commented on the pro-
posed amendments to the tree-warden
law and the movement to secure more
money to preserve Greylock Mountain.
It was announced that the association
has secured permanent headquarters in
room 1118, Tremont Building. The
following officers were elected :

President, Henry P. Walcott of Cam-
bridge ; vice-presidents, John E. Rus-

YOUNG TREES KILLED BY WINTER

FLOODING, ADIRONDACKS, NEW YORK

1902.

sell of Leicester, John A. Aiken of
Greenfield, Lucia A. Mead of Boston,
Sylvester Baxter of Malden, Mary L.
Ware of Boston, William C. Whitney
of New York and Washington, Mass.;
William F. Gale of Springfield ; treas-
urer, James S. Russell of Milton ; sec-
retary, Edwin A. Start of Medford.

*

Artesian From a recent issue of
Water for the Ft. Worth (Tex. )
Irrigation. Register it is learned

that ‘‘ While prospect-
ing for oil near Engle, N. M., in what is
known as the famous desert, ‘ Journey
of Death,’ a Colorado company struck a
mammoth artesian well at a depth of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 5

acres of land that heretofore have lain
idle and were only a desert.

‘‘’This is great news to the people of
the North and East, who look upon the
arid region of the Southwest as an irre-
deemable desert. It is nothing new to
the people of this part of the country,
who know that the arid region has an
abundance of pure water under the sur-
face. Geologists who have surveyed
the country have called attention to the
presence of this water, and have pointed
out the ease with which the arid lands
could be irrigated by the use of arte-
sian wells. All over the Panhandle of

Texas—that awful land, condemned by
the geographers as the ‘ Staked Plains’
‘Jornado del

and the Muerto ’—the

AN ARTESIAN WELL.

1,000 feet, with a flow of 2,000 gallons
per hour, through a two-inch hole.
‘This discovery of artesian water in
the heart of New Mexico’s desert sec-
tion is considered of more importance
than a discovery of oil. It portends
more millions than any rich mineral
find, and it will irrigate thousands of

windmill is raising water from subter-
ranean depths to supply drink for hun-
dreds of thousands of cattle. It has
not been used for irrigation because we
have not reached that point in the march
of development, but we know that the
water is present in abundance, and only
the intelligent co-operation of the capital-

6 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ist and the irrigation engineer is needed
to draw this water from the depths and
turn it over the surface of the land, to
transform the parched and barren plains
into green orchards and_ blossoming
gardens.”’

5
Minnesota The Minnesota State For-
Meeting. estry Association held a

meeting in Minneapolis
during the first week in December. A
number of important matters were dis-
cussed by the members present, and the
following list of papers was read : ‘‘ For-
estry in Minnesota,’’ Charles M. Loring,
‘“The Asthetic Side of Forestry,’’ Al-
fred Terry; ‘‘ Minnesota’s Interest in
Forestry,’’ Gen. C. C. Andrews ; ‘‘ Spe-
cial Course in Forestry in the State Uni-
versity,’’ Prof. Samuel B. Green; ‘‘Pres-
ent Status of the Park Question,’’ Mrs.
William T. Bramhall, and ‘‘Minnesota’s
Greatest Opportunity in Forestry,’’ H.
H. Chapman.

Professor Green advocated the estab-
lishment of a School of Forestry in con-
nection with the State University. A
resolution was adopted by the associa-
tion pledging the members present to
use their best efforts with their Congress-
men to secure the enactment of a law
providing for a national forest reserve
in Minnesota. Mr. Charles M. Loring
was reelected president of the associa-
tion and Mr. W. Strand secretary.

&

National More than one thousand
Live Stock delegates, representing
Association. thirty-eight states and

territories, attended the
fifth annual meeting of the National
Live Stock Association, which was held
in Chicago during December. A great
amount of important business was trans-
acted, and among the subjects that came
up for discussion was the relation of for-
estry and irrigation to the live-stock
interests.

Among the speakers at the meeting
were Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of
Agriculture, who addressed the conven-
tion on the ‘‘ Value of Mixed Live Stock
Husbandry to the Farmer ;’’ Mr. Gif-
ford Pinchot, who spoke on the ‘‘ Graz-
ing of Live Stock in the Forest Re-

January,

serves,’’ and Mr. George H. Maxwell,
who addressed the association on the
subject of ‘‘ Increasing the Range Ca-
pacity by Irrigation.’’

Resolutions were unanimously adopt-
ed by the delegates endorsing President
Roosevelt’s suggestion that the admin-
istration of the national forest reserves
be transferred to the Department of
Agriculture. Congress is also urged
in these resolutions to repeal or amend
the Lieu Land laws, in order that they
cannot be used to defraud the govern-
ment.

&*

The third annual con-
vention of the California
Water and Forest Association was held
at San Francisco on December 21, and
was attended by a large number of the
representative men of the state. For-
estry and irrigation, both state and na-
tional, were discussed, and the views of
President Roosevelt on the forest and
water problems, as expressed in his mes-
sage, were heartily endorsed. A vig-
orous campaign for the coming year was
outlined by the delegates present.

The treasurer’s report showed that
since the organization of the Association
receipts from members were $23,639.80,
and that the disbursements had been
$22,733.84, of which $9,074.86 were in
cooperation for surveys in connection
with the federal government.

The election of officers resulted as fol-
lows: President, Wm. Thomas ; vice-
presidents, N. P. Chipman, Arthur R.
Briggs, and J. B. Lippincott; treasurer,
F. W. Dohrman; secretary, T. C. Fried-
lander; advisory committee, David Stair
Jordan, C. D. Marx, W. S. Green, W. E.
Smythe, C. E. Thomas, Frank Soule,
A. J. Pillsbury, Scipio. Craig, J. “M.
Wilson, Thos. J. Field, Timothy Hop-
kins, and EK. F. Adams.

The president appointed the following
executive committee: Chief Justice Wil-
liam H. Beatty, Benjamin Ide Wheeler,
Frank J. Symmes, W. H. Mills, Jno. D.
Works, and Wm. F. Willis.

The resolutions adopted at this meet-
ing of the Water and Forest Association
favor the reservation of all government
forest lands within the state; a reform-
ing of the water laws of California, and

California.

1902.

sé F . >"

Cee War ee

{ :
:
an
i

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ae |

HEAVY SPRUCE TIMBER, MAD RIVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

the appointment of a commission for
the purpose. Generous appropriations
by the state, to be expended in collabo-
ration with the federal government in
irrigation investigations. are urged.

&

Forest Con- Ex-Governor Frank W.
ditions in New Rollins, President of the
Hampshire. Society for the Protec-

tion of New Hampshire
Forests, in a recent interview, had the
following to say concerning forest con-
ditions in the Granite State and the work
being done by the Society :

‘“Our work thus far has been along
educational lines. We have had the
service of several able speakers, who
have gone about the state addressing
various audiences. such as the granges,
and gatherings of summer visitors at

our mountain resorts It is the belief
of the Society that, by pursuing this
course, and by the publication of arti-
cles in the newspapers of the state, a
healthy sentiment may be built up
toward the protection of our trees, and,
further, toward the planting of new
forests.

‘The Society has been bold enough to
hire a forester, aman who has had a thor-
ough education in forestry, and who has
been doing practical forest work at Bilt-
more for some time; he is now going
about the state delivering lectures, and
visiting the farmers and lumbermen, and
giving them advice as to how to cut
their timber, and how to plant new
forests. His services are open to all
residents of the state free of charge.

‘*It is said (by those who ought to
know) that the best spruce timber re-

8 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

maining in the United States is in the
mountain regions of New Hampshire,
and there are also scattered about in
various sections of the state consider-
able quantities of white pine, which
are being rapidly cut. It is not the
object of this Society to prevent the
cutting of timber, but to induce the
lumbermen and the farmers to cut their
timber according to the rules of forestry,
so that the crop may be perpetual.

‘“Tt is unnecessary to point out how

important it is to the State of New.

Hampshire, and, in fact, to all of New
England, that its forests should be per-
petuated. This fact is recognized by
all, and itis simply a question of means,
and the best way to bring this about.
It is a very difficult matter to regulate
by legislation, though we think some-
thing of a practical nature can be done
in this line; but it can only be done
after the people have been properly edu-
cated. We think a great deal can be
done by personal efforts among the lum-
bermen, especially when we get them to
understand that we are not trying to
prevent the proper cutting of timber.
We believe that timber is a crop which
should be harvested, as much as rye or
oats, but that it should be done in a
sensible manner, looking to the future
supply.’’

&
New Forest The register and receiver
Reserve. of the Kalispell (Mont. )

land office has received
a letter from the Interior Department
instructing him of the withdrawal of all
lands from settlement in Montana north
and west of the Kootenai River. The
order will affect over 1,000,0co acres
of land in Montana, besides 276,0CO
acres in Idaho, which when surveyed
will be made into a new forest reserve,
to be known as the Kootenai Forest
Reserve.

January,
Obituary. The many friends of Dr.
Bernhard KE. Fernow,
Director of the New York State College
of Forestry, will greatly regret to learn
of the death of his only daughter, Miss
Gordon Fernow, which occurred on
January 3. Miss Fernow died after a
short illness, which resulted in blood
poisoning. She was just twenty-one
years of age, and was one of the most
prominent members of the senior class
in Sage College, Cornell University.
Miss Fernow is survived by her parents
and four brothers, two of whom are also
students in the university.

Fd

In Connecticut. State Forester Mulford,

of Connecticut, has re-
ceived offers of land for the state park
from twenty Connecticut towns. ‘These
bids were received in response to the call
which was sent out by Mr. Mulford sev-
eral months ago, stating the provisions
of the new state law, which took effect
last August, under which the state is
empowered to buy land for a practical
demonstration of forest methods. The
state already owns a sixty-acre tract of
waste plain land above Rainbow, in the
town of Windsor; and at the Poquonock
experiment station Mr. Mulford is rais-
ing thousands of young pine and spruce
trees to be set out on sandy waste lands
of the kind found on the Rainbow pur-
chase.

The state authority for the acquisi-
tion of this property is the law passed
at the last session of the legislature,
which provided for the expenditure of
$2,000 under certain conditions, which
were mentioned in the November For-
ESTER. The intent of the law is to pro-
vide an object-lesson in the handling of
woodland, especially on poor soil, so that
the citizens of this state may profit by
the experiments in scientific forestry car-
ried on near their own homes.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. )

HON. JAMES WILSON,

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE AND PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Among the men who have been especially prominent in forestry and irrigation
is the distinguished Secretary of Agriculture, to whose care has been confided
the consideration of many of the phases of forest preservation and irrigation
possibilities.

As President of the American Forestry Association, he has taken an active part
in its meetings, and has infused much of his characteristic energy and directness
into its business transactions.

Mr. Wilson was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, August 16, 1835, and came to the
United States in 1852, settling first in Connecticut, and three years later removing
to Tama County, Iowa, where he became a farmer. He was for three terms a
member of the Iowa Assembly, and Member of Congress from 1873 to 1877 and
from 1883 to 1885. For six years he was the Director of the Iowa Agricultural
Experiment Station. On March 5, 1897, he became Secretary of Agriculture
and a member of President McKinley’s Cabinet, where he ably championed the
cause of forest protection, and has bent his energies toward the largest development
of the agricultural resources of the country.

10 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

IRRIGATION CREATES HOME MARKETS.*

By Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

F we take note of what is in men’s
minds at the present time we find
that public discussion turns more upon
markets than on any other one proposi-
tion in planning for our national pros-
perity. The policy of the United States
for the last forty years has been to build
up home markets, not only for our man-
ufacturers, but for our farmers as well.
We have built up our manufacturers in
order that we might have home markets
for our farmers, and also to encourage
everything that could permanently live
and prosper within the United States
through the diversification of our in-
dustries.

Changes are coming about gradually.
When I was a boy, forty-six years ago,
I went to Iowa. It was a new country
in those days, and there was no home-
stead law. We bought our land. Our
friends, the farmers of the East, were
somewhat alarmed as to what the result
might be ; but those friends in the East
built railroads out to us, and overtook
us with the railroads, and sometimes
went farther West with them than we
had gone, and waited for us to come,
and the result, as regards the market-
ing of eastern farm products, was in
some cases unsatisfactory to the eastern
farmer; but the eastern manufacturer
got such a market as is not to be found
anywhere else in the world outside of
the Mississippi Valley,and the prosperity
of the eastern manufacturer has in turn
brought prosperity to the eastern farmer.

Whatever temporary detriment the
opening up to agriculture of the rich
lands of the Mississippi Valley caused
the eastern farmer, has been wholly over-
come and overbalanced by the benefit
which the eastern farmer has received
from the establishment of the great
manufacturing industries of the East.

We have gone on developing the West
as far as the one hundredth meridian.
Last year we sold $950,000,000 worth
of American farm products in foreign
countries, and we are developing a mar-
ket for our products in Asia which will
absorb the whole surplus of farm prod-
ucts from the West, no matter how many
additional acres of arid land we may re-
claim and cultivate. The product of
the western lands will simply increase
the great aggregate of wealth which
the American farmer is bringing back
to this country for our agricultural ex-
ports.

The immigration in those early days
of which I have spoken was of home-
seekers. People who came from for-
eign countries in those days wanted
farms, and they got them and built up
the northwest. A change has come—a
most undesirable change: The home-
seekers who want farms are not coming
to such an extent as they did in those
early days. ‘The man is coming to this
country to live in the cities and work in
the factories, and the admonition is
forced upon us that the United States of
America in its population is becoming
somewhat out of balance as regards the
town and the country. ‘The cities are
growing in proportion faster than the
country.-

There is danger in this, as all recog-
nize. Weshould do everything we can
to promote the growth of a rural popu-
lation by opening opportunities for peo-
ple to get homes on the land and train-
ing them to till it, so that they will
know how to get their living from the
ground. Everything we can do,and that
which the Department of Agriculture is
doing, to make conditions of rural life
more pleasant and prosperous, tends to
correct this growing evil of too many

* Extract from a speech delivered at Washington, D. C., December 23, Igor, at a banquet
given by Hon. F. G Newlands to prominent public men, including members of the Senate

and House Committees on Irrigation.

1902.

people in our cities and too few in the
country.

A prominent question to-day in the
minds of a great many people is a desire
for foreign markets ; but we must never
forget that the best market is the home
market, both for the farmer and the
manufacturer. ‘The Mississippi Valley
is worth, as a market, for the manu-
facturers of the United States more than
all the rest of the world put together,
because those people all have good in-
comes and they spend their money.

I am in favor of having more homes
out inthe West. Uncle Sam has a great
deal of land and a great deal of water
out there. That land is arid, and the
water which would make it productive
is running to waste. I would wet some
of those great mountain valleys and
plains, build more homes, and make
more markets.

The population of this country is out
of proportion. Only about one-tenth
of it is in the western half of the coun-
try. It would be a good thing for all
sections to more nearly equalize the
growing population of the United States.
I would dam some of those rivers and
streams, and spread the water out over
the land in Uncle Sam’s valleys and es-
tablish new fruit ranches and new farms
to grow the new kinds of wheat we are
producing, so we could send more flour
to Asia; also new farms to grow sugar
beets, so we could grow more of our
sugar in this country, and start new
mines and make all sorts of new de-
mands in these new western communi-
ties, and make new markets for all our
eastern manufacturers. The eastern
manufacturer will sell in the West, but
the western farmer will not sell in the
East, except fruits and things like that,
which will not compete with the eastern
farmer.

In 1900 we sold $840,000,000 worth
of farm products to the outside world,
and we brought back just half of that.
We paid $420,000,000 in 1900 for things
we cannot grow in the United States.
The Department of Agriculture is at
work to get those things grown in the
United States, so as to make more homes

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

for our own people, give more work to
our own people, make better wages for
them, and make more markets for us
here at home that will stay with us for-
ever.

We can grow over $200,000,000 worth
a year of farm products in the United -
States more than we are growing now.
We will produce that ¢200,000,000
worth of things that grow in the fields
that we have heretofore been importing
right on our own American farms, and
we will increase the American home
market as all you can do with foreign
countries throughout the world would
not increase it. We can do it quicker
and better by farif this great arid region
out west is reclaimed and made pro-
ductive.

That is the development of the United
States that I want to see. And I want
to say to you, gentlemen, that I have all
the confidence in the world that you will
move along conservative lines. You
must not alarm our eastern brethren by
trying to do everything all atonce. This
great work will take time. It will take
many years to wet all that dry land, but
we ought to begin now and go along
carefully each year until the great task
is done.

You will not get many dams built or
neighborhoods started before the eastern
business men will have their traveling
men out there to sell goods. They will
find it is a grand thing to have people
out there to buy from them. It will
make such a purchasing force there as
the world never saw before. Stop for
a moment and think what our home
market is today. The whole world
wants to get into the United States to
sell things, but our home market is for
ourselves first, to develop it to the fullest
ExaSiale:

You need not worry about finding
settlers for your arid land after you have
reclaimed it. The Iowa farmers have
the money now to buy that land and put
their boys on it just as fast as you can
get it ready for them, and they will do
it: and I would much rather see them
do it than have them go to the British
possessions.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

THE APPALACHIAN FOREST RESERVE.

THE SUBJECT OF A SPECIAL MESSAGE TO CONGRESS BY

PRESIDENT

HE movement to establish a na-
tional forest reserve in the South-
ern Appalachian Mountains has received
close attention in Congress during the
past month. On December 6 Mr. Brown-
low, of Tennessee, introduced a bill in
the House of Representatives appropri-
ating $10,000,000 for the purchase of
lands in the Southern Appalachian re-
gion for a national forest reserve, to be
known as the ‘‘McKinley National Park
and Forest Reserve.’’ December 17 a
bill was introduced in the Senate by Mr.
Pritchard, of North Carolina, appro-
priating $5,000,000 for the purchase of
2,000,000 acres, to be known as the
Southern Appalachian Forest Reserve.
A bill containing like provisions was on
the same day introduced in the House
by Representative Moody, of North Car-
olina. ‘This was followed on December
19 by a special message from President
Roosevelt, in which he presents the
reasons for establishing the reserve and
asking the favorable consideration of
Congress.

The move to establish a forest reserve
in the South beganin 1899. Last spring
the legislatures of North Carolina,South
Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, and Vir-
ginia passed bills ceding to the national
government authority to acquire title
to lands within their boundaries for
forest reserve purposes. with exemption
fromtaxes. The text of the President’s
message on this subject is as follows:

To the Senate and House of Representa-
tives :

I transmit herewith a report of the
Secretary of Agriculture, prepared in
collaboration with the Department of the
Interior, upon the forests, rivers, and
mountains of the Southern Appalachian
region and upon its agricultural situa-
tion as affected by them. The report of
the Secretary presents the final results
of an investigation authorized by the

ROOSEVELT.

last Congress. Its conclusions point
unmistakably, in the judgment of the
Secretary and in my own, to the creation
of a national forest reserve in certain of
the Southern States. ‘The facts ascer-
tained and here presented deserve the
careful consideration of the Congress.
They have already received the full at-
tention of the scientist and the lumber-
man. ‘They set forth an economic need
of prime importance to the welfare of
the South, and hence to that of the na-
tion as a whole, and they point to the
necessity of protecting through wise use
a mountain region whose influence flows
far beyond its borders with the waters
of the rivers to which it gives rise.

Among the elevations of the eastern
half of the United States the Southern
Appalachians are of paramount interest
for geographic, hydrographic, and forest
reasons, and, as a consequence, for eco-
nomic reasons as well. These great
mountains are old in the history of the
continent which has grown up about
them. The hardwood forests were born
on their slopes, and have spread thence
over the eastern half of the continent.
More than once in the remote geologic
past they have disappeared before the
sea on the east, south, and west, and
before the ice on the north; but here in
this Southern Appalachian region they
have lived to the present day.

Under the varying condition of soil,
elevation, and climate many of the Ap-
palachian tree species have developed.
Hence it is that in this region occur
that marvelous variety and richness of
plant growth which have led our ablest
business men and scientists to ask for
its preservation by the government for
the advancement of science, and for the
instruction and pleasure of the people of
our own and of future generations ; and
its the concentration here of so many
valuable species, with such favorable
conditions of growth, which has led

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

FOREST SCENE IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION.

14 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

forest experts and lumbermen alike to
assert that of all the continent this re-
gion is best suited to the purpose and
plans of a national forest reserve in the
hardwood region.

The conclusions of the Secretary of
Agriculture are summarized as follows
in his report :

1. The Southern Appalachian region
embraces the highest peaks and largest
mountain masses east of the Rockies.
It is the great physiographic feature of
the eastern half of the continent, and
no such lofty mountains are covered
with hardwood forests in all America.

2. Upon these mountains descends
the heaviest rainfall of the United
States, except that of the North Pacific
coast. It is often of extreme violence,
as much as 8 inches having fallen in
eleven hours, 31 inches in one month,
and 105 inches in a year.

3. The soil once denuded of its forest
and swept by torrential rains rapidly
loses first its humus, then its rich upper
strata, and finally is washed in enormous
volume in the streams, to bury such of
the fertile lowlands as are not eroded by
the floods, obstruct the rivers, and fill
up the harbors.on the eoast. More good
soil is now washed from these cleared
mountain-side fields during a single
heavy rain than during centuries under
forest cover.

4. The rivers which originate in the
Southern Appalachians flow into or
along every state from Ohio to the Gulf
and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
Along their courses are agricultural,
water-power, and navigation interests,
whose preservation is absolutely essen-
tial to the well-being of the nation.

5. The regulation of the flow of these
rivers can only be accomplished by the
conservation of the forests.

6. These are the heaviest and most
beautiful hardwood forests of the conti-
nent. In them species from east and
west, from north and south mingle in a
growth of unparalleled richness and va-
riety. They contain many species of
the first commercial value, and furnish
important supplies which cannot be ob-
tained from any other region.

7. For economic reasons the preserva-
tion of these forests isimperative. Their

January,

existence in good condition is essential to
the prosperity of the lowlands through
which their waters run. Maintained in
productive condition, they will supply
indispensable materials which must fail
without them. ‘Their management
under practical and conservative forestry
will sustain and increase the resources
of this region and of the nation at large,
will serve as an invaluable object lesson
in the advantages and practicability of
forest preservation by use, and will soon
be self-supporting from the sale of
timber.

8. The agricultural resources of the
Southern Appalachian region must be
protected and preserved. ‘To that end
the preservation of the forests is an in-
dispensable condition, which will lead
not to the reduction, but the increase of
the yield of agricultural products.

g. The floods in these mountain- born
streams, if this forest destruction con-
tinues, will increase in frequency and
violence and in the extent of their dam-
ages, both within this region and across
the bordering states. The extent of
these damages, like those from the wash-
ing of the mountain fields and roads,
cannot. be estimated with perfect accu-
racy, but during the present year alone
the total has approximated $10,000,000,
a sum sufficient to purchase the entire
area recommended for the proposed re-
serve ; but this loss cannot be estimated
in money value alone. Its continuance
means the destruction of conditions most
valuable to the nation, and which neither
skill nor wealth can restore.

10. The preservation of the forests,
of the streams, and of the agricultural
interests here described can be success-
fully accomplished only by the purchase
and creation of a national forest reserve.
The states of the Southern Appalachian
region own little or no land, and their
revenues are inadequate to carry out
this plan. Federal action is obviously
necessary, is fully justified by reasons of
public necessity, and may be expected
to have most fortunate results.

With these conclusions I fully agree,
and I heartily commend this measure to
the favorable consideration of Congress.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
WHITE House, December 79, 7907.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. I

On

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

SAVE THE FORESTS AND STORE THE FLOODS—RESERVE THE PUBLIC

LANDS FOR

HOME-BUILDERS.

By GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL.

N his report on reservoir sites in
Colorado and Wyoming, Captain
Chittenden says: ‘‘Already in the great-
est mineral- producing states of the
West, California and Colorado, irri-
gated agriculture yields a greater wealth
of product than the mines.’’

‘“Forest and Snow” is the title of
Bulletin No. 55 of the Colorado State
Agricultural College, recently issued by
Prof. i. G_ Carpenter. Init he says:
‘“'The preservation of the forests is an
absolute necessity for the interests of
irrigated agriculture. The loss of the
forest cover means more violent fluctu-
ations during the day, greater difficulty
in regulating the head-gates and keep-
ing a uniform flow in the ditches, and
hence an additional difficulty in the eco-
nomic distribution of the water. Also
the water runs off sooner; hence the
streams drop earlier in the summer, and
on account of the lessening of the
springs, the smaller is the winter
flow.’

In a recent editorial the Denver Re-
publican says: ‘‘The Eldora fire has
swept over an area exceeding 36 square
miles of valuable timber, and it appears
that it was the result of carelessness or
indifference of campers, who neglected
to extinguish their fire before leaving
their camp. It has destroyed the tim-
ber growing on the watershed of the
Middle Boulder and South Boulder
creeks. The snows on that slope of the
mountains will be exposed without pro-
tection to the rays of the sun and will
melt so rapidly that they will be of com-
paratively little value for irrigation next
season. ‘Timber once destroyed in the
mountains of this state can never be re-
stored by a new growth, without the
lapse of so many years that this genera-
tion cannot count upon the restoration
of any forest land. For the people liv-

ing now, a forest once destroyed is lost
forever.

‘““It follows, therefore, that some-
thing must. be done for the protection
of mountain forests, or else the time
will come when Colorado will be prac-
tically without timber. Unfortunately
the state is not able to provide this pro-
tection. It has not the available funds
with which to pay an adequate force of
forest wardens. In the East the senti-
ment seems to prevail that it is a case
of indifference on the part of our people,
as if they did not appreciate that the
destruction of our forests involves for
us a terrible loss. It is an erroneous
conclusion, and Congress should recog-
nize that the forests of the Rocky Moun-
tains are not destroyed by the reckless-
ness of our people.

‘“We cannot protect them. We have
not the funds with which to pay a suffi-
cient number of forest wardens. ‘The
forests are, furthermore, on land which
belongs to the federal government, and
therefore it devolves upon Congress to
provide the necessary protection. An
effort should be made at the next session
of Congress to impress the truth of this
upon the national government, so that
it may provide for a force of men nu-
merous enough to give the protection
so greatly needed.’’

Or else ‘‘ The time will come when
Colorado will be practically without tim-
ber’’ means that the time will come
when Colorado will be practically with-
out water. This means almost annihi-
lation to the state’s greatest industry,
irrigated agriculture, and the serious
crippling of its mining industry.

And yet here is a frank confession
that Colorado is powerless to prevent
her own destruction. A stronger argu-
ment, from facts that stare in the face,
could not be made that the national

16 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

VIEW IN SOUTH PLATTE RESERVE, COLORADO.

government must step in and, for the
preservation of our national territory,
save from destruction and waste the
water supplies of the arid region. Un-
less it does this, it is inevitable that an
immense area in the West will, in a com-
paratively brief period, as time goes, re-
vert back to a hopeless and irreclaim-
able desert.

The people of the whole country are
being gradually awakened to this neces-
sity, and there is good ground for hop-
ing that a broad national policy of water
conservation, through forest conserva-
tion and flood-water storage, will be
inaugurated in this session of Congress;
but it is certain beyond the shadow of a
doubt that if the national government
does this it will give neither the arid
lands nor the control of their reclama-
tion to the states. It will never sur-
render or delegate its obligations to re-
claim these lands for the benefit of other
than bona fide settlers, who will build
whole communities to disseminate their
newly created wealth among the people
of the entire country through the en-
largement of every channel of our in-
ternal trade and commerce.

TIMBER ON HILLS BADI,Y BURNT.

The close connection between forest
preservation and water conservation is
clearly shown by Captain Chittenden in
his report above referred to where he
says: ‘‘ There seems to be a well-nigh
universal consensus of opinion that the
preservation of the forests of the arid
regions is distinctly a government duty.
Considerable appropriations have been
made for the survey of the proposed
reservations, and ways and means for
their preservation are being considered
now. One of the great arguments al-
ways advanced in favor of forest preser-
vation is the influence which forests are
supposed to have in conserving the flow
of streams. Inasmuch as the commer-
cial value of these forests is practically
insignificant, except for furnishing fuel
and rough timber, the water question is
really the more important one. If it is
properly a government function to pre-
serve the forests in order to conserve the
flow of the streams, surely it cannot be
less a government function to execute
works which will conserve that flow even
more positively and directly. Granting
all that can be said of forests in this con-
nection, they certainly can never pre-

1902.

vent the June rise, and it is precisely
this waste flow which the reservoirs will
help to save. The forests ought un-
questionably to be preserved, and the na-
tional government is the proper agency
to do it, but the principal arguments
therefore apply with accentuated force
to the construction of reservoirs.’’

The fact should never be lost sight of
that two-thirds of the whole western
half of the United States actually be-
long to the government—that is, it
belongs to the whole people of the
country, and nine-tenths of them live
in its eastern half. Broadly speaking,
it may be said that the people of the
East own, and through their representa-
tion in Congress, they certainly control
two-thirds of the western half of the
country.

IRRIGATED FRUIT ORCHARD,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1

This great public domain is a precious
heritage not only for the generation now
seeking new fields of activity, but for
generations yet unborn. ‘There is every
reason in good sense and patriotism
that the East should see to it that this
vast area of public land shall be saved
for the army of home-builders who
want homes, and to this end that the
forests shall be preserved, the flood
waters stored, and the irrigable land
sacredly held as a great trust for those
who will make homes on it.

‘Save the forests and store the
floods’’ should be the slogan of the
movement for the conquest of half a
continent from the desert, by the con-
servation of its water supplies; but with
it must go the further motto, ‘‘ Reserve
the public lands for home-builders.”’

YAKIMA VALLEY, WASHINGTON.

18 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

THE IMMEDIATE FULURE IN FOREST, WOR.

By GIFFORD PINCHOT,

Forester U. S. Department of Agriculture.

HE salient fact about the immediate
future in forest work is the unex-
ampled opportunity. As we look for-
ward to the work just ahead of us, the
chance for progress stands out as it never
has stood out in forest work in this coun-
try before. The opportunity is broaden-
ing out in a way that seemed impossible
a few years ago, and the opening before
all of usin all the different lines of work in
which we are engaged is far wider than
we are going to be able to use. And
that leads me to say (seeing that so many
of us are comparatively new in forest
work) that the perfectly natural desire
of the younger men to begin their life
work quickly by dropping here a little
and there a little of the thoroughness of
their preparation is as completely mis-
taken as it is thoroughly natural. We
have all of us suffered ‘from it. I am
not unacquainted with its evil effects in
my own case ; and before we pass on to
the real subject of the evening I want to
make this declaration: That the first
thing Ishould advise any man to do who
is thinking of taking up forest work in
this country is to make his preparation
just as thorough as he possibly can, re-
membering that the opportunity, by the
time he can use it, will be greater rather
than less than it is now. I have had
exactly this experience myself. It took
me years to catch up with what I let
slip because I thought the opportunity
was going to disappear; and the result
of it was that I had to stop, as so many
men in the Bureau have had to do, and
go back for the things I had left out of
my preparation just at a time when I
needed them most.

People are asking now, all over the
country, what ought to be done in
forest work. The time of the vague
feeling that something ought to be done
has gone by, and the specific demand
for a specific thing is here ; and itis our

This is the great
As a people, we

business to answer it.
fact in the situation.
are ready for forestry.

There are two or three special things
which we are all striving for, and that
must be brought about in the near future
if our opportunity is to be used to the
full. One of them is the unification of
the forest work of the government.
We are all glad that the prospect for
heartier co-operation between the three
organizations that are occupied in forest
work is better than it ever has been be-
fore; that such co-operation has just
now actually begun in a new way ; and
that the prospect for the immediate fu-
ture is that we shall all unite with new
strength and new effectiveness at the
old task.

Another of the essentials for the im-
mediate future is the extension of the
forest-reserve system. That may be
said to be the first great need of forest
work in this country at present. We
are coming to it with an understanding
and with facts that we have never had
before. For example, Mr. Newell* has
been compiling maps of the alienated
lands in a number of states. Wherever
that work has been done we can locate
forest reserves with absolute knowledge
of how much lieu land selection will be
entailed. Some of you may not know
that there is a law which provides that
any man who owns land inside a forest
reserve may exchange it, unless it isa
mineral claim, for land outside—a per-
fectly just provision as applied to set-
tlers, but one which has been thoroughly
abused. ‘This law has recently become
the great obstacle to the creation of new
forest reserves. A knowledge of how
many lieu land selections will follow the
creation of any reserve will immensely
facilitate this most important movement.

*Hydrographer United States Geological
Survey.

* Address delivered before the Society of American Foresters November 2, 1901.

1902.

There is but little time left in which the
government can get control of new re-
serves, and it must be done now or with
enormous difficulty hereafter or not at
all. The whole matter is admirably il-
lustrated by the story of the New York
State forest reserve. Years ago, before
the Adirondack wilderness was worth
anything to sell, far-sighted men tried
to secure its reservation for the state.
They were laughed at. The result of
itis that New York (which has a re-
serve of, roughly, a million and a quar-
ter acres) has had to pay about $3.50
per acre for the more recently acquired
parts of it and must probably pay more
hereafter.

Following the creation of reserves is
the necessity for a much more intimate
knowledge than we have yet of the re-
serves themselves and of the character
of their forests. You are all familiar
with the work which has been done in
the Geological Survey toward mapping
the forest, the burned areas, the agri-
cultural lands, etc. That is an admira-
ble first step in that direction, admirably
well done, but a much more intimate
study must be made of the forest condi-
tions on all the reserves before any one
will be in position to handle the forests
in the best manner.

One of the largest projects just ahead
is the creation of the Appalachian For-
est Reserve in the Southern States.
You are all familiar, of course, with
the general plan. ‘The states in inter-
est have, without exception, signified
their willingness to yield the necessary
jurisdiction to the United States. There
has been awakened a very powerful in-
terest in the whole subject practically
throughout the South, and, with the
enthusiastic backing of the Secretary of
Agriculture, the opportunity is an ad-
mirable one. ‘This is one of the very
important movements in forest work.

Another phase of forestry which is
rapidly growing is the movement for
state forest reserves. Michigan has a
small forest reserve, and is anxious to
increase it, and to handle it properly.
Pennsylvania has about 400,000 acres
already reserved. Maryland is studying
her forests in codperation with the Bu-
reau of Forestry. New York, you know,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 19

has been doing so for some time, and,
by the way, in New York one of the
important movements of the near future
will necessarily be the attempt to repeal
that clause of the state constitution
which forbids cutting, and therefore
forbids practical forestry, on the state
lands. Vermont has been having a pre-
liminary study of its forests made this
summer, also in cooperation with the
Bureau of Forestry. California is think-
ing of appointing a state forester, and
is anxious for a state forest school as a
part of the State University. Connecti-
cut has appointed a state forester, and
has made a small appropriation to pur-
chase a forest reserve, and all along the
line this movement is pointing up. It
will certainly be important.

I want to speak briefly of a few other
opportunities only less vast before refer-
ring to some of the specific pieces of
work that are pending. In the first
place, there is an enormous field open-
ing before the forester who comes in
contact with the railroads. ‘The rail-
roads use some 120,000,000 new ties a
year, if my statistics are correct. They
use enormous quantities of timber be-
sides for construction in various ways.
They own immense areas of land, either
in land grants in the West or areas they
have acquired in the South and East,
and their influence on the side of for-
estry is going to mean more than almost
any other single factor. The Bureau
has just undertaken a working plan for
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for
125,000 acres in West Virginia, which,
I hope, means the beginning of intimate
contact with the great railroads of the
country just as fast we have men to do
the work and money to pay forit. That
is one of the great opportunities, and it
is only one of a dozen which there are
not yet men and money enough to
handle.

Another great opportunity is offered
in the South by the turpentine question.
One of the largest industries of that sec-
tion of the United States is practically
disappearing with what may, in all se-
riousness, be called frightful rapidity,
simply for the lack of modern methods.
‘The turpentine operators, as has so often
been the case, began when it made little

20 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

matter whether their operations were
carried on economically or not. ‘They
have continued in certain ways partly
because they were the old ways and also
largely because the efforts to change
their methods have been based mainly
on chemical analyses in the office and on
the general conception of what might
be possible, instead of on actual experi-
mentation in the field. Now, the Bureau
of Forestry hopes, with the cooperation
of the operators themselves (which, Iam
very glad to say, has already been se-
cured on a large scale), to assist them
to use methods that will save that in-
dustry to the South.

The chemical uses of wood is another
great field just opening out.

Then the need of forestry in the
Philippines will occur to you, and there
is work urgently needed in Porto Rico.
But in the Philippines especially, with
their 40,000,000 acres of forest, there is
a field for foresters which will develop,
as I think, one of the best systems and
one of the most useful bits of forest work
that we shall see for many a long day.

I received the other day a copy of a
Houston (Texas) paper, containing
an account of a banquet given to Mr.
John H. Kirby, who has organized the
Kirby Lumber Company and the Hous-
ton Oil Company. ‘Together they con-
trol a million acres of longleaf pine tim-
ber in Texas. The Bureau of Forestry
is to make a working plan for conserva-
tive forestry on all this land. ‘This is
one of the most important pieces of pri-
vate work the Bureau of Forestry has
before it. The people who were at the
banquet listened to addresses from a
number of prominent lumbermen, and
especially from a number of the editors
of lumber papers, and it was with the
keenest delight that I read the uniformly
favorable comments of the men who con-
trol the lumber press on Mr. Kirby’s
undertaking.

Interest in forestry is waking up all
over the South. We have, in addition
to this Texas work, 50,000 acres of
Longleaf Pine to be taken up in South
Carolina, 16,000 acres of hardwoods near
Grandfather Mountain, in North Caro-
lina; 62,000 acres of pine in Georgia,
60,000 acres in eastern Tennessee, and a

January,

good deal of land, in addition, in the Ap-
palachian range. It is fair to say that
the southern end of the country, which
for a long: time was slow in taking up
this new movement, has now waked up.

In the Northeast there is the work in
Maine, likely to lead to the adoption of
forest methods on a large scale not only
by the Great Northern Paper Company,
but by many other similar organiza-
tions ; the work in New York State,
with which you are familiar, and much
more.

There is also before us, and that is
the most important work the Bureau
has, the preparation of forest working
plans for the national forest reserves.

In forest investigation the field is so
large that it is difficult to talk about it
briefly. We know so little of our for-
ests, we have actual statistics of so few
of the commercial trees, that it is prac-
tically possible to do an almost unlimited
amount of work, if you have the men,
in any particular section of the country.
We hope to continue studies of impor-
tant hardwoods in the Smoky Mountains
on the Cumberland Plateau, of second-
growth hardwoods in New England, Bal-
sam in Maine, Western Yellow Pine in
Arizona,and Sugar Pinein Californiaand
Oregon. Some of this work is already
under way. Especially we are going
to study,and have already begun to some
extent, the second-growth question in
the East, and particularly in New Eng-
land. The whole question of second
growth needs to be investigated and put
on a practical business-like basis. We
know something now about certain kinds
of second growth—about the time it
takes to growa second crop, and so on—
but I do not think enough attention has
been given to it hitherto.

Nor do I think enough attention has
been given to small holdings. The
Bureau has often been forced into the
consideration of large holdings by their
very extent. Now we want todo more
work for the individual farmer, which,
of course, means the preparation of
working plans for a few and the wide
publication of the results.

The Hickories, Oaks, Ashes, Elms,
Chestnuts, Beeches, and Sweet Gum re-
quire attention, mainly in the South;

1902.

so do forest distribution in Nebraska,
Colorado, and Montana; forest fires in
a number of different places; the whole
grazing question, especially in the West;
the study of forest products in codpera-
tion with the Bureau of Chemistry—
work which is just beginning and of
which I expect most important results,
particularly for the Philippines; and
the immensely important work with the
railroads.

Finally, I want to speak about the
work in tree-planting. I have become
intensely interested in that side of the
Bureau’s activity during the last year,
and I am looking forward to results of
very great importance from the study
that has been made this summer of the
possibilities of unoccupied lands in Ne-
braska. My feeling is that very great
stretches of the arid middle West are
capable of producing trees and sustain-
ing a tree growth after the first restora-
tive step has been taken by man. As
you all know, artificial plantations a
little farther east have constantly as-
sumed the characters of natural forest,
have reproduced themselves on the
ground, have made a forest floor,
brought a forest fauna and flora to-
gether, and have begun to _ spread.
That means that these forests are per-
fectly capable of sustaining themselves
indefinitely after they have once been

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 21

started. I want tosee that sort of thing
tested on a large scale still farther west.
I believe there are immense tracts there
which are capable of producing under
forest immensely more than they can in
any other way, and I believe our re-
sults in that direction are going to be
exceedingly useful. The tree-planting
work, not only there, but in connection
with the railroads, too, is, I think,
going to demand more and more atten-
tion. The field in that direction is
largely unexplored as yet, and the work
must go ahead.

This is an exceedingly hasty and im-
perfect glance at the field, but it is
enough to give us alla realizing sense
of a vast opportunity and an enormous
task. <A few years ago, when the fight
for the forest reserves was on, it often
seemed as if we were going to lose not
only the reserves we had, but any op-
portunity to make new ones. Now the
outlook is as attractive as it was gloomy
then. ‘The lesson of the vast and varied
field seems to me to be that we must
all work together as a unit, whatever
our particular affiliations may chance
to be.

All of us who are occupied in forest
work must understand that the progress
of forestry is the common aim, and not
the prosperity of any particular organi-
zation, and that I think we do.

THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN THE DESERT
AND THE FOREST.

By S. J. HOLSINGER,

General Land Office.

OSSIBLY there is no portion of the
United States where the necessity
for forest preservation is more keenly felt
than in Arizona. I know of no section
of the country, except it may be southern
California, where it is of such vital im-
portance. There has been an almost
unanimous demand by the citizens for the
preservation of their forests, and about
5,000,000 acres in this territory have
been set aside by the President’s orders
for forest reserves.

Private ownership of the forested
lands of the territory has very much
complicated matters, but the people real-
ize all the more the necessity for the
speedy application and enforcement of
practical forest regulations, as opposed
to wasteful methods of lumbering and
the outright vandalism heretofore prac-
Heed:

It is gratifying to know that the for-
est reserves are already bearing fruit.
Necessarily their organization and en-

22 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

forcement have met with many obsta-
cles. It is passing through a crucial
period, but we have such confidence in
the energy, ability, and zeal of those
who have the guardianship of the public
forests that we can reasonably anticipate
the establishing of one of the most per-
fect and successful forest systems of the
world.

During the past twenty years the
farmers in the fertile valleys of Arizona
have been absorbed in the herculean
task of constructing systems of irriga-
tion. Not until recently have they

January,

first invaded by the white man the for-
ests were open, devoid of undergrowth,
and consisted in the main of matured
trees, with practically no forest cover.
Instead of forest undergrowth, the
ground was well set with perennial
grasses and other herbage, which, being
undisturbed, maintained what may be
termed a normal condition, or such as
existed when the country was first set-
tled and such as is now so much to be
desired. It was not an uncommon thing
for the early settlers to cut native hay
in the pine forests and fill large govern-

BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN THE FOREST AND THE DESER'’I, SHOWING YOUNG
GROWTH OF JUNIPER AND PINON, CAPITAN MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO.

paused in this work for a breathing
spell, and, while relaxing muscle and
brain, have inquired concerning material
changes which have transpired on the
great watersheds and the fountain-head
of their water supply. They have been
startled to learn that while, with a few
exceptions, the rainfall throughout the
territory has been normal, without ex-
ception the water supply has annually
decreased.

Briefly, the history of the forests of
Arizona, which my opportunities have
enabled me to gather from many of the
oldest reliable pioneers, is that when

ment contracts at the different military
posts. As an instance, Fort Whipple,
near what is now the Prescott forest re-
serve, may be mentioned. Where hun-
dreds of tons of hay were cut under the
actual spread of the forest trees during
the sixties and seventies, there is not
now enough grass on a thousand acres
to keep in condition a family cow.
Where were then running streams are
now dry arroyos, and where were then
living springs are now beds of silt and
sand. However, there is some hope in
the fact that where once the grass flour-
ished there is now a vigorous young

1902.

forest, which promises full compensa-
tion under the protection of a forest re-
serve.

The remains of extensive ruins in al-
most every section of Arizona warrant
the conclusion that a populous prehis-
toric people occupied the land during a
period of many centuries.

The unwritten history of the South-
west is phenomenal. ‘These prehistoric
aborignes must have exerted a marked
influence upon the vegetation of the
country. ‘Their fires, and those of the
historic races, unquestionably account

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 23

as the forests of the Mogollon Moun-
tains, extending through New Mexico
and Arizona. ‘This is due not entirely
to the arid condition, as is popularly
supposed, but to the continued occu-
pancy of the country for centuries by
prehistoric races, who merged into the
Indian tribes occupying the country at
the present time. All through Arizona
the regrowth of pine forests dates some-
where during the past half century, and,
with a few exceptions, nowhere ante-
dates the early settlement of the coun-
try by our own race.

BORDER OF THE ‘‘ BLACK FOREST.’’

A CEDAR FORESTED AREA BETWEEN THE

SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAIN AND PRESCOTT FOREST RESERVES, ARIZONA.

for the open condition of the forests, to
which reference has been made. ‘The
high pine forests were their hunting
grounds, and the vast areas of foothills
and plateaus, covered with oak and nut-
bearing pines, their harvest fields. Here
they lived in their summer homes,
kindled their camp-fires, and harvested
crops of acorns, nutritious nuts, and in
many instances cultivated vegetables
and cereals.

Possibly no forests on the Pacific coast
show so small a percentage of regrowth
and so slight a tendency to reproduction

From Puget Sound to the Gulf of
California these strange people rambled
at will, but their abiding place was on
the border land between the forests
proper and the ‘‘Staked Plains ’’ in the
southwest. The extensive ruins indi-
cate that they inhabited the fringe, so
to speak, of the forests which, like van-
guards, were working their way down
from the mountain tops into the desert
plains. ‘The most potent and powerful
weapon in the hands of these aborigines
was the firebrand. It was alike used
to capture the deer, the elk, and the

24 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

tween vegetation and the
unfriendly elements was
andisnowfiercest. ‘These
areas form the boundary
between the forest and
the desert. Vegetation is
here dwarfed, but strug-
gling to enlarge its do-
main. Were it not for
the long Indian occu-
pancy and the ravages
of fire incident to their
habitancy, vast territories
now barren desert wastes
might be covered with a
forest growth, at least
such as is indigenous to
arid regions. Irrigation
would have _ reclaimed
many hundreds of acres
now hopelessly barren.

BRUSH LANDS OF THE DESERT IN ARIZONA.

antelope, and also to rout or vanquish
the enemy. It cleared their mountain
trail and destroyed the cover in which
their quarry took refuge.

In the North, nature was quick to
heal the ravages of fire, and the damage
to forest growth was reduced to the
minimum. In the dry and more arid
regions nature recuperated slowly, and
the relentless flames left everywhere an
indelible mark. In Chaco Cafion, where
a deep arroyo or wash has cut to the
depth of thirty feet through a sedimen-
tary formation, distinct strata of earth,
impregnated with charcoal, from fifteen
to twenty feet from the surface, may be
traced over an area of many thousands
of acres. Elsewhere the alluvial and
silt deposits and forest trees have re-
corded the unmistakable evidence of
numerous and extensive forest fires
which have occurred at intervals during
many centuries.

How far the occupancy of the prehis-
toric and historic tribes has retarded the
progress of foresting it is impossible to
say, but it must have been no small
factor. These areas—that is, those
most frequented by the cliff, caveta, and
pueblo builders—were then and are now
of great importance, because in the re-
gion inhabited by them the battle be-

When the country was
invaded and occupied by
the white settler, though
marked changes were inaugurated, the
forest conditions were not improved.
From a forest standpoint, a comparison
drawn between the condition during In-
dian occupancy, with no domestic ant-
mals, and that with the civilized race,
with its flocks and herds, would be de-
cidedly to the credit of the former.
Under the latter the destruction by fire
was reduced ; annual fires were replaced
by accidental fires of less frequency,
but more damaging. Wasteful methods
of lumbering and the introduction of
herds increased the sum total of forest
devastation.

In Arizona you will find no young
forests of any considerable extent ante-
dating a period of forty years, and
almost all of the regrowth has sprung
up during the last quarter of a century.
A single exception may be noted in the
White Mountains, which have been oc-
cupied for a couple of centuries by the
Apache Indians. These forests show,
in certain localities, all classes of re-
growth, and are in marked contrast to
the mountain country occupied by the
Navajo Indians in the northeastern por-
tion of the territory. ‘The Navajos
have possessed sheep and goats and fol-
lowed pastoral pursuits for over two
centuries. The forests occupied by

1902.

them show practically no regrowth.
The Apaches have followed the chase
and war, and have entrammeled them-
selves with nothing but war ponies.
The forests within their domain, where
they have not seen fit to apply the torch
in accord with their well-grounded su-
perstition that forest fires cause rain,
show a regrowth gradating into many
past decades.

My experience forces me to the asser-
tion that the diminution of the flow of
springs and streams in Arizona is due
more to the destruction of brush, grass,
or herbage, than the destruction of for-
ests proper. I would not be understood
as opposing the pasturing of public
lands as a principle, but as indiscrimi-
nately practiced under no restrictions,
as at the present time. We must have
our herds, but it cannot be denied that
the free ranging of stock on the public
domain is measurably responsible for
the unfavorable conditions which we
find on the watersheds today.

The country is not naturally well
adapted for stock-ranging. The infre-
quence of springs and open water com-
pels stock to travel long distances.
They destroy much more forage travel-
ing over it in search of water than they
consume. So great, in fact, is the dis-
tance in many instances that cattle
travel from ten to fifteen miles and
horses from fifteen to twenty miles for
water. It is not an uncommon thing
to see both horses and cattle running at a
pace of from eight to ten miles per hour
over the desert plains in order to shorten
the time between drinks. I do not
know that this has been paralleled even
by the proverbially thirsty governors
of the Carolinas.

When a drouth occurs, there is pre-
sented a problem in arithmetical pro-
gression and in vegetation destruction,
which is something like that which as-
tounded us all in our early schoolboy
days when we figured the compensation
of the blacksmith who in shoeing a
farmer’s horse modestly started in with
the compensation of one grain of corn
for the first nail driven. The ratio at
which destruction increases as water
and feed become scarce is something
wonderful, and only in late years is it

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

i)
wn

understood by the
western farmer. The plowing by their
hoofs at such times pulverizes the
ground, and the wind and rain disin-
tegrate the soil, and much, and often
all, of the vegetation dies. Near Wins-
low, Arizona, and other points there
are hundreds of acres of once thoroughly
sodded meadow land which the winds
have swept clean of soil, only the sand-
rock and an occasional hummock now
remaining. This was made possible by
overpasturing. Other localities are sub-
ject only to the wash of flood water.
Range stock of any kind in its jour-
neying to and from watering places will
seek the best grade and the least ob-
struction for its trail. These fall in the
lowest lands of the valleys, plains, and
plateaus. A path once broken isa chan-
nel for the next flood water, and in time
where was once a trail there is a wash,
only limited in depth by the bed rock.
Before these level or rolling lands were
broken there was a normal moisture
line, which enabled vegetation to exist
by remaining near the surface. When
the wash occurs that moisture line is
dropped in proportion to the depth of the
wash, and thus increases the drainage
of the soil. In many instances it drops
beyond the reach of the grasses or other
vegetation, and the land becomes barren.
On the open range the horse is the
chief of all destroyers. He is the only
herbivorous domestic animal having
upper and lower teeth, and if necessity
demands he will not only crop the blades,
but the crown, and then possibly dig for
the roots. ‘There are instances where
‘“bronchos ’’ roaming the plains of
Arizona have actually dug to a depth
of six feet to obtain water. In their
order I would name the horse, sheep,
goat, and cow as despoilers of ranges.
In the forest and forest covers the order
is reversed, and you may see the goat,
standing on his hind feet, his whiskers
flowing in the breeze, while he, master
of all he surveys, placidly dines off of the
succulent shoots of any tree or shrub of
which his fancy may approve. We have
had no warning note, but the goat is
coming, and, like the Chinaman, it will
require legislation to banish him. Next
to the goat, his near relative, the sheep,

beginning to be

26 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

sion, fills cavities, forms
natural storage basins, and
establishes conditions fa-
vorable to artificial irriga-
tion and water storage.
The destruction of this
forest growth referred to
will undo all these wise
provisions of nature.

I have witnessed the total
destruction of ten or fifteen
acres of rich, arable, bot-
tom land in a single flood,
due to the careless cutting
of a growth of brush land
or dwarf timber. An in-
stance of this occurred on
Granite Creek, Yavapai
County, and Aravaipi

ANGORA GOATS FEEDING UPON YOUNG TREES AND BRUSH.

is an able ally in forest destruction.
Then may be named cattle and, last,
horses. The horse is a very demure
and well behaved animal in a forest, but
every farmer knows what a few of these
frolicsome animals will do in a meadow,
and what they will doin a meadow they
will do on the open range, and more, for
here there is no restraint whatsoever.
It is unfortunate that the ranges of
Arizona are so thoroughly stocked with
worthless horses.

The only thing which has in any
marked degree withstood these destroy-
ing agents has been the plain, homely,
despised brush, and this humble ally of
the forest needs fostering and more ade-
quate protection. It is on the brush-
land areas, the boundary between forest
and desert, that serious forest problems
are being solved. Brush lands are the
last barriers between the forest and the
desert plains and the valleys. It is
the brush which fastens the soil to the
mountain side; it is the brush which
defies the flood water in its search for a
channel ; it isthe brush which turns the
flood water out upon the surface and
irrigates the mountain, hillside, and
plain ; it is the brush which transforms
the rocky, barren cafion into a narrow
valley, filled with soil and teeming with
vegetation; it is the much-despised
brush which successfully checks ero-

Canyon, in Pinal County,
last year. At the mouth
of a side branch of each of
these cafions was a growth of scrubby
timber which enlocked a great deposit
of boulders and silt. These trees were
cut for fuel, and, during a flood which
followed, a wash opened at the denuded
area and continued up the canyon
through the small ranches until again
checked by the growth of the timber
above.

The forests in question usually con-
sist of Mesquite, Cat-claw, Palo-verde,
‘Tornillo, Ironwood, Chapparal, Man-
zanita, Walnut, Cherry, Sycamore, Ash,
and a dozen species of Oak. Even the
numerous species of cacf? play an im-
portant part in the struggle against
erosion. It usually grows on land unfit
for cultivation. There is now a lively
demand for the timbers named for do-
mestic and steam purposes at the various
mining camps.

At the present rate of consumption,
coupled with incident fires and pastur-
ing, it will not be long before serious
damage will occur on these watersheds,
unless some practical system of adequate
protection of cutting and removing this
fuel timber is adopted.

While this class of timber has received
due recognition by scientific men, the
average citizen has been slow to see its
value. Schooled in the east and middle
west to regard brush as a thing to be
despised, subserving no economic pur-

1902.

pose, it is hard to remove this prejudice,
and hence there has been practically no
local demand for the reservation of such
land. I am pleased, however, to state
that the government has included some
valuable brush land within the bound-
aries of the present forest reserves.
Recently a movement has been inau-
gurated by the Arizona Forest and
Water Protective Association to attach
large areas of this class of forested lands
to the forest reserves. It is certainly a
step in the right direction, and it is to
be hoped that this organization will be
able to mold sentiment and awaken the
interest this subject deserves.
Observation must lead one to the con-
clusion that nature seldom, if ever, grew
a tree where it was not needed. Espe-
cially is this true in the West. Even
in the Middle States the farmer often
wrecked his iron constitution in destroy-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 27

ing the stumps of forest trees which
would be worth today twenty times the
value of hisfarm. ‘The Arizona pioneer
should at least think twice before apply-
ing the ax, and more than that proverb-
ial period of reflection before applying
the torch to the brush lands or giving
them over to the now popular Angora
goat.

That the majestic forest trees, the
pride and glory of our mountains, may
unfold their buds and wave defiance to
storm and drouth, the shrubbery and
lesser forest about their base must be
preserved. As the flower of Napoleon’s
great army was always surrounded by a
picked and tried skirmish line, so must
our forests be guarded by a tenacious
and vigorous forest cover, which will
stay erosion, conserve moisture, and so
establish conditions favorable to natural
and artificial irrigation.

oe

VIEW TAKEN IN A GLADE IN THE CAPITAN

MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, TEN

MINUTES AFTER A SUMMER SHOWER, SHOWING THE WATER BREAKING
THE SOD ON A CATTLE TRAIL, MAKING THE FIRST WASH
OR CUT IN THE VALLEY.

28 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

I. Minutes of the Meeting and
Resolutions.

HE American Forestry Association

held its twentieth annual meeting

in the ball-room of the New Willard

Hotel, at Washington, D. C., December
Ini WOOT:

The President of the Association,
Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agri-
culture, was in the chair during part of
the opening session, and the First Vice-
President, Dr. B. EK. Fernow, conducted
the remainder of this session. The at-
tendance was large, and the business
transacted included the election of offi-
cers, the report of the Board of Direct-
ors, and the “Treasurers, report.
pleasant innovation was the formal
luncheon given by the resident members
to the visiting members, at which about
sixty persons, including a number of
ladies, were present.

MORNING SESSION.

The morning session was called to
order at 10.30 a. m. by President Wil-
son, who made a short address, in which
he called attention to the great strides
forestry has made during the year.

Mr. Gifford Pinchot then read the re-
port of the Board of Directors (see page
29), which was approved and accepted.

While the reading was in progress,
Secretary Wilson called Dr. Fernow to
the chair.

The chair announced the following

committees : Committee on Resolutions,
Hon. E. A. Bowers, Dr. B. E. Fernow,
Prot. Henry Si Graves? itr Vi Co-
ville; Committee on Nominations, Col.
William Fox, Mr. George P. Whittle-
sey, Mr. Otto Ji). uebkert: Auditing
Committee, Mi, HC. Barnard iva:
George B. Sudworth.

The report of the Treasurer was then
read and accepted. (See page 34.)

The chair then called on some of the
visiting members for a few remarks,

responses being made by Dr. C. A.
Schenck, Director of the Biltmore Forest
School, and Mr. Elihu Stewart, Forest
Inspector of Canada.

The morning session then adjourned
to attend the luncheon given in the ad-
joining banquet-room to visiting mem-
bers and to guests of honor. Secretary
Wilson presided, and after the luncheon
addresses were made by Prof. Henry S.
Graves, Director of “the “Yale “Porest
School; Dr. B. EK. Fernow, Director of
the New York State College of Forestry,
and Dr. W J McGee, Chief of the Bu-
reau of Ethnology.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

At the conclusion of the lunch, the
afternoon session was called to order by
Dr. Fernow.

Mr. George B. Sudworth for the Au-
diting Committee, reported that the ac-
counts of the Treasurer had been ex-
amined and found correct. Mr. Edward
A. Bowers, for the Committee on Reso-
lutions, submitted the following :

1. Resolved, That the Association re-
news its recommendation, urged at its last
two annual meetings, that all branches
of the Federal Government now in
charge of any work relating to the pub-
lic timber lands and the forest adminis-
tration of the United States be united in
and under the Bureau of Forestry, De-
partment of Agriculture.

2. Resolved, That we express our com-
mendation of the important step taken
by the State of California toward the
establishment of a Redwood forest park
by the purchase of the Big Basin, Santa
Cruz Mountains, and we urge the ex-
tension of the state’s interest in the per-
manent preservation of a representative
area of these magnificent forests.

3. WHEREAS the States of North
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Ala-
bama, Georgia, and ‘Tennessee have
shown their great interest in the estab-
lishment of a National Park in the

1902.

Southern Appalachian Mountains by
proposing to remit from taxation and
to cede to the Federal Government ju-
risdiction over such lands as may be
purchased for this purpose ; and

WHEREAS this Association has here-
tofore approved the efforts to create
such a park,

Be it resolved, That we earnestly sup-
port the present movement in Congress
to obtain an appropriation to purchase
the lands necessary for the creation of
the National Appalachian Park or For-
est Reserve.

4. WHEREAS in the State of Ne-
braska there are public lands to the
extent of about 10,000,000 acres, con-
sisting of sand hills, which are more fit
for tree growth than for other purposes ;
and

WHEREAS experiments by the De-
partment of Agriculture, instituted in
1890, have proved the adaptation of this
region for tree growth, especially of
coniferous kinds ; and

WHEREAS it appears that public
sentiment and the officers of the state
are in sympathy with the policy of de-
voting these lands to timber growth,

Be it resolved, That this Association
favors the setting aside of a reservation
of 500,000 acres, to be devoted to forest
purposes in this area.

After a few verbal changes, the reso-
lutions were adopted.

Mr. George P. Whittlesey submitted
the report of the Nominating Commit-
tee, recommending the reelection of all
the old officers, excepting some five or
six changes in the list of vice-presidents.

On motion, the Secretary was in-
structed to cast the ballot for the nom-
inees reported by the Nominating Com-
mittee ; which being done, they were
declared elected.

Mr. Elihu Stewart invited the Asso-
ciation to join in the meeting of the
Canadian Forestry Association, on the
second Thursday in March, 1902, at
Ottawa.

The meeting then adjourned.

In the evening a large number of the
members were very delightfully enter-
tained by Mr. Pinchot at his home on
Rhode Island avenue.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 29

If. Report of the Board of Directors.

A Notable The past year has been
Year of the most notable one in
Forestry. the history of forestry

in this country. A re-
markable increase of interest in the sub-
ject is shown by the people, and, as
President Roosevelt says in his first
message, ‘‘public opinion throughout
the United States has moved steadily
toward a just appreciation of the value
of our forests.’’

The year has witnessed great activity
in local, state, and federal circles. State
legislatures have passed laws to en-
courage forest preservation, several
have created Departments of Forestry,
new state forest associations have been
organized, and old organizations con-
tinue active.

A mere recital of the important events
during the past two months will show
the present strong tendency of forestry.
Two months ago a prominent lumber
company asked the assistance of the
Bureau of Forestry in the handling of
a million acres of timber land. This
act meets the approval of lumber in-
terests on all sides. The Secretary of
the Interior recommends that the ad-
ministration of the forest reserves be
transferred to the Department of Agri-
culture, in order that they may be under
the direction of trained foresters. The
President makes the same recommenda-
tion in his message to Congress, and in-
sists that ‘‘the preservation of our for-
ests is an imperative business necessity ;’’
and, further, that ‘‘ the forest and water
problems are perhaps the most vital of
the internal questions of the United
States.”’

Another striking incident is the bring-
ing together by a great railroad com-
pany of more than two hundred of its
leading officials to hear lectures on for-
estry. Finally a bill is introduced in
Congress which would appropriate $10, -
000,000 for the purchase of 4,000,000
acres of forest lands to establish a forest
reserve in the Southern Appalachian
Mountains. ‘The people have come to
realize that forestry is economically
sound, and that one of the imperative
duties of the nation is, in the language

30 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ee

of the President, to “‘ perpetuate the

forests by use.’’

The Forest

Reserves.

During the year two new
forest reserves were de-
clared by President Mc-
Kinley—the Wichita Reserve of 57,120
acres in Oklahoma, on July 4, and the
Payson Reserve of 86,400 acres in Utah,
August 8. There was also an addition
of 142,080 acres to the Cascade Reserve
in Oregon.

An interesting matter in connection
with the administration of the reserves
is the recent action of the Secretary of
the Interior in reorganizing the Division
of Forestry of that Department. Under
the new arrangement this division will
be under the direction of a trained for-
ester, and much-needed reforms in the
handling of public timber lands may be
looked for.

That the administration of all the for-
est work of the government forest re-
serves should be united under the con-
trol of the Department of Agriculture is
everywhere understood, and the recom-
mendation of the Secretary of the Inte-
rior in his latest report that this trans-
fer be made ought to do much to bring
it about. President Roosevelt in his
message directs the attention of Con-
gress to this matter also, and it is hoped
that this much-needed change may be
made at anearly day. Secretary Hitch-
cock sums up the situation correctly
when he says that ‘‘the presence of
properly trained foresters in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture makes the ultimate
transfer of the administration of the for-
est reserves to that department essential
to the best interests both of the reserves
and the people who use them.”’

More than ever do the people of the
West realize the wisdom of the policy
of establishing forest reserves, and the
great need of a careful administration
of the timber and water resources of
that section.

On the ist of July the
Division of Forestry of
the United States De-
partment of Agriculture was advanced
to the grade of a bureau. This was
provided for by the last session of Con-

Bureau of
Forestry.

January,

gress, which appropriated for the ex-
penses of the Bureau of Forestry dur-
ing its first year $185,440. This action
shows how rapidly the forest work of
the government has expanded of late,
and also how well it has commended
itself to Congress.

The change from a division to a bu-
reau and the larger appropriation made
possible both an improved office organi-
zation and more expanded field-work.

Action by
States.

The Pennsylvania legis-
lature passed an act in
February raising the Di-
vision of Forestry of the State’s Agri-
cultural Department to the position of
a Department of Forestry. The depart-
ment consists of a Commissioner of For-
estry and four others, who constitute
the State Forest Reservation Commis-
sion, which is empowered to buy lands
for the State Forest Preserve and have
control of the same.

During the year a number of addi-
tions were made to the state forest pre-
serves by purchase, and they now con-
tain about 400,000 acres. At its com-
ing session the legislature will be asked
to establish a State Forest School.

Forest improvement and extension is
being taken up in a practical manner by
the State of Connecticut. The legisla-
ture at its last session passed an act
authorizing the appointment of a state
forester by the Board of Control of the
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station. This act, also entitled the
“Act concerning the reformation of
barren lands,’’ provides for the purchase
of lands suitable for the growth of oak,
pine, or chestnut timber, such land to
be used as a state park. The annual
appropriation for this purpose is small,
but the move is one that will greatly
increase interest in the forest conditions
of the state.

In Indiana a State Board of Forestry
was created by an act of the legislature
last spring, while in Michigan at the
last session of the legislature a tract of
100,000 acres was set apart for the use
of the State Forest Commission.

The campaign to preserve the Red-
wood forests of the Big Basin, in the
Santa Cruz Mountains of California,

1902.

has met with success. The legislature
of that state in March appropriated
$260,000 for their purchase. By this
act the State of California not only did
a great service to the cause of forestry
in the United States, but also gave its
citizens a superb park.

The Minnesota legislature at its ses-
sion last spring enacted a law that sets
aside as a part of the state forest reserves
all lands unfit for agricultural purposes
that reverted to the state through delin-
quent taxes prior to 1891.

Meetings of | The summer meeting of

the Year. the American Forestry
Association was held at
Denver, Colorado, August 27-29, in

affiliation with the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science.
The meeting was a distinctively west-
ern one, and was well attended. Inter-
esting papers were read on a variety of
topics, the questions of fires, grazing, re-
lations of forests to water supply, and the
forest reserves receiving especial atten-
tion. The papers read at Denver have
been appearing in the FORESTER. ‘lhe
newspapers of Denver devoted much
space to the meeting, and accounts of the
various sessions were sent out to the
papers over the country. The Baltimore
American, 1n referring to the Denver
meeting, had the following to say of the
Association: ‘‘ It is doing a good work,
and a work which sooner or later must
be undertaken by the entire people.’’
The Providence (R. I.) 7Zelegram re-
cently said, editorially : ‘‘ The Ameri-
can Forestry Association has done and is
doing an incalculable amount of good.”’

The list of national and
state forest associations
was augmented by three
new organizations during the year. At
Connersville, Indiana, in June, the In-
ternational Society of Arboriculture was
organized with over three hundred mem-
bers, representing thirty states and sev-
eral foreign countries.

The ‘Tennessee Forest Association
began its career at Sewanee, Tennessee,
early in August, and the first annual
meeting of the organization was held in
Nashville in November. Much interest

New Forest ©
Associations.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. BY

-in forestry throughout the state has
been aroused through the efforts of this
association, and there is significance in
the fact that among the most enthusi-
astic members of the organization are a
number of the leading lumbermen of
the state.

The Society for the Protection of New
Hampshire Forests was organized early
in the year, and much work has already
been done by its members. During the
past summer a series of lectures on for-
estry, under the auspices of the society,
were given at various towns in the state.
The society now intends to follow up
its preliminary work by engaging a
trained forester, who will deliver lec-
tures throughout the state and also be
at the service of farmers and lumber-
men, to give them advice in the hand-
ling of their timber land, free of charge.

It is interesting to note in this con-
nection that there are now twenty-two
national and state forest associations in
the United States.

The Forester. During the past year

40,200 copies of the
FORESTER were printed. Of this num-
ber 26,000 went to our members, sub-
scribers, and exchanges, while about
14,000 sample copies were sent out,
along with invitations to join the As-
sociation, to selected lists of names.
In January Mr. H. M. Suter was ap-
pointed business manager, and on April
15th Mr. Henry James, 2d, under whose
control the magazine had been for a
year and under whose direction it was
greatly improved, resigned. Mr. Suter
was then selected to fill the vacancy.
During the year just ended the adver-
tising receipts of the FORESTER were
doubled.

Ata meeting of the Board of Directors
held on October 8th the feasibility of
enlarging and improving the FORESTER
was discussed. It was felt that both
the Association and the cause of forestry
needed a better magazine. The propo-
sition was then made that negotiations
be entered into having in view the union
of publication of the FORESTER with the
journal known as National [rrigation,
since both publications were devoted to
the propagation of ideas related to the

ios)

conservation and use of forests and
waters. Upon motion, it was voted that
it was the sense of the Board of Direct-
ors that it would be desirable to com-
bine the interests of the American For-
estry Association and of the National
Irrigation Association, as far as the offi-
cial organ of each is concerned. Since
the objects of the two organizations are
in many instances identical, it is be-
lieved that one publication, covering the
whole field, can be prepared at less rel-
ative cost and upon a higher standard
than that reached by the independent
publications.

Therefore, beginning with the Jan-
uary number, the name of the incorpo-
rated magazine will be FORESTRY AND
IRRIGATION. The new magazine will
continue to be the official organ of the
American Forestry Association, and will
be sent to the members upon the same
terms as the FORESTER in the past.
The new magazine will also be the offi-
cial organ of the National Irrigation
Association, though the identities of the
two organizations remain separate, as
in the past. Under the new arrange-
ment, the decided increase in circulation
will permit of much better arrangements
for publication, and the result will be
that the members of the Association will
get a much better publication at the
same price as heretofore.

This consolidation is a tangible evi-
dence of the earnest and loyal support
given to the forest movement by the
friends of irrigation, and to the irrigation
movement by the friends of forestry.
The most cordial codperation exists and
will continue, for there are no two bodies
of public-spirited citizens more closely
cordially united than these.

Growth of the During theyearjust com-
Association, pleted 589 new members
have been received into
the Association. During the same time
there were dropped from the rolls 123
members, and there were 71 resigna-
tions and 16 deaths. The active mem-
bership now stands at 1,849 members.
Of the new members secured, sixteen
(16) are life members, four (4) sustain-
ing members, and five hundred and
sixty-nine (569) annual members.

2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

There has been a steady increase in
membership from the States of Massa-
chusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and
the District of Columbia. There has
also been a substantial increase in Con-
necticut, Hlinois, Colorado, California,
and Canada.

Appalachian The movement, begun
Forest Reserve. in 1899, to establish a

forest. ~reserve im’ the
southern Appalachian mountains has
received considerable impetus during
the year. In January, Secretary Wil-
son’s report regarding the preliminary
investigation was sent to Congress by
President McKinley, who recommended
its favorable consideration. A bill ap-
propriating $5,000,000 for the estab-
lishment of the reserve was then intro-
duced in Congress, but, owing to the
shortness of the session and the great
amount of important business to be
transacted, it did not reach final con-

sideration. Meantime the legislatures
of Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, ‘Tennessee, Alabama, and

Georgia passed bills ceding to the Na-
tional Government authority to ac-
quire title to lands within their bound-
aries for forest-reserve purposes, with
exemption from taxes. At the present
session of Congress the same bill has
been introduced in the House and Sen-
ate, but with double the appropriation
in the House.

The plan for establishing a forest re-
serve in the southern Appalachians has
been received everywhere with approval.
As Secretary Wilson says in his annual
report, ‘‘ The creation of the proposed
reserve is urgent, in order to protect
the headwaters of the important streams,
to maintain an already greatly impaired
supply of timber, and to provide a na-
tional recreation ground which, with
the exception of the Adirondacks, will
be readily accessible to a larger number
of people than any other forest region
in the United States.’’

The Forest The rapid increase of inter-
Schools. est in forestry throughout

the country is nowhere
more noticeable than in educational cir-
cles, and a most gratifying increase in

1902.

attendance is reported from the forest
schools.

At the New York State College of
Forestry there are now enrolled thirty-
eight students, an increase of one hun-
dred per cent over the attendance of last
year. The Yale Forest School has thirty-
one students, and at the Biltmore Forest
School the new year has opened with
eleven matriculates.

There is a growing tendency on the
part of colleges and universities of the
country to add courses in forestry to
their curricula. Already forty-seven
institutions of learning offer instruction
in forestry, and it is worthy of notice
that in several cases high schools are
following the lead of the universities.

During the past summer
Nebraska. ae oi the Bureau
of Forestry studied the forest conditions
of Nebraska, completing their investi-
gations in October. ‘The investigations
covered principally the Platte River and
its tributaries, the Pine Ridge district,
and the Sand Hill region. In all, over
forty counties were traversed.

As a result of this investigation, so
thoroughly has the Bureau of Forestry
become convinced of the practicability
of foresting the Sand Hills that it is aid-
ing the efforts to secure the setting aside
of one or more tree-planting reserves in
that region.

In any event this investigation will.be
of great value in determining future
plans in regard to improving the forest
conditions of the plains region.

In no part of the coun-
In the South. try is wider interest
shown in conservative forest manage-
ment by private owners than in the
Southern States. Up to date the amount
of private lands in the South for which
advice in handling has been asked of
the Bureau is 1,534,000 acres, and a
very large part of the work which will
be done by the Bureau for private
owners in the immediate future, will be
in that section.

The past year has been
notable both for interest
and achievement in tree
Never before, not even dur-

Progress in
Tree Planting.

planting.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 33

ISI

ing the time of wholesale timber-claim
planting, were so many trees planted in
a single year. Reports of extensive
work in this line from Florida, New
England, the Middle Atlantic states,
the Lake states, the Pacific coast, as
well as from all the prairie states of the
interior, have been received.

In the West a decided impetus has
been given to tree planting by the fact
that forest plantations have already
proven profitable as financial ventures.
On the other hand, in the East tree
planting is found to be a valuable way
of reclaiming waste lands and for pro-
tecting water supplies.

More than one hundred planting plans
have been made for applicants by the
Bureau of Forestry within the year.

Friends of forestry must
view with satisfaction
the thorough prepara-
tions that are being made to establish
an effective forest service in the Philip-
pine Islands. The work done during
the first fiscal year by the Forestry Bu-
reau, at Manila, is most encouraging.
The announcement by its director that
the working force will be increased and
a definite forest policy inaugurated
throughout the archipelago at the earliest
possible day, makes the outlook for for-
estry in the Philippines most promising.

With practically all the forest lands
in the islands under the management of
the bureau, judging from results already
accomplished, the exploitation of timber
promises to be one of the most interest-
ing economic problems in the Philip-
pines.

A number of trained foresters recently
secured in this country for the Philip-
pine service have sailed for Manila to
enter upon their duties. The Bureau
of Forestry of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture has been made an
agent for the Forestry Bureau at Manila
in securing men for the service there.

Forestry in the
Philippines.

, It is with great regret
Obituary. we report the death of
Dr. Charles Mohr, one of the founders
of this Association, who passed away on
lye Ez.

Dr. Mohr was one of the pioneer advo-
cates of conservative forest management

34 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

in the United States. In this movement
he became one of the charter members
who organized the American Forestry
Congress in 1882, from which grew the
present American Forestry Association.
Dr. Mohr was elected Vice-President of
the American Forestry Association in
1890 for the State of Alabama, and
served in this capacity until 1900, when
he moved to North Carolina.

January,.

Capt. Judson Newell Cross, President
of the Minnesota State Forestry Board
and Vice-President of the American
Forestry Association for that State, died
at Minneapolis August 31. Captain
Cross was for years a strong advocate
of the conservative treatment of the for-
ests of this country, and was instru-
mental in having several state forest
laws enacted.

III. Treasurer’s Report.

The Treasurer submitted the following report for the year ending November

Bowl OOla:

Otto J. J. Luebkert, Treasurer, in account with the American Forestry

Association.
DR. CR.

To balance, December 1, 1900....... $637.81 By purchase of two Minn. & St. L.

MTU os cope cents aero cates rence Pes 3,093. 25 4 per cent. bonds (French leg-
Lis TESTA SITS. oconnsocdo00r 1,700.00 ACY, iets saps ces eee eat ncaa ea ween $1,982.50
Sustaining memberships........ 100.00 Salaniesioteditorssae ee eee g04 II
Donationsse arenes eee ae 23.00 sHilanay Ot IRENE, ooo oacdseaoe 120 00
Sale of proceedings..... ss aan 11.75 Clerks for HORESTERe =n eee 516.00

Subscription and sale of For- Clerk hire for Assistant Secretary
EASIER Ine tee Peet aa ee, SENSE 223.75 and-Treasureris, io eee eee 533-25
INGKVAAUESTTOS sob aaducoacseccoDee 8 297.49 Prim bin ono RPE ORIISII Rita terne rie 1,769. 20
InkerestOnsbondseee aerate 180.00 Brinting torslireasiner ane ner 38.00:
Interest onsde posits ey eet ene 28.28 Printing for Secretary........... 87.00

Legacy of J. D. W. French...... 2,000.00 Printing for FORESTER (miscel-
laneous) sea ae ete eee 33 35
Postage, Assistant Secretary..... 417.34
BOStat Cue hheas tinct ae 78.58
Illustrations, FORESTER......... 233.33

$8, 295.33

[RHPA ss edict abacodsooRs Jn 838.50

Officeistationenyze heen 52.05
Sundries, Assistant Secretary.... 82.06
Sundries) iteasunersa eee een wwe. 7
Typewriting machine and repairs. 108.00
Traveling expenses, Assistant Sec-

FECAL Y of. s «chante seeeeace beret verde 256.00
Binding wet ccs eee ee 14 95
InkerestionehiCOORloOan ee eee 45.56
Printing of membership list (1,650

COPIES) Si. aoe eee 92.00
Expenses of Denver meeting.... 246.70
Dravagesyc. ses eee eee 1.75
Hall rent for annual meeting,

LQOO ses Sisto eet eee ee 3 00
Made good a bad check......... 2.00
Check book, revenue stamps..... 1.00
Refunds of overpayments........ 5.00

$7,847.50
Balances. acae yam Sh 447.83
$8,295.33

* This includes October and November of the fiscal year 1899-1900, but does not include

November of present fiscal year.

1902.

Additional assets :
Two Chi. & East. Ill. bonds........ $2,305.00

Two Minn. & St. Louis bonds...... 1,982.50
Outstanding advertising.... .. ..., 199.43
Outstanding dues (miscellaneous)... 50.00
Outstanding dues (1900 and Igor)... 598.00
(163 2) asec Meh . $5,134.93

A loan on one C. & E, Ill. bond.... 1,000.00
$4,134.33

Unpaid dues to the amount of $648
are still outstanding, viz., for the years

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION: 35

previous to 1900, $50; for 1900, $184,
and for rgor, $414.

In accordance with the resolution
passed at the last annual meeting, 123
names were dropped from the member-
ship roll for non-payment of dues. The
amount owed by the members so dropped
was $954.

Respectfully submitted.

Orre-].. J.s LORBEERT,
Treasurer.

DwWO- IRRIGATION: PROJECTS.

I, The San Carlos Dam.

N the recent annual report of the
Secretary of the Interior he recom-
mended the construction of three pro-
jects, the first of these being the San
Carlos dam, on Gila River, in southern
Arizona. The picture given here is a
sketch of the proposed dam, showing
the lake created and the flood water
pouring out through the waste ways on
each side.

This project is designed to regulate
the flow of Gila River, storing the floods
for the use of the agricultural Indians
on the reservation below,.and also to
furnish water to at least 100,000 acres
of government land in the valley be-
tween Florence and Casa Grande, a
station on the Southern Pacific Railroad.
The lands to be irrigated have been re-
served from entry and settlement by the
Secretary of the Interior.

The cost of the dam is estimated at a
little over $1,000,000. Measurements
of the flow of the river at this point
show that there is ample water to fill
the reservoir, and that in addition to
the needs of the Indians at least 100,000
acres can be irrigated. The reservoir
site is on the Apache Indian Reserva-
tion, below Solomonsville Valley. The
ground to be flooded has little value,
small patches being utilized by the In-
dians. ‘These farms can be transferred
to higher land along the reservoir, which
will be wet in part by the receding
waters of the lake and by ditches head-
ing above the upper end of the reservoir.

Water for irrigation will be drawn
out through the bottom of the dam,
being controlled by gates located at the
foot of the towers shown in the picture ;
a portion also can be taken out by a
tunnel run through the solid rock of the
abutments. By so doing a considerable
part of the silt deposited in the reser-
voir will be drawn off, and the remainder,
if it tends to accumulate, can be dredged
or sluiced out by hydraulic processes,
keeping the reservoir clean.

The water discharged back into the
stream follows a narrow, rocky canyon
for about forty miles. Measurements
show that losses in this canyon from
evaporation are compensated by the
seepage received from side canyons.
Passing beyond the Buttes, twelve
miles above the town of Florence, the
waters will be recovered in a canal
located above all existing ditches, a
sufficient amount being allowed to flow
down to supply the needs of prior ap-
propriators.

This large canal will be continued out
on the south side of the river above ex-
isting works, a branch conducting water
down to the Indian lands and another
covering the public lands.

The legislation before Congress con-
templates throwing open this land to
homestead entry in small tracts, pay-
ment to be made to the government for
the cost of storing the water, the annual
installments being small. ‘Title to the
land will be given only after the propor-
tional cost has been refunded by the
settler.

36 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January,

PROPOSED DAM AND MONTANA.

1g02.

II. The Saint Mary Diversion Canal.

Another reclamation project recom-
mended by the Secretary of the Interior
is that of the St. Mary Canal, taking
water from the northern part of the
Rocky Mountain region and conducting
it across gravel ridges to the drainage
flowing eastward. These gravel ridges
force the water to flow north, and it is
proposed to restore the ancient pre-gla-
cial drainage by cutting across the inter-
posing barriers.

On the extreme right of the picture is
shown a dam holding back flood waters
in St. Mary Lake. From this a canal
leads along the side of the gravel-cov-
ered hills, and on the left passes through
a gap occupied by a small lake, finally
crossing the headwaters of Milk River.

It will be necessary to carry the water
across the North Fork of Milk River to

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 37

the South Fork, into which it can be
turned, or conducting it a few miles
farther, allow it to flow into streams
tributary to the Marias.

The water can either be allowed to
flow in the natural drainage and be
taken out by ditches at various points,
or it can be kept in the canal and dis-
tributed to the great body of public
land in northern Montana between the
Milk and Missouri Rivers.

There are several alternative projects
to be considered, but it has been esti-
mated that for one of these the cost
of taking out a canal to carry 1,200
cubic feet per second of the stored flood
waters will be, in round numbers,
$1,000,000. This will bring the water
to the head of Milk River or to vacant
land in the vicinity. From here the
distribution systems can be built by the
settlers.

FOREST CONDITIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

ive Vigo GAS rs

a eee is dissimilar from some

tropical countries, in that it does
not contain a solid mass of tropical vege-
tation extending from the mountain
summits tothe ocean. Onthecontrary,
it needs forests, and there is presented
here a noble opportunity for very fine
work in this line.

In general, it may be said that the
axis of Hawali lies directly across the
path of the prevailing winds and ocean
currents. The mountain chains form
the line of this axis, excepting on the
islands of Hawaii and Maui, where the
mountain system is represented by three
huge mountain masses in the former, and
two in the case of the latterisland. We
therefore find that the forests exist in
lines coincident with the masses of vapor
swept in by the winds; that is, as a
rule, all of the northeast sides of all of
the islands are covered with forests, and
in some cases very densely. ‘The forest
growth has, in many cases, flowed over
the tops of the mountains down to the
southwest or leeward sides. In some
instances a break in the mountain line

has occurred and the moisture passing
through has resulted in a covering of
forests along the lines of the valley or
valleys, running toward the southwest.
The southwest shores of nearly all of
the islands are arid and barren, although
the soil is extremely fertile. Wherever
water has been brought to these slopes
and plains the great fertility is shown in
the production of abundant crops.
Some attempt has been made in past
years to clothe a few barren hillsides of
the country with forests. Many years
ago the ‘‘ algeroba’’ (atree of the acacia
family, probably bearing some resem-
blance to the mesquite tree of the south-
western United States) was introduced,
and it has proven a very great advantage
to this country, growing luxuriantly on
the barren plains near the sea; making
splendid firewood, shading the plains,
producing a bean whichisof great benefit
and value to live stock, and enriching the
ground by the very copious deposits of
leaf mold. ‘These trees have been placed
upon the leeward sides of most of the
islandsandaredoing well. Theirgrowth

CO

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January,

o>)

THIS VIEW SHOWS DENSITY OF FOREST GROWTH WHERE HEAVIEST RAINFALL OCCURS.

A PLANTED FOREST FIFTEEN YEARS OLD, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

1902.

is being fostered by inhabitants gen-
erally.

The slopes of the mountains were bar-
ren, and about fifteen years ago the
Hawaiian Government undertook forest
work, and very soon the hills back of
Honolulu were clothed with a dense and
luxuriant growth of eucalyptus of sev-
eral varieties, the Australian wattle and
other trees of that character. ‘These
trees have already exercised a noticeable
influence in conserving rainfall and ren-
dering the climate in the vicinity more
agreeable.

The islands have a number of very
fine cabinet woods, besides a few which
are valuable for ship-building purposes,
such as the making of knees, ox yokes
and bows, and articles of that character;
but it is a lamentable fact that with
the introduction of many new plants,
shrubs, and trees, insects have entered
the country which are proving very de-
structive to much of the indigenous
forest. We hope that one of the lines
of work of the American Forestry Asso-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 39

fe)

ciation, if a branch can be established
in Honolulu, will be the devising of
means to check the injury done by these
pests.

Much of the virgin forest of the coun-
try has been destroyed in part by cattle
and other foraging animals, as well as
direct cutting away for agricultural
purposes. ‘The injurious effect of this
upon the climate has already been so
great as to vastly decrease the product-
ive power of some of the localities. I,
perhaps, in the absence of statistics,
would not be justified in saying that
the rainfall is materially less, but in
places where in years gone by streams
were running nearly the entire year,
the water from the floods, poured down
on the mountains, now rushes to the
ocean in immense volumes, carrying
off soil, plants, and in some instances
houses. We believe that much of the
injury which has been done is remedi-
able, and think it within the province
of a forest association to work on these
lines.

VIEW OF HONOLULU, SHOWING BARE CONDITION OF THE MOUNTAIN SIDES.

40 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

PROGRESS IN TREE PLANTING.

BY Wietam Je, hawt:

Bureau of Forestry.

HE past year has been notable for

achievement and interest 1n tree-
planting. Never before, even during
the time of wholesale timber-claim
planting, twenty years ago, were so
many trees planted in a single year.
Timber-claim planting was confined al-
most wholly to the Dakotas, Kansas,
and Nebraska, whereas planting is now
general. Reports of extensive work
are in hand from Florida, New England,
the Middle Atlantic states, the Lake
states, and the Pacific coast, as well as
from nearly all the prairie states of the
interior.

WESTERN PLANTING.

Planting in the West has been almost
entirely of a general nature. Trees
have been needed on the prairies for
shade, protection, beauty, and for their
products, and trees have been planted
for these purposes; sometimes for a sin-
gle one, sometimes for all combined.
They have been planted in areas of all
sizes up to hundreds of acres.

There is yet great need of general
planting on prairie farms. Many farms
are entirely without windbreaks and
shade, and many families are paying
high prices for fuel that should be
grown upon the farm. A forest planta-
tion on a western farm is not a thing of
comfort only, itis a matter of economy.
It is in many cases the most useful and
valuable portion of the farm. Educa-
tion in the value of trees must be kept
up until there will be no unprotected
farms. Every effort must be put for-
ward to attain this end. ‘The present
is a favorable time to encourage this
kind of planting, because the prevalence
of better financial conditions among
western farmers has turned attention to-
ward home improvement. Every article
and bulletin filled with practical infor-
mation and sent out now in readable
form, is sure to do great good.

A distinct advance has been made in
the kinds of trees planted. The rapid-
growing softwoods have for several
years been giving way to the slow-grow-
ing hardwoods. ‘The change is almost
complete. "The Cottonwood and Silver
Maple are no longer found in quantity
in the western nurseries. They have
been replaced by Ash, Elm, Locust,
Walnut, and Cedar. As completing
this change, we must hope for diversi-
fication of present offerings so as to in-
clude still other valuable species not now
obtainable. It is next to impossible to
obtain such trees as Red Elm and Hack-
berry in large quantities in the nurseries.

There is one point upon which great
improvement is needed in western plant-
ing. Planters are too often well satis-
fied with indifferent results. They look
with pride at their scattered, grass-
bound trees, thinking them fully suc-
cessful, when with different manage-
ment they would be one hundred per
cent better. Many an owner considers
his cottonwood grove a successful plan-
tation when the truth is it will be gone
in a few years and the land again
be prairie. Almost without exception
among western planters, information is
needed on methods of converting plan-
tations of short-lived trees, such as Cot-
tonwood and Silver Maple, into more
permanent timber, such as Elm, Red
Cedar, Walnut, and Oak. Itis not gen-
erally understood that long-lived trees
may be grown under protection of short-
lived trees, to eventually take their
places and form the permanent stand.
Such information is slowly obtaining
hold. Gradually both the cultural ne-
cessities aud possibilities of planted tim-
ber are being learned.

One of the important facts recently
learned is that forest plantations can be
made profitable on a financial basis.
The high price paid for fence posts in
the West, and the general demand for

1902. FORESTRY

AND IRRIGATION. 41

telegraph poles and rail-
road ties is making it pos-
sible to grow timber for
these purposes with profits
equal to those obtained
from farm crops, even on
the best agricultural land.
Some of the timbers adapt-
ed for these purposes are
easily handled and quickly
grown in plantations.
Planted timber of Hardy
Catalpa, Osage Orange,
Russian Mulberry, and
Black Locust from fifteen
to twenty years old, when
cut and marketed as fence
posts, returns an amount
equal to a net annual gain
of from five to fifteen dol-
lars per acre from the time
of planting. Some of these
timbers a few years older
would return a still higher
rate if sold for telegraph
poles and railroad ties.

Many such commercial
plantations are being de-
veloped at the present time.
The matter commends it-
self especially tothe owners
of large farms and ranches
where thousands of posts
are required annually to keep up fences.
The railroads, too, are becoming greatly
interested in this phase of tree planting.
Some of the foremost roads are giving
serious consideration to the question
now, and are likely soon to begin ex-
tensive planting to provide for future
supplies of timber.

EASTERN PLANTING.

Planting in the East has been largely
accelerated in the last few years. A few
isolated plantations were established
years ago, such as that of David Lan-
dreth, in Virginia; Joshua Fay, in Mas-
sachusetts, and Gordon Woodbury, in
New Hampshire, and have attracted
general notice. There was also some
planting for such practical purposes as
that at Cape Cod, on sandy expanses
near the seashore, to keep the soil from
blowing. This planting represented

GROWTH OF PLANTED TREES IN
VALLEY.

THE ARKANSAS RIVER

only individual, or at best, local interest.
There was until recently no general in-
terest in the subject.

As indicating the change in public
opinion, there are at the present time,
besides almost numberless small planta-
tions, many extensive operations in pro-
gress. In Pennsylvania Mr. N. T. Ar-
nold, of Ridgway, is planting upon
denuded mountain lands. Gen. Paul A.
Oliver, of Oliver’s Mills, has recently
planted over 400 acres of cut-over land
under the direction of a skilled forester
privately employed. At Clinton, Mass.,
the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage
Board is planting several hundred acres
to protect the watershed forming the
drainage area for its reservoirs. ‘The
Connecticut State Experiment Station
is planting a tract on the sand plains of
northern Connecticut to test the practi-
cability of reclaiming such lands by
forestation.

Eastern planting, besides for the di-
rect object of producing timber, is being
prosecuted for two purposes: First, to
utilize otherwise valueless lands; sec-
ond, for special purposes, such as the
protection of water supplies, and in the
improvement of game preserves.

Where, besides its commercial value,
the forest will serve some special pur-
pose, there is scarcely any room to ques-
tion the practicability of planting on
unforested lands. The question of

42 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

January,

along the beach in Currituck County,
N. C. Within the last. few years the
drifting sand has become a menace to
the extensive improvements of the club
and threatens to envelop them com-
pletely if not checked. To prevent
such a disaster the club is compelled to
resort to extensive forest planting.

In the past there has been no general
application of economical methods in
eastern planting. Both methods and
cost have been marked by great varia-

SCOTCH AND WHITE PINE PLANTED ON

PENNSYLVANIA.

STEEP HILLSIDE NEAR RIDGWAY,

THE YOUNG TREES, WHICH HAVE BEEN PLANTED

BUT ONE YEAR, ARE TO BE SEEN AMONG THE STUMPS.

keeping pure and regular the water
supply of cities is of first importance
from the standpoint of health and
economy, and very often this can be
done by keeping the drainage area from
which the reservoirs are supplied well
wooded. As far as planting is neces-
sary for this purpose it is highly practi-
cable. Planting is also essential to pro-
tect and improve private parks and
game preserves. A good example of
this is the work proposed by the Curri-
tuck Shooting Club on their grounds

tion. ‘The difficulty has been intensified
by the absence of nurseries handling
forest stock in wholesale quantities. It
has been difficult to obtain such trees as
the White Pine, except in sizes of from
two to three feet and at prices of from
$25 to, ¢roo per thousand.” Conse-
quently plantations established from
nursery-purchased stock have been bur-
dened by so great initial expense that
profitable return is impossible. Eco-
nomical methods have been limited to
growing the trees from seed or trans-

1902.

planting them from neighboring wood-
lands.

The question of economical meth-
ods of planting is all-important. On
its solution depends the practicabil-
ity of general forest planting. It is
scarcely possible that forest planting
can prove profitable at a planting cost
Ole, 25400 tea0 per iaere, but there isa
probability of profit with an initial cost
of $5 to $8 per acre. It is entirely pos-
sible to plant at the latter rates and pur-
chase nursery-grown trees. The only
way it can be approximated, even on
large areas, is by the planter growing

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 43

the
ex-

his own trees, and this will be
method generally followed where
tensive planting is to be done.

With few exceptions, the large plan-
tations now being established both in
the East and in the West are under
the immediate direction of the Bureau
of Forestry, which, after a study of in-
dividual locations, has prepared plans
for establishing the plantations and will
continue to cooperate with the owners
in their management. The assistance
of the Bureau has been extended to all
applicants, regardless of the size of the
plantation.

HE greater portion of water used in

irrigation is diverted by gravity
from flowing streams. While this is true
as regards bulk of the water, yet as re-
gards value it may be
said that some of the
_mostimportant sources
of supply are utilized
through pumping. In
ancient times, espe-
cially in Egypt and
India, where labor had
little value and the
conditions for divert-
ing water by gravity
were not favorable,
pumping by hand or
by animal power was
largely in vogue.

In modern times the
devices for hand pump-
ing have been im- :
proved upon,although ~**
some of them are still -
utilized in crude form
by pioneers in the arid
region ; but with ordi-
nary farm wells irriga-
tion is impracticable, other than the
watering of a few trees or plats of
vegetables ; but the beginnings of irri-
gation on many a farm in the sub-
humid region may be traced to success-

ful experiments with water raised in
this laborious manner.

The next step above human labor in
pumping water has frequently been the

<<

Ss
SSS —_
a

PUMPING WATER BY HORSE-POWER

utilization of horse-power. The accom-
panying figure shows a simple device by
which a horse walking in a circle causes
a series of buckets to be lifted from the
well, drawing up water sufficient for

*It is our intention to publish a series of articles on pumping, giving illustrations of the
various kinds of engines, pumps, and windmills employed in different parts of the country,

both East and West.—EDITOR.

Aa FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

several acres. The possibility of irri-
gation in this way is limited largely by
the depth to the water in the well and
the number of animals available.

The next step is the use of the ordi-
nary threshing engine, replacing the
horse and driving a pump as shown in
the accompanying sketch. ‘Tracts of
considerable size have been watered in
this way, and the value of the crops
greatly increased. For example, onions,
which would have been almost worth-
less, owing. to a drouth, have as the
result of water properly applied sold at
$150 per acre, and celery at $200 per
acre, repaying in a season the whole
outlay for well, pump, and engine.
Special forms of pumps driven by steam,
gasolene, and other forms of engine
have been devised suited to the needs
of the irrigator.

The most important source of power
for pumping is the wind. On the broad
valleys and plains of the arid regions
the wind movement is almost continu-
ous for days and weeks, carrying away
the dry leaves, even at times sweeping
up the loose soil. In many localities
there are at depths of 20 or 50 feet or
more beneath the surface, pervious beds
of sand or gravel filled with waters by
the infiltration of rainfall or by percola-
tion from stream channels.

It is a comparatively simple and in-

oh
ae

CD HET,

January, 1902-

expensive operation to sink a well into
this water and erect a windmill, attach-
ing this to a suitable pump. ‘The ma-
chinery once provided is operated day
and night by the ever-present wind,
bringing to the surface a small, but con-
tinuous supply of water. This small
stream, if turned out on the soil, would
flow a short distance, then disappear
into the thirsty ground, so that irriga-
tion directly from a windmill is usually
impracticable.

To overcome this difficulty, it has
been found necessary to provide small
storage reservoirs or tanks built of earth,
wood, or iron to hold the water until it
has accumulated to a volume sufficient
to permit of astream of considerable size
being taken out for irrigation. Sucha
stream flowing rapidly over the surface
will penetrate to a distance and cover an
area which would seem impossible with
the small flow delivered by the pump.

The windmills employed in irrigation
are of all kinds, from the highest type
of the machinist’s art down to the crude
home-made devices. These latter are
not to be despised, as many of them are
highly effective, and at least they have
enabled settlers to procure a_ small
amount of water and to obtain a foot-
hold upon the soil, by which ultimately
they may be able to obtain funds to
procure better implements.

ost

“7A

PUMPING WATER WITH A THRESHING ENGINE.

Forestry a4 Irrigation
H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

rs ne ee. =
OE eee Pee: HE ae OP Pa

re eee blk he ee
(Se Re ave

CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1902

GROUP OF CHESTNUT TREES IN MARYLAND Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES (/dlustrated) . ; } F 47

Controversy in New York — Irrigation in Michigan — Rio
Grande Valley—New Hampshire—Railroad Buys Irrigation
System — Forest Reserves for Nebraska—Labor Unions Favor
National Irrigation— Tour Through European Forests —Forests
and Snow — Sale of Public Lands—To Prospective Forest
Students—San Antonio, Texas — Lacey Irrigation Bill—Stu-
dent Assistant Seminar—Yale Forest Students Study Lumbering

MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL (with portrait) ‘
DISEASES OF TIMBER (///ustrated) . Hermann von Schrenk

NATIONAL IRRIGATION WORKS
Hon. Pager G. SIN ee

THE FORESTS OF ALASKA (///ustrated) : : :
Dr. B. E. Fernow

AGRICULTURAL COMPETITION IMPOSSIBLE

TREE PLANTING IN MARYLAND (//lustrated) ;
Albert Neilson

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS

CALIFORNIA-NEVADA RESERVOIRS (J//lustrated)
F. H. Newell

FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS (///ustrated) :
Warren H. Manding

PUMPING WATER (///ustrated)
RECENT PUBLICATIONS (///ustrated)

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestrs
Association and The National Irrigation Assoctation. Subscription price $2.00
a year, single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter,

Published Monthly at
5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, D. C.

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Forestry and Irrigation.

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FEBRUARY, 1902.

No. 2.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Controversy in On January 23, the
New York. New York State Forest,
Fish, and Game Com-
mission gave a hearing on an application
to have declared void the purchase by the
State, of 30,000 acres of land in Franklin
county, near Upper Saranac and Tupper
Lakes, for the School of Forestry of
Cornell University. This application
was made by Eric P. Swenson, represent-
ing anassociation of residents and prop-
erty owners of Upper Saranac Lake.
Ex-Gov. Levi P. Morton, Jules S. Bache,
Sidney M. Colgate, Charles Peabody,
Isaac N. Seligman, F. S. Bangs, and
Alfred L. White were among the signers
of the petition. The association was
represented by David Wilcox and John
G. Agar, of New York city, and James
F. Tracy, of Albany. Cornell Univer-
sity was represented by President J. G.
Schurman, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Director of
the School of Forestry, and State Civil
Service Commissioner Cuthbert Pound.
The citizens’ association charges that
the purchase of the 30,000 acres of land
is unconstitutional, and that the School
of Forestry has exceeded its authority,
even though the act were constitutional,
by cutting down and selling the timber
product of the land.

Dr. Fernow stated that his conduct of
the school has been to demonstrate that
the forests can be reproduced with a
view to future earnings. He admitted
that a contract had been entered into
with a Brooklyn cooperage concern for
a period of fifteen or twenty years, to
utilize the timber cut from the lands.
This timber was cut, he said, with a
view of affording opportunity for scien-
tific reproduction.

Lieutenant-Governor Woodruff said

that the authorities of Cornell had evi-
dently labored under a misapprehension
as to what was intended when the school
was authorized. He was a member of
the Forest Preserve Board at the time
of the purchase, and knew that Gov-
ernor Black and the legislature had no
intention of permitting any one to de-
nude any part of the forests.

John G. Agar said that it is the in-
tention of the school to practically de-
nude the entire tract, which would be
a great detriment, not only to neighbor-
ing property, but to the entire Adiron-
dack region

David Wilcox said that the purchase
of the lands was unconstitutional, be-
cause the act authorizing it had not
made a specific appropriation for that
purpose. The title, therefore, of the
lands has never passed from the state,
and they are still forest lands within the
forest preserve and come within the
prohibition of the constitution, that no
timber shall be cut on land of that
character.

Cuthbert Pound held that Cornell
had simply done what the legislative
act authorized it to do, and that the
purchase act was constitutional.

In this connection it may be well to
cite the facts leading to the establish-
ment of the New York State College of
Forestry and to the present controversy.

During the term of Governor Black
the state decided that the preservation
of the Adirondack forests was a neces-
sity, and large sums were appropriated
in 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900 for the
purchase of wild forest land for the for-
est preserve.

As a part of this policy it was de-
cided to establish a school in which

48 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

scientific forestry should be taught.
The wholesale cutting of timber on the
watershed had been continued so long
that it had begun to threaten the water
supply of the rivers having their sources
thereon. ‘The first result of this ex-
travagant cutting of timber was an
amendment to the constitution provid-
ing for a forest preserve and to prevent
the cutting of timber within its bound-
aries. Following that came the estab-
lishment of the School of Forestry for
the purpose of reforesting lands that
had been laid waste by the lumbermen.

It was in pursuance of this policy that
the legislature of 1898 enacted a law
to promote education in forestry, to en-
courage and provide for the establish-
ment of a College of Forestry at Cornell
University, and making an appropria-
tion of $1c,o0o for that purpose.

Following the passage of the act a
tract comprising 30,000 acres was pur-
chased by the state in the vicinity of
Tupper Lake, at acost of $165,000, and
turned over to the trustees of Cornell.
To the university were given title, pos-
session, and control of this land, to
conduct such experiments in forestry as
it might deem most advantageous to the
interests of the state and the advance-
ment of the science of forestry.

To the school was given the authority
to plant, raise, cut,~and) sell! timber at
such times, of such species and quanti-
ties, and in such manner as it might
deem best, with a view to obtaining
and imparting knowledge concerning
the scientific management and use of
forests, their regulation and adminis-
tration, the harvesting and reproduc-
tion of wood cropsand earning a revenue
therefrom.

At the close of the hearing it was
decided that both sides would be given
an opportunity to submit briefs.

Td

The reclamation of the
pine barrens of Michi-
gan by means of irriga-
tion has been attempted at various times
and successful results are announced by
Mr. Alexander C. Kay, of East Tawas.
He states that there are underlying
waters at depths of from 50 to 70 feet,

Irrigation in
Michigan.

February,

excellent in character, and which can
be brought to the surface by pumping.
The soil can be improved by planting
in green material such as clover, cow-
peas, and similar nitrogenous matter.
‘These lands are cheap and can easily be
made productive by intelligent care by
enriching the soil and by providing a
suitable amount of water during the
period of drouth.

ed

Rio Grande Valley. Great interest has

been aroused along
the Rio Grande Valley in Texas by the
proposed survey for the irrigation of
the valley. A bill has been introduced
in Congress by Mr. Klaberg for making
a comprehensive examination in coop-
eration with the New Mexico authori-
ties.

om

New Hampshire. Keen interest in New

Hampshire forests was
shown at the first annual meeting of
the New Hampshire Society for the
Protection of Forests, held in Concord,
IN.) Hi. on Januany 20st. Sikepresemtar
tives were present from different parts of
the state. The treasurer, Gen. George
T’. Cruft, was able to report a cash bal-
ance of nearly $1,500. The report of
the secretary, Mr. Joseph T. Walker, of
Concord, showed the beginning of an
educational campaign that must sooner
or later reach the legislature of the
state and result in the moderate pro-
gressive action desired. Mr. Philip W.
Ayres, of the New York State College
of Forestry, was elected forester.

The program of the Society for the
coming year includes:

1. A study of actual forest conditions
throughout the state.

2. Codperation with the State For-
estry Commission in its efforts to secure
conservative lumbering, and with the
State Board of Agriculture in encour-
aging intelligent sylviculture.

3. Educational work in the public
schools, women’s clubs, the grange
societies of the state, and similar organ-
izations.

The officers of the preceding year
were unanimously reelected.

1902.

The Northern Pacific
Railway, through the
Northwestern Improve-
ment Company, has pur-
chased an extensive irrigation system in
the lower Yakima Valley, Washington,
comprising the Kennewick, Kiona, and
Lower Yakima Canals, and a large por-
tion of the lands underlying the same.

These properties have had a some-
what interesting history. In 1888 the
Yakima Irrigating and Improvement
Company was incorporated with a cap-
ital of $400,000, practically all of which
was subscribed by capitalists of Buffalo
and Niagara Falls. This company con-
structed the Kennewick Canal, then
made the big mistake, which was the
cause of all its subsequent misfortunes,
of turning over the canal in 1893 to the
Dell Haven Irrigation District, which
had been incorporated under the state
law, taking bonds of the district for the
canal property. The management of
the canal under the district organiza-
tion was a failure, and after two years
of spasmodic operation, further effort
was abandoned and the canal has been
idle ever since.

Railroad
Buys Irriga-
tion System.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 49

In addition to the Kennewick Canal,
the company also constructed the Kiona
Canal, which has been in successful op-
eration since. It also commenced the
construction of the lower Yakima Canal,
but did not complete the same, and it
has never been operated.

No interest was ever paid upon the
district bonds, and the company having
guaranteed them, they were forced into
bankruptcy, a receiver appointed, and
the property sold under foreclosure pro-
ceedings. It was discovered, however,
that the state law did not provide any
method of disincorporating an irriga-
tion district, and this was necessary
before the property could be reorganized.
The last legislature enacted the neces-
sary law, and under the same the dis-
trict has been wound up and all legal
entanglements straightened out.

In the meantime the eastern capitalists
interested, weary of the long delay,
made overtures to the Northern Pacific
to purchase the property, and after some
negotiations the deal was closed.

This purchase by the railway com-
pany marks a new departure in its
policy. Heretofore it has preferred to

IRRIGATED FARMS IN ATANUM VALLEY, WASHINGTON.

50 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

encourage others to construct irrigation
canals, and this will be its first expe-
rience in canal ownership and manage-
ment. The operation of the property
will be directed by Thomas Cooper, as-
sistant to the president of the road, who is
familiar with irrigation affairs, and whose
policy in all land matters connected with
his company has been low prices, quick
sales, and speedy development.

The main Kennewick Canal is 40 miles
in length, with about 10 miles of laterals,
and covers about 15,000 acres. The
Kiona Canal is constructed and in opera-
tion for 10 miles, covering about 2,000
acres, but will ultimately be extended to
the Columbia River, a distance of about
24 miles, and will then cover about 23,-
ooo acres. The lower Yakima Canal
was partly constructed for a distance of
six miles, but never operated. It will
now be completed and put in operation.
The lands under these different canals
are of the same general character as those
which have made the Yakima Valley
famous for its fruit, hops, alfalfa, pota-
toes, and other products. The elevation
being considerably lower than further
up the valley, the climate is warmer and
the growing season longer.—Tacoma,
Washington, ews.

&

Forest Reserves The proposition has
for Nebraska. been laid before the

President to establish
three forest reserves, aggregating 558,-
720 acres, in the sand-hill region of Ne-
braska.

This region includes about one-fourth
of Nebraska, and contains by far the
greater part of the ten million acres of
government land in that state. ‘The
proposed reserves are located in the
worst part of the sand-hills, and con-
tain but one per cent. of land held under
private claim. The land is wholly unfit
for agriculture, cannot be irrigated, and
is of small value for grazing, 20 to 4o
acres being required per head of cattle.

After a thorough investigation, the
Bureau of Forestry has become fully
convinced that several species of valua-
ble pines can be so successfully and eco-
nomically grown as to give the land a
producing value far above its present

February,

rate as grazing land. ‘This conclusion
is substantiated both by natural condi-
tions and experiment. Two of the pro-
posed reserves originally were partially
covered by a valuable growth of pine
and cedar, and even now in places con-
tain many young trees which need only
protection to make valuable timber. In
other places on the reserves there is a
more or less pronounced tendency to-
ward shrub and tree growth. Added
to the favorable natural conditions are
the experiments of the Bureau of For-
estry, begun eleven years ago. Pines
planted at that time under the worst
sand-hill conditions are 15 to 20 feet
high and growing with great vigor—
this without the least attention except
protection from fire and stock.

This is the first proposal for national
forest reserves on land principally de-
void of present forest cover, and involves
the principle of artificial forestation.
The Attorney-General has given his
opinion to the effect that under the law
of March 3, 1891, the President has
authority to withdraw from settlement
land of this character and set it aside
by public proclamation in permanent
forest reserves.

The forestation of the proposed re-
serves need not interfere with grazing ex-
cept as the land is actually planted to
timber. ‘The only effect of the action will
be to withdraw the land from settlement
and make it available for forestation as
needed. ‘The proposal is highly favored
by the people and officials of Nebraska
generally. Governor Savage, who is a
warm friend of forestry and irrigation,
has written to the President strongly en-
dorsing the plan. Resolutions favoring
the plan were recently passed by the
Nebraska Academy of Sciences and the
State Horticultural Society.

*

Labor Unions At the recent cunven-
Favor National tion of the American
Irrigation. Federation of Labor,
held at Scranton, Pa.,

the following resolution, introduced by
Delegate H. White, representing the
United Garment Workers, was adopted:
Whereas, In his annual message the
President of the United States recom-

—————— —— |

1902. FORE

6

STRY AND IRRIGATION. 51

mends the construction
of great storage works
to equalize the flow of
streams and to save the
flood-waters, in order to
irrigate and make pro-
ductive vast areasof the
vacant arid public lands
of the West; be it
Resolved, 1. That this
work in its larger feat-
ures is a national and
not alocal or state func-

tion, inasmuch as the sf, \
land to be irrigated now -2®** ES <

belongs to the nation
and the proposed under-
taking involves inter-
state relations properly
subject to control bythe
nation, since the great
rivers of the arid re-
gions flow’ through
many states, the main-
line irrigation canals
will supply water to
lands lying in different
states, and the water
flow concerns interests
which extend to the
mouths of the rivers in the Pacific and
Gulf states.

2. That all of the public domain to be
irrigated should be reserved for actual
settlers of quarter sections or less under
the Homestead Act, the sole principle in
obtaining title to be occupancy and use.

3. That we are unalterably opposed
to the cession, by sale or otherwise, of
such lands to corporations or speculators
or to the several state governments, and
equally to the donation of the proceeds
to the states, every such course having
heretofore resulted in sales to monopo-
lists, with consequent grave injuries to
the rights of actual settlers and pro-
ducers.

THE WESTERN

&*

Tour through A tour through the

European Forests. European forests is

announced by the

Biltmore Forest School, to begin April
10 and to end July 8.

The tour will begin with an excursion

through the German forests. ‘The types

DESERTS AS THEY

AS THEY CAN BE TRANSFORMED.’

From the Brooklyn Lag/e.

ARE AND AS THEY CAN BE
TRANSFORMED.

of silviculture as practiced in the pine,
spruce, beech, oak, and coppice forests
will first be studied. The Vogelsberg,
the Spessart, the Black Forest, the Ba-
varian Mountains, and the Tyrol will
then be traversed, the tour ending with
a trip through Hungaria and Roumania.
Altogether this tour will be an excel-
lent opportunity for the American for-
ester to learn something of European
methods. ‘The cost will be compara-
tively low and the time consumed in
making the trip will be short. Persons
interested in the tour will do well to
communicate with Dr. C. A. Schenck,
director of the school, who writes that
he will be glad to include in his party
anyone wishing to make the tour.

Bad

‘‘ Forests and Snow’’
is the title of an inter-
esting bulletin prepared
by Prof. L. G. Carpenter and issued
by the Colorado Agricultural Experi-
ment Station at Fort Collins, Colo. It

Forests and
Snow.

February,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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1902.

is intended to show ‘‘ the intimate con-
nection between the melting snow banks
of the mountains and the agricultural
prosperity of Colorado.’’ ‘The influence
of forests on the melting of snows and
the consequent floods or decrease of flow
in the streams is carefully traced. A
series of eighteen half-tone plates make
the bulletin especially attractive. The
accompanying plates from this bulletin
are reproduced here through the cour-
tesy of Professor Carpenter.

&

Sale of Under the proposed New-
Public Lands. lands national irrigation

bill the reclamation fund
is to consist of such money as is re-
ceived from the sale of public lands in
the arid states, minus the expenses of
administration and survey incurred by
the land office.

These states and the net amount.

credited to each last year are as follows :

BG aUZCy its ee age oA ea ae eae $31,755
CTL OR MA ecco «ses Suge otis sos 120, 183
ESI e 21 (0 PR ie NE Ole ea 172,548
1G 0210 aa ieee cnet Ste to er 126,323
Camas ashe hes bts Sani rg ee era en Ste 7,508
INMioniban a <. <pcoe evar eee sk eee Syn es BUT R222
Nebras kate parts Seay cure: 72,116
PNCVAUAP As hier ine 50 onic sk caso 7,381
Blew Wexicot) teach. oe Ginn. eas. 38, 160
INGLEtnYDalkkotamsr reat octets ek 2 314,662
Olsiah Onlake payee sae ee iene ort x 611,773
LES OTR cree ee aren ee Ss oe 284,307
MOLLE WAKGtie ewer Seki 149,792
LOR E20 Oita are ieee ce ioe Slee eh ae 67,505
ila shirtee COT ee ns Ate ace ass ke 181,818
RUA OMI Tt hy Aerts Sa roreneuee Mone. Se 165,957

ROCA eee See. $2,729,070

This means in plain figures that under
the Newlands bill the government would
have had last year nearly $3,000,000 to
spend for irrigation works. It means
that those advocating state control
would allow Oklahoma $611,000, where
irrigation is not much needed, and
Nevada, where it is essential to further
development, would only get $7,300, or
not enough to pay for the surveys.

*

To Prospective A recent publication of
Forest Students. the Bureau of Forestry

is circular No. 23, en-
titled ‘‘ Suggestions to Prospective For-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

5

on

est Students.’’ This circular was pre-
pared with a view of furnishing to men
who are thinking of taking up forestry
information as to the training required,
the chances for employment, and the
compensation to be expected.

With the increase of interest in for-
estry throughout the country, there has
come to the Bureau each year a greater
number of requests for information.
Last winter the Bureau in a few weeks
received more than 600 applications for
the position of Student Assistant,
through the publication of an article in
a well-known weekly paper on ‘‘ For-
estry, the New Profession.’’ ‘The writer
of the article intimated that anyone de-
siring to become a forester need only
write to the Bureau of Forestry in order
to receive a position. Asa result, there
was a flood of applications from all
sorts and conditions of men, ranging
from automobile drivers to college pro-
fessors. It seemed as though the popu-
lace was fired with the desire to ‘‘save
the forests.’’ )

This Bureau circular will probably
blast many a hope when applicants read
that ‘‘ the field work required of Student
Assistants is severe, monotonous, and
often entails some hardship. Student
Assistants in the field usually live in
camp and are required to keep lumber-
men’s hours. Their work consists chiefly
in valuation surveys, or measurements
of the standing timber upon given areas,
and in stem analyses, or measurements
of contents and rate of growth made
upon felled trees.

‘“ Cheerful obedience to orders is re-
quired of all Student Assistants. Lazi-
ness or discontent is fatal to camp dis-
cipline and to effective work. No
Student Assistant is retained who proves
physically unfit for his duties or who
shows a desire to shirk them. Bodily
soundness and endurance is absolutely
essential for those who take up the
work of a Student Assistant. Work in
the woods differs profoundly from camp
life as it is usually understood. <A Stu-
dent Assistant must be prepared to com-
bine severe mental work with severe
bodily labor under conditions which
make each one peculiarly trying.’’

The circular contains alot of valuable

56 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

information for young men who expect
to take up forestry as a life work. There
are plenty of warnings to expect hard
work and only fair pay, and many
young men will do well to fully realize
this in reading the circular rather than
have it thrust home while struggling
over the rugged mountain sides of the
far West or through the swamps of
Arkansas. However, the circular is by
no means filled with discouragement to
beginners. There is a lot of valuable
information regarding the training re-
quired, the forest schools, and chances
for employment, and the young man who

From the St. Paul Pioneer Press.

TWO OLD FRIENDS OF THE PRESIDENT HAVE
A SATISFACTORY CALL AT THE
WHITE HOUSE.

has decided that the work will be con-
genial will be encouraged by the follow-
ing extract taken from the last page of
the circular:

‘“The best management of the na-
tional forest reserves will require the
services of many trained men. ‘The
Bureau of Forestry, in the preparation
of working plans for private, state, and
federal forest lands, in forest investi-
gations, and in tree planting, is at
present unable to find a sufficient num-
ber of suitably prepared foresters to
supply its needs. The lack of foresters

February,

to care for the forest interests of several
states is already making itself strongly
felt. An increasing number of forest-
ers will be required by private forest
owners, as the great holders of timber
lands come to realize more generally
that conservative lumbering pays better
than the methods now employed. The
Forestry Bureau in the Philippines offers
what is in some ways an unrivaled op-
portunity to trained men.’’

*

Attention has been at-
tracted by the success
attained on the irrigated
farm of F. F. Collins, in the outskirts
of San Antonio. It has furnished an
object lesson to the people of that part
of the state, and the experiments of Mr.
Collins have put in vogue this intensive
system of cultivation in west Texas.
Favored by rich soil, excellent climate,

San Antonio,
Texas.

~and abundance of water, conditions have

been created which stimulate others to
undertake irrigation wherever water can
be had. It is claimed that the results
have been such as to double the price of
every acre of vegetable land within
reaching distance of the city. One of
the tenants on this farm grew two crops
of corn in one season, netting, it is as-
serted, 130 bushels to the acre. An-
other tenant grew Irish potatoes worth
$250 per acre; sweet potatoes the same
season on the same land yielded $275
per acre—a total of $525 per acre for
one year. ‘The spread of irrigation in
Texas has infused new life into the
state, particularly in the rice belt and
in the great truck-farming sections.

&

Representative John F.
Lacey, of Iowa, chair-
man of the House Com-
mittee on Public Lands, has introduced
a bill which was intended to solve the
irrigation problem, so far as it confronts
the present Congress.

The House Committee on Public
Lands has been investigating this ques-
tion for a number of years, and Mr.
Lacey’s idea is that some experiment
should be tried before any general plans
of irrigation are undertaken. He has

Lacey Irriga-
tion Bill.

RIGATION.

2

TRY AND II

Sven!
hS
4

FORI

1902.

OLD STONE AQUEDUCT CARRYING ESPADA DITCH ACROSS PIEDRAS CREEK, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.

58 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

introduced a bill which is intended to
try an experiment of national irrigation,
as he believes that it is not likely that
any general proposition can pass the
House, although in the Senate the large
vote from the arid states is a very im-
portant factor.

Mr. Lacey’s bill proposes to authorize
the Secretary of the Interior to select a
tract of land not exceeding one million
acres, situated in two or more states, or
in astate and territory, or wholly within
a territory, and to set apart the same as
an ‘‘experimental national irrigation
district.’’ His idea is to make it an in-
terstate or territorial proposition, as
thereby a district would be selected that
a single state could not possibly handle,
because the land and water would not
be both within the states controlling the
work. Of course, the land in a territory
would be wholly within control of the
national government, and that would
make it a national proposition. The
Secretary, having selected the land and
organized an irrigation district, would
be empowered by the bill to use wide
discretion in his method of reclaiming
land and furnishing water supply. The
land, under the bill, would be opened
to homestead settlers, and the Secretary
would have the right, where the land is
fruit land, to reduce the size of the
homestead under the ordinary 160-acre
limit.

&

Student Assist- The Student Assistants
ant Seminar. in the Bureau of Fores-

try have organized what
they call ‘‘ The Student Assistant Sem-
inar.’’ ‘The object of the Seminar is to
promote professional spirit among the
students and to bring them together for
the freest discussion of topics of interest
in connection with forestry.

The Seminar meets every Monday af-
ternoon at the Bureau of Forestry. ‘The
regular order of business at the meetings
is the reading of-minutes, the presenta-
tion of two papers, with discussions after
each, the opening of the ‘‘ Question
Box,’’ and the assignment of papers for
future meetings.

A number of meetings have already
been held, and the interest in them has

February, 1902.

increased steadily. The ‘‘ Question
Box’’ has never been empty, and its
contents have furnished topics of papers
for each meeting. Regular instruction,
of course, cannot be given in the Bureau
of Forestry, and this attempt of the
Student Assistants to make the most of
the good opportunity for profitable study
afforded them by the Bureau shows with
what earnestness they have entered upon
their work.

&

Yale Forest Mr. Henry S. Graves,
Students Study Director of the Yale
Lumbering. Forest School, in De-

cember sent the entire
senior class to various lumber camps in
Maine and Pennsylvania. All senior
lectures were discontinued for the time,
and the work was transferred to the
woods.

The course of instruction in lumber-
ing in the present year’s work of the
Yale Forest School included a three
weeks’ stay in some one of the principal
lumbering regions of the Northeastern
States. The choice of the region to
which each student should go was left
to the student himself, and when the
choice had been made he was provided
with a letter of introduction to some
lumberman in the region, and with a
very complete list of questions covering
the subject which he was to investigate.

Four members of the class went to
Maine, and through the courtesy of
Messrs. Davis and Marston (Greenville
and Skowhegan, Me.) the party were
allowed to stay in their camps, situated
on the east shore of Moosehead Lake.
An admirable opportunity was afforded
to study the lumbering methods, as
three of the camps were in operation
and easily accessible to the party.

The remaining members of the class
chose Clearfield County, Pa., as their
field of observation, where they hada
good opportunity to witness the cutting
of White Pine and Hemlock on the
tracts of Mr. John DuBois.

It is the purpose of Mr. Graves to
make this trip of the seniors to lumber
camps an annual event ; it is to be just
as much a part of the course as the
class-room lectures.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 59

MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL.

AJ. JOHN WESLEY POWELL
is the pioneer in the scientific
study of the possibilities of the reclama-
tion of the arid region. ‘There have
been other explorers of the West who,
before his time, have called attention to
the opportunities for hunting, mining,
and the cattle industry, but Major Powell
was the first to demonstrate, from a care-
fully detailed consideration of the vari-
ous conditions of climate and soil, that
irrigation would furnish the greatest op-
portunities for intensive agriculture on
this continent. His early work on the
lands of the arid region was published
as one of the volumes of the survey of
the Rocky Mountain region. It at-
tracted public attention to the lands of
the arid region, which up to that time
were little thought of or regarded as
worthless. His book still ranks as a
classic on the subject, and the ideas
which he promulgated are still advo-
cated by those who are desirous of see-
ing the public lands put to the largest
and best use.

Major Powell was born at Mount
Nogise Ne Ne Manel 24. 1834.. He
graduated at the Illinois Wesleyan Uni-
versity, and served through the Civil
War in the 2d Illinois Artillery, losing
his right arm at the Battle of Shiloh.
Crippled though he was, he attempted
and successfully carried out the explo-
ration of the Grand Canyon of the
Colorado, which before that time had
never been traversed by white men and
was regarded as impassable. ‘The result
of this bold undertaking, and the
scholarly manner in which the results
were discussed, demonstrated his extra-
ordinary scientific zeal and ability, and
led to the formation of what was known
as Powell’s Survey of the Rocky Moun-
tain Region. In1879 he was appointed
Director of the Bureau of Ethnology,
and in the next year became also Director
of the present Geological Survey, then in
its infancy. For thirteen years, during

the formative time of these two organi-
zations, Major Powell remained at the
head of both, being the active directing
spirit. During all of this time he did
not lose sight of the vast opportunities
for the creation of homes in the arid
lands of the West, and in 1888, through
his continued exertions, was authorized
by Congress to ascertain the extent to
which the arid lands can be reclaimed
by irrigation. He thus laid the founda-
tions for the irrigation survey, the work

MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL.

on which has been continued as part of
the operations of the Division of Hydrog-
raphy of the Geological Survey. In
1894 he resigned the Directorship of the
Geological Survey, but has remained
at the head of the Bureau of Ethnology.
He has maintained his interest in irri-
gation development, and has been a
friend and adviser to the men who are
endeavoring to bring about the largest
and best utilization of the arid region
in the creation of homes.

60 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

DISEASES OF TIMBER.

By HERMANN VON SCHRENK,

Bureau of Plant Industry.

ITH the awakening of interest in
our forests, a number of ques-
tions are beginning to receive attention,
both at the hands of the practical for-
ester and the scientific man. One of
these problems deals with the diseases
of timber and timber trees. The pres-
ence of a dead tree in the forest, or the
rotting of structural timber, was a mat-
ter of small moment to the past genera-
tion, for with such a large supply to
draw upon, the dead trees could be
ignored and the rotten bridge timber
could be quickly replaced.

FIG. I.—POLYPORUS PINICOLA GROWING ON
DEAD TRUNK OF WESTERN HEMLOCK.

At the present time, however, when
we no longer can count on the supply of
fifty years ago, it is a matter of some
concern where the great quantities of
timber are to come from in the future,
especially when we reflect that the rail-
roads alone use every year 100,000,000
ties and the telegraph and telephone
companies several million poles. We
are not yet face to face with a timber
famine, nor are we likely to be there for

many years, but it behooves us to con-
sider what is coming, for no country,
however large its reserve may be, can
look with impunity on the withdrawal
of such amounts as indicated above
without taking active steps toward con-
servation.

How to best conserve the existing
supply is the problem with which the
forestry of today has to deal. It will
develop in several directions. In the
first place, it will be the endeavor to
establish ways and means for cutting
the existing supply upon a more rational
and economic basis; a second line of
work will deal with the reforesting of
denuded areas and the planting of tree-
less districts, while a third will turn its
attention toward getting an increased
service out of the timber after it is cut.
Wood, when cut from the tree, decays
in the course of time and has to be re-
placed. By increasing the length of life,
so called, of a piece of wood, correspond-
ingly less timber will be cut, and in that
way the existing supply will be con-
served.

Decay of wood, whether it be in the
live tree or the dead wood, is caused by
the growth in the wood of various low
plants called fungi. The fruiting bodies
of these fungi are the familiar toad-
stools, frogstools, punks, or mushrooms
found ontrees. ‘The punks liberate mil-
lions of minute spores, which germi-
nate or sprout in some old knothole, or,
in the case of dead timber, on its surface
and grow into the sound wood, thereby
causing it todecay. When enough food
has been extracted from the wood, one
or more new punks form on the outside.
(SeeBiew i. )

There are a great many different
kinds of fungi growing on trees. Some
grow only in the live parts, where they
may kill the leaves, the living wood, or
the roots. Fig. 2 shows the work of a
destructive fungus which destroys many

1902.

young trees of the Bull and Lodgepole
Pines in Idaho; others grow only in
the heartwood of living trees. Sucha
one is shown in Fig. 3. It is the large
brown punk (7vametes pint) found on
all pines (here shown on the Shortleaf
Pine—Pinus echinata). ‘This fungus
makes the doty wood (Fig. 4), the first
stage of which is called ‘‘red heart’’
by timber men. It destroys enormous
quantities of timber every year. Some
trees are attacked more than others.
Forty per cent. of the Red Fir in cen-
tral Oregon is diseased because of this
fungus, while the mountain pine of
northern Idaho is so badly diseased that
it is often impossible to find a tree en-
tirely free from it. The spores of this
fungus are blown about in the forest,
and get into wounds caused by the
breaking off of branches. Older trees
alone are attacked, as it is only in these
trees that the branch has formed heart-
wood.

One fungus (Polyporus schwetnitzit )
enters coniferous trees through the
root. It isthe cause of the ‘‘ butt rot’’
of the older trees. ‘The heartwood has
turned into a dry, brittle mass, which
may extend from one to sixty feet up
the trunk. Trees affected with this
disease usually break off near the
ground during storms.

A distinct class of fungi grows only
on dead timber. ‘Their spores alight on
the outside of a dead tree, and as the
fungus grows into the wood it destroys
the same. Fig. 5 shows a section of
one of these trees, a Bull Pine from
South Dakota, killed by fire three years
ago. It will be noted that on the north
side, where the bark prevented the
rapid drying of the wood, one of the
wood-destroying fungi entered and de-
cayed the wood in a very short time.

The decay of railway ties, bridge and
mine timbers, fence posts, etc., is caused
by a number of these fungi. When
placed in positions where these timbers
are left moist, decay will set in from the
outside. This decay makes it necessary
to remove timbers frequently, involving
the cost of removal as well as the cost
of a new timber. When one reflects
that white oak railway ties last on an

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 61

ag |

}
\ \ |

N a \\ \ i‘ way ( Ti
SOR LY

Bs AN \X
\ \ . j } mr

\y
%"|
XY

\

FIG. 2.—RUST FUNGUS ON SEEDLING BULL
PINE.

average only eight years, it is easy to
understand what an enormous amount
of destruction these fungi do.

One of the great problems of today is
to find how one may prevent the de-
struction of timber by these fungi.
The trees in the forest when once at-
tacked cannot be saved. In some places
where permanent lumbering operations
are being carried on it will be possible
to cut down all diseased trees, so as to
save at least a portion of the tree. This
cutting down will prevent the formation
of fruiting bodies, the spores of which
might infect other trees. In Germany,
where systematic forestry has been car-
ried on for many years, it is difficult to
find a diseased tree at this time. As
older trees are the ones usually attacked,
it follows that when we once know
where the danger limit begins, it will be
desirable to cut all trees which reach
that limit.

62 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. February,

It will be necessary to test all pre-
servatives side by side under similar
conditions, in order to determine which
one is of the most value. An experi-
ment has been started with this end in
view in southern Texas, where the de-
cay of timber takes place with the greatest
rapidity.

When a suitable method of impreg-
nation is found, it will be possible to
increase the length of life of many tim-
bers several times. The question is one
of particular interest to the railroads,
as they use such enormous quantities of
timber every year. Successful impreg-
nation will mean the utilization of infe-
rior timbers, which no one wants now
because they decay so fast, such as the |
Tamarack, Loblolly Pine, Lodgepole
Pine, and Swamp Oak. When they are
preserved, these timbers will be as serv-
iceable as the scarcer and higher-priced
timbers. ‘This will allow of the utiliza-
tion of vast amounts of timber which
are now not used, and will admit of a
more careful exploitation of the scarcer

FIG. 3.—THE BROWN PUNK TRAMETES PINI,
GROWING ON SHORTLEAF YELLOW PINE.

The decay of structural timber can
be prevented for a considerable period
by properly drying lumber before using
it. Much is yet to be learned as to the
length of time necessary to dry timber,
so as to increase its length of life.

For many years engineers have en-
deavored to find some method for pre-
venting this decay in structural timber
by injecting various substances into the
wood. ‘These were put there to kill
any fungus which had started to grow
in the wood. ‘lhose most used are coal-
tar oil, zine chloride, copper sulphate,
and mercuric chloride. Varying de-
grees of success have been obtained with
these materials, depending upon the
kind of timber used and the climate
where the timber was exposed. We
know very little as yet concerning this
subject, although there is every pros- Fic. 4.—SECTION OF SHORTLEAF YELILOW PINE,
pect of success in this research. On SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH THE FUNGUS
some European railroads ties have been DESTROYS THE WOOD AND THEN GROWS
made to last thirty years and more. OUT THROUGH AN OLD BRANCH.

1902.

kinds. Then, again, the trees
which are being advocated
for tie purposes, the catalpa
and eucalyptus, are very soft
woods. It would be very de-
sirable to determine their re-
sisting power to decay, and
also whether it may not be
possible to harden them
somewhat.

At the present time we
know very little concerning
the rate of decay, the sus-
ceptibility of various tim-
bers, the manner of infection
of trees, as well as of those
problems referred to above.
A successful beginning has
been made, and it is hoped
that with the increased in-
terest in the forests and their
products further studies will
be possible in the direction
of understanding the decay-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 63

ing factors and how to pre- Fic. 5.—BULI, PINE KILLED BY FIRE, SHOWING DECAY ON

vent them.

THE SIDE WHERE THE BARK REMAINED ON.

NATIONAL IRRIGATION WORKS.

By Hon. FrRANcIsS G. NEWLANDS.*

HAT is the demand of the West ?

It is that the West should be
enabled to reclaim itself, without taxing
the Federal Treasury and without in-
flicting any burden upon the general
taxpayer, by appropriate legislation ded-
icating the proceeds of the sales of the
public lands in the arid region to the
reclamation of the arid lands, thus mak-
ing the snow waters of that region, now
running to waste, available for use by
settlers under the Homestead Law, fol-
lowing the uniform policy of the coun-
try in the dedication of its public domain
to the creators of homes. ‘The settlers
will restore to the reclamation fund the
cost of the government works in the
price of their lands, thus creating a re-
volving fund from the sales of public
lands in that region, to be used over and
over again in the construction of irriga-

tion works until all the waters now run-
ning to waste are beneficially utilized.

Such is the bill which is recommended
by the Western members of Congress,
representing 13 states and 3 territories,
a bill which guards against improvident
expenditure by declaring that no con-
tract for irrigation works shall be let
until the moneys required for payment
are in the fund, thus making the fund
itself the limit of expenditure; a bill
which guards against land monopoly by
providing that the lands capable of irri-
gation shall be subject to entry only
under the Homestead Law, and limiting
each entry to a tract not exceeding 160
acres or less than 40 acres, leaving it to
the discretion of the Secretary of the
Interior, taking into consideration the
climate and the fertility and productive-
ness of the soil, to prescribe as an entry

* Extract from speech delivered January 21, 1902.

64 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

such area of land as will reasonably sup-
port a family.

This measure does not involve a raid
upon the Federal Treasury. It does not
impose a burden upon the general tax-
payers of the country. It simply in-
volves the dedication of the lands of the
West to the development of the West,
and that has been the uniform policy of
the country in the administration of its
public domain.

Now, what have been the public-land
states of the Union? Why, all the states
except the original thirteen. Those
states were, in the early days of the Re-
public, in possession of the great North-
west Territory, out of which five ad-
ditional states were subsequently carved.
What was the policy of the people at
that time? Was it to prevent settlement
the Northwest Territory, to prevent of
entry of the public lands, to prevent the
development of those states? No; it
was to promote settlement and develop-
ment.

The farmers of that time did not raise
the cry of ‘‘competition.’’ ‘They were
proud of their country—anxious for its
development. They knew that this great
northwest country would furnish homes
for their children and their children’s
children, and its development would
mean the prosperity and the glory of the
country, and so they promoted by a
liberal policy the settlement of Ohio,
Kentucky, and other great states.

And what did we do when we acquired
the great territory of the Mississippi
Valley under the Louisiana purchase,
out of which so many magnificent states
have been created—all of them public-
land states, all of them embracing an
area of public land capable of cultiva-
tion, many times greater than the acre-
age which, under the most favorable
conditions, can be reclaimed in the arid
West?

The policy there was to promote settle-
ment and development. ‘The homestead
act became the law of the country. The
lands were given to settlers. Public
lands were not then regarded as a pecun-
lary asset of the government out of
which every dollar should be wrung for
the public Treasury. On the contrary,
they were regarded as a great trust, to

February,

be administered for the present and
future generations.

Early in our land history these lands
were sold, but they were sold at such
reasonable prices as not to involve any
burden upon the settlers. And finally
the policy was evolved of dedicating the
entire region to homesteads. A man
by living upon the land for five years
and cultivating it and making it his
home could obtain title without pay-
ment, and he could secure a commuta-
tion of the homestead, as it was called,
by the payment of $1.25 an acre at the
end of fourteen months.

The policy of the government has
been to administer this domain as a great
trust for the settlement and development
of this country.

The great State of Iowa, with 35,000,
000 acres, equal to one-half of the total
area which can by any possibility be re-
claimed by irrigation, was opened up to
settlement in competition with the other
states. I repeat that 35,000,000 acres
is one-half of the total area which can
by any possibility be reclaimed in the
arid West, for, while there are 600,000,
ooo acres of public lands in the arid
region, the calculation of all the ex-
perienced and scientific men who have
investigated the subject is that there is
no water available for more than 70,000,
ooo acres, and that it will take genera-
tions to accomplish the work of reclaim-
ing this area, thus adjusting the settle-
ment to the pressing needs of ever-in-
creasing population.

Iowa comprises one-half of the entire
reclaimable area of the arid region, and
it is watered from the heavens. ‘This
land was opened up to settlement in
competition with the 13 original states,
in competition with the five states that
were carved out of the Northwest Ter-
ritory, in competition with sister states
in the South and West, and yet com-
plaint is made because we ask this
country to inaugurate an automatic
system which will lead to the slow but
ultimate reclamation of only double the
number of acres in Iowa in a period of
fifty—perhaps one hundred—years.

If the acreage in Iowa had no disas-
trous competitive effect upon the coun-
try, but if, as we all agree, on the con-

1902.

trary, its development led to the growth
and prosperity of the country, I will ask
what the acreage of Missouri, Illinois,
Kansas, Nebraska, the two Dakotas,
and the acreage lately entered in Okla-
homa means in competition ? You have
opened up in Oklahoma within the last
few years more land capable of being
watered from the heavens than can by
any possibility under this bill be re-
claimed in the arid region in many
years.

Let me explain the provisions of the
bill which has been agreed upon by the
Senators and Representatives from these
sixteen states and territories, aggregat-
ing between fifty and sixty in number.
They have agreed that the proceeds of
the sales of public lands in these states—
in the arid and semi-arid states—shall
be put into a special fund in the Treas-
ury, to be called the ‘‘Arid Land Recla-
mation Fund.’’

‘Then it gives the’ Sectetary of the
Interior the power to construct irriga-
tion works and to permit entries under
the Homestead Law of lands that can
be irrigated from those works. It pre-
vents him, however, from entering into
any contract unless the money for its
payment is in the fund. No indebted-
ness whatever can be contracted and no
obligations can be assumed which will
in any way threaten the Federal Treas-
ury. Then it provides that settlers can
enter upon these lands and occupy them
in areas not exceeding 160 acres and
not less than 4o acres, thus securing
and dedicating that entire region to
homes for the people ; not for the people
who now live there, but the people in the
East, people in the Middle West, peo-
ple in Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Illinois,
and other states, who want to go farther
West.

These lands are not appropriated for
the benefit of the people there, except
so far as each individual can avail him-
self of the act and secure a home ; nor
do the proceeds go the states. ‘The
proceeds of the sales of public lands in
those states are dedicated and appro-
priated as a special fund in the Treasury
for all time to do this work. ‘The trust
is to be administered as a national trust,
by the national government, and the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 65

public domain is to be regarded as a
unit, regardless of state lines. ‘The
purpose of the government, as the
owner of the public lands, is simply to
do such work as will render the waters
available for the lands that can be re-
claimed.

Recollect that the area of settlement
is rapidly diminishing. ‘The pressure of
the population in the West for new
homes and new farms is very great.
You all know what happened in Okla-
homa, where millions of acres of land
were opened. Public notices were given,
and people desirous of securing homes
rushed to the boundary line in order to
avail themselves of the benefit of the act.
Mr. Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture,
said recently in a speech: ‘‘ You need
have no fear that these arid lands will
not be settled if water is made available.
The farmers’ sons of Iowa, who are now
going to the British Dominion for the
purpose of securing farms from the pub-
lic domain, will go out into that region
and settle upon it.’’ This simply pur-
sues the general policy of the govern-
ment in making this land available for
the homes of the great masses of the
people.

We propose that the waters shall be
put to a beneficial use by indissolubly
joining the water and the land, and we
insist that the government as the owner
of the land has the right and the power
and it is its duty to make these waters
so available as to facilitate the settlers
in making actual reclamation.

The snows that fall and supply the
water may be in one state and the level
lands that can be reclaimed may be in
an adjoining state through which the
waters flow. A state cannot operate
outside of its own boundaries, and it
will be impossible for it to treat the river
as a unit and develop every one of its
tributaries for the purpose of preventing
the torrential floods, creating a constant
flow, and securing thus the highest bene-
ficial use of the water.

We enact into law the recognized doc-
trine of that entire region, that benefi-
cial use shall be the basis, the measure,
and the limit of the right to water.

I wish to show that this bill does not
propose that the federal government

66 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

shall itself reclaim the lands. All that
the bill provides for is that the govern-
ment shall make the waters available,
so that the settlers, either individually
or by cooperation, can get at them, lead
them over the lands, and upon them
will be devolved the labor and cost of
actual reclamation. That labor and
cost itself is very large. The cost to
the settler is not only the moneys he
must expend in making the ditches and
laterals on his own land and for the

February,

ditch connecting with the high-line
ditch or the reservoir constructed by
the government, but he is to pay, in at
least ten annual installments, his pro-
portionate part of the cost of the goy-
ernment work, and no title to the land
entered vests in him until his propor-
tionate part is paid as the price of the
land. ‘Thus this fund is kept as a re-
volving fund and the moneys in it are
being constantly applied to the con-
struction of new irrigation works.

THE FORESTS O88 AlvASK:

By Dr. B. EK. FERNOW,
Director of the New York State College of Forestry.

ee the lately published volumes of the

Harriman Alaska expedition there
is to be found a curious divergence of
statements or opinions regarding. the
forests of Alaska. The writer, who ac-
companied the expedition, prepared a
longer article on the subject for the
above publication, the conclusions of
which Mr. Gannett, a few pages further
on, seems to negate entirely, both as to
the character and the value of both the
interior and the coast forest.

Neither the writer nor Mr. Gannett
had any opportunity of inspecting the
interior forest. They could, therefore,
only interpret second-hand information.
Regarding this forest area Mr. Gannett
uses the following language: ‘‘In this
enormous region there ezs¢ de an almost
fabulous amount of coniferous timbers,
sufficient to supply our country for half
a century in case our other supplies be-
come exhausted.’’

The writer, having carefully looked
through the scanty references of ex-
plorers and surveyors, has not detected
any evidences which could with propri-
ety be used to make such a statement.
On the contrary, the very opposite as-
pects of the situation impress them-
selves in reading the explorer’s reports,
and even if there were no such reports
on the forest conditions, a mere study
of the climatic and soil conditions would
lead one to expect that the character of

the growth must be, and the quantity is
likely to be, different from those sug-
gested in Mr Gannett’s sentence. In
other words, a statement is surely mis-
leading which would make the interior
of Alaska a vast forest country.

The sources of information must, to
be sure, be carefully used and sifted,
for the reporter, often being ignorant
of woodcraft or overappreciative of com-
fort experienced under harassing con-
ditions, may exuberate occasionally, or
else allow his dismal feelings to lead
him into depreciative statements; yet
the consensus of all who have personally
visited this region outside of the shores
of the Yukon River supports practically
the same story. It must not be forgot-
ten that no one man has seen much of
the vast interior country, and altogether
a really very small part has been seen
at all.

From the accounts of all explorers it
appears that the interior of Alaska is
in general an open pleateau, hill and
mountain country, mostly moss-covered
and devoid of trees, but with scattered,
more or less open, groves on the lower
hill slopes and ridges. In some of the
valleys the trees crowd together more
densely along the banks of rivers and
lakes and cover the many islands in the
rivers with dense thickets. In some
localities the heads of the streams are
surrounded by timber; Lieut. Henry

1902.

Allen reports that his camp on the
Tozikakat River, ‘‘ was in a grove of
larger timber than any seen since leay-
ing the Yukon ;’’ one tree was nearly
two feet in diameter, and at another
place he mentions specially the possi-
bility of bridging a river of forty feet in
width by the felling of a spruce tree.
In Norton Bay, within

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 67

to fall to —60° and lower, a range of
170°. On the northern and western
coast there are experienced ‘‘ blighting,
ice-laden Siberian storms, which, though
not so low in temperature as the interior
blizzards, are yet by far more dangerous,
on account of their humidity, to animal
and vegetable life.’’ Any student of

a quarter of a mile from
the sea, there are dense
groves of spruce, but the
height of the trees never
exceeds forty feet and
the diameter from six to
ten inches; and along the
Tavana River Lieut. Al-
len reports that most of
the spruce ranges from
three to eight inches in
diameter ; only here and
there better development
is reported.

While, therefore, con-
sidering thevast territory
under discussion, there
is even in these scattered
groves a large amount of
wood, in the aggregate it
would be, indeed, a poor
outlook if we were forced
to contemplate the use of
it for ‘‘supplying our
country for half a cen-
tury in case our other
supplies become ex-
hausted.’’

The open and stunted
ehatacter ot the tree
growth, the trees mostly
short, the timber knotted
and checked by frost,
with only occasionally
better developed, because

protected, groves, is what
we would expect in a cli-
mate and soil like those
of interior Alaska.

It is a dry climate, for, while blessed
with an abundant snowfall (8 to 15
feet), the country suffers from droughty
summers (rainfall, about 13 inches)
and icy winters.

In summer the temperature is said
sometimes to exceed 112° F. in the
shade, while in winter it has been known

SCENE ALONG INDIAN RIVER, ALASKA, SHOWING SPRUCE TIMBER-~

tree life will know what to expect when
it is added that ‘‘ the entire face of the
country is covered with a heavy growth
of moss and lichens nearly as thoroughly
saturated as a wet sponge, which re-
mains soggy and cold until late in sum-
mer; and even on slopes the water drains
off but slowly, while a few inches below
this cover is a bed of rock, ice, or frozen

6

(ee)

ground which thaws only for a foot or
two in summer and prevents the water
from sinking.”’

The opportunity for tree seeds to
sprout are, therefore, found only rarely
here and there on the better-drained
slopes and on the alluvial sands of river
bottoms and islands.

The absolute treelessness of the low-
lands which skirt the Behring Sea and
Arctic Ocean, varying from 25 to 100
miles in width, may be due to this con-
dition of the soil alone, although here
entire absence of shelter from the icy
winter blasts and deficiency of summer
rains, the low tundras furnishing no
cause for condensation, may add to the
causes.

The species which are capable of ex-
isting in these inclement conditions of
the interior of Alaska, ranging across
the entire continent, are the Canoe-birch,
Balsam, Poplar, Aspen, and the White
Spruce, the last (the same species as
our eastern one) being the most impor-
tant numerically and otherwise.

Locally the economic importance of
these limited and poorly growing forest
areas can hardly be overestimated, for
not only building material but fuel are
of prime importance. Already reports
come that the needs of the steamers now
plying in greater numbers on the Yukon
threaten to exhaust the more accessible
supplies along the stream in a determin-
able time. Fires have also begun their
ravages as around Lake Lindeman,
where all the timber suitable for boat-
building (for prospectors) has been
burned off.

In regard to the coast forests Mr.
Gannett’s statements are: ‘‘ The tim-
ber is mainly, indeed almost entirely,
Sitka Spruce. There is some hemlock
at higher levels, and in the southern
part a little cedar also, but these are
of little commercial importance. ‘The
spruce is large and fine as judged by
Eastern standards,’’ etc.

This statement shows that two people
may see the same thing and yet not see
it in the same way, for both the com-
position and the character of the forest
cover has impressed the writer very dif-
ferently, and as this was his main in-
terest he paid particular attention to its

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

study, the result of which led him to
differ from Mr. Gannett as follows:

‘‘ Excepting the more or less sporadic
occurrence of the species mentioned (the
Alaska Cedar, Giant Arbor Vite, Pinzs
contorta, Abies lastocarpa, Oregon Alder,
and Cottonwood), the composition is
simple indeed, for the bulk is made up
of a mixture of two species, the Tide-
land or Sitka Spruce (P2cea sttchensts)
and the Coast Hemlock ( 7suga hetero-
pleytta), to which may be added near
timber-line and farther west,on the lower
levels, the interesting and beautiful, but
useless, Alpine Hemlock (7suga mer-
tensiana).

‘“Numerically the Coast Hemlock
seems to be the most common species,
forming usually from 70 to 80 per cent of
the composition of the forest, the spruce
only occasionally preponderating, espe-
cially along water-courses and on newly
forested moraines, until the western
limit of the hemlock is reached at Prince
William Sound. Farther west the
spruce alone continues to form forests
or open groves, as on the shores of Cook
Inlet and Kadiak Island, the western
limit of tree growth.

‘This sombre mixed forest of hemlock
and spruce covers, with a more or less
dense stand, the slopes of the moun-
tainous islands and the shores of the
archipelago up to timber-line, which
varies from 1,800 to 2,400 feet near the
shore. ‘Toward the interior it gradu-
ally ascends with the snow-line in pro-
tected inland passes, like Taku Pass, to
over 5,000 feet.

‘The stand is usually not so dense as
would be desirable to make the clean
long boles which furnish the best logs.
Indeed, while individual development
reminds us occasionally of the giants of
the Puget Sound country, and spruces
six feet in diameter and 175 feet in
height were found at Sitka ; and while
even as far west as Prince William
Sound diameters of over five feet, with
heights of 150 feet, were measured, the
branchy trunks offer little inducement
tothelumberman. Only insome favored
situations isthe growth denser, the boles
less tapering, cleaner of branches, and
less knotty.

‘This generally undesirable develop-

1902.

ment, due to open stand, is probably
caused less by climate than by soil. The
soil overlying the rocks of the rugged
slopes is scanty, and becomes more and
more so as we go north, until finally
only the muck of decayed moss and
other vegetation (except on the gravel
moraines of glaciers) furnishes a foot-
hold for the trees. In consequence
fallen timber frequently makes travel
impossible. The underbrush and lower
vegetation is often dense and luxuriant,
comprising species of vaccinium, rubas,
ribes, menziesia, and the spring echino-
panax.’”’

Regarding economic aspects of this
forest area, which, covering the rugged
islands of the Alexander Archipelago
and with a belt from two to twenty miles
in width along the shores as far as Cook
Inlet, may be estimated at round 20,000
square miles, the writer was especially
solicitous to form a sound judgment,
since such variable accounts had been
given of the magnificence, or else the
uselessness, of these supplies. ‘This
judgment he formulated as follows :

‘‘Leaving out of consideration the
two cedars, which are found only in
limited quantities and will soon be ex-
hausted, the other two species, spruce

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 69

and hemlock, are by their nature not
capable of furnishing high-class lumber.
The hemlock furnishes a material which
would answer very well for house-fur-
nishing purposes, but it is objected to
because it is difficult to work, and enor-
mous quantities of far superior develop-
ment are now going to waste in the
forests around Puget Sound because its
value is not known or appreciated in the
market. The spruce, being a rapidly
grown, coarse-grained wood, even where
it is best developed on the Oregon coast,
makes indifferent timber, fit only for
packing cases, boxes,and common build-
ing material, undesirable as long as better
material can be had.

‘‘In addition to the small value of
these woods and of their comparatively
unsatisfactory development, the condi-
tions under which lumbering on the
rugged slopes would have to be carried
on are extremely difficult. That the
value of this forest resource must in-
crease with the development of the
country and with the increase of local
needs allows of no doubt; as a field of
exploitation under present economic
conditions it does not offer any induce-
ments, unless it be that the spruce could
be turned into paper pulp, the good felt-

|

TREES UPSET BY GLACIER, ALASKA.

70 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ing fiber being probably insured by the
rapid growth, which is found at least in
the archipelago.’’

In other words, if wood merely were
wanted the Alaska coast forest contains
a prodigious supply; but if lumber of
good quality, not culls, is desired, the
supply is relatively small; all of which
does not preclude that the time—a very
distant one—may possibly come when,
with the Isthmian Canal to bring them
within reach, our Eastern posterity may
be thankful for the poor substitute of
White Pine and native spruce, a con-
tingency which the present activity in
forest matters promises to forestall.

Mr. Gannett wonders why the Island
of Kadiak and the Alaskan Peninsula
farther west and the Aleutian Islands
are treeless. ‘‘ The rainfall,’’ he says,
‘“is ample, the climate little more se-
vere than at Sitka, less severe than about
Prince William Sound. Thesuggestion
that high cold winds prevent tree growth
is negatived by the fact that such winds
occur all along the coast in forested as
well as non-forested parts.’’

While an explanation of this forest-
less condition cannot, to be sure, be
established with absolute certainty, the
student of plant distribution finds, never-
theless, quite plausible explanations war-
ranted by a closer study of the situation ;
and in this the winds play a réle, not
because they are severe and cold but
because of their direction. The Alaska
Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands show
evidence that they are of recent and

February,

voleanic origin. A forest could come
to them only from the east or northeast,
by the gradual extension of the coast
forest. To secure this extension it is
necessary that the winds should blow
from the north and east from Septem-
ber to May, when the spruce and hem-
lock release their seed, and it should be
dry in order to permit the cones to do so.
The contrary usually happens: there is
during these months a constant succes-
sion of southeast and south winds and
the air is heavily charged with moisture.
For this reason the spread of the forests
is at least retarded, and only when, as
may occasionally happen in many dec-
ades, when favorable wind direction at
the right time coincides with a seed
year, is progress possible. A most in-
teresting example of the wandering of
the spruce in recent times is found near
Kadiak.

That trees can at least live much far-
ther west than Kadiak Island is proved
by a grove of spruces planted by a Rus-
sian priest many years ago at Unalaska,
500 miles tothe westward. These trees,
to be sure, do not show that they like
the climate ; and after all, if the char-
acter of the western and northern winds
which strike this part of the Alaska ex-
tension were more fully studied, 1t would
be found that they are different as re-
gards temperature and moisture from
those which have traveled over the Gulf
of Alaska. Even on Kadiak Island the
open groves are found only in protected
coves and valleys.

AGRICULTURAL COMPETITION IMPOSSIBLE:

A POPULAR FALLACY IN’ (CERTAIN SECTIONS, OF Tite COUN aa

HE fear of some of our eastern

farmers that the development of

the arid West will further reduce the

value of agricultural lands and products

arises from a complete misapprehension
of the subject.

The great increase in farm area in the
United States was from 1860 to 1890,
in what is known as the North Central
Division, including the States of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North and
South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.
The improved area increased from 52,-
000,000 acres to 184,000,000 acres, the
principal increase being in Minnesota,
Iowa, the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kan-
sas. Over 80,000,000 acres were brought
under cultivation during these thirty
years in these five states alone. ‘The
population of the United States in 1870
was less than 40,000,000, or about half

1902.

what it is at present. The most extra-
ordinary increase was from 1875 to 1885.

This wonderful increase of improved
acreage in the North Central Division
alone of over 130,000,000 acres in thirty
years (the population of the whole United
States being less than half of what it is
now) has had an effect upon land values
such as can never again take place.
There is no other area of agricultural
land comparable to that of the Missis-
sippi Valley. In arid regions there are
vast tracts which ultimately may sup-
port a larger population, but these can-
not be brought under cultivation with
anything like the rapidity of that prac-
ticed on the fertile prairies. Even with
millions of dollars available, it will not
be possible to conserve water for the
arid land as rapidly as the increasing
population demands new farms.

At most, water can be conserved for
60,000,000 acres, or possibly 100,000, -
ooo acres. To do this will require one
or more generations. Streams must be
carefully measured year after year, reser-
voirs surveyed, foundations examined
by diamond drill or excavation, plans
and estimates prepared, contracts let
and masonry structures built, tunnels
dug through the solid rocks, and a
thousand operations successfully per-
formed before watercan be had. Then
the ditches must be dug, the laterals
laid out, the ground cleared, and the
soil plowed and leveled. There can be
no greater contrast, as far as time is
concerned, than is offered between this
necessary long preliminary work and
the conditions on the fertile prairies of
Iowa, where men have merely to drive
the plow and plant the seed.

It is now too late to speak of western
competition with eastern farms. ‘This
competition and its disastrous results to
the far East has long since taken place.
The cultivation of the prairies of Iowa,
Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
revolutionized argricultural values and
put them on a firm basis from which
they can no longer be shaken. The
Mississippi Valley now sets the stand-
ard, since the area of new land in the
country which can be brought under
cultivation in any one year is almost in-
conceivably small when compared with

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 71

that now cultivated. The increase of
population in the United States is from
2 to 3 per cent per year. The increase
of irrigated area has been less than one-
tenth of 1 per cent per year of the im-
proved lands of the country. By the
most strenuous exertions it will be im-
possible to increase the area of irrigated
lands up to 1 per cent of the improved
lands of the country, or less than one-
half the rate of increase of population.

