Skip to main content

Full text of "American forests"

See other formats 


ov Oe oe OR: hn tae day Pvt eS 1 0 On ee Oe ae ae a 
re 
ern nerd 2 RR ARR Te 


> ae 


‘Tiyescwnwre 


a eeep eres 
73 ct Paha ee Ie 
Fg Cogn A ith Roth fim = 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2007 with funding from | 
Microsoft Corporation 


rare) 


http://www.archive.org/details/americanforests28natiuof “4 


sf 


ts 


» a ‘De 
Vee co 
-- as 2 hy. 

“- ed — 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF 


7 


> 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Pos 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


VOLUME XXVIII—JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1922, INCLUSIVE 


= 
= 


S 
u 
AUTHOR'S INDEX stip 


a 6 
eee cl | : 
muabright, Horace M,- article bY..2....6.00-sc0e0sceecaee 2 Lyle, Fannie Fee ODOC ADV ic crags oraresaiave pisialnis sities visjerasinre seis 459 
BPMPIEEDS. © OUSAT «9p PAL EICIC UDY cide vient cc see see diceceescee 343 Martin, C. S., article DVicowran cotverctiGen waters or este taee ae 125 
PCR TTNE RON ree eIOUe POV a ie, c dia.6 diaiclbie'e s sdlewe so oes 731 Martin, FE. S., article by. Be Sota sk cree Sie oh Gere we Nee Dee ee 118 
Anderson, Otto MePOCUME a a)s soaicice yg Se avnieghee deena get 616 Mattoon; Wilbur.R:; articles by.cacs veous saassentceaus 8; 181 
Andrews, E. F., article DV acacteat erase noes. aserteeeee 609 Maxwell, “Fu; article iby: Saaccriacs creas aveteernees aaairinoa sie I5I 
Ashe, W. W., article USPS Re ae Cee ATE eee 521 McCallicnou Waa piCle DY eat amteaee ic, in mane pean 304 
Barnes Will C., 2S RA pat lade ob 09 es att ge ie ne re 387 McDowell, L. G., article by. - Sees Ber ee AAC ee 421 
Barrett, i; A;-artcle by:................. WAS IN EF MICE OY ccc cos s.eccressscnstaieresianenss 531 
Bartlett, iainey Poss. poe ‘Dy. s cles lek Useveds nness 243 Metcalf, Woodbridge, ALCICIE Dye asec othe ota eee 643 
Baxter, Samuel Newman, article by...................-. 232 Moir, Stuart, article DYresorinep scien toros Ce tiirienrieiie e cjbalels 520 
ISIE Tg 20 a 78 Montgomery, Roselle Mercier, poem by..............005. 231 
MMR ATUICIS, DY < ds vo ow vie cvs gee esbcvesijeess 175 Mulford) Fisk warticlés: bya ten isn case enoteeees 99; 235 
MEET FALTICIE DY cen 's.coauave see @ eae cise ccnnres 341 Nusbaum, Jesse ye, e ADCICIEN Dare micrscarcigrs oes ai sistoseieierafearsiee's 408 
Butler, Ovid M., articles by................ 4333 5423 5903; 725 peishiae _ ay cpeae sin  Lobeytvai oislt oa slave's tats loacns Gua euE ares Ye: 
PAC PARTICLE: BY, coicistve sca Ae a ose Dek eds eta 375 wen, Mary Alicia, poem by.............ssereeer eee eees 
Connbel ie é. article et RD Et ee PIE 603 Pack, Arthur Newton, articles by....3; 67; 142; 172; 195; 250 
Carhart, Arthur H., articles by Pepi 31; 89; 219; 263; 469 Packard, Winthrop, AULICL EADY Sinrexe'e rtsste’si cusiaia Bishan sige tate = 203 
MURMNRMPPRENIY SAF EICIE “PET: ote Mose, ccd cab e cee gccssssuece 44 Paine; Veeder B,, articles by cri isjsce.00 oe penclne ean tes accawe 131 
Cheyney E. G., article WON ie ie Fae Lstead aes be bale 323 Parkes molan al santicle sDys sistem aactacoon eiceemcrnan cise 42 
Conser, Marta ‘Scott CON idle 8 Se ag See tee 299 Person; EH. By articles, by ss ¢:-ja.4 cmc aisieieetrs onesie as 628; 665 
Cox WwW T., article by oes. FOS he eee ae ae 708 Peters, J. G., article by... Ae LR ee TOM see DONTE ee 412 
Crosby, W. W., article by..........-..ssscccececceeeces 405 Pulling, Albert V. S., article by.......0..eccecuccece sees 211 
Curtis, Mary Isabel, articles by................. 305; 502; 562 Recknagel, Aw By Article bys casaqaeees haljanana nc naw ates . 611 
oo CRE SERS (8 SS ae Se 72 ECON tos Ja, panCles DY Wie eeclneccmet ne uate ins kar a 235; 481 
Demaray, A. E., articles by..................-.+..-. 309; 554 Reuodes;: Georges EL article DY. acamas eesti wert eal eine 515 
Mtailer (SOB aiticle by. 2.2. sd cece ccc cccceceee. 07 Richards, Edward C. M., article by....0,..0.cseeeteseees 579 
Dorr George B.; article by. saci: kee... ec cce cee sceeees 401 Ross Atihia: | Nwarticlerbyn-s <t.estacseve son taaieks se nate 430 
Deen ah he article DY... 5M cies ki scscsscecsveaccs 407 Roth, “Pilibert, article: by ‘a. sf.sis caamesareniasasse tetas 114 
Emmons, Earl REPRO OY 5 6 oe lade <0idis's ossicles od diene 