In Oklahoma, during the past few
years, there have been approximately

3,000,000 acres taken up, much of this
being cultivated. The rush here has
brought about the most rapid develop-
ment of modern times; and yet the
throwing open of this land has had no
perceptible effect upon farm values else-
where. It will be impossible, under
the most utopian climate, to bring
under irrigation 10,000,000 acres in the
same period for the reasons before stated.
If, therefore, the great rush to Okla-
homa, far exceeding that which can
ever again be made, had no perceptible
or immediate effect. upon land values,
how can the throwing open annually of
a less amount influence the East ?

It must not be supposed for a minute
that because the increase of irrigated
lands will be relatively so small as to be
inappreciable in agricultural values their
importance is correspondingly limited.
While the irrigated lands have never
and can never compete with the rest of
the country in agricultural values, yet
they afford the only remaining oppor-
tunity for the creation of homes, and
they insure the highest type of agricul-
tural and social development. The
small irrigated farm, with intensive cul-
tivation and the suburban conditions
made possible under the circumstances,
is the most attractive farm life, and the
owners and cultivators of these farms
form the most stable and substantial
class of citizens ; so that, although the
numbers and the area may be relatively
small, yet the opportunities are great.

In short, it must be confessed that
the agriculturists who talk about com-
petition are far behind the times. They
have awakened only when the disas-
trous effects which they anticipate have
become a matter of history.

72 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

TREE PLANTING IN MARYLAND.

NOTES FROM THE RECORDS OF PRIESTFORD FARM.

By ALBERT NEILSON.

ROBABLY there is no place in
Maryland where a record of tree
planting has been so carefully kept for
the past 80 years as at Priestford Farm,
Deer Creek, Harford County, near
Churchville Post-office.

The question of tree cultivation is be-
coming as important in Maryland as
anywhere in the country. In a very
short time there will be but little tim-
ber left in eastern and southern Mary-
land, not enough for fencing on the
farms. Every farmer in Maryland with
roo acres of land could spare from one
to five acres of it for tree plantations;
even these small plantations of timber
for fencing purposes alone will enhance
the value of a farm. A very few dol-
lars and a very little labor will plant
1,000 trees, and this number of locust
and chestnut would after 15 to 20 years
give the farm a continuous crop of
fencing material. I venture to say that
an original outlay of $100 would start
two acres of such a plantation, and in
some situations it could be done for half
that sum.

The results at Priestford Farm have
demonstrated very clearly to me that
tree planting in Maryland can be made
very profitable. The farm in 1822 had
no timber on it of any consequence; it
now has what you might term a wood
lot of 40 acres, and in addition has 3,000
locust trees of various ages. All fencing
niaterial needed in the past 60 years has
been produced on the farm, and the
owners besides have sold many hundred
of dollars worth of locust for posts and
ship-building purposes.

The planting at Priestford Farm was
commenced in 1822 by the writer’s
grandfather, the Hon. J. W. Williams,
then a member of Congress, and con-
tinued by I. Crawford Neilson, the
writer’s father, and by the writer him-

self. Careful diaries have been kept all
through the period.

The forty acres is termed the ‘‘ House
Lot,’’ and is kept for ornamental pur-
poses. Had my grandfather’s object

ce

WHITK ASH TREE PLANTED IN 1822,
DIAMETER 38 INCHES.

been the raising of trees for profit the
result would have been a most decided
success. The original trees were planted
like an orchard, in rows and about

1902.

twenty feet apart. Since then they
have been cut out and others planted,
so as to get them intoclumps. Several
locust plantations were made, in fields
outside of the ‘‘ House Lot.’’ These
were cut at the proper size to make
posts, and would have kept up a con-
tinuous crop, except that cattle were
allowed to graze among them and all the
suckers were killed. In the ‘‘ House
Lot’’ no pasturing has ever been done.
The data I give with this may prove
interesting to any one contemplating
starting a plantation, as showing what
can be accomplished with the various
species of trees in a given number of
years.

The first planting was done in 1822,
when, on October 12 and 16, there were
planted four thousand chestnuts (the

A YELLOW POPLAR PLANTED IN 1822,
DIAMETER NOW 48 INCHES.

FORESTRY AND

IRRIGATION.

RED OAK PLANTED IN 1822, AT PRESENT
24 INCHES IN DIAMETER.

nuts). This grove has been cut over
from time to time for rails, and there is
now some decay. Last winter two trees
from this planting made three hundred
eleven-foot rails. There remain now
seventy trees; forty of them are of the
original planting, the remainder second
and third growth. ‘The originals aver-
age thirty inches in diameter and run
up sixty feet without a limb ; the other
trees average fifteen inches in diameter.
The trees were planted six feet apart
each way, in rows.

7822.—In the spring of this year
there were planted a number of Yellow
Poplars, Red Oaks, White Ash, Maples,
Hemlocks, and Catalpas. All but the
Catalpas came from near-by woods.
The result today is as follows :

74 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Maples, ae inches i in diameter.
Poplars, 48 ee nt
lentlocks'4 7) 200g a, of

White Ash, 38

Catalpas, 30

Red Oaks, 24 ce ce ce

April 3, 1826.—A yellow locust lane
half a mile long was planted. The
ground was prepared and locust seed

HEMLOCK PLANTED IN 1822, 36 INCHES
IN DIAMETER.

planted. In one month the seed was
up. The trees were allowed to grow
for about thirty years before any cut-
ting was done. In 1875 posts to the
value of $500 were sold. Last winter
it was cut clean; many of the trees were
badly decayed, but the sales from them
amounted to nearly $800. ‘There were
three hundred trees in all. No account
was kept up to 1875 of how many posts

February,

were utilized. The second growth now
stands six feet high.

The following additional notes on
tree-planting are also taken from the
records of Priestford Farm:

April ro, 1826.—A. locust tree was
planted, and when cut in Ig00 was
36 inches in diameter, 110 feet high, and
had a commercial value of about $30.

March 9, 1832.—A Black Walnut
was planted. This tree is now 24 inches
in diameter and 60 feet high. A Chest-
nut planted March 3, same year, is 60
inches in ce

November 24, 1833. —'Twenty-five
chestnut trees were planted. Light
now remain, averaging 24 inches in
diameter and 8o feet in height. These
trees were planted about six feet apart.

April 5, 1833.—Two holly trees were
planted ; they are at present 6 inches in
diameter and 25 feet high.

Letruary 27 tO March Tf,0 og. —
Twenty-five hundred locust trees were
planted in two plantations; the last of
them were cut for posts forty years
ago. ‘They were Io to 18 inches in
diameter at the time of cutting. Cattle
destroyed the second growth, as the
plantations were not fenced in.

7834.—There was planted in the
‘‘House Lot’’ about one-half acre of
locusts, 8 feet apart each way. This
grove has been cut at various times and
now contains much valuable timber 10
to 18 inches in diameter.

October 27, r860.—To come to more
modern times, some White Pines, found
near Pennsylvania State line, were
planted and are now 18 to 24 inches in
diameter and 50 feet high.

7860.—Some White Ash and Black
Walnut were planted. The ash are now
16 inches in diameter and the walnut 12.

October 12, T862—There was planted
a Swamp Maple 6 inches high. It is now
20 inches in diameter and 50 feet high.

7872.—Planted 350 evergreens. The
White Pines are now 15 inches in diam-
eter. ‘The Norway Firs are 16 inches in
diameter. ‘Ihe Hemlocks are 15 inches
in diameter.

7872.—A Spanish Chestnut raised
from the nut in acigar box and planted
out when 6 inches high is now 18 inches
in diameter and 4o feet high.

1902.

September 23, 1875.—A Black Walnut
planted this date is now 9g inches in
diameter.

7876.—A locust lane half a mile long
was planted. During the first four
years of its life cattle damaged it toa
great extent, and by 1880 nearly all the
trees had been replanted. After that
the cattle were kept off. There are now
260 trees, the smallest 7 inches in diam-
eter. Two hundred and twenty-five of
these trees will measure 10 to 24 inches
in diameter.

1878.—Three maples were planted;
now 12 inches in diameter.

1882.—Two hundred white ash trees
from the woods were planted in rows
under the chestnuts. They now aver-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

n

/

age 3 inches in diameter and are 16 feet
high. They have been growing in
dense shade.

7882.—One hundred and fifty locusts
planted along a fence and cut last win-
ter, averaged 12 inches in diameter and
gave five post cuts each.

7884.—Another locust lane one-half
mile long was cut off in this year. The
second growth was taken care of, and
now the trees measure g inches in diam-
eter and 4o feet in height.

1898.—A locust patch came of its
own accord, covering a space of 40 by
100 feet and containing about one hun-
dred trees. They have been kept well
trimmed; average now 3 inches in di-
ameter and 18 to 25 feet high.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS.

MEASURES INTRODUCED IN THE FIRST SESSION OF THE FIFTY-
SEVENTH CONGRESS.

DECEMBER, I9QOT.

December 2.

Mr. Newlands, of Nevada, introduced
a bill in the House of Representatives
to authorize and begin the construction
of reservoirs, canals, and other works
necessary for the irrigation of arid lands
in the State of Nevada; which was re-
ferred to the Committee on Irrigation
of Arid Lands.

Also, a bill to provide for the disposal
of the arid public lands and to authorize
the construction of reservoirs for the
storage of water and other necessary irri-
gation works for arid-land reclamation.

Rep. Reeder (Kansas) introduced a
bill to authorize the construction of res-
ervoirs, diversion canals, artesian wells,
and other works necessary for the irri-
gation of arid and semi-arid lands of the
United States.

Mr. Shafroth, of Colorado, introduced
a bill to provide for the construction of
storage reservoirs and other irrigation
works for the reclamation of arid lands,
and for the disposal of the public lands
reclaimed thereby.

On the same day a bill was introduceed
by Mr. Jones, of Washington, to provide

.

pay for the improvements of actual set-
tlers upon public lands included within
forest reservations upon the relinquish-
ment of their lands to the United States.
Mr. Jones also introduced a bill amend-
ing that provision in the sundry civil
act of June 6, 1g00, restricting lieu se-
lections for lands within forest reserves
to surveyed land.

December 4.

Senator Pritchard, of North Carolina,
introduced a bill for the purchase of a
national forest reserve in the southern
Appalachian Mountains; which was
read twice by its title, and referred to
the Committee on Forest Reservations
and the Protection of Game.

Mr. Hansbrough, of North Dakota,
introduced a bill in the Senate reserv-
ing, setting aside, and appropriating the
receipts from the sales of public lands in
the arid and semi-arid regions of the
United States as a special fund, to be
known as the Arid-land Reclamation
Fund, for the construction of reservoirs
and other necessary irrigation works for
the reclamation of said lands and for
other purposes ; which was referred to
the Committee on Public Lands.

76 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Senator Mitchell, of Oregon, intro-
duced a bill to appropriate funds for
investigations and tests of American
timber.

A joint resolution was introduced by
Senator Rawlins, of Utah, directing
inquiry as to the practicability of divert-
ing the waters from the Duschense into
the Provo River, of Utah, for irriga-
tion purposes.

Senator Stewart, of Nevada, intro-
duced a joint resolution proposing an
amendment to the Constitution of the
United States conferring jurisdiction on
the federal courts in controversies re-
specting the use of water, except where
the water and the use thereof are in the
same state. Referred to the Committee
on the Judiciary.

December 10.

Rep. Jenkins, of Wisconsin, intro-
duced a bill to authorize and regulate
the sale and use of timber on the unap-
propriated and unreserved public land.

December 13.

Mr. Jones, of Washington, introduced
a bill in the House granting to the
Yakima Irrigation Company a right of
way through the Yakima Indian Reser-
vation, inthe State of Washington. To
the Committee on Indian Affairs.

December 17.

Mr. Fordney, of Michigan, intro-
duced a bill in the House amending an
act relating to forest reserves, selection
of land in lieu of relinquished claims
in forest reservations, and national
parks, and amending the act of June 4,
1897.

Rep. Moody, of North Carolina, in-
troduced a bill for the purchase of a
national forest reserve in the southern
Appalachian mountains.

December 18.

Mr. Stewart, of Nevada, introduced
a bill in the Senate to conserve the flood
waters of Lake Tahoe in the States of
California and Nevada, and to regulate
the outflow thereof.

Mr. Stewart also submitted the fol-
lowing resolution:

Resolved, That the Secretary of the
Interior be directed to furnish the Sen-

February,

ate with such information as he may
have relative to the cost of acquiring
the land necessary for site and the con-
struction of an impounding dam thereon
at the source of the Truckee River, to
control the surplus waters of Lake
Tahoe, situated in the States of Califor-
nia and Nevada, and to estimate the
cost of private property to. be used for
that purpose and the damage, if any, to
private property caused by the erection
of such dam; also such information as
he may have as to the quantity of water
that can be stored and the number of
acres of land in excess of the land al-
ready irrigated which can be reclaimed
by the surplus water now running to
waste, and as to whether such dam
would interfere with the navigation of
the lake or in anywise impair the prior
rights of appropriators of the waters of
the Truckee River flowing from such
lake.

Mr. Bowersock, of Kansas, intro-
duced a bill to provide for the leasing for
grazing purposes of vacant public do-
main, and reserving all rights of home-
stead and mineral entry, the rentals to
be a special fund for irrigation.

Rep. Fordney, of Michigan, intro-
duced a bill to repeal all provisions of
the act of Congress approved June 4,
1897, entitled ‘‘An act making appro-
priations for sundry civil expenses of
the government for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1898, and for other pur-
poses,’’ authorizing the relinquishment
of tracts covered by claims or patents
within forest reservations and the selec-
tion of other lands in lieu thereof, and
for other purposes.

JANUARY, 1902.

January 6.

Rep. Bell introduced a resolution by
the Chamber of Commerce of Sterling,
Colo., favoring government construc-
tion of reservoirs.

January 10.

Mr. Bowersock, of Kansas, presented
resolutions by the National Live Stock
Association, asking for an appropria-
tion for irrigation.

Mr. Young presented a letter by N.

1902.

©. Murphy, in regard to irrigation of
arid lands.

January 15.

Mr. Gamble introduced a bill in the
Senate for the relief of doxa fide settlers
in forest reserves.

January 14.

Senator Teller presented a memorial
of the legislature of Colorado, remon-
strating against the leasing of public
lands and their cession to the various
states.

January 15.

Rep. Lacey, of Iowa, introduced a
bill to regulate the use of forest-reserve
timber.

January 20.

In the House of Representatives, Mr.
Haugen introduced a resolution by the
Iowa Park and Forestry Association for
the preservation of forest lands, etc.
Mr. Ketcham presented a resolution by
the Mount Hope Grange, No. 902, of
Hackensack, N. Y., against the irriga-
tion of any portion of the public domain
at government expense.

Mr. Lacey introduced a resolution by
the Iowa Park and Forestry Association
in favor of a southern Appalachian
National Park.

January 21.

Senator Hansbrough introduced a bill
appropriating the receipts from the sale
and disposal of public lands in certain
states and territories to the construction
of irrigation works for the reclamation
of arid lands.

The bill granting to the State of North
Dakota 30,000 acres of land to aid in
the maintenance of a school of forestry
was considered as in Committee of the
Whole. It proposes to grant to the State
of North Dakota 30,000 acres of the un-
appropriated public lands within that
state to aid in the maintenance of a
school of forestry, and provides that in
the case of the discontinuance of the
said school the lands so selected shall
revert to the United States. The Dill
was reported to the Senate without
amendment, ordered to be engrossed for
a third reading, read the third time, and
passed.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 4

/

Mr. Newlands introduced a bill ap-
propriating the receipts, etc. age
(See bill introduced into the Senate by
Mr. Hansbrough. )

Rep. Woods presented a petition of the
California Club of San Francisco, Cal.,
for the purchase of the Calaveras grove
of Sequoias for a national park.

January 22.

Mr. Fitzgerald introduced a resolution
of the New York State Fruit Growers’
Association in opposition to the pro-
posed appropriation for the irrigation of
arid lands.

January 24.

Resolution of the Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, in favor of the Appa-
lachian National Park, was introduced.

January 27.

A bill was introduced by Mr. Shallen-
berger to establish agricultural experi-
ment stations in semi-arid portions of
the States of North Dakota, South Da-
kota, Nebraska, and Kansas, and in the
Territory of Oklahoma, for the purpose
of demonstrating and improving a sys-
tem of soil culture and conservation of
natural moisture, whereby the product-
iveness of the lands located in the semi-
arid regions of the United States may
be increased without irrigation.

January 28.

Senator Millard, of Nebraska (by re-
quest), introduced the following bill:
to provide for the leasing for grazing
purposes of vacant public domain, and
reserving all rights of homestead and
mineral entry, the rentals to be a special
fund for irrigation.

January 29.

Rep. Lacey, of Iowa, introduced a bill
to transfer certain forest reserves to the
control of the Department of Agricult-
ure, to authorize game and fish protec-
tion in forest reserves, and for other
purposes.

STANDING COMMITTEES OF SENATE.

On Agriculture and Forestry.—Messts.
Proctor (chairman), Hansbrough, War-
ren, Foster of Washington, Dolliver,
Quarles, Quay, Bate, Money, Heitfeld,
and Simmons.

78 : FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION:

On Forest Reservations and the Protec-
tion of Game.—Messrs. Burton (chair-
man), Depew, Perkins, Clark of Wyo-
ming, Pritchard, Kearns, Kittredge,
Morgan, Tillman, Gibson, and Sim-
mons.

On Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid
Lands. — Messrs. Simon (chairman),
Warren, Stewart, Quarles, Bard, Quay,
Kearns, Dietrich, Harris, Heitfeld, Bai-
ley, Patterson, and Gibson.

HOUSE COMMITTEES.

On Agriculture.—Messrs. James W.
Wadsworth, New York; E. Stevens
Henry, Connecticut; William Connell,
Pennsylvania; Charles F. Wright, Penn-
sylvania; Gilbert N. Haugen, Iowa;
Herman B. Dahle, Wisconsin; Charles

February,

F. Scott, Kansas; Kittredge Haskins,
Vermont; Henry C. Smith, Michigan;
James M. Moody, North Carolina; J.
V.) Graff, Illinois: qiohn’ Sx Walliams,
Mississippi; John Lamb, Virginia; James
Cooney, Missouri; Robert B. Gordon,
Ohio; Henry D. Allen, Kentucky; Wil-
liam Neville, Nebraska; <Dennis ‘T.
Flynn, Oklahoma.

Lrrigation of Arid Lands.—Messtrs.
Thomas H. Tongue, Oregon; John J.
Jenkins, Wisconsin; George W. Ray,
New York; William A. Reeder, Kan-
sas; Frank W. Mondell, Wyoming;
George Sutherland, Utah; C. Q. Tirrell,
Massachusetts; Francis G. Newlands,
Nevada; William Neville, Nebraska;
Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama; John
D. Bellamy, North Carolina.

CALIFORNIA-NEVADA RESERVOIRS.

By FP... B. (Ne ween
Hydrographer, U. S. Geological Survey.

N the recent report of the Secretary
of the Interior attention was directed

to the importance of national irrigation
works, and in particular reference was
made to three localities where construc-

tion might be begun to advantage.
These were the San Carlos reservoir in
Arizona, the St. Mary reservoir and
diversion canal in northern Montana,
and the California-Nevada system. A

JOB’S PEAK FROM DRESSLER

RESERVOIR SITE, CALIFORNIA.

1902.

brief description has already been given
of two of these, viz., the Arizona and
Montana works.

The boundary line between the States
of Nevada and California lies on the
eastern side of the high mountain range
known as the Sierra Nevada, and asa
consequence the streams which flow east-
ward head in California, receiving the
greater part of their supply from the
high snowy summits, such as those
shown in the accompanying view of
**Job’s Peak.’’ The cultivable valley
lands shown in the foreground of the
picture are, however, in the State of
Nevada. These lower valleys are ex-
ceedingly fertile, but require irrigation.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 79

reservoir sites are across the state line,
they are helpless in the matter. Also
the lands to be benefited belong for the -
most part to the government, only a
small percentage of the lands of Nevada
having passed into private control.

The Truckee, Carson, and Walker
Rivers are the most important of the
streams coming from the high moun-
tains. The flow of these has been
measured as it leaves the foothills, and
systematic surveys have been begun to
ascertain the location of reservoir sites
and the cost of controlling the waters.
It has been shown that nearly 290,000
acre-feet of water can be stored on the
Truckee River system, at a cost of

SCENE IN MASON VALLEY NEAR WABUSKA, NEVADA, SHOWING LAND THAT CAN BE
RECLAIMED BY IRRIGATION.

It is a comparatively simple matter
to divert the streams coming from the
mountains and irrigate these low lands,
but the volume of water diminishes rap-
idly during the late spring and early
summer, and although there is more
than enough early in the year for the
irrigation of all the agricultural land,
yet by the shrinkage of the streams
during the latter part of the crop season
the fields suffer from drouth.

If the state boundary extended along
the Summits, or water parting, it would
be comparatively easy for the people in
Nevada to go up into the mountains and
build reservoirs for holding the floods,
restraining these until the waters are
needed in the summer; but, since the

$356,000. ‘The main line canals to take
out this water will cost $1,150,000. The
stored water supplementing the annual
flow of the Truckee River will supply
upwards of 170,000 acres of land.

The Carson River system embraces
seven proposed reservoirs, the total ap-
proximate cost of which is $980,000,
storing over 300,000 acre-feet. The
final report has not yet been completed
on the Carson system, and there are a
number of alternatives as regards the
use of various reservoirs, but it is evi-
dent that large areas can be reclaimed
at reasonable cost. The character of
the land to be irrigated is shown in the
accompanying view of a portion of
Mason Valley.

80 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS.

By WARREN

HE general impression that the
first settlers in Massachusetts
found an impenetrable tangle of forest
growth covering practically all the
surface is a false one. There were ex-
tensive open areas, beaver meadows,
river meadows, extensive Indian-corn
fields, and open woodlands which were
burned over yearly by the Indians to
encourage the growth of grass for deer
and to make hunting easier. These
fires, under favorable conditions, de-
stroyed the undergrowth, scarred many
trees, and even destroyed the trees
themselves. Certain sections burned
bare of trees by such fires grew up
again to dense growth after the settle-
ment of the towns.

In the early days common land was
held by the New England towns for
cattle to graze upon and from which
citizens were allowed to cut a certain
amount of timber under restrictions. In
some cases the cutting of even the rushes
in the marshes, which were used for
seating chairs and other purposes, was
limited. These restrictions did not,
however, apply to private holdings,
which were stripped of timber at a very
early period to clear the land for agri-
cultural purposes; also to procure fuel
for various industries, home use, and
for export.

So rapidly were these woods cut that
a scarcity of timber in many parts of the
state is recorded between 1760 and 1800.
In certain parts of the Connecticut Val-
ley timber was too scarce to be used for
fencing, and restriction was even placed
on the collection of torch-wood. Inthe
east the scarcity of timber led to the
use of peat and coal for fuel.

About the year 1792 the Massachu-
setts Society for Promoting Agriculture,
which included in its membership many
of the most eminent men of the state,
offered prizes for the most expeditious
way of clearing land in areas of not less
than twenty acres without plowing.
They sent out about the same time a

H. MANNING.

series of questions, among which was
one asking if the growth of timber kept
pace with the cutting. The answers to
this question indicated that the cutting
so much exceeded the natural growth
that there was a serious scarcity of fire-
wood, to which I have already referred.
This led to a complete reversal of their
policy, and, instead of offering prizes
for the destruction of the forests, they
offered prizes tor forest plantations.

These prizes were continued for many
years in one form or another, and re-
sulted in forest plantations being started
in various parts of the state. The trees
were planted in some cases from ten to
twenty feet apart. As a result of this
wide spacing, the trees received so
much light that the lower branches
were strongly developed and a tendency
established to form several leaders.
Very few such plantations ever made
good lumber, but where the trees were
placed five to seven feet apart on suit-
able land, the resulting growth has
been of a very satisfactory character.

In plantations made early in the cen-
tury hard-wood trees, such as oaks and
hickories, were used. During the sec-
ond quarter White Pine was principally
used. Then came a period during
which plantations were made up chiefly
of such foreign trees as the larches,
Scotch Pine, and Norway Spruce. It
was soon found, however, that they had
no advantage over the native trees.
During all this period comparatively
little attention was given to the devel-
opment of the existing growth, it being
assumed then, as it is now by many,
that the only forestal method worthy of
consideration was the making of new
plantations.

For most farmers, plantations made
from average nursery-grown trees are
too expensive and too uncertain. There
is a section of nearly every farm that is
too poor to give any return from annual
crops that might be planted in for-
est trees with profit. Native seedling

1902.

White Pines, one-third of
a foot high, from open land
will transplant with almost
absolute safety if enough
earth can be retained on
the roots when planted.
White Pine will seed nat-
urally into abandoned
fields and pastures; these
young pines will in places
grow so thickly as to de-
stroy each other, and so
far apart in others as to
make them too limby. An
even stand, from four to
six feet apart, should be
secured by thinning out
thick spots and planting
open spaces.

The best time for plant-
ing is late in the spring,
just before the plants push
into growth, or in August,
just after the new growth
is wellripened. In plant-
ing, special preparation is
not essential, although
plants will undoubtedly do better in a
plowed field. I have referred to the
White Pine alone in this connection be-
cause it is generally regarded as the
most reliable of our forest trees from
which we can secure a profitable growth
at small cost.

Where transplanting is not feasible
it is probably wiser to seed and wait for
a return than to go to the expense of
planting nursery trees, unless the area
is so large that one can secure the ben-
efits of wholesale rates and the services
of a skilful planter. The cost of seed-
ing is quite inexpensive as compared
with planting, but one must, of course,
wait from three to five or six years
longer to get the same result that can
be secured from the collected trees. I
would not have it understood that I dis-
courage the use of nursery trees. My
principal ground for objection is that
we have not at present a sufficiently
positive assurance of protection from
fire or of an adequate financial return to
justify farmers in going to any consider-
able expense in making such planta-
tions. .I think it is much wiser to de-
velop the existing forest growth, where

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. SI

Yearbook, 1899, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

WHITE PINE GROVE IN WHICH THINNING AND PRUNING HAS
TAKEN PLACE, PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS.

there is any, than to attempt to estab-
lish a new one.

This can be done by removing unde-
sirable trees that are crowding more
valuable specimens and by thinning at
intervals to encourage a more rapid and
symmetrical growth. At the present
time Chestnut is probably quite as val-
uable, if not more so, than pine.
Therefore this should be one of the trees
to be encouraged at the expense of other
varieties in a woodlot. Insuch a growth
one would secure the best results if it
were a pure stand of chestnut, in order
that it might be cut and utilized all at
one time, to give an opportunity for a
uniform sprout growth to follow cut-
ting. The ordinary Gray Birch is alsoa
valuable tree for certain situations, and
it is one of the few trees from which a
good crop of cord-wood can be cut in ten
or fifteen years. It will grow with White
Pine and give it suitable shade and kill
lower branches, without interfering seri-
ously with its development.

At present our mixed forest growth
has little or no value except for cord-
wood, but even this on good land brings
a substantial return ; for such land will

82

produce one cord a year per acre up to
thirty or forty years. Undoubtedly in
this growth some thinning could be done
to good advantage, for the purpose of
producing a larger number of cords than
could be secured in a densely crowded
growth.

The greatest enemy to the forest owner
is fire. A light fire will kill all white
pine seedlings up to six or eight years
of age. A severe fire will kill the White
Pine up to a foot or more in diameter.
A very severe fire will kill the oldest
growth where it occurs in scattered
patches. A hardwood sprout growth of
four or five years is killed back to the
stump by a light fire, a severe fire will
kill a growth of fifteen years, and an
older growth will be seriously injured if
not killed. Furthermore, the severe fire
not only kills the top but it kills the
stump and: burns up the topsoil. Land-
owners fail to realize how serious this
loss is. Even the State Fire Marshal,
who is supposed to report all fires from

Yearbook, 1899, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD, SOUTH

ORI,EANS, MASSACHUSETTS.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

which a money loss occurs, has only
within the past year or two, at the ear-
nest solicitation of the State Forestry
Association, given any serious attention
to this class of fire losses. His principal
difficulty seems to lie in the fact that
town officials who are required to make
a report look upon forest fires as of little
importance. Yet in some years in the
country districts, it is probable that there
is as great a loss in actual value from this
source as from the destruction of build-
ings.

In general, sprout growth near towns
increases in assessed value about $1.00
per acre per year of growth up to the
time of cutting—that is, a fifteen-year
growth is assessed at about $14.00 per
acre. Now, a severe fire will destroy
all this value, and the average fire at
least one-half of it.

Our laws provide for a fire warden,
who may employ men to fight fires and
pay them twenty cents per hour. There
is some evidence that forest fires have
been set for the sake of
securing such employ-
ment. It is known that
forest fires have also
been set by berry-pick-
ers, who burn over the
land for the purpose of
securing a better crop
the following year.
Many fires are set by ir-
responsible hunters and
ramblers in the woods.
For all this there is no
redress. A few convic-
tions under the law for
carelessness or malicious
setting of fires will help
to make people more
careful, but until our
public officials realize
how much this loss
means to forest owners
it will be hard to secure
such convictions.

There is one other
phase of the forest prob-
lem that may be consid-
ered a matter of senti=
ment on my part—that
is, the preservation of
fine individual trees, the

1902.

growth along roads, stream, and pond
sides for shade and ornament. You,
who know of the tendency of to-day, will
appreciate how much land is being taken
up by people from the city seeking sum-
mer homes, and also realize how much
advantage it is to a community to have
this class of people largely represented.
You will know, too, how much such
people are influenced by attractive sur-
roundings in selecting a home. An un-
attractive town with no shade trees or
woods stands a very poor chance of se-
curing many such people, and the farmer
who has a farm tosell that is absolutely
bare, cannot hope to get as much for it
as if there were some trees left in the
fields, fringes of foliage along the brooks,
and in the waste places. This represents
the commercial value of beauty as rep-
resented by tree growth. The imme-

PUMPING

HROUGHOUT a great part of the
arid and semi-arid region there are
localities where water can be obtained at
a short distance from the surface. The
amount, although not large in the aggre-
gate when compared with the quantity
in some notable stream or lake, is yet
inexhaustible by the ordinary methods of
pumping. If, therefore, this water which
exists from 10 to 50 feet beneath the
surface can be cheaply raised, it will be
practicable to utilize it for agriculture
tracts which otherwise have little or no
value.

The irrigation of 20 acres in the midst
of a section or township of land is, figu-
ratively speaking, a mere drop in the
bucket; but the reclamation of this small
area generally means the utilization of
adjoining lands. If, for example, 20
acres of some forage crop like alfalfa is
made possible, this will result in obtain-
ing a considerable amount of winter feed
used in the sustenance of a herd which
can be pastured upon the surrounding
dryland. ‘The successful cultivation of
this 20 acres may thus directly or indi-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

82
x

diate value of this growth is represented
by the wood he can secure for various
farm and household purposes. ‘To se-
cure such wood supply it is not neces-
sary to destroy the whole woods, as is
done for the most part at the present
time. By thinning out yearly, or by tak-
ing a patch of woods yearly, its beauty
is not wholly destroyed and its useful-
ness is maintained.

In conclusion let me say that the state
census shows that farmers and other
owners of woodlots, throughout the
state, have secured a return of 5 per
cent on the value of their woodlots.
Capitalists in many lines of business
would be glad to secure such a return.
With proper attention to the wood-
lots, the farmer will secure a much
better showing on the right side of the
ledger.

WATER.*

rectly support a family, and, with in-
creased experience and adaptation to the
surrounding conditions, the family may
in turn give place to a rural community.
Given the existence of sufficient water
underground to irrigate the 20 acres, the
first question is that of ways and means
of bringing the water to the surface.
The force which is ever present, mak-
ing itself persistently felt throughout
the Great Plains region, is the wind,
which blows almost continuously. It
carries the dust before it, cuts out the
traveled roads, carries away the fine
earth of the tilled fields, and builds up
a fine loess, almost everywhere to be
found. ‘The wind, which has so long
been considered as an annoyance and
mischief-maker, has sufficient strength
to perform the work of bringing water
to the surface, if only suitable means of
directing its energy can be discovered.
The windmill is the best-known
method of converting wind energy into
work. In. one form or another it has
been used from times antedating the
dark ages. Inthe twelfth century wind-

* EDITOR’s NoTE.—This is the second of a series of articles on pumping water. If persons
interested in this subject desire further information on the topics discussed here will address
queries to the Editor, they will be answered in the next issue of this magazine.

84 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

February,

DUTCH WINDMILL AT LAWRENCE, KANSAS.

mills, built either by individvals or by
communities, were common. Some of
these mills were of enormous size. In
the German type the whole building on
which the mill was placed was con-
structed in such a manner as to turn on
a post in order to bring the sails into
the wind. Inthe Dutch form the build-
ing was fixed, but the head of the mill
could be turned into the wind. ‘The
most notable use of these early mills
was in Holland, where the land was
drained by pumping water from behind

the dikes into the sea. In 1391 the
Bishop of Utrecht, holding that the wind
of the whole province belonged exclu-
sively to him, gave to the convent at
Windsheim express permission to build
a windmill wherever it was thought
proper. In so doing he overruled a
neighboring lord, who declared that the
wind in the district belonged to him.
Three years later the city of Haarlem
obtained leave from Albert, Count Pala-
tine of the Rhine, to build a windmill,
using the wind of the country.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

1902.

RR

> wy

i ke)

Ve ak
iia

baEdE

RESERVOIR AND

86 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

The huge, clumsy windmills of Eu-
ropean make, such as that erected at
Lawrence, Kansas, shown in the accom-
panying plate, have within a few decades
given place in this country to the light,
rapidly running forms. ‘Thousands of
these have been made by various firms
throughout the country. At first wood
was used almost exclusively, but this is
being rapidly displaced by metal, espe-
cially by thin steel plates and forgings.
Although millions of dollars have been
invested in the manufacture and pur-
chase of mills, and much attention has
been given to the mechanical details and
the saving in weight and cost, yet com-
paratively little study has been bestowed
upon the actual efficiency of the various
forms and upon their development to-
ward theoretical ideals.

A view of gardens cultivated by water
pumped by windmills is shown in the
accompanying plate. ‘This picture has
been taken from a windmill platform.
In the foreground is a small reservoir,
divided by a bank in the middle, so that
one part may be used independently of
the other. The part nearer the observer
is the older; the second part is a recent
addition, rendered necessary by the in-
crease of the area cultivated. Without
windmills the cultivation of the tract of
country shown in this picture would be

February,

impossible. It is doubtful if a single
cow could find subsistence on the area
which now supports a family.

In Fig. I is given a section through
one of these small reservoirs, showing
at the bottom the puddled earth or clay
that prevents the water. from seeping
intothe adjacent ground. On this pud-
dled earth the banks are built at a height
of from 4 to 1rofeet. These are usually
built by plowing and scraping up the
earth from the outside, the tramping of
the horses and the men serving to con-
solidate it. When the bank has been
built to the proper height it is smoothed
and sodded. On the right-hand side of
the figure is the pipe or wooden flume
from the windmill, and on the left-hand
side is shown the outlet box, which is
usually built of 2-inch plank. This is
closed by some simple form of wooden
gate or valve, either lifted by means of
a screw or hinged so as to open outward,
and is held in place by the pressure of
the water against it.

The square reservoir is the form usu-
ally adopted. The mills, asin the other
cases, are placed on each side, pumping
through short wooden fiumes over the
bank. These reservoirs are not only
used for holding water for irrigation,
but with a little care serve as ponds for
raising fish.

SUPPLY PIPE

NORA

Wii i IA eee 2 DENN CRED ENE A PON AA Ne
WY fy /ddddddddiddda UU YY Z

FIG. I.—VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH RESERVOIR AND OUTLET.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 87

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Studies of Trees in Winter. A Description of the
Deciduous Trees of Northeastern America.
By ANNIE OAKES HUNTINGTON, with an
introduction by CHARLES S. SARGENT.
Pp. 199. Illustrated with rr colored plates
by Mary S. Morsk, and photographs by
the author. Boston: Knight and Millet,
1902. Price, $2.25 net.

This book is divided into fifteen chapters.
The first deals with a study of trees in winter.
Following this are chapters describing about
30 groups of well-known trees.

The restrictive portion of the title, ‘‘“A De-
scriptionof the Deciduous Treesof Northeastern
America,’’ unfortunately com-
pelled the author to omit a num-
ber of very interesting cedars,
spruces, firs, and pines, native
and cultivated, in that region.
These trees were slighted be-
cause they are evergreen.

The first chapter explains a
number of technical descriptive
terms and calls attention to the
salient distinctive features of
trees in winter. Brief mention
is also made of the essential facts
concerning growth and _ struc-
ture of trees. The remaining
chapters contain notes and de-
scriptions of 97 trees, 21 of which
are exotic species common in
cultivation or naturalized. The
author has attempted to show
that the deciduous trees chosen
can be recognized in winter.
The characters named are main-
ly the form of the tree, habit of
branching, size, color, modifica-
tions of leaf buds, branchlets,
eolor, and structure of bark.
The task is well done, and with
the aid of the very excellent
half-tones and colored plates,
the reader is rarely left in doubt.
We cannot help calling attention
to the beautiful picture of a su-
perb American Elm. The talks
about each tree are enlivened
by poetical and historical allu-
sions, from authors like Virgil
and Czesar down to Dr. Holmes
in his ‘‘Autocrat of the Break-
fast Table.’’? The author’s style
is clear and pleasing, and the
dry facts are made so interesting
that one finds entertainment
even in a book of ‘‘Studies.’’
For the most part, technical
descriptions have not been at-
tempted. The few botanical
terms used have been explained,
as have also the significance of
all generic and specific Latin
names. The untaught, however,
may halt at ‘‘ subpeteolar.”’

The author deserves special credit for having
attempted to distinguish deciduous trees in
winter, a season when the layman sees the
least number of characters. The trained den-
drologist knows trees at all seasons; but until
the distinguishing winter features are pointed
out, the casual observer is wont to think of
leafless trees as quite beyond identification.
We believe Miss Huntington has the honor of
writing the first popular tree book based on
winter characters.

_For completeness, we wish the author had
given the geographic range uniformly for all
species. We are quite satisfied to learn that

Studies of ‘trees in Winter,”’ courtesy the

From *“‘ ;
Publishers, Knight & Millet, Boston.

TRUNKS OF SHAGBARK HICKORIES.

88 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

the Linden is found from New Brunswick to
Georgia and west to Kansas, but disappointed
in reading that the Yellowwood occurs only in
Kentucky and Tennessee, or that the Bur Oak
js at home on the Penobscot River, in Maine, or
Lake Champlain, in Vermont, in the Berkshire
Hills and on Ware River, in Massachusetts.
The Slippery Elm, also, said to be ‘‘found in cer-
tain localities throughout the Atlantic States,”’
but is ‘‘not common in eastern Massachusetts.”

Occasionally the author has to rely for dis-
tinctive features on summer studies. Prunus
virginiana and P. pennsylvanica are distin-
guished from P. sevotina ‘‘ by their red instead
of black fruit.’? After all, we are afraid this
would not be easy.

Coming to the nuts that some trees bear, it
is surprising to read that ‘“‘shell-barks are of
greater commercial value than those of any
other hickory.’’ Doubtless the author meant
to say, of any other hickories in New England;
otherwise the Pecan (which is a hickory, but
not of New England) would feel hurt. The
nuts of Wicoria glabra are declared to be un-
marketable ; nevertheless the best forms of
these nuts are sold in the market.

Speaking of the ‘‘ hairy brown buds” of the
Slippery Elm, the author says, ‘“‘compared with
the smooth hard buds on many trees, they are
what soft, long-haired Angoras are to ordinary
eats.’’ In choosing this simile the author has
broken down all lines of conventional descrip-
tion.

We commend the book as a helpful contri-
bution to our popular literature on trees.

GBs S:

Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, By G. FRED-
ERICK SCHWARZ. Pp. 183. Illustrated
by 26half-tones. New York: The Grafton
Press, 1901. Price, $1.50

It is not too much to say that the author has
chosen a subject which is almost entirely un-
written in this country; but in giving his
thoughts he has vividly expressed the feeling
that is common to every true lover of the
forest. By a painstaking analysis of the es-
thetic elements of forest scenery and its con-
comitants, he has presented the subject in a
way that all readers may find some new beau-
ties and economies in the habits of trees and
the conformation of forests.

The author shows a careful stndy and famil-
jarity with the trees considered. Useful facts
and descriptive characters of a large number
of native trees are deftly interwoven in the
discussion of his subject. Excellent illustra-
tions give a clear idea of the author’s obser-
vations.

One of the most commendable features of
the book is its allusions to and popular treat-
ment, in connection with the general subject
of forestry in its relation to trees and forests.
This will be greatly appreciated by general
readers, especially just now when the intro-
duction of conservative forest management is
receiving so much encouragement in this
country.
very great, and the book before us deserves
praise for its timely hints.

Popular interest in this subject is_

February,

A pleasing feature is the excellent printing
and attractive appearance of the book. The
illustrations are well chosen and clearly illus-
trate the points discussed.

Trees of New England. By L. lL. Dame and
HENRY BROOKS. Pp. 196. With plates
from original drawings by ELIZABETH G.
BIGELOW. Boston: Ginn & Co.

Messrs. Dame and Brooks have given the
New England public, interested in our native
trees, a book that has long been needed. This
book is a small volume which one can easily
put into the pocket and carry into the woods,
and at the same time itis the best guide to the
identification of our New England trees of any
of the smaller books heretofore published.

Since the completion of Professor Sargent’s
‘‘Silva of North America,’’ a great many
books have been written and illustrated telling
about the New England trees in one way or
another. These books have, for the most
part, told about the esthetic side of New
England tree life, often leaving a confused
idea in the reader’s mind of just what the
species are that were written about, unless he
were already familiar with them. None of
these books have enabled the amateur to
readily identify the New England trees in the
woods or open field.

Persons interested in the woods and fond of
nature do not care in particular to be told in
what tespects certain trees are beautiful and
pleasing ; they want to make these interpre-
tations forthemselves. All this sort of writing
about our trees, unless it be done by a master
hand, such as a Burroughs or a Muir, is not
what the public wants who are accustomed to
spending their summer vacations in the woods.
They have long wanted a handy pocket volume
enabling them to know, with reasonable ac-
curacy, the names of the trees which they
come across in their tramps through the woods
during their summer vacations. They have
wanted to know the names of the trees so that
they can intelligently talk about them to their
friends ; about the various ways that the dif-
ferent kinds appeal to them from an esthetic
standpoint, as well as in various other ways.

It seems to the reviewer that this want has
been very well attained in the ‘‘ Trees of New
England.’’ In this handy volume an account
is given of each species naturally growing in
New England, and its salient characters
pointed out in a clear text and enforced by,
for the most part, a clear and accurate full-
page plate from a carefully executed pen
drawing.

The habitat and range for each species is
given with reasonable completeness, for the
range of each species within New England.
The habit of each species is well set forth and
an account is given of the leaves, the winter
buds, and the bark. A brief account is given
of the inflorescence and fruit, and the horti-
cultural value of each species is also briefly
set forth.

It is unfortunate that a brief paragraph was
not added to the account given of each species
telling its economic value. Such information

1902.

could have been brought together by the
authors with little effort and would have added
greatly to the value of the book. It would
have’ been more satisfactory to the general
reader if the diameter of trees were taken
breast-high rather than at variable heights on
the bole. It is unfortunate that something
could not have been given regarding the habit
of different trees in the woods as well as in the
open, for those who will use the book most
are chiefly interested in the trees as a part of
the forest rather than as single individuals
growing intheopen. A commendable feature
is in the publication of the common names of
the different trees actually in use in the dif-
ferent parts of New England.

The book is somewhat marred by the fact
that the plates illustrating the species are in
many cases placed with the text descriptions
of other species.

Vor Nia 0c

PUBLISHER’S NOTES.

Beginning with this number, FORESTRY AND
IRRIGATION will contain a department known
as ‘‘ Recent Publications,’’ in which it is our in-
tention to review the latest books. These book
notices will be prepared by competent review-
ers, and we hope to make this department an
interesting feature of each number of ForR-
ESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Publishers will do
well to send us books on all out-door subjects;
the readers of this magazine are especially in-
terested in nature books.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 89

Numerous inquiries have come to us con-
cerning the kind of pumps, the cost and capac-
ity, successfully used in procuring water for
irrigation. Manufacturers and users of pump-
ing machinery will confer a favor by sending
brief statements covering these details, and
particularly the results attained by pumping
in different parts of the country. —~

We have just received a copy of J. M. Thor-
burn & Co.’s seed catalogue for 1902. The
present issue is the one hundred and first an-
nual catalogue published by this well-known
firm ; it is well printed and contains a large
number of excellent half-tone illustrations of
flowers and vegetables.

Three new books on forestry are reviewed
this month, all of them being valuable addi-
tions to the literature on this subject. We
refer to ‘Studies of Trees in Winter,’’ by
Annie Oakes Huntingdon, published by
Knight & Millet, Boston ; ‘‘ Forest Trees and
Forest Scenery,’’ by G. Frederick Schwarz,
issued by the Grafton Press, New York ; and
a ‘‘ Handbook of New England Trees,’’ by L.
L. Dame and Henry Brooks, published by
Ginn & Co., Boston. j

Knight & Millet recently purchased the pub-
lishing business of Bradlee Whidden, Boston.
The line of books on natural history formerly
published by him is now being handled by
Knight & Millet. ;

Studies of Trees
——In Winter

A DESCRIPTION of the
DECIDUOUS TREES OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA

By ... Annie Oakes Huntington
ne

With an introduction by
CARE ES. Sa -SSRGENT,

Arnold Professor of
Arboriculture in Harvard University and author of
‘“*The Silva of North America”

Ibtig Ie

SZ

LT STE AOE SS ET RN teed ERY any Dummy 8

With twelve colored plates by MARY S. MORSE
and photographs by the author

One volume,
tloth, gilt top

I2mo (size 628% inches)
$2.25, wet

SE

Knight & Millet, Publishers
221 COLUMBUS AVE., BOSTON

FOREST TREES
A N D
FOREST SCENERY

By G. FREDERICK SCHWARZ

Describing, in popular style, the
sources of beauty and attractive-
ness in American forest trees and
sylvan scenery. Handsomely and
appropriately illustrated % %
PRICE $1.50
For Sale by Booksellers or Sent by the Publishers

Ghe GRAFTON PRESS
70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Back Files of Lhe Forester

The Profession of Forestry . . . - $ .25
Wiols lVe-dvhe Forester, 1698). assess OD
Vol. V. The Forester, 1899 . . . 1.00
Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900 . . . 1.00
Vol. VIL. The Forester, 1901 . . . 2,00
Proceedings of the American Forestry
Congress and American Forestry
Association (1888-1897, inclusive) 1.00

Ask — ———=HIGH GRADE M—
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Forestry and Irrigation

which circulates among
an unusually high class
of readers.

The Twentieth Century Specific for

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Forestry ana Irrigation

send to, 5 and 7 Atlantic Building
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FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH
... and NEW MEXICO ...

The farmer who contemplates changing
his location should look well into the sub-
ject of irrigation. Before making a trip
of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writ-
ing to those most interested in the settle-
ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub-
lications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural,
and live stock interests of this great west-
ern section have been prepared by the
Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande
Western, which should be in the hands of
all who desire to become acquainted with
the merits of the various localities. Write

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H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

i A=,

a ens ee ——————;
se Oa ee SaaS OR OEE Sew 1 Te. Oe a)
= --~- 92 POON ee em

CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1902

RECLAIMED DESERTS : , ; : é . Frontispiece
NEWS AND NOTES (Zélustrated) . ; y : ‘ ? 93
Irrigation Bill Passed by Senate — Pennsylvania Forest Re-
serves—Forest Fires—University of California—Measurement
of Water—Meeting in Michigan — Winter Irrigation of Orchards
—Irrigation in New Jersey—Forestry in Maryland — Extent of
Present Irrigation—Tree Planting by Illinois Central—Irrigation
in Connecticut—To Cut Timber in the Adirondacks :
HON. REDFIELD PROCTOR (with portrait)
A NATIONAL IRRIGATION POLICY : E : :
Senator H. C. Hansbrough
THE MAY FLOOD (1901) IN THE SOUTHERN APPA-
LACHIAN REGION
In the Catawba River Valley, North Carolina . : ;
Wade H. Harris

The May Flood in Eastern Tennessee : ; é
H. B. Ayres 109
COLORADO FOREST FIRES IN 1901 ; ‘ : :
Henry Michelsen III
THE PLANTING OF EXOTIC TREES IN SOUTHERN
FLORIDA. Part I. (///ustrated) Dr. John Gifford 116
EARTHEN RESERVOIRS . : : Arthur P. Davis 121

MAPLE PLANTATIONS IN VERMONT (Z//ustrated )
George H. Myers

LIGHT OUT OF DARKNESS : Guy Elliott Mitchell

THE EFFECT OF ICE STORMS ON TREES E : Z
Herman H. Chapman

PUMPING WATER FOR IRRIGATION. Third Paper
(Lilustrated) . : : : ;

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS
RECENT PUBLICATIONS : ; :

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ts the official organ of the American Forestry

Subscription price $2.00
Entered at

Association and The National Irrigation Association.
a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter.
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at
57& 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

. Washington, D. C.

‘STTIH GINV HHL HONVISIG HHL NI GNV ‘GUVHOUO YAC'IO NV SIHY, GNIHHA ‘CAVHDYO ONNOA
VY GNOOWODAUOL AHL NI ‘SOLOVD HIM GHUHAOD ATAHWUMOT | VINYOAVIVO NYHHLNOS ‘SGNWI LYHSHaC GHWIV’ IOAN

Forestry and Irrigation.

Vou. Arr:

DIAC LG 902%

No. 3.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Irrigation The Senate passed the ir-
Bill Passed rigation bill Saturday,
by Senate. Marchi. ‘There was not

even the formality of a
roll-call, the sentiment being unani-
mously in favor of the measure.

When the bill was taken up Mr.
Stewart made a speech in its support,
as did Mr. Tillman.

In the course of the debate Mr. Bacon
said that he was glad attention was to
be turned to the development of our
internal resources, because he believed
they would yield far greater returns
than the will-o’-the-wisps that were be-
ing pursued in distant lands. Mr. Gal-
linger pointed out that the settlement
of the newly irrigated lands would help
the manufacturers, while Mr. ‘Teller
asserted that the measure was not local,
but would benefit people all over the
United States, because it would offer
them sites for homes. Mr. Clay also
supported the measure as a matter of
justice.

The bill now goes to the House for
action. .

&
Pennsylvania Ata recent meeting of
Forest the Pennsylvania State
Reserves. Forestry Commission it

was announced by Dr.
Rothrock that the forest property in the
South Mountains, acquired by the state,
would be turned over about the middle
of March. It comprises 40,000 acres in
the Mount Alto district, in Franklin and
Fulton counties. The Barre lands, in
Huntingdon County, comprising 8,000
acres, were also reported to have been
purchased and now in the state’s hands.
Negotiations for the purchase of the

Kulp tract, in Union County, from
which the timber has been cut by ex-
Congressman Kulp, were announced as
concluded, and the state will soon take
possession of the 28,000 acres.

The state reserves now contain 325,700
acres of land, and the Commission ex-
pects to acquire 100,000 acres additional
during the present year.

At the twenty-fifth annual meeting of
the Pennsylvania State Board of Agri-
culture, held recently at Harrisburg, a
resolution was adopted which asks the
legislature to furnish funds to establish
a training school in elementary forestry.
The resolution is worded as follows :

Resolved, That the legislature of Penn-
sylvania be requested to furnish funds
requisite for the establishment of a train-
ing school of elementary forestry at
Graeffenburg, Adams County, where, on
the state reservation, the pupils may, by
work done in the state forests, earn what
it costs the commonwealth to board,
clothe, and educate them, provided said
pupils furnish bond to repay the state
what it costs to educate them if they
fail on examination or are discharged
for misconduct.

*

In spite of this being
the winter season, it seems
that the danger from forest fires, in cer-
tain sections of the country at least, is
considerable. From Gabriella, Fla.,
comes the news that ‘‘ forest fires are
raging all through this section of coun-
try, doing considerable damage. Horne
& Petteway, the turpentine firm, have
lost about 12,000 boxes. ‘The fires will
cause heavy loss to the stock-owners, as
the grass is all burnt off, and it is so dry

Forest Fires.

94

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March,

VIEW OF SKY LINE CANAL; TAKING WATER FROM THE SOURCES OF BIG LARAMIE
RIVER AND DIVERTING IT INTO THE CACHE LA POUDRE ABOVE CHAMBERS
LAKE, NORTHERN COLORADO, AT THE HEIGHT OF 8,000 FEET.

1902.

that the new grass will be long in start-
ing.’’

Near Sampson City, Fla., forest fires
have been burning for two weeks, doing
great damage to farmers and turpentine
timber. Many buildings have been
threatened.

The grist mill and cotton gin belong-
ing to Col. T. N. Winn, near Hinesville,
Ga., were burned a few days ago as the
result of a forest fire.

In this connection attention is called
to the article on ‘‘ Forest Fires in Colo-
rado in 1go1,’’ published elsewhere in
this number. The author of this article,
Mr. Henry Michelsen, has for years
been a strong advocate of forest preser-
vation, and each season he keeps a care-
ful record of all forest fires which occur
in Colorado.

&

University of Dr. B. E. Fernow, Di-
California. rector of the New York

State College of For-
estry, has been appointed lecturer on
forestry at the next summer session at
the University of California, to be held
during July and August, 1902.

Dr. Fernow will spend three weeks
in the instruction of those interested in
the profession of forestry, and will also
deliver nine illustrated evening lectures.

*

There are in common
use two units of meas-
urement of water when
used in irrigation—that giving the rate
of flow, as of a stream, and that stating
the cubical quantity, as of water con-
tained in a reservoir.

The cubic foot per second (second-
foot) is the unit for the rate of flow.
This is a quantity of water delivered
by a rectangular flume one foot wide
and one foot deep and fiowing at the
average rate of one foot a second. In
round numbers this is equal to 7% gal-
lons each second, or 450 gallons per
minute.

The rate of flow is sometimes ex-
pressed in miner’s inches, but this is
an indefinite quantity. In Arizona 4o
miner’s inches make a cubic foot per
second, and in California 50 miner’s
inches make a cubic foot per second.

Measurement
of Water.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 95

In various localities there are interme-
diate values.

The unit of capacity used in irriga-
tion is the acre-foot, or one acre covered
one foot in depth, equivalent to 43,560
cubic feet. One cubic foot per second
flowing for twenty-four hours will cover
an acre 1.98 feet in depth. In round
numbers, a cubic foot per second for a
day is equivalent to two acre-feet.

*

The Joint Meeting of the
Michigan Political Science
Association and the Mich-
igan Farmers’ Institutes was held under
the auspices of the Michigan Agricult-
ural College (near Lansing) on Feb-
ruary 25, 26, 27,and 28. The programs
for the caine sessions included discus-
sions and addresses on state problems of
political science, forestry, agriculture,
and allied subjects. The Honorable
James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture,
addressed the conventionon the relation-
ship of the ‘‘ Department of Agriculture
to the Farmer.’’ Mr. Gifford Pinchot,
Forester of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, was to have delivered an
address on ‘‘ The Condition and Sig-
nificance of the Forest Movement,”’
but was unavoidably prevented from
attending the meeting. Mr. George B.
Sudworth, Chief of the Division of
Forest Investigation, Bureau of For-
estry, spoke on ‘‘The Origin and
Development of Forest Work in the
United States.’’ Mr. E. A. Wildey,
Michigan State Iand Commissioner,
presented a paper on na he Forestry
Problem in Michigan.’’ C. A. Davis,
Professor of Forestry in the University
of Michigan, and the Hon. Chas. W.
Garfield, President of the Michigan
State Forest Commission, spoke on the
needs of forest work in Michigan. The
meeting was widely attended by repre-
sentative Michigan men and was of un-
usual interest.

In conjunction with the above con-
vention, the Michigan State Forest Com-
mission held an important meeting, at
which the work of the Commission dur-
ing the past year was discussed. Mr.
George B. Sudworth spoke to the Com-
mission on ‘‘ Special Forest Investiga-

Meeting in
Michigan.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

A MICHIGAN WHITE PINE FOREST IN WINTER.

March,

1902.

tions Needed in the State.’’ Professor
Lane, State Geologist, discussed the
possible cooperation of his department
with the forest commission. The work
of the forest commission is promising.
A wide public interest has been awak-
ened by the commissioners in favor of
state forest work, and it is expected
that suitable appropriations and legisla-
tion will give the commission increased
opportunities for further practical work.

&

Experiments have been
made in southern Ari-
zona to ascertain whether
water can be advantage-
ously applied during the winter season,
when an ample supply can be had, but
withheld during the summer, when there
is a deficiency. In1888 a portion of an
orchard was not watered from Septem-
ber until January, 1889, when winter
irrigation was begun and continued
until the end of March. In all eight
irrigations were made, the water being
applied through furrows. The ground
was cultivated after the last irrigation
to check evaporation. Water was again
applied in June, but not again during
the season. The trees grew thriftily
and maintained a vigorous appearance
allsummer. During the following win-
ter about 3 feet of water in depth was
applied and the ground again plowed
each way and harrowed thoroughly.
After each summer shower the soil was
again cultivated to maintain a mulch of
dust 6 or 8 inches deep. No irrigation
water was applied for 8 months, during
which period the rainfall was only 2.5
inches: ‘The trees remained in excel-
lent condition, and during the hot, dry
period a good crop of excellent apricots
was obtained. An examination of the
roots of the trees showed that they had
penetrated in large numbers to a depth
of from 12 to 16 feet, some going down
to 20 feet. The conclusion has been
reached that by applying about 3 feet
of water during the winter and with
frequent cultivation a deciduous orchard
can be maintained in good condition
throughout the year, even in the hot, dry
climate of Arizona, particularly where
the soil is deep and retentive of moisture.

Winter
Irrigation

of Orchards.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 97

Irrigation in

Irrigation was reported
New Jersey.

on 8 farms in 1899. Of
the 73 acres irrigated,
69 acres were devoted to crops, as fol-
lows: Hay, 26 acres; vegetables, 20
acres; corn, 13 acres; celery, 6 acres;
seeds, 4 acres. The total value of the
crops produced was $8,720, an average
of $126 per acre.

The average value per acre of irri-
gated land was $155. The total capital
invested in irrigation plants was $2,831,
and the average cost of irrigating was
$36 per acre.

&

Improvement of forest
conditions is a subject
being considered by the
present session of the Maryland legisla-
Cure.

Mr. Harry, of Frederick County, has
introduced in the house a bill to create
a state board of forestry, to consist of
three members, to be appointed bienn1-.
ally by the governor, by and with the
advice and consent of the senate.

The commissioners are to be male
citizens not under 30 years of age nor
over the age of 60 years, one of whom
at least shall possess a scientific knowl-
edge of forestry and at least two of whom
shall each own too acres of farm land
within the state. One of the commis-
sioners shall always be a resident of
the Eastern Shore and one of the sixth
congressional district.

The commissioners are to have their
office at Annapolis and are to receive a
yearly salary of $600 each. They are to
employ a secretary at a salary to be
fixed. It is to be the duty of the board
to acquire, in the name of the state, such
woodland along the headwaters of the
rivers of this state as may be offered at
a price not exceeding $8 an acre, the
amount purchased in any one year not
to exceed the money at the disposal of
the board. Provision is also made for
the purchase of deforested land in the
judgment of the board.

Arrangements are made for paying a
bounty of rocentseach for Locust, Black
Walnut, Black Oak, Red Oak, or Hick-
ory trees planted by land-owners under
certain regulations, and 5 cents for each

Forestry in
Maryland.

March,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

‘NOLONIHSVM ‘SAW’TIVA AHXOW-WONVLVY JO MHIA TVAHNAD

1902.

Chestnut or other trees whose wood may
be used for fencing or building purposes.
A yearly appropriation of $30,000 is pro-
vided for the purchase of lands, $5,000
for bounties, and $6,000 for salaries and
expenses of the board.

5d

Extent of The irrigated area is ap-
Present proximately 7,500,000
Irrigation. acres, the greater por-

tion of this being in
the states of California and Colorado.
During the last ten years the irrigated
area has been extended, the increase
being due mainly to a more complete
use of water from ditches already built
and not to new construction.

In recent years comparatively few
large works have been built, but those
constructed from about 1885 to 1895
have been gradually enlarged and more
land brought into irrigation. Most, if
not all, of the large speculative enter-
prises for reclamation are in the hands
of receivers, the stockholders have lost
everything, and the bondholders are
being called upon to maintain the works.
There exists the anomalous condition
that, although the enterprises are bank-
rupt, large values have been created.
For example, in the case of the Bear
Valley Company, the investment of
about $1,000,000 is estimated to have
created values of very nearly $5,000,-
ooo. ‘The enormous apparent profits
have not gone to the investors, but to
the public in general.

&

Tree Planting The officials of the Ili-
by Illinois nois Central Railroad
Central. recently decided to be-

gin tree planting along
their lines from Chicago to New Orleans.
The distance from Chicago to New Or-
leans is about 900 miles, and it is the
company’s intention to plant over 200,-
ooo catalpa trees.

At first it was thought to set aside
one or two tracts on which to plant the
trees, but it has now been decided to
string the forest over the entire system.
They will not be set out after any pat-
tern or design, but will be planted in
the ground around stations, along the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 99

right of way in the country, around
warehouses, and every place where
they may grow and at the same time
add to the surroundings with their
shade.

The contract for this planting has
been let toa private firm. Agents of
this firm are now in the field locating
places where the larger numbers of
trees are to be planted.

Scarcity of timber for ties is the cause
of the planting of these trees by the
railroad. During the last two or three
years much difficulty has been experi-
enced by railroad officers in obtaining
the proper timber for ties, and the
great amount used for this purpose has
drawn heavily on the lumber markets
of the country for the right kinds of
wood.

*

Intensive farming by
means of the artificial
application of water has
been successfully practiced as far north
as Connecticut. The Census Office has
recently published figures showing that
in 1889 there were under irrigation 56
farms, with a total area under ditch of
A7I acres, or an average of 8 acres on
each farm. The cost of the pipes,
ditches, pumps, and reservoirs used in
this connection was $16,113, an average
cost of $34.25 per acre irrigated.

*

To: Gat Assemblyman Davis has
Timber in the introduced a concurrent
Adirondacks. resolution in the New

York Legislature carry-
ing out the recommendation of Governor
Odell permitting forest timber to be cut
in the Adirondacks, under rules adopted
by the Forest Preserve Board; also
allowing the laying out of roads along
such routes as may be approved by the
Board ; but no steam railroads shall be
constructed or operated upon state lands
in the forest preserve.

The legislature is also permitted by
the provisions of the resolution to au-
thorize the sale of state lands outside of
the Adirondack Park, and the proceeds
are to be applied to the purchase of
lands within the Adirondack Park.

Irrigation in
Connecticut.

I0O

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

HON. REDFIELD PROCTOR,

UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT, AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOR VERMONT.

ENATOR PROCTOR, chairman of
the Committee on Agriculture and
Forestry, and one of the most effective
friends of forest conservation in the
United States Senate, was born at Proc-
torsville, Vermont, January I, 1831.
He graduated from Dartmouth College
in 1851, and from Albany Law School
in 1859, and was admitted to the bar at
Albany and Woodstock, Vermont, the

same year. During the next two years
he practiced law at Boston, Massachu-
setts. In June, 1861, he entered the
Third Vermont Regiment as lieutenant
and quartermaster. In July of the same
year he was placed on the staff of Gen.
W. F. (Baldy) Smith, and in October
was commissioned major of the Fifth
Vermont Volunteer Militia. With this
regiment he served one year around

1902.

Washington and on the Peninsula. In
October, 1862, he was made colonel of
the Fifteenth Vermont, a nine months’
regiment, and commanded it at the bat-
tle of Gettysburg, and until its term of
service ended. After the war Colonel
Proctor formed a law partnership at
Rutland, Vermont, with W. G. Veazy,
but in 1869 he gave up law practice and
accepted the office of manager of the
Sutherland Falls Marble Company. In
1880, when that company, with another,
united as the Vermont Marble Com-
pany, one of the largest companies of
the kind in the world, Colonel Proctor
was chosen president, and in this position
displayed rare executive ability. He
took a keen interest in the welfare of
the 1,000 workmen employed by the
company, and presented them with a
library of 3,000 volumes.

He began his political career as a se-
lectman in Rutland; later became a mem-
ber of the Vermont legislature—1867,
1868, 1888. He was a member of the
state senate and president fro fempore—
1874-1875.

Colonel Proctor was elected Lieuten-
ant-Governor of Vermont in 1876, and
in 1878 was chosen Governor by 20,000
majority. His administration of that
office resulted in a reduction of state
expenses, the passage of a law estab-
lishing savings banks, a law compelling
every tax-payer in the state to swear to
his list, and a revision of the statutes of
the state. He was a delegate to the Na-
tional Republican Convention of 1884,
and in 1888 was chairman of the Ver-
mont delegation to the Chicago Na-
tional Republican Convention.

In March, 1889, he was chosen Sec-
retary of War by President Harrison,
and filled that position until November
2, 1891, when he was appointed U. 5.
Senator by Governor Page, of Vermont,
to succeed Hon. Geo. F. Edmunds, who
had resigned. He took his seat Decem-
ber 7, at the opening of the Fifty-second
Congress.

While Secretary of War, he gave
special attention to coast and border de-
fense, the building of modern guns for
fortification and field purposes, the re-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

IOI

organization of the army, and the prepa-
ration of new tactics to meet modern
conditions. He gave unremitting atten-
tion to the subjects of bettering the con-
dition of enlisted men and raising the
standard of recruits. The rations were
improved, the rewards for soldierly con-
duct raised, and the difficult subject of
punishment received close attention.

Under the lead of Secretary Proctor
more wholesome legislation was secured
for the army than at any previous time
in an equal period. ‘The country has
reason for deep satisfaction in the pro-
gress made during his administration in
the work of national defense. He gave
his attention to this vital subject from
the moment he entered upon his duties.
His personal experience at the time of
the St. Albans raid gave the question
of border defense along the Great Lakes
its proper weight in his mind in relation
to the great and pressing problems of
harbor protection. His work was quiet,
but effective. Hesoon created unusual
interest in the committees of the House
and Senate in charge of this matter.
His plain and practical presentation of
the fact that our great cities, both on
the sea and lakes, were utterly defense-
less soon carried conviction and gained
general support for an appropriation as
large as could be profitably expended
within the year for the purchase of sites
for fortifications for the construction of
batteries and mines, for establishing the
great gun factory at Watervliet, N. Y.,
and for the manufacture of heavy guns
for sea-coast defense.

In 1892 Senator Proctor was elected
to fill both the unexpired term of Sen-
ator Edmunds and also the succeeding
term. He was re-elected in 1898, and
his present term will expire in 1905.
Early in 1898 he visited Cuba, and his
speech in the Senate on the Cuban re-
concentrados after his return attracted
wide attention. Senator Proctor, in
addition to being chairman of the Sen-
ate Committee on Agriculture and For-
estry, is also a member of the Commit-
tees on Military Affairs, Fisheries, the
Philippines, and Industrial Expositions.
His home is at Proctor, Vt.

102

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

A NATIONAL, IRRIGATION POLICY.*

By SENATOR H. C. HANSBROUGH.

HE purpose of this policy is to

assist in providing homes for the
rapidly increasing population of the
country. President Roosevelt stated
the case in a few words when he said
in his message that ‘‘ successful home-
making is but another name for the
upbuilding of the nation.’’

To say that the national govern-
ment cannot, within the Constitution,
do its part in the development of the
latent wealth that exists in a region
that is nearly one-third of the total area
of the United States is to discredit the
genius of the American people. To
say that we may not utilize the waste
waters that pour down from the moun-
tain heights, and by applying these
waters to public lands that would other-
wise be worthless make two blades of
grass grow where none grew before, is
to admit that national progress has
reached the end, and that we are hence-
forth doomed to slow decay.

If I may be pardoned for referring to
the constitutional features of the case,
I find that it has been deemed expe-
dient under the Constitution to con-
struct large reservoirs at the headwaters
and along the tributaries of our great
rivers for the benefit of navigation, and
incidentally, not accidentally, these res-
ervoirs have been and are now being
used as storage places for millions of
saw-logs. Insome instances navigation
has come to be the incidental and log
storage the chief purpose. Appropria-
tions for this work have been made,
amounting to many millions of dollars,
directly from the Federal Treasury.
By the terms of this bill it is proposed
to devote the receipts from the sales of
public lands to the improvement of the
lands, converting the desert into pro-
ductive fields and pastures and making
homes for homeless people. It is pro-
posed to conserve the torrential waters
of the streams and put them upon the
plains for the primary benefit of the

husbandman, the incidental protection
of navigation, and the ultimate and
permanent benefit of the nation. ‘Touch-
ing this phase of the question, the
President very aptly says that ‘‘the
storing of the floods in reservoirs at the
headwaters of our rivers is but an en-
largement of our present policy of river
control, under which levees are built on
the lower reaches of the same streams.’’

It will be a difficult task to find a
constitutional distinction between these
two classes of work. Had the recla-
mation of the public domain been a
burning question when the Constitution
was framed, perhaps the gentlemen who
are now interested in the deepening and
widening of channels and the storage of
saw-logs for the benefit of navigation
would be without as well as within these
doors clainoring for recognition under
the general-welfare clause of our organic
law. Noone has thought of complain-
ing of the policy of opening rivers to
navigation at government expense, so
that settlers might go in and lay out
new fields of enterprise and industry,
and there has been no objection to keep-
ing these rivers open at government
expense, so that the people could mar-
ket their products. It would be a bold
mathematician who would undertake to:
compute the amount of public money
spent in this way. It is conceded that
great national benefit has resulted, so
we do not stop to ask the cost.

The advocates of a national irrigation
policy submit a plan whereby large
areas of land now practically worthless.
may be opened, not at government ex-
pense: Dit atm@aucost. to bey assessed
against the land. Out of these activi-
ties will come a new demand for manu-
factured products. This will make
New England a party ininterest. Penn-
sylvania and Ohio will secure a share of
the new orders for steel. The South
will find an additional market for her
cotton and tobacco.

* Extract from a speech delivered in the United States Senate February 6, 1902.

1902.

The urgency of the case lies in the
fact that the public domain in the humid
and sub-humid sections of the West is
well-nigh exhausted. The frontiers of
western settlement are on the very verge
of the arid and semi-arid region. In-
deed, a large proportion of the home
seekers of the past two years, in their
eagerness for lands, have pushed on be-
yond the humid into the semi-arid areas.

It should be understood at the outset
that the plan proposed by this bill does
not require a great outlay of money ;
that it does not contemplate a ‘‘raid
upon the Treasury.’’ Neither is there
the slightest probability of an over-
production of small grains as a result of
the successful operation of the project.

The cost is limited to the proceeds
from the sale and disposal of public
lands in the thirteen states and three
teknitonies named in the bill. This
would involve asum aggregating, per-
haps, $2,500,000 per annum, according
to official reports on the present income
from this source. It is provided in the
bill that the cost of construction of each
irrigation project shall be paid by the
persons directly benefited. Thus the
money expended would constantly be
recouped or repaid to the reclamation
fund, making the system automatic and
self-sustaining.

As to the fear of overproduction of
farm products, there is no ground what-
ever for alarm. While it is true that
there are in the great West about
600,000,000 acres of lands which might
be irrigated, the essential fact is that
there is not sufficient water available,
and never will be, to reclaim more than
Io per cent. of the whole area, or about
60,000,000 acres. It should not be
taken for granted, however, that the
whole of this area would be irrigated
from government works. ‘The irriga-
tion experts of the Geological Survey,
basing their calculations upon the most
thorough investigations in the field, give
it as their opinion that 20,000,000 acres
would be the limit of land irrigated from
waters conserved by government enter-
prises, but that this would serve as a
nucleus about which private effort would
reclaim an equal amount, or 40,000,000
acres in all.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

103

With the disposal and settlement of
more than 13,000,000 acres of the pub-
lic domain in 1900, the average Decem-
ber prices for all farm products in 1901
were much above the average prices for
any year as far back as 1892; so that
the rapid settlement of the public do-
main cannot truthfully be said to have
affected detrimentally the prices of farm
products ; nor can it be maintained that
the opening of a little more than half a
million acres annually by means of irri-
gation would result in overproduction.
On the contrary, it is the history of all
irrigated sections that the output of
bread foods from irrigated lands rarely
meets the local requirements.

Wherever irrigation has been success-
fully applied large communities have
grown up. New mines have been opened
in the adjacent mountains, manufac-
tories have been established in the val-
leys, and railroads have been extended.
Naturally these enterprises bring in
large numbers of people. All students
of irrigation will attest the declaration of
the fact that grasses, fruit, and vege-
tables are the chief products that come
from irrigated lands. In recent years
there has been a great scarcity of forage
for stock. The large ranges are being
gradually denuded of their grasses, and
in many instances stockmen have been
obliged to decrease their herds. The
natural consequence is a falling off in
the number of beef cattle in the West
as compared with the increase in popu-
lation, and an inevitable increase in the
price of meats in all the markets of the
country. The inauguration of a broader
and more general system of irrigation
would be a great boon to the stockmen,
as well as to the consumers of beef.
With hay selling at from $8 to $13 per
ton, the irrigator would devote himself
to the production of grasses, thus solv-
ing the problem which so closely con-
cerns the owners of herds.

The necessity of immediately adopt-
ing some definite policy with respect to
irrigation arises from the fact that under
existing land laws sources of water sup-
ply are being seized upon with great
rapidity, largely by men who are not
able to utilize them and who are hold-
ing them for speculative purposes. For

104

example, a man may secure control of a
spring or locality where water might be
held to irrigate 10,000 acres. He holds
this for his cattle or for raising forage.
He has not the means to conserve the
water, nor could he do this profitably.
It is of no particular interest to him
whether 50 or roo families or more might
make homes upon the vacant land ad-
joining. If he could build the works,
if he could get the people there, and if
having them there he could exercise gov-
ernmental control over them, he could
make a fortune; but he cannot do it, and
so these public lands around him lie idle.

There are thousands of such instances.
In one way or another control of the
situation is rapidly passing away from
the people, and vested rights are grow-
ing up. ‘This absence of wise control,
if continued, must result in the arid
West remaining thinly populated, in-
stead of furnishing opportunities for
millions of people. Nothing less than
prompt action on the part of Congress
can prevent this calamity.

The construction of works of reclama-
tion by the government does not neces-
sarily involve the actual irrigation of the
land by the government. By saving
the floods or by constructing large diver-
sion works, taking water from a river
and turning it over a divide, it becomes
possible for the settlers to build their
own distributing systems in the same
way that the pioneers have done.

The people who originally came to
the arid West found a scanty but widely
distributed water supply, which they
proceeded to utilize. This they have
done up to the limit of the available
sources. ‘There are other vast quantities
of water, however, which are beyond the
reach of settlers, and cannot be used
until regulated or conserved. It is im-
possible for a home-seeker to go out
upon the desert and, unaided or by co-
operation, build great reservoirs such as
are constructed in other countries by
the government.

For several years past our trade with
foreign countries has been phenomenal.
This is especially true as respects our
exports. First we tempted the foreign
appetite with our bread foods, and soon
the whole world began to buy. Then

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

we sent across the seas the samples of
our mechanical skill. Orders have been
pouring in for our manufactured goods,
until now our modern railway equip-
ments, our electrical appliances, our
steel bridges, our farm machinery, and
a hundred other mechanical appliances,
the product of American mills and fac-
tories, are to be found in successful use
around the globe.

The demand has been so stupen-
dously great that we are justified in paus-
ing to ask if it is to continue indefinitely.
The answer is that ultimately there
must be a limit to the ability of foreign
countries to buy; that in the very na-
ture of things the demand cannot out-
run the supply. Indeed, there are evi-
dences that the manufacturer must soon
turn again to the good old home market
if he would keep his enlarged factories
in operation When he does, he may
not find the home market ready to take
all his surplus products. Reveling in
the saturnalia of trade with foreign
countries covering the past half dozen
years, he may have overlooked the
prime duty of urging an important line
of development, namely, the expansion
of domestic resources. He will find the
arid region of his own country un-
claimed. He will find the mountain
torrents going to waste, Congress hav-
ing failed to authorize their utilization
in the interest of home-building. He
will find a multitude of men crowding
the great cities who should be adding
wealth to the nation and bettering their
own condition by tilling the soil.

This presents but one of several ne-
glected opportunities. Thebestindusrty
is home industry. The best market is
the home market. ‘The most substan-
tial and enduring wealth is that wealth
which is permanently attached to the
nation as a result of domestic enterprise.
The foreign market is in many ways a
transitory thing. Wecontrol it to-day ;
to-morrow it may be lost to us. We
put our highest hopes in it with the
ever-present danger of having them
shattered. A policy of self-reliance is
the best policy with nations as with
men. It is the pursuit of this policy
that has brought us greatness as a na-
tion and as a people.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

105

THE- MAY FLOOD (1901) IN THE SOUTHERN APPA-
LACHIAN REGION.

I,

IN THE CATAWBA RIVER VALLEY, NORTH CAROLINA.

By WADE H. HARRIS,
Of the Charlotte (N. C.) Observer.

HE disastrous freshets in the val-

ley of the Catawba River during

the past year have set the people to
thinking, and they will hail with delight
any practical scheme that may be ad-
vocated to lessen the danger from these
floods in the future. The matter has
been very thoroughly discussed since the
heaviest flood of the series occurred, last
May, and the conclusion has_ been
reached that the destructiveness of the
flood is to be attributed not so much to
the amount of rainfall as to the destruc-
tion of the forests along the headwaters
of the Catawba and itstributaries. The
contention is made by people who have
lived along the Catawba River all their
lives, that while the recent rainfall has
not been unprecedented, the destruction

wrought by the freshets last year is
without a parallel.

The characteristics of the Catawba
River floods have undergone a sudden
and alarming change. In previous years
all floods along this river rose slowly.
The water stagnated like a mill-pond
over the bottom lands and, gently re-
ceding, left a deep, rich deposit on the
already fertile bottoms. The floods
have changed, therefore, from an agency
of good to the farmers to one of abso-
lute destruction—a quick, tumultuous
rise of waters and a swiftly rushing
current that tears up the soil down to
the rocks and hard clay and leaves bar-
ren wastes. ‘This extraordinary and
deplorable change in the characteristics
of the floods has followed the laying

A FLOODED FARM.

ORCHARDS AND FIELDS UNDER WATER, WITH RESIDENCE AND

OUTBUILDINGS THREATENED.

106

waste in recent years of thousands of
acres of woodlands in the western part
of this state.

The illustrations accompanying this
article were taken along the Catawba
River during and after the flood of May
21, 1901, and a study of them will give
a better idea of the destruction wrought
than could be obtained from any written
description.

The rainfall which produced this flood
began falling along the Catawba and its
headwaters on May 18 and ended on May
21. ‘The rise of the river was very rapid,
and the current was at different points
10, 12, and 15 miles an hour, making an
average of over 12 miles. ‘This was in
the lower section of the state, where a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

in two of the illustrations. One is that
of acorn field destroyed by a deposit of
sand. Here and there the photographer
could see the corn tassels protruding
from the sand. The railroad embank-
ment to the left prevented this bottom
from being washed out and caused the
deposit.

At other points along the river steep
hillsides brought about the same results.
The other illustration in question shows
where the soil was washed away to a
depth of eight feet. The tips of the
‘“cow root,’’ as it is known by the
farmers, held up by the man, are yet in
the hard clay down to which it had
grown. ‘The leaves at the top show the
former level of the bottom land. These
pictures represent the con-

ditions prevailing to a
greater or less extent along
both banks of the Catawba
in McDowell, Burke, Cald-
well, Alexander, Catawba,
Iredell, Lincoln, Gaston,
and Mecklenburg counties.

The most serious aspect
of the situation is that in
most cases the damage to
farm lands, if not perma-
nent, will outlast the pres-
ent generation. The cut-
ting down of the banks
have lowered them so that

VIEW OF A CORN FIELD BURIED UNDER A BED OF SAND TWO

TO SIX FEET IN DEPTH-

current of that swiftness was unprece-
dented. Along the upper Catawba the
current was, of course, much swifter.
So rapid was the rise that farmers had
no chance to take measures for safety,
and great numbers of cows and hogs
were lost.

In many places residences which had
never before been approached by the
river were partly submerged, but it was
not until the flood had subsided that the
farmers obtained an idea of the extent
of the devastation it had wrought to
theirlands. Some bottoms were buried
under a deposit of sand varying from
two to eight feet in depth, while others
were washed out tothe bareclay. These
two peculiarities of the flood are shown

in the future the lands will
be more at the mercy of
floodsthanever. Thecrops
will be damaged as much
by the small freshets now as they were
by the larger and less frequent floods of
the past.

Mr. BE. We Myers; of *@hapell) Hail
who is connected with the United States
Geological Survey, made a tour of the
Catawba River valley a week after the
flood, and estimated the apparent dam-
age to farming lands at $500,000; but
this estimate is probably below the
mark. In his official report, he says:
‘‘ The whole secret of the bad effect and
extent of the flood lies in the deforesta-
tion in the western part of the state.
Along the Linville River and in all parts
of western North Carolina the country
is being stripped of trees, and this is fol-
lowed by forest fires, which sweep away

1902.

FORESTRY AND

IRRIGATION.

all undergrowth. When |
the rains fall on such land
there is nothing to retard
the current of the water.
With great force it strikes
theriver. ‘The velocity of
the Catawba is increased
by the mad violence of the
water, and the current de-
velops a wonderful and
dangerous power. Every
man who lives by the river
says without hesitation
that the cutting away of
the timber is entirely re-
sponsible for the serious
floods.’”’

There have been two
notable floods in the Ca-
tawba River in the past.
The first was in 1848, and
the second was in 1876.
In neither instance was

there any damage to farm
lands. The water rose
slowly and receded gently,
leaving the river bottoms
richer by a deposit of
fertile sediment. There is no govern-
ment record of the rainfall during those
periods, but Catawba River land-owners
say that there was as much water in the
bottoms during the freshet of 1876 as
there was last May.

The official reports of the Weather
Bureau are interesting as bearing out
the theory that the destructiveness of
the floods of recent years is due to for-
est denudation. The heaviest rainfall
of last May was 8.86 inches, at Marion,
on the r9th and 21st. At Morganton
it was 4.50 inches and at Charlotte 3.60
inches. On September 22 and 23, 1898,
the rainfall at Marion was 7.11 inches,
at Morganton 4.77, and at Lenoir 6
inches. On October 21 and 22, 1900,
the rainfall at Marion was 7.97 inches,
and at Linville 9.50 in one day (October
21). ‘The rainfall at Morganton was
Finches rem October Il, 1897;. 8-67
inches on July 3-8, 1896; 5 inches on
October 13, 1893; 6.60 inches on Sep-
tember 9-13, 1893, and 5.80 inches on
September 22, 1892. Morganton is
about central of the Catawba head-

CLAY.

EIGHT FEET OF SOIL GONE. A °“*COW ROOT”’ IN THE HARD

THE TOP WAS FORMERLY AT THE
SURFACE OF THE LAND.

waters, and the rainfall there is about
an average of the mountain sections.
Bearing out the theory of forest pro-
tection for the prevention of floods is
the: experience. of Dr...Pyl. surpiy,
superintendent of the state hospital at
Morganton, and it is a practical illus-
tration of how the proper care of forest
growth affects the flow of water in a
stream. ‘The state hospital obtains its
water supply from a stream in the South
Mountains, known as Black Fox Creek,
and owns 400 acres of land, including
its head springs and watershed. For
twenty years past no timber has been
cut on this reservation, there have been
no forest fires, and the ground is thickly
covered with leaves, mold, and under-
growth. Near by is another stream of
the same size, but the hills that shelter
its head springs have been denuded of
timber, and the leaves have been fre-
quently burned. Dr. Murphy had the
volume of water in each stream accu-
rately measured last year, in May and
again in August. Between those pe-
riods the Black Fox Creek had lost only

108 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March,

WRECK OF BRIDGE ON THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY OVER
THE CATAWBA RIVER; PART STANDING WAS
SAVED BY RUNNING LOADED
CARS UPON IT.

Io per cent. of its volume of
water, while the loss in the
other stream was 38 per cent.

The three agencies at work
in the destruction of the for-
ests are the woodman’s axe,
the tanbark stripper, and the
forest fire. The chips and de-
bris and the dead trees left by
the two first named feed the
latter and facilitate its work of
destruction. The destruction
of the forests in North Carolina
is really a work of recent years,
and has been carried on to an
alarming extent within the past
twelve months. It has become
a very serious matter, and the
need for some measures to put
a stopate: ikbismureent. lite
only remedy is government pro-
tection, and the people of the
state look to it for the salvation
of their forests. It 4s certain
that if the denudation of the
forests of the Appalachian
Range is not stopped, there
will be a recurrence of these
floods in a more aggravated
form.

The establishment by the
national government of forest
reservations appears to be the

THE DAY AFTER THE FLOOD. VIEW OF FLOODED FARM LANDS.

1902.

only solution. The state laws for the
protection of the forests are inadequate,
and were they of a character more
nearly suited to the case, it is doubtful
if the state would be able to secure their
proper enforcement. The constantly
increasing danger from floods and the
ravages to crops and farm lands is a
serious thing in itself, but coupled with
this is the rapid sacrifice of the noblest
forest lands east of the Rockies.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

109

The interest manifested by the people
of this state in the establishment of a
national forest reserve in western North
Carolina is manifested in a special act
passed last year by the legislature, which
gives to the United States the power to
acquire by purchase and condemnation
lands in the high mountain regions of
western North Carolina, and authoriz-
ing Congress to legislate concerning the
control of said acquisition.

THE MAY FLOOD IN EASTERN TENNESSEE.

By HH: B. AYRES,
U. S. Geological Survey.

HE mountain torrents of eastern
Tennessee, like other torrents, are
habitually surprising to non-resident
people; even the mountaineers, who
have lived among them since childhood,
sometimes lose buildings or fences, or
have fields gullied by the overflow of
the streams ; roads are blocked by every
freshet, but farmers and the town people
of the river valleys suffer most notably.
The mountaineer is near the source
of the stream and can see the storm

and its intensity and provide somewhat
against it; but the valley people seldom
have much warning of a coming flood.
The most thorough destruction, too,
occurs along alluvial bottoms, at those
points where the torrents capriciously
change their courses or leave their loads
of boulders, sand, or clay during one
flood, to be carried further during an-
other. ‘The most dangerous places are
near the points where the beds of the
streams lessen their grade and the tor-

r

WRECK OF A

MILL, HAMPTON, TENNESSEE.

I1O

rents change to quieter streams. Here
boulders are left during one freshet in
bars, guiding the current, until a greater
freshet moves them or forms a new chan-
nel around them. Here eddies collect
silt and form fertile farm land that may
either be swept away the next year or
remain during many years of profitable
cultivation. In addition to the move-
ment and lodgment of earth and stone,
driftwood has caused even more dam-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

banks and from wooded islands, or-
chards, and flats. A large portion of
other debris consisted of fence rails,
slabs, edgings, and lumber from saw-
mills; wreckage from barns, outhouses,
houses, stores, mills, and bridges, among
which there was much furniture and
machinery.

The amount of damage isvery difficult
to estimate, owing to its variety and the
far-reaching effect of the changes made.

Besides the usual items of loss,

such as human lives, domestic
animals, buildings, mills, logs
and lumber, bridges, railroads,
wagon roads, and growing crops,
agricultural and other lands were
washed away or gullied, de-
prived of humus, or covered
with sand or other debris. The
streets of towns and villages were
covered with slime, and wells
have been filled with polluted
water. ‘The flood was followed
by epidemics of fever and dys-
entery. Stagnation of business
and the discouragement of enter-
prise was caused through lack of
transportation.

Several of the counties of
eastern ‘Tennessee suffered a di-
rect loss of over $1,000,000 each.
Four railroads in Carter and
Washington counties lost $300, -
000 by damage to tracks, bridges,
and buildings.

Why so much damage?

There has been much careless-
ness in placing buildings, bridges,
roads, and railroads in exposed
situations, and few people have

WRECK OF A RAIT,ROAD BRIDGE, DOE RIVER, TENN.

age, especially to bridges, most of which
would have staid had not floating forest
debris, logs, buildings, and other bridges
lodged against them and pushed them
over or formed dams to spread the flood.

The debris from the forest is com-
posed largely of branch wood, logs, and
uprooted trees left along banks and bars
by former freshets; but in this flood
were also many culled logs, fresh from
stump land, valuable logs from broken
booms, and a very large number of
freshly uprooted trees, torn from river

considered the increased labil-
ity to floods through the effect
of fire. grazing, and clearing
upon the forests that once covered the
mountain sides.

Rain must fall before it can run off,
but the rapidity of the run-off may be
greatly modified. How much was the
run-off modified in this case? Before
the flood the streams were full and the
ground was thoroughly saturated ; they
could hold no more water; then the
heavy rain came, during which 8.8
inches of water fell in 12 hours. ‘The
amount of water to be disposed of was
unusually great. In this region there

1g02.

are no lakes and no dams of importance.
There is very little to affect the run-off
of water except the forest and other
vegetation. In all his work, since the
region was first settled, man has done
nothing worth mentioning that has had
atendency to retard the run-off of water,
but his logging, clearing, road-making,
ditching, cultivation, and pasturing of
land all have tended to increase it;
greatly increased floods have resulted,
and under present conditions may be
expected in the future.

The river waters in the flood of last
May were five to ten feet higher than
ever known before, and when a similar
abundance of rain and ground water
combine again a greater flood may be
expected. This will be the result un-
less we change our customs somewhat
and keep the surface of the earth better
covered, avoid making roads in stream
beds, leave brush and trees growing along
streams, and have ravines and gullies
obstructed by forest growth. Dams also
should be avoided, as, by bursting, they
increase floods.

The value of the retarding effect of
forest debris is a factor very difficult to
determine. Mountaineers, who are close
observers of such matters, say the for-
est, especially where the ground is well

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

1 GB tg

covered by brush, leaves, and humus,
and where roots make the soil porous,
greatly retards the water and causes
more of it to soak into the earth, while
the cleared land, especially old pastures
where the earth is compacted clay, sheds
water rapidly. ‘These thoughtful men
undoubtedly have the right view. Evi-
dence on this point is abundant and can
be seen by any one walking over the
ground. It is perhaps needless to discuss
it. Itissurprising, after looking over the
field, that these floods are unexpected to
anybody. ‘There is abundant evidence
in the alluvial deposits along the water-
courses of the former volume and power
of the torrents before the mountains
were wooded. And why should there
be surprise as we cause a return to that
condition by clearing away the forest ?
These effects are to be expected by every
reasoning person familiar with the cir-
cumstances. They are known to the
observing people of the region. Why
should the national government hesitate
in a policy to ease or prevent the in-
crease of these torrents while the adapt-
ability of these mountains to forest
growing, rather than agriculture, sup-
ports the reasonable demand of the
people for whatever protection can be
secured against floods?

COLORADO FOREST FIRES IN 1901.

By HENRY MICHELSEN.

HE autumn seasons in Colorado

are becoming longer, dryer, and

hotter as the denudation of the moun-

tains proceeds. The precipitation cer-

tainly is diminishing. The tables given

below are compiled from the reports of

the United States Department of Agri-
culture.

The vegetation was so dry that fires
were started from locomotives as late as
the beginning of December, resulting in
two considerable conflagrations at the
foot of Mount Evans, north of the South
Platte Forest Reserve.

FIRES IN FOREST RESERVES.

The total number of fires in the re-
serves was 140, causing damage to timber

estimated at $5,375. Thisshowsexceed-
ingly good work on the part of the forest
authorities. To guard 3,000,000 acres,
situated in a most broken country, with
a loss of less than a thousand acres of
live timber, is a feat denoting an admi-
rable organization.

The only fire which might
Pike’s Peak have had dangerous conse-
Reserve. quences originated at Rose-

mont sawmill, in section
13, township 15 south, range 68 west.
It commenced on the night of Septem-
ber 21 and burned until September 29.
The mill was situated at the bases of
Big Chief Mountain and Mount Rosa,
When discovered the conflagration had
gained so much headway that the set

i 2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March,
Mean | Le
gol. ee Remarks. | ree ae Remarks.
ture.
Degrees. Inches.

bo, Sonoces 63.2 INorinallcasvinctsieee Oe 1.45 0.10 above normal.

Jttlyie iG 71.6 2: Siabovenotialme rence 1.10 1.10 below normal, same as
July, 1900, the dryest July
in I3 years.

INEABISIE 355 oat 68.2 TeAvabove mortally seer DaPayl 0.75 above normal.

September .. 58.8 Slightly below normal...... 0.65 0.30 below normal.

October: 49.6 2.6 above normal, highest in 0.60 0.60 below normal,
records covering 14 years.

November .. 40.0 4.8 above normal. At Den- 0.22 0.66 below normal, smallest
ver the mean temperature precipitation for November
was 45.6, the highest in 30 | in 30 years.
years. |

Average temperature for six
months, 2.1° above normal.

Total amount of precipitation
for six months, 6.29 inches.

Deficiency in rainfall, 1.81
inches, or 22.6 per cent.
|

tlers of the whole region began to move
their household goods and live stock to
places of safety.

A huge sawdust pile, with the slabs
from a million feet of lumber, was burn-
ing fiercely, throwing out streams of
fire for a hundred yards. The wind
was blowing a gale from the southwest,
which drove the flames across the track
of the Colorado Springs and Cripple
Creek Railway into the lops and tops of
the trees, which covered the ground
thickly over forty or more acres, from
which this lumber had been cut. The
fire was traveling northward along East
Beaver Creek up a ravine toward the
summit of Mount Rosa. This moun-
tain is heavily timbered, and there are
large groves of pineand spruce upon the
sides of Big Chief Mountain which must
have perished had the fire been allowed
to proceed in its course.

James Parfet, a ranger, called for help
upon the section men employed by the
railroad, who were trying to save the
bridge spanning East Beaver Creek, and
with their aid cleared the ridge along
the south and east lines of the fire. He
sent another force to the base of the
mountain to confine it within the limits
of the gulch, which was in flames
throughout its whole length. In this
they were measurably successful, but
on Monday, September 23, the confla-
gration had nearly reached the summit

of the mountain in the vicinity of the
saddle, which is here about 1,000 feet
wide. By cutting a swath and by beating
back the ground fires with shovels, the
fire was mastered at this point, though
traveling northward, however, until ex-
tinguished at its outward limits, on Tues-
day, September 23. Then the wind again
rose, growing gradually stronger. Dur-
ing this day and the following night trees
were falling in every direction, but by
the hardest kind of work the rangers
succeeded in holding the ground they
had gained to the east, south, and west,
putting out hundreds of small blazes
and preventing the spread of flames
into the main body of timber. Some
of the rangers had been at work in this
manner for sixty consecutive hours.
The danger was, however, not passed.
Only on Sunday night, September 29,
did Superintendent May, who had been
on the ground all the week, consider
the work of salvage complete.

To appreciate the task performed it is
necessary to be familiar with the condi-
tions of western woodlands. By inces-
sant labor in blinding smoke, in stifling
air, in undergrowth so thickly matted
that it impeded every motion, amidst
winds so changeable that often the hot
blast would fall upon them so suddenly
as to make escape difficult, these men
strove to save the fine forest cover of the
sources of North and South Cheyenne

ghee
ATION.

IGATI

STRY AND IRR

FORE

I19g02.

=aver
Test Beave
West rater
Middle. “provide the wat
=F anc These ) is “olorac : SETICT,
ped eo al Ps B ks. ise Yoru, (C = k dis r
833388 | Gree the cities Cripple Cree meed of
ASSBaRR nS he Cr lue :
most -~is — for 1 th ee Te GC . 1lts.
eas 3 = eblo, anc to give tl such resu y
Step tere et 4 Pu ifficult ieving s : idiary
| ae Bowl! It is dif 1en achiev ie OF aees
"SOA1089. ( : nl =\0 J
oes pomoN| Oo ee ndoubte eer re
ee Se és Lae fire was u red in th
NA 1r
WL) 8 ~; The fire occu lumber
adn | este Tigi. A irts of a the
"sa1y jor + Caies : ors utskirts cing to
a latte 0 belonging Paper
“Krerpuscu] ers geen eee P a allp tain
Arerp Holts hag Sout tve. Cé an Mount imber
oye : Forest Rese Rocky stroying t he
EROS TNO oe | S i J ine 25, des ituated S : 1
ESR Gar Narada aies pe malt
: ny o acres, the
[Saar are | sS Compa a of 1gO k, one of South
* aAT}JOWO 1 3 na ee 3 | onan a llow Cree f rk of the = on
v jaar q : sane a oO iminate
4 w H ehoT es SO “ie are : yec S ns
Sle : feeder iver lestroy ras
fon) P = aM TL WS) Mes ie W
rs petepacu-a=2uS eee | Platte mee but ene Sapna
5 . aa ’ iT
| é 1 Caen pe state la f governme Ranger ers.
uc) adsoig © SOr g S lunte
oof *s10}9 SD = adeHres by Vees: 5 t vo
va = Tea n 109 uished by n residen hree other
M5 j , y T
2 ee 2 ares Beets Gees of July t is reserve
2 Pee pe omens 8 a aided : a the aia shed in ae by thir-
i eel Ec. Seal Sivariae extinguis ep cae hes
SNe ee, Sac ral fires were | Steinm The tota ass
= peas pazeuiys: es ae 2 €rvisor teers. ostly gre .
5 anyes 5 ane ae Ne) by Sup volun Steir a! sti-
A fo 38 a 3 = local vo S 280 acre r being x
° aqui} 3 sare. ae ed over wa: e to timbe
fa) ‘yung ysniq S1q A 12 burn amag four
< | ap pue y ; Laie: Yel d. the 200. ccurre f
% pe | g = ‘ : lan ) t only $ 1 >there O raters o
8 Ziapug | 8 : : mated a In Ju : the Sigil of
| C : Ww pa
5 “yuINnd YMOLS qlee ice) fires a Creek, t . shed
= See ee i Creek las inguis
A ee Plum macs were exti “burned
8 : j = ne
2 Sear, SO = cera ee esetve. whic while o s, de-
Bl Spaed saqmy 629 :Q -| + : auch nae a fie eae
LS vp : 11 1 :
2 Leia ey cS x Sd an are to the e effect 2 be
eS “yuiIng Solo oh a : No} over g = timber tely the ly will
a ee seoaltbe Sey Fortuna rater supply
is FEIPIOL| 5 =o O75: nd w oc-
> oytInq va ig & Oo t cover a Qa fire
“IDA ; ay: el oes Ss r 2 - rs
I 6B: Dt tens On ae nae epi
oA 5 of Pepe et 4
faye] Boly : anil red a I for
; juinq x ay oe en ‘ Clits rth 2
é es eerie hite River of the ai Geeky i
ho Ao : ver, ary
4 i leaieade ee: Reo. White ee and ae
\ieuIp. . = = ater tin
z, =o Smsinbos "ag oe Galle res of live of dead ’ light-
A Sean iodtitt pe g e a 2 x twenty Be 280 ae caused by ecessi-
pea ie a ey 2 V : a :
5 au bably t in ve
is AO JUIN Ba1y XN : 2s brush was pro d in a mos irnt itself
x re) = techs ; fire iginate d bt rater
4 ea gee This It origina Ifall, an the wa
. . . 7 ¢
a ee or oe | ning. — in a winc mage to t n
PI (Kempeail a : | le region no dat ner region. Sep-
m [=> ‘kom EP ese Stale b ausing ounding don s
q Sareea e Ow ONS = es out, Cc f the surr re occurre f the re-
pew ‘s1991H0 = awe? r large oe outside ee 55
Sits a =i ; the va 1 rang
&q pey Var —__— : Ano Ihe beg south, yas a
1Of anq PENS 5 ; ip 2 so was
“ans St aed eae eee tember 26 township ek oe quite
saly a ve, in ’ Creek. igidee ro
ig ee Sores ne oe die Eeeaecelie Bed
THe H = Tes s 1 = icke
Sete > 3 bike wind a ead with g igh thic
4pu pie hoses | high € spr 5, throug
SRE UE pe ete Ey py) - the fir ss lands,
MG g 5 dry ; grass
Ay D @ as open >
ye aus be
a GEaEZ
An

114

of Scrub Oak and the undergrowth of
quaking aspen groves into the reserve.
On October 16 the rangers finally mas-
tered it, the precipitous and rugged
formation of the ground greatly imped-
ing their efforts. It destroyed 120 acres
of live timber, principally spruce and
pine; Quaking Aspen partially burned,
400 acres; undergrowth, 50 acres; dry
brush and dead timber, 60 acres, and
grass, 17oacres. ‘Thedamage to water-
sheds was comparatively small, as the
headwaters of -the creek were not af-
tected,

The practical immunity
of this reserve is to be
ascribed to the efforts of
three volunteer fire as-
sociations, which were formed for the
purpose of assisting the government
officers in the prevention of fires. The
work of these associations has proven se
valuable that it is hoped the people liv-
ing within the other reserves will also
organize. It is certain that the protec-
tion afforded by the government is val-
ued very highly by the resident citizens.

Battlement
Mesa Reserve.

FIRES OUTSIDE OF THE RESERVES.

Sparks from a locomotive
ignited the west slope of
Mount Baldy June29. The
blaze was extinguished on
July 2, the railway people and the min-
ers having succeeded in limiting the
burning area by means of trenching and
back-firing. About few square miles of
timber were destroyed.

On July 24 a large fire started
between Morrison and Pine
Grove, caused by negligent
campers. It was extin-
guished about July 28 by employés of
the State Land Board, the area burnt
over amounting to about s¢v/een square
miles. During the month of July five
separate forest fires were burning at the
same time. Only in one instance were
the state officers able to locate the origin
in sparks from a saw-mill operated on
patented land.

A great fire was observed on
Mount Evans July 24. It had
evidently originated from an
abandoned camp, the dry

Summit
County.

Jefferson
County.

Park
County.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

weather permitting a rapid spreading of
the flames. The mountain at night had
the appearance of a volcano in action,
and people came from great distances to
watch the striking spectacle. About /ez
square miles of woodland were denuded.

The latest fire of the season began at

the foot of Mount Rosalie October 28,
burning over seven sguare miles of fine
forest growth, until it reached timber
line, about December 1, when it died
from want of fuel.
On July 22 4a fire started in
Boulder Canyon, near the
property of the Alaska Gold
Mining Company. Lack of
material to feed on stopped it within
forty-eight hours, but the timber of the
canyon was destroyed over a distance of
four miles.

On September 14 a conflagration be-
gan ata hunter’scampin a gulch at the
foot of Woodland Mountain, near E]-
doro, just above Quigley’s saw-mill. It
destroyed all the timber in township 1
south, range 74 west, and touched the
adjoining townships. It ceased about
October ro, after having denuded a dis-
trict of some forty-four square miles,
which contained the finest timber in
Boulder County. The watershed of
Middle Boulder Creek has been burnt
to bed rock, and the sources of South
Boulder Creek have been laid bare. The
result must be disastrous to the farming
interests of Boulder Valley. ‘There is
no tree cover left to prevent spring
floods, and there will be no snows to
feed the creeks during the late summer
months ; hence there will be no water
for late irrigation. The Denver papers
claim that this fire was of incendiary
origin, but it does not appear that any
arrests have been made.

On September 22 a fire started in the
Silver Lake district, near Sunnyside,
four miles east of Ward. This also was
of incendiary origin. It ran over an
area of twenty square miles and burnt
itself out in ten days.

Boulder County is now practically a
mountain desert. Timber for mining
purposes will have to be brought from
afar, and we may expect to hear of an
appeal for aid in the establishment of
reservoirs within a year or two.

Boulder
County.

1902.

On September 26 the park
Clear Creek between Santa Fé and Big
County. Chief Mountain was dis-

covered to be onfire. This
conflagration was of incendiary origin,
and the parties having been brought to
trial, two of them were fined /ex dollars
each. But for the efforts of the state
timber appraisers and the county offi-
cials, the damage would have been very
great. As it was, over fifteen hundred
acres were burnt over.

October 21 a fire started on the south

slope of Leavenworth Mountain, four
miles above Georgetown, denuding
“about. 160, aeres”, “Emiployés “of the
State Land Board, assisted by resident
miners, kept it from spreading into the
large timber of the main range.
On September 28 a fire started
on the mountains near Lime
and Willow creeks, in the
neighborhood of Red Chiff,
from sparks scattered by a saw-mill
which is operating there. An area of
thirty-four square miles was denuded.
The mining interests of Leadville will
be severely affected, for the reason that
this district hitherto supplied all the
timbers used in that important center.
On July 11 a fire started at
a point on the western slope
of the Medicine Bow Range,
24 miles west of Loveland,
in a locality containing the heaviest
timber remaining in the state. This
tract is forty by sixty miles in extent.
Fortunately, only about 1,740 acres were
denuded, but the loss was 12,000,000
feet of standing timber, 11,000,000 of
which belonged to the federal govern-
ment and 1,000,000 to the state.

The counties of the west-
The Western ern slope which suffered
Slope. so severely last year had

but shght damages to re-

cord during 1901. The people are de-
termined that fires shall be stamped
out.

Eagle
County.

Larimer
County.

Approximately one hundred
square miles of timber lands
were laid bare during the
summer of rgo1. There is
now not a single county in the state
which does not show continuous fire
sears. The state government officially

General
Results.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

115

says that a timber famine is imminent,
and that recourse must be had to a res-
ervoir system if the irrigated lands are
to be watered according to their needs.

If the results of this destruction af-
fected the people of the commonwealth
alone, it might be said that, as they
suffer from their own indiscretion, noth-
ing further ought to be done in the
matter. But Colorado is the mother of
rivers. The fires at the headwaters
of the Platte, the Arkansas, the Rio
Grande, and the various water-courses
combining upon the western slope into
the river system of the Colorade del
Occidente affect the nation at large.
These streams are fed by the snows that
whiten the Great Divide or by the springs
emanating from them. With the tree
growth stripped from the water-sheds,
the snows will be melted by the first
heat of summer, and the water will rush
in torrents down the shallow beds of the
Missouri, to the destruction of farm
lands and homesteads ; and there are no
true glaciers in our mountains which
might supply a flow in the later part of
the seasons. When once each year’s
snows are melted, the supply of water
is gone and the flow must stop.

The remedy for all this destruction
and waste lies in the hands of the fed-
eral government. The government is
the owner of the soil, but it pays no
taxes. ‘The mountain counties are poor.
The state government, although anxious
to prevent losses, is but rarely able to
expend any money upon matters not
strictly utilitarian, or what may be con-
sidered as such by the party which hap-
pens to be in power. The new law is
working well, and the State Land Board
has done all it could; but it is not only
hampered by want of jurisdiction over
the federal lands, but also by a contin-
uous lack of funds; therefore the fed-
eral government ought to care for its
property. That it is able to do this is
proven by the admirable results achieved
in its management of the reserves. All
of the timber lands, both within and
outside of the forest reserves, should be
placed in charge of the Bureau of For-
estry, the superintendents, supervisors,
and rangers put under civil service rules,
and the law rigidly enforced. There is

I16

now much laxity in this regard. The
courts do not take hold of trespass and
arson cases where only the property of
the public is concerned as they do when
individuals are wronged. All of this
could be achieved out of the revenues
created by a rational management of
the forest lands. The need is apparent.
All the reservoirs that can be built will
not store water in the effective manner
which is provided by the forest cover.
In Algiers and Tunis can be seen the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

remains of magnificent reservoirs, per-
fectly dry, built two thousand years ago
by the Roman Government. ‘These res-
ervoirs cannot be filled, because the de-
nuded mountains will not let precipita-
tion fall and because evaporation is ab-
normal. In Colorado the evaporation
now is about 65 inches annually ; it
becomes greater as the yearly tempera-
ture rises. A preservation of the re-
maining forests, therefore, is of per-
emptory necessity.

THE PLANTING. OF EXOTIC, TREES IN SOU TEE RN
FLORIDA:

PAR ale

By Dr. JOHN GIFFORD,

New York State College of Forestry.

LTHOUGH no part of Florida is
south of the Tropic of Cancer, and
although no part of it is absolutely free
from the danger of frost, the vegetation
of that part of the state south of a line
from Cape Canaveral on the east to Char-
lotte Harbor on the west is distinctively
West Indian in character. Although the
danger of frost produces an uneasy feel-
ing, it seems to be the case that those
regions of the world which are just out-
side of the frost limit, either at sealevel
or on the mountains in the torrid zone,
are superior for the production of cer-
tain vegetables and fruits to regions
which are hotter or colder.

This may be due totwo circumstances:
first, the meeting of two distinct vegetal
zones, and, second, a slight check in
vegetative growth rather favors the pro-
duction of seed and fruit, and also per-
haps the storage of starch. The first pro-
duces a greater variety and the second a
greater quantity of useful materials. By
a cool check I do not mean either a frost
or a freeze, but a temperature of about
forty degrees for a short period of time,
which is sufficient to stop vegetative
activity. This does not apply as much
to wood or to rubber as to fruits, such
as those of the genus citrus or coffee.
It reduces, however, the amount of

weedy growth and checks extreme lux-
uriance of growth, which is often a
hindrance to the practice of forestry.

Florida is the southern limit of sev-
eral northern and the northern limit7of
many southern species. The range of
a few trees extends through Florida
into the West Indies and Central Amer-
ica. ‘The most notable of these are the
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana), the
Cuban Pine (Pinus heterophylla), and
the Red Juniper ( Juniperus virginiana).
The Southern Red Juniper is considered
a distinct species by many botanists,
although the distinction is impercep-
tibly slight. The Cuban Pine seems
most at home on the mountains of
Guatemala and Honduras.

There are those who believe that it is
best to enhance and unfold the native
beauty of a region rather than decorate
it with imported ornament. ‘There are
also those who believe that the proper
thing to do, regardless of ornament or
sentiment, is to introduce those species
from all parts of the world which will
grow best and produce the largest quan-
tity of the most useful materials. ‘There
are many Australian, African, and In-
dian species of trees which will grow in
Florida, and both the federal and state
governments would be neglecting a

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

1 oy

KUKUI NUTS (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA).

plain duty were they to neglect intro-
ducing and experimenting with exotics.
Both the arid regions of our west and
the coastal plain of our south are in
need of considerable government codp-
eration. A tropical experiment station
has been established at Miami, Fla.,
and there is every reason for hoping
that this may develop into an active
center for the distribution of valuable
exotic trees.

The planting of trees yielding other
products than fruit has been neglected
in Florida. ‘Tropical Florida covers a

WHEN STRUNG ON A BAMBOO STICK
CANDLE.

BURN LIKE A

much larger area than many suppose.
It is larger than Vermont, or New
Hampshire, or New Jersey. ‘There are
at least 10,000 square miles in Florida
capable of producing tropical products.
(Porto Rico contains only 3,550 square
miles.) Although in this territory there
is some danger of frost, it has great ad-
vantages in that it is a part of our
mainland, easily accessible and in very
direct communication with the markets
of the north. It is also a well watered
territory, where water may be easily
applied during periods of drought. It

118

is distinctively a forest country, emi-
nently fitted for the production of wood.
Rob it of its forest, and you will not
only rob it of much of its beauty, but
you will expose a soil which is natu-
rally rather sterile to the abusive action
of the elements. -Already, owing to
the wholesale removal of the Sand
Pine (Pinus clausa) from the great sand
dune along the east coast for planta-
tions of pineapples, the air is at times
literally charged with a silicious dust,
which is the most unpleasant feature of
travel in that region. There are large
areas in Florida which, it seems to me,
are in great need of the shade and pro-
tection which trees afford.

Among those trees worthy of intro-
duction into or more extensive culture
in Florida, the following deserve first
place, or are at least worthy of a trial.
I do not mean to suggest merely the
planting here and there of a few trees,
but acres and acres, so that Hlonda
may become in time famous for the
beauty, variety, and productivity of her
forests, as well as a land of fruits and
vegetables.

Leucalyptus. There are no doubt many
species of this remarkable Australian

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

genus which will grow in southern
Florida. One may see large specimens of
eucalyptus trees even in very remote
places, such as the Isle of Pines. Outside
of its home, it is most abundant in south-
ern Europe, Algeria, South Africa, and
southern California. ucalyptus ros-
trata, or Red Gum, is my favorite. It
is a very hardy and valuable timber
tree. It is fast growing, erect in habit,
and on the whole a tree of great beauty.
Its wood is hard, strong, durable, and
reddishvinvcolor, “an South Arica 1 is
called ‘‘the farmer’sfriend.’’ It grows
in damp places, especially on the river
flats of eastern Australia, and will prob-
ably do very well, if properly tended,
on the edge of the Everglades and other
swampy districts. It is a very effective
drainage agent, every tree acting as a
powerful pump, since the quick-grow-
ing leaves and shoots transpire tremen
dously in the sun of the tropics. A
gum called ‘‘ Red Gum,’’ which is ex-
tensively used in medicine, is manufact-
ured from this tree. It is probably the
best known of the Gum Kinos of Aus-
tralia. Seeds of this species may be
easily secured, either from our seed
dealers or can be ordered from reliable

firms in Hurope or Aus-

tralia.

Melaleca leucadendron
(Cajeput dree- or Hever
Tree) is a tree of Aus-
tralia which has been
strongly recommended
for planting in damp ma-
larial regions. This tree
yields cajeput oil, which
is much: used in medi-
cine. Baron von Mueller
says that ‘‘ it deserves es-
pecial attention as a trop-
ICA othe, sit eLO STO dm
malarial swamps, and
containing in its foliage
antiseptic and anti-mias-
matic oil. It will grow
where no Eucalyptus can
be teared, ’

In the light of modern
discoveries in reference
to malaria, it is, of course,
improbable that these

CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA.

Lees) | (Oxent caniveaviclay
marked influence for

1902.

good in that line, except in draining the
soil, which certainly tends toward the
reduction of the mosquito pest. ‘The
presence of trees of any kind prevents
the stagnation of water.

Aleurites moluccana (Indian Walnut
or Candle Nut). ‘This tree is common
throughout the tropics. It isa favorite
shade and street tree in many tropical
cities. It isvery abundant in the Sand-
wich Islands. Its nuts produce large
quantities of oil, which is extensively
used as a drying oil for paints and var-
nishes. I have heard it said that fully
10,000 gallons are produced each year
in the Hawaiian Islands. The nuts,
when strung on a bamboo stick, burn
likeacandle. The accompanying illus-
tration is by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of
Hilo. The tree which yields such a
useful oil and which is so easily prop-
agated deserves to be much more ex-
tensively planted.

Scattered almost everywhere through-
out the tropical coast towns of the world
one sees Casuarina equisetifolia.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

119

blance of its leaves to the feathers of the
cassowary. It isof interest to note that
the tree really has no leaves, but that
the foliage consists of green thread-like,
feathery, jointed branchlets. There are
several large trees in Key West, and if it
continues in favor as at present it will
soon be one of the commonest trees of the
Florida coast. It is called also the She
Oak. (This tree should not be con-
founded with the Silk Oak of Australia,
Grevillea robusta. 'Thisisatree of great
beauty, with orange-colored flowers in
racemes, and frond-like leaves, which
also grows wellin Florida, but the wood
is not of extra quality.) The She Oak
probably belongs somewhere in the order
Amentaceze, to which the oaks and wal-
nuts belong.

Cinnamomum camphora, the Camphor
Tree. This tree has often been recom-
mended for planting in our south. A
circular (No. 12) of the Division of
Botany, United States Department of
Agriculture, was printed on the subject

At Palm Beach, Miami, and
other Florida towns this tree
has been extensively planted
and is growing with magical
rapidity. Itissometimes called
the Toa Tree, and is also known
as Beefwood. It is one of the
most valuable forest trees of the
world. It iseasily propagated,
grows rapidly, and in places
where few other trees would
thrive. It is extensively used
in various parts of the world
for the fixation of littoral dunes
of sand. Plantations of this
tree on the Madras coast are
now beautiful and valuable for-
ests. By its vigorous growth
it has fixed the sandsina perma-
nentmanner. Its pliant, droop-
ing limbs and foliage give with
the wind and are in consequence
uninjured by tropical gales. It
will grow on the beach close to
the salt water of the ocean.
The accompanying illustiation
shows the hairy foliage and pe-
Citar Gabtt<of the tree. It is

said that it was called Casu-
arina because of the resem-

CAMPHOR

TREE, SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

CORK OAK NEAR SAINT RAPHAEL, FRANCE.

in 1897. ‘This tree grows well in culti-
vation under widely different conditions.
It has been naturalized in Madagascar ;
it grows well at Buenos Ayres, in Egypt,
southeastern France, Canary Islands,
and to some extent in California. It is
common in the Philippines, Formosa,
and Japan. It is at home in Formosa.
I noticed a thrifty Camphor Tree in a
private gardenin Cuba. There are some
fine old Camphor Trees near Cape Town.
Large trees are growing in the temple
courts in Tokio.

In speaking of this tree for South
Africa, Forester Hutchins mentioned a
fact which is too often overlooked.
‘*’The Camphor Tree is strongly shade-
bearing. It is the most shade-bearing

of all the exotic timber trees hitherto
introduced to: South, “Attica. a. ie
Camphor Tree might be used to 1m-
prove and restore some of the depleted
forests of our Gulf coast and Atlantic
coastal plain as far north as South Caro-
lina. In addition to yielding camphor,
which is one of the most useful of all
minor forest products, the timber is ex-
cellent for the manufacture of chests and
other purposes. There is value in every
twig. The wood is easily worked, light,
durable, and free from insect pests. I
can see no reason why the Camphor
Tree should not be extensively grown
throughout the whole of the State of
Florida

Quercus suber, the Cork Oak. Few of

1902.

us realize that the cork of a champagne
bottle is worth more than the bottle.
One may see large cork forests in south-
ern Europe, especially in Spain, and also
in Algeria, and I know of no reason
why it should not be grown in our own
south. ‘The removal of the bark does
no injury ; on the other hand, it is said
it facilitates growth. The illustration
shows some Cork Oaks in southern

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

I2I

France, from the large limbs and the
trunks of which the cork has been re-
cently removed. ‘These old trees yield
cork for a long period of time, although
one must wait several years before the
first harvest. In the sandy pine lands
of southwestern France the foresters are
always elated when they can induce a
species of Cork Oak (Quemus occident-
alis) to grow satisfactorily.

EARTHEN RESERVOIRS.

By ARTHUR P. DAvIsS

U. S. Geological Survey.

OMETIMES afarm is provided with

a small water supply in the form of

a well, equipped with a pump, or a small
spring, furnishing insufficient flow for
convenient and economical use in irriga-
tion. In such cases it is necessary to
have a small reservoir, so that the water
can be accumulated and afterwards dis-
tributed upon the irrigated land in a
larger stream than the supply would
furnish continuously. Such a reservoir
must belocated above, or but little below,
the surface of the ground, as it is neces-
sary to draw the water off by gravity onto
the land to be irrigated. It may be con-
structed by building a small levee or dike
three or four feet in height, of such form
as is suited to the contour of the ground
where it is located. The surface soil
should first be removed, in order that
there may be no great amount of grass,
roots, or other vegetable matter either in
the reservoir or along the embankments
surrounding it. The bank should be
built of loamy earth that may be com-
pacted into an impervious body, and
should, if possible, have a considerable
admixture of clay and of sand. It may
be placed in position by scrapers, and
compacted by the trampling of horses
or other animals, or by the use of a
roller, the bank being kept moist to fa-
cilitate the consolidation process. The
height of the bank, of course, will be
such as will give the required capacity
of storage, and will be greater on the
downhill edge of the reservoir than on
others. At the lower end or corner a

pipe will pass through the bank (pref-
erably of iron), with a suitable valve,
by which means water may be drawn
off when needed for irrigation.

Particular pains will be necessary to
form a joint between the iron and the
earth, so that the water will not follow
the junction and cause a leak. The best
practice is to imbed the pipe in concrete,
the rough edges of which will make a
good bond with the earth embankment.

Such reservoirs as are practicable of
construction on the above plan can be
made available only where it is desired
to accumulate the water into an irrigat-
ing head, or to save the night flow for
use in the daytime, or to store a few
days’ supply until the time when most
needed. Asa storage of storm waters,
or to hold irrigation water for any con-
siderable period, such a reservoir is im-
practicable. Its relation of depth to
area is so small that the evaporation is
rapid, and this, together with the per-
colation to be expected, soon exhausts
its capacity. Moreover, the reservoir
being entirely artificial, its cost in pro-
portion to its capacity renders it im-
practicable, unless the capacity is to be
utilized over and over at frequent in-
tervals.

Where it is desired to store storm
waters for a considerable period of time,
as from a rainy season to a dry season,
for purposes of irrigation, it is usually
necessary to find some point where the
construction is assisted by the natural
topography, as in a broad ravine or

P22

other drainage line, where banks sud-
denly approach each other, and where
an artificial embankment of modern di-
mensions will complete the enclosure of
a reservoir of considerable capacity, the
water supply to be furnished by its own
drainage basin or to be led into it by a
ditch.

Where it is practicable to build the
structure of earth it is usually far
cheaper than masonry, wood, stone, or
any other construction possible. This
possibility is dependent upon the exist-
ence near at hand of suitable material
for an earth dam, and ina less degree
of an impervious earth foundation upon
which it may rest. If the dam is not
to be high, it is possible to safely con-
struct it of earth upon a rock foun-
dation by taking particular pains to
make a tight bond between the earth
and rock; but it is a difficult matter,
and where its height will bring a heavy
water pressure to bear it is usually not
practicable to make a sufficiently tight
bond between the earth and the rock.
In such a case an earth dam may be
built with a masonry core carried a
short distance down into the rock and
built up through the center of the dam
as high, or higher, than the water sur-
face is to be.

Where the foundation is of earth this
should be stripped of all organic matter
down to a reasonably compact loam or
clay, and the earth placed in the em-
bankment should be freed from all or-
ganic matter. The ideal mixure for the
bank is clay and sand and gravel in ap-
proximately equal parts, or in any pro-
portions such that no one of the three
shall constitute less than 20 per cent.
nor more than 60 per cent. of the bulk.
In general, the finer materials and the
larger proportion of clay should be
placed in the center of the dam and the
side next the water, while the larger
proportion of gravel should be in the
down-stream half of the dam. ‘These
materials may be placed by scrapers or
carts, and should not be dumped in piles,
but should be scattered in layers from
4 to 6 inches in thickness, and sprinkled
with a hose or sprinkling cart, so as to
make them thoroughly moist, but not
so wet as to constitute what would be

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

called mud. Whileina moist condition
the material should be well trampled or
compacted by rollers. An ideal method
of construction is to bring the material
into place by means of scrapers, and to
have a heavy sprinkling wagon, drawn
by four horses, the wheels having wide
tires and so arranged as not to track.
The sprinkling cart then becomes a
roller, and, together with the trampling
of the men and horses handling the
scrapers and the team drawing the cart,
performs the office of compacting the
embankment. ‘The wagon should be
kept moving and performing the func-
tion of a roller, even though continuous
sprinkling is not required.

Where the material, and especially
the clay, is sufficiently abundant, such
a structure may be made virtually im-
pervious. Incase the clay is scarce or
must he hauled a long distance, it may
be found advisable to build a core of
carefully selected materials, mixed with
a proper amount of clay and carefully
‘“puddled ’’—that is, moistened, mixed,
and compacted. The rest of the dam
may then be made of coarser materials,
reliance for impermeability being placed
upon the puddled core. ‘The founda-
tion of the dam should be rendered
rough, so that there will be no definite
horizontal joint between the dam and
its foundation. This may be done by
plowing deep furrows across the ravine,
or, still better, by digging deep trenches
parallel.to the axis of thevdam, Ihe
top width of the dam should be not less
than five feet, and wider for higher
dams. A good formula is five feet plus
the square root of the maximum height
of the dam.

The slopes of the dam should be suff-
ciently flat so that there will be no
danger of the earth rolling down the
slopes—that is, they must be flatter than
the ‘‘angle of repose’’ of the material
of which it is constructed. Conserva-
tive slopes are 3 horizontal to 1 vertical
on the water slope, and 2 horizontal to
I vertical on the down-stream slope.
Steeper sides may be given where the
material is especially favorable and
where important wave action is impos-
sible; but it may be said that the water
slope should not be steeper than 1 on 2,

1902.

nor the down-stream slope steeper than
ITon1y.

Where the lake to be formed is of
considerable extent, so that wave action
is likely to occur, it is advisable to pave
the water slope with rock carefully laid
in place by hand, to prevent the direct
action of the waves upon the earth.
This is especially necessary where the
slopes are steep.

Where there is great danger of bor-
ings by gophers or other small animals,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION,

123

the dam should be provided either with
a masonry core or witha tight pavement
onits lower slope. This tight pavement
may be made similar to macadam.

Cast-iron pipe should be laid through
the dam for the purpose of drawing off
the water, provided with suitable valves,
and surrounded by a bed of concrete to
insure proper junction with the material
of the dam, which should be very care-
fully puddled and rammed about the
concrete.

MAPLE PLANTATIONS IN VERMONT.

By GEORGE H. MYERS.

OME twenty-seven or twenty-eight
years ago prizes were offered by a
certain ‘‘ Grange Society’’ for the best
plantation of Hard Maple in the town
of Pomfret, Windsor County, Vermont.
As a result a number of small planta-
tions were made, seven of which remain
and were examined during the past sum-
mer by the writer.

In size the plantations vary from one-
half to fifteen acres. ‘The object in
making them, aside from the desire to
win the prize, was in all cases to estab-
lish a sugar orchard. ‘The ground se-
lected for the plantation was in most
cases side-hill pasture land of little value
at the time of planting. In some cases
the slope was so steep or the grass cover
so thin that washing and gullying had
already begun, and the soil was poor,
thin, and rocky. In every case but
one, however, the lower slopes of the
hills were chosen, probably because of
their greater accessibility in working the
future sugar orchard. In obtaining the
stock for planting, the method varied
somewhat as to the care exercised, but
was in the main as follows:

Two men with a wagon went into
the nearest woodland where maples
were growing and selected young trees
from six to eight feet high. In some
cases the trees were lifted by forcing
down an iron bar beside the tree and
using it as a lever until the tree could
be pulled up by the top. It was then
placed in a wagon with more or less of

the soil adhering to the roots. In other
cases somewhat larger trees were used
and were gotten out by hitching to the
top achain drawn by a team of oxen
or horses and pulling until the roots
broke. Then the more or less muti-
lated top was cut off and the trees put
into the wagon. When a load was ob-
tained the trees were carried to the
planting area and dropped at intervals
of from fifteen to twenty feet each way.

Sometimes the trees were set in sepa-
rate holes, and sometimes they were set
in a twice-plowed furrow, and the roots
laid into it without much care. It was
impossible to discover whether the
planting was all done in cloudy weather,
but such was probably the case. In
one instance the trees were dug up one
day and set out the next, without much
care between times. In another case,
that of the largest plantation, where
the stock used was six to eight feet
high, the land planted was used as a
sheep pasture for ten years following
the planting, and since that time as a
cow pasture.

Such errors in method, due to care-
lessness and ignorance, have not had
so serious an effect as might be expected,
because the species is a hardy one, and
the locality is extremely well suited to
its growth, as is shown by the size at-
tained by the original growth and by the
abundance, general thrifty condition,
hardihood, and tolerance of the second
growth of this species in the vicinity.

124

The cost of planting is difficult to
ascertain exactly, as no records were
made, and information rested merely
upon the memory of those who did the
planting. The value of labor is, and
probably was at that time, $1.50 per
day, and that of a horse fifty or seventy-
five cents. The cost of planting would
thus appear to be considerable, in view
of the fact that only about one hundred
trees were planted by each man per day;
but the work was often done at odd
times, which would otherwise have been
wasted. No cash expenditure was in-
curred for labor, and none of the plan-
tations have received any attention
since their establishment.

The present condition of these planta-
tions is shown in the accompanying
photographs. There are numerous
‘“blanks.’’ Grass is growing every-
where between the rows, except in small
spots. ‘There has been no lateral crowd-
ing, and the trees are therefore spread-
ing and low-branched. On the steep
slopes the leaf cover and root growth
have been entirely insufficient to prevent
washing of the soil. Nevertheless the
owners seem to be satisfied with the re-
sults, and the writer was told that a
farm containing one of these future sugar
orchards about four acres in extent had

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

recently been sold for $200 more than it
would have brought without the maples.

On the Frederick Billings estate, in
Woodstock, the town adjoining Pomfret
on the south, several maple plantations
of a slightly different character were
made about twenty years ago, the largest
being ten acres in extent. The stock
used consisted of plants one foot high,
secured in the neighboring woods, and
set from thirteen to twenty-one feet
apart each way ina piece of good hay
land on a northeast slope, well protected
on the south and west by high timber.
The cost of this planting was $2 per
acre. After the planting the grass was
cut on the plantation to the value of $10
an acre per annum for ten years, since
which time the grass crop has decreased,
until at the present time it barely pays
the expense of cutting.

The trees are for the most part stag-
headed, sun-scalded, and much injured
by scythe wounds at the base. Six
or seven years ago White Pines were
planted in rows between the rows of
maples, reducing the distance between
the trees by one-half in one direction,
but not at all in the other. ‘The white
pine stock used consisted of three or
four year old transplants. Although
they grew slowly at first they are now

SCENE IN TWENTY-EIGHT YEAR OLD MAPLE PLANTATION, SHOWING WASHING AND
GULLYING DUE TO WIDE PLANTING.

1902.

doing excellently, in some cases growing
2, or even 3 feet in height in a year.
The above information shows that
very poor judgment has been exercised
in planting, and that there has been,
and apparently is now, an utter lack of
appreciation of the value of bringing
about actual forest conditions in arti-
ficial plantations in this section, though
it is occupied by well-informed and in-
telligent American farmers. The one
primary fact that entirely escapes them
(not to mention details of unskillful
planting) is the fact that grass and forest
trees are antagonistic types of vegeta-
tion and cannot be grown with any
striking degree of success upon the same
piece of ground at the same time.
Their idea seems to be that as a com-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

125

from the thinnings would produce im-
mediately at hand the necessary fuel for
boiling down the sap, while the above-
described orchards will be dependent
upon an outside source for fuel for this
purpose.

The effect of grazing is undoubtedly
injurious in hardening the surface soil
and in causing a more rapid run-off of
the water. Still more injurious is the
failure of the trees to form at an early
age a continuous leaf canopy, which
would help to retain the moisture and
tend toward the formation of a good
layer of humus and the prevention of
soil washing. ‘The beneficial effect upon
forest growth of retaining the moisture
in the soil, even in this region of abun-
dant and well-distributed rainfall, is

THIS VIEW SHOWS BAD EFFECT OF WIDE PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATION.

plete stocking is not advantageous in the
mature orchard, it is therefore unneces-
sary and unwise to plant a much larger
number of trees than they wish to have
at maturity. This idea is supported by
the lesser cost of such planting, as has
been described, by the fact that trees
with full crowns and plenty of space
about them are more often ‘‘ good sap
trees,’’ and also by the necessity of hav-
ing considerable room in which to work
during sugaring time. ‘The farmers lose
sight of the fact that while the young
trees are developing into sugar trees—
that is, trees of about ten inches in
diameter, breast high—it is better for
them to mature under normal forest con-
ditions; also that the wood obtained

well shown by the fact that in these
plantations trees growing in ‘slight hol-
lows or in situations locally protected
from the wind show better growth than
those next to them on slight knolls. In
general, for the Hard Maple, as well as
for many other species, a proper degree
of moisture is more important than a
rich soil.

After seeing the poor condition of
these artificially planted trees it was
interesting to examine results of some
thinnings on small areas of volunteer
second-growth maple in the adjoining
town of Barnum. ‘The rate of growth
on the remaining trees after the thin-
nings were made was greatly increased,
which shows that labor can be much

126

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

VOLUNTEER STAND OF PURE MAPLE TWENTY TO TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OLD, BADLY IN NEED
OF THINNING.

more economically expended in utiliz-
ing and improving this natural growth
which is to be found in patches of vary-
ing size on almost every farm in Wind-
sor County, rather than in trying to
establish artificial plantations of maple
on waste pasture land. For this pur-
pose volunteer seeding of Red Spruce or
White Pine is much better adapted for
many reasons. ‘The work of thinning
natural or volunteer growth is simple,

requiring nothing but common sense,
such as is possessed by the average
farmer inthis locality. Planting, on the
other hand, to be successful, requires a
knowledge of the principles of forestry,
which is at present rarely to be found.
For these reasons it is hoped that in
future more attention will be paid to
the thinning of volunteer second-growth
maple, such as is shown in the accom-
panying illustration.

LIGHT OUT OF DARKNE Ss:

By Guy Eiiiorr MITCHELL,

Editor The National Homemaker.

WO years ago the eastern half of

the United States knew practi-

cally nothing of irrigation in the West
or of the possibilities lying in the rec-
lamation of arid America. It was hardly
known that irrigation was practiced in
thiscountry. Eastern papers published
little or nothing on the subject. Editors
considered that an article submitted to
them descriptive of the ancient irriga-
tion systems of Egypt, Syria, or Peru

was of more general interest to their
readers, and published it in preference
to accounts of the wonderful irrigation
works of California and Colorado. Now
and again, when the question of the rec-
lamation of the Great American Desert
was discussed in a Sunday issue of some
of the large dailies of the East through
the medium of some facile pen, the sub-
ject appeared as one of those fancy
sketches of the distant future—an im-

1902.

agining of a later period of the world’s
existence, when conditions shall have
been well rounded out, when rapid transit
shall have been reduced to a science far
beyond the railroad achievements of to-
day, when we shall beskimming through
the air in ships, when living shall have
been reduced to an exact science, with
no waste, but with the utilization of
every product and of every particle. It
would be natural, looking ahead to this
time, when every resource would be fully
utilized, that all the waste water of the
West should be conserved and made to
produce crops. This was about as seri-
ously and as practically as people in
general took the question of the irriga-
tion of the desert.

There has come a change. The east-
ern half of the country is beginning to
realize what the reclamation of the
great empire west of the Missouri River
would mean, and that it is a question of
the day. Newspapers and magazines
now publish many popular and interest-
ing illustrated articles showing the great
work which has already been done in
irrigation, even as a beginning, and the
magnificent results which would follow
the watering of the 100,000,000 acres
still susceptible of reclamation. The
figures which can describe these results
are large ones. Fifty million people, it
is estimated, would occupy this western
empire, and $1,250,000,000 has been a
low estimate of its annual output. The
addition to the national wealth would
therefore be an enormous one. For
many years this part of the country
would depend almost exclusively upon
the eastern half of the United States for
its manufactured products, and the
market which it would afford to our
manufacturing states would, of course,
be the best they could desire.

This fact the press of the East has
been quick to emphasize. From one
cause or another the papers of the coun-
try—those greatest of public educators—
have come to consider the irrigation
subject as a legitimate news question.
The consequence is that more and more
is being written about it and more and
more people are learning of it.

Most of the eastern papers have
adopted the broad view that the con-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

127

quest of our deserts is a great nationa
question; that inasmuch as_ private
capital has about reached the end of its
endeavor, and that as the general gov-
ernment is the only party which can
properly treat it, it is fitting that Con-
gress should take up the problem and
proceed to the reclamation of the arid
lands in a systematic manner, reserv-
ing the lands for the use of actual set-
tlers and home-builders, in small tracts
sufficient for them to make a living
from for themselves and for their fam-
ilies.

Some few of the papers of the East
and of the Mississippi Valley have as-
sumed the position that these lands
should not be opened and brought into
competition with eastern farms; but
this is very generally condemned asa
narrow view. As well, it is answered,
might the original thirteen states have
decidedthatnoadditionalterritoryshould
be developed because it would come into
competition with them. Moreover, this
claim is born in ignorance, for the irri-
gating of these western areas would not
compete with the eastern farming inter-
ests, but, on the other hand, would
benefit them. In the first place, this
opening of western lands would be a
slow and gradual process, covering a
period of many years. In the next
place, the products of this region would
not compete with the products of the
eastern farmer. Most of them would be
consumed in the West itself by the great
mining and industrial interests which
would be developed—for its mining in-
dustry is yet ina state of infancy—while
any surplus which might be produced
would naturally go to meet the anxious
demands of the Orient. Lastly, the de-
mand of the West upon the manufactur-
ing East would be so great that eastern
factories, doubled in capacity, would
furnish, with their added thousands of
employés, a vastly increased market for
the eastern farmer.

Thus the country as a whole begins
to know something of the possibilities
of the reclamation of the barren wastes,
the marriage of the thirsty lands to the
flood waters, the conquest of this inland
empire, the subjugation of the desert,
the annexation of arid America.

128 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March,

VIEW IN A POTATO FIELD NEAR GREELEY, COLORADO,

.
’

RESULTS OF IRRIGATION

129

ATION.

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4

ORE

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4

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1902.

‘TNODNAG OLVLOd V NI MHIA

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FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

THE BERECT OF ICH STORMS;ON TREES:

By HERMAN H. CHAPMAN.

N the night of Friday, February
21, a storm swept over the Atlan-
tic seaboard, accompanied by rain which
froze as it fell, forming a coating of ice
on every exposed surface. The effect
of this storm on trees in some localities
was so severe as to be worth study, as
such storms are not infrequent and oc-
cur even as far inland as Kansas. Ob-
servations taken on the north shore of
Staten Island showed sound limbs up to
four inches in diameter broken from
Elm, Beech, Tulip, Poplar, and Black
Oak. ; Birch’ trees up "toveight, amehes
thick were bent over to the ground.
White Oak alone resisted serious dam-
age by the great strength of its branches.
In many cases all the limbs of a tree
were broken and the crown reduced
fully 90 per cent. The greatest damage
was done in culled timber, where the
old trees had been left isolated. Much
of this was rotten and did not stand the
test, unsound limbs up to a foot in di-
ameter being torn from the trunk. The
damage was greatest where the wind
had a sweep.

To calculate the forces which caused
such destruction, a number of twigs
were cut transversely and diagrams
made of the thickness of the twig and
the ice incrustation. ‘The ice is of about
the same weight as the wood of a green
twig. Calculating. from the relative
area in cross-section, it was found that
twigs one-eighth of an inch thick were
carrying from thirty to forty times their
weight of ice, those one-fourth of an
inch thick twenty times their weight,

PUMPING WATER

THIRD

HE arrangement of windmills for
pumping water for irrigation is
illustrated in the drawing accompany-
ing, which gives a view of an earth
reservoir built nearly circular in form.

and those one-half of an inch thick five
times their weight. While the exact
calculation would be rather difficult, it
is safe to say that branches one-inch
thick were called on to support a weight
over ten times as great as usual and
possibly twice this much.

In addition to this enormous burden,
the surface of the crown or branches
was increased over fivefold, thus multi-
plying the effect of the wind by that
factor. ‘The wonder is that any limbs
were left.

Forest trees depend very largely on
one another for protection from such
unusual conditions. Where the trees
grew thick and undisturbed, the protec-
tion from the wind was so complete that
much fewer and smaller branches were
broken; but where man had stepped in
and ‘‘improved’’ the woods, by cutting
out the underbrush and saplings and
leaving only the ‘‘grand old trees in
their majestic beauty,’’ Nature took es-
pecial pains to point out the error of
his ways, and most of these grand old
trees are now more fit for scarecrows
than for shade. That wind and ice are
not the only enemies that ‘‘improving’’
gives a chance was shown by the fact
that nearly all the limbs broken off
showed rot in their interior. The dry-
ing soil, the grass, and the exposure
following thinning had already gotten
in their deadly work, and it needed only
the storm to reveal it. If man wants a
park, let him keep the whole wood, or
raise a new one. “Improvements ”’
are seldom accepted by Nature.

FOR IRRIGATION.
PAPER.

The two windmills which supply the
water are placed upon opposite sides, in
order that the pumps may be as far
apart as possible. In many instances
three or even four mills, each of mod-

1902.

erate size, are placed around a reservoir
of considerable size. The banks, made
of earth, are covered with sod to protect
them from washing by the rain and
by the waves during times of high
winds.

‘The drawing of the steel windmill and
tower carrying a tank represents an
adaptation of a windmill for use in
domestic water supply or for furnishing
water to a village or small town under
considerable pressure. The wind en-
gine is erected on the top of a high steel
tower, which also supports a wooden
tank with suitable cover to protect the
water from loss by evaporation. ‘This

AY |

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. LAT

The merit of the device is its cheapness.
It may be built mainly of old lumber
and other material that can often be
found about the farm, such as axles or
other gear from old farm machinery,
bale wire for staying the sails, and
pieces of wood or metal which may be
classed as old junk. The machine can-
not be recommended on the ground of
efficiency or economy. If a farmer has
sufficient capital to purchase and erect
a good windmill, he will undoubtedly
succeed better than by spending his
time in making the cheaper device. On
the other hand, in situations where, as
is often the case in a dry region, the

: at SANS.

WINDMILLS AND CIRCULAR RESERVOIR.

device is generally employed by railroad
companies at stations on the great
plains, where the wind may be de-
pended upon to force a sufficient supply
into the tank for use by locomotives or
for the railroad shops and offices. Many
towns also depend for their water supply
for domestic needs and for watering
gardens upon a windmill pumping water
into an elevated tank, particularly where
the general surface is so nearly level
that it is impossible to construct a small
earth reservoir within reasonable dis-
tance of the principal buildings.

The home-made mill, or Jumbo wind
engine, has been employed to a consid-
erable extent in the Great Plains region,
and is usually constructed by the owners.

farmer has lost crops year after year,
has exhausted his resources, and is on
the verge of bankruptcy, a contrivance
of this kind may serve to save a small
crop and give him a new start. In
such instances there usually will be
found pieces of broken-down machinery
about the farm. ‘Time and labor are
commonly of little value where the or-
dinary farming operations have been
unsuccessful, so that by the exercise of
a little ingenuity the material and en-
ergy that otherwise would be wasted
may be turned to advantage.

The mill or engine consists of a shaft
of wood or iron placed horizontally and
supported at each end. Upon this sails
are fastened by arms extending out at

132

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STEEL WINDMILL AND TOWER CARRYING

right angles. Oneach end of the shaft
is attached a crank, and each of these
cranks in turn drives some simple form
of home-made pump. ‘The lower half
of the mill is boxed in, and thus forms
a small building without roof, above
which project the arms carrying the
sails.

Another home-made device has been
introduced. This mill and water ele-
vator, invented by the owner, has been
successfully used to furnish water for
irrigation; and, although not by any
means an economical device, nor one
that can be recommended, it has served
its purpose. In other words, while, as

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

TANK.

March,,.

a rule, it is economical to pur-
chase the best, there are cir-
cumstances and times when
for special reasons the best mill
cannot be had; but it is still
practicable to construct a ma-
chine which will accomplish
the desired end, that of get-
ting water from the ground
upon the land.

These examples of inventive
genius on the farms of the West
might be almost indefinitely
multiplied, but are sufficient to
demonstrate the principle that
with energy and ingenuity a
start toward irrigation can be
made. When, however, some
experience has been had in ir-
rigation and newer mills are
being procured, it is highly
essential for continued success:
that something better than the
ordinary form of mill be ob-
tained. Many of these have
been designed for some other
purpose than that of raising
large quantities of water
through a short distance for
irrigation. Some, for exam-
ple, have been built with the
idea of pumping a small quan-
tity from great depth for
watering stock. Such mills,
as a rule, do not fill the re-
quirements of the irrigator.
Thousands of windmills are in
use and thousands more will be
purchased, involving expend-
itures on the part of farmers aggregat-
ing millions of dollars. A saving of
even a small percentage in cost of re-
pairs is a matter of considerable impor-
tance to the irrigators of the country im
the continued use of the water.

If a farmer is able to buy a windmill
and pump he should get the best, as the
first cost is about the same for different
makes; but the economy of repairs is:
far different. Insubsequent articles the
attempt will be made to give the expe-
rience of practical irrigators in using
various styles of machinery, pointing
out the benefits of each under certain
conditions.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 133

HOME-MADE WIND ENGINE, AS USED ON THE GREAT PLAINS.

DEFENDER WINDMILL AND WATER ELEVATOR.

134

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

March,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS.

MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1902.

February 1.

Resolution of the Pennsylvania State
Board of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.,
in relation to the sale of public lands,
the manufacture of oleomargarine, and
the irrigation of the arid lands, intro-
duced in the House by Mr. Burk.

February 3.

Resolution of the Owosso Federal
Labor Union, No. 9056, of Owosso,
Mich., favoring the government irriga-
tion of public lands. Petition of the
Lansing (Mich. ) Typographical Union,
No. 72, relating to the desert-land bill,
the irrigation bill, and public land for
settlers. Also petition of 26 citizens
and land-owners in the district of Koo-
lau, Maui, Territory of Hawaii, against
the granting by the United States Gov-
ernment, or by the Territory of Hawaii,
to any corporation or individual, of the
water privileges. To the Committee on
the Territories.

February 4.

Resolved by the Senate (the House
of Representatives concurring), that
there be printed 10,000 copies of Senate
Document No. 84, being a message from
the President of the United States trans-
mitting a report from the Secretary of
Agriculture in relation to the forests,
rivers, and mountains of the Southern
Appalachian region, of which 2,000
copies shall be for the use of the Senate,
3,000 copies for the use of the House
of Representatives, and 5,000 copies for
the use of the Department of Agri-
culture.

In the Senate, Mr. Warren, of Wyo-
ming, introduced a petition of the Retail
Lumber Dealers’ Association of Wyo-
ming, Colorado, and New Mexico, of
Colorado Springs, Colo., praying for
the enactment of legislation providing
for the construction of a system of reser-
voirs throughout the arid West for the
storage of its surplus waters, to be used
for general irrigation purposes ; which
was referred to the Committee on Irri-
gation and Reclamation of Arid Lands.

February 5.

By Mr. Kean: A memorial of Pomona
Grange, No. 1, Patrons of Husbandry,
of Moorestown, N. J., remonstrating
against the enactment of legislation au-
thorizing the irrigation of the public
lands of the West at public expense.

By Mr. Pritchard, from the Commit-
tee on Forest Reservations and Protec-
tion of Game, to whom was referred the
bill for the purchase of a national park
in the Southern Appalachian Moun-
tains, reported it without amendment,
and submitted a report thereon.

February 6.

In the Senate, Mr. Penrose presented
the petition of Local Union, No. 228,
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and
Joiners of America, of Pottsville, Pa.,
praying for the enactment of legislation
providing for the preservation of the re-
maining public lands of the United States
for the use of actual settlers and home-
builders thereon.

Mr. Platt, of New York, submitted a
joint resolution authorizing the Presi-
dent of the United States to invite the
government of Canada to join in the
formation of an international commis-
sion to examine and report upon the di-
version of the waters that are the bound-
aries of the two countries; which was
read twice by its title and referred to
the Committee on Commerce.

February 7.

In the Senate, Mr. Proctor presented
petitions of the Typographical Union,
INo. 402, of Barre, and of Garment
Workers’ Union, No. 32, of Brattleboro,
in the State of Vermont, praying for the
repeal of the so-called desert-land act,
that an appropriation be made for ir-
rigation surveys, and remonstrating
against the granting of public lands.

In the House, by Mr. Haugen: A bill
to provide rules and regulations govern-
ing the importation of trees, plants,
shrubs, vines, grafts, cuttings, and buds,
commonly known as nursery stock, and
fruits into the United States, and rules
and regulations for the inspection of

1902.

trees, plants, shrubs, vines, grafts, cut-
tings, and buds, commonly known as
nursery stock, grown within the United
States, which become subjects of inter-
state commerce or exportation.

By Mr. Bell: Resolution of Fruit
Growers’ Association of Boulder, Colo-
rado, favoring government reclamation
of arid lands.

February 10.

In the House, by Mr. Shafroth: Reso-
lution of the Colorado State Horticult-
ural Society, favoring government recla-
mation of arid lands.

February Jf,

In the Senate, by Mr. Teller: Petitions
of the Colorado State Horticultural So-
ciety ; of the Colorado State Grange,
Patrons, of Elusbandry; “and).of; the
Fruit Growers’ Association of Boulder
County, favoring government reclama-
tion of arid lands.

February 12.

In the Senate, by Mr. Gibson: ‘‘I move
that the pamphlet entitled ‘The Nation
as a Land Owner,’ by J. D. Whelpley,
reprinted, by permission of Harper &
Bros., from /farpers’ Weekly, issues of
November 30, December 7, and Decem-
ber 14, 1901, be printed as a document
and referred to the Committee on Public
Lands. It is an interesting statement
of the present condition of the public
lands, and also contains something on
the question of irrigation.’’ The mo-
tion was agreed to.

February 17.

In the House, by Mr. Alexander:
Resolutions of the National Building
Trades Council of America in relation
to the arid-land measure. ‘To the Com-
mittee on the Irrigation of the Arid
Lands.

February 18.

In the Senate, by Mr. Kean: Memo-
rial of the State Local Grange, No. 8,
Patrons of Husbandry, of Moorestown,
N. J., remonstrating against the irriga-
tion of the arid lands of the United
States at public expense. Also by Mr.
Kean: Petition of Federal Labor Union,
No. 7211, American Federation of Labor,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

135

of Dover, N. J., praying for the con-
struction of irrigating reservoirs and re-
monstrating against granting state con-
trol to government lands.

By Mr. Beveridge: Petition of the
Local Union, No. 652, United Brother-
hood of Carpenters and Joiners, of E1-
wood, Ind., praying for the repeal of
the so-called desert-land act, for the
commutation of the homestead act, and
that an appropriation be made for irriga-
tion surveys, etc.

In the House, by Mr. Tongue (by re-
quest): A bill appropriating the receipts
from the sale and disposal of the public
lands in certain states and territories, to
ascertain the extent to which said lands
may be reclaimed, and to authorize the
taxation of public lands under certain
conditions.

February 19.

Inthe House, by Mr. Lacey, from the
Committee on the Public Lands, to
which was referred the bill of the House
to set apart certain lands in the Terri-
tory of Arizona as a public park, to be
known as the Petrified Forest National
Park, reported the same with amend-
ments, accompanied by a report.

By Mr. Woods: A bill providing the
means for acquiring title to two groves
of Seguota gigantea in the State of Cali-
fornia, with a view to making national
parks thereof.

February 20.

In the House, by Mr. Acheson : Res-
olutions of the Engineers’ Club of Phil-
adelphia, Pa., for securing a national
forest reserve in the Appalachian Moun-
tains.

February 21.

In the House, by Mr. Rumple: Peti-
tion of the Amalgamated Wood Work-
ers’ Union, No. 92, Clinton, Iowa, ask-
ing for the repeal of the desert-land act
and the commutation clause of the
homestead act, and urging appropria-
tion for government surveys and con-
struction of reservoirs.

February 24.
In the House, by Mr. Babcock : Res-

olution of the Board of Trade of La
Crosse, Wis., favoring a national park

136

reservationin Minnesota. By Mr. Rum-
ple : Resolutions of the Muscatine Typo-
graphical Union, No. 251, of Muscatine,
Iowa, urging the reclamation of the arid
lands and the construction of certain
reservoirs.

In the Senate, by Mr. Platt: A peti-
tion of the American Federation of
Labor of Rochester, N. Y., praying for
the enactment of legislation providing
for the construction of storage works
to equalize the flow of streams for the
irrigation of the arid lands of the
West; which was ordered to lie on the
table.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Mareh,

By Mr. Gibson: Petition of J. W.
Ward and 182 other citizens of Missoula
and Ravalli counties, in the State of
Montana, praying for the enactment of
legislation providing for the reclama-
tion of the arid lands in those counties;
which was ordered to lie on the table.

February 25.

In the House, by Mr. Lacey : Reso-
lutions of the St. Paul Chamber of Com-
merce favoring storage reservoirs for the
reclamation of aridlands. By Mr. Rob-
inson, of Indiana: Petition of Advance
Grange of Fremont, Ind., against gov-
ernment irrigation projects.

RECENT PUBLICA TIONS:

Irrigation in the United States). By FREDERICK
HavNESs NEWELL, Chief Hydrographer,
U.S. Geological Survey. Pp. 566. Illus-
trated with 156 half tones and diagranis.
New York: Thos. Y. Crowell & Co., 1902.
Price, $2 net; postage, 20 cents.

L

Thomas Y. Crowell & Company, of New
York, have just issued a new book entitled
‘‘Trrigation in the United States.’’ The author
of this book is Mr. Frederick H. Newell, the
well-known hydrographer in charge of the
irrigation investigations of the Interior De-
partment. The aim and scope of the book are
well indicated in the opening paragraph of the
first chapter, as follows:

‘‘Home-making is the aim of this book.
The reclamation and creation there of fruitful
farms, each tilled by its owner, is its object.
The attainment of this end is sought by direct-
ing attention to the resources of our great un-
utilized public domain, in the hopethat through
a more complete knowledge of these and the
methods of their utilization vigorous and wise
action may supersede the present lax and im-
provident policy.”’

About half the book is devoted to the details
of various methods of measuring streams and
determining water supply, the storage and
diversion of water, and its application to the
land. All these are set forth in a manner
very readable and instructive to the irrigator
and the general public. The duty of water,
both present and possible, is discussed. A
chapter is devoted to underground waters,
both surface and artesian, and another to
methods of pumping.

The subject of irrigation law is discussed in
a general way, and some possible improve-
ments are indicated. The writer, however,
believes that, although the laws of water dis-
tribution are nowhere ideal, the condition is
not as bad as is represented by some extrem-
ists, and it is not necessary that irrigation de-
velopment should await a complete revolution
of irrigation law. The latter part of the book

is devoted to a more detailed discussion of the
local conditions and possibilities in each state
and territory.

Though the author is an ardent advocate of
irrigation and sets forth vividly the possi-
bilities of our arid public domain, there is a
notable absence of exaggeration or partisan
argument, nor is there any concealment of its
weak points. The candid spirit that pervades
the whole book is best illustrated in the chap-

Courtesy of Thos. Y. Crowell & Co.

MR. FREDERICK HAYNES NEWELL, AUTHOR
OF ‘‘ IRRIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES.”’

1902.

ter on ‘‘Advantages and Disadvantages of Irri-
gation,’’ wherein the author discusses, among
other points, the fertilizing effects of water,
the silting of reservoirs, and the poisoning of
the soil with alkali.

The work contains a great deal that is new
and a great deal of old matter brought up to
date and placed in a condensed and readable
form logically classified, by an author who
may be well classed as the most widely and
thoroughly informed upon this subject of any
living man.

The book is an attractive one of 566 pages,
printed in new, clean, leaded long primer, and
profusely illustrated with 62 half-tone plates
and 94 text figures It is hoped that it will be
widely circulated, for we believe that a candid
statement of the unvarnished facts, such as we
have here, will have a profound influence in
awakening thoughtful minds to the importance
to our nation and our posterity of a broad na-
tional irrigation policy.

ARTHUR P. DAVIS.

New York State Fisheries, Forest, and Game
Commission. Fifth Annual Report, 1599.
Pp. 466. 114 illustrations.

The Fifth Annual Report of the New York
State Fisheries, Forest, and Game Comunis-
sion is an unusually handsome yolume, con-
taining a great deal of valuable information.
Of special interest to the readers of FORESTRY
AND IRRIGATION are the reports and contrib-
uted articles on forestry. These include the
report of the Superintendent of Forests, Col.
William F. Fox; ‘‘Some European Forest
Scenes,’’? by Dr. John Gifford ; ‘‘ Beginnings
of Professional Forestry in the Adirondacks,”’
by Dr. B. E. Fernow ; ‘‘ Forest Taxation,’’ by
Dr. C. A. Schenck ; ‘‘ Timber Product of the
Adirondacks,’’ and ‘‘ Forest Fires in 1899,’’ by
Colonel Fox, and ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Elm
Trees,’’ by E. P. Felt.

Of the many handsome illustrations in this
volume, fourteen are colored plates. Alto-
gether, this is an unusually valuable report.

Propagation of Forest Trees Having Commercial
Value and Adapted to Pennsylvania. By
GEO. H. WIR’, State Forester of Penn-
sylvania. Published by the Pennsylvania
Department of Forestry.

A pamphlet of 38 pages, giving general in-
structions on the preparation of the forest

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

nursery and cultural directions on some seyenty
of the more important trees for planting in
Pennsylvania. ‘This is a very simple, concise
treatment of the subject. Every page is
crowded full of useful, though not new, in-
formation about the gathering, treatment, and
planting of forest-tree seeds and the trans-
planting of seedlings. It is especially valuable
on account of treating each species individually
rather than as one of a group. Only in a few
instances, as in the case of the oaks, are several
species grouped together. While the author
makes no claim of bringing forward new in-
formation, he has brought together from vari-
ous sources some exceedingly useful informa-
tion to forest planters. Through a state publi-
cation, the pamphlet has general application,
and could well be distributed throughout the
East and Middle West.
AMONG THE MAGAZINES

Woodland and Roadside is the name of a
bulletin to be published quarterly by the Mas-
sachusetts Forestry Association. The first
number, which was issued March 1, states that
the purpose of Woodland and Roadside is ‘‘ to
keep the membership in touch with the activ-
ities of the organization.’’ The opening num-
ber reflects great credit on the publication
committee, and the cause of forestry will likely
be greatly advanced in Massachusetts through
this periodical.

The /udian Forester for February contains
an-interesting article on ‘‘Six Months in the
Sudan,’’ by C. E. Muriel, deputy conservator
of forests.

The World's Work for March has an excel-
lent article on ‘‘ The Wonders of the American
Desert,’’ by Robert T. Hill, a well-known mem-
ber of the U. S. Geological Survey.

‘“ The Sugar Bush ’’ is the subject of a season-
able article in Country Life in America for
March.

The Popular Science Monthly for March has
an interesting illustrated article on ‘‘ The Palm
Trees of Brazil,’’ by Prof. John C. Branner.

Outing for March is unusually attractive,
both in an artistic and a literary way.

‘‘Trrigation asa National Wealth-maker,’’ by
Senator H. C. Hansbrough, and ‘‘ What Irri-
gation is Doing in Arizona,’’ by Arthur P.
Davis, are two articles on irrigation published
in the March number of the Wadional Jlaga-
zine,

TREES and SEEDS

For Forestry Purpose
he)

We grow large quantities of one and
two’year seedling plants for forestry
purposes and also carry a full line of
tree seeds.

New “ Forestry ” catalogue and price
list now ready, Free on application

Thomas Meehan & Sons

Nurserymen and

Tree Seedsmen

= Phila., Pa-

Germantown ....

High Grade Advertisers

will do well to take
space in .

Forestry and Irrigation

which circulates among
an unusually high class
of readers.

Card of rates on
application

Address

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

5 and 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING
Washington, D. C.

{UST PU Bish Sea

Lrrieation in the U, nmited States

BY FREDERICK HAY NES MINE W Ela
Chief Hydrographer of the U. S. Geological Survey

12mo, 566 pages, 156 illustrations, $2.00 net ( postage 20 cents )

AN AU TEHORITTAa Vit ow Gels

HIS is by far the most important work yet issued on this
momentous topic. The book will at once take rank as
an authority. It is careful, accurate, and comprehensive—epito-
mizing a life-study on the part of the author. The whole subject
of the reclamation of our arid public lands is interestingly dis-
cussed, together with plans, public and private, in the interests
of home-making.
The large number of half-tone illustrations, maps, and dia-
grams are from official sources and, like the text, are trustworthy
and satisfying.

THOMAS: Y:" CROW BRE eee:

426-428 West Broapway 2) New ors

Forestry «4 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1902

A SAWMILL IN EASTERN KENTUCKY - : Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES (/ilustrated) . : : 141

Present Status of the Irrigation” Bill— The Adirondack. Park
—Summer Meeting— Proper Title for City Foresters —
Effect of Deforestation—Conveyance of Water for Irrigation
in Canals — Forest Fires — Philippine Lumbering — Sterling
Irrigation Convention—Canadian Forestry Association—Novel
Way of Transporting Lumber—More Floods in the South—
Forestry in the States — Deaths Among Foresters :

HON. FRANCIS G. NEWLANDS (with portrait)
TABLE OF UNITED STATES FOREST RESERVES

IRRIGATION POSSIBILITIES OF THE LOWER COLO-
RADO RIVER (//lustrated) : s J. B. Lippincott

FROST CHECKS AND WIND SHAKES (///ustrated) .
Eugene S. Bruce.

PROPOSED NATIONAL LEGISLATION

TEACHING FORESTRY AT BEREA COLLEGE
(Lllustrated) . : : : . Professor S. C. Mason

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS

HE SPLANTING OF EXOTIC TREES IN SOUTHERN
FLORIDA. Part Il (//lustrated)

PUMPING WATER FOR IRRIGATION. Fourth ae
(Lilustrated)

RECENT PUBLICATIONS
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American loresiry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00

a year, single coptes 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at
5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, D. C.

‘(, HOWTIOD VHUHA LY AULSHAOT,, NO HIOMLAV AHS) AMOALINHM NUWISVA NI ‘UIWMVS V

ow LIHAT ttre
—"

Forestry and Irrigation.

APRIL, 1902:

No. 4.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Vor. VIII.
The Irriga- | The House Committee
tion Bill. on Irrigation on April

7 favorably reported the
irrigation bill. It was the Senate bill
which was reported, the House bill, or
Newlands bill, as it is called, having
been laid aside. The bill was amended
in a number of respects so as to change
several provisions which have heretofore
been criticised. The measure is amended
in this respect, that it provides for the
more complete withdrawal of lands pro-
posed to be irrigated by the works con-
templated in order to remove all possi-
bility of speculative enterprise. The
amendment relates to lands under pri-
vate ownership which may be irrigated
under the provisions of the act, and
provides that the owners thereof must
also be actual occupants of or residents
on the land referred to.

The so-called SC aeeoniaal clause was
modified by striking out the latter por-
tion of the section and making a substi-
tution therefor, so that as the clause
now stands it provides that nothing in
the bill shall interfere with any state
law relative to the appropriation, dis-
tribution, or use of water, and the Sec-
retary of the Interior in carrying out
the provisions of the act shall proceed
in conformity with state laws; also that
nothing in the bill shall be held to
affect the rights of any state or states,
or of the federal government, or of any
individual in the waters of any inter-
state stream. This last provision sim-
ply leaves in operation the present rule
of priority on the arid region.

The members of the Irrigation Com-
mittee feel sure that the bill as reported
will be satisfactory to all irrigation in-
terests. The last clause of the state-
control provision is inserted with the

idea of fully meeting the views of all
those living in states along the lower
course of streams used for irrigation
purposes.

a
The Adiron- Accurate information of
dack Park. the woodlands of New

York, especially the Adi-
rondacks, has long been needed. Gen-
eral information is abundant. Individ-
uals have recorded their observations,
and commissions have made inspection
tours and issued reports of a general
nature, but until recently no extensive
examination of the region had been
made, lot by lot, township by township.

The Forest, Fish, and Game Commis-
sion during last summer conducted such
an examination of those lands lying
within the imaginary blue line of the
park, the work being entrusted to Mr.
R. C. Bryant and Mr. Asa S. Williams,
the latter kindly furnishing the follow-
ing information :

‘“‘Tt was not necessary to examine
400,000 acres recently purchased, as
the Commission had already conducted
examinations of this land before the pur-
chase was made... The land examined
was classified as follows: Forest, lum-
bered, waste, burnt, swamp, cleared,
improved, and water, state and private
lands being kept separate.

‘“'The term ‘ forest’ was given to land
still containing a good stand of spruce.
Of truly virgin forest there remains but
little in the Adirondacks. Lumbered :
Culled forest with only the hardwoods
remaining. Waste: Lands covered with
an inferior growth of no economic im-
portance. Denuded: Absolute waste
land with no tree growth. Aurned:
Lands on which the stand was destroyed

142

by fire within the past four or five
years. After that time it would come
under the head of ‘denuded.’ Wild
meadows: Grass lands uncultivated, but
sometimes cut. ‘The other terms need
no explanation.

‘<The results of the examination were
as follows:

State acres. Private. Totals.
Tap OreSE eee re AS 5:4 150 7O2,030) al, 151054.
2. Iumbered.... 592,630 1,078,509 1,671,139
B. WEE Gaq ae Gol 10,275 38,376 48,551
Ale eb SNE, ao oor 14,617 28,548 43,165
FeeWenidedtea: 15,739 40,943 56,682
6. Wild meadows 9,961 12,568 22,529
Fn Mbaay HKOVECkc «2 4,642 96,338 100,980
SaWiatete seas ee OOnla 5) mO4eQOO M25, 047

Totals. ..1,163,414 2,062,730 *3,226,144

‘Tn glancing over these figures one is
first struck with the enormous area of
lumbered land; 52 per cent of the entire
area contains no merchantable pine,
Spruce, or hemlocks, 15670,c0a" aetes;
with the present market and transpor-
tation conditions, have absolutely no eco-
nomic value. In composition the virgin
Adirondack woods contained from 60 to
65 per cent of hardwoods. ‘The hard-
woods seed more abundantly than the
conifers; also the seeds of the hard-
woods germinate much more readily in
the heavy Adirondack duff. Given the
requisite light conditions by the removal
of the 35 to 40 per cent of the conifers
of the stand, the result is nearly a pure
hardwood growth.

‘“’T*he second noticeable fact is that
columns 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent abso-
lute waste lands, amounting to 171,000
acres, or 5% per cent of the total area.

‘“Tt is to be hoped that these figures
will bring strongly before the people of
the state the deplorable condition of the
Adirondack region, and that more at-
tention will be paid to the good work
being done by the Forest, Fish, and
Game Commission and others in re-
claiming waste lands.’’

*

The American Forestry As-
sociation will hold a special
summer meeting this year,
during the latter part of August (the
exact date has not yet been settled), in

Summer
Meeting.

*Area of park.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

Michigan, at the invitation of the Mich-
igan Forestry Association and of the
Michigan Agricultural College. The
meeting will take place at Lansing, and
will probably consume two days. It will
be followed by an excursion from Lan-
sing, by way of Saginaw, to the mills at
Crayling ; thence to the forest preserve
in Roscommon County; through the
hardwood forests in northern Michigan,
and thence to Mackinaw. It is possible
that the trip will be extended to Mar-
quette and the northern peninsula.

The program for the sessions at Lan-
sing will cover the following topics :

1. A discussion of the farm wood-
lot—its economic and esthetic impor-
tance.

2. Facts and figuresconcerning wood,
posts, ties, hoop-poles, etc.

3. A symposium on the duty of the
state in forest matters.

4. A discussion on the jack pine
plains of Michigan.

5. Methods of starting and handling
the farm woodlot.

6. Forest botany of Michigan.

7. Meteorological conditions.

8. Soil and its relation to success in
forest culture.

g. The fire problem.

10. The trespass problem.
11. The question of titles.

&*

Proper Title Mr. Alfred Gaskill writes

for City us as follows concerning

Foresters. the proper professional
title for city foresters :

‘The misuse of the term ‘forester’
to designate a man who cares for the
park and shade trees of towns and cities
has occasioned some protest without
bringing out a better name.

‘The objection is not that ‘ forester’
is too good or not good enough, but
simply that it does not apply. A man
whose business it is to look after and
cultivate trees in the aggregate is a for-
ester, while one who plants and prunes.
trees as individuals is something else.

‘‘Let me therefore suggest that we
have ‘city arborators’ instead of ‘city
foresters.’ ‘The word is good English,
and, though marked obsolete in all the
dictionaries, is capable of being revived

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

CONVEYANCE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION. TUNNEL OF BEAR

RIVER CANAL, UTAH.

143

144 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. April,

FOWLER SWITCH CANAL, CALIFORNIA, SHOWING EFFECT ON BANKS OF HIGH VELOCITIES.

145

ND IRRIGATION.

L

FORESTRY

1902.

SANTA ANA, CALIFORN

A, CANAL, (CE

MENT-LINED) ; CAPACITY, 240 SECOND-FEET,

146

and serving the present need. The
Century Dictionary defines the word as
‘one who plants or prunes trees,’ and
Worcester as ‘a planter or pruner of
trees ;’ it is therefore expressive of the
worker and his work.

‘“A properly qualified forester is of
course fitted for any position of the kind
in question, and so is a landscape gar-
dener. ‘The plea is made for a title that
will not be misleading, as that of for-
ester in such connection 1s.”’

*

During the period from
April 1 to December 31,
Ig01, observations of
discharge and of sediment were carried
on at Salt River reservoir site on both
Tonto Creek and Salt River for the pur-
pose of comparing the relative amounts
of sediment contributed by the two
streams. The observations on Salt River
were taken below the mouth of Tonto
Creek. The result of these observations
shows that Salt River, below the mouth
of Tonto Creek, carried .00146 of 1 per
cent of sediment ; while Tonto Creek,
about one-half mile above its mouth,
carried .00275 of 1 per cent—showing
that the waters of Tonto Creek are more
than twice as muddy, on an average, as
those of Salt River. This is an illustra-
tion of the influence of denudation upon
the discharge of sediment. The two
basins are contiguous, of course-—the
chief difference being that Tonto basin is
heavily grazed and almost bare of timber,
grass, or other vegetation, while Salt
River basin is mainly timbered and
well carpeted with grass, it lying largely
within the Apache Indian Reservation,
where the sheep and cattle of white men
are not allowed.

Effect of De-

forestation.

*

On Sunday, March 25,
a forest fire near East-
port, Long Island, destroyed several
hundred acres of timber and required
the efforts of a large force of men to
prevent its spreading. Ten days later
another fire broke out in the same
vicinity, destroying a lot of cordwood,
but was finally extinguished by heavy
rains.

Forest Fires,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,.

From Pennsylvania there have been
several serious forest fires reported
during the last tendays. Inthe vicinity
of Scranton, Altoona, Oil City, and
Blairsville, considerable damage has
been wrought by these fires. In Mary-
land there were also several forest fires
during the past week. Near Mount
Winans, in the vicinity of Baltimore,
on April 2, there was a fire that de-
stroyed valuable timber, several barns,
and for a time threatened a number of
dwellings. A large amount of timber
was destroyed near Cumberland during
the last week in March by a fire said to
have been started by the carelessness of
hunters.

During the first week in April fires.
broke out in the cedar brakes near
Marble Falls, Texas, destroying a lot of
valuable timber. The pine forests near
Plantersville, in the same state, have
been seriously injured by recent fires.
In the vicinity of Sauk Center, Minn.,
there were disastrous forest fires during
March,

&

Mr. Asa Williams sends.
the following infor-
mation concerning the
method of exploiting timber in the
Philippines: The following facts are
gleaned from letters from Mr. R. C.
Bryant and Wm. Klemme, both in the
forest service in the Philippines:

‘* The Forestry Bureau issues licenses.
to cut timber on state lands, and pay-
ment to the government is made as fol-
lows: The timber trees of the Archi-
pelago, six hundred and sixty-five in
number, are divided into six commercial
classes; each has a separate tariff at so
much per cubic foot :

Philippine
Lumbering.

Superior group ......
VEUESE AKO, 5 Ga oa0cce
Secondsonoupnemmnaer
AMobieol feROT OY, so soa 50%
EKO OHA Al ACOUD). Goo 0c
JEU ARO. 249 oaae

14 cents per cubic foot.
10 cents per cubic foot.
8 cents per cubic foot.
3 cents per cubic foot.
2 cents per cubic foot.
I cent per cubic foot.

‘Prices are the same in the entire ar-
chipelago. Groups three, four, and five
only may be used for fuel. Needy resi-
dents may cut fuel free. The manner
of exploitation is most primitive. A
company, having received a license to

1902.

cut on a certain island, proceed to a
point of vantage, generally a small vil-
lage with a good harbor convenient.
Natives are bargained with to get out
the timber. They work independently,
every man for himself. He goes to the
woods, cuts his tree, squares it with the
axe, and hauls it as he will tothe coast.
Here he is paid by the cubic foot. The
prices are such that a good man can
earn 50 cents a day. ‘The effect of this
method is to cause a belt of culled tim-
ber along the coast, while the interior
remains untouched.’’

*

Sterling The following account
Irrigation of the irrigation conven-
Convention. tion at Sterling, Colo.,

reached us too late for
publication in the March number of
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, but owing
to the importance of the meeting it is
printed now :

In accordance with invitations sent
out by the Sterling Chamber of Com-
merce, delegates representing different
sections of the Valley of the Platte met
at Sterling, Colo., as a point most cen-
trally located and suitable for the pur-
pose of holding a convention on Feb-
ruary 26 and 27, the objects of the

,convention being the discussion of ways
and means of securing government as-
sistance in the extension of irrigation
and of finding out methods of how best
the people might assist themselves and
so increase their irrigated territory.

The town of Sterling is particularly
well adapted for the holding of such a
congress, being located at the junction
of several lines of railroad connecting
readily with Denver, Cheyenne, Lin-
coln, and Omaha and all adjacent points,
and being situated in the center of an
agricultural valley which has already
commenced to experience the results
following the introduction of agriculture
by irrigation, and where it is believed
that irrigation may be almost indefi-
nitely extended in the not-distant future.

Large delegations were present from
Nebraska and Colorado, the expected
delegates from other states not appear-
ing, being presumably not so deeply in-
terested in the utilization of the waters

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

147

of the Platte River as the two states
represented. Prominent among the
delegates from Nebraska were Govy-
ernor Savage, Irrigation Engineer Dob-
son, and Messrs. Cox, Gardner, and
Stubbs and others, including one lady
delegate, Mrs. Richardson, from Lin-
coln. Colorado was ably represented
by a large delegation, among whom
were ex-Governor Eaton, former Lieu-
tenant Governor J. lL. Brush, former
State Engineer John EK. Field, and
Messrs. H. N. Haynes, C. E. Stubbs,
and others. There were also present as
invited guests Hon. George H. Max-
well, executive chairman of the National
Irrigation Association ; Mr. A. L. Fel-
lows, resident hydrographer of the U.S.
Geological Survey; Mr. A. J. McCune,
state engineer of Colorado, and others.
The people of Sterling provided for the
delegates most hospitably, furnishing
accommodations at private residences
after the capacity of the hotels had been
exhausted.

Interesting addresses were delivered
by Governor Savage, Mr. Geo. H. Max-
well, Mr. R. R. Greer, Mr. C. E. Stubbs,
Mr. J. 0. Brush, Mr. Chas. B2-Wilsom,
Mr. A. L. Fellows, Mr. A. J. McCune,
Mr. E. R. Chew, and Mr. H. N. Haynes.

The convention adopted resolutions
favoring national construction of irri-
gation works, such a revision of the
land laws that will make the remainder
of the public domain available only for
actual settlers and home-builders. The
cession of public lands to the states and
territories was strongly opposed, while
Congress was urged to carry out at this
session the recommendations of the
President and Secretary of the Interior.
Preservation of the forests on the pub-
lic lands was also urged.

The delegates to the convention were
given an excursion through the different
parts of the South Platte valley adjacent
to Sterling. Altogether, this was one
of the most successful irrigation con-
ventions, large or small, that has ever
assembled.

Bd
Canadian The third annual meet-
Forestry ing of the Canadian For-
Association. estry Association was

held at Ottawa on Mar.

148

6 and 7. There was much business of
importance transacted, and the follow-
ing interesting papers were read:
‘‘Rastern Forest Trees Grown at
Victoria, B. C., from Seed Imported
from the East,’’ by his Honor Sir Henri
Joly de Lotbiniere, lieutenant governor
of British Columbia; ‘‘ Forestry in On-
tario,’’ by Thos. Southworth, Director
of Forestry for Ontario, Toronto; ‘‘The
Management of Wood Lots,’’ by W. N.
Hutt, Southend, Ontario; ‘‘ The Forest
Fires of 1g01,’’ prepared by instructions
of the Board of Directors; ‘‘ The Second
Discovery of the West,’’ by Prof. John
Macoun, Assistant Director of the Geo-
logical Survey; ‘‘ Tree-planting on the
Experimental Farms,’’ by Dr. Wm.
Saunders, Director of Experimental
Farms; ‘‘ Work of the Forestry Branch
in Tree-planting on the Prairies,’’ by
Norman M. Ross, Assistant Superin-
tendent of Forestry for the Dominion;

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

‘Forestry in the Schools,’’ by Wm.
Pearce, Inspector of Surveys, Calgary,
Alberta; ‘‘ Forestry in Prince Edward
Island,’’ by Rev. A. E. Burke, Alber-
ton, Prince Edward Island; ‘‘ The Pulp
Industry in Canada,’’ by D. Lorne Mc-
Gibbon, manager Laurentide Pulp Com-
pany, Grand’ Mere, Province of Quebec;
‘“The Management of Pulpwood For-
ests,’’ by Austin Cary, Forester to the
Berlin Mills Company, Brunswick, Me. ;
‘* Defects of the Pulpwood Regulations
of the Province of Quebec,’’ by E. G.
Joly de Lotbiniere, Quebec, and an il-
lustrated lecture on the ‘‘ Evolution of
a Forest Growth,’’ by Dr. B. E. Fernow,
Director of the New York State College
of Forestry.

More Floods
in the South.

&
In the March number
of FORESTRY AND IkR-
RIGATION we published,
with illustrations, two articles on the

Courtesy of ‘‘ Wood & Iron.”

AN UNUSUAL WAY OF TRANSPORTING LUMBER. THE LUMBER TRAMWAY OF THE EL DORADO LUMBER |
COMPANY, PLACERVILLE, CALIFORNIA.

1902.
disastrous flood of May, 1tgo1, in the
Southern Appalachian region. Late in

March a portion of the same region was
again visited by a flood even more de-
structive than that of last year. ‘The
following, reprinted from the Portland
(Oregon) 7elegram, is to the point :

‘‘’The recent floods in Eastern Ten-
nessee were the most disastrous ever
known in that region. About 20
lives were lost, and property to the
estimated amount of $5,000,000 was
destroyed. A continuous rain of 24
hours’ duration was consideted the ap-
proximate cause of the destructive
flood. ‘The 24-hours’ downpour, in a
region settled for over a century, in
which time there have probably been
many such precipitations, should be-
come such a calamity and catastrophe,
seems to bear with it a lesson. The
first practical and useful conclusion is
that the 24-hours’ rainstorm was not, of
itself, the cause of the destruction, or
rather that, if the cause, it points to
other causes. Chief among these one
stands out clear and prominent—the
rapid denudation of the forest areas of
the higher levels of that region.

‘“ Settlement began on the tributaries
of the Tennessee even before the Revo-
lution, and until some years after the
Civil War the population was almost
wholly agricultural. The forests were
only cut to supply the demand for a
comparatively sparse and not over-active
population. Some fifteen or twenty
years ago the era of industrial develop-
ment began in that region. Mineral
resources were investigated and ex-
ploited. Mills were built. A lumber
market was found. ‘The woods began
rapidly to disappear to meet these new
demands. During the last few years
these demands have greatly increased
in number and volume. The hills and
mountains have become bare ; the rain-
fail has decreased ; but when an unusu-
ally heavy or slightly prolonged rain
comes, it causes the flood that we have
recently read of, whereas a century or
even a quarter of a century ago such a
rain would have had no appreciably evil
or disastrous effects. "The leaves, and
roots, and grasses, and verdure gener-
ally, would have absorbed the rain,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

149

and issued it out on the sun’s requisi-
tion later in the season.’’

This is an intelligent opinion by a
writer three thousand miles away ; it
would seem that it is high time that the
mass of people here in the East rise to
the occasion. A few broad-minded
men have been doing their best to bring
about the preservation of this region,
and it is possible that this recurrence of
last year’s disaster may arouse the
needed interest.

*

Forest Work The subject of forestry
in the States. has received legislative
recognition in only 18
of the states, and of these the work
has been abandoned in three, leaving
but 15 states in which forest work is
carried on at the present. ‘These are
Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, Maryland,
Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New York, North Caro-
lina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsyl-
vania, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

Adequate financial provision has been
made, however, in only two states, New
York and Pennsylvania, and in these
work is being actively carried on. In
Minnesota a good forest-fire system has
been introduced, which is as effective
as can be expected under the prevail-
ing conditions. (This work is under
the direction of the chief fire warden,
who is deputy to the Forest Commis-
sioner, the state auditor holding the
latter office ex officio.) There is also a
State Forestry Board, which is empow-
ered to accept and administer for forest
purposes cut-over, denuded, prairie, and
other lands of very low value and unfit
for agriculture. An appropriation of
$1,000 is made to defray the expenses
of this board, and the improvement and
reforestation of the reserved lands are
to take care of themselves.

Kansas has a commissioner of for-
estry and irrigation. Under the act
creating this commission, two experi-
mental stations have been established,
one at Dodge City, the other at Ogallah.
The sum of $1,000 is appropriated to
carry on experiments in tree-planting
and irrigation.

Connecticut has a state forester, who

150

is an officer of the state agricultural
experiment station. ‘The state has ap-
propriated for two years $2,o0c for the
purchase of lands for a state park. In
addition to this, there is a private fund
known as the ‘‘ Lockwood fund,’’ from
which moneys are available for forest
purposes.

In Indiana forest work is under the
direction of a ‘‘State Board of For-
estry.’’ The secretary of the board is
state forester, and the law provides for
no expenses other than the salary and
office and traveling expenses of the state
forester.

The state land agent of Maine is forest
commissioner ev officio. In Maryland
the forest work is under the direction
of the State Economic and Geological
Survey. Michigan has a forestry com-
mission consisting of the state land
officer and two other persons appointed
by the governor. ‘Two thousand dol-
lars is the amount appropriated for the
work of this commission. New Hamp-
shire has a forest commission. Forest
work in New Jersey and North Caro-
lina is under the direction of the State
Geological Surveys.

New York has a forest, fish, and game
commission, and also a state superin-
tendent of forests. North Dakota has
a ‘‘ state superintendent of forestry and
irrigation ;’’ Oregon, a ‘‘game and
forestry warden;’’ Pennsylvania, a de-
partment of forestry and a forest pre-
serve board; Wisconsin, a state forest
warden.

In West Virginia the Geologic and
Economic Survey is authorized to make
forest investigations, but has performed
no forest work, owing to lack of funds.

California, Colorado, and Ohio were
among the first states to appoint forest
commissions, but this work has been
abandoned in all three of these states,
as the legislatures have cut off appro-
priations. Some experimental work,
however, is being done in California,
under the direction of the University of
California.

5d
Death of Within the past few
Prominent months death has made
Foresters. gaps in the ranks of for-

esters which cannot be

readily filled. One after another, Har-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

tig, Fischbach, and Lorey, leaders in
forestry, whose works are standard the
world over, have passed away.

The name of Hartig has been long
and intimately associated with forestry.
The father and grandfather of the re-
cently deceased Robert Hartig were
leading spirits in the development of
forestry in their time, and their teach-
ings and writings have been the gospel
of several generations of foresters.
Few American foresters who have gone
abroad have failed to see and advise
with Dr. Robert Hartig. He was a
professor at the University of Munich
from 1878 to October 9, 1901, when he
died, at the age of 62.

Hardly any branch of forest science
remains untouched and unassisted by
Dr. Hartig. He was especially inter-
ested in the numerous questions of anat-
omy and physiology, and particularly
in forest pathology. His researches in
plant diseases brought him universal re-
nown. He is justly considered the
creator of forest pathology as we know
it to-day, and he remained to the end
the first authority on the subject. In
1882 the first edition of his famous
‘‘ Diseases of Forest Trees’’ appeared,
and each revision of it has brought up
to date all of our knowledge of the
diseases of arborescent plants.

Dr. Carl von Fischbach died in Sig-
maringen November 23, 1go1, at the age
of 81 years. He wasa practical forester
and was in charge of the district of Sig-
maringen, Province of Hohenzollern, at
the time of his death. As an author,
his reputation was extensive, especially
through his widely read popular ‘‘ Lehr-
buch der Forstwissenschaft.’’ By Dr.
von Fischbach’s decease foresters lose
one of the veterans of their profession.

Dr. Tuisko von Lorey died in Tubin-
gen December 27, 1901, aged 57 years.
He was a professor at the University of
Tubingen and, since 1878, editor of the
Allgemeine Forst-und Jagd Zeitung. His
great Handbuch der Forstwissenschaft,
edited in codperation with other scien-
tific workers in the field of forestry,
brought him a well-deserved reputation
at home and abroad. Lorey was also
successful as a practical forester, in
which capacity he worked 20 years in
Wurtemburg.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 151

HON. FRANCIS G. NEWLANDS.

Mr. Newlands has come to be regarded as the champion of national irrigation in the House
of Representatives. By his tireless activity and unremitting perseverance he has kept before
the attention of the Members of the House, and of the country at large, the importance of
national construction of large storage reservoirs, and of works for diverting rivers, the magni-
tude of which places them beyond the scope of private or even of state enterprise. He was
born at Natchez, Mississippi, August 28, 1848, and entered class of 1867 at Yale College, where
he remained until the middle of the Junior year. Later he studied at the Columbian Law
School and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar. Afterwards he removed to San Fran-
cisco, where he practiced law until 1886, when he became a trustee of the estate of William
Sharon, a former U. S. Senator from Nevada. In 1888 he became a citizen of the State of
Nevada, and was actively interested in irrigation development. He was elected to the Fifty-
third and subsequent Congresses, has served on the Committee on Banking and Currency and
the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and is now a member of the Ways and Means Committee
and the Committee on Irrigation. His most notable effort was the preparation of the so-called
Newlands bill, which was introduced into the Fifty-sixth Congress, and which in substance,
incorporated in the Hansbrough bill, passed the Senate during the Fifty-seventh Congress.
This bill is intended to create a fund for the reclamation of the arid lands, proceeds from the dis-
posal of the public land from the western states being set aside for this purpose. The bill is
now before the House of Representatives and has received the serious consideration of various
public men, including the President.

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152

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

IRRIGATION POSSIBILITIES OF THE LOWER COLO-
RADO RIVER.*

Peel... Jel PPIMeo ims,

U. S. Geological Survey.

N December 29, Ig01, a party con-
sisting of Jeremiah Ahern and the
writer, hydrographers; W. B. Clapp and
F. M. Barnes, field assistants, started
on a reconnaissance of the Lower Colo-
rado River between the Needles and
Yuma.

A boat was built 20 feet long, 5 feet
beam, drawing 8 inches of water, and
squarecutateachend. The boat might
be called a punt. It was, however,
rigged with a sail, which

of the river at Yuma is 107 feet ; it
therefore has a fall of 347 feet in an esti-
mated distance of 281 miles, or 1.22 feet
per mile. It was quickly recognized
that aneroid observations on a stream of
such light grade were of small value in
comparing relative heights.

The distance on a straight line from
Yuma to the Needles is 147 miles, one-
half that by river. ‘This increased river
distance is largely made up by the mean-

was found to be very serv- |
iceable on the trip, and

with two pairs of oars.
The prevailing direction
of the winds on this river
in the winter and fall is
down stream, while in the
summer it is up stream.
It is difficult to travel up
stream with a small boat,
owing to the swift cur-
rents. <A_ light-draught
boat, particularly in low
stages of the river, is es-
sential to the trip, as many
shoals and sand bars exist

inthechannel. The jour-
ney from Needles to Yuma
was made in eleven days,
or at an average rate of speed of a little
less than 27 miles a day. Traveling
could only be undertaken during the
daytime, and many intermediate stops
were made for the purpose of observa-
tions, hills and bluffs along the river
being climbed for this purpose. The
only instruments used on the trip were
four aneroids, field glasses, hand levels,
and hand compass. All distances and
areas given in this report were estimated.
The elevation at the Needles railroad
depot is 474 feet, the river opposite be-
ing probably 450 feet. The elevation

THE BOAT.

derings of the stream in the alluvial
valleys which prevail through a large
portion of its course; consequently di-
version canals having relatively straight
alignments would have an available fall
of about two feet to the mile.

There is a long river flat, generally
known as the Mojave Valley, averaging
three miles in width on the Arizona and
three-quarters of a mile on the California
side, containing 86,000 acres, beginning,
it is stated, ro miles above Ft. Mojave,
at a point known as the ‘‘ Bulls Head,”’
and extending to the Needles, a length of

* Extract from notes made during a reconnaissance of the Lower Colorado River from the

Needles to Yuma.

154

about 46 miles. This is good bottom land
and in large part above high water.

At the Needles the mountains rise to
several thousand feet on either side at
distances of 10 miles from the river,
offering no opportunities for extensive
diversions ‘The river at the Needles
bridge, at Mellin, Arizona, was exam-
ined fora gaging station. At its present
low-water stage the channels are irreg-
ular and diagonal. The bridge is 80
feet above the water and would make a
poor station. Two miles below the
bridge the river enters the Blue Canyon,
at which point it is contracted to a width
of 400 feet. If a dam too feet high
could be placed here it would flood the
large flat above the Needles. The Santa
Fe railroad crosses the river at Mellin
with an imposing cantilever bridge
80 feet above the surface of the stream.
Boats passing up and down the river
clear the bridge. A dam roo feet high
at Blue Canyon would raise the water
above the floor of the bridge ; the town
of Needles also would be inundated.
Spillway opportunities exist on the left
bank too feet above the present level of
the river. A great reservoir would be
created by the construction of such a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

dam. No surveys were made of this
site, but it is probable that a dam 100
feet high would give a reservoir capac-
ity of over 3,000,000. acre-feet. A dam
40 feet high would probably create a
reservoir some 20 miles long, flooding
45,000 acres of land and impounding
500,000 acre-feet of water. The flood
stages of the river coming in May and
June and filling this reservoir by the
first of July, the water would not neces-
sarily be retained therein over four
months, and the loss by evaporation
should not exceed four feet in depth.
When this 4o-foot reservoir became
filled with silt, by raising the height
of the dam ro feet, 500,000 acre-feet
additional capacity would be obtained.
By repeating this operation the reservoir
could be maintained for many years.
The gates of such a reservoir should be
kept open subsequent to October, when
it should have been emptied, and remain
open until June, so as to avoid silting
above the flow line in the reservoir and
permit of the scouring out of channel.
In view of the existence of several reser-
voir sites below and of the damage
which would occur from the construc-
tion of a dam at the Blue Canyon, it is

DAM SITE ON THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER TWO MILES BELOW NEEDLES BRIDGE.

1902.

believed that this valley near Needles
can more profitably be utilized by irri-
gation from diversion canals.

It is probable that the normal water
supply available from the Lower Colo-
rado River, reaching its periods of maxi-
mum annual discharge in June and July,
is more than sufficient to irrigate all
available agricultural lands, and conse-
que:tly reservoirs on this stream would
be superfluous except for the fact that
the impounding dams could be used for
the generation of water power which
would be of value in the valley of this
stream, deprived as it is of any cheap
fuel or motive power.

Below the Blue Canyon dam site for
15 miles the river is in canyon, passing
through first the Blue and second the
Red Canyons. Here the canyon ends
and opens into the Chemehuevas Valley,
which extends to within 15 miles of
Bill Williams Creek for a length of 20
miles. This valley is five miles wide and
would make a great reservoir site. No
opportunity is seen to present itself for
the extensive interior diversion above
this point, the grades of the valley being
very light and the sides rising rapidly
beyond the alluvial plain. The area of
Chemehuevas Valley is 65,000 acres.
The valley is occupied by a few families
of Chemehuevas Indians. ‘They raise
some stock, but no cultivated fields were
observed. Below the Chemehuevas
there is a narrow valley averaging a
mile in width and 17 milesin length and
ending at the junction of Bill Williams
Creek with the Colorado River. The
grade of the river through this narrow
valley is light. Bill Williams Creek
was flowing four second-feet of water on
January I, 1902.

The valley of this tributary near its
mouth is a mile wide and flat, as far as
could be observed with a hand level. It
would, of itself, be a reservoir site of
very respectable dimensions. One-half
mile below the mouth of this tributary
there is a dam site. The width of the
stream at the present water level is 410
feet. A dam 60 feet high would hold
back the water some 4o miles, with an
average width of 2% miles, covering
roo square miles of the Colorado Valley
proper.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

155

There are no cultivated lands or other
improvements in the basin of the reser-
voir site, except one five-stamp mill on
the right bank about 10 miles above the
dam site. The surrounding country
between the Needles and Yuma ap-
parently is mineralized, and many pros-
pects are being worked between these
points. The principal difficulty encoun-
tered is that of power for the operation
of the mills. ‘There are one or two
houses near the mouth of Bill Williams
Creek, aud at Empire Flat,. below the
dam site, there are some comfortable-
looking dwellings. The distance from
Bill Williams Creek to Empire Flat is
14 miles, and from Empire Flat to
Parker, the agency for the Colorado
Indian Reservation, it is 15 miles.

From Empire Flat to Parker the river
is in a narrow valley with little irrigable
land. ‘The Colorado Indian Reserva-
tion extends from Monument Peak to
Ehrenberg. The distance from the
agency at Parker to Ehrenberg is 59
miles. The bottom lands are almost
entirely on the Arizona side of the river,
and between Parker and Ehrenberg lie
mostly within the Indian Reservation.
There are said to be some 300 to 400
Indians located here, but no agricul-
tural developments of any magnitude
were noticed. A canal heads on the
river two miles above Parker, but its
present intake is too high to divert water
at the present low stage, and a subsid-
ary pumping plant lifts water into the
canal. A few feeble attempts at irriga-
tion were observed near the pumping
plant. A wagon road is now being con-
structed from the Needles to Parker,
the distance being 70 miles. Water
may be had at a half-way point.

To the west from Parker and on the
California side of the river there isa
pass that possibly might be reached
with a dam 1oo feet high at Bill Wil-
liams Creek, and acanal 50 miles long.
This, however, is extremely doubtful.
It was impossible to determine these
relative elevations without extended
surveys.

A prominent peak, known as River-
side Mountain, is 20 miles by river be-
low Parker and 12 miles in a straight
line. At a projecting point on the Ari-

156

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

ee

. Rr ania ig
Piotr ad oi:
tiff 1 am

SCENE IN THE VALLEY OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER.

zona side, 144 miles above Parker, and
favorable for a diversion, there is a
tunnel located so as to divert irrigation
water for the agency, as noted above.
On the right bank, at this diversion
point, the land is low for a quarter of a
mile, the distance not being definitely de-
termined. A wooden framework weir,
such as is used on Kern River, Cali-
fornia, lifting the low water 10 to 15
feet, would command a good tunnel-
diversion site, and such a canal would
cover the entire flat between Parker and
Ehrenberg.

Twenty-seven miles below Riverside
Mountain, on the right bank, there is a
point of black rocks where the valley,
on the Arizona side, is four miles wide.
Below the sides of the valley recede on
the California side, offering a good site
for a diversion headworks, though the
bottoms on the left bank are low and
wide. Below, on the Arizona side, the
valley continues 12 miles wide toa place
where the low gravel mesa-like hills ap-
proach to the river above Ehrenberg.
This valley, between Parker and EKhren-
berg, is 45 miles long and 6 miles wide
in Arizona, containing 270 square miles,
or 170,000 acres, all of which could be
put under an irrigation canal, diverting
water from above Parker, as noted above.

There is enough more bottom land in
California in the reservation to bring
the total area of bottom land to 200,000
acres. ‘The valley on the California
side, beginning at the point of black
rocks 12 miles north of Ehrenberg,
quickly attains a width of five miles,
and at Ehrenberg is from Io to 12 miles
broad. ‘The Blythe estate has obtained
title to 42,000 acres of the north end of
this California valley, and is using it
for astock ranch. Surveys are now be-
ing made for the reclamation of some
of this land.

This great valley, called by. Lieu-
tenant Ives the ‘‘ Great Colorado Val-
ley,’’ is undeveloped and is little used,
even forstock-raising. Ehrenberg, con-
taining half a dozen adobe houses, is
the only settlement between the Needles
and Picacho, a distance of 241 miles by
river. Six miles south of Ehrenberg,
where a gravel hill 200 feet high pro-
jects into the left bank of the river, ob-
servations were made and a number of
photographs taken.

The valley on the California side is
10 miles wide and extends from the
point of black rocks 12 miles above
Ehrenberg to the south as far as the
big bend “of ‘the river. near Picacho,
California. On the Arizona side, below -

1992.

the point of observation noted above,
the valley again opens and maintains a
width of two miles as far as could be ob-
served to the south, but looks quite
low.

The reconnaissance was continued on
down the river to Picacho, no points
offering opportunity for extensive inte-
rior diversions being noted until the
river finally leaves the last of its moun-
tain canyons some 10 or 15 miles below
the town. About 20 miles above Pi-
eacho the river encroaches on some
bold rocky bluffs on the right bank, but
the bottoms are about a mile wide on
the left side. The river here starts its
big bend to the east. These are the
first rocky banks encountered below
Ehrenberg. If any long tunnel diver-
sion from the river is to be made to-
wards the Salton Sea country in Cali-
fornia, it probably could best be done
here, but from the data now available
this is not believed to be feasible, as it
probably would require a tunnel of fully
20 miles in length. One mile below
the above-described rocky cliffs, at a
place indicated as Norton, Arizona, on
the land-office map, the river runs be-
tween porphyry hills. The rocks come
down to the water’s edge on the east
side of the river, but the distance be-
tween the walls is fully 1,800 feet.
Spillways on the side are available.
Diversion lines on either side of the
canyon would be quite expensive and
difficult, and the site does not seem
suitable for a cheap dam.

Two and a half miles below Picacho
the river again passes through cliffs of
porphyry. The distance between the
walls at the water level is approximately
700 feet. Spillway opportunities exist
on the California side. This is the last
canyon on the Colorado River. Itisa
dam site of considerable merit and prob-
ably the most available for extended
diversions of the lower river to the east
and west of Yuma. It is the best initial
point for surveys to determine irrigable
areas.

It is believed that the water supply
of the Lower Colorado River is normally
greater than would be sufficient to cover
all areas irrigable therefrom.

Twenty miles above Yuma, on the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

157

Arizona side, is a valley of about five
square miles. ‘These small valleys con-
tinue intermittently until the valley of
the Gila is reached, a few miles above
Yuma, on the Arizona side, and the
lands of the Yuma Indian Reservation
are encountered on the California side.
A point known as the ‘‘ Pot Holes,’’
about 14 miles above Yuma, which fre-
quently has been referred to by others
as a suitable diversion point, consists of
low granitic mountains on the right
bank and of some low buttes on the left.
The distance between these rocky walls
is at least 6,000 feet, and the river is
now well within the center of this open-
ing, though old channels indicate that
at a recent period the river was ciose to
the California side. The situation does
not seem well suited for diversion pur-
poses. Below the ‘‘ Pot Holes’’ broad
river bottoms open out on either side
and contain probably 60,000 to 80,000
acres, above Yuma, of high-grade lands.

The bottom lands described in this
report are covered with a dense growth
of Willows, Cottonwood, Mesquite, and
smaller brush down to the water’s edge,
the same being so dense as to make it
difficult to find camping places. Back
a mile or so from the river the brush is
less thick, but a small shrub, known as
Arrowroot, there takes its place. The
mesas and the mountains back from the
bottoms are almost entirely bare either
of brush or grass.

The soils in the bottoms are generally
good, consisting of fine river silts con-
taining a low per cent of alkali in the
form of lime compounds.

The river meanders through these
bottoms, frequently changing its chan-
nels and cutting down and building up
the flats. Within half a mile of the
river they seem to be subject to over-
flow at the annual high stages of the
stream. It probably would be possible
to plant crops which could be harvested
before the high stage of the river, and
other crops after its recession. Prob-
ably these overflow conditions would
result in advantage rather than disad-
vantage to cultivated fields, as a new
layer of soil would be deposited with
each high water. The greater portion
of these bottom lands nearer to the foot-

158

hills would not be subject to overflow
or encroachment, but those portions near
the river, if farmed, would have to be
protected, as in the case of the Missouri
and Mississippi bottoms. This, how-
ever, would only be necessary after the
outlying lands have become utilized,
and as further experience with the river
has developed its characteristics and the
necessities in the situation.

The river water is always muddy, the
percentage of silt being much greater
in the high spring and early summer
stages of thestream. Mr. H. Hawgood,
a civil engineer of Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, has reached the conclusion that
the Colorado River carries enough silt
per annum to cover 100 square miles
61% feet deep. He determines this both
by laboratory tests and by a long series
of records kept in the settling basins of
the pumping station at Yuma.

The water is not of avery high grade
for domestic and irrigation purposes,
but it cannot be said to be a bad water,
and is of a higher grade than the water
of the Gila or the Salt Rivers. The hand-
ling of the silt in the canals is probably
the most serious problem in connection
with the irrigation from this stream.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

It is believed, however, that if the water
is conducted in the canals at as high or
higher velocities than it is in the river
at the point of diversion that this diff-
culty might be avoided.

Temperatures are high in summer,
frequently 10° )to.#2or halibut
probably they are no more severe than
those at Phoenix or Yuma, Arizona. It
is believed that the summer heat of the
Colorado Valley is no more oppressive
than that of the great central valley of
California, as at Bakersfield, Fresno, or
Red Bluff,or in the southeastern portions
of the United States. Palm trees were
observed growing at Parker, Arizona,
and the winter climate can be described
as semi-tropic. The growing season
would extend practically throughout
the year, and it would be possible to
cut from 6 to8 crops of alfalfa annually.
During the expedition in January, 1902,
the weather was perfect for camping
without tents.

The Colorado River, draining 225,049
square miles, and receiving.its principal
water supply from Colorado and the
high mountains of Utah and Wyoming
from the melting snows, attains its
maximum annual flood stage, about

VEGETATION ALONG THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER.

1902.

2,500,000 miner’s inches, during the
month of June. The river gradually
decreases in volume through the late
summer and fall, reaching its lowest
stage, about 200,000 miner’s inches, at
midwinter, during the cold weather
period of the high mountains.

This water supply is particularly
adapted to the demands of irrigation, as
the period of greatest supply is coinci-
dent with that of greatest demand, and,
conversely, the low stages of the river
are during the season of the year when
plant life is least vigorous and the de-
mands of irrigation are not so great.
The river probably can furnish an
abundant supply of water to fully irri-
gate 3,000,000 acres of land, which is
probably a greater area than can ever
be commanded in the United States by
canals from this stream.

The boat used on this expedition,
drawing eight inches of water, grounded
on sand bars on every day of the trip.
A stern-wheel iron steamer, drawing
12 inches of water, five days out from
the Needles, was passed 10 miles south
of thetown. Theriver (January, 1902)
was unusually low and the conditions
unfavorable for navigation. However,
when high stages occur, the velocities of
the water increase to six miles an hour,
and are difficult to overcome in going
upstream. Two steamers ply on the
river from Needles to the Virgin River,
the Montezuma, and the Gila. Steamers
have been running on the river since
1852, and most of the heavy transporta-
tion to the mines isdone by them. They
would probably be abandoned as soon as
railroads entered into competition with

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

159

them. The uses of the river for naviga-
tion would be small compared to the
benefits derived from its application for
irrigation.

Inconclusion, it may be stated: First,
that fully 500,000 acres of river bottom
lands between Needles and Yuma are
easily irrigable from the Colorado River;
second, that quite possibly extensive in-
terior diversions could be made for the
reclamation of larger areas of arid lands
near Yuma; third, that reservoir sites
exist at the Needles, above Bill Williams
Creek and above the Picacho dam site;
fourth, that reservoirs for impounding
flood waters for irrigation probably are
unnecessary on the stream; this to be
determined by further study of the water
supply and of the areas of irrigable
lands ; fifth, owing to the low grade of
the stream and the high percentage of
silt carried by the water, diversion weirs
probably will be necessary to raise the
water level at the head of the canal and
to act as settling basinstherefor; sixth,
that the mining resources of the border-
ing mountain ranges are of such char-
acter as to justify the belief that a
general popuiation and development of
the country will result in an extended
mining industry in this great interior
valley; seventh, that the problem of the
most extensive and economic use of this
river is entirely too vast to be grasped,
either by a reconnaissance survey or
even by numerous independent line sur-
veys, and that the only possible or prac-
ticable way of solving the problem is by
the aid of a series of topographic maps
extending from the Mexican border up
to Ft. Mojave.

FROST CHECKS AND WIND SHAKES.

By EUGENE S. BRUCE,

Bureau of Forestry.

HE relation between frost checks

and so-called wind shakes in tim-

ber is not generally understood by many
people who are greatly interested in both
treesand timber. My attention was first
called forcibly to this subject by noticing
the marked difference in sound between

the clear and sharp crack of the trees
when frost was going into the timber,
after a spell of warm weather, and the
rather dull, muffled, and confined chug,
when the frost was leaving them, and
the temperature was rising rapidly.
For a number of years it was neces-

160

sary for me, in attending to the details
of the lumbering business in which I was
engaged, to travel through the Adiron-
dack forests a great deal of the time,
more especially in winter, and I have
often been startled by the sharp, whip-
like crack of a tree within a few feet of
me.

Actuated by a desire to know just
what caused the marked difference in
sound when frost was going in or com-
ing out of the tree, and what effect the
sudden changes had on the timber, I
have for a number of years been study-

FIG. I.—SHOWS EFFECT OF A CONTRACTION
FROST CHECK UPON SPRUCE.

ing this subject in different localities
and at different elevations. Asa result
I have come to the conclusion that the
greater part of the so-called wind shake
in timber is in reality primarily caused
by frost checks.

The so-called wind shake is much less
noticeable in warm climates, there be-
ing but a small amount when compared
with those localities where the timber
is subject to sudden extremes of heat
and cold. Neither are frost checks

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

or wind shakes as plentiful, nor their
effect on timber as damaging, in the
country farther north, where it is at
times extremely cold, but where the
changes from one extreme of temper-
ature to the other are more gradual, as
they are in these degrees of latitude
where there are lesser extremes of heat
or cold, but with much more rapid tran-
sitions from one extreme to the other.
These facts are a very strong argument
in favor of the theory that the wind
shake is primarily a result of frost.

Checks caused by the frost when go-
ing into a tree have almost invariably
been found to extend in a perpendicular
direction up and down the trunk, in-
variably following the grain of the wood
as it would split with an axe. In look-
ing for the reason for this, it becomes
apparent that these checks in the wood
are caused by the sudden contraction
of the outside of the tree, brought about
by intense cold.

The long, straight gum seams, es-
pecially noticeable in spruce timber,
often found above the middle height of
the tree, are almost invariably caused
by contraction (Fig. 1). Such checks
once opened, are afterward kept from
closing and becoming solidified by the
action of the wind on the top, in work-
ing the tree to and fro; also by ex-
tremes of high and low temperatures
quickly following each other.

In succeeding changes from a high
temperature, the check being the weak-
est point in the tree trunk’s surface, is
the first to give way under the influence
of contraction. From the check thus
made gum exudes and is pressed out
to the surface of the tree by the con-
traction and expansion, or opening and
closing of the seams. This gum forms
along the seams in globules or lumps,
which are hardened by exposure.

The action of frost when going in and
out is almost exactly opposite in its
effect on trees. When frost is going
into a tree the outside rim or surface
commences to contract, and if there isa
sudden change from a high temperature
to an extremely low one, the outside
layer contracts more rapidly than the
inside layers of timber for the reason
that the outside is directly exposed to

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

16!

FIG. 2.—SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE EFFECT OF A CONTRACTION FROST CHECK.

the intense cold. The timber inside, of
course, contracts also just as it receives
the effect of the cold. Being protected
by the outside layer, it contracts much
less rapidly.

The results of this more rapid con-
traction of the outer layers of the tree
are in a general sense the same as when
a machinist or blacksmith attempts to
shrink a heated iron band upon a cold,
solid shaft. If the band is large enough
to go on easily when heated, it will con-
tract when cold so as to become prac-
tically a part of the shaft; but if the
band is tight when placed on the shaft,
the solid shaft being too strong to allow
the band to shrink or contract beyond a
certain degree, the result is that the band
is rent in twain by its own force of con-
traction.

This well-known principle in physics
applies to the shrinking of wood under
the influence of frost, for as the outside
layer of the tree becomes more and more

contracted by the influence of intense
cold, it closes more closely on the warmer
wood inside, and as that portion of the
timber is being contracted much more
slowly, it offers more and more resist-
ance to the sudden and rapid contraction
of the outside rim. ‘The result can
easily be foreseen: the timber outside
being unable to withstand the strain,
splits or checks with a crack like a
pistol shot for a distance up and down
the tree sufficient to relieve this strain
(Fig. 2). Some checks extend the whole
leneth: of a tree.+/) Suchmchecks- very
rarely solidify or grow together again,
but are kept open by the action of the
wind and the effect of repeated expan-
sion and contraction caused by extremes
of temperature.

As stated above, the effect of the sud-
den expansion of a tree caused by a
rapid change from a low temperature to
a higher is exactly the opposite from the
contraction, but with no less serious

FIG. 4.—SECTIONAL VIEW OF AN EXPANSION FROST CHECK OPENED TO THE SURFACE BY A
SUCCEEDING CONTRACTION CHECK.

1902.

damage to the value of the timber in the
tree. When frost is leaving a tree on
account of rapidly rising temperature,
the outside layer is again the first to re-
ceive the effects of the sudden change,
and first commences to relax its contrac-
tion and expand under the influence of
the rising temperature. If the change
from a low temperature to a higher one
is very sudden, the outside rim expands
so much more rapidly than the inside
growth of timber that the sudden ex-
pansion causes the outer layer to break
or tear away from the colder and more
slowly expanding layers of wood inside.
The report of the check or separation
gives out a muffled or deadened sound,
instead of the clear-cut, whip-like crack
of the contraction check.

Frost checks of this description occur
chiefly in the trunks of trees, in that
portion near the roots where they are
least protected by foliage or branches
from the action of the sun. Frost
checks from expansion are most fre-
quently found on the south side of trees
where they receive the unobstructed
rays of the sun, after having been sub-
jected to a very low temperature fora
sufficient length of time to contract
them to their smallest diameter.

Expansion checks nearly always ex-
tend in a circular direction, following
and opening up along the annular rings.
They often connect with some contrac-
tion, since an open check caused by
contraction is naturally the weakest
portion of the tree from whicha circular
or ring check could start, and the timber
would give way there first.

Expansion checks do not necessarily
show on the surface of a tree, however,
as I have found at different times by
examining a tree after hearing it emit a
muffled snap when the frost was leaving
the timber. Not being able to find any
perceptible check showing on the sur-
face, I have had the tree cut for the
purpose of ascertaining the effect on the
timber, and in such instances have
found an open ring check extending in
a semicircle around the tree with no
opening to the surface of the tree, as
shown in Fig. 3. Such checks, how-
ever, are usually split open to the out-
side surface of the tree by the next

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 163

sudden contraction, as, on account of
this ring checking, that portion of the
tree is weakened and thus becomes the
more susceptible to the strain of con-
traction (Fig. 4).

The movement of the tree, caused by
the action of the wind and repeated
contraction and expansion afterward,
keeps these checks opening and closing,
and causes the inner portion of the tree,
where the checks exist, to become ex-

BiG? 15. —— TH HEE ECH = Oh As CONTRACTION
FROST CHECK UPON BIRCH.

posed to the air and the action of the
elements. As a natural result, decay
sets in, after which there is no possi-
bility of those affected portions of the
checks ever growing together solidly.
It is in this manner that much of the
so-called wind shake and ring rot is
started. These phenomena are partic-
ularly noticeable in coniferous species,
which are the ones chiefly affected by
frost check, as all people experienced in
cutting timber are aware. Frost checks
are noticeable in the broad-leaf trees,

164

but in a less degree thanin the conifers.
The general effect of frost is the same in
both classes of timber (Fig. 5). The
more difficult the timber is to split, the
less likely it is to be affected by the
frost, either by expansion or contrac-
tion.

It is noticeable that frost checks from
expansion are most frequent in the tim-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

ber standing on the south side of hills
or mountains. Trees standing on the
north side of hills and mountains are
found to be much less affected by ex-
pansion or ring checks, on account of
being protected by the intervening ele-
vations from receiving the direct warm-
ing influence of the sun, consequently
expanding more gradually.

PROPOSED NATIONAL LEGISLATION.

EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT OF THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION ON
IRRIGATION.

WHY NATIONAL AID IS ASKED.

ATIONAL aid is not asked to se-
cure the beginning of the work of
irrigation nor to take up an experiment.
Many millions have already been spent
by private enterprise. ‘The main object
of national assistance is to make it possi-
ble for the people of the country to con-
tinue to secure homes upon the public
domain through the ability to obtain
water, to be brought ultimately to the
land by ditches or conduits built by
themselves. It is asked for the same
reason that the settlers called upon the
government to protect them from the
Indians ; that works are built to prevent
overflows of great rivers, and navigation
aided by establishing light-houses, and
sometimes rendered possible by dredging
a bar across the entrance to a harbor.
As before stated, none of these pay, in
the sense of a commercial undertaking,
but the government and the people as a
whole secure a larger share of pros-
perity through thus making possible in-
creased opportunities for commerce and
industry.

The national government has already
begun in part the work of reclamation
by setting aside the summits of the
mountains from which issue the rivers
most important in irrigation, and creat-
ing these into forest reserves for the
beneficial influence exercised upon the
stream flow. It is necessary to go still
further, and within these forest reserves

to build reservoirs, saving the floods and
regulating the flow of the streams.
These should never fall into private or
speculative control, but should be ad-
ministered for the benefit of various
communities, situated often in different
states.

NATIONAL CONTROL PREFERABLE.

There is no doubt that any extensive
plan for the reclamation of arid lands
can be carried on to much better advan-
tage by the general government than by
the states which have such lands within
their borders. Where the lands have
been granted to the states they have
been improvidently disposed of, and
private individuals have ultimately ac-
quired ownership of large tracts, as
many as 14,000 acres in one instance.
In every case where work of reclamation
was a national enterprise 1t was a suc-
cess, and only when relegated to the
state has it proved a failure. The na-
tional government, the original owner of
the land and still the possessor of the
greater part of it, alone has the right
and the ability to conserve the waters
for the best interests of the several states
and communities.

In California 43 per cent of the land
belongs to the United States or is re-
served and not subject to taxation; in
Colorado, 60 per cent; in Idaho, 83 per
cent; in Montana, 82 per cent) ag
Nevada, 88 per cent; in Utah, 83 per

1902.

cent, andin Wyoming, 81 percent. ‘The
people of the United States own from
three-fourths to nine-tenths of all the
land in the far West. They have as
owners rights in the states there which
the states themselves do not possess.
The states sometimes have the taxing
power over only small fractions of their
area. The people of the United States
are supreme in their control, and in all
patents for lands taken up under any of
the land laws of the United States after
1890 a reservation is made for a right
of way thereon for ditches or canals
constructed by authority of the United
States.

This policy of national control has
been recognized in foreign countries.
From time immemorial Egypt has main-
tained her entire population on lands
that Egypt reclaimed as a national en-
terprise, and by so doing in ages past
gained the title of ‘‘the granary of the
world.’’ In India 26,000,000 acres of
land have been reclaimed by the gov-
ernment as a national project.

Having decided that the policy of
government aid may be safely begun,
the laws enacted should be framed to
prevent miscarriage. The money of the
people should be spent for the develop-
ment of future homes, and not to foster
or protect land monopoly, and appro-
priations so safeguarded as to secure
this result.

Private proprietorship of water should
never be recognized, because ownership
thereof virtually carries with it control
of the land; but the rights of each per-
son who can put a certain amount to use
should be clearly defined and guarded
in the order of priority, beneficial use
alone being the measure and the limit
of the right.

The primary object in asking that
action be taken by the federal govern-
ment is that land monopoly may be pre-
vented. By limiting holdings to 80
acres each as a maximum, it will be
extremely difficult to create a monopoly
of ownership.

The requirement of actual settlement
and cultivation, coupled with payment
of the cost of storing water, will also
eliminate the speculative element and
reserve the lands for dona fide settlers.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

165

RIPARIAN RIGHTS.

The laws and customs governing ri-
parian rights in the humid and semi-
humid portions of the country have been
modified or made of no effect in most of
the states and territories lying within
the arid region. It is there recognized
that water is part of a common stock
necessary for life and industry, to be
drawn upon by all in accordance with
certain orderly procedure. Most of the
arid-land states have, therefore, in their
constitutions, abrogated the old doctrine
of riparian rights; so that it is no lon-
ger the law in those states that a stream
shall flow ‘‘ undiminished in quantity
and undefiled in quality’’ past a man’s
land. It can all be appropriated and
diverted, and he may be left nothing but
the channel. ‘That provision of the
state constitutions has been upheld by
the state courcs and by the Supreme
Court of the United States.

The laws in the different states of the
arid region differ widely, but there are
certain underlying principles which are
being established by court decisions,
and through these many of the compli-
cations are being satisfactorily solved.
The conditions which arise where a
stream crosses state lines are, however,
beyond the control of local legislatures
and must come within the cognizance
of Congress.

In Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho,
and Montana the waters of streams are
under public control, more or less strict,
and there is also a practical uniformity
in irrigation methods and similarity in
the general character of the water
supply, climate, and soil. ‘This terri-
tory also includes some of the states
which have by constitution and statute
abrogated the common-law doctrine of
riparian rights.

DIFFICULTIES AND COMPLICATIONS.

The question of national aid in irri-
gation has brought up certain inquiries
regarding relations between the indi-
viduals who own water rights, the state
which has a certain control over these,
and the nation—the great land-owner
and source of titles to the land and of

166

rights to the water. The matter at first
sight presents numerous complications,
but underlying it are fundamental prin-
ciples which are being developed by
custom and sustained by decisions of
the courts.

Private enterprise has already gone
nearly toits full limit. State action has
been confined almost wholly to attempted
improvements in legislation and the
control of the distribution of the water
among the irrigators. National works
are being urged by those who have most
thoroughly studied the subject, upon
the ground that the nation alone is in
a position to conserve the water supply,
since it controls the land and the sources
of most of the important streams. It
is not suggested that there should be
any interference with vested rights, nor
with the distribution of water to the
irrigators by state officials, wherever
such exist. Under any suggested combi-
nation of interests in reclamation, the
nation must construct the reservoirs,
the large tunnels, and diversion works
from great rivers, the experimental deep
or artesian wells, which demonstrate the
existence of underground supplies in
desert areas, and other works the mag-
nitude of which entails cost too great
for private enterprise or too far-reach-
ing for state action. In harmony with
this general development, and within
its own borders, each state can supple-
ment the national work, as far as this
may be of local concern, and regulate
all matters such as the adjustment of

disputes among irrigators and the har- .

monizing of conflicting local interests.

There has been a tendency, also, to
magnify the difficulties and complica-
tions and the large expenditures which
ultimately may result from national
reclamation works, but it is neither
necessary nor desirable to attempt to
foreshadow them. ‘The magnitude of
the work to be done is doubtless fully
realized by the Congress. The hydrog-
rapher of the United States Geological
Survey suggests an expenditure of
$125,000,000, spread over a period of
twenty-five years. Another estimate is
for $10,000,000 a year for ten years. In
any event the ultimate amount needed,
while not prohibitive, will be large

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

enough to demand the utmost caution
and wisdom in the provisions made for
beginning and continuing work, so that
the good to be returned to the people at
large shall amply repay and justify
even the largest amount of expense
probable or necessary for the successful
completion of the great undertaking.
Whatever the ultimate expenditure for
reservoirs and main-line canals, the
return in money and indirect benefits
will be still greater. Congress need
not now consider remote expenditures
and returns, but certain present concrete
matters on a business basis.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIONS.

There can be no possibility of con-
flict between the state and national
authorities over water rights when once
it is clearly established that beneficial
use alone governs the right to water.
Those now thus employing the water
are doing so under the law of Congress
of 1866, and their rights are and will be
fully protected. ‘The states, in some
instances, have created certain machin-
ery for adjusting disputes among these
users of the water, such disputes as
must always arise when men are draw-
ing from a common stock; but the pur-
pose of no state can be otherwise than
to guard the waters and divide them
justly among the various claimants.

The nation is the great land-owner
and holds the water as part and parcel
of the public land, allowing those per-
sons who have put it to beneficial use
to do so under set regulations, mainly
of the nature of police control. It is
not believed that the nation has divested
itself of the unutilized waters of the
public domain. If this were the case,
the lands would be deprived of value
and the government would be more
helpless than an individual owning an
equivalent area. It is not necessary for
any state to divest itself of its police
powers nor of its authority to adjust
difficulties among its citizens as to water
rights, nor is it necessary for the gov-
ernment to create additional machinery
anda new set of officers to perform duties
now undertaken, theoretically at least,
by state officials.

1902.

While uniformity of practice regard-
ing distribution of water might be de-
sirable, yet throughout the arid region
it is not an essential, since local condi-
tions are so different. For example,
methods and machinery may be used in
Arizona to maintain a reservoir and
divide its waters entirely different from
those used in Montana, and yet the re-
sults for the people of both states be
equally satisfactory. Certain general
principles being assured, there is no
reason why the laws and regulations of
Arizona should be identical with those
of some northern state.

To all these doubts and difficulties
and fears of trouble and complications
the same reasoning may be applied.
From the best knowledge obtainable, it
would seem to be neither feasible nor
advisable to attempt in advance to bring
about ideal conditions. If, as proposed
in the legislation under consideration,
the Congress adopts the proviso that
right to the use of water acquired shall
be perpetually appurtenant to the land,
and that beneficial use shall be the basis,
measure, and the limit of the right, and,
further, that the distribution shall be in
accordance with local laws and customs,
the anticipated complications will grad-
ually adjust themselves.

PRELIMINARY WORK ALREADY, DONE.

All intelligent legislation is best pro-
moted when based upon full knowledge,
and an enterprise so vast in its ultimate
magnitude should be undertaken only
after thorough study of present condi-
tions and future needs. The actual
work of construction of reclamation
projects should be entered upon only
after a full knowledge has been gained
of the cost and benefits of each, and
every individual scheme should be con-
sidered solely upon its own merits and
its relation to the full, ultimate devel-
opment of the country.

DEFINITE PROJECTS READY FOR
ACTION.

Certain definite, well-matured proj-
ects, with their costs and benefits, have
been fully considered. If these are

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

for reclamation thereof ;

167

proper, they should be built, and when
other projects are known to be feasible,
they, too, should be weighed carefully
and decided upon the merits of each
case ‘The next Congress and the next
generation of legislators and engineers
will probably be as wise as the present,
and can manage with equal ability.
Out of the large number of projects ex-
amined, which undoubtedly should be
built by public funds—surveys, plans,
and estimates therefor having been pre-
pared—may be mentioned the follow-
ing: The San Carlos storage reservoir
in Arizona, reclaiming 100,000 acres or
more of public land at an estimated cost
of $1,040,000; the construction of res-
ervoirs in the Sierra Nevada in Califor-
nia for reclaiming desert lands in Ne-
vada; the diversion of St. Mary River
into the headwaters of Milk River, in
Montana.

Of one of these the Secretary of the
Interior, in his latest annual report,
says:

‘“If it should be determined that the
San Carlos dam, for example, is to be
built by the government, every acre of
vacant land to be supplied with water
would be immediately taken in small
tracts by men who would not only cul-
tivate the ground when water is had,
but in the meantime would be available
as laborers in the construction of the
works, and would ultimately refund to
the government the cost of the under-
taking.”’

RECOMMENDATIONS OF COMMISSION.

We recommend that the Congress
enact laws:

1. To provide for national control of
sources of water supply upon which
two or more states may depend for irri-
gation.

2. To provide for further comprehen-
sive surveys of the arid lands of the
United States, and for an immediate
estimate of the water supply available
for the con-
struction of storage reservoirs and irri-

gation works by which to utilize the

water supply of the arid regions to the
greatest possible extent; to reclaim said
arid lands of the United States, reserv-

168

ing control of the distribution of water
for irrigation to the respective states
and territories, and the holding of such
lands for actual settlers under home-
stead entry.

3. To provide for beginning the con-
struction of one or more large reservoirs
or diversion works where the results of
surveys and examination have shown
that vacant public lands can be re-

TEACHING FORESTRY

BY one

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April

claimed, such land, at the conclusion of
the work, being thrown open to home-
stead entry only, with the condition at-
tached of actual settlement and cultiva-
tion of the ground, final title to pass
only when the government has been
reimbursed by small annual payments,
if necessary, for an amount equivalent
to the cost per acre of conserving the
water.

AT BHRES COMREPGH.

MASoNn,

Professor of Horticulture and Forestry.

EREA’ COULEGE1s" located in
B south central Kentucky, just out-
side of the famous blue-grass region
and at the beginning of the picturesque
foot-hills or knob country which intro-
duces the mountains proper. It is a

tegion of great variety in rock forma-

PINUS
YEARS OLD, NATURAL REGENERATION,
BEREA COLLEGE FOREST PRESERVE.

ECHINATA AND PINUS VIRGINIANA, 42

tions, soils, and exposures, and origi-
nally was clothed with a mixed hard-
wood and coniferous forest growth
scarcely surpassed for variety of species
and quality of timber in any part of the
South.

While the forests convenient to ship-
ping points have been severely cut into
and the most of the ‘‘ Poplar’’ or Ljirio-
dendron within reach of streams has
been run out, much of the heavier tim-
ber of excellent quality still remains
standing only a few miles back, and
almost all kinds of forest operations
connected with the utilization of timber
may still be found in active progress.

Such conditions make it possible for
the Forest Department at Berea College
to combine class-room instruction with
field observation and practice within
daily reach of the student. For the
furtherance of this end, as well as to
secure an assured timber supply for col-
lege use in the future, a tract of over a
thousand acres of mountain land has
been purchased. The most of this land
has been lumbered over, though now
well stocked with young growth, while
portions still contain old oak and pine
of the first quality.

This tract is being added to from time
to time as the means can be secured,
for it is believed that at the present low
prices of this class of land such endow-
ment will, in future years, provea sound
investment, financially as well as edu-
cationally. Just here it should be said

1902.

FORESTRY AND

IRRIGATION.

169

RAFTS OF YELLOW POPLAR.

that Berea is indebted chiefly to a num-
ber of generous women, and to one in
particular, for the means to purchase
this little demonstration forest and to
preserve the beauty of a very pictur-
esque tract of country.

The college does not at present main-
tain a distinct school of forestry, but
only a department, offering, first, three
terms’ work in the college course ;
second, a term’s elementary work in
the ‘‘Applied Science’’ course in agri-

culture; third, a winter course of fa-
miliar talks or lectures to the prepara-
tory students. ‘

In the college work, Course 1, Den-
drology is given in the fall term and a
study is made of the most important
American forest trees in their botanical
classification, soil preference, geograph-
ical distribution, and economic impor-
tance. The occurrence of over forty
native species of trees upon the college
campus and farm, and as many more

VIEW IN BEREA COLLEGE FOREST PRESERVE.

170

within collecting distance, enables the °

‘student to lay down a foundation of
tree knowledge which must be the basis
of intelligent forestry. To the student
who does not expect to follow forestry
as a profession, such study will afford
an ever-fertile source of recreation and
pleasure in after life ; and the more en-
lightened and enthusiastic tree lovers
our American people become, the better
the prospect for wise legislation on
forest matters.

Course 2 takes up the subject of forest
influences on climate, soil formation,
stream flow, stem analysis, forest men-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

cultural course is designed to give the
young farmer the elementary ideas of
the value of forests to the community,
their protection and care, and how to
make the most of the timber tract or
woodlot that may come under his man-
agement. This short agricultural course
also comprises, besides the more strictly
agricultural branches, two terms of
botany, three of horticulture, including
practical nursery work, a term in soils
and crops, and one in farm mechanics,
which includes practical road making,
land drainage, and land measurenient.
The student also receives a fair training

in English, algebra, drawing,

VIEW IN PINE AND WHITE OAK “‘ FLAT WOODS”’ AFTER
LUMBERING.

suration, and forest finance, followed
by a study of some of the local forest
products, as stave and spoke stock,
railroad ties, or shingles. Careful data
is gathered as to the age and quality
of timber demanded for the products,
yield, and methods of exploiting.

Course 3 takes up silviculture and
forest management, making a special
study of the conditions under which
natural regeneration of the native species
takes place. The local forests and old
field growths afford many fine examples
for this line of study.

The single term of work in the agri-

book-keeping, and elementary
physics and zoology.

If we now add to this the
year’s work in advanced for-
estry above outlined, we shall
have an excellent preparation
for the work of a ranger or for-
est overseer. "There are many
young men in the country, and
especially in the section from
which Berea students are
drawn, who are well trained in
logging and lumbering opera-
tions, familiar from boyhood
with the qualities of timber,
and who with such a course of
study would makeadmirable re-
cruits to the ranks of this most
useful class of forest workers.
Several have already entered
upon this line of work, and I
am convinced that as soon as
the demand for such service, at
a fair salary, becomes assured,
there will be numbers ready to
enroll in the work.

While we have two great universities
and a number of other schools in the
country ready to give a greater or less
amount of technical training in forestry,
I am not aware of any institution be-
sides Berea that also undertakes to pro-
vide for the training of the ranger.

This sketch should not close without
a word about the lectures in the prepar-
atory school. ‘The pupils here, though
in grammar-school studies, are often
grown men and women, and many of
them do not follow the course beyond
these grades, when they will make for
themselves homes in the mountain coun-

1902.

ties, where the forest products have in
the past far outweighed in value the ag-
ricultural. Here the word ‘“‘ forestry ’’
has seldom been heard, except through
Berea’s teachings, and the waste by fire
and axe is as deplorable as anywhere in
our land. These young people will
carry into hundreds of neighborhoods
the ideas gathered from each winter’s
course of lectures. Their note books,
some of them very ingeniously illus-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

nya

trated, are read over and discussed by
the family and neighbors around many
a mountain fireside.

The ‘‘ Primer of Forestry ’’ and other
bulletins on forestry are read, and a
foundation of public sentiment estab-
lished which the coming years will show
to be far reaching in its effects. Berea
can modestly boast of teaching the ele-
ments of forestry to more people than
any other institution in the country.

’

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS.

MONTH OF MARCH,

March 3.

Mr. Spooner, in the Senate, presented
a memorial of the Board of Trade of La
Crosse, Wis., remonstrating against the
proposed opening to settlement of the
Leach Lake Chippewa Reservation, in
the State of Minnesota; which was re-
ferred to the Committee on Indian
Affairs.

A message to the House from the
Senate announced that an act (S. 3057)
appropriating the receipts from the sale
and disposal of public lands in certain
states and territories to the construc-
tion of irrigation works for the reclama-
tion of arid lands had passed.

Mr. Powers, of Maine, introduced a
init CE Resa 1907) granting? tol the
Hawaii Dutch Company, Limited, the
right of way over public lands in the
districts of North and South Kohala,
in the Island of Hawaii, for the purpose
of constructing and maintaining ditches
or canals and the necessary reservoirs,
dams, and the like for irrigation and
domestic purposes in said districts. Mr.
Smith, of Arizona, introduced a bill
(H. R. 11998) granting the Central
Arizona Railway Company a right of
way for railroad purposes through the
San Francisco Mountains Forest Re-
serve. ‘To the Committee on the Public
Lands.

March 4.

The act (S. 3057) appropriating. the
receipts from the sale and disposal of
public lands in certain states and terri-

1902.

tories to the construction of irrigation
works for the reclamation of arid lands.
Referred to the House Committee on Irri-
gation of Arid Lands. Mr. Stevens, of
Minnesota, introduced a bill (H. R.
12092) to provide for a national park

commission. Referred to the Com-
mittee on Military Affairs.
March 5.

Mr. Moody, of North Carolina, intro-
duced a bill (H. R. 12138) for the pur-
chase of a national forest reserve in the
Southern Appalachian Mountains, to be
known as the ‘‘ McKinley Appalachian
National Park and Forest Reserve.’’
Referred to the Committee on Agricul-
ture:

March 6.

Mr. Miller, from the Committee on
the Public Lands, to which was referred
the: bill “of the House (H. R. 11908)
granting the Central Arizona Railway
Company a right of way through the
San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, '
reported the same without amendment,
accompanied by a report (No. 772);
which said bill and report were referred
to the Committee of the Whole House
on the state of the Union.

Mr. Needham, from the Committee
on the Public Lands, to which was
referred the bill of the House (H. R.
11538) providing the means of acquiring
title to two groves of Sequoia gigantea
in the State of California with a view to
making national parks thereof, reported
the same with amendments, accompanied
by a report (No. 777); which said bill

P72

and report were referred to the Com-
mittee of the Whole House on the state
of the Union.

March 8.

Mr. Mondell, from the Committee on
Irrigation of Arid Lands, to which was
referred the bill of the House (H. R.
9676) appropriating the receipts from
the sale and disposal of public lands in
certain states and territories to the con-
struction of irrigation works for the
reclamation of arid lands, reported the
same with amendment, accompanied by
a report (No. 793); which said bill and
report were referred to the Committee
of the Whole House on the state of the
Union.

March 10.

Mr. Ray, of New York, asked leave
to file the views of the minority of the
Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands.

March ff.

Mr. Moody, of Oregon (by request),
from the Committee on the Public Lands,
to which was referred the bill of the
House (H.R. 4393) reserving from the
public lands in the State of Oregon, as
a public park for the benefit of the
people of the United States and for the
protection and preservation of the game,
fish, and timber and all other natural
objects therein, a tract of land herein
described, etc., reported the same with
amendment, accompanied by a report
(No. 872); which said bill and report
were referred to the House Calendar.

Mr. Mondell introduced a resolution
CE Res" or)! that there be printed
3,500 copies of the list of books on irri-
gation (with reference to periodicals)
compiled under direction of A. P. C.
Griffin, Chief of Divisionof Bibliography,
for useof Congress. ‘To the Committee
on Printing.

March 13.

Mr. Warren, in the Senate, presented
a petition of the Interstate Irrigation
Congress of Colorado and Nebraska, of
Sterling, Colo., praying for the enact-
ment of legislation providing for the
reclamation and irrigation of the arid
lands of the West ; which was ordered
to lie on the table.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April,

March 17.

The bill (S. 270) to prevent tres-
passers or intruders from entering the
Mount Rainier National Park, in the
State of Washington, was considered as
in Committee of the Whole. It directs
the Secretary of War, upon the request
of the Secretary of the Interior, to
make the necessary detail of troops to
prevent trespassers or intruders from
entering the Mount Rainier National
Park, in Washington, for the purpose
of destroying the game or objects of
curiosity therein, or for any other pur-
pose prohibited by law or regulation for
the government of the reservation, and
to remove such persons from the park
if found therein.

The bill was reported to the Senate
without amendment, ordered to be en-
grossed for a third reading, read the
third time, and passed.

March 19,

The President pro tempore laid be-
fore the Senate a communication from
the Secretary of the Interior transmit-
ting a draft of a bill providing for
the extension of the limits of the Yel-
lowstone National Park, and for the
protection of the game therein, together
with papers from the files of the De-
partment, indicating the necessity for
such legislation; which, with the accom-
panying papers, was referred to the
Committee on Forest Reservations and
the Protection of Game and ordered to
be printed.

March 20.

Mr. Kittredge, from the Committee
on Forest Reservations and the Protec-
tion of Game, to whom was referred
the bill for the improvement of the
Mount Rainier National Park, in the
State of Washington, reported it with-
out amendment and submitted a report
thereon.

March 21.

Mr. Perkins presented to the Senate
a petition of the Chamber of Commerce
of Stockton, Cal., praying that an ap-
propriation be made for the construction
of a diverting canal to carry the flood
waters of Mormon Channel into the

1902.

Calaveras River, in that*state; which
was referred to the Committee on Com-
merce.

March 26.

Mr. Gamble, from the Committee on
the Public Lands, to whom was referred
the bill (H. R. 3084) for the relief of
bona fide settlers in forest reserves, re-
ported it with an amendment, and sub-
mitted a report thereon.

March 33.
The bill (S. 255) for the improvement
of the Mount Rainier National Park, in

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

173

the State of Washington, was considered
as in Committee of the Whole. It ap-
propriates $25,000, to be expended under
the supervision of the Secretary of the
Interior, for the purpose of improving
the Mount Rainier National Park, in the
State of Washington, and for the pro-
tection of the park and the construction
and repair of bridges, fences, and trails,
and improvement and construction of
roads. The bill was reported to the
Senate without amendment, ordered to
be engrossed for a third reading, read
the third time, and passed.

THE PLANTING OF (EXOTIC TREES IN SOUTHERN
FLORIDA.

PAR Til.

By Dr. JOHN GIFFORD,

New York State College of Forestry.

HROUGHOUT tthe tropical re-
F gions there are many leguminous
trees which are valuable for the products
which they yield and for soil betterment.
Some of them yield tannin (Divi Divi);

some valuable dyewoods (Logwood and
Brazilwood). Many are very valuable
for timbers ; some are used as nurse and
shelter trees, such as Erthryna umobrosa,
which is used so much to shade choco-

POINCIANA REGIA IN

NASSAU ;

SHOWS ITS UMBRELLA SHAPE WHICH GIVES IT ESPECIAL

VALUE AS A SHADE TREE.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

FRUIT OF THE MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA).

late that it is called the ‘‘ mother of the
chocolate;’’ and many are used for shade
and ornament because of the beauty of
foliage and flowers. One of the com-
monest of the latter is Potnuciana regia.
It is a native of Madagascar, but was
named for a governor-general of Cuba.
The tree is one of the commonest shade
trees. of the tropics. “Dts flowers are
flame-colored and its beans are long and
brown. ‘This tree is common in south-
ern Florida, but as a shade tree deserves
to be more frequently planted.

A tree which is being extensively
planted in southern Florida is the
Mango, the apple of the Tropics ( J/Zan-
gifera indica). It should not be for-
gotten, however, that this extremely
beautiful and useful fruit tree yields a
valuable wood. Its wood is soft and
open grained, although as with many
other tropical trees, the annual rings
are not distinct. It is used in India for
tea boxes, planks, doors, and window
frames. It issometimes stained to imi-

Avril)

expected calamity occurs, such as a gale
tate Toon. Now Toon is the eastern
twin of the West Indian Cigar Box
Cedar. I presume that it is improper to
suggest that the mango wood be stained
to imitate the West Indian Cedar in
those parts of the West Indies where
Mango is plentiful and Cedar scarce.
The Mango is too valuable as a fruit
tree to be sacrificed. Although the
Mango came originally from India, it is
said that the mango fruit of the West-
ern Hemisphere is of an inferior grade.
There are some pretty good Mangoes
just the same outside of the Orient, and
I have heard it said that the best Mango
of the Western Hemisphere is produced
on the Island of Itamaraca, off the coast
of Pernambuco.

Cedrela odorata. ‘This extremely use-
ful and beautiful tree is not a native of
Florida. It was once abundant in Cuba,
but has been practically exhausted for
cigar boxes, boats, etc. When cigars
are merely wrapped in paper or kept in
an improper kind of box, not only is
their flavor affected, but they are in
danger of ruin from insect pests. At
any rate, the fine aroma of this wood,
its lightness, beauty, and other quali-
ties fit it especially for this and hundreds
of other purposes. It may be used in
the place of Mahogany. It is excellent
for any of the higher grades of cabinet
work. One might easily mistake this
tree for the European Walnut ( /uglans
vegia). It has the same kind of foliage;.
the same general shape, color, and form
of bark. It is a very rapid grower and
a great seed-producer. The. winged
seeds are formed in pods which often
hang in large bunches from the tree.
I have been told that it can be easily re-
produced from cuttings, but I have never
tried it, and am therefore not certain.
What appears to be annual rings in the
wood are probably not annual at all.

There seems to be no periodicity of
leaf-fall. With this as with other trop-
ical species, the ‘‘ personal element”’
plays an important rdle. I have seen
two Cedrela trees within 100 feet of one
another—one with a rich green active
foliage and the other as bare as winter.
This difference in leaf-fall I believe to
be due to the spot in which the tree may

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 175

be growing. The rich foliage and po-
rous wood require a great deal of moist-
mre. If the tree is located in a moist
place, I believe it will retain its foliage
throughout the year and produce a very
large quantity of very porous wood.
The leaves would probably fall at fruit-
ing time, but often in a very irregular
manner. If the tree is located in aspot
subject to drouthy spells, as are com-
mon in the tropics, I have no doubt but
that it would drop its leaves three or
four times a year.

There is a direct relationship between
drouth, leaf-fall, rings, and porous-
ness of wood in tropical countries. Al-
though the tropics may receive immense
quantities of rain in the course of a year,
it falls in large amounts at a time, so that
under the great amount of sunshine,
evaporation, and transpiration there are
many drouthy periods throughout the
year, varying oftentimes a very great
deal within avery small area. Now,
the Cedrela odorata to do its best should
have rich, moist soil, and under such
circumstances I believe it will produce
a larger quantity of excellent wood per
year than any other species.

It is, however, very similar to the
Cedrela toona of the Orient. I have
both species growing together under
glass, and the difference is slight. The
Red Cedar of Australia (Cedrela aus-
tralis) is the same as the Toon of India.
Baron von Mueller, who named it, said
afterward that it was not sufficiently
different from the Toon to be given a
distinct name. The Australian Cedrela
is the one which is being most exten:
sively planted for timber purposes in
northern Australia. Its wood is red,
darkening with age; it is light, figured,
soft, easily worked, and very durable.
It is used for furniture, joinery, cabi-
nets, boat-building, carriage-building,
ceilings, door-frames, and many minor
purposes.

These trees, whether from Cuba, the
Philippines, India, or Austria, should
be given first rank, from both a lumber
and a silvicultural standpoint. The
man who plants Cedrela odorata on the
proper kind of soil will reap, if no un-
or insect ravage, a handsome profit in
less than a quarter of a century.

CEDRELA ODORATA IN THE HAVANA BOTANICAL,
GARDEN.

There is one species of Cedrela (C.
sinensis), the Chinese species, which
will grow as far north as Washington,
DEC. themwood) 1s) interior to the
species mentioned above, but with a
little staining could be used as a counter-
feit or substitute. The accompanying
illustration shows a West Indian cedar
tree in the Botanical Gardens at Havana.

Closely related to the Cedrelas is the
Mahogany. In the open it is wide-
spreading like the oak (see illustration),
but in the forest it is tall and stately.
This tree is still common in our tropics,
but is scattered in dense tangles and is
difienlt, to exploit. Wete it) not, for
this fact it would have been exhausted
long ago. It is a great seed-producer
and a vigorous grower. ‘There are three
great mahoganies throughout the world
which are closely related; one is the
Indian Sovmida febrifuga, the other is
the African Ahaya senegalensis, and the

176

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

April

THE MAHOGANY AS A SHADE TREE.

other is our Swefenia mahogani, which
is probably the best, although there is
great diversity in quality and value.
This tree is native to the Keys of
Florida. It may be seen in perfection
on the south coast of the Isle of Pines.
Lumbermen will soon begin to work on
it, but the territory is of such a rough
character that I doubt if they can ex-

terminate it, or make the fortune out of
it which everybody associates with this
royal tree. Now and then a tree may
still be seen on the Keys of Florida,
growing with mastic and crabwood, in
the strips left by the pine-apple growers
to protect their plantations from the
storms which sometimes occur in that
district.

PUMPING: WATER BOR IRRIGATION.

FOURTH

OST of the water pumped for pur-
poses of irrigation is raised by
windmills operating vertical plunger
pumps. There are many localities, how-
ever, especially in sheltered valleys.
where the wind cannot be depended
upon during the summer season, and it
is neccessary to provide some form of
power which can be operated at any time.
Various kinds of engines are used for
this purpose, the variety being dependent
largely upon the character of fuel avail-
able and its cost. Where wood or coal
can be procured at reasonable rates,

ARP BRS

steam-engines are utilized, and in other
localities, where these fuels are expen-
sive, gasoline or other products from
crude petroleum or this oil itself is used.

Throughout the principal farming re-
gions there are usually to be found
threshing or traction engines, and most
farmers are familiar with their use.
During a time of drouth, when a ques-
tion of pumping water for irrigation
comes up, the first thought of the
farmer as regards obtaining power for
pumping is that of utilizing one of these
engines. Many ingenious devices have

[902.

resulted from the necessity of using such
machinery which happens to be at hand
or easily procurable.

For use with a threshing engine the
most efficient pump iscentrifugal. One
of these can be purchased at short notice
from dealers in machinery. Before
ordering a pump, the depth to water in
the well or creek must be known, as well
as the total lift and the power of the
engine. When these and some other

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

177

owner found that he could not rely upon
an irrigation ditch and resorted to these
means of obtaining a needed supply.
The success attained with these devices
has been such that the owners hesitate
to abandon them, even for improved
systems of ditches.

The machine shown in the view is an
18-horse power Hercules gasoline en-
gine. It uses 22 gallons of distillate,
costing 10% cents a gallon, for a work-

PORTABLE PUMPING PLANT IN CAPAY VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

details are settled upon, a pump can be
ordered of such size as to be best adapted
for the situation.

The accompanying figure shows an
engine arranged with a centrifugal
pump upon a platform, the whole being
mounted upon heavy wagon wheels, so
that the pumping plant can be hauled
from point to point. Flexible suction
and delivery pipes are connected, so
that water can be drawn from a creek
or well and carried by the shortest way
to the fields.

The pumping plant illustrated is one
of many utilized by the farmers in Cali-
fornia. In this particular instance the

ing day of ten hours, or in all $2.33 per
day. The centrifugal pump to which
the engine is belted cost $150, and has
a capacity of 700 gallons a minute, or
nearly 1.4 cubic feet per second. The
water is pumped directly from the creek,
and is forced through an eight-inch pipe
to the fields to be irrigated, being often
elevated 55 feet. The average cost of
operation has been found to be $1 an
acre of land irrigated.

Another portable pumping plant is
shown in the view taken on Cache
Creek, California. In the background
is an engine, extending from which is a
belt connected to a centrifugal pump

178 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. April,

raising water from the creek. A tem-
porary dam causes a small amount of
water to accumulate, and this is pumped
by the centrifugal pump up the bank
and to the fields. In this creek the
flow ceases frequently during July, but
pools are to be found where the water
percolating through the gravels comes
to the surface. From these depressions
the pumps obtain a supply, the pools
filling gradually after the pumps are
stopped.

For fuel, straw. brush, wood, and coal
are frequently used. The average price
paid in the Sacramento Valley, Califor-
nia, for straw is 75 cents a load; for
wood, $4.00 a cord ; for coal, $8.50 per
ton, and for gasoline 11 cents a gallon.
The pumping engines, being portable,
are taken about from place to place and
used in turn by neighbors. Each con-
tributes his share of the expense, the
average cost of irrigation being in many
cases less than that paid for the supply

from gravity ditches. This can hold
true only where water can be had at
moderate depths, say 20 or 30 feet be-
neath the surface. For much greater
depths the cost increases to an amount
to be prohibitory.

These devices, which are more or less
temporary or home-made, can be im-
proved upon if the entire outfit is pur-
chased from manufacturers experienced.

in such matters. For temporary emer- .

gencies it is sometimes necessary to em-
ploy any machinery at hand, but if a
farmer is proposing to, irrigate and has
not already any machinery at hand, he
should ascertain the character of his.
water supply, the height to be lifted,
and furnish these facts to an experi-
enced manufacturer of irrigation pumps:
in order that the highest efhciency may
be had, or, in other words, the ma-
chinery planned on such lines that the
necessary quantity of water may be
raised with the least amount of fuel.

PUMPING PI,ANT ON CACHE CREEK, CALIFORNIA.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

**Forstasthetik.”” By HEINRICH VON SALISCH.
Second edition. Octavo, paper cover, pp.
314. Illustrated with sixteen full-page
heliotypes and fifty-nine half-tones and
figures. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1902.

A second edition of ‘‘ Forstasthetik,’’ by
Heinrich von Salisch, should interest all pro-
fessional foresters, as well as lovers of nature
generally. The excellent reputation enjoyed
by the author for more than fifteen years as an
interpreter of the beauties of trees and forests
is confirmed by this second appearance of his
book, which has been enlarged by valuable ad-
ditions to the text and enriched by numerous
illustrations.

‘*Forstasthetik ’’ has the peculiar distinction
of being the only book ever written upon the
subject with which it deals. It is a critical
study of the zesthetic value of artificial forests.
Such forests, as a result of the careful, system-
atic treatment which they have received, have
developed special characteristics and present a
great variety of beauty and expression. These
forms of beauty are worthy of study and inter-
pretation, and may be brought out to advantage
in the hands of a forester of taste. By adding a
knowledge of forest cesthetics to a thorough un-
derstanding of the usual principles of forestry,
the beauty of a forest may be greatly increased
without sacrificing any of the material benefits
which may be rightfully expected from a care-
ful system of forest management.

The book is composed of two parts, each of
which is divided into two sections. Section A
of Part I treats of the scope, value, and history
of forest esthetics and of the philosophy of
beauty. In Section B the author first discusses
the relation between natural and artistic beauty
and the significance of color in landscape, and
then explains the sources of beauty in some of
the principal components of the forest, includ-
ing the most important German forest trees.
Section A of Part Il is devoted to a study of
the esthetic effects resulting from the various
operations involved in the highly developed
systems of German forest management, and is
based upon the truths and principles set forth
in Part I. In this section the author considers
such questions as the construction of road sys-
tems, the subdivision of forest areas, the rota-
tion of the forest, and the different modes of
regeneration. The last section deals with a
number of special measures for the adornment
of the forest, which, in the author’s opinion,
may rightfully be included within the scope of
forestry.

There is a natural inclination among forest-
ers, American as well as European, to oppose
the introduction of zesthetics into forestry. As
the aims of forestry, in the minds of most peo-
ple, are essentially practical and utilitarian,
there is a fear that esthetic considerations or
‘“sentimentality ’’ may interfere with their free
execution. Mr. von Salisch meets such criti-

cism by showing that forest cesthetics is dis-
tinct from landscape art, and that an intelli-
gently developed system of forestry will in it-
self produce a great deal of beauty. It is only
in the last section of his book that he suggests
any departure from this fundamental idea.
While in that section he goes so far as to pro-
pose certain measures belonging more properly
to landscape art, a careful consideration of the
subject will show that the measures selected
are in reality to a certain extent justified under
the exceptionally advanced system of forestry
prevailing in Germany. Mr. von Salisch, how-
ever, does not at ali approve of the idea of
transforming forests into parks; on the con-
trary, he is even inclined to discourage the es-
tablishment of large parks on the ground that
such a policy creates unremunerative areas (p.
209).

Foresters who have not read Mr. von Salisch’s
book will possibly be surprised to learn that
the cesthetic side of forestry is itself decidedly
helpful in a number of ways in furthering the
material interests of the forest (pp. 4 to 10).

The author’s treatment is marked by breadth
of knowledge, thoroughness, careful discrimi-
nation, and refinement of taste. The style,
though occasionally somewhat involyed—at
least for American and English readers—is
generally clear and specific and often decidedly
pleasing. Though dealing with an entirely
new subject, the author is free from all self-
assertiveness. One of the chief merits of the
book is its suggestiveness. The text is inter-
spersed with numerous extracts from writers
on forestry who have incidentally referred to
forest cesthetics. In treating the subject from
these various points of view the author dis-
plays exceptional constructive ability, as well
as a high degree of critical insight.

The heliotype illustrations, which are very
well executed, form an attractive feature of
the book and, together with the half-tones
and figures, are helpful in connection with the
text:

The ideas suggested in this book naturally
grew out of the peculiarly exact methods of
forestry practiced in Germany, and many of
them are hardly applicable to the United
States, where, for some time to come, forest
operations will have to be adjusted to compara-
tively crude conditions. It does not follow,
however, that the book before us has not con-
siderable practical value for American for-
esters. Enormous areas, including some of
the finest scenery of the country, are being
entrusted to them. As years go by, people are
becoming more and more interested in these
forest areas as places offering recreation and a
needed change from the busy life of cities ;
places where natural beauty and quiet may be
enjoyed for their own sakes. This attitude of
a large class of people should not be disre-
garded by the forester. When he learns to

180

appreciate to the full extent the possible de-
velopment of the zesthetic side of his profes-
sion, he will be qualified to meet the arguments
of such people in a broad spirit of mutual un-
derstanding, and will, moreover, derive a large
additional share of enjoyment from the woods
in which his pathway so largely lies Forest
zesthetics should not be regarded as distinct
from forestry, but, in truth, as an evidence of
its highest and most perfect development. The
recognition of this fact cannot but reflect fa-
vorably upon the profession of forestry, and
will give it an added dignity and a larger
sphere of influence.
G. FREDERICK SCHWARZ.

Our National Parks. By JoHN Muir. Pp. 370.
Illustrated with eleven half-tones and a
map. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
UOO2 ALTACE Hila 5 let:

John Muir, geologist, explorer, and natural-
ist, and perhaps the best informed of an'y liv-
ing man on the natural resources of the western
United States, has written an unusually read-
able book under the title of ‘‘Our National
Parks.’’ The purpose of the volume the author
states in the preface in these words: ‘‘In this
book I have done the best I could to
show forth the beauty, grandeur, and all-em-
bracing usefulness of our wild mountain forest
reservations and parks, with a view to inciting
the people to come and enjoy them and get
them into their hearts, that so at length their
preservation and right use may be made sure.”’

The book is divided into ten chapters, the
opening one being a description of the various
national parks and forest reserves of the West.
The ‘‘ Yellowstone National Park’’ comes
next, and in this the author has a subject that
gives full scope for his rich descriptive style.
Following this, the next six chapters contain
the most comprehensive and interesting de-
scription to be found of the celebrated Yosemite
National Park. ‘This portion of the book con-
tains a chapter on the ‘‘ Yosemite National
Park ;’’ then ‘‘The Forests of the Yosemite
Park’’ are described. Next are ‘‘The Wild
Gardens of the Yosemite Park ;’’? then some
time is spent ‘‘Among the Animals of the Yo-
semite Park,’’ likewise the ‘‘ Birds,’’ and this
portion closes with a chapter on the ‘‘ Foun-
Eee and Streams of the Yosemite National
at kee 5

Next in turn comes a chapter on the ‘‘ Sequoia
and General Grant National Parks,’’? in which
there is contained a splendid study of the Big
Trees (Sequoia gigantea), and the book ends
with an interesting chapter on ‘‘ American
Forests:””

To readers more especially interested in for-
estry, the chapters on ‘‘ The Forests of the
Yosemite,’’ ‘‘The Sequoia,’? and ‘‘American
Forests’’ will prove most timely. The de-
scription of the Big Trees is especially well
done, and Mr. Muir’s many visits to the
Sierras have given him opportunities possessed
by few to study these trees. Some idea of his

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

WLLees:

April,

long acquaintance with the Big Tree region
may be had from a single sentence in his book :
‘One of my best excursions among the Se-
quoias was made during the autumn of 1875.”’

Two points especially noteworthy in this
book are the author’s enthusiasm and his ex-
ceptionally beautiful style. Upon first reading
one is inclined to think that Mr. Muir sees too
many beauties in that western country, and
yet on second thought we must admit that
thirty or more years are a good test, and he
has had the best opportunities to learn the
truth. His observations are all at first hand,
as the book so plainly shows. He is true to
his text, ‘‘ Going to the woods is going home.”’

The book abounds in beautiful passages. We
cannot refrain from quoting here the follow-
ing concerning the lumbering of the Douglas
spruce :

‘“Felled and peeled and dragged to tide-
water, they are raised again as yards and masts
for ships, given iron roots and canvas foliage,
decorated with flags, and sent tothe sea, where
in glad motion they go cheerily over the ocean
prairie in every latitude and longitude, sing-
ing and bowing responsive to the same winds
that waved them when they were in the woods.
After standing in one place for centuries they
thus go around the world like tourists, meet-
ing many a friend from the old home forest ;
some traveling like themselves, some standing
head downward in muddy harbors, holding up
the platforms of wharves, and others doing all
kinds of hard timber work, showy or hidden.”’

If you want to learn about the glaciers,
mountain peaks, canyons, and great waterfalls
of the West ; of the habits of the animals, from
the squirrel to the moose ; plant life from the
Big Trees to the wild flowers—in fact, be
brought face to face with Nature’s works, this
is the book. Taken altogether, it is the best
written and most valuable nature book we
know of.

The Atlantic Monthly for April contains an
unusually interesting article by Paul Griswold
Huston entitled ‘‘ The Day’s Work of a For-
ester.’’ This article contains a careful de-
scription of the field and office work required
of foresters, and also the importance of an in-
telligent exploitation of forests. Mr. Huston
was for some time an employé of the Bureau
of Forestry, and had .a good opportunity to
study this subject. The article gives a good
insight into the life of the forester, and is a
welcome addition to the literature on the sub-
ject.

Typical Forest Trees. ‘Three series of 8 photo-
grayures, 9 x 12 inches, of well-known forest
trees. A.W. Mumford, publisher, Chicago,
Ill. Price, 40 cents a series.

This series of photogravure plates illustrates
twenty-four of the best-known American forest
Each plate shows the tree as it appears
in nature; also views showing characteristics
of bark and leaf habit.

Forestry 24 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

Cini es FOR MAY, 1902

SCENE ON THE FLAT UPLANDS OF THE WEST Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES (//lustrated) . S : 5 183
Vacation Notice to Subscribers — Forestry at West Paint
St. Mary Reservation — Conveyance of Water for Irrigation
—Death of J. Sterling Morton— Irrigation in Alabama—New
Forest Reserves—Forest Fires.

HON. THOS. C. McRAE (with portiazt)

ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. FOREST RESERVES 5
Part I. F : ; : : Filibert Roth

A NOTABLE CALIFORNIA FIR (//lustrated)
William Russel Dudley

RESULTS OF IRRIGATION IN WISCONSIN .§ (///ustrated)
Geo. H. Patch

WORK IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY .__—i William H. Krug

THE HYDROGRAPHY OF COLORADO (Z/lustrated)
A. L. Fellows

LUMBERING IN NEW HAMPSHIRE (///ustrated) ;
Albert W. Cooper and T. S. Woolsey, Jr.

RELATION OF: THE FORESTS OF TENNESSEE TO
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ._ R. W. Powell

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS . “
RECENT PUBLICATIONS (///ustrated)

pegs aS

vam

se a
i
=

8 iter Speen

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00
a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at
5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, oes

‘ANV’I SIHL JO NOLLVZIIILN AHL SINHAHUd WALVM AO MOWI “ISHM HHT JO SANVWIdn LV1Ta AHL NO HNHOS

aiates |
oe ge

Men kat

Forestry and Irrigation.

VOL av ule

MAW: 1902:

No; 5.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Vacation Subscribers desiring to re-
Notice to ceive FORESTRY AND IRRI-
Subscribers. GATION at their vacation

addresses will oblige us,
and save themselves annoyance, by send-
ing us notice of any changes in their
addresses two weeks prior to the date
they are to go into effect. Similar no-
tice should be given when subscribers
are returning to their permanent ad-
dresses. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION
is published on the fifteenth of each
month.

&

Forestry at Inthe early part of April
West Point. the War Department made

application to the Agri-
cultural Department for a forester to
superintend some improvement cutting
along the Hudson River front on the
West Point Military Reservation. Mr.
Wm. L. Hall, Superintendent of Tree
Planting, took up the work, and, in
connection with it, at the request of Col.
A. \. Mills, Superintendent of the Mili-
tary Academy, made a preliminary ex-
amination of the woodlands on the res-
ervation with a view of suggesting plans
for their improvement.

Of the 2,300 acres comprising the
reservation, the part not occupied by
buildings or drill-grounds, from 1,800
to 2,000 acres, is of mountainous char-
acter and covered by second-growth
hardwood timber 30 to 4o years old.
A limited amount of this timber has
been cut for use in fences, bridges, and
for telephone poles. The greater part
consists of a dense, unthinned stand,
with some windfalls and some timber
injured by fire.

All the woodland is in need of a spe-
cific plan of management which will
provide for thinning, the removal of

the dead and down timber, and protec-
tion from fire.

The authorities of the Academy are
desirous of developing the woodland to
its greatest value and beauty, and also
of improving the whole reservation by
extending the system of roads and by
the formulation of a plan to beautify
the parts of the reservation now used
by the Academy. To quote from a let-
ter from Mr. Gifford Pinchot to the
Secretary of Agriculture: ‘‘A plan for
the reservation should be a joint under-
taking for the landscape architect, the
civil engineer, and the forester. A
highly satisfactory arrangement for the
undertaking would be through a joint
commission consisting of a civil engi-
neer from the Army, a landscape archi-
tect secured by the War Department,
and a forester from the Bureau of For-
estry. A careful plan worked out by
such a commission should be of immense
value to the reservation.’’

This proposition is being considered
by the Secretary of War and the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, and the outcome
may be the appointment of such a com-
mission.

*

St. Mary On April 5 the Secretary
Reservation. of the Interior instructed

the Commissioner of the
General Land Office to temporarily
withdraw from entry, sale, or other
disposal, until further ordered by the
Department, the public land in the
following townships in the State of
Montana :

Wire7 Ng R..6:tonres B., nclapives
T’ 28 N., R..5 to-13. HE: inelusive:
T2090 N:, Reg to.i3 4. inches:
T;. 30 N., R32 to 1353. , maclisive:
T. 3tN., Re 6 to 135. , ineltsige:

‘NHMVL AMV SMHIVM SLI HOIHM WOW NVHULS AHL ONISSOMD “IVNVD ONIMOHS ‘Wvd MO'TAd
Lada oof ‘Odvuo0’tod ‘VIHHUD UVAN AWAIT WAGCNAOd HLAON AO MHIA ‘“SHWOITA NI NOILVOIMAL XOX AHLVM AO AONVAHANOD

May,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

[o.6)

STRY AND IRRIGATION.

4
4
a)

FORI

1902.

¥

Wide Hee sea e

186

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

FLUME CROSSING A RAVINE AT SANGER,

32 New R vo tol 30h sa Amekisie:
YT) 33 Neo RY oto v6 2 inelusive:
‘Tio NER’ 6: tor 6; F) inelusive:
ae 25 ING R..9 tome 5 1uclusives
1D 36, Ne aR, to; ie 4 amelusinie:

This action was taken in accordance
with the suggestion of Hon. Paris Gib-
son, Senator from Montana, dated Jan-
uary 7, that the Department temporarily
withdraw lands which may be watered
by the proposed St. Mary reservoir and
diversion canal. Senator Gibson’s first
request embraced a larger area than that
given above, extending from the Black-
feet Indian Reservation easterly and
including 157 townships, or in round
numbers, 3,600,000 acres, about 5%
per cent of the vacant public land of
the state. It was objected that this
reservation was too extensive, and after
careful consideration it was reduced to
77 townships, including the most im-
portant land, this being in round num-
bers 1,800,000 acres. Some of the land
within this area has already been filed
upon, but tLe total amount is less than

CALIFORNIA.

2% per cent of the vacant public land
of the state.

It is proposed to reserve this land
pending a careful survey of the canal
route from St. Mary Lake, several alter-
native propositions being under consid-
eration.

&
Death of The Hon. J. Sterling
J. Sterling Morton died in Chicago
Morton. on April 27, 1902, and

was buried at his home,
in Nebraska City, Neb. He was near
his seventieth birthday when he suc-
cumbed to the disease against which he
had vainly struggled for months in the
hope of recovery.

Mr. Morton was a man of strong per-
sonality, and possessed in a remarkable
degree a desire to serve the best inter-
ests of his state and its people. Hewas
best known in his public life as acting
Governor of Nebraska and as Secretary
of Agriculture from 1893 to 1897. In-
tense practicality characterized his ad-

1902.

ministration of the latter office, in which
also the courage of personal convictions
in matters of duty was constantly felt.
His practice of rigid economy in the
disbursement of the public funds for
which he was accountable was also a
marked feature of his administration as
Secretary of Agriculture.

Living on the great treeless plains of
the West, Mr. Morton early developed
the keenest interest in forest-tree cul-
ture as one of the great needs of the
West. He encouraged tree planting by
public addresses, by his writings, and
by a most notable example of successful
tree planting and the profitable manage-
ment of the resulting woodlot at his Ne-
braska farm home.

His unusual efforts in behalf of tree
planting leaves Nebraska the lasting
honor of being the first state in which
Arbor Day was observed. He was the
originator of the idea of observing an
annual Arbor Day, and through his
efforts Nebraska celebrated the first
Arbor Day observed in the United
States, in 1872. The annual observ-
ance of this day by Nebraska schools
has resulted in the planting of millions
of forest trees in that state. Other
states have followed Nebraska’s exam-
ple, until now Arbor Day is observed
in practically every state and territory
in the Union. J. Sterling Morton will
long be remembered in the Middle West
as the “* Father of Arbor’ Day..’

*

Irrigation in From the census bulletin
Alabama. it is learned that ‘‘irri-

gation does not as yet
occupy a very important place in the
agricultural development of Alabama.
But with the increase in acreage de-
voted to the growing of early vegeta-
bles for northern markets, its practice
will doubtless become more general, as
it affords an insurance against the short
but destructive periods of drought which
frequently occurinthespring. In1899
89 acres were irrigated. The products,
principally vegetables, were valued at
$10,758, or $121 per acre. ‘The cost of
constructing the wells, pumps, tiling,
and ditches now in use is estimated to
have been $5,200.”’

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

187

New Forest
Reserves.

On the 16th of April two
forest reserves were es-
tablished by presidential
proclamation in the sand-hill district of
Nebraska. One, to be known as the
Dismal River Reserve, is situated be-
tween the Dismal and Middle Loup
rivers, just above their confluence, and
contains 86,000 acres; the other, to be
called the Niobrara Reserve, occupies a
similar position between the Niobrara
and Snake rivers and contains 125,000
acres.

These reserves lie near the center of
the great sand-hill district, which in-
cludes 15,000,000 acres, or nearly one-
fourth of Nebraska. ‘The country is
characterized by many ranges of wind-
formed dunes, separated by small de-
pressions. In the past, while the hills
were being formed, the whole country
was barren, and even within the mem-
ory of men now living it contained
much shifting sand and but a sparse
cover of grass and shrubs. Since the
settlement of the surrounding country
improved protection from fire has al-
lowed vegetation to increase rapidly,
until now there is generally a fair cover,
the only barren places being the so-
called ‘‘ blow-outs ’’—places in the hill-
sides where wind erodes the sand when
the cover is once destroyed.

Many shrubs, such as Wild Plum,
Choke. Cherry, Wild Grape, Sand
Cherry, and Poison Ivy, have gained
an entrance in recent years. Such
shrubs in the eastern part of the state
are the first to spring up on land that
is passing into forest growth, and in
the sand-hills they seem to be the fore-
runners of trees in just the same way.
The increase of shrubs is an indication
of the strong tendency of the region
toward forest growth.

The only timber which ever grew on
the reserves was along the streams men-
tioned as forming the boundaries. Most
of this has been cut away on account
of the great demand for fuel and timber
of all sorts; but where any of it has
been left the reproduction is astonish-
ing. In some places, especially along
the Niobrara River, the young pines are
spreading far out into the sand-hills, and
if let alone will of their own accord in

188

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May»

VIEW IN SAND-HILL REGION OF NEBRASKA.

time steal large areas from the prairie.
The main purpose of these reserves,
however, is to try on a large scale the
practicability of forestation. Every con-
dition seems favorable. It is proved be-
yond question that the region is adapted
to the growth of pinetimber. The need
of timber in the region is so great that
there will be a demand for every stick
which can be produced, while for other
purposes the land is practically value-
less. The main question hinges upon
the development of a practicable and
economical method of getting the forest
started. If that difficu!ty can be sur-
mounted the success of the undertaking
will be all but assured.

The establishment of these reserves
marks a distinct step in our national
forest policy. It is the first attempt
of the government to reclaim worthless
land by forestation. It is likewise the
government’s first attempt to establish
artificial forests in regions where natu-
ral forests are wanting. By this act, if
it shall prove successful, the govern-
ment really pledges itself to a policy of
improvement of its non-productive land

where it can be done advantageously
by forestation.

On account of their unique purpose,
the Nebraska forest reserves are certain
to attract widespread attention.

On April 11 the San Isabel Forest Re-
serve, containing 77,y80 acres, located
in Saguache and Custer counties, south
central Colorado, was formally estab-
lished on a proclamation by President
Roosevelt. A few days later, on April
16, the San Francisco Mountains Forest
Reserve was increased in size by 999,950
acres, making the total area of this re-
seve 1,975,310 acres.

The total area of all forest reserves
in the United States is now 48,002,101
acres.

Since the publication of
the April number of
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION there have
been forest fires in twenty-two states,
from Maine to Colorado. ‘The amount
of property destroyed has been unusu-
ally great for a single month, and in
addition several lives have been lost.
The fire record is as follows :

Forest Fires.

1902.

Pennsylvanta.—During the last week
in April there were many serious forest
fires in the central part of this state.
Near Sinnemahoning two men lost their
lives in a forest fire, while at Clinton-
dale one life was lost, and the fire also
destroyed ten houses, a church, and a
school-house. In the vicinity of Haney-
ville, Lycoming County, 400,000 feet of
sawed lumber and four houses were
burned. In addition to these losses
there were fires at Ridgeway, Ramsey-
ville, and in the vicinity of the Wil-
liamsport Water Company’s reservoir.

Forest fires near Oil City on April 25
destroyed $30,000 worth of property in
a single day, a number of derricks were
burned, and much damage was done to
virgin forest near Tionesta. On the
same day a forest fire swept over 2,000
acres on South Mountain, land recently
added to the state forest preserve ; 1,800
acres on North Mountain were also
burned over. Near Laurel Run 1,000
acres of timber were burned over on
April 24. There are also reports of de-
structive fires from Beaver Falls, Frank-
lin, Altoona, Shamokin, Danville, Nor-
malville, Stroudsburg, Lancaster, and
Shenandoah.

Kentucky.—Forest fires in Christian
and Hopkins Counties during the last
week in April caused $15,000 damage.
From Mayking, Martindale, Scottsville,
London, and Owingsville come reports
of severe fires, with much loss in the
way of houses, barns, fences, and stand-
ing timber.

New Jersey.—Forest fires in this state
are reported from Elwood, Belvidere,
Glassboro, Ocean City, Minotola, Cedar
Brook, Blue Anchor, and Brookline,
12,000 acres of timber being destroyed.

Maryland.—A forest fire between
Edgemont and Blue Mountain destroyed
$15,000 worth of property on May 1.
The most destructive forest fires in years
have been burning in the Blue Ridge
range Of mountains. Serious damage
by fires is also reported from Catoctin
Furnace, Cumberland, Ritchie’s Sta-
tion, Towson, and Hagerstown.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

189

From many other states come reports
of fire. Indiana, a state of small forest
area, had fires near Franklin, Otisco,
Hartford City, St. Peters, Anderson,
Summitville, Seymour, Nashville, and
South Bethany. In New York on May
g one thousand people were engaged in
a battle with a forest fire which threat-
ened to destroy the town of Babylon,
L. I. Wisconsin had two severe forest
fires during the past ten days, while in
Tennessee during the same time there
were six fires that damaged property to
the extent of $10,000.

Since April 15 there have been seven
forest fires in Virginia, two in IIIfnois,
two in Connecticut, one in Minnesota,
four in West Virginia, and two in Colo-
rado.

There must also be added to this list
forest fires in Maine, Texas, New Hamp-
shire, lowa, New Mexico, North Caro-
lina, and Ohio. Altogether the early
spring forest fire record is unusually
large.

*
Our We beg to call the at-
Advertisers. tention of our readers to

the advertisements ap-
pearing in FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.
It is our aim to print only the adver-
tisements of reputable firms, and all pos-
sible care is used in determining the
reliability of advertisers before accept-
ing contracts from them.

Readers in corresponding with adver-
tisers will confer a favor on both the
magazine and the firms if they mention
that they saw the advertisements in
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. With its
increasing circulation among the sub-
stantial people of the country, For-
ESTRY AND IRRIGATION is becoming
each month a more valuable advertising
medium. With the increase in adver-
tising patronage will come a correspond-
ing improvement in the makeup of the
magazine. Itis our intention to enlarge
and improve FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION as rapidly as its resources will
permit.

190 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May,

HON. THOMAS C. MCRAE.

ON. THOMAS C. McRAE has for a number of years been one of the most
indefatigable advocates of a practical, business-like administration of the
forest reserves of the United States. To his energy is largely due the enactment
of beneficial legislation regarding national forest reserves. He has long been
an active member of the American Forestry Association, and has served as
vice-president for the State of Arkansas. Mr. McRae was born at Mt. Holly,
Arkansas, in 1851; was educated mainly at private schools; worked on a farm
and in business houses. He graduated in law at the Washington and Lee Uni-
versity, Virginia, in 1872; was admitted to practice in the state circuit courts in
the following year, and was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress, being reélected
eight times in succession. He is thus among the oldest members of the House
and is now serving upon the important Committee on Appropriations.

[g02.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Igt

ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. FOREST RESERVES.

By FILIBERT ROTH,

Chief of Division R, General Land Office.

PRR Te Le

HOUGH the first federal forest
reserves were created as early as
March, 1891, there were no laws or ap-
propriations made for their care until
June, 1897. At this time twenty-nine
reserves were in existence, with a total
area of nearly .26,000,000, acres. The
act of June 4, 1897, provided for an ad-
ministration, but failed to supply the
funds, and only $18,000 were available
for the care of reserves for 1897-1898.
During this first year nothing more
than a few field agents could therefore
be employed, and the care of the re-
serves was practically the same as be-
fore. Nevertheless, the administration
of the reserves, intrusted to the General
Land Office in its special-service divis-
ion, was organized, and,a set of rules
and regulations was prepared and pub-
lished June 30, 1897, which are in force
to-day and have proven quite. satisfac-
tory.

As soon as funds were provided, a
field force was organized in the form
now in existence. After nearly three
years of experience and after the busi-
ness of the reserves had become rather
extensive, a separate division was cre-
ated (Division R) to assume charge of
the reserve work. When fully organ-
ized, this administrative bureau con-
sisted of several subdivisions, each at-
tending to a particular branch of the
service, such as appointment and dis-
tribution of the field force, sales of tim-
ber, ‘‘ free use ’’ of timber, special privi-
leges, such as rights of way of roads
and railways, establishment of mills,
hotels, etc.; grazing, lieu-land selec-
tions, and the creation of new reserves
and elimination of lands from reserves
already in existence.

The field force, as organized in the be-
ginning, consisted of rangers or guards,
usually several to each reserve; one

supervisor, in a few cases two, to each
reserve; superintendents having juris-
diction over all the reserves in the par-
ticular state or territory, and one 7z-
spector to look after all reserves. Ac-
cording to this scheme, the ranger
reported to the supervisor, the super-
visor to the superintendent, and this offi-
cer to the central office at Washington.

The rangers were paid $60 a month,
and each assigned to some particular
beat or district. They were required
to keep a horse and camp outfit, keep a
record of each day’s work, and report
the same asa ‘‘ report of daily service’’
at the end of each month. This report
was examined and approved by the su-
pervisor, transmitted to the superintend-
ent, re-examined and approved, and
then. sent to the central office. The
same procedure was required for reports
other than service, such as statements
concerning sales of timber, free use of
timber, grazing, trespass, etc.

The supervisor was manager of his
particular reserve, but all orders to him
and all reports from him naturally passed
through his superior, the superintend-
ent. In his powers he was (and is yet)
quite limited. He had no right to incur
expenses other than for travel and in
cases of emergency, such as forest fires.

The superintendent acted as director,
originated and transmitted orders, trans-
mitted and approved reports and ac-
counts, and acted as local inspector,
examining personally conditions of the
reserves and the work performed. In
addition every superintendent was fre-
quently called upon to do duty in other
directions by making special examina-
tions of lands to be reserved or to be
eliminated from existing reserves, ex-
amining into the status or bona fides of
agricultural claims, of mining claims,
ete.

1g2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May,

The greatest difficulty in the organiza-
tion of this service lay naturally enough
in the lack of good men to be had at the
small salary and for only a few months
in the year. ‘To increase the difficulty,
it was insisted upon by local interests to
select from home applicants. The pre-
vailing idea naturally was that any man
could ‘‘ride range,’’ as it was called,
and that therefore any man should an-
swer. Very much the same ideas ex-
isted among applicants for the position
of supervisor. That any of these men
should at least be competent woodsmien,
able to survey and estimate the timber
to be sold or to be given in cases of
‘‘free use;’’ that they should under-
stand a log or wood contract, and thus
guard against mischievous errors; that
they should be able to scale timber, and
to keep intelligent record of the woods
business of the reserve—all these things
seem never to have entered the minds
of many who presented themselves for
positions or of those who recommended
the many candidates. The idea of pro-
viding competent foresters, who should
have trained judgment to assist them
in deciding whether a given tract of
difficult, protective forest may be cut
over or not, could not be entertained,
for the simple reason that the foresters
did not exist.

It was necessary, therefore, to move
carefully. The men required persistent
instructions with regard to every detail
of law and of business, and it was nec-
essary to use every possible means of
surveillance to avoid neglect of duty,
intentional or otherwise.

For the fiscal year 1898-1899 Con-
gress appropriated $200,000; for the
last three years $300,000 per year. Dur-
ing the year 1900-1901, with 39 re-
serves to look after, the field force, when
at a maximum, consisted of one in-
spector, 9 superintendents, 38 supervis-
ors, and 435 rangers. During the win-
ter months of each year, when most of
these high-mountain forests are covered
with snow and thete is practically no
danger from fire or other mischief in
most parts of the reserves, the force
was reduced, so that, for instance, in
December, 1gor, nearly half the reserve
areas were without either supervisor or

ranger. ‘This reduction of the force
was not so much one of policy, but
rather one of necessity, the appropria-
tion being entirely inadequate to cover
so large a territory.

This condition, the need of larger ap-
propriations, is not well appreciated gen-
erally, for but few people seem to realize
that there is more to do than merely
patrol these mountain woods. Some of
the reasons for an increased appropria-
tion were set forth as follows in making
up the estimates for the year 1902-1903,
in December last:

1. The present fund barely suffices to
give the reserves an adequate fire patrol
during the summer (danger) months.

2. It was necessary to reduce the
force during the winter (the timber-
cutting season) and leave even some of
the best forest districts without pro-
tection.

3. Delays in the timber business and
consequent trespass and dissatisfaction
were caused by a lack of help, and es-
pecially a lack of competent help, which
made it impossible to supply mining and
milling concerns and hundreds of set-
tlers with the necessary timber,although
suitable material in abundance is ready
for the axe.

4. The small pay offered the rangers
has been insufficient to secure men of
experience, particularly men versed in
the timber business.

5. Proper inspection and the assist-
ance of technically trained men had to
be dispensed with, owing to a lack of
funds.

6. Proper forest surveys and the per-
manent regulation of the forest business
of the reserves are impossible without
men of technical training, and without
such regulation the business will always
be in an unsatisfactory condition, much
to the detriment of the reserves and the
people having to do business with the
reserves.

7. Additional reserves being created
each year require additional help.

8. The business of every reserve natu-
rally grows with every year in propor-
tion as additional settlement and the
development of mining and other indus-
tries increase the demand for timber and
other resources of the reserves.

1902.

As astriking example of how rapidly
the relations of these reserves with the
surrounding people are multiplying, it
may be stated that while in the year
1900-1901 there were but ten cases of
‘‘free-use’’ applications for timber in the
Lewis and Clarke Reserve, there were
over three hundred such cases attended
to from July 1, 1901, to March 31, 1902.
In the same way the cases of sales of
timber are steadily and rapidly increas-
ing. The possible magnitude of the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

193

business of these reserves may be in-
ferred from the fact that the annual
growth of timber over these areas
amounts to at least two billion feet,
that enough grass is produced to war-
rant at the present day the pasturing
of over a million head of domestic
animals, and that the mineral wealth
largely dependent for its exploitation
on these reserve forests, though reck-
oned by millions, has ‘‘hardly been
scratched.’’

A NOTABLE CALIFORNIA FIR.

ABIES .VENUSTA, KOCH.

By WILLIAM RUSSEL DUDLEY,

Professor of Botany, Leland Stanford, Jr., University.

HIS remarkable representative of
the Fir type of the Conzfere is
confined to the western part of Monterey
County, California, in a portion of those
rough, scarcely explored ranges of gov-
ernment lands known as the Santa
Lucia* Mountains. When noticed at
all by the local residents it is called the
‘Silver Fir ?-or ““Silver Pine;”? and to
distinguish it from the Silver Fir of the
Sierras (Abies magnifica), with which
some of the inhabitants confuse it, it
should be called the ‘‘ Santa Lucia Silver
Fir.”

It is a tree of singular beauty. Its
foliage resembles that of Zorreya, dark
green above when mature; its leaves are
coriaceous, shining, and exceedingly
prickly pointed. The tree is not large,
rarely over 75 or 100 feet in height, but
its outline is like no other conifer. Its
very long, slender spire and its swelling
outline toward the base, abruptly con-
tracting near the ground ; its situation,
usually springing out above some bold
rock on a river bank or inaccessible
mountain crag ; its foliage whitish be-
low and dark green above, render it a
most striking object.

It is like a fir only in the character

**“Tucia’’ is pronounced Lu-sée-ah, the ac-
cent on the second syllable—the wz as ‘‘oo,’’ the
£ soft.

of its erect cones on the upper fertile
branches, and it surely has had a differ-
ent line of descent from any of the other
species of Adies. It is the only living
representative of its type. With the
Monterey Cypress, the Torrey Pine, and
some other Conz/ere, it gives to the coast
ranges of California an absorbing in-
terest in the mind of the student of de-
scent and geographical distribution.

This paper intends to set forth briefly
two somewhat important facts in con-
nection with this species :

First. That its range, through the
author’s personal explorations during
the past year, is much more extended
and its members much greater than were
before supposed.

Second. That with this extension of
its range over the mountain mass of the
northern Santa Lucias, and the head-
waters of several rivers, the species is
seen to have an economic bearing on
the question of protection of these river
sources.

Concerning the rarity of this species
and its distribution, as understood pre-
vious to this year, I cannot do better
than to quote from Sargent’s Silva, vol.
xii (1898): ‘‘Of the species of Adies
now known, no other occupies such a
small territory ; for it grows only ina
few isolated groves, the largest contain-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

elevated masses of
the northern Santa
Lucias, it is found
that its range may be
extended for over 50
miles from north to
south ; that it occurs
at least 18 miles east-
ward from the ocean;
that its favorite hab-
itat is crag, rocky
ridge, and slope, al-
though it occurs in
canyons and along
streams. Instead of
growing at about
3,000 feet elevation,
it ranges in this re-
gion, its true home,
from 1,500 to over
5,000 feet above the
sea.

Although not per-
tinent to this paper,
I will refer to the
fact, to be treated
more fully elsewhere,
that this extension of
the range is in part a
rediscovery of the lo-
cality of the species
mentioned by Lobb

THE SILVER FIR GROWING AMONG SANDSTONE ROCKS NEAR UPPER
CARMEL RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

ing not more than 200 trees, scattered
along the moist bottoms of canyons, usu-
ally at an elevation of about 3,000 feet,
on both slopes of the outer western ridge
of the Santa Lucia Mountains of Mon-
terey County.’’

Sargent then mentions four canyons
near the Pacific, in the southern part of
the county, where the species is known
to occur. My own knowledge of it in
this part of the county corresponds sub-
stantially with his record. In other
words, it was supposed by recent bot-
anists to occur only at these four or five
stations, about five miles from the ocean,
over aregion less than 25 milesin length.
In this region too, it will be observed,
that it was reported on/y from canyons.

From the explorations of the past year,
in the much more extensive, rugged, and

in 1853, who refers to
it as ‘‘ growing on
the highest peaks and
most exposed places,
in slate which to all appearances is
incapable of supporting vegetation.’’
Sargent, in commenting on the above,
Says, “Since Iobb.s -tume,. timer Has
probably destroyed all the trees except
those which were protected by moisture
in the bottoms of the deepest canyons.’’
As a matter of fact, although fire has
ravaged these regions with unparal-
leled fury, the truer explanation of
Lobb’s puzzling passage would suggest
that Lobb never saw the trees which
modern botanists believed to be the only
ones in existence ; and strange as it may
seem, the latter did not know of the
trees found by the former. Coulter,
Lobb, and Douglas all entered these
mountains from Monterey, which les
to the north of them, and undoubtedly
saw the northwest portions of the area

1902.

of their northern extension. In regard
to the relative numbers in the two sec-
tions, I should say that where the south-
ern extension might number its trees by
the hundreds, in the northern they might
be numbered by the tens of thousands.
The writer feels confident of having
completely outlined their area of dis-
tribution, and in so doing his ideas of
their climatic and ecological affinities
have changed. From the fact that they
were found in the southern mountains,
but little higher in the canyons than
the redwoods, and were only a few miles
from the ocean, he was led to infer that
they belonged with the redwoods to the
fog-belt of the coast ranges. It is now
clear that they do not belong to that
belt, and consequently not to those
stream basins west of the westernmost
coast range, but belong to the ranges
next within, which have abundant pre-
cipitation, but are semi-arid in summer,
and which give rise to streams whose
flow, though often uncertain, is impor-
tant to several towns and a rich val-
ley—the Salinas—of this region.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

195

This brings us to the second part of
this paper—the economic aspects of the
distribution of the Adzes venusta, In
regard to the southern extension of the
species—south of the latitude of Santa
Lucia Peak, the highest point of these
mountains—I should say that it is at
present only of theslightest importance
to the protection of the stream sources
of the Naci-mi-én-to, one of the three
chief branches of the Salinas River.
Quite probably, however, if this region
was protected from fire, and the 4 dzes
venusta extensively propagated in this
basin, which must be well adapted to
it, it would insure the steady flow of
this uncertain stream.

To understand its economic relation in
the northern extension, it is necessary
to explain that it occupies here practi-
cally a triangular area, whose eastern
angle reaches back at least 18 miles
from the coast among mountains often
over 4,500 and 5,000 feet in elevation,
largely covered with chaparral, but in
favorable localities producing consider-
able tracts of Pinus ponderosa, Pinus

THREE SILVER FIRS IN LOST VALLEY THAT ESCAPED THE GREAT FIRE OF 1898.

THE DEAD

TREES ARE QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS.

196

coulter?, and Abies venusta, only the first

named creating the effect of a forest.
With these are mixed the Black Oak,

‘Valparaiso Oak.) sTanbard= -Oak> and

Madrone.

From the northern Santa Lucias
spring three streams of considerable size,
beside the smaller ones flowing toward
the Pacific. The first of these three is
the Sur* River, draining the western
slope of the outer range ; it has a con-
siderable body of Redwood at lower ele-
vations, and scattered groves of the Sil-
ver Fir on the high rocky ridges, and
flows northwestward into the Pacific.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

and Ventura Creek, ddzes venusta ap-
pears at its best. It nowhere shows a
tendency to a forest, but occupies either
the rocky faces of steep canyons, the
crests of rocky ridges, or bottoms of the
canyons ; always scattered, or in groups
of from three to ten or twelve, with the
rocks or other trees interspersed. Its
preference is the north slope or the vi-
cinity of a mountain stream. Its roots
evidently seek the moisture found in
these situations.

The waters of the Carmel are of grow-
ing importance,as they furnish the towns
on Monterey Bay, such as Pacific Grove,
Monterey, and Hotel del

MARGIN OF WOODS IN BEAR BASIN, SANTA LUCIA MOUNTAINS,
SHOWING SPECIMENS OF SILVER FIR, COULTER’S PINE,
LIBOCEDRUS, AND PINUS PONDEROSA.

The second is the Carmel River, drain-
ing the north slopes of this mountain
mass. In this irregular drainage occur
most of the groves of Pinus ponderosa,
and the largest areas occupied by the
Silver Fir, besides considerable Tan-
bark Oak,}+ Madrone, and Valparaiso
Oak. + Much of the mountain portion
of this drainage indeed appears to bear
a true forest. Here also, in Bear Basin

* Pronounced ‘‘ Soor.”’
+ Pasania (or Quercus) densiflora.
t Quercus chrysolepis.

Monte, with their domestic
water supply.

The third stream is the
Arroyo Seco, one of the
three chief branches of the
Salinas River. The Arroyo
Seco drains eastwardly,
rises in the heart of the
northern Santa Lucias, and
its watershed occupies a
greater share of their ter-
ritory. ‘The ridges are of
great steepness, the can-
yons sometimes impassable
and the elevations of a
greater share of its moun-
tains from 3,000 to 5,500
feet above the sea, Santa
Lucia peak, on its south-
ern boundary, rising to a
height sof 5o67eteet. A
great deal of this basin is
covered with chaparral,
with a limited amount of
hardwood timber on the
north slopes, some /”nzs
coultert, and _ occasional
tracts of the Silver Fir, which be-
comes rather common in the northwest-
ern part of the basin, where the waters
approach the sources of the Carmel and
the Sur. In this basin there would be
much more timber than exists at present
if forest fires of great destructiveness
had not repeatedly swept its steep moun-
tains. These fires are known to have
been set purposely in some cases. I
have photographs of Silver Firs de-
stroyed by the fire of 1898; but the
greatest destruction was among the

1902.

FORESTRY AND

IRRIGATION. 197

THE SILVER FIR ALONG THE UPPER CARMEL RIVER, CALIFORNIA ;

A SPECIMEN OF PINUS

PONDEROSA IN THE CENTER.

oaks. Pinus ponderosa 2 feet in diam-
eter were killed, and the Pzxws atlenu-
ata, which is supposed in southern
California to resist and check forest
fires, was burned into the roots and de-
stroyed.

The Salinas Valley is a very rich val-
ley, and is the center for the sugar-beet
industry in northern California. Water
has been sought at considerable expense
through pumping plants, which have
not been very successful, Iamtold. So
important is the water supply for this
valley that, in 1900, the Arroyo Seco
was selected as one of the first basins
to be examined by engineers under the
authority of the United States Govern-
ment and the California Water and
Forest Association, and several sites
for storage reservoirs were mapped.

The engineer in charge proposed that
I look over the forest conditions of the
Arroyo Seco. I have now acquainted
myself with the character of the whole,
and the actual growth of more than half
the basin. A few of the results of the

work have been set forth in this paper,
one of the most interesting of which, to
a botanist, was the discovery that A dzes
venusta occupied not infrequent areas in
this and the Carmel River drainage, and
might under proper care become an im-
portant factor in the question of the
conservation of an abundant rain and
snow fall.

Therefore, in closing, let me suggest
certain conclusions which seem perti-
nent to me: If the Arroyo Seco is to
have storage reservoirs, holding a water
supply gathered from very steep slopes,
with a consequently rapid drainage, the
protection of the existing ligneous
growth and the propagation of addi-
tional forest growth within this basin
is the rational accompaniment of the
engineering work.

Fire must be kept out, and I am sat-
isfied that the Silver Fir would be one
of the best species to encourage or to
propagate over certain large, rocky
tracts where few other trees naturally
grow. The best hardwoods to accom-

198

pany it would be the Tanbark and Val-
paraiso Oak—the two oaks economically
most valuable on the coast.
Furthermore, the water supply from
the Carmel River will soon become in-
adequate or inferior for the growing
seaside towns on Monterey Bay, if the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May

same protection from fire is not accorded
to the woods at the head of the stream.

In this protection of the Carmel and
the Arroyo Seco, one of the most inter-
esting conifers in the world, the Silver
Fir of the Santa Lucias, would be cared
for in its original home.

RESULTS: OF ‘IRRIGATION IN WISCONSIN,

By GEORGE Jie PATCH

HE method of irrigating our gar-
den bed of matted strawberries
is simply to lay a sluice hose along the
upper edge of the piece, open a few
ports at a time and let the water flood
as far as it »williin: a short times then
open more ports and close the first, and
so on, till the whole strip is watered;
then move the hose out onto the plants
to the farther edge of the watered strip
and repeat the operation till the whole
is watered.

A large percentage of the plants first
set in this bed died, and the remaining
ones were allowed to make runners to
furnish plants to fill in missing spaces.
Through neglect the whole became more
or less matted over. We intended to
run furrows for irrigating, but it seemed
a pity to tear out so many nice plants,

and it was not done. Next time we will
run the furrows, or rather we will allow
no more beds to mat, so that pickers
will have something besides berries to
walk on. I mention this method of
irrigation because raspberries or other
small fruits mulched with straw could
be irrigated in this way without moving
the straw, by laying the hose on top of
the mulch, letting the water sink through
and spread under it.

Under the direction of Professor King
about fifteen acres were laid out into
ten plats of about one and one-half acres
each, the main crops to correspond in
size to these plats, which were again
subdivided into a total of forty-eight
subplats. Alternate subplats were left
unmanured, and part of those manured
received twice as much manure as the

Dt uwethrcss dO eels ™
woot -aeereaamse te -:

ee Wea a AEA

SH
CO nse

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING THE FLOW OF WATER THROWN BY THE PUMP USED BY MR. PATCH.

1902.

others. One-half of each subplat was
irrigated, some of these once a week
and some once in two weeks. A labo-
ratory was fitted up in the pump-house
in which soil samples were analyzed for
their water content and their soluble
nitrates. Two men were kept busy
during the season taking soil cores (in
foot lengths, to a depth of four feet, by
driving down a brass tube and pulling
it up with the soil inside) and conduct-
ing the analyses. These soil samples
were taken in certain rows and furrows
just before each irrigation and at inter-
vals after irrigation and the movements
of water and nitrates closely followed.
Many hundreds of soil samples were
thus analyzed during the summer.

I am not in possession of the results
of these experiments in detail, and if I
were I could not use them in this con-
nection, as the government reserves the
right of first publication of its findings.
I may, however, state some well-known
facts concerning the irrigation of sandy
lands. In the case of such porous soil
and open subsoil (pure sand) as we
have to deal with, water passes down
rapidly, and if too large an amount is
applied there is more or less leaching
of the nitrates(plant

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

199

it in a form all ready for plants to use.
We got better results from our garden
irrigation with well water than from our
field irrigation with river water, due
partly, no doubt, to leaching in the
field by applying too large quantities of
water, and partly to the difference in
nitrate content of river and well water.
Where conditions are favorable, there-
fore, the well and windmill or other suit-
able power cannot be outdone for small
areas, and Jam not sure that many wells
and small systems of irrigation may not
be preferable to one large plant using
river water on a large area.

In case an engine or horse-power is
used to pump from a well, hose may be
attached directly to the pump and the
water allowed to run into furrows; but
with a windmill a pond is necessary to
accumulate water enough to pay to
attend to running it. Wind is too un-
steady a power to allow it to pump
directly into furrows, as it would re-
quire constant attention to secure an
equal and economic distribution of
water.

The muck soil of swamps and marshes
which fringe many of our rivers is made
up largely of decomposed water weeds

foods) from the soil
into the soil water
below and carried
through springs into
the rivers, where
they, are: mostly
taken up by water
weeds, or liberated
by denitrifying or-
ganisms in the water
and the nitrogen re-
Piinied to fie ait:
Well water, espe-
cially in such soils,
is therefore very
much richer in ni-
trates. than’ river
water, and therefore
much better suited
to maintaining fer-
tility in the soil, as
a part of the nitrates
which have been
leached out of the
soil may be pumped
up and returned to

THIS CUT SHOWS WATER RUNNING IN
SLUICE HOSE IN THE FOREGROUND.

THE FURROWS, WITH THE

200

and grasses, the accumulation of ages,
in which much of the nitrogen which
would otherwise have been carried to
the sea has been rescued and stored up.
The river from which we pump is
fringed by such a deposit, two feet deep
and several acres in extent between our
pump and the river bed. It occurred
to me that it would be possible to stir
much of this muck (made soft by par-
tial overflow from a mill-pond below)
into the water and pump it up onto the
land, and thus add humus to the sand
and upon which the upland bacteria

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

and plant-growth more vigorous than
on those portions where no muck settles.
It will be necessary to add potash and
phosphate fertilizers to make a well-
balanced soil, as muck contains com-
paratively small amounts of these ele-
ments. Professor King had a measured
amount of muck added to a small area
of soil, analyzing samples of this soil
from time to time to determine how
much the development of nitrates was

affected by the addition of the muck.
One advantage of having muck stirred
into the water is that it silts up the bot-
tom of the furrows, check-

ing the downflow and forc-
ing more water out of the
sides toward the plants.

I notice in the |“ Water,
Supply and Irrigation Pa-
pers’’ of the United States
Geological Survey on irri-
gation in certain sections of
California the statement
that their irrigation fur-
rows ‘‘are generally less
than 300 feet long. ‘This
method gives particularly
good results on compara-
tively heavy soils, which do
not absorb water rapidly.
When soils are porous and
take water from the fur-
rows freely the furrows are
kept shorter than in heavier
soils.”’ Our experience
leads us to conclude that to
avoid leaching our furrows

HOME-MADE COTTON-DUCK HOSE FOR CONVEYING WATER,
SHOWING OUTLETS AT THE HEADS OF FURROWS.

could work, gradually making the stored
nitrogen available for plant food.

We fitted out our engineer with hip-
high rubber boots and a six-tined fork
and had him stir mud when not needed
at the engine. We found the mud
made the hose more nearly water-tight,
and that it did not settle in the hose, as
we feared it might, nor in the furrows,
except the most level portions, where
it gathered to a depth of one-fourth of
an inch or more. ‘This is then culti-
vated into the soil. Strawberry ground
treated thus is becoming darker in color

should not be more than
200 to 250 feet long, the
furrows wide and flat, and
filled as rapidly as possi-
ble, shutting off the water as soon as it
will run the length of the furrow—three
or four minutes. ‘Toward the close of
last season we were crowding the whole
flow from the pump—6oo gallons per
minute—into two or three furrows and
rushing it through as quickly as possi-
ble. Short furrows, with frequent ap-
plications of less than one surface inch
of water, must be the rule with us.
The increase of yields due to irriga-
tion this year will probably run from
50) 10°75 per cent. “Asmumber ot jfile
large photographs were taken for the

[g02.

government, illustrating the appliances
and methods used in irrigating.

Professor King has recently been ap-
pointed Chief of the new Bureau of
Climatology of the Depatment of Agri-
culture. Professor Belz, one of his as-
sistants here, is to go with him to Wash-
ington. Prof. A. R. Whitson will con-
duct the experiments next season.

We had three acres of late potatoes
which we were anxious to dig as soon
as they were ripe enough. We tested
them by digging eighteen hills in an
irrigated row and an equal weight from
an adjoining unirrigated row, which re-
quired forty-two hills. I have reason
to believe, however, that the average
difference in the field was not as large
as this. I think the average was about
85 bushels per acre for unirrigated and
135 bushels for irrigated. The yields
from the unirrigated strips were above
the average annual yield here. This is
the first year of these experiments, and
considering the fact that all our crops
were planted late on account of unavoid-
able delays in the spring, the results se-
cured this season should not count for
as much as average results of several
seasons.

One of the most interesting instru-
ments in use here is the evaporimeter.
A circular galvanized iron tank four feet
in diameter and three feet deep is sunk
nearly to its top in the ground. From
this tank a tube extends a few feet to
one side and rises from an elbow to a
small platform, on which is a metal box
containing clock-work, which slowly re-
volves a vertical roller, on which is
fastened a sheet of paper, especially
ruled and graduated for the purpose.
A lever with a peculiar pen fastened
across one end, and on the other end a
small wire, on the lower end of which
is a float hanging in the tube, is care-
fully balanced so that the pen swings
against the side of the roller. Water is
filled into the tank until it is nearly full,
raising the float in the tube enough to
bring the pen to a certain line on the
paper. The box is then locked and left
for twenty-four hours, when the pen is
again adjusted to the same line by add-
ing as much water as has been evapo-
rated, or taking out if rainfall has ex-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

201

ceeded evaporation. An irregular line
on the paper indicates the amount and
rate of evaporation and rainfall during
the twenty-four hours. Our irrigations
are regulated somewhat by the rainfall
thus recorded. It does not matter so
much what the evaporation from open
water may be, if the soil is thoroughly
cultivated evaporation from it may be
greatly retarded.

Some simple form of rain gage might
be useful to farmers by helping to de-
termine when irrigation is desirable.
A simple way of determining when soil
needs water is to press some of it in the
hand. If it packs in the hand so as to
retain the impress of the fingers, it is.
supposed to be sufficiently moist for
plant growth; if not, irrigate. This
will do, perhaps, in most cases, but
there is so much difference in soils that
it will hardly do for a universal rule.
There must be sufficient water in the
soil so that it will pass by capillarity
along the surface of the soil-grains to-
ward the little rootlets which are suck-
ing itin. In clay soils the particles are
so very small that there is much more
grain surface for water to adhere to, so
that the water-holding capacity of such
soils is much greater than sandy soils,
in which the soil-grains are large and
comparatively few in number.

But for the same reason plants can use
the water to a lower percentage in sandy
soil than in clay soil, since in a sandy
soil it is spread over a much smaller
grain surface, and the water film on
each grain will be thick enough to move
by capillarity, while if divided among
all the minute particles of clay soil it
would be too thin to move. The per-
centage of water necessary for plant
growth in clay may be three or four
times as great as in light, sandy soil.
Both soils would probably appear to be
of about the same dryness, the real dif-
ference being discoverable by analysis
only. Every man should study the pe-
culiarities and needs of his own soil and
not follow general rules too closely.

I have just made two new sluice-
hose sections, each 80 feet long, with
ports for every furrow, with an apron
end to lay into the furrow, which will
be more convenient. We have 2,400

iS)
O
rs)

DRAWING SHOWING SEWER-PIPE WATER MAIN

feet of 10-inch sewer pipe coming from
the factory, which we will lay through
the field, with hydrants conveniently
located, to which hose will be attached,
running across the field on each side of
the pipe line, for distributing water to
the furrows. In the accompanying
drawing the upper figure shows the
sewer-pipe main laid low enough to
avoid the plow, with hydrant made by
bringing water to the surface through a
Y and a one-eighth bend, with a short
piece of oiled hose attached (the hose is

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

Brass ring hem:

y
| y
—— <—>'

cr LEG ee

HOSE.

AND NEW SLUICE

oiled in boiled linseed oil). The lower
figure shows the new sluice hose, the
ports regulated and closed by drawing
heavy hardware cord through brass
rings sewed fast and tied with one slip
loop, which will hold when wet. Rings
of large brass wire are sewed into the
ends of the hose and couplings made by
slipping one, laid ‘horizontally, through
the other and straightening up inside.
The sluice hose (which is an original
device) seems to be meeting with favor
wherever tried.

THE WORK IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY.

By WILLIAM H. Krue,

Bureau of Chemistry, U.

HEMISTRY is essentially a gen-

eral science, in that it has for its
object the study of the substances which
constitute the universe, the transforma-
tions of these substances, and the laws
which govern such changes. It is evi-
dent, therefore, that there are but few
special sciences of which chemistry is

S. Department of Agriculture.

not an important and generally neces-
sary part. This is more fully appre-
ciated when we know the extensive
specialization which: has taken place
within the science itself, and most of
which is of comparatively recent origin.
The field is fer se so large, and the in-
vestigations of the last fifty years have

1902.

increased the wealth of chemical knowl-
edge to such a degree, that it is now
quite impossible for a student of the
science to cover it zz ¢ofo. ‘The chemists
of today are forced to choose a special
field of investigation, and the effect of
this rapid growth of the science has
naturally also been felt in the Bureau
of Chemistry in the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and last year led to a
‘division of the work, whereby each
branch of chemical investigation was
enabled to define closely its field, and
to concentrate all thought and efforts on
the associated problems.

The need of a laboratory which would
devote all of its time to the study of the
chemistry of forest products, both in its
theoretical and practical applications,
had been felt for some time, and it was
eventually decided to establish such a
laboratory. The plans for the organi-
zation of the laboratory were prepared
by Dr. Wiley, and were approved by
the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Chief of the Bureau of Forestry. ‘The
writer was selected by Dr. Wiley as
chief of this laboratory. I believe I
can truthfully claim it to be the first of
its kind in the United States, if not in
the world. A number of laboratories
devoted to the chemistry of tanning
materials and other materials used in
the manufacture of leather are in exist-
ence in England and on the Continent,
but this line of work forms but a small
part of our field. Although the labo-
ratory has now been in existence only
ten months, the number of problems
which we are working on, or which we
intend to take up during the coming
year has grown far beyond our expecta-
tions. ‘The scope of the work can prob-
ably be best illustrated by a brief review
of the investigations so far planned.

The first work taken up by the lab-
oratory was a study of the chemical
composition of the wood and bark of the
Quercus primus, Quercus alba, Quercus
rubra, and Quercus velutina, our object
being the determination of the relation-
ship existing between the chief constit-
uents and the variations occurring in
different sections of thetrees. This in-
vestigation has been extended to the
‘Western Hemlock, and other trees will

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

203

be taken up in turn until we have an
exhaustive series of analyses covering
the most important American species.
Naturally an investigation of this kind
is mainly theoretical, but it must not
be forgotten that it has also a practical
value, especially with trees which are
important sources of tanning materials.

In response to a general demand, we
have formulated plans fora study of the
availability of certain hitherto unused
woods as asource of wood pulp. Spruce
and Poplar have so far been chiefly used
for this purpose, but the supply of these
woods is rapidly being exhausted, and
other woods will in time have to be used.
It is proposed to make this work most
comprehensive, both from a chemical
and microscopical standpoint. ‘The va-
rious woods will be subjected to the pro-
cesses of disintegration now used, the
conditions obtaining in practice being
imitated as closely as possible, when the
resultant pulp will be studied with ref-
erence to the yield, nature, and condi-
tion of fiber and utilized as a basis for
papers. The results thus obtained will
then indicate the variations necessary
in the processes so as to make them con-
form to the properties peculiar to each
wood. In connection with this work
we have planned a study of the compo-
sition and physical characteristics of
the various papers containing either me-
chanical or chemical wood pulp which
are found on the American market, our
ultimate object being the establishment
of a paper-testing laboratory similar to
that now operated by the German Gov-
ernment in Berlin. ‘The necessity of
such a laboratory is apparent when we
consider that practically all official pub-
lications are now printed on such paper,
and that the life of wood-pulp papers is
in general very brief. The importance
of certain standards is self-evident, and
we hope to establish and enforce these
for the American papers, at least in so
far as they are furnished to the govern-
ment.

An investigation recently suggested
and which will receive our attention as
soon as the material is at hand isa study
of the chemical composition and phys-
ical properties of American-tanned sole
leathers, for the purpose of determining

204

the influence of the method of tanning
on the character and wearing qualities
of the leathers.

In connection with the methods of
kiln-drying lumber which are now ex-
tensively practiced, the laboratory has
been requested to make a study of the
effect of dry and moist heat on the phys-
ical properties of various woods. The
value of these data will be in their prac-
tical application in connection with the
use of such lumber in buildings. This
work has been held in abeyance until
appropriate testing machines can be ob-
tained, and we then propose to coop-
erate with the Road Material Labora-
tory of the Bureau of Chemistry, not
only in this work, but also in the test-
ing of wood paving blocks and the ap-
plication and effect of wood preserva-
tives. A large variety of the latter are
to-day offered, and a comparative study
of their effectiveness should prove of
considerable value.

Another line of work, which will
hardly be received with much pleasure
by certain interests, wherein it resem-
bles the work on food adulteration so
long carried on by the Bureau of Chem-
istry, but which will be beneficial in
other directions, is an examination of
American turpentine as found in the
market. It is claimed that adultera-
tion, especially with benzine and rosin
oil, is most extensively practiced, the
result being a pecuniary fraud by which
both the buyer and ultimate user suffer,
as paints prepared with such turpentine
have less covering power and perma-
nency. Ina bulletin on oil of turpen-
tine, recently published by the Inland
Revenue Department, Ottawa, Canada,
it was shown that 16 per cent of the
turpentine sold in the province was
adulterated in the manner just men-
tioned.

In connection with the turpentine in-
dustry, we are now engaged in a study
of a series of products obtained by a
new method of distilling waste pine. I
will not enter into the details of the
process, as they will shortly appear in a
report which we are now preparing for
publication in FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION. JI may say, however, that this
process appears to be the first which

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May.

successfully and profitably utilizes the
larger quantities of dead pine found in
the southern turpentine belt.

Probably the most interesting work
conducted by this laboratory is a study
of the chemical composition, constitu-
ents, and possible uses of a series of
tree secretions which have been sub-
mitted by the Philippine Bureau of For-
estry. With the exception of a few of
the materials, we have so far not been
able to find a reference in the literature,
and in some cases the work has proved.
doubly interesting, as we found investi-
gations recorded which have been made
with material of doubtful origin. This.
naturally introduces an element of un-
certainty with reference to the applica-
bility of the final results, and it is for-
tunate that the materials sent us for
examination have in general been care-
fully identified. Arrangements have
also been made whereby the laboratory
will be supplied with samples of the
various parts, such as the bark, wood,.
leaves, and secretions, if found, of all
new trees reported by the exploring
parties sent out by the Bureau of For-
estry in Manila, and these materials will
form the basis for a series of investiga-
tions having both a purely scientific and
a commercial value.

In connection with these various prob-
lems we have also planned a series of
microscopical studies of woods and.
barks, and work of this kind is now
progressing with reference to the oaks.
previously mentioned. ‘The object of
these investigations is not merely his-
tological, as we are aware that consider-
able work of this kind has been done.
Our chief aim is to study the histo-
chemistry of the cellular structure, and
a number of interesting observations
have already been recorded. A large
amount of microscopical work will also
be required in connection with the in-
vestigations on wood pulp and papers.

During the coming spring the labo-
ratory will also conduct an investigation
on chemical methods of killing useless.
timber.

Finally I may mention the study of
analytical methods, especially with ref-
erence to tanning materials, which is
conducted each year in connection with

1902.

the Association of Official Agricultural
‘Chemists. It is not so very long ago
that the American tanner or extract man-
ufacturer considered a chemical analy-
‘sis to possess no value whatever, and
preferred to buy or sell on the basis of
the density of the material. This state
of affairs was chiefly due to erroneous
methods of analysis and the lack of un1-
formity even when the same method
was followed. Through consistent
effort and study on the part of a number
of chemists interested in the subject,
this has been changed, and at least 75
per cent of the tanning extracts and
materials found on the American mar-
ket to-day are sold on the basis of an

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

205

analysis by the official method. At the
last meeting of the association it was
agreed generally that this method is
now practically perfect, and it was there-
fore decided to take up the study of
other analytical methods applicable in a
tannery, the object being to eliminate
the sources of error now existing. ‘The
ultimate aim of all this work is the
adoption of an international method for
the analysis of tanning materials which
will be a service to the American impor-
ters, as the European chemists are now
using a method which gives to an ex-
tract or tanning material a valuation
from I to 2 per cent higher than the
official method.

LEE HY DROGRAPHY, OF COLORADO.

Be AS 1. FELLOWS;

U. S. Geological Survey.

HE relations existing between hy-
drography and forestry are inti-
mately bound together. Hydrography
being, generally speaking, the study of
water in all its characteristics and uses,
it logically follows that the relationship
between the two sciences is so close that
they are almost inseparable.

It is within the province of the United
States Geological Survey to examine
into all the inorganic resources of the
country, and one of the greatest of such
resources is, as all will admit, our water
supply. So great is the importance of
this branch of the investigations that
labor along these lines has been dele-
gated to a separate division, namely, the
Division of Hydrography of the U. S.
Geological Survey, of which Mr. F. H.
Newell is at the head. Its work is the
study of all problems connected with
the existing supply, whether derived
directly from rainfall or from the run-off
of drainage basins, whether these prob-
lems bear upon amounts available for
use or upon the use itself.

In the pursuit of information along
these lines a number of gaging stations
have been established throughout the
country generally, but more particularly

where the call for such investigations
has been the greatest. In Colorado, for
example, petitions have been sent in
from nearly every part of the state, ask-
ing that investigations be carried on
with a view to ascertaining the amount
of water available for irrigation, either
by diversion directly from streams or by
means of storage. In accordance with
these requests, about thirty-five gaging
stations have been established and are
being operated at the present time.
Petitions have been sent in from Maine
to California, more from some states
perhaps than from others, but enough
from all to indicate the great demand
for definite information concerning our
available water supply and the uses to
which it may be put. By some states
appropriations have been made for the
purpose of cooperating in the work with
the Division of Hydrography, the basis
of agreement being usually that the
Survey will, if it is in its power, devote
the same amount of money that the
state itself devotes to the investigation.
In many cases the amount appropriated
by the state has been exceeded ; in some
cases the states have appropriated noth-
ing, although they have requested that

206

the work be done, which is accordingly
being carried on as far as possible. In
Colorado the State Engineering Depart-
ment has cooperated to the extent of
their ability, making measurements
whenever possible and furnishing other
invaluable assistance.

The principal uses to which water may
be put are, in general, domestic supply,
irrigation, mining, milling, and power
purposes generally, and the amount of
use will, of course, depend upon tHe
amount of water available and the
amount of power that may be generated,
this amount being dependent both upon
the flow of the stream and the available
head.

While, of course, there is not at pres-
ent so great a demand in the East for
information concerning water for irri-
gation, there is an equally great, if not
greater, demand for information con-
cerning the amount available for all the
other purposes named. In Colorado we

make use of water for all these purposes.
Upon the same stream the water may
perhaps be first used in the development

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

of power and in concentrating the ores
in our stamp mills in the mountainous.
tracts near our mines. Again, a little
farther down, it is taken up and used
for placer mining. Still again, it may
be taken out near the mouth of the
canyon, and by utilizing the head ob-
tained through flumes, pipe lines, or
otherwise, power is generated ; and,
again, at the mouth of the canyon the
water is taken from the natural bed of
the stream and is diverted by means of
flumes or ditches to the contiguous tracts
of tillable land, and through the use of
water thus obtained the agricultural
products of Colorado have become of
greater importance than even the min-
ing products. Again, the water which
has percolated into the soil and thus
forms an underflow may be once more
brought to the surface and again used
for irrigation by means of the power
generated at the mouth of the canyon.

In addition to all these uses some pro-
vision must have been made along the
course of the stream for water for the
domestic supply of the settlers and the

A RIVER GAGING STATION.

1902.

cities in the drainage basin; so that
practically upon many of the streams
of the state, as will eventually be the
case upon all, every drop of water is
used over and over again. I have said
that the amount of use that may be
made of the water supply is dependent
upon the amount of water available ;
this will, of course, depend upon the
precipitation and the area drained by
the stream and its tributaries and upon
the general nature of the country; a
sandy and level drainage area giving
far less run-off than an equal area cov-
ered with rocks; and similarly, a tract
covered with forest permitting a less
violent discharge, although a more con-
tinuous and protracted flow than a sim-
ilar tract denuded of all vegetation.

In the investigation of our water sup-
ply the stations established may first be
classed generally in two divisions: those
which are of a more or less permanent
nature—that is, are expected to be con-
tinued for a considerable term of years,
and those which are of a temporary
character, or which are expected to be
kept up for from one to four or five
years at the most. ‘Those of the first
class are generally located upon the
most important streams and at the most
practicable points upon these streams
for deriving correct information con-
cerning the flow. ‘Those of a tempo-
rary character are established upon the
smaller streams, either at the most im-
portant points or at points where especial
information is desired, and at interme-
diate points upon the main streams. Of
a permanent character may be named
those stations which are situated at the
mouths of the canyons of the large
streams and those stations situated near
the boundaries of the state; for exam-
ple, upon the Rio Grande, in Colorado,
both stations maintained at present are
of a permanent nature, one of them being
practically where the water debouches
from the mountains, and the second
being near the point where the river
crosses the line between Colorado and
New Mexico. Of a temporary nature,
so far as the Geological Survey is con-
cerned, at least, are such stations as
those upon the tributaries of the South
Platte and of the Arkansas and upon

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

207

many of the western streams of the
state, where only general information
is desired as to the amount of water
available for different purposes.

All stations established, whether of a
permanent or of a temporary nature,
have some especial reason for their estab-
lishment, however, and these reasons
may vary as the uses to which the water
is put vary. Inone place the investiga-
tion may be simply for the purpose of
diverting the amount of water available
for irrigation directly from the stream ;
in another case it is desired that the
amount which goes to waste in a given
stream may be known in order that if
possible this loss may be prevented and
thus reservoirs be made available. Or
a station may be established in order
that the discharge of a stream may be
known with reference to the power that
might be developed from this stream ;
or, again, a station is established for
the purpose of ascertaining the amount
of water available as a city water supply
upon some of the smaller tributaries of
the main streams high up in the moun-
tains, perhaps.

One of the principal uses to which
water is put in Colorado is irrigation,
and consequently some of the most im-
portant information to be derived is for
this purpose. Colorado is divided into
six irrigation divisions, and each of
these is in its turn divided into a num-
ber of irrigation districts, the divisions
being governed in general by a superin-
tendent who is under the direction of
the state engineer, and each district
being governed directly by a water com-
missioner, who reports to the superin-
tendent. Many of the stations estab-
lished have been for the assistance of
the water commissioners in properly
dividing the water of the streams among
the various consumers, this being the
especial province of the state engineer,
who cooperates most fully and heartily
with the work of the Division of Hy-
drography in this respect.

I shall not go into the details of the
different irrigation districts at this time,
but mention in brief the different irriga-
tion divisions into which the state is
subdivided, with particular reference
to the different drainage basins. These

208

are irrigation division No. 1, or the
Platte River Division; No. 2, or the Ar-
kansas Division; No. 3, or the Rio
Grande Division; No. 4, or the San
Juan Division; No. 5, or the Grand
River Division, and No. 6, or the Green
River Division. Of these the difficulties
in distribution of the water are greatest
in divisions 1 and 2, and hence the most
stations have been established by request
in these divisions.

In the South Platte irrigation divis-
ion the station at Platte Canyon is
maintained with particular reference to
the power that might be developed and
the water available for irrigation pur-
poses. The station at Denver is for the
assistance of the water commissioner in
the distribution of the water at that
point, as is also the principal object in
the stations upon the tributaries of the
South Platte at Forks Creek, Boulder,
Lyons, Arkins, and Fort Collins and
the others, although in each of these
cases the question of available power
also enters. The station at Kersey was
established for the purpose of ascertain-
ing the amount of water that might be
stored in reservoir sites known to exist
north of the river, as was also the sta-
tion at Orchard. ‘The station at Jules-
burg was established with particular
reference to possible interstate contro-
versy. Indivision No. 2 asimilar state
of affairs exists. The permanent sta-
tions at Canyon City and Pueblo are
maintained for the purpose of determin-
ing the amount available both for irri-
gation and for power purposes. That
at Barton is maintained because of its
importance as an interstate station,
while the intermediate stations are kept
up principally on account of the assist-
ance afforded to the water commissioners
in the distribution of the waters. The
same state of affairs exists in the other
divisions of the state. Most of the tem-
porary stations are intended to be kept
lipjas) las been ‘stated; for a, yeah or
two only, work then being transferred
to some other stream or to some other
point on the same stream.

Another important branch of the in-
vestigations 1s embraced in the low-
water measurements made each year
upon the various streams in the state.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

It is our intention to cover each year
certain streams not as yet measured, be-
ginning with low-water measurements,
data as to the forestation and the possi-
bilities for reservoiring water, and the
development of power.

Still another branch, which is taken
up more particularly by the state engi-
neer’s office and by Professor Carpenter,
of the State Agricultural College, is the
measurement of the return water, or
seepage. ‘This is carried on quite ex-
tensively in the state, and a vast fund
of valuable information has been thus
derived.

The modus operandi at each of the
stations is practically the same, although
it may differ in detail. Usually there
is a gage observer, who reports the
daily gage heights of the river, the sta-
tion being visited by the hydrographer
at the high-water stage, the low-water
stage, and at various intermediate points,
and from his measurements a rating
table is calculated, which gives approxi-
mately the discharge for any given
height upon the gage rod. In this way
the discharge for each day of the year
or for an entire week, month, or year
may be readily calculated.

The most important work under way
in the State at this time is the survey
of the possibility of diverting water from
the Gunnison River into the Uncom-
pahgre Valley. A topographical sur-
vey and a geological examination are
now being made with reference to this
point. This is a possibility that has
been talked of for years and is consid-
ered of first importance.

The development of power is as yet
in its infancy in Colorado, although
upon some streams—as, for example,
the San Miguel River—practically every
drop obtainable at the low stages is now
used for this purpose, in some cases the
water being taken and used over and
overagain. ‘Thesame condition will un-
doubtedly obtain upon the other moun-
tain streams of the state in the near
future, and I venture to prophesy that
the future of electrical engineering in
Colorado is very bright.

The forest reserves of Colorado are
upon the headwaters of some of the
most important streams, and their tend-

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

209

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4

DIAGRAM SHOWING AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED FOR THE IRRIGATION OF THE AVERAGE
FARM IN COLORADO AT DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR.

ency is to retard the melting of snows
in the spring and to hold back the
moisture in the ground. For this rea-
son the run-off is more gradual rather
than so violent, as is the case where the
hillsides have been entirely denuded
of their timber, either by forest fires
or by clearing. The absolute tendency
to thus retard the flow of the waters in
the streams is so self-evident and has
been so thoroughly demonstrated that
I do not care to go into this matter, but
introduce the subject for the purpose of
showing the necessity for long-contin-
ued measurements upon our streams,
which shall prove beyond question the
value of these forest reserves to the irri-
gation interests. The forests of Colo-
rado should be entirely under the super-
vision of the Bureau of Forestry. I
hope that eventually such will be the
case, and that then the sphere of the
Bureau will be limited, not to two or
three forest reserves, but to the pres-
ervation and proper use of the forests of
the entire state.

I cannot refrain from saying a few

words to call attention more forcibly
to the importance of this relation to
the irrigation interests. In the accom-
panying diagram I have endeavored
to show approximately the amount of
water required for the irrigation of the
average farm in Colorado at different
seasons of the year. This diagram is
based upon observations and experi-
ments made at a number of experiment
stations, principally bythe Department of
Agriculture, and, while any generaliza-
tion of this kind must be merely ap-
proximate, it is safe to assume that it is
nearly correct. The diagram made up
from the data obtainable shows that the
principal use of water is in June and
July, probably the maximum in Colo-
rado being about the 1st of July, thus
occurring about a month or so later
than the maximum of the discharge in
our streams. Itis not my intention to go
deeply into the statistics showing this
fact at this time, but will refer you to
the reports of the irrigation division of
the Department of Agriculture, under
Mr. Elwood Mead, and to the reports of

210

Professor L. G. Carpenter, of Fort Col-
lins, Colorado, for definite proof. I
simply wish to call your attention to the
fact that anything that tends to retard
the flow of our streams, making the
maximum flow later than it would
otherwise be, is in the nature of reser-
voiring the water supply, and that for
this reason the preservation of our for-
ests with this object in view is of the
utmost importance to all irrigating dis-
tricts.

Iam satisfied that if our observations
had been kept up long enough upon our
streams the records would demonstrate
the fact that where the forests have
been removed the run-off has been more
violent early in the season and the dis-
charge almost nothing in the later part,
whereas originally there was a much
more steady flow for the summer
months. I have many figures that
would seem to indicate this fact, but
it is impossible to generalize from the
measurements of any individual year
or for any short period of years. In the
records which I have a generalization
seems to indicate at least that the mini-
mum flow of streams where the forests
have been burned off is very much less
than the minimum flow of years before
the damage had been done, and that the
minimum stage comes much earlier in
the year. This fact is much more

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

clearly evident than the fact that there
is any material change in the maximum
discharge, as the different years vary so
widely in the amount of precipitation
upon which the run-off depends, al-
though here, too, the indications are
that the maximum discharge comes
earlier in the year than it did previously.
A comparison of the statistics at hand
illustrates two facts: First, that forest-
ation, by tending to equalize the flow
in our streams and retarding the maxi-
mum stage, will be of the utmost assist-
ance in furnishing the water at the time
when it is most needed for irrigation,
and, further, by increasing the minimum
amount it naturally permits of increas-
ing those crops which require the most
water late in the season, these crops
being in many instances our most valu-
able agricultural products. The second
fact suggested is that even under the
most favorable conditions there will still
be a vast surplus of water which cannot
be used to advantage unless the floods
are stored in artificial reservoirs. So
that in our slogan, ‘‘Save the forests
and store the floods,’’ we have two ani-
mating impulses which are not merely
akin, but which are so closely akin that
they will prove to be like the twin
brothers, Castor and- Pollux, of old;
who shall conquer and reclaim arid
America.

LUMBERING IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.

By ALBERT W. CooPpeR AND? D158.) WOOLSEY) JR:

ROADLY speaking, there are two
methods of lumbering which for
generations have been practiced in New
England. The one is clear cutting.
The other, through limitation of size
of stumpage, allows a fresh crop every
dozen years or so. ‘This, in many cases,
approaches the ideal of the scientific
forester. It is customary in the great
lumber state of Maine. Now, however
one may regard these two methods, the
practical processes in both, of getting
the tree from the stump to the mill, are
alike interesting.

The operations of J. E. Henry &
Sons, North Woodstock, N. H., are an
instance of clear cutting. They have
applied this method of lumbering partly
owing to their nearness to market, so that
nearly everything can be utilized, and
partly because their land for the most
part contains spruce timber. <A pulp:
mill run in connection with their saw-
mill enables them to use the spruce unfit
for timber.

Their tract is a large one, situated in
the Franconia Notch, and running up:
over the slopes of the Franconia Moun-

1902.

tains. Its southern end is near the vil-
lage of North Woodstock, about a mile
from which are situated the firm’s saw
and pulp mills. From this point their
land runs in a northerly direction, well
up to Mt. Washington and the Presi-
dential Range, comprising in all about
130,000 acres.

As the branch of the Pemigewasset
River was not drivable, a broad-gage
railroad was built to haul out the tim-
ber. ‘The road follows the stream until
three miles from the mill, where it
branches out so as to cover the country
known as the ‘‘ Kast Wilderness.’’ A
triangular valley is surrounded by
mountains, and it is on these slopes
that the present lumbering is going on.

The railroad is joined by the main
hauling roads. These roads are re-
markable for their average excellence.
Mr. Henry believes that it is wise econ-
omy to put more money into roads and
saveinhorseflesh. These roadsarefrom
8 to 10 feet in width, and often show a
cut and fill of over 6 feet. The impor-
tant roads are built during the summer.
These are more expensive than winter
roads, but a road built in winter is use-
less as soon as the snow melts. ‘They
cost from 1-50. to: $2.18 a rod. ~The

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

211

summer work makes swamping cost
higher and requires more blasting and
leveling. The upper portion of the
main hauling road, however, is usually
completed in winter. The cost runs
from $0.73 to $1.50 per rod. Swamp:
ing is less thorough, and the stumps
and rocks can be skidded over without
the need of removal. ‘The spruce tops
are piled against the side logs and side
posts, and thus little or no cut and filling
is necessary. The duty of marking
where the road shall be run is left to
the foreman of the swamping gang.
At present the system of marking is to
blaze the lower side posts and run the
road above the blazed line. Skidding,
placing of stringers and slew skids
(which are necessary to slew the logs
on short steep turns) is also left to the
foreman. ‘To prevent drifting during
the winter months, groups of spruce are
left to windward of the exposed stretches
of road. ‘These, it is believed, save
much by the protection they afford the
hauling surface.

The care of the roads during the haul-
ing season is an important consideration.
As a rule, one road-tender is required
for 50 rods of road. Practically his only
duty is to keep his stretch of road grav-

LUMBER AND LUMBERED LAND, NORTH WOODSTOCK, N. H.

212

reled. ‘The use of girdle and tail chains
is not allowed, for it 1s believed they
‘tear up the roads and make dangerous
ruts. The system of graveling makes
it harder hauling back the empty bunks,
but the down journey is made with
greater safety.

Since the summer of 1901 J. E.
Henry & Bro. have adopted a narrow-
gage switch-back system, and at every
angle of zigzag an extra length allows
the cars to pass. ‘The road is portable
and see-saws up the slope. ‘The ties are
laid about 4 feet apart, 1,200 to the mile.
Thirty-pound steel rails are used, and

Me

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,
The only change in next summer’s
operations will be the trial of a Baldwin
logging engine in place of horse-power
for hauling up the empties.

In addition to the main logging roads
up the mountains, there are temporary
and twitch roads. ‘These are built en-
tirely in winter. The temporary roads
branch off from the main roads at short
intervals, and run parallel to each other
along the mountain sides. ‘They are
built from day to day as the cutting
advances, and are comparatively inex-
pensive, since snow is an important
factor in their make-up. Each road

SKIDWAY IN PROCESS OF BUILDING.

weigh 50 tons to the mile, at a cost of
$30 a ton. ‘The empty cars are hauled
up by three horses, and are run back
in pairs by gravity, with three men to
brake. According to the first year’s
figures, this system is about 10 per cent
cheaper than hauling roads for summer
work. ‘There was some difficulty in de-
ciding between a broad and narrow
gage road. A broad gage would take
a larger load and could have been run
to the mill without reloading. On the
other hand, the extra cost of grading
and swamping for a broad gage was
calculated to more than balance what
was gained in not having to reload.

serves for hauling off the logs cut on
the strip of hillside between it and the
next road above. In this way the logs
are rolled down the slope to the road.
Insome parts of the mountains, where
the pitch is too steep to permit of direct
hauling, the difficulty is solved by put-
ting in short twitch roads. ‘These run
back from the nearest temporary road
at intervals of 100 yards or so, joining
itatan acute angle. In this angle there
is a skidway, to which the logs are
twitched by horses, one at a time, and
from the skidway are loaded onto the
sleds. ‘This system of twitch roads
avoids expensive and difficult grading.

1902.

The trees are cut by notching and
sawing and are felled parallel to the
road, thus rolling down the slope. The
cutting begins at the foot of the slope
and works upward ; the tops and limbs
are left to form a sort of rude skidway,
and thus facilitate the downward pro-
gress of the trees. Sometimes a log,
starting at the top of aslope, gains such
headway that bumpers are necessary on
the farther side of the road to check its
progress.

After the trees are felled and lopped
they are loaded on asled drawn by a
pair of horses, and bound on by bunk
chains, the hind ends dragging in the
road. A load consists of from four or
five to a dozen or more logs, according
to their size and the condition of the
particular road. ‘This hauling is one of
the most dangerous parts of the work,
and only skillful drivers are employed.
In spite of this, horses are often injured
or killed on bends or steep slopes where
the road is slippery. In sucha case the
driver is or is not held responsible, as
the circumstances of the case and the
driver’s reputation for carefulness seem
to warrant.

This firm has but one set of roads;
that is, there are no return roads. ‘The
teams haul two loads per day apiece,
one in the morning and another in the
afternoon.

Along the line of the railroad, at the
end of each main hauling line, are the
skidways. These haveas many landings
as there are cars to be loaded—say 4 to
6—and each landing has an estimated
storage capacity of 10,000 feet, b. m.
In case the main road is tied up, the logs
can be stored along the hauling road, or
where the cutting is going on. Where
possible the main skid logs are Birch or
Hard Maple; otherwise Spruce. The
logs are always peeled to prevent injury
from borers, and to make rolling the
timber easier for the landing crew.
Each landing has an upper and lower
platform, with bunting posts at the
lower edge, to prevent the logs from
sliding onto the cars. There is a drop
of 3 feet from the lower platform to the
top of the car. A higher dropis apt to
split along log. When the teams come
in the load is scaled and the small pulp

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

one

logs are dropped at the first two land-
ings, the better logs at landings 3, 4,
and 5. This is a simple method of sort-
ing, and saves time at the mill. The
landing crew is responsible for unload-
ing the teams, and also for loading the
cars. Their work is considered the
hardest of any crew.

J. E. Henry & Son’s lumber camps
are very much after the fashion of log-
ging camps in general, save in some
particulars which seem worthy of men-
tion. First of all, the camp buildings are
made of boards instead of logs. These
are found to be cheaper, as the logs are
more valuable for either pulp or lumber.
They are enabled to do this by the fact
that they have their own sawmill near
at hand and operate a railroad of their
own. Another interesting feature of
their system is that of transporting the
camp buildings from place to place by
means of the railroad. Buildings of
this sort are either long and narrow or
built so that they can be readily taken
apart. They are usually 14 feet in
width, and from 30 to 50 feet long. Of
course, camps of this description are
usually confined to the railroad at the
foot of the mountains, while those far-
ther up are built of logs. These latter
are burnt down when they are aban-
doned, to discourage possible campers
who might carelessly start fires.

The scarcity of labor is an important
difficulty in the way of successful lum-
bering at North Woodstock. ‘The men
are the gainers both in wages and in
treatment. The cook receives $50 a
month and board, the teamsters from
$28 to $32.50, paying $3 per week for
board; the skidders, landing crew, chop-
pers, sled-tenders, and road-tenders from
$26 to $33, paying for board. A rule
of the wage scale is that a man when
sick must pay board and not receive
pay. Few are sick in the camps, but
the men feel that it is an unfair system.
Many men will work for them in pref-
erence to other lumbermen on account
of the good food furnished. Fresh beef
is served three times a week, and the
cooking is unusually good. In winter
the men are allowed to return to camp
for dinner. At other camps we visited
a cold lunch was carried to them. A

214

fee of fifty cents a month guarantees
the men hospital treatment when laid
up. Asa business proposition this firm
has realized that the good health of the
men is essential to success. ‘That they
act upon this is shown by the fact that
spring water is piped to three of the
summer camps in preference to using
the brook water.

Every detail points to the care and
thoroughness of their lumbering. There
is no waste timber left in the woods.
All side logs, stringers, and slew skids
are hauled out when the roads are aban-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

at the same time improve the future
value of the land. Some system is ab-.
solutely necessary if the land is to be
held. If they should wish to sell, they
would get a higher price with the land
well stocked with young growth. At
present the clear-cutting system includes
the stunted growth on the mountain
tops. If this growth were left, little
lumber would be lost, and it would
insure reproductiou. The steep slopes
and high wind would play an important
part in the natural sowing. Under the
present system the groups of spruce

LUMBER CAMPS NEAR NORTH WOODSTOCK, N. H.

doned. The skidway logs are peeled
for protection against borers, so that
they can be converted later on. ‘The
movable camps and stables, the govern-
ment and care of the men, the good
road and switch-back systems are evi-
dences of economical and careful lum-
bering. While their lumbering shows
great skill and business ability, yet there
is no provision for the future. They
are not letting the cut-over land go for
taxes, and yet the future growth is not
considered. By some moderate and
simple system of forestry it is believed
that the firm could realize heavily and

(left to protect the roads against snow)
arecut last. Should these groups prove
windfirm, their removal might be de-
layed a year or so in the chance of
their aiding reproduction. In the Ad-
irondacks’ a strip or patch system
is used on this type of spruce slopes.
By modifying these systems as above
suggested, it is reasonably certain that
the financial requirements would not
be interfered with, and that the fu-
ture value of the land would be in-
creased. With the enormous demand
for pulp wood, every owner should plan
for the future.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

215

RELATION OF FORESTS TO THE MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES OF TENNESSEE.

By 3. W. POWELL,

President of the Powell Lumber and Mining Company.

HE figures for the wood-working
industries of the state for the
year 1900 are not yet available from the
Census Bureau, and I have not been
able to obtain from any of the chambers
of commerce of the four large cities of
this state any statistics which would
show the rate of increase in manufactur-
ing from forest products, but which it
is quite certain is rapidly growing. I
will therefore devote most of my paper
to a few things which have come under
my personal observation or through cor-
respondence with those who have taken
some interest in these matters.

The great and almost unequaled nat-
ural resources of Tennessee have been
testified to by such men as Abram §.
Hewitt, Edward Atkinson, Professor N.
S. Shaler, and Col. Geo. B. Cowlam, but
they have also called attention to the
fact that these resources are not yet
utilized in such a way as to make this
great commonwealth what it should be.
In these days of fierce industrial com-
petition, no community which permits
waste to go unchecked, or neglects the
future of its citizens, can maintain a
good relative position. Argument is
not needed here in this matter, and it
will not be disputed that our forests
might be so utlilized as to bring more
money to us now and at the same time
be better conserved for the future.

Between the years 1830 and 1S4o the
State of Tennessee actually gave away,
in seven counties alone, coal lands fully
equal in quality of product to those of
the Connellsville region of Pennsylva-
nia, and which, if situated in that re-
gion, would now be worth not less than
$50,000,000. These lands should have
been reserved for the future of the state,
and if so reserved would have gone a
long way toward making this common-
wealth free of taxation for state pur-
poses for all time tocome. It will prob-

ably be many years before public senti-
ment will demand that the state exercise
its right of eminent domain and resumes
its ownership of the coal-fields or of the
great forests which are now being so
badly administered, but it ought not to
be long before action of some kind is
taken toward state supervision of forest
lands which are at the headwaters of
our magnificent rivers. In the mean-
time let us ask ourselves if there are not
now some ways by which private land-
owners may help themselves and at the
same time aid in the general welfare.
During the months of November and
December, 1898, I made a thorough
personal examination of the Chestnut
Oak regions of North Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, and this state with a view to
the establishment of a certain business
connected with the tanning industry.
A reference to careful notes then made,
and since then added to, indicates that
the tanners of the State of Tennessee
and one other in the immediate neigh-
borhood of Chattanooga are now using
about 75,000 cords of bark a year, and
this is mostly from Chestnut Oak. To
furnish this amount of bark, the amount
of timber required is probably not less
than 150,000,000 feet, b. m. The gen-
eral practice has been to fell this kind of
timber for the sake of the bark alone and
leave the trunks of the trees to decay in
the woods. This may be partly owing
to the fact that the trees have to be felled,
if taken for bark, at a time when the sap
is rising, and therefore not the best time
to make good lumber. I believe that
there are ways by which this kind of
timber could be cheaply treated, and
while in the woods, in such a way as to
produce a very much better quality of
lumber and make it worth while for the
lumbermen to handle it in larger
amounts and to their greater satisfaction.
It might also be used much more exten-

216

sively for railroad ties, for which it is
even better than White Oak if cut under
equally good conditions, as could be
shown by some experiments reported on
by the Nashville, Chattanooga and St.
Louis Railway. When the Tennessee
Central Railway was being built I was
amazed to find out that the cross-tie
buyer for the contractors knew nothing
about the value of chestnut-oak cross-ties
and would not accept them. According
to the U. S. Department of Agriculture
(see Yearbook of the Department for
1900, p. 148), Mr. J. Hope Sutor, general
manager of the Ohio and Little Ka-
nawha Railroad, after giving the mat-
ter careful consideration, estimates the
value of a cross-tie fifteen years hence
at 75 cents. Mr. Sutor also says ‘‘ No
material has yet been found as a sub-
stitute for the wooden tie, and no satis-
factory economical method of preserv-
ing the life of the wood or prolonging
its durability has yet been discovered,
and excepting the minor qualities of
properly seasoning and piling, the use
of the tie-plate, suitable ballast and per-
fect drainage, and incidentally climatic
conditions, no serious consideration of
the tie supply has yet been had.’’ If
the above supposition is correct, is it not
worth while for the large railway cor-
porations of this state to look further
into this matter, as the outlook for the
future is clearly toward heavier rails
and rolling stock, which will make it
necessary to use more and better ties,
both for economy and safety.

Before leaving the question of the
amount of Chestnut Oak needed for the
tanning industry, it should be said that
Mr. M. V. Richards, the land and in-
dustrial agent of the Southern Railway
Company, writes that ‘‘ the indications
are that other tanneries will be estab-
lished along this railway in the near
future. At present a large proportion
of the timber from which the chestnut-
oak bark has been taken is now going
to waste, but we are cooperating with
timber-land owners in finding markets
for this low-grade lumber.’’

My estimate, as before given, of the
amount of Chestnut Oak used for tan-
ning in this state does not include what
is used for making extract. This is a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

large and growing industry, but I am
not now able to give any figures regard-
ing it. There is a difference of opinion
as to whether the supply of chestnut-
oak bark is likely to be seriously re-
duced below the growing wants of the
southern tanners, but, at any rate, it is
not best to continue the present waste
of such a large proportion of the timber
if anything can be done to avoid it.
There are also other matters which
may possibly be worthy of attention as
affording some revenue for the owners
of forest lands, and in such a way as
not to injure the future of our forests.
In 7he Forester for June, 1900, there
was an article on ‘‘ The Paper Industry
and Forests,’’ contributed by Mr. C. W.
Lyman, of the International Paper Com-
pany. According to the figures given
by him for the year 1899, the pulp in-
dustry of the United States was con-
suming daily 6,648 cords of wood,which
would approximate an annual consump-
tion of 955,400,000 feet, b. m. This
may seem like a large amount, but Mr.
Lyman shows in his paper that it is less
than one-half of 1 per cent of the total
wood used for other purposes. The
paper pulp industry does not yet seem
to be established in the southern states,
as the figures given by Mr. Lyman for
1899 show only 8 small mills south of
the Ohio River and the Virginia and
West Virginia lines, with a total daily
capacity of but 26 cords. (Of vthese s
mills, only one was then given as located
in this state, and it had a daily capacity
of only two tons. It is very probable
that this industry might be very largely
increased in our state and with positive
benefit to our forests. In the State of
New York, which had 100 mills, con-
suming over 2,300 cords of wood a day,
the material used is largely the tops of
Spruce. The removal of these tops
from the forest tends to reduce the dam-
age from fires, and is therefore of use
from the standpoint of practical forestry.
I do not know anything about the
amount of Spruce in this state, but the
Hemlock (locally called Spruce Pine)
seems to be a softer and finer-grained
wood than the Northern Hemlock, and
it is possible that it might be used to
good advantage in making wood pulp.

1902.

Our forests are also full of poplar tops
now worse than wasted, and the forests
would be better for their removal. Pro-
fessor Sargent says that Chestnut is
occasionally used in pulp-making. If
this can be done to advantage, it might
be worth while for the pulp manufact-
urers to look into this matter, as there
are certain sections of the state which
contain large amounts of overripe and
dying Chestnut which ought to be re-
moved, and which could be bought at a
very low price.

Another use could also be found for
the wormy and wind-shaken Chestnut
which is unfit for good lumber. In the
brick-making sections of the north and
Canada, Chestnut is preferred for fuel,
as it burns with a clear flame, and
therefore makes a better quality of
brick. More good brick are needed in
this state, and there are locations where
a combination of choice clay, cheap
Chestnut, and railroad transportation
can be secured.

But more important than any of the
matters above noted is the necessity for
the owners of forest lands to show more
confidence regarding the future, and to
either refuse to allow their best timber
lands to be skinned of the most valuable
White Oak by the stave and spoke man-
ufacturers and the remaining timber to
be seriously injured, or else to insist on
more careful lumbering by such parties.

In the Southern Lumberman for July
15, L901, Mr. Baird predicts that the
local consumption of lumber products
in the southern states will probably in-
crease 100 per cent within the next five
years. This is certainly a conservative
prediction, and to meet the future de-
mands for good timber woods we ought
to take better care of our forests. On
December 1, 1898, I was at High Point,
N. C., and was much impressed by what
that new place was doing in the way of
manufacturing furniture for the general
markets, both of the South and the
North. Instead of shipping away their
oak lumber they were using it them-
selves and to their great advantage.
The whole place had an air of prosperity
and comfort that was most delightful.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ZA I)

In answer toa recent letter of inquiry,
Mr. Richards, of the Southern Railway,
wrote me:

‘““The furniture-making industry is
making avery rapid development along
the line of the Southern Railway. Dur-
ing the last fiscal year 54 new plants
were placed in operation and there are
a large number now in course of erec-
tion. ‘This industry finds in the South
many favorable conditions and will be
increased to a great extent within the
next few years.

‘The forest areas of the South are
now the principal source of supplies for
plants in the North using hard-wood,
and quantities of lumber and timber are
now exported.

‘‘FRrom High Point, N. C., the ship-
ments of furniture now aggregate some
12 to 25 car-loads daily.’’

What is being done in High Point,
N. C., can be even better done in many
places in this state if the right men will
take hold of the problem. We need
more diversified industries in Tennessee,
and to that end should take care of our
natural resources and utilize them to
the fullest extent and do what we can
to bring the furniture plants of the
North to us rather then send our raw
materialtothem. The laws of the state
are probably liberal enough with regard
to manufacturing industries using home
products, and I am rather inclined to
think that what is needed more than
anything else at this time is a little more
confidence and foresight on the part of
owners of forest lands.

In addition to the above suggestions,
many others could be given along some-
what similar lines, but each man for
himself, as interested, can ask what he
can do to make his own future better,
while at the same time not forgetting
that he is but part of a great common-
wealth. We have the advantage of the
economic history of other communities,
both here and abroad, and the sooner
we put ourselves in complete touch with
our progressive neighbors the sooner
we will get back into our former rela-
tive position with our sister common-
wealths.

218

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS.

THE MONTH OF APRIL,

April 4.

Mr. Burleson introduced a bill (H.
R. 13361) to provide for the equitable
distribution of the waters of the Rio
Grande River between the United States
of America and the United States of

1902.

Mexico. ‘Io the Committee on For-
eign Affairs.
April 9.

In the Senate, Mr. Clark, of Montana,
presented a petition of the Montana
State Agricultural Association, pray-
ing for the enactment of legislation
providing for the irrigation of arid
lands of the West ; which was ordered
to lie on the table.

April {1.

Mr. Burton submitted the following
concurrent resolution ; which was con-
sidered by tunanimous consent, and
agreed to: Resolved by the Senate (the
House of Representatives concurring ),
That the President be requested to re-
turn tothe Senate the bill (S.4363)
granting the Central Arizona Railway
Company a right of way for railroad
purposes through the San Francisco
Mountains Forest Reserve.

Mr. Moody, of North Carolina, from
the Committee on Agriculture, to which
was referred the bill of the House (H.
R. 3128), reported as a substitute there-
for the bill of the House (H.R. 13523)
for the purchase of a national forest
reserve in the Southern Appalachian
Mountains, to be known as ‘* The Na-
tional Appalachian Forest Reserve,’’
accompanied by a report (No. 1547).

April 14.

Mr. Martin introduced a concurrent
resolution (H.C. Res. 49) providing for
the publication of 1,000 copies of the
‘Preliminary Description of theGeology
and Water Resources of the Southern
Half of the Black Hills.’’ To the Com-
mittee on Printing.

The President pro tempore laid before
the Senate the following message from

the President of the United States ;
which was read, and, on motion of Mr.
Burton, was, with the accompanying
bill, referred to the Committee on Pub-
fe ands<

To the Senate of the United States:

In compliance with a resolution of
the Senate of the 12th instant (the
House of Representatives concurring),
I return herewith Senate bill No. 4363,
entitled ‘‘An act granting the Central
Arizona Railway Company a right of
way for railroad purposes through the
San Francisco Mountains Forest Re-
Serves, THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

April 15.

The bill (H. R. 8326) to set apart
certain lands in the Territory of Arizona
asa public park, to be known as the
Petrified Forest National Park, was
read twice by its title, and referred to
the Committee on Public Lands.

April 17.

Mr. Cooper, of Wisconsin, introduced
in the House resolutions of the Wis-
consin Game Protective Association, in
favor of the conversion of all forest re-
serves in the western states into game
preserves.

April 18.

In the House, Mr. Tongue introduced
the following joint resolution; which
was referred to the Select Committee
on the Census and ordered to be printed:

Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That
the Director of the Census be, and
hereby is, authorized and directed,
upon the completion of the volume of
agricultural statistics, the year eighteen
hundred and ninety-nine, to complete
and bring up to date of the year of the
crop year of nineteen hundred and two
the statistics relating to irrigation, the
area of land reclaimed, the cost and
value of the works, and such other in-
formation as can be obtained bearing
upon the present condition of irriga;

1902.

tion; which was agreed to by the House
Committee.

April 18.

In the Senate, Mr. Nelson presented
a petition of the board of directors of
the Chamber of Commnierce of St. Paul,
Minn., praying for the enactment of
legislation providing for the reclama-
tion and settlement of the arid public
lands of the West.

Mr. Burton, from the Committee on
Forest Reservations and Protection of
Game, to whom was referred the bill
(S. 5228) for the purchase of a national
forest reserve in the Southern Appala-
chian Mountains, to be known as the
‘“National Appalachian Forest Re-
serve,’’ reported it, with amendments,
and submitted a report thereon.

April 19.

Mr. Tongue, of Oregon, asked unan-
imous consent for the consideration of
the bill (H. R. 4393) reserving from
the public lands in the State of Oregon,
as a public park for the benefit of the
people of the United States, a tract of
land having an area of 249 square miles,
to be known as Crater Lake National
Park.

April 22.

The Committee on Public Lands (Sen-
ate) reported back the bill (S. 4363)
granting the Central Arizona Railway
Company a right of way for railroad
purposes through the San Francisco
Mountains Forest Reserve. ‘This is the
Senate bill which passed both Houses,
and while it was in the hands of the
President was recalled by a concurrent
resolution of the two Houses. On the
return of the blll to the Senate it was
referred to the Committee on Public
Lands. ‘That committee, after con-
sidering it, decided to report it back in
the form in which it reached the com-
mittee, and requested that it be re-
turned to the President for his action.

April 30—cCENTRAL ARIZONA RAILWAY.
VETO MESSAGE.

Mr. Burton, from the Committee on
Public Lands (Senate), reported back
the message of the President of the
United States, returning, with his ob-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

219

jections, the bill (S. 4363) granting the
Central Arizona Railway Company a
right of way for railroad purposes
through the San Francisco Mountains
Forest Reserve, with the recommenda-
tion that the bill do pass, the veto of
the President to the contrary notwith-
standing.

The President’s message was as fol-
lows :

To the Senate of the United States:

I return without approval Senate bill
No. 4363, entitled ‘‘An act granting the
Central Arizona Railway Company a
right of way for railroad purposes
through the San Francisco Mountains
Forest Reserve.’’

The Secretary of the Interior writes
me as follows concerning the attached
bill :

‘‘T enclose a copy of the report on
the bill by the Commissioner of the
General Land Office, dated the 5th in-
stant, for your full information.

‘‘He states therein that it is ques-
tionable whether or not this company
could be required to supply a bond to
protect the government from damage
by reason of the occupancy of the right
of way provided for by this bill, should
it become a law.

‘‘He also states that this company
could acquire the right of way under
existing laws, as other companies have
done, by complying with the usual re-
quirements, one of which is the filing
of a bond for the purpose mentioned,
and that he knows of no reason why
this company should be exempted from
such requirements.”’

In addition thereto, I have had the
Commissioner of the Land Office before
me. He informs me that in its present
form it would be impossible to exact
the guaranty from the railroad that
would insure its making good damages
resulting from fire or any carelessness
on the part of the railroad company in
the forest reserve through which this
railroad is to pass. Hefurther informs
me that there is at present a law which
will permit the railroad, if it chooses to
take advantage of it, to go across forest
reservations under proper safeguards,
and that there is no reason why this

220

railroad should be singled out to be
favored beyond all other railroads by
being excepted from the necessity of
complying with the departmental regu-
lations with which all other railroads
are forced to comply.

‘THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Mr. Clark, of Wyoming, submitted
an amendment providing that in grant-
ing permits for grazing in the Uintah
Forest Reserve no preference shall be
given to the flocks or herds of one state
over those of another, intended to be
proposed by him to the sundry civil
appropriation bill.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

May,.

Mr. Allison proposed the following
amendment to the sundry civil bill:
‘‘For gaging the streams and determin-
ing the water supply of the United
States, and for the investigation of un-
derground currents and artesian wells.
and the preparation of reports upon the
best methods of utilizing water re-
sources, $200,000.’’ ‘The amendment
was agreed to.

Mr. Lacey introduced in the House
a bill (H. R. 14108) to grant grazing
privileges to homestead settlers and
holders of small farms in the arid and
semi-arid land regions, and for other
purposes.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

The Blazed Trail, A novel, by STEWART
EDWARD WHITE, author of ‘‘ The West-
erners.’’ Illustrated. McClure, Phillips &
Co., New York. Price, $1.50.

Within the last year or two there have been
many additions to the literature on the sub-
jects of forests and forestry, but it has remained

Copyright by McClure, Phillips & Co.

ILLUSTRATION FROM ‘“‘ THE BLAZED TRAIL,”

for Mr. Stewart Edward White to grasp the
possibilities of the lumber camp as the setting
for a strong novel. There. have been books
almost without number of a technical or de-.
scriptive character on the birds, animals, and.
trees, but in ‘‘ The Blazed Trail’’ Mr. White
has used the forest itself, the pioneer lumber-
man, and the life of the lumber camp to great
advantage in producing a story of decided
human interest.

‘““The Blazed Trail’’ is a story of the great
pine forests of northern Michigan during the
early eighties. As a picture of lumbering
operations on a large scale it is unusually
graphic, and will give the reader a better idea
of how a great tract of timber is lumbered than
half a dozen books of a technical character.
The author shows himself to be in close touch
with the wild life of the woods, and the men
in his story are truly ‘‘ men with the bark on.’”

Mr. White writes well, and he has been a
keen observer of the little things, as well as the
great, in the life he portrays. ‘‘ The Blazed
Trail’’ is a strong story, illustrating a very
picturesque phase of American life, and alto-
gether the book deserves high praise. It isa
book that all persons interested in forests,
whether from the economic or esthetic stand-
point, will find of interest and value

Field Book of American Wild Flowers. By F.
SCHUYLER MATHEWS. With 350 illustra-
tions by the author, including 24 colored
plates and 200 full-page line drawings.
Pp. 525. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. New York.
Price, $1.75 net.

Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews, author of ‘‘ Fa-
miliar Flowers of Field and Garden,’’ ‘‘ Famil-
iar Trees and Their Leaves,’’ and ‘‘ Familiar
Features of the Roadside,’’ has just published
an exceedingly useful book, entitled ‘‘ Field
Book of American Wild Flowers.’’? This book
is of a size that it may conveniently be carried
in the pocket, and should prove an invaluable
guide in the identification of our wild flowers.

1902.

The author’s arrangement of the text and
illustrations is most simple and convenient.
On the left-hand page is the description of a
flower, while on the page facing is an illus-
tration of the same This order is followed
throughout the book. The large number of
excellent illustrations are reproduced from
water colors and pen-and-ink sketches by the
author.

The description of each flower includes its
popular and scientific names, a few words on
the characteristics of its foliage, size, ete , and
its geographical distribution. This book isa
valuable addition to the literature on the sub-
ject, and should meet with a popular reception
in these days of rapidly growing interest in
nature study.

The Speckled Brook Trout. Edited and illus-
trated by Touis Rhead. Published by
R. H. Russell, New York.

This is an unusually handsome volume, de-
scribing the speckled brook trout, its home and
habits, and is by far the most interesting and
attractive volume we have yet seen on the sub-

Copyright by R. H. Russell.

UNIQUE COVER DESIGN OF ‘‘ THE SPECKLED
BROOK TROUT.’’

ject. The book contains a series of articles
on the brook trout contributed by well-known
anglers, and the whole arranged by Mr. Louis
Rhead, the well-known artist.

The volume opens with a poem on the “ Bap-
tism of the Brook Trout,’’ by the well-known
editor and author, Charles Hallock. The same
writer contributes two interesting chapters on

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 2

to
lal

a ‘‘General Description of the Trout Fam-
ily’’ and ‘‘ The Old Adirondacks.”’

There is a chapter on ‘‘ The Habits of the
Trout,’’ by William C. Harris, the well-known
author of the ‘‘ Fishes of North America,’’ and
a valuable paper on ‘‘ Trout Propagation,’’ by
the late A. Nelson Cheney. ‘‘ Winged Ene-
mies of Brook Trout,’’ ‘‘Cooking Trout,”’
‘Along a Trout Stream,’’ are other topics
treated. ‘‘ The Speckled Brook Trout,’’ like
all books published by Mr. Russell, is a fine
specimen of the printer’s and binder’s arts.

The book is beautifully illustrated, there
being several colored plates and full-page pho-
togravures and a number of drawings, all con-
tributed by Mr. Rhead. ‘Fhe book is uniquely
bound in board covers imitating birch bark.

The ‘‘ Speckled Brook Trout’? should lave
a place in every sportsman’s library ; it is, in
addition to being a very handsome volume,
filled with valuable information.

During the past month there has been a
number of interesting articles on forestry and
irrigation published in the leading magazines.
Following is a list of the most important :

The Irrigation Bill. Literary Digest, April
2:

What Forestry Is. Gen. C. C. Andrews.
April Outing.

Irrigation Legislation. Elwood Mead. Out-
look, April 12.

The Transformation of the Desert. Robert
T. Hill. World’s Work, April.

The Redemption of Our Dead Lands. Guy
Elliot Mitchell. A/umsey’s, April.

American Forestry : A New Career. J. Rus-
sell Smith. May Forum.

Reclaiming the Arid Southwest. Robert
M. Barker. May Forum.

A Southern Forest Reserve. 7he Southland,

May.

The Art of Forestry.
America, May.

Through the Grand Canyon of the Gun-
nison. J. D. Whelpley. Marper's Weekly,
May 3.

Country Life in

A new bulletin by Dr. von Schrenk on ‘‘ The
Decay of Timber and How to Prevent It’’ has
just been published by the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry. This bulletin contains a lot of valu-
able information collected both in this country
and in Europe. This report, which is a basis
for much more extensive investigations planned
for the tuture, contains a discussion of the fac-
tors which cause the decay of wood, an ac-
count of the various methods used in this
country and abroad for preserving timber, and
also an account of original work conducted to
test these various methods. The bulletin con-
tains a number of excellent illustrations.

Another government publication recently
issued is Captain Ahern’s special report on the
work of the Philippine Forestry Bureau, cov-
ering the period from its organization, in April,
1900, to July 39, 1901. The report contains 60
pages of text and 33 full-page illustrations, and
is published by the Division of Insular Affairs
of the War Department.

| Practical Courses in Forestry.

Following upon the success sustained
last summer at the hands of a number
of public-spirited citizens, practical
courses in Forestry will be continued
during the coming season.

_ Practical instruction in and demon-
stration of—

Reforestration,
Tree and Forest Culture,
Improvement Cuttings,
Establishment of Forest
Nurseries,
Forest Engineering,
And kindred subjects, will begin on
June 15, or as soon thereafter as prac-
ticable, at Glen Summit, Luzerne

Co., Penna.
For further particulars address

F. VON HOFFMAN,
Forest Engineer.

St. James Building, Broadway and
26th Street, New York.

TREES and SEEDS

For Forestry Purpose
Sasns

We grow large quantities of one and
two vear seedling plants for forestry
purposes and also carry a full line of
tree seeds.

New “ Forestry ’ catalogue and price
list now ready. Free om application

Thomas Meehan & Sons

Nurserymen and
Tree Seedsmen

Germantown .. . . . Phila., Pa.

High Grade Advertisers

will do well to take
space in .

Forestry and Irrigation

which circulates among
an unusually high class
of readers.

Card or rates on
application

AC Diaerses

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION
5 and 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING
Washington, D. C.

OGRE IS SOE DTT TT Site Sie el NG

THE TREE BOOK

By JULIA ROGERS, OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY

I2mMo. About 350 Pages. Price, $2.00. Advance Order, $1.00.

This valuable contribution to the popular literature of forestry will be illustrated with the
instructive and beautiful pictures from our twenty-four Typical Forest Trees in Photogravure.
These show the tree as it appears in nature; a view
showing the characteristics of the bark and a view of
the leaf. In addition there will be 200 drawings and
other text illustrations

This will be one of the most practical books ever
published. It will be complete in itself, containing
no technical terms that are not defined. It will not
have to be used with some other publication to make
the text intelligible. The members of Forestry
Clubs and all interested in trees will find it a handy
companion at all times.

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher

CHICAGO

Industrial Pictures
Size 6 x 9 Inches

At the bottom of each picture is printed a
brief description

LUMBERING SET, TEN CENTS

Lumber Camp
Sawing Trees

A Log Jam

Log Thawing Pond

Hauling Logs A Lumber Plant

Steam Log Loader A Typical Lumber Yard

Railway Logging in a_ Receiving Docks
Forest Home Interior Z

Before the Drive 203

venue 3:

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Forestry «94 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

eels Oe ee FOR JUNE, 1902

SCENE IN A LONGLEAF PINE FOREST : ; Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES . 3 we ko2G
The Summer Meeting — New Kind of Railroad Spite Tee
Planting in New England — Forest Reserve Transfer Bill
Defeated — Map of Irrigated Lands in California — Laws that
are Enforced— Appropriations for Forestry and Irrigation — Civil
Service Examination — The Kirby Working Plan — New Forest
Reserves —Forestry in Pennsylvania—Forest Fires During May.

THE IRRIGATION BILL
HON. H. C. HANSBROUGH (with sone ait) F ;
GRAZING AND WATER STORAGE (J//lustrated) A.F. Potter
ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. FOREST RESERVES. Part II aig |
Filibert Roth 2 3 y
METHOD OF RAISING WATER (//lustrated) Bs |i:
Major Gilbert THomipeon

PINUS ATTENUATA AS A WATER CONSERVER
(Lllustrated) 4 : T. P. Lukens

ALKALI FROM IRRIGATION ; : Prof. R. H. Forbes

ELM TREE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING (//lustrated) :
Lee Pammel

FORESTRY AND PLANT ECOLOGY ; Ernest Bruncken
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS . . :
CONVEYANCE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION (Z/lustrated)

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY ‘
Wm. H. Krag

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00
a year ;, single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at
5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, Dee

-

Sea et

Diets) Sere

at aa ee

et

SCENE IN A LONGLEAF PINE FOREST.

Forestry and Irrigation.

VoL. VIII.

JUNE, 1902:

Nor 6:

NEWS AND NOTES.

The Irrigation Bill was
passed by the House of
Representatives on Fri-
day, June 13, by a vote of 146 to 55.
As the bill had already passed the Sen-
ate, it is now only a matter of the agree-
ment of that body to the House amend-
ments, when the measure will be laid
before the President for his signature.

The passage of this bill has been ac-
complished by the well-directed efforts
ofits friends. It passed the Senate the
first of March without trouble, but the
outcome in the House was considered
doubtful. Various committee amend-
ments improved the bill in detail, and
in this way considerable opposition was
avoided. ‘The opposition of the eastern
members to a measure that they felt
‘“ would bring competition to the farm-
ers of the east’’ was toa great extent
overcome when the purposes of the bill
were more fully understood. ‘That the
bill gained steadily in favor is readily
seen when it is considered that in the
beginning its fate in the House seemed
doubtful, while in the end it was passed
by a large majority. To the men who
handled the bill on the floor of the House
great credit is due. When the time for
action came, they were present and han-
dled the measure with skill. This was
in striking contrast to those members
in charge of the forest reserve transfer
bill, which was defeated on Tuesday,
June iro. These gentlemen, when their
measure had an excellent chance of pass-
ing, were found ‘‘ asleep at the switch.”’

The passage of an irrigation bill has
long been needed. ‘The country is to be
congratulated on the fact that the meas-
ure has been enacted at this session of
Congress. The full text of the Irriga-
tion Bill is printed in this number.

Irrigation Bill
Passed.

Announcement was
made in the April
number of FORESTRY
AND IRRIGATION that the summer meet-
ing of the American Forestry Associa-
tion will be held this year at Lansing,
Michigan. The dates of the sessions
have now been decided upon, namely,
Wednesday and Thursday, August 27
and 28. At the close of the afternoon
session of Thursday, August 28, mem-
bers of the association who desire to at-
tend the excursion will take a special
train for Saginaw. From this point the
excursion will proceed to the Michigan
Forest Preserve, in Roscommon County.
After an inspection of this preserve, the
excursion party will be conveyed to
Grayling for an inspection of the large
lumber mills at that place. From there
the journey will be continued to the
hard-wood forests in Antrim County,
thence to Mackinac.

At that point the party will disperse,
the option being given to the individual
members to return home by way of
Lansing, or by lake steamers to Duluth,
Detroit, Toledo, Erie, or Buffalo. A
circular of information will be sent out
in a few weeks to all members of the
association, outlining in detail the plans
for the meeting and subsequent excur-
sion.

The Summer
Meeting.

*

New Kind of | An interesting experi-
Railroad Spike. ment is being tried in

Europe in the use of
hardwood spikes, or spike plugs, on sev-
eral railways in France to increase the
holding power of ordinary screw spikes
when driven in ties of Baltic Pine and
other soft woods. Holes about one and
three-eighths inches in diameter are

226

bored in the tie and tapped to receive
screws of hardwood one and _three-
eighths inches in diameter at the bot-
tom and two inches at the top, each
with an iron band to prevent splitting.
The wooden screws are hollow, and the
iron spikes or screw spikes are driven
into them, “he increase in holding
power is said to be from 30 to 4o per
cent for the new pine ties, while in old
ties it is from 33 per cent for beech to
62 per cent for oak and 8o per cent for
pine.
*

Tree Planting A great interest is being
in New shown in the planting
England. of White Pine in New

England. Many pri-
vate owners and several corporations
have this year planted a larger number
of either White Pine in pure stand or
in mixture with Hard Maple.

Mrs oR We Gi) Wellitte ati iPajae
Point farm, Hast Greenwich, R. I., has
planted on very poor sandy soil about
thirty acres of forest trees, a portion of
the tract being wind-blown sand. Mr.
Welling plans to extend year by year
the area already planted. At Winches-
ter, Noo. and iat Woltboro, NH. a
large amount of planting is planned.
The citizens are beginning to renovate
their waste pastures and birch-grown
woodlands by planting it with small
white-pine seedlings.

Mr. A. G. Moody, manager of the
Moody schools at Northfield, Mass., and
at Mt. Hermon, Mass., contemplates for-
est planting on their extensive grounds.
Large planting operations are being car-
ried on about the great Wachusett res-
ervoir, near Clinton, Mass. ‘The plant-
ing is here under the direct charge of
Mr. T. F. Borst, a graduate of the New
York State College of Forestry.

The foregoing forest plantings are a
few of those for which plans have been
made by the Bureau of Forestry.

oe
Forest Reserve ‘The bill to transfer the
Transfer Bill. administration of the

United States forest re-
serves from the Interior Department to
the Department of Agriculture was de-
feated in the Houseon Tuesday, June ro.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION:

June;

This action was unexpected, especially
for such a reason as really brought about
the adverse vote.

Thetransfer of the reserves was recom-
mended by the Secretary of the Interior,
in whose department the reserves now
are; by the Secretary of Agriculture,
and by President Roosevelt, who came
out strongly in his first message to Con-
gress favoring the move. ‘The strongest
argument in favor of the proposed trans-
fer has been that it would bring about a
much needed improvement in the admin-
istration of the reserves at a less cost
than at present.

In the face of these recommendations
the bill was defeated for the ostensible
reason that ‘‘it would increase the ex-
pense of caring for the reserves.’’ ‘This
was the point raised by Representative
Cannon, Chairman of the House Com-
mittee on Appropriations, who headed
the opposition to the bill. It is this
same gentleman who, at each session of
Congress, saves the nation from bank-
ruptcy.

How thoroughly the nation has been
saved in this instance is well illustrated
by quoting the President’s utterance on
this subject :

‘‘At present the protection of the for-
est reserves rests with the General Land
Office, the mapping and description of
their timber with the United States
Geological Survey, and the preparation
of plans for their conservative use with
the Bureau of Forestry, which is also
charged with the general advancement
of practical forestry in the United States.
These various functions should be united
in the Bureau of Forestry, to which they
properly belong. ‘The present diffusion
of responsibility is bad from every stand-
point. It prevents that effective coop-
eration between the government and the
men who utilize the resources of the re-
serves without which the interests of
both must suffer. The scientific bureaus
generally should be put under the De-
partment of Agriculture. The President
should have by law the power of trans-
ferring lands for use as forest reserves
to the Department of Agriculture. He
already has such power in the case of
lands needed by the Departments of War
and the Navy.”’

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 227
eR Aas et esa o “5 5--
Con “4 The ‘
SISkKiYou
SKETCH MAP
OF
CALTEGRNIA
ape coe oo e : c SHOWING THE
re 7 sf : IRRIGATED AREAS
. ‘s ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF
: 1900.
: Bane Ty,
N
By OREO til :
aN, SAME RCE.
Total Irriyated Area
*
‘

L4AIGSAACIES ae :
ae “\UOS ANGELES;

ay Dee RD ad alee) ee AE 7
Ot Re cia ae i”
1
Riis Ris a OnE (
oeresrerrece Lie
BEE Pr eee ;
/
SHAVING TOM eG: 10 aa
)

THE BLACK SECTIONS IN THIS MAP SHOW THE IRRIGATED LANDS OF CALIFORNIA. THE
IRRIGATED AREA IN THIS STATE HAS INCREASED 44 PER CENT
DURING THE TEN YEARS ENDING WITH 1899.

228

The defeat of this bill, especially on
such a flimsy pretext as the appropriation
bugaboo, is unreasonable. However, it
merely delays action that is bound to
come. The best interests of the na-
tional forest reserves demand this trans-
fer, and all persons acquainted with the
merits of the question are of one opinion
in the matter.

ae
Enforcement Upin Pennsylvania they
of Forest object to people stealing
Laws. timber from the state

lands, and also to start-
ing forest fires. The vigorous action of
the Forest Commission seems to be
spreading to the courts, as the follow-
ing examples, reprinted from forest
Leaves, will show:

‘“In the March term of court in Pike
County, suit was brought by the state
against Hiram Miller and Jerry Labar
for cutting timber on state lands. The
parties were not tried ; the district at-
torney was allowed to enter a zolle
prosequi on payment of costs and a pen-
alty of $75 by the defendants. Mr.
Miller also gave written agreement to
keep off of and to protect, so far as pos-
sible, state lands for a period of two
years. It was also agreed that if he
failed in any part of this understanding
other suits would be brought against
him. Altogether, the failure to recog-
nize which side of the line the defend-
ants were on cost them about $170.”’

The following is also quoted from
Forest Leaves :

‘“The two parties indicted under act
of 1879, in Union County, for setting
fire to the woods, pleaded guilty and
asked for the mercy of the court. ‘They
were sentenced to pay a fine of $50 each
and costs of prosecution, or stand com-
mitted. They complied with the sen-
tence,”

From the Jefferson City, Mo., 7yzbune
it is learned that ‘‘on May 24 Deputy
U.S. Marshal Thos. McKenna arrived
from Camden County with four tie chop-
pers, charged with cutting timber on
government lands. They are Wm.
Peoples, Wm. Blaine, David J. Kelsey,
and Charles Kelsey. They waived a
preliminary hearing before U. S. Com-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

missioner Grisberg, and were held for
the federal grand jury in the sum of
$200 each.’’

Even the business of persons who
steal timber from the federal or state
government lands is becoming risky.
In many sections of the country there
is a feeling that stealing from the gov-
ernment 45) not (actually a) jcnuie:
Prompt enforcement of existing laws,
such as the cases cited above, will
rapidly dissipate this idea. Timber
stealing has been a big business for years
in many sections of the country, the
government generally being the victim,
but with the rapid increase of interest
in our forests there is a tendency to treat
it in its proper light—as plain stealing.
The support of every good citizen should
be given the officers in their attempts to
break up this nefarious business.

&*

The agricultural ap-
propriation bill, which
was passed by Congress
the last week in May,
contains increased appropriations for
both forestry and irrigation. The ap-
propriation for the Bureau of Forestry
is $291,860. "The amount last year was
$185,440. This bill also contains an
appropriation of $65,000 to continue the
irrigation investigations of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The good roads
investigation comes in for an appropria-
tion of $30,000.

Appropriations
for Forestry
and Irrigation.

The result of the recent
civil service examina-
tion to fill the position
of computer in the Bureau of Forestry,
as announced by the Civil Service Com-
mission, shows that the successful can-
didates were John Foley, Carl G. Craw-
ford, and Harry D. Tieman. Crawford
and Tieman have received appointments
in the Bureau, while Foley has for some
time been a member of that organization.

5d

Working Plan The application of the
for the Kirby Kirby Lumber Com-
Tract. pany and Houston Oil

Company to the Bureau
of Forestry for advice and assistance in
the handling of their forest lands has

Civil Service
Examination.

1902.

resulted in a request by these companies
for a working plan for their entire hold-
ings, amounting to more than 1,000,000
acres. This request fora working plan
was made after a preliminary examina-
tion of the tract by Mr. Overton W.
Price and Mr. T. H. Sherrard, of the
Bureau of Forestry.

This work bythe Bureau will begin on
November 1, and be continued through
the winter months by a force of thirty
men, and will undoubtedly prove one
of the most interesting pieces of forest
work yet undertaken in this country.

The following facts concerning this
tract are taken from the preliminary
report of the Bureau of Forestry :

The forest lands of the Kirby Lumber
‘Company and the Houston Oil Company
lie in Jaspar, Sabine, Hardin, St. Augus-
tine, Newton, Angeline, and ‘T'yler Coun-
ties, southeastern Texas. ‘They com-
prise an area of approximately 1,250,000
acres. ‘They include practically all of
the more valuable virgin Longleaf Pine
land in these counties.

Although not a continuous holding,
these forest lands have been purchased
with a view to facilitate lumbering.
‘They occur more in well-defined blocks
than in isolated areas of small extent.
Except for the narrow band of clear-
ings which encircle the towns, and for
the small farms here and there, seldom
exceeding 160 acres, the forest is un-
broken.

About 12,000 cattle are now grazing
upon these forest lands. The largest
holder has about 2,000 head. ‘This is
an exceptionally large herd, the num-
‘ber varying usually from 150 to 300.

Cuttings are now in progress at the
rate of about 250,000,000 feet yearly.
The intention is to increase this cut to
400,000,000 feet per annum southwest
of Kirbyville. The company is now
filling a contract for 7,000,000 cross-ties
with the Santa Fé Railroad Company.
The ties are cut from lands which have
been or are about to be lumbered for
saw-logs.

The merchantable stand upon the
virgin forest lands of the Kirby Lumber
‘Company and the Houston Oil Company
thas been conservatively estimated to
average 5,000 feet, b. m., to the acre.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

229

The presence of underbrush, the flatness
of the country, and the lack of swamp
and soft ground generally, constitute
exceedingly favorable conditions for
clean lumbering. ‘The use of temporary
railroads and steam skidder greatly re-
duce the cost of logging. The problem
of labor is simplified by the presence of
a permanent population who depend
largely upon lumbering and upon work
in the saw-mills for their livelihood.
The Kirby Lumber Company, with its
17 millsandits annual cut of 250,000,000
feet, is the chief source of support of
about 15,000 people. It is probable
that the low proportion upon these
forest lands of the cost of lumbering to
the value of its product is equalled in
the Southern Pine Belt in very few lo-
calities only.

The forest lands of the Kirby Lumber
Company and the Houston Oil Company
offer what is in a good many ways a
singularly simple and direct silvicul-
tural problem. The tract consists
largely of pure stands of Longleaf Pine
whose reproduction is, with reasonable
protection, insured. Even under the
present lack of provision for reproduc-
tion upon the lumbered area and with
the entire absence of effect to suppress
the annual fires, openings in the forest
show a growth of seedlings in some
instances sufficient to form the nucleus
of a second crop.

*

The Big Horn Forest Re-
serve, in Wyoming, was
increased in size 69,120
acres on May 22 by Presidential procla-
mation. ‘The recently added portion is
located in Sheridan county. ‘The total
area of this reserve is now 1,216,960
acres.

On the same date the Yellowstone
Park Forest Reserve was also created.
This new reserve includes a portion of
what was formerly known as the Yel-
lowstone Park Timber Land Reserve,
and in addition 880,533 acres of the new
land. ‘The total area of the Yellow-
stone Reserve is 1,809,280 acres. It is
located in the western part of Big Horn
County bordering the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park.

More Forest
Reserves.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Juanes

230

‘dNIM HHL Ad NMOG NMOWHL YHAWIL GVHA AHL JO

HAW

MUMIA AG GHAOULSHAa

MIAULLNA LSaod V

Ig02.

The Teton Forest Reserve has been
considerably enlarged by taking in a
portion of the Yellowstone Park Timber
Land Reserve and new lands to the
amount of 2,987,627 acres, making its
present area 4,127,360 acres, the second
largest reserve in the West. The Teton
Reserve is located in the northwest part
of Fremont County and the northern
part of Uintah County, Wyoming.

Another new reserve declared on May
22, also in Wyoming, is the Medicine
Bow Forest Reserve, of 400,051 acres,
located in Carbon and Albany Counties.
The total area of all the forest reserves
is NOW 52,339,432 acres.

*

Forestry in At the meeting of the
Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania State For-

estry Reservation Com-
mission, held on May 1, a tract of land
situate in Union, Center, Mifflin, and
Snyder Counties, containing about
74,000 acres, was purchased for the
state. About 6,000 acres were also pur-
chased in Huntingdon County, and a
‘tract of 500 acres in Pike County.
Acting under instructions from the
Commission, State Forester Geo. H.
Wirt has established a nursery at Mount
Alto, Franklin County, on which there
are growing 15,000 young white pine
trees, and seed has been sown for
300,000 more. An ideal spot of land
has been selected for the nursery.
Water will be piped so as to reach all
points of the nursery when necessary.
Arrangements are being made now to
plant half a million young pine trees
next spring and 50,000 poplars. ‘There
is also a spontaneous growth of white
pine on the tract, about twenty years

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

231

old, which will afford a splendid oppor-
tunity for the exercise of the forester’s
art. It will show what can be done by
pruning and selective cutting.

The opening of this nursery on the
Mount Alto Reservation has its uses
also as an object lesson, and has awak-
ened the greatest interest on the part of
the citizens of the neighborhood, who
have lent a ready assistance to the op-
erator when it was in their power to do
so. It looks like a revival of the old-
time industry which prevailed when
Mount Alto was a thriving furnace
seat.—Forest Leaves.

*

During the month of
May there were forest
fires in fourteen states,
as follows: Maine, Massachusetts, New
York, Colorado, Connecticut, New Jer-
sey, Michigan, North Carolina, Texas,
Tennessee, Maryland, Arizona, Penn-
sylvania, and Rhode Island.

The most destructive fires of the month
were in Maine, Colorado, and New York.
A large amount of timber in the Adi-
rondacks, belonging to private owners,
was damaged. A number of forest fires
near East Moriches, L. I., early in the
month, required the efforts of hundreds
of people to prevent the destruction of
dwellings and other buildings.

Late in the month a forest fire raged
in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, in
Colorado. Great damage to standing
timber was caused by the fire, while the
water supply and grazing grounds of the
vicinity have been materially injured.

In New Brunswick and British Co-
lumbia there were many forest fires
which destroyed much standing timber.

Forest Fires
During May.

THE IRRIGATION BILL.

HE bill providing for the creation

of a reclamation fund, and for

the construction of reservoirs, diversion
canals, and other works, passed the Sen-
ate March 1, and was sent to the House,
where it was referred to the Committee
on Irrigation of Arid Lands. Various
amendments were made in committee,
the bill being improved in detail. On

April 7 it was reported to the House of
Representatives.

The principal features are the setting
aside of the proceeds from disposal of
western arid lands to form a fund, by
means of which the Secretary of the In-
terior can make surveys and examina-
tions and proceed with the construction
of necessary works for water conserva-

222

tion. It is not proposed to actually irri-
gate the lands, but to build the large
works which will serve to make available
the waters now running to waste.

The public lands to which the water
thus conserved can be taken are to be
withdrawn from disposal, excepting
under the Homestead act. Settlers can
go upon these, taking up tracts of 4o
acres or more and make homes, the land
itself being free to those who will per-
manently reside upon it. The water,
however, must be paid for, and the set-
tlers must construct their own works
for distributing the supply to the fields.

The money refunded by the settlers
in small annual installments goes back
into the reclamation fund, and is to be
used again for the construction of other
works.

The principal objection to the bill has
arisen upon the ground of constitution-
ality, it being held that the government
could not improve its own lands, or ex-
ercise the privileges of a land-owner in
removing obstacles to development.
There has also been some opposition on
the part of the farmers’ organization
known as the Grange, from the fear
that with the increase of tillable area in
the West, farm values in the Kast would
be reduced. This fear has been shown
to be groundless, since the development
of the arid region must proceed far more
slowly than the demands for land ‘The
agricultural products of the West differ
widely from those of the East, and staple
crops are not raised to any considerable
extent under irrigation, and do not en-
ter the same markets as those of the
East. In short, the opposition from
this source has been based wholly upon
ignorance of the true condition.

With the passage of this act it will be
possible to proceed in a systematic man-
ner in the construction of large works,
to reclaim arid lands and create oppor-
tunities for home-making upon the pub-
lic domain. ‘The benefits must be far-
reaching, affecting not only the states
where the lands are irrigated, but in-
creasing the commerce with the East,
and stimulating industry along many
lines.

The full text of the bill, as amended,
is given herewith :

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

jraaes

AN ACT appropriating the receipts from the
sale and disposal of public lands in certain
states and territories to the construction of
irrigation works for the reclamation of arid.
lands.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States.
of America in Congress assembled, That
all moneys received from the sale and
disposal of public lands in Arizona, Cal-
ifornia, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mon-
tana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,.
North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon,
South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and.
Wyoming, beginning with the fiscal
year ending June thirtieth, nineteen
hundred and one, including the surplus
of fees and commissions in excess of
allowances to registers and receivers,
and excepting the five per centum of
the proceeds of the sales of public lands.
in the above states set aside by law for
educational and other purposes, shall be,
and the same are hereby, reserved, set
aside, and appropriated asa special fund
in the Treasury to be known as the
‘‘reclamation fund,’’ to be used in the
examination and survey for and the
construction and maintenance of irri-
gation works for the storage, diversion,
and development of waters for the rec-
lamation of arid and semi-arid lands in
the said states and territories, and for
the payment of all other expenditures
provided for in this act : Provided, That
in case the receipts from the sale and
disposal of public lands other than
those realized from the sale and dis-
posal of lands referred to in this section
are insufficient to meet the requirements
for the support of agricultural colleges
in the several states and _ territories,
under the act of August thirtieth, eigh-
teen hundred and ninety, entitled ‘‘An
act to apply a portion of the proceeds
of the public lands to the more com-
plete endowment and support of the
colleges for the benefit of agriculture
and the mechanic arts, established under
the provisions of an act of Congress ap-
proved July second, eighteen hundred
and sixty-two,’’ the deficiency, if any,
in the sum necessary for the support of
the said colleges shall be provided for
from any moneys in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated.

1902.

SEc. 2. That the Secretary of the In-
terior is hereby authorized and directed
to make examinations and surveys for,
and to locate and construct, as herein
provided, irrigation works for the stor-
age, diversion, and development of
waters, including artesian wells, and to
report to Congress at the beginning of
each regular session as to the results of
such examinations and surveys, giving
estimates of cost of all contemplated
works, the quantity and location of the
lands which can be irrigated therefrom,
and all facts relative to the practicability
of each irrigation project ; also the cost
of works in process of construction as
well as of those which have been com-
pleted.

' Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the In-
terior shall, before giving the public
notice provided for in section four of
this act, withdraw from public entry
the lands required for any irrigation
works contemplated under the provis-
ions of this act, and shall restore to
public entry any of the lands so with-
drawn when, in his judgment, such
lands are not required for the purposes
of this act; and the Secretary of the
Interior is hereby authorized, at or im-
mediately prior to the time of beginning
the surveys for any contemplated irri-
gation works, to withdraw from entry,
except under the homestead laws, any
public lands believed to be susceptible
of irrigation from said works: Provided,
That all lands entered and entries made
under the homestead laws within area
so withdrawn during such withdrawal
shall be subject to all the provisions,
limitations, charges, terms, and condi-
tions of this act ; that said surveys shall
be prosecuted diligently to completion,
and upon the completion thereof, and
of the necessary maps, plans, and esti-
mates of cost, the Secretary of the In-
terior shall determine whether or not
said project is practicable and advisable,
and if determined to be impracticable
or unadvisable he shall thereupon re-
store said lands to entry ; that public
lands which it is proposed to irrigate by
means of any contemplated works shall
be subject to entry only under the pro-
visions of the homestead laws in tracts
of not less than forty nor more than

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 233

one hundred and sixty acres, and shall
be subject to the limitations, charges,
terms, and conditions herein provided :
Provided, That the commutation pro-
visions of the homestead laws shall
not apply to entries made under this
act.

SEc. 4. That upon the determination
by the Secretary of the Interior that any
irrigation project is practicable, he may
cause to be let contracts for the con-
struction of the same, in whole or in
part, providing the necessary funds
therefor are available in the reclamation
fund, and thereupon he shall give public
notice of the lands irrigable under such
project, and limit of area per entry,
which limit shall represent the acreage
which, in the opinion of the Secretary,
may be reasonably required for the sup-
port of a family upon the lands in ques-
tion ; also of the charges which shall
be made per acre upon the said entries,
and upon lands in private ownership
which may be irrigated by the waters of
the said irrigation project, and the num-
ber of annual installments, not exceed-
ing ten, in which such charges shall be
paid and the time when such payments
shallcommence. The said charges shall
be determined with a view of returning
to the reclamation fund the estimated
cost of construction of the project, and
shall be apportioned equitably: Pro-
vided, That in all construction work
eight hours shall constitute a day’s
work, and no Mongolian labor shall be
employed thereon.

Sec. 5. That the entryman upon
lands to be irrigated by such works
shall, in addition to compliance with the
homestead laws, reclaim at least one-
half of the total irrigable area of his
entry for agricultural purposes, and be-
fore receiving patent for the lands cov-
ered by his entry shall pay to the gov-
ernment the charges apportioned against
such tract, as provided in section four.
No right to the use of water for land in
private ownership shall be sold for a
tract exceeding one hundred and sixty
acres to any one landowner, and no such
sale shall be made to any landowner un-
less he be an actual dona fide resident on
such land, or occupant thereof residing
in the neighborhood of said land, and

234

no such right shall permanently attach
until all payments therefor are made.
The annual installments shall be paid
to the receiver of the local land office
of the district in which the land is sit-
uated, and a failure to make any two
payments when due shall render the
entry subject to cancellation, with the
forfeiture of all rights under this act,
as well as of any moneys already paid
thereon. All moneys received from the
above sources shall be paid into the
reclamation fund. Registers and re-
ceivers shall be allowed the usual com-
missions on all moneys paid for lands
entered under this act.

Src. 6. That the Secretary of the In-
terior is hereby authorized and directed
to use the reclamation fund for the op-
eration and maintenance of all reservoirs
and irrigation works constructed under
the provisions of this act: Provided,
That when the payments required by
this act are made for the major portion
of the lands irrigated from the waters
of any of the works herein provided for,
then the management and operation of
such irrigation works shall pass to the
owners of the lands irrigated thereby,
to be maintained at their expense under
such form of organization and under
such rules and regulations as may be
acceptable to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior: Provided, That the title to and the
management and operation of the reser-
voirs and the works necessary for their
protection and operation shall remain in
the government until otherwise pro-
vided by Congress.

Sec. 7. That where in carrying out
the provisions of this act it becomes nec-
essary to acquire any rights or property,
the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized to acquire the same for the
United States by purchase or by con-
demnation under judicial process, and
to pay from the reclamation fund the
sums which may be needed for that pur-
pose, and it shall be the duty of the
Attorney General of the United States
upon every application of the Secretary
of the Interior, under this act, to cause
proceedings to be commenced for con-
demnation within thirty days from the
receipt of the application at the Depart-
ment of Justice.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

Sec. 8. That nothing in this act shall
be construed as affecting or intended to
affect or to in any way interfere with
the laws of any state or territory relat-
ing to the control, appropriation, use, or
distribution of water used in irrigation,
or any vested right acquired thereunder,
and the Secretary of the Interior, in car-
rying out the provisions of this act,
shall proceed in conformity with such
laws, and nothing herein shall in any
way affect any right of any state or of
the Federal Government or of any land-
owner, appropriator, or user of water in,
to, or from any interstate stream or the
waters thereof: Provided, That the
right to the use of water acquired under
the provisions of this act shall be appur-
tenant tothe land irrigated, and bene-
ficial use shall be the basis, the measure,
and the limit of the right.

SEc. 9. That it is hereby declared to
be the duty of the Secretary of the In-
terior in carrying out the provisions of
this act, so far as the same may be prac-
ticable and subject to the existence of
feasible irrigation projects, toexpend the
major portion of the funds arising from
the sale of public lands within each state
and territory hereinbefore named for the
benefit of arid and semi-arid lands within
the limits of such state or territory:
Provided, That the Secretary may tem-
porarily use such portion of said funds
for the benefit of arid or semi-arid lands
in any particular state or territory here-
inbefore named as he may deem advis-
able, when so used the excess shall be
restored to the fund as soon as practi-
cable, to the end that ultimately, and in
any event, within each ten-year period
after the passage of this act, the ex-
penditures for the benefit of the said
states and territories shall be equalized
according to the proportions and subject
to the conditions as to practicability
and feasibility aforesaid.

Src. 10. That the Secretary of the
Interior is hereby authorized to perform
any and all acts and to make such rules
and regulations as may be necessary
and proper for the purpose of carrying
the provisions of this act into full force
and effect.

Passed the Senate March 1, 1902.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

No
ios)
Nn

HON. H. C. HANSBROUGH.

XENATOR HANSBROUGH has been one of the most active and efficient
advocates of the development of the West through irrigation. By his long
experience in the far West he has become thoroughly familiar with the oppor-
tunities and results of irrigation, and has come to be regarded as the most
strenuous advocate in the Senate of the utilization of the vacant public lands
through national irrigation works. His position as Chairman of the Senate
Committee on Public Lands, and also as a member of the Committee on
Agriculture and Forestry, has given him exceptional opportunities for advancing
the interests of the West in Congress, and his name will always be connected
with the irrigation movement because of the introduction by him of the first bill
(which has passed the Senate) providing for the construction of national
irrigation works.

Henry Clay Hansbrough was born at Prairie du Rocher, Randolph County,
Illinois, January 30, 1848. He was educated in a common school, and in 1867
removed to California, where he learned the printing trade ; later published a
daily paper at San José, California. He was with the San Francisco Chronicle
from 1870 to 1879; then published a paper at Baraboo, Wisconsin, for two years,
removing to the Territory of Dakota in 1882, and became prominent in journalism
and in public affairs, being twice elected mayor of the city of Devil’s Lake ; was
National Committeeman for eight years ; was nominated for Congress by the first
Republican State Convention in North Dakota, and before the expiration of his
term in the House was elected to the United States Senate, in 1891, and reélected
in 1897.

236

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

GRAZING AND WATER STORAGE IN THE BLACK MESA
FOREST RESERVE.

By A.s Fo: Porrer;

Bureau of Forestry.

HE live-stock industry is one of
great importance to all of the
states of the Rocky Mountain region,
many sections being almost entirely de-
pendent upon it for their support. In
the early settlement of this part of the
frontier the mining prospectors and
stockmen were the pioneers. A very
large proportion of this western country
will always be more valuable for stock-
raising than for any other purpose, the
land which can be cultivated comprising
a very small part of the entire area.

The crop of forage which grows upon
this open range is one of the country’s
most valuable resources and can be har-
vested only by grazing. Many sections
are divided naturally into summer and
' winter ranges, the utilization of one de-
pending greatly upon the other. A
summer range, which is covered, with
snow during the winter and furnishes
an excellent crop of forage during the
summer, would be of little use without
an adjoining winter range. It some-
times happens that the winter range is
one upon which permanent water is very
scarce, and is grazed over during the
winter only while there is snow upon
the ground or the winter storms have
made tank or lake water. When this
dries up in the spring the stock move
back to the permanent watering places
and to the mountains. In many places
without the mountain summer range
this kind of winter range would be of
little value.

As forest reserves are established and
these mountain ranges put under forest-
reserve management, the rules and reg-
ulations which are to be enforced are of
great importance tothe stockmen. The
present rules for grazing in forest re-
serves prohibit the grazing of sheep in
all forest reserves except those of Ore-
gon and Washington, or in the reserves
where their presence would not ad-

versely affect insuring a permanent sup-
ply of timber and favorable conditions
to a continuous water flow. The Black
Mesa Forest Reserve, in Arizona, is one
in which a limited number of sheep have
been allowed to graze since its establish-
ment. The grazing of cattle and horses
has been allowed in all of the forest re-
serves.

The reason for restricting sheep is
that there is greater evidence of damage
having been done by them than by cattle
and horses. In moving sheep from
place to place, especially in driving along
trails from one range to another, if the
flocks are bunched up close, and thus
driven instead of being allowed to scatter
out and graze along naturally, they do.
more damage in tramping out young
seedlings and grass roots than is done
by stock which are allowed to run loose;
also, on lambing grounds, where flocks
are bedded or corralled for several weeks.
in the same place, there is often evidence
of considerable damage to young trees
by nibbling ; consequently the greatest
damage from tramping is generally seen
along the driveways, and the damage
from nibbling in places where flocks
have been held too long.

The manner of handling sheep is of
importance in judging the number
which can safely be allowed to graze
upon a certain area, as 5,000 head im-
properly herded would do more damage
than double the number which were
allowed to scatter out and graze prop-
erly.

In some limited areas which have been
overstocked with cattle serious damage
has been done by stock running loose,
both in the destruction of young trees
and tramping out the grass.

The remedy for these evils is to limit
the sheep, cattle, or horses which shall
be grazed upon a certain area to a num-
ber for which that particular section

1902.

will furnish sufficient pasture without
danger to reforestation or the forage
crop, and to hold the stockmen respon-
sible for the proper use of the range. In
some parts of the reserve total exclusion
of live stock may be necessary, but in
most places all that is needed is proper
regulation and cooperation on the part
of the stockmen and settlers in prevent-
ing forest fires. Fire has been the
greatest enemy to reproduction in this
reserve, as in many others.

The first sheep were driven into Ari-
zona about 1875, coming across the
desert from California. These flocks
were followed by others in later years,
and also by bands from New Mexico.
Ever since those early days the moun-
tain ranges have been used by the sheep-
men for lambing grounds and summer
range. The splendid reproduction of
young trees in many parts of the forest
reserve which have been constantly
grazed over for the past twenty-five
years shows that here, at least, the har-
vesting of the crop of grass has been
done without damage to the forest, and

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 237

has evidently protected the young trees
by causing forest fires to be less de-
structive.

Sheep need shade and a cool tempera-
ture during the summer. Not only do
they keep in better flesh, but the fleece
of wool makes a better growth and is
improved in quality.

In order to raise a good, thrifty lamb,
it is necessary that you have green feed
for the ewes, so that they will furnish
plenty of milk. With dry feed and a
consequent scarcity of milk, you are
sure to raise a ‘“‘runty’’ lot of lambs.
It is necessary that a lamb should make
a good healthy growth during the first
month of its life, if you expect to raise
aprofitablesheep. Asthe earliest green
grass and herbage is found along the foot
of the mountains, and later, after the
snow has disappeared, in the mountain
parks, this is the natural breeding
ground to which they are driven from
the winter range. Most of these sum-
mer ranges and lambing grounds being
located within the limits of the forest
reserve, this industry would be seriously

A SECTION WHICH HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY INJURED BY SHEEP AND CATTLE.

238 HORES TRY AND IRRIGALION: June,

injured if sheep were excluded from the
reserve.

For the past fifteen years some of the
sheep-owners have driven their bands to
the Salt River Valley during the winter
months. ‘This winter range was desir-
able, because in this mild climate the
ewes could be lambed fully two months
earlier than on the northern ranges, and
the sheep fattened rapidly on the feed
furnished by these ranges of lower alti-
tudes. Particularly swas. this rides

In August, 1898, the mountain range
extending across the northeastern part
of Arizona was set apart by the Presi-
dent as the San Francisco Mountains
and Black Mesa Forest Reserves. The
rules and regulations prohibited the
grazing of sheep within the reserves.
Consequently the sheepmen whose in-
terests were at stake took steps toward
securing the granting of the grazing
privilege. Now commenced a vigorous
opposition from the canal-owners and

EXCELLENT REPRODUCTION ON A RANGE WHICH HAS BREN GRAZED BY SHEEP AND CATTLE
FOR TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.

seasons of copious rainfall, when the
desert valleys were covered with a pro-
lific growth of Indian Wheat and Al-
fileria, the fattening qualities of which
cannot be excelled by any other range
forage plants. The largely increased
number of sheep driven to these south-
ern ranges each year caused a strong
opposition to arise among the cattlemen
over whose ranges they passed in tran-
sit, as it very materially decreased the
carrying capacity of the range for cattle.

farmers of the Salt River Valley, who
claimed that the grazing of sheep in the
mountains diminished their water sup-
ply and filled their canals with silt ;
from the cattlemen, whose ranges had
been injured, and from the owners of
the railroad lands, who had various ob-
jects in view. The result was that,
after investigation of the question and
examination of the forest reserves, the
sheepmen were granted permits to graze
their flocks on the north slope of the

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 239

REPRODUCTION EXTENDING FROM THE EDGE OF THE FOREST ON AN OLD SHEEP RANGE.

mountains and some of the level mesas
and excluded from the rough southern
slopes.

The Black Mesa Forest Reserve is one
in which the object in view in its estab-
lishment was as much for the purpose
of securing favorable conditions of water
flow as for the protection of the timber.
The location of the reserve being away
from the railroad or any means of cheap
transportation, it will probably be some
time before there will be any extensive
lumbering carried on within its limits.
The only cutting which has been done
so far was either for local use by the
settlers near the reserve or for the mines
at Clifton and Morenci. On the other
hand, the conservation of the water is
of immediate and vital importance.

The future development of agricul-
ture in Arizona depends entirely upon
a successful plan for storing the water
supply. The rainfall varies greatly with
each season, and is much heavier in the
mountains than in the lower valleys.
From observations covering a number

of years, the normal rainfall of the Salt
River Valley is placed at 7 inches, while
at Camp Apache, on the south slope of
the mountains and in the edge of the
timber belt, the average rainfall is 20
inches. The general character of the
mountain range being volcanic, a large
proportion of the water from the snow
which falls during the winter is absorbed
and seldom causes floods of any conse-
quence during this season, except when
in the early spring snow is followed by
rains or warm winds. As the amount
of new land which can be brought under
cultivation depends entirely upon suc-
cess in saving the water, it is important
that every condition which affects it
should be investigated.

In the controversy between the citi-
zens of Maricopa county and those of
the northern counties over the question
of grazing in the forest reserves, it has
been claimed that the canals of the Salt
River Valley were being filled with silt
and débris, and that this was caused by
the cutting away of vast areas of timber

240

on the forest reserves and by the graz-
ing of large flocks of sheep and herds
of cattle and horses over the drainage
basins. [his would lead one to believe
that if the timber cutting were stopped
and the sheep, cattle, and horses ex-
cluded from the forest reserve, an ideal
condition could be obtained and the
quantity of silt and débris carried in
the water would be sufficiently dimin-
ished to obviate the danger of filling the
canals.

It is doubtful if this would be so for
two reasons: first, because a very small
proportion of the silt comes from the
forest reserves, and, second, that the
flood waters coming from outside of
the reserve carried a large amount of silt
before the country was stocked with
cattle and sheep. That the amount of
silt coming into their canals during the
last few years is greater than it was
previously is true, and the cause of this
condition is the serious damage that has
been done to the open range outside of
the mountains by overstocking with
cattle, horses, and sheep, and also the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

jirme;

number of dry years from which the
country has suffered. Until some sys-
tem or plan has been devised for con-
trolling grazing upon the open range
which will benefit the stockmen by im-
proving its condition and permanent
wealth-producing capacity, as well as
protecting the irrigation interests, this
condition regarding the flood waters can
not be very greatly remedied.

In the early years of the live-stock
industry in northern Arizona, while the
country was new and had not been in-
jured by overgrazing, the summer rains
were generally thunder showers, coming
up suddenly and just falling in spots, or
from a cloud-burst, with the water fall-
ing in torrents over an area of a few
square miles. A dry wash would in a
very short time become a running
stream, which would swim your horse
if you undertook to cross it. These
storms always caused floods in the river,
and the water carried a large amount of
silt, one remarkable feature being that
you could often tell from the color of the
muddy water and the quantity of silt it

CATTLE RANGE WITHIN THE FOREST RESERVE ON THE SLOPE OF THE VERDE RIVER.

1902.

contained what part of the country had
been having the heavy rain, the flood
waters from the Zuni River carrying the
largest amount of silt, while from the
volcanic mountain country the per cent
of silt would be small.

Where reservoirs are located near the
mountains and catch the mountain flood
waters, there is a very small deposit of
silt and débris. For example, in the
reservoirs near Springerville, which are
within or near the forest reserve and
catch the mountain flood waters, the de-
posit of silt during the past fifteen years
has been very little, while at Woodruff,
a town located on the Little Colorado
River, about fifty miles from the moun-
tains and below its confluence with the
streams from the open range country,
a dam forty feet high was built across
the river where it flows through a box
canyon, and the reservoir above the dam
entirely filled with mud in about ten
years. As these people were only fig-
uring on securing the natural flow of
the river by getting it out of the canyon
and did not expect the dam to be of any
value as a storage reservoir, their object
was accomplished.

Quite a number of small storage reser-
voirs have been built in northern Ari-
zona from which some good lessons
might be taken. ‘The most valuable
reservoirs are those built in coves off to
one side of the river, and which are filled
during the winter and early spring, when
the water is running clear and quite free
from silt. If reservoirs could be built
of sufficient capacity to store all of this
water, the area of agricultural lands
could be greatly increased without the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

241

flood waters. When the flood waters
come down heavily laden with silt the
flood-gates are opened and the muddy
water allowed to pass on by. Reser-
voirs which have been used in this way
for the past fifteen years are in good
condition and have accumulated very
little sediment. If it happens to be late
in the season, in a time when the water
is greatly needed, it is turned directly
into the ditches instead of the storage
reservoir and distributed over the land.
It may fill up the ditches a little, but it
makes up for this by fertilizing the land.
The heavy rainfall and source of per-
manent water supply being in the moun-
tains, the importance of the forest re-
serve as the foundation of a successful
irrigation system is very readily seen ;
consequently every precaution should
be taken for its protection. Investiga-
tion having shown that serious damage
has not been done in this forest reserve
by grazing, and the prosperity of sev-
eral of the adjoining counties depending
greatly upon the live-stock industry, it
is evident that what is needed here is a
system of regulation which will insure
to the government and the irrigation
interests that the forest conditions will
be maintained and improved, and to the
stockman that if he obeys the regula-
tions and continues to use the range ju-
diciously he will be allowed the grazing
privilege. If the plans for the regula-
tion of grazing prove to be practical and
the forage crop is thus utilized without
injury to the timber or water supply,
the result will be an increased sentiment
in favor of the forest reserves and a
great benefit to the commonwealth.

ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. FOREST RESERVES.

By FILIBERT ROTH,

Chief of Division R, General Land Office.

PART Il.—CHANGES OF THE LAST YEAR.

S stated in the last issue of this
paper, the work of caring for the
National Forest Reserves is still in its
infancy, having barely finished its fourth

year. ‘The work was organized under
temporary, makeshift conditions, with
a vast and constantly increasing field of
action and new conditions to be met and

242

new obstacles to overcome at every step.
To some extent this unsettled condition
stillexists. New reserves are being cre-
ated: the limits of old reserves are
modified. Settlements are springing up
along the boundaries of different re-
serves, and great mining developments,
with their accessories of roads, railroads,
towns, etc., are rapidly complicating the
affairs of the reserves.

Nevertheless, the experience of the
first three years had sufficiently demon-
strated the need of a number of changes,
so that in November, 1gor, the Secre-
tary of the Interior, in an ‘‘ Outline of
Principles and Practice to Govern the
National Forest Reserves,’’ approved a
plan modifying the former practice.
The following are some of the principal
changes directed in the above outline
and so far accomplished:

The position of the superintendent
has been modified, so that his duties are
practically those of a local inspector.
This change became necessary for two
principal reasons. In the past the su-
perintendent was burdened with so
much routine office work that it was
impossible for him to take the field and
fully attend to his most important func-
tion, namely, that of inspection and
direction. Besides this, the transmis-
sion of all papers through the office of
the superintendent added greatly to the
delay of important business. An appli-
cation for timber, frequently delayed
for a few weeks at the supervisor’s,
owing to distant field duty, would be
further delayed by absence from office
of the superintendent or by necessity,
real or imaginary, of referring the ap-
plication back to the supervisor and
from him, in turn, to the ranger. In
this way most vexatious delays occurred,
sometimes doing serious and _ lasting
damage to important mining concerns,
or hindering materially worthy settlers
in their efforts to improve their lands.

The position of the supervisor has
been modified in the direction of giving
to it more power and permanence, and
also by increasing its duties and respon-
sibilities. Instead of receiving all orders
and transmitting all reports through the
superintendent, the supervisor now re-
ceives his orders direct from the central

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

office, originates orders and reports, and
communicates directly with the central
office at Washington. In addition, he
is allowed greater freedom in handling
his men, has the authority of granting
the permits for the ordinary cases of
‘free use’’ of timber up to a stumpage
value of $20, and grants grazing permits
to all residents within the forest reserves
where the amount of stock (only horses
and cattle ) does not exceed one hundred
head. In short, he is the real manager
of the reserve. Contrary to former
practice, most of the supervisors are no
longer paid by the day, nor are all su-
pervisors paid the same salary ($5 per
day and $1.50 per day in lieu of subsist-
ence), but the different supervisors are
paid more in accordance with the area
of territory in their care and the amount
of business transacted by them. On
the other hand, it is the intention to
continue their services throughout the
year, irrespective of the location of
their reserves.

In the past, for reasons of economy,
nearly all supervisors of the northern
reserves, including those of the north-
ern part of California, in Oregon, Wash-
ington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Col-
orado, and Utah, were dismissed in the
fall of the year and reinstated, or new
men employed, in the beginning of the
summer of the following year. This
has been one of the most discouraging
features of the supervisor’s position and
has deterred many from ever offering
their services. To the reserve this in-
termittent care was injurious. The
absence of any supervisor encouraged
trespass in timber and otherwise. The
inability of doing business with the re-
serve on account of this absence of any
manager in some instances urged other-
wise honest people to a “‘ help-yourself ’’
method of satisfying their legitimate de-
mands. In addition, the supervisor
never had time and opportunity to really
learn either his business or his reserve.
Where a new man was appointed, as
was frequently the case, he was obliged
to learn everything anew. The agricul-
tural settlements in and about his re-
serve, the mining and stock interests,
everything was new, and, though in-
vestigated and reported on repeatedly,

1902.

he had hardly any other way of know-
ing them except by a repetition of their
investigation. By the time he had
learned the many conditions of his re-
serve it was time for his dismissal. In
the planning of his work and in the
handling of his men the same disadvan-
tages appeared, even emphasized. ‘The
short period of service made the position
undesirable, the uncertainty of reap-
pointment discouraged the interest nec-
essary to a careful study of conditions,
and thus prevented that continuity of
plan and method essential to an economic
and yet efficient service. The rangers
being dismissed at the same time with
the supervisors, there was no certainty
as to the amount, character, or prepara-
tion of the assistance furnished to the
supervisor, and thus the handling of his
men was seriously affected by this same
interruption of the work.

Among the additions to their duties,
the supervisors will be required to keep
a well-planned, uniform record, on blank
sheets furnished by the department, of
all important affairs and conditions of
their reserves, so that the successor of
any supervisor or the inspecting officer
can at any moment see from these rec-
ords where the timber has been removed,
what parts remain still uncut, and can
readily find the number, location and
other facts concerning every saw-mill,
agricultural claim, or other establish-
ment within the reserve.

In the ranger or working force the
changes have been equally radical and
far-reaching. There are now three
classes of rangers, with salaries of $90,
$75, and $60 per month, respectively.
The positions of classes I ($90) and II
($75) are filled as far as possible by pro-
motion, in which efficient service on the
reserve, knowledge of the reserve and
its conditions, and general education and
experience—especially in woodsman’s
affairs—areallcarefully considered. In
a few of the reserves the cost of living
and cost of maintenance of a satisfactory
mount is also taken into consideration.

The need of better pay for rangers
has been felt for some time. A ranger
is obliged to keep at least two good
horses. Often he should have three,
and in addition he must keep his own

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 243

camping outfit and supplies. He is
supposed to know the rules and regula-
tions of forest reserves, be a man of
good sense, considerable experience, fair
education and conduct, be on duty prac-
tically every day, and has considerable
responsibility. This he does in a dis-
trict where any able-bodied man, with
ordinary labor during eight or ten hours
per day, receives better pay without
being required to camp out alone or
spend his Sundays doing guard duty.

As to the rangers of class I and part
of class II on most of the reserves, it
may be said that they are expected to
be well acquainted with timber work,
understand scaling, estimating, and
measuring of timber, be able to ‘‘ cruise’’
and map a piece of woods, report intel-
ligently on a piece of forest land or a
wood contract, and thus fill the place of
the ordinary estimator or ‘‘land-looker,’’
who, with most of our lumber compa-
nies, draws a salary of usually $3 to $5
a day and everything furnished.

In the past the rangers shared the
fate of the supervisors. They were
engaged as the season advanced and
the increased danger from fire appeared
to require additional forces. In all re-
serves the majority of the rangers were
laid off during winter. In a number of
reserves the entire force was dismissed.
While this method was probably the
best under the circumstances, furnish-
ing the largest number of men during
the most dangerous season of each year,
yet the uncertainty and irregularity of
the service discouraged good men and
made it impossible for supervisor and
men to plan or organize their work in
any satisfactory manner. By having a
certain number of the men of classes I
and II retained permanently on each
reserve, the plan and work become con-
tinuous, and the temporary force, when
put on in the spring, finds a controlling
body properly equipped with the neces-
sary knowledge of where to go and
what to do, and with the interest of a
permanent occupation, which alone is
able to inspire and carry the lonely
work of a mountain ranger to success.

In the distribution of the rangers it
has been necessary in the past, and is
yet, in the case of all new reserves, to

244

proceed in the manner of ‘‘try and try
again.’’ While this method was the
only feasible one in the beginning, it
left the matter without any coordina-
tion. Every forest officer, naturally
and properly, considered his needs the
greatest, and the officer who was able
to present his needs in the most im-
pressive way, often by reinforcement of
popular petitions, obtained the largest
share of assistance. In this way the
distribution of the fiscal year 1900-1901
was rather badly balanced. Thus the
expenses for an area of 3,900,000 acres
in one state were about $80,000; for
the same area in another state about
$9,000; in still another, $14,000. ‘To
avoid this lack of coordination an at-
tempt is made to distribute the forces
according to the conditions requiring
the service.

The principal conditions here under
consideration are the area of the reserve;
determining the effort to patrol the
same; its location—z. e., whether in
Arizona, where danger from fire lasts
for more than eight months, or whether
in Montana, where five months cover
the dangerous season. In addition, the
business of the reserve is considered;
the amount of timber sales, requiring
survey estimates, patrol, and super-
vision; the number of cases of free use,
each of which requires one or two days’
work of a ranger; the amount of stock
grazed within the reserve, and also the
number of farming and mining settle-
ments in and near the reserve, all tend-
ing to complicate the work, and there-
fore calling for additional help. In this
way it is hoped to make a fairer distri-
bution and give all reserves more nearly

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

their share of the benefit of the protec-
tion provided by the government.

According to this general plan, based
on present conditions, there would be
employed for the coming year a field
force composed of about:

20 rangers of class I.

go rangers of class II,

180 rangers of class III for a period
of five months per year, and

70 rangers of class III for a period of
eight months per year.

In the employment of rangers a reg-
ular blank form of application is used
in which the applicant makes full state-
ment of his personal qualifications, his
training, and experience. While it is
a well-known fact that a paper applica-
tion or examination is deficient and can
never be relied upon alone, yet it is an
equally well-known fact, and a fact upon
which the present civil-service system
is based, that such an examination is
not only an excellent record of most of
the necessary qualifications, but will
prevent many, if not most, of the real
objectionable applicants from entering
the service.

In addition to the force employed in
the past, it is intended to introduce a
number of technically trained men, at
present termed ‘‘ head rangers.’’ The
function of these men, as at present con-
ceived, is that of technical assistants to
the supervisors. It is through these
foresters that acorrect and judicious in-
terpretation of the instructions is to be
accomplished, and it is through them
that an application of the knowledge
and methods of forestry is to be carried
to the forest reserves. So far only two
head rangers are in the service.

£902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 245

A SIMPLE METHOD OF RAISING WATER.

By Major GILBERT THOMPSON,

U. S. Geological Survey

Ie 1871, while surveying along the Po-
tomac River, at W ashington, Duce
I noted a simple method of remov ing
water from a place of excavation at the
river’s bank. The space was inclosed
by a board piling, and at a point above
the highest tide in the river a dipping
trough was placed, by which the water
had been removed from the excavation.
This will be best understood by the ac-
companying sectional diagram: a, the
board piling ; 4, the trough, which was
made of pine boards nailed together
and open at one end,c. It was kept in
place by two cleats upon the under side
where it rested in the piling. I think
it was worked by an upright handle,
similar to the ‘‘ rockers ’’ used by miners
in placer mining, and probably a similar
contrivance is used by them to remove
water from trenches and excavations.
I have added a flat valve and a lifting
rope to give it a more general design.
A brief examination of the diagram in-
dicates that a number of arrangements
can be designed to work it; a pulley
with a counterpoise or lifting weight

would be a practicable method.

s aca teeecee tases Sune eeaeeteusuneens- {SASS RES RRSERRRESSSS SESS SSS eee

There are a great number of purposes
for which such a simple apparatus for
lifting water a short distance would be
very valuable. There is very often a
pond, with good soil about it, which
could be cultivated for garden purposes
if water could be raised even one foot.
Reservoirs can be frequently constructed
in wet, marshy ground, affording a small
but useful supply of water.

I have computed by graphic methods
the following tables, which are accurate
enough to be suggestive and of value in
making an estimate of performance re-
quired. I have adopted a trough 10
feet in length from pivot point and 1
foot square, so the values can be easily
adapted for other widths. It can be
readily perceived that if the end which
is submerged was made a bucket by
fastening a board on the top, that more
water could be raised at asingle lift. I
have accordingly computed such values
for a bucket 1 foot, 2 feet, etc., indepth.
How far this is entirely useful depends
upon the fact that as the depth of sub-
mergence becomes greater the working
becomes much slower. It may be re-

Sey

——————— = SS

4, BOARD PILING;

5b, DIPPING TROUGH, OPEN AT Cc;
é é, CLEATS TO HOLD TROUGH IN PLACE; d, FLAT VALVE ; 2,
OR RESERVOIR ; 0, OUTSIDE LEVEL.

d, CLOSED END AND LIFTING
INSIDE LEVEL,

ROPE;

246

marked that the lifting proceeds easiest,
although at a slower rate, if it is done
just about as fast as the water will
promptly pour out. ‘To illustrate this
I have computed Table No. II, which

ABE Ie

AMOUNT OF WATER LIFTED WITH A TROUGH
Io FEET LONG AND I FOOT SQUARE,
IN CUBIC FEET.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

jme?

gives the amount of movement of a ro-
foot trough from point of submergence
to pouring level. The lip may be made
2 feet long; thus 12-foot lumber will
answer very well for construction.

TABLE II.

TOTAL MOVEMENT FROM POINT OF {SUB-
MERGENCE TO POURING LEVEL, WITH
A I0O-FOOT TROUGH.

ee eee ee se Pet 22 ls
5 2 fo) 3) Onde nem ites Sas 5 fe) S) fe) e)
Sailr S|) a eS oT “qs Se | ales Ped Oe | aie “ies Pe gles aie
aac ed he, Bye ee) sete pls ele ae Pang any ag ae ey SAG we
Ae ee | Sie | So Sei 8 ee oe see ee ce a ee eee eee
SUAS =e SI feces Se ou ae robe) Sees |) ee ae | 22 | 3a | Se | eS ea es
a6 |. Bemis 2 S Z cans iplniest® (alte = s = 2
O.1 | ABI) Mois || ayy CoO | O WS I) Woks ONT Ne 32Ou ele Sal pala 55) 60 | 2.10 | 2 20
C2) Ba576 AOS || FOr] F.O5 71 OHO |) 7ouw LO) 2-2On 22450) 0257, OnlaalOnlm aay OmleA a2 ©
@:3' ||) 3.50" || 4°50.) 5.35 /\\-5-70 20.40: 46-90 2-03.20) 08.55) 93 .cOn| masOn |e 3220 Oe
Opi BX || Ass |) “Lil || RLGfe) i! (ey |) ss 3.0 | 4.20 | 4.65 | 5.00 | 5.90 | 6.80 | 8.00
OL || Sous i Alo | VEE |! 5 Ss 6.00 | 650 MAO) MN aA) Ih) aShs | (GOD | Fe Zed || HAO icccace
©,61;93.00) 132804) 4-350 (95,20) 05,0514 15 4e Bey |) (2k) || Vorsky! || Fo7@ || shi7© Pig et epee
CH) Asser | BO || VL AR | SOS |) ez || Coase 6:0/4|, F220. 168100 | A SES Or eetac rea eee eyecare
6:8 12:65. | 3750 | ATO; || 142608) 75-067 16 25 FEO) Ke 2O) || KOLO | sratensiell eevoncverel| iene or emote
OHS) | aso) |! Boas || le) | 278) ||, Sos{o).| O.20 SrOr5|OLZOM ae suse | stots eet nso uencheneg ell orem
1.0 | 2.45 | 3-15 | 3 90 ALO5y) 52400) (6Oar5 CHGS i ercacts || Wicraceuais iran tate aire aS |(end oto ol eee
AMO) | Hino | ARAIG |\ AeWAs || ALOR | als || G7 TORO obs, le Uh Sees |Pracceeenel fowehe catia liste ae tema eee
3.01 | 1.15, | 2.00!) 2.87 ll S75 ule sOOn 5245 aaenee ee oe
EG 8 1.7 2.6 ; : 526 OynEE
a oe ih ee oe ane is eee A study of the tables shows that it is
BrOr| ots salting ya| * 2aai7a | ay20) uae ee most effective for lifts of short distances.
7-0 | 0.42 | 130 | 2.20 |.....4)...-../...--. and with the bucket addition. Short
He eee ar eae ice tute we lifts are not to be despised. In Holland,
foe ooo Wee ee) ie Ne ay 2 tOMelauipesUHeeHDGene of a canal a lift

Tee, PINUS

of one-tenth of a foot is not unusual.

ATTENUATA (OR PINUS LUBERCULE ATS)

AS A WATER CONSERVER.

By. cls 2 i KENS:

Cae come upon us as un-

expected as they are unwelcomed.
The Mission Fathers and the early white
settlers little thought of the future pos-
sibilities and needs of southern Califor-
nia. With conditions as they then
were, every acre could be utilized, for
there was water for all the land. Then
all the mountains were well forested;
the trees were cut; then fire and sheep
nearly completed the destruction. Tke
limit of development is now about
reached, unless more water can be had
for irrigation.

There are two ways to increase the
water supply, namely, to build storage
reservoirs and to clothe our mountains
with trees and see to it that they are
not destroyed again. Even to build
the reservoirs would be useless unless.
the watersheds tributary to them be
forested, for the reservoirs would soon
become filled with silt if the mountains
are bare; so the only hope for future
development is to bring back the for-
ests. It is an easy problem to perpetu-
ate a forest: When a tree is removed
plant another. All conditions are favor-

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

is)
aS
~I

A THIRTY-ACRE SLOPE THAT WAS BURNED OVER IN 1870. PINUS ATTENUATA (TUBERCULATA )
NOW HAS COMPLETE POSSESSION OF THE GROUND. THIS GROVE HAS RESISTED
THE FIRES DURING THE PAST TWELVE YEARS.

GROVE OF ATTENUATA SELF-SOWN, WHERE FIRE SWEPT THROUGH IN 1890, DESTROYING
EVERY TREE.

248

able then, but after repeated fires over
the length and breadth of the moun-
tains, the conditions are not so favor-
able for tree growth.

Nature in her wisdom has seemed to
provide for such an emergency. Here
and there, from San Bernardino to
Shasta, we find growing on fire-swept
slopes that vigorous and invincible tree,
the Pinus tuberculata. Not many trav-

elers ever see it, and of those that do

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

SMALL TREE SHOWING MANNER OF GROWTH
OF THE CONES.

but few would notice it except for its
strange appearance which its life store
of cones give it. ‘The tree is usually
small, early bearing, found on sunny
slopes of the Cascade Range to the
northern Sierra and southward (rarely
on the coast ranges) to the San Ber-
nardino Mountains. Its cones grow in
circles, strongly declined, narrow and
pointed. ‘They are three to eight inches
long, and remain on the trees unopened

juimey

for an indefinite number of years. The
outer scales have conical, quadrangular
tubercles, terminated by a very short,
triangular, itm prickles * The wleames
grow three in a sheath, three to seven
inches long. It is sometimes called
Knob Cone or Hickory Pine. A pecu-.
liarity of this tree is the tapering char--
acter of its cones at the base, whereby
they oppose so little resistance to the
growing trunk that the annual layers,
instead of crowding off the cones (as in:
most other species), often envelop them
completely. They are sometimes found
in large trunks still unopened and the
seed good.

The cones are borne in whirls first
around the main axis of the tree only.
As the tree grows and branches freely,
which it will do where not crowded,
then cones are borne about the limbs.
I have counted as high as 500 cones on
a tree 50 years old, each cone contain-
ing 124 fertile seed, which are small,
there being 20,000 to the pound. The
seed have a wing one inch long and one-
fourth inch wide. When a fire sweeps.
through a grove, if severe, it kills the
tree. The heat melts the resin with
which the cone is sealed, and the second
or third day after the fire the winged
seeds take flight and plant a far greater
area than existed before. Thus after
each fire the forest becomes dense,
crowding together for protection, until
at last they defy the fire, for where they
grow so closely together as to occupy all
the ground, they will resist fire. This
persistence of cone, coupled also with
the firm coherence of their scales for an
indefinite length of time, is an important
fact, for it insures better propagation,
if not the very existence of the species.
It is found that the seeds in these long
closed cones are always in good condi-
tion, however old the cones. ‘They seem
to declare not only that this species of
tree shall be its own survivor, but also
that it may extend its dominion over
other territory which has been cleared
of trees.

So we may expect that through the
improvident or wanton conduct of man,
while it destroys by fire the noble Sugar
and Yellow Pines of our vast forests,
this cunning little provident tree, fight--

1902.

ing now for room to stand upon and
crowding close together for greater
strength, shall, after long waiting and
at last fire-killed, unlock its store of life
germs and scatter them with sailing
wings on the wind to reforest the moun-
tains.

No tree shows more greenness or sym-
metry of growth than the Prnus tuber-
culata when not crowded. Its desire
seems to be to cover the ground, if not
in numbers, then with wide-spreading
branches. Trees are to be found 150
feet high, with a body two to three feet
in diameter. I have never found one of
them dying from oldage. ‘They thrive
where other trees would not attempt to
grow—on the steep, hot, rocky slopes.
Their roots penetrate every little crev-
ice to an incredible depth, opening
channels for the conservation of water
and mulching the surface with their
foliage.

The inclosure of the cones in the body
of the tree precludes their use for tim-
ber, as the cones are too hard to be
sawed, thus increasing their insurance
of life, for if they were good for lumber
when they are grown some one with a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

249

gold bug in his eye would devise some
way to remove them. ‘Their usefulness
consists entirely in their value as water-
conservers and to prevent erosion. ‘The
more humid regions of northern Cali-
fornia, Oregon, and Washington, so rich
in forests, will, if rationally harvested,
perpetually supply the coast with lum-
ber. Even the higher portions of our
southern mountains produce much good
timber, and if harvested by trained for-
esters in a rational manner could be
made to yield a profit and perpetuate
the forest ; but the slaughter practiced
now of the forests on the San Bernardino
and San Jacinto reserves is sure to result
in serious loss, not only 1n the immedi-
ate depletion of the water supply, but
by reason of the lopings (which consist
of at least one-half of the tree bulk)
being left to dry and be burned, the soil
that has been hundreds of years accu-
mulating isdestroyed. ‘The rains carry
the silt down onto the valley lands and
the summer streams vanish. This prov-
ident pine tree, if helped a little by man,
will in time cover all our mountain
slopes, and store our rainfall, and defy
the fiery element.

ALKALI FROM IRRIGATION.

By PROFESSOR R. H. FORBES,

Director Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.

HE University of Arizona has car-
ried on some interesting experi-
ments in connection with the rise of
alkali in the soil of the Salt River Valley.
Some of the orchards were found to be
in an unsatisfactory condition through
the increase of alkali, resulting from the
methods of irrigation practiced there.
The soil before cultivation has been ob-
served to contain from .o2 to .og per
cent of salts, evenly distributed through
the soil as deeply as Io feet.

Irrigation, however, both by the ad-
dition of salts contained in the water
and usually by the concentration of
salts originally in the soil, has greatly
changed the amount and distribution of
alkali. Salt River becomes strongly

charged with soluble salts, especially in
hot weather at a time of low water,
through evaporation and the presence
of seepage from irrigated districts
above.
These summer waters are also scant
in quantity and, especially in the or-
chard practice of southern Arizona, are
rushed hurriedly through shallow fur-
rows over the area to be irrigated, wet-
ting only the surface layers of soil.
Under such conditions uncultivated tree
rows and ridges and insufficiently cul-
tivated surfaces in general lose by evap-
oration a large part of the water applied
in irrigating. The alkali follows the
soil water in its movements either up or
down. As the soil water, through capil-

250

lary action, comes to the surface and
evaporates, the soluble salts are left at
or near the top of the ground. A shal-
low wetting of the soil also leads to the
development of tree and plant roots near
the surface, for plant roots also must
develop best where requisite amounts of
water are accessible. As a result of
shallow irrigation and insufhcient cul-
tivation, therefore, the orange orchards
(which were more particularly studied )
of this district were found with root
systems in considerable part developed
within a foot of the surface in direct
contact with accumulated alkali salts
left by evaporation.

Flooding, where water is available
and drainage good, is the best means to
dispose of alkali. The occasional river
floods could be utilized for this purpose,
such water being least salty (as low as
52 parts in 100,000 observed ) and abun-
dant fora little time. Deep borders and
six or eight inches depth of water will
be found more effective than operations
of less determined nature. After the
salts are leached down into the lower
soil, the ground must be deeply and
thoroughly cultivated to prevent surface
evaporation and consequent return of
alkah.

Deep irrigation in subsoiler furrows
has the merit that a scanty head of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June,

water is made to penetrate quickly and
deeply into the soil, leading to a deeper
establishment of root systems and allow-
ing less surface evaporation. The em-
ployment of the subsoiler, however, does
not do away with the advisability of
distributing surface accumulations of
salts downward through the soil by
flooding, as soon as the water supply will
permit. These measures have proved
entirely effective in certain of the orange
orchards of southern California.

The shading of the soil, especially in
summer, by heat and drouth-resisting
crops, checks surface evaporation to a
useful extent and lessens the rise of
alkaliin proportion. German and com-
mon millets are probably suitable for
this purpose in Arizona.

To some extent, also, such crops as
sour clover, barley, or millet take up
alkali salts, which are removed with the
crops from the soil. A heavy crop of
sour clover, for instance, weighing
50,000 pounds, green, will contain about
1,000 pounds of ash, largely composed
of alkalisalts from the soil. This, how-
ever, is approximately only one-third of
what would be added in an acre foot of
concentrated summer water. Moreover,
if plowed under as green manuring, the
salts taken up by the crop are returned
to the soil from which they were taken.

AN ELM TREE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

By L.2° Ho PAMMEL,,

Professor of Botany, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

T is a well-known fact that many

kinds of trees are frequently struck
by lightning. The writer has observed
among the deciduous trees the follow-
ing: White Oak (Quercus alba), the
Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Bur Oak
( Quercus macrocarpa) , Black Oak ( Quer-
cus velutina), the Hickory (/fcoria
ovata), and the American Elm. Of the
conifers which have come under the
writer’s observation, the Lodgepole Pine
(Pinus murrayana) and the Rocky
Mountain Balsam (4dzes J/asiocarpa)
may be mentioned. Many other trees

are frequently struck by lightning, as
numerous observers attest. In western
Wisconsin, where the writer spent his
boyhood, it was not an uncommon thing
to find a score of trees struck by light-
ning on my father’s farm every season.
It is a general belief among country
people there that the oak is much more
frequently struck by lightning than
any other species. This opinion is
probably not well founded. However,
for this reason, few people in that vicin-
ity will plant the oak for a shade tree.
The oaks would naturally be struck

1902.

more frequently because they are most
common along the upper Mississippi.

Although I have seen many trees
struck by lightning, I have never been
fortunate enough to see a fire start from
a stroke of lightning, except in an old
elm tree on the college farm during the
fall of t900. I desire, therefore, to
put this case on record. ‘The tree in
question was an old elm about 125 years
old, standing alone in the Squaw Creek
bottom. During the month of Maya
strong gale broke off the leader and a
large lateral branch. During a heavy
rainstorm in the fall the tree was struck
by lightning and started to burn, as the
figure indicates. I was not present,
but a quarter of an hour later during
the rain the tree was still burning and
continued to do so during the entire
day and part of the next. It was some
60 feet up to the point where the fire
occurred. There was no evidence that
this fire was started by some one. ‘The
conductor on the college motor did not
see a fire in the tree twenty minutes
previous, when going out to the college.
It seems, therefore, a pretty clear case
of a tree starting to burn from a stroke
of lightning.

A second case may be referred to in
this connection. Last summer in the
Uintah Mountains (Utah) the writer
saw a small clump of Adbzes subalpina
which had been partially burned. The
fire evidently did not come from the
ground, as there was no evidence of fire
in the leaf mold surrounding the trees.
Mr. Lummis and Mr. Buchanan, who
saw the clump of trees, also concluded
that the fire was started by lightning.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

251

Professor Coville in his paper on sheep-
grazing in the Cascades refers to an
interesting case of fire starting from
lightning. While campers, sheep herd-
ers, and others may start forest fires,
some fires are undoubtedly started by
lightning.

AN. AMERICAN ELM TREE STRUCK BY LIGHT-
NING. THE DARKENED AREAS SHOW
WHERE THE TREE WAS BURNED.

PORES ERY AND PLANT “BCOLOGY.

By ERNEST BRUNCKEN,

Secretary Wisconsin State Forestry Association.

OW that the systematic treatment

of woodlands according to silvi-
cultural methods has been set fairly on
its feet in the United States, one of the
principal duties of foresters will be to
determine the silvicultural characters
of the multitudes of tree species with

which we have to deal in this country.
Very little is known as to the adapta-
bility and fitness of any given tree for
profitable forest culture in any given lo-
cality. Nine-tenths of the information
existing as to the treatment demanded
even by the best known species, in the

252

eastern half of the country, has been de-
rived from gardeners and nurserymen,
and does not usually apply to trees grown
under forest conditions. ‘To gather em-
pirically definite data as to the behavior
of these species under the conditions of
a cultivated forest will take a hundred
years or more, as it did in Europe.

In this predicament foresters may de-
rive valuable help from a branch of
botany which has within the last eight
years received an attention much greater
than ever before, and promises valuable
results for the future, both of a scien-
tific and practical nature. “This asthe
science of plant ecology.

The term ecology is of comparatively
recent origin. It may be defined as the
science of the manner in which plants
adapt themselves to their environment.
It may be divided into two divisions.
Either one may examine the structure
and life history of plants with a view of
discovering the structural and func-
tional modifications produced in them
by the conditions of their life, or he
may investigate the distribution of plants
over the surface of the globe, and de-
termine the manner in which it has
been influenced by such adaptations.
On the former side ecology is related to
morphology and physiology; on the
second to phytogeography. Both sides,
however, are so closely connected that
it is quite impossible to study the one
without the other.

As yet the study of both sides of the
new science is still in its infancy. One
may say that so far hardly more has
been done than to sketch the outline of
its ruling principles, and even that to
some extent not more than provisionally.
It has been ascertained in a general way
that certain structural and physiological
peculiarities fit a given species for life
under certain conditions of soil, climate,
and so forth, and wholly or relatively
unfit it for life under other conditions.
The detailed knowledge of such struc-
tures and life processes has progressed
a certain distance ; much more remains
to be done. The perfect knowledge,
the goal toward which the science works,
may be described as the ability to state
with certainty, from the character of a
plant, to what particular conditions of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

iiames

life it is best adapted ; and, on the other
hand, from the peculiarities of the con-
ditions prevailing in any particular lo-
cality, to say with equal certainty what
plants are best adapted to grow therein.

It is evident that long before this goal
is reached—in fact, from the moment
when these questions can be answered
with a fair amount of probability—such
knowledge may be made a valuable
guide in the practical work of the for-
ester. Of course, in a very general
way, the forester has always used
ecologicaldata. Wehavealways known
that White Oaks cannot be grown profit-
ably in a cypress swamp, and that the
Mahogany tree of Central America will
not flourish ina Minnesota pine barren.
But this rudimentary knowledge refers
mostly to the great regional divisions of
climate and soil condition. The prob-
lem that presses upon the forester is :
How can I find out what trees generally
adapted to the environment of my region
are best adapted to each of the great
variety of local conditions with which I
have to deal? It is well understood
that the mere fact of the prevalence or
absence of a species in a given place is
no safe criterion of its special fitness.
The historical factor, well understood
by phytogeographers, may have come
into play—that is, either the seed of
some well-adapted tree may have never
reached the place or a tree which was
fairly fit may have been driven out bya
fitter competitor ; yet this victim of the
struggle for existence may be the most
valuable for the forester, and may be
very well able to reconquer the ground
if helped by man.

To answer this question, ecology will
soon be a valuable aid to the forester.
Numerous botanists in all parts of the
country are now cultivating this field.
Many of the data gathered by foresters
during valuation surveys and at other
times are distinct additions to the data
of ecology. Many more could be easily
collected by them if their attention was
called to the subject. A forester is sup-
posed to bea fair botanist, and ought to
be easily able to follow the technical dis-
cussions of the ecologist. A close alli-
ance between the two will be of the
greatest mutual advantage.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

293

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS.

MAY, 1902.
May 3.

(House.) By Mr. Sutherland, from
the Committee on Irrigation of Arid
Lands, to which was referred the bill
of the House (H. R. 3088) to regulate
the use by the public of reservoir sites
located upon the public lands of the
United States, reported the same with-
out amendment, accompanied by a re-
port (No. 1851) ; which said bill and
report were referred to the House Cal-
endar.

May 2.

(Senate. ) Mr. Hansbrough submitted
an amendment proposing to grant to
the State of North Dakota 30,000 acres
of the unappropriated public lands of
that state, to aid in the maintenance of
a school of forestry, which institution
has been established by the legislature
of that state and located at the village
of Bottineau, etc., intended to be pro-
posed by him to the sundry civil appro-
priation bill ; which was referred to the
Committee on Appropriations and or-
dered to be printed.

May 5.

(Senate.) Mr. Dolliver submitted an
amendment authorizing the Secretary
of War to lease any stone or grazing
lands within the Fort Sill Military Res-
ervation and wood reserve belonging
thereto, in the Territory of Oklahoma,
and use the proceeds of such leases for
the support and benefit of the Apache
Indians now held as prisoners of war
on that reservation, intended to be pro-
posed by him to the Army appropriation
bill ; which was referred to the Commit-
tee on Military Affairs and ordered to
be printed.

(Senate.) Mr. Clark, of Wyoming,
introduced a bill (S. 5657) to prevent
discrimination in grazing permits on the
Uintah Forest Reservation ; which was
read twice by its title and referred to
the Committee on Public Lands.

(House.) Mr. Emerson, from the
Select Committee on the Census, to

which was referred the joint resolution
of the House (H. J. Res. 182) author-
izing the Director of the Census to com-
pile statistics relating to irrigation, re-
ported the same without amendment,
accompanied by a report (No. 1888);
which said joint resolution and report
were referred to the House Calendar.

May 6.

(Senate.) Mr. Platt, of New York,
presented a petition of the Audubon
Society of the State of New York pray-
ing for the enactment of legislation for
the protection of game in Alaska, and
for the transfer of certain forest reserves
to the control of the Department of Ag-
riculture; which was referred to the
Committee on Forest Reservations and
the Protection of Game.

May 7.

(Senate.) Mr. Mitchell introduced a
bill (S. 5705) granting a right of way
to the Oregon and Southeastern Rail-
road Company within the Cascade For-
est Reserve, in the State of Oregon;
which was read twice by its title and
referred to the Committee on Public
Lands.

May 8.

(Senate.) Mr. Platt, of New York,
was directed by the Committee on Print-
ing to report a joint resolution provid-
ing for the printing of 17,500 copies of
Bulletin No. 24, Department of Agri-
culture, entitled ‘‘A Primer of For-
estry,’’ and asked for its immediate
consideration.

The joint resolution (S. R. 95) pro-
viding for the printing of 17,500 copies
of Bulletin No. 24, Department of Ag-
riculture, entitled ‘‘A Primer of For-
estry,’’ for the use of Congress and the
Department of Agriculture, was read
the first time by its title and the second
time at length, as follows:

‘* Resolved by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That
there be printed 17,500 copies of Bulle-
tin No. 24 of the Division of Forestry

254

of the Department of Agriculture, en-
titled {A Primer of: Morestny; 72,500
copies for the use of the Senate, 5,000
copies for the use of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and 10,000 copies for the
use of the Department of Agriculture.’’

There being no objection, the joint
resolution was considered as in Com-
mittee of the Whole The joint resolu-
tion was reported to the Senate without
amendment, ordered to be engrossed for
a third reading, read the third) time;
and passed.

May 9.

(Senate.) Mr. Mitchell asked unani-
mous consent that the unfinished busi-
ness be temporarily laid aside, and that
the Senate proceed to the consideration
of the House bill No. 4393. There
being no objection, the Senate, as in
Committee of the Whole, proceeded to
consider the bill (H. R. 4393), reserving
from the public lands in the State of
Oregon as a public park for the benefit
of the people of the United States and
for the protection and preservation of
the game, fish, timber, and all other
natural objects therein, a tract of land
herein described, etc. It provides that
the tract of land bounded north by the
parallel 43° 4’ north latitude, south
by. 42°: 48” north: latitude, east “by
the meridian 122° west longitude, and
west by the meridian 122° 16’ west
longitude, having an area of 249square
miles, in the State of Oregon, and in-
cluding Crater Lake, shall be reserved
and withdrawn from settlement, occu-
pancy, or sale under the laws of the
United States, and dedicated and set
apart forever as a public park or pleasure
ground for the benefit of the people of
the United States, to be known as Crater
Lake National Park, etc.

The bill was reported to the Senate
without amendment, ordered to be
printed to a third reading, read a third
time, and passed.

May 10.

(Senate.) A message was received
from the House announcing that it had
passed the following bills :

Concurrent resolution of the Senate
to print 3,200 additional copies of the
bulletin entitled ‘‘ Irrigation Investiga-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June

tions in California, Bulletin No. 100,
United States Department of Agricul-
ture, Office of Experiment Stations,
TOs,

The message also further announced
that the House had passed a concurrent
resolution (No. 49) to print 1,000 copies
of the Preliminary Description of the
Geological and Water Resources of the
Southern Half of the Black Hills and
Adjoining Regions in South Dakota
and Wyoming, recently prepared by
Nelson Horatio Darton, in which it re-
quested the concurrence of the Senate.
The concurrent resolution was agreed to.

The Public Printer estimates the cost
of this publication at $1,423.

(House. ) Resolved by the House of
Representatives (the Senate concur-
ring), That there be printed 10,000
copies of Senate Document No. 84, be-
ing amessage from the President of the
United States, transmitting a report of
the Secretary of Agriculture in relation
to the forests, rivers, and mountains
of the Southern Appalachian region, of
which 1,500 copies shall be for the use
of the Senate, 3,000 copies for the use
of the House of Representatives, and
5,500 copies for the use of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

The Public Printer estimates the cost
of this publication at $16,350.

May 13.

(Senate.) Mr. Simon, from the Com-
mittee on Irrigation and Reclamation
of Arid Lands, to whom was referred
the bill (S. 1969) to conserve the flood
waters of Lake Tahoe, in the States of
California and Nevada, and to regulate
the outflow thereof, reported it with an
amendment, and submitted a report
thereon.

(House.) By Mr. Kern: Resolutions
of Zealous Lodge, No. 217, Locomotive
Firemen, of East St. Louis, Ill., favor-
ing the irrigation bill as amended by

the Senate. ‘To the Committee on Irri-
gation of Arid Lands.
May 14.

(House.) By Mr. Griffith: Petition
of National Association of Manufact-
urers in favor of a system of national
irrigation. ‘To the Committee on Irri-
gation of Arid Lands.

CONVEYANCE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION IN STAVE PIPES. OLD FLUME AND NEW REDWOOD
STAVE PIPE REPLACING IT, REDLANDS CANAL, CALIFORNIA.

REDWOOD STAVE PIPE, SANTA ANA CANAL, CALIFORNIA. REDWOOD IS CONSIDERED THE
MOST VALUABLE WOOD FOR USE IN CONSTRUCTING STAVE PIPE.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. June,

256

‘VINUOALVIVO ‘SANVWIGHY WVHN

‘NOANV) SONIMUSWUVM ONISSOND (WHLHWVIG NI SHHONI cS) HdId HAVIS GOOMaGAA

1902.

(House.) By Mr. Mann: Petition of
the Board of Trade and the citizens of
Chicago, Ill., in support of the House
bill 3057, for the enactment of irriga-
tion legislation. ‘To the Committee on
Irrigation of Arid Lands.

May 23.

(Senate.) Mr. Burrows presented a
petition of Lodge No. 533, Brotherhood
of Locomotive Firemen of Opechee,
Mich., and a petition of the Trades
Council of Battle Creek, Mich., praying
that the appropriation for the United
States Geological Survey be increased
from $100,000 to $200,000, and also for
the adoption of a proposed amendment
to the irrigation bill; which were re-
ferred to the Committee on Appropria-
tions.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

257

May 23.

(Senate.) Mr. Penrose presented a
memorial of Mount Chestnut Grange,
Nor 142;.0f Butler County, Pa., remon-
strating against the passage of bill pro-
viding for the irrigation of arid lands ;
which was referred to the Committee
on Irrigation and” Reclamation of Arid
Lands.

May 29.

(House.) By Mr. Ketcham: Letter
of P. T. Kirby, secretary of Trade and
Labor Council, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
urging the passage of the Senate amend-
ment to the sundry civil bill increasing
the appropriation to the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey and favoring the amended
irrigation bill and House bill 6279. To
the Committee on Appropriations.

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY.

By Wo.

H. KRuG,

Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

TUDIES on Colophony. W. Fah-
rion (Ztsch. angew. Chem., 14,
1197; 14,1252). American colophony
consists chiefly of an amorphous modi-
fication of sylvic acid, C,,H,,O,. -Sylvic
acid readily absorbs oxygen, forming
primarily the superoxides insoluble in
petroleum ether and then oxyacids sol-
uble in this solvent. Colophony also
contains neutral, non-saponifiable sub-
stances, partially volatile on heating,
which have been produced by secondary
oxidation processes, and a small amount
of a substance which is probably an acid
anhydride.

Determination of Free Sulphuric Acid
in Leather. Peessler and Sluyter (Bull.
de l’ Assoc. belge des Chim., 15, 313).
A discussion of the sources of error
in Procter and Searles’, Balland and
Maljeans’, Jeans and von Schroeder’s
methods.

Effect of Tanning Extracts Contain-
ing Bisulphites on Leather. Parker
and Gansser (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind.,
20, 1085). ‘The authors show by a se-
ries of experiments that the sulphurous

acid present in such extracts has ab-
solutely no deleterious effect on the
leathers. All leathers were found to be
alkaline and contained neither sulphur-
ous nor sulphuric acid.

The Occurrence of Maltolin the Nee-
dles of Adbzes alba, Mill. W. Feuer-
stein (Zeitsch. Gesammt. Brauwes, 24,
769). On shaking the aqueous extract
of the needles (dried at a low tempera-
ture) with ether or chloroform, a crys-
talline substance was obtained, which
was found to be maltol. It was absent
in needles collected in September, and
appears to occur only at certain periods
of vegetation.

The Active Constituents of Guaiac
Wood and Guaiac Resin. E. Schaer
(Arch. Exp. Pathol. u. Pharmak., 47,
128). Guaiac bark contains a consid-
erable quantity of saponin, which also
occurs in the wood and is found in
traces in the resin.

The Adulteration of Shellac, K. Die-
terich (Chem. Rev. Fett u. Harz. Ind..
8, 244). ‘The different solubility of
colophony in various organic solvents

258

furnishes valuable data for the detec-
tion of adulteration. A method for the
determination of the solubility is de-
scribed.

The Sesquiterpene of Eucalyptus Oils.
H. G. Smith (Chem. News, 85, 3).
The red coloration produced on testing
the oils for eucalyptot with phosphoric
acid is due to a sesquiterpene which oc-
curs chiefly in oils boiling above 255° C.
The name ‘‘Aromadendrene’’ is pro-
posed.

The Coloring Matters of Green Ebony
Wood; “Ar“G, Perkin and S$? He;
Briggs (Journ. Lond. Chem. Soc., 81,
210). Green ebony is a wood which
has been used in England until quite
recently, and is probably obtained from
Lxcoecaria glandulosa or Jacaranda ovalt-
folia. It contains small quantities of
two crystalline coloring matters—excoe-
carin ©, 4, Ovand jacarandine © jee
The wood also contains two resins, one
of which is a yellow dyestuff, while the
other has no dyeing properties.

The Occurrence of Tannin, Starch,
and Sugar in Acer pseudoplatanus in the
First Year of its Growth. J. Ham-
merle (Ber. deutsch. botan. Gesell., 19,
538).

The Adulteration of Turpentine with
“White Spirit.’ A. and P. Andouard
(Journ: Pharm. ‘Chim. (6) 15, 99).

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

June;

The ‘‘ white spirit ’’ had the following
properties : Specific gravity = 0.817 at
15° C., (a) d=-—2%.2, initial boiling
point = 150° C., bluish fluorescence.
The residue at 205° C. amounted to 42
per cent of the original volume, had a
yellowish color, empyreumatic odor
resembling petroleum, anda slight levo-
rotation (-—o°.2). Turpentine adul-
terated with ‘‘ white spirit’’ can be
recognized by the bluish fluorescence,
much decreased rotary power, change
in density, incomplete evaporation at
ordinary temperature, and increased
residue on distillation. The ‘‘ white
spirit’’ is evidently not identical with
ordinary benzine.

The Composition of Norwegian Wood
Tar. J. A. Mjoen (Zeitsch. angew.
Chem., 15, 97). Analyses of tar pre-
pared in retorts and in meilers, com-
parisons being made with Austrian
beechwood and Bohemian Pine Tar.

The Action of Crystalline Arsenic
Acidon Pinene. P. Genoresse (Compt.
rend., '134,360).. On Heating 1,600.
grams of pinene with 250 grams of
arsenic acid, using a reflux condenser,
about 60 per cent of terpinene with
small quantities of cymol and terpineol
are formed. ‘The method can be tech-
nically applied to for the production of
terpinene.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Practical Forestry for Beginners in Forestry, Agri-
cultural Students, and Woodland Owners. By
Dr. JOHN GIFFORD. Illustrated. Pp. 284.
Price, $1.20 net. D. Appleton & Co.,
New York.

A timely book on the subject of forestry is
Dr. John Gifford’s ‘‘ Practical Forestry,’’ a
handsomely printed and illustrated volume
just received. The keynote of the book is
stated in the preface as follows: ‘‘In the fol-
lowing pages the author has endeavored to
include those parts of the science and art of
forestry which are of interest and importance
to the general reader and beginner.’

Dr. Gifford has wisely decided that the aver-
age American needs to be educated up to a
clear understanding of the meaning and aim
of forestry. With this idea in view he has
written a book that contains a good general
“escription of what forestry is,with just enough
technical information to prepare the beginner

for the more intricate problems connected with
forest management.

The book is divided into four parts. Part I
contains a chapter on the meaning of forestry,
one on farm woodlots, and then follows an ex-
tended description of the make-up of a typical
forest, the physical influence exerted by for-
ests, and the geographical distribution of for-
ests. Part Il is devoted to a discussion of ‘‘ The
Formation and Tending of Forests,’’ while in
Part III the ‘‘ Industrial Importance of For-
ests’’ is noted, with descriptions of the various
industries and products of the forest.

There is much valuable information con-
tained in Part IV, where the principal federal
and state forest reservations are noted. This
part also contains a list, with a short descrip-
tion of each, of fifty American forest trees,
including twenty-five conifers and twenty-five
hardwoods.

Dr. Gifford’s wide experience as a teacher,

1902.

practical forester, and his opportunities for
observation through wide traveling fit him
especially for writing a book on forestry.
‘* Practical Forestry ’’ is a valuable book for
the general reader, and also should be widely
used as a text-book. It is a valuable addition
to forest literature.

Wild Life of Orchard and Field. Papers on
American Animal Life, by ERNEST IN-
GERSOLL, author of ‘‘ Nature’s Calendar.’’
Illustrated from photographs. Pp. 347.
Price, $t.4onet. Harper & Brothers, New
Work.

Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, the well-known natu-
ralist, has written a delightful book, entitled
‘Wild Life of Orchard and Field,’’ that tells
of the birds and animals near home, such as
the swallow, squirrel, woodchuck, raccoon,
weasel, and many others well known to all.
Unlike many other books that treat of the
animals of distant lands, little known to the

From “ Wild Life of Orchard and Field.”

average reader, this yolume gives an intimate
picture of the really many wild creatures that
still exist in the average farm community.

The author writes of the ‘‘ small deer’’ from
a deep knowledge of their habits, for Mr. Inger-
soll has studied in the fields these many years,
and he has done the public a great service in
producing such a readable book on the wild
life that is near all of us. It is quite possible
for every one to study the creatures mentioned
in this book, and readers will find much new
and valuable information concerning the host
of them mentioned. It is doubtful if the av-
erage reader appreciates the variety of wild
life still existing in even our most thickly set-
tled communities. ‘‘ Wild Life of Orchard
and Field’ isa charming book, and one all
nature students should possess. It is splen-
didly illustrated from photographs.

A bulletin entitled ‘‘The Hardy Catalpa’’
has just been issued from the Kansas Experi-
ment Station. It gives a very full botanical
description and historical outline of Cata/pa

Copyright, 1880-1902, by Harper & Brothers.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 259

speciosa, and follows with a description of
methods of catalpa culture and brief accounts
of some of the larger commercial plantations,
among them the Tincher plantation at Wilsey,
the Yaggy plantation at Hutchinson, and the
Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad
plantation at Farlington, all in Kansas. Some
of these plantations are shown to be very prof-
itable to their owners, though not more than
twelve or fifteen years old. The bulletin con-
tains 115 pages and 4o illustrations, and will
be very interesting and useful to those engaged
in catalpa culture.

According to Season. By FRANCES THEODORA
PARSONS. With 32 full-page illustrations
in colors. 12mo, $1.75 net. Charles Scrib-
ner’s Sons, New York.

A new and greatly improved edition of
‘“According to Season,’’ by Frances Theodora
Parsons, author of those well-known and de-
servedly popular books, ‘‘ How to Know the
Wild Flowers’? and ‘‘ How to
Know the Ferns,’’ has just
been issued by the Scribners.
The present edition contains
several new chapters, and de-
scribes our birds, trees, and
flowers, as the title indicates,
‘“according to season.”’

Why we know so little about
nature’s works the author very
aptly states in the following
sentence :

‘““That we know so little, as
a people, of our birds, trees,
rocks, and flowers is not due, I
think, so much to any inborn
lack of appreciation of the
beautiful or interesting as to the
fact that we have been obliged
to concentrate our energies in
those directions which seemed
to lead to some immediate ma-
terial advantage, leaving us
little time to expend upon the
study of such objects as promised to yield no
tangible remuneration.”’

Happily, during late years more people can
and are turning to nature study. No better
proof of this is needed than the great demand
for books on nature subjects. ‘‘ How to Know
the Wild Flowers’’ has sold sixty thousand
copies, while the sales of ‘‘ Wild Animals I
Have Known,’’ by Ernest Seton-Thompson,
has run up to over one hundred thousand cop-
ies. This is a healthful sign

‘According to Season ’’ is well written, the
author’s heart is in what she describes, and al-
together it is a most valuable book. The vol-
ume is beautifully and appropriately illustrated
by thirty-two colored plates, the work of Miss
Elsie Louise Shaw. ‘Thereis a valuable index,
and marginal headings throughout the text
add value to the book.

This new edition of ‘‘According to Season ’’
is a book that deserves a place in every library
throughout the country. Itis in every way up
to the high standard set by the author in her
other books.

Ed

260

Forest Neighbors. Life Stories of Wild Animals.
By WILLIAM DAVENPORT HULBERT.
Pp. 240. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net.
McClure, Phillips & Co., New York.

‘‘Forest Neighbors’’ isa delightful book,
made up of sketches of well-known inhabit-
ants of the forest. The habits of the beaver,
deer, brook trout, loon, porcupine, and lynx
have often been described, but it is doubtful if
in a more entertaining manner than in this
volume The daily life and habits of the above-
named creatures are set forth in a clear, truth-
ful way.

The opening sketch, entitled ‘‘ The Biogra-
phy of a Beaver,’’ is a most intimate descrip-
tion of that wonderful little animal, unfortu-
nately now so nearly extinct. The life of the
beaver from its birth to its tragic end in the
usual hunter’s trap is described 1n a thorough
manner. The following sketches are also ‘‘ bi-
ographies,’’ and Mr. Hulbert shows himself to
have been an unusually keen observer of ani-
mal life. As the author states in his preface,
the material for these stories was collected at
his home, on the shores of a lonely little lake
in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

This volume gives a most intimate and sym-
pathetic view into animal life and nature in
general. ‘The beaver and his forest brethren
have been most fortunate in their ‘‘ biogra-
pher.’’ ‘‘ Forest Neighbors’’ is a book that
deserves a wide sale

Irrigation Practice Among Fruit Growers on the
Pacific Coast. By E. J. WICKSON, M. A.,
University of California. Bulletin No.
108, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 54, plates x.

This is an interesting report on the practice
of irrigation by fruit-growers on the Pacific
coast. A lot of valuable information is con-
tained in this bulletin, showing the methods
and extent of irrigation in the fruit-raising
regions of the far western states

Wonderland, 1902. By O1In D. WHEELER.
Published by Chas. S. Fee, General Pas-
senger Agent Northern Pacific Railroad.
Pp. 111. Illustrated. Price, 6 cents in
stamps.

‘Wonderland ’’ for Ig02 is an unusually
handsome publication, descriptive of that part
of the Northwest tributary to the Northern
Pacific Railway. The leading chapter of this
number is a well written and illustrated ac-
count of ‘‘ Mining in Montana ’’ from the early
days to the present time.

There are other interesting chapters on the
“ Northern Cheyenne Indians, ’ ‘‘ Yellowstone
Park,’’ and the ‘‘ Puget Sound Country.”’
The book is splendidly illustrated throughout
and is one of the best publications of the kind
that has come to our notice. Readers who de-
sire to know more about the business oppor-
tunities, the natural resources, or scenic won-
ders of the great Northwest will find this little
volume of interest and value.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

jaime;

During the month there have appeared in
the leading magazines the following articles
on forestry and irrigation and kindred topics:

The New Agriculture. W. S. Harwood.
Scribner's, June.

The Great Southwest.
tury, June.

The New Tide of Northwestern Immigra-
tion. Condé Hamlin. Review of Reviews,
June.

Arizona. Harriet Monroe. Atlantic Monthly,
June.

Save the Forests and Store the Floods.
H. Maxwell. Sumset, May.

A New Era in the Southwest.
Review of Reviews, June.

R. S. Baker. Cen-

Geo.
C. M. Harger.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arbori-
cultural Society, vol. xvi, part ili. Pp. 339-
530. Illustrated. Edinburgh.

Transactions of the English Arboricultural
Society, vol. v, part 1. Compiled by John
Davidson. Pp. 187. Illustrated.

Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Horti-
cultural Society of Missouri, Igo1. Pp. 408.
Illustrated.

Annual Report of the Director of Forestry
for the Province of Ontario, 1900-1901. To-
ronto.

The Great Woods and Other Public Reser-
vations of Lynn, Being the 13th Annual Re-
port of the Park Commissioners of Lynn,
Mass. Illustrated.

Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black
Hills Forest Reserve, by A. D. Hopkins, Ph. D.
Bulletin 32, new series, Div. of Entomology,
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 24, plates vii.

Forage Conditions on the Northern Border
of the Great Basin, by David Griffiths. Bull-
etin No. 15, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 60, plates xvi.

Arid Farming or Dry Farming. Bulletin
No. 75, Experiment Station of the Agricultural
College of Utah. Logan, Utah. Pp. 116.
Illustrated.

Forest Endowment of the Pacific Slope, by
J. G. Lemmon. Oakland, Cal. Pp. 15.

Provisional Methods for the Analysis of
Foods. Bulletin No. 65, Bureau of Chemistry,
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 169.

Mexico as a Market for Pure-bred Beef Cattle
from the United States, by D. EK. Salmon. Bul-
letin No. 41, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture.

Kentucky Bluegrass Seed, by A. J. Pieters
and Edgar Brown. Bulletin No. 19, Bureau of
Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Pp. 19, plates vi.

Review of Legislation, 1901. Bulletin No.
72, New York State Library. Edited by Rob-
ert H. Whitten, Ph. D. Pp. 248.

The Agricultural Gazette of New South
Wales, vol. xiii, part 3, pp. 279-373. Illus-
trated.

( To be reviewed later.)

He

Sines 79
LO ESS:
ieee VO De iV
BOKM Ss OF
OTS 5G es

2) >:

J. T. Hendrick

Manager for Central Eastern Department

715 Fourteenth Street N. W.

D.

Insurance Company
fF New York

Cc.

WASHINGTON,

TREES &A SEEDS High Grade Advertisers

For Forestry Purpose will do well to take
space in ame

—

Forestry and Irrigation

We grow large quantities of one and

two year see dling plants for forestry

purpose me and also ¢ arry a full line of which circulates among

tree seeds, an unusually high class
of readers

New “ Forestry’ catalogue and price
list nowready. Free on application Card of rates on
application

NS

Address

Thomas Meehan & Sons
FORESTRY and IRRIGATION
Nurserymen and

Tree Seedsmen 5 and 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING

Germantown Phila., Pa. Washington, D. C.

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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a Britton and Brown (3 Vols.)..............---. $9.00 | American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in W
am Our Nabiveonnede: EiaanieiiMielen aa 2.00 an naXs) 5 oy Hehe) ) pe peeccenoososaceDececeocercre per part... 5.00 ¥
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a Manual of Botany, Asa Gray «........cc000c0000 2.00 | Horest Neighinoss | Aap we v
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FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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PUBLISHER'S NOTES.

‘“Three Hundred Miles on the Colorado
River’’ is the title of a neat booklet which
gives an account of a hunting, camping, and
exploring trip by the boys of Agassiz Hall, a
well-known California school. These mid-
winter excursions by the students of Agassiz
Hall have become annual affairs and add much
to the otherwise attractive life of the school.

Agassiz Hall is at Alta, a small station on the
Central Pacific Railroad, in the pine forests of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 3,709 feet above
sea-level.

Agassiz Hall is a home school, where teach-
ers and students meet on the intimate personal
relationship of a large family. It offers the
greatest freedom possible. It isa select school
and receives boys only on recommendation.
The number of boys received is limited to four-
teen. The teaching force is large, so that each
boy receives practically private tutoring. Each
boy has his own separate room. Boys may
keep horses if their parents wish. There is
unexcelled opportunity for outdoor recreation,
and boys are encouraged to ride, swim, row,
fish, shoot, trap, snowshoe, build log cabins,
and practice woodcraft as an aid toward devel-
oping self-reliance, quickness of observation,
and insight. The climate is such that there
have been camping parties for one or two
nights each two weeks throughout the winter.
The boys are taught field work in natural his-
tory, and-in out-of-school hours several boys
have made valuable collections of skins of
mamunals and,birds.

There is conducted, in connection with the
school, Camp Agassiz, which is primarily a
boys’ camp under the direction of the head-
master of Agassiz Hall, who, with his family,
makes this camp his summer home. The camp
is in the High Sierras, near the famous Glen
Alpine Soda Spring and Resort, seven miles
southwest of Tallac and 6,700 feet above sea-
level. It isopen from June 20 to September
Io.

The enormous growth of the business of
Thomas Meehan & Sons has made it necessary
to establish a complete office at their Dresher-
town, Pa., Nurseries. This will be under the
direct charge of Thomas B. Meehan, who will
devote his entire energies to increasing the
wholesale branch of the business. The innova-
tion will be made July 1, and after that date
all wholesale business will be transacted at
Dreshertown. At that place the firm owns 200
acres of land which seem specially adapted for
growing high-grade hardy ornamentals.

The Groszmann School, formerly located at
Vares, Virginia, but now at ‘‘Pinehurst,’’ cor-
ner Ft. Washington Avenue and Depot Lane,
New York, has been established for the benefit

of a small number of exceptional children
whose individual needs require physical, men-
tal, and moral treatment by experts. The di-
rector of the school, Dr. paed. Maximilian P. E.
Groszmann, has wide experience as an edu-
cator, principal, and student of and writer
on educational science. He was for many
years superintendent of the ‘‘ Ethical Culture
Schools’’ of this city, founded by Dr. Felix
Adler, and recognized as a pioneer institution
of modern pedagogy. The adoption of genu-
inely progressive methods, and the promotion
of the most cordial relations between teacher,
pupil, and parent have always been the chief
characteristics of Dr. Groszmann’s work. He
is assisted by competent teachers.

The practical courses in forestry by Mr. F.
von Hoffman, which, as announced in the April
and May numbers of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION, were to be given at Glen Summit, Lu-
zerne County, Pennsylvania, during the pres-
ent summer, have been indefinitely postponed.
This action has been made necessary owing to
the destruction by fire of the forests in which
the demonstrations were to have taken place.

The severe forest fires throughout Luzerne
County during the last week in April passed
over the tract used by Mr. von Hoffman as a
demonstration forest and ruined his work of
last season, making it impossible to begin his
courses as announced. While temporarily
forced to abandon this work, Mr. von Hoffman
will continue his work as landscape architect
and forest engineer, as announced in his ad-
vertisement on another page of this issue.

We beg to call the attention of our readers to
the advertisementsin this numberof FORESTRY
AND IRRIGATION. A numberof new announce-
ments appear in this issue, and with these, as
in the case of other advertisements, we have
satisfied ourselves that they are from reputable
business houses. This is to be our policy in
admitting advertisers to the pages of FORESTRY
AND IRRIGATION : not to accept the advertise-
ments of any but reliable people

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is growing in
circulation and influence, and an increasing
number of advertisers are taking space in its
pages. Our readers can help the magazine by
mentioning the fact that they saw the adver-
tisement in FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION when
corresponding or dealing with any of the firms
whose announcements appear in these pages.
This will be a help both to the magazine and
to the advertisers, as the latter are anxious to
know the effect of their advertisement.

If you have friends interested in the subjects
to which this magazine is devoted, send us their
names and we shall take pleasure in mailing
them sample copies.

Sf 22 FPP IDI F III IO IISA IIIS DIOP IDI IIOP FID aD aa
ay v
SS CmUDWHHCEES y
a v
Ch Indi
fs WY
: eyenne Indians |
® — ANANADNIUNADNANAMNANMNANANANANANNANANAAANANANAN 4
4 W
a v
R have always been noted for their chastity, bravery, intelligence, ‘i
‘ and great fighting qualities. While they fought the whites for 4
a years, some of them were also, at many times, trusted scouts and y
rs allies of Generals Crook, Miles, and others. Ww
ay rif
R The Northern Cheyennes are now located on a reservation in the ‘4
os valleys of the Tongue and Rosebud rivers in Montana, not far 4
R south from the Northern Pacific Railway M4
iN ; we
fe ‘**Wonderland !1902”’ has a chapter that describes these redmen y
a and will give you a glimpse of their life and habits. It is fully ¥
a illustrated from photographs taken specially for the purpose. =
n Send Chas. S. Fee, General Passenger Agent Northern Pacific ka
: Railway, St. Paul, Minn., six cents for the book. It will repay i
ay you, for there is also much more of value in the pamphlet. y
is L£

Fal al ths ic haat Shihan hh ts at tak de hs he
=

SSSE

Principal

> UNION...
most direct line Points
PACIFIC to ane ‘ West

Every business interest is to be found on or adjacent to its line

For the Farmer, thousands of acres of rich agricultural land.
For the Stock-raiser, immense areas of excellent grazing land.
For the Miner, the great mineral deposit of the West.

For the Homeseeker, millions of acres of land already under
irrigation, while but little is yet under actual cultivation.

Write for copy of pamphlet “Business Openings on the Union Pacific’

Full information cheerfully furnished by

E. L. LOMAX . . Qmaha, Neb.

HIN
aN GENERAL PASSENGER AND TICKET AGENT
ay
f&

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897,

Bo) |)

American Forestry Association

OFFICERS FOR 1902.

President.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture.
First Vice-President. Corresponding Secretary.
Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C.
Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C.
Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D.C.

Directors.
JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWaRD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE.
B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL.
THOMAS WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY.

Vice-Prestdents.

S1r H. G. JoLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. | JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J.

CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HOBART, Santa Fe, N. M.

D. M. RIorDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y.

THOMAS MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. | J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N.C

Wm. R. DUDLEY, Stanford University, Cal. W. W. BarRErtT, Church’s Ferry, N. D.

HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col, Wma. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio.

ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. A. C. ScoTtT, Stillwater, Okla.

Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa.

A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. | H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I.

R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. THOMAS ‘. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn.

CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, III. Wo. L. BRAy, Austin, Texas.

Jenens Troop, Lafayette, Ind. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah.
HOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H.

D. C. BURSON, Kansas. REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt.

JOHN R. PRocTER, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NourRSE, Blacksburg, Va.

LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. ADDISON G. FOSTER, ‘!acoma, Wash.

EDWARD L,.. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va.

N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. THOMAS F. WALSH. Washington, D. C.

JOHN E. Hopes, North Berwick, Me. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont.

N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec.

CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. Gero. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I.

SAMUEL B. GREEN, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wo. R. CASTLE, Hawaii.

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. | J. H. McLeEary, San Juan, P. R.

CHARLES KE. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. |

Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00.
Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and is sent regularly to all members.

To the Assistant Secretary,
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,
WrATS EL UNIG A OIN;, | D2:

DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry

Association.
Very truly yours,

(NGC : Tia th Bae ee fe ee. eee Recs

P. O. Address

my BA-HA-NI

the 20th century
specific for

Constipation, FORESTRY and

Biliousness,

Sick Headache,

Advertise in

IRRIGATION.

Liver Troubles, Rates on application.

) Stomach Ailments. | 30°. Bites of The Forester
The Profession of Forestry . . . « $ .25
ols) IVe) dhe Horester;e (096i on yen el 00
Vol, ~ Va Whe-Porester, 1099... cc BeOU
Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900 . . . 1.00
Vol. VII. The Forester, 1901 . . . 2.00

Proceedings of the American Forestry
Congress and American Forestry
Association (1888-1897, inclusive) 1.00

Your money back if
not relieved.

10 Doses 10c., 30 Doses 25c.
Ask your druggist or send to—

STEPHENSON CHEMICAL CO.,

Greenesburg, Pa.

Indigestion, and all

FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH
. +» and NEW MEXICO ...

The farmer who contemplates changing
his location should look well into the sub-
ject of irrigation. Before making a trip
of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writ-
ing to those most interested in the settle-
ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub-
lications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural,
and live stock interests of this great west-
ern section have been prepared by the
Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande
Western, which should be in the hands ot
all who desire to become acquainted with
the merits of the various localities. Write

S. K. HOOPER, @. P. & T. A.
. ++ DENVER, COLORADO. .

Scene in Eagle River Canyon along Denver & Rio Grande R. R.

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Forestry 4 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

eC ern ————————— —
BI RTT LN a FOSS NE AE Li TE AS eee WCE NO He

CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1902

SKIDDING RED FIR IN A WASHINGTON FOREST Frontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES ( ///ustrated)
Special Summer Meeting—Commencement at Chinelt Fo Have
Charge of Irrigation—New Forest Officers—Commencement at
Yale Forest School— View of Irrigation Pumping Plant at Guern-
sey, Wyoming—Forest Reserve Transfer Bill—Field Work of the
Bureau of Forestry—A Minnesota Forest Reserve—New Forest
Association— Southern Forest Reserve—Forest Extension—Map
Showing Irrigated Areas in New Mexico—lIn Cornell’s Favor.

HON. FRANK W. MONDELL (wth portrait) : $
COMMENT ON THE IRRIGATION BILL (with cartoon)

ADMINISTRATION OF U.S. FOREST RESERVES. Part III.
Filibert Roth

THE RED CEDAR IN NEBRASKA (J//lustrated) .
Louis C. Miller

FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY : : ; A Jerseyman

WHITE PINE PLANTING IN NEW ENGLAND (//lustrated) .

Harold B. Kempton

NOTABLE? IRRIGATION WORKS, I.—The Sunnyside Canal
(Lllustrated ) : : : : : é :

FOREST FIRES Wikated).
IRRIGATION IN THE EAST

A WORKING PLAN FOR ARKANSAS “FOREST LANDS
(Lllustrated ) ‘

PROGRESS IN DENDRO- CHEMISTRY ; “Wm. H. ae
RECENT PUBLICATIONS

269

304

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00
a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at

the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at

ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, DC.

THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF THIS VALUABLE TIMBER WERE DESTROYED BY FOREST

SKIDDING RED FIR IN A WASHINGTON FOREST.

FIRES DURING JUNE (P. 296).

Forestry and Irrigation.

SS

VOLceveulk

JULY, 1902. *

NOs

NEWS AND NOTES.

At the invitation of
the Michigan For-
estry Commission
and the Michigan Agricultural College,
the special summer meeting of the
American Forestry Association for 1902
will be held at Lansing, Michigan, on
Wednesday and Thursday, August 27
and 28, to be followed by an excursion
to Mackinac.

There will be three sessions on
Wednesday, August 27, at Io a. m.,
2.30, and 8 p. m., and two sessions on
Thursday, August 28, at ro a. m. and
2.30 p.m. The sessions will be held
at the State Capitol.

At the close of the afternoon session
on August 28, a special train will be
provided to convey those who desire to
accompany the excursion to the Michi-
gan Forestry Preserve in Roscommon
and Crawford counties, by way of Sag-
inaw and Bay City. From this point
the excursion will proceed to the hard-
wood forests in Antrim county, thence
to Mackinac Island.

*

Commencement At the commencement
at Cornell. exercises of the New

York State College of
Forestry there were two graduates, Mr.
E. A. Sterling and Mr.W.W.Clark. Mr.
Sterling was the only graduate present,
as Mr. Clark had been excused a few
weeks earlier in order to accept a posi-
tion in connection with the Forestry
Bureau at Manila. Mr. Sterling has
accepted a position with the New York
State Forest, Fish, and Game Commis-
sion. Thiscommencement was the first
at which the degree of F. E. (Forest
Engineer) has been conferred on the
graduates of this college. The former
graduates have also been granted the

Special Summer
Meeting.

degree of F. E. in place of B. F. ( Bach-
elor of Forestry), which was formerly
conferred. During the college year just
ended there were forty-four students
registered at the New York State Col-
lege of Forestry.

&
To Have It is now definitely known
Charge of that the national irriga-
Irrigation. tion policy which the re-

cently passed Irrigation
Bill provides for will be carried out by
the Secretary of the Interior through the
U. S. Geological Survey, as at present
constituted, under the immediate super-
vision of Mr. Charles D. Walcott, the
Director, and Mr. F. H. Newell, the
chief of the Division of Hydrography.
This removes any danger of the work
falling into the hands of untried men.
The work of the Survey in all its rela-
tions to the development of the irriga-
tion resources of the arid region has been
eminently satisfactory to the people of
the West who are familiar with what
has been so far accomplished. Mr.
Newell has been in charge of the work
for fourteen years. He entered the
employ of the Geological Survey under
Major Powell, who may really be said
to be the father of the national irriga-
tion policy, and his great conception of
the marvelous possibilities of the arid
region under a national plan for its de-
velopment seems now about to be real-
ized. Mr. Newell has made almost a
life study of the subject, and is proba-
bly more familiar than any other man
in the United States with the irrigation
resources of the West and what must
be done to accomplish the purposes of
the new national irrigation law, which
has been well designated the new
Homestead Law.

270
New Forest Mr. A. A. Anderson,
Officers. of New York, owner of

Palette Ranch in western
Wyoming, has accepted the position of
special superintendent of the Teton and
Yellowstone Forest Reserves. Mr. An-
derson will enter upon his duties at once,
and after completing the organization
of the patrol force, expects to devote
the greater part of the summer to the
examination of the territory with special
reference to the advisability of retaining
the present boundary lines.

Mr. Henry Michelsen, well known as
the vice-president of the American For-
estry Association for Colorado and one
of the leaders in forest matters in that
state, has accepted the position of super-
visor for the group of forest reserves
about Pike’s Peak (Pike’s Peak, Plum
Creek, and South Platte Reserves).
These are among the most important
of the national forest reserves, and they
have suffered a great deal from timber
depredations and fire. It is encourag-
ing to note that a man deeply interested
in forest matters has been put in charge
of them, and his appointment will likely
result in a much needed improvement
in the administration of these reserves.

Mr. J. B. Leiberg, formerly of the
U.S. Geological Survey, widely known
through his excellent reports on the
Priest River, Bitter Root, and other
forest reserves, published in the annual
reports of the U. S. Geological Survey,
has entered upon his duties as forest
supervisor of the northern half of the
Bitter Root Reserve in Idaho.

Mr. FE. T. Allen, of the Bureau of
Forestry, Department of Agriculture,
and at present serving as inspector of
forest reserves in the Department of the
Interior, is engaged in an inspection of
the Pike’s Peak and South Platte Re-
serves.

54
Commencement ‘The commencement
at Yale Forest exercises of the Yale

School. Forest School took
place on June 24 and
25. ‘There were eight men in the grad-
uating class.

The class day exercises were held
on Tuesday, June 24, when a class tree

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

was planted on the school grounds.
Mr. Akerman spoke for the class, and
Professor Toumey responded on behalf
of the faculty.

The graduation exercises were held
in Battell Chapel on Wednesday, June 25.
This is the first time that the degree of
Master of Forestry has been conferred
at Yale. Following isa list of the mem-
bers of the class: Alfred Akerman,
Charles Sidney Chapman, Alfred Knight
Chittenden, George Edwards Clements,
Christopher Temple Emmet, Ralph
Sheldon Hosmer, Roy Lear Marston,
and George Hewitt Myers.

Mr. Chapman, Mr. Clements, and
Mr. Hosmer have taken up work in the
Bureau of Forestry. Mr. Akerman and
Mr. Marston have been appointed in-
structors in the Yale Forest School, and
will take up their duties in the fall.
Mr. Chittenden has gone abroad to con-
tinue his studies in Europe, and Mr.
Myers is studying forest conditions in
the West. Mr. Emmet is engaged in
studying the preservation of railroad
ties under Dr. von Schrenck.

*

Comment on ‘The defeat of the bill
Forest Reserve to transfer the adminis-
Transfer Bill. tration of the forest re-

serves from the Depart-
ment of the Interior to the Department
of Agriculture has caused much com-
ment, for the measure had the indorse-
ment of President Roosevelt, the Sec-
retary of the Interior, and the Secretary
of Agriculture. Representative Can-
non, who was mainly responsible for
the defeat of the bill, on the plea of
economy, comes in for severe criticism.
The American Lumberman, of Chicago,
one of the most prominent trade jour-
nals in the country, alludes to Mr. Can-
non’s speech against the bill as ‘‘ about
as small and mean a piece of political
buncombe as has ever been seen in Con-
gress.’’ This journal further goes on
to say that ‘‘the trouble seems to be
that there was apparently no positively
partisan advantage to be gained in this
matter, and Mr. Cannon seemed to
think that he had found an opportu-
nity to make a reputation for economy

without sacrificing anything of political

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

NO
~I
ol

IRRIGATION PLANT OF W. N.

MILES NORTHWEST OF GUERNSEY, WYOMING.

KRATER ON BANKS OF THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER, EIGHT

CONSISTS OF TWO CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS WITH A CAPACITY OF 3,000 GALLONS A MINUTE, LIFT OF 20 FEET.
ONE HUNDRED ACRES UNDER DITCH, AND THE OWNERS
REGARD THE EXPERIMENT A SUCCESS.

pull. He will find out eventually that
he has made one of the greatest mistakes
of his public career.’’

A number of other papers comment
in the same vein, and general regret is
expressed at the defeat of a bill which
was considered ‘‘a strictly non-political
one, and which was in the interest of
the public.’’

5
Bureau of On July rst the Bureau
Forestry of Forestry began its

Field Work. field season of 1902, and
its work is now being
carried on in twenty states. The Bu-
reau has appointed go new student
assistants for this season, the entire field
force numbering 165 men. ‘The work
includes, among other things, the gath-
ering of the necessary data for several
working plans, a study of a number of
well-known commercial trees, the ex-

amination of farm woodlots, and a study

of the treeless areas with a view of de-
vising plans for forest extension.

The Bureau of Forestry begins the
new fiscal year of I902-1903 with an
appropriation of $291,860 ; the amount
for the year just ended was $185,440.
This increased appropriation shows how
this work commends itself to Congress,
and it makes possible a much wider
range of work. ‘The present season’s
work is by far the most varied and in-
teresting yet undertaken by the Bu-
reau of Forestry, and is being car-
ried on in Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Maryland, Tennessee, Kentucky,
West Virginia, North Carolina, Michi-
gan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma,
South Dakota, Montana, Arizona, and
California. Later in the season it will
be extended to still other states and
territories.

The field work necessary for a work-
ine plan for the tract’ of the Great

gfe

Northern Paper Company, which was
begun last field season, is being con-
tinued now, and will be finished this
year. Itis being carried on by two fully
equipped parties, each consisting of 15
men. A working plan is being made
for the tract of hardwoods of the Lin-
ville Improvement Company, lying
around Grandfather Mountain, in west-
ern North Carolina. The Bureau is also
making a careful study of the forest re-
sources of Otsego county, New York,
with the purpose of drawing upa simple
and direct manual of instructions for
the management of the private forest
lands in that county. The expenses of
the field work are being borne wholly
by Mrs. Alfred Corning Clark, who is
greatly interested in forestry and desir-
ous that the forests of the county shall
be treated in a practical manner.

Through the cooperation of Mr. Ring,
Forest Commissioner of Maine, a study
has been undertaken of the forest con-
ditions of that state. This isto include
an investigation of the behavior of the
spruce after lumbering, in order to draw
up simple and practical rules for hasten-
ing the production of a second crop
upon lumbered areas. It entails alsoa
careful study of the fire problem and of
the best means of fighting fire in this
region. This investigation further in-
cludes a consideration of local log scales.

Much attention will be given during
the present season to the examination
of woodlots, in the management of
which the assistance of the Bureau has
been requested. Two skilled men will
be detailed for this work, and it is the
intention of the Bureau that its agents
shall visit all woodlots for which appli-
cations have been made.

One of the most important and inter-
esting undertakings by the Bureau of
Forestry during the present field season
is a careful study of a number of the
most valuable American commercial
trees. This will include, among others,
a study of the Adirondack Balsam, in
Franklin county, New York. Incident
to the work of the Bureau in connection
with the Chippewa Indian Reservation
in Minnesota, a careful study of the Red
Pine is in progress.

The study of the rate of growth of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

the Sugar Pine in California, which was
begun last season, is being continued.
Last year’s work began in the northern
part of the state and in southern Ore-
gon, and this season the examination
will be continued southward with the
idea of covering the full commercial
range of this important timber tree.

The southern hardwoods will be
studied in Kentucky, North Carolina,
and West Virginia. This work will be
mainly devoted to a consideration of the
oaks and the Yellow Poplar, the idea
being to study them in their commer-
cial ranges, along with other trees which
occur in mixture with them.

The work by the Bureau of Forestry
during the present field season will also
include an investigation of the distribu-
tion of forests, their character, extent,
and the available supplies of timber.

The study of the forest resources of
the best timbered counties of Maryland
is being continued ; this work was begun
in 1900, and has been going on through
each field season since. Examinations
of the forest conditions and resources
of Vermont, and also of portions of the
northern peninsula of Michigan, are
being made.

Investigations have begun in the col-
lection of published and unpublished
data showing the past and present yields
of wood of various kinds, including im-
ports and exports, and consumption for
all purposes. This investigation also
includes a consideration of American
woods in foreign markets and foreign
woods in home markets. Attention is
being given to the collection of data
showing the production and value of
by-products of American forests. This
will include commercial gums, resins,
turpentine, and tan extracts.

&

On July 1st the Division
of Forest Extension was
established in the Bu-
reau of Forestry, to take charge of the
work heretofore done by the Section of
Tree Planting. ‘The work of the new
division will be to devise plans for in-
creasing the forest area where it is
deficient. This it will do by the en-
couragement of planting where that is

Forest
Extension.

1902.

necessary to secure a stand of trees,
and by improving the conditions for
natural seeding over areas where the
present forest stand is insufficient.

Several parties are now in the field
in connection with this work. In the
Middle West a large number of land-
owners have made application for as-
sistance in establishing woodlot and
other forest plantations, and the work
of examining these farms and prepar-
ing plans for them is now under way.

On the forest reserves recently es-
tablished in the sand-hills of Nebraska
by President Roosevelt's proclamation
preparations for extensive planting are
being carried forward as rapidly as pos-
sible. The necessary buildings will be
erected, seed beds and nurseries will be
prepared, and a large quantity of seed
collected in preparation for planting
next spring.

A field party of seven men is making
a forest survey of Oklahoma, including
a special study of forest conditions on
the Wichita Forest Reserve. On the
Prescott Forest Reserve, in Arizona, an
investigation is being made to devise
methods for increasing the forest stand
by improving the conditions for natu-
ral seeding.

In Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire a party is studying the reproduc-
tion of White Pine, on old fields and
pastures, for the purpose of determining
the best conditions for seed germination.
In addition, a party will study the re-
sults of planting to reclaim the sand-
dunes along the Atlantic Coast. A great
deal of work has been done for this pur-
pose on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts,
and some in New Jersey. A thorough
study is also being made of the drifting
sand along the Columbia River, in the
vicinity of The Dalles, Oregon, to devise
means for controlling it by planting.

*

Attorney General Davies
has decided that the New
York State College of For-
estry has not violated any provisions of
law on the land held by it in the Adiron-
ack Preserve, and he has made public
an opinion in which he holds that there
exists no cause for the commencement
of an action to dispossess from lands

In Cornell’s
Favor.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

273

which the college holds for forest
purposes.

In his opinion Attorney General
Davies says :

‘‘This contention rests entirely upon
the assumption that the lands in ques-
tion are ‘the lands of the state,’ and
this assumption is wholly unwarranted.
The lands are the property of Cornell
University. The act in pursuance of
which they were purchased provides
that ‘the university shall have the title,
possession, management, and control of
such land,’ for a period of thirty years.

‘The argument that the state is the
equitable owner rests, of course, wholly
upon the theory that the moneys of the
state were unlawfully employed in their
purchase.

‘This is not the fact. The doctrine
of equitable ownership and resulting
trusts has no application. Any corpo-
ration or individual owning lands within
the forest preserve may cut and destroy
the timber upon it at will. It is only
the lands of the state which are pro-
eCeel, 7

a»
New Forest <A state forest association
Association. wasrecently organized at

Cheyenne, Wyoming,
with the following officers: H. B. Hen-
derson, president; W. H. Holliday,
vice-president ; W. C. Deming, secre-
tary. E. Chatterton, treasurer. -The
association recommended that a super-
intendent of forestry be appointed for
each county in the state. A resolution
was also passed asking the trustees of
the University of Wyoming to consider
at their next meeting the advisability
of establishing a department of forestry
in that institution.

a

On June 24 the Sen-
ate passed a bill for
the purchase of 4,000,
ooo acres of land in the southern Ap-
palachian Mountains for the creation of
a national forest reserve. The bill pro-
vides that the cost shall not exceed
$10,000,000, and that the Secretary of
Agriculture is to designate the lands to
be purchased and take measures to pre-
serve the forests.

There was not time for this bill to be

Southern
Forest Reserve.

274 FORESTRY AN
considered by the House before adjourn-
ment, and it therefore goes over as un-
finished business until next session,
when it will again be taken up.

ad

A bill was passed by
Congress during the
last week of the recent
session which provides for the sale of
the pine timber upon the ceded Chip-
pawa reservations in northern Minne-
sota; the bill also contains a provision
for establishing a national forest reserve
on a portion of these lands.

A Minnesota
Forest Reserve.

D IRRIGATION. July,

The section which relates to the es-
tablishment of a forest reserve provides,
that in the cutting of the timber on
200,000 acres of the pine lands, to be
selected by the Forester of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, with the approval
of the Secretary of the Interior, the pur-
chaser shall be required to leave stand-
ing five per cent of the pine timber
thereon for the purpose of reforestation.
As soon as the merchantable pine tim-
ber is removed, these lands are to become
a part of a forest reserve as though set.
apart by the proclamation of the Presi-
dent.

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ACCORDING TO THE CBNSUS OF
203,893 Acres

1900.

Scale

i.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 275

HON. FRANK W. MONDELL.

ON. FRANK W. MONDELL, the leader of the House of Representatives
in the passage of the recent Irrigation Bill, was born in St. Louis, Missouri,
November 6, 1860. He received his early education in St. Louis, later in Iowa,
and moved to Wyoming in 1887. He was mayor of Newcastle, Wyoming, from
1890 to 1895 and a member of the first state legislature. He became president of
the senate for the second legislature, and served in Congress from 1895 to 1897.
He was then Assistant Commissioner of the General Land Office, and returned to
Congress in 1899.

Mr. Mondell has always been an earnest advocate of irrigation, and from his
experience in the Land Office, as well as in the arid west, has become convinced
of the necessity of carrying out certain important reforms of the land laws. His
energetic championship of the Irrigation Bill and the striking success of this
measure when brought before the House testify to his deep interest in the subject.

to
“I
Oy

COMMENT ON THE

HE passage of the Irrigation Bill
occurred as the June number of
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION was going
to press, and simply the announcement
of its passage and the text of the bill
were printed. Since then there has been
time to consider the causes that brought
about the final passage of the bill, and
the manner in which the general public
views the subject of national irrigation.
One of the most notable features of
the session of Congress just closed was
the really remarkable development of
the whole irrigation movement. Cer-
tainly no more striking change in the
status of a legislative matter took place
during this session than that which
came over the attitude of Congress to-
ward the Irrigation Bill. Early in the
session it was evident that a national
irrigation bill would pass the Senate.
It was equally apparent at that time
that a large majority in the House was
against the passage of such a bill.

After the Senate had passed its irri-
gation bill it was still evident that a
majority of the House was against any
such measure, and, what was more sig-
nificant, the Senate bill contained a num-
ber of features which were objectionable
to President Roosevelt and to the Na-
tional Irrigation Association. ‘The Pres-
ident and others, who desired an irriga-
tion bill which should be a home-making
bill, immediately instituted a vigorous
campaign to secure such amendments as
would eliminate from the Senate meas-
ure its objectionable features. The
western members of Congress were prac-
tically united to secure this result.
Many conferences were held, both at
the Capitol and at the White House,
and a personal canvass was conducted
by the advocates of a proper measure,
not only to secure amendments for the
Senate bill, but to secure the passage of
the measure through the House.

The House Committee on Irrigation
decided to abandon its own measure for
the purpose of gaining time, and adopted
the Senate bill, making the necessary
amendments thereto to secure the sup-
port of the administration and of the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

IRRIGATION BILL.

National Irrigation Association. Ear-
ler predictions to the effect that no irri-
gation legislation could be enacted at
this session of Congress were based en-
tirely upon lack of knowledge of the
importance of the measure among many
members of Congress and the lack of
support from President Roosevelt and
the National Irrigation Association for
any bill such as the Senate measure,
which did not conform to the funda-
mental idea of home-building on the
public lands.

The House committee reported the
amended Senate measure April 7, and
this bill as reported received the full
approval of the President and the Na-
tional Irrigation Association.

From this time on up to the day on
which the final vote in the House was
taken the amended bill gained sup-
porters. The opposition to the bill was
confined mainly to members from the
farming communities of the East, and
the main argument advanced was that
the reclamation of the arid lands would
bring about injurious competition to the
farmers of the East. As the scope and
purpose of the bill were made plain to
them, that.only the funds from the sale
of the public lands in the arid states was
to be used ; that the amount of land that
could be reclaimed was too small to de-
preciate farm values in the East; but
that, on the other hand, the develop-
ment of the West would create new
markets for eastern manufacturers, and
thus inure to the benefit of the eastern
farmer, this opposition in a great meas-
ure was overcome.

Too much credit cannot be given
President Roosevelt for his part in the
passage of the Irrigation Bill. ‘To his
firm stand for irrigation legislation at
this session the passage of the bill is un-
doubtedly due. His objections to cer-
tain features in the Senate bill brought
about the improvement of the measure,
until as finally passed it is such a bill
as the champions for a home-building
measure have contended for. Presi-
dent Roosevelt has a more intimate
knowledge of the West and its needs

1902.

than any former President. His long
residence there gave him an unusual
opportunity to study its resources, and
to his practical suggestions and firm
stand the West owes the passage of a
law that will be far-reaching in its good
effects. It is not too much to say that
without President Roosevelt’s aid the
reclamation of the arid lands would have
been postponed indefinitely.

In speaking of the causes that led to
the passage of the Irrigation Bill great
praise must be given to the National
Irrigation Association for its steady and
effective support. For years this organ-
ization has been carrying on an edu-
cational campaign for the purpose of
awakening interest in the work of re-
claiming the arid lands. Inadvocating
this work the National Irrigation Asso-
ciation has steadily maintained that the
public lands must be reserved for home-
builders ; that reservoirs should be built
and water provided for the lands ; that
the public lands be reserved for actual
settlers under the Homestead Act, and
that they be allotted in small areas, and
so kept out of the hands of speculators.
‘The National Irrigation Association has

THE RIGHT KIND OF

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

277

convinced the manufacturers of the East
that a great market awaits them in the
development of the West ; it has brought
about a general understanding that the
development of the West is a national
question. It has been through the
leadership of the National Irrigation
Association that the various forces work-
ing for the reclamation of the arid lands
have been united.

In calling attention to the work of the
National Irrigation Association it is but
just that mention be made of the splen-
did work done for the cause of national
‘irrigation by Mr. George H. Maxwell,
its executive chairman. Mr. Maxwell
has been for years a most potent factor
in bringing the subject of national irri-
gation to the attention of thinking peo-
ple throughout the country. His sin-
cere, convincing arguments were of great
assistance in shaping and bringing to a
successful issue the recently passed bill.
To his untiring efforts and executive
ability is due, in a great measure, the
effectiveness of the National Irrigation
Association.

The rapid progress of the Irrigation
Bill in the House and the substantial

Sen
~
SS

ie.
SS
aaa 0 fi

—_
“WATER CURE.’
From the Boston’ Hera/d.

278

majority by which it finally passed re-
flects great credit on those members who
were in charge of it. Mr. Mondell, of
Wyoming, who was leader of the forces
on the floor of the House, and Mr,
Reeder, of Kansas, for effective work
in committee, deserve special credit.
Representative Francis G. Newlands,
of Nevada, who has long been work-
ing for the passage of such a measure,
again did effective work. Representa-
tive Tongue, of Oregon, as chairman
of the committee, and Representative
Sutherland, of Utah, were also promi-
nently identified with the bill.

During the month that has intervened
since the passage of the Irrigation Bill
there has been an opportunity to learn
the opinion of the country at large, as
expressed by the press.

Naturally the papers of the West are
practically unanimous in expressing
their approval of the action of Congress.
In the East, where the only real oppo-
sition to the bill was manifested, it is
noticeable that a number of the most
influential papers speak in very favor-
able terms of the bill. The attitude of
the eastern press, just as in the cases of
many members of Congress from the
same section, has experienced a very
noticeable change as the purposes and
scope of national irrigation have become
more fully understood. '

The Boston /Yervala’s approval of the
Irrigation Bill is testified to in the ac-
companying cartoon, which is reprinted
fromitspages. The Sczentéfic American
speaks of it as ‘‘one of the best meas-
ures that has become a law in the be-
ginning of this twentieth century.’’
The New York Commercial considers it
‘‘President Roosevelt’s triumph,’’ while
The Times of the same city says: ‘‘ The
country 1s to be congratulated,’’ and
speaks of the opposition to the irriga-
tion law on the ground that it will de-
velop hurtful competition against east-
ern farmers as the ‘‘cry of all who are
afraid of a fair field and of progress.’’
The New York Commercial Advertiser,
the Syracuse Post-Standard, The Press
and 7he Znqguiver of Philadelphia ap-
prove of the bill’s passage.

Among the Chicago papers the /z¢er-
Ocean says: ‘‘ The Irrigation Bill is
likely to pass into history as the wisest

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

legislation of the present Congress.’’
The Record-Herald comments as follows:
‘“ It would be difficult to conceive of a
more practicable and economical scheme
for extending government aid to irriga-
tion than the plan embodied in this
measure.’’ The Journal believes ‘‘ the
bill is a wise one, and will meet with the
approval of the people everywhere.’’
The Jackson, Mich., Patriot says that
‘nothing Congress has done at its
present session is of greater importance
than the passage of the Irrigation Bill.”’
The Cincinnati Commercial- Tribune
points to the passage of the Irrigation
Bill ‘‘as strong evidence that broader
views are being entertained, and that
even Congressmen are beginning to un-
derstand that what enures to the benefit
of one section enures to the benefit of
all.’ The Louisville, Ky., Commercial
says: ‘‘ Every intelligent business man
will approve of this great work, which
was proposed by President Roosevelt in
his first message to Congress.’’ ‘The
Birmingham, Ala., 4ge-Herald speaks
of the Irrigation Bill ‘‘as a very im-
portant and far-reaching law,’’ while
the Duluth, Minn., Vews- 77zbune says :
‘“Tt is gratifying to know that so great
and necessary a work is to be begun at
last.’ >

The passage of the Irrigation Bill is
bound to arouse interest in forestry
throughout the West. To reclaim the
arid lands by means of irrigation de-
pends in a great measure upon the pro-
tection of the forests along the head-
waters of the streams. They serve to
break the force of the rain and regulate
the run-off, and thus minimize the dam-
age to reservoirs from silt. About the
headwaters of many streams, the waters
of which will now be utilized, the gov-
ernment has established forest reserves,
whose importance in the irrigation
movement cannot be easily overesti-
mated. The success of a number of
important irrigation projects will depend
on the administration of the forest re-
serves. With the beginning of national
irrigation these reserves assume a new
and greater importance, and it 1s impera-
tive that they receive the best technical
administration obtainable. Inthe recla-
mation of the arid region forestry and
irrigation must go hand in hand.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

270

ADMINISTRATION OF THE U. S. FOREST RESERVES.

By FILIBERT ROTH,

Chief of Division R, General Land Office.

PART III.—BUSINESS AFFAIRS.

HE work done by the field force in
the U. S. Forest Reserves may be
divided into protective or patrol duty,
timber-work, and miscellaneous duties,
principally in connection with the con-
trol of grazing, the examinations of land
claims, and applications for privileges,
such as rights of way for railways,
wagon roads, canals, etc.

Generally the patrol duty is still the
most important, and probably 75 per
cent of all the work belongs under this
head.

As might be expected, the protective
work is directed chiefly against fire and
timber depredation or trespass. That
this work has borne fruit is fully demon-
strated and quite generally acknowl-
edged. Hundreds of small fires, which
might in many cases have developed
into destructive forest fires, have been
extinguished in their beginning. Sim-
ilarly, a strict patrol, together with an
orderly system of disposing of timber,
has reduced timber depredations to a
marked degree. In certain mining dis-
tricts only a few years ago the mining
concerns largely supplied themselves
with fuel and timber by operating under
the mischievous law of 1878, which al-
lows indiscriminate cutting on mineral
lands. Atthe same time, trespass cases,
ranging in amount from a few hundred
to many thousands of dollars, were mat-
ters of course and were met on every
hand. In these same districts all de-
mands are now supplied in a regular
way. ‘The timber is purchased, and its
removal is carried on according to defi-
nite rules and plans. Theclaim that a
small band of a few hundred men, scat-
tered over such large areas, can accom-
plish little or no good has proven en-
tirely false, and there are thousands of
people ready to testify to the fact that
the expenditure of public funds on the

reserve patrol has been a most successful
investment.

During the first years of reserve ad-
ministration this work was naturally
of an experimental nature. Generally
each ranger was assigned to a particular
beat or district (usually many miles in
extent) and was left without further
surveillance than the supervisor of the
reserve could accomplish. Inthesmaller
reserves and in districts where roads
and trails were abundant, this plan
worked fairly well; but in the large re-
serves, where means of communication
were scant and poor and where rangers,
on this account, were sometimes all the
summer without the advice and assist-
ance of their superior, it was seriously
defective. Even faithful men require
encouragement and a certain amount of
recognition. For this reason the sys-
tem has been altered in the manner al-
luded to before.

It is now expected that the force on
the reserves will be organized on the
following order: suppose, on a given
reserve, there are to be assigned during
the summer season 12 rangers of class
ELI .4 of class IL; and 1 of class 1; "the
reserve will then be divided into 12 or-
dinary beats. Each of the 4 men of
class II will be given charge of three
such beats or men. Each of these will
perform ranger duty like the others, but
at the same time look after the men of
class III. ‘They will be required to ride
with them and see that they cover their
territory in the best manner. ‘They
will also advise and instruct them and
in cases of importance accompany and
assist them. The ranger of class I, in
turn, will go from district to district,
look after the more important cases, es-
pecially matters of timber-cutting, etc.,
and thus represent the supervisor when-
ever and wherever this officer cannot

280

appear in person. It is hoped in this
manmer to establish a closer organization
and a better spirit, and at the same time
prevent carelessness. While this sys-
tem requires that a better salary be paid
to the men of classes I and II, it is be-
lieved to be a fact, well sustained by the
experience of similar patrol and protec-
tive bodies, that ro men well organized
are worth more than 15 men without
proper organization.

So far, the rangers have not been uni-
formed and merely carry a badge; but
in the San Gabriel and Pine Mountain
and Zaca Lake reserves in California the
rangers patrolin uniforms. This has re-
sulted in much advantage to these ranger
bodies, which, under the active leader-
ship of Supervisors Thomas and Slosson,
have earned for themselves general es-
teem and recognition.

The timber-work, or work in forestry,
has been limited so far to supplying
urgent applications, cases where the
timber was needed in or near the re-
serve, the miners and farmers being the
principal consumers. While thus far
this branch of the work has been rather
secondary, it follows from the very na-
ture and object of these reserves, as
well as from the experience of the first
few years of their administration, that
the timber-work will soon be foremost,
and that in nearly every reserve the
ranger will have to become something
of an estimator, scaler, and general tim-
ber surveyor.

Even now there is great need of a
thorough study and description of many
of the forests of these reserves; for
only a careful detail survey of this kind
will make it possible to dispose of the
ripe material in a judicious manner, and
guard against overcutting and other
serious mistakes.

In disposing of timber the protection
of the forest has ever been the guiding
principle. Timber is never sold simply
because some one is willing to take it
if ample concessions are made. On the
contrary, timber is sold only after the
local officer’s report shows that the tim-
ber may well be spared; that there is a
real, urgent demand for the same.
Preferably it is sold only if its removal
is likely to bring about an improvement

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

of the forest by replacing an old open
or broken forest by a denser young
growth, which better subserves the pur-
poses of a protective forest.

In distributing the cutting over the
reserves, it is the intention always to
adhere strictly to the forester’s first
principle—never to cut more than is
growing. In applying this rule, any
given reserve is considered in relation
to its surroundings, and an effort is made
to avoid overcutting, not only for the
entire reserve, but also for any partic-
ular natural district, watershed, etc.

So far the amount of material dis-
posed of has been small in nearly all
reserves, compared with the amount
which the forest is capable of supply-
ing. Moreover, every effort has been
made to induce consumers, as far as
possible, to satisfy their demands from
injured and dead material. In most
reserves, and especially in the Rocky
Mountain region, this exists in large
quantities, since the fire-damaged trees
season on the stump and commonly re-
main serviceable for years.

During the year rg00-1g01 there were
sold, in round numbers, about 26,000,000
feet of timber and 21,000 cords of wood,
or, expressed in cords, about 73,000
cords, alltold. There were given away,
under the free-use system, about 20,000
cords, of which fully three-fourths was
cord-wood and fencing, and nearly all
cut from dead material. While the cut
for the past fiscal year is very much
greater, it is still a mere trifle in most
reserves. Ina few, however, this is not
the case, and a small supply, together
with the great danger of permanent de-
nudation, owing to difficult and slow
reproduction, have made it necessary to
restrict and discourage timber sales.

Timber in forest reserves is disposed
of in two ways—either by sale or by
what is known as the free-use system,
where the material is given gratis to set-
tlers, prospectors, and others. This.
latter method is an outgrowth of the
liberal homestead idea, and is treated
strictly as a privilege to be granted only
to those who appearentitled and worthy.
Since it is primarily a method of supply-
ing settlers, and involves in nearly all
cases only small quantities, mostly of

1902.

dead timber for fuel, fencing, house-
logs, etc., it has been found very desir-
able to make the system as simple and
expeditious as possible. ‘To this end the
superintendent formerly granted all ap-
plications of this kind, and of late this
authority has been transferred to the
supervisor, or actual manager of the
reserve. At the same time, however,
the maximum amount granted by the
local officer has been reduced from $1co
to $20 stumpage value.

In cases of sale a formal application,
accompanied by a detail report involv-
ing a forest description and estimate of
the timber desired by the applicant, is
submitted to the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, who grants or refuses the sale.
If granted, the timber is usually offered
for sale by regular advertisement. The
successful bidder is then required to
enter into a contract, sometimes accom-
panied by a bond, pays in advance, and
conducts his work in accordance with
the printed and written contract, under
the supervision of a ranger or other
forest officer.

In all cases the area from which the
timber is to be removed is limited by a
blazed line ; all trees, in live timber, are
marked for cutting. There is usually
asize-limit, modified to meet conditions ;
the height of the stump, an economical
use of the trunk, and, in many cases, the
use of all of the wood above three inches
in thickness, is prescribed and insisted
upon. In most cases thus far allowed,
the tops are worked up into cord-wood,
and the limbs are piled ready for burn-
ing, so that many of the cuttings on
the reserves have been done in a man-
ner creditable to any forest manage-
ment. ‘The logs, cord-wood, etc., are
measured and stamped before removal,
just as in similar operations elsewhere.

So far, then. the forest work in the
reserves has been little more than a
modification of ordinary lumbering, re-
stricted to local, urgent demands. It
has been limited to such timber as could
be spared without injury to the protect-
ive forest, and at the same time secure
an economic use of the material; also
a cleaning up of débris, such as any
orderly farmer demands in his wood-
lot, thus avoiding the dangerous fire-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

281

traps of the ordinary logger’s ‘‘slash.’’
In addition, a few attempts have been
made in other directions. In some of
the reserves fire lines have been cut for
the protection of the timber, and also a
few preliminary experiments have been
made of reforestation of burns and
chaparral lands. So far, the results of
these experiments are too few to warrant
further description. To what extent
reforestation of bare lands and similar
work in practical forestry will be intro-
duced is difficult to state now. ‘That
there are a number of localities where
a reasonable expenditure of money for
this purpose would be well repaid, there
is not the least doubt, but with present
appropriations matters of this kind must
remain among the deszderata.

Grazing in the forest reserves to-day
is of greater importance, financially, to
the people of the respective districts
than is the timber business.

Generally, sheep and goats are for-
bidden to graze on reserves. This is in
accord with the general belief and ex-
perience that close-herded bands of any
kind of animals are more destructive
than scattered loose-footed grazing ani-
mals. Owing to peculiar local condi-
tions, sheep-grazing is permitted at
present in eight of the forty-six reserves
now in existence. A limited number of
cattle and horses are permitted to graze
in nearly allreserves. During the season
of r90r the total number of animals
grazed on reserve pastures amounted in
round numbers to 1,180,000 head of
sheep and 277,000 head of cattle and
horses.

Under the present rules the grazing
in all reserves and of all kinds of stock
is controlled by a permit system, which
makes it necessary for every one to make
formal application. For the accommo-
dation of actual settlers within forest
reserves owning small herds, the matter
is simplified by having the supervisor
issue the permits.

In all cases the. total number of ani-
mals allowed to graze in any given re-
serve is decided for each year by the
Department of the Interior, and also the
time when stock may enter the reserve,
as well as the length of the grazing
season. In all reserves where sheep are

282

allowed, they are restricted to certain
parts of the reserves, to protect areas
specially subject to erosion or other-
wise likely to be damaged, and. also to
avoid conflict between cattle and sheep,
which, as is well known, do not thrive
together.

Aside.from the work incidental to this
permit system, these grazing privileges
involve considerable effort and time on
the part of the field force in seeing to a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

proper distribution of stock, and pre-
venting trespass by men without per-
mits or by fiocks on closed areas.

The miscellaneous work in connection
with the examination of land and min-
ing claims, rights of way of roads, rail-
ways, canals, etc., and also in connec-
tion with applications for the privilege
of building and running saw-mills,
hotels, etc., can only be alluded to in
this outline.

THE RED CEDAR IN NEBRASKA.

By Nours Cr verre.

Bureau of Forestry.

N May, 1901, a party was sent to Ne-
braska by the Bureau of Forestry to
investigate the condition of natural and
planted timber in that state. In mak-
ing this investigation the Platte River
was followed from its mouth to the
Wyoming line. The party then turned
north to the Pine Ridge district, then
southeast, through the sand-hill region,
to the Middle Loup River. Particular
attention was paid to the two most val-
uable timber trees—the Red Cedar and
the Rock Pine, - It’is ‘the purpose of
this article to give a few facts gained
from the investigation of the Red Cedar.
The quantity of cedar timber produced
in Nebraska has never been great, but
in certain localities it has been a boon
to the pioneer, in that it furnished ma-
terial for fencing and other important
purposes.

The quantity of Red Cedar in the
Platte River region fell short of expec-
tations. The growth in most places is
small and scattering, and on islands on
which it was reported as growing it is
not to be found. ‘This is explained in
this way: all the seed trees have been
‘cut for posts, and the young seedlings
have been removed foy door-yard plant-
ing.

Nearly every county investigated has
a scattering growth of Red Cedar, but
itis found in greatest abundance on Lee
Island, in the Platte River, near Fre-
mont. ‘This island has an area of about

50 acres and contains a mixed growth
of Red Cedar, Cottonwood, White Elm,
and Green Ash. ‘Taking the island as
a whole, the Red Cedar is the predomi-
nant species, the Cottonwood ranking
next. Conditions are extremely favor-
able for tree growth, and, as the owner
has protected this growth from fire and
stock, the indications are that he will
soon have a crop of valuable timber.

A scattering growth of Red Cedar is
found along the bluffs of Cedar Creek, in
the vicinity of Fullerton, Nance County.
There is also a fine growth on anisland ©
in the Platte River near Central City,
Merrick County. From Central City to
Kearney the cedar is rare, and is not
common again until the loess bluffs
south and west of Gothenburg are
reached. Here it is found only as scat-
tering specimens, often growing on the
bare, steep bluffs at a height of 200 feet
from the base. ‘That trees of fair size
once grew in that locality is evident
from the great number of stumps that
are found. When the Union Pacific
Railroad was being constructed through
the Platte River Valley, every canyon
was literally stripped of Red Cedar, as
well as of all other timber. Asa result
of this, the only growth that remains is
scattering and of little value.

In the bluff regions of the North
Platte, in the vicinity of Ogallala, the
Red Cedar is found growing on very
steep and rocky slopes.‘ “No large speci-

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 2

(o°e)
io)

REPRODUCTION OF RED CEDAR ON LEE ISLAND, FREMONT, NEBRASKA,

SEED-TREE IN THE

FOREGROUND.

mens are found for the same reason
given in other regions: they have been
cut for posts and other purposes. In
the course of time a limited supply of
valuable post timber can again be cut
from these areas.

In Scotts Bluff and Banner Counties
some of the best growth is found in
moist places in the canyons. There is
also fair growth in more exposed areas.
The reason for the better growth in the
canyons is due, perhaps, to the protec-
tion given by the cliffs. Some very
large specimens originally grew in this
region ; the largest now standing is five
feet in diameter and 4o feet in height.

The Red Cedar is not abundant in the
Pine Ridge region. For two hundred
miles along the Niobrara River, in the
northern part of the state, only scatter-
ing and isolated specimens are found.
Some of the nearby canyons contain
much young growth, and in many places
the bluffs are dotted with cedar stumps,
showing that formerly there was a dense
growth of this species here. During
the early days large quantities of tele-
graph poles, ties, and posts were cut
along this river and shipped to various

points in the state. So completely has
the cedar been removed, that were it
not for the remaining stumps, one could
scarcely believe that there had been,
originally, a dense growth of timber
anywhere along this stream.

Less than thirty years ago the canyons
east of Anselmo were filled with a mag-
nificent growth of Red Cedar. Many
scrubby specimens still remain in this
region, but only one gives us any knowl-
edge of the character of the timber that
once grew here. This is a lone tree,
60 feet high and 18 inches in diameter.
Telegraph poles, posts, etc., have been
hauled from this locality a distance of
35 to 40 miles. Many other instances
might be given setting forth the original
condition of the Red Cedar in Nebraska,
but those mentioned above will suffice
to give a somewhat general idea of the
primitive supply of this valuable timber.

Owing to the present scarcity of Red
Cedar in most localities, it is rather diffi-
cult to thoroughly test the rate of
diameter and height growth of the older
class of trees. The better growth is on
private land, and it is seldom that per-
mission can be obtained to cut for analy-

284

sis. However, considerable data on di-
ameter increment was secured by means
of ‘‘ Pressler’s accretion borer,’’ and in
this manner recent diameter growth can
be approximately determined.

Two Red Cedars on Lee Island, Fre-
mont, Nebraska, were examined to learn
the rate of height and diameter growth.
‘These trees grew where the water level
is not greater than 2 feet, where the sub-
soil is sand, and the surface soil is an
alluvial deposit from 6 to 8 inches in
depth. The conditions for growth were
good, and these trees were cut froma
pure stand of Red Cedar.

An examination was also made of two
trees on an island at Central City, Ne-
braska. ‘These were intermingled with
a dense growth of Green Ash, White
Elm, and Hackberry, besides a number
of shrubs, such as Prickly Ash and Dog-
wood. ‘The soil formation is similar to
that of Lee Island at Fremont, and the
water table is two to six feet below the
surface. The conditions for growth are
fair. ‘The average height of the four
trees analyzed was 28.4 feet ; the aver-
age diameter, 6.9 inches; the average
annual height growth, .77 of a foot ;
and the average annual diameter growth,
22.01 auuinel.

Several trees were also examined on
the river bluffs in the locality of Lee
Island, and it was found that they, too,
showed an annual diameter growth of
.22 of an inch. Situation, in this case
at least, made no difference.

The following figures show the rate
of diameter growth of the Red Cedar in
two widely separated regions, both pre-
senting strikingly different soil forma-
tions :

vw “x a o
% © oA | do
a : us 3 |god
aa Locality. a5 = | Siu
3 | < ao on avs
3 | = 5 i oteobed erste 2
x 5
vz, AS jefe ifiscce|
| rel
; ; Inches.\ Feet. | Inches
10 | Dismal River, Hooker Co..| 6.96 2An 20
2on| Scotts Bluth Corncess-sre-eas 14.2 37-5 13
| — ——
INSU mocdccns aotoganaces 10.5 30.8 .16
|

The above data is interesting from
the fact that the measurements made in
the sand-hills of the Dismal River re-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

gion show a decided increase in diameter
growth over that of the same species in
the Scotts Bluff region, the latter being
commonly considered more favorable to
the growth of Red Cedar.

The diameter growth, as well as the
height growth of the Red Cedar of Ne-
braska, compares favorably with that of
northern Alabama, as noted in a recent
bulletin* published by the Bureau of
Forestry. The average annual height
growth for Alabama is I foot for the first
37 years, that of Nebraska being .77 of
afoot. ‘The average annual diameter
growth for Alabama is .15 of an inch ;
that of Nebraska .21 of aninch. These
figures show a difference in average
height growth of .23 of a foot in favor of
Alabama, while on the other hand they
show a difference in diameter growth of
.06 of an inch in favor of Nebraska.

When the favorable conditions for tree
growth in northern Alabama are con-
trasted with the unfavorable conditions
of western Nebraska, it is encouraging
to the tree planter to consider the above
figures.

The reproduction of Red Cedar in
Nebraska is good. Inno locality where
seed trees occur is reproduction lacking.
Where seed trees are scarce, naturally
reproduction is limited. In many places
the growth is sufficiently dense to create
in course of time true forest conditions;
but, on the other hand, there are many
areas where only a tree is growing here
and there along the bluffs, and in such
places forest conditions will be absent
for years to come. If these scattering
specimens are permitted to develop into
seed trees, the surrounding areas will
eventually be seeded and a substantial
stand of trees will be produced.

The best reproduction in the state is
on Lee Island, at Fremont. Here, as
has been mentioned before, the condi-
tions for tree growth are excellent. Re-
cent reproduction is very noticeable, and
seedlings one-half to one inch high are
seen in great abundance. In the shade
of some tree or shrub of moderately
dense foliage young red cedar seedlings

* Notes on the Red Cedar by Dr. Chas. Mohr.
Bulletin 31, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

1902.

are numerous. Near the bases of cot-
tonwood trees great quantities of seed
germinate. Seed trees are abundant,
and the sandy condition of the soil
makes a most favorable seed bed for the
germination of the seed. In counting
the stand of seedlings, such remarkable
figures as these were obtained: on an
area of 20 square feet, sixty seedlings
were counted, these ranging in height
from 3% inches to 3% feet. This is
an unusually large number when we
come to consider that on an acre with
such a stand there would be 120,000
trees. Counts of seedlings in other
localities in the state show the follow-
ing results :

Locality. Popa ez

Dismal River, Thomas County........ 10,800
Middle Loup River, Hooker County... 2,638
Middle Loup River, Thomas County. . 280
Middle Loup River, Cherry County... 525
latte saver) cuelsCoumtiyanee eee 10,026
Cedar Canyon, Scotts Bluff County 9,695
JAVICLA OC. ores 5 cis <i weiss asnieverexes oe 5,660

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

285

The above is only a small part of the
data obtained during this investigation,
but it is sufficient to give a good general
idea of the conditions of reproduction
in the state.

Considering the wide distribution, the
annual height and diameter growths,
and the excellent reproduction of the
Red Cedar in Nebraska, it is safe to
assume that as soon as it is demonstrated
that plantations of this valuable timber
tree can be successfully established, cor-
porations such as railroads, and even
private parties, will be induced to estab-
lish extensive plantations. The plant-
ing of Red Cedar on a large scale has
not yet been undertaken in Nebraska;
but wherever this tree has been planted
invariably excellent results have been
secured. Owing to the adaptability of
Red Cedar to varied soils, its great
value for fence posts, telegraph, tele-
phone, and electric-light poles, and rail-
road ties, it is destined to be widely used
for future planting throughout the state.

RED CEDAR GROWING ON A STEEP, ROCKY SLOPE IN THE VICINITY OF OGALLALA, NEBRASKA.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY.

By A JERSEYMAN.

; ge many years, beginning mainly

with Professor Cook, of the Geo-
logical Survey, there has been consider-
able agitation for reform in the treat-
ment of the forest lands of New Jersey.
Now and then the legislature has made
small appropriations for the purpose of
examining the forest resources of the
state ; investigations of various kinds
have been conducted, forest areas sur-
veyed, water questions studied, and now
and then vain efforts exerted for the
prevention and extinguishment of forest
fires. There was at one time a state
forestry association with a substantial
membership, but it died a natural death,
owing to a lack of support. In short,
very little has been accomplished toward
establishing a permanent, properly or-
ganized system of state fire protection
and state purchase, or control, of those
areas which should be kept in forest for
protective purposes.

One difficulty has been that what lit-
tle has been done in the line of forestry
has emanated from, or been controlled
by the State Geological Survey. Al-
though the Survey has always been
characterized by its conservatism, it has
done as well as possible under the cir-
cumstances the duties imposed upon it
by the legislature. This work in for-
estry was placed in the hands of the
Survey mainly because in the beginning
it was the best organization, if not the
only one, to which such a task could be
assigned; also because Prof. J.C. Smock,
the former state geologist, was especially
interested in the subject and was for
several years the director and leader of
the work.

The time has come, however, for for-
estry in New Jersey to stand wholly on
its own merits and no longer be merely
incidental to something else. The es-
tablishment of a chair of forestry in the
State Agricultural College would have
been a much better plan, for the relation
of forestry to agriculture is much closer
than that of forestry to geology. What

is most needed is the establishment of
an independent bureau of forestry, with
a regular appropriation and a practical
forester at its head. There has been
enough of the old-time propagandist
work, and the season is at hand for the
accomplishment of something tangible.
The whole matter has been threshed
over many times already, but New Jer-
sey has been little more than playing
with the subject. Now and then a bul-
letin on forestry is issued ; in the legis-
lature a bill is proposed looking to the
control of forest fires; papers are read
at the meetings of the women’s clubs
and societies of various kinds, and from
time to time the newspapers announce
the great things in the line of forestry
which are about to happen, but from
all these various efforts very little of a
tangible nature is accomplished. Fires
burn on over half the state and floods in-
crease in severity, while the forest gets
thinner every year. So far as practical
forestry is concerned, the conditions are
about the same as they were twenty-five
years ago.

A second difficulty is that the State
of New Jersey owns no forest land ; that
it has no precedent for the purchase of
land, and that to enter into the business
of wood production, or aid even in the
protection of private forests, would be
bad policy. ‘The silly argument is often
heard, even in the New Jersey legisla-
ture, that it is unfair for the cities and
farmers of the central part of the state
to pay taxes for the protection and im-
provement of forest lands in the remoter
districts. On one occasion, at least, the
state discouraged a gift of land from
private owners because it feared to grap-
ple with the duties and responsibilities
which such a matter required. When
lands have come into state possession in
various ways, they have been promptly
sold to the highest bidder.

A third difficulty is that the rail-
roads practically own the state. They
have heretofore opposed measures which

1902.

would impose upon them duties and out-
lays in respect to fire. New Jersey has
been regarded mainly as a tract of poor
sandy land, which must be crossed as
quickly as possible from Pennsylvania
and elsewhere to New York and the
seashore. The only resource of any
consequence in the sandy plain district
was soon consumed by fire. Once every
five years an area equal to a third of
the state has been burned over, and
there is nothing gained in concealing
the fact that 75 per cent of these fires
were set by sparks and hot ashes from
locomotives. ‘Times are changing, how-
ever, and even the railroads are begin-
ning to realize that it is poor policy to
oppose the passage of reasonable forest
laws, and that in the end they do them-
selves as much damage as they cause to
others. To be sure, they pay damages
when the court orders them, but the
amount paid in the past has been ex-
ceedingly small in proportion to the
damage done. As one of the greatest
of timber consumers and as long-lived
affairs, these corporations are naturally
beginning to have some concern regard-
ing future supplies.

The public is ready for the establish-
ment of a definite state forest policy,
and a majority of the people wonder
why something is not done. Legislative
enactment in this case, as is usual, lags
behind public opinion mainly because
there seems to be no man in power who
has the inclination, or knowledge of the
subject, to act as a leader in the work.
A man is needed who will unite all the
various forces at work and steer the
whole in the proper direction. We no
longer need mere bureaus of informa-
tion and the publication of tracts. The
press is eager enough to do this work,
and is able to do it as well, if not better,
than the state itself. There is hardly a
session of the legislature when one or
more forest-fire bills are not proposed
and sometimes passed, but they all fall
short of the requirements. They are
well meant, and indicate an active in-
terest in the right direction, but they
are proposed by men familiar only with
local conditions and without a knowl-
edge of the problem as a whole.

There is needed, then, a bureau of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

287

forestry, with a practical forester at its
head. It is only through a permanent
organization of this nature that intelli-
gent treatment of the remaining forests
of the state will be brought about.
There should also be active cooperation
on the part of the state with private
owners who are anxious to improve their
woodlands. At present New Jersey is
far behind New York and Pennsylvania
in this respect.

So much for the difficulties in the
way. On the other hand, New Jersey
has many advantages which other states
do not, and in many instances cannot
possess. First of all, the state has
plenty of money, a portion of which
could not be used to better advantage
than in bringing about an improvement
of existing forest conditions.

Another advantage is location. Some
regions, such as western North Carolina
and eastern Tennessee, although possess-
ing great forest resources, are hampered
in their development because of their in-
accessibility. On the other hand, New
Jersey in many ways has the choicest
location in the United States. It lies
near a number of the greatest cities
in this country ; transportation by rail
and water is at hand, and in addition
the state possesses many good wagon
roads.

New Jersey contains a large amount
of land better suited for raising timber
than for any other purpose. This land
is diverse in nature—mountainous in
the north and mainly sand plains in the
south—but in either case it is land on
which a great variety of forest trees can
be grown.

In no state of the Union is the water
question of greater importance. Not
only are the floods of northern New
Jersey frequent and destructive, but
vast areas of land are of great value for
the purpose of furnishing pure, clear
water to the cities within the borders of
the state. Wood is needed for home
industries, and in all the country there
is no more convenient place for the man-
ufacture of agricultural implements,
wagons, and a host of other useful
things.

A slight precedent has been estab-
lished in the line of reservation policy

288

in aiding in the purchase of the Inter-
state Palisades Park. ‘This was a half-
hearted piece of work, laboriously
brought about mainly through the ex-
ertions of New York people. This was
not for the sake of forest preservation,
but to check the ravages of quarrymen

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

on the face of the Palisades. In short,
very little has been accomplished, and
there is little hope of accomplishing
much until the problem is taken up ser1-
ously, on a well-organized basis by an
able forester with ample funds at his
disposal.

WHITE PINE PLANTING IN NEW ENGLAND.

By Haroup B. KEmMPTON,

Bureau of Forestry.

OR the past century eastern forest
lands have been rapidly denuded

of their timber. Fire has been allowed
almost complete control over much of

the cut-over land, with the result that
reproduction of the better species has
been almost entirely prevented, while
rapid - growing, worthless trees have
taken their places. The

PLANTED WHITE PINES, SHOWING DOMINANT
PRESSED TREES, MOULTONBORO, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

impoverished condition of
eastern forests, the low cost
of available lands for forest
production, together with
the general prosperity of
the people, and the lead
of public-spirited citizens,
have served to awaken in-
terest in forest planting in
New England.

The tree most commonly
used for forest planting in
New England, and which
brings the best results, is
the White Pine. The rea-
sons for this are its ready
adaptability to varying con-
ditions of soil and climate,
its rapidity of growth, its
beauty, and the value of
its timber.

White pine forest plant-
ing in New England may
be divided as follows:
watershed planting, plant-
ing on sand barrens and
seaside dunes, planting on
bare lands and worn-out
pastures, planting on cut-
over land, and planting for
the home woodlot.

WATERSHED PLANTING.

Many of the larger towns
and cities store their water

AND SUP-

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 289

‘supply in natural or arti-
ficial reservoirs, either of
which collects the drain-
age water from a consider-
able area surrounding it,
or from a brook or river.
Seldom a year passes when
some contagious disease
does not spread through
towns or cities as a result
of impure drinking water.
Frequently the reservoirs
become dry owing to the
uneven flow of the streams
upon which they depend.
“These streams, having bare
watersheds, flow in tor-
rents in the spring, and
much of the water is
wasted. Later in the sea-
son they run dry, and the
small pools formed in their
basins become stagnant.

To these stagnant pools
the germs of disease have
free access and in them find
the conditions for devel-
apilent.<' Aiter the? first
heavy rain they are washed
into the reservoir below,
sometimes contaminating
the entire water supply of

si

FY x

iX

ij

Me Sane ty

ag ey
t

aoa | Y

large cities.

The planting of forest
trees on watersheds has not
been much practiced as yet,
but the necessity for it is
attracting the attention of
some of the most prominent water com-
panies in America. All pastures and
bare lands on such watersheds should
be covered with forest trees, and,
whenever natural reproduction cannot
be depended upon, planting should be
resorted to, with the ultimate purpose
of lumbering. Figures can now be
produced which show that planting
may be practiced without loss. It
therefore becomes a problem which
should be carefully considered by every
water company having waste or idle
lands. ‘The effects of an evenly distrib-
uted forest on the watersheds are as fol-
lows: purification of the water, regu-
lation of the flow, prevention of erosion,
and hence of turbidity, cooling and shad-

PLANTED WHITE AND RED PINES, NEW HAMPSHIRE.
IN THE FOREGROUND HAVE
WHITE PINE WEEVIL, EFFECT OF WHICH IS SHOWN

TREES
BEEN ATTACKED BY THE

IN THE DOUBLE LEADERS.

ing effect, conversion of the watershed
lands into a beautiful park, and event-
ually practical lumbering at a profit on
the whole investment.

An example of practical watershed
planting on a large scale may be found
at Clinton, Mass., wkere the Metropoli-
tan Water Board, which supplies Boston
and many surrounding cities with water,
is planting 1,500 acresin White Pine and
Hard Maple, according to plans prepared
by the Bureau of Forestry. Planting is
being done on the old farms, pastures,
and bare, waste lands upon the watershed
of theirimmense reservoir. Areas which
already contain forest trees will be man-
aged with the idea of producing a crop
of timber from this natural growth.

290
PLANTING ON SAND BARRENS AND
SEASIDE DUNES.

In Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, and other
eastern states, there are large areas of
sand plains or waste, barren lands which
at present are a source of expense to
their owners. It is not practicable to

farm them, as there is not sufficient fer-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

Shakers, Conn., that these lands will
produce a good growth of White Pine.
In pure, drifting sand the trees in this
plantation have made an average annual
height growth of 1.44 feet per year from
the time when 4 to 6 inch seedlings were
planted, 25 years ago, up to the present,
the average height now being 36 feet.
This height growth, even though the
trees are in sand, is greater than the
average height growth of

planted White Pine in the
East, which at 25 years of
age is only 32 feet, an aver-
age of 4 feet less than the
plantationin the sand. As
shown above, successful
planting can be practiced
here with as great returns
as in many of the more
valuable soils.

At the seaside the prob-
lem is often not so much of
practical money-making as
of preventing drifting sand
from destroying valuable
property. Near the coast
the White Pine is not the
best tree for this use, owing
to the injurious effect of
salt winds upon its foliage.
However, for the interior
sand lands of the East,
north of the Carolinas, no:
better tree can be recom-
mended for planting.

PLANTING ON BARE LANDS:
AND WORN-OUT PASTURES.

Under this head may be
considered lands of im-
mense extent in the East

WHITE PINE PROTECTIVE PLANTATION TWENTY-TWO YEARS

OLD, EAST GREENWICH, R. I.

tility in the soil to produce crops, and
it is not advisable to fertilize them, for
the first heavy rain would cause a great
loss of fertilizer through seepage into
the porous soil. Little tree growth is
present, except occasional trees and
bushes. The ground is covered for the
most part with grasses of inferior value.
It has been shown in a plantation at

which are practically
worthless for other pur-
poses, vet which show fa-
vorable conditions for for-
est planting. In many regions, espe-
cially in Massachusetts, Connecticut,
and New Hampshire, these bare lands
are slowly being covered naturally
with White Pine. This growth in
most cases will never be of value, be-
cause, Standing as it does im the
open, it is low and branching. Such
trees, if sufficiently large, may be left

1902.

to act as seed trees, but usually it is
better to remove them and cover the
area with an evenstand of young pines.
Two-year-old seedlings may be planted
on such lands, while on sprout or bushy
areas transplants should be used. The
use of seedlings reduces the cost of
plants more than 50 per cent. In loca-
tions of this nature planting may usu-
ally be done directly in the sod by merely
lifting a small portion of it, placing the
roots beneath, and then pressing it again
into place. Where the sod is very
dense a small square (4 by 6 inches)
should be removed for each plant and
the little tree planted in the cavity thus
formed.

PLANTING ON CUT-OVER LANDS.

In almost every eastern state there
are large areas of forest land which have
been cut over and since have been an-
nually swept by fires, gradually driving
out the valuable species and leaving
scrubby oaks, cherry, maple, poplar,
and shrubs to reproduce either from
sprouts or seeds. Such land presents
the most difficult of tree planting prob-
lems, and usually planting is impracti-
cable upon them. ‘There is necessity
for added care and expense to protect
the young seedlings both from fire and
from being smothered by the rapid-
growing natural shrubbery. ‘The ex-
pense of planting is greatly increased,
for all dense sprout growth must be re-
moved. Larger seedlings or transplants
must be used in order to advance the
growth as much as possible. The cut-
over lands may be divided for the guid-
ance of the tree planter into recently
cut-over areas which have not been vis-
ted by fire, cut-over areas where fire
has bared the ground, areas where
sprout growth is scarce, and areas where
sprout growth is of poor quality for
commercial purposes.

The first of these conditions can sel-
dom be used to advantage by the tree
planter, for nsually valuable species will

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

291

reproduce naturally. Recently burned
areas frequently present the most satis-
factory conditions, and where the plant-
ing of three-year-old once-transplanted
White Pines is done the spring follow-
ing the fire, success may be expected.
Cut-over burned areas, and areas where
sprout growth is scarce or of poor qual-
ity, sometimes present conditions which
can be used by the practical tree planter,
but usually planting under such circum-
stances cannot be profitable in the pres-
ent stage of American forestry.

THE HOME WOODLOT.

The most practical forest planting for
the general public is the home woodlot.
On almost every farm there are at least
a few acres which are valueless for
other purposes, and which might be
used to produce fuel, fence-posts, and
timber for the construction of farm
buildings. The farmer need not go to
much expense, for he can usually col-
lect his own seed or seedlings for plant-
ing. If his land is unsuitable for direct
seed planting he may either gather his
seedlings in the forest or grow them in
his own nursery. The value of such a
woodlot for the farm is not restricted to
the actual amount of posts, fuel, or tim-
ber which it may produce; but it gives
in addition beauty to the farm grounds
and protection from winds. Frequently
in New England the cause of unsatis-
factory yields from orchards and various
other perennial crops is the lack of snow
protection about the roots during win-
ter. A combined woodlot and wind-
break from one to several rods in width,
extending about the orchard or garden,
will gather the snow evenly over the
enclosure. Protection is thus afforded
where otherwise the wind would sweep
the land bare, piling the snow in heaps
about the fences, roads, and build-
ings. Farmers living near towns can
usually find a ready and profitable mar-
ket for excess posts and fuel from the
woodlot.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July;

292

“SISVINI AHL MOTHE SHIIN MA V “IVNVD HCISANNOAS

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

NOTABLE IRRIGATION WORKS.

I.—THE SUNNYSIDE IRRIGATION CANAL,

N 188g irrigation upon a large scale
was first contemplated and took
practical form in the Yakima Valley,
Washington. During that year a num-
ber of prominent business men, after
carefully examining all the arid lands
along the line of the Northern Pacific
Railroad, reached the conclusion that
no section presented greater advantages
for a complete irrigation system than
the valley of the Yakima River. Here
they found a river fed by the perpetual
snows, streams, and lakes of the Cas-
cade Mountains, which, at its lowest
stage, contained an abundant supply of
water. They found a soil averaging
some 30 feet in depth and of a richness
scarcely to be met with elsewhere in
any arid section. They found a coun-
try diversified as to surface, portions of
it rolling and other parts with gentle
slopes. The climate was equable ; no
excessive heat in summer nor extreme
cold in winter, and a nominal rainfall.
Here, too, they found a small ditch,
which some fifteen years prior a few
farmers had constructed, and along it
they had built homes and had in bear-
ing orchards, from which each year
they were reaping rich harvests. This
ditch left the Yakima River just be-
low a gap where it cuts between two
high hills. Nature seemed to have de-
signed it asa place for an intake of a
greatcanal. Atoncean agreement was
made with the farmers by which their
ditch, known as the Konnewock, was
to be owned by a new company and en-
larged and extended, so as to carry
1,000 cubic feet of water per second of
time and serve 68,000 acres of land.

In 1890 work was commenced and
continued until the main canal was com-
pleted to nearly the forty-second mile
post, laterals were constructed, and land
sales made. In 1892 water was first
used by the new settlers from the main
canal. In 1893 the great panic stag-
nated everything, work was stopped,

and the settlers lived as best they could.
They had before them what the farmers
had accomplished under the Konnewock
ditch, aud they did not lose faith. They
cleared their land of the sage brush,
leveled it, and placed water upon it;
they planted fields of alfalfa, clover,
timothy, corn, and potatoes, and set out
orchards of peaches, prunes, pears, apri-
cots, cherries, and apples. Nature
seemed to prosper their efforts. By
degrees others came into the country,
who were induced to come by reason
of the letters sent them by the first
settlers.

Already between 4,000 and 5,000 peo-
ple live along the Sunnyside Canal, and
20,000 acres of land are under cultiva-
tion, showing that it has passed out of
the experimental stage. The fact has
been established that in no part of the
country can a large ditch be more easily
constructed or maintained. The amount
of water appropriated is 1,000 cubic feet
per second of time. That this is an ideal
country for horticulture is well known
by the many settlers on the land, and
the fruit merchants of Puget Sound
cities, Butte, Helena, Winnipeg, Min-
neapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, Chicago,
Milwaukee, and many other eastern
cities, for from this section already large
quantities of fruit have been shipped to
these points. A glance at the map of
the West will show that the valley of the
Yakima is most fortunately situated
for both farming and _ horticulture.
Throughout its whole length runs the
great Northern Pacific Railway, and
from Portland, Oregon, another railroad
is projected, and is partially constructed,
while the navigable Columbia River is
close at hand. For miles on both sides
of the Yakima River stretches the foot-
hills of the Cascades. Here, yearly,
large flocks of sheep, herds of cattle,
and bands of horses range. These dur-
ing the winter must be fed, and the cattle
and sheep fattened for market. For the

294

CANAL,

H

VAKIMA RIVER AND INTAKE, SUNNYSID

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

last few years large numbers of them
have been fed by the farmers of the
Sunnyside country. In this way alfalfa
has been disposed of at $4.50 per ton
inthe stack. When one realizes that an
acre of Sunnyside land produces eight
tons of ‘alfalia, the fate jot; promt is at
once apparent.

There is no danger of an overproduc-
tion of hay in the Yakima Valley, for
there is scarcely a year when any hay
is left over in this section. The cities
of Puget Sound, the logging camps of
the great wooded belt west of the Cas-
cade Mountains, and of late Alaska, the
Hawaiian and Philippine Islands have
become great hay-consumers.

It is, however, in the growing of fruit
that the rich lands of the Sunnyside
section can be best utilized. In the
great Northwest a large and increasing
population dwells, and the amount of
green, canned, and dried fruit consumed
by the people of this belt is enormous.
Fruit shipped in car-load lots from the
Yakima Valley is a common occurrence,
and the day is near at hand when it
will be moved intrain-loads. ‘That the
railway company is in accord with Sun-
nyside on the line of horticulture is
shown by the following statement by
President Mellen, of the Northern Pa-
cific: ‘‘ Not a bushel of fruit will rot
in the Yakima Valley by reason of an
excessive freight rate.’? As evidence
that fruit does not rot in the Sunnyside
country, over two years ago two large
fruit evaporators were erected, but so
great has been the demand for the green
products that these dryers have scarcely
been operated.

The Washington Irrigation Company
of Zillah, Washington, is proprietor of
the Sunnyside Canal.

Owing to the recent large sales of
land by the Washington Irrigation
Company, it has become necessary to
extend the main canal from the forty-
second mile post to opposite the town
of Prosser, a distance of 14 miles. The
town of Prosser is a live place, and the
Prosser Falls at this point in the Yakima
River are capable of generating 2,500-
horse power, part of which is already
used in pumping water, driving a flour
mill, and generating electricity for light-
ing the town.

295

ORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

aa
4

T

1go2.

POTATOES GROWN

BY

IRRIGATION NEAR NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON,

296

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

FOREST FIRE RECORD:

MANY DISASTROUS FIRES DURING JUNE.

HERE were many forest fires dur-

ing June, some of which were the

most destructive of recent years. Sev-

eral people lost their lives in these fires,

while the damage to standing timber,

conservatively estimated, must have
been near $5,000,000.

Washington.—On June 20, 550,000, -
ooo feet of valuable timber along the
line of the Northern Pacific Railroad
was destroyed by fire. This timber
was located in five districts in the vi-
cinity of Buckley, Enumclaw, Lester,
and Hot Springs, and covered an area
of about sixty-three square miles, all of
it being convenient to the railroad. ‘The
estimated value of the timber destroyed
is $1,100,000.

At Buckley, Enumclaw, Lester, and
Hot Springs the greatest danger from
the fire was experienced. At one time
many of the residents of these places
had their household goods loaded in

wagons and teams attached ready to
move on an instant’s notice. Farm
property in the vicinity of Enumclaw
was greatly damaged. The big saw-
mill of the White River Lumber Com-
pany, together with twenty houses, mill
buildings, dry kilns, and a large amount
of sawed lumber were destroyed. It is
thought that several lumbermen lost
their lives in the Buckley fire.

The Tacoma fire department was
called upon to aid in fighting the fire at
Hot Springs, the well-known health re-
sort. Firemen with engines and hose
were sent by special train, and by hard
work the large hotel at the Springs
was saved.

The Page Lumber Company’s camp
at Eagle Gorge was destroyed and the
employes had a narrow escape. The
fire came upon them very suddenly,
and only a narrow path to safety re-
mained; through this men, women, and

RESULT OF FOREST FIRES IN BATTLEMENT MESA RESERVE, COLORADO.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 297

FOREST RUINED BY FIRE, WHITE RIVER RESERVE, COLORADO.

children to the number of sixty hurried
through.

On the same day at Kanaskat a tract
of seven square miles was burned, and
at Covington alsoa large area was trav-
ersed by the flames. In Snokomish
county the loss to timber amounted to
at least $20,000.

Colorado.— Near Ouray a fire on Cor-
bett Creek damaged at least 5,000 acres
of the best timber in the vicinity. In
the Lightner Creek district near Du-
rango fires destroyed many miners’
cabins, and at one time a band of 2,000
sheep were hemmed in by the flames.
One estimate of the loss of standing tim-
ber in the mountains west of Durango
places it at $1,000,000.

An area of ten square miles of timber
was burned over near Rudi, Pitkin
county, early in June. The American
Gold Dredging Company, whose plant
is located near Breckinridge, lost 2,000
cords of wood in a recent forest fire.
There were also a number of destructive
forest fires in the Leadville district dur-
ing June. A forest fire near Dillon de-
stroyed nearly 3,000 acres of timber.

Register Joyce, of the State Land

Board, claims that some of these fires
have been of incendiary origin, and a
strong effort is being made to apprehend
the guilty parties.

Californta.—On June 29 a forest fire
in the Tuolumne Mountains threatened
the destruction of the famous Tuolumne
grove of Big Trees. The fire was due
to the carelessness of a government sur-
veying party in failing to put out signal
fires. The embers were scattered by a
high wind at night, with the result of
the flames spreading across the moun-
tains in the direction of the Big Tree
Grove. A message was sent to Wawona,
asking that soldiers be sent to the scene
to assist in fighting the fire, and they
responded at once. A large acreage of
pasturage has been destroyed, and some
of the most picturesque portions of Tuo-
lumne county have been burned over.

A forest fire which was started by
careless campers on Nendenhall ranch,
near Livermore, destroyed several dwell-
ings. Forest fires were also reported
from O’ Byrnes Ferry.

Wyoming.—Forest fires are reported
from Elk Mountain and Timber Moun-
tain, the latter destroying the buildings

298

at the Cumberland Mine. Elk Moun-
tain lies within the borders of the newly
created Medicine Bow Forest Reserve,
and contains some of the finest timber
in the state.

Tennessee.— A serious forest fire,
which destroyed a number of houses
and barns, occurred in the mountains
near South Pittsburg on June 26. Hun-
dreds of people turned out to fight the
flames, one of whom, Mrs. Mary Levan,
was burned to death.

Artzona.—The serious forest fires
which broke out in the Huachuca Moun-
tains late in May continued to burn until

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

nearly the middle of June. A large
amount of timber was destroyed, and
many mining properties were saved only
through the hardest kind of work on
the part of the fire-fighters. Two
companies of soldiers from Fort Hua-
chuca were called out to help fight the
flames.

Virginia.—A forest fire in the Dismal
Swamp, Nansemond county, destroyed
several hundred acres of timber, and also
several houses near Copeland.

Wisconsin.—Forest fires late in June
were reported as occurring near Wausau,
the damage being slight.

IRRIGATION IN THE EAST.

STATISTICS FROM THE TWELFTH CENSUS.

ITH the passage of the New-

lands irrigation bill unusual

interest is being shown in the subject

of the development of the arid West.

In this connection, it might be well to

call attention to the increasing tendency

among the farmers of the East to resort
to irrigation.

The Twelfth Census was the first in
which any attempt has been made to
ascertain the number of irrigators in the
humid regions. The chief difficulty
experienced was that irrigation is so
widely practiced in a small way though
it is almost unknown by this term. In
every city, town, village, and well-set-
tled suburb of the country the watering
of lawns and gardens is car-ried on as
a matter of course. People do not des-
ignate this as irrigation, yet that is
really what it is, The line between
watering in this way and the systematic
irrigation of larger fields is very diffi-
cult to draw, and thousands of instances
of watering of market gardens, even of
considerable size, have probably been
overlooked simply because this opera-
tion has not been designated by the
term of irrigation.

The distinction between subirrigation
and drainage is also one which is very
difficult to make. Some lands which
are low and naturally too wet for suc-
cessful tilling have been made useful by

systems of drains. These are operated
in such a way that they serve to irri-
gate the land in a measure by subsur-
face means ; and the alternate checking
of the drains to secure additional moist-
ure in times of drought, and opening
them wide to take away superfluous
moisture is in effect a method of irri-
gating.

With these difficulties in view, it is
readily seen that the number of irri-
gators reported in any humid state may
be notably increased by a slight differ-
ence of opinion. The census figures,
however, serve to show that a consid-
erable number of farmers place depend-
ence upon an artificial supply of water,
even in humid climates.

The large value of products realized
from the investment in irrigation sys-
tems testifies to the wisdom of this
course of action.

Maine.—Irrigation is reported from
Maine on 11 farms in 1899. Of the 17
acres irrigated, 15 were in vegetables.
and small fruits, and 2inhay. On most
of the farms the water was pumped from
wells and directed upon the land through
pipes and hose. ‘The cost of the irriga-
tion systems was $2,170, or $127.65 per
acre, and the value of the irrigated crops.
was $2,555, or $150.29 per acre.

Massachusetts.x—In Massachusetts ir-
rigation was practiced on 28 farms in

1902.

1899. The majority of these farms are
located in Barnstable, Middlesex, and
Worcester counties. The total acreage
irrigated was 134, the principal crops
being garden truck, celery, and hay.
More than 80 per cent of the acreage
irrigated was in garden produce.

The total cost of the irrigation sys-
tems was $14,680, and the total value of
the irrigated products was $31,325
The yields of some of these truck farms
are very large, one farmer reporting an
income of $11,000 from 4 acres in truck,
234 acres being under glass.

Connecticut—While Connecticut is
well supplied with running streams, the
contour of the country is such that it is
impracticable to irrigate large areas.
The most favorable spots for the artifi-
cial application of water to aid in the
growing of crops are on the bottom
lands edging the streams, lands _ princi-
pally used for meadows. Here ditches
are constructed and limited areas are
irrigated with comparatively little cost.
For land of greater elevation irrigation
involves a considerable increase in ex-
pense.

In 1899, 56 farms made use of irriga-
tion. The total area under ditch was
471 acres, an average of about 8 acres
perfarm. The cost of the pipes, ditches,
pumps, and reservoirs used on these
farms was $16,113. an average cost of
$34.21 per acre irrigated.

Rhode Island.—Irrigation was _ re-
ported on only two farms in Rhode
Island in 1899. ‘The area irrigated was
40 acres, the cost of irrigation systems
$3,000, and the acreage irrigated was
in vegetables.

New Jersey.— Irrigation was reported
on eight farmsin1899. Of the 73 acres
irrigated, 69 acres were devoted to crops,
as follows: hay, 26 acres; vegetables,
20 acres; corn, ’I3 acres; celery, 6 acres;
seeds, 4 acres. The total value of the
crops produced was $8,720, an average
of $126 per acre.

The average value per acre of irri-
gated land was $155. The total capital
invested in irrigation plants was $2,831,
and the average cost of irrigating was
$36 per acre.

New York.—In 1899 irrigation was
reported on 11 farms, the area irrigated

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

299

being 123 acres, and the cost of the sys-
tems $4,372, or $35.54 per acre. The
total value of the irrigated products on
these farms was $11,735, or $95 per
acre. The acreage and values of the
irrigated products were as follows: veg-
etables, 20 acres, valued at $5.015, or
$250.75 per acre; tobacco, 2 acres, val-
ued at $200, or $100 per acre; small
fruit, 10 acres, valued at $2,600, or
$260 per acre; miscellaneous crops,
flowers, plants, etc., 25 acres, valued
at $860, or $34.40 per acre.

The most extensive irrigation plant in
the state, located in Rensselaer County,
irrigated 55 acres. A small mountain
stream furnishes the water, which is
diverted into a large reservoir 210 feet
above the land to be irrigated, and
thence directed to the land through cast-
iron pipes. In the spring and autumn
the water is turned upon a Pelton wheel,
the power developed being utilized in
the operation of a saw-mill.

No reports were received of numerous
irrigation systems on the small truck
farms in the vicinity of several of the
large cities of the state. Many of these
farms are operated by Italians and Chi-
nese, and their irrigation plants are usu-
ally very inexpensive, the water being
supplied chiefly from the city water
mains and delivered to the land through
garden hose.

Pennsylvania.—lIrrigation began
more than one hundred years ago, in
Berks county, where small areas of
bottom lands were artificially flooded as
early as 1800. Until recent years the
practice of irrigation was confined to
narrow and comparatively level strips
of land edging the streams, upon which
water could be diverted easily and at
slight expense. The hilly nature of the
country in which irrigation was first in-
troduced precluded the possibility of
any considerable extension of irrigated
areas. ;

The acreage artificially watered- in
1899 was devoted principally to hay,
more than 93 per cent of the total area
irrigated being in this crop. A large
part of this acreage was reported from
Monroe, Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks,
Berks, and Lancaster counties in the
southeastern part of the state.. In 1899

300

the acreage of hay irrigated was 758,
and the value of the crop was $17,920,
@1'$23-64 per acre:

The value of irrigation in truck farm-
ing as an assurance against loss by
drought has been demonstrated in sev-
eral counties, and the reports from the
irrigators show a very large income per
acre. The methods of irrigation on
these farms vary greatly, and the cost
is much higher than on farms where
hay is the only crop irrigated.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

The water is generally pumped from
driven wells by steam-power or wind-
mills. In the vicinity of large cities
the farmers occasionally use city water.
Notwithstanding the heavy original cost
of engines, pumps, pipes, etc., in nearly
every instance the value of the irrigated
crop reported was equal or exceeded the
first cost. In 1899 the average value
per acre of the products derived from
irrigated land devoted to truck farming

was $330.43.

A WORKING PLAN FOR ARKANSAS FOREST LANDS.

HE latest bulletin * issued by the
Bureau of Forestry contains a
working plan for the timber tract of the
Sawyer & Austin Lumber Company,
near Pine Bluff, Arkansas. This work-
ing plan, which is already in operation,
is the outcome of an application to the
Bureau of Forestry by this firm for as-
sistance in the management of their
forest lands. ‘The field-work necessary
to the preparation of this working plan
was conducted by Mr. Frederick E.
Olmstead, field assistant in the Bureau.
This working plan includes a careful
study of the problems of markets, taxes,
and transportation; also the effects of
fire and grazing. There are tables
showing the stand per acre of the most
important timber trees, and diagrams
illustrating the rates of height and diam-
eter growths of the leading species. The
report is well illustrated with a number
of half-tone plates.

The preparation of this working plan
for the Sawyer & Austin tract is fur-
ther proof of the striking manner in
which practical forest methods are
commending themselves to lumbermen
throughout the country. Nowhere is
the tendency more marked than in the
southern states, from which the Bureau
of Forestry has been asked for assist-
ance in the management of more than
1,500,000 acres of private forest lands.
Already several working plans in that

*A Working Plan for Forest Lands Near
Pine Bluff, Arkansas. ' By Frederick E. Olm-
stead, field assistant, being Bulletin No. 32,
Bureau of Forestry.

region have been completed and are
now in operation.

The forest lands of the South are
among the most extensive in the United
States to-day, and the development of
the lumber industry in that region dur-
ing recent years has been remarkable.
The tendency of southern lumbermen
to exploit their holdings along conserv-
ative lines is an encouraging sign, and
it may reasonably be expected that this
early acknowledgment of the value of
practical forest methods in lumbering
will in many cases prevent a repetition of
the wasteful methods that have in great
measure crippled the lumber industry
in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and other regions formerly well tim-
bered.

The information contained in this.
bulletin should interest lumbermen gen-
erally, but it is of special value to south-
ern lumbermen, for many holdings of
timber lands in that region are likely to
present many of the same problems en-
countered on the Sawyer & Austin
tract.

The timber lands of the Sawyer &
Austin Lumber Company are situated
in portions of Grant, Jefferson, and Sa-
line Counties, Arkansas, and lie south
of the Arkansas River, about 100 miles
from where it empties into the Mis-
sissippi. They comprise 105,000 acres,
about 5 per cent of which is bare of
merchantable timber, and the property
is very much cut up by farm lands and
other private holdings.

On the tract of the Sawyer & Austin

1902.

Lumber Company one of the chief ob-
jects in making a working plan was to
determine whether the present tract is
large enough to furnish a sustained
yield to the yearly capacity of the mill,
and, if not, to estimate the additional
area necessary to secure such a result.

The conclusions reached in this work-
ing plan may be summarized as follows :

The study made by the Bureau of
Forestry establishes the fact that the
application of practical forestry to the
tract of the Sawyer & Austin Lumber
Company would be a sound business
measure. It shows, furthermore, that
in the cheapness of logging, the value
of the product, the quick growth and
the ready reproduction of the timber
trees, and the practicability of inexpen-
sive and effective measures against fire,
the opportunity is a markedly favorable
one.

The yield to be expected from cut-
over lands shows a high return from the
capital invested in them Cutting to
the advised diameter limit of 12 inches
breast high, or about 14 inches on the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

30%

stump, with stumpage reckoned at $2
per 1,000 board feet, and the value of
cut-over land at $1 per acre, the aver-
age annual interest represented by the
future crop on cut-over lands is for a
period of forty years nearly 9 per cent.
In other words, after the Sawyer & Aus-
tin Lumber Company have lumbered
their present tract at the rate of 14,-
500,000 feet per year, the lands which
have been cut-over will be producing
timber which, at a conservative esti-
mate, represents an income of 8.8 per
cent on the capital invested in them.

It has been shown that, in order to
assure a sustained annual yield equal
to the capacity of the mill, the addition
of 170,000 acres to the present tract is
necessary. With this addition, or its
equivalent in stumpage, the Sawyer &
Austin Lumber Company can cut con-
tinuously 40,000,000 board feet a year.
If this addition is not made, it is clearly
unadvisable for the company to lumber
its tract upon the principle of a sus-
tained annual yield, since this would
fall short by about 25,500,000 board

YOUNG LOBLOLLY PINES UNDER MATURE LOBLOLLY ON A PINE

Courtesy Bureau of Forestry.

FLAT, SAWYER & AUSTIN

TRACT, ARKANSAS.

302

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Courtesy Bureau of Forestry.

HARDWOOD UNDERGROWTH UNDER MATURE PINE ON A PINE FLAT, SAWYER & AUSTIN
TRACT, ARKANSAS.

feet of the annual capacity of its mill.
The quantity of timber taken annually
from the tract has no bearing upon
the main question before the company:
whether the application of conservative
lumbering is justified by the value rea-
sonably to be expected for a future crop
of timber from the lumbered area. Un-
der the very small added expense inci-
dent to the application of the rules for
forest management, the productive ca-
pacity of the cut-over lands will be pre-
served, and they will supply a second
crop of merchantable timber, which

represents an exceedingly good rate of
interest upon the capital invested in
them. Whether the second crop is
grown in order to be cut by the Sawyer
& Austin Lumber Company, or whether
the cut-over lands be sold after the
merchantable stand is removed, has no
bearing on the advisability of conserva-
tive lumbering in the present case. The
increased value of the cut-over lands in
either event renders the application of
practical forestry in the lumbering now
going on a safe and advantageous busi-
ness measure.

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY.

REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN THE LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS.

By WILLIAM H. KRuwG,

OBININ, Violaquercetin, Myrti-
colonin, «and yOsynitrin. | AvaG.
Perkin: ( jourméslonds Chem ;Soci7sa
473). The author has continued his

Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

investigation on the properties of my rti-
colorin, C,,H,,O,, a quercetin-glucoside
occurring in Lucalyptus macroryncha.
Smith (journ: Wwond= Chen Sockans,

1902.

697) stated that it differed from osyri-
trin by yielding galactose on hydrolysis,
but subsequently found the sugar to be
dextrose. ‘The results obtained by the
author confirm this and show that myr-
ticolorin and osyritrin are identical.

A Rational Method for the Utilization
of the Waste Liquors Obtained in the

Manufacture of Sulphite Pulp. Th.
Knoesel (Chem. Ztg.;-26,°229). ~The

liquors are concentrated to 25° Beaumé
in a reverberatory furnace and mixed
with an equal volume of Thomas slag,
whereby a solid, brownish-yellow mass,
having a pleasant vanillin-like odor and
only sparingly soluble in water, is ob-
tained. The phosphoric acid of the
Thomas slag is completely converted
into the citrate soluble form. The pro-
cess is protected by German patent
T2G,2ee

The Ethereal Oil of Sweet Orange
Flowers (Neroli- Portugal Oil). E.
Mhenlier (Bull. Soc 7 Chim: Paris: (C.):
a7 27). bhevcride: ol “obtained by
direct distillation of the flowers is dark
yellow and has an odor resembling in
no respect ordinary neroli oil: D? =
@, 500, (2) n.— +20. 30... “The oil con-
tained 6.33 per cent of esters (calcu-
lated as linalyl acetate), contained no
anthranilic acid methyl-ester, and yield-
ed a deposit of paraffin (melting point
—55° C.) when cooled. The presence
of a considerable quantity of high-boil-
ing terpenes and of d-camphene, d-limo-
nene, and d-linalool was demonstrated.

The Sugar of the Mahwa Flowers.
HK. O. von Lippmann (Ber. deutsch.
chem. Ges., 35, 1448). The Mahwa
tree is found throughout India and the
East Indies. The wood is very hard
and is used in various ways, the fruit
serves as food, the fruit kernels yield a
fat, and the fresh flowers serve as a
source of an unpleasant-tasting fer-
mented liquor. Several hundred kilo-
grams of fleshy flower petals are ob-
tained from a single tree, which yield
as much as 60 liters of alcohol by fer-
mentation. The fresh petals were
found to contain invert sugar. Cane
sugar was absent, but it is possible that
it may have been originally present, be-
ing converted into invert sugar after the
petals had fallen.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

393

A New Color Reaction for Woodfiber
inveaper, Ay Kasserx(Chem.- Zte., 26,
335). When amyl alcohol, free from
furfural, and concentrated sulphuric
acid are heated on a water bath to 90°
C. and cooled, the resulting amyl-sul-
phonic acid has the property of coloring
woodfiber red, violet, or intensely indigo
blue, depending on the quantity present
in the paper. Thecolor reaction is hast-
ened by passing a current of air over
the same or by applying a gentle heat.

The Resin of Dammara orientalis
(Manila Copal). Tschirch and Koch
(Arch. d. Pharm., 240, 202).. Accord-
ing to Wiesner, this copal is obtained
from the conifer Dammara orientalis.
It forms soft, reddish-yellow pieces solu-
ble in alcohol, ether, and an 80 per cent
chloral hydrate solution, partially solu-
ble in acetic ether, chloroform, benzol,
and methyl alcohol, only slightly soluble
in carbon tetrachloride and petroleum
ether. The melting point is 115° C.,
saponification number about 1go, iodine
number 55. ‘Ihe chemical examination
yielded the following constituents: I.
Free acids (about 80 per cent), consist-
ing of (a) mancopalinic acid, C,H,,O, ;
Coys mancopalinic acid) (CorO; 3-(e)
a-mancopalic acid, C,,H,,O0, ; (@) b-man-
copalie -acid,-C,,H),0;; If Mancopal-
resene (yield, 12 per cent), C,,H,,O.
III. Ethereal oil (yield, 6 per cent).
The properties of these constituents and
of some of their derivatives are described
in detail.

The Action of Concentrated Nitric
Acid on Caoutchouc. R. Ditmar (Ber.
deutsch. chem. Ges., 35, 1401). The
oxidation with nitric acid yields a yel-
low, amorphous substance soluble in
ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde, and nitro-
benzol, insoluble in water, chloroform,
alcohol, benzol, and petroleum ether.
The substance has an indefinite melting
point (about 142° C.) and is decomposed
at higher temperatures. The analysis
indicates the formula C,,H,,N,O,. It is
soluble in alkalies, and is precipitated
from this solution by acids. The prop-
erties indicate that it is a monobasic
acid.

The East Indian Papaya. Wim. Thos.
Fee (Consular Reports, 68, 259, 511).
The Papaya tree, Carica papaya, is found

304

in India, the West Indies, and the south-
ern part of the United States. In India
the fruit is used very generally as a food.
The whole tree contains a milky, viscid
juice, which possesses powerful digest-
ive properties due to the presence of an

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

July,

active principle, papain. The papain
may be separated from the juice by pre-
cipitation with alcohol and retains its
medicinal properties after being dried.
In India the juice is also used as a cos-
metic and vermifuge.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS:

The Desert: Further Studies in Natural Appear-
ances. By JOHN C. VAN DYKE. Pp. 233.
Cloth. CharlesScribner’sSons, New York.
Price, $1.25 net.

At this time, when an unusual amount of
interest is being shown in the reclamation of
the arid regions of the West, ‘‘ The Desert,”’
by John C. Van Dyke, comes as a timely book.
While written with the avowed purpose of de-
scribing the ‘‘ beauties’? of the desert, as seen
through an artist s eye, the book nevertheless
will greatly interest the general reader.

The author spent two years in the southwest
exploring and studying in the Colorado and
Mojave deserts, and his book contains a most
vivid description of that great, silent country.
The formation of the desert, its animal, bird,
and plant life are all described in a charming
manner. Mr. Van Dyke, through his love of
‘“nature undefiled by man,’’ no doubt sees
more beauty in the desert than does the aver-
age person who visits it. In fact, he is an
enthusiast and champion for the desert.

The author opposes the idea of reclaiming
the desert, advancing the argument that by
turning it into ‘‘an agricultural tract would
introduce humidity and nullify the finest air
on the continent.’’ However, there is but
little danger of such a result, from the fact
that only a very small portion of the desert
can be reclaimed.

His real objection is seen where he speaks
of the ‘‘ destruction of natural beauty ’’ by our
‘“practical men.’? They are treated in these
words: ‘‘Men must have coal, though they
ruin the valleys and blacken the streams of
Pennsylvania; they must have oil, though
they disfigure half of Ohio and Indiana ; they
must have copper, if they wreck all the moun-
tains of Montana and Arizona, and they must
have gold, though they blow Alaska into the
Behring Sea. They have stripped the land of
its robes of beauty ; and what have they given
in place? Weeds, wire fences, oil derricks,
board shanties, and board towns; and at last
they have turned to the desert !”’

It must be admitted that man has in many
instances marred the beauty of the land, but
in turn produces many useful things, and we
agree with Victor Hugo when he says that
‘the useful is as beautiful as the beautiful.”
Man will change only small portions of the
desert’s area, and very little of its natural
beauty will ever be destroyed. On the other
hand, we are of the opinion that prosperous
agricultural communities here and there on

the desert’s present broad area will add to,
rather than detract from, its sombre face.

Though one may disagree with the author’s
idea of the utility of the desert, there is no de-
nying that he has written a book that con-
tains an unusually graphic description of a
section of the country that is now attracting
widespread attention. ‘‘ The Desert’’ is writ-
ten with all the charm of style that made his
‘‘Nature for Its Own Sake’ and ‘Art for
Art's Sake”’ so popular.

Forest Reserve Manual: For the Information and
Use of Forest Officers. Published by the
General Land Office, Department of the
Interior. Pp. go.

The ‘‘ Forest Reserve Manual,’’ recently is-
sued by the General Land Office, with the ap-
proval of the Secretary of the Interior, contains
a carefully prepared set of rules governing the
administration of the forest reserves. It was
written by Prof. Filibert Roth, Chief of Divis-
ion R of the General Land Office, and Mr.
Edward T. Allen, Inspector of Forest Reserves.

This manual contains the rules to be observed
by the various forest officers in the discharge
of their duties, information regarding the sale
of timber in the forest reserves, and the rules.
governing the free use of timber. For the
guidance of superintendents, supervisors, and
rangers, there are blank forms of applications
for all special privileges, rules regarding the
scaling, marking, and estimating of timber, and
many other matters likely to come up in the
administration of the forest reserves. The
manual further contains instructions regarding
the penalties for violations of the forest reserve
laws.

The ‘‘ Forest Reserve Manual ’’ should prove
of great assistance to forest officers in the field.
The rules are clearly drawn, and are likely to
have a good effect in bringing reports from the
field to the authorities at Washington in a more
prompt and efficient manner. The manual will
likely prove of decided value in developing this
important service.

It is an attractive little volume, bound in red
leather, with alternating blank pages for notes,
and is of convenient size for carrying in the
pocket.

The Kindred of the Wild: A Book of Animal

Life. By CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS. Pp.
374, 50 illustrations. LL. C. Page & Co.,
Boston. Price, $2.

Readers of that delightful book, ‘‘ The Heart

19O2.

of the Ancient Wood,”’
by Charles G. D. Rob-
erts, will undoubtedly
be greatly pleased by
his latest work, which
is published under the
title of ‘‘ The Kindred
of the Wild.’? This
new volume describes
with unusual fidelity
the life histories of
various wild animals,
and deserves to be
classed as one of the
best books of animal
stories that has yet
been published. From
the beginning one is
impressed with the au-
thor’s decidedly inti-
mate knowledge of the
forest and its inhabit-
ants. The book is a
collection of short sto-
ries, which include
chapters on the moose,
the wild goose, the
cougar, the owl, the
lynx, the eagle, and
other inhabitants of
the forest and the air
The author writes of
animal life with unr-
doubted sympathy and
we have no hesitancy
in pronouncing it an
unusually charming
book.

A feature which adds
much to the attractive-
ness of this volume is
the large number of
excellent illustrations
by Charles Livingston
Bull. Mr. Bull’s draw-
ings of animals have
recently attracted wide
attention, and this vol-
ume contains more
than fifty of them, one
of which is reproduced
here. The volume is
attractively bound in
dark-green cloth, with
an appropriate cover
design.

Among the Water-fowl.
By HERBERT K. JOB.
Pp. 224. Illustrated
from photographs by the author. Double-
day, Page & Co., New York. Price, $1.35 net.
This attractive volume contains a popular

account of the water-fowl found in the northern

and middle states and lower Canada east of the

Rocky Mountains
The book is divided into five parts. Part I,

entitled ‘‘ The Submerged Tenth,’’ contains a

description of the grebes and loons. Part II,

under the apt title of ‘* Modern Cliff-dwellers,”’

describes the gannets, guillemots, auks, puf-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 305

‘ MOUNTED THE CARCASS WITH AN AIR OF LORDSHIP.”

FROM ‘‘THE KINDRED OF THE WILD,’’ BY CHAS. G. D. ROBERTS.
COURTESY IL. C. PAGE & CO.

fins, and kittiwakes. ‘‘Ocean Wanderers,”’

including the shearwaters, jaegers, petrels,
and phalaropes, are noted in Part III. Part
IV deals with ‘‘ The White-winged Fleet,’’ the
gulls and terns, while Part V is devoted to
ducks and geese.

Mr. Job, the author, has studied the water-
fowl over a wide range—from New England to
Minnesota and the Dakotas and a large section
of Canada. In this book he has given us a
most readable description of many of the large

& HERRING GULL IN THE PROTECTED COLONY AT GREAT DUCK ISLAND, MAINE, APPROACHING ITS NEST

306 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

FROM ‘‘ AMONG THE WATER-FOWL,’’ BY HERBERT K. JOB.

water birds too little known. The author's

“work with the camera is in a great measure

responsible for the attractiveness of the vol-
ume, and the illustrations made from his photos
give an unusually intimate view of the habits
of many of these water-fowl. Altogether,
‘Among the Water-fowl’’ is a most entertain-
ing and valuable book. One of the many illus-
trations is reprinted here.

Harper’s Magazine for July contains an article
on ‘‘American Private Forests,’’ by Mr. Over-
ton W. Price, of the Bureau of Forestry, that
deserves to be widely read. Mr. Price shows
in this article how rapidly the idea of handling
woodlands in a conservative manner is spread-
ing among private owners. He also outlines
methods for improving private forest lands,
and points out the results to be expected when
practical methods are pursued.

The Century for July contains a very inter-
esting article on ‘‘Irrigation,’’ by Ray Stan-
nard Baker, as a further addition to its series
of papers on the ‘‘Great Southwest.’’ The
article is splendidly illustrated with drawings
by Maxfield Parrish.

July,

Copyright, 1902, by W. L. Baily

COURTESY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.

PUBLISHER’S NOTES.

An unusual opportunity to purchase a valu-
able coal and timber tract is to be found in the
announcement of Mr. R. W. Powell on another
page of this issue of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION. Mr. Powell, who has for many years
been prominent in the lumber business of
Tennessee, is desirous of disposing of this tract
to purchasers who will cut the timber in a con-
servative manner.

Mr. Powell is deeply interested in forestry,
is on the executive cotincil of the Tennessee
Forest Association, and one of the most active
members of that organization. We printed in
the May number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION an article by Mr. Powell on the ‘‘ Rela-
tion of Forests to the Manufacturing Industries
of Tennessee.’

The Misses Reynolds will remove their
school, during the summer, from its present
quarters, at No. 66 West Forty-fifth street,
New York. The classes will reopen on Mon-
day, October 6th, 1902, at the new address,
due notice of which will be given. Their ad-
dress during the summer months will be at
No. tot Hudson terrace, Yonkers, New York.

Forestry 24 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

LANDS WITHDRAWN FROM ENTRY IN NEVADA /rontispiece

NEWS AND NOTES ( ///ustrated ) ; : ; : i 7), 309
Program of the Michigan Meeting—Reduced Railroad Rates to
Lansing—A Texas Irrigation Experiment—Dendro-Chemistr y—
Forest Planting and Reservoirs—Meeting of the Tennessee Forest
Association—Forest Reserve at the Head of the Mississippi—
Forest Fires—New Forest Magazine—T he Largest Tree—Going
to the Philippines— Proposed Lake Superior Forest Reserve—
National Irrigation Projects.

HON. WILLIAM A. REEDER (wth portrait) : :

TREATMENT OF SECOND-GROWTH WHITE PINE ( ///us-
trated ) : : Wallace I, Hutchinson

EXTENT OF IRRIGATION IN COLORADO (with map)

CUPTIVATION OF THE YELLOW LOCUST IN MARY-
LAND ( //lustrated) ; 5 : : Albert Neilson

ILLEGAL SHEEP GRAZING IN THE SIERRA FOREST
RESERVE ” ; e : John D. Leland

A MODEL FARM IN TEXAS (//lustrated) : ; :

THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN APPA-
LACHIAN MOUNTAINS (///ustrated) : ;

IRRIGATION IN FLORIDA ;

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY
Wm. H. Krug

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

PUBLISHER’S NOTES

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ts the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00

a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class matl matter.

Published Monthly at

ATLANTIC BUILDING

. Washington, D. C.

es

Forestry and Irrigation.

Wer? VEEL

AUEUS FP argez:

No. 8.

NEWS AND NOTES.

The program of the
special summer meet-
ing of the American
Forestry Association, to
be held at Lansing, Mich., August 27
and 28, has been arranged with spe-
cial reference to Michigan conditions.
Among the papers to be read are the
following :

‘“The Water Resources of Michigan”’
(with an account of the work of stream
measurements being made in Michigan
by the U. S. Geological Survey), F. H.
Newell; ‘‘ Meteorological Conditions,’’
Prot. Jeon. Henry, Ul S: Weather Bu-
reau; ‘‘ The Trespass Problem and How
to Solve It,’’ Ernest A. Bruncken, Sec-
retary of the late Wisconsin Forest Com-
mission; ‘‘A Discussion of the Jack Pine
Plains,’’ Filibert Roth, General Land
Office; ‘‘ The Shifting Sand Question,”’
Dr. John C. Gifford, New York State
College of Forestry; ‘‘The Farm Wood-
lot,’’ F. G. Miller, Bureau of Forestry;
““The Fire Problem and How to Solve
It,”’ H. B: Ayers; Carlton; Minn.: ‘‘’The
Michigan Forest Preserve,’’ Thomas H.
Sherrard, Bureau of Forestry; ‘‘The
Minnesota Forest Fire Law,’’ Gen. C. C.
Andrews, Chief Fire Warden of Minne-
sota; ‘‘Some Cardinal Principles in T'ree
Planting for Silvicultural Purposes,’’
Prof. J. W. Toumey, of Yale Forest
School; ‘‘ The Duty of the State in For-
est Matters,’’ Gifford Pinchot, Forester,
U.S. Department of Agriculture; ‘‘ For-
est Botany Suggests What for the New
porestsaor Michican ?”’ Prof. C.. A.
Davis, University of Michigan; ‘‘ Perio-
dicity of Tree Growth,’’ E. E. Bogue,
Michigan Agricultural College; ‘‘ The
Management of Michigan Hardwood
Forests, with a View to Future Vields,’’
Walter C. Winchester, Lumberman,

Program of
the Michigan
Meeting.

Muskegon, Mich.; ‘‘ The Chippewa Res-
ervation in Minnesota,’’ H. H. Chap-
man, Minnesota Experiment Farm; and
the ‘‘ Relation of Soils to Distribution
of Forests in Middle Michigan,’’ Burton
E. Livingston. The speakers will be
followed by Michigan members of the
Association, who will lead in the dis-
cussion of the papers read, in order to
bring out fully the application to Michi-
gan conditions of facts and principles
set forth in the various papers.

As stated in the July number of For-
ESTRY AND IRRIGATION, there will be
three sessions on Wednesday, August
27, and two sessions on ‘Thursday,
August 28. Following the sessions at
Lansing, there will be an excursion to
the Michigan Forest Preserve in Ros-
common and Crawford counties, and
through the hardwood forests in Antrim
county, thence to Mackinac Island.

&

Reduced Rail- The Michigan Passen-
road Rates ger Association and Cen-
to Lansing. tral Passenger Associa-
tion have authorized a

one and one-third fare for the round
trip to Lansing, Mich., to all persons
who desire to attend the special sum-
mer meeting of the American Forestry
Association. It is expected that the
remaining passenger associations will
also authorize a one and one-third fare.
Members expecting to attend the
meeting are earnestly requested to ob-
serve the following conditions: First,
purchase a first-class ticket to Lansing,
paying full fare, and request of the
ticket agent a printed certificate of pur-
chase, standard form; second, if through
ticket to Lansing cannot be procured
at starting po'nt, purchase to nearest

310 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

point where through ticket can be ob-
tained, requesting a certificate from the
ticket agent at the point where each
purchase is made; third, tickets for the
return journey will be sold by the ticket
agent at Lansing at one-third the first-
class limited fare only to those holding
certificates signed by the ticket agent at
the place where ticket was purchased,
countersigned by the Secretary of the
Michigan Forestry Commission; fourth,
the one and one-third fare will not be
granted from local points on the Mich-
igan Central Railroad and the Lake
Shore and Michigan Southern Railway,
on which the rate of fare is only two
cents per mile; fifth, a representative of
the Michigan Passenger Association will
be present at the meeting August 28
and also on the return of the excursion
to Lansing, September 1. This will
give those who cannot attend the ex-
cursion an opportunity to have their
certificates signed immediately after the
close of the sessions at Lansing. A
charge of twenty-five cents will be re-
quired of certifiate-holders for each cer-
tificate signed, to cover the expenses of
the special agent of the Michigan Passen-
ger Association.

*
A Texas On another page of this
Irrigation number of FORESTRY
Experiment, AND IRRIGATION there

is printed an account of
a very interesting irrigation experiment
by Mr. F. F. Collins, of San Antonio,
Tex. Ina recent letter tothe editor, Mr.
Collins has the following to say about
his venture :

DEAR Sir: The principles of irriga-
tion are, from my standpoint, so very
simple, and the immense revenues from
irrigated acres in southern sections are
so well known, that I find myself won-
dering why every section in the south,
where a sufficient supply of water can
be easily obtained, is not being culti-
vated in this way.

And I might add that it is a source of
surprise to me that the farmers of the
north, whose knowledge of agriculture
in all probability exceeds that of south-
ern farmers, do not so arrange, where
possible, to use irrigation during dry

August,

spells. The big profit in farming is in
sure crops, and with irrigation no time
is lost looking for rain.

In this part of Texas we do not have
our share of rain. ‘The past two sea-
sons were unusually dry ones. ‘Those
who used irrigation regarded those
conditions with satisfaction, as higher
prices were secured for what they
raised. It must not be inferred, how-
ever, by this remark that no sympathy
was extended to those who planted
and reaped no harvest. The satis-
faction felt was based solely upon the
fact that they were in a position to
take advantage of the demand at ad-
vanced prices.

I have preached and practiced irriga-
tion for twenty years. My irrigated
gardens were conceived by me for an
object lesson, to prove what I had been
preaching, not especially desiring to
make the investment profitable. Hence
you can imagine my surprise when at
the end of the first year, commencing on
a mesquite-covered tract of 140 acres, I
netted froin rentals over thirty per cent
on my original investment. Those who
cultivated the 1o0-acre tracts into which
I divided the 140 acres netted from $300
to $625 per acre.

What I have done is possible on every
acre in what we know as the artesian
belt, in which San Antonio is the center.
There are 31 artesian wells within the
city limits, with a flowing capacity of
76,000,000 gallons per day, ranging in
depth from 700 to 2,200 feet. My well
is 600 feet deep and flows a 10-inch
stream. South and east of my prop-
erty, water in some instances has been
reached in less than 600 feet. All our
soil needs is water. Put the water on
the land and farm intelligently and a
good profit will result.

As the crops we raise on irrigated
fields mature from four to six weeks
earlier than in any other southern sec-
tion that commands railroad facilities,
we secure the highest market prices in
the northern and western markets.
Last season one small station between
San Antonio and the Gulf shipped
$38,000 worth of cabbage, while Corpus
Christi, 20 miles further south, claims
to have shipped double that amount.

1902.

Mr. T. C. Nye, of Laredo, raised this
season on seven acres of irrigated land
241,425 pounds of onions, which he sold
to one firm in Kansas City at two cents
perpound. Compare these statements,
which are facts, with the net earnings
of farms anywhere in the United States
cultivated without irrigation, and then
join me in wondering why more fields
are not irrigated, bothin this and other
portions of the country.

Yours very truly,
BP. COLLIns:

€

The articles on ‘‘ Progress
in Dendro - Chemistry,’’
by Mr. Wm. H. Krug,
which have been appearing in For-
ESTRY AND IRRIGATION, are to be con-
tinued from month to month. ‘They
will include a review of the most im-
portant articles on dendro-chemical sub-
jects appearing in the leading chemical
journals.

Mr. Krug, who is incharge of the re-
cently established dendro-chemical lab-
oratory, will gladly furnish further in-
formation on all subjects in connection
with his work to readers who desire it.
He may be addressed in care of the
Bureau of Forestry.

*

Forest Planting The Metropolitan
and Reservoirs, Water Board of Mas-

sachusetts began for-
est planting this year, according to
plans prepared by the Bureau of For-
estry, on the watershed of their large
reservoir situated near Clinton. ‘This
reservoir when completed will furnish
the water supply for Boston and a num-
ber of other nearby cities and towns.
The planting has been completed on
175 acres, and a large quantity of nur-
sery stock is now on hand for the con-
tinuation of planting in the fall and next
spring.

A planting plan is in course of prep-
aration for the water department of the
city of Woonsocket, R. I., for the pro-
tection of certain portions of the water-
shed of their large storage reservoir
located six miles south of Woonsocket.
Planting along the lines laid down in

Dendro-
Chemistry.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

311

this plan will begin the last of Septem-
ber, under the personal direction of an
agent from the Bureau of Forestry.

The State of North Dakota has made
application through Governor Frank
White for planting plans for woodlots
on the grounds of a number of state in-
stitutions, and these plans will be pre-
pared during August and September of
this season. An examination of the
grounds of the following institutions has
been requested: The state capitol at
Bismarck, the School for the Deaf at
Devil’s Lake, the University of North
Dakota at Grand Forks, the Normal
Schoolat Maysville, the Normal School
at Valley City, and the Manual Train-
ing School at Ellendale.

&

Meeting of the The summer meeting
Tennessee Forest of the Tennessee For-
Association. est Association was
held at Monteagle,
Tenn., on July 21. The opening ad-
dress was made by Col. J. B. Killebrew,
President of the Association. The pro-
gram included the following papers :

‘“ Forests as an Inspiration to Cult-
ure,’’ Miss S. Gentry ; ‘‘ Our Inherited
Disparagement of Forestry,’’ Dr. F. W.
Moore; “‘ Relations Between Geology
andeitorests,”! Prot. P. Hi Manning
‘“ Need of Organization and Legislation
on Forestry in the South,’”’ Dr. B. J.
Ramage ; ‘‘ The Preservation of the Ap-
palachian Forests in a National Park,’’
Dic. Ri Eeabattie:

Ate the evenine. session, Dim Cx ae
Schenck delivered an illustrated lecture
on the ‘‘Management and Utilization
of German Forests.’’

The Executive Council announced
that the annual meeting of the Associa-
tion will be held at Knoxville in No-
vember.

wm

A matter of decided im-
portance in the future
welfare of the forests of
Minnesota is a provision
contained in the recent act passed by
Congress, which amends the bill for the
relief of the Chippewa Indians. This
act, which provides a new way for the
disposal of the timber and agricultural

Forest Reserve
at Head of the
Mississippi.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

Photo by Mr. Arthur B, Herrell.

WHITE PINE TIMBER ON THE CHIPPEWA RESERVATION FOUR MILES EAST OF THE VILLAGE
OF CASS LAKE.

lands on the Indian reservations of
northern Minnesota, creates a forest re-
serve of more than 200,000 acres. "The
bill authorizes the sale of the merchant-
able pine timber on the lands of the
ceded Indian reservations that after sur-
vey may be classed as ‘‘ pine lands.’’
The lands to be reserved are to be se-
lected from these pine lands as soon as
practicable by the Forester of the De-
partment of Agriculture, with the ap-
proval of the Secretary of the Interior,
on the four following reservations: ‘The
Chippewas of the Mississippi, Leech
Lake, Cass Lake, and Winnebigoshish.

It is provided that these lands selected
by the Forester are to be known as
‘forestry lands,’ and “om which! the
purchaser shall be required to leave
standing 5 per cent of the pine tim-
ber for the purpose of reforestation.
This is to be selected and reserved under
such rules and regulations as may be
prescribed by the Forester of the De-
partment of Agriculture and approved
by the Secretary of the Interior. The
bill provides further that there shall be
reserved from sale or settlement the
timber and land on the islands in Cass
Lake and in Leech Lake and not less

1902.

than 160 acres at the extremity of Sugar
Point, on Leech Lake. ‘The peninsula
known as Pine Point, on which the new
Leech Lake Agency is now located, is
also to be reserved. The islands in
Cass and Leech Lakes and the land re-
served at Sugar Point and Pine Point
Peninsula are toremain as Indian land,
under the control of the Department of
the Interior.

These ‘‘ forestry lands,’’ as rapidly as
the authorized 95 per cent of the mer-
chantable pine timber is removed, are
to become a part of a forest reserve as
though set aside by presidential procla-
mation. The remaining lands, after
the Indian allotments, will be opened
to homestead settlement. The accom-
panying illustrations show typical pine
lands in the Chippewa district. They
are reprinted here through the courtesy
of Gen. C. C. Andrews, Chief Fire
Warden of Minnesota.

The proceeds from the sale of the
merchantable pine and the lands sold to

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ws
ll
S>)

homesteaders are to be paid into the
United States Treasury to the credit of
the 1,600 Chippewa Indians of Minne-
sota. Each Indian—man, woman, or
child—living on the four reservations is
entitled to have an individual allotment
of 80 acres. Of the 830,162 acres con-
tained in these reservations, the follow-
ing will be the result when the new law
is carried out:
Acres.

Water surface (lakes, rivers, streams). 218,470
Inditarieallo tin emrsmrrs rena s iielecire 140,000
Ones biaysll ang Steprsay ceieicette eye 231,000
Islands in Cass and Leech Lakes and

points around Leech Lake...... 17,000
OpPenslorsettlenlenitan reer ian tier 223,692

Ota yet eee or errr eran 830,162

During the past month
there have been many
forest fires in various sectious of the
country. In California there were de-
structive forest fires “near |) Redditg,

Forest Fires.

VIEW IN THE CHIPPEWA RESERVATION NORTHWEST OF CASS LAKE.

Photo by Mr. Arthur B. Herrell.

THREE OF THE CASS

LAKE BAND OF CHIPPEWAS IN THE CENTER.

314

Cazadero, Grass Valley,
Monterey, and Tuolumne.

Wyoming has been visited by forest
fires during the past two weeks, the
worst being near Lander ; also ina sec-
tion of country west of the Medicine
Bow Forest Reserve. On August 8
three destructive fires were reported
from the vicinity of Battle Lake.

The fires reported last month from
Colorado, in the vicinity of Durango,
burned over an area of 25 square miles
of territory. On Blanco Mountain
5,000 acres have been burned over. On
August 2 a fierce forest fire was reported
burning near Leadville; another serious
fire burned over a large area in the
region of Allen’s Park.

Near Gun’s Hill, Virginia, a forest
fire recently did considerable damage to
the timber tract of the Blackstone Lum-
ber Co. In Bladon and Sampson coun-
ties, North Carolina, forest fires de-
stroyed several houses and much valu-
able timber during July.
reported from Carbon, Montana, while
recent reports from Alaska state that
unusually destructive forest fires are
raging in the timber along the Yukon
River. During July there was a large
forest fire in the Grand Canyon Forest
Reserve in Arizona.

*

The first number of the
Magazine of Arboricul-
ture, which is to be the
official organ of the International So-
ciety of Arboriculture, will be issued on
September 1. It will contain from 16
to 24 pages, and Mr. John P. Brown,
secretary and treasurer of the society, is
to be editor.

Marysville,

New Forest
Magazine.

&*

What is claimed to be
the largest tree in the
world was recently dis-
covered by a party of hunters in the
Converse Basin, Fresno county, Cali-
fornia. This tree 6 feet from the ground
is 154 feet 8 inches in circumference,
making it over 51 feet in diameter.
Persons who have visited the tree since
the first report was made have verified
the statements of the men who discov-
ered it. The tree is located in the Sierra
Forest Reserve.

The Largest
Tree.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Fires are also-

August,

Going to the
Philippines.

Mr. Gifford’ Pinchot.
Forester of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture,
at the request of President Roosevelt,
will make an examination of the forest.
resources of the Philippine Islands dur-
ing the autumn months. Mr. Pinchot
will sail from Vancouver on September
8 and will return to the United States
in December.

*

Proposed Lake Recently, upon the rec-
Superior Forest ommendation of Gen.
Reserve. Cc. C. Andrews, Chief
Fire Warden of Min-

nesota and the U.S. Geological Survey,
and concurred in by the General Land
Office, temporary withdrawal was made
of an area amounting to 20 townships.
and 15 sections in Lake and Cook coun-
ties, Minnesota, pending consideration
of the question of making a forest re-
serve of this area, to be known as the
Lake Superior Forest Reserve.

The lands withdrawn lie within the
following described townships:

RASOUNG Rea

As GouINes Re aes eaniGio. VE

‘Téa N 4 Rv5; 6, 75-950; LO; audsEY We

162 Ni. Re 5)6, Facey aud: Loa:

TGS IN. Rosh O,a7e alld SW

All west of the fourth principal me-
ridian.

General Andrews’ letter to the Com-
missioner of the General Land Office
was as follows:

Si. PAUE, -viiNiNe.
May ro, 1902.
Hon. BINGER HERMANN,

Commissioner General Land Office,
Washington, D. C.

DEAR SiR: I have the honor hereby
to recommend that the following town-
ships, all public land, situated in Cook
and Take counties, in Minnesota, and
comprising, after deducting water sur-
face,an areain round numbers of 500,000
acres, be set apart by the President asa
forest reserve, namely :

T.59, K.5,S8and.o We

T-GOn, ea Corgis

T. 61, Ro 5 to 11 W.,,botlt inclusive:

T. 62, Ri 5,t0 10 -W., both inclusive:

T. 63, R:.5 to 7 We, both inclusive:
and south half of IT. 63, R. 8:

1902.

ye, HW
|
r
UJ

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

oP)
=
On

DA
ta CANA

i HES = oS q

MAP OF NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA, SHOWING LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED LAKE SUPERIOR
FOREST RESERVE.

Ten of these townships are unser-
veyed, and all of the lands are practi-
cally vacant, with these exceptions, that
Gubyshali of 1-59; R:9. Wo,and TL. 60,
R. 8 W., are vacant, and that two-thirds
Mind Gorin cOW and: ViGm Ros) We.
are vacant. I make this recommenda-
tion for the following reasons:

1. The land has a.general elevation
of about 1,200 feet above Lake Supe-
rior, is generally hilly and rocky, and
more valuable for the production of
timber than for agriculture. It is nat-
ural timber land, but much of the orig-
inal timber was killed by fires many
years ago. Its soil is only third or
fourth rate, and the fact that, although
fairly accessible, none of it has been
taken by settlers is of itself evidence
that it is undesirable for agricultural
purposes.

The benefit that will accrue to Min-
nesota by having this waste and vacant

land utilized for forest purposes is
quite evident. Every one knows that
the supply of pine timber in Minnesota
is fast diminishing. Already several
kinds of lumber from the Pacific coast
are competing here with our home pro-
ducts, and as our home supply decreases
rates of transportation on lumber from
the coast will be advanced. Increase of
the price of lumber will tend to retard
the development of agricultural lands,
farmers being among the principal local
consumers of lumber. On this land pro-
posed to be created a forest reserve it
will require about eighty years for pine
timber to grow to merchantable size.
The population of the United States in
eighty years from now, according to the
estimate of the most competent judges,
based on our past history, will be 320,-
000,000. Every one can see that the
demand for lumber will then be very
much greater than at present.

316 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

3. The land in question contains many
fine lakes and streams, and will, if ad-
ministered as a forest reserve, prove
valuable also as a fish and game pre-
serve.

4. The educational effect of such a
reserve would be useful in promoting
forest economy in this state.

5. I have been reflecting upon this
matter forovera year. I have alsoseen
occasional expressions in the public press
favoring a forest reserve, to include some
of the highlands north of Lake Superior.
I have examined the government plats
of all the surveyed lands in Minnesota
north of Lake Superior, and those herein
contained are about the only lands that
are available from being vacant. This
is the only opportunity (outside of In-
dian reservations) of securing a number
of townships in a body in this state for
aforestreserve. Of course, it is under-
stood that the state of Minnesota is en-
titled to sections 16 and 36 in each town-
ship as school lands ; also that the state
will have a right to any swamp lands
there may be in either township ; also,
should any of the reserve be found to be
good agricultural land, I, for one, would
expect that the law would be made to
permit, if it does not now permit, the
use of such lands for agricultural pur-
posesay. ldo not expect. the reserve to

August,

be a wilderness, nor to shut out any
necessary means of communication.
Very truly yours,
C. C. ANDREWS,
Chief (Forest) Fire Warden.

The accompanying outline map of
northeastern Minnesota shows the loca-
tion of the proposed Lake Superior
Forest Reserve.

*

National Irriga- The Secretary of the

Interior, after consul-
tation with the officials
of the Geological Survey, under whose
active charge the national irrigation
work is being conducted, has ordered
additional lands in six states withdrawn
from settlement, in accordance with the
provisions of the irrigation bill, pending
a careful survey of the proposed reser-

tion Projects.

voir sites and canal routes. ‘The lands.

withdrawn lie within the states of Colo-
rado, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, Nevada,
and California.

It was considered important in ad-
vance of definite surveys to make with-
drawals of a sufficient amount of land
to include all of the proposed irrigation
works and their ramifications, as well
as the lands affected. Selections have
been. made in advance in a somewhat
liberal manner, in order to allow the

VIEW ALONG THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER, SHOWING PUBLIC LANDS WITHDRAWN PENDING

SURVEY OF RESERVOIR SITES.

1902.

consideration of alternative projects or
to provide for unforeseen contingencies.
In order to prevent speculative entries
it was decided that these withdrawals
should be made before it was announced
that the work was to be taken up.

It was not intended in making with-
drawal of these lands that all are to be
irrigated or ultimately utilized. Sur-
vey parties now in the field will deter-
mine as soonas possible the lands needed,
and the others will be restored to entry.

The projects now under consideration
are as follows:

Nevada.—Truckee—Carson surveys.

California and Arizona.—Colorado
River survey.

Arizona.—Salt River survey.

Colorado.—South Platte survey.

Colorado- Utah.—Grand River survey.

Wyoming.—Big Horn survey.

The lands to be segregated in each of
the townships are included in the fol-
lowing townships and ranges:

TRUCKEE-CARSON
(Mt. Diablo Meridian. )

i: ne to 20 Ni aanelusive, Ri716,-07,;
and 18 E.

I. ro to 15 N., inclusive, and 19, 20,
and 21 N., R. 19 E.

T. 9 to 24 N., inclusive, R. 20 E.

T. 7 to 17 N., inclusive, and 19 N.,
Re or E-

T. 13 to 17 N., inclusive, and 20 N.,
Rae se

T. 16 to 18 N., inclusive, and 20 N.,
Re 230he

T. 16 to 18 N., inclusive, and 20 and
or NN. R24 FE.

T. 16 to 21 N., inclusive, R. 25 E.

T. 16 to 20 N., incl., R. 26 and 27 E.

To16to 25 N., inclusive, R- 28, 20,
Z0,and.ar 1.

7 20 to 24 N., incl., R. 32 and 33 E.

SURVEY, NEVADA.

COLORADO. RIVER SURVEY
NIA AND ARIZONA.

CALIFOR-

(San Bernardino Meridian. )

ae) alee or Oe
Tree, and’s N., R.25 7.
Tree and 3 Nz, 0:26 H.
aie, oa bes 27 34;
iT ontaete. oO. auclusive, R. 22, 23,
and 24 i.
vo tesr2 oS. , suclusive, R..21 i OF

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

taf

(Gila and Salt River Meridian.)

i. 19o.and 20.N:) R22 WW

VA to 10 5, iaclusive; B..22, 22; 23,
24, and 25 W.

All of Colorado River Indian Reser-
vation which may be open to entry and
settlement.

SALT RIVER SURVEY, ARIZONA.
Gila and Salt River Meridian. )

2. 2 and, No, Ra 1 and 2
to77, Ns, inclusive, Rie,
Seokec2. sandra i.

2, 3, and 4 N., R. 2 and 3 EF.
Zand. 3, Nok. 4°and5 ee,
and 2'S.;,.R: 5,0; ande7 He
and 20N., R26 and 7 E.
Ageatde so s,; ik 7 EY:

2
2)
5 tal

(
ac:
Als
We
ale
li
le
Ae

I,
I
I
I,
I,
I
I
3)

7,

SOUTH PLATTE SURVEY, COLORADO.
(Sixth Principal Meridian. )

4 N., R. 56 to 62 W., inclusive.

aL
eseN Rees 10/64. W., iueltsive:
a GN eR 54° to 57° W., imelusive
7 Nes 55 to.56. W..,. inelusive:
i son AR 52° to 56, W., inclusive.
Gio ke 50 to 56, inclusive:
1 To Nv, R. 409 to 53 W., inclusive:
Irie. Rk. 47-t0.52 Ws inclusive:
T. 12 N., R.45 to 48 W., inclusive.
GRAND RIVER SURVEY, COLORADO—
UTAH.
(Ute Meridian. )
Nauk. Ecand 2.)
wanda EH,

ee
HN FR we

(Sixth Principal Meridian. )

Me: Sy. 3. Ie G8, 99);
and 104 W.
Ws o05-.ok.. Lo3-and TOs WE.

IOO, IOI, 103,

IN UTAH.

(Salt Lake Meridian. )
ig and 20 Sj ak. 25; and 2G. lee
aD 39'S .e Rs. sea

BIG HORN SURVEY, WYOMING.
(Sixth Principal Meridian. )

A 5bee52s (a Sau. RGO.. Bale,
83, and 84 W.

318 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August,

re)

HON. WILLIAM A. REEDER.

ON. WILLIAM A. REEDER, of Kansas, is one of the most effective friends

of national irrigation. Asamember of the House Committee on the Irriga-

tion of Arid Lands, he has done much valuable work. Both in committee and

among his fellow-members Mr. Reeder did splendid service in helping to bring

about - the passage of the Irrigation Bill at the recent session. Having a wide

knowledge of the West and its needs, and himself a practical irrigator, he has been

able to approach the question on its broadest and fairest lines. "Thoroughly con-

vinced of the advisability of Federal aid in the construction of large irrigation

works in the West, Mr. Reeder has lost no opportunity of pressing the matter in
Congress.

William Augustus Reeder was born August 28, 1849, in Cumberland county,
Pa.; when 4 years of age his parents emigrated to Ipava, Fulton county, IIl.,
where, at the age of 14 years, he began teaching in the public schools. This
vocation he followed until 30 years of age, the last 10 years of his work being in
Kansas, where he was principal of the Beloit public schools. Mr. Reeder in 1871
took up a claim in Mitchell county, and has resided continuously since in this
Congressional district. On August 18, 1876, he engaged in the banking business
in the town of Logan, Kans., his present home. In 1890, in partnership with
A. H. Ellis and J. J. Wiltrout, he purchased an extensive tract of land on the
Solomon River and established the largest irrigation farm in the State of Kansas,
which is now operated as a cattle and hog ranch. In 1898 he was elected to the
Fifty-sixth Congress, and was reélected to the Fifty-seventh Congress.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 319

TREATMENT OF SECOND-GROWTH WHITE PINE.

PAR sh.

By WALLACE I. HuTCHINSON.

HE following methods of thinning

and pruning White Pine, and the

effect of such cuttings, are based on in-

vestigation carried on in the natural

pine groves of southern New Hamp-

shire. Many of the principles set forth,

although applicable to this portion of

the country, will have to be sightly mod-
ified to suit conditions elsewhere.

As the supply of White Pine decreases
and the stumpage value increases pro-
portionately, the aim of nearly every
farmer who owns a woodlot is likely to
be the production of the greatest quan-
tity of valuable timber in the shortest
possible time. To do this, his first ob-
ject should be to stock the area with a
sufficient number of trees to form a com-
plete cover overhead. This is not only
beneficial to the soil, but also for the
proper development of the trees. In
_ the natural woods this state of affairs
very often exists.

Natural forests are likely to be more
valuable than artificial plantations, for

most natural forests grow only in such
situations as are congenial to the life of
trees, the seeds of which will not germi-
nate readily in unfavorable soils. Na-
ture seldom errs in the choice of condi-
tions favorable to tree-growth, a judg-
ment in which man is very liable to
Erion.

Shortly after the leaf canopy is estab-
lished the growing trees begin to crowd
one another, and the struggle for light
and space commences. A number of
the trees overtop the rest, rearing their
heads to the full enjoyment of the light.
Below these a few trees here and there
enjoy with their leading shoots the light
which is not absorbed by the dominat-
ing trees. Others are left so far behind
in the race that they are deprived of en-
joyment of all direct light—that 1s, they
are suppressed. They live for a shorter
or longer period, but unless they are
a shade-enduring species they are not
apt to survive for any great length of
time.

al

TARE OY ea vee.

agae

MP. animes
° al

-

FIG.

I.—A WELL-MANAGED FOREST; LARGE TREES READY FOR MARKET;

UNDERGROWTH

SUFFICIENTLY DENSE TO PROTECT THE SOIL.

320

Thus the forest is divided into three
classes—dominant, intermediate, and
suppressed trees. This struggle for ex-
istence goes on during the entire life of
the forest, and is apt to so reduce the
growing space of each dominating tree
that it cannot reach its fullest develop-
ment, and on account of crowding is
likely to assume a long, lanky shape,
which is very easily damaged by wind
and snow. It is this state of affairs
that the owner should strive to obviate
by thinning his trees. Thinning is the
cutting out of such tree-growths as in-
terfere with the healthy development,
and hence the future value, of the crop.
This form of thinning is termed the
‘weeding ’’ out of the undesirable
trees:

A single tree growing in the open
and in the complete enjoyment of light
will develop a full crown and root sys-
tem and lay on a maximum volume of
wood, but growth under these condi-
tions has several serious drawbacks:

Ist. Trees growing in this manner do
not always produce the greatest volume
of wood per acre. Although every tree
in a crowded woods has a smaller vol-
ume than the isolated one, yet, owing
to. the "greater, mimber tom trees, tue
crowded stand generally has a larger
total volume per acre, and therefore
greater stumpage value.

2d. Isolated trees usually grow short
or crooked, while trees in thick woods
are, as arule, straight.

3d. Trees in the open generally have
branches low down on the trunk; con-
sequently they produce knotty and less
valuabletimber. Moreover, openstands
are not apt to improve the fertility of
poor soil on account of exposure to the
light, which dries out the moisture;
hence open stands can be grown best
only in naturally fertile soils.

These few conditions govern profit-
able growth in all localities. Thus
while in one case it would be proper to
remove all suppressed and dominated,
and even a part of the dominating,
trees, in another case it would be nec-
essary to look carefully after all of these
classes in order to secure the maximum
growth and the highest timber value
from the land.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

Certain important changes are gradu-
ally taking place in the growth of trees
in the forest, both individually and col-
lectively. There are changes in the soil
in which they grow, in the surrounding
atmosphere, and changes wrought even
upon the inhabitants in the neighbor-
hood ‘These changes are chemical and
mechanical. A growing tree takes from
the soil the elements that are essential
to its development, but restores them to:
the soil through its fallen leaves and
branches in the form of carbonaceous.
and nitrogenous matter. Thus, under
normal conditions the soil grows richer
and capable of supporting larger and
more luxuriant forests. The mechanical
changes are more easily traced. The
roots of trees change the composition of
soil by forcing their way into it, thus.
disintegrating the rocks and earth and
allowing the free access of air and water.

In dividing the trees of a forest into:
classes an account must be taken of the
dead trees. These should be removed
at every thinning, as they can be of no
benefit to the other classes, but may be
a constant source of danger from insects,
fungi, and, in many cases, fire.

All thinnings are carried on with one
of two objects in view: first, the pro-
duction of the greatest quantity of ma-
terial; second, the production of the
highest quality of timber. The means.
of attaining these ends differ consider-
ably.

Experience has taught that the great-.
est quantity of timber is produced in the
shortest time by the vigorous develop-
ment of the dominating trees. These
are removed and converted into lumber
as soon as the undergrowth is of sufh-
cient density to protect the soil (Fig. 1).
The first thinning is made as soon as the
struggle for existence commences—that
is, when it is found that the trees are
contending with each other for light and
space. If the owner of the woodlot has
gone over his land in the early stages of
its tree growth and weeded out the un-
desirable trees, this first thinning may
be delayed till the tenth or fifteenth
year, when the trees taken out may be
utilized for firewood or temporary fence
posts. The thinning should be heavy
enough to give the trees that remain the-

Zs

FIG.

ser! | y foie

r< pea eee + Aes ons eae ke aie .

<a ae oo age * SS ‘
pS ONG eee no Str cee Sto a oaaee ee

ME STAND AS SHOWN IN

ann ee ht ae @ ree
aAtag: =a

SEN areRiONR Ui

¥

Oreste ie Paanae
ad CRE ln rc he ‘

iz
©
Ll
H
<A
Oo
WH
4
=
QA
Za
<x
>
4
HH
op
jaa
4
©
fy

Ah 0 METIS

tae Ld
if A ene — ee
: 4: en

FIG. 2.—NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE, SHOWING DENSITY OF GROWTH.

FIG. 3.—SHOWS EFFECT OF THINNING AND PRUNING; SA

i>)
N
is)

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

FIG. 4.—NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE. SEED TREES (IN THE RACKGROUND) ON
THE WINDWARD SIDE.

space they require. As White Pine may
naturally come upin avery thick stand,
quite a slash will be necessary to rid the
woods of the undesirable trees (Fig. 2,
Fig. 3). In choosing the ones to be re-
moved, the deformed and diseased trees
should be taken first. The former, if

left, will never amount to anything, and
are liable to injure the growth of the
remaining crop. The latter usually
harbor injurious forest insects, which in
a great many cases cause considerable
damage.

There can be no set rule as to what

-~

as

mg

4,

‘

titty
BS Tes

FIG. 5.—SHOWING GRAY BIRCH AND YOUNG WHITE PINES.

1902.

space of time shall elapse between thin-
nings. The quicker the growth, the
shorter the interval between cuttings
duvine the early ie of ‘the tree, the
time being gradually lengthened as the
trees advance in age. Common sense
will have to govern largely on this
point. The expense of thinning can
be almost eliminated by the sale of the
trees to be used in box-board manu-
facture, in southern New Hampshire
White Pine for box boards being worth
from $6 to $10 per thousand. Under
no conditions should brush wood be
left in the forest, as it greatly increases
the danger from fire. If the work of
thinning is carefully carried out, a stand
of White Pine should be ready for the
market in thirty or forty years, while
by that time the ground will be in good
condition for a seed-bed.

Cutting for reproduction should be
carried on with considerable care and
forethought. A few select trees, vary-
ing in number from ten to thirty per
acre, may be left on the cut-over area
to seed the ground, or a small lot may
be cut clear and the ground allowed to
seed itself from the surrounding trees.
In the latter case the seed trees should

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

323

be left on the windward side, so that
the seeds can readily blow into the open
(Fig. 4), the cuttings to be made, if
possible, when there are indications of
a good seed year.

While the white-pine seedlings are
still small, Gray Birch (Betula populi-
folia) is almost sure to come in, and,
as it grows much more rapidly than the
pine, soon overtops the latter trees
(Fig. 5). The birch should be allowed
to remain only as long as it is of mate-
rial aid to the seedling asa nurse. Af-
ter the pines are old enough to take care
of themselves the birch should be re-
moved.

Even aged stands in a natural forest
are rare, as the whole of a denuded area
is seldom seeded at once. Ina natural
forest, therefore, cutting should begin
by taking out the mature trees first, thus
allowing those that remain to quicken
their growth through the increased
amount of light and space. In sum-
ming up it may be said that when the
object is to produce quantity, thinning
should be early, heavy, and often during
the first half of the life of the woods,
and more moderate and at longer inter-
vals during the second half.

EXTENT OOF TRIGA TION IN COLORADO:

AREA RECLAIMED ALMOST DOUBLED DURING LAST TEN YEARS.

URING the decade 1889 to 1899
Colorado advanced to the front
rank of irrigated states, surpassing Cal-
ifornia in the extent of land under irri-
gation, but remaining second in the
number of irrigators and in the value of
irrigated crops. The colderclimate and
greater altitude of Colorado make it im-
possible to raise the high-priced citrus
or semi-tropical fruits, or to practice the
degree of intensive farming for which
Arizona and California are noted.

The land surface of Colorado com-
prises 66,332,800 acres, of which only
9,474,588, or 14.3 per cent, were in-
cluded in farms in 1900, and 2,273,968
acres, or 3.4 per cent, were improved.
Of this area, 2,240 acres are included

in the Indian reservations. Of the total
area in farms, 24 per cent is improved.

The importance of irrigation as a fea-
ture of the agricultural development of
the state is shown. by the fact that the
irrigated land outside of the Indian res-
ervations amounts to 1,611,271 acres,
or 70.9 per cent of the improved farm
land. In 18go0 the acres irrigated out-
side of the Indian reservations num-
bered 890,735, or 48.8 per cent of the
improved land. Since then, by the
opening of new ditches and canals, by
the enlargement of those previously
constructed, and by the application of
more intelligent methods of water dis-
tribution, 720,536 acres of land have
been added to the irrigated area of

324

the state, an increase of 80.9 per cent.
In 1890 most of this land was public
domain and comparatively valueless.
At the present time its value, at a low
estimate, is $28,968,552; an average of
$40.77 per acre. Irrigation has added
this large amount to the farm wealth of
the state.

The total number of acres of irrigated
crops is 1,300,840, while the total num-
ber of acres of land irrigated is 1,611,
270. ike ‘difference of Bre MGigactes
represents in part the area of pasture
lands irrigated, but includes also a con-
siderable acreage, which, by reason of
shortage of water, was only partially
irrigated and did not produce crops.
On the other hand, it is probable that a
portion of the area upon which crops
were reported as grown without irriga-
tion was really irrigated at some time
during the year.

While the number of farms outside of
the Indian reservations increased in ten
years 50.7 per cent, the number of irri-
gators increased 82.3 per cent, and the
irrigated area 80.9 per cent.

Most of the water used for irrigation
is surface water obtained from rivers,
but, in addition to this, considerable
quantities of ground water, or so-called
underflow, found at depths varying from
20 to 1,500 feet, have been utilized.
There were 227 farms which were irri-
gated wholly or in part by pumping this
underflow from wells.

The number of acres of irrigated land
for each mile of ditch operated averages
218. ‘The number of acres under ditch
for each mile is 390, or nearly twice the
areairrigated. In other words, the area
rendered cultivable by irrigation would
be nearly doubled if the ditches already
constructed were furnished with a suffi-
cient and properly administered water
supply.

In 1899, however, the water supply
in many parts of Colorado was excep-
tionally deficient, and in years of aver-
age precipitation the area irrigated is
undoubtedly much larger.

The average cost of constructing the
ditches was about $1,575 per mile.
The average construction cost per acre
of land under ditch was $3.60, and per
acre of land actually irrigated in 1899,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

$7.21. The average cost of mainte-
nance per acre irrigated in 1899 was
$0.34; but estimating the cost of water
right upon the basis of the area irrigated
in a year of short water supply neces-
sarily made the average cost higher than
it would be in an ordinary year.

In 1899 the average value of arable
land under ditch, but not yet prepared
for irrigation, varied from $2 to $20 per
acre, while that of irrigated land is from
$24 to $1,000. The difference repre-
sents the increment to the value of the |
land by irrigation and the improvements
thereby made possible. This shows a
large profit on the cost of ditch con-
struction.

There were in 1889 7,055 acres irri-
gated from wells. The total cost of con-
struction of the irrigation systems ob-
taining water from wells was $190,566.
The value of all land in irrigated farms,
not including buildings, is $79,696,998,
and in unirrigated farms, $10,640,465.
The value of all buildings on irrigated
farms is $13,178,702, and on unirrigated,
$2.822,700. The land in irrigated farms,
then, represents 88.2 per cent of the total
value of all farm lands, although consti-
tuting but 65.8 per cent of the total acre-
age. The value of buildings on these
farms is 82.4 per cent of the total for all
farms, and the value of implements and
machinery 83.1 percent. ‘The irriga-
tion systems in the state, as reported in
1899, represent a cost of $11,613,732.
The value of the irrigated products
grown in 1899 was $15,633,938. The
irrigated area in crops 1s I, 300,840 acres.
The income from this land in 1899 was
therefore slightly more than $12 per
acre,

Exclusive of the Indian reservations,
the average value of land, exclusive of
buildings, is for all farms, $9.54 per
acre; for unirrigated farms, $3.29, and
for irrigated farms, $12.77. The aver-
age value per acre of irrigated land is
$40.77, while that for the best irrigated
land, suitable for growing alfalfa, ranges
from $50 to $150, and irrigated fruit land
has in some instances a reported value as
high as $1,000 per acre.

The principal rivers of thestate are the
South Platte, Arkansas, Rio Grande,San
Juan, Grand, and Green. The three last

1902.

: al (
| R10 BLANCO | seer pees wa
t M x

+-- Beer

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 325

!
IMOREAN

n8--4----£1

ARAPAHOE

'

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k ea Wee) eh a eas os :
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SKETCH MAP
or
COLORADO
. SHOWING THE
Total Irrigated Area 461,271 Acres IRRIGATED AREAS
ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF
1900.
r- ] ° 25 Scale 5O. 7S 100 Mies

mentioned are tributaries of the Colorado
of the West. Thestate has been divided
by law into six large drainage divisions,
corresponding with the natural hydro-
graphic basins of the above-named six
principal rivers. For administrative
purposes, these divisions are subdivided
into water districts.

The most important drainage basin in
Colorado is that of the South Platte
River. The headwaters of the South
Platte are in South Park,in Park county.
In the mountains the stream has aconsid-
erable fall, which gradually diminishes
asitentersthe plains. Likemoststreams
in this region, it is subject to great fluc-
tuations in volume. During the spring
floods its channel is nearly a mile wide
and the discharge is very great, while
at other seasons it sinks into its sandy

bed and becomes almost dry. The area
comprised in the drainage basin of this
stream and its branches is 90,011 square
miles.

On no river in the United States has
irrigation been more largely developed
or extended to a larger area than on the
South Platte and its tributaries. Em-
braced in its drainage system are many
populous cities and towns and the rich-
est farming communities in the state.
The area under ditches and canals di-
verting water from the main Platte and
its tributaries in Colorado, Wyoming,
and Nebraska is approximately 2,000,000
acres. In Colorado the area irrigated in
1899 was 711,192 acres, an increase since
1889 of 68.4 percent. In this section
are 38.9 per cent of the total number of
irrigated farms in the state.

326

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

CULTIVATION OF THE YELLOW LOCUST IN MARYLAND:

BASED ON THE TREE-PLANTING RECORDS OF PRIESTFORD FARM.

By ALBERT NEILSON.

ONSIDERING the rapidly dimin-
ishing supply of timber in Mary-
land, the consequent increase in price
and growing demand for lumber, and
the favorable soil and climatic condi-
tions for rapid tree growth, it would
seem that our farmers would do well to
raise trees for profit, and especially the
Yellow (Black) Locust,

The cultivation of the Yellow Locust
‘is comparatively an easy matter. The
trees grow rapidly and require very
little attention after their third year.
Locust fence posts will outlast those
made from any other kind of timber
grown in the Hast, excepting, perhaps,
the Red Cedar. A seasoned locust post
when put in the ground will last from

thirty to forty-five years. In addition
to being extensively used for posts, the
Yellow Locust is also used in ship-
building and in making telephone and
telegraph poles and pins. For these
purposes the Locust has a much greater
value than White Oak, and the trees
mature much quicker. Locust is some-
times used for cross-ties. It grows at
about the same rate as Chestnut, but

has a much higher commercial value.
In view of the great demand for this
timber, the ease with which it may be
grown, and the nearness to markets,
the writer feels that it will pay nearly
every farmer in Maryland to cultivate
the Yellow Locust for profit. Almost
any farmer in the state at nominal ex-
pense can have a small lo-

cust plantation from which
to supply his own fence
posts. One acre of young
locust trees 15 or 20 years
after planting will yield
from 3,000 to 4,000 posts,
and the second growth will
supply another crop before
the first posts are worn out.
Besides furnishing posts for
home use, with proper care
these farm plantations will
prove a source of income to
their owners through the
sale of excess materials
produced.

By way of illustrating
what may be done in the
cultivation of the Yellow
Locust in Maryland, the
following facts taken from
the tree-planting records of
‘*Priestford Farm,’’ in Har-
ford county, may prove in-
teresting. The first plant-

LOCUST LANE PLANTED ON PRIESTFORD FARM IN 1876;
TREES ARE NOW I0 TO 24 INCHES IN DIAMETER.

ing of Yellow Locust on
‘* Priestford Farm’’ was
done in 1826. ‘The seeds

1902.

were planted where the trees now stand.
There are notes to show that in 1837
the farm began to cut posts, though up
to last year no record had been kept as
to the value of the posts used on the
farm and sold ; but from the first cut-
ting to the present day the farm has
not only had plenty of posts for its own
use, but a large number has been sold.

The first planting was in lanes or av-
enues, and insmall plantations. In the
plantations the trees were set eight feet
apart, and in the avenues about four
feet. Some of the plantations have dis-
appeared, as they were not fenced in,
and the second growth was destroyed
by cattle. Where the trees have had
protection they have continued to yield
crop after crop, and have greatly in-
creased in numbers from volunteers and
a little planting. so that now ‘‘ Priest-
ford Farm’’ has about 3,000 locust
trees, divided up as follows :

510 trees 20 to 76 years old, 12 to 36 in. diam.
580 trees 12 to 20 ‘‘ ee ONcOnle
QMO Aigo ua Sree s2et OL Om lunc.

During the past year a careful record
has been kept of cutting and sales.
Four hundred trees were cut, and sev-
eral hundred more were available.
Many of the trees cut last year had
been allowed to get too old, and there
Was a certain amount of waste. Asa
rule, the Yellow Locust should not be
allowed to grow over 4o years, the best
wood being obtained up to that age.

The results at ‘‘ Priestford Farm’’
show that vellow locust trees 8 to 18
inches in diameter can be grown from
seedlings in 15 to 20 years. Such trees
will yield four to eight posts each, mak-
ing an average of six posts to a tree.
After the first crop is cut the suckers
will grow from the stump six feet high
the first season.

An estimate for a locust plantation of
10 acres, based upon the writer’s expe-
rience, would be as follows:

Plowing and preparing the ground, ae

AGS MNS lakes Gare: ake . $50
Planting 8 feet apart 680 trees to the acre,

Io acres, 6,800 trees or seed in the hill,

(REIS. LOT st SAR De BOA RE OR RSIS ttre! 340
Io per cent replants, 680 trees, @ 5 Ciera 24
Labor planting 10 acres, @ $2... 20
Labor for working and cutting for 3 years,

(@ $1 per year per acre . 30

Labor trimming for 3 years, @ $1 per) year
PEtPAen er Cr asec oer elt e nie «> « 30

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 327

to acres of land at a valuation of $30 per
acre, $300 ; interest, 6 per cent per year,
$18, for 20 years....

Or a cost of $86.40 per acre.

At the end of the first 15 years some
posts may be cut, poles could be cut
sooner ; but I believe it would be much
more profitable to allow the trees to
grow to 18 or 20 years of age. I esti-
mate that the following results can be
had at that time : there would be at least
6,000 trees, producing an average of 6
posts to a tree, which would give 36,000
posts of three grades—mortised posts,
board-fence and wire-fence posts. From
these the financial return would be as
follows :

18,000 mortised posts, (@) 30¢.. $5,400
9,000 board-fence posts, @ 20c ....... 1,800
9,000 wire-fence posts, (@ Toc... : goo.
Firewood per acre, $Io...... Ne eters 100
$8,200
Less cost of making :
18,000 mortised fence-posts, @
MZ Ce oe hae een meat pe ee eke $2,160
g,000 board-fence posts, @ 4c. 360
9,000 wire-fence posts, (@ Ic. go
- 2,610:
$5,590

Or a profit of $559 per acre.

If the timber should be cut for cross-
ties and posts, we would have the fol-
lowing results :

6,000 cross-ties, first grade, (@ 55c..... $3,300
24,000 posts at an average net price of
1S CAIN ater eri Mie de Ne SiSve reac seis, eens 4,320
Cordwoodsandi poles 14 sae 100
#7, 720
Less cost of making :
6,000 cross-ties, (@ Ioc. ..... $600
Cutting wood and poles......... 50
- 650
$7,070

Or a profit of about $700 per acre.

I do not take into consideration the
first cost per acre for starting the plan-
tation, because that is more than cov-
ered by the continuous crops and the
number of young trees that can be had
for increasing the plantations. The
interest on the land would probably
be a legitimate charge to be deducted
from the profits. More profit could be
worked out by using the larger trees
for shipyard purposes.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

ILLEGAL SHEEP. GRAZING INSITE PSE RRA FORE So!
RESERVE, wiki Wie Cc Ol Res Gir
LEGAL RIGHT.

By JoHN D. LELAND,

Division of Forestry, General Land Office.

ANY complaints have been made
that sheep were trespassing in the
Sierra Forest Reserve, in California, to
the great detriment of the reserve and
to interests dependent thereon. Alle-
gations have been made that the De-
partment of the Interior did not enforce
the rules and regulations prohibiting
sheep from grazing in this reserve, and
more or less odium has been cast upon
the officers in charge of the matter. It
is but just and fair that the general
public, the people of California, and
the employés of other branches of the
public service, who discover the sheep
in the reserve, shall be advised as to
the responsibility for the large number
of sheep that are from time to time
found roaming over this reserve.

After having received petitions signed
by hundreds of residents and citizens liv-
ing along the borders of the Sierra For-
est Reserve, the value of whose property
depends largely upon the amount of wa-
ter available for irrigation, and much
‘convincing evidence that sheep grazing
in the reserve was a detriment to it and
to a great majority of the interests de-
pending thereon, the Secretary of the
Interior issued an order prohibiting
sheep grazing therein. ‘This order was
issued under authority of the act of
June 4, 1897 (30 Stat., 34-36), which
provides that :

‘‘ The Secretary of the Interior shall
make provisions for protection against
destruction by fire and depredations
upon the public forests and forest res-
ervations which may have been set
aside or which may be hereafter set
aside under the said act of March 3,
1891, and which may be continued; and
he may make such rules and regulations
and establish such service as will insure
the objects of such reservations, namely,

to regulate their occupancy and use and
to preserve the forests thereon from de-
struction; and any violation of the pro-
visions of this act or such rules and
regulations, shall be punished as is pro-
vided for in the act of June 4, 1888,
amending section 5388 of the Revised
Statutes of the United States.’’

In response to an inquiry by the Sec-
retary of the Interior as to whether a
criminal prosecution to punish a person
who grazes sheep in a forest reservation
in violation of an order prohibiting the
grazing was sustainable, the Attorney
General approved the opinion of the
Solicitor General in which he stated that
such a prosecution would be sustained.
The Solicitor General said:

‘“Any violation of such rules and reg-
ulations is, by statute, made an offense
punishable as provided in section 5388.
By this law the control of the occupancy
and use of these reservations is handed
over to the Secretary for the purpose of
preserving the forests thereon, and any
occupancy or use in violation of the
rules and regulations adopted by him is
made punishable criminally. It seems
to me Congress has a right to do that.
Suppose Congress had provided that the
occupation or use of a forest reservation
by any person without permission of
the Secretary should be a misdemeanor.
Would not this be a valid exercise of
legislative power? ‘The present statute
does no more. ‘The regulation is rea-
sonable and necessary. It restrains no
one in the enjoyment of any natural or
legal right. To use the language of
Chief Justice Fuller Zz ve Kollock (165
WeS5264533):

‘“«’The regulation was in execution
of or supplementary to, but not in con-
flict with, the law itself, and was spe-
cifically authorized thereby in effectua-

1902.

tion of the legislation which created the
offense.’

‘‘Your question, therefore, is an-
swered in the affirmative.’’

Many sheep trespasses occurred in
the Sierra Reserve, and many arrests
were made. Of certain arrests made,
nineteen of the parties pleaded guilty,
and fourteen were fined $5 each, four
were fined $25 each, and one was fined
$50. These nominal fines encouraged
a violation of the rules, because the
grazing of a band of sheep at a cost of
but $5 made cheap grazing. Some of
the parties so fined were the herders of
rich sheep-owners, men who have taken
every means possible to defy the rules
and regulations, and whose actions have
been sustained by the courts in Califor-
nia. On several occasions these people
have taken sheep into the reserve in
violation of orders. On one occasion
one of the parties took five herds of
sheep into the reserve, and when two
of the forest rangers tried to drive out
one herd, the owner and his herders,
with threats and show of firearms, took
the sheep away from the rangers and
defied orders to remove the sheep. They
were arrested and held toanswer. When
the time came for trial before Judge
Wellborn, of the southern district of
California, 35 cases were pending. A
demurrer to the criminal information
was filed by the defendants, and Judge
Wellborn sustained the demurrer, hold-
ing that the act under which the rule
prohibiting grazing was made, in so far
as it declares to be a crime a violation
of the rules, was unconstitutional, in
that it delegated legislative power to an
administrative officer. As a result of
this decision all criminal prosecutions
in Judge Wellborn’s jurisdiction were
discontinued.

Commenting upon this decision, the
Attorney General said (see his Annual
Report for 1900, page 40):

‘‘Under the present procedure it is
impossible for the government to have
the decision of the district court re-
viewed, although it is the opinion of
the district attorney having charge of
the case, and of the Attorney General,
that the decision was erroneous and
ought to be reversed.’’

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 329

Several arrests for sheep trespass in
the forest reserves of Arizona were sub-
sequently made, and on March 25, 1902,
in the district court of the fourth judi-
cial district of Arizona, nine indictments
were presented against parties charged
with the crime of pasturing sheep on the
public lands ina forest reservation. The
defendants filed a demurrer, as in the
California case, which the court over-
ruled, and a verdict of guilty was found
and fines were imposed. In these cases
one, as a test case, was appealed by
the defendant to the supreme court of
the territory and is now pending.

Civil suits for damage were also
brought against the defendants in the
California cases for the trespass on
which the criminal proceedings were
based, and they entered demurrers to
the complaints on two grounds: first,
that the state law gave stockmen the
right to graze on the public domain un-
less fenced ; and, second, that the priv-
ilege of grazing on the public lands had
been so long conceded that it had become
a right. Judge Wellborn, on May 7,
1go1, overruled the demurrers and re-
quired the defendants to answer the
complaints. Within a few days there-
after four parties again took sheep into
the reserve, and injunctions were asked
for on the part of the government. At
the hearing the defendants alleged that
they were going to private land holdings
within the reserve with their sheep, and
had the right of ingress and egress, and
the right to pasture on the reserve be-
cause no injury would result therefrom.
The court, however, on July 31, I901,
enjoined them from driving, pasturing,
herding, or grazing sheep upon the
reserve lands, or in any way doing in-
jury thereto: Provided, That in the use
of the private lands situated within the
said reserve in the pasturing and graz-
ing of sheep thereon (said land amount-
ing to 9,240 acres, and which is re-
ferred to and described in the affidavits
filed in other actions) they desist from
unnecessary and wrongful delay in go-
ing from one tract to another of such
private holdings, and also in leaving
the reserve at the end of the summer
season.

This was all that these people re-

$6) 2)

quired to accomplish their ends for the
grazing season of 1901; but to get back
into the reserve in 1902 they asked a
modification of the order of July 31,
1901, so as to allow them to enter the
reserve, cross the public lands, and
reach the alleged private holdings. I
say alleged advisedly, for in many in-
stances the title to the land and the
right to use it is only alleged, and is
not and does not exist in fact. The
fact that it was simply an allegation,
which would not in all cases be borne
out by the facts, was laid before the
court, but the judge decided that the
petitioners should have the benefit of
the doubt as to the title to the land they
claimed to have leased or to own, and
on May 7, 1902, modified his order of
July 31, r901, so as to allow the entry
of the sheep again in 1902, allowing
four sheep to each acre owned or leased
by the defendants.

Four sheep to the acre! Think.of
that, and then say that the Sierra Forest
Reserve is not an ideal grazing ground.
My information is that it is an excep-
tional tract that will support more than
a sheep per acre for the grazing season,
and that usually two, three, and even
four acres are required to sustain a
sheep. In no regular application com-
ing before the Department of the Inte-
rior has the applicant asked to take into
his private holdings more than one sheep
tothe, acre:

The swamp and overflowed lands in
California were granted to the state, but
until the state receives its patent, or the
legal equivalent, a certification of the
lands to the state by the federal govern-
ment, the surveys may be questioned
and the grant simply remains in process
of adjudication, and the jurisdiction
over the land is in the Land Department.
Except as shown hereafter, not a single
acre of the lands claimed has been pat-
ented to the state. In many instances
the state, assuming that the surveys
showing lands to be swamp lands would
be accepted as correct, has sold these
lands before the claim has been adjudi-
cated. There have been fraudulent
surveys, of which the state was in-
formed, notably the Benson surveys ;
yet the state has set up claims to lands

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August

shown by these surveys to be swamp
lands and has sold or leased them. It
is these alleged swamp-land claims prin-
cipally that these defendants claim the
right to use—whether by purchase or
lease from the state I am not advised.
Some of the tracts claimed by these de-
fendants have been sold by the state to
other parties, who have used them as
bases for lieu selections, the tracts hav-
ing been redeeded to the United States.
In these cases, if the swamp-land claims
are good, the deeds will be accepted and
the title to the lands will remain in the
government. Ifthe swamp-land claims
are found not to be good the said deeds
will be refused, because the land did not
pass out of the United States under the
swamp grant. How, then, under any
conditions, can these defendants have
any right to use ¢hese tracts ?

In other cases the state sold lands,
and the parties to whom sold used the
lands as bases for lieu selections. These
lieu selections were held for rejection,
because the base lands did not pass to
the state under the swamp grant, the
survey being fraudulent, and the right
of appeal was given. No appeal was:
taken, and the case was closed. The
state could not thereafter assert any
title thereto; yet these very lands are
among those claimed by one of the de-
fendants.

Under the school-land grant each sur-
veyed section 16 passed to the state 7
presenti,

These defendants assert aclaim to the
Sit, sees 16; I 7.S3 Re265H., presum-
ably under lease or purchase from the
state. The state, however, had sold
this land to other parties, and it has
been redeeded to the United States as a
base for lieu selection. As to the other
tracts in question, the state has never
advised the General Land Office that it is.
laying any claim tothem. If it is mak-
ing any such claim, it is probably rely-
ing upon the surveys as indicating their
swampy character. It is possible that
the state may have good claims to some
of these tracts, but until such claims, if
any exist, are tested by an examination
of the Land Office records, as in the
cases cited above, which cases show that
the court allowed these defendants to:

1902.

take sheep into lands actually owned by
the United States, much injustice will be
done by the court decisions.

The rules of the Department of the
Interior relative to the use of private
lands within a forest reservation for
grazing purposes are as follows:

‘*Persons who own, or who have
leased from owners, lands within any
reserve which they desire to’ use for
grazing purposes, and who must cross
the reserve lands with their stock to
reach such private holdings, must make
application to the supervisor for the
privilege of crossing. The application
must be accompanied with an abstract
of title showing the ownership of the
land and, if leased from an owner, a
certified copy of the lease, and must
state the number of stock to be taken
in, the length of time required to cross
the reserve land, the route over which
the stock is to be driven, and the date
of starting, and the time when the stock
will start out again; also how much
stock the owned or leased lands will
carry during the period it is proposed
to keep the stock thereon. When any
such application is made to the super-
visor, he will examine it with care. and
if he finds it reasonable and just and
made in good faith for the purpose of
utilizing such private holdings only, he
will approve the same and forward it to
the Commissioner of the General Land
Office. After the Secretary approves
the application, due notice thereof will

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

331

be given the applicant, through the
supervisor, and he may then take his
stock in Saks

These rules and a statement showing
the doubts as to ownership of the lands
claimed were before the court when it
decided to accept the evidence of the
defendants, and to give them the bene-
fit of the doubt as to ownership.

The order of the court, made without
applying the test required by the de-
partment rules, gives these four defend-
ants the right to take 28,784 sheep into
the reserve, with the right to cross the
public lands back and forth to reach 60
disconnected tracts of land located in
65 different sections and in 15 different
townships.

Any man having a meritorious case
who will comply with the rules will ob-
tain all his rights. promptly without
going tocourt. The General Land Office
recognizes the right of ingress and
egress to private holdings within a for-
est reserve, and any good-faith use of
these holdings is in no way discour-
aged; but when a man wants to take
4,000 sheep to 1,000 acres which would
not support 500 sheep during the graz-
ing season, and applies to go over the
public lands for a distance of 50 miles,
when he could reach the land by a reg-
ular route of not over 25 miles, and
when he is not certain that he has the
right to use more than one-half of the
I,000 acres he is going to, the Land
Office is not the place to apply to.

NOTABLE IRRIGATION WORKS.

IIl.—A MODEL FARM IN TEXAS.*

N the outskirts of San Antonio,

Texas, is located possibly one of
the most successful, as well as one of
the most lucrative, small farms in the
entire South.

In addition to being a practical dem-
onstration of the success of irrigation
as applied to the growing of garden
truck in the semi-arid district of Texas,

it is a monument to the enterprise and
faith of Mr. F. F. Collins, its promoter
and owner. It is an object lesson in
intensive agriculture, and, aside from
manifesting the fertility of soil and the
presence of artesian water in great sup-
ply, it has proven to the growers and
others of western Texas the wonderful
element of profit which attends intelli-

* The text and illustrations of this article are reprinted here through the courtesy of the

Southern Pacific Railway Company.

332 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

WELL FLOWING ONE THOUSAND GALLONS PER MINUTE.

gent agriculture in the matter of pro-
viding for the tables and appetites of
the public generally.

Irrigation has made southern Cali-
fornia highly productive, it has given
life to the barren sands of central Ari-
zona, it has brought wealth to the farm-
ers of Colorado, and is making fortunes

for the rice-growers of Louisiana and
emacs.

It is not new in any particular sense,
and yet the experiment of Mr. Collins
has in a manner extended the area pos-
sible of irrigation and brought into be-
ing a series of conditions which will
inure to the benefit of the country in

SHOWING METHOD OF IRRIGATING THE FURROWS.

1902.

and about the Bexar county metropolis.
So remarkable have already been the
results that the rich, black mesquite
plains on the outskirts of San Antonio
have doubled in value in the past six
months, reaching, during January, $100
per acre. The change has been due to
the sinking of a 6-inch well six hundred
feet and finding a water stratum that
runs 1,000 gallons per minute of pure,
clear liquid, with a temperature of 74
degrees,

F. F. Collins has for many years
been identified with the development of
Texas. Seeking the country contigu-
ous to San Antonio immediately after
the civil war, he commenced his new
life in the wastes devoted to the long-
horned Texas steer. He was the first
man to urge the sinking of artesian
wells in the dry sections and to intro-
duce the windmill as motive power.
He was practical and enterprising, and,
in order to prove the truth of his theory,
brought a well-borer from the Middle
States which he used to put down a
well. Water was found, the windmill
distributed it among the shallow earth
tanks, and his theory was an accom-
plished fact.

Mr. Collins first, from a theoretical
standpoint, was considerably interested
in the development of the intensive sys-
tem of farming practiced by the peas-
autry and skilled market gardeners of
France, Belgium, and Italy. During
the past few years, in order to follow
out the investigations he had decided
upon making in regard to irrigation,
he visited the chief countries of the
world in which market gardening and
irrigation were practiced, either jointly
or asa general feature of agricultural
development. From close observation
he became convinced that the peasants
of the three countries named made the
best market gardeners.

Returning from his travels, Mr. Col-
lins began to put his plans into opera-
tion Purchasing 148 acres of ground
in the immediate outskirts of San An-
tonio, he put down the two wells which
made his venture a success and proved
conclusively that sufficient water could
be secured at a reasonable depth. The
area purchased by Mr. Collins was virgin

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

a9 9
IID

mesquite prairie, having asufficient slope
to permit the water to reach all portions
of the field purely by gravitation, and
enabling the furrow system of irrigation
to be put into execution.

The first well driven by Mr. Collins.
was a 10-inch pipe, which, at a depth
of 600 feet, tapped a stratum of water-
bearing rock. A measurement of the
volume of water which flowed from the
mouth of the well gave the output at
1,000 gallons per minute. Somewhat
elated by his success and desiring an
additional supply of water, he put down
another well some forty feet from the
first, but with a 12-inch casing. Water
was reached at the same level, but, to.
his surprise and chagrin, he found that
the combined output of the two wells.
but equaled the flow from each indi-
vidual well, it being evident that the
vein could not supply water fast enough
of its own pressure to double the output
of the first well. The water secured,
however, was sufficient to irrigate 400.
acres, and, aside from the fact that
$3,500 had been expended unneces-
sarily, the lack of an additional water
supply did not interfere with the pro-
eCus

Dividing his farm into plots of 12%
acres each, he built on each plot a small
three-roomed house and a good barn,
conducted water pipes from a four-mil-
lion-gallon reservoir, into which the sur-
plus water was forced by its own press-
ure (the head of the water being 20 feet
above the surface), thus supplying pros-
pective tenants with an unlimited quan-
tity of fresh water for household use.
The farm was of such shape as to per-
mit an equitable division of the terri-
tory, so that the cottages all faced its
northern boundary. ‘The main avenue
to the plots followed the boundary fence
directly in front of the cottages.

The work of clearing the land of its
mesquite timber was begun during the
fall of r900, and the grubbing and re-
moval of the mesquite roots was com-
pleted in time to permit the tenants to
begin operations early in the spring of
1901. By this time Mr. Collins had se-
cured a full complement of market gar-
deners, among the lot being Germans,
Belgians, and Italians, with a Mexican

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

VIEW SHOWING TENANTS DWELLINGS.

or two and several Americans. This
afforded him an opportunity of judging
each nationality in the matter of thrift
and industry, and, while not particu-
larly pleased from a sentimental stand-
point, he reached the conclusion that
the tenants most desirable were those
from Belgium and Italy, and at the be-

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ginning of 1902 his entire tenantry was
made up of thrifty representatives from
the two countries mentioned. He found
that, while the American did not lack
the ability, he usually wanted some one
else to do the work while he sat on his
front gallery and smoked a pipe. The
Mexican was found to be naturally too

ONE OF THE RESERVOIRS.

1902.

shiftless, when left to hisown guidance,
to make even a moderate success.

At the end of the first year Mr. Col-
lins had reached the conclusion that irri-
gation of garden truck in the magnifi-
cent black loam of San Antonio, the soil
being fully three feet in depth, was not
only perfectly feasible, but offered a
splendid return on the investment. His
enterprise netted him 14 per cent., and
his tenant leases for 1902 are based upon
the same figures.

The rent per acre is fixed at $22.75,
which includes a residence, barn, and
water. Deducting $2.75 for the land
tax, leaves a net return of $20 per acre,
a price which under ordinary conditions
would be very high, but which in the
present instance is not in the least ex-
tortionate, in view of the splendid oppor-
tunities for profit afforded the tenants of
the Collins farm. Inorder to prove this
is so, it will only be necessary to quote
a few instances of individual gain by
some of the tenants of Mr. Collins, and
this illustration will also serve to indi-
cate the wonderful fertility of the black
mesquite soil when crops are given water
at the proper time, and are also given
careful cultivation.

One tenant, who devoted a portion of
his plot to corn for market consumption,
raised go bushels per acre as the first
crop, and as soon as the crop had been
harvested, at once planted a second crop
on the same land, which yielded 50
bushels, or a total of 140 bushels per
acre in a single season.

Another tenant, who planted part of
his field in Irish potatoes, sold the crop
at a rate of $250 per acre. As soon as
the first crop was removed he planted
the land in sweet potatoes, which he
harvested late in the fall, and which

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

335

netted him $275 per acre, or a total of
$525 per acre from the potatoes. At
least $100 per acre was realized from
smaller vegetables planted in the same
plot, thus making a total of $625 per
acre for this particular portion.

A German tenant, from the proceeds
of his entire year’s work, paid the ex-
penses of a family of five, including
stock feed for the entire year, and at
the end of the season had in the bank
$3,600.

On an experimental acre devoted to
sugar cane 40 tons were raised with an
imperfect system of cultivation, due to
a lack of familiarity with the methods
employed by sugar planters generally.

Another acre devoted to the cultiva-
tion of cotton yielded one bale of the
staple, although fully one-half of the
crop was destroyed by the Mexican boll
weevil. Mr. Collins said the yield on
this acre, had it not been for its partial
destruction, would have been fully two
and one-half bales—a wonderful yield,
all things considered.

Mr. Collins has recently purchased
another tract of land separated from the
Collins farm, and is now clearing this
with a view to putting into execution
the same system he now employs. He
has constructed a reservoir which will
have a capacity of 8,000,000 gallons of
water, which, added to the first reser-
voir near the wells, will give Mr. Col-
lins a surplus of 12,000,000 gallons of
water to be applied as he may direct.
In the meantime both reservoirs will
be stocked with black bass, and will thus
afford the owner considerable sport in
the course of a year or two.

The experiment of Mr. Collins will
undoubtedly be followed by a number of
enterprising landholders in San Antonio.

THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.

NTEREST in the Southern Appa-
lachian Mountain region has be-
come general during the past three
years, mainly through the efforts of
public-spirited citizens to have a por-

tion of the forested lands of this region
set aside as a national forest reserve.
The matter of establishing a forest re-
serve in this section has been pushed
vigorously in Congress, and at the last

336

session a bill for this purpose passed
the Senate. Consideration of it in the
House was prevented through lack of
time. However, the bill will be taken
up again by the House during the next
session, and there is a reasonable pros-
pect of its becoming a law.

Much has been written about the
forests of the Southern Appalachians,
especially since the campaign for the
reserve was begun. A recent valuable
publication * by the U. S. Geological
Survey, contains a description of the
water supply of the region and empha-
sizes the importance of the streams in
the development of the country. This
report was prepared by Mr. Henry Al-
bert Pressey, and is the result of a sys-
tematic measurement of the water sup-
ply from this area.

* Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian
Mountain Region. By Henry Albert Pressey.
Parts I and II. Being Water Supply Papers
62 and 63. Illustrated with 44 half-tone plates

from photographs. Published by U. S. Geo-
logical Survey.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

In the report it is shown that this
great mountain system stretches from
Maine southwesterly for nearly 1,300
miles, terminating in northern Ala-
bama. From the Potomac south the
ranges are higher and broader than in
Pennsylvania. They spread out into
the Blue Ridge, the Shenandoah, the
Alleghany, and Greenbriar Mountains,
extending, with broad and fertile val-
leys between, in nearly parallel lines
through Virginia and West Virginia
into North Carolina and Tennessee, and
culminating in the Iron and Great
Smoky ranges, the great mountain re-
gion of the southeastern states.

In this southern mountain mass 63
peaks equal or exceed a height of 6,000
feet, 25 peaks are higher than Mount
Washington, and 288 peaks are over
5,000 feet. From North Carolina and
Tennessee the ranges, leaving spurs in
South Carolina, turn more westward
through Georgia and Alabama, and
sink into the hills of the gulf water-

TYPICAL FOREST-COVERED MOUNTAIN SIDE.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Se)
ww
“J

VIEW OF A DEFORESTED HILLSIDE, SHOWING EFFECT OF EROSION, SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN
REGION.

shed. This great mountain system
forms the backbone and watershed of
the eastern part of the United States.
The greatest masses and the highest
peaks are in western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee, which region may
be considered a high plateau, bounded
on the west by the Smoky Mountains
and on the east by the Blue Ridge.
These ranges, almost touching on the
north, part company, and then almost
come together again in the south, thus
enclosing this upland plateau, which
has a maximum width of 55 miles and
an area of about 6,000 square miles.
The report further shows that the en-
tire region is well watered. The main
divide of the river systems is the Blue
Ridge. The States of Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, and West Virginia are
partially watered by rivers rising in the
mountains near the North Carolina and
Tennessee state lines. One of the prin-
cipal tributaries of the Ohio and one of
the largest feeders of the Mississippi
head in the same mountains, and the
region may be justly termed one of the

chief watersheds of the United States.
Grandfather Mountain, at the junction
of Watauga, Mitchell, and Caldwell
counties, in North Carolina, probably
the most massive of the Southern Appa-
lachians, may be taken as the center of
this watershed. Thence the waters pour
north, east, south, and west. From the
many Other springs on the southern
slope of Grandfather Mountain flow
some of the headwaters of the Catawba,
which, rising in the Black Mountains
and descending in leaps of from 5 to 100
feet to the Piedmont Plain, likewise
crosses into South Carolina and, as the
Wateree, passes on to the Atlantic.
Flowing from this region into the At-
lantic, besides the Catawba, are the
Yadkin, Broad, Saluda, Chatooga, Tu-
galoo, and Oconee ; into the Gulf are
the Chattahoochee and the Coosa ; into
the Mississippi are the New River and
the Tennessee. From the western
slopes of the Blue Ridge flow the head-
waters of the great Tennessee River sys-
tem, as doits larger tributaries, the Hols-
ton, the Nolichucky, and the French
Broad.

OO

iss)

CO

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

WATER-WASHED GULLY, MCDOWELL COUNTY, N. C.

August,

AND IRRIGATION.

y
/

FORESTR

1902.

VIEW SHOWING

EFFECT OF FLOODS ALONG NOLICHUCKY RIVER,

340

The scenery of the Southern Appa-
lachian region is the grandest in the
eastern states. The mean annual tem-
perature varies from nearly 60° F., at
Salisbury, N.C. (altitude, 760 feet), east
of the mountains, to 49° F., at Linnville
(3,800 feet), the latter being the mean
annual temperature of Boston and Chi-
cago. The annual rainfall is copious,
especially on the eastern slopes of the
mountains. At Highlands, in Macon
county, the annual normal precipita-
tion is about 72 inches; at Asheville it
is about 42 inches.

In regard to the timber resources,
Mr. Pressey states that, notwithstand-
ing the inroads that have been made
on the forests that once covered nearly
the whole of these mountains, nowhere
in the United States is there an equal
area of land covered with so great a
variety of valuable timber. - The wal-
nuts, tulips (poplars), and oaks reach
their best development here. White
Pine also occurs in considerable quan-
tities. Lumbering on a large scale has
been carried on for only a few years,
but it is very destructive ; some of the
companies saw anything that will make
a plank. In the case of the bark-gath-
erers the waste is even more deplorable
and ruinous. However, it was found
that this section is moderately free from
forest fires. Iron ore occurs in large
quantities in a number of counties;
copper, mica, corundum, gold, and other

IRRIGATION

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

minerals have been mined to some ex-
tent.

The drainage basins, discharge meas-
urements, and water-powers of the va-
rious rivers and their tributaries are
described at length by Mr. Pressey,
and much information of value to mil-
lers, lumbermen, miners, stock-raisers,
farmers, and travelers is to be found in
this report.

Mr. Pressey insists upon the impor-
tance of the forests to the preservation
of the soil of this region, and notes with
satisfaction that the heavy forest growth
on Grandfather Mountain is not to be
destroyed. In order that the springs
which give rise to so many streams on
Grandfather Mountain may not be dis-
turbed, 1,400 acres have been set aside
as a public park, by the Linnville Im-
provement Company, under five com-
missioners, one of whom is the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture of North Carolina,
and another the State Geologist, Prof.
J. A. Holmes, with whose active assist-
ance the surveys and examinations de-
scribed by Mr. Pressey were made.

Altogether this well-prepared report
contains an excellent description of a
region which is now attracting the
attention of the entire country. It
should be of great value in making
known the many natural resources of
the Southern Appalachian region. It
is well written and deserves to be widely
read.

IN FLORIDA.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE VALUE OF IRRIGATION IN THE
HUMID REGION.

RRIGATION occupies a position of
growing importance in the agricul-
tural economy of Florida, though it is
a comparatively recent innovation, hav-
ing been first resorted to in 1888 by the
orange-growers. The results were ap-
parently so satisfactory that the num-
ber of irrigators has increased from year

to year.
Until the disastrous ‘‘ freeze’’ of
1894-95 irrigation was confined al-

most wholly to orange groves, but with
the destruction of thousands of orange
trees many of the irrigation systems
were thrown out of use, and the atten-
tion of irrigators was turned to the
industry of truck farming. In this
industry the need of irrigation was
quickly felt, as the products of truck
farms are of large commercial value,
and even a partial loss of crops is very
costly. The cultivation of fruits and

[902.

vegetables has proved most profitable,
and the development of these branches
of agriculture has been very rapid, giv-
ing a great impetus to the use of irriga-
tion. At the present time by far the
greater number of irrigation systems in
the state are used by truck farmers and
growers of small fruits.

Although it has a heavy mean annual
rainfall, Florida is subject to severe
drouths, especially during the grow-
ing period between February and June.
In the sections where irrigation is re-
ported the soil is naturally non-reten-
tive of moisture, and, owing to the
great heat, evaporation is excessive.

The state appears to be underlaid
by artesian waters at depths varying
from 25 to 500 feet below the surface.
Where these waters have been tapped
the supply is found to be ample, many
of the wells flowing with considerable
pressure and great volume. In most
cases no cost for pumping is entailed
in irrigation, and the expense of main-
taining the plant is very slight. The
usual cost of one well, including drill-
ing, casing, cement pipes, and every-
thing required to complete a plant
capable of irrigating 10 acres, is about
$500.

The system employed on the leading
farms is as follows: continuous under-
ground cement pipes are laid from the
wells to hydrants, plugs, or standpipes,
from which the water is distributed in
small furrows between rows. ‘These
pipes are made and laid at the same
time by a machine, in trenches pre-
viously prepared, and extend without
break to any desired part of the field.
The pipe itself is composed of two parts
sand and one part cement, with a usual
inside measurement of three inches, and
an outside measurement of six inches,
and costs about 10 cents per foot. In
a few localities the water is pumped by

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

341

windmills into tanks, whence it is dis-
tributed over the land through iron
pipes or wooden troughs. Gasoline en-
gines and rotary pumps are sometimes
used instead of windmills. A well, with
its equipment of gasoline engine, rotary
pump, and iron pipe sufficient to irrigate
three acres, costs about $500. Using
gasoline, at 14% cents per gallon, asa
fuel, such a plant will deliver 2,000 gal-
lons of water per hour, at an average
cost of 4 cents per hour.

The most extensive irrigation systems
in the state are located in Gadsden
county, and belong to two companies
engaged in the cultivation of Sumatra
tobacco. The cost of constructing these
plants, which irrigate 250 acres of to-
bacco, was $36,250. In 1899 the value
of the tobacco grown was $91,000, or
an average of $364 per acre. The water
for these plantsis pumped by steam from
several smallcreeks into reservoirs, from
which it is distributed through ditches by
gravity. One of the companies has per-
fected an elaborate plan of distribution
through troughs and overhead sprays,
the water being applied in a manner very
similar to that of natural rainfall.

Among the humid states where irriga-
tion was practiced in 1899, for general
crops, Florida ranked first in the area
irrigated, in cost of plants, and in value
of irrigated crops. In that year there
were 180 irrigated farms, 166 of which
reported irrigated products. On 14
farms, 53 acres of non-bearing orange
trees and pineapples were irrigated.
Forty-three irrigation systems, repre-
senting an aggregate cost of $78,525,and
covering 751 acres, were not operated in
1899. ‘The value of the products of the
1,485 acres irrigated was $302,870, or an
average of $203.95 peracre. The total
cost of the pumping systems, ditches,
and wells was $232,388, or an average
ot S101, 52 per acre.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY.

REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS.

By WILLIAM H. KRuG,

Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

HI - Peru Balsam? Az Biltz
(Chem. Ztg., 26, 436). Author
reports preliminary results of his in-
vestigations. He has isolated: (a) A
white body insoluble in absolute alcohol
and ether, M. P.=120°-130° C., soluble
in benzol, acetic ether, and chloroform ;
(6) freecinnamic acid ; (c) acompound
soluble in 5 per cent sodium carbonate
solution, crystallizing from dilute alco-
hol in needles, M. P.=260° C., and (2)
a brownish-yellow body which can be
extracted with I per cent potassium
hydrate solution and on saponification
with alcoholic potash yields cinnamyl
alcohol, cinnamic acid, and a colorless,
pleasant-smelling oil, C,,H,,O or C,,H,.O,
Bebe er 6-ona0)

West Indian Sandalwood Oil. Ernst
Deussen (Arch. d. Pharm.; 240, 288).
The author has continued his investiga-
tions, and by fractionation of the lower
boiling portions of the oil has obtained
two distillates which consist of ses-
quiterpenes. The new sesquiterpene,
Cr, is an edorless oil; Bo Ps,,—146 =
ian Co. D0, 902,, (a) about =5-.
The higher boiling sesquiterpene is
dextro-cadinene, C,;H,,, odorless and
colorless liquid, D°=0.9247, a=-++50°,
fips hOo. bie. —200, 261. Ci. bube.
5a —t54 0° Cr))) Lins sesquiterpene
resinifies more readily than levo-cadi-
nene and yields the hydrochloride of
the latter when treated with hydro-
chloricacid. Between these two hydro-
carbons there is another fraction con-
sisting of sesquiterpenes, which also
resinifies very readily and yields no
crystalline hydrochloride, B. P.,,=150°—
Meas Co De —@.01d),.a—-- FO 5 7. West
Indian sandalwood oil contains from
30-40 per cent of sesquiterpenes.

The Formation of Camphor in the
Camphor Mree,., Ay lschirch and =H:
Shirasawa (Arch. d.’Pharm., 240, 257).

Camphor is a conversion product of an
ethereal oil formed in the oil cells pres-
ent in all parts of the tree. These cells
are present very early in the life of the
tree, and are developed as in the other
Jjaurinaceze. “At first: the oilin) the
cells is yellow, later on colorless, and
easily volatilized. In the latter condi-
tion it readily separates camphor, and
from the oil cells the camphor is dis-
tributed throughout the whole woody
tissue. The number of oil cells depends
on climatic conditions and the locality.

‘The Resin of «Picea vulgaris.
Tschirch and M. Koch (Arch. d.
Pharm, 240, 272); “Nhe erude resin
was soluble in ether, leaving a consid-
erable residue, consisting of impurities.
The purified resin was a reddish-brown
mass, soluble in alcohol, benzol, chlo-
roform, acetic ether— acid number,
II5-123; saponification number, 129 ;
iodin number, 54.36. Dry distillation
yielded formic, acetic, and succinic:
acids. The purified resin was found
to contain (a) picipimaric acid, 3 per

cent, C,H,O,; amorphous powder,
Me-P=130°=135" Ci, soluble-imrethter
alcohol, benzol, insoluble in water—

acid number, about 288; iodin num-
ber, 64; (6) piceapimaric acid, 2 per
cent ©, oO, crystalline, i. Pease
C., inactive ; soluble in usual solvents—
acid number, 187 ; iodin number, 35.5;
(c) a- and /- picipimarolic acids, 47 per
cent, both inactive, amorphous, sep-
arated by means of their lead salts,
@-acid. Mi. Py = 95 —e649€..: ¢ acid
M. P.=93°-94° C.—acid number, 200—
207; iodin number, 46; (ad) picore-
sene, 15 per cent, C,H,,O ; white pow-
der, -Mc P!=¢o°—95= 1G Gsolublessin
usual solvents ; (e¢) ethereal oil, 30 per
cent, B. Pe=175-—180,) ©... D—o. 5,0;
yellow, mobile; (/) traces of a bitter
principle and a coloring matter.

1902.

EHlemi. A. Tschirch and J. Cremer
CArehw. doo Pharm: 940: 7203).>-“The
elemis may be classified in two groups—
one which on mixing with alcohol shows
crystalline constituents, and one which
under these conditions remains amor-
phous. All elemis are derived from
Burseraceze. The Manila elemi is ob-
tained from Canarium, the Brazilian
from Protium, the Yucatan from Amy-
ris, the former East African from Bos-
wellia, and the present East African
probably from Canarium. The authors
have studied a Canarium, a Protium,
and an Amyris elemi.

1. Manila elemi, soft, almost white,
soluble in ether, chloroform, etc.—acid
number, 20-22 ; saponification number,
29.5-33.5- It was found to contain:
(a) a-manelemic acid, C,.H.,O,, crystals,
M. P.=215° C.—acid number, 102-106 ;
saponification number, 190-204; (6)
j-manelemic acid, C,,H,,O,, amorphous,
inactive, M. P.=75°-76° C.—acid num-
ber, 90-96 ; saponification number, 112-
118; (¢) a- and 3- amyrin whose prop-
erties have been described by Vester-

bereee (a). bryotmin, —C. HO. (1. per
Rete Mab Sree Ge > imactive- (é)° a
bitter principle, 1-2 per cent; (/) an

ethereal oil, 20-25 per cent... -P:
Emeiyet7O.—175 Gs, U=0.955.; (2)
maneleresene, C,,H,,O7, 30-35 per cent,
white amorphous powder, M. P. 63°-
65° C. . This elemi was obtained from
Canarium commune, LL.

2. Yucatan elemi. Obtained, accord-
ing to Henkel, from Amyris elemifera
Royle; contains no resin acids. ‘The
following constituents were separated :
(a) Yucamyrin, 10-15 per cent, which
was separated into 4- and - amyrin,
Me Pi—-179- Cr; (6). yuceletesene, Cz
ane Ge—7o. percent, Mi Pi 75°-77"-

; (c) ethereal oil, 8-10 per cent, ie
he Si(@ oa bitter principle.

African elemi (Kamerunelemi). Re-
cently introduced, probably obtained
from Canarium schweinfurthti Engl.
Constituents: (@) afelemic acid, 8-10
per cent, C,,H,O,, white amorphous,
M. P.=97°-98° C., soluble in usual
solvents—acid number, 81-90 ; saponi-
fication number, 1oo-104; (4) afamy-
rin, 20-25 per cent, C,,H.,©, needles,
M. P.=170° C.; (c¢) ethereal oil, 15-20

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 343

per cent, D=0.953, B. P. chiefly 160°—
175°C.; (d) afeleresene, 40-45 per cent,
Bol, MC P= 76°75 7

Analysis of Tanning Materials: Filter
Papers and Soluble Solids. H.C. Reed
(fours Soc. Chem- Ind? 21, 61. .-S:
and S. filter papers No. 590 give the
most satisfactory results. The filter
must be kept full during filtration, and
clear filtrates are always obtained when
2 grams of kaolin are used as an assist-
ant. ‘The author recommends the gen-
eral adoption of the official method used
in the United States and the exclusive
use of S. and S. filter paper No. 590.

The Solubility of some Soft Resins.
Ch. Coffignier (Bull. Soc. Chim., Paris.
(3), 27, 549). The literature contains
many contradictory statements on this
subject. The question is of considera-
ble importance in the manufacture of
varnishes, and the author has deter-
mined the solubility of dammar, sand-
arac, and mastic.

Robinin, Violaquercitrin, Myrticolo-
tin; “and. “@syritrin: “A. G. Perkit
(Journ; Lond’ Chem: Sec, “81, 473).
Robinin is prepared by extracting the
flowers of Robinia pseudacacia with hot
alcohol, concentrating the extract, and
pouring it into water. The residual
alcohol is removed by distillation and
the resulting aqueous solution is ex-
tracted with ether. Robinin has the
Lomita: Core Op .or Okt)... Tes is.
hydrolized by acids, the products being
campherol, small quantities of dextrose,
and rhamnose (not galactose, as pre-
viously stated). The dextrose may be
due to the presence of traces of another
glucoside. The hydrolysis of the robi-
nin is therefore represented by one or
the other of the following reactions :

ClO, 4 OC. Oy 3€, Be@, )
Cet Onl 4H,0=—C,.H,,0, = 2 Cay LO, t=
Cel eOs:

Investigations on Brasilin. St. v.
Kostanecki and V. Lampe ( Ber. deutsch.
chem. Ges., 35; .667); and E.- Bollina;
St. v. Kostanecki and J. Tambor (Ber.
deutsch. chem. Ges... 35, 507 5..)

The Nature of Caoutchouc. C. O.
Weber (Ber. deutsch. chem. ‘Ges.; 35,
1947).

Larch Turpentine and Venetian Tur-

344

pentine.” L. EH. Andes (Chen. Rev:
Bett- und) Harz-sinds, ion Gs 126), mex
brief review of the properties, forms of
adulteration and substitution, and meth-
ods proposed for the detection of same.
The article presents no new facts.

Genuine Japanese Rhus Lacquers.
(Oesterr. Farb- und Lack- ztg., 1902,
No. 4.)

Analysis of Spent Alkali Liquor from
the Soda Process. M.L,. Griffin (Journ.
mule | CHEM SOC f 245145. 22350)

Oleo-distearin in the Fat of the Seeds
of Theobroma Cacao. R. Fritzweiler

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

August,

(Arbeit. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundh. Amte,
18, 371). Heise first found this mixed
glyceride in the Mkanji fat of Stearo-
dendron stuhlmannt Engl., and the
Kokum butter of Garcinia indica Choisy.
The author has obtained it from cacao
butter. Two hundred and fifty grams
of the fat were dissolved in a mixture
of 150cc. ether, 150cc. chloroform, and
150 cc. alcohol. The second deposit of
crystals obtained was purified, and
finally had the melting point 42.2-42.5
C. and was neutral. The analytical
data show it to be oleo-distearin.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black Hills
Forest Reserve. By A. D. HOPKINS, Ph. D.
Bulletin No. 32, new series, Division of
Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture: “Pp. 24. Plates Vil; Figs. 5:

The work reported in this bulletin by Dr.
Hopkins was undertaken at the request of Mr.
Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Bureau of For-
estry, and under instructions from Dr. lL. O.
Howard, Chief of the Division of Entomology.

The investigations in the Black Hills Forest
Reserve were conducted in company with Mr.
Pinchot and Mr. Griffith, a field assistant in
the Bureau of Forestry. In traversing the
Black Hills Reserve vast numbers of Rock
Pine (Pinus ponderosa scopulorum) were ob-
served that were dying or had died within
recent years, of sizes ranging in diameter from
4 inches to the largest trees. The dying trees
were found to occur in clumps of from a few
examples to many hundreds.

Mr. H. S. Graves estimated in 1897 that
about 3,000 acres of pine in the Black Hills
Forest Reserve had been killed. Further data
furnished by the Bureau of Forestry show that
the actual amount of dead timber, as deter-
mined by a detailed survey of the timber re-
sources of the reserve in Igol, is ‘‘an average
stand of 1,956, feet board measure, of bug-killed
timber on 116,000 acres, giving a total of
226,890,000 feet, board measure.”’

It is the general opinion among settlers and
others who have had an opportunity to note
the conditions affecting the pine that the dy-
ing timber commenced to attract attention
about six or seven years ago, or about 1895.
The evidence found by the writer in old dead
standing and felled trees, indicates that the
pine-destroying beetle has been present for a
much longer time. It was also evident that
much of the devastation supposed to have
been caused by forest fires was caused pri-
marily by insects.

Many hundreds of trees were examined dur-
ing the investigation, including those that
were living and perfectly healthy, living and

freshly attacked, infested and dying, recently
dead, and old dead ones which bore evidence
of having been killed by the pine-destroying
beetle. All stages of the insect, including the

Courtesy Div. of Entomology.

FRESHLY ATTACKED TREE, SHOWING PITCH
TUBES. ADJOINING TREE NOT
ATTACKED.

1902.

adult, the egg, different stages of the larva,
the pupa, and recently transformed beetles,
were observed and studied.

The first indication of attack is the red dust
or borings lodged in the loose bark and fallen

Courtesy Div. of Entomology.

MARKS ON SURFACE OF WOOD WHEN THE
BARK IS REMOVED.

around the base of the tree. The next and
more conspicuous evidence is the presence of
numerous small masses of pitch or so-called
pitch tubes on the outer bark at the mouth of

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 34.5

x

the entrance burrows (see accompanying illus-
trations). In this bulletin Dr. Hopkins also
suggests methods for preventing losses from
the attacks of the pine-bark beetle.

Irrigation Farming. A handbook for the prac-
tical application of water in the production
of crops. New edition, revised, enlarged,
and rewritten. By Lucius M. WILcox.
Illustrated. Pp. 500, cloth. Orange Judd
Company, New York. Price, postpaid, §2.

Since the publication of the first edition of
‘‘Trrigation Farming ’’ so many important im-
provements in irrigation have been made and
new and better methods been introduced that
in order to keep abreast with the times a new
edition of this work has been issued. Realiz-
ing this need, the author has prepared this
volume, which has been largely rewritten, en-
tirely reset, and considerably enlarged so as to
present in systematic sequence and concise
form everything pertaining to the most mod-
ern irrigation methods.

As the author has devoted much of his life
to practical irrigation work, the statements
made in this book are based on practical ex-
perience.

One strong position taken by the author all
through the work is the importance of con-
sistent and scientific cultivation in connection
with all irrigation operations. While the first
edition was primarily written tor our western
farmers and farms, this new edition also de-
votes some attention to irrigation in humid
regions. The principal chapters treat very
fully of the advantages of irrigation ; relations
of soils to irrigation; treatment of alkali;
water supply ; canal construction ; reservoirs
and ponds; pipes for irrigation purposes ;
flumes and their structure ; duty and measure-
ment of water; methods of applying water ;
irrigation of field crops, the garden, the or-
chard, the vineyard, and small fruits ; all about

PUBLISHER’S NOTES.

It gives us pleasure to call attention to the
Gilman School for Girls, now one of the best
known and most successful institutions of its
kind in New England. It had its origin in
the personal need of the founder’s family.
It was originally intended to bea neighbor-
hood class ; but as the theory became better
known pressure to admit pupils was so great
that a school proved a necessity, and in re-
sponse to this demand, in 1886, the Gilman
School came into being

In the limited space at our disposal we can
do little more than call attention to the work
this school is doing. Mr. Arthur Gilman, its
founder, is too well known as an author and
educator to need an introduction to readers of
this magazine. As the editor of the ‘‘ Story
of the Nations’’ series, for which he wrote

alfalfa and windmills and pumps. The vol-
ume is appropriately illustrated.
the volumes on ‘‘The Romans’”’ and ‘‘ The

’

Saracens,’’ we have conclusive proof of his
ability asa writer and historian. The splendid
success of his school testifies to his work as a
leader in the field of education.

At the Gilman School arrangements are
made for all ages of pupils as follows: for
girls under eight years of age; for girls be-
tween the ages of eight and twelve ; for young
ladies who do not expect to enter college, who
may take a ‘‘cultivating’’ or ‘‘ finishing ”’
course, broadening their work in a way that
is not practicable for those who are fitting for
admission examinations ; for young ladies who
are fitting for college; and for young ladies
who have passed the age for admission to col-
lege but wish to continue advanced work.

The Gilman School, with its excellent corps

\-< > = ~—-2~—A> aa -—~—

<

ye i i ie

TREES... and. . SEEDS

FOR

FORESTRY PURPOSES

Our nurseries are known the %
world over as headquarters for
Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings
and nearly every Foreign Gov-
ernment is supplied by us. We
have a large acreage of one and
two year seedlings especially
grown for Forestry purpose %

New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with

prices of seeds and seedlings
ready September Ist. Write now

THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS

INCORPORATED

wo Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen......

Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa.

TENNESSEE

3,000,000 PEACH TREES
WHOLESALE ot
NURSERIES

WINCHESTER, TENN.
EXCLUSIVE GROWERS OF PEACH TREES

JUNE BUDS A SPECIALTY

No agents travel, but sell direct to planters at
wholesale prices. Absolutely free from diseases
and true to name. Write us for catalogue and
prices before placing orders elsewhere.
peach nursery in the world. Address

J. C. HALE, Proprietor
Winchester Tennessee

‘GOLD | IN A NUTSHELL

New Book . . All about Nuts
Price, Ten Cents

American Plant & Seed Company

Nashville, Tennessee

Largest

I I I II Sa a LE
DR a a a ET a => Vw

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Forest and and

Trees

Hardy Perennials

Ornamental

=

Paeonies
Iris
Phlox
Grown in Large Quantities
eg
We are Importers of
Forest Tree Seedlings, Evergreens
..and Choice Trees...
ea

Ask for quotations on anything pertaining to
Forestry, Nursery, or Garden

LAUREL HILL NURSERIES

FRANK BRUNTON, Manager

Stockbridge . . Massachusetts, U.S. A.

For Fall of 1902 and Spring of 19038

We offer a large and choice line of

General Nursery Stock

Special attention is called to the following :

Apple, Cherry, Peach, Keiffer and Dwart
Pear, Downing Gooseberry, Catalpa, Box
Elder, Silver and Cut-leaved Maple, Moun-
tain Ash, Carolina Poplar, Tulip Tree,
Black Walnut Seedlings, Pecans, Clematis
Paniculata, Wistaria, Norway Spruce, Hy-
drangea P. G., Berberry, Privet, Hybrid
Perpetual and Climbing Moss Roses, Apple
and Pear Seedlings and Root Grafts. For
prices address

F. S. PHOENIX, Bloomington, Iil.

JAPAN WALNUT TREES

Hardy as an oak. Postpaid 35c., four for $1.00.
Strawberries, Red Black Raspberries,
Blackberries. Send for prices on large lots.

A. Y. CATHCART .

and

. Bristol, Indiana

In writing Pitee ee kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

x BBR
SSS SS SS a_ENSEES EEN eee “t

(

Naa

ee ye Gn, flan, oman, mn
(aN ENN NN, NNN Sew

NV

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) eee

1902.

of instructors and historic surroundings, can
be highly recommended, and persons in search
of a first-class institution will do well to corre-
spond with Mr. Gilman.

A select school that is highly recommended is
Miss White’s Home School, at Concord, Mass.
The number of pupils admitted is limited to
twenty, in order that each may receive close
individual attention. ‘This school offers unu-
sual opportunities for instruction in English,
French, German, Drawing, and Music. Miss
White’s Home School is open to both girls
and boys, the sessions running from October
to June. Particulars regarding the work of
this school may be had by addressing the
principal, Miss Flora J. White.

A school that has come rapidly to the front
among the high-grade preparatory schools of
the South is the North Carolina Military Acad-
emy. Its object is not only to give boys a
thorough preparation for the leading colleges
and technical schools of the country, but also
to furnish a liberal training for those not con-
templating a college course.

The North Carolina Military Academy is
located in the town of Red Springs, Robeson
county, N. C., in a community noted for its
healthfulness, social refinement, and literary
culture. Red Springs is on the Atlantic and
Yadkin division of the Atlantic Coast Line
Railroad. The climate of Red Springs and
the surrounding country is similar to that of
Southern Pines, the well-known health resort.

Capt. Clarence A. Short, B. S., is principal
of the North Carolina Military Academy.
The school year of 1902-1903 opens on Septem-
ber 3.

The Randolph-Macon System of Colleges
and Academies now comprises five members,
offering secondary and collegiate instruction to
both sexes, but in different institutions. Those
for young men and boys are: Randolph-Macon
College, at Ashland, Va., chartered in 1830;
Randolph-Macon Academy, at Bedford City,
Va., established in 1890; Randolph-Macon
Academy, at Front Royal, Va., established in
1892. Those for young women and girls are:
Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, at Lynch-
burg, Va , established in 1893 ; and Randolph-
Macon Institute, Danville, Va., admitted in
1897.

The Randolph-Macon Academy, whose an-
nouncement appears on another page, is sit-
uated at Front Roval, Va., at the foot of the
Blue Ridge, near the Shenandoah River. It
is easy of access and is located in a most health-
ful region. The academy has chosen for itself
the field between preparatory home school and
the real college course. It prepares boys for
college, under discipline appropriate to their

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

‘just before the examinations.

347

years. Particulars may be had by addressing
the principal, Charles I, Melton, A. M.

The illustrated catalogue describing the Adi-
rondack Summer School is one of the hand-
somest that has reached us this season. This
unique school is conducted by Mr. J. Liberty
Tadd, Director of the Public Industrial Art
School of Philadelphia and well known as the
author of ‘‘ New Methods in Education.’’ The
Adirondack Sumimer School, which is now in
its sixth session, is situated about two miles
from Saranac Lake village and seven miles
from Lake Placid, New York, on one of the
highest and most picturesque spots of that
beautiful region. Mountains surround the
camp, which is on an eminence overlooking
three valleys. The site contains an ideal com-
bination of mountains, lakes, and forest.
Every facility is offered students to gain
knowledge and experience in the new methods
of education as advocated by Mr. Tadd and
now in such demand in all parts of this coun-
try and abroad. ‘This school offers students an
unusual opportunity for instruction in art,
manual training, and nature study while en-
joying the summer in a most healthful region.
The session lasts from June to September.

We beg to acknowledge receipt of a copy of
the recently issued catalogue of Syracuse Uni-
versity. Syracuse University corresponds to
the American idea of a group of coordinate
colleges in which may be pursued the funda-
mental courses of liberal arts, law, medicine,
and Christian ethics. To these are added a
college of fine arts and a college of applied
science. That Syracuse University is growing
in equipment will be readily appreciated when
it is stated that in five years five buildings have
been erected at an expenditure of $750,000. In
the thirty-one years since Syracuse was estab-
lished the attendance has grown from 41 to
1,806. A summer school was held at the uni-
versity from July 1 to August 9.

The eighteenth session of the Jones Summer
School of Mathematics and Languages is now
in progress at Ithaca, New York. This school
is entirely distinct from the summer session of
Cornell University, and the work of the uni-
versity classes is not duplicated. It is for three
classes of pupils, as follows: Candidates for
admission to Cornell University who lack some
of the entrance requirements ; students who,
by reason of illness, change of course, or other
cause, have deficiencies to make up, and can-
didates for the university under graduate
scholarships who wish to review their studies
The Jones Sum-
mer School is under the direction of Prof.
George W. Jones, the author of a number of
widely used text-books on mathematics.

ae serie EERE

| 23s UE OOK Sit can

‘

|
|
|
|
S ee os 3S Secon ~

Forestry and irvigetin

Sent Postpaid Upon Receipt of Price

ee Ynys
ee SS

| (

) FORESTRY Korest: Planting wWanchOwicscscrsec sess $1.50
Y | »
Pr : ; The White Pine, Gifford Pinchot............. 00 4

‘ Flora of the Northern U. S. and Canada, es neds : Hee (
) Britton and Brown (3 vols.)..............---. $9.00 American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in ¢
) : MIM Sup AVS) e.c.cacocenceseseesaewsaeteetes per part... 5.00 |
Our Native Trees, Harriet L. Keeler........ 2.00 | E ) ee ea
E , S : Practical Forestry, John Gifford............... 1.20 >

g North American Forests and Forestry, . 3 ;
4 BP THESteB UMC cen nesses seseeeecie et ccsees ence 2.00 Rd
The Adirondack Spruce, Gifford Pinchot.. 1.00 IRRIGATION »}

> mm z. Ty Q eet x | 5 . = . C (
Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, G. | Irrigation in the United States, F. H. (

Frederick SChwara.......sssesseeeeeseteer ees 1.50 | Newell kav Pec tee, ee 2.00

West-American Cone-bearers, J. G. Lem- | Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wil-
WN ON pacccisccpeeessessacecesieceeiedrneasemccecesserissentens 1.00 | son

~

So

oO
aaa ~a~a~ wo
OPP PF FAA

Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chap- Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King........ 1.50
WOE Oise cooecoscosscnpecossS Segesaos BoccoccoubeSéGHomasacc 4.00
Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.. 1.00
Trees of the Northern United States, |
Bis eAc AO ar ast Sangeet cece sehen meee eae eae 1.00 | Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox............. 0... 2.00

MISCELLANEOUS

Our National Parks, John Muir............... 1.75

=

1]
OS
POPOL PDPD PL LP

Field Book of American Wild Flowers,

Trees of New England, Dame & Brooks..... 1.50 (
Mier Steenececensneenes Remaasassnanemeeercsenenerecisce 1.75 4

Studies of Trees in Winter, Annie Oakes
Euntinedoncseree etter ee 2.95 According to Season, Parsons ............c0-++ Nocti

¢

| e Jej x har e )

Manual of Botany, Asa Gray ...ecsecceeeseeeee 2.00 | Forest Neighbors, Hulbert.......-.....-.. .. .... 1.50 (
Prachicaleborestnyay Hullenssessesssss seers 1.50" "| Wild Life of Orchard and Field, Ingersoll 1.40 «

If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are, ‘

and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid. Address

| Elements of Forestry, F. B. Hough

a ey
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Forestry and Irrigation | :

hah aa ded oss

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Atlantic Building Washington, D.C. *|

ee ee eee

ek ae

a

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H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1902

SCENE IN AN OREGON FOREST . : : : Frontispiece
NEWS AND NOTES (Jl//ustrated): . : : 2) 855

New Forest Reserves—Mr. Walcott’s Trip—Forest Tree
Nurseries in New York—Examination of Engineers—News
from the Forest Reserves—Irrigation in the Cimarron Valley—
Meeting of the Utah Irrigation Association—Progress of Recla-
mation Work—Mr. Pinchot Goes to the Philippines—Forest
Fires.

THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS (///us-
trated)

THE SUMMER MEETING OF THE AMERICA N FORESTRY
ASSOCIATION

DAVID MacLEAN PARRY (with lon

NOTES ON A NORTHWESTERN FIR ( ///ustrated )
J. Girvin Peters

IRRIGATION AND RICE GROWING IN LOUISIANA ( ///us-
trated )

TREATMENT OF SECOND. GROWTH WHITE PINE. Se II
(Lllustrated) . 5 : : . Wallace I. Hutchinson

THE RESERVOIR IDEA ( //lustrated) : G. M. Houston
IRRIGATION IN MONTANA (with map)
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK ( ///ustrated)
RECENT PROGRESS IN DENRO-CHEMISTRY

Wm. H. Krug
RECENT PUBLICATIONS

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1s the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Assoctation. Subscription price $1.00
a year ,; single copres ro cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at

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Forestry and Irrigation.

SEPTEMBER, 1902.

No. 9.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Wor Vv Ll.
New Forest Seven new forest re-
Reserves. serves have been estab-

lished recently by presi-
dential proclamation. These include
three new reserves in Arizona: The
Mount Graham Forest Reserve, 118,600
acres in extent, located in Graham
county ; the Santa Catalina Forest Re-
serve of 155,520 acres, in Pima county,
and the Chiricahua Forest Reserve, in
Cochise county, of 169,600 acres in ex-
tent. In Montana two new reserves,
the Madison Forest Reserve of 736,000
acres and the Little Belt Mountains
Forest Reserve of 501,000 acres, have
been established. The first-named re-
serve is in Madison and Gallatin coun-
ties, bordering on the western side of
the Yellowstone National Park. The
Little Belt Reserve is located in Meagher
and Fergus counties.

A large new reserve has also been set
apart in New Mexico, to be known as
the Lincoln Forest Reserve. It is 500,
ooo acres in extent and is located in
Lincoln county. An unusually large
reserve has just been set aside in Alaska,
to be known as the Alexandria Archi-
pelago Forest Reserve, and contains
4,506,240 acres. :

In addition to the foregoing new re-
serves, a number of changes have been
made in the reserves already established.
Lands have been added on the eastern
side of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve,
increasing its area by 24,960 acres.
The Medicine Bow Forest Reserve, in
Wyoming, has had recent additions
made to the amount of 20,533 acres.
The White River Reserve, in Colorado,
has been decreased in area by 68,160
acres along the headwaters of the White
and Yampa Rivers. The Crater Lake
National Park of 164,560 acres, which
was established by Congress at its last

session, reduces the size of the Cascade
Forest Reserve, in Oregon, by 152,680
acres.

The total area of all the forest re-
serves is now 58,850,925 acres. It is
interesting to note that the total area of
the United States, exclusive of island
possessions, is 2,362,960,000 acres. Thus
it will be seen that the forest reserves
now amount to about one-fortieth, or
about 2% per cent, of the entire area of
the United States. In square miles the
area of the reserves is 91,954, or almost
twice the size of Pennsylvania.

5
Mr. Walcott’s Hon. Charles D. Wal-
Trip. cott, Director of the

U.S.Geological Survey,
in whose charge has been placed the ex-
aminations of forest reserves and the
work of reclamation of arid lands, is
making an extended trip of inspection
through the West. At Helena, Mont.,
he met Mr. F. H. Newell, the Chief
Engineer of the Reclamation Survey,
and, together with Mr. Arthur P. Davis
and other engineers, he made an ex-
amination of some of the reclamation
projects of Montana, Wyoming, and
other states.

In Wyoming particular attention was
given to the proposed system of reser-
voirs in the Big Horn Mountains and to
the possible storage and diversion of the
Shoshone River. Proceeding eastward,
the party was joined by Hon. Frank
W. Mondell, Member of Congress for
Wyoming, and later by Senator Francis
E. Warren. The trip was made up
Sweetwater River to what is known as
‘“Devil’s Gate’’ Reservoir, on the Tom
Sun Ranch. Later Mr. Walcott con-
tinued his trip to visit reclamation pro-
jects in Nevada.

352

Forest Tree The New York Forest,
Nurseries in Fish, and Game Commis-
New York. sion has decided to estab-

lish state nurseries for
the propagation of seedling trees which
are to be used in reforesting denuded
lands in the state forest preserve, and for
free distribution throughout the state.
The commission has already estab-
lished a forest tree nursery in the Cats-
kill region at a place near Brown Station,
on the Ulster and Delaware Railroad.
This nursery, which is favorably located
as regards slope, exposure, and climatic
conditions, is planned for the raising of
two million seedlings, the beds and rows
being laid out accordingly. A large
number of different species are planted
there, and this nursery will be used to
meet the demands for free distribution.
Work on a much larger nursery will
be commenced this fall on lands selected
for the purpose at Saranac Inn Station,
on the Adirondack Division of the New
York Central Railroad. At this point
there is a clearing of about six acres on
which farming operations have been
carried on for several years, leaving the
soil in good condition for nursery pur-
poses. This clearing is closely sur-
rounded on all sides by a tall forest,
which will afford protection and shelter
from unfavorable weather conditions.
The soil will be carefully prepared
this fall and made into beds of suitable
size. The commission expects to carry
about three million seedlings in this
nursery at all times, and, in addition,
to set out enough transplants for their
work in reforestation. In case a larger
number is required for this work the area
of the nursery can be easily enlarged.
While the product of the. Catskill
nursery will be mainly used for free
distribution, the Adirondack nursery
will be devoted almost entirely to the
propagation of seedlings to be used in
the silvicultural work planned by the
commission. The intention at present
is to raise only White Pine and Red
Spruce in the Saranac nursery, as it
seems advisable to first give the native
species a fair trial.
Two parties, each in charge of a pro-
fessional forester in the employ of the
commission, are now traversing the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

woods in search of seed cones, which
must be gathered in the autumn or early
fall before the scales open. The for-
esters were instructed to secure several
hundred bushels of cones, if possible,
but, as this is not a seed year for White
Pine or Red Spruce, it is doubtiul ar
they will be able to secure much seed
this fall.

A neat and attractive building will be
erected, in which the forester in charge
will reside permanently. It will con-
tain a loft for the preparation, care, and
storage of seeds, while part of the
ground floor will be utilized as a tool-
house and for storage purposes.

Commencing three years ago, the
commission began tree planting, and
has continued the work each successive
season. Last spring over half a million
seedlings were set out on the denuded
and burned lands near Lake Clear Junc-
tion, Franklin county. ‘This work was
done under the personal direction of
Foresters Knechtel and Pettis, who em-
ployed sixty-three men for more than a
month. At this date very few of the
young trees set out last spring have
died, the loss being less than one per
cent. The plantation was visited re-
cently by the Ways and Means Com-
mittee of the Legislature, who expressed
themselves as well pleased with the
work.

&

An examination of civil
and hydraulic engineers
will be held at an early
date to secure additional men for the
service of the U. S. Geological Survey.
The men selected will be used as assist-
ant engineers and hydrographers in
connection with the survey of the water
resources of the country, and also in the
reclamation work in the West. Persons
desiring particulars concerning the com-
ing examination can secure the same by
addressing the Civil Service Commis-
sion, Washington, D. C.

Examination
of Engineers.

a
News from Mr. A. A. Anderson,
the Forest Superintendent of the
Reserves. Teton and Yellowstone

Forest Reserves, has
just completed a tour of these extensive

1902.

reserves, selecting and appointing men,
organizing an efficient patrol service,
and examining the new boundaries of
these reserves, with a view of making
such corrections as may be necessary.
Mr. Anderson reports that an unusually
large amount of outside live stock, espe-
cially sheep, has been driven into the
new additions to these reserves, causing
much damage to the range.

Major F. A. Fenn, Superintendent of
the Forest Reserves of Idaho and Mon-
tana, has just finished an extensive tour
of the Lewis and Clarke and the Flat-
head Reserves, in Montana.

There is great rejoicing among the
forest officers of the Sierra and Stanis-
laus Reserves of California over the at-
titude of the courts toward sheep tres-
pass. The late decisions practically
refute those of Judge Wellborn, and
grant a temporary injunction to restrain
sheepmen in their efforts to graze sheep
in the reserves in violation of the rules
and regulations, and practically in defi-
ance of the orders of the Department of
the Interior.

Mr. HE. T. Allen, Inspector of Forest
Reserves, has spent nearly all of the
summer in the reserves about Pikes Peak
and the Battlement Mesa, Colorado.
He reports a wretched condition of af-
fairs. Serious maladministration has
led to extensive timber trespass, much of
which, it is believed, has been hidden by
intentional setting of forest fires.

Inspector H. D. Langille has com-
pleted his work in the Uintah Forest
Reserve, in Utah, and is now working in
the White River Reserve, in Colorado.
He reports serious overgrazing of the
Uintah Reserve. Much of Mr. Lan-
gille’s time has been taken up by cases
of timber trespass. The whole matter
of timber cutting, both from sales and
free use, has been seriously misman-
aged for some time, which has caused
the settlers and miners in and about the
reserve much inconvenience.

A peculiarly unsatisfactory condition
exists at present in the Uintah Forest
Reserve on account of the lack of de-
marcation of its southern boundary line,
this being the boundary line between
the Uintah Forest Reserve and the
Uintah Indian Reservation. A number

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

aga

of sheepmen who have leased Indian
lands are having other sheepmen, pre-
sumably grazing under permit in the
forest reserves, arrested for trespass on
their leased grounds. In turn, Super-
visor Marshall is trying to prevent out-
side sheepmen from grazing on what he
believes to be lands within the forest
reserve.

Seth Bullock, the Supervisor of the
Black Hills Forest Reserve, has been
authorized to employ extra assistance,
in view of the great danger from fire in
the extensive sections of beetle-killed
timber.

Supervisor Moser, of the Lewis and
Clarke Forest Reserve, in Montana, re-
ports an unusually successful season.
Among other things accomplished by
this officer is the first successful prose-
cution of a timber trespasser on forest
reserve lands in Montana.

A regular “‘ gun permit ’’ is now issued
by the supervisors of the reserves in
northern California. Noone is allowed
to carry firearms in these reserves with-
out a permit. The permit is issued on
condition that the bearer will obey all
rules and regulations, and especially
that he will carry the permit whenever
in the reserve with arms; submit cheer-
fully to inspection of permit and gun ;
that he will not mutilate live timber or
any other property ; observe the game
laws, and extinguish fires before leaving
camp. ‘This step has become necessary
on account of the many fires started every
year by gun-carrying parties of tourists.

Mr. Fred. Breen, Supervisor of the
Black Mesa and San Francisco Moun-
tains Reserves, in Arizona, reports nu-
merous fires in these reserves. On ac-
count of the unusual drouth and summer
logging the work of the rangers has
been very arduous this season.

Mr. R. C. McClure, the Supervisor of
the Gila Forest Reserve, reports that
the reserve is decidedly overgrazed.
He adds, however, that it is difficult to
estimate how much stock would have
perished had it not been for the recourse
to reserve pastures.

Mr. W. T. May, Superintendent of
Forest Reserves of Colorado and Utah,
has left the service. Armor Thompson,
Supervisor of the Teton Forest Re-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September,

eer
Foo)

“SVSNV >I

NUHLSHMALOAOS

‘AH/VIVA NOWMVWID HHL NI NOLLVYOIMUI

1902.

serve, in Wyoming, has also left the
service, and has been succeeded by Mr.
Robt. Miller, of Jackson, Wyoming.
Mr. Archie P. Craig, of Mesa, Colorado,
has been appointed Supervisor of the
Black Mesa Forest Reserve.

&

An important meeting
of the Utah Irrigation
Association will be
held at Salt Lake City
on October 2 and 3. A number of im-
portant matters will come up for con-
sideration, among them the proposed
reclamation works in the state, a dis-
cussion of forest problems, and the graz-
ing question.

Meeting of the
Utah Irrigation
Association.

*

Progress of | The reclamation work by
Reclamation the federal government,
Work. through the U. S. Geo-

logical Survey, is being
carried forward rapidly.

During the month of August, in Ari-
zona, work has been continued in ob-
taining information concerning irriga-
ble lands, and data was secured fora
cadastralmap. In California, low-water
measurements have been going on, and
especial attention given to the rate of
flow of water beneath thesurface. The
surveys in the Gunnison Canyon, Colo-
rado, have been continued for the pur-
pose of preparing detailed plans for
taking water out in the vicinity of Mon-
trose. In the northeastern part of the
state, along the South Platte River, sur-
veys have been begun for the reclama-
tion project in the vicinity of Sterling.

The measurement of the headwaters
of Snake River has been continued in
Idaho, and also preliminary surveys of
several possible reservoir sites. In Kan-
sas the best locality for deep wells has
been under consideration.

There are a number of field parties in
Montana engaged in the Milk River
survey, ascertaining the best location
for diversion canals and the possibility
of irrigable lands. <A boring party has
also begun exploration withthe diamond
drill to find the depth of bed rock at the
outlet of Saint Mary’s Lake. ‘The pre-
liminary reconnaissance has been begun

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 35

on

to ascertain the possibility of diverting
water from Yellowstone River upon the
lands north of it.

In Nebraska the particular problem
in hand is that of the best location for
deep wells. Some consideration is be-
ing given to the possibility of diverting
the waters of the North Platte River
upon lands in the western part of the
state. The preparation of plans for
storing and diverting the waters of the
Truckee and Carson Rivers has been
continued in Nevada.

In Oregon and Washington prelim-
inary examinations have been made of
various projects for storing and divert-
ing water from the Cascade range.
The investigation of the possibilities
of central Oregon have also been con-
tinued. A general examination of pos-
sible reservoirs on Bear River, in Utah,
has been continued.

The surveys of Lake De Smet, in
Wyoming, have been pushed forward,
and others begun upon the smaller res-
ervoirs in the Big Horn Mountains. A
preliminary examination has also been
made in the vicinity of Cody, on the
Sweetwater River, above its junction
with the North Platte River.

Since the publication of the August
number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION
the following lands have been with-
drawn from entry, pending examina-
tion of reservoir sites:

MALTA SURVEY, MONTANA.

T.. 28N., Re 35 took.
TP 29 Ns, 20 toreenbs,
T: 20 0N: R27 f0.37
. 30 Ns, Ro 1jontee go. by.
Ty 32) Nia- Reosietouaa ia.

SWEETWATER SURVEY, WYOMING.

All T. 27, 28, 29, and 30 N., R. 84 W.
AML T. 27208, 20, and sown R85: W.
All T. 27, 28, 29, and 30 N., R. 86 W.
Sections 1 to 12, inclusive, T. 28 N.,

R. 87 W.
Sections 19 to 36, inclusive, T. 29 N.,
R. 87 W.

Sections 1 to 12, inclusive, T. 28 N.,
R. 88 W.

All T. 29 N., R. 88 W.

All T. 29 N., R. 89 W.

356

Mr. Pinchot Mr. Gifford Pinchot,
Goes to the Forester, U. S. Depart-
Philippines. ment of Agriculture,

started for the Philip-
pines Saturday, August 30. Instead of
sailing from Vancouver, as he had first
planned, Mr. Pinchot sailed from New
York. MHewill make the trip to Manila
by way of Russia and the Trans-Siberian
Railroad, arriving there about October
15. After spending about a month in-
specting the forests of the islands, Mr.
Pinchot will start home on November
15, coming by way of San Francisco,
and will reach Washington late in De-
cember.

&

There were a number of
forest fires during the
month of August, which did a great
deal of damage to standing timber, and
in many cases destroyed buildings. A
majority of the fires occurred in the far
west.

Wyoming.—The most serious forest
fires of the month occurred in Wyoming.
The worst of these fires started in the
heavy timber on the Encampment River
and burned furiously for several weeks.
They became so serious that Governor
Richards sent an urgent appeal to the
Department of the Interior to send as-
sistance, as the fires were mainly on
government lands. Government agents
were sent to the scene, and were em-
powered to employ extra assistance to
fight thefires. At last accounts, through
hard work, they have been gotten un-
dercontrol. The towns of Battle Lake,
Grand Encampment, Gold Hill, and
Rambler were at one time threatened
with destruction.

Dispatches to the newspapers estimate
the loss to standing timber at $1,000,000.
This is likely a rather high estimate,
though the damage was undoubtedly
great. Fires near Lander burned over
a territory of 40 square miles, destroy-
ing a large amount of timber.

Wisconsin.—A number of serious for-
est fires were reported during August,
one of which threatened to destroy the
town of Florence. Many men were
called out to fight the flames, and serious
consequences were averted through the

Forest Fires.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

coming of a heavy rainstorm. Several
serious fires near Rhinelander destroyed
much timber. ‘The cut-over lands near
Star Lake and Ballard Lake were burned
over the last week in the month. Near
Mercer forest fires caused much dam-
age to the property of farmers.

Michigan.—During the last week in
August serious forest fires near Linden
caused considerable loss to farmers. A
timely rain extinguished this fire. Near
Mass City, in Ontonagon county, forest
fires are known to have destroyed
$20,000 worth of cedar lumber at one
mill, and heavy losses are reported by
several other lumber operators.

Montana.—Forest fires during
gust were reported from Schley
Whitefish Lake.

Washington.— Forest fires in this.
state during August were reported from
Larchmont, Whatcom, and in the north-
eastern part of Clark county. A special
telegram to the newspapers from Port
Townsend, states that the smoke from
forest fires along Puget Sound at one
time became so thick as to make naviga-
tion difficult and dangerous.

California.—Forest fires are reported
as having occurred near San Andreas,
which destroyed several houses and
barns. A fire in the redwoods near
Cloverdale destroyed the tracks of the
California Northwestern Railway for
some distance. A fire was also reported
at Dry Creek. :

Oregon.—A number of forest fires in
the Cascade Mountains along the Co-
lumbia River destroyed a great deal of
valuable timber, the worst of the fires.
taking place near Multnomah Falls.
Forest fires in the Siskiyou Mountains, in
the Beaver, Hungry, and Grosse Creek
mining sections did a great deal of dam-
age to timber. Reports connect the
occurrence of these forest fires with the
bitter feeling that has grown up be-
tween the miners and the timber-iand
locators, who have during the present
year filed notices of location on thou-
sands of acres. Forest fires burned over
2,000 acres near Oregon City.

Colorado.—Fires are reported from
the vicinity of Long’s Peak, Leyden
Gulch, near Golden, Colorado, Mount
Baldy, Dillon, and Cassells. The most

Au-
and

1902.

serious fire of the month was reported
as having occurred in the Greenhorn
Mountains, about thirty miles from
Walsenburg.

Forest fires are reported from the
Wallapai Mountains, New Mexico; also

THE TENTH NATIONAL

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 357

near Boisé City, Idaho; in the neigh-
borhood of Gadsen, Alabama, and City
Creek Canyon, near Salt Lake City,
Utah. There have been a number of
destructive forest fires in the vicinity of
Vinik oy ancover,b..C:

IRRIGATION CONGRESS.

WILL BE HELD AT COLORADO SPRINGS OCTOBER 6-9.

HE official call for the Tenth An-
nual Irrigation Congress, to be
held at Colorado Springs, Colo.,October
6 tog, has been issued. Preparations
for the meeting are going vigorously
forward. Mr. C. EK. Wantland, chairman
of the executive committee of the con-
gress, and Hon. F. C. Goudy, a mem-
ber of the executive committee of the
congress for Colorado,
both of Denver, and
Secretary McClurg, of
the Colorado Springs
chamber of commerce,
who is chairman of the
committee on local ar-
rangements, are now
devoting the greater
part of their time to the
necessary perparatory
work.

While it cannot be
promised that President
Roosevelt will attend
the congress in person,
it is understood that he
will prepare an address
to be read before the
delegates.

It is likely that a large
attendance will be pres-
ent, and all railroads in
the Western Passenger Association and
in the Transcontinental Passenger Asso-
ciation have made rates of one-half fare,
plus $2, for the round trip from all
points in this territory. These special-
rate tickets will be good returning from
Colorado Springs up to October 31.

Letters have been sent by the execu-
tive committee to all of the leading
papers of the sixteen western states di-
rectly interested in the reclamation of

the arid region, requesting them to
make known the holding of the Irriga-
tion Congress at Colorado Springs in
October.

It is planned to devote an entire day
to the discussion of the national irriga-
tion act, its operations and possibilities.
Forestry will have a prominent place on
the program, and the question of colo-

VIEW OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS NEAR COLORADO SPRINGS.

nization will also come in for close at-
tention. Many of the leading irrigation
experts of the country will be on hand
to take part in the discussion. All the
Senators and Representatives of the
states and territories in the arid region
have especially been invited to be pres-
ent and take part in the proceedings of
the congress.

The official call requests governors,
mayors, county commissioners, cham-

ies)
On
ie)

THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, NEAR COLORADO SPRINGS,

bers of commerce and other business
men’s associations, horticultural, arbor-
icultural, and irrigation associations to
appoint delegates to the congress. The
local committee will arrange for special
excursions for the delegates to the sum-
mit of Pikes Peak and to the Cripple
Creek district, and drives will be ar-
ranged from which the delegates may
have a magnificent view of the scenery
of this region. A banquet is consid-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

ered as among the prob-
abilities of the occasion.

This congress, it is ex-
pected, will not only draw
to Colorado Springs those
directly and personally
interested in irrigation,
but there will be a large
attendance of bankers,
lawyers, and editors from
throughout the entire
West. Every man who
has business interests in
the western states will be
directly interested in its
proceedings and recom-
mendations.

Governor Orman has
been invited, and it 1s ex-
pected will deliver an ad-
dress of welcome to the
delegates, followed by
Mayor Robinson, of Col-
orado Springs, who will
welcome them to the foot
of Pikes Peak.

Hon. Thomas F. Walsh, president of
the National Irrigation Congress, who
has been spending the summer in Eu-
rope, is on his way home, and will likely
arrive in time to be present.

The vice-presidents of the congress
are ex-Governor Prince, of New Mexico,
and Mr. F. B. Thurber, of New York
city. There are vice-presidents and also
members of the executive committee
from every state and territory.

SUMMER MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY
ASSOCIATION.

HELD AT LANSING, MICHIGAN, AUGUST 27 AND 28.

HE summer meeting of the Ameri-

can Forestry Association was held

at Lansing, Mich., on August 27 and

28, and was one of the most interesting
held in several years.

This meeting was held in Lansing at
the invitation of the Michigan Forestry
Commission and the Michigan Agricult-
ural College. The program, while made
up with a special view of touching upon
forest conditions in Michigan, was also

of general interest. The attendance,
although below expectations, included
many men well known in forest work.
The program included a number of ex-
cellent papers, anda valuable innovation
was the selection in advance of speakers
to lead the discussion which followed
the reading of each paper.

The success of the meeting, and the
excursion which followed, was in a great
measure due to the efforts of the mem-

1902.

bers of the Michigan Forestry Commis-
sion, Mr. Garfield, Mr. Hill, and Mr.
Wildey. Mr. Garfield, as chairman,
made an excellent presiding officer.

The opening session, which was held
in the senate chamber at the state cap-
itol, began at 10.30 o’clock Wednesday
morning, August 27, and was called to
order by Mr. Chas. W. Garfield, chair-
man. ‘The address of welcome was de-
livered by Attorney General Powers,
owing to the absence of Governor Bliss.

The opening paper, on ‘‘ The Climate
of the White Pine Belt,’’ by Prof. A. J.
Henry, of the U. S. Weather Bureau,
was most interesting and timely, and was
followed by a discussion led by Prof.
C. F. Schneider,

The chairman appointed a committee
on resolutions, consisting of Mr. Arthur
Hill, of the Michigan Forestry Commis-
sion; Mr. Thos. H. Sherrard, of the
Bureau of Forestry ; and -Dr: A.C.
Lane, State Geologist of Michigan.

The afternoon session was held in the
Botanical Laboratory at the Michigan
Agricultural College, and was called to
order by Chairman Garfield at 2.30 p. m.
The first paper was on ‘‘ The Trespass
Problem and How to Solve It,’’ by Mr.
Ernest Bruncken, Secretary of the late
Wisconsin State Forestry Commission.
Mr. Bruncken’s paper was an especially
able one, and touched upon a forest ques-
tion of prime importance in the Lake
States. The discussion following this
paper was led by Mr. F. E. Skeels, State
Trespass Agent. Mr. Skeels, through
wide experience in handling trespass
cases, pointed out the difficulty of con-
trolling this matter in Michigan, and
suggested remedies to abate the evil.

The next paper was on the ‘‘ Jack
Pine Plains of Michigan,’’ and was writ-
ten by Prof. Filibert Roth, of the Gen-
eral Land Office, Department of the
Interior. Owing to the absence of
Professor Roth, his paper was read by
Mr. Luebkert. This was an especially
timely paper, as the question of forest
reserves in Michigan is closely connected
with the Jack Pine Plains. The discus-
sion which followed the reading of this
paper was led by Mr. Garfield.

Following this was the reading of a
paper by Prof. Charles A. Davis, of the
University of Michigan, on ‘‘ Forest

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 359

Botany Suggests What, for the New
Forests of Michigan?’’ Prof. W. J.
Beal led the discussion which followed.
The last paper of the afternoon session
was read by Prof. EK. E. Bogue, of the
Michigan Agricultural College, on ‘‘ The
Periodicity of Tree Growth.”’

The meeting was then adjourned, and
the delegates present were conducted by
Professor Beal through the arboretum
on the college grounds and also through
the college botanical gardens.

The evening session was also held at
the Agricultural College, the leading fea-
ture of the program being an illustrated
talk on ‘‘The Michigan Forest Pre-
serve,’’ by Mr. Thomas H. Sherrard,
of the Bureau of Forestry. Mr. Sher-
rard, who had made an examination of
the preserve, at the request of the Mich-
igan Forestry Commission, gave an ex-
cellent description of the character of
the lands that make up the preserve,
and offered suggestions concerning their
future management. ‘The discussion
that followed was led by Mr. Edwin
A. Wildey, State Land Commissioner
and a member of the State Forestry
Commission. This was followed by a
paper on the ‘‘ Relation of Soils and the
Distribution of Forests in Michigan,’’
by Prof. Burton E. Livingston, of the
University of Chicago. The discussion
was led by Dr. A. C. Lane. Governor
Bliss was present at this session and
made an address.

The morning session on Thursday,
August 28, was held in the senate
chamber, at the state capitol. The first
paper was by Mr. Walter C. Winchester,
of Grand Rapids, on the ‘‘ Management
of Michigan Hardwood Forests.’’ Mr.
Winchester, who is a practical lumber-
man, described the present methods of
lumbering in the hardwood forests of the
state, and made some valuable sugges-
tions looking to the improvement of the
same. ‘The discussion of this paper was
led by Mr. Garfield.

The next paper was by Mr. Frank G.
Miller, of the Bureau of Forestry, on
‘“The Farm Woodlot.’’ The discus-
sion of this paper was led by Mr. George
B. Horton, Master of the State Grange.
Mr. Horton called attention to the im-
portance of the farm woodlot, and cited
a number of interesting experiments.

(¢

360

which he has made on his own farm.
The next paper was on ‘‘ The Shifting
Sand Question,’’ and was presented by
Dr. John C. Gifford, of the New York
State College of Forestry. Dr. Gifford
called attention to the importance of this
problem in aninteresting manner. He
cited numerous instances of the reclama-
tion of waste sand lands by means of
forestation. ‘The discussion of his paper
was led by Prof. Charles A. Davis.

The final session was held Thursday
afternoon in the senate chamber. The
session opened with a paper by Mr. H. B.
Ayres, of Carlton, Minn., on the ‘‘ Fire
Problem and How to Solve It,’’ and
also a paper on ‘‘ Minnesota’s System
of Preventing Forest Fires,’’ by General
Cc. C. Andrews, Chief Fire Warden of
Minnesota. Prof. W. J. Beal led the
interesting discussion that followed the
reading of these two papers. Owing to
the absence of Mr. Gifford Pinchot,
Forester of the U.S.) Department of
Agriculture, his topic on ‘‘ The Duty
of the State in Forest Matters’’ was as-
signed to Mr. Arthur Hill, of the Mich-
igan Forestry Commission, who dis-
cussed the subject in an able and prac-
tical manner. Mr. Hill was followed
by Governor Bliss and others.

A resolution heartily endorsing the
action of the State of Michigan in estab-
lishing a forest preserve was unani-
mously adopted. A vote of thanks was
tendered the members. of the Forestry
Commission and the Michigan Agricult-
ural College for the many courtesies
extended. ‘The thanks of the conven-
tion were also extended to the state au-
thorities for the use of the rooms at the
state capitol, and to the Governor and
other state officers who participated in
the meeting.

The meeting was then adjourned.
The excursion tendered the visiting
members by the Michigan Forestry
Commission, began the same afternoon.
The party proceeded by special train to
Bay City, Mich., and thence to Ros-
common. From this point the party
were taken by carriage through a por-
tion of the Michigan Forest Preserve to
Higgin’s Lake, where the entire party
were delightfully entertained. From
Roscommon the party proceeded by rail
to Mackinac Island. After a visit to the

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

principal points of interest there, the
members of the party departed for home.

Among those present who evinced
great interest in the proceedings and
took part in the discussions, was Mr.
William G. Mather, president of the
Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co. Mr. Mather’s
corporation owns nearly 400,000 acres of
hardwood lands in the upper peninsula
of Michigan, and, with its railway sys-
tem, ore mines, and iron furnaces, is
playing a prominent part in the devel-
opment of that section of the country.
Mr. Mather is making a close study of
practical forest methods with a view to
handling his timber lands to the best
advantage. Mr. James Russell, mayor
of Marquette, Mich., and one of the
best-known newspaper men in the state,
addressed the meeting.

Others present who took an active
part in the sessions were: Mr. J. J.
Hubbell, Manistee, Mich.; Mr. Henry
I. Armstrong, Mr. F. J. Merriam, and
Mr. John H. Bissell, of Detroit; Prof.
and Mrs. S. C. Mason, of Berea College,
Kentucky ; Mr. Samuel Redfern, super-
intendent of the land department of the
Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Negaunee,
Mich.; Mr. Geo. W. Howe and Mr. L. B.
Rice, Port Huron, Mich.; Mr. Frank
Leverett, U.S. Geological Survey; Mr.
H. L. Sabsovich, Woodbine, N. J.; Pro-
fessor Wheeler, U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture; Mr. Orlando F. Barnes, Mr.
Chas. C. Hopkins, Lansing, Mich.; Mr.
Col Collins Corinna, Michx Mrs):
McLouth, Muskegon, Mich.

The visitors to this meeting from
other states must have been deeply im-
pressed with the importance of a system
of forest protection in Michigan. They
must also have noted what an uphill
fight will have to be made in order to
arouse the people of the state to action.
However, an excellent start has been
made in the selection of the Forest Com-
mission. Mr. Garfield, Mr. Hill, and
Mr. Wildey are men of wide experience,
they enjoy the confidence of the people,
and in the short time since the creation
of the commission have made headway
in the movement for forest protection,
in the face of a most discouraging out-
look. It is hoped that this meeting will
result in advancing the cause for which
they are laboring so unselfishly.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 361

o

DAVID MACLEAN PARRY.

one of the first prominent manufacturers of the United States to take up the cause of

reclamation of arid lands, was born in Pennsylvania, March 26, 1852, on a farm 16 miles
from Pittsburg. Mr. Parry’s father removed to a farm near Laurel, Franklin county, Indiana,
in 1853. Mr. Parry worked upon his father’s farm until 17 years of age. His schooling was
secured during the winter months, though most of his education was received from his mother.
When 17 years of age young Parry secured a position as clerk in a general store at Columbus
City, lowa. In 1871 he was employed in a wholesale dry-goods house in New York city. Mr.
Parry returned to Connersville, Indiana, in 1873, where he engaged in the hardware business.

In 1876 Mr. Parry’s father became financially involved. The son, who had started a pros-
perous hardware business, showed his manhood when he sold the entire business and turned the
proceeds over to his father, relieving him of his financial difficulties. Mr. Parry secured a posi-
tion as traveling salesman, and in 1878 he purchased a small hardware store in Rushville,
Indiana. Later he and his brother, T. H. Parry, started a small manufacturing establishment
in Rushville. This was eventually removed to Indianapolis, where it has been developed into
the largest buggy manufacturing plant in the world. The number of employés has increased
from 20 to 2,000.

Mr. Parry is what may be called a strictly self-made man. Without having enjoyed the
advantages given to many young men, he has made himself felt in the world, and has been
signally honored in a local and national business sense. He has been president of the Indian-
apolis Board of Trade, of the Indianapolis Commercial Club, of the National Carriage Builders’
Association, and other organizations.

Mr. Parry became interested in the irrigation question several years ago, and he has steadily
given the movement his sincere and earnest support. He was strongly influential in getting
the National Association of Manufacturers to take up the subject officially and place itself on
record in annual convention in favor of a national irrigation law.

fe ee MacLEAN PARRY, president of the National Association of Manufacturers, and

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

NOTES ON A NORTHWESTERN FIR.

THE NOBLE FIR—ABIES NOBILIS.

By J. GrRVIN PETERS.

HE following notes on the Noble
Fir (Adzes nobilis) were taken
during the summer of 1901 while the
writer was in the camps and mills of
the Bridal Veil Lumbering Company in
Oregon. It is in this region, on the
western side of the Cascade Mountains,
that the Noble Fir reaches its best de-
velopment. Owing to the almost inac-
cessible elevations at which the tree is
found, it is little logged, and hence is
little known; still it is one of the im-
portant timber trees of the Northwest.
‘Though its lumber is manufactured on
a large scale by practically only one
company, it is found in the eastern
market today, and its good qualities
have been recognized by such consumers
as the Cramps, of Philadelphia.

The product of the Noble Fir is known
to the lumbermen of Oregon and Wash-
ington as Larch, and is sold as such.
It is sometimes called Silver Fir.

OAM OEAMIINY,

From a commercial standpoint larch
lumber is valuable. It will fit in wher-
ever the tide-land Spruce will go; it
frequently takes the place of Red Fir,
and compares favorably with eastern
White Pine.

The wood is close-grained, and when
dry is very light. Indrying it loses from
40 to 50 per cent of its green weight,
which is from 3,500 to 4,000 pounds per
1,000 feet, board measure. It may be
said, by way of a comparison, that where
larch lumber is left in the dry kiln for
ten days, Red Fir is taken out at the
end of three days, which indicates some-
thing of the relative porosity of these
two kinds of lumber. The wood of the
Noble Fir is very soft, even softer than
that of the eastern White Pine, and is
easily worked. Its freedom from pitch
makes it especially valuable for interior
finish and for all kinds of molding, and,

as 1t takes paint well, much of the tim-
ber is manufactured into bevel siding
for exterior work.

The sap wood is almost white, and
the heart wood is of variegated tints,
which shade from a light reddish brown
to almost purple, and give to bastard
stuff the appearance of a beautifully
wavy grain. larch timber, sawed at
such an angle to the grain as to produce
a wavy effect, can be turned into mate-
rial for interior work, which shows up
quite well when finished in oil. For di-
mension stuff and bridge timbers Larch
is not so well adapted as Red Fir.

A new phase of the larch-lumber in-
dustry, and one of no mean economic
importance, is in turning the second-
grade stuff into box lumber. ‘There is
aready market for this in Oregon among
the many fruit-packers in the valleys of
the Willamette and the Columbia Rivers
and their tributaries.

Though, as yet, no experiments have
been made to test the suitability of the
wood for pulp, its long, soft fiber and
its freedom from pitch would seem to
make it of value for this purpose.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Noble Fir extends in a zone, be-
tween elevations of 2,000 and 4,000 feet,
along the western slope of the Cascade
Range, from the southern slope of Mt.
Baker, in northern Washington, to the
summit of the Siskiyous, in southern
Oregon. Upon the eastern slope of the
Cascades the tree occurs much less
abundantly and at generally higher ele-
vations than upon the western side. In
the Coast Range, from Olympia to the
Rogue River Mountains, it is distributed
scatteringly upon high, isolated spots,
often rising to an altitude of 5,000 feet.

The Noble Fir is found in greatest
quantities in the Cascade Range in
Oregon, just south of the Columbia

1902.

River, where the Bridal Veil Lumber-
ing Company, with great skill and perse-
verance, has succeeded during the past
fifteen years in logging this timber at
high altitudes. The almost inaccessible
locations of this tree, enhancing the dif-
ficulty of lumbering, have prevented
the less ardent lumbermen from enter-
ing its domain, with the result that at
present the Bridal Veil Company is
practically the only extensive manu-
facturer of larch lumber.

The merchantable stand of larch tim-
ber in Oregon alone has been estimated
at 2,000,000,000 board feet, or about

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

262

one-seventy-fifth as much as the stand of
Red Fir. In Washington larch timber
has not been exploited, and there are no
estimates of the stand available.

GROWTH.

The silvery, bluish-green foliage, the
large, upright cgnes, and the close,
light-colored bark make the tree con-
spicuously beautiful. It develops a:
straight, symmetrical stem, often rising
to a height of 300 feet, the clear length
of which is from 150 to 180 feet. "The
diameter at the bases of the trees ranges

aS

sat"
{

LARCH TIMBER ON THE EDGE OF A CLEARING,

364 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

from 3 to otect.. The age ot the: ma-
jority of the trees is between 250 and
500 years, though some of the largest
specimens have shown nearly 1,000 an-
nual rings.

Mr. A. J. Johnson has submitted the
following figures concerning the early
growth of the Noble Ban, “from seeds
germinated in his nursery at Astoria,
Oregon, where the elevation above sea-
level is about Io feet:

One-year-old seedling,
Two-year-old ‘‘
Three-year-old ‘ Saas Hs

Four-year-old ‘“ ieee a
Five-year-old a PA mt
Six-year-old os 26. “
Seven-yéar-old ‘‘ cya me wr ae

Hight-year-old ‘‘ Wop -
Nine-year-old
‘Ten-year-old

In the forest the growth, which is
about 84 inches in ten years, is much
slower than under cultivation, as would
naturally beexpected. From the above
figures it can be seen that the tree is of
fairly rapid height growth.

Under very favorable conditions as
high as 12,000,000 board feet have been
known to grow upon a quarter section.
In this special instance the tree was in
an almost pure stand witha slight mix-
ture of Hemlock only. However, near
its minimum limit of elevation, among
the Red Firs and Hemlocks, usually
there are but one or two larch trees to
the acre, though these are among the
finest specimens in the forest.

The tree seeks cool situations, and
requires an extremely moist climate.
There is ample proof of this from the
fact that comparatively few of the
species have been found upon the east-
ern slope of the Cascades, where the
rainfall rapidly diminishes from a
yearly average of over 60 inches at the
crest of the mountains to less than 20
inches in the semi-arid chaparral dis-
tricts of eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton. A deep, moist, and fertile soil is
essential to its best development.

Regarding the adaptability of the
Noble Fir to our eastern climate with
a view to planting, for ornamental pur-
poses more especially, something of im-

VIEW SHOWING THE CLEAR
NOBLE FIR.

September ,

LENGTH OF A

1902.

portance may be gleaned from the fol-
lowing note, submitted by Mr. Josiah
Hoopes, of West Chester, Pa.: ‘‘ When
a young man I conceived the idea of
planting in our climate all the rarer coni-
fers with a view of testing their avail-
ability. A number of species was ac-
cordingly procured and planted in a
group with a southern exposure, some-
what protected from the bleak north-
west winds. The result today, after half
a century, is certainly very gratifying.

‘‘In this group, now too crowded for
perfect development, are the following
species: Adbzes Nérdmaniana, Abies no-
bilis, Abies grandis, Abies pichta—a
weeping form of Adbzes pectinata, A bres
Cephalonica, Picea excelsa, Picea orientalis,
Picea obovata, and Picea menztesiz.

‘Abies nobilis, being surrounded by
the others and densely shaded by their
interlocking branches, has not had a fair
test, but the Adzes grandis (var. lasto-
carpa?) is certainly grand in its pro-
portions, notwithstanding the lower
branches are gradually dying out. The
Abies grandis is fully 50 feet high, with
the diameter of its trunk 30 inches.’’

The Adbzes nobilis referred to by Mr.
Hoopes was planted in 1854, and it is
still quite healthy. Its height is about
45 feet, and its diameter, close to the
ground, is 18 inches.

In England, where the tree was in-
troduced immediately after its discovery
by Douglas, in September, 1825, one of
the largest specimens was, in 1891, 71
feethigh. Itwas planted, where it now
stands, in the pinetum at Dropmore,
near Windsor, in 1837.

TOLERANCE OF SHADE AND REPRO-
DUCTION.

A marked characteristic of the Noble
Fir at apparently every stage of its
growth is its intolerance of shade. The
young seedlings require no shade when
growing naturally, and are found only
in clearings caused by fire or lumbering.
One will look almost in vain for a noble
_ fir seedling in the forest, but where there
is an opening admitting sufficient light
one will usually find a fairly good re-
production. Natural pruning goes on
rapidly, and the long, clear stem shoves

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 365

its crown skyward, quite overtopping
the associating species in the struggle
for full enjoyment of the light.

Seed crops are produced at intervals
of two to three years.

ENEMIES.

The chief enemy of the Pacific Coast
forests is fire, but the Noble Fir is rather
fortunate in occupying moist situations,
where fires can gain but little headway
except during a prolonged dry season.
The tree is not easily thrown by storms.

The Noble Fir is attacked by a num-
ber of diseases, of which one of the most
severe is a fungus, Echinodontium tinc-
tortum, very common also on the West-
ern Hemlock. ‘This fungus enters at
the top of the tree and produces a soft
rot of the heart wood. Another preva-
lent fungus is the western form of the
Trametes pint, which causes a so-called
speckled rot or dote on the eastern co-
nifers. This fungus enters at the top of
the tree also. A third fungus, Poly-
porus schweinitzi?, is a widely distributed
species which enters at the ground.

By far the most common diseases are
those which work in at the top and ex-
tend to the butt as the age of the tree
increases, producing what is known to
lumbermen as ‘‘dry rot.’’

CHARACTER OF. FOREST.

The character of the larch forest is a
high story of Larch with an understory
of Hemlock, or of Hemlock and Red Fir.
In the latter case the Red Fir forms a
story intermediate to the Larch and the
Hemlock. Apparently the tree is not
adapted for pure forests, and it is rarely
found as such, owing chiefly to its com-
paratively short and more or less thinly
foliaged crown, which the sun’s rays
freely penetrate, thus endangering a
suitable degree of moisture in the soil.

The finest specimens are found where
there is a dense understory of Red Fir
and Hemlock, forming a complete soil
cover, which, with the luxuriant under-
growth so characteristic of the Pacific
Coast forests, preserves excellent condi-
tions of soil moisture.

The most common associate of the

366

Noble Fir throughout its entire range
is the western Hemlock ( 7suga mer-
tenstana). At the lower elevations of
its habitat occur Red Fir (/Pseudotsuga
taxifolia), Mountain White Pine ( Pinas
monticola), and Pacific Cedar (7huja
plicata). At the higher elevations
Lodgepole Pine (Pinus murrayana),
Amabilis Fir (Adzes amabilis), Alpine
Fir (A dzes lasiocarpa), Mountain Hem-
lock (7suga pattoniana), and Alaska
Cedar ( Chameacyparis nootkatensis ).

COUN) IRIOIEARO)=

EFFECT OF LUMBERING

DD GE DUONG

The method of lumbering noble fir
timber, while it is essentially practical
from the point of view of the lumber-
man, accomplishes in part the object of
the’ torester,» The sound Warchiand
Red Fir, when Red Fir is in mixture,
are cut to a diameter limit of 18 inches,
but, as almost every tree is over 18
inches, the portion of the forest which
is being operated is practically clear cut
of Larch and Red Fir.

Hemlock timber brings a price insuf-
ficient to warrant its transportation at
high altitudes, and hence it is rarely
logged. In consequence there remains,
after the Larch and Red Fir have been
exploited, a hemlock forest of no mean
density, and one that affords ample pro-
tection to the soil from the injurious
effects of drying out and of excessive
rain-washing.

After a portion of a forest has been
cleared of its desirable timber, there are
usually left standing upon the sides of
the clearing sufficient trees to answer
the purpose of seed trees, from which
the seed will be distributed by wind over
the whole or a part of the logged area.
More frequently the width of this area
is too great to permit of seed being scat-
tered over the entire clearing, so that

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

reproduction takes place only along the
edges of the clearing, and forms a lining
of 200 to 250 feet in width.

The Red Firalso has but little shade
endurance, and reproduces only on
cleared areas. The Hemlock, how-
ever, is extremely tolerant of shade,
and reproduces prolifically, even in the
densest growths. Under these condi-
tions, then, lumbering operations can in-
jure, though inconsiderably, the young
growth of Hemlock; on the other hand,
since there is practically no young
growth of Noble and Red Firs in the
forest, lumbering operations, instead of
retarding, as is. erroneously thought,
encourage at least a partial reproduction
of these important species, by clearing
areas upon which the young seedlings
are to germinate.

LOG TRANSPORTATION.

The method of transporting larch
timber at high altitudes may here be
touched upon only in a very general
way. Donkey engines are used for
hauling the logs over skidways by
means of wire cables to a narrow-gauge
railroad, where the logs are ‘‘ dogged”
into a train, and are then drawn. bya
locomotive to the saw-mill. The ties
act as skids, and to prevent frictional
wearing as much as possible, they are
watered by the locomotive which pre-
cedes the train of logs to the saw-mill.
Frequently, where the felling operations
are at some distance from the railroad, it
is both expedient and economical to
construct chutes, down which the logs,
after having been drawn into position
by donkey engines, are shot into arti-
ficial storing ponds adjacent to the rail-
road, whence they are drawn by a loco-
motive to the milly Where trees are
found in deep and almost inaccessible
canyons a log trolley is used.

IRRIGATION AND RICE GROWING IN LOUISIANA.

RECENT GROWTH OF RICE INDUSTRY DUE MAINLY TO IRRIGATION.

ICE growing in Louisiana had its
_ inception during the first year of
the civil war, but the industry did not at-

tain large proportions until in the seven-
ties, when the crop averaged nearly
30,000,000 pounds annually, increasing

367

sA TION.

DER RAC

AN

FORESTR

1902.

AN

IRRIGATION CANAL IN THE RICE-GROWING REGION, NEAR

JENNINGS, LOUISIANA.

PHOTO REPRODUCED THROUGH COURTESY OF MR. S. lL. CARY

368

to more than 51,000,000 in 1890, and to
172,732,430 pounds in 1899.

During the periods preceding the cen-
sus year of 1890 and continuing up to
1894-5 the areas in rice were mainly
on the lowlands along the lower Missis-
sippi River and its outlying bayous.
Being comparatively level and low, with
a slope from the streams, these lands
are subject to overflow unless protected
by dikes to confine the river to its chan-
nel. Drainage is as essential as irriga-
tion, and the ditches are made to serve
the double purpose of carrying water
upon the land for irrigation and draw-
ing it off when the crop is ready for
harvest.

The water supply for the lowlands is
obtained in various ways, the most com-
mon being by means of a flume or
‘‘dahl’’ in the river levee, constructed
on much the same principle as the trunk
which is used in the Carolinas in irri-
gating plantations on tidal streams.
The ‘‘dahls’’ were formerly made of
sound 3-inch cypress planks of one
length. This was supported by three
brick walls built so as to extend some
distance below the top of the wood-
work to keep out crawfish and musk-
rats, which would otherwise work along
the flume and create openings in the
levee. The present flumes, under the
requirements of a state law, are made
of iron without brick supports or mor-
tar protection and are not as substantial
or satisfactory in all cases as those of
cypress.

The land cultivated in many of the
plantations was formerly planted to
sugar cane. As it lies below the sur-
face of the river, siphons are replacing
the flumes and take the water from the
river over the levees. The siphon is
usually made of boiler iron, heavy
enough to be calked the same as a
steam boiler. Powerful steam pumps,
taking the water from the river and
bayous, are used on several of the large
plantations.

Another method of irrigation is by
the use of tiles, which are placed at a
certain distance below the surface. By
stopping these at the lower end of the
field the water is forced up through a
layer of earth untilirrigation is no longer

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

required, when the plugs are withdrawn
and the water passes off the land through
the tiles. This system is especially ad-
vantageous in aseason of excessive rain-
fall. All of these methods are expen-
sive, and failures are numerous owing
to inadequate drainage, breaks in the
levees, and frequent floods.

The discovery a few years ago that a
vast area in the southwestern part of
the state is admirably adapted to the
cultivation of this cereal, revolutionized
the growing of rice in this country and
placed Louisiana far in the lead among
the rice-producing states. This rice belt,
extending north from the Gulf for a
distance of 20 to 90 miles, is an undu-
lating, gently sloping prairie, having
ten navigable rivers and numerous lakes
and bayous, and comprising over 12,000
square miles in Louisiana and Texas.
At first the rice was cultivated in an ex-
ceedingly primitive way, the land being
laid off in blocks and squares and irri-
gated with rain water collected and
stored for use when needed. ‘The suc-
cess of this method, while not extra-
ordinary, attracted many farmers, and
the country began to develop rapidly.
It was found that ‘‘ Providence.’’ rice,
as all rice grown by the aid of rain water
is called, was not always a profitable
crop. Experiments proved the value of
abundant irrigation, and quickly demon-
strated that the prairie soil, when sufh-
ciently watered, was unequaled for rice
growing. ‘This marked the beginning
of the real development of this industry,
which has made wonderful progress in
the three years preceding the census.
In 1899 the acreage in rice in southwest
Louisiana was more than 77 per cent of
that of the state.

Rice irrigation on the prairies is com-
paratively simple. Throughout the re-
gion are numerous ridges slightly higher
than the rest of the land. It is upon
these ridges that the canals are built,
varying in width from 20 to 1oo feet.
Branching from the main canals are the
laterals which run to outlying farms.
The pumping plants at the head of the
canals lift the water from the streams,
whence it is carried in the main canal to
the point of diversion on the land.
More than one pumping plant is re-

1902. FORESTRY

AND IRRIGATION. 369

WELLS ON IRRIGATION PLANT OF CARY & SONS, NEAR JENNINGS, LOUISIANA.

quired on some of the large canals,
owing to the necessity of several lifts
to get the water into the canal.

The land to be planted in rice is usu-
ally broken and leveled in December and
January, levees turned up around the
fields, and cross-levees put in, the levee
work being accomplished by means of a
large plow made for the purpose. Rice
may be planted any time from February
to June. One and one-fourth bushels
of seed are used per acre, being sown
broadcast or drilled,as preferred. When
the rice reaches a height of from 6 to 8
inches the water is turned on the land
to a depth of 2 to 10 inches to secure
the best results. Stooling begins when
the rice is about 11 inches high. The
water is kept on the land until the heads
are filled, when the levees are cut and
the water turned off to permit the rice
to ripen and the ground to become dry
enough for the harvester. Herein the
prairie region possesses a distinct ad-

vantage over the delta lands. In the
former the crop is harvested the same as
wheat in the northwest, while in the
latter, owing to the moist soil, harvest-
ing must be done with the sickle and
requires many laborers and much time.

The numerous pumping plants, draw-
ing millions of gallons daily from the
streams and bayous, in many places
have lowered the water levels, and some
alarm was occasioned as to the future
of the water supply. It was then as-
certained that this region is underlaid
with inexhaustible beds of water-bear-
ing gravel, and flowing wells, or wells
with pressure sufficient to bring the
water nearly to the surface, are employed
in large numbers to augment the supply.
Many of these are of sufficient capacity
to supply water to 100 acres of rice with-
out diminution in their flow. A well
and pumping outfit sufficient to irrigate
200 acres cost from $1,500 to $2,000.
It is estimated that not less than 25,000

370

acres were irrigated in 1899 from such
wells.

The total number of irrigation sys-
tems in use in the state in 1899 was 596.
Of these 542 were supplied with water
from streams, and the amount of land

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

thus irrigated was 194,788 acres. The
total cost of these systems was $2,475,-
964. ‘The remaining 54 irrigation sys-
tems, costing $53,355, were supplied by
wells and irrigated 6,897 acres. The
total length of ditches was 386 miles.

TREATMENT OF SECOND-GROWTH WHITE PINE.

Paka se

By WALLACE I. HUTCHINSON.

O be ranked as first-class timber a

tree must be tall, straight, free

from branches, and tapering as little as
possible. If heavy thinning is done
during the early years of the growth,
straight, clean boles are not as a rule
produced—that is, not in the same de-
gree as when the woods are kept dense
and the lower branches die off gradually
from lack of light. Nor can we make
up for this by pruning, though it may

be beneficial to some degree. Heavy
thinning gives an increase of light, and
consequently produces a more rapid di-
ameter growth and coarse-grained tim-
ae,

In the case of the White Pine thin-
ning should be carried on lightly until
the end of the principal height growth,
which occurs when the trees are about
forty years old. Then the thinning
should gradually become heavier, in or-

YOUNG WHITE PINE GROWING UNDER WHITE OAK AND PITCH PINE.

1902.

der to assist the selected trees by the
removal of all inferior and diseased ones.
The thinning should be done more
among the dominating and dominated
trees than among those which have fallen
far behind in the race, although the
latter may be allowed to remain to as-
sist in the protection of the soil or as
wind-breaks.

If the woodlot in question does not
consist of a pure stand of White Pine,
but is intermixed with hardwoods, the
plan of thinning must be slightly
changed.

The most important tree, which in
this case is the White Pine, must be
favored in every way possible. Inferior
hardwoods may be allowed to remain
for a certain length of time to act as
nurses for the young pines, but after
their period of usefulness for this pur-
pose is past they should be removed.
This removal should not be done too
rapidly, as in many cases shade is bene-
ficial, and the pines will not stand a too
rapid opening of the forest cover. After
the inferior trees have been removed
and the pines have firmly established
themselves thinning may be commenced.

What hardwood species are allowed
to remain depends largely upon the com-
mercial value of the different kinds of
wood. Perhaps the trees to be favored
next tothe White Pine, in a mixed for-
est, are the White Oak and Chestnut,
both of which are healthy and vigorous
trees of high commercial value.

In a farm woodlot of considerable size
the whole area need not be thinned in
one winter, as this would cause the
owner needless expense. Let him cut
out gradually the timber he may need
for firewood and fence posts, and within
a few years his whole stand will be
cleared. Insome cases it may be neces-
sary to lay out a small sum per acre for
this work, but the added rapidity of
growth and the consequent increased
value of the trees will in the end more
than compensate for the money ex-
pended. Extreme care should be taken
that the remaining trees and under-
growth are not injured by the removal
of the timber and brushwood.

Thinning, if carefully carried on, is
of great value in the production of high-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 371

grade timber. It affords a means of
directing the growth of the wood, either
towards the production of the greatest
quantity or the best possible quality.
Further, it preserves a suitable propor-
tion of species in dealing with mixed
woods. The danger from insects and

fire is lessened by the prompt removal of
dead and diseased trees, and thinning
strengthens the selected trees against
the injurious effects of wind and snow.

EXAMPLE OF BAD PRUNING;

BRANCHES LEFT.

STUMPS OF

When it is the farmer’s object to pro-
duce the best quality of timber—thatis,
long, clear boles—it is necessary that the
trees should lose their side branches to a
certain height from the ground. The.
lower branches of trees growing in
crowded woods die naturally, owing

372 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

to the lack of light. This is a very
marked characteristic of the White
Pine, as its branches often die to the
height of thirty feet, which is also true
of all light-demanding species of con-
ifers. Sometimes the dead limbs drop
quickly to the ground; in others they
remain for years, eventually producing
knots. If the lower branches do not
drop off naturally, they are usually re-

[ er i e \ ]

GOOD PRUNING; BRANCHES CUT OFF EVEN
WITH THE BOLE.

moved by artificial means, and to this
process is applied the term pruning.

The pruning of live branches is done
to increase the value of the timber, stim-
ulate the expansion of the crown of the
tree, and also to free the young growth
from the too dense shade of the over-
hanging trees.

Pruning to free the undergrowth from

September,

a too dense cover is usually done in
woods consisting of timber of different
ages. In many cases one may find a
stand where a valuable, slow-growing
species is liable to be shaded out by a
poor, faster growing one. In this case it
is preferable to prune the undergrowth
rather than remove it altogether. We
often notice trees which have been sub-
ject to unfavorable conditions showing
signs of failing strength in their crowns.
To remedy this, usually a good part of
the lower limbs should be removed.
This allows the tree to use all its nour-
ishment to strengthen the crown, and
in many cases this extra stimulus en-
ables it to pass the danger point.

It is very seldom a tree is injured by
the removal of dead branches. On the
other hand, it may greatly reduce the
danger from rot, as the tree soon covers
over the opening with new layers of
wood.

But a different state of affairs is met
with in the pruning of green branches.
Here the wound caused by the removal
of the limb often becomes the point
where fungi enter. The White Pine
has, however, peculiar methods for over-
coming this evil effect. Shortly after
the limb is removed the wound is cov-
ered by a gummy sap, which protects
the cut from disease until it is able to
heal over, so that in a few years after
careful trimming we have practically a
clean bole. Pruning, however, in a
crowded stand, where the limbs die
naturally to a considerable height,
should be confined to the dead branches
exclusively.

For a farmer the easiest implement
to prune with is a good, sharp axe; if
wielded with accuracy, it is as good as a
saw, as it leaves a smooth surface
wound. Besides, pruning with an axe
can be done more rapidly. It must,
however, becarefully handled, as reck-
less cutting is apt to do considerable
damage to the bark. It is a waste
both of time and energy to prune a tree
above a height of eight feet, which is
about as high as an average man can
reach with an ax and cut carefully.
The branches should not be pruned in
such a manner that short stumps are
left sticking out from the stem, but

1902.

should be cut even with the trunk.
The best time for pruning is undoubt-
edly in the fall or early winter.

As so many of our eastern white
pine woods are seriously affected by the
pine weevil, attention should be called
toit. The presence of the insect is first
manifested by the wilting of the ter-
minal shoot, which, if examined care-
fully, will be found completely mined
by the insect larve. A tree thus dam-
aged will fail for several seasons to send
forth a terminal shoot, with the result
that the lateral branches strive with one
‘another to gain supremacy. It is at
this point that the owner of the wood-
lot can materially aid nature in her
efforts to again produce a normal tree.
A limb should be selected to take the
place of the leader, and in making a
choice its thriftiness and relation to the
tree should be considered. After a
choice has been made all the other
branches of the whorl should be re-
moved, thus giving the newly chosen
leader every opportunity to develop.
If the work has been judiciously done,
the tree may again assume its normal
shape in after years.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 373

ab

it
+)

ee
o 8

ee

A TREE THAT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY THE
PINE WEEVIL.

THE RESERVOIR IDEA.

By G.

HE recent spirited, comprehensive
development of systems of irri-
gation reservoirs in northern Colorado
is in response to several causes, some of
them a little complex, but most of them
of a very evident nature. In general,
it may be said that the snow leaves the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains too
rapidly and too early in theseason. For
these reasons the irrigator and the irri-
gation engineer, even if all the suitable
lands within one hundred miles of the
foothills were devoted to grains and other
so-called early crops, would be put to
their wits’ ends to make even a wasteful
use of the riotous floods that are the re-
sult of innumerable rivulets and brooks
combining in the stream beds and val-
veys. This is notably true of the Cache

M.

Houston.

la Poudre and the South Platte Rivers.
Too often the flood season is accom-
panied by such seasonal rains as make
the use of the passing flood unnecessary
and impossible. In addition, the com-
ing of the rainy term means the more
rapid wasting of the snow in the moun-
tains. This will be sorely needed after
five days of sunshine, even though the
soil may be soaked and reeking with
the rains of ten days, owing to the ex-
treme evaporative powers of the atmos-
phere of the Colorado Plateau.
Additional reasons that may be count-
ed among the very evident ones that
lend to the great waste of the winter
snows are the forest fires and the
indiscriminate cutting of timber, that
have wasted the forests of the eastern

September,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

“MHAIY HAdNAOd HLYON HHL AAVH'T SHHOLIG S,ANVYdWOD NOILVOINUI AUGNAOd HLAON AMHHM LNIOd

SIRY AND IRRIGATION.

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FORI

1go2.

Td INOD NOLLV HudnOd HLWON Ad GHNA\O SANV’I ALOVUVHD ONIMOHS |

dane FET IEM

376 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

slope. The forests of the western slope
are somewhat denser and more valua-
ble, and on that account are also attract-
ing the man with the axe. They, too,
suffer extremely from forest fires, but the
snowfall and the water supply of that
slope is more than sufficient for the very
narrow valleys that can be irrigated on
that side.

As early as fourteen or fifteen years
ago the engineer of the unfortunate
company that succeeded to the interests
of the famous Carter Cotton, projector
and developer of the North Poudre
ditch, saw that owing to the very late
priority of his company’s ditch it would
not only be very desirable, but abso-
lutely necessary, to construct several
storage reservoirs for the impounding
ef the waters that came down to the
head of the ditch at a time when they
were least needed. Although the res-
ervoirs that he caused to be built were
comparatively small, nevertheless here
was the beginning of an idea that has
grown and expanded in all directions,
till within the last few months we have
the completion of the famous Fossil
Creek Reservoir. This reservoir, ow-
ing to its advantageous position as well
as to its size, gives every evidence of be-
ing what its projectors have all along
hoped for: absolutely the best of storage
reservoirs in northern Colorado. ‘This
reservoir is the essential factor in the
working out of what may be called the
“transfer idea.’’

To refer back to the disappointed
Carter Cotton and to his successors,
every season added to the undeniable
fact that the North Poudre ditch could
have water only in the very earliest days
of the irrigating season. When the real
necessity for irrigation water came upon
it, and when crops gave promise of a
good harvest, except for a ‘‘ dry ditch,”’
it would be found wanting.

The North Fork of the Cache la
Poudre, from which the North Poudre
ditch takes water, is what is known as
an ‘‘early stream.’’ Early in the year
there is usually an abundance of water
for storage purposes from this source,
in addition to the regular amount of
water required for direct irrigation.

September,

With this one fact in their favor, the
North Poudre Irrigation Company, the
successor in ownership of the North
Poudre ditch and 20,000 acres of land
lying under it, entered upon a sys-
tematic and scientific development of
the reservoir idea. ‘They have built,
or rather completed, the reservoirs that
nature has all but built for them on their
lands lying immediately under and
below the North Poudre ditch. These
include in all twelve reservoirs, covering
in the aggregate about 3,500 acres, with
a total capacity of 2,450,000,000 cubic
feet of water. In these reservoirs it is
the plan to store the surplus waters that
come down in the early spring. How-
ever, owing to the fact that most of
these reservoirs lay below the level of
the best of the company’s lands, they
have been, on that account, of little use
to their owners. ‘To borrow from the
‘“perpetual - motion idea,’’ another
wheel was wanting.

Strange enough, this missing wheel
was found yet farther down; not only
farther down the Cache la Poudre Val-
ley, but entirely below any lands owned
by the company. It was found in the
shape of what is now the Fossil Creek
Reservoir, a huge basin with a dam 48
feet high, 206 feet wide on the base,
and 60 feet in width at high-water line.
In the making of this dam the require-
ments were 279,585 cubic yards of
clay loam, 300 car-loads of stone of 40
tons each, and four car-loads of Port-
land cement. ‘There were employed on
the various parts of the work of con-
structing this reservoir, during a great
part of last winter, 325 men, 300 teams,
and seven large machine graders. The
reservoir, with its inlet ditch from the
Cache la Poudre River, with a capacity
of 400 cubic feet per second, was com-
pleted June 1, 1902, at a total cost for
site, right of way, and construction of
$180,000.

A good feature of this dam is its stone
pavement covering the entire inner face
one foot thick, and another not less
important feature is the width of its
safety wasteway, through which water
can be allowed to escape without danger
to the dam in a stream 600 feet wide

1902.

‘HLGIM NI LYAA O7I SHOVUAAV ANY ‘dona

AGVAUM ANMOLIVA UVOAS ‘OGVUO'IOD ‘ANWIHAO' LV SLANA

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378

Saal

A FIELD OF ONIONS NEAR GREELEY, COLORADO. THE YIELD
WAS 708 BUSHELS TO THE ACRE.

and 1o feet deep, if necessity should
ever arise. The outlet through which
the water is to be drawn for irrigation
purposes has a capacity of 600 cubic
feet, or 4,500 gallons, per second of
time. The discharge of this water
through the outlet is governed by steel
gates moving vertically. These gates
are governed by screw power from the
top of astone well lead-
ing down through the
middle of the dam to
the stone and concrete
outlet culvert.

From the winter flow
of the Cache la Poudre,
which at the point
where the Fossil Creek
Reservoir inlet leaves
that stream is not the
property or appropri-
ated water of any other
irrigation company, it
is proposed to fill this
reservoir once between
the 1st of November
and the 1st of April of
each year. ‘The Fossil
Creek Reservoir outlet
delivers water back
into “thes Cache “la
Poudre River at a point
immediately above

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

what is known as No.
2 and No. 3 canals.
Both of these are large
and senior appropria-
tors of water from the
Cache la Poudre River.
The North Poudre Ir-
rigation Company pro-
poses to work its ex-
chance -idea, s1o) sthe
great advantage of its
North Poudre ditch,
by delivering out of
Fossil Creek Reservoir
to these two canals the
water that they are en-
titled to from day to
day on account of their
appropriations on the
river at their head-
gates. Whereupon the
owners of Fossil Creek
Reservoir will call
upon the River Com-
missioner to give them credit for the
amount of water they are delivering
from day to day; and to give them per-
mission, on account of thus supplying
the river with water, to take into their
North Poudre ditch about 40 miles up-
stream an equal amount for their uses on
their lands 20 to 30 miles up the valley.

Under this plan it is thought that the

A MACHINE PRESSING ALFALFA.

1902.

reservoir in actual practice will be emp-
tied by the first of June, after which date
the usual spring floods begin. At the
time of these spring floods there is al-
ways a great deal more water than all
the appropriators on the river can pos-
sibly use, and so it will be the plan of
the North Poudre Irrigation Company
to at once begin to fill Fossil Creek
Reservoir for the second time in the
year, and then go through the above
process again.

Summarizing, the Fossil Creek Res-
ervoir, added to the areas and capacities
above given, makes a total of 4,200
acres covered by this company’s reser-
voirs. These have a total capacity of
3,000,000,000 cubic feet. Figuring on
a basis of the present price of reservoir

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 379

water, $150 per million cubic feet, the
Fossil Creek Reservoir twice filled and
emptied will yield to its owners and
water-consumers an annual service in
water the amount of $165,000. But for
various reasons the price of $150 per
million cubic feet is much above the
average value of stored water, and if
we cut this price in two to allow for the
years when, owing to rainfall, water
will not be in such demand we yet have
over $80,000 in annual dividends from
this investment. And those who are
yet more conservative may still further
reduce the price, and reduce it again,
and even they will be able to see that
the Fossil Creek Reservoir is destined to
make four blades of grass grow where
one grew before.

IRRIGATION IN MONTANA.

REMARKABLE INCREASE IN FARM VALUES IN THE LAST THIRTY
YEARS.

HE necessity for irrigation in Mon-
tana is not so imperative as in
states farther south. The table-lands
and cultivable areas of thestate generally
are of low elevation, as the slope of the
Great Plains, which constitute a large
part of the state, is toward the north.
By reason of its diversified physical
character, comprising lofty and detached
mountain ranges, broad valleys, and
vast table-lands, the western end of the
state receives a larger precipitation than
the eastern plains. The accompanying
sketch map represents by areas in solid
black the main regions in which irriga-
tion has been successfully applied to
any considerable extent.

The period between 1870 and 1900
has witnessed a remarkable change in
agricultural values. Thecensus of 1870
reported live stock on farms in Montana
valued at $1,818,693, and farm lands,
including buildings and implements,
valued at $729,193. In that year no
report was secured of the value of live
stock on the range or public domain.
If account were taken of this fact, it
would be seen that in 1870 the value of

live stock in Montana was at least three
times that of all farm land and build-
ings. In the thirty years succeeding
the live-stock interests gained enor-
mously, and in 1900 had a value nearly
forty times that in 1870; but the num-
ber and value of farms have increased
so much more rapidly that in 1900 they
were worth $62,026,090, while the live
stock had a value of $52,161,833, or:
15.9 per cent less. In 1870 farming
was but an incident to live-stock rais-
ing, while in 1900 the conditions were
reversed and the keeping of animals was
less important than other agricultural
operations. This tremendous increase
in agriculture is largely due to the suc-

cessful application of irrigation in the

cultivation of hay and forage, cereals,

fruits, and vegetables.

The number of farms outside of In-
dian reservations increased in ten years
132.9 per cent, the number of irrigators
I17 per cent, and the irrigated area
171.3 percent. Of the 13,047 farms in
the state, excluding those in the Indian
reservations, 8,043 are irrigated and
5,004 are unirrigated. Theacres in the

Sal
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SKETCH MAP

MONTANA.

IRRIGATED AREAS

ACOONDING TO THE CBNSUs OF

1900.

Scale

irrigated farms number 5,822,995; in
the unirrigated, 2,468,091. The value
of all land in the irrigated farms, not in-
cluding buildings, is $36,057,373, and
of the unirrigated, $2,241,354. Live
stock on the irrigated farms has a value
of $32,384.654; on unirrigated, $109,-
777,479. > Lhe irrigated farms are 61.6
per cent of the total number, and the
corresponding percentage of acreage 1s
70.2; that of the value of land and im-
provements,exclusive of buildings, 79.7;
buildings, 75.6; implements and ma-
chinery, 7i-2 4 live stock, 62-1, and
that of the total of all these forms of
farm wealth is 67.9.

The average size of all farms, exclu-
sive of the holdings of the Indians, is
635 actes. “Lhe average size of irri.
gated farms is 724 acres, and the aver-
age amount of irrigated land on each
irrigated farm is 118 acres. On the
farms making use of irrigation the aver-
age value of products not fed to live
stock is $5.55 peracre. Inthecounties,
omitting Indian reservations, the aver-
age value per acre of land, exclusive of
buildings, is, for all farms, $5.45; for
unirrigated farms, $3.71, and for irri-
gated farms, $6.19. The average value
of irrigated land per acre is $19.66,
while that of the best irrigated land,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

—-e ened
‘

suitable for the growing of alfalfa, is.
from $25 to $100; irrigated fruit land
is even more valuable.

The total amount invested in irriga-
tion ditches in Montana to June 1, 1900,
is approximately $4,683,073. The total
value of irrigation products in 1899 was
$7,230,042. ‘The number of acres of
land irrigated for each mile of ditch
reported is 140. ‘The number of acres.
under ditch for each mile is 267. The
average cost of;construction per mile is.
$687.47, and per acre $4.92, for land
actually irrigated in 1899. Most of the
investments in irrigation ditches have
been highly profitable, few disappoint-
ments following the efforts of irrlgators
to reclaim the arid lands.

While it is known that Montana pos-
sesses considerable quantities of ground
water, or so-called underflow, but few
attempts have been made to utilize it for
irrigation. ‘Theamplesupply furnished
by the streams, and the comparatively
inexpensive systems required to divert
it upon the land account for the fact
that there are no reports of farms irri-
gated from wells.

The total number of acres of irrigated
crops in 1900 was 755,865, while the
total number of acres of land irrigated
was 951,154, the difference, 195,289

1902.

acres, representing approximately the
area of pasture land irrigated. It is
probable that a portion of the area upon

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

381

which crops were reported as grown
without irrigation was really irrigated
at some time during the year.

THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK.

A HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO THE
PRESENT DAY.

T this time of unusual public inter-

est in the forests of New York a

recent publication* by the Bureau of

Forestry, in which the lumber industry

in that state from the days of its begin-

nings to the present time is described,
will be of decided value.

This bulletin opens with a description
of the primitive forest, its composition,
the beginnings of the lumber industry,
the first saw-mills, the early lumber
markets, and the primitive methods of
lumbering. Rafting and log-driving are
graphically described, and the history
of log-marks, log-scales, modern saw-
mills, tanneries, and the rise of the
wood-pulp industry is traced.

Just when the labor of the early set-
tlers first took the form which we now
call lumbering it is impossible to say,
but it is shown that in 1623, nine years
after the first house was built at New
Amsterdam, three saw-mills were erected
there by the Dutch West India Com-
pany ; and, with their erection, com-
mences the history of lumbering in the
State of New York.

The machinery for these mills, which
was shipped from Holland, was con-
structed to run by water-power or by
windmill. One of the mills was erected
on Governor’s Island and was probably
operated by wind-power; another, which
stood on Sawmill Creek, a tributary of
the East River, may have used a water-
wheel. In 1639 the mill on Governor’s
Island was leased at an annual rental of
500 merchantable boards, half oak and
half pine.

Timber thieves flourished in the early

* History of the Lumber Industry in the
State of New York. By William F. Fox. Bul-
letin No. 34, Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Pp. 59; plates XIX.

days, and there were likewise foresters
to look after them. In 1770 Adolphus
Benzel, son of Archbishop Eric Benzel,
of Sweden, was appointed inspector of
His Majesty’s woods and forests in the
vicinity of Lake Champlain, at a salary
of £300 per annum. It is interesting
to note that as early as 1700 Lord
Bellomont, governor of New York, rec-
ommended that each person who re-
moved a tree should pay for planting
‘‘four or five young trees;’’ that no
tree should be cut ‘‘that is marked for
the use of the Navy,’’ and that no tree
or trees be cut ‘‘ but when the sap is in
the foot...’

Within the last twenty years the log-
ging industry in northern New York
has been materially affected by the
demand for material necessary in the
manufacture of wood-pulp, an industry
of comparatively recent development.
Ground pulp, obtained by holding blocks
of wood against a grindstone, was first
made in this country in 1867, at Stock-
bridge, Mass. Chemical mills, in which
the fiber is reduced by the action of acids
under steam pressure, were introduced
about the same time. Now there are
293 mills, mechanical and chemical, in
the United States, of which 1o2 are lo-
cated in New York.

At first the New York mills used
only Poplar (Populus tremuloides). This
was deemed a desirable condition by for-
esters, because this species does not ap-
pear to be available for any other pur-
pose, while at the same time it is the
tree with which nature most quickly
reforests burned areas in the Adiron-
dacks. But Poplar was soon discarded
in favor of Spruce, to which have been
added within the last five years some
of the other conifers, the process of man-

“dNVO DNIDSO'TI MOVANOUMIGVY NV

September:

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

2,

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

THE PULP-WOOD INDUSTRY. CUTTING SPRUCE IN THE ADIRONDACKS.

PULP-WOOD 1,0GS DASHING ALONG A WATER SLIDE.

384

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

THE END OF THE SLIDE.

STACK OF FOUR-FOOT PUILP-WOOD LOGS AT THE

MILL.

September,

1902.

ufacture having been improved so that
a satisfactory fiber is now being ob-
tained from Hemlock, Pine,and Balsam.

The effect of the wood-pulp industry
on timber-cutting was soon evident.
Where the lumbermen formerly took
nothing less than two-log trees, leav-
ing nearly all that were 12 inches or
less in diameter, the wood-pulp men
cut all the trees of certain species,
large and small. This close cutting left
no provision for future growth, and
thinned the forests so severely in places
that further damage was inflicted by
wind and ice storms.

It will probably be news to many per-
sons that the lumber industry of New
York attained its maximum develop-
ment at some time prior to 1865, when
there were, according to the state cen-
sus of that year, 3,963saw-mills. Per-
haps three-fourths of this number were
mills equipped with one saw only, none
of which cut over 100,000 feet in a
year.

From the Tenth United States Census
(1880) it appears that there were then
2,822 mills in New York, with an in-
vested capital of $13,230,934, giving
employment to 17,509 men, and paying
out annually $2,162,972 in wages. The
combined lumber product of these mills
amounted in 1880 to 1,148,220,000 feet,
board measure, not including laths,
shingles, and staves.

Within the next twenty years there
was a great decrease in production.
There are not over 150 mills in the state
to-day with an annual output of over
100,000 feet. The production is now
confined almost wholly to the Adiron-
dack region, the mills which are stocked
from there having sawed in 1899 the
following amounts :

: Feet, B. M.
9) KC es Ph a te Aa, Ea 148,203,491
PC MLOCKE As A raedion or SRF sete Nak 46,545,772
Bae 5. yea nels ee ke 33,132,807
Hardwoods tarde cima. ien ent case 24,296,554

nOtalies Chr csc hates 252,178,624
A Number.

HES Re oo esate oe bee oo 33,619,000

AtMSHE oe ose ers ka keel eee. fh 49,329,090

a

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

385

To the amount of sawed lumber
should be added 195,568,623 feet of logs
that went to the pulp mills, making the
total forest output of northern New
York that year 447,747,247 feet.

There are several small saw-mills in
the Catskill counties, with a few others
scattered throughout the western part
of the state, their combined product not
exceeding 60,000,000 feet. The advo-
cates of conservative forest management
need no better argument than is con-
tained in the foregoing figures, showing
the great decline in this industry within
the last twenty years.

Many people attribute the disappear-
ance of the forests to the work of the
lumbermen. This Colonel Fox points
out is an error. He shows this is due
to the farmer, not to the lumberman.
In clearing his land the farmer cuts and
burns every tree and bush for the pur-
pose of improving his land. The lum-
berman takes only a few scattered trees
to the acre, confining his selection to
some merchantable species. The care-
lessness of the farmers in burning their
brush and log heaps has caused many
of the fires that have destroyed so much
of our forests. Lumbermen do not start
fires for their work. The cutting and
skidding are mostly done in the late fall,
and the log-hauling in winter, when the
woods will not take fire. The writer
further claims that ‘‘had no other in-
dustry but lumbering been carried on
within our borders, the once unbroken
forests of New York would still be
standing.’’

Colonel Fox’s bulletin makes avail-
able for the first time in concise form
the particulars of the lumber industry
in New York. It gives an excellent
view of the beginnings, methods, and
various stages through which this im-
portant industry has passed. It con-
tains a lot of information that should be
of value in determining a policy for the
future management of the state forests.
An attractive feature is the large num-
ber of excellent illustrations, several of
which are reproduced here.

ae

386

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY.

REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS.

By WILLIAM H. Kruec,

Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

ONCERNING Benzoin. E. Knoe-
venagel and J. Arndts (Ber.
deutsch? sChem=sGes.,. 25, 1982)
study of the action of alkalies on gum
benzoin. ‘The authors find that when
benzoin is digested with a 60 to 80 per
cent solution of an alkali in a closed
vessel as much as 40 per cent of the
gum is converted into benzyl alcohol
and benzoic acid when the alcohol is
removed by means of water vapor.
Prolonged action both at low and high
temperatures produces toluylene hy-
drate, hydro-benzoin, and a body hav-
ingsthe fonmnula Cal .O»

Sucrose in the Seeds of Gzngko biloba
and Camellia theifera. U.Suzuki( Bull.
Coll. Agr. Tokio, 4, 350). The seed
of Gingko biloba contain almost 6 per
cent soluble sugars, chiefly sucrose,
while those of Camellia theifera were
found to contain 5 per cent.

The Volatile Oil of the Wood of Cryp-
tomerta Japonica. C. Kimoto (Bull.
Coll. Agr. Tokio, 4, 403). The wood,
which has an odor resembling pepper-
mint and is used in the manufacture of
sake-casks so as to impart a certain
aroma to the beverage, contains an
ethereal oil which the author isolated
by distillation with steam and purified
by fractionation. The fraction possess-
ing the most pleasant odor was obtained
between 260° and 270° C., and had the
elementary formula C,,H°,, The au-
thor supposes that this fraction resem-
bles camphor and suggests the name
sugiol. It is a neutral oil, almost in-
soluble 1n water, soluble in alcohol,
ether and ehlororor, as, P5—264—.
D= 0-935:

Kaki-Shibu. M. Tsukamoto (Bull.
Coll; Agr. Pokio, 4) 220). 9 Phe juice
of the unripe fruit of the kaki tree,
Diospyros kaki, l,, is used in Japan for
the impregnation of fish nets and wrap-

ping papers and renders these more
durable. Author finds the value of this.
juice to depend on a peculiar tannin in-
soluble in water and alcohol and soluble
in dilute acids. It becomes insoluble as.
soon as the volatile acids present in the
juice are removed by evaporation, and
thus forms a thin coating which protects.
the material.

Constituents of the Flowers of the
Coffee Tree. WL. Graf (Ztsch. oeffentl.
Chem. 8 (1892), 148). The flowers
were obtained from trees twenty years.
old growing in Réunion. ‘They were
yellowish brown, had an intensely bit-
ter taste, and were found to contain
caffeine (0.92 per cent), phytosterol, a
reducing sugar, and probably caffetannic
acid.

Transmigration in Woody Plants.
G. Andre-(Compt. ‘rend: -134,. 0514)?
A study of the variations occurring in
the organic and inorganic constituents.
during the development of the branches
and leaves of the horse-chestnut. The
investigation covered the period em-
braced by the completion of the length
growth and the falling of the leaves.

The Detection of Ground Wood in
Chemical Pulp: J. ‘Hlertkorn (Chem:
Zte-26, 1642): ) The reaction eivenuby,
Kaiser (Chem. Ztg., 26,335) 1s smore
or less common to all alkyl-sulphuric
acids and aromatic sulphonic acids.
The latter especially, from benzol on
and inclusive of anthracene oil, give in-
tense colorations with ground wood,
while chemical pulp and Swedish filter
paper in most cases are not colored.
The blue or red color is more intense
the more concentrated the reagent. The
most intense color is obtained when the
reagent is prepared by heating the
hydrocarbon with the sulphuric acid
until sulphurous acid is formed. In
this case a slight color is obtained with

‘

aa sz- x AA —_2: DZ

ASS

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“.

SSS io a, |

| TREES. and. . SEEDS

1 @ I F<

: FORESTRY PURPOSES

Our nurseries are known the
world over as headquarters for
Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings
and nearly every Foreign Govy-
ernment is supplied by us. We
have a large acreage of one and
two year seedlings especially
grown for Forestry purpose %

New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with

prices of seeds and seedlings
ready now.

THOMAS MEEHAN

INCORPORATED

SONS

wNarserymen and Tree Seedsmen......

Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa.

3,000,000 PEACH TREES
ost

WHOLESALE
WINCHESTER, TENN.

NURSERIES
EXCLUSIVE GROWERS OF PEACH TREES
JUNE BUDS A SPECIALTY

No agents travel, but sell direct to planters at
wholesale prices. Absolutely free from diseases
and true to name. Write us for catalogue and
prices before placing orderselsewhere. largest
peach nursery in the world. Address

J. C. HALE, Proprietor
Winchester Tennessee

GOLD IN A NUTSHELL

New Book . . All about Nuts
Price, Ten Cents

American Plant & Seed Company

Nashville, Tennessee

ae

Forest and rest and é
Trees
Hardy Perennials
Paeonies

WW Tris

Phlox

Grown in Large Quantities

Ornamental

oa
We are Importers of
Forest Tree Seedlings, Evergreens
..and Choice Trees...
oe

Ask for quotations on anything pertaining to
Forestry, Nursery, or Garden

LAUREL HILL NURSERIES

FRANK BRUNTON, Manager

Stockbridge . . Massachusetts, U. S. A.

For Fall of 1902 and Spring of 1903

We offer a large and choice line of

General Nursery Stock

Special attention is called to the following :

Apple, Cherry, Peach, Keiffer and Dwarf
Pear, Downing Gooseberry, Catalpa, Box
Elder, Silver and Cut-leaved Maple, Moun-
tain Ash, Carolina Poplar, Tulip Tree,

Black Walnut Seedlings, Pecans, Clematis
Paniculata, Wistaria, Norwz ay Spruce, Hy-

drangea P. G., Berberry, Privet, Hybrid
Perpetual and Climbing Moss Roses, Apple
and Pear Seedlings and Root Grafts. For
prices address

F. S. PHOENIX, Bloomington, Ill.

JAPAN WALNUT TREES

Hardy as an oak. Postpaid 35c., four for $1.00.
Strawberries, Red and Black Raspberries,
Blackberries. Send for prices on large lots.

A. Y. CATHCART . . . Bristol, Indiana

NN ae oa a
OS a aS a_i aas aams ea

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

GE DPLLL LD IDLE PLL LI GLEE LE LPI PLPLLEP EDEL LIL LESSEE FE LAE S

)
’ Ask for Prices J.H. H. Boyd, Gage, Tenn.

DEALER IN

on Pin Oaks .Tree and Shrub Seeds

Magnolia tri petela Tree Seedlings in Large and Small Lots
Catalpas, Russian Mulberry,

Sugar Maples Black Locust, and many other
indefinite ornamental varieties

Would like to correspond with any one who

Oriental Planes could supply good fresh tree and shrub seeds
this fall.

a

wn

and

PIO) SOPs, AO) IAICDI/NGYS,

CALIFORNIA PRIVET FOR HEDGING We Have a Surplus of Apple Trees

4 to 5 feet whips and 4 to 5 feet branched; also
EXTRA FINE

cherry trees, grapevines—in fact, a general line
of nursery stock at live and let live prices. Write

OUR SHRUBBERY us.* Agents wanted.

is more extensive and finer than ever. od
Immense stocks of Spirea Anthony Southern Nursery Co.

Waterer, S. triloba, Viburnum to= Winchester Tennessee
mentosum, &c., &c., now ready for
delivery. . . Of Standard Hydrangea

iculat difl re “hav ‘
} Fagest an best stocesn the comers, | Lie Greeley Nurseries

Weeping Lilacs, extra fine.

SORA ae 2 ee ee ee a ee OO

Growers of and Dealers in

HOOPES, BRO. & THOMAS Choice Nursery Stock

MAPLE AVENUE NURSERIES
WEST CHESTER PENNA. GREELEY

ig PUPS

AGENTS WANTED «
COLORADO |

:
:
BOOKS ON FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION
:
:
:

Sent Postpaid Upon Receipt of Price

FORESTRY | Studies of Trees in Winter, Annie Oakes
JUV ARRAY ECCK) Cl aaceoagncaccenceaesad GoRMerccoD iedoesotica t $2.25

Flora of the Northern U. 8. and Canada, Manual of Botany, Asa Gray ...........e00ceeeee 2.00
Britton and Brown (3 VoOIs.)..............--+. $9.00 é

Our Native Trees, Harriet L. Keeler........ 2.00
North American Forests and Forestry,
VWs BLUNCKOns:. .vstescessscceee ss cose cee cere 2.00
The Adirondack Spruce, Gifford Pinehot.. 1.00
Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, G.
WUE Clerics Chiwaze-weeseacce ee cask cease 1.50

Practical Forestry, Puller... 2..-c0..00+c-n-s + === 1.50
Horest Planting, JiarchoOw:...c..c.sce-inssereseeses 1.50
The White Pine, Gifford Pinchot............. 1.00

American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in
yawhaeY 40}2) 61 )s1)) spoceiccoooosenscee4ucotocoo{bc per part... 5.00

Practical Forestry, John Gifford............... 1.20

West-American (one-bearers, J. G. Lem- IRRIGATION

10010) 30 Jad nop aandanodo pasbes KeoGsDadioasiou bine one odoacdead 1.00
Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chap- Irrigation in the United States, F. H. (

TAA eee estrclatiencete mereeacestinioiecet «indice nccietsels care aeec 4.00 INI) eu seep oan Sacenceooe cocoaso0 26 cooUoGacecoudadacoccon 2.00 ¢
Trees of the Northern United States, ~ Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wil-

Hy ARAM Bitter che aidecedsis wast cvslaueer sine teosiontors 1.00 BOTAN GE ce eect iiw etentcs seam eee aloes daria ea eaani obi Gace 4.00
Elements of Forestry, F. B. Hough......... 1.50 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King........ 1.50
Our National Parks, John Muiv............... res Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.. 1.00
Trees of New England, Dame & Brooks..... 1.50 Irrigating the Farm, Wileox............. 2... 2.00

(
»
4
(
(

If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are,
and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid. Address

Forestry and Irrigation
tea Building Washington, D.C. .

K

eae SS ee =. RS NN pene ~~)

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

1902.

chemical pulp, which differs, however,
from that given by ground wood.
Rhimba, a Plant Wax from Mada-
gascar. (Revue des Produits Chim.,
1892; abstract in Chem. Rev. Fett u.
Harz Ind., 9 (1892), 190). ‘This wax,
which has recently been introduced in
France, is stated to be derived from the
rhimba tree, but the exact origin and
method of collection is unknown. It
may prove commercially valuable as a
basis for sealing wax and candles.
Taxine, the Alkaloid of Yew. T.E.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

389

Thorpe and G. Stubbs (Jour. Lond.
Chem. Soc., 81, 874). The authors in-
vestigated the autumn-gathered leaves
of male and female trees of the species
Taxus baccata. ‘The alkaloid taxine
was obtained in the form of very fine
glistening particles.

The Melting of Copal and the Losses
Incurred Thereby. (Oil, Paint, and
Drug Reporter, 62, 5, 44).

The Constructional Woods of British
Guiana. L. M. Hill (Proc. Inst. Civil

Eng, iq7eGn),53):

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

American Food and Game Fishes. By Dr. DAvID
STARR JORDAN and Dr. BARTON WARREN
EVERMANN. Illustrated with colored
plates, text drawings, and photographs
from life. Pp. 573. Special net. price,
$4.00. Published by Doubleday, Page &
Co., New York.

This handsome new volume, the latest in
the series known as the New Nature Library,
contains a popular account of all species of
food and game fishes found in American waters
north of the equator. It further contains keys
for ready identification, the life histories, and
methods of capture of the various fishes. The
authors, Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of
Leland Stanford University, and Dr. Ever-
mann, of the U S. Fish Commission, are the
acknowledged leading American ichthyolo-
gists, and this book will be regarded as author-
ity on the subject.

From their great funds of scientific knowl-
edge and enthusiasm for the subject the au-
thors have produced a delightful book. Hav-
ing the enthusiasm of sportsmen and anglers,
they have made their compilations in a man-
ner that will prove highly interesting to the
generalreader. On the other hand, all descrip-
tions are done with close attention to scientific
accuracy. The result isa book that may be
used at all times for reference and yet has all
the delightful qualities of a series of well-writ-
ten fishing sketches. Itis easily the best nature
book of the year.

This book is illustrated in an unusually at-
tractive manner. The volume contains 10
plates in colors, 108 half-tones from photos,
and 208 line drawings. The frontispiece, a
colored plate showing a brook trout in natural
colors, is the best piece of color printing we
have seen. Perhaps the most interesting point
about the illustrations is the series of photos
of live fish, by Mr. A. Radclyffe Dugmore.
There are more than one hundred of these.

Taken altogether, this volume is an unusu-
ally good piece of book-making, and we believe
is only surpassed by the same publisher’s
splendid two-volume edition of the Harriman
Alaska Expedition.

Nature Study and Life.
HODGE. Pp. 514.
200 half-tones and line drawings.
Co , Boston, Mass.

Dr. Hodge treats the subject in an original
manner. In his introductory chapter he dis-
cusses the various values of nature study under
the heads of economic, esthetic, educational,
ethical, and religious. Of these he puts the
economic value first. This is an unusual argu-
ment in the field of science, and yet we believe
he is justified in the order. His argument on
the question is strong and one that ought to
be generally read.

The book proper is devoted to natural life
near home, opening with a chapter on chil-
dren’s animals and pets. This is followed by
descriptions of insects, plants, gardens, birds,
and a chapter on elementary forestry,

The author has produced a book that should
be of great value both to the general reader
and the teacher. It will likely, however, have
its greatest value as a text-book, fer which pur-
pose Dr. Hodge more especially prepared it.

The volume is splendidly illustrated with
over 200 plates from photos and line drawings.
A pleasing feature is the use of side headings
in black-face type.

By Dr. CLrieTON FP.
Illustrated with over
Ginn &

Proceed-
Pp. So.

Iowa Park and Forestry Association.
ings of the First Annual Meeting.
Illustrated.

This well printed and illustrated report con-
tains the proceedings of the first annual meet-
ing of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association,
which was held at Des Moines in December,
tgot. In addition to the minutes of the meet-
ing, its contents include the papers read at the
meeting, the constitution and by-laws, and a
list of the officers of the association.

Forestry in Minnesota. By Professor SAMUEY, B.
GREEN. Published by the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minn. Pp. 4or. Illustrated.

A new and improved edition of Professor
Green’s ‘‘ Forestry in Minnesota ’’ has recently

399

been issued. The first edition of this book,
which numbered 10,000 copies, was published
by the Minnesota Forestry Association. That
such a large edition should be exhausted in so
short a time testifies to the favor with which it
has been received by the public.

This volume is used as a text-book in a num-
ber of colleges, and normal and high schools.

Seventh Annual Report of the Chief Fire Warden
of Minnesota for the Year 1901. Pp. 135.
Illustrated.

This report, which in contents and appear-
ance is fully up to the high standard set in
previous years by General Andrews, contains
an account of forest fires in Minnesota during
the year Ig01. It shows that the number of
forest fires reported by fire wardens was fifty-
five. These burned over an area of 58,395 acres,
and did damage to the amount of $42,140.
There were nineteen prosecutions for causing
fires and seven convictions.

This report also contains a series of articles
on European forestry, and the whole is hand-
somely printed and illustrated.

There area number of articles in the Septem-
ber magazines that are likely to interest readers
of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The World's

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

September,

Work contains articles on ‘‘A Typical Irrigated
Community ’’ and ‘‘ World Wide Lessons from
Kansas Farms.’’ In the Atlantic Monthly
‘‘ Going Into the Woods ”’ and the ‘‘ Kansas of
To-day ’’ are subjects of interest. The Review
of Reviews has a timely and important paper
on ‘‘The Migration to the Canadian North-
west.” Outing, McClure’s, and Scribner's all
contain pleasing articles on outdoor life.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tennessee Forest Association. Proceedings
of the First Annual Meeting, held at Nashville,
Tenn., November, Igor.

Lands of the Colorado Delta in the Salton
Basin, Bulletin No. 140, University of Cali-
fornia. Pp. 51.

The Pulp Industry in Canada. By D. Lorne

* McGibbon. Pp. 16.
Annual Report of the State Geologist of New
Jersey, I901. Pp.178 Illustrated.

Measurement of Water for Irrigation. Bul-
letin 53, University of Wyoming Experiment
Station. Pp. 57. Illustrated.

Report of the Horticulturist, 1901, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Canada. Pp. 87-135.
Illustrated.

PUBLISHER’S NOTES.

Rawlings Institute, the well-known school
for young ladies, situated at Charlottsville, Va.,
issues an unusually handsome catalogue for
1902. The faculty isa large and competent
one and is headed by Rev. H. W. Tribble,
president, to whom all inquires concerning the
school should be addressed.

Rawlings Institute offers special advantages
for the study of modern languages, art, music,
and elocution.

Persons who have timber or mineral lands
for sale, or wish to purchase lands of this char-
acter, will do well to announce this fact in the
advertising pages of FORESTRY AND’ IRRIGA-
TION. Among the readers of this magazine
there are many persons on the lookout for
business opportunities. An advertisement in
these pages will be read only by substantial
people.

A school for boys that is attracting attention
is St. James School, located near Hagerstown,
Md. Much of the success of this school is due
to the efforts of its headmaster, Mr. J. Henry
Harrison He has shown unusual ability in
directing its affairs, and a number of boys
have been prepared under his direction for
the leading universities. Altogether, it is an
institution that can be highly recommended.
For catalogue, address St. James School,
Hagerstown, Md.

The University of the South, at Sewanee,
Tenn., offers unusually good advantages to

students who contemplate taking up forestry
as a lifework. The university is situated in
the center of its woodland domain of 7,000
acres. In addition to the regular university
courses of study students have an opportunity

_ to observe practical forest methods in opera-

tion, as the woods are being lumbered in a con-
servative manner, according to a working plan
prepared by the Bureau of Forestry. The
University of the South has a beautiful and
healthful location, and offers an especially at-
tractive field for the study of forest and field
botany. Particulars may be had by address-
ing the Vice-Chancellor.

The Tennessee Wholesale Nurseries, at Win-
chester, Tenn., make a specialty of peach trees,
and are carrying a stock of 3,000,000 trees.
Catalogue can be secured by writing to J. C.
Hale, proprietor.

The American Plant and Seed Co. of Nash-
ville. Tenn., whose advertisement is printed in
this number, are publishing an interesting
little book on the growing of nut-bearing trees
for profit.

Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas, proprietors of the
Maple Avenue Nurseries, West Chester, Pa.,
are sending out an interesting catalogue de-
scribing their stock of trees and shrubs.

A. Y. Catheart, of Bristol, Indiana, is mak-
ing a specialty of growing Japan walnut trees.
His advertisement in this number is worth
noting.

Forestry 4 Irrigation

H. M..SUTER, Editor and Publisher

CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1902

SCENE IN A HARDWOOD FOREST : : : Frontispiece
NEWS AND NOTES (//lustrated) ‘ 5 ; 39

At the Yale Forest School—New York State College of Forestry
— Biltmore — Forest School in Nebraska — Michigan Forest
Schools — Utah Irrigation Congress — Banquet in Honor of
Mr. Maxwell —Administration of the Forest Reserves — Deep-
Well Stock-Watering Plants on the Western Plains—Collecting
and Planting Forest Tree Seeds—Meetings— Timber Tests of
Native Trees.

FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS
MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL DEAD (with portrait)
THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS
GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL (with portrait)

THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE ( //lustrated) ; 5
Thomas H. Sherrard

MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN HARDWOOD FORESTS
Walter C. Winchester

THE JACK PINE PLAINS OF MICHIGAN (//lustrated) ,
Filibert Roth

THE TRESPASS PROBLEM, AND HOW TO SOLVE IT

Ernest Bruncken

THE CLIMATE OF THE WHITE PINE BELT (with three tables)
Alfred J. Henry

SEPTEMBER FOREST FIRES ( ///ustrated)

THE WESTERN HEMLOCK ( ///us/rated)

RECENT PUBLICATIONS

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1s the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National lrrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00

a year, single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at

ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, D. C.

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Forestry and Irrigation.

INO> TO.

VOL. Va: OCTOBER 1902:
NEWS AND NOTES.
At the Yale Reports from the Yale

Forest School show that
the attendance this year
will be between 35 and 40. ‘The teach-
ing force has been strengthened by the
addition of two new instructors—Mr.
R. L. Marston and Mr. Alfred Aker-
man. A new wood-testing laboratory
has been the chief addition to the school
equipment.

This new laboratory, the botanical
laboratory and herbarium, and the wood-
lot of 400 acres, of which the school has
charge, makes a very complete equip-
ment for instruction.

Forest School.

* i.

New York Seventy students are reg-
State College istered at the New York
of Forestry. State College of Forestry”

for the collegiate year an
1902-1903. Of these, 30 are old stu-|
dents and 4oarenew. FElevenare grad-_
uates of other departments of Cornell
University and of other colleges and
universities.
juniors, 17 sophomores, 32 freshmen,

s ih
and 3 specials. &

One special student is a native of the

Philippine Islands and a graduate of ©

St. Thomas College, at Manila. An- }
other special student is from Eulenberg

Forestry School, Austria. is

*

The Biltmore Forest
School begins the work
of the new collegiate year with an attend-
ance of sixteen students, a larger num-
ber than ever before. The new building
in which the Forest Department of the
Biltmore Estate, as well as the school,
will hereafter be housed, has been com-
pleted. Mr. Ernest Bruncken, of Mil-
waukee, Wis., has joined the Biltmore

At Biltmore.

There are 2 seniors, 11 - tains the information that a number of

staff and will teach forest botany, eco-
nomics, law, and allied subjects. Mr.
Bruncken is the author of ‘‘ North
American Forests and Forestry,’’ he
was Secretary of the late Wisconsin
Forest Commission, and is an able
lawyer.

Last spring seven of the students ac-
companied Dr. Schenck on an excursion
through the forests of Germany and
Austria. During the summer, the stu-
dents were in camp on Pisgah Moun-
tain, where they had opportunities to
take part in the various forestal opera-
tions carried on under the direction of
Dr. Schenck.

*

The University of Ne-
braska, beginning with
the present collegiate
year, is offering instruction in forestry.
This work will be under the direction
of Dr. Charles HE. Bessey, the well-

Forest School
in Nebraska.

_ known botanist of the university.

A recent letter from Dr. Bessey con-

men have taken up the course in for-
estry at Nebraska. Some of them are
well advanced in the scientific course,
and are now turning to forestry. It is
expected that five or six men will be
graduated from the forest department
in 1904.

*

Michigan For- Instruction in forestry
est Schools. is to be given at beth
the University of Mich-

igan, at Ann Arbor, and the Michigan
Agricultural College, at Lansing, be-
ginning with the present collegiate year.
The courses in forestry at the Univer-
sity of Michigan will be under the di-
reetion of Prof: C.\.A.. Davis: “These
courses are open only to students who

394

have received a bachelor’s degree from
the University of Michigan or from
other colleges or universities, and cover
two years’ work.

At the Michigan Agricultural College
the forest work will be under the direc-
tion of Mr. C. C. Bogue, who was re-
cently appointed professor of forestry.

*

The Utah Irrigation
Congress held a meet-
ing at Salt Lake City on
October 2 and 3. The matter of most
importance taken up by the congress was
the consideration of irrigation projects
in Utah in which the aid of the federal
government might be secured. It was
decided to recommend the Utah Lake
project as being the one which would
result in the greatest good to the people
of the state.

Mr. F. H. Newell was present and
addressed the congress on the irriga-
tion work being done by the federal
government under the recently passed
reclamation act.

Utah Irriga-
tion Congress.

&
Banquet in To show their apprecia-
Honor of tion of Mr. George H.
Mr. Maxwell. Maxwell’s efforts in be-

half of national irriga-
tion, the California section of the Na-
tional Irrigation Association recently
tendered him a complimentary banquet
at Los Angeles.

Highty-five men were present at the
banquet, among them being two United
States Senators, several Members of the
House of Representatives, and leading
citizens of California. Addresses were
made by Senator Bard and Representa-
tive McLachlan, of California, and Sen-
ator Quarles, of Wisconsin.

5d

Administration The Department of the
of the Forest Interior has just issued
Reserves. a new circular outlin-

ing the organization,
direction, and control of the patrol serv-
ice in the forest reserves. ‘The weak
points of the former loose system of
patrol, and its evil effects on rangers and
people alike are fully set forth. Under
the new plan the ranger of Class I is

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

termed asszstant supervisor, the ranger
of Class II retains the term zanger,
while the temporary men of Class III
are called guards. ach grade carries
with it a particular rate of salary, and
also well-defined authority and respon-
sibility.

Each reserve is now divided into a
number of districts, and each district
is placed under a ranger of Class II
(ranger), with a variable number of
guards, the ranger being held respon-
sible for conditions in his district and
the proper performance of duties by his
guards. Similarly the assistant super-
visor (ranger of Class I) is the super-
visor’s general field man, who looks
after all important work in the field—a
thing which the supervisors of the larger
and more inaccesible reserves are not
able to do alone.

&

The Bureau of Forestry
has men in the field col-
lecting forest-tree seed
in view of extensive
planting to be done in several localities
this winter and next spring. The For-
est and Water Association of Los An-
geles County, California, has collected
over one hundred pounds of the Ps
attenuata seed, and Mr.T. P. Lukens, an
agent of the Bureau of Forestry, has col-
lected a large quantity of Sugar Pine
and Incense Cedar seed, all of which
will be planted during the coming winter
on the denuded portions of the San Ga-
briel and San Bernardino Mountains.

A deep interest exists throughout
southern California in this forest plant-
ing. Arrangements will probably be
completed soon for cooperation between
the Bureau of Forestry and the boards
of trade of Santa Barbara and San Luis
Obispo for planting on the mountains
near those cities. Much interest has
been awakened nearthe town of Visalia
in the same work.

A quantity of pine and cedar seed
will be furnished to Mr. F. S. Breen,
forest supervisor, for experimental plant-
ing in the open parks of the San Fran-
cisco Forest Reserve, Arizona.

A large amount of Pinus ponderosa
seed is being collected in the Black Hills

Collecting and
Planting For-
est- Tree Seed.

DEEP-WELL STOCK-WATERING PLANTS ON THE WESTERN PLAINS.

396

of South Dakota and the New Mexican
Rockies, for planting on the Dismal
River Forest Reserve in Nebraska.
The red juniper seed, to be used in the
same way, are to be obtained from the
Platte River region, and the jack pine
seed from central Minnesota. A large
seed bed has already been completed on
the Dismal River Reserve and is now
in readiness for planting.

Mr. J. W. Riggs, of Waterloo, Kan-
sas, an agent of the Bureau of Forestry,
is collecting conifer seed in New Mexico
for trial planting in the drier portions
of southwestern Kansas and Oklahoma.
There is strong evidence that the coni-
fers which are inured to hot dry situa-
tions in the eastern Rockies will thrive
on the southwestern plains, and Mr.
Riggs expects to give the matter a
thorough test.

As stated in the September number of
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, the New
York Forest, Fish, and Game Commis-
sion has decided to establish a state
nursery for the propagation of seedling
trees, which are to be used in reforest-
ing denuded areas in the state forest re-
serve. Several parties in charge of the
foresters employed by the Commission
have been collecting red spruce seed,
and they have secured about 200 bushels
of cones. In the September number,
in calling attention to this work, it was
erroneously stated that this is not a seed
year tor Red Spruce., It is not, how-
ever, a seed year tor Wiiite Pine.

om

A convention in the in-
terests of the proposed
Appalachian National Forest Reserve
has been arranged to be held at Ashe-

Meetings.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

ville, N. C., on October 25. This meet-
ing, suggested by the Asheville Board
of Trade, has been taken up by the
Knoxville Chamber of Commerce, the
Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, the
Newport Board of Trade, and the di-
rectors of the Appalachian National
Park Association. Prof. J. A. Holmes
and other well-known speakers will ad-
dress the convention.

‘The Tennessee Forest Association will
hold its annual meeting at Knoxville on
November 12.

&
Timber Tests The scope of work of
of Native the Bureau of Forestry
Trees. has been broadened by

the recent organization
of a Division of Forest Products, of
which Frederick E. Olmsted has been
appointed chief.

A series of strength tests of timbers
will be made in collaboration with the
Bureau of Chemistry. Western timbers
of whose strength no exact knowledge
has ever been obtained will receive spe-
cialattention. The Bureau of Forestry
has bought a Riehlé testing machine,
powerful enough to try the cross-
breaking strength of a beam 12 by 12
inches, 16 feet long. ‘The machine’s
capacity is 200,000 pounds, and it is
fitted with an autographic and automatic
attachment. ‘Tests are now being made
of timbers of the size used in heavy con-
struction work. At present the timber
used 1s bought in the market. Later
tests will be made of timbers sawed from
trees selected from the forest, in order
to establish, if possible, the effect of
different localities and conditions of
growth on the quality and strength of
the wood.

POR THE PROTECTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FORE SIs:
AN IMPORTANT MEETING OF THE STATE FOREST ASSOCIATION.

HE Society for the Protection of
New Hampshire Forests recently

held an important meeting at Concord,
N. H., at which steps were taken for
the establishment of a reservation in the
White Mountain region. A number of

distinguished speakers were present
from New York, Massachusetts, and
other states, which made the gathering
a notable one. ‘The widely distributed
use of the White Mountains makes them
a national breathing spot, and the dis-

1902.

cussion of means to preserve the timber
on these mountains, particularly on the
higher slopes that have been recently
purchased by lumber companies, was
the key-note of the meeting. Ex-Gov-
ernor Rollins, president of the society,
presided, and Mr. Joseph T. Walker
acted as secretary. Addresses were
made by Senator William E. Chandler,
Mr. Winston Churchill, the author, and
a number of others.

Mr. Philip W. Ayers, the society’s for-
ester, presented a statement of his inves-
tigations for the Society in the mountain
regions of thestate. He gavea history
of the work of the Diamond Match Com-
pany in New Hampshire, and of the sev-
eral pulp companies, including the Inter-
national Paper Company, J. H. Henry’s
Sons, the Berlin Mills Lumber Com-
pany, and others. He spoke of having
met different granges, farmers’ insti-
stutes, teachers’ meetings, and women’s
clubs throughout the state. According
to Mr. Ayers, there is a strong senti-
ment throughout the state in favor of
the establishment of a state nursery
for the distribution of trees and seeds
adapted to forest growth in New Hamp-
shire. Another subject which the pub-
lic is coming to regard with favor is the
exemption from taxation, for a term of
fifteen years, of land properly planted
to forest.

Mr. Ayers presented numerous letters
favoring a reservation by the federal
government in the White Mountains.
They were from Col. John Hay, Secre-
tary of State at Washington, D. C.;
Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D., of
Boston; Senator J. H. Gallinger, of
New: Hampshire; Mr. Filibert Roth, of
the General Land Office, and several
others. Letters were also presented
from Dr. B. E. Fernow, Director of the
New York State College of Forestry at
‘Cornell University, and from the Bureau
of Forestry at Washington.

Mr. Winston Churchill, the author,
was the next speaker. He had con-
ferred with President Roosevelt on the
‘subject, and expressed the President’s
hearty approval of the plans to save the
White Mountains from desecration.

Mr. Orton B. Brown, of the Berlin
Mills Lumber Company, was listened

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

am

to with particular attention, as_ his
company has recently purchased the
remaining virgin spruce forest on the
northern slope of Presidential Range of
mountains. He said the timber was
needed by his company for cutting this
winter and succeeding winters, but for
the coming season they would not cut
the points of greatest scenic value un-
less compelled to do so by business exi-
gencies. He stated that his company
would sell the land again at a fair price,
being naturally interested in the scenic
beauty of the state and anxious to pre-
serve it. They are willing to contrib-
ute toward it, but his company could
not afford itself to maintain so valuable
a piece of land asa public park.

Mr. George H. Moses, Secretary of
the New Hampshire State Forestry
Commission, presented a motion that
the Society heartily cooperate with the
committee appointed at Intervale, of
which Dr. Edward Everett Hale is
chairman, to present the subject before
Congress. This motion was unani-
mously adopted. The committee re-
ferred to is one appointed at a meeting
held at Intervale, N. H., early in Sep-
tember for the purpose of bringing to
the attention of Congress the necessity
of establishing a forest reservation in
the White Mountains. The committee
consists of Dr. Edward Everett Hale,
chairman; ex-Governor Frank W. Rol-
lins; Rev. Dr. Daniel Merriman; Hon.
A. E. Pillsbury, Boston; Mr. Henry
James, 2nd, Cambridge; Prof. J. Raynor
Edmands, Cambridge; Mr. J. Stickney,
and Mr. H. P. Nichols.

A strong plea for concentration of
effort and cooperation of all forces was
made by Col. Henry O. Kent, president
of the New Hampshire State Forestry
Commission, especially in regard to
measures to be brought before the New
Hampshire Legislature next winter for
the establishment of a nursery or some
source of supply of seedling trees for
distribution throughout the state.

The active support of the Woman’s
Clubs of New Hampshire was pledged
by Mrs. Sarah G. Blodgett, president
of the New Hampshire State Federation
of Women’s Clubs. Several represent-
ative club women, including Mrs. Ellen

398

McRoberts Mason, of North Conway,
chairman of the Forestry Committee of
the Woman’s Clubs, and Mrs. Olive
Rand Clark, of Manchester, were pres-
ent and promised active cooperation.
Among other speakers were Dr.
Charles S. Murkland, President of the
New Hampshire College of Agriculture,
and Mr. F. W. Rane, professor of hor-
ticulture and agriculture at that institu-
tion; Rev. W. W. Niles, Bishop of New
Hampshire; Mr. E. Bertram Pike, of
the Pike Manufacturing Company ; Mr.
Henry James, 2nd, of Cambridge, Mass.,
formerly editor of the Forester, and Mr.
W. T. Burgess, editor of the Vew Eng-
land Flomestead, of Springfield, Mass.
A series of resolutions presented by

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

Dr. John D. Quackenbos, of New York,
a vice-president of the Society, were
approved, in which the Society for the
Protection of New Hampshire Forests.
expressed itself in favor of legislation
looking to the establishment of a nur-
sery for the distribution of young trees.
and seeds, the exemption from taxation
for a term of fifteen years of land prop-
erly planted, together with a bill to
provide for a survey which shall de-
termine the location, character, value,
extent, and ownership of the forests in
the White Mountain region.

It was felt that if a national reserva-
tion in the White Mountains is secured,
that the state will cooperate to its utmost
extent:

MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL DEAD.

AS EPAMOUS SSClIE NTIS 1a AN

A PIONEER IN THE IRRIGATION

MOVEMENT.

AJ. JOHN WESLEY POWELL,

Director of the Bureau of Eth-

nology of the Smithsonian Institution

at Washington, died at his summer

home at Haven, Me., on September 23,

and was buried in the national ceme-
tary at Arlington on the 26th.

Maj. John Wesley Powell was one of
the world’s foremost scientists. He was
regarded as the pioneer in the study of
ethnology and the chief authority on
the subject. He was known equally
well as a geologist, anthropologist, and
geographer. His contributions to scien-
tific literature include some of the most
important works extant, and his official
reports, to the number of more than a
hundred volumes, are considered scien-
tific text-books.

Major Powell was the son of a Metho-
dist minister, and was born March 24,
Toga, at. Mount Mors N. VY. Eas
father’s work as a minister took him to
all parts of the United States. The
elder Powell died while the family was
living in northern Illinois. Major Pow-
ell was then about fourteen years of age,
and he had already demonstrated his
fondness for the natural sciences and
displayed great aptitude in the study of

natural history and geology. He made
a number of collections of objects of
natural history, one of which found its
way to one of the colleges.

He first attracted the attention of the
scientific world when, at an early age,
he made a trip to Texas, then a peril-
ous journey, to secure the seeds of bois
d’arc, commonly known as the osage
orange tree, with which to grow hedges
and thus solve the fence problem which
was bothering the farmers of Illinois
and other prairie states. After his re-
turn he took a special course at Oberlin
College, Ohio, and later was made sec-
retary of the Illinois State Natural His-
tory Society.

At the outbreak of the civil war Major
Powell enlisted in the Twentieth IIli-
nois Volunteer Infantry. Major Powell
served in every rank, from that of pri-
vate to lieutenant-colonel of artillery,
which rank he held in the Second Illi-
nois Artillery at the battle of Shiloh.
In this engagement the section of the
regiment under his command held a very
important position, the holding of which
meant victory for the Union forces.
Major Powell held it and during the
latter part of the battle his right arm

1902.

was shattered by a shot in such a man-
ner that it was necessary to immediately
amputate it. When the wound had
healed sufficiently for him to get out of
the hospital, Major Powell rejoined his
regiment and remained with it until
peace was declared.

At the close of the war he was made
professor of geology at the Wesleyan
University, at Bloomington, IIl., and
was later made professor of geology at
Northern University, Illinois. In the
summer of 1867 Major Powell led a
field class to Colorado, where the sum-
mer was spent in study in the Rocky
Mountains. This was the first class of
this character that ever did such work,
and led the way for the establishment
of the summer schools of geology that
have become an important feature of
scientific study.

At that time the valley of the Colo-
rado River was practically unknown.
Major Powell formed the idea of ex-
ploring it, and with a small party built
boats and embarked at Green River,
the terminus of the Union Pacific Rail-
road,in1868. Hemadethetrip through
the Colorado Canyon safely, with the
loss of but two of his party, these two
having left the expedition to go across
country to Salt Lake City. This expe-
dition through the canyon was the first
and the only one that has ever been
made. Portions of the canyon have
been explored, but the entire length
has never again been traversed by man.

A second trip through a portion of
the canyon was made by Major Powell,
accompanied by Prof. A. H. Thompson
and J. K. Hillis. The reports on the
geological, geographical, and ethno-
graphical conditions of this valley led to
the establishment of the United States
Geographical and Geological Survey of
the Rocky Mountain region in 1870, and
led also to a continuance of the work of
exploration and investigation.

Nine years later the four surveys,
then operating under the authority of
the government, which included the
one just mentioned, the Hayden sur-
vey, King survey, and Wheeler survey,
were combined, and the present United
States Geological Survey was organ-
ized, with Prof. Clarence King as di-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

oom

rector. At the same time the Bureau
of Ethnology was organized and Major
Powell placed at the head of it. A year
later Professor King resigned, and Major
Powell was selected to take his place as
director of the Geological Survey.
During the time he was at the head
of the Survey, Major Powell evolved a
plan for the irrigation of the less humid
regions of the West, which was dis-
cussed at length by Congress. The plan
adopted by the government, as embodied
in the bill passed at the last session of
Congress, is almost identical with the
plan proposed by Major Powell. In

MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL.

1894, owing to trouble with his arm,
Major Powell resigned his directorship
and entered Johns Hopkins Hospital,
Baltimore, where he underwent an op-
eration. He subsequently resumed his
scientific work as director of the Bureau
of Ethnology, and was the director of
the Bureau up to the time of his death.
He made many important contributions
to philosophy, and by many scholars is
held to rank with such men as Herbert
Spencer, Comte, and Bacon. His many
scientific papers and addresses have
been published from time to time, and
include several hundred titles.

400

During his lifetime Major Powell re-
ceived a number of honorary degrees
from educational institutions through-
out the world. The most important of
these were the degrees of Ph. D. from
the University of Heidelberg, Germany,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

and LL. D. from Harvard ; he also re-
ceived the degreeof-L1) DP: from the
Columbian University of this city, Ph.
D. and LL. D. from the Wesleyan Uni-
versity of Illinois, and A. M. from the
Illinois State College.

THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS.

HELD AT COLORADO SPRINGS, OCTOBER 6-9, WITH: Ay VARGCE
ATTENDANCE.

HE Tenth National Irrigation
Congress was held at Colorado
Springs October 6-9, with nearly 500
delegates present from the various west-
ern states. The program of the four
days devoted to the work of the con-
gress was made up of discussions of the
questions now most vitally affecting the
west.

The workings of the new irrigation
law, the preservation of the forests, and
colonization were the topics that re-
ceived special attention. The leading
business interests of the west and the
country in general were well represented,
and the work of the congress should re-
sult in a great impetus being given the
development of the west, and a conse-
quent increase of prosperity in the coun-
try at large.

The opening session of the congress,
held on Monday, October 6, was called
to order by President Thomas F. Walsh.
Immediately after calling the meeting
to order, Mr. Walsh read the following
telegram from President Roosevelt: “‘Ac-
cept my hearty good wishes. Nothing
has been done in which I have taken a
greater interest during my administra-
tion than the inauguration of nationally
aided irrigation.’’ Governor Orman
then delivered the address of welcome,
and was followed by Mr. Walsh, who
spoke on ‘‘ The Humanitarian Aspect
of Irrigation: » Inthe evening a re-
ception was tendered the visiting dele-
gates at the Antlers Hotel.

The morning session on Tuesday, Oc-
tober 9, was opened with a report of
committees on credentials and on _ per-
manent organization. This was fol-
lowed by the appointment of a commit-

tee on resolutions. Secretary Maxson
then read his report.

Hon. Alva Adams, of Colorado, spoke
on ‘‘ Pathfinders and Pioneers ;’’ Mrs.
Gilbert McClurg, of Colorado Springs,
extended greetings from the General
Federation of Women’s Clubs. Presi-
dent Slocum, of Colorado College, made
an address on ‘‘ The Universities’ Inter-
rest in Irrigation Problems.’’

There were also addresses by D. W.
Lawler, Minnesota; R. W. Young,
Utah ; Willis Moore, Chief United States
Weather Bureau. John H. Murphy
spoke on ‘‘ The Interest of Organized
Labor in National Irrigation.’’

The discussion of forest problems was
then taken up.

Prof. L. G. Carpenter spoke on ‘‘ Ne-
cessity of Forestry Instruction in West-
ern Educational Institutions;’’ Dr.
Tarleton H. Bean, ‘‘ Forestry at the Lou-
isiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis.’’

The afternoon session opened with an
address by Hon. LL. G.* Powers, oi@the
Census Bureau, on ‘‘ The Irrigation
Census.’” » Hon. \ lL... Bradford serince
spoke on ‘‘ Harmony in the West?”
Wesley A. Stuart on ‘‘Artesian Well
Irrigation.’’

The beet sugar and irrigation discus-
sion was taken part in by Herbert My-
rick, J. G:. Hamilton, J. Fk. Canmpion¢
Hon. R. W. Bonynge, Representatives
Tawney and Morris. John W. Springer
spoke on ‘‘ The Relation of Live Stock
Interests to National Irrigation,’’ and
Prof. Thomas Shaw on ‘‘Agricultural
Production by Irrigation.’’

The colonization discussion was led
by Hon. John Henry Smith, of Salt
Lake, president Trans- Mississippi Con-

1902.

gress; Col. Thomas Holland, national
secretary Salvation Army colonization ;
a paper by Commander Booth-Tucker on
‘*Colonization’’ was read.

The evening session was held at Col-
orado College. There was an illustrated
lecture by Clarence Johnston, U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture, on “‘ Irrigation
in Egypt;’’ an address by Hon. F. E.
Brooks on ‘‘The Future of Colorado
under the Irrigation Act,’’ and a series
of stereopticon views of Colorado scenery
by Gilbert McClurg, secretary Colorado
Springs Chamber of Commerce, followed
by a reception at Coburn Library of
Colorado College by President Slocum
and faculty.

Senators Patterson and Teller both
addressed the congress on Tuesday,
October 7.

On Wednesday there were addresses
by Congressmen Tawney, Heatwole,
Morris, and Stevens of Minnesota, and
Williamson of Oregon, Hon. J. M.
Carey of Wyoming, Senator Dietrich of
Nebraska, and Hon. R. W. Bonynge.
The national irrigation act was discussed
by Mr. F. H. Newell, chief engineer of
the reclamation survey. Mr. Elwood
Mead, in charge of the irrigation inves-
tigations of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, also made an address.

One of the most important matters
considered by the Congress was the
question of merging the National Irri-
gation Congress with the Trans- Missis-
sippi Commercial Congress. After much
discussion it was decided that the Na-
tional Irrigation Congress should retain
its present identity for another year at
least.

The following resolutions were adop-
ted by the congress:

‘The Tenth National Irrigation Con-
gress felicitates the entire American
people upon the enactment of the na-
tional irrigation act of June 17, 1902,
one of the most beneficent and wide-
reaching measures in the history of our
legislation, and rejoices in the fact that
its passage was due neither to partisan-
ship nor sectionalism, but to the patri-
otic and united cooperation of men from
all parts of the country, irrespective of
political complexion.

‘The grateful acknowledgments of
this congress are due to Theodore Roose-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION,

401

velt, President of the United States, for
his invaluable assistance in the cause of
irrigation. His message to Congress in
December, 1901, marked the beginning
of a new epoch in the history not only
of the arid west, but also in that of the
whole region. Without his powerful
aid and that of his administration it
would not have been possible to secure
the passage of that great act which will
inaugurate and put into effective motion
the national irrigation policy for which
we have been striving so long. Great
as his administration may be, we believe
that none of its achievements will re-
dound more to the greatness of our peo-
ple and the glory of our country than
will the passage of the national irriga-
tion act. Wesend him our greeting and
give him our assurances of our most sin-
cere respect and aduiiration.

‘“ We appreciate the invaluable assist-
ance rendered to this glorious consum-
mation by, and here express our sense
of obligation to, the Secretaries of the
Interior and of Agriculture, to the
friends of the bill in the Senate and
House, and to all who have labored so
effectively and unceasingly to secure
this inauguration of the policy for the
reclamation by the national govern-
ment of its arid empire—a policy which
will be productive of greater good toa
greater number than any governmental
achievement of modern times.

‘This congress, having confidence in
the fairness, intelligence, ability, and
integrity of the administration and in
those officials of the Interior Depart-
ment to whom is intrusted the execu-
tion of the national irrigation act, deem
it inexpedient at this time to make spe-
cific recommendations regarding the
manner of carrying the law into effect,
or the policy that shall be pursued in
the expenditure of the available funds,
and leaves all questions relating to this
subject to their discretion and judg-
ment.

‘We urge the enactment of adequate
national and state laws for the preser-
vation of our forests. Forest reserves
should be extended wherever necessary
for the preservation cf the water sup-
plies; more rangers should be appointed
for the protection of the reserves from
fire; adequate provision should be made

402

for the prompt extinguishment of all
fires; burned areas should be reforested,
and the national government should,
wherever practicable, utilize its troops
asa forest patrol, and, with the cooper-
ation of the states, rigidly guard against
forest destruction.

‘“We cali attention to the recommen-
dation of President Roosevelt in his
message to Congress, in which he points
out the overshadowing importance of
a wise administration of the forest re-
serves for the perpetuation of the for-
ests and their protection as sources of
water supply.

‘‘Tn this message the President made
the following recommendations:

‘“*At present the protection to the
forests reserves rests with the General
Land Office, the mapping and descrip-
tion of their timber with the United
States Geological Survey, and the prep-
aration of plans for their conservative
use with the Bureau of Forestry, which
is also charged with the general ad-
vancement of practical forestry in the
United States. These various functions
should be united in the Bureau of For-
estry, to which they properly belong.
The present diffusion of responsibility
is bad from every standpoint It pre-
vents that effective cooperation between
the government and the men who util-
ize the resources of the reserves, with-
out which the interests of both must
suffer. The scientific bureaus generally
should be put under the Department of
Agriculture. The President should
have by law the power of transferring
lands for use as forest reserves to the
Department of Agriculture. Healready
has such power in the case of lands
needed by the Departments of War and
of the Navy.’

‘“We earnestly urge upon Congress
the enactment at its next session of a
law which will carry into effect this
recommendation of the President in his
message.

‘‘We believe that the principles of
irrigation and forestry and their relation
to our social and economic problems
should be taught in all the higher insti-
tutions of learning of the country.

‘‘ We urge the legislatures of the sev-
eral states to provide for a full repre-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

sentation of their irrigation and forestry
interests at the exposition to be held in
St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, and pledge
them our support, believing that such
action will not only prove to be of incal-
culable educational advantage to the
people directly interested, but will dem-
onstrate to our own countrymen and to
the world that the estimate which we
place upon the importance of forestry
and irrigation to mankind is not exces-
sive.

‘« The Tenth National Irrigation Con-
gress has learned with sorrow of the
death of Maj. John Wesley Powell and
mourns the loss as that of one of the
pioneers in explorations and studies of
the arid region. In particular we wish
to express our profound appreciation of
his unremitting efforts for national irri-
gation during the early days of the
movement.

‘“ We express our appreciation of the
successful labors of the president and
other officers of this congress, who have
worked earnestly and faithfully, and
the results speak for the value of their
efforts.

‘“GrORGE H. MAXWELL,
‘*Chairman.
‘“D. W. WORKING,
SO SCORCLO TS se:

The National Irrigation Congress
adopted a special resolution of thanks
tendered to C. EK. Wantland, of Denver,
chairman of the national executive com-
mittee, and to Gilbert McClurg, of Col-
orado Springs, chairman of the local
committee on arrangements, and to the
Chamber of Commerce for their efficient
and untiring efforts in making the con-
gress a success and in looking after the
comfort of the delegates.

It was decided to hold the eleventh
National Irrigation Congress at Ogden,
Utah.

The election of officers resulted as fol- ~
lows: President, Col. Edwin F. Holmes,
Salt Lake, Utah; First Vice-President,
Governor L,. Bradford Prince, Santa Fé,
N. Mex.; Second Vice-President, Anson
J. McCune, Denver, Colo.; Third Vice-
President, E: Hi. Libby, -Clarkstany
Wash.; Secretary, Col. H. B. Maxson,
Reno, Nev.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 403

GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELI,

EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL, IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION.

R. MAXWELL, as a native of California, early became familiar with irri-
M gation, and on the farm where he gained a living had ample opportunity
to learn the advantages of abundant water. Becoming a successful stenographer,
he was engaged in taking testimony in irrigation cases and learned thoroughly
the technical and engineering side of the question, becoming expert in all of the
matters concerning which he was likely to record facts. Later, as a lawyer, Mr.
Maxwell made a specialty of the water laws of California, and with his charac-
teristic thoroughness went to the very origin and studied the fundamentals of the
water question. His practice led him to all parts of California, and in cases ap-
pealed to the Supreme Court of the United States he carried a knowledge of cur-
rent usages and of the law as interpreted by various tribunals.

At the Fifth National Irrigation Congress, held at Phcenix, Arizona, Decem-
ber 15-17, 1896, Mr. Maxwell became prominently identified with the national

404 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October,
aspects of irrigation through his strong presentation of the importance of the
construction of irrigation works by the federal government. In the early part
of the meeting the cause he advocated seemed to be hopelessly outnumbered; but
by his clear, logical presentation of the facts and the persistent representation of
the importance of the matter, the convention was finally won over to his views.

From that time on Mr. Maxwell may be regarded as the central figure and
leader in the national irrigation movement. He continued at subsequent irriga-
tion congresses to urge appropriations by Congress for the construction of irri-
gation works, and believing that this could only be brought about by a more
systematic action than that possible through the National Irrigation Congress,
he organized The National Irrigation Association, a body composed of substantial
business men. With funds assured through the activity of its members, this
association, under the direction of Mr. Maxwell, was able to carry on a vigorous
and effective campaign of education. ‘Thousands of personal letters were sent
out under the general scheme devised by Mr. Maxwell, and the manufacturers of
the East, the men having investments in railroads, the cotton planters of the
South, the labor unions, and many others interested in the development of the
country and the making of more homes, responded liberally to the appeals, not
only for money, but in personal presentation of the importance of the matter to
their Members of Congress. The result was what might be expected, and it was
only a matter of time when Congress must yield to the demands of the business
interests of the country.

The result of the effective organization and campaign carried on by Mr.
Maxwell is seen in the passage of the reclamation law of June 17, 1902. A recent
complimentary banquet tendered Mr. Maxwell at Los Angeles, California, at
which a number of men prominent in national and state affairs were present,
testifies to the high appreciation of his services in this connection.

THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE.*

By THomas H. SHERRARD,

Bureau of Forestry.

HE Michigan Forest Reserve in-

cludes about 60,000 acres of scat-
tered lands in ten townships in the west-
ern half of Roscommon county and in
two townships in Crawford county.
Higgins and Houghton Lakes, around
which the reserved lands lie, are the
headwaters of the Muskegon River,
while the northern end of the reserve
extends over into the watershed of the
Au Sable River. In the southern half
of the reserve, around Houghton Lake,

tion is glacial. The soils are chiefly
sands and gravels of poor quality, unfit
for agriculture. ‘The region is for the
most part uninhabited, although at a
few points the vicinity supports a scat-
tered population.

The original forest on these lands
comprised magnificent stands of White
and Norway Pine. The character of
this forest is shown by the accompany-
ing illustration (Fig. 1), taken on the
lands of the Thayer Lumber Company,

the land is low and often swampy over
large areas; but the shores of Higgins
Lake are higher, and the topography
in the northern half is rolling. Low
ridges alternate with flat, sandy plains
aud swamps. ‘The geological forma-

which immediately adjoin the reserve
on the west.

An exaniination of the reserve during
the summer of rg01 by the Bureau of
Forestry, in cooperation with the Michi-
gan Forestry Commission, included a

* Read at the summer meeting of the American Forestry Association, held at Lansing, Mich.,

August 27 and 28, 1902.

1902.

general study of the condition of the
existing tree growth throughout the re-
serve, made with special reference to
the need for protection and the possi-
bility for improvement of this growth.
In order to get an accurate and de-
tailed description of the character of the
growth on the cut-over and burned lands
characteristic of the reserve,an area equal
to one township was selected, which ex-
hibited average conditions, and acre
strips were run through this area at in-
tervals of one-half of a mile. All trees
on these strips down to one inch in di-
ameter were counted and calipered, and
careful note was made of the character
of the ground cover and of the soil. In
connection with the surveys, a study of
the rate of growth of the common spe-
cies, White, Norway, and Jack Pine, and
White, Scarlet, and Red Oak, was made.
It must not be understood that this

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

405

method of study should be extended to
cover the entire reserve, as conditions
do not require so detailed a study over
a large area. But the results illustrate,
in concrete form and ona small scale,
the lines necessary to be followed in the
practical management of the reserve.

From the 258 acres surveyed, a divis-
ion of the area into types was possible,
based on differences in the character of
the growth and soil. The names of
these types were suggested by the situa-
tions, as well as by the character of the
growth. A rough estimate of the com-
parative representation of the several
types distinguished is as follows:

Per cen
(Olakila ieee eaeth Hots tacos eetcnoee | eee 3
Oaks deer esc eis othe nce es Sele II

— 44
lacks Pines DaGLenlSs vac cr.c ape alte eee eee 39
SWAMP eos cede: apse cles a ne Saeed II
Hardywoodularidl..-recrcaes ace eee ner 6

FIG. I. VIRGIN FOREST OF WHITE AND NORWAY PINE ADJOINING THE MICHIGAN

FOREST

RESERVE.

406

A compilation of 100 acres surveyed
on Jack Pine plains or pine barren type,
gives the following figures for the aver-
age number of trees per acre, one inch
and over in diameter: Jack Pine: 38,
scarlet Oak 8, Norway Pine r. Other
species represented, each with an aver-
age of less than one tree per acre, are
Aspen, Red Oak, White Pine, and
White Oak. Jack Pine comprises nearly
go per cent of all species.

The maximum breast-height diameter
of Jack Pine was found to be 13 inches;
but three-fourths of the trees are 5 inches
and under, and the average diameter of
Jack Pine 1 inch and over is but 4.4
inches.

A comparison of the volume tables
constructed for Jack Pine shows the de-
cided difference in the development of
the species on different qualities of soil
and locality. Two qualities were rec-
ognized.

Quality 1 includes trees on moist sand
and gravel.

Quality 2 includes trees on the dry
sands of the typical Jack Pine barrens.

Volume Table for Jack Pine.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Quality 1. | Quality 2.
Di
)iameter, 2 | eee
breast | Height : eee | Height | Volume
high, in | in feet. a ateet. |) melee ;
inches. oe | cords
I 1O 9
2 20 7
3 29 “3 24
a 36 03 || 29 or
5 43 OS IP ees 02
2 48 06 37 .04
7 52 08 AOR eee OS
Q 56 ole 42 | .07
9 59 Ble 3 | .09
ie 62 -16 44 | crt
a 64 ay 45 si
ue 65 22 45 16
we 67 +30 46 22
15 68 -34 46
WA 69 .42 46
1S 69 Pe |

The soil of the Jack Pine plains is
deep, fine sand, coarser and more grav-

October,

elly where they merge with the oak
flat type. It is too loose to afford suf-
ficient support for large trees, and wind-
fall was very common in the original
forest, many trees being blown down
before they reached a large size. The
openings, where the Indians did not
burn them over, came up in dense stands
of small Norway and Jack Pine, the
place being too dry for successful devel-
opment of White Pine.

Omitting the figures for the other
types, it will be sufficient to give the
species in the order of their representa-
tion. It was found that the total num-
ber of trees per acre one inch and over
in diameter on the oak flats was 94; on
the oak ridges, 65. Scarlet Oak forms
half the growth on the oak flats, while
the Red Oak and White Oak together
form more than 60 per cent of the
growth on the oak ridges. Next in
point of numbers on both types are
Aspen and Jack Pine. Other species
are Norway Pine, Red Maple, White
Pine, Pin Cherry, and Birch.

With the exception of scattered White
and Norway Pines, survivors from the
original forests which were too small to
cut at the time the pine was lumbered,
the trees are young and small. The
oaks are almost entirely sprouts. ‘They
range from one to twelve inches in di-
ameter. The average diameter of the
Scarlet and of Red Oak one inch and
over in diameter is only two inches,
and of White Oak 2.3 inches.

Many of the swamps have escaped
burning. The total number-of trees
one inch and over in diameter on the
average acre of swamp land is 241.
Four species, Tamarack, Cedar, Spruce,
and Balsam, form over 80 per cent of the
growth. Theswamps have been culled
entirely of White Pine and partially of
Cedar. The merchantable timber re-
maining consists of a small amount of
Cedar, Tamarack, and a very small
stand of spruce pulp wood.

Hardwood timber was but poorly
represented in the original forest on the
reserve. ‘The hardwood forests remain-
ing near the reserve belong to private
owners. ‘They have been culled of
their pine timber, and often the Hem-
lock and the more valuable hardwoods

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

407

FIG, 2. GENERAL VIEW SHOWING CHARACTER OF LANDS IN THE MICHIGAN
FOREST RESERVE.

have been lumbered. It was found
that Beech and Hard Maple together
formed 80 per cent of the stand in the
hardwood forests, and Hemlock 11 per
cent. On cut-over hardwood lands,
Pin Cherry holds the first place in the
second growth for the time being, while
the representation of Maple and Beech
together is reduced to 28 per cent.

Fig. 2 shows the character of the
country included in the reserve, and
gives a rough idea of the distribution of
the types described. It was taken from
the top of an oak ridge looking across
an oak flat, pine plains, and scattered
swamps to an oak ridge and hardwood
land on the northern border of the re-
serve.

The effect of fires may be summarized
as follows: the plains (Fig. 3) are more
subject to fires than any other type.
The deep sandy soil dries out quickly
after a rain, and during adrouth, espe-
cially before or after the growing season,
the accumulation of vegetable material
becomes very inflammable. Pine seed-
lings germinate easily and in great num-
bers on the warm sands, but are largely
killed by fire. The Jack Pine, by virtue
of its remarkably prolific seeding, its re-
sistance to fire, and its ability to grow on
the poorest soil, does more under pres-

ent conditions to restock the plains than
any other species.

On sprout land, both on oak flats and
oak ridges, the heavy fall of leaves and
twigs affords abundant food for fire.
The fierce fires which burned in the
slashing left by lumbering, killed the
oak which grew beneath the pines in
the virgin forest. They sprouted freely
from the roots, however, only to be
killed back again by later fires. With
repeated fires the growth becomes thin-
ner and thinner and the sprouts more
scrubby and stunted.

Swamps burn over only in exception-
ally dry times, but when fire does pene-
trate a swamp it burns in the deep peat
and is very destructive.

The effect of repeated fires on the
ground cover is to eliminate differences
due to different soils, and to reduce the
cover on all situations to a few plants
which resist burning. Characteristic
plants are sweet ferns, blueberries,
sedges, and dry land grasses, golden-
rod, aster, etc. On. the :tidges grass
and weeds are shaded out and give way
to stunted oak sprouts.

Early lumbering left seed trees enough
to reseed cut-over lands without the aid
of planting, but the trees are rapidly
disappearing before wind, fire, and theft.

408

Satisfactory reproduction starts again
and again, but is always destroyed by
fire. Recent lumbering has left no seed
trees at all (Fig. 4).

For purposes of comparison and to
show what growth has been possible
under partial protection from fire, meas-
urements were made in some of the few
scattered bunches of second-growth pine
which have been accidentally sheltered
from destructive fires. On seventeen
acres of second growth, on moist, loamy
sand, the average stand per acre one
inch and over in diameter was 349 trees

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

(Fig.5). White Pine, 29 percent, aver-
age diameter, 7.4 inches; Norway Pine,
28 percent, average diameter, 7.4 inches.
Other trees were Red Maple, Beech,
White Oak, Scarlet Oak, Birch, Hem-
lock, Jack “Pine, and; Aspens) iiere
were 652 White Pines per acre under
one inch and 117 Norway Pines. The
total merchantable scale per acre, of
pine five inches and over in diameter,
was 31.6 cords; the average age was 70
years. The stumpage value would be
about $74 per acre if the timber oc-
curred in quantity.

-

eS E:

FIG. 3. SHOWING DESTRUCTION OF JACK PINE BY. FIRE.

409

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

1902.

FIG. 4. COMPLETE DESTRUCTIO

MBERING.

ECENT LU

GR

FIRE FOLLOWIN

N BY

FIG. 5. SECOND-GROWTH WHITE AND NORWAY PINE, WITH MIXTURE OF YOUNG

ER.

HARDWOOD TIMB

410 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

SECOND-GROWTH NORWAY PINE POLES AND SEEDLINGS ; RESULT OF ACCIDENTAL
PROTECTION FROM FIRE.

On eight acres of second-growth Nor-
way Pine on dry sand, the average stand
per acre of trees one inch and over in
diameter was 267 trees: Norway Pine,
77 per cent, average diameter 8 inches;
White Pine, 9 per cent, average diame-
ter, 10.8 inches. There were only 44
seedlings per acre, as recent fires had
burned the ground nearly clean. The
total merchantable scale per acre, of
pine five inches and over in diameter,
was 36.5 cords. Theaverage age was 80
years and the stumpage value would be
$78 peracre. These figures give an act-
ual measure per acre of the growth pos-
sible under the unfavorable conditions
now existing. They give no idea of the
result which may be expected from sys-
tematic forest management.

With this brief review of the charac-
ter of the forest covering and of the effect
of fires upon it, I turn to the question of
an organization for the practical man-
agement of the Reserve.

The success of forest management of
these lands depends so entirely upon
effective fire protection that the organi-
zation should aim first of all to provide
a competent fire service. ‘The agents of
the Bureau of Forestry were strongly
impressed with the feasibility of success-
ful fire protection under a right organi-
zation of the Forestry Commission’s own
agents. Effective protection through the
county or town organizations is utterly
out of the question.

While the organization and training
of a fire service is of paramount impor-
tance, it can be on simple and inex pen-
sive lines. ‘he essential point will be
the maintenance, during dangerous sea-
sons, of a fire patrol and, as an indis-
pensable aid to this patrol, the construc-
tion of artificial fire lines to supplement
natural fire lines.

During the work in the summer
of 1go1, localities where fires are par-
ticularly liable to start were ascer-

1902.

tained; natural fire lines, such as
streams, lakes, and swamps which do
not burn over, were located and con-
nected by a simple system of artificial
firelines. This system of fire lines, with
other data, such as the location of danger
points, lines of patrol, and vantage
points for lookouts, were recorded on a
fire-service map.

The organization recommended is a
superintendent (or forester) in charge of
the Reserve, with fourassistants, to serve
during the summer season. ‘The super-
intendent should be empowered to hire
extra help during the dangerous sea-
sons of the early spring and autumn.
The function of the force is not so
much to fight fires as to prevent them.
The cost of this organization would be
about $3,000 a year, or five cents per
acre. With consolidation and exten-
sion of the Reserve the cost would be re-
duced to less than one cent per acre.

Under a competent organization com-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

411

plete protection against fire will be ab-
solutely assured over considerable areas.
Wherever protection is certain, planting
would become perfectly feasible. Where
planting is necessary these lands could
be planted with pine at an average cost
per acre of not more than eight dollars.
This sum would cover the cost of rais-
ing seedlings in seed-beds, transplanting
to the nursery, and the final transplant-
ing of the three-year-old seedlings at a
distance of 6 x 6 feet. Thinning and
tending are considered unnecessary.
The investment at 3 per cent compound
interest would amount to $35 per acre
at the end of fifty years. The value of
the product at the end of this period,
roughly estimated at 4o cords per acre,
would be $120, assuming a stumpage
price of $3 per cord. This represents a
net gain of $95 or $1.98 an acre per
annum. ‘This estimate is for White Pine;
the figures given are purposely conser-
vative.

MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN HARDWOOD FORESTS.*

By WALTER C. WINCHESTER,

Manager of the Foster-Winchester Lumber Company.

N this paper I will endeavor to put
before your association some of the
reasons, as they appear to me, why the
hardwood timberlands of Michigan are
not lumbered so as to make it possible to
harvest continuous crops of saw timber.
There are two main reasons: First,
the profit that can be realized at the
present time in cutting the lands clean;
second, the excessive taxation on tim-
berlands makes it unprofitable to hold
them for the time necessary to grow a
second crop. Added to these reasons
is the indifference to the public welfare
by many holders of timberlands.

The lumber manufacturer buying tim-
ber at the present time naturally cannot
be in sympathy with the movement for
conservative lumbering under existing
tax laws. It is simply a business prop-
osition of whether he can make more
money by cutting all the timber on the
ground at once, and utilizing the small

timber for cordwood, charcoal, etc., or
whether he can make more money by
holding the younger timber for a con-
tinuous crop.

A big start in the right direction can
be made by procuring the enactment of
laws that will encourage the cutting of
mature timber only. As timber is ad-
vancing rapidly in price timber-holders
are ready to cooperate in any plan that
will insure them a profit in future years.

The price of hardwood and hemlock
lands in Michigan have advanced very
materially during the last ten years.
Lands that could have been bought ten
years ago at $5 to $7 per acre are now
selling at $20 to $25, and even higher.
Hemlock bark commands double the
price it did three years ago.

The lumberman, buying timber at
these prices, is compelled to realize
everything possible from the wood and
by-products in order to make a profit.

* Read at the summer meeting of the American Forestry Association.

sun

The up-to-date hardwood lumber plants
are putting in charcoal kilns and chem-
ical extractors. An example of how
clean cutting is being carried on is
shown at our plant at Slocum’s Grove,
Muskegon county, where we have char-
coal kilns that consume fifty-five cords
of wood every twenty-four hours. We
utilize the tops and limbs and all timber
that will not make sawlogs, taking the
limbs down as small as two inches in
diameter ; the bark is peeled from all
hemlock timber down to six inches.
Hemlock timber as small as three or
four inches in diameter can be sold at
a profit for pulp-wood. All of the small
wood, except Basswood and Hemlock, is
used in making charcoal. We cut the
small Basswood down to four inches in
diameter for excelsior and heading bolts;
the slabs and edgings from all the hard-
wood timber, except Basswood, are used
for charcoal.

We make lath from the hemlock slabs
and edgings, grinding the poorest and
fine stuff into fuel for our boilers. Hem-
lock slabs and edgings that are not suit-
able for lath are manufactured into 16-
inch wood for kindling, for which we find
a ready market at a fair profit. Ferns,
which are abundant, are picked and
shipped to floristsin the largecities. Thus
it may be seen that if a tract of timber
is handled with the idea of clean cutting,
it can be worked up so closely that there
will be nothing left but brush piles.

In cutting a cedar swamp the practi-
cal lumberman takes out all the straight
timber for telegraph poles, cutting
the balance into ties and shingle bolts,
as the timber may be best utilized.
The small timber is cut into posts. <A
standard post is four inches and up in
diameter at the small end and cut in
lengths of seven or eight feet. As
the price of poles, ties, shingles, and
posts has advanced materially in the
past few years, they can be manufact-
ured at a profit, leaving only the
growth under four inches in diameter
that is unmerchantable.

In cutting the mature timber from the
average hardwood forests in Michigan,
I think I would be safe in saying that
no trees are cut for lumber that are
under fifty years of age, except, per-
haps, Basswood, Ash, and Elm. Asthe

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

cull lumber from these sells at a fair
price at the present time, they are cut
down toa smaller diameter than other
kinds. Generally speaking, hardwood
under twelve inches in diameter is of
little value for lumber. I also think I
am safe in stating that the number of
trees cut for lumber would not exceed
one-third of the number of trees on a
given area, if all trees four inches and
up in diameter are counted.

Here, then, we have all this beautiful
timber, most of which has taken forty to
fifty years to grow, sacrificed for the
small amount that can be realized from
cordwood or charcoal.

I have shown you what can be real-
ized at the present time from a tract of
hardwood timber by cutting it clean.
As to the raising of continuous crops by
present holders of hardwood lands, it is
a business proposition that can be
brought about only by educatiug timber-
holders that there is ultimately just as.
much, or more, money in cutting only
the mature or merchantable trees, util-
izing the tops for cordwood and charcoal
and burning the brush. ‘The value of
wood in the tops and limbs of the ma-
ture trees will, in many instances, pay
for taking care of the brush.

There is no question in my mind that
the timber left after cutting the mature
trees can be held at a profit for continu-
ous crops, provided that a provision is.
made for a rebate of taxes in some
equitable manner to owners who are
willing to hold their land for such pur-
poses. It would probably mean hold-
ing the timber thirty years or more for
the second crop.

Cutting the large timber does not ma-
terially injure the younger growth. The
underbrush comes up very rapidly after
the large timber is out of the way,
making a sure protection to the soil.
However, unless you have tax laws that
will encourage timber-holders and stim-
ulate education along the line that it is
not only for the public benefit, but for
their benefit also, you can readily see
that they would not be in sympathy
with the movement. If the preserva-
tion of the forests is a public benefit,
why should not the public be willing to
bear the burden in this as well as other
matters ?

[gO2.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

413

THE JACK PINE PLAINS OF MICHIGAN.*

By FILIBERT ROTH,

Chief of Division R, General Land Office.

CO WT isa pity your people failed in

their attempt to introduce some
kind of a state forest system,’’ was sug-
gested to a wide-awake ex-governor of
one of the Lake States.

‘* Yes,’’ he answered, ‘‘ but our land
is all agricultural land, it is needed for
farms, and therefore there is no room
for any forest experiments.’’

This is a representative view. Atthe
same time, there is in this gentleman’s
state an entire county, and one of the
older and larger ones at that, which has
not enough of business to induce a rail-
way company to extend its lines into
any part of it. Nor is this sand-plain
country an exception ; it is only a part
of a very considerable portion of that
state, and, for that matter, of the entire
area of the Lake States.

If we look a little closer into the
farming, we find that in spite of the
glowing descriptions of real-estate men
and of the excellent efforts of the agri-
cultural colleges and experiment sta-
tions, the sand is sand, and sand only.
The yield is largely of one, or very
few, kinds; this yield is uncertain;
the clover may or may not catch for
one, even for several seasons. The
very soil itself is uncertain, and on
every large clearing we see sand piled
up by the winds along the fences, until
many of these are buried in mobile sand
dunes. During the spring and fall
storms one may see the sands travel and
drift like the snows of winter. A
farmer who had cultivated this kind of
land in Wisconsin and who had been
successful enough to earn a better farm
on the heavy clays of Marathon county,
said, in explaining the sale of a forty-
acre tract of this sand, ‘‘I had to sell it
cheap ; the sand had drifted in for sev-
eral rods on all four sides, until a large
part of the land was ruined.’’

The frugal Polack has succeeded here

and there. ‘To him a home, a tract of
land on which he could breathe freely
and be, for a time at least, without a
master—to him any kind of land ap-
peals. But this success is only tempo-
rary, and only partial; many families
are ruined on these sand lands; there is
unrest; men move away; new ones
come, frequently falling prey to un-
scrupulous real-estate brokers. In time
these conditions become more stable,
abandoned farms remain abandoned,
and just as in the case of many tracts in
the older states, particularly New Eng-
land, man ‘‘lets in the jungle’’—he
waits for the forest to heal up the many
scars he has inflicted on theland. For-
tunately for the Lake States, there is a
climate and a tree which make this pos-
sible, and which in time will heal and
cover up the dreariest sands.

This tree is the Jack Pine—that frugal
scrub among the stately race of northern
ever-greens. A prolific seed tree, with
closed, resistant cones, a rapid grower,
with an abundance of crown and foliage,
this tree spreads over these barren
lands, whether abandoned by other for-
est trees, ruined by fire, or left to waste
by the farmer.

The northern Jack Pine does not
stand alone; it is the representative of
a much underrated group of pines occu-
pying portions of nearly all parts of
timbered North America. With its rela-
tives, it shows frugality, tenacity, fer-
tility, and no small degree of usefulness.
Our northern Jack Pine fairly loves the
sand, and to see it in its natural state,
it gives the impression that sand alone
is its proper home. A small scrub tree
on the dry stretches along the prairies,
it grows larger as the general conditions
become more favorable, until it reaches
a height of fully 100 feet in the regular
pineries, with a diameter of 15 inches
andover. But it is the small-sized tree,

* Read at the summer meeting of the American Forestry Association.

414

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

VIEW OF TYPICAL JACK PINE BARRENS, ROSCOMMON COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

in dense pure stands on the barren
waste lands, which deserves particular
consideration. Here one meets the Jack
Pine, in forests of many miles in extent,
practically alone inthe make-up of the
woods, as young timber 4o to 60 feet
high, ro to 12 inches in diameter, usu-
ally straight and sound, fully covering
and protecting the ground. It is here
that the farmer has begun to learn
and appreciate the value of this scrub
pine. It is here that thousands of
people find their supply of fuel, and
hundreds of portable mills are beginning
to convert Jack Pine into ties, into di-
mension stuff, and even boards.

As with so many of our untried woods,
the man who ‘‘ knows it all’’ declared
against Jack Pine. ‘‘It does not last ;
it is brittle, unsound, and of no use,”’
and many more such clear-cut de-
cisions condemned Jack Pine. This,
of course, always preceded the actual
trial, for so often the ‘‘ practical’’ man,
like other people, finds predictions
much more convenient than a fair trial.
Nevertheless, when railways needed ties,
the choppers went for the Jack Pine,
and when the farmer began to use Jack
Pine rather than pay fancy prices for

Norway or cull White Pine, he learned
that hard pine is hard pine, and that,
aside from its smaller size and less clear
bole, the Jack Pine answered his pur-
poses just as well as the Norway.

This same experince has been repeated
elsewhere. The Jack Pine of the Rocky
Mountains (the Lodgepole Pine) is cut
into finishing material, and commonly
passes under the name of White Pine
in Wyoming and Montana.

In addition to furnishing useful ma-
terial, this pine performs an important
function in preparing the ground for
more valuable trees. Here and there
the sands may be so poor as to prevent
the growth of other species, but this is
rather the exception in the lake region.
There are large stretches of Jack Pine
to-day where White Pine was lumbered
half acenturyago. On the other hand,
there are miles of old jack pine woods
where one may see the Norway and
even the White Pine returning. Cases
have been seen by the writer where the
Jack Pine has given way to Norway
and White Pine until it was represented
merely by scattered old veterans, long-
shafted trees, dropping out one by one.

With others of its group, the north-

1902.

ern Jack Pine has several noteworthy
peculiarities. Its firmly closed cones,
often surviving even a hard forest fire,
open so reluctantly that it has been as-
serted that fire was necessary for their
opening. How long the vitality of the
seed is retained in these cones has per-
haps never been fully determined, but
there is little doubt that it continues for
a number of years. This peculiarity
and its advantages are well known, and
have been discussed so often that there
is danger of its being overrated. Nev-
ertheless, it appears certain that this
peculiarity of the Jack Pine, together
with its regularity and abundance of
seed production, are the chief qualities
which make the tree a regular ‘‘fire
pine.’”’

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

415

In its development the Jack Pine
must be counted among the rapid
growers, both in height and in diame-
ter. In keeping with its scrub-pine
character, however, this period of rapid
growth is short, and is followed, not
by a steady, moderate growth, but by
a sudden and permanent decline in the
rate of growth, which appears to indi-
cate a short rotation for jack pine for-
ests.

Unlike its common neighbor, the
Norway Pine, the Jack Pine, like others
of the scrub pines, departs in the for-
mation of its crown from the regular
form common among the pines. Its
limbs are not regularly set in whorls,
but extra limbs appear, inserted at ir-
regular points, and thus disturb the

SCENE IN VIRGIN FOREST OF WHITE AND NORWAY PINE, MICHIGAN.

416

symmetry of the crown. This greater
number of limbs, together with the
more persistent short needles, gives its
crown a peculiar appearance, a greater
density and increased capacity, and has
led to the designation of it and other
members of this group as Spruce Pines.

The behavior of the Jack Pine in the
woods is good. It stands considerable
crowding; in fact, it rather needs crowd-
ing to clean sufficiently to make a use-
ful timber. It is well able to cover the
ground, and successfully keeps out
weeds and brush, at least on the poorer
lands.

To recapitulate, we have, then, in
these sandy districts, locally known as
‘‘Jack Pine Plains’’ and common to all
Lake States, a peculiar and yet very
important condition. They are single-
crop lands, sparsely settled in spite of
the ease of clearing and working. ‘They
are farmed, but with poor and uncer-
tain results. ‘They are lands of small

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October

value, even in the older settled districts,
shunned by every one acquainted with
their real value. \ They are capable of
a good growth of jack pine timber, and
in most cases a systematic handling of
these woods will render possible the re-
turn of better species.

In this way abandoned farms and
waste lands will give way to the for-
est. A precarious crop of uncertain
value is replaced by a fully assured crop
of material which does not spoil in the
bin, and for which there is always a
market, and at present a steadily grow-
ing market. In addition, the return to
the forest will secure this land against
impoverishment and will do much to
improve it. So that, even if a small
amount of agriculture is to be carried
on, the fields will enjoy the protection
of the forest against the cold and dry
winds which prevent the crops from
taking hold, and which move and bury
the very fields themselves.

THE TRESPASS PROBLEM, AND HOW TO SOLVE IT.*

By ERNEST BRUNCKEN,

Secretary Late Wisconsin Forest Commission.

EARLY a hundred years ago, in
Germany, G. L. Hartig, one of
the founders of modern scientific for-
estry, said in his text-book: ‘‘Among
the many evils to which forests are ex-
posed, timber stealing stands at the
head, because it is so general and so
very injurious.’’ Yet the timber thieves
of his day and country were individuals,
going stealthily into the woods with
hooks or hatchet, to take a little brush-
wood for fuel, or at most cut a few sap-
lings to supply their wants as small
artisans. Hartig could not have con-
ceived of the American trespass prob-
lem, where wealthy corporations set up
sawmills on land that does not belong to
them, and cut down whole forests in
utter disregard of boundary lines and
proprietary rights.
The trespass nuisance is so peculiarly
irritating that one is apt to apply to the

culprit names of which “‘thief’’ is the
mildest. Yet the American people have
done no less than to train, by solemn
enactments, lumbermen to become tres-
passers on public property.

From the beginning the legal princi-
ple has been upheld—and I do not at all
claim that it was a wrong or unwise
principle in itself—that the unoccupied
public lands are subject to utilization by
whosoever chooses, unless there is a
specific statute to regulate or prohibit
such use. This doctrine was reiterated
but a few years ago by the Supreme
Court of North Dakota, in the case of
Matthews vs. The Great Northern Rail-
way Company (72 N. W. Rep., 1085),
where it is held that there is an implied
license to the public to go on the unap-
propriated lands of the United States,
nasture cattle thereon, make and dis-
pose of hay, cut and remove timber and

* Read at the Summer Meeting of the American Forestry Association.

1GO2.

the like. Timber stealing from public
lands, therefore, is considered by the law
not as something wrong in itself, but
merely as ‘‘ malum prohibitum,’’ that is,
something essentially innocent, which
becomes wrong only because it has been
expressly prohibited by statute. In ac-
cordance with this doctrine, criminal
statutes against timber stealing have
not usually made it a felony, punishable
by imprisonment, but a mere misde-
meanor, that can be atoned for by a fine,
like neglect to pay a dog license.

There can be no reasonable doubt
that this attitude of the law is entirely
in accord with present public opinion.
The public do not look upon the tres-
passer as a criminal. It is doubtful
whether juries could be found to con-
vict, if their verdicts meant that the ac-
cused would go to the penitentiary like
acommon thief. Even the fine imposed
on trespassers by state and federal laws
is often not insisted on by the public
authorities, who are satisfied if the of-
fender pays for the value of the stolen
goods. Indeed, Congress has expressly
sanctioned this practice by the law
Oi87S ei. Suppl. Rev:-Stat. U.S),
page 329), which provides that the ac-
cused may relieve himself from crimi-
nal (though not from civil) liability by
purchasing the land on which the tim-
ber was cut at the rate of $2.50 per
acre. Compromises by which criminal
proceedings were dismissed on payment
of the costs of prosecution and the value
of the stolen timber have been upheld
by the Supreme Court (see Wells vs.
Wickles,-10q.U. S:; 444). State au-
thorities have acted on the same princi-
ples with regard to trespass on state
lands, and been satisfied if they recov-
ered the value of the stolen timber by
civil proceedings.

Among foresters there will be no
disagreement on the proposition that
trespassing is pernicious to the welfare
of the publicforests. The public looks
only at the value of the timber actually
taken, but the forester realizes that the
indirect injury by improper felling
methods is apt to be even more serious.
Trespassing must be stopped, if such a
thing is possible. The question nowis:
how can it be done?

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

417

The first impulse in such matters is
often to cry for more severe criminal
laws and their strict enforcement. But
such means would surely fail. Evidence
sufficient to convict of crime is much
harder to get than evidence fastening a
civil liability on the offenders. More-
over, criminal prosecutions would usu-
ally be brought against some poor
‘lumber jack,’’ or at most a superintend-
ent or foreman, while the real offender,
the millionaire director of the corpora-
tion, who reaped the benefit of the
crime, would go scot-free. Wrongs
cannot be cured by injustice. Suitable
police regulations, imposing reasonable
penalties on trespassers, are useful as
supplementary means; but the real
remedy must be sought elsewhere.

It was stated recently that public
sentiment in the United States had
from the beginning considered the pub-
lic lands as the fair spoils of any one
who chose to make use of them. Let
us consider what may have given rise
to this idea, which, by the way, is not
peculiar to America, but found wher-
ever unoccupied public lands exist. The
forests and other resources of the public
lands were created by nature without
the aid of man. There was no sowing
or planting, no sort of care by human
hands or brains concerned in their pro-
duction. It must be expected that
people should consider themselves enti-
tled to free use of these free gifts of
the Creator. To the public conscious-
ness there never has been a right of
property that was not based on labor.
True, ownership by the government is
in reality ownership by all; but that is
too abstract a proposition to have much
force when it comes into conflict with
the desire for a more direct and per-
sonal possession of a share in that of
which each citizen is admitted to bea
part owner.

Is it likely that public sentiment to-
ward timber trespasses would remain
what it is now if it were evident that
the government was bestowing some
labor and care upon its forests? Public
opinion does not countenance the lar-
ceny of furniture from public buildings
or trespasses committed in a public park,
manifestly because it is felt that in these

418

things the ownership of the government
is something real, based on human care
and labor. The proprietary rights of
the government in wild forests are mere
abstractions. They will not become
real to the public conscience until the
government does not simply withhold
from the citizens what nature has freely
given to all, but expends on the forests
such labor and care as will give it the
rights of a real owner.

My proposition, then, is this: the
trespass problem on public lands will
be solved as soon as the government
enters on a definite policy of managing
its forests according to forestal princi-
ples. Of course, I do not mean by this
that timber trespassers will thereupon
at once reform and become good citi-
zens. Greed and dishonesty will still
need the strong arm of the law to curb
them; but when everybody understands
that the public forests are no longer
simply the gifts of nature, but that the
money of the tax-payers is being used
to protect them against fire, to super-
intend lumbering operations, and to
devise means of insuring their perma-
nence, from that moment public senti-
ment will no longer wink at timber
thefts any more than at burglary in the
post-office. Then it will be far easier
to enforce both criminal laws and civil
regulations, that will make impossible
at least those wholesale depredations
which are now so common.

The very fact that public forests are
under forestal management, even if it
be of the most primitive kind, implies
that there are some people on the land
whose business it is to prevent trespass-
ing. Every ranger and other forest
officer would as a matter of course guard
not only against fires but also against
thieves. Even the simplest kind of for-
est management ought to imply also the
utilization of the ripe timber wherever
possible. If it is not yet found expe-
dient for the state itself to do the fell-
ing, there should be a system of licensing
by which private parties are allowed to
purchase standing timber, cut and re-
move it under strict supervision by for-
est officials. Such a system has been
successfully inaugurated in the federal
forest reserves. Where a state estab-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

lishes a forest reserve and neglects to
make provision for the exploiting of the
ripe timber on it, trespassers are simply
invited to help themselves. They will
reason—and most unsophisticated peo-
ple will agree with them—that the gov-
ernment is letting a valuable resource
go to waste, and that it is better for
them to take possession than let the
timber rot on the ground.

Forestal management of reserves will
in still other ways enable us to prevent
trespassing. One of the commonest
excuses of trespassers when they are
caught is that they did not know they
were on the wrong side of the boundary
line. Now it is certainly possible for
such an error to be committed in good
faith. The blazes and other marks of
the government surveyor have become
indistinct in the course of time and often
entirely disappeared. One of the first
things to be done by a forestal manage-
ment of a state reserve should be an
accurate demarcation of its boundary
by the most conspicuous and permanent
means practicable under the circum-
stances. When that is done trespassers
will no longer successfully plead ‘‘ that
they didn’t know they were doing it.’’

Of course, I will hear at once about
the expense. The answer to that is
once for all that all forestal manage-
ment of public land reserves requires
some initial expenditure, and no kind
of expense is a better investment than
a substantial marking of the boundary
line. The Indian forest administration
has in the course of forty years set up
such boundary marks on over 46,000,000
acres of protected forest, and found it
to pay. In many cases in this country
a difficulty will be encountered from
the presence of numerous small private
holdings scattered through the reserves.
Often it will be good policy to get title.
to these holdings either by exchange
for lands outside the reserve or by out-
right purchase. On the other hand, it
is by no means an unmixed evil to have
a reasonable number of settlers living
within the reserve. It gives an oppor-
tunity for obtaining a resident supply
of labor which may be trained for the
work and become interested in it—an
inestimable advantage in all forestal

1902.

operations. I may suggest that one of
the best kinds of boundary mark fora
state forest reserve will be a public
highway.

Having provided a proper, easily no-
ticeable boundary to your reserve, and
having placed on it a sufficient force of
rangers, to combine the functions of
fire guards, game wardens, and trespass
agents, and having, moreover, impressed
the public mind with the idea that you
do not propose to let the timber go to
waste, but utilize it for the common
benefit, you will no longer be troubled
with wholesale trespasses.

Further administrative regulations
may then easily be devised to facilitate
the work of the forest officials, and if
criminal prosecutions should there-
after become necessary, far less diffi-
culty will be found in convicting the
offenders.

So far we have spoken principally of
trespasses on reserved lands of the state.
How about the public lands which it is
not intended to hold for permanent for-
ests? These lands are in most states
scattered in parcels of quarter sections
and even less. Obviously it would not
be wise to spend money on marking
their boundaries or to maintain a force
of rangers for their protection. With
regard to them, it seems to me the best
policy, first of all, for each state having
such lands to determine at once which

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

419

tracts it wishes to retain as forest re-
serves. Having set these aside, all
other lands ought to be disposed of as
rapidly as possible for a fair value and
to actual settlers only. In the mean-
time, if anybody helps himself to the
timber, he ought to be made to pay the
value of what he has cut. ‘This merely
requires that trespass agents, state’s
attorneys, and other officers do their
duty inenforcing such payment by civil
proceedings. Inthe case of lands which
are to be disposed of to settlers, the
state need not take into consideration
the injury done to the forest by im-
proper lumbering, as the forest is to be
cleared off in any event.

Finally, as to trespasses on private
lands, the state evidently has no duty
to perform except to hold the courts
open for the redress of any injury of
which complaint ismade. Private own-
ers can well afford to take steps for the
protection of their own holdings, and
will naturally do so whenever it appears
profitable.

The conclusion, then, which we have
come to is that the trespass problem
will be solved by precisely the same
measures which will solve all other
problems connected with the forests of
this country, to wit, the introduction
into the management of our forests of
methods based on the art of scientific
forestry.

THE CLIMATE OF THE WHITE PINE BELT.*

By PROFESSOR ALFRED J. HENRY,
U. S. Weather Bureau.

HE most striking feature of the
geographic distribution of the
White Pine, especially to the meteor-
ologist, is the fact that the region of
its occurrence, as a commercially valu-
able tree, coincides very closely with
the region of greatest storm frequency
in the United States. This fact seemed
to be of sufficient interest to warrant a
brief examination of the climate of that
portion of the country in which the

White Pine reaches its fullest develop-
ment.

The botanical range of the White
Pine is rather wide, and its adaptability
to different climates is, on the whole,
of a rather high order. It does not
flourish in warm climates, nor to a
marked degree on the lowlands of the
interior valleys and Atlantic coast states,
but in the cloudy, humid regions in
and around the Great Lakes and far to

* Read at the Summer Meeting of the American Forestry Association.

420 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

the eastward it finds a congenial soil
and climate, and there reaches its high-
est development, both in quality and
quantity. In a general way the term
White Pine Belt, as used in this paper,
refers to an irregular belt extending
from northeastern Minnesota on the
west to the Canadian maritime prov-
inces on the east. ‘This main or cen-
tral belt includes northern Wisconsin,
northern Michigan, portions of Onta-
rio, northern New York, and northern
New England. ‘There is also, or rather
there were twenty years ago, extensive
forests of White Pine in western and
central Pennsylvania.

Jan. | Feb. |March.| April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. Ores Oct: | ge:

October,

the movement of cyclonic storms, or
atmospheric disturbances around the
globe. If the region is situated within
the. tropics, where cyclonic storms are
practically unknown, the weather of
one day is almost precisely like that of
its predecessor, and it is only at infre-
quent intervals that a marked change in
the weather occurs. In the temperate
zones the movement of cyclonic storms
keeps the lower strata of the atmosphere
in a continual state of agitation. One
storm is quickly succeeded by another,
and the atmosphere rarely becomes stag-
nated. In the white pine belt there are
not only a large number of storms, but

Normal Temperature [1o°)15°|24°/3a%4g° Ber GF GS ale atte ae

Narmest Month [cers 1880/1877 37218 19]134G| 184A |1 813 1318 1847) 18741181

22/32/34 |45 (53/63 | 71 [Ss a

Coldes{ Month nga 181511872 1874 |139% [18471841 1840) |13%0

! 33/42)/5H

Ab bsolute Max. Tenge 5 [5g 13i |91 |9e)¢

Min. _ FHT |-3G!- 3 |26/35

wn

ins [ine | ine | ine | in:
Normal Preeipitatio aimee :

lel {Vel
reatest Montht lp. 27 |

Least » o4lo.

No. o da Ss

Yarn or snow | tt | Ut

Clear lio! G

PartlyClovudy | tt | 12
sae 10/1oO

pseea ie date a i

CLIMATIC DATA FOR DULUTH, MINNESOTA.

In defining the climate of a place,
we are first concerned with the sum
total of its atmospheric conditions and
the average daily variation of the same.
We wish to know about the tempera-
ture—what is the highest, the lowest,
the average ; how much rain falls, how
it is distributed, etc.

Our second inquiry concerns itself
with the modifying effect of elevation,
proximity of the sea or other large
body of water, the effects produced by
winds blowing across different kinds of
surfaces, and how these react upon the
atmosphere.

The weather that is experienced every
day in any region depends largely upon

each class or type of storm brings its
own distinctive weather; thus storms
which enter the United States on the
coast of Washington and Oregon and
move along the northern boundary are
preceded by warm southerly winds, in-
creasing cloudiness, and rain or snow,
according to the season.

On the other hand, disturbances
which move northeasterly up the Ohio
Valley are preceded and attended by
strong northeasterly winds, relatively
cool weather, and rain in the warm sea-
son and heavy snow in the cold season,
thus insuring frequent periods of cloudy,
rainy weather with intervals of bright
sunshine. This may be said to be the

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

421

Wade

0.4/0.5

NO. of days -

with ram or Snow | 15,

Clear

Partl Cloudy

© oudy

Hverage date |of |For.
n »

las

4

CLIMATIC DATA FOR MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN.

dominating characteristic of the weather
in the white pine belt.

When we extend our view of the
weather so as to include a longer period
of time, say a month, it then becomes
possible to reduce our mental concept
to numerical values. In the course of
many years an approximate value for
the mean temperature is determined ; so
also for the total precipitation, the aver-

Jan.

. |March. | April.

age cloudiness, and other climatic ele-
ments. ‘Thus we are able not only to
form a clear idea of the climate of any
one place, but also to compare climates
and to note the distinctive features of
one as compared with those of another.

The United States Weather Bureau,
of the Department of Agriculture, has
been making observations at a few
points within the white pine belt during

Normal Temperature ISeisele41s'7

HG°l(.0° (65°

Warmest NM 1880 18821819

18'18|1880]1393|1973

HG

55|65|Gq|

131

ISGDIS 311 3s4

ont ye
Coldest Mon
deg.

{soe

444155 1Gi

ee

TA

Absolute Max-Tem p. |

» Min. -e2

jaslaz7|as
22/33 \4o

ine | in. FEAT In.

(2: ee)

3.6/3.0 |Z.

Pena a
ormal Trecipi tal lo ~
reatest Monthly |5-

14

Least »

lou

fl |

No. of days

12

[iz wa

wath, Clee

Clean oe

ut
SBM Key aL eal

Partl Cloudy | fies

c oudy

| |
| lie HIS
VANS 4 Bike) ef.

Ming

Galera
at

Average date | of! {i rot
» y a +

a8.

+——++

CLIMATIC DATA FOR ALPENA, MICHIGAN.

422 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

the last 30 years, and it is now possible
to define the climate of that region with
a fair degree of accuracy.

Climatic tables are presented herewith
for three points—Duluth, in the extreme
western portion of the belt, and Mar-
quette and Alpena, Michigan—those
points being considered as typical of the
climatic zone in which the White Pine
reaches its fullest development.

The total annual precipitation of the
white pine belt averages from about 30
inches in eastern Minnesota to over 40
inches in the Canadian maritime prov-
inces., The greater part of the) belt
within United States territory, however,
has an average of from 30 to 35 inches,
one-fourth of which is in the form of
snow. Snow falls in November and lies
on the ground, asa rule, until toward
the end of April. The average depth
varies greatly. Onthe upper peninsula
of Michigan and in the Georgian Bay
region 125 to 150 inches fall annually,
while on the southern edge of the belt
and at asomewhat greater distance from
large bodies of water the fall is not
much more than 50 inches.

The distinguishing characteristics of
the precipitation of the white pine belt
are, uniformity of distribution through-
out the year and great frequency of
small rains. The frequency of small
rains or days with rain is best illustrated
by a comparison with points to the west-
ward. ‘Thus the number of days with
rain or snow at Bismarck, North Dakota,
is on the average for the year 104; St.
Paul, Minnesota, 117; Duluth, Minne-
sota, 140; Marquette, Michigan, 158;
Alpena, 166.

The Great Lakes and connecting
rivers within the white pine belt com-
prise within their borders about 100,000
square miles of water surface, an area
greater than that of New England, New
Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware com-
bined. This great body of water exer-
cises a marked control over the climate,
not only of the lake region itself, but of
the country far to the eastward.

In a region devoid of vegetation or
forest covering, the soil radiates heat
very rapidly during the season of di-
minished solar activity, and becomes
intensely cold in the depths of winter.

October,

Likewise with the return of the sun
and the increased insolation of the sum-
mer season, the soil becomes very warm,
and these conditions of the soil—extreme
heat in summer and cold in winter—re-
act upon the superincumbent atmos-
phere and thus modify the climate.
The land surface of the white pine
belt is made up largely of areas from
which the timber has been removed,
but on which more or less underbrush
remains and alternating tracts of cleared
land and forest. Other things being
equal, there is not much difference be-
tween a forested area on the one hand
and a region of cultivated land on the
other, so far as permanency of climate
isconcerned. It hardly seems probable
that any material change in the climate
of the white pine belt has taken place
as a result of the wholesale removal of
the timber. This belief is held for two
reasons: First, the deforested areas in
a number of cases have been recovered
by a second growth of timber or by
underbrush, thus preserving in a cer-
tain degree the character of the original
covering. Second, suppose no timber
whatever had been removed from the
original stand; the only influence on
climate that could properly be ascribed
to the original forest cover would be
increased evaporation and a very slight
modification in the temperature. The
increased moisture given off by the trees.
would rise in the air and be carried
eastward by the prevailing westerly
winds, so that the rainfall of the for-
ested areas would not be increased by
an appreciable amount, but there might
be a small increase to the eastward

If the whole continent had mostly a
hard and barren surface, the interior
would be intensely cold in winter and
hot insummer. ‘The rainfall would be
carried off rapidly, and evaporation
would be diminished over the conti-
nent, while there would be no increase
over the ocean. The net result of such
a change in surface conditions would
be a small diminution of rainfall on the
globe. As it is impossible through
human agencies to change the surface
conditions, except over extremely small
areas, it will at once be seen that all
apprehensions of permanent change of

{902.

climate in the lake region are ground-
less

Returning now to the subject from
which this digression has been made, I
would remark that the influence of the
Great Lakes on the climate of the white
pine belt is largely thermal and is no-
ticeable at all seasons. Consider for a
moment the cycle of changes that the
water undergoes each year. It reaches
its highest temperature on Lake Supe-
rior, for example, in September, more
than two months after the summer sol-
stice. With the advent of cool weather
in the autumn the surface film of water
becomes chilled and sinks and warmer
water rises to take its place. This pro-
cess continues until the great mass of
the upper layers of the water become
cooled to about 39°. Ice does not begin
to form until the first of January, and
then along the shores only, the middle
of the lake remaining open the entire
winter. The air near the surface of the
lake waters must therefore always be
warmer than to the westward and north-
ward, over the cold, frozen land surfaces,
and this warmer air is carried eastward
and southeastward by the prevailing
winds, thus tempering the climate of
those regions. In summer, while the
soil is rapidly warming under the influ-
ence of solar radiation, the lake waters

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

423

are responding much more slowly to
the increased insolation, so that it fre-
quently happens that the air and water
temperatures are as much as 20° apart.
The cooling effect of the lakes is felt far
to the eastward and the advent of spring
is thus delayed, since more time is re-
quired to heat the great mass of water
within the lake region than the land
surfaces to the west and southwest.
The development of the White Pine
within the region of its occurrence can
scarcely be attributed to the influence
of climate alone, since it is occasionally
absent from considerable areas within
its own particular climatic zone; neti-
ther does it seem possible to correlate
its growth and development with a sin-
gle climatic element. It seems more
probable that it should be ascribed to a
fortunate combination of soil and cli-
mate, the dominating characteristics
of the latter being somewhat as fol-
lows: First, an atmosphere containing
a high percentage of moisture, with
much cloudiness and, conversely, little
bright sunshine ; second, frequent small
rains and snows, uniformly distributed
throughout the year (about one-fourth
of the precipitation is in the form of
snow); and, third, relatively low tem-
perature, absence of hot winds, and pro-
longed periods of high temperature.

SEPTEMBER FOREST FIRES.

CREA LOSS -OF .vikEy AND - PROPERTY

IN OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

HERE were unusually destructive
forest fires in several of the far
western states during September. ‘The
fires in Oregon and Washington were
the worst in many years, while in Colo-
rado, Wyoming, and Montana an im-
mense amount of timber was destroyed.
Washington.—On September 11 for-
est fires broke out in a number of places
in Mason, Thurston, Chehalis, and
Lewis counties. The towns of Elma,
Folsom, Shelton, Mattock, Black Hills,
Bucoda, Rainier, and Castle Rock were
all threatened by the flames.

The fire was worst on the North fork
of Lewis river, where 16 lives were lost,
32 families lost their homes, and $1,000,
ooo worth of timber was destroyed.
Forty persons were saved by reaching
an open space in the forest known as
Speleyah Prairie. The Lewis River
fire occurred within thirty miles of
Portland, Oregon.

In Cowlitz county 140 sections of
timber, valued at $1,000,000, was burned
over. In the Rock Creek district,
Clark county, the fires burned over
large areas, and several lives are re-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October,

24

LSH

wWOA NOLONTHSVM V NI SHUIA GHLVHdHaA AHO

LOH

AH

1902.

ported lost. According to the press
dispatches, mills, lumber, and standing
timber in Chehalis county, valued at
$1,000,000, were destroyed.

Fires also raged along the Great
Northern Railroad between Skykomish
and Wellington, greatly impeding traf-
fic. The town of Enumclaw had a
narrow escape from destruction by the
flames.

Oregon.—Several lives and a great
amount of farm property and timber
was destroyed in this state by recent
forest fires. The town of Palmer and
the plant of the Bridal Veil Lumber
Company were destroyed. Two boys
were lost in the flames, and most of the
residents of the village had a narrow
escape, In Multnomah and Clackamas
counties several hundred persons were
left homeless by the fires.

The loss caused by these fires in
Clackamas county alone is estimated at
$700,000 Of this amount, $500,000
was on standing timber and $200,0c0
on farm property. The loss in the
State of Oregon is estimated at over
$1,000,000.

Colorado.—The forest fires in this
state during the early part of Septem-
ber destroyed much valuable timber,
especially in the vicinity of Allen’s
Park, St. Vrain Valley, Idaho Springs,
and Long’s Peak. ‘The most serious
fires occurred between Case and Shaw-
nee, Estes Park, Grand Lake, and Mt.
Fairchild, near Lawn Lake.

On September 18 fires were reported
sweeping through the Rocky Mountain
forests from central Colorado to the
Wyoming line. A great amount of
damage was done to the protective for-
ests on the mountain slopes, which later
is likely to affect the supply of water
for irrigation. The damage to timber
in the forest reserves of this state was
not heavy, owing to active work on the
part of the reserve officials.

Wyoming.—Forest fires in this state
near the Colorado boundary line be-
came so serious about the middle of
September that Governor Richards de-
cided to call on the Secretary of the In-
terior for aid in fighting the fires.
After communicating with Governor
Orman of Colorado, requests for aid

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

425

were sent by both executives. Rain
finally extinguished the fires after gov-
ernment officials and others had fought
the flames for a number of days. The
towns of Grand Encampment, Wyo.,
and Pearl, Colo., were threatened by
the flames.

Fires were reported from almost
every section of the state, and it is esti-
mated that 300 square miles were
burned overin Fremont county. There
were serious fires in central Uinta
county, the Jackson Hole country, and
in the Shoshone Indian Reservation.
Natrona county had a fire and the tim-
ber in the Big Horn Mountains was
threatened by a large fire.

Montana.—This state had a number
of serious forest fires during September.
The most damage is reported from the
Crazy Mountains, near Big Timber;
also near Barnica and Anaconda. There
was a destructive fire in the Flathead
Indian Reservation, and also near Libby,
and in the Dayton Creek country.

South Dakota.—On September 14 a
fire was started near Mystic, in the
Black Hills Forest Reserve, by sparks
from a locomotive. The flames made
rapid headway and fora time it looked
as if great damage would result, but
owing to the active work of the Reserve
officials the fire was gotten under con-
trol.

Californta.—The mills of the North-
western Redwood Co., in Mendozi
county, were destroyed by a forest fire
about the middle of September. The
loss was $100,000. ‘There was a forest
fire in Devil Canyon, in the San Ber-
nardino Reserve, early in the month.
Forest fires along the north fork of the
Yuba did considerable damage to via-
ducts and sluices.

The experience of the summer of 1902
has clearly demonstrated the great value
of organized supervision of the forests
on our public domain, and particularly
of the protective forests of our western
mountain districts. According to re-
cent reports of Forest Inspector E. T.
Allen, while the forests of the unpro-
tected public lands of Colorado were on
fire in many places, the reserves of that
state suffered but little damage. Simi-
larly, the mountain forests in nearly

426

every part of Wyoming were visited by
severe fires. An enormous quantity of
valuable timber was destroyed, to say
nothing of the far more valuable young
growth, the timber of the future, and
the most effective part of the protection
against erosion and waste of water.
Much the same condition was noted in
Montana, where the sun was darkened
for days by the smoke from forest fires
on the public lands outside the reserve,
while the reserves remained practically
unscathed. The striking difference be-
tween protected and unprotected public
forests was seen in Washington State.

The difference between having a well-
organized service, always on the look-
out to prevent and capable to fight for-
est fires, and having no protection for
these important mountain woods has
never been felt so keenly before. In dis-
tricts where a few years ago the very
suggestion of a forest reserve aroused
general opposition, the people today are
petitioning to sucure for their woods
the protection which an organized body
alone can supply.

That the present force of rangers on
the forest reserves have been able to re-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October,

strict the damage from fire is significant
in so far that it disproves clearly the
statement, repeatedly made in public,
especially in opposing appropriations
for this purpose, that such a small force
of men could never hope to patrol suc-
cessfully such an enormous area as is
included in the reserves. How mislead-
ing this claim is may readily be inferred
from the following showing made in the
fiscal year ending June, 1901: During
that year about 1,600 fires were discov-
ered and put out or fought by the re-
serve forces. Of these 1,600, about
1,300 were small fires, readily put out
by the rangers, and yet most of these
1,300 fires were ready to grow into
large fires and doimmense damage. Of
the large damage done by the other 300
fires, more than half was done on three
of the reserves, so that the other 35 re-
serves remained practically uninjured.
When it is considered that in a reserve
like the San Francisco Mountains For-
est Reserve in Arizona, where coal-
burning engines at every heavy grade
scatter masses of sparks over the tinder-
like ground cover, the above is certainly
an excellent showing.

THE WESTERN HEMLOCK.

DISCUSSION

OF A TREE TIRELY

TO BECOME PROMINENT IN

THE WESTERN LUMBER TRADE.

se these days of a rapidly diminish-

ing timber supply and the search
for new woods to take the place of the
well-known varieties now nearly ex-
hausted, many timber trees heretofore
considered of little value for lumber are
being exploited. In this connection, a
recent publication* on the Western
Hemlock is timely.

Western Hemlock has suffered so se-
verely through the reputation of its
eastern relative, among lumber manu-
facturers and consumers that it has at
present scarcely any market standing.

*The Western Hemlock. By Edward T.
Allen, Field Assistant, Bureau of Forestry.
Bulletin 31. Pp.55, plates XII. Washington,
1DY, (Ce

To remove this prejudice and to intro-
duce the Western Hemlock to the mar-
ket by pointing out its uses, its economic
value, and the conditions under which
it may profitably be grown, lumbered,
and manufactured, was one of the pur-
poses of a two seasons’ study on the
ground, the results of which are em-
bodied in this report. The other pur-
pose was to ascertain the qualities and
possibilities for forestry of a tree that
must inevitably take on great impor-
tance in conservative lumbering in the
northwest.

The stimulus apparent in the lumber
industry of the northwest within the
last few years, with the recent immense
investments in standing timber in that

1902.

region and the realization that its sup-
ply is limited, has created an interest
in the long-despised Western Hemlock.
This species forms 13 per cent of the
forests of Washington and is abundant
in many parts of Oregon. Apparent
inability to utilize it is one of the most
serious factors in the local lumber prob-
lem. Were it practicable for the Hem-
lock to stand unharmed un-
til it became established in
the market, there would be
less cause for immediate
concern ; but, seldom grow-
ing in pure stands, the
Hemlock, in mixture with
the Red Fir, Spruce, and
Cedar now being logged, is
left standing by the lumber-
men to be destroyed by fire,
wind, or insects—a com-
plete loss to the owner and
to the community.

This waste isin line with
the history of lumbering in
the Northeastern and Lake
States, but with more seri-
ous results and with less
justification. The Eastern
Hemlock is an inferior wood
and therefore was left uncut
until more valuable species
became scarce. The dis-
advantage of the Western
Hemlock has not been its
quality, but its confusion
with the eastern species. It
has been condemned with-
out trial, except by a few
who, realizing the difficulty
of convincing the market,
have manufactured, under
the names of Fir, Spruce,
or Alaska Pine, as much
Hemlock as they dared
without fear of detection.

The importance of bringing Hemlock
into the market on a large scale is now
being realized, and its surreptitious use
is somewhat greater than it was for-
merly. There is still, however, a total
lack of organized effort, and practically
nothing is done to acquaint the con-
sumer with its merits. Mr. Allenshows
that in strength, ease of working, and
freedom from warp and shake, Western

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 427

Hemlock differs greatly from the eastern
species, whose deficiencies in these re-
spects are its chief drawbacks. Western

Hemlock cannot be classed in strength
with Oak, Red Fir, or Longleaf Pine, nor
is it suitable for heavy construction, es-
pecially where exposed to the weather ;
but it possesses all the strength requisite
for ordinary building material.

TYPICAL MIXTURE OF RED FIR AND WESTERN HEMLOCK,

BLACK HILLS, WASHINGTON.

The author states that Western Hem-
lock is best adapted for uses which
require ease of working, a handsome
finish, and lightness combined with con-
siderable strength. It has been found
suitable for flooring, joists, and scant-
ling, laths, siding, ceiling, box shooks,
turned stock, newel and panel work,
woodenware, and paper pulp. It is,
however, for finishing and box manu-

428 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

facture that it is most certain of appre-
ciation when it becomes better known.
Taking a high polish, free from pitch,
and, when properly sawed, showing a
beautiful grain, it is an excellent wood
for wainscot, panels, and newels. It
is harder and less easily dented than
Redwood or Cedar, and has a uniformly
firm grain, which on drying does not
show the minute corrugations charac-
teristic of Red Fir and other trees hav-
ing a marked difference between sum-
mer and fall wood.

Of greater economic importance, how-
ever, is the use of Hemlock as a substi-
tute for Spruce and White Pine in the
manufacture of boxes. The scarcity
of timber suitable for this purpose is a
cause of much concern even in the
West.

The conclusions to which this study
has led may be briefly summarized as
follows :

(1) The wood of the Western Hem-
lock is far superior to that of the east-
ern tree... It is Suitable) for, aise aa all
ordinary building work; it furnishes

October,

good paper pulp; it is sufficiently light
and strong to make excellent wooden-
ware stock, and it is particularly valu-
able for indoor finishing. Its bark is
half again as rich in tannin as that of
the eastern tree.

(2) Under favorable conditions the
Western Hemlock reproduces abun-
dantly and grows very rapidly. Since
these conditions are usually disadvan-
tageous to Red Fir, Hemlock may often
be counted upon to reforest cut-over
lands when Red Fir would probably
fail to establish itself.

(3) The Western Hemlock has now
to contend mainly with prejudice which
is based upon a knowledge of the east-
era ‘tree, alone!) hues impontanceser
bringing it into the market on a large
scale as a substitute for Spruce and
White Pine is growing rapidly. Its
qualities entitle it to rank among the
valuable timber trees of this continent.

This bulletin discusses the diseases
and insect enemies of the species, its
range and habits, rate of growth, and
reproductive power. The manufactur-

HEMLOCK SEEDLINGS GROWING ON ROTTEN WOOD.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

A WESTERN HEMLOCK, CASCADE MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON, SHOWING THICK,

ROUGH BARE

OF THE MOUNTAIN FORM.

ing and market problems are discussed
and the production of bark and its value
for tanning purposes noted.

Mr. Allen’s bulletin is a valuable ad-
dition to forest literature, and the infor-
mation it contains should do much to
bring about a better appreciation of the
merits of a tree that he feels ‘‘is going
to play an important part in the lumber
trade of the northwest.’’ The matter

contained in this publication is of special
value from the fact that Mr. Allen is a
trained forester, intimately acquainted
with lumbering methods of the north-
west through residence there, and this
bulletin is the result of several years’
study in the forests of Washington.

The accompanying illustrations are
reprinted here through the courtesy of
the Bureau of Forestry.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Birds that Hunt and Are Hunted. By NELTJE
BLANCHAN. Illustrated with 48 colored
plates. Pp. 359. Price, $2.00. Double-
day, Page & Co., New York.

This handsome volume on ‘‘ Birds that Hunt
and Are Hunted’’ is by Neltje Blanchan, the
author of that deservedly popular book ‘‘ Bird
Neighbors.’’ Inthe present volume the author
describes 170 birds of prey, game birds, and
water fowl. The book contains an unusually
large amount of popular information for sports-
men concerning the leading game birds. This

book, which belongs in the series known as
the New Nature Library, is a companion vol-
ume to ‘‘ Bird Neighbors,’’ the two forming a
complete popular ornithology.

This book contains 48 plates of birds in nat-
ural colors, an introduction by G. O. Shields
(Coquina), and is now in its third edition. It
is divided into four parts, as follows : Part I is
devoted to water birds, Part II to wading birds,
Part III, gallinaceous game birds, and Part
IV, birds of prey. This book should have a
place in every sportsman’s library.

430

Familiar Treesand Their Leaves. By F. SCHUY-
LER MATHEWS. With 12 colored plates,
200 drawings from nature by the author.
Pp. 320; | Price, $1275 net. Dy Appletonis
Co., New York.

This artistic volume contains a large amount
of interesting information concerning the bet-
ter-known trees of the eastern United States.
The botanical name and habitat of each tree is
given, along with a record of the precise char-
acter and color of its foliage. The book is il-
lustrated with twelve plates in colors of repre-
sentative trees, and 200 drawings from nature
of leaves and seeds of the best-known species.

This book will prove of great value to stu-
dents who wish to become familiar with the
more common trees. At the end of the vol-
ume there is an index giving the common and
botanical names of the trees of the eastern
United States

‘‘Kamiliar Trees and Their Leaves’’ has
been prepared with the usual care that Mr.
Mathews has shown in his other book.

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botani-
ical Gardens. Pp. 133. Illustrated with 99
plates St. Louis, Mo.

The thirteenth annual report of the Missouri
Botanical Garden at St. Louis, Mo., is an un-
usually interesting number. The formal re-
ports of the Director and of Officers of the Board
occupy only a few pages, while the major part
of the 133 pages of printed matter comprises an
exhaustive revision and technical study of the
Yucce@ or Yuccas, by Dr. William Trelease,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

October, 1902.

Director of the Garden. One hundred excel-
lent half-tone plates (including one heliotype)
from photographs and drawings, amply illus-
trate the distribution and the characters of the
species and varieties discussed.

It is, perhaps, not generally known that
some fifteen of these curious plants form a
conspicuous part of the forest growth of many
desert or dry regions in southwestern and
southern North America. ‘Ten of these tree
yuccas occur within the borders of the United
States and about five are Mexican or Central
American. The yuccas are useful ornamental
trees and deserve wider use in suitable cli-
mates. Their leaves furnish a strong fiber for
ropes, while the wood of some species is used
in making furniture. The large, bulky flow-
ers of one species are extensively eaten by cat-
tle and sheep. The banana- like fruit of sev-
eral species is said to be eaten by Mexican and
Indian children; but the writer suggests as
probably correct, a comparison of the taste of
this fruit with that of ‘“black-currant jam fla-
vored with quinine.’

The principal species formerly included in
the genus Yucca have, as a result of Dr. Tre-
lease’s sixteen years of close study, been di-
vided among three genera—Hesperoy ucca,
Clistoyucca, and Yucca. Important differ-
ences in the flowers, fruit, and seeds appear to
justify this new classification. We take pleas-
ure in saying that Dr. Trelease’s contribution
to the scanty literature of this group of little-
known plants, will give much-needed aid to
students and others interested in the yuccas.

GUARDED

MARBLE’S
SAFETY
POCKET AXE

WILL INTEREST YOU.

Send for circular describing it, together with
numerous conveniences for campers and hunters:

MARBLE SAFETY AXE CoO.,

GLADSTONE, MICH., U.S. A.

COLLEGE FOOTBALL POSTERS

30,000 of our striking Football Posters have been sold.
series Includes Yale, Harvard, Princeton
printed in the colors of these universities.

14x22 inches.

Price, 25 cents each, sent postpaid.
dealers will find them great sellers.
city, college and preparatory school.

The
and Pennsylvania,
Size of posters,
News-
We want agents in every
Address—

Ghe POTOMAC PRESS, Publishers.

ATLANTIC BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.

DERAT IG

Forestry 4 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1902

THE ASSUAN DAM : : : : : : . Frontispiece
NEWS AND NOTES (//lustrvated) ; : : ; F le 4a

Meetings—To Prevent Forest Fires—A Practical Fireplace—In Favor
ef Forestry and Irrigation—lIrrigation in Grand River Valley—Notes
About Forest Reserve Officers—Tree Planting in Northwestern Texas—
Hartford Takes up Forestry— Water Power in the Central West—Sur-
vey of Forest Reserves—Forest Work in Texas—Wood-eating Ants—
An Old Cedar—A Unique Society—For Irrigation in Wyoming—Soil
Investigations.

HON. ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK (with portrait)
HON. CHARLES D. WALCOTT (wth portrait)
RECLAMATION OF THE ARID REGION

George Hebard Maxwell

THE MESQUITE: A DESERT STUDY (/llustrated)
2 Ne Holsinger

TREE GROWING IN NEBRASKA ( //lustrated) :
Charles E. Bessey

NEW FOREST AND WATER ASSOCIATION IN NEW YORK

THE BARK BEETLE PEST IN THE BLACK HILLS FOREST
RESERVE (///ustrated) : : . Filibert Roth

RECENT FOREST FIRES IN OREGCN AND WASHINGTON
(L//ustrated ) : : William T. Cox

THE TRESPASS PROBLEM: A CCERECTION 20 Weds bs

A PLANTATION OF EUROPEAN LARCH (//lustrated)
Austin F. Hawes

THE UNIVERSITIES’ INTEREST IN IRRIGATION
PROBLEMS . : : William F. Slocum 474

PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY . William H. Krug 476
REGENT PUBLICAMIONS . 427s ->. Slad’ a, eee

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ts the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00
a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at

ATLANTIC BUILDING

Washington, D.

(‘ibb @Oova HHS) ‘9 UHAWHOAA GALVOIGHC Ha OL ‘IdAOH ‘NVASSV LV WVvd MIOAMHSHU AIIN AHL

Forestry and Irrigation.

N@e er:

Var VEEL NOVEMBER, 1902.
NEWS AND NOTES.
Meetings. The twenty-first annual

meeting of the Amer-
ican Forestry Association will be held
in Washington on Wednesday, Decem-
ber 10. The election of officers, presen-
tation of reports by the board of direct-
ors and treasurer, and such other busi-
ness as requires to come before the entire
Association will be transacted.

The second annual meeting of the
Iowa Park and Forestry Association will
be held at Des Moines, Iowa, December
8 and g.

The forty-fifth annual meeting of the
Missouri Horticultural Society will be
held at Springfield, Mo., December 2-4.

*

The immense losses
caused by forest fires in
Oregon and Washing-
ton during September, a detailed ac-
count of which is printed elsewhere in
this number, has aroused lumbermen
and property-owners generally in the
northwest to the seriousness of the fire
question. Later reports show that the
losses from these fires was much greater
than was at first supposed.

The trade press, so often silent in such
matters for fear of disturbing business
conditions, has taken up the fire ques-
tion. Zhe Pacific Lumber Trade Journal
for October contains a summary of the
losses in the recent fire and calls for ac-
tion by the people of Oregon and Wash-
ington. This number also contains a
number of replies to a circular letter
sent out to representative lumbermen
by the editor, Mr. Beckman, asking for
suggestions for the prevention of fires.
The following is an extract from Mr.
Beckman’s letter:

‘“Suggestions of proper remedies
have been numerous, some taking the

To Prevent
Forest Fires.

position that there should be a patrol of
timbered regions during the warm parts
of the year, the timber owners to pay
all the expenses of such a system, while
others believe that the aid of the govern-
ment should be sought. ‘The former
seems to be possible, but it is quite likely
that the government will do nothing ex-
cept what will protect its own reserves.
It is a question for the people of this
state to settle, and that being the case
we wish you to help us in starting a
movement that may bring invaluable
results.

‘“The impression prevails to some
extent that the fires are started by ranch-
ers, who in burning brush while clear-
ing their land are not sufficiently careful
to prevent the fires getting beyond their
control ; but it must be remembered that
some of the worst fires have originated
in logging camps, and that all need to
be careful. It is a question on which
all should get together for the good of
the states.’’

The Oregon Timberman has also taken
up the matter, and in its October num-
ber prints a number of letters on the fire
question from prominent lumbermen.
The Timberman concludes its leading
editorial as follows :

‘“There is neither sense nor justice
in attempting to disguise these self-
apparent facts, and if the owners of
timber lands and the people of Oregon
and Washington in general will awaken
to a realization of these dangers and
pass remedial laws, the lesson learned
by the rgo2 fires will not have been too
dearly bought.’’

The trade press can do much to arouse
the people to action on the fire question ;
the example set by 7he Pacific Lumber
Trade Journal and The Oregon Timber-

434

man is most commendable. ‘The ques-
tion is not how éo extinguish forest fires,
but how ¢o prevent them.

*

Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of
the Bureau of Forestry,
while traveling in Fin-
land, found that the men who live in
the woods during cold weather com-
monly warm themselves at a unique
fireplace, which has several advantages
over the ordinary open camp-fire that
we use. Itissimplya straight-grained
log, twelve or more inches in diameter,
split in half, with the two parts sepa-
rated about four inches by blocks of
wood or stones near theends. A fire of
chips and small sticks is built within
the cleft, which, gradually eating into
the log itself, produces great heat.

Mr. Gaskill, who furnished the photo
from which the accompanying illustra-
tion was made, tried this fireplace in
camp last summer and found that it
worked admirably in front of a tent on
acold, wetday. After the log was well
heated by as large a fire as the cleft
would hold, a few dry sticks added now
and then were enough to keep the fire
alive and thoroughly warm the tent.

The device requires little fuel, is in-
finitely less likely to set the woods on
fire than a fire built upon the ground,
and will keep going in the rain.- Of
course, when the wind is contrary, the
dweller must choose between the cold
and more smoke than is pleasant. In
the open, or where the face of a camp
can be shifted, it is like a fire built upon
the ground.

A Practical
Fireplace

*

In Favor of The following resolution
Forestry and passed by the National
Irrigation. Association of Agricult-
ural Implement and Ve-
hicle Manufacturers at their Ninth An-
nual Convention at Minneapolis, Minn.,
in October, shows the attitude of this
prominent organization toward theques-
tions of forestry and irrigation and The
National Irrigation Association :

‘“We reiterate the recommendation
of the resolutions passed at our last con-
vention at Kansas City, urging every
member of this association to be mem-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

bers of The National Irrigation Associa-
tion, and we further urge that each and
all of our members should do whatever
is practicable to enlarge the member-
ship of The National Irrigation Asso-
ciation, and in every way possible aid
the work of that association in main-
taining an active and correct public sen-
timent as to forestry and irrigation, and
organizing the friends of the national
irrigation movement so that their in-
fluence may be united and therefore
effectual.’’

*

The following extract
from a letter from Mr.
G. H. Matthes, Grand
Junction, Colo, contains
some interesting information on the
value of irrigated lands in that region :

‘‘Inquiry into the normal size of
ranches in this valley brings forth the
interesting fact that a 1o-acre lot in or-
chard is all that one man can attend to.
This statement I have heard repeated
on all sides, and it is next to proverbial in
this valley. Not only is a ro-acre ranch
sufficient to sustain one family ; it is in
reality more than sufficient. There are
many 5-acre ranches in orchard that
sustain single families. From what I
can gather, the ideal ranch in this valley
consists of ro acres in alfalfa and 10 in
orchard. ‘The care of 20 acres so dis-
posed of keeps one man hustling. I
find that the ranches of the wealthy
fruit-growers on ‘‘ Fruit Ridge,’’ people
that have made their money in fruit-
growing, range from Io acres to 40 acres,
the greater number being in the neigh-
borhood of 20-acre tracts of the best
orchard land, and worth up to $1,000
per acre. A single acre was sold for
this price last year on ‘‘ Fruit Ridge,’’
and is said to have netted its owner
$1,400 the same season.

‘‘T find that the low duty of water in
this valley—that is, one-half inch toan
acre, or about 80 acres to a cubic foot—
has an intimate relation to the size of
the ranches. Where a man has to irri-
gate a few acres with a small stream of
a certain nominal number of inches, it
it not only slow but laborious to get the
entire area properly irrigated. As fre-

Irrigation in
Grand River
Valley.

1g02.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

435

A PRACTICAT,

quently heard stated, it is difficult to
handle a stream of less than ro inches
to any advantage. This difficulty has
led to ‘‘rotation.’’ For instance, one
ranchman will irrigate one day with 1o
inches (where ro inches is all he is en-
titled to), using 10 inches from his neigh-
bor, and the next day his neighbor will
do the same thing, and thus even the
amount. In other words, the rotation
plan, which is generally conceded to be
the most economical, is gradually being
adopted more as a matter of conveni-
ence than for economy’s sake.’’

&

Notes About Miles P. Isenberg, of
Forest Reserve Hood River, Oregon,
Officers. has been appointed su-
pervisor of the northern

half of the Cascade Reserve in Oregon.
S. B. Ormsby, stiperintendent of the
forest reserves of Oregon, has left the
service. Mr. Ormsby was appointed
in 1898, and was one of the first for-
est reserve officers to enter the service.

FIREPLACE.

Mr. Grenville Allen has been ap-
pointed supervisor of the Mount Rainier
Forest Reserve in Washington. Mr.
Allen is a long-time resident of Wash-
ington, a graduate of Yale (engineer-
ing), and son of Professor Allen, the
distinguished chemist. Mr. Allen en-
tered the service last spring as a ranger
of Class I (assistant and supervisor),
and was promoted at the request of
Superintendent D. B. Sheller.

S. W. Blakesley, supervisor of the
Yellowstone Reserve, in Wyoming, has
resigned. His place has been taken by
W. Hz, Pearce, of Big Piney.

Captain Seth Bullock, supervisor of
the Black Hills Forest Reserve, is mak-
ing every effort to fight the bark beetle
pest, which has spread steadily for over
ten years, and has now reached a point
where it threatens the entire Black Hills
forest. Ina circular to owners of pat-
ented lands, claims, etc., Mr. Bullock
clearly sets forth the necessity of fight-
ing this common enemy, gives direc-
tions, and offers assistance in distin-

436

guishing and marking the infested tim-
ber.

C. M. Day has been appointed super-
visor of the northern half of the Bitter
Root Forest Reserve, in Idaho.

x

The people of north-
western Texas are be-
ginning to realize the
importance of forest-
tree planting. At the request of the
Fort Worth and Denver City Railway
Company, an agent of the Bureau of
Forestry recently made a trip from Fort
Worth to Texline with a view of secur-
ing the cooperation of farmers along its
line in forest-tree planting. Mr. George
L. Clothier was detailed by the Bureau
of Forestry to cooperate with the rail-
road in encouraging planting in that
section. As aresult of his work six-
teen planting plans have already been
made for property-owners there. In-
structions regarding planting were given
to about twenty-five others who expect
to plant extensively in the near future.

No section of the United States is
more in need of forest trees than north-
western Texas, for the high prairies of
this region are exposed to the prevalent
south winds, which are frequently very
hotanddry. ‘The rainfall, which would
be ample in a cooler climate, is rapidly
dissipated by evaporation ; agriculture
is thus exposed to severe injury by cli-
matic conditions. The winds in ex-
posed situations have the power to take
up by means of evaporation more than
six feet of water during the year. This
great demand for moisture would con-
sume one and a half times the rainfall
of humid New England. Experiments
have shown that the reduction of the
velocity of the wind from 25 miles per
hour to zero, reduces its power of evapo-
ration to one-sixth. In other words, if
the average velocity of the wind at the
surfaceof the ground for one year should
be found to be 25 miles per hour and the
evaporation for the same period should
be found to be 72 inches. a reduction of
the velocity of the wind at the same
place to a dead calm would result in a re-
duction of the evaporation to 12 inches.

The importance of forest belts for

Tree Planting
in Northwestern
Texas.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

wind breaks in an arid or semi-arid
country can scarcely be overestimated.
The great question which concerns the
welfare of Texas farmers is the conser-
vation of the natural rainfall of the
region. ‘The records of the Weather
Bureau for the past ten years show an
average annual rainfall of 21.55 inches
at Amarillo. Large areas in Russia
famous for the production of wheat
have less than 15 inches annual rainfall,
and the celebrated Red River Valley of
the North receives only about 20 inches.
Western Texas receives sufficient rain-
fall for the growth of ordinary agricul-
tural crops if all of it could be utilized.
The planting of trees will be one of the
influences that will very materially as-
sist in the much-needed conservation of
the moisture.

From the information derived by an
agent of the Bureau of Forestry it is safe
to say that there is quite a list of forest
trees that may be grown successfully
along the line of the Fort Worth and
Denver City Railway. As far west as
Clarendon, the Black Walnut and Pecan
may be planted with fair prospects of
success. ‘The Black Locust will thrive
from Fort Worth to Texline, while the
Russian Mulberry, Osage Orange, and
Red Cedar can be grown from Fort
Worth to Amarillo. Where moisture is
abundant the Cottonwood can be grown
successfully throughout this region.
Other good trees for the locality are
White Elm, Hackberry, and Honey
Locust.

&
Hartford An interesting piece of
Takes up forest work has been
Forestry. begun on the water-

shed of the city of Hart-
ford, Conn., under the direction of Mr.
Henry S. Graves. The watershed is
owned by the city, and covers an area of
over two thousand acres. During the
past summer Mr. Graves prepared a de-
tailed working plan, which is now being
put into execution. The plan includes
the necessary thinnings in the forest,
which covers about one thousand acres,
and the planting of over six hundred
acres of open fields and pasture land.
A resident forest ranger, Mr. Ll. E.

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438

Goodrich, is employed by the water
board, who has immediate executive
charge of all the work. About fifty
acres will be planted the first year, and
about one hundred acres of woodland
will be thinned for improvement. This
is an excellent opportunity to dem-
onstrate practical forestry in all its
phases.

Forest work of the same nature is be-
ing conducted by the Bureau of Forestry
on the watershed of the city of Woon-
socket, R. I., and that of the Metropol-
itan Water Board at Clinton, Mass.

&

The United States Geo-
logical Survey, in its
investigations of the
water resources of the
country, has been making recent studies
of the water powers and water resources
of the central western states.

Great interest is being shown in the
development of water power upon the
streams in these states. Many years
ago a number of large powers were
developed there, and manufacturing
cities of considerable size have since
grown up about them. The great
power on the Mississippi at Minneapo-
lis is one of the best examples, being
utilized for flour mills, the generation
of electricity, and for various kinds of
manufacturing. There yet remain a
number of falls which may be utilized
on the Wisconsin River, on the Missis-
sippi River and its tributaries above St.
Paul, on the Forks River in Wisconsin,
and on several of the larger streams of
Michigan. ‘The value to a community
of sucha natural source cannot be over-
estimated.

Recently the great development at
Sault Ste. Marie has been completed
and water turned into a canal. Duluth
is also looking forward to the utilization
of part of the water power upon the
St. Louis River, where the plans now
completed show a fall of over 700 feet
and a power reaching a capacity of
100,000-horse power. This would make
Duluth not only a great shipping point,
but probably the center of flour-milling
and other forms of manufacturing
which require large amounts of power.

Water Power
in the Central
West.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

The wheat from Minnesota and Dakota
would be stopped at Duluth long enough
to be ground into flour and then for-
warded to the east by way of the Great
Lakes.

Excepting for the large power at
Minneapolis, the market is greater than
the supply, and plans are now in con-
templation looking to the development
of electricity upon the St. Clair River
in Minnesota, to be used for electric
lighting and electric car service. There
are many other points in this region
where power is now being wasted, but
with the concentration of capital the
larger power possibilities are being de-
veloped to the great benefit of the
northern central states.

*

Survey of Forest An important work in
Reserves. the survey and inves-

tigation of the govern-
ment forest reserves by the United States.
Geological Survey is this season in pro-
gress under Mr. Henry Gannett, geog-
rapher. It consists in the extension of
topographic surveys, including triangu-
lation and spirit-leveling of the reserves,
for the construction of maps, and also.
in the botanic and economic examination
of the forests to determine the amount
and variety of standing timber, the dam-
age done by forest fires, and other ex-
isting conditions of the reserves.

Work this season has been directed
particularly to the reserves in Arizona,
New Mexico, and Utah.

In Arizona the examination which
was commenced last year and carried
over the northern section of the San
Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve is.
being continued to cover its southern
portion. A like examination is being
carried on in the Black Mesa Reserve
of Arizona.

In’. New Mexico the Gila River Re-
serve is being examined and surveyed,
as is also the Uintah Reserve in Utah.
In the last-named state investigations
are being extended to the area of the
proposed forest reserve in the Wasatch
and adjacent ranges, with special refer-
ence to the needs of the agriculturist
and the protection of the water supply
of the streams flowing from the region

1902.

for the irrigation of lands in the valley
floors.

Assistants to the geographer in charge
are Messrs. F. G. Plummer, Arthur Dod-
well, Theodore F. Rixon, and H. B.
Ayres.

&

Forest Work ‘The Bureau of Forestry
in Texas has sent a party of for-

esters and student assist-
ants to Kirbyville, Texas, to make a
working plan for the management of a
million and a quarter acres of longleaf
pine lands owned by the Kirby Lumber
Company.

The party will be divided into four
camps. One permanent camp will be
established at Kirbyville; the three
other camps will move from place to
place, wherever the work takes them.
Each camp will be in charge of an ex-
pert forester. The entire work will be
directed by Field Assistant Thomas H.
Sherrard. Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the
Division of Entomology, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, will make, in co-
Operation with the Bureau of Forestry,
a special study of insects found on the
Kirby Lumber Company’s timberlands.

The present undertaking is begun in
response to the request of the Kirby
Lumber Company that its timberlands
be put under such management that
they will yield a steady supply for its
lumber mills. The working plan will
be the most extensive of any yet made
in this country for a lumber company,
and the work will require the services
of about 40 men for six months.

&

Wood-Eating It is of interest to note
Ants. that ant eggs are a com-
mercial product for sale
on the market in dried form at all times
of the year. These eggs are imported
from Africa, where they are found in
large quantities in the huge anthills,
which are quite common in that country.
The ant that lays these eggs is not a
true ant, but a termite—a class of in-
sects which feed on wood to such extent
that they do great damage to buildings
in tropical countries.
The accompanying illustration shows
a termite’s nest on the end of a fence

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

439

TERMITE’S NEST ON A FENCE POST IN CUBA.

post in Cuba. These eggs are sold in
dry form and are used as food for young
pheasants, and are worth about fifty
cents a pound. They are scalded until
they swell to their natural size, and
then mixed with meat scrap and corn
meal and fed to young birds of the
pheasant type.

An Old
Cedar.

In a letter to Science,
Dr. Charles E. Bessey,
of the University of Ne-
braska, states that in the Garden of the
Gods, near Pike’s Peak, Colorado, there
are many large specimens of the Brown
Cedar, Juniperus monosperma (Engelm. )
Sargent. During a recent visit to that
place it occurred to Dr. Bessey that these
trees must be very old. He was fortun-
ate enough to find the stump of a re-
cently cut tree. on which it was easy to
distinguish the annual growth-rings.
These were counted for a section of the
trunk, care being taken to select a por-
tion in which the rings were of aver-
age thickness, and on this basis the
number for the whole stump was calcu-
lated. In this way it was found that

440

this particular tree was between eight
hundred and one thousand years old.
In other words, this tree was a seed-
ling some time between the years 900
and 1100 Ae 1D}

Bd
A Unique So- Theemployés of Thomas
ciety. Meehan & Sons, the

well-known nurserymen
of Dreshertown, Pa., who for some time
have been studying botany at the nur-
sery office, have formally organized a
horticultural society. A constitution
and by-laws were drawn up and adopted.
The society will be known as the
Thomas Meehan Horticultural Society,
so named in honor of the late Thomas
Meehan. ‘The officers are: Robert B.
Cridland, president ; Ernest Hemming,
vice-president, and S. Newman Baxter,
secretary and treasurer.

&

For Irrigation Investigations by the
in Northern United States Geolog-
Wyoming. ical Survey are now in

progress in northern
Wyoming with a view to extending the
use of the available water supply in that
portion of the state. Jeremiah Ahern,
an engineer of the Geological Survey,
is in charge of the work. Particular
attention is directed to the eastern slope
of the Bighorn Mountains, where im-
portant storage problems on the head-
waters of the Sulphur, Powder, and
Tongue Rivers await solution.

These streams, after leaving the
mountains, flow through fertile bench
and valley lands which, with proper ir-
rigation, would be valuable for agri-
cultural development. The rainfall of
the region is light during the time water
is needed for irrigation, but the winter
snows on the mountain slopes are un-
usually heavy and furnish large quan-
tities of water to the streams. The
source of supply at present is an ex-
tremely unsatisfactory one, forthe warm
rains of spring melt the snow rapidly
and produce disastrous floods, in which
large quantities of water pass through
the streams unused.

There are, however, a number of
lakes in the region favorably situated
to be used for storage. One of these

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

is Lake de Smet, whose water surface
is said to be 30 feet below the lowest
part of its rim. In this lake it is pro-
posed to store part of the headwaters of
the Powder River, thus saving a large
body of water for irrigation which is
now entirely wasted.

Mr. Ahern has been engaged during
the present summer in gaging the flow
of the streams on the eastern slope of
the Bighorn Mountains and investigat-
ing the possibilities and probable cost
of water storage in the region.

*

Soil Investiga- The Bureau of Soils of
tions. the U. S. Department

of Agriculture is doing
valuable work, under the direction of
its chief, Mr. Milton Whitney, in alkali
investigations, and particularly where
the alkali problem is complicated by
irrigation, where the introduction of
water brings the alkaline salts to the
surface. In northern Africa, and par-
ticularly in Algiers and Egypt, condi-
tions exist which are so analogous as to
be almost identical with those which
affect Arizona, New Mexico, and south-
eastern California.

To a great extent difficulties which
attend the irrigation of alkaline areas
have been overcome in Egypt, and it
was to investigate Egyptian methods
that the Bureau of Soils sent Mr. Thos.
Hi Means, in-charge of they Wmnited
States Soils Surveys, on an extended
tour through southern France, Algeria,
portions of the Sahara, and Egypt. He
is peculiarly fitted to the task he had in
hand, owing to his investigations of the
alkali problem and its connection with
irrigation in the southwestern part of
the United States

At the same time, and accompanying
Mr. Means, the department sent Mr.
Thos. H. Kearny, botanist, of the Bu-
reau of Plant Industry, to investigate
alkali resistant growths. They sailed
from New York July 1, of this year, and
Mr. Means has just returned to Wash-
ington.

He made, in addition to soil investiga-
tions, acareful study of irrigation works
in all the countries visited. Egypt, he
says, is now one of the most prosperous

1902.

agricultural countries in the world, with
crops superior to any raised elsewhere.
This is mainly due to the magnificent
and untiring efforts of the English engi-
neers in charge of irrigation and similar
work.

Probably the most important of these
irrigation works is the Nile Reservoir
Dam at Assudan, at the first cataract of
the Nile. This is the largest dam of
its kind in the world, being 1% miles
long. It impounds the water at the
period of high tide and stores it for the
period of low water. Itisasluice dam,
as shown in the frontispiece of this is-
sue, which is made from an official
Egyptian government photograph, fur-
nished by Mr. Means. An interesting
fact concerning its construction is that
it is 35 feet lower than its intended
height, though the foundations have
been made to support the additional
masonry should it ever be constructed.
This decreases the dam’s capacity just
one-half ; the reason exists in the tem-
ple of Philz on an island up stream,
which would be submerged if the dam
were carried to its planned height. As

this temple is one of the most interest-
ing and best preserved in the country,
its complete annual submersion was not
One engirieer wanted

to be tolerated.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

441

to build the island, temple and all, to
the required height, while another sug-
gested carrying it away bodily to some
other place. As it is, the dam remains
one-half as useful as it might be if it
were not for the temple. As it stands
now, the dam has a capacity of 35,000,-
000,000 cubic feet of water, held at a
height of 48 feet above the zero of the
Assuan gage. The water impounded
will suffice for the irrigation of 300,000
acres of cotton and sugar cane, and will
be worth $50,000,000 to the country.
The dam, completed to its full height,
will cost about $8,750,000, and doubling
its present capacity this will mean $125,-
000 for 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of water,
or, allowing for evaporation, $150,000
per 1,000,000 cubic feet.

On December 8 this dam will be dedi-
cated with considerable ceremony, in
the presence of the invited representa-
tives of many nations. FORESTRY AND
IRRIGATION will present a full account
of the dam and its value in a subsequent
issue, the article being one of a series
which Mr. Means will write for this
magazine on the irrigation works of
the countries he visited, with reference
to their significance and applicability
to similar conditions in the United
States.

ROW OF HARDY CATALPA TREES ON THE GROUNDS OF MR. GEO. A. ROOT, TOPEKA, KANSAS.
TREES EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD, HEIGHT 30 FEET, AND DIAMETER TWO FEET

FROM THE GROUND 10 INCHES.

PHOTO REPRODUCED THROUGH

COURTESY OF MR. GEO. W. TINCHER.

442 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November,

HON. ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK,

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

N February, 1899, Mr. Hitchcock entered upon the duties of Secretary of the Interior,
becoming a member of President McKinley’s Cabinet. In this position he has given
personal attention to matters of forestry and irrigation, one of the duties of his office being
the care and protection of the forest reserves. The passage of the Reclamation Act of June 17,
1902, puts at his disposal the control of the reclamation fund, now amounting to over $8,000,000,
Upon him is dependent the inauguration of a new system, which, if wisely administered, means
a rapid progress in the development of the arid region and indirectly of the whole United States.

Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior since February 20, 1899, was born at
Mobile, Ala., September 19, 1835. He attended private schools at Nashville, Tenn., and
completed his course at a military academy in New Haven, Conn., in 1855. Mr. Hitchcock
settled in St. Louis, and engaged in the mercantile business until 1860, when he went to China
to enter the commercial house of Olyphant & Co., of which firm he became a partner in 1866.
He retired from business in 1872, and spent two years in Europe. He returned to the United
States in 1874, and was engaged as president of several manufacturing, mining, and railway

companies until 1897, when he became United States Minister to Russia, and in 1898 was
appointed an ambassador.

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 443

HON, CHARLES D, WALCOTT,

DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

k. WALCOTT, as Director of the Geological Survey, has had charge of the mapping of
the United States and the study of its resources. Among other duties, there has been
entrusted to him the examination of the extent to which the arid lands can be re-

claimed : the measurement of streams, the surveys of reservoir sites, and the obtaining of all
data leading to the construction of irrigation works. Under the new reclamation law, the
Secretary of the Interior has been designated as the responsible officer in charge of this great
work, and he in turn has authorized the Director of the Geological Survey to proceed with the
work, since in many respects this is a continuation of the investigations carried on through
many years. Mr. Walcott’s wide acquaintance with the West and his personal knowledge of
the conditions existing there, together with his experience in directing a large organization,
render him particularly well fitted for the conduct of this important work.

Mr. Walcott was born at New York Mills, N. Y., on March 31, 1850. He was educated at
the public schools in Utica, N. Y., and early showed a predilection for nature-study, particu-
larly geology. He became an assistant in the New York State Survey in 1876 ; he was appointed
an assistant geologist in the U. S. Geological Survey in 1879, the Cambrian rocks and faunas
of the United States being his especial subjects of inquiry. He presented his Cambrian re-
searches before the International Geological Congress in London in 1888. Since 1894 Mr.
Walcott has been Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. He was the Honorable Curator of
the Department of Paleontology from 1892 to 1897, and since 1898 ; from January, 1897, to July,
1898, he was at the head of the National Museum, with the title of Acting Assistant Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution ; he is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and
various other scientific bodies, and Secretary of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

RECLAMATION OF THE SARID,_ RE GIGI:

THE RIGHT FUTURE POLICY OF THE STATE AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS,

BING

GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL,

EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION.

HE people of this whole country,
and especially the western half
of the United States, are thoroughly
aroused to the gigantic possibilities of
national benefit which would flow from
the reclamation and settlement of the
arid region under a national irrigation
policy. But there are comparatively
few who realize that many things must
yet be done to accomplish that result.
The national irrigation act merely
brought us to the threshhold of the
problem. It opened the door just far
enough to see the vast benefits that lie
beyond if we can get the door thrown
wide open, so that the people of this
generation may enter and enjcy them.
Mere appropriations from Congress will
not solve the question, no matter how
large they may be. We must not only
get larger appropriations, but we must
put down a foundation of public senti-
ment on which to build, which will in-
sure an enduring structure.

In the first place the commercial and
manufacturing interests of the country,
who will benefit just in proportion as
the whole people benefit, and who have
no local or personal selfish interests to
subserve, must be permanently organ-
ized throughout the whole United States
to carry ona great educational propa-
ganda to awaken the people toa con-
tinuing realization of the vast impor-
tance of this problem, and to maintain
an active and right public sentiment
with reference to every phase of it.

THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIA-
TION.

The National Irrigation Association
has now a membership of over two
thousand of the leading merchants and

manufacturers of the United States.
That membership must be increased to
not less than twenty thousand. Every
commercial and manufacturing associa-
tion, local or national, must be affiliated
with The National Irrigation Associa-
tion; as so many of them are now affli-
ated. Hach and all of them must have
an authorized representative as a mem-
ber of the National Advisory Council of
The National Irrigation Association.

The educational propaganda which
The National Irrigation Association has
been carrying on for the last three years,
and which has changed the public senti-
ment of the east from opposition toa
generally favorable sentiment, must be
enlarged tenfold and carried into the
west as well as into the east. The peo-
ple of the west must become familiar
with the correct solution of every phase
of the irrigation problem. Every citizen
interested in irrigation development,
from the irrigator to the merchant with
whom he deals, must be united to work
to a common end along right lines.

OBSTACLES TO BE OVERCOME.

We have had to contend against
wrong theories emanating from the
west from the beginning of this move-
ment. We have fought our way over
them, one at a time, inch by inch and
step by step, until we have finally over-
come most of them. First, we had to
defeat State Cession ; then we had to de-
feat the State Leasing Bill ; then we had
to defeat the State Engineer’s Bill. All
of these turned the control of the rec-
lamation of Uncle Sam’s farm over to
the state politicians. All of these meas-
ures were either advocated or approved
at one time or another by Elwood Mead,

*Address delivered before the Executive Committee of the Omaha Commercial Club,

October 14, 1902.

(444)

1902.

the irrigation expert in charge of the
irrigation investigations of the office of
experiment stations of the Department
of Agriculture.

But the ghost of State Control, like
that of Banquo, will not down. Mr.
Mead, ever since he has held that office,
has used the influence which it gives
him to try and induce the adoption in
every western state of a code of water
laws providing for an administrative
system similar to that of Wyoming,
where the water is distributed by a corps
of state ditch tenders appointed by state
officials.

Such a system as this is the very thing
that should not be created where it does
not already exist. It puts the control
of the distribution of the waters of a
state in the hands of a great political
irrigation machine controlled by state
politicians, and raises innumerable pos-
sibilities of complications between the
state and national governments in carry-
ing into actual operation the National
Irrigation Act.

HOME RULE IN IRRIGATION.

What is wanted is the exact contrary
of this theory of a centralized political
state control of irrigation.

‘‘ Home rule in irrigation’’ should
be the slogan of the irrigators of the
west from thistime on. The individual
irrigator should manage the distribution
of the water from his own ditch on his
own farm. ‘The land-owners under each
canal system, large or small, should
manage itsown affairs in practically the
same way, distributing the water from
the canal to the farmers who are entitled
to it. Where more than one canal sys-
tem takes water from a single stream,
they should all be organized together
into one association to manage their
mutual interests and divide the water
among themselves.

If public officers are necessary, each
drainage basin should be organized sep-
arately into an administrative district
having power to elect its own water
comniissioners and ditch tenders. No
such officers should be appointed and
put over any irrigated community by
any governor or any state board of any

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

445

kind, and no such administrative dis-
trict should be organized unless it is
done voluntarily by the irrigators them-
selves on their own initiative and vote.

If this plan be followed, every drain-
age basin, every irrigated community,
every canalsystem, and the whole body
of irrigators on any stream controls its or
their own affairs. ‘They can then deal
with the national government as a unit
to secure the construction by it of either
reservoirs or canals ; they can guaran-
tee the government the return of its in-
vestment ; they can adopt any rules and
regulations desired or approved by the
Secretary of the Interior, and all this
can be done without any necessity for
a complicated code of state laws.

No man can tell in advance what stat-
utes may be needed. If we are let
alone, then, as communities are created
or plans made for building new systems,
either by governmental or private enter-
prise, statutes can be enacted when nec-
essary to meet the local needs as they
arise. ‘The development of the laws of
irrigation in every state must be a grad-
ual evolution, following rather than pre-
ceding the practical experiences of the
irrigators themselves.

The first task before us is to overcome
this movement, which has now attained
too much headway, in favor of the adop-
tion of these complicated codes of water
laws in every state. We do not want
them. They would complicate and re-
tard beyond calculation the operations
under the national irrigation act.

WHAT STATES SHOULD DO.

There are things that the states ought
to do, but those things are not the adop-
tion of complicated codes of water laws.
The states should establish a few simple
fundamental principles by constitutional
amendment and judicial decision. It
cannot be done by statutory enactment.

Every state should adopt a constitu-
tional amendment to the effect that the
right to the use of water for irrigation
vests in the user and becomes appurte-
nant to the land irrigated, and that ben-
eficial use is the basis, the measure, and
the limit of all rights to water.

In every state, in addition to this con-

446

stitutional amendment, decisions should
be had in the supreme court of the state
establishing this to be the law, and also
establishing the doctrine that this same
rule of beneficial use applies to the rights
of a riparian owner as well as to the
right of an appropriator. It is the law
of our entire arid region, when correctly
interpreted, and should be clearly so de-
clared by our courts, that a riparian
ower cannot prevent by injunction a
diversion from the stream above him,
unless it interferes with some beneficial
use of the water then being made by the
riparian owner.

It should also be established by our
courts clearly and beyond question that
the right of a riparian owner to use water
to irrigate land to produce crops, as we
understand the meaning of the term ir-
rigation in the arid region, is not a com-
mon-law right, but one growing out of
the necessities of this arid country, and
that the riparian owner’s right to the use
of water for irrigation arises from ne-
cessity and is based on and limited by
use. It is not perfected until the water
has been actually used, and therefore if
an appropriator perfects a right by use
on the stream below the riparian owner
before the riparian owner uses the water,
the right of the lower appropriator be-
comes a vested right which the upper ri-
parian owner must respect, and the ri-
parian owner cannot afterward take the
water away from the lower prior appro-
priator.

These are matters which must be ad-
judicated by our courts, who have juris-
diction to determine not only what the
rights of riparian owners now are, but
to find what they have been in the past.
If these rights are thus limited by judi-
cial decision, the decision is not an in-
terference with any vested right. Itis
merely a determination of what that right
is and has been and fixes its limitations.

COOPERATIVE CANAL COMPANIES.

Every one planning the organization
of a canal should be shown that water-
right companies have been the grave-
yard of millions of dollars invested in
them, while cooperative canal com-
panies have been almost uniformly suc-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

cessful. In organizing irrigation com-
panies, promoters should sell stock and
not water rights, putting their profit on
the price of the stock. Then when the
investors have got back their money and
their profits, the ownership of the sys-
tem goes to the land-owners, who should
control and operate it for their common
benefit. Not another water-right com-
pany should ever be organized, and all
now existing should as rapidly as pos-
sible be transformed into land-owners’
companies.

AN EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGN.

To make all these matters generally
known and understood requires a great
and persistent educational campaign. It
can only be carried on by an organiza-
tion like The National Irrigation Associ-
ation, having a fixed policy and a per-
manent membership and an adequate
fund for conducting the campaign by
public lectures and the distribution of
printed matter and information through
the press. This cannot be done by an
organization like the National Irriga-
tion Congress, which is a mere forum
for discussion, having no policy what-
ever about anything.

The work that has been done in the
last three years to convert the east
through our- educational campaign has
been done by The National Irrigation
Association—not by the Irrigation Con-
gress—and this association will continue
its work. ‘The association now has a
national membership which is steadily
growing, and it should never in the fu-
ture be confused with the Irrigation Con-
gress, which is a distinct and separate
organization—mierely an annual conven-
tion for the discussion of irrigation topics
and the passage of resolutions, which
may advocate one policy one year and
another and different policy the next
year.

The National Irrigation Association
must continue its educational work in
the east until eastern public sentiment
will favor the appropriation of just as
much money as is necessary in every
state to build projects which have been
surveyed and approved by the Secretary
of the Interior. ‘The arid lands should

1902.

be reclaimed just as fast as settlers will
take the land and pay back to the gov-
ernment the cost of the irrigation works
built for their reclamation. This and
the merit of each project, and nothing
else, should be the test of whether any
given project should be built. Unless
we can establish this broad policy as the
policy of the national government, the
result will be that at the end of a couple
of years the western states will inevita-
bly be fighting among themselves for the
small sum of $2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a

year, which is all that will be available:

under the present act.

In the next two years there will be
about $10,000,000 available for con-
struction, because we started witha fund
of nearly $6,000,000 when the bill was
passed. This fund of $10,000,000 is as
much as can be wisely expended during
the next two or three years.

It will be enough to build a few great
reservoirs and main-line canals as object
lessons to prove the truth of our claims
to the eastern people of what can be
accomplished by national irrigation. It
is not material where these projects may
be located. Our association will back
up the Interior Department in any selec-
tion they may make. But the people

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

447

of any section of the west who unite
their forces can do much to promote the
construction of any particular project if
it possesses every merit and promise of
success.

I would utge the organization of a
section of The National Irrigation Asso-
ciation in every city and town in the
west to study and to teach the true
principles of this whole irrigation prop-
aganda.

It is not limited to governmental con-
struction. It covers the whole field of
private irrigation enterprise ; of the or-
ganization of water companies ; of the
betterment of our laws of water along
right lines; of artesian development and
of pumping for irrigation from every
underground source.

And last, but not least, it takes in
the whole field of forestry. The bleak
plains of western Nebraska should be
dotted with forest groves planted by
Uncle Sam. Every farmer should be
induced to plant trees, and then to
plant moretrees The children in your
schools should be taught to love the
trees and to preserve those we have, and
plant more every year, until the whole
State of Nebraska is dotted all over with
groves of beautiful trees.

iE MESOUITH: A oDibsmk T sil DY.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE HABITS AND USES
OF A VALUABLE TREE OF THE SOUTHWEST.

BING

Si, HOLSINEER,

GENERAL LAND OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

NE of the most perplexful ques-
tions in Arizona is the proper
classification of the Mesquite, Prosopis
juliflora. The Supreme Court of the
Territory in 1897 decided that this hardy
pioneer of the desert was not ‘‘ timber,’’
in the meaning of the United States
Statutes, and was not entitled to the
protection afforded by the public timber
laws.
Some of the judges went so far as to

declare that this tree was not a tree at
all, but a recumbent shrub. From this
one judge dissented. Not satisfied with
this decision, the Commissioner of the
General Land Office directed that a test
case be prepared, and if necessary an
appeal be carried to the United States
Supreme Court. However, the terri-
torial courts modified the former de-
cision, holding that the question as to
whether Mesquite was timber was one

448

of fact and not of law, and a proper
subject for a jury to pass upon in each
particular case.

Not only have the doctors of law dis-
agreed, but even the professional botan-
ists have become bewildered and have
attempted to estrange the members of
this interesting family into two species,
making no concessions for, as I believe,
the multiform varieties of growth, due
to difference of environment.

Professor Wooten has classified this
plant as Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis
velutina, the latter being an arboreal
form of the Mesquite. This classifica-
tion may be necessary, but it seems to
me there is only one variety, and that
the difference mentioned is due entirely
to locality, soil, wind, and various other
conditions, and not to difference in the
organic species.

There is unquestionably a tendency
among botanists to carry classification
too far—so far, in fact, that if a distinc-
tion does exist, only a study of the
plant by an expert can detect the dis-
similarity.

These controversies have been enough
to discourage a less tenacious and per-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

sistent representative of the vegetable
kingdom; but the Mesquite has contin-
ued to flourish despite drouth, failure
of appropriation for irrigation, and in
the face of adverse judicial decisions.
On the Colorado it has attained a height
of 35 feet, 35 feet on the Verde, and in
some instances 65 feet on the Santa
Cruz River near Tucson, Arizona, with
many other instances of similar growth
throughout Arizona and New Mexico.
It also continues to receive due recog-
nition as the principal fuel of the terri-
tory, notwithstanding the ban placed
upon it, and gives warmth alike to the
just and the unjust.

Under the most favorable conditions,
which are found on the higher well-
drained bottom lands, it attains a large
size, ranging from 18 to 30 inches in
diameter. Under such conditions it ac-
cumulates in its wide-spreading branches
large quantities of fuel timber, ranging
from a few hundred to as many as 1,000
cubic feet.

As an economic plant the Mesquite
has not received general recognition be-
yond fuel and for fencing, although it
also enters largely into the construction

MATURE MESQUITE TREE ON VERDE RIVER, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

449

SHEEP FEEDING ON MESQUITE BEANS.

of native houses. Almost all of the
Spanish residents of Arizona and New
Mexico have used Mesquite in their
buildings. It is also used by the In-
dians in the construction of their te-
pees, hogans, huts, and lodges, or wher-
ever it can be obtained.

The wood has a close, hard grain, and
a specific gravity greater than oak. It
weighs 3,000 pounds to the cord, and one
cord is equal to something over one ton of
coal. The heart wood has a deep, rich
brown color, similar to walnut but
brighter. It admits ofa fine polish and
would make beautiful veneering. The
sap wood is white, with a tinge of yellow
when seasoned.

As an ornamental or shade tree, the
Mesquite has been neglected, possibly be-
cause it isa slow grower and also because
it is difficult to transplant. Naturally it
isa handsome tree. In form it is not
unlike a fruit tree, especially the large
and prolific growing varieties of the
apple. The mesquite groves on the
river bottoms often closely resemble the
old apple orchards of New York. The
branches are strong, yet supple and
yielding; the heavy foliage of pinnated,

decompound leaves are moved by the
slightest breeze. The natives believe
that there is something about the mes-
quite leaf which coolsthe atmosphere,and
they speak of the ‘‘ cool shade’’ of that
tree as a distinctive and marked charac-
teristic. This hallucination is due to the
structure of the leaf. The leaflets are
suspended upon a small stem, allowing
them to turn with the slightest move-
ment oftheatmosphere. The flexibility
of the branches, with the form of the leaf
described, permits the easy passage of
the breeze through the heavy foliage
and yet does not destroy the shade; hence
‘“the cool shade of the mesquite tree.’’

The plant is very tenacious when
grown from the seed. It sends down
long, slender rope-like roots, which
penetrate the earth to great depths, in
consequence of which it is able to
flourish when there is no moisture on
the surface. It also has the quality of
adapting itself to a wide range of con-
ditions of climate and soil. From this
fact has originated a popular belief that
there are many different varieties of
Mesquite. If the seed falls in deep,
rich soil, with abundant moisture within

450

10 to 30 feet of the surface, it grows to
large size, If the locality is protected
from heavy winds the tree grows erect,
but with a wide spread of branches.
If the locality is swept by strong
breezes it takes a wider spread or ar-
boreal form, the secondary trunks trail-
ing onthe ground. If the prevailing
winds are heavy and frequent the stems
often grow along on the surface, one
tree forming what appears to be a great
mesquite thicket.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

be said that the sand covers the tree
rather than that the tree grows under
the sand. But this same form of mes-
quite growth is found near Wilcox,
Arizona, in the Sulphur Spring and in
Aravaipa Valley, where there is no
sand-drift, but heavy winds. Here the
trunks grow entirely under the ground,
where the land is comparatively level,
only a slight mound and an abundance
of foliage indicating the hiding place of
the freakish Mesquite. This character-

COPPICE REPRODUCTION, TWO YEARS’

This form of growth is of pronounced
type on the Gila River near Buckeye,
Arizona. Where the wind reaches the
velocity of a gale and sandstorms are
common the tree fortifies itself against
the relentless blasts by taking refuge
beneath the surface, as on the Salton
desert in California, where the entire
trunk is covered, only the small shoots
appearing above the sand. ‘Thus it
forms large sand-mounds, which are ex-
cavated by the woodman. Some of
these mounds, representing a single
plant, yield from one-quarter to three
cords of wood. In this locality it may

GROWTH, PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA.

istic is in part responsible for the origin
of the expression, ‘‘ Dig for wood and
climb for water,’’ in Arizona.

The tree has other values than that
of fuel, fencing, and building purposes.
It is the manna of the desert, the bread-
tree of the southwest. Mesquite beans,
doubtless, have formed the staple food
product among the American Indians
of the arid regions during many ages.
It is the nutritious pods more than the
beans which are relished and used by
the Indians. ‘The pods are ground in a
stone mortar or upon flat grinding stones
to the uniformity of a meal, the fiber of

1902.

the pods and hard seeds being win-
nowed. From this meal a palatable
mush and cakes or bread is made. The
bread will not mould or harden, and will
keep for months. In Mexico the na-
tives carefully select the pods from trees
which bear fruit, having a flavor suited
to their taste. What is made from
these, either into cakes or gruel, is con-
sidered a great delicacy among them
and is known as “‘ péchitas.’’ Parched,
it forms a substitute for coffee.

The notorious ‘‘tiswin,’’ the use of
which, by the Indians of the south-
west, the government has tried to sup-
press during many years, was usually
made from mesquite beans. The
Apache warrior imbibed freely of this,
his favorite beverage, relying upon it
to stimulate him to not only deeds of
valor, but cruel torture and even mur-
der.

The beautiful olla basketry so much
sought after by eastern tourists and
curio hunters are tiswin jugs. Inthese
large ollas the pulp of the bean-pods are
covered with water and there allowed to
ferment and thus is brewed a drink,
which is said to contain all of the devilish
characteristics of beer, wine, and whisky
of more civilized concoction.

Every stockman in mesquite coun-
tries figures on the bean crop as an im-
portant forage. Cattleand horses grow
fat on it and his profit or loss depends,
in many localities, upon its success or
failure. The beans are often gathered
and stored, ranchers preferring them
to oats or barley.

The tree usually produces two crops,
the first ripening during July and the
second in September. In Mexico there
is often a third crop. ‘The leaves also
form a valuable forage, and the budding
mesquite thickets in April and May fre-
quently afford the only sustenance for
thousands of emaciated cattle. It is
not unfrequently the only safeguard
against starvation where summer rains
fail and there is no grass. Stock do
not thrive upon the leaves alone, but
the bean crop may usually be relied
upon to prepare them for the market.

The bark of the tree contains a high
’ per cent of tannin, but on account of the
difficulty of removing the bark and its

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

451

small body it has never been used ex-
cept by the natives. A gum forms on
the branches which makes a fine mucil-
age, and this in a small way is madea
commiercial article in Mexico. It is
used by the Indians to fasten sinew upon
their bows, thus giving them strength
and elastic coil. It is also used for
mending pottery and various other pur-
poses. From the sap an indelible black
dye is made, which is used in preparing
material for blankets, baskets, and dec-
orating pottery.

Enough has been said to show that
the mesquite tree is a very valuable
plant, and that it will bear a closer ac-
quaintance. Doubtless experiments will
develop new characterisfics and new val-
ues, and that it will at no distant date
occupy its proper position in the list of
economic plants.

Pages might be written concerning the
value of this tree as a stay against ero-
sion. Its long roots sink deep into the
earth and bind the loose detritus, soil,
and silt in canyons, wash, and valley,
where, without such protection, would
be only boulder fields. In this respect,
unaided by cultivation, it surpasses the
willow and cottonwood, its rooting being
deeper and stronger. It is a long-lived
tree, specimens examined in Mexico and
near Tucson, Arizona, showing as high
as two hundred annual rings. The life
of the tree under ground is from 20 to
40 years, and above, exposed to the
weather, 50 to 75 years.

Coppice reproduction or regrowth
from stumps left in harvesting the wood
is comparatively rapid and sure. The
second growth is a better class of wood,
and matures in from ten to twenty
years. Having a large, vigorous root-
stalk, coppice is formed from supernu-
merary buds, and thrifty, strong shoots
are thrownout. As with closely pruned
fruit trees, the second growth is much
straighter than the original growth,
and consequently more valuable. It is
this class of wood which is in great de-
mand for fence posts. The seasoned
wood has an enemy in a common beetle,
the larve of which eat their way
through the hardest specimens. The
work of the beetle may be circumvented
by charring the timber soon after felling.

452 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November,

Saccleht P
(Bit Be

DESTRUCTION BY A PARASITE IMMINENT UNLESS RELIEVED BY THE WOODMAN’S AXE.

MESQUITE TREE AS CUT BY MEXICANS. A FAIR PRUNING FOR FUTURE GROWTH.

1902.

The distribution of the plant em-
braces a territory described by Swartz,
extending from ‘‘the southern border
of the Indian Territory, northern and
western Texas (the eastern limit de-
fined by a line from the intersection of
latitude 37° with the 1ooth meridian to
Dallas; thence south to the Colorado
River and southwestward within 20 or
30 miles of the Gulf, which is reached
near the mouth of the Rio Grande River )
into northern Mexico. Also from the
southern borders of Colorado and Utah,
through New Mexico, Arizona, and
southern Nevada to southern Califor-
nia, the western limit defined by a line

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

453

from Tejon Pass over Los Angeles to
San Pedro; in lower California; west-
ern South America (Andean region to
Chile); Argentina and southern Brazil
and Jamaica.’’

The screw-bean or Prosopis pubescens
is a variety of the Mesquite. The seed
pods or beans are twisted into spiral,
cylindrical-like receptacles which hang
in clusters. The utility of the tree is
similar to that of the Prosopis juliflora,
aud the pods are also considered very
nutritious. Mexicans call the tree /or-
nilla, and it is found in Mexico and
from New Mexico to southern Califor-
nia.

TREE GROWING IN NEBRASKA.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE GREATEST UNDERTAKING IN THE
TREE PLANTING LINE EVER ATTEMPTED IN THIS COUNTRY.

BY

DR. CHARLES E. BESSEY,

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.

WAS fortunate enough not long ago

to receive an invitation from the
officers of the Bureau of Forestry to
visit one of the forest reserves in Ne-
braska. As is now generally known,
two considerable tracts of land in Ne-
braska were set aside last spring by
President Roosevelt for forest purposes.
One of these is in Thomas county and
extends from the Dismal River on the
south to the middle Loup River on the
north. ‘This one contains about 86,000
acres, and is called the ‘‘ Dismal River
Forest Reserve.’’ ‘The other reserve is
in Cherry county, and extends from the
Niobrara River on the north to the
Snake River on the south. It contains
about 126,000 acres, and bears the name
of the ‘‘ Niobrara Forest Reserve. ’’
There are then about 212,000 acres of
land in these two reserves—an area
equal to about nine townships, or say
about half of an ordinary county in
eastern Nebraska. On both reserves
there are some native trees growing
along the rivers, but for the most part

the country is a great rolling surface of
sand-hills. In tact, it was the purpose
of the Bureau of Forestry, as far as pos-
sible, to select only sand-hill land for
these reserves.

Ten or eleven years ago the Bureau
of Forestry made an experimental plant-
ing in the sand-hills of Holt county,
and to-day the pine trees in that plot of
ground are from sixteen to eighteen feet
high, and growing vigorously. In fact,
these Pines have grown faster than
similar ones planted at about the same
time at Lincoln. The result of this ex-
periment has been another of the sur-
prises that the sand-hill country is in the
habit of making from timetotime. Few
people had faith in the ability of the
sand-hills to grow pines, but no one who
has seen this experiment now doubts
that it is possible to make trees of this
kind grow well in the hills. One good
experiment like this is worth a great
deal of theorizing.

The Dismal River Reserve is triangu-
lar in general outline, its western border

454

running south along section lines from
near ‘Thedford to the Dismal River,
where the line turns ata right angle
and runs east for nearly twenty miles,
following the general course of the river.
It then zigzags northwest, following the
section lines along the middle Loup
River to the starting point near Thed-
ford.

The village of Halsey, about midway
on the diagonal side, has been taken as
the point near which to begin work. At
this place I was met by Mr. Miller, who
is in immediate charge of the work.
We mounted our horses, and first ford-
ing the river rode to the camp, two
miles away, at the foot of a bluff. Here
there were several tents, a cooking out-
fit, teams, wagons, tools, etc., and half
adozen men. The latter were young
fellows, all college graduates, who have
entered the Bureau of Forestry after
completing a course of scientifictraining.

We soon started out for a preliminary
survey of the premises, stopping first at
the nursery site. Here the ground has
been cleared and plowed and workmen
were engaged in putting in the posts for
the inclosure. A thicket of trees and
shrubs near by receives a good deal of
attention, since here in the space of a
few rods no less than twenty-four dif-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

ferent species of woody plants are grow-
ing naturally. This is in itself an indi-
cation of the favorable location of the
nursery. We then scrambled up the
bluff, past indications of a couple of
strong springs which are waiting to be
opened for the use of the workmen. On
the bluff we found that some trees have
grown to the very top. Most of them
have been cut by settlers, who paid no
attention to the fact that they were the
property of the government. There is
evidence that some of the red cedar
trees were nearly two feet in thickness.
There are now small Red Cedars on the
hillsides, where they make a thrifty
growth. On the bottom land close to
the river we found a thicket of shrubs

_growing as rampantly asin New Eng-

land. Here, too, we found a rank
growth of ferns. In fact, I do not rec-
ollect to have seen a greater mass of
ferns anywhere in Nebraska.

After dinner in camp we got into a
light buggy, behind a span of govern-
ment mules, and drove directly into the
sand-hills We followed no road or
trail. In fact, there were none to fol-
low. ‘The surface is very irregular and
broken, and the drive was one of the
roughest that I have ever taken. We
drove for many miles over the hills and

A SCENE IN THE SAND-HILLS OF NEBRASKA, SHOWING PRESENT ABSENCE OF TREES.

1902.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

455

-_

PINE TREES GROWING IN THE NEBRASKA SAND-HILLS.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN 1890.

through the valleys. At every point
the question was asked whether trees
will grow or not. It is noticed that
although the hills are of sand alone,
there is an abundance of moisture a
short distance below the surface. Even
in the ‘‘ blowouts,’’ where the bare sand
is so dry that it blows constantly, we
had to dig not more than three or four
inches in order to find sand so moist as
to be easily squeezed into ‘‘ forms’’ in
the hand. Every grower of plants
knows that such soil is moist enough to
grow trees. Here and there we found
clumps of hackberry trees, and in nearly
every valley there are plum or cherry
thickets. All over the hills we found
innumerable low shrubs of the Sand
Cherry, Prairie Willow, and Red Root.
After a drive of fifteen miles we came
to the river again and rode rapidly to
Thedford, for the evening was cold,
and, besides, we were very hungry.
Next morning we started early and
drove southward along the western
boundary of the reserve, following the
traveled road. Here the surface is more
closely sodded and the settlers are mak-
ing hay from the rich grasses which
cover the surface. We drove into the
reserve at a couple of points and found

THIS PLANTATION BEGUN BY U. S.

SOME OF THE TREES ARE NOW I8 FEET TALL.

the sod more open and better adapted
for tree planting. The hills here are
in distinct ranges with broad valleys
between. Wecrossed the hills through
passes, and then wound across the un-
dulating valley. Here there were thou-
sands of cattle and we realized that we
were in the region of the great cattle
ranges.

At noon we reached the Dismal River,
which we forded in our search for a con-
venient place for our noon camp. We
found a spring, at which we satisfied a
prodigious thirst, and ate our luncheon,
while Uncle Sam’s mules were assimi-
lating corn. We climbed the bluffs on
the south side of the river and got a
view such as is seldom seen in Nebraska.
Below us two hundred or more feet is
the Dismal River, bordered with veri-
table marshes ; westward we looked up
the river, bordered for the whole dis-
tance with marshes like those nearby ;
eastward the picture is of a valley with
bordering hills, while through it mean-
ders the marshy river; northward are
the sand-hills, ridge on ridge, stretching
away asfarastheeyecanreach. Thou-
sands of cattle could be seen taking their
slow course toward the river for water.
It was a peaceful sight, but it is strange

456 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

in this, that no human habitations are to
be seen. One could easily imagine him-
self in a country not yet inhabited by
man.

Shortly after one o’clock we were
again under way. We forded the river
again and drove for miles down its
beautiful valley. We noted the strong
growth of trees on the river bottom and
the bordering hillsides. Here again the
Red Cedars are to be seen growing vig-
orously, and here also the large trees
have long since been cut and taken
away. We forded again a few miles
down the river and noticed that the
volume of water had perceptibly in-
creased. These rivers of the ‘‘ Loup
system’’ are the most remarkable in
North America, if not in the whole
world. They flow from a sand-hill
country which has a dry surface and a
limited rainfall. They have few tribu-
taries, and in some cases none at all for
a great many miles. They never run
dry, atid they mever 1ise or have
‘‘freshets.’’ If one gauges a stream
like the Middle Loup or the Dismal at
some point, and then goes down fifty
miles or so, he will find that there is
more water in it, even though it has re-
ceived no tributaries in that distance.
What is the secret of the Loup rivers?
They are spring-fed streams. They re-

November,

ceive practically no surface water. All
the rain that falls in the sand-hills is
absorbed by the porous soil and allowed
to trickle down slowly to the lower and
less pervious layers, where it appears
in the form of numberless springs.
This is the secret of the steady flow of
the Loup rivers, of which the Dismal is
perhaps the most remarkable.

Down the river we went, at last obliged
to leave the valley and drive over the
bordering lowhills. Wekept along the
southern edge of the reserve for its
whole distance and at last passed its
southeast corner. It was now late in
the afternoon, and we were tired and
hungry. We drove rapidly now, and
by 7 o’clock came to the village of Dun-
ning, where we found food and lodging.
Here our present study of the Dismal
River Forest Reserve ended.

I promise myself the pleasure of an-
other visit to this reserve within a year
or two, after some of the work which
has been projected has been done. I
would suggest, also, that this reserve
should be visited by the many Nebras-
kans who are actively interested in the
work of tree planting. It is to be the
greatest undertaking in the tree plant-
ing line that was ever attempted in this
country. On this account it is worth
visiting, if on no other.

NEW_FOREST AND? WAGER AssOCiMm avon
IN NEW YORK.

TO ENCOURAGE AND PROMOTE PRACTICAL FORESTRY, WATER
STORAGE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

HE Forestry, Water Storage, and
Manufacturing Association of the

State of New York is the title of a new
organization which was formed as a
result of a recent meeting of manufact-
urers held in New York. This new
association is the outcome of a general
feeling among the people and manufact-
uring and other industrial concerns hav-
ing interests in the Adirondacks, and
along power-producing rivers that orig-
inate in the Adirondacks, that a great

deal for the mutual benefit could be ac-
complished by concerted action.

The object and purpose of the forma-
tion of the new association, according to
the articles adopted, are as follows:

‘“To encourage and promote the
building and maintaining of water-stor-
age reservoirs in the State of New York
for the purpose of checking freshets,
maintaining a more uniform flow of
water in rivers and streams throughout
the year and rendering and making them

neem

a ee eS ae ey F

1902.

more useful in the transportation of the
products of the forests and mines and
the development of the material re-
sources of the state, and for other bene-
ficial and lawful purposes.

‘To promote and encourage a proper
and practical system of forestry and
unite in all reasonable and honest efforts
therefor. To discourage by education
and other proper means the removal of
timber from lands in such manner, and
to such extent, as will render such lands
useless for the further growth of timber,
and to encourage under safe and proper
limitations the removal of grown timber
from alllands in the State of New York.

‘To encourage in such way as may
be desirable the rendering of rivers and
streams of the State of New York more
available and adaptable for use by manu-
facturing and business interests.

“To encourage the development of
our natural resources for the storage of
water.”’

It is not intended to confine the mem-
bership to industrial concerns, as shown
by the following qualifications for mem-
bership: ‘‘All persons, associations, part-
nerships, and corporations who are sub-
scribers hereto and such others as from
time to time shall be elected by the exe-
cutive committee of the association will
be members of this association.’’ The
principal office for the association is to
be in Albany, N. Y.

The organization was perfected, ar-
ticles of association adopted, officers
elected, and committees appointed as
follows :

President, William McEchron, a re-
tired lumberman ; vice-president, Theo.
Basselin, of the Beaver River Lumber
Company, Creghan, N. Y.; second vice-
president, EK. L. Ashley, an attorney of
Glens Falls, N. Y.; secretary, John C.
Durgin, manager of the woodlands de-
partment of the Union Bag and Paper
Company ; treasurer, Jere. T. Finch, a
lumberman of Glens Falls, N. Y.

Executive Committee—G. F. Under-
wood, manager of the woodlands de-
partment of the Union Bag and Paper
Company >) G. P. H: Gould, ‘of ) the
Gould Paper Company, Lyons Falls,
Were Geo: €.: Sheriiian, of. the St.
Regis Paper Company, Watertown,
N. Y., ; George Chahoon, of the J. &

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

457

J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks,
WN. Y¥.3 (Geo. W.. Sisson= of the Rac-
quette River Paper Company, Potsdam,
N. Y., and L. W. Emerson.

Finance Committee— Herbert G. Al-
drich, of the Aldrich Paper Company,
Natural Dam, N. Y.; O. H. Tappan, a
Northern New York lumberman; Loren
Allen, of the Allen Brothers Company,
Saray mull NW. Y¥.; John H.. Derby,
a Sandy Hill lumberman and _ paper-
maker; James MacNaughton, of the
MacIntyre Iron Company, New York,
aud John C. Duncan, of the Duncan
Company, Mechanicville, N. Y.

Legislative Committee— Frank L,.
Bell, an attorney, of Glens Falls, N. Y. ;
Patrick Moynehan, representing Wil-
liam C. Whitney ; Geo. N. Ostrander,
of the Racquette Falls Land Company,
Albany, N. Y.; Curtis N. Douglas, a
northern New York lumberman, and
J. P. Lewis, of the J. P. Lewis Com-
pany, Beaver Falls, N. Y.

Those who attended the meeting con-
trol several hundred thousand acres of
timber lands in the Adirondacks, as well
as most of the paper mills and lumber
industries located upon the rivers which
rise in the Adirondacks.

While there are already in existence
a number of organizations representing
interests, commercial and otherwise, in
the Adirondacks, and whose objects are
in general to promote the interests of
both the members and the public at
large in the Adirondacks, there is none
that represents anywhere near so vast
an amount of capital or such varied in-
terests as the Forestry, Water Storage,
and Manufacturing Association of the
State of New York.

The consensus of opinion at the meet-
ing was that the public at large does not
understand that the owners of great in-
dustrial properties in the Adirondacks
are most vitally interested in carrying
out the purposes as set forth by the
articles of association adopted.

It is felt that as this association is
composed more largely of practical men
than any other organization it will be
able to supplement what has already
been accomplished toward improving
and preserving the great natural re-
sources of the state, both in water and
timber lands.

FHE BEETLE PEST IN’ PoE BEAGK Hips
FOREST RESERVE.

AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF VALUABLE TIMBER DESTROYED—
METHODS TO PREVENT FURTHER DESTRUCTION.

BY

FILIBERT ROTH,

CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF FOREST RESERVES, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

S is well known, the Black Hills
forest forms an elevated forest
island in the midst of the Great Plains.
Its value, therefore, is very great, even
if viewed merely from the standpoint of
timber supply, and this is materially in-
creased by the presence of large and
valuable mining interests within the
forest itself.

At present these mining districts form
the principal market for the timber of
this reserve ; shipment to other parts of
South Dakota(in which state nearly all of
the reserve is located ) are too roundabout
to permit.of profitable exploitation, and
shipment beyond the state is prohibited
by law. The reserve has an area of
about 1,200,000 acres, and is more hill
than mountainland. The forest is com-
posed almost entirely of Western Yellow
or Bull Pine (Pinzus ponderosa), with
patches of spruce in particular localities.

Rough estimates place the total
amount of standing timber at from
2,500,000,000 tO 4,000,000,000 feet.
Prof., MH. S.. Graves, -inhis: reports of
1897, places the total amount of mate-
rial at 1,442,000,000 feet of saw timber
and 13,150,000 cords of other material,
apparently making about 5,000,000,000
feet of timber better than fuel and about
6,000,0co0 cords of fuel material.

The present annual consumption is
estimated at about 20,000,000 feet of
timber, but probably exceeds this
amount. However, the excellent re-
production and growth of the pine in
nearly all parts of the forest would
justify even an increase in the exploita-
tion and use of the material under ordi-
nary or normal conditions.

‘These conditions, however, have been

materially disturbed. For about ten
years a destructive bark beetle has
steadily increased its field of activity,
and today the amount of material killed
or infested by this insect is believed to
be from 10 to 20 per cent of the total

Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

PINE TREE FRESHLY ATTACKED BY BEETLES,
SHOWING PITCH TUBES.

stand, or, according to different esti-
mates, about 200,000,000 to 600,000,000
feet = timber, pees a large amount
of fuel material. —
Owing to the fact that the ania
occurs in isolated patches of very varia-

(458)

1902.

ble extent, it is very difficult to esti-
mate exactly the amount covered by
this pest, and the above estimates are
largely guesswork. Nevertheless the
matter is truly serious, and in some dis-
tricts, particularly in the Spearfish
region, large areas of forest have ceased
to be green and offer only shades of red
and brown, the trees over extensive
tracts having been killed. According

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

459

years, but whether it is now at a stand-
still or decreasing in the rapidity of its
spread is uncertain. But, whether still
increasing or not, there is no doubt that
the beetle today is ruining timber at a
rate entirely out of proportion to the
growth, and, unless its work can be re-
stricted, there is danger of the larger
part, if not all, of the forest being de-
stroyed.

Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture.

THIS ILLUSTRATION SHOWS HOW BARK BEETLES MARK THE SURFACE OF WOOD.

to Dr. Hopkins, the beetles attack the
trees during the summer, and hibernate
generally in the tender larval (grub)
state and swarm the following year.
The trees thus attacked remain green
for some time and do not die until the
year after the attack. Once attacked,
practically all the trees succumb. Ap-
parently the pest has rapidly increased
in its destructiveness for a number of

Since the large amount of dead tim-
ber remains standing and sound for
some time, there isa great and constant
danger of fire becoming the ally of the
beetle, and thus finish whole townships
inasweep. At present the dead timber
far exceeds in amount the timber in-
fested and in various stages of injury, the
two kinds comparing probablyfive toone.

Thus far no important steps have

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November,

460

VIEW IN THE BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE, SHOWING AVERAGE STAND OF TIMBER.

1902.

been taken to combat this beetle pest.
Generally the cutting of timber is being
restricted as far as practicable to beetle-
infested tracts and almost entirely to
timber completely killed. Since the
dead timber, however, furnishes no
breeding ground for the beetle, this
restriction is beneficial only in so far as
it affects the danger from fire, and does
practically nothing to restrict the de-
structive insects. To remedy this mat-
ter it has been strongly recommended
by Dr. Hopkins and Dr. von Schrenk,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

461

sion and removal of the infested timber
will sufficiently reduce the number of
insects so that their natural enemies will
be able to take care of the rest. In ac-
cordance with these recommendations,
the Department of the Interior has de-
cided to allow the sales of the infested
material together with the killed timber.
Certain restrictive measures have also
been removed, so that sales may be
effected more expeditiously and the
consumption of this material thereby
encouraged. Unfortunately the pres-

REPRODUCTION OF PINE IN THE BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE.

of the Department of Agriculture, as
well as by Capt. Seth Bullock, super-
visor of the Black Hills Reserve, that
not only the beetle-killed, but also the
beetle-infested (green living trees at-
tacked by the beetles) should be in-
cluded in timber sales and removed as
rapidly as possible. According to these
authorities, it appears that the removal
of the bark during the winter season
will effectually destroy the insects hiber-
nating in the larval state, and it is be-
lieved, therefore, that the rapid conver-

ent market is very limited, and the cut-
ting and peeling of this timber beyond
what may be sold would require an un-
usually large outlay of money. ‘To
enable a rapid disposition of this ma-
terial it is necessary that Congress
modify the present law in so far as it
pertains to the shipment of reserve tim-
ber. In view of the extraordinary cir-
cumstances, it is hoped that the bill in-
troduced for this purpose during the
last session of Congress will meet with
more favor during the coming session.

REGEN Tero RnS i

FIRES

IN OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

DESCRIPTIONS OF RECENT DISASTROUS FIRES,
WITH ESTIMATES OF THE LOSS OF PROPERTY.

BY

WILLIAM T. COX,

BUREAU OF FORESTRY.

URING the month of September
severe fires occurred in nearly
every county west of the Cascades in
Oregon and Washington, but the area
wherein the loss of life was greatest
and the destruction of timber most com-
plete is that portion of Washington ex-
tending from Kalama River, Cowlitz
county, south through Clarke and
Skamania counties almost to the Co-
lumbia and east to the valley of Wind
River. In Oregon the area chiefly de-
vastated extends from the Columbia
River southward, closely following the
western lines of the Bull Run and Cas-
cade Forest Reserves, through Multno-
mah and Clackamas counties, to Molalla
River.

Some portions of these extensive
areas were quite thickly settled, but
the greater portion consisted of rock-
strewn mountain slopes, worn into
gulches and canyons by numberless
clear, swift streams, and covered with
a virgin forest of Douglas Spruce.

Roughly speaking, the Columbia
River bisects the fire-swept region west
of the Cascades. On the south side fire
came down almost to the river bank.
On the north side one range of hills in-
tervenes between the burned timber and
the river.

I. THE OREGON FIRES.

I will first call attention to the Clack-
amas and Bridal Veil fires, by which I
mean that series of fires which from
September roth to 13th, inclusive, de-
vastated Multnomah and Clackamas
counties and left practically a continu-
ous belt of charred and ruined forest

from the Columbia to the Molalla
River. ‘The timber of this region is of
unusual value, owing to the nearness of
good markets.

Hiring a saddle horse in Portland, I
went south to Oregon City, thence up
the Clackamas River, traversing the
worst burned districts in the vicinity of
Springwater, Viola, and Dodge; then
following the belt of burned country
north to vicinity of Bridal Veil. Pro-
gress was necessarily slow through this.
section, as roads and trails were blocked
by fallen timber, much of which was
still burning. Bridges were burned out
and streams difficult to ford.

The area burned over, while not so.
great as was at first reported, is very
extensive. Fully 170,000 acres in
Multnomah and Clackamas counties.
are blackened by fires. Of this area
about 50,000 acres were either cut-over
lands, lands that had been cleared by
settlers or burned over by previous
fires, and had little merchantable tim-
ber upon them.

In the Oregon fires but two people
met death. These were two boys.
named Hamilton, who perished in the
flames near Bridal Veil. Several other
people are probably fatally burned and
many received injury.

As near as can be ascertained, eighty-
six families were left homeless as a re-
sult of these fires. Two hundred other
settlers suffered a partial loss of prop-
erty. The following list of farm prop-
erty destroyed has been prepared after
personally examining a great deal of the
burned country and carefully compar-
ing what I believe to be the more trust-
worthy estimates for portions not visited:.

(462)

1902.

Farm buildings and furnishings $115,000

Stock. Se at ct Rbe tend Setter, Aone 30,000
ayant ds Orally 5540. Serene sm Aaeveres oie 45,000
Fences.. ape 2 Sf ginger eats 20,000
Farm machinery and vehicles 15,000
Orchards SAS Shoe eo ha on Be go,000

Total . SEP ee etdebT ote eis $315,000
School-houses and churches........ 35,000
Waconeroadybndcese ener. a 7,000

Mio Calley nether emnannee cr stNay tas. chate $357,000

SAWMILLS AND MANUFACTURED FOREST
PRODUCTS DESTROYED.

Saw-mills... ote oN fens tM $70,000
Sawed lumber and shingles........ 16,000
Logs (on skid and at mills).. : 18,000

Railroad ties (on skid and in road-bed
Chi GO). TeeravTGlIN as. ae ke : 8,000

Telegraph and telephone poles (on
SiG) Pe Rn ee. Actes eee Peel oo ue 4,000
Cordwood (ready for market) .... 33,000
AO tell tpn cote Pe erence cre tapes $149,000

|

Oregon ©. jth, —>

1 Ue &
CL

!
H
?°

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

463

In the dense smoke hundreds of
grouse, quail, and Mongolian pheasants
were surrounded by fire and roasted to
death. Hundreds more had their wings
scorched, and now upon the blackened
forest floor fall an easy prey to prowl-
ing vermin. Large and small mammals
fared no better. Carcasses of deer, bear,
cougar, and lynx have been found, and
thousands of dead squirrels.

It has been stated previously that fires
burned over 170,000 acres in these two
counties, but that cut-over lands, farm
clearings,and old burns constitute 50,000
acres. It is safe to assume that the re-
mainder, or 120,000 acres, contained
17,700 feet, B. M., per acre, or what has
been considered the average for western
Oregon. This is a very conservative
estimate, for some districts along the

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MAP OF MULTNOMAH AND CLACKAMAS COUNTIES, OREGON ; DOTTED SECTIONS SHOW
BURNED AREAS.

464

Clackamas would have yielded 8,000,000
to 10,000,000 feet to the quarter section,
Or 50,000 to 60,000 feet per acre. Com-
puting 120,000 acres at 17,700 feet per
acre, we have 2,124,000,000 feet as the
amount of standing timber killed by
recent fires in Multnomah and Clacka-
mas counties.

The value of the standing Douglas
Spruce, considering it to have been worth
¢1.00 per thousand, was $2,124,000.
Much of thisisa total loss, though a great
deal will be utilized. Were the district
less convenient to transportation, the
loss would be much more severe. As it
is, logging roads will be hastily built into
the heavier timbered portions, and by
rushing operations perhaps two-thirds
of the Douglas Spruce will be saved.

The following list shows the losses in
Clackamas and Multnomah counties:

Green and dry ‘‘ Cedar’’ (Giant Ar-
borvitzs) sete meee eee $75,000
Aertimiben week cco ee ee eae : 100,000
Downatittber.cc: tie eee I00,000
Elemlockag aster 50,000
Value of Douglas Spruce killed. . 2,124,000
Dotales skin one css epee $2,449,000

The forest as such is practically de-
stroyed. Upon thousands of acres not
a living tree remains to seed the burned
areas. Inafew places enough Douglas
Spruce remains to bring about repro-
duction, but Cedar, or more properly
Giant Arborvitee, and Hemlock, being
less resistant to fire, were invariably
killed. Upon the steeper hillsides and
mountain slopes even the soil has been se-
verely damaged. Particularly does this
apply to northeastern slopes, where the
force of the wind was greatest.

RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES.

Farm property, exclusive of timber $315,000
School-houses and churches....... 35,000
Bridges tts caccusk ccc. Sse 7,000

Saw-mills and manufactured forest
PLOGUCLSH..cik: Goto vole ekocemees 149,000
AM UDELs,cciaieegh w ancichauterrs eee ee 2,449,000
Total . $2,955,000

While there is some government land
and much that is owned by the state in
the burned region, these heavy losses
fall chiefly upon small private owners.
Large companies had not yet begun

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

buying up the claims. Outside of a
few old settled neighborhoods, many
homesteads have been taken and numer-
ous timber claims higher up the slopes.

‘The past season has been one partic-
ularly favorable to forest fires. Not
only was the summer very dry, but the
two preceding summers were wet in May
and June, thus interfering with the
burning of slashings and allowing an
unusual amount of debris to accumulate.

In the early part of September the
wind blew from the east most of the
time. An east wind, after it gets west
of the Cascades, is ready to absorb al-
most any quantity of moisture, so that
the forest was soon in the condition of
tinder. When on September totha stiff
breeze began to blow from the northeast
it found a number of ground fires waiting
to be fanned into something more seri-
ous.

In sections 25 and 26, township 36.,
range 5 E., Clackamas county, a fire
had been burning since the first of Au-
gust. Evidence points to its starting
from unextinguished camp- fires of
huckleberry-pickers.

Another fire had been burning in the
southwestern part of township 4 S.,
range 5 K., in the vicinity of Dodge.
This fire originated very close to the
line of the Cascade Forest Reserve,
and is believed to have been started by
hunters, though their names cannot
be ascertained. It was on August
14th that this fire was first observed
by the people of Dodge. On the 20th
it burned all around Myers & Sons’
sawmill at that place and required fight-
ing for two days and nights. It was
believed to have been extinguished, but
no one watched it, and it proved to be
only smoldering. On September 12th,
peculiar as it may seem, it swept back
over the same area, this time traveling
as a fierce crown fire and sparing noth-
ing. The mill, together with other
buildings and considerable sawed lum-
ber and logs, was consumed, and the
fire swept on down Springwater Ridge
and southwest to the Molalla. A few
sections on the reserve appear to have
been burned over by this fire.

On September gth a spark from an
O. R. & N. locomotive set fire to the

1902.

‘MOOINAH NUYAISHM AGNV ‘AVCHD ‘MI GHU SI VWHAWIL AHL ! ISHUOA NOOHUO NV NI ANOS

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

465

466

dry grass and ferns just east of Bridal
Veil, Multnomah county, and the fire
soon spread into the heavy timber. An
effort to check it was made by section
men. Later a larger force was em-
ployed and the fire was thought to be
under control. It did not make much
headway until the high wind of the
11th and 12th turned it into a wall of
flame that swept off southward to join
other fires, the origin of which I have
been unable to learn.

Had timely measures been taken, I
feel satisfied that all of these fires could
have been extinguished before becoming
serious, and had there been rangers in
these localities it is doubtful if any fires
would have occurred, barring, of course,
such accidental ones as that set by the
locomotive.

Commendable work has been done by
the government rangers in the forest re-
serves, and the absence of serious fires
in them should serve as an object lesson
to the states of Oregon and Washington.

The checking of the fires was brought
about by the winds going down and
changing to the west, which soon
broughtrain. Heavy rains fell through-
out the burned region on September 26
and 27, eliminating all further danger.

OTHER FIRES IN NORTHWESTERN
OREGON.

Tillamook Countv.—F¥or a time there
was great danger from the fire near Till-
amook. Fire started from burning of
slashings and burned three days be-
fore becoming serious. Land belonged
to government and lumber companies.
Companies owning timber here paid
men $4.00 per day to assist in fighting
the fire,—a sufficient commentary on

the value of the timber. Damage,
$150,000.
Benton County.—Fires near Corvallis.

Damage, $180,000.

Lane County.—Fires burned for two
months in the vicinity of Cedar Flat;
also along Mill Creek, on the McKenzie,
and between Mapleton and Florence.
Origin unknown. Damage, $220,000.

Marion County.—Fire on Santiam
River ruined a large amount of fine
Douglas Spruce belonging to N. P. Ry.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

and W. V. &. C. Mil. Road Co.
unknown. Damage, $200,000.

Clatsop County.—September 14, fire
on Nehalem River destroyed a large
amount of valuable Cedar and some
Douglas Spruce. Indian berry-pickers
blamed for leaving camp fire unextin-
guished. Damage, $55,000.

Origin

Total losses in northwestern Ore-
gon, exclusive of Multnomah and

Clackamas counties. ee whO5 5, 000:

Loss in Multnomah and Clackamas. 2,955,000
Total for northwestern Ore-

POM a ceraeiae « $3,910,000

II. THE WASHINGTON FIRES.

In general what has been said of the
Oregon fires applies also to the fires in
Washington. ‘The area recently burned
over in Washington is much more ex-
tensive than the burned district in Ore-
gon, and the timber more valuable, but
it is also much less convenient to ready
means of transportation.

With the object of ascertaining the
extent of damage in different localities,
I hired a saddle horse in Vancouver and
proceeded east to the head of La Camas
Creek. From there I made my way
northward as best I could, crossing the
North Fork of Lewis River, and found
the northern limit of the burn at the
headwaters of Kalama River, near Mt.
St. Helens. I visited the scene of great-
est devastation on the North Fork—
Speleyah Creek—where so many lives
were lost. While I was at La Camas
Creek flames were still busy on many
logs and fire was working into the butts
and roots of large trees.

AREA OF BURNED REGION.

It is difficult to obtain reliable infor-
mation concerning remote districts in
the mountains of Skamania and Cow-
litz counties, but the accompanying map
shows the area of the burned region in
Clarke county with a fair degree of
accuracy and approximate areas in the
other two counties.

I do not vouch for the accuracy of the
boundary lines of the burned districts,
for of course I have not visited every
township in this extensive region. Part

WAHKIAKUM ¢CG,

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1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 467
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MAP OF COWLITZ, CLARKE, AND SKAMANIA COUNTIES, WASHINGTON ; DOTTED SCTIONS SHOW
BURNED DISTRICTS.

of the line was mapped in carefully, a
portion was sketched in from mountain
peaks, and the remainder is located from
information obtained from ‘‘ cruisers’’
and others claiming to know where the
fire limit is in certain localities.

Within the area surrounded by burned
timber there are considerable tracts over
which fire did not run. In estimating
the total area burned, all such tracts, no
matter how small they were, have been
deducted. Yet the number of acres
actually burned over cannot fall short
of 434,000, distributed in the three
counties as follows:

; Acres.
Cowltzicountys. 4.) ise eee 104,000
Clarke, countyrn i, seine a 150,000
SS) prEhibENCowulyearagos kes oeee. 180,000

ol tall eaten era nc) oo ene 434,000

LOSS OF LIFE.

Where the fire swept along the North
Fork of Lewis River, in Cowlitz county,
it probably attained its greatest severity.
This was on September 11. It was
here that a party of nine pleasure-seek-
ers, who had been camping at the foot

of Mt. St. Helens, met such a tragic
fate. They were driving ahead of the
fiery storm in an attempt to reach
Speleyah Prairie when they suddenly
found the narrow road barred by fallen
timber. There was no escape for them |
and all perished together. When found
by a relief party the nine charred corpses
lay close together near the irons, all
that remained of the wagon. ‘The
horses had managed to get only a few
steps from the wagon when they, too,
succumbed.

One settler, as he left his home on
the morning of September 11, told his
wife that should the fires work danger-
ously near, she was to take the children
and leave the slashing in which the
house was situated and get into the
green timber, where he supposed there
would be no danger. She followed his
advice, but this fire swept through the
green timber more fiercely than in the
slashings, and the fire claimed four more
victims.

In all, sixteen lives were lost on the
North Fork of Lewis River near Spe-
leyah Creek. Forty more people would

468

surely have perished had it not been for
Speleyah Prairie, which is a clover
meadow one mile long and one-half a
mile wide, the only opening in the for-
est for many miles.

FARM PROPERTY DESTROYED.

In the three counties, Cowlitz, Clarke,
and Skamania, one hundred and sixty-
five settlers are known to have had their
homes burned by the recent fires. Hun-
dreds more sustained some loss of prop-

erty. The following are approximate
losses :
Farm buildings (and furnishings’... $190,000
SLOG: 5 c1s Wameeeres ee ak 95,000
Hay, grain, and damage to pastures. 175,000
I SUGCES Wer co een ie eee ~ 34,000
Machinery, wagons,ct@-: ae sana0e 28,000
rritatreesin cy, a csie Ree S ome 85,000
POtal 7. Ae acc: Ss ee $607,000
SAWMILLS AND MANUFACTURED FOREST
PRODUCTS.
SENATE Se ie hee ieee, Come meee $62,000
a WE MMT Det ite eek einoe S eee ee 35,000
HMR ES ileus a es er On eR 3,000
Worsi(oniskid) yep aae eee oe ke 24,000
Palit cik otie wv eicnarc tee tno Maat det het 4,000
Telegraph and telephone poles (on
skid).... th orecpare ney et es Geen 1,000
Railroad ties (on skid)....... 7,000
Cord-wood (ready for market) ..... 45,000
‘otal saeersat enn seh ecm aes $181,000
MISCELLANEOUS LOSSES.
School-houses and churches ....... $28,000
County tbridgest.s.e6 © pees) ae 25,000
Buildingcat wines. aa eee 8,000
OLA. wae ic eaten cee $61,000

GREEN TIMBER DAMAGED.

With the exception of about 150,000
acres, all of the immense area burned
over by the recent fires in these three
counties is very heavily timbered. The
150,000 acres allows for all clearings
made by farmers, all cut-over lands, and
all old burns; also a few thousand acres
of bare rock exposures on the mountain
peaks. The remaining area after de-
ducting this is 284,000 acres.

The timber here was fully as heavy a
stand as the Oregon timber and of better
quality; therefore we can safely employ

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,,

the same factor in computing board feet;
284,000 acres at 17,700 feet per acre
gives 5,026,800,000 feet as the amount.
of Douglas Spruce killed. That this is:
not too high an estimate is shown by the
fact that all of townships 5 N., R.4E.,
and 4 N., R. 4 E., at the head of Cedar
Creek, willaverage more than 20,000,000
feet, B. M., to the section. Previous to:
the fires timber claims in this locality
were being bought up at $8,000 each..
Considering the stumpage to have been:
worth one dollar per thousand, the
total stand of Douglas Spruce killed
in these three counties alone was worth
$5,026,800.

The approximate values of other tim-
ber destroyed are as follows:

Green and dry Cedar (7huva pli-

COLO NE icon, chic Sear eee eee eat $250,000»
TLE miLOCks ay ig aee uke eee ta 275,000:
I Dezel ol, B melodies Menras eeonee Bcceteaa screen 200,000

$725,000

Wows lasts pricey ee eee eee 5,026, 800:
Total value of standing timber

leds: 35-hour ee eee $5,751,800:

Vast tracts are left without a living
tree. Thousands of acres will soon be
a wilderness of rank ferns, salal, and
huckleberry bushes. In the rougher
portions of the mountains burned over
there are many small tracts which were
somewhat protected from the wind and
thus escaped complete destruction. The
seed trees left upon these tracts are suf-
ficient to bring about reproduction over
much of the territory, though much of
the burned country will remain tree-
less for many years.

Along the North Fork of Lewis River,
where the fire was most severe, the soil
has been left in a very loose condition
and is washing badly. The humus is
entirely burned off and about two inches.
of ashes left instead.

RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES.

Farm property, exclusive of timber. $607,000
Sawmills and manufactured forest
Productsys sect pia ate cen eror 181,000:
Miscellaneous (schools, churches,
\saORSS, QC ooadoadacodcousc oe 61,000:
"Tim ber yen race see ee er eee 5,751,300
TGtalhst Husk. Meee te cee $6,600,800

1902.

THE LOSERS.

On the headwaters of Washougal
River private-owned timber destroyed
amounts to 700,000,000 feet. Only one
of the logging companies had com-
menced work here. Much land in this
district is held by state and national
governments.

Along Wind River several companies
have large holdings, and there is also a
large amount of state-selected land.

On the upper part of Cedar Creek
and Lewis River lumber companies
from Minnesota and Wisconsin had pur-
chased large tracts shortly before the
fires. As they paid from $4,000 to
$8,000 for each quarter section, their
losses are heavy.

The federal government and the State
of Washington are heavy losers in this
fire. Some of the finest timber in the
west stood on the divide between Lewis
River and the Kalama; also on Sucson
Creek.

ORIGIN OF THE FIRES.

Fires had been burning for over a
month near Silver Star Mountain,
though how they started is not known.
Other fires are said to have been started
by careless settlers burning slashings on
the lower parts of Wind River and the
Washougal,nearStevenson. On Muddy
Creek, a tributary of the Lewis, one fire
was burning for weeks, but no attention
was paid to it. These fires had been
gaining headway unnoticed, for the
mountains back of the first range on
the west are uninhabited for many
miles.

On the 8th and 9th of September fires
crept out through a number of gaps in
the first range from Washougal to the
North Fork of the Lewis, and from that
time until September 15th the settlers of
eastern Clarke county and southeastern
Cowlitz county were compelled to fight
fire night and day.

On September 14th the wind changed
and began to blow from the southwest.
Rains followed on the morning of the
15th and fires subsided. On the 26th
and 27th heavy rains fell, after which
there was no more danger.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

469

OTHER FIRES IN SOUTHWESTERN
WASHINGTON.

Chehalis Countv.—On September 12
and 13 fire spread from slashings into
heavy timber along Chehalis River.
Sixty families were rendered homeless.

The following losses were sustained :

Farm buildings and furnishings .... $40,000
Stockutn hs oheeeee een Pete cot nies eles 10,000
School-houses and churches... .... 10,000
Matllisys 25 2A oe eon ta 68,000
Saweds lumibertcs aor oer acie aor acre 20,000
Woes 9 Sea sist notes Sevaeateeers 20,000
Cordwood:¢h Saher eee 15,000
Aint ber, te: tyes Ce ee ee eee 600,000
Five trestles (N. P. Ry.)..... 50,000:

MO tals: .:%s\c)acsscen ery teeter steerer $833,000

On Hoquiam River, near Aberdeen,
fire on September 13 burned over some
valuable holdings of Douglas Spruce
and cedar timber. It also consumed

the large dam across this river. Losses

are as follows:

IDES oo RAS. AR EEN Ine aso ooo $8,000

IMG SfattasecaimipSryr. 54.121 ae 45,000

SMM ATHI Clays sic sper se! stots serch swore sus sieve 250,000:
Ota Meranda siete sate oars $303,000

On September 14 a crown fire swept
over about half a township on Wish-
kaha; burned partly in an old slashing,
where it is supposed to have originated;
land owned mostly by eastern lumber
companies. Loss, timber, $125,000.

September 14 another fire attained
great headway on Chehalis River, in
southeastern part of thiscounty. Only
damage was to timber, but much good
Cedar was destroyed. Loss (timber,
mostly owned by Seattle companies),
$80,000; total for Chehalis county,
$1,341,000.

Pacific County. —On September 13 and
14 a fire on Willipa River, near South
Bend, destroyed some valuable timber
claims, mostly Douglas Spruce timber.
Value of timber destroyed, $100,000.

Wahkiakum County.—Thousands of
acres near Skamokawa burned over
September 12 and 13.

Willamette Pulp and Paper Co.’s mill

Gestroyed. > 1OSSi= clstelelelecteleilteieie = $50,000
PUSATTMIDE TA crc cass cach cdssto eho oe aie ey oi ae 130,000:
$180,300

470

Lewis County.—September 12-14 fire
raged along Chehalis River, in western
part of Lewis county. Land owned by
private parties, N. P. Ry., and the State.
Origin of fire unknown. Loss in tim-
ber, $300,000.

Another fire of same dates, supposed
to have originated from spark of loco-
motive, burned along track of North-
ern Pacific Railway near Centralis.
Loss of timber, $100,000.

In the eastern part of the county,
near Cinnabar, a fire burned from Sep-
tember g-11. Owners of the timber
burned are chiefly timber-claim settlers
and Northern Pacific Railway. Loss,
$320,000.

Cowlitz and Wahkiakum Counties.
(Loss listed for Wahkiakum county).
A fire September 11th and 12th killed an
immense quantity of valuable Douglas
Spruce and some Cedar and Hemlock.
The greater part of the land which was
burned over is owned by large lumber
companies of Portland, and mills were
in operation.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,
LOSSES.
Camps, flume, and skid road....... $13,000
Cordwoodhen =e eee S00
ROUSE; Ss Ra ecko cee Rene oe 1,500
Damage to timbers gales carte ee 300,000
$315,300
SUMMARY OF LOSSES, SOUTHWESTERN WASH-
INGTON.
Chehalisicounityeneee eee eee $1,341,0C0
LACUS COMME ys. oo oeece ear 100,000
Waliseykisrn @OwiNDy ..ch0ccc00cc%c 495,300
IFENRAIS COWIE, oo 20 cos bcgnce 320,000
$2,256,300

Cowlitz, Clarke, and Skamania

COUNLIES Jose se plea a eee 6,600,800
Total for southwestern Wash-
ATP EO Mae rele ear oe $8,857, 100

SUMMARY OF LOSSES IN OREGON AND WASH-

INGTON.
Total loss to property by recent
fires in northwestern Oregon.. $3,910,000
Total loss to property by recent
forest fires in southwestern
Was lingto nies. were ee eer 8,857, 100
Total for both states....... $12,767,100

«<THE TRESPASS“ PROBLEM, AND HOw ie
SODA the dg

A CORRECTION.

Jay

ceo

DIVISION OF FOREST RESERVES, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

HE October issue of FORESTRY

AND IRRIGATION contains an

article on the subject of depredations

upon timber on the public domain,

which, in handling the subject, deals
with both the cause and the cure.

The subject, when considered in either
of these aspects, is a large one.

The cause, or rather the causes, that
operate to induce the spoliation of tim-
ber lands throughout the entire public
domain are manifold, and any discussion
of the point demands a clear discrimina-
tion between the act that, on the one
hand, seeks to relieve pressing need for

one of the actual necessities of life, and,
on the other, the appropriation of public
property in the interest of individual or
corporate greed and speculation, the one
act to be dealt with by placing needed
timber supplies within legitimate reach,
and the other by making it by statute
a criminal offense.

This isa discrimination vital to the
question, and not to be ignored at the
outset.

The article referred to fails, however,
to recognize this distinction in touching,
in a general way, upon what has led to
the free appropriation of public timber.

1902.

Instead, it attributes the spoliation of
our public timber lands to a lax appre-
ciation, on the part of both our law-
makers and the public in general, of the
fact that the act should be regarded as
constituting a crime.

Several of the statements made in this
connection are remarkable for present-
ing precisely the reverse of the facts.
The following is in evidence :

‘* From the beginning the legal prin-
ciple has been upheld—and I do not at
all claim that it was a wrong or unwise
principle in itself—that the unoccupied
public lands are subject to utilization by
whosoever chooses, unless there is a
specific statute to regulate or prohibit
such use This doctrine was reiterated
but a few years ago by the Supreme
Court of North Dakota, in the case of
Matthews vs. The Great Northern Rail-
way Company (72 N. W. Rep., 1085),
where it is held that there is an implied
license to the public to go on the un-
appropriated lands of the United States,
pasture cattle thereon, make and dis-
pose of hay, cut and remove timber and
the like. Timber stealing from public
lands, therefore, is considered by the
law not as something wrong in itself,
but merely as ‘malum prohibitum’—
that is, something essentially innocent,
which becomes wrong only because it
has been expressly prohibited by stat-
Hie.”

The specious argument here at-
tempted, to the effect that the attitude
of the government in respect to timber
on public lands implies a license to the
public to go upon unappropriated public
lands and remove the timber therefrom,
was considered and disposed of by the
United States Supreme Court in consid-
ering the case of United States vs. Mock
(149 U.S , 273), in which Justice Brewer
ruled :

‘‘ Whatever propriety there might be
in such a reference in a case in which it
appeared that the defendant had simply
cut timber for his own use, or the im-
provement of his own land, or develop-
ment of his own mine (and in respect
to that matter, as it is not before us, we
express no opinion), there certainly was
none in suggesting that the attitude of
the government upheld or countenanced

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

471

a party in going into the business of
cutting and carrying off the timber from
government land, manufacturing it into
lumber, and selling it for a profit ; and
that was this case. There is
nothing in the legislation of Congress
or the history of the government which
carries with it an approval of such ap-
propriations of government property as
thats.

The ruling of so high a tribunal would
seem to have disposed of the argument
finally, and since it is a most mischievous
one, it becomes a serious matter to have
it brought forward again, to screen of-
fenses, by such an organ as FORESTRY
AND IRRIGATION. A correction would
seem to be due in the interest of the
magazine.

A further misapprehension results
from the following statement in the
above extract :

‘*TIn accordance with this doctrine,
criminal statutes against timber stealing
have not usually made it a felony, pun-
ishable by imprisonment, but a mere
misdemeanor, that can be atoned for by a
fine, like neglect to pay a dog license.

‘“There can be no reasonable doubt
that this attitnde of the law is entirely
in accord with present public opinion.
The public do not look upon the tres-
passer as a criminal.’’

The exact contrary is true in respect
to the ‘‘ attitude of the law’’ on this
point. As early in the history of the
country as the year 1831 Congress
passed an act for the protection of timber
on the public lands, which was an ex-
pansion of a yet earlier act in 1817, in
which it made the cutting or removing
of such timber for any purpose what-
soever, Other than for the use of the
Navy of the United States, a felony by
prescribing that ‘‘every such person
shall pay a fine not less than triple the
value of the trees or timber so cut, de-
stroyed, or removed, and shall be im-
prisoned not exceeding twelve mouths.’’
(See section 2461, U. S. Revised Stat-
utes. )

This law remains upon the statute
books, and from the date of its passage
to the present time it has constituted
the principal penal statute upon which
the government has had to rely in its

472

efforts to check the waste and destruc-
tion of public timber—being the only
one ever passed with the intent of being
generally applicable throughout the en-
tire country ; and, assuch, it has stood
for the greater part of a century as rep-
resenting the ‘‘attitude of the law’’
towards public-timber trespassers.

More stringent and restrictive legisla-
tion could scarcely be conceived of,
sparing neither fine nor imprisonment
and making no distinction between the
unintentioual and the willful trespasser,
nor between the act of the needy set-
tler and that of the speculating corpora-
tion, but making it a crime in the case
of one and all alike.

So extremely severe and so unjust in
its want of discrimination has the De-
partment of the Interior adjudged this
criminal statute that it has for many
years urged its repeal and recommended
broader and more liberal legislation in
its place. As yet, however, in spite of
urgent and repeated recommendations
to this effect, Congress has withstood all
appeals to modify this statute.

If space admitted, it might be also
shown that the article is open to criti-

A PEAN TAT IONgor

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

cism in its conclusions regarding the
compromising of criminal proceedings.
It will suffice to say, however, without
further discussion of the point, that the
comproniise provision in the act of June
3, 1878 (20 Stat., 89), to which the ar-
ticle makes reference, applied only in its
operation to cases which were on the
court docket at the date of the passage
of the act, and was limited and remedial
in its scope. If it were held that it ap-
plied to all subsequent cases of timber
trespass, it would simply place a pre-
mium upon such trespasses, enabling
the depredators to obtain timber at the
lowest rate imaginable, viz., $2.50 per
AChE.

The Land Department continues to
recommend criminal prosecution in all
cases of willful trespass on public timber.

The law does not sanction the com-
promising of criminal proceedings in
cases in general of trespasses upon pub-
lic timber. Authority for this state-
ment is found in the opinion of the So-
licitor of the Treasury under date of
March 3, 1884, in which he held that
‘‘a criminal liability of this nature can-
not be compromised.’’

HURGPEEAN LARGE

BING

AUSTIN F. HAWES.

N view of the increasing interest in
forestry, and especially in tree-plant-
ing, it seems advisable to bring to notice
the present conditionof plantations made
some years ago,and to explain the causes
of failure or the merits of the systems
followed.

A small plantation of European Larch,
near New Haven, Connecticut, bears
instructive evidence of good intentions,
but failure through a lack of knowledge
of the silvicultural requirements of the
species.

About twenty-three yearsagoa farmer
of this region imported from Europe a
quantity of young Larch, averaging two
and one-half feet high. These were

planted in rows four feet apart in each
direction, on a gradual east slope. A\l-
though the importation of these young
trees and the planting of them must
have been very expensive, it is quite
possible that had the proper attention
been paid to the silvicultural require-
ments of the tree the undertaking might
have proved a financial success.

In order to find out the contents and
character of the present stand an exam-
ination of the plantation was recently
made. The area measured approxi-
mately one-fifth of an acre. All the
trees of the stand, and as many stumps
as were still distinguishable, were cali-
pered. Analyses were made of such

1902.

stumps as had been cut recently, and
in addition the heights of fifty-five trees
were recorded. Remains of sixty-seven
stumps were found, ranging from one to
thirteen inches in diameter, most of them
being between three and ten inches.
The following table shows the num-
ber of trees of each diameter of the

three classes—dominant, suppressed,
and dead :
—_—, er AS,
Diameter, | No. of trees.
breast
high, in |
inches. | Dominant. | Suppressed. | Dead.
2 ~ I 2
3 a 7 An
4 8 26 I
5 24 8
6 38 5
7 27 I
5 9
9 I
Io 3
II I
“tie III 48 3

A table of heights constructed by the
use of a curve is given below. A great
deal of variation, however, was found
in the heights, seven-inch trees, for ex-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

473

ample, varying from thirty-three to
sixty-two feet in height, according as
they are dominant or suppressed :

Diameter, breast high. Height.
Inches. Feet.
3 3?
4 40
5 44
6 46.7
7 48.4
8 49.8
9 50.8
ice) Sli
II 52.6
12 PCE®

From the few analyses of stumps,
there seemed to be a variation in age
from twenty-five to twenty-nine years,
due toa difference in the time of cutting
rather than a difference in the age of the
seedlings. The eight stumps measured
varied from 7.8 inches to 11.4 inches in
diameter, and had evidently been cut for
use at irregular periods without regard
for the laws of thinning. The bark av-
eraged .7 of an inch in thickness. In-
variably the analyses showed the great-
est growth in the middle decade of life
and a rapid subsequent falling off.

To calculate more exactly the present
value of the stand, the number of posts

Photo by T. S. Woolsey, Jr.

LARCH PLANTATION SHOWING THIN CROWNS AND SLENDER BOLES.

474

in trees of various diameters was esti-
mated. ‘The minimum size ofa post was
considered seven feet long and four
inches in diameter at the small end.
Multiplying the number of posts in each
diameter class, both dominant and sup-
pressed, it was found that there are ap-
proximately 320 posts, which, it is be-
lieved, is alowestimate. Allowing five
cents apiece for posts in the standing
trees, this would mean a total value of
sixteen dollars, not allowing for the few
trees which have been cut off. At this
rate a complete acre would yield eighty
dollars.

The large proportion of suppressed
frees, tlese being 43 per cemt ofthe
total present stand of living trees; the
decreasing rate of height and diameter
growth, all emphasize the well-known
silvicultural principle of the intolerance
of arch to ‘shade, If the trees had
been planted farther apart, and thus
allowed space for a better crown devel-
opment, the struggle for existence would
have been more prolonged, and a greater
accretion of timber would have resulted.
The excellent natural pruning which
the grove now displays might not have
been produced by more open planting,
but this could easily have been reme-
died by an underplanting of some tol-

TARY ONIVER SIT ies:

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

November,

erant tree, which would have served
the three-fold office of pruning the Larch,
protecting the soil, and producing a sec-
ondary crop of timber. ‘The total lack
of humus bears ample evidence that a
more complete ground cover was needed.
The growth of many seedlings and
small saplings of Hard Maple, Dog-
wood, and Beech, which have come in
naturally, show that an under story of
such species is entirely feasible. Now
that the trees have practically reached
their height growth, a thinning would
be of no appreciable value, since the
crowns are too small to produce much
wood, even if more light were admitted.

A more open planting in the first
place, with subsequent underplanting
and timely thinning, would have pro-
duced much better results than the
neglectful method followed. Not only
would a greater amount of timber have
been produced, but it would have been
of a much higher grade, for instead of
deteriorating at the present time it
would be improving. In thirty or forty
years it would have produced a large
number of telegraph poles, worth at
least a dollar apiece on the stump; a
considerable number of fence posts, and
a supply of cordwood from the under-
growth.

TINGLE RES 7 TN Rene

GATION, PROBLEMS:

BY

DR: WiILETAM 12° SsLOCuUM,

PRESIDENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE,

RESIDENT ROOSEVELT said in
his message of last December that

‘“the forest and water problems are the
most vital internal questions of the
United States.’’ With two-fifths of the
area of the whole country requiring irri-
gation in order that good crops may be
produced, we recognize the truth of this
statement. Weare informed that 74,-
000,000 acres of the 600,000,000 can
aud ought to be irrigated within the

near future. This creates a problem
which necessitates intelligent considera-
tion and the service of specially trained
engineers. The undertaking is too vast
and the public interest is too great to
await the action of private business en-
terprises: It is%a) matter (of “national
concern, and the government alone can
adequately handle the problem.

With the annual export of nearly a
billion dollars’ worth of farm products

1902.

and the business of the country adjusted
to that fact, with a rapidly increasing
population to be fed, with a shortage in
the corn crop affecting nearly every cit-
izen in the republic, we have come to
problems which require the very best
training and the most careful thought
for their solution. ‘There must be the
same large grasp of the situation that
the English have had in their irrigation
projects, which will double the amount
of arable land in Egypt, and which will
accomplish more to relieve poverty in
that country than has ever been done in
all its history.

A careful study of the situation indi-
cates that the colleges and universities
have an important part to play in this
national undertaking. The people as
a whole know very little about the
matter. The nation has been interested
in questions which relate to the tariff,
the creation of harbors, foreign com-
merce, and domestic manufacturing, and
thus far have left this matter alone, until
it is now demanding consideration. This
makes it necessary that the irrigation of
our large area of arid land should receive
the most intelligent and scientific con-
sideration. It is not a matter of parti-
san politics, but one which requires
special training and careful study of the
whole problem and all that is involved
in it. Forthis reason the time has come
when our colleges and scientific schools
should give the subject serious con-
sideration.

COURSES ON IRRIGATION.

It is important that our colleges should
offer courses of lectures treating the
subject of irrigation, including a study
of all the arid districts in the United
States, the problem of water supply,
and the great watersheds and reser-
voir sites; the relation of forests to
irrigation ; the demand for cultivation

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Wa

475

of these lands growing out of economic
conditions. Especially should such op-
portunities be offered to those who plan
to enter public life. Every student
coming out of American colleges should
at least have an opportunity to learn
about these matters.

Irrigation on such a scale as is neces-
sitated by the conditions which exist in
America requires great engineering skill
as well as accurate scientific knowledge
of the matters connected with successful
farming under these conditions. There
must be a knowledge of soils and their
chemical changes, their enrichment by
irrigation, the varying amount of water
required for various crops, the matter of
surface and sub-irrigation, the use of
wells, the special farm products adapted
to the various soils and under the vary-
ing climatic conditions. While much of
this comes by practical experience, much
must be done by means of careful scien-
tific observation and study. Courses
bearing upon all these should be offered
in our colleges, and especially in those
institutions situated in this section of
the United States.

It would be well if, in addition to the
work done in the law schools, the gen-
eral principles of irrigation law were
taught in the college department of po-
litical science.

The success of the whole irrigation
scheme as a national movement will de-
pend more than anything else upon the
conservation, protection, and use of the
water supply. Ultimately all the water
in the arid section must be saved and
used for agriculture. The accomplish-
ment of this and the protection and de-
velopment of our forests will demand
well-equipped and specially trained en-
gineers of the highest type. For these
reasons our colleges must offer ‘‘ irriga-
tion engineering ’’ courses, which shall
be even better known than the ‘‘ mining
engineering ’’ courses.

Wa

RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-
CHEMISTRY.

REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS.

BY

WILLIAM H. KRUG,

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ARIATIONS in the Occurrence of
Salicin and Salinigrin in Different
Willow and Poplar Barks. H. A. D.
Jowett and C. E. Potter (Pharm. Journ.,
1902, 69, 1677, 157-159). The glu-
coside, salinigrin, has previously been
isolated by one of the authors from an
unknown species of Salix. A large
number of different species of Sa/ix and

Populus, both European and American, |

were collected and examined so as to
determine the botanical source of the
glucoside. Thirty-three specimens were
examined and salinigrin was found in
only one, Salix discolor, Muhl. ‘The
investigations showed that the amount
of salicin present in the bark of a willow
or poplar depends both upon the species,
the season of the year, the sex of the
tree, and possibly other factors. The
quantity appears to increase in the fall,
and whilst in April bark from female
trees contains about three times as much
as that from male trees, in July the
latter yield the larger proportion, the
bark of the female trees in this month
being almost destitute of the glucoside.

Improvements in and Relating to
the Dyeing of Timber. M. Griinhut,
Vienna: Chas.) Pat: 13, 1183) june to:
1902). The dyeing solution is forced
into the wood by means of a pressure
chamber fitted to one end of the log, the
transmission of the liquor being facili-
tated by a suction chamber attached to
the other end. The logs are first sub-
jected to a treatment with soda lye under
pressure and the dye is dissolved ina
solution of alum, lactic acid, or ligno-
rosin. Several colors may be.obtained
by the use of stencil plates.

The Determination of Alkali in Sul-
phite Lyes Containing Soda. H.
Schwartz (Chem. Ztg., 26, 77, 897).

1. The alkali combined with sulphur-

ous acid was determined by titration
with an iodine solution, using starch as
indicator. Onecc. N/10 iodine solu-
tion equals 0.0031 sodium oxide.

2. The free alkali was determined in
the same solution by removing the blue
color with a drop of a solution of sodium
thiosulphate, adding a few drops of me-
thyl orange and titrating with N/5 sul-
phuric acid. One cc. N/5 sulphuric
acid—o.o0062 sodium oxide.

3. The alkali present as sulphate was
determined by evaporating a weighed
quantity of the lye to dryness with an
excess of sulphuric acid, igniting gently
and weighing the residue as sodium sul-
phate. The alkali present as sulphate
was obtained by subtracting 1 and 2
from this weight.

Paper Industry of Germany (U. S.
Cons... Reps:, AUS, .12,.,4902)5 4Gen-
tracts for wood pulp were readily closed
during 1901, but towards the end of
the year lower prices prevailed, owing
to lack of water and foreign competi-
tion. “Lhe rise im the price tof, (pine
wood has ceased, owing to the fact that
consumers are making their purchases
direct, and wood from Finland is able to

’ compete when the transportation charges

are not too high. The wood-pulp indus-
try urges an increase in the duty on dry
pulp from one mark to three marks per
hundred kilos and a duty of two marks
per 100 kilos on moist pulp The fol-
lowing table shows the trade in packing
paper for the years 1900 and Igor:

Import. Export.
Description.
Ig99I. 1902. IgOl. 1902.
Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt.
Ordinatiyseresscssetere-coeess 5,120 | 4,969 |176,123 | 173,132
MMLOOUH pee eaccetearsseestersse 32,591 | 33,037 | 255,392 | 285,278

(476)

RSIS

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 477

Pulp and Cellulose in Norway (For-
eign Office, Annual Series, No. 2873,
G. Britain). British paper manufact-
urers are the chief consumers of me-
chanical wood pulp. Production inthe
autumn was restricted by the want of
water, but the year 1901 was a better
one than 1899.

The total value exported in rgor
was £762,159, as against £730,247 in
1900. There were two mills capa-
ble of producing jointly 17,000 tons
during the year. Of the total quantity
of 421,006 tons of pulp and cellulose
exported in 1900 the United Kingdom
took 275,201 tons. The production was
about the same as in 1900; in some
cases less, but prices were lower. Cel-
lulose was subject to the same influences
as pulp. Less of this article was ex-

ported than in 1go0o, and the value was
also less in proportion. The principal
demand was for the better qualities,
the lower descriptions bringing very
low prices. For 1go1 the total esti-
mated quantity and value exported
was 93,789 tons and £656,846, as
against 102,680 tons and £762,077 in
1g00. As in the case of pulp, the
United Kingdom took the bulk of the
exportation.

Manufacture of Gas from Waste
Liquors from Cellulose Factories. KE. R.
Besemfelder (Papier Zte., (27, 2402,
2403, and 2442-2444 ; Journ. Soc. Chem.
Ind., 21, 1192). The author has de-
vised a continuous system of treatment,
whereby he prepares a gas for heating
and mechanical purposes and incident-
ally recovers all the sulphur.

‘RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

A First Book of Forestry. By FILIBERT ROTH,
Chief of the Division of Forest Reserves,
U.S. Department of theInterior. Pp. 291.
Illustrated. Ginn & Co., Boston.

The scope of ‘‘ First Book of Forestry’? is
clearly outlined in the preface where the au-
thor states that ‘‘a desire has been expressed
to introduce this useful and interesting study
into our public schools and country homes,
and this volume is an attempt to provide a
book on the subject which shall satisfy this
demand. In keeping with this purpose there
has been no attempt to write a text-book or
manual of forestry; but an effort has been
made to present in simple non-technical lan
guage some of the general principles unc
lying the science and to state the met}od
which are employed and the objects t
tained in the practice of forestry.’

Professor Roth, with his wide experie
a student of and an instructor in fores
as a practical forester, is admirably
write a book on the above lines. e*Pirst
Book of Forestry ’’ will be widely circulated, |
as it well deserves to be. It is written from;
the proper point of view, and in precisely the
style to spread a knowledge of first principle
of forestry.

The volume is divided into three parté.
Part I contains a careful description of tHe
physical make-up of a forest. In Part II the
general principles of forestry are outlined, and
in Part III related topics are discussed. There
is also an Appendix, which contains the Doy
Scribner log scale and a list of the more if
portant woods and trees of the United States.
The book is attractively printed, and the large

number of excellent illustrations add much to
its value.

How to Tell the Trees. First series : The Cone
Bearers. By J. G. LEMMON, with hints
on forestry by Mrs. LEMMON. Illustrated
with 17 half-tones from drawings and pho-
tographs. Pp.66. Price, 50cents. Pub-
lished by the authors. Oakland, Cal.

This little booklet, with its carefully pre-
pared illustrations, is an excellent guide to the
easy identification of conifers, and will be par-
ticularly interesting and instructive to Califor-
long introductory article is devoted
uestion of the forest endowment of the
c slope.

orestry Quarterly. Published by the New
York State College of Forestry at Cornell
University, Ithaca, N. Y., under the direc-
tion of a board of advisers consisting of
Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dr. John Gifford, and
Walter Mulford. Pp. 40. Single copies,
25 cents. Yearly subscription, $1.00.

The initial number of this publication has
just appeared, and it will be issued, as its title
indicates, four times a year. Its purpose, as
stated in an editorial announcement, is to de-
vote its pages to the professional or technical
interests of forestry, and to that end solicits the
interest and support of all workers in the field
of forestry. By reviews and résumés it will
aim to keep the profession in touch with cur-
rent technical literature. The first issue is a
very creditable one, and is not so extremely
technical as to be without interest to the lay
eader.

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TREES

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Special attention is called to the following :

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DEALER IN

Tree and Shrub Seeds

Tree Seedlings in Large and Small Lots

Catalpas, Russian Mulberry,
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Would like to correspond with any one who
could supply good fresh tree and shrub seeds
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Money Rolls to Agents

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2 === ADVERTISEMENTS IN

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Forestry "4 Irrigation

H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher

CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1902

INTERIOR VIEW OF EUCALYPT GROVE .. Frontispiece
NEWS AND NOLES tts =), fe. oo Re eee

American Forestry Association—An Important Meeting—lowa
Park and Forest Association—Disposal of Public Lands—Forest
Fires— Water Rights on Public Domain—California Water and
Forest Association.

GIFFORD PINCHOT (wth portrait) . : ‘ : . 489
THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE . : ; ; : : . 490

THE NILE RESERVOIR DAM AT ASSUAN (J//lustrated)
Thomas H. Means 4g!

THE FUTURE OF OUR PUBLIC FOREST LANDS : ;
Filibert Roth 498

THE VISION OF IRRIGATION (foem)_ . Minna C. Smith 500

FOREST CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA
(Lllustrated) . : 5 ; , Royal S. Kellogg 501

HUMANITARIAN ASPECT OF MODERN IRRIGATION
Thomas F. Walsh 505
THE OSAGE ORANGE (//lustrated) . : William L. Hall 510
THE EUCALYPTS (J/llustrated) . : : 511
REPORTS BY SECRETARIES WILSON AND ‘HITCHCOCK 515
THE HARDY CATALPA (J//lustrated) : é P : Sens TS

RECENT PUBLICATIONS . ; 3 ‘ ; i , capes
FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry
Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00

a year ,; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at
the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter.

Published Monthly at

ATLANTIC BUILDING

‘Washineton, Bas See

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Forestry and Irrigation.

ae VIL. DECEMBER, oe No. 12
NEWS AND NOTES.

Meeting of The annual meeting of phological Society, American Philo-

American the American Forestry sophical Association, American Phys-

Forestry Asso- Association was held at
viation. the Atlantic Building,

Washington, D. C., at
100’clock a. m.,on December1o. ‘The
meeting was called to order by Mr. F. H.
Newell, and the minutes of the pre-
vious meeting were read by Mr. Geo. P.
Whittlesy, Recording Secretary. The
meeting was then adjourned, to meet
at the same place on December 31, at
10 o'clock a.m.

The object of postponing all business
until December 31 was to enable the
many members who wish to attend the
meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, De-
ember 29 to January 3, to be present
at both meetings.

*

AnImportant The fifty-second annual
Meeting. meeting of the Ameri-

can Association for the
Advancement of Science and first of the
‘* Convocation Week ’”’ meetings will be
held in Washington, D. C., December
27, 1902, to January 3, 1903. A meet-
ing of the executive committee of the
council (consisting of the general secre-
tary, secretary of the council, the per-
manent secretary, and the secretaries of
all the sections) will be held in the
council-room of the Cosmos Club at
noon on Saturday, December 27. ‘The
permanent secretary has been notified
that the following societies will meet in
affiliation with the Association at the
Washington meeting :

The American Anthropological Asso-
ciation, American Chemical Society,
American Folk-lore Society, American
Microscopical Society, American Mor-

ical Society, American Physiological
Society, American Psychological Asso-
ciation, American Society of Natural-
ists, Association of American Anato-
mists, Association of Economic Ento-
mologists, Astronomical and Astro-
physical Society of America, Botanical
Society of America, Botanists of the
Central and Western States, Geological
Society of America, The National Geo-
graphic Society, Naturalists of the Cen-
tral States, Society of American Bacte-
riologists, Society for Plant Morphology
and Physiology, Society for the Promo-
tion of Agricultural Science, and Zoolo-
gists of the Central and Western States.

The officers of the local committee for
the Washington meeting are: Charles D.
Walcott, president; G. K. Gilbert, vice-
president; Marcus Benjamin, secretary;
executive committee, Marcus Benjamin,
David T. Day, G. K. Gilbert, Gilbert H.
Grosvenor, L. O. Howard, George M.
Kober, W J McGee, C. E. Munroe, and
Charles D. Walcott.

*

Iowa Park The second annual
and Forestry meeting of the Iowa
Association. Park and Forestry As-

sociation was held at
Des Moines, December 8 and 9g, 1902.
Much enthusiasm was manifested at the
sessions and the papers read were in-
teresting and dealt particularly with the
practical aspects of parking and forests
from the zesthetic and economic stand-
points. The papers and their authors
were as follows: ‘‘ Dendro-Chemistry,’
Dr. J. B. Weems, Iowa State College,
Ames; ‘‘Our Wild Plants for Parks
and Gardens,’’ Wesley Greene, Iowa

484

State Horticultural Society ; ‘‘ Govern-
ment Forest Planting in the Sandhills
ot Nebraska,’ J. ©: “Blumer; Efalsey;
Nebr.; ‘‘ The Farmer’s Woodlot,’’ E.R.

Hodson, Washington, D. C.;, ** Civic
Improvement for Small Cities,’’ De La
Sheidon; “ Notes: “on ~Evergreens;”

Prof. A. T. Erwin, Ames; ‘‘ Beautify-
ing and Utilizing Railroad Grounds,”’
H. Be Little, Amesry “City: Panes 2
J. T. D. Fulmer, Des Moines; ‘‘ Elms
and Other Shade Trees,’’ A. Dueben-
dorfer, Ames ; ‘‘ Street Trees and Park-
Mme. We. Ae buna ba @lear | alvalces
‘“’T’rees,’’ Cyrus A. Mosier, Des Moines;
‘‘Towa Oaks,’’ Prof. B. Shimek, Iowa
City ; ‘‘Some Diseases of Forest Trees
in Iowa,’’ G. M. Lummis; ‘* Progress
of Forestry and the Work of the Bureau
of. Forestry ine Towa, ; 1. W.2Mast,
Washington, D. C.

The reports of the various officers
and committees showed the Association
to be ina flourishing condition. The
Committee on Legislation was con-
tinued to frame a bill for the protection
of forest and fruit trees, as the bill
which was presented at the last session
of the legislature was not satisfactory
to all, and failed to pass at the last
moment. -,Prof, Tose. (MacBride-ot
Iowa City, was re-elected President of
the Association. He presented a report
on the ‘‘ Present Status of Parks in
Iowa,’’ illustrated by lantern slides.
Wesley Greene, of Des Moines, was
elected Vice-President, and Prof. L. H.
Pammel and Silas Wilson were re-
elected respectively Secretary and
Treasurer. The Executive Board con-
sists of C. A. Mosier, of Des Moines:
EC Price, of sAmesjand Jase isige
of Rockford.

a

In his message to Con-
gress President Roose-
veltsaid: S50): fateas
they are available for agriculture, and
to whatever extent they may be re-
claimed under the national irrigation
law, the remaining public lands should
be held rigidly for the home-builder, the
settler who lives on his land, and for no
one else. In their actual use the desert
land law, the timber and stone law, and

Disposal of
Public Lands.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

the commutation clause of the home-
stead law have been so perverted from
the intention with which they were en-
acted as to permit the acquisition of
large areas of the public domain for other
than actual settlers and the consequent
prevention of settlement.’’

This reference in the President’s mes-
sage 1s but one expression of the grow-
ing demand throughout the entire coun-
try for greater conservatism in the
disposal of the remaining public lands.
The report of the Secretary of the Inte-
rior for the current year is a record of
stupendous land frauds, whereby vast
areas of fertile agricultural land have
been put beyond the reach of settlers by
those desiring to acquire large holdings.
or land for the grazing of live stock or
for speculative purposes.

All of the laws referred to are appar-
ently theoretically correct and their in-
tention was apparently good. It seems
impossible, however, to administer these
laws in such a way as to prevent fraud.
It has become the custom to receive
these entries without question and to.
accept affidavits without investigation.

The demand for some check in these
wholesale depredations has been rapidly
growing in volume during the past two:
years, and has now culminated ina rec-
ommendation from the President that
the matter be looked into as one of,
urgent importance.

Acting immediately upon this sugges-
tion, Senator Quarles, of Wisconsin, and.
Representative S. L. Powers, of Massa-
chusetts, have introduced a bill entitled
‘‘A bill to repeal the law providing for
the sale of timber and stone lands, the
desert land law, and the commutation
clause of the homestead law.’’ This
bill was referred to the Public Lands
Committees in Senate and House and
consideration will be urged. It is be-
lieved that the committee in the Senate
will undoubtedly make a favorabie re-
port upon this measure. Some diffi-
culty is anticipated in the House com-
mittee, owing to a possible lack of
understanding on the part of some of
the members of the importance of the
question involved and the sympathy of
others with the extensive range inter-
ests of the sparsely settled states which

1902.

they represent. These measures will
not be allowed to rest, however, until
the battle is won or lost for the home-
seekers.

The first section of the bill proposes to
repeal the timber and stone law. Under
this law over half a million acres of tim-
ber were disposed of by the government
last year for $2.50 an acre, and in a
majority of cases one tree on each acre
of this land would yield sufficient lum-
ber to pay the cost of the entire acre of
trees. The law provides that a citizen
of the United States shall only be al-
lowed to make one claim, and that one
for his own personal benefit. This law
has been evaded, and big lumber com-
panies have hired people to exercise
their citizenship rights, and they trans-
fer these timber lands to the company
employing them.

The second section of the bill proposes
to repeal the desert-land law, a law
which is correct in theory, but, as the
President says, in its practical workings
is now a detriment to the settlement of
the westernstates. Vastareas of desert
land have been taken up in Montana,
Wyoming, Arizona, and many other
places without any corresponding in-
crease in population, showing that the
concerns already in business are simply
extending their holdings, and that these
lands are not being purchased by dona
jide incoming settlers.

*

A number of forest fires
have been reported dur-
ing the past two months, most of them
occurring in the middle west and par-
ticularly in the region of the Great
Lakes.

Michigan.—Fires in this state and in
Wisconsin were the most severe re-
ported. In one case the same fire de-
stroyed property on both sides of the
Menominee River, which forms the
boundary between the two states. The
greater part of the damage was from
Iron Mountain south. It is reported
that the flames started from the clearing
of lands by farmers, and the entire esti-
mated loss, according to newspaper ac-
counts, amounts to about $80,000 in
forest products and buildings. No esti-

Forest Fires.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

485

mates have been received as to the
damage to standing timber. Several
bridges were burned, many farm build-
ings, and large quantities of cord-wood,
including 9,000 cords belonging to the
Niagara Paper Mill. At Middle Inlet
the entire summer cut of cedar posts
and poles was destroyed. The town of
Kells was destroyed, and Fisher, Michi-
gan, after sending to Marinette and
Menominee for fire-engines, was spared
by chance by the fire coming to the edge
of town, burning a lumber yard, and
then leaping clear of the village to burn
on the other side. Opportune changes
in the wind saved several other places.
Later heavy rains fell throughout the
region, effectually checking the flames.

Wisconsin.—In general, what has been
stated of the Michigan fires is also true
of those which extended into Wisconsin.
At Mountain the loss in bark and logs
was $10,000. In all cases the fires were
noted burning in an incipient stage, but
little heed was paid to them so long as
they did not threaten valuable property.
In one case a party of campers noticed
a smouldering fire of small proportions,
but paid no attention to it until it eventu-
ally hemmed them in, and it was only
after great hardship and almost super-
human efforts that they escaped.

Pennsylvania.— Late in October a
fierce fire raged in the foothills of Chest-
nut Ridge, near Millwood, in Westmore-
land county, started, it is supposed, by
burning wads from hunters’ guns. A
general alarm was made, and the farmers
of the neighborhood turned out in force
to fight it by back-firing. The flames
extended over several miles of territory,
but were controlled after burning a few
days. The gréatest damage was to
standing timber.

California.—Fires north of San Fran-
cisco Bay, in the neighborhoods of Santa
Rosa and San Rafael, devastated over
five hundred acres and destroyed sev-
eral homes. Sparks from a night train
are supposed to have started the fires,
which were found burning fiercely,
fanned by high winds, soon after the
train had passed. Near Eureka, on the
northern coast, several fires occurred,
which did but little damage beyond de-
stroying a few ranch buildings.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

ER.

FOREST IN WINT

AN ADIRONDACK

SKIDDING LOGS IN

1902.

Nebraska.—A prairie fire raged on
the Rose Bud Indian reservation from
November 1-7. The loss amounted to
thousands of dollars, hundreds of head
of cattle were burned, and several
ranchers are reported missing.

Washington.—A timber cruiser named
Duval, who investigated the region in
Clarke county recently burned over,
discovered a small woodland lake en-
tirely filled with the decaying carcasses
of wild animals. ‘The lake, about one
acre in extent, situated in township 6
north, range 4 east, had almost its en-
tire surface covered with the putrefying
remains of deer, foxes, bear, wolves,
and all sorts of smaller animals. It is
estimated that many thousands of ani-
mals perished here of suffocation in
their attempt to escape the flames.

Kentucky.—South of Paducah forest
fires raged about the middle of Novem-
ber, and spread into western Tennessee.
The fires occurred along the lines of the
Illinois Central, and Nashville, Chatta-
nooga & St. Louis railroads. Much dam-
age to timber.and fences is reported.

Texas.—A prairie fire near La Port
was started by sparks from anengine. A
subsequent train passing through the fire
had the cotton on a flat carignited. The
entire train, with the. exception of the
engine and one car of cotton, was de-
stroyed, the loss amounting to $100,000.

Ohio.—Fires in the woods near Glen-
ville burned over many acres and de-
stroyed timber and fences. It was pre-
sumably started by the burning wads
from hunters’ guns. ‘Three fires of this
nature occurred in the locality within a
week of November 15, following the
opening of the hunting season.

Montana.—November 1 a forest fire
was reported raging on the Flathead
Indian reservation and, which it is re-
ported, destroyed millions of feet of the
finest timber in the state.

Tennessee.—Reports of forest fires
near Lynnville and Rugby show that
they lasted for several days about No-
vember 10, but that they were extin-
guished before a great deal of damage
was done.

South Dakota.— Two men going
through the woods near South Lead
discovered a fierce forest fire, and im-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

487

mediately hastened to the nearest points
where aid could be secured. A number
of persons turned out, and after several
hours of hard fighting subdued the
flames, which threatened a portion of
the city.

&*

Water Rights In view of the present
on Public interest in irrigation and
Domain. the appropriation of
water in the arid region,
certain parts of the decision of the
United States Supreme Court in the case
of the United States v. Rio Grande Irri-
gation Company will be of interest.
The court, speaking of the common-
law rule of riparian rights and the sys-
tem of appropriation of water, which
has grown up in the western country,
makes the following statements as to
the respective rights of control exercised
by Congress and by the states :
‘Although this power of changing
the common law rule as to streams
within its dominion undoubtedly be-
longs to each state, yet two limitations
must be recognized: First, that in the
absence of specific authority from Con-
gress a state cannot by its legislation
destroy the right of the United States,
as the owner of lands bordering on a
stream, to the continued flow of its
waters ; so far at least as may be neces-
sary for the beneficial uses of the gov-
ernment property. Second, that it is
limited by the superior power of the
general government to secure the un-
interrupted navigability of all navigable
streams within the limits of the United
States. In other words, the jurisdic-
tion of the general government over
interstate commerce and its natural
highways vests in that government the
right to take all needed measures to pre-
serve the navigability of the navigable
water courses of the country even against
any state action. It is true there have
been frequent decisions recognizing the
power of the state, in the absence of
Congressional legislation, to assume
control of even navigable waters within
its limits to the extent of creating dams
booms, bridges, and other matters which
operate as obstructions to navigability.
The power of the state to thus legislate

488

for the interests of its own citizens 1s
conceded, and until in some way Con-
gress asserts its superior power, and the
necessity of preserving the general in-
terests of the people of all the states, it
is assumed that state action, although
involving temporarily an obstruction to
the free navigability of a stream, is not
subject tochallenge.’’ (174 U.S., 703.)

*

California The fourth annual con-
Water and vention of the Califor-
Forest nia Water and Forest
Association. Association was held at

San Francisco, Decem-
ber 5 and 6. The first day’s session

was given up to the adoption of aseries
of resolutions. These ask Congress to
appropriate $75,000 for the irrigation
investigations carried on by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture; pledge the sup-
port of the Association to the California
Club’s bill for the establishment of a
school of forestry in the State Univer-
sity ; ask the Secretary of the Interior
to have definite determination made of
the lands under the proposed storage
reservoir in Clear Lake, Lake county,
to reclaim the arid lands, and also re-
quest him to inform the association what
lines to proceed upon that the district
may organize to enjoy the benefits of
the law for the reclamation of arid land.

A resolution was also adopted to have
a committee appointed to lay before the
government the facts concerning for-
estry in its relation to agriculture in
the northern part of California, and im-
press the need of the preservation of
forest areas, especially on the eastern
slope of the Coast Range. It was re-
solved further that a withdrawal of the
forested lands of the state from private
entry would accomplish the objects in
view without the objections which are
being urged to withdrawal by means of
the Forest Reservation act.

The Association thanked the Califor-
nia Federation of Women’s Clubs for
work in cooperation with the Associa-
tion, and commended the efforts of the
California Club toward the preserva-
tion of the Calaveras Big Trees.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

a

December,

The second day’s sessions were de-
voted to the discussion of irrigation
problems, most of the time being taken
up with criticisms of an irrigation and
forestry bill as a substitute for the one
vetoed by Governor Gage at the last
session of the legislature. This bill
was framed by a committee of the Asso-
ciation, consisting of W. H. Beatty,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ;
ex-Justice John D. Works, who will
urge its passage at the next session of
the legislature, as the Association’s rep-
resentative ; President Wheeler and
Prof. Frank Soulé, of the University
of California; President Jordan and
Prof. C. D. Marx, of Stanford Univer-
sity ; Elwood Mead, of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, and F. H.
Newell, hydrographer of the U. S.
Geological Survey. The bill is volumi-
nous, and embraces eighty-five different
sections, but its principal objects are as
follows :

To declare the state’s ownership of
its flowing waters subject to vested
rights; to define riparian rights and
limit them to beneficial and needed uses
of water; to provide means by which
water may be appropriated ; to fix rates
and compensation for water supplied to
the public; to abolish the offices of
Commissioner of Public Works and the
auditing board to the Commission of
Public Works, and substitute a board
of engineers, of which the governor
shall be ex officio member, and to vest
in the board of engineers thus provided
all powers necessary to carry out the
provisions of the act, to provide a sys-
tem of administration and control of
distribution of water, and to prevent
illegal use and waste ; to authorize the
state to acquire any and all water and
water rights, and to protect the federal
government in the proposed storage of
and distribution of flood waters.

Chief Justice Beatty was elected pres-
ident ; William Thomas was elected
first vice-president ; Arthur P. Briggs
and J. B. Lippincott, respectively second
and third vice-presidents ; T’. C. Fried-
lander, secretary, and F. W. Dohrmann,
treasurer. ;

ad

Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnson.

CREB ORD PENCE OA,
FORESTER, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IFFORD PINCHOT, the chief executive officer of the Government dealing directly with
. the forests of the United States, has recently made a trip of inspection in the Philippine
Islands, and is now on his way back to W ashington.

The great and rapidly increasing popular interest in the subject of forestry has resulted in
the Bureau under his charge expanding to a notable degree, and has thrown upon Mr. Pinchot
extraordinary responsibilities and conflicting duties. His presence is needed and urgently
asked at widely scattered points, not only across this continent, but even in Alaska, the Hawaiian
Islands, and the Philippines. There is everywhere a demand for information and advice
regarding the best way in which the forests may be utilized ; questions coming not merely from
owners of great estates, but also from farmers having small woodlots, which serve them as one
source of livelihood. It has not been an easy task to build up not merely the science of forestry
in the United States, but at the same time educate and develop men competent to carry on the
work, and the successful outcome has been largely dependent upon the enthusiasm and vigor
at all times displayed by the Forester.

Mr. Pinchot was born at Simsbury, Conn., August 11, 1865, and was graduated from Yale
University in 1889. His early interest in forestry led him to visit France, Germany, Switzer-
land, and Austria, where he studied in the forest schools of those countries. He began the first
systematic forest work in the United States at Biltmore, N. C., in 1892. Later he was appointed

490

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

a member of the National Forestry Commission by President Cleveland, and assisted in outlining

the boundaries of the great reserves proclaimed at that time.

Mr. Pinchot has written a number

of official reports and privately printed books, the most notable of these being ‘‘ The Primer of

Forestry,’’ ‘‘The White Pine,’’ and ‘‘ The Adirondack Spruce.’’

His executive duties as chief

of the Bureau of Forestry keep him actively engaged in the forest, alternating with work at

the Washington headquarters.

His assistants are scattered in every part of the United States,

and are rapidly developing plans and methods for conserving the forest reserves of the country

and putting them to their best use.

THE PRESIDENT 3. MESSAGE.

RESIDENT ROOSEVELT again

showed his great interest in the
questions of forestry and irrigation by
giving them a prominent place in his
recent message to Congress. The part
of the message devoted to these subjects
is reprinted here :

‘‘Few subjects of more importance
have been taken up by the Congress in
recent years than the inauguration of
the system of nationally aided irrigation
for the arid regions of the far west. A
good beginning therein has been made.
Now that this policy of national irriga-
tion has been adopted, the need of thor-
ough and scientific forest protection will
grow more rapidly than ever through-
out the public-land states.

‘‘ Legislation should be provided for
the protection of the game, and the
wild creatures generally, on the forest
reserves. The senseless slaughter of
game, which can by judicious protec-
tion be permanently preserved on our
national reserves for the people as a
whole, should be stopped at once. It
is, for instance, a serious count against
our national good sense to permit the
present practice of butchering off such
a stately and beautiful creature as the
elk for its antlers or tusks.

‘‘So far as they are available for agri-
culture, and to whatever extent they
may be reclaimed under the national
irrigation law, the remaining public
lands should be held rigidly for the
home-builder, the settler who lives on
his land, and for no one else. In their
actual use the desert-land law, the tim-
ber and stone law, and the commuta-
tion clause of the homestead law have
been so perverted from the intention
with which they were enacted as to per-
mit the acquisition of large areas of the
public domain for other than actual set-
tlers and the consequent prevention of
settlement. Moreover, the approaching

exhaustion of the public ranges has of
late led to much discussion as to the
best manner of using these public lands
in the west which are suitable chiefly
only for grazing. Thesound and steady
development of the west depends upon
the building up of homestherein. Much
of our prosperity as a nation has been
due to the operation of the homestead
law. On the other hand, we should
recognize the fact that in the grazing
region the man who corresponds to the
homesteader may be unable to settle
permanently if only allowed to use the
same amount of pasture land that his
brother, the. homesteader, is allowed
to use of arable land. One hundred
and sixty acres of fairly rich and well
watered soil, or a much smaller amount
of irrigated land, may keep a family in
plenty, whereas no one could get a liv-
ing from 160 acres of dry pasture land
capable of supporting at the outside
only one head of cattle to every ten
acres. In the past: great tracts of the
public domain have been fenced in by
persons having no title thereto, in direct
defiance of the law forbidding the main-
tenance or construction of any such un-
lawful inclosure of public land. For
various reasons there has been little in-
terference with such inclosures in the
past, but ample notice has now been
given the trespassers, and all the re-
sources at the command of the govern-
ment will hereafter be used to put a
stop to such trespassing.

‘“ Tn view of the capital importance of
these matters, I commend to the earnest
consideration of the Congress, and if
the Congress finds difficulty in dealing
with them from lack of thorough knowl-
edge of the subject, I recommend that
provision be made for a commission of
experts specially to investigate and re-
port upon the complicated questions
involved.”’

THE NILE RESERVOIR DAM AT ASSUAN

FORMALLY

DEDICATED DECEMBER 8.—A NEW TYPE OF

STRUCTURE WHICH MAY MARK AN EPOCH IN IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING.— PHOTOS FURNISHED BY
THROUGH COURTESY OF THE EGYPTIAN

BY

THE AUTHOR
GOVERNMENT.

THOMAS H. MEANS,

IN CHARGE OF UNITED STATES SOILS SURVEYS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
s

GYPT has probably been farmed
for over 7,000) years... Wntil the
present century practically all the farm-
ing done was by basin irrigation, which
system consists in flooding large areas
of land surrounded by dikes with water
taken from the Nile River during time
of flood. ‘These basins vary in size from
less than 5 acres to over 50,000 acres,
and in anormal flood year are filled with
water to an average depth of 4 feet for
a period of about six weeks, after which
the water is drained away and the seed
sown in the newly deposited mud with-
out cultivation. Such a system of irri-
gation is very wasteful of water and
permits the growth of but one crop per
year.

About 1820 Mohammed Ah, the reign-
ing viceroy, started a movement which
has almost revolutionized the agricul-
ture of Egypt. He dug canals from
the Nile, so that water could be had
for irrigation throughout the year, per-
mitting the growing of such crops as
cotton, which would not mature under
basin irrigation, and, what is more 1m-
portant, enabling two and sometimes
three cropsto be grown each year. To-
day, of the 6,250,000 acres of arable
land in Egypt, less than 2,000,000 acres
are watered by the ancient basin system.

While this change is more economical
of water it necessitates a more uniform
supply throughout the season. The
Nile can always be depended upon to
supply 8,000 cubic feet per second, but
for the complete development of the
modern or perennial system of irrigation
at least 30,000 cubic feet per second are
needed throughout the year. During
flood season the Nile frequently dis-

charges from 300,000 to 500,000 cubic
feet per second.

To conserve this flood supply for use
during seasons of low water, a system
of storage dams and regulators at vari-
ous points on the Nile has been planned.
As early as the time of Mohammed Ali
this plan was under consideration, but
it was not until Mr. W. Willcocks was
appointed director general of reservoirs
that the storage of water on the Nile was
thoroughly considered.

In 1890 Mr. Willcocks presented a
report on the subject to the Egyptian
Government, in 1894 issued a second re-
port, and in 1895 a final report, with
plans and estimates. The central fea-
ture of this system of flood control pro-
vides for a dam across the Nile at the
head of the first cataract, or five miles
above the town of Assuan. In 1898, a
short time after Mr. Willcocks had left
the service of the Egyptian Government,
contracts were signed by Sir John Aird
& Co. for the construction within five
years of the Assuan dam, upon the plans
prepared by Mr. Willcocks. Sir Benja-
min Baker acted as consulting engineer,
and Mr. Maurice Fitzmorris was ap-
pointed resident engineer.

The dam as completed during the pres-
ent summer conforms almost through-
out to the plansof Mr. Willcocks. His
original plans provided for the construc-
tion of a dam following the line of sound-
est rock across the stream, with 60 under
sluices having an area of 21,500 square
feet, or sufficient to carry off the max-
imum floods of the river. In the plan
of 1894, 100 under sluices were provided,
of the same capacity. In the final de-
sign there are 140 under sluices, each

(491)

492

23 x 6% feet, and 4o at a higher level,
11% x 6% feet, giving a sluiceway of
24,000 square feet.

The questions ot. the heigut of the
dam involved a vexatious problem ; the
island of Philez, which hes just above
the cataract, contains some of the best-
preserved temples and buildings of
ancient Egypt. Mr. Willcocks’ plan
of a dam 100 feet above the zero of the
Assuan gauge, with a capacity of
85,000,000,000 cubic feet of water, would
submerge these temples to a depth of
26 feet for a portion of each year. In
his book upon the dam, Mr. Willcocks
says: ‘‘ The International Commission
held widely divergent views about
Philz temple. M. Boulé refused to
have anything to do with a project
which in any way deranged the temple.
Signor Torricelli said that he had been
asked his opinion about the dam, and
about the dam he would give his opin-
ion, regardless of temples and antiqui-
ties, which were outside his province.
Sir Benjamin Baker proposed raising
the whole temple, like a great Chicago
hotel, clean above the high level of the
reservoir. Savants and antiquaries,
and many who were neither savants nor
antiquaries, but to whom Phile offered
an easy opportunity of obtaining noto-
riety, all joined in the fray. Event-
ually, ina moment of great weakness,
the Egyptian Government, buoyed up
by a succession of good summers, ac-
cepted the lowering of the level of the
reservoir, so that only a part of Phila
temple should be drowned. ‘The new
reservoir level was to be 26 feet below
that hitherto proposed and the capacity
of the reservoir was to be reduced from
85,000,000,000 to 35,000,000,000 cubic
feet of water. Fortunately the condi-
tions of stability laid down by the Inter-
national Commission on the initiative of
Signor Torricelli were so severe that I
was able to design a dam nominally
capable of holding up 35,000,0c0,000
cubic feet of water, but actually strong
enough to hold up 70,000,000,000.”’

The dam is located five miles south
of Assuan, or about 550 miles south of
Cairo, at the head of the first cataract.
At this point the Nile falls about 16
feet in four miles, the bed of the river

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

being granite rock. The fall is so
slight that the cataract through most
of the year is practically no more than
rapids. The Nile boats go down the
rapids and are towed up at nearly all
stages of the river.

The dam is almost exactly one and a
quarter miles long and has a maximum
height above the foundation of 147 feet.
The foundation was laid upon solid
granite throughout. The rock was de-
composed to a great depth; in some
cases as much as 45 feet were removed
before solid rock was found. This
large amount of excavation increased
the actual cost of the work beyond the
original estimate. No drill-holes were
made in the underlying rock before the
work of construction was commenced,
so that the information upon which the
original estimate was made was not as
complete as it might have been in this
respect. The dam is 23 feet wide at
the top and allows for a roadway 13
feet wide, on which is laid a narrow-
gauge! track. “[he~ fock™ is eranite,
quarried near by, and laid in Portland
cement. It is said that 600,000 barrels
of cement were used in this masonry —
an order sufficiently large to materially
affect the market value of cement in
England. It is interesting to note that
although the volume of masonry is very
large, yet it approximates only one-
fourth of the cubic contents of the
Great Pyramid near Cairo.

The building of the dam was rendered
especially difficult by the high floods
which annually come down the Nile.
The normal difference in level between
high and low water at Assuan is 38 feet,
and work could be carried on to advan-
tage only during low water.

To expose a portion of the river bed,
dikes were built, and the portion of the
bed thus laid bare was excavated to solid
rock. ‘The foundation was then built
up to about normal flood level, and a
new portion of the bed dried. In this
manner the foundation was completed
across the river, and later the super-
structure was added to the desired
height. As will be seen by the accom-
panying illustrations, there was a great
deal of hand labor, as many as 12,000
workmen being employed at one time,

THE ASSUAN DAM IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION: FILLING IN THE EXCAVATIONS WITH MASONRY.

eS-GEORSE*

AT WORK ON THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, THE DAM NEARING COMPLETION.

494

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

about one-tenth of
whom were skilled Ital-
jan masons.

The sluices are ar-
ranged in tiers at three
levels. Iron gates of
the Stoney system, run-
ning on rollers in steel
grooves, permit the
closing or opening of
all the sluicesin a very
few moments, the gates
being suspended on
steel wire cable and
falling by their own
weight. The winches
are operated by hand.
A few of the sluices are
lined with iron, but the
greater number are
lined with dressed gran-
ite blocks of large size.

Around the western
end of the dam a ship
canal 32 feet wide, with
four locks, has been
completed. This canal
added very materially
to the total cost of the
dam. ‘The gatesin the
Catial Jare Saidentomie
constructed on plans
drawn for lock gates
on the proposed Nica-
raguan canal.

The sluice gates in
the dam are opened
during the first part of
the flood season. In
this time the muddiest

ee

er

part of the flood passes
through the dam. As
the river commences to
fall—and fortunately
the water carries much less sediment at
that time—the gates are gradually low-
ered. As the flood subsides a portion of
the water is thus held up, and when the
season of low water arrives, with its
consequent scarcity in the perennial
canals lower down the river, the reser-
voir is full. Then the gates are slowly
opened, and as the river continues to
fall the reservoir supply is drawn upon
and the flow down-stream from the dam
maintained sufficiently to irrigate the
desired acreage of land. ‘The flow out

LOCK GATE ON THE SHIP CANAL AROUND THE DAM, BUILT FROM
DESIGNS MADE FOR THE NICARAUGUAN CANAL,

of the dam is arranged so that the res-
ervoir will be empty and the gates of
the sluices open when the flood again
comes down the river. There are no
canals of large size taken from the river
near the dam, so the water which is
stored is turned into the river and taken
out again further down the stream.

By this system of managing the gates
in the sluices it is hoped to allow the
greater part of the muddy water to go
below the dam and to store the clearer
waters of the later part of the flood.

rt as

THIS VIEW GIVES AN EXCELLENT IDEA OF THE VAST AMOUNT OF

BUILDING THE SHIP CANAL.
HAND LABOR.

=

pS eee ty sab tat uh

404

NAVIGATION AROUND THE DAM.

THE SHIP CANAI, WHICH PROVIDES FOR

496

These later waters are known to be
much clearer and to carry a sediment
which will remain in suspension for a
long time; yet the problem of silt in
this reservoir is a serious one, and the
results which are obtained from this type
of dam will be watched with interest by
American irrigation experts.

The reservoir as now completed has a
capacity of 800,000 acre feet, or, accord-
ing to Mr. Willcocks, enough water to
irrigate 600,000 acres of cotton and
sugar cane. As has been stated, this
water is not to be used for the extension
of the irrigated area in Egypt, but is
intended to be used in extending the
area of perennially irrigated land at the

—

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

for the irrigation of desert land in the
Sudan and Central Africa. Below As-
sudan a weir has already been built at
Assiut and one is under construction at
Zifta. ‘These weirs are designed to raise
the level of the Nile at low water to fill
the irrigating canals already in opera-
tion or to be constructed. Asa safety
valve, to let the highest and destructive
floods escape, a plan is under considera-
tion to construct acanalto Wady Rayan,
a depression in the Sahara to the west
of the Nile Valley, and drain into it the
excess of water which would otherwise
damage Middle and Lower Egypt.

To again quote from Mr. Willcocks :
‘“The Assuadn dam is a work of a type

ra se Be 4
ns
ne ‘ :
SSSA cat

UPSTREAM SIDE OF DAM.

expense of the area under basin irriga-
tion.

The cost of the dam cannot be stated
accurately. The original estimate was
$8,750,000, but this sum was exceeded.
The total cost to date is between the
above sum and $10,000,000, making the
cost about $12.50 per acre foot. The
value of this water to Egypt is said to
be $100,000,000, or ten times the actual
cost.

The Assuan dam is but one of a large
number of engineering works planned
for the complete subjugation and con-
trol of the Nile. It is hoped to build
weirs and controlling works on the Nile
at a number of points above Assuan for

Photo by Thos. H. Means.

THIS VIEW SHOWS THE MINIMUM HEIGHT OF WATER.

the conservation of the flood waters and
which is new in the world. If success-
ful it will mark an epoch in dam-build-
ing. ‘There must be sites on the tor-
rential rivers of the arid and semi-arid
regions of South Africa, Australia, and
North America, where dams of the type
of the one at Assuan will supply a want
which has long been recognized.

‘““A reservoir dam, which will allow
the earlier floods laden with deposits a
free and unimpeded passage and which
will afterwards captivate the compara-
tively clear waters of the terminal inun-
dations and early percolations and store
them for subsequent use, ought to put
new life into many abandoned projects

1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 497

WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE UPPER TIER OF SLUICES, DOWNSTREAM SIDE. (PHOTO
REPRODUCED THROUGH COURTESY OF BUREAU OF SOILS,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.)

498

for perennial irrigation. But the pro-
vision of perennial irrigation is not the
only object for which this type of dam
may be employed. Provided with its
numerous flood openings, it may be
looked upon as a weir capable of con-
trolling the mightiest rivers in flood just
as ordinary weirs control them in times
of low supply; it may thus be utilized
for the regulation of flood supplies of
rivers and for their employment in basin
or inundation irrigation. As designed
for Assudn, its use is restricted to sites
where broad platforms of sound rock

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

can be counted upon, but designed in
“beton armeée’ or “ribbed! concrete.’ I
hope to see it utilized in narrow gorges
and throttled valleys, where £20 will
go as far as £50 in a broad platform.”’

Unfortunately, in America the char-
acteristics of our rivers, their floods and
the amount of sediment carried, are not
as well known as they should be; but
each year adds volumes to our knowl-
edge of these streams, and by the time
any extensive system is to be put in op-
eration our knowledge will be much
more complete.

THE FWUPURE COR OUR UBEIC ERO RE sak
LANDS.

A SUGGESTION FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF THE AMERI-
CAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

BY

FILIBERT ROTH,

CHIEF OF DIVISION OF FOREST RESERVES, GENERAL LAND OFFICE,

N an article which appeared in For-
ESTRY AND IRRIGATION for Jan-
uary, 1902, entitled ‘‘ The Immediate
Future in Forest Work,’’ Mr. Gifford
Pinchot, Chief of the Bureau of For-
estry, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
made the statement :

‘‘Another of the essentials of the im-
mediate future is the extension of the
forest-reserve system. That may be
said to be the first great need of forest
work in this country at present.”’

Undoubtedly, it is the first great need
of such work. ‘The demand for the im-
mediate withdrawal from further dis-
posal of all forest lands, and for their
proper treatment by the government,
has become urgent from, practically, all
quarters—if we except land-grabbers,
lumber syndicates, and other speculative
concerns engaged in colossal schemes
of pillage and plunder on the public
domain. National protection for our
public forests is now the demand of the
people; and) when it can be Said* that
the public demands forest protection,
‘he time for action has arrived.

Thus far, the government can scarcely
be said to have fairly entered upon a
national forest policy. The work so
far has been upon altogether too limited
a scale to justify the term. Up to this
time it has been confined to merely seg-
regating tracts of land, here and there,
in various sections of the country, while
leaving the great mass of its forested
lands to waste and destruction. Sucha
policy is far from sufficient. The Com-
missioner of the General Land Office
pointed this out recently when he said :

‘To set apart and protect a few scat-
tering areas of forested lands, while leav-
ing the great body of such lands to be
yearly swept by conflagrations, is clearly
not to take care of our great reaches of
forest lands in any adequate sense of the
ETHIE) aerate.

‘“The immediate benefits resulting
from the application of a forest service
in the respective reserves has served in
the nature of a demonstration of the
importance of extending the service
over all the forested lands of the gov-
ernment. It accordingly appears that

1902.

to longer continue merely withdrawing
a body of land here and there and polic-
ing it, when all forested areas need to
be withdrawn and protected, would be
to close the eyes to the obvious fact that
the system of establishing occasional
reservations in widely scattered locali-
ties falls short of securing proper pro-
tection to our public forests. ‘The leg-
islation in 1891 authorizing the estab-
lishment of individual reserves has
proved of inestimable value in affording
this office a ‘testing ground,’ so to
speak, in respect to the benefits of a
forest service. A considerable expan-
sion of that provision is, however, now
needed to take in, as above shown, all
forest lands of the government.

‘To work upon narrower lines would
be to reduce a so-called national system
to serving, to a large extent, merely
local purposes, at various points where
bodies of land may be set apart as for-
est reservations. Under existing legis-
lation the condition of affairs at this
time presents the anomaly of the gov-
ernment setting apart certain isolated
tracts of land and bestowing upon them
rational protection while abandoning
the great sweep of its forested area to
waste and destruction from every
source.

‘“Unchecked conflagrations and the
inroads of lumbering companies are
rapidly sweeping bare these unreserved
lands, while, with full knowledge of the
fact, this office stands powerless to check
the evil.

‘‘And, clearly, until the policy of with-
drawing lands and placing them under
a forest force is adopted, such must con-
tinue to be the case. Conflagrations
which could be prevented or checked in
their incipiency by forest guards are
now, in the main, given full sweep,
while corporations and others have prac-
tically little or no limit placed upon their
spoliation of public timber lands.

‘“The proved efficiency of a forest
system in protecting and administering
the reserves that have been set apart
leaves no room to doubt the advisability
of extending such a system as will pro-
tect all our forested lands.”’

The failure to do so heretofore has

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

499

resulted in the whole of the timbered por-
tions of the public domain, and especially
the portions lying west of the Mississippi
River, being practically thrown open to
pillage and to the far worse ravages of
fire. ‘To stay or check the tide of de-
struction there has been nothing be-
yond a petty force of special agents,
averaging at present little more than
fifty a year, with areas to protect scat-
tered through a territory stretching over
more than two-thirds of the entire
country lying south of the British pos-
sessions. With such a force nothing
can be attempted in anywise commen-
surate with the gigantic scale upon
which the work of destruction has gone
on—a work which, moreover, yearly in-
creases in proportion to the rapid devel-
opment of the country.

The inefficiency of this present sys-
tem has been fairly tested for more than
twenty-five years. During this time,
had the three millions of dollars appro-
priated for the protection of these unre-
served lands been expended in connec-
tion with establishing a forest service
over the forested portions, incalculable
benefit would have resulted, not only in
connection with preventing unlawful
destruction of the forests, but in furnish-
ing required supplies of timber to meet
the legitimate and growing needs of the
country. For this timber the govern-
ment would have received proper com-
pensation, which would long since have
made the work more than self-support-
ing. The timbered area of our public
domain should undoubtedly be so ad-
ministered as to be no longer a burden
upon the revenues of the country. ‘The
timber itself is capable of producing a
revenue far more than ample to cover
all expenses connected with its care and
management. —

Undoubtedly, since the only rational
course to pursue in connection with such
of these lands as are more valuable for
forest uses than for other purposes is to
withdraw them from disposal, and to
protect and administer them in accord-
ance with the principles of forestry, no
just reason can be adduced for delaying
such action. Preservation of the for-
ests, water conservation, the legitimate
supplying of public needs in respect to

500

both timber and water, economy in re-
gard to appropriations, increment of rev-
enue—all alike would be subserved by
a wise and enlightened administration
of these lands.

The loss sustained by the government
through its failure during the past cen-
tury to enact reasonable legislation on
this subject is appalling to contemplate.
By fire alone the loss is beyond compu-
tation, while to this must be added the
value of the timber otherwise swept from
these lands in the interest of greed and
speculation, for which no compensation
has been returned to the government.
Irreparable loss has been entailed upon
the nation in respect to two of its most
important natural resources—wood and
water.

The interests of irrigation are vitally
involved in this matter, for the forests
must be preserved, if flood waters are to
bestored. Theentire undertaking hinges
largely upon our treatment of these nat-
ural reservoirs. Let another quarter of
a century follow of spoliation of public
timber lands and unchecked forest fires,
and the whole question of irrigation will
assume a totally different character.
The difficulties and the cost will both
be multiplied an hundred fold. With
60,000,000 acres of arid lands thirsting
for irrigation, the government can no
longer afford to delay in the matter of
preserving what remains of its natural
reservoirs. The water problem in the
west has settled the forest problem. It
now simply remains for the government
to act—and to act zmmediately, the lines
of action having been clearly determined
by its entering upon a national irriga-
tion policy. Nothing short of the im-
mediate withdrawal of all public lands
‘that are more valuable for forest uses

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

than for other purposes, and proper pro-
vision for their protection, will meet the
exigencies of the irrigation work. A
bill to effect this purpose should un-
doubtedly be passed by the present
Congress.

The fact that the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science is
shortly to meet in this city presents the
opportunity of securing for this move-
ment the powerful support of that body.
Such an opportunity should not be lost.
The American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science should therefore
be asked to memorialize Congress for
such legislation at this session ; and it
may be added that unremitting efforts
should thereafter be put forth to see
that the measure is not lost in Congress.

The admirable provisions of the bill
on this subject recently recommended
by the General Land Office seem to meet
every requirement in the matter. It
reads as follows:

“A Bry to withdraw and administer
all public forest lands.

“Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States oi
America in Congress assembled, That all
public lands which are more valuable
for forest uses than for other purposes,
are hereby withdrawn from settlement,
entry, sale, and other disposition, and
shall be held for the protection and util-
ization of the timber thereon.

‘‘Sec. 2. That the timber and other
products of the lands hereby withdrawn
from disposal shall be protected and
utilized in accordance with the provis-
ions of the laws relating to the subject
of forest reservations in the state, terri-
tory, or district in which the land is
situated.”’

THE VISION OF FIRRIGA TION

JBC IMU INA (Ce

SMITH.

On brown and purple peaks against blue sky the snow,
Fierce yellow sunlight on wide sage-gray lands.

Clear, cold, and foaming white, swift Nile-green rivers flow
That soon shall give this desert to men’s hands.

From the Outlook.

FORRES F CONDITIONS: IN SOUTHERN
ARIZONA.

BY

ROVAL & KELLOGG,

BUREAU OF FORESTRY.

HE person who travels across

southern Arizona on the railroad
is very likely to think that the whole
region is nothing but a desert, with
little present value and small hope for
the future. He passes through an end-
less succession of sandy or gravelly val-
leys and slopes, interspersed with rocky
ridges, all scatteringly covered with
Yucca, Cactus, Mesquite, Creosote-bush
and similar growths, which have tri-
umphed in the struggle against arid
conditions. Mountain ranges are al-
ways in sight, and they, too, look bar-
ren and forbidding, with little sugges-
tion of beautiful forests and streams of
clear, cold water which dash headlong
down the canyons and over granite prec-
ipices, among stately pines, firs, and
spruces. The timber resources of north-
ern Arizona are well known; but in
general only the residents of the south-
ern portion of the territory are aware
of the extent of the forest areas in the
surrounding mountains.

Careful estimates show that the Hua-
chuca Mountains have an area of 20,000
acres capable of sustaining coniferous
forest ; the Graham Mountains, 30,000
acres; the Chiricahua Mountains, 50,000
acres, while the Santa Catalina Moun-
tains bring the total of the four ranges
up to at least 140,000 acres.

The greatest elevations are from 9,000
to 10,000 feet, and good forest is not
common below 7,000 feet, since it is
only from that altitude upward that the
precipitation is sufficient for the growth
of valuable species. Soil conditions are
good except in the sections that have
been visited by fire. While no streams
of permanent flow issue from any of
these mountains, there are springs or
small streams in all of them which fre-
quently send water down to the line of
the enclosing desert.

The Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) is
the predominating tree throughout this
region and furnishes nearly all the saw-
timber. Conifers associated with it are :
Arizona Pine (Pixus Arizonica), Ari-
zona White Pine (Pinus strobiforniis),

ee

f
3

x
>

A GOOD SPECIMEN OF BULL PINE, 48 INCHES
IN DIAMETER, SANTA CATALINE MOUN-
TAINS, ALTITUDE 7,600.

Chihuahua Pine (Pinus chihuahuana),
Mexican Pifion (nus cembroides), Doug-
las Spruce ( Pseudot sugataxifolia), White
Fir (4bies concolor), and Alligator Juni-
per (Juniperus pachyphlea) ; while on
the high table-lands and slopes of the
Graham Mountains all of these species

(501)

December,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

502

Pi

ee

ALTITUDE

AINS, ARIZONA ;

at

MOUN

AHUA

CHIRIC

SUMMIT OF

ON

Ly, PINE

FOREST OF BUI

OPEN

9,000 FEET.

THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS ; ALTITUDE 9,000 FEET.

IN

v7

2)

BULL PINE

REPRODUCTION OF

1902.

are entirely replaced by a dense for-
est of Engelmann Spruce (Picea Engel-
manni)and Alpine Fir (4 dies /asiocarpa).
The best development of the pine is
always on northerly exposures; but
the distribution is much more gen-
eral in some regions than in others.
The greatest amount of timber is in the
Chiricahua Mountains, where the 50,000
acres of forest are estimated to average
5,000 feet, b. m., tothe acre. On small
areas in various places in these moun-
tains the stand is much more dense.
Mr. B. B. Riggs, who has a saw-mill at
an elevation of 8,000 feet in Barfoot
Park, estimates that in the immediate
vicinity of the mill 400 acres of forest
will yield 10,000 feet to the acre, which
seems to be a safe estimate.

On one acre of mixed Bull Pine and
Douglas Spruce, where the latter species
predominates, 20 trees have been felled
which average 36 inches across the
stump and at least 1,000 board feet per
tree. There are yet standing on this
acre 35 trees averaging 25 inches in
diameter, and 40 or 50 under 4 inches
which were not measured. This is the
best sample acre examined.

The rate of growth of the Bull Pine
in southern Arizona is very rapid and
practically the same in the various re-
gions. The following ring counts were
made on stumps at the Riggs Mill :

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

No. of stump. Height | Diam- | Annual
stump. eter. | rings.
Inches. \ Inches. |
Tigtotronerets eh 30 Se 167
2 Beets An oe oe 30 Beh | Fis)
Bie stetstie: nae 28 BOR |. 16O
Pieter mere erties ky 27 25 135
esis a Leadon eve rasets Baar |inet3 ©. 145
hi Si eee Belay sor 30 25 120
gM pea 37, PMR Sere 30 21, Vik Pico
1S ee oa A ee 33 20M 20
pe ae Pet 32 oa | a7
Os 0 Spel te as Ey ae Me) | 118
AV GLAS Ck: seise 30.3 26.2 | 134.8

This gives 5.1 rings per inch of diam-
eter. The average growth for the first
30 years is about % inch in diameter
per year. The maximum diameter at-
tained is 48 to 50 inches, breast high.

3°35

The best tree seen had a length of 132
feet, and of this 84 feet was clear log.
It was 42 inches across the stump, had
220 rings, and scaled 4,000 board feet.

While the Bull Pine is the principal
source of local lumber supply, the qual-
ity is poor. It is knotty, rather brash,
and often contains rotten streaks. There
are many blind knots. On the first cut
only one or two may be seen, while on
the last there are often ten or fifteen.
The lumber, however, is in much de-
mand for mining and other purposes, as
it can be delivered for $25 per 1,000 feet
at places where lumber shipped in costs
$60.

Here, as elsewhere, saw-mill men
speak of two types of Bull Pine, and
maintain stoutly that they are distinct
species. The large, mature tree with
characteristic plates of yellow bark is
called ‘‘ Yellow Pine,’’ while the green,
sappy tree with dark, ridgy bark is re-
tered. to,ds Black acker aaa an
stead of making new species it would
seem better to classify the Arizona Pine
as a form of Bull Pine. It grows with
the latter, has bark of either the ‘‘ Black
Jack’’ or ‘* Yellow Pine’’ type, its cones
are commonly indistinguishable, and it
is cut by mill men without discrimina-
tion. ‘The needles of the Arizona Pine
grow in bundles of five, according to
the botanies, but there are many of four
and some of six. On the other hand,
the needles of the Bull Pine are far from
being restricted to bundles of three. In
a lot of 110 bundles on one twig were
found 41 bundles of three needles each,
51 of four each, 14 of five each, and one
of six. A lot of 183 bundles from an-
other tree contained 114 bundles of
three needles each, 64 of four each, and
five of five.

The Rock Pine (Pinus ponderosa scop-
ulorum) was not noted in southern Ari-
zona, but grows farther north in the
territory.

The reproduction of the Bull Pine is
at present insufficient and unsatisfactory
as a general thing. The best reproduc-
tion is in the Huachuca Mountains,
where it compares quite favorably with
that of the Pine Ridge country of Ne-
braska. On small areas are found

504

stands at the rate of 5,000 to 10,000
trees per acre, averaging five feet high,
and reforestation is going on well when
the course of nature is not disturbed.
The reproduction in the Santa Catalina
Mountains is fair, while in many places
in the Chiricahuas and Grahams it is
almost wholly lacking.

In striking contrast in these two re-
gions is the young growth of Engelmann

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

sheep are rare and few cattle frequent
the higher mountains. As the trees are
not seeding this year, no tests of vitality
were made. ‘The possibility of forest

extension hinges largely upon the ability
of the forester to promote natural repro-
duction ; and here is a profitable field
for study.

Very little illegal cutting is being
done at present.

The Huachuca Moun-

SPECIMEN OF ARIZONA PINE IN SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS ; ALTITUDE 6,000 FEET.

Spruce, which is abundant and thriving.
The failure of the pine to reproduce well
is probably due to acombination of sev-
eral causes, which can be fully deter-
mined only by careful observation for a
series of years. Apparently seed years
are not frequent. ‘The seasons are ex-
tremely variable, and have been very
dry for a number of years past. Little
damage has been done by stock, since

tains contain many more mining claims.
than the other regions mentioned, and
are also within freighting distance of
other large camps; consequently all the-
good timber was cut out years ago.
The water for the town of Tombstone:
is furnished by reservoirs in two canyons.
in these mountains and is piped 25 miles.
The supply is barely sufficient now, and
its maintenance, of course, depends upon,

1902.

forest conditions. The cutting in the
famous ‘‘ Copper Queen’’ case, which
was decided recently in favor of the com-
pany, took place in the Chiricahua Moun-
tains 7 to 12 yearsago, and the cut-over
area is completely skinned. Much of
the available timber has been cut in the
Graham Mountains, but more can be
reached by road-building. The forest
in the Santa Catalinas is nearly intact,
because there are no good roads.

Repeated fires have swept over the
Grahams and Huachucas, but they are
less frequent now than in the days of
Apache warfare, though still much too
common. Insect pests are not danger-
ous, and only one tree was seen which
seemed to have been killed outright by
bark-borers. A parasite (Phoradendron
juniperum) is sometimes found growing
upon the Bull Pine, but is not serious.
In some localities a species of Arcen-
thobium abounds, and the pine is quite
badly infested with it.

The recent establishment of forest
reserves in all of these regions except
the Huachucas is an excellent move.
While a conservative management of
these reserves will not permit enough
timber cutting to fully supply local
needs, the timber that can be taken out
will keep down to a reasonable figure
the price of that which is brought in
from other sources.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 505.

BLACK JACK TYPE OF THE BULL PINE.

ie Vion DARIAN ASPECT OF .NATIONAL
PRG Al FON:

EXTRACT FROM AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE
DELEGATES TO THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CON-
GRESS, AT COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO., OCTOBER 6-9, Igo2.

BY

THOMAS F- WALSH,

PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION.

HE inauguration of the national
irrigation policy means a great

deal to all our western states. It will
add immensely to their wealth and
population, and greatly broaden the

basis of their prosperity. It means
even more to the nationasa whole. It
opens the way to a new era of internal
development and domestic expansion as
great as any similar period of the past.

506

It is equivalent to the addition of a new
empire as important as that drained by
the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
But these are not the considerations
which are uppermost in my mind as I
contemplate the results to flow from this
new policy. It is what may be called
the humanitarian aspect of national irri-
gation which quickens my pulse and
makes me desire to dedicate myself anew
to the work in which we are engaged.

The inauguration of national irriga-
tion means that every family in the
United States who wants a home upon
the soil may have one. It means that
the door is open to permit the man who
is not needed where he is to go to the
place where he is needed. It means
the restoration of those automatic social
conditions which in past generations
relieved the pressure of population
upon the old centers, and constantly
extended the frontiers of civilization
toward the north, south, and the west.
When we read the history of the people
of the United States in McMaster’s
pages, for instance, we are surprised to
find at how early a date there was se-
rious unrest because of the crowding of
population and consequent depression of
industry. Immediately after the close
of the Revolution there was marked evi-
dence of land hunger, and a fierce de-
mand for more territory with which to
feed the appetite for homes. It was
then that the Ohio Valley received its
first influx of settlers from the eastern
states. So it was again after the close
of the civil war, when the prairie states
to the west of the Mississippi sprang
into sudden existence, and when the
tide of immigration fowed out upon the
plains until it came within sight of the
Rocky Mountains. Westand upon the
threshold of another great colonization
movement made possible by the glorious
fact of national irrigation.

It is not, however, to broad move-
ments of population that I especially
desire to direct your attention. I am
thinking rather of the family unit—of
the father and mother and little chil-
dren now confined within the narrow
limitations of city life. I am thinking
of how their horizon is to be broadened,
and how their daily lives are to be en-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

riched, by the transition from paved
streets and crowded tenements out un-
der the blue sky and into the sweet,
pure air. Itis notthe dream of empire,
which may come to a great nation with
the conquest of a territory wherein a
hundred million will some time dwell,
which appeals to my imaginatoin ; but
it is the dream of home and independence
which will come to many a struggling
family with the announcement that one
more fair valley of arid America has
been thrown open to settlement at the
actual cost of reclamation. | I picture to
my mind the ambitious young man and
woman just starting life and disheart-
ened at the conditions offered them by
the harsh competition of the town. I
see the couple of middle age, with their
children about them, wondering how
they are to make provision for old age.
I see the men of talent and ambition,
some of them broadly trained in the
trades and professions, who are yet un-
able to prosper in the midst of our
changing economic conditions. ‘These
and many other classes I see living in
hired houses and working at small wages
for others more favored in ability or for-
tune. I know the pressure of poverty
upon them, and the haunting fear of
future want. Such people, and many of
our best stock and breeding, are found
all over the land, but especially in great
cities, where the very forces which have
created our present prosperity as a na-
tion have also operated to make a certain
fringe of half employed and semi-pros-
perous. And then I see national irriga-
tion, like a good fairy, wave its magic
wand, and lo! a new star of hope arises
in the sky of our common humanity ;
a new vista opens before thousands
of families ; opportunity comes with
beckoning finger. It points the way to
anew Land of Promise. Hope chases
anxiety from a thousand faces, and a
new enthusiasm for home and independ-
ence drives apprehension from a thou-
sand hearts.

This is to me the inspiring and up-
lifting aspect of national irrigation.
True, we are to have millions of people
living where few lived. We are to see
a vast increase innational wealth. But
all this is merely incidental to the hu-

1902.

man aspect of the matter, which is the
making of homes for the homeless and
the giving of social and industrial in-
dependence to those now dependent
upon the enterprise of others. Let us
take care of the family and the nation
will take care of itself.

OF RURAL LIFE FOR
PEOPLE.

ATTRACTIONS

Let us look a little closer into this
wonderful social process which is to be
brought about by the new national pol-
icy. I think perhaps the time has come
when something should be said about
the attractions of rural life for the
masses of our people. We have heard
a great deal about the allurements of
the towns and the manner in which
they draw to them the cream of our
young men and women. Living in the
country has become unpopular. No
body but old folks and foreigners can
endure such an existence. Everybody
else looks for a situation in the big
city—and the bigger the better. It is
undeniably true that the tide has been
setting away from the soil, and that both
here and abroad the cities have been
rolling up to portentous proportions.
Are there any signs of a reaction? I
think ‘there are. In the first: place,
country life is becoming fashionable
again. The abandoned farms of New
England have been largely bought up
to be converted into the country estates
of well-to-do city people. These city
people are extending their vacations a
little more each year. Itis now almost
customary for them to spend about six
months on the farm. Simultaneously
with this development we see a new lit-
erature springing up in response to it.
There is no end of new books about
birds, and flowers, and domestic ani-
mals. ‘There are new periodicals which
have quickly acquired large circulation
because they deal attractively with this
subject.

Now to my mind this new phase of
our social life has a very deep signifi-
cance. I hope and believe that it is not
a mere fad or passing fashion. In my
opinion, it is a manifestation of one of
the strongest traits of human nature;

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

597

and that is man’s inherent and inerad-
icable love for the soil. This is our
natural taste, while the fascinations of
town life are artificial. They do not
satisfy our deeper feelings. Some one
has said: ‘‘ Religion is that fine sense
of soul that brings the individual! into
touch with Universal Purpose.’’ Ihave
walked the streets of the finest cities in
the world, but pavements and hotels
and business blocks never touched that
spring in my beitfg which gave birth to
a sentiment. Onthe other hand, I have
climbed the rugged and _ picturesque
sides of our great mountain ranges. I
have stood upon the summits of some
lofty peaks and beheld the beautiful
panorama of snow-clad ranges, their
mighty forms lifting far above the
abodes of men and extending for miles
in every direction. I have gazed at the
sky and I have listened to the birds
and to the roar of the mountain streams;
and there, indeed, I have felt ‘‘ that
fine sense of soul which brings one into
touch with Universal Purpose.’’ With-
out attempting to elaborate the idea,
I undertake to say that there is some-
thing in the heart of the dullest man
who ever lived that responds to the
beauties of nature. I firmly believe it
is this instinct which is sending the
well-to-do from the cities to the coun-
try, and which in the next few years
will make the reclaimed areas of the
arid west sought after by the very best
elements of our middle class population.

BLAINE’S FAMOUS DEFINITION OF
POVERTY.

James G. Blaine, in his eulogy of Gar-
field, referred to the fact that our sec-
ond martyred President was popularly
supposed to have been reared in direst
poverty. ‘The orator then went on to
draw a contrast between the poverty of
city life and the ‘‘clean, sweet poverty
of the country.’’ He showed that in
the one case evil influences predominate,
while in the other there is every inspi-
ration to nobleendeavor. This is abso-
lutely true. It constitutes one of the
very strongest arguments in favor of
nationalirrigation. In how many biog-
raphies of successful men—of men who

508

have risen in politics, in business, in the
professions, and in the arts—do we read
the same familiar story of inspiration
drawn from the strenuous experiences
of a poor family reared in the country.

Now, the influences of rural life, to
which Blaine referred in speaking of
Garfield’s boyhood, are going to be far
more wholesome and far more inspiring
in our mountain valleys and in this
twentieth century than they were in the
western reserve of Ohio in the first half
of the nineteenth century. I cannot
impress this point too strongly on your
minds. ‘The man who rears his sons
and daughters in the rural life of our
irrigation empire will give them a better
chance to become useful men and women
than boys and girls will have when
raised in the city—a better chance, even,
than young people enjoyed in the brave
old days of which we read in the biog-
raphies of our great men.

Let me show you what I mean.
The irrigated farm is necessarily a
small farm. It must be so, because it
is expensive to build and maintain res-
ervoirs and canals. Not only so, but
irrigation so largely increases the pro-
ductive capacity so as “to make 20
acres practically equal to 100 acres de-
pending upon rainfall. The small farm
means plenty of neighbors, and that in
turn means social advantages which
were not within reach of country people
in the boyhood days of Garfield, Lin-
coln, and others of their generation.
The boys and girls of arid America will
have the intellectual stimulus which
goes with neighborhood association.
Thus they gain one of the chief advan-
tages for which so many people are
rushing into the towns. But this is only
half of theiradvantage. The other half
is the industrial independence and the
glorious contact with nature which
come with life on the irrigated farm.

The boys and girls who grow up in
the great city learn from the beginning
their dependence upon others. ‘They
must work for others as a means of
livelihood, as their fathers are doing.
They must live in houses which other
men own. Why, mother cannot have
a new sink in the kitchen without first
petitioning the landlord and convincing

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

that august personage that the expend-
iture is really demanded in the interests
of economy or comfort.

RURAL RESIDENTS WORK FOR THEM-
SELVES.

How different it is with that family
when they acquire their part of the na-
tional heritage—a little irrigated farm
in Colorado, in Idaho, in California,
or any other of our beautiful western
states. The soil which they press is
their own soil. The roof that shelters
them is their roof. Now father works
for himself and for his babies. When
mother needs a new sink in the kitchen
there is nobody to ask except the man
who loves her. ‘This is freedom. What
does it mean to the nation to have mil-
lions of people gradually pass from the
servitude of the town to the sovereignty
of the country? It means the enlist-
ment of a new army for the defense of
the Republic in every hour of need. Give
a man a home upon the soil and you
have made him a patriot who will de-
fend your institutions at the ballot-box
and on the battlefield.

I wish to impress clearly upon your
minds that it is the humanitarian aspect
of national irrigation which will move
our countrymen and induce them to
enter upon this policy on the grandest
scale. Open the doors of the west and
you need not worry about the future.
Let the people have easy access to the
land and most of our other troubles will
settle themselves. The property-owner
is a conservative man, who loves his
family and his country. ‘Then let the

property-owner be as numerous as pos-
sible.

GROWING PREVALENCE OF GREAT PHI-
LANTHROPIES.

There never has been a time in the
history of the world when private be-
nevolence was so common or so generous
asitistoday. Philanthropists are pour-
ing out their means to build colleges,
hospitals, and libraries. This is a wor-
thy work, which we cannot too highly
commend ; but I want to avail myself
of this opportunity to say that there is

1902.

no field where benevolence could accom-
plish so much as in assisting the recla-
mation and settlement of our great arid
region. First, the propaganda which
this Congress has carried on for many
years might well be endowed with a
fund which would enable us to increase
the scope and efficiency of our work a
hundredfold. Then we must doubtless
devise a means by which the poorest
families may be helped to get homes on
the soil. Government land at actual
cost does not wholly solve the problem.
There are railroad fares to be met, homes
to be built, lands to be improved, and
mouths to be fed before the land comes
into bearing. ‘Thus the problem of col-
onization is by no means wholly solved
by putting the water on the land. For-
eign governments have dealt with this
matter on humanitarian lines. Over
eighty years ago, when the streets of
Holland were filled with idle veterans
returned from the Napoleonic wars, a
wise Dutch general planned a series of
labor colonies which absorbed all those
who were willing to work. Those who
did not care to work were chastised
until they changed their minds or left
the country. New Zealand has a plan
by which the government acts as an em-
ployment agency, puts men at work in
building public utilities, and finally de-
posits them on the land. I believe
we shall soon be called upon to deal
with this phase of our social question.
Without attempting to suggest any def-
inite plan, I merely throw out the hint
that here is a fertile field for private
benevolence. I do not see how a man
could have a nobler monument than a
colony of happy families, or even one
family, enjoying the security and inde-
pendence of life on the irrigated farm.
WHAT IRRIGATION HAS DONE FOR
UTAH.

If you ask me for an example of
what might be accomplished in this line

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

309

I point you to the irrigated valleys of
Utah. These were settled by compara-
tively poor men, many of whom were
assisted by a powerful organization.
They live on small farms. They enjoy
economic independence by the simple
method of producing the variety of
things which they consume. ‘They live
chiefly in villages, and so have social
advantages not usually within reach of
farming communities. Itisan amazing
statement, but the United States census
vouches for its veracity, that of their
twenty thousand farms nineteen thou-
sand are wholly free of incumbrance.
I love to think of those green oases
among the Utah mountains. If dark
hours shall ever come to the Republic,
the dwellers in those lovely villages will
know nothing of it except by mere
hearsay.

They will continue to live on the fat
of the land as long as water runs down
hill. Working for themselves, owning
their homes, and living in the midst of
congenial neighbors, what have they to
fear? Nowthink of arid America, with
its hundred million acres of irrigable
land, as densely populated as those Utah
valleys; think of the people who com-
bine the social advantages of town life
with the industrial independence of the
country; think of them with their
daily newspapers, their telegraphs and
telephones, and their rapid means of
transportation for products and peo-
ple; and then realize that under the
plans we propose the humblest citizen
of this great Republic can pass at will
from the discouraging conditions of
town life—if for him they happen to
be discouraging—to the inspiring and
hopeful opportunities of this new prom-
ised land.

It is when I think of the matter in
this way that my enthusiasm is kindled
until mind and heart are ablaze. I
thank God that I have lived to see the
great policy of national irrigation actu-
ally inaugurated.

THE OSAGEV ORANGE:

NOTES ON A TREE OF INCREASING ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

IBY

WILRwn 1 en

CHIEF OF DIVISION OF FOREST EXTENSION, BUREAU OF FORESTRY.

HE natural range ot the Osage
Orange (Zoxylon pomiferum) 1s
southern Arkansas, southeastern Indian
Territory, eastern Texas, and northern
Louisiana It has been widely intro-
duced elsewhere by cultivation. Its
range for economic planting is in the
south central states, from the northern
boundaries of Kansas, Missouri, and
Illinois south. The Osage Orange will
grow on very sterile soil, but not
thiiitily, It prefers adeep, rich, clay
loam, retentive of moisture.

The Osage Orange has been exten-
sively used as a hedge plant in Iowa,
Missouri, Illinois, and other prairie
states, but it is frequently winter-killed
near the northern limit of its cultiva-
tion. ‘The wood is heavy, hard, elastic,
and strong, and durable in contact with
the soil. It is prized highly for use in
cabinet-making and in the construction
of carriages and machinery. It isa valu-
able post timber, and also makes excel-
lent fuel.

The growth of the Osage Orange for
the first few years is very rapid. It
never makes a large tree, and matures
in from 30 to 100 years. Thetree when
standing alone has a tendency to branch
profusely. It is this habit which
renders it of such great value as a hedge
plant. If crowded, it can be made to
grow into a form which adapts it for
posts. The Osage Orange reproduces
from suckers from the roots and from
seeds, which are borne in great abun-
dance by the pistillate individuals. The
ripe fruit containing the seed is a fleshy,
globular, yellow mass with a roughened
surface somewhat resembling an orange.
The fruit should be collected in the fall
as soon as ripe, and should be stored in
sand in a cool, dry place. In the early
spring the fruit should be soaked in cold

-or Hardy Catalpa.

water for several weeks until the tissues
become somewhat macerated or decayed,
allowing the seeds to be extracted. The
seeds should be stratified as soon as re-
moved from the fruits or else planted.

A good method of planting the seeds
is in the bottom of a furrow made by a
lister or a plow. They should be cov-
ered about an inch and a half deep.
The seeds may be planted where the
trees are intended tostand, or they may
be planted in a nursery and the trees
transplanted to their final site at the end
of one year.

Common as the Osage Orange is as a
hedge plant, its use as a timber tree has
been infrequent. Solid blocks of it are
scarcely ever seen, though it grows very
successfully in this way, either when
planted alone or with some taller-grow-
ing tree, as the Black Walnut, Locust,
At Manhattan,
Kansas, the Agricultural College has a
very successful block of it in mixture
with Green Ash. Probably the largest
single plantation of Osage Orange in
the United States is a 10-acre block ad-
joining the large catalpa plantation of
the Kansas City, Ft. Scott and Memphis
Railroad at Farlington, Kansas. The
trees in this block were planted
in’ 1878; -at a distance of 4 tcet
apart each way. In 1900, when a
party from the Bureau of Forestry made
a study of the catalpa plantation, it also
made some measurements of the Osage
Orange. No thinning had been done,
and the dense growth was penetrated
with extreme difficulty. The trees had
made a perfectly thrifty growth, how-
ever, and measurements disclosed the
fact that the stand contained 2,640
first-class and 2,772 second-class fence
posts per acre, worth respectively 12%
and 7 cents each, showing an acreage

(§10)

1902.

es

a

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ge en

[iy

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

511

we

‘
»

Wai,

Se.
*%

a}
A as

SCENE IN AN OSAGE ORANGE PLANTATION.

value of $524.04. The land probably
could not have been put to any other
use that would have brought greater
returns.

The Osage Orange reproduces from
sprouts very readily. This quality
allows the planter to take successive
crops of posts from the same plantation
-for years. The young shoots grow up
from the stump with such vigor that
the second crop is more likely to consist

of straight, smooth post timber than
the first.

The Osage Orange is a shade-endur-
ing tree, and, as mentioned above, grows
well when associated with other trees.
The thorns of the tree make it often de-
sirable to plant it in pure plantations,
as in this way by thick planting it will
better clean itself of side branches, and
the need of tillage may be reduced to
a minimum.

Poe PUG ALYP TS.

A STUDY OF THE LEADING SPECIES OF THE MOST EXTEN-
SIVELY CULTIVATED EXOTIC TREE IN THE UNITED STATES.

HE Eucalypts, commonly known
as the Blue or Red Guus in
the southwestern part of the United

States, where they have been planted
for forty years past, are discussed in a
bulletin just issued by the Bureau of

December,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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1902.

Forestry under the title of ‘‘ Eucalypts
Cultivated in the United States.’’ *

Although of foreign origin, the Eu-
calypts seem specially fitted to the dry
country of Arizona, New Mexico, south-
ern California, and western Texas, where
their value would be hard to overesti-
mate. ‘Their drought-resisting powers
enable them to flourish where no large
American tree will grow. They yield
oil, gum, nectar for honey bees, furnish
shade for the ranch-house, windbreaks
for field crops, and firewood for locali-
ties where fuel is scare; but their chief
value lies in the possibilities they hold
for the reforestation of the bare, dry
mountain sides of the desert country
and for the protection of irrigating
streams. They are specially adapted
for such purposes by reason of their
rapidity of growth in arid soil. The
Eucalypts are now grown in Ameriac,
especially in the southwestern United
States, more extensively than any other
exotic forest tree.

No native American species can equal
the extraordinary development of this
exotic from remote Australia. On the
ranch of Elwood Cooper, near Santa
Barbara, California, there are Kucalypts
25 years old as great in girth as oaks of
300 years ; and time and again the spe-
cies known as Blue Gum has, when cut
to the ground, sent up sprouts from the
stump which in eight years have reached
a height of one hundred feet ; nor does
this rapidity of growth shorten the life
of the tree, for the Eucalypts, in their
Australian home, reach a great age and
rival in size the giant Redwoods and the
Big Trees of California.

The author of the bulletin on ‘‘ Euca-
lypts Cultivated in the United States,’’
Prof. Alfred J. McClatchie, of the Ari-
zona Experiment Station at Phoenix,
has devoted ten years to the study of
this genus. Besides his observations of
its growth in the southwest, he has had
the benefit of a correspondence concern-
ing it with botanists of this country and
of Australia, Algiers, and France.

* Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States.
By Alfred James McClatchie, M. A., Agricul-
turist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Ex-
periment Station. Bulletin 35, Bureau of For-
estry. Pp. 106, plates XCI.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

913

The bulletin, while being devoted es-
pecially to the Eucalypts as they grow
in this country, also contains short
descriptions of their habits in their na-
tive home and of their remarkable trav-
els into all the great dry regions of the
globe.

Detailed descriptions are given of the
best methods of propagating and caring
for Eucalypts, which includes directions
for germinating the seed, transferring
the plants to forest soil, and setting
them in the field. The bulletin con-
tains, in addition, careful, detailed, de-
scriptions, illustrated by photographs, of
the principal Eucalypts cultivated in
the United States.

Professor McClatchie has discussed
the Eucalypts mainly from the stand-
point of their usefulness, only incident-
ally treating them as ornamentals. No
attempt is made to present an exhaustive
botanical treatise of the Eucalypts.
The botanical features introduced are
intended to be subservient to the in-
terests and purposes of the forester.

Only the large arborea] species are
discussed—that is, species attaining a
height of over 40 to 50 feet and a diam-
eter of over1 foot. Many of thespecies
consisting of smaller trees are very in-
teresting to the botanist and gardener,
but they are of comparatively little in-
terest to the forester.

The purpose of this bulletin is to give
information concerning the character-
istics of the Eucalypts, their climatic
requirements, and their uses; to give
directions and suggestions as to their
propagation and culture ; and to furnish
a means of identifying seedlings and
mature trees, so that as the Eucalypts
growing throughout the southwest be-
come identified, such trees may become
sources of seed for propagation. This
Australian group of trees now serves
very many useful purposes in the south-
west, and gives promise of great future
usefulness in the semi-arid portions of
our continent. It is believed that when
the merits of these trees are fully un-
derstood, and information concerning
their climatic requirements and their
propagation is readily available, they
will be planted more extensively and
with increasing intelligence and dis-

514 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December,

VIEW IN A GROVE OF 20-YEAR-OLD BLUE GUM; TREES 24 TO 28 INCHES IN DIAMETER.

EUCALYPTS AS FOREST COVER FOR PARKS, EAST LAKE PARK, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.

1902.

crimination. The covering of the now
untillable, treeless portions of the semi-
tropic section of America with such
trees as Eucalypts, which will yield
fuel, timber, and other useful products,
and also furnish protection from the
sun, from winds, and from floods, or
otherwise ameliorate existing climatic
conditions, is certainly an achievement
greatly to be desired.

Ee ORS. BY

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

SECRETARIES

S15

The illustrations, ninety-one in num-
ber, are from photographs made by the
writer during the past six years. They
add unusual value to the bulletin, giv-
ing an excellent idea of the bark,
flowers, and seeds of the several species,
as well as general views of groves and
plantations. Several of the illustrations
are reprinted here through the courtesy
of the Bureau of Forestry.

WILSON: AND

EEPECHCOGK.

ANNUAL REVIEWS BY THE SECRETARIES OF AGRICUL-
TURE AND INTERIOR WHICH SHOW GREAT PROGRESS
IN FORESTRY, IRRIGATION, AND RELATED QUESTIONS.

I—FROM THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
AGRICULTURE.

GROWTH OF WORK IN FORESTRY.

NTEREST in forestry and a percep-
tion of its possibilities as a great
national resource have developed so
swiftly in the United States that the
discrepancy between the capacity for
government service of this branch of
the department and its opportunities
was never so greatasnow. During the
past year the Bureau of Forestry has
notably increased its store of knowledge
on which all forestry depends, and has
made large gains in introducing prac-
tical management of forests of both pub-
lic and private ownership. Its field-
work has engaged 162 men, and has
been carried on in 42 states and terri-
tories.

Thirty-seven applications were re-
ceived during the year, asking advice
for the management of 200,000 acres.
The total area now under management,
in accordance with the working plans
or the areal, 1s 372,403 acres. . A
working plan is in preparation for a
tract in southeastern Texas comprising
an area of one and one-fourth million
acres, the largest private holding of tim-
ber land in the United States.

By the request of the Secretary of the
Interior, the Bureau of Forestry has be-
come his official adviser in matters of
forest policy for the national forest re-
serves, covering over 60,000,000 acres.

Extensive studies were made of com-
mercial trees during the year, and studies
of the forest and its industrial relations
were made in Michigan, Kentucky,
Ohio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana,
California, and Iowa. Among the ques-
tions involved were the present and fu-
ture timber supply, forest fires, relation
of the forests to stream flow, irrigation,
and grazing. ‘The Bureau has discov-
ered a less injurious method of turpen-
tine orcharding than that hitherto em-
ployed.

In cooperation with the Bureau of
Chemistry and in response to urgent de-
mands, the series of tests to determine
the strength of the principal merchant-
able timbers, discontinued in 1896, have
been taken up.

In tree-planting the Bureau has sought
to enlist the interest of the private land-
owner. Upto theclose of the last fiscal
year 262 applications for assistance had
been received, nearly 200,000 acres ex-

516

amined, and 224 plans made. Not only
does the example set by each plantation
affect the neighborhood, but in many
cases it has led to a public agitation of
the question of tree-planting, and ex-
tensive planting on other land has fre-
quently followed.

The Secretary enters an earnest plea
for the establishment of the Appalachian
Forest Reserve. He states that the
water power, at an aggregate annual
value of twenty million dollars, is being
gradually destroyed through increasing
irregularity in the flow; that the soils
washed down from the mountain slopes
are rendering annually less navigable
the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi
and other rivers. ‘Theseare the results
of the deforestation of these mountain
slopes. He states that the rate of land
erosion on these slopes from which the
forest cover has been removed is as great
now in a single year as during ten cen-
turies when covered with primeval
forests.

SOILS SURVEYS.

Valuable work has been done by the
Bureau of Soils. The methods devised
for the analyses of soilsin the field have
been so perfected that the amounts of
nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, and the
like can be determined to within four
or five pounds per acre, one foot deep.

An investigation was begun during
the year as to the possibility of reclaim-
ing soils in the arid regions injured by
seepage water and the accumulation of
alkali. Important work on this line
is being carried out on a tract of 4o
acres near Salt Lake City. Arrange-
ments are being made to carry on simi-

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

lar work at Fresno, Cal., and it is pro-
posed to extend it to the tropical area
in Montana and possibly in Arizona, to
demonstrate that these unfavorable con-
ditions can becontrolled. and located
in the immediate vicinity of Salt Lake
City, he believes, can be increased in
value by at least three millions of dol-
lars, exclusive of the cost of reclama-
tion, should it prove successful.

IRRIGATION.

The distribution and use of western
rivers requires legislation on the irriga-
tion industry, which, in turn, renders it
necessary that there should be a better
understanding of the subject than now
exists. The department is securing
information as to the quantity of water
used, where it is used, how much water
is required in the matter of crops, how
it can be distributed with the least loss,
and applied to the best advantage.
Much has been done to educate farmers
and ditch managers as to the direction
in which improvement in the method of
practice must come. They have made
plans, have shown the need of better
work in constructing and maintaining
canals, and have shown that the loss of
water through leakage in transit is far
greater than is generally supposed.

Through the courtesy of government
officials in Egypt the representative of
the department was enabled to become
fully acquainted with the administration
of laws governing the use of the Nile.
Allowing for differences in conditions,
the lesson of one of the oldest irrigated
countries in the world cannot fail to be
of interest and value to one of the
youngest.

IL—FROM THE REPORT) OF toe SECRET aR Obani
INTERIOR.

On the day following the passage of
the law for the reclamation of arid lands
at the last session of Congress plans
were submitted by the Director of the
Geological Survey for putting it into
effect ; andthese being approved by the
Secretary, survey parties were at once
put in the field to obtain all of the facts

concerning the feasibility of various
projects.

Great care is being exercised in se-
lecting projects which will be of the
greatest benefit to the country ; which
will settle upon the land the greatest
number of people, and which will re-
turn to the Treasury the cost of the

1902.

undertaking, keeping intact the fund
for new works. Noconsideration of ex-
pediency or sentiment can be tolerated,
but only those making the working a
success from a business standpoint.

SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS.

The report shows that there were dis-
posed of during the fiscal year public
lands aggregating 19,488,535 acres,
an increase of 3,925,739 acres as com-
pared with the aggregate disposals for
the preceding fiscal year.

Total cash receipts during the fiscal
year, from various sources, including
disposal of public land, $5,880,088.65,
aggregate $6,261,927.18, an increase of
$1, 289,766.39.

The total area of the public lands is
approximately 1,809,539,840 acres, of
which 893,955,476 acres are undis-
posed of.

GRAZING INTERESTS’ MENACE.

The avowed policy of the government
to preserve the public domain for homes
for actual settlers has no more implac-
able and relentless foe than the class
that seeks to occupy the public lands
for grazing purposes by maintaining
unlawful fences thereon.

The fight between this class and the
government has been going on for years,
and resulted in the passage of the act of
February 25, 1885, which provides for
the institution of civil proceedings for
the removal of such fences and criminal
prosecution of the trespassers, and au-
thorizes the President, if necessary, to
call on the civil and military authorities
to remove such unlawful inclosures ;
but, notwithstanding the passage of
‘said act and the efforts of this depart-
ment to enforce it, the abuse has con-
tinued, and the beneficiaries thereof
have grown so bold and arrogant that
they practically defy the efforts of the
department and the government to exe-
‘cute the law.

There is now pending before Congress
a bill entitled ‘‘A bill to provide for the
leasing, for grazing purposes, of the
vacant public domain, and reserving all
tights of homestead and mineral entry,

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

517

the rentals to be a special fund for irri-
gation.’’ Should that bill become a law,
the public domain in the sixteen states
and territories mentioned therein, ag-
gregating an area of 525,000,000 acres,
practically all of the vacant public do-
main west of the Mississippi, would be
subject to lease at two cents per acre
for ten years, with the privilege of re-
newal for ten years more. It is need-
less to say that such a bill, if enacted
into law, would place the last acre of
desirable public land out of the reach
of the homeseeker and defeat the pur-
pose of the government to preserve the
public domain for homes for actual set-
tlers.

It would also defeat the operations of
the reclamation act and make possible
the formation of a land monopoly never
contemplated by the public-land system,
but which, on the contrary, it is one of
the purposes of that system to prevent.

MINERAL LOCATION PRETENSE.

Another method resorted to by un-
scrupulous speculators to obtain timber
upon the unreserved timber lands, and
to which the attention of the department
has been called by its special agents, is
the location of so-called mining claims
under placer mining laws. Quite a
number of such claims have been lo-
cated in fine bodies of timber in a num-
ber of western states. So far as the
records of the Land Department show,
the lands are unappropriated public
lands, and there is nothing to call the
department’s attention to them, and it
would never know of these locations
unless reported by a special agent or if
the locator should apply for a patent.
Assuming the land to be really mineral,
so long as the locator does the annual
assessment-work required by law he will
be entitled to the main possession of the
tract embraced in his mineral location.
If it be made for purposes of speculation
only and for purposes of acquiring tim-
ber within the limits of the location, the
only way by which the government can
reach him will be by careful investiga-
tion of the character of the land upon
which the location is made, and if, after
such investigation, it be determined that

518

the land isnot mineral in character, and
that the location is made for speculative
purposes, to arrest the locator as soon as
he begins to cut timber. The only de-
fense he can make will be to show that
the land is mineral in character, and that
he is cutting timber to develop his claim
as allowed by law. Should he fail in
that, he will have to pay the penalty.

THE FOREST RESERVES.

New forest reservations have been
established during the year, the forestry
service extended, a better and more
thorough system of patrolling the reser-
vations has been perfected, and the
work of reforestation on the various
reservations has been entered upon with
satisfactory results. There are now
fifty-four forest reserves, embracing

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION:

December,

60,175,765 acres. During the last fiscal
year four existing reserves have been
enlarged, four have been reduced, and
fifteen additional have been established.

The adequate protection of the forest
reserves and the extension thereof to
other public timber lands as occasion
arises must necessarily go hand in hand
with the operations looking toward the
reclamation of the arid lands of the west.

Timber on the unreserved public
lands cannot now be properly protected;
existing laws relating thereto, and
especially the act of June 3, 1878, known
as ‘‘ The timber and stone act,’’ if not
repealed or radically amended, will re-
sult ultimately in the complete destruc-
tion of the timber on the unappropriated
and unreserved public lands. The sit-
uation demands the passage of remedial
legislation.

TEE EER DY Alaa ae

INTERESTING STUDY OF A VALUABLE TIMBER TREE.
RATE OF GROWTH—COST OF PLANTING—PROFIT IN

RAISING CATALPA—IMPORTANT CULTURAL

CG HE Hardy Catalpa,’’ a bulletin
just published, is a valuable

addition to the series of studies of
American commercial trees which the
Bureau of Forestry has undertaken.
The value of this publication will be
greatest in the middle west, where the
Catalpa has been planted for many
years with varying success, and where
even now it is imperfectly understood.
The farmer of the prairie states who
desires to put a part of his lands into
Catalpa, either for profit in selling posts
and ties, or to supply his farm with
timber, will find in the bulletin valuable
information clearly and simply given.
The bulletin isin two parts. Wm. L.
Hall, Superintendent of Tree Planting,
discusses ‘‘ The Hardy Catalpa in Com-
mercial Plantations,’’ while Dr. Herman
von Schrenk, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry, writes of ‘‘The Diseases of
the Hardy Catalpa.’’ Mr. Hall gives
the results of careful studies of the
Munger, Farlington, Hunnewell, and
Yaggy plantations, allin Kansas. The

POINTS.

most important facts developed by him
are as follows:

It is much cheaper for the planter to:
grow his trees from seed than to buy
them from a nursery, if a large number
are to be planted. In the ~ Munger
plantation the cost of trees grown on
the farm was 50 cents per thousand,
while those from a nursery, with freight,
cost about $4 per thousand. The cost:
of establishing the Yaggy plantation
with home-grown trees, including cut-
ting back and two years’ tillage, was.
$11.70 per acre; the cost of establish-
ing the Farlington forest by contract,
including the same amount of tillage,
but no cutting back, was $30 per acre.

Some idea of the profits in growing
Catalpa for the market may be gained
from the results achieved on the four
plantations described in this bulletin.

On the Munger plantation the present
value is equal to a net annual acreage
return of $15.01 from the time of plant-
ing, thirteen years ago. The Farling-
ton Forest and the Hunnewell planta-

1902.

tion respectively show a net annual re-
turn of $12.65 and $14.78 per acre from
the time of planting. The Yaggy
plantation shows a net return of $7.25
to $21.55 per acre, depending on the
fertility of the soil in various parts of
the plantation.

From these figures it will be seen
that the growing of Catalpa brings
fully as great returns as are to be real-
ized from any agricultural crop in the
same region.

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FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

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519

Hardy Catalpa makes its best growth
on very rich, deepsoil. Inthe Farling-
ton forest the returns on the best soil
are almost five times as great as on the
poorest.

Grown in pure stand, the Catalpa
should be protected from the wind by
shelter belts of tallertrees. A thin belt
of Cottonwood on the windward side of
a plantation will protect the edge trees
and allow them to make much taller
and straighter growth ; even an Osage

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PLANTATION OF HARDY CATALPA IN SOUTHERN IOWA.

520

Orange hedge, though not growing so
tall, will generally protect them.

The proper spacing used in planting is
from 4 by 4 to 4 by 6feet.. The Catalpa
planter whosets his trees thinly upon the
ground will find them growing with
spreading tops in spite of his most care-
ful efforts to prevent it. The most im-
portant advantage of close planting for

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December,

The development of large side branches
unfits the Catalpa for practical use.
While the stand may become so dense
as finally to shade them out, they cling
with such persistence to the growing
trunk that it cannot east then ott
New wood is deposited around the dead
branches, but does not unite with them.
The holes thus formed lead straight

SECTION SHOWING THE PROPORTION, OF HEARTWOOD, SAPWOOD, AND BARK ON A

20-YEAR-OLD CATALPA TREE (REDUCED FROM 914 INCHES).

the Catalpa is that it kills the lateral
branches while young. If the lateral
branches die before becoming more than
one-half inch in diameter, they are eas-
ily pushed off by the tree and do no
damage ; but if they reach a larger size
than this, as they are sure to do in thin
planting, they cling to the tree for years,
even after they die.

i

into the heart of the tree, and the angle
of the branches is just right to conduct
water and germs of decay into the trunk.
When the branch is finally released, it
leaves a great hole leading to the decayed
heart of the tree. The tree thus ruined
sooner or later breaks down—a com-
plete loss.

Cutting back the young trees after

a

1g02.

two or three seasons, so as to develop a
single sprout from the stump, greatly
hastens height-growth and prevents low
side branches.

With close planting and cutting back
two years afterward, thinning will be-
come necessary within eight or ten years
from the time of planting. Some of
the trees will be large enough for fence
posts, and if the work is judiciously
done good returns may be secured from
this first cutting.

When the first growth is bushy and
undesirable a better growth can usually
be secured by cutting the stand clean
and-reproducing it by sprouts.

A clean-cut stand should be protected
by occasional strips of timber left uncut
for the protection of the succeeding crop
of sprouts. This is especially necessary
on the prairies where heavy winds pre-
vail, for the young sprouts are very ten-
der and easily broken off during the first
year or two of their growth. The pro-
tective strips are best run east and west,
as the most damaging winds are from
the south.

The best growth of Catalpa is not ob-
tained in pure plantations. This state-
ment iscontrary to general practice and
belief, for almost all Catalpa planta-
tions throughout the country are pure

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

Ge

planted. The advantage of a suitable
associate tree is that by shading the
ground it will keep out weeds and
grasses and kill off the lateral branches
of the Catalpa, thus giving the tree a
straight, clean bole to the height of 18.
to 20 feet. The best trees for planting
with Catalpa in the middle west are
Osage Orange and Russian Mulberry.

Growers need not hesitate to force the
growth of their Catalpas, as the wood is
apparently just as good when grown
fastasslow. The rate of growth makes.
no difference in the sale of the product.
Only shape and size count.

Dr. von Schrenk finds that Catalpa
wood, if cut from the living tree, is one
of the most durable timbers known.
No fungus has yet been found that will
grow in the dead wood. ‘The wood of
living trees is attacked by two fungi,
one causing a soft rot, the other a brown
rot. Dr. von Schrenk discusses these
two diseases and recommends methods
of preventing them.

The bulletin is handsomely printed,
and the many excellent half-tone plates
add much value to the text. The ac-
companying illustrations are taken from
the bulletin, and are reprinted here
through the courtesy of the Bureau of
Forestry.

REGEN PUBRICATIONS.:

The Woodsman’s Handbook, PartI. By HENRY
SoLON GRAVES. Bulletin 36, Bureau of
Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Pp. 148.

“Tie Woodsman’s Handbook,’’ the first
volume of which has just been issued by the
Bureau of Forestry, will be of great value to
lumbermen and foresters alike. Its author,
Mr. Henry S. Graves, director of the Yale For-
est School, has endeavored to collect all the
rules in use in this country and Canada for
finding the contents of standing timber and of
logs 12, 16, and 20 feet in length, of diameters
from 6 to 60 inches. He has compared them
in a series of tables and described their origin
and mode of use. The Scribner, Doyle, and
New Hampshire rules are printed in full; the
rest appear in part in the comparison tables.
Descriptions are given of the methods of est1-
mating standing timber in use by timber
cruisers in different parts of the country, and
of the method adopted by the Bureau of For-
estry. The Handbook contains also an out-

line for a forest working plan and descriptions
of instruments of use to the woodsman.

The second volume of the Handbook, which
is to be published soon, will coutain detailed
directions for the study of age and growth of
trees, including diameter, height, and volume
growth. A most valuable feature will be a
compilation of the tables of growth, yield
tables, and volume tables for all the trees that
have been systematically studied in this coun-
try. The defects, strength, durability, and
fuel value of timber, the amount of tannin in
bark, specifications and weights of logs, and
weights of lumber will be discussed. In addi-
tion, the second volume will contain compound
interest tables, tables for converting metric to
English measnre, and areas of circles.

The Handbook is of a size convenient for
carrying in the pocket, and is attractively
bound in green leatherette. It may be ob-
tained only through the Senate, the House of
Representatives, or the Department of Agri-
culture.

522

Annual Report of the Commissioner of the Gen-
eral Land Office. For the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1902. Describing the work
of the Division of Forest Reserves. De-
partment of the Interior. Pp. 120.

The report of the General Land Office on the
work of the Division of Forest Reserves is of
unusual interest this year as showing that al-
ready appreciable benefit has resulted from the
reorganization of that division in November
last, by placing it under the charge of a trained
forester, with several forest experts, having
both technical and practical experience to
assist in developing the work.

The forest working force has been re-ar-
ranged, placing the forest supervisors in direct
charge of their respective reserves, making the
duties of the forest superintendents those of
local inspectors, and grading the ranger force
into three classes, under the titles of assistant
supervisors, rangers, and guards.

The present arrangement avoids consider-
able friction, and leads to greater dispatch in
disposing of business.

Much benefit is shown to have resulted from
the first effort at inaugurating an established
system of timber sales in one of the reserves,
namely, the Black Hills Forest Reserve in
South Dakota, where the revenue derived
from furnishing timber supplies to meet local
demands has been double the expense con-
nected with the work. Such a result empha-
sizes the advisability of extending the system
to all of our forested lands.

Special stress is laid upon the need for the
immediate withdrawal of all public lands which
are of more value for forest uses than for other
purposes. Thisis recommended not only with
a view to preserving the timber supply, but in
the interest of irrigation. It is pointed out that
the recent passage by Congress of the bill in-
augurating an irrigation policy may, in its
effect, be regarded as amounting, indirectly,
to legislation broadening our national forest
work. ‘To insure effective operation of that
law it is necessary that the forest growth upon
all watersheds throughout the public domain,
in the states and territories affected, should
be preserved as an integral part of the work of
water conservation.

The establishment of reserves for this pur-
pose marks a third phase of the work already
reached in the development of our forest sys-
tem ; the work, as now in hand, extending to
the care of existing forests, reforestation of
denuded areas, and afforesting treeless regions.

It is shown that during the year five of the
existing forest reserves were enlarged, the areas
of four were reduced, and fifteen additional
reserves were established. Extensive tempo-
rary withdrawals of lands were made in a num-
ber of other cases, in which the advisability of
establishing reserves is still under considera-
tion.

The most gratifying showing in the report
is probably the efficiency of the work of the
forest force, evidenced in the large number
of fires reported as having been discovered

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

December, 1902.

and extinguished, the decrease in the area
burned over, and the reduction in the expense
incurred in fighting fires. While forest fires
have been unusually destructive to both life
and property in a number of states during the
past season, owing to unprecedented drouth,
the forest reserves in the same regions have
been kept comparatively free from serious
fires. As a result, the people in those com-
munities have become convinced that govern-
ment control of the forests means protection
from fires. This fact has led to numbers of
petitions being submitted from various quar-
ters urging the establishment of forest re-
serves.

Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils (1901).
Third Report, by MILTON WHITNEY,
Chief of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Depart-
meut of Agriculture. Pp. 647. Illustrated
and accompanied bya portfolioof Maps.
Published by the Department.

This report is of particular interest on ac-
count of its record of the relation of the alkali
and irrigation problems, and its genera! rec-
ommendations on soil reclamation by the use
of irrigation and drainage. In the reports of
the soil investigations of the tobacco lands of
the Eastern and Southern States general plant
investigations have been made to supplement
the soil surveys, with advice as to soil man-
agement, growths, etc. Probably the most
spectacular and successful experiment ever
attempted by the Department of Agriculture
was undertaken and carried through by the
Tobacco Investigations Division of this Bureau
under Mr. M. lL. Floyd, who has left the em-
ploy of the Government to take charge of the
shade-grown tobacco industry in Connecticut
for a private corporation.

But to those interested in irrigation and soil
reclamation the most important part of the
report is that devoted to the western soil sur-
veys and particularly to those of California.
Here the questions of sub and surface irriga-
tion and drainage are fully gone into and the
recommendations made should be of the
utmost value to farmers in that region and to
those who contemplate taking up irrigated
lands. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION will pub-
lish later full résumés of the field operations
of value to the magazine’s readers.

Canadian Forestry Association. Report of the
Third Annual Meeting. Pp. 128. +Illus-
trated by 17 half-tones from drawings and
photographs. Ottawa: Government Print-
ing Bureau.

In addition to the record of the meeting of
the association which was held last March at
Ottawa, this report contains many interesting
papers, those of a popular nature being on the
Canadian forest fires of 1901, the planting of
trees on the great treeless prairies of Manitoba,
Assiniboia, and Alberta provinces, and the
zesthetic and economic value of tree planting
about residences in those regions.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

PUBLISHER’S NOTES.

A recent number of Printers Junk, the au-
thority on advertising matters, had the follow-
ing to say about this magazine: ‘‘ Of the six
monthlies devoted to forestry and irrigation
but one gets credit for issuing regularly so
many as 3,000 copies. It is FORESTRY AND
IRRIGATION.”’ ‘

In the last issue of the American Newspaper
Directory. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION was
credited with an average monthly circula-
tion of 5,650 copies for a year ending August I,
1902. During the succeeding months the cir-
culation has been growing rapidly and 8,000
copies were printed this month to meet the de-
mand. At the present rate of increase the cir-
culation will be 10,000 copies a month before
the end of 1903. °

Advertisers who wish to reach substantial
people will do well to consider the foregoing
statements.

We note with regret that the December issue
of Meehan’s Monthly is to be the last of this
valuable publication. This magazine has for
almost twelve years past been a leader in pre-
senting valuable matter concerning the higher
branches of horticulture and general garden-
ing. Meehan’s Monthly has undoubtedly cre-
ated in many sections of the country a love for
the beauties of nature. It has done much to
bring about a desire for the improvement of
gardens and grounds in suburban and country
homes, and its suspension is a distinct loss to
the field in which it labored.

A number of new advertisements appear in
this issue of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION,
to which we respectfully call the attention of
our readers. This magazine is becoming a
more valuable advertising medium with each
number, and this fact is being appreciated
more and more by firms who are anxious to
bring their business to the notice of substantial
people.

It is our desire to increase the advertising
patronage of this magazine as rapidly as possi-
ble, but no advertisements of a questionable
nature will be accepted.

The Marble Axe Co., of Gladstone, Mich.,
whose advertisement appears in this issue, are
the manufacturers of numerous implements of
convenience for campers, hunters, and lumber-
men. Readers of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION
who need such implements should write for
their catalogue.

The publisher of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA-
TION will be glad to get the names of persons
interested in the subjects to which this maga-
zine is devoted. No doubt many of our readers
know such persons, and if they will kindly
send us their names we will take pleasure in
mailing them sample copies of this magazine.

LAUGHLI

f our Safety Pocket Pen Hold-

FOUNTAIN
PEN

The Best at Any Price

Sent on approval to
responsible people.

A Pocket Companion of
never ending usefulness, a
source of constant pleasure
and comfort.

To test the merits of

Forestry and Irrigation

as an advertising inedium
we offer your choice of
these popular styles super-
ior to the

$3.00

{m

Pre-eminently Satisfactory.

Try ita week, if not suited,
we buy it back, and give you

centsis to pay for your trouble
in returning the pen). Weare
willing to take chances on you

have one of these.

mond Point Gold Pen, any

ium or stub, aad the only per-
fect ink feed known to thesci-
ence of fountain pen making.
Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00
(Registration, 8¢ extri.)
This great Special Offer is
good for just 30 days. One of

ers free of charge with each

en

sd Remember—There is No
‘Just as good’’as the Laughs
lin:* insist on it; take no
chances. ;

State whether Ladies’ or
Gentlemen’s style is desired.
Illustrations are full size of
complete article. Address

LAUGHLIN MFG. Co.,
841 Griswold St.,
Detroit. Mich.

grades of other makes for | \N
°

Unconditionally Guaranteed [i

$1.10 for it (the additional ten fill

wanting to sell; we know pen Fil
values—you will when you §

Finest quality hard Para rub- §
ber reservoir holder, 4k. Dia- §

desired flexibility in fine, med- }

Insurance Company
of New York

ip ag peo

ISSUES
ALL MODERN
FORMS OF oa
POLICIES 4s, Ea

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2,
Ss

ry
mr

JBL

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Ne Z Ad las (ioe
Me cece
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pO ED 3 ta tty 1A
carl ( Dia Bi,
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Manager for Central Eastern Department

715 Fourteenth St. N.W. . Washington 6.

Marble’s
Safety Pocket
Axe

WILL INTEREST YOU

Send for circular describing it to-
gether with numerous conveniences
for campers and hunters.

MARBLE SAFETY AXE CO.

GLADSTONE, MICH., U. S. A.

—_ 4 4 4 4 SS YESwocoeoss A a DSN ~4~-—=<— SS Sess SSS SOS DLOQXaspsrS

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| TREES... and. . SEEDS ATTENTION! |

FOR

{ FORESTRY PURPOSES

Our nurseries are known the %
world over as headquarters for
Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings
and nearly every Foreign Goy-
ernment is supplied by us. We
have a large acreage of orie and
two year seedlings especially
grown for Forestry purposes

New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with
prices of seeds and seedlings
ready now.

THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS

weeNurserymen and Tree Seedsmet......

Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa.

ORCHIDS ORCHIDS

We are the largest Orchid i abe: in the
United States He eae:

Our illustrated and descriptive Catalogue
of Orchids is now ready and cae be had
on application

Orchid Growers
and Importers...

LAGER & HURRELL
SUMMIT, N. J.

Fi Ee be eye

E. J. MORTON, Tarleton, Tenn.,

Shipver of all kinds of Collected Seedlings.
All sizes of Trees, trom 6 inches to 8 feet.

Below competition for first-class trees: Catalpa
Speciosa, 214 to 4 ft., $5 per M; Linden, 6 to 12 in.
$1.35 per M; Sugar Maple, 1 to 3 ft. $2.5 50 per M:

American Linden, | to 2 ft., $3.50 per M; Butter-
nut, 1 to 21% ft., $3.50 per M; Red Cedar, 5 to 12 in.,
$2.75 per M; Hazel Nut;1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M;
White Birch, 1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M; Tulip Poplar,
1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M; Magnolia Acuminata, 1 to 3
ft., $3.75 per M.

In 5,000 lots:—Hemlock, Spruce,
20 in., $3. Lots above 5,000, any assortment,
speci: al prices quoted. 500 each of Sugar Maple,
Tulip, Magnolia, and Dogwood, 4 to 6 ft., $4 per
100. Write for estimates on your spec ial needs.

GOLD IN A NUTSHELL

New Book . . Alf about Nuts
Price, Ten Cents

American Plant & Seed Company

Nashville, Tennessee

and Pine, 6 to

Fatmers and
Tree Planters

te

We wish to call attention to our
very large stock of Apple, Plum,
and Cherry Trees. Our Plums
are all grown on American stock,
which makes them absolutely
hardy for northern planting. We
are also large growers of grapes
and other small fruits. Those who
anticipate planting the coming
spring will find it to their interest
to send and get our new descriptive
catalogue and special prices. Re-
member that we are headquarters
for evergreens transplanted.

J. WRAGG & SONS CO.,

Waukee, Iowa.

We Grow Them

Good, Well Rooted

Fruit Trees

Apple, Peach, Plum,
Pear, Cherry * ™

all other nursery
THEM direct to planters,

50 per cent agents’ com-
our PLANTERS’ PRICE

And a general assortment of
stock. WE SELL
and you save 25 to
mission. Send for
LIST and Catalogue.

BROCK NURSERY CO.,
Brock, Nebr.

Law as =

In eee advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

2 ———
BIE xu gig, ok ea ae Es ee VV VY

SEN OME Oe a

Va

IE REE OE OE IE OILS OS TOOL OTS OTOL I SINUS, OES OOS RIE

yes

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COMMERCIAL NURSERIES and ORCHARDS J.H. H. Boyd, Gage, Tenn.

The Best of Everything for the Orchard, DEALER IN c
Yard, Cemetery, and Park. We propa-
gate from our Tested Bearing Orchards in Tree and Shrub Seeds €
the Red River Fruit Belt. Elbertas and ree Seedlings in Tarepand Smallivote
fine apples specialties. Thirty years’ ex-

Catalpas, Russian Mulberry,
perience. Catalogue free. Black Locust, and many other

JOHN Ss KERR indefinite ornamental varieties
. id Would like to correspond with any one who
Sherman, Texas. could sauedy, good fresh tree and shrub seeds

MILLIONS...

Of Forest Tree Seedlings grown each

Money Rolls to Agents

BEBE VE-A WE-A BREA,

season. . . Also Apple and Pear Seed- that sell nursery stock from the famous :
Ss lings and a complete General pre : KG
B))} Stock. . . Write for our Catalogue By
oH ; .
= ee GREELEY, COLORADO, NURSERIES ¢
-\r a °
Fal Gage County Nurseries whose stoek is better adapted to all localities
BY Box No. 601 Beatrice, Neb. than any others. Agents wanted in every sy
a county. Write at once for terms and terri- ¢
Wia Led
-\

MAGAZINE READERS | ————- :

Before you renew your Prices Cut 50) Per Cent. {

2 subscriptions for your A
“a magazines send for the K-
» Fa : > ‘ - lete line =
s catalogue issued b ae We now have the finest and mo-t complete e 3
a 8 ) of nursery stock ever grown in Arkansas. If (@

you, Mr. Lae are interested. in fine fruit ata by

= Kenyon’s Subscription Agency | smsi ousiay or cash. snen send foroureatalogne, (¢

It tells you. all Abeitic die: fae pies we have.
Ra Write to-day to— By

dS See their full-page adver- C
A ee uit in this jssue. .. YARBROUGH BROS., Stephens, Ark, S
« f
)) S
2 Magazine Readers’ Guide s
D) xX
%€ Will save you one-half the cost of your reading matter. We do not ask you to become is

2 our agent. We give agents’ clubbing rates to all subscr ibers on two or more periodicals.

vers

5» We have room here for but a few combinations.

ee hai C
jj Forestry and Irrigation, Suce ess, and Review Of REVIEWS. .......cccscerseeceeeeeceeer ce ees cette eettsteseasenaeeneeesceeaes $3 25

2 Py = e “« Everybody’s Magazine Sede eresnianaabeccactony naaog base wiSsasnee dos 2 05

oS § by a +s cl [Gentiny eee oe ce abbas chess heseme sees ete: “B25

»)) SS # et Fyaal Sto Verann bilo Wet Td (OAT ao neoan cea eercedesen ae noceeuckdobeeoro dosa59 0) goncancanbeoasomepasco+ 3 50
y a ro Ey erybody’ s Magazine, AMG COSMOPOLITAN... ...0..0...c0scnescenn-cncsessnntanienaenssecesenes 205 (€
nf Zs rs Goto cel Uo HSIN odd telcbeercrraceeacnp oc ctns capeeacaceco Pecan ora 3 25 Be
as e gS sf sé CP AIVOCTCAULOM bacancenscce-csecors ess eremmanacasentncates conse renas 200s:
Cosmopolité in, Leslie’s Monthly, ANA EverybOdy’S MaAgazine........cccccscccsesseessseecrescensssccesocserssceescestecces 2 00 («¢
Woman’s Home Companion, adeWesliers MOomtiilyentscce esse tereeeestt cae: camera ere 200 3
i Everybody’ s Magazine, and Conary Se stacsdamese eve satecusee sina ce caule Oe mate stents ai Satan els ape eT Ream acai e 4 75 «
Century, Leslie’s Weekly, and Electrical Age... Bar a RO CEEE naa aC CCL CESIOERE hdzsdee g) SOLO )
20 Ever ybody’ s Mag: wine, anid Siccesnaect ee ee oe ee tee eae a CA a) Carers
“ CMV ior LAUER GIA ees occas Re eo ce, spe coe ccc ce 600
He Success; amd Review ofgReviews....csceccs. <«sesses caessacease= = as euetersest sacisepencee. ccocsi\cooSusnesenatennenneresetasess 600 3
Of Seribner sand WOrldO=DAVr.es.s.cccttesc otter saeco ent acetates necen sapere a aetane neseneparpmipee een eaters 8 00 iG
St. Nicholas, National Magazine, Recreation, Everybody’s Magazine, and Book NeWS........:c::0cesse 4 70 By
oe Arena, Birds and Nature, E verybody’s Magazine, 4nd SUCCESS ........:.::ssesesseceerseeseceesereees 5 00s
es WMO Hd. Wo- Lianne WOU ths acc. xn ctecs Se ee eRe ecg esa a nage aun a 450 A
C onkey’ s Music and Home Journal, C osmopolitan, and Every body’s Magazine........ccccseseeeessseeeeeeeeeees 1 40
“a ae re Success, and Ey erybody’ s Magazine Rene nanteeeee 1 40 «
ne Be cE Household, and Everybody’s Magazine 1 40 3
2 ee a “ = Gleanings, and Everybody’s Magazine 1 40 «C
: Make out a list of what papers you want and let us submit prices. =
oe

We will be pleased to name you a very low rate. Magazine Readers’ Guide will be *
2} mailed free. We also have several tons of nice, clean sample copies of Illustrated, Story, 3

m8 Agricultural, Literary, etc.—in fact, all sorts, classes, and kinds of papers and magazines, KG
ww We will sent these, postpaid, oue pound, Io cents ; Gres pounds, 25 cents. fe
055

“ Address, MAGAZINE READERS’ GUIDE Fe
2) a... ae Skaneateles, N. Y. <
aR i

DAA WEF, BE AS BLAS ERAS RLS Ned a NO SES Nb Ss YE Bhd Sx DBE Som Wh ER NBA SR. NOE Se NN SO ND BNE SS UNE IES OE EN, BBE FE BY PEAR YEAS

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION

LAMA AAAI SIE IE A. NR ERE AEA IEA IEA IE AIEEE AE NEE AEN

Magazine Readers

(
¢ MAGAZINE READERS
< SHOULD CONSULT

i
as

KS

Fa” Our 96-page
fect Catalogue.....

x BEFORE PLACING THEIR SUBSCRIPTIONS
es FOR THE COMING YEAR

Opes 02

PHS

EY stroteatentontente

Wecan save you 10% to 50% on your List.

£ Our Catalogue is free for the askin g,

* Weare the Oldest Agency in existence.

{ Have better bargains this season than ever before.

BY stesferterteteoe

= Reference: Any Publisher in the United States

BY
«
x Seslesheefesiente

ESTABLISHED IN 1869

KENYON’'S SUBSCRIPTION AGENCY
« 612 Medinah Bldg., CHICAGO, ILL.

ay (Div. F. I.]

FE DSE DD

be aad

MEALS ASML HSL SIS HS SBSH SH SHSM SBE SSE EM SH SEAS

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

3

re Sie

=“

Rie
7)

Ar
Sw

‘

see, D
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=
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=

GRAND CLUBBING OFFERS.

Our 52 page Catalog for 1903 is now ready to mail. It. contains clubbing prices
and combination offers covering over 2,000 different periodicals. The pages are the same
size as those in this magazine, and it is well worth your while to send us a two-cent
stamp for postage and receive by return miail the best clubbing offers that have ever been
put out to the public. We have room here to give you but a very few of them. These
clubbing offers may be either new or renewal subscriptions to the same or different ad-
dresses, but must be for one year in all cases. For convenience in forming clubs, we will
make three classes as follows:

Class A.

Gleaningsitsentmeountierscsscases Jetesesteatoeee ee LEOO) Littles Chrowiclexvrorsctcccc aN s $1.50
Woman’s Home Companion.......cccccseeeeee ceeee 1.00 Pilectricall Ag Gycc ci iivcsecstvelsetectesseenerene eased 1.00
ELOUSCN OLE rserse tees tee tse so esed 1.00 ane POUlti ye cesecanedeudeareneiensee- cop Useete ee sanees - 1.00
National Ct ae 1.00 American amclenses. soe ae enna eee 1.00
Leslie’s Monthly.. 1.00 Ohio Karmier-..-.-s- ws sacs) 2 LeO0
ET rete gdeeee Otros vacturcviecseccotieeanageeavere ee 28 are) Michiga meialrnre rn ccsaedeceteee teres ater eee 1.00
Campbell’s Illustrated Journal..... se) a0) Practica SMAantien nesest---aneasetencancsekteecaese seca 1.00
RIEGCECATOMN Le) ee nascent 1.00 Buffalo Weekly Horse Gazette.... Siar E8o!
Ledger Monthly........... 1.00 Farm Journal, five years............sssce cseneenes 1,00
FRUIT Sieeetee ee tent ceo. 1.00 Bern: Bulletin aii cecncceeces tarot cncenersceteeeeeens 1.00
WOUTI PES Mia SaZIMe ena -cereasoaoeettee ast eeinscoco Ltfo%) Vick’s Magazine, three VGA tS ameereres cites 88)
Mar Mine kc. e Nose bene: soasedense saan teueeens 1.00 AGS WEItSR eect rt 1. cease ee oes eee 1.00
Class B.
GreatRowmd World irtecccrsc-serccecsctersseesecionees | WiotldsnWOrkl. 2. no.t.stacseccssctseccnstecicetteasanetens $3.00
Merain ed INUTSe ness seeeee A | Popular: Science N@WScss-.a:0...0sen02scaveen, «ocseeer 2.00
Public Opinion (new) FA Whe HATrena ssc iisecwdeeewwsesnses vive) 2300
Art Interchange Lelie seve tieatpietcndasteae Set itacs Oememusceeeites | New England Magazine... deies 3.00
Lippincott’ Sacha taey alloneead Qisees beta eecegtaawest seseeporaae Toilettes:......,. ee es 2.00
Current Literature... 30 | Chautauquan... 2.00
World Bod ayevencus-scttecsse Seeve serene aranesneanect | Country Life 3.00
Class C.

BowltryeKeep eiiitas tosses teesie cs cnedeoce tree scenes aa $0.50 | ConkeystHome | Joutnalics: cc ese-ees-secesees eee $0.50
Good HiealttirG lanier -tic.cccse sensor eno ee eee “50e=m Gommlencial POWwltnyeencccses ne esencresteemiatedeeacees .50
Woman’s Work............. see 50) | WIG! si Maga Zin e ioscccs:ciccscases soasduesuntacneaes ten .50
Good Witeratunre ns... -eecest sce cceees seen ees S35 eeu WAGICS) AV OL1 Gi des Seis seresins no cade uanvasnie cewens Oa +40
( Success; and one magazine in Class A.. siceges shines
Success, Everybody’s alas arin. and one of Class Av... 2.00
| Success, and any two in Class A.. canieenootianse ENG 2.00
° e ) Success, one in Class A, and one in Class B.. ne BsO0)
We will give yOu , Success, one in Class A, and two in Class B..... oo) 450
| Everybody’s, and one magazine in Class A. Te 25
ES Vely MOUS ttt) tL MjO Ole Class) Al ssi seereuansssiivensenesisecescaenees 2.00
Everybody’s, one in Class A, and one in Class B.............08+ 3 00
Everybody’s, one in Class A, and two in Class B...............+ 4.50

Any one in Class C may be added to any of the above combinations by adding..........cceeseeceeennrennneees $0.2

es
Special Offers.

Success; (Review of Reviews, and WOrestry anc elighl oa tlatiee senses ea eete see een cnac eet eee ears aoe cle $3.30
Everybody’s 3) Magazine. the Arena, and !Gosmopolitat meses eteae te crore a seee? ce teeeem ete eeerceaterecescom 2050

Forestry and Irrigation and a new subscription to Special Crops, a 75c. monthly magazine, devoted
to ginseng culture, may both be added to any combination above by adding $1.00, w hich is the price of
Forestry and Irrigation alone.

Pen-and-ink prices quoted on any combinatlon you desire. Prizes tothe amount of $330.00 offered to
agents.

Youth’s Companion the balance of this year free, together with a splendid art calendar, and all of
1903, may be added to any combination by adding $1.75.

Address—

Cc. M. GOODSPEED.

Box 804. ait SKANEATELES,N. Y.

In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

o PILI LOLOL LLL LL EL LOE LO EL ED OD OE IO ane ~~
Ss ‘ . ~ 2 ana a 8 . . Z ws N
a4 OD EEL LLY SOs - )

3 BA-HA-NI| (| 2 :

vase

TRY

the 20th century
specific for

Constipation,

Biliousness, To the West

The North-Western Line is the
only double track railway from
Chicago to the Missouri River.

The double track is now completed between
Chicago and Council Bluffs. Four fast trains

Sick Headache,

Liver Troubles,

> ° each way daily between Chicago and Omaha,
) Indigestion, and all three trains daily to the Pacific Coast and two }
) to Denver. Q
é ° . c Fs de
) Stomach Ailments. A double track railway across the
western prairies means a great deal (
of history-making, empire-building, (
Your money back if eae y nae
) not relieved. merican energy. (
‘ : The story of the western country and of the K
‘ Pioneer Line that has ae peat eae eat (
‘ i ess is interestinyly told in a booklet é
ign DOseS st dag ar hice willie sent on receipt of a two-cent stamp (
j to pay postage.
aonb ita ea oF W. B. KNISKERN, PASS’R TRAFFIC MANAGER, «
CHICAGO. (
STEPHENSON CHEMICAL CO., Q

Greenesbursg, Pa.

FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH
... and NEW MEXICO ...

The farmer.who contemplates changing
his location should look well iuto the sub-
ject of irrigation. Before making a trip
of investigation there is no better way to
secure advance information than by writ-
ing to those most interested in the settle-
ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub-
lications, giving valuable information in
regard to the agricultural, horticultural,
and live stock interests of this great west-
ern section have been prepared by the
Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande
Western, which should be in the hands ot
all who desire to become acquainted with
the merits of the various localities. Write

RT So emma YP Pr

ea earamranmreenLs LOL

VYweovrwey

S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A.
- ++ DENVER, COLORADO ...

COLDS OD

BPA PDA PP PAD PAP PPA A

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In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.

ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897.

i alg We Ss

American Forestry Association

OFFICERS FOR 1902.

President.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture.
First Vice-President, Corresponding Secretary.
Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C,
Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C.
Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C.

Directors.
JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE.
B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL.
THOMAS F. WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY.

Vice-Presidents.

Sir H. G. JoLy DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J.
CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M.
D. M. RrorDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. W. A. WADSworRTH, Geneseo, N. Y.
THOMAS MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C

Wo. R. DUDLEY, Stanford University, Cal. W. W. BARRErtT, Church’s Ferry, N. D.
HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col, Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio.
ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. A. C. ScoTtT, Stillwater, Okla.

Wm. M. CansBy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa.

A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. | H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I.
R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn.
CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, IIl. | Wo. L. BRAY, Austin, Texas.

JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah.
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. | FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H.
D. C. Burson, Kansas. | REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt.
JOHN R. Procter, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NourSE, Blacksburg, Va.
LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. | ADDISON G. FOSTER, ‘tacoma, Wash.
EDWARD L. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va.
N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. | THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C.
JOHN K. Hogss, North Berwick, Me. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont.

N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec.
CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. | GEo. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I.

SAMUEL B, GREEN, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wo. R. CASTLE, Hawaii.

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. J. H. McLEaRyY, San Juan, P. R.

|

CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. |

Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00.
Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year.

FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and is sent regularly to all members.

To the Assistant Secretary,
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry
Association.

Very truly yours,

a
a

Pah StF SST AY 4

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pg = * &

SD Americen forests

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American forests 1

AUTHOR * A55

eS CE TED ta wr. 8
TITLE ae eae :
DATE ISSUED TO

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

LE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

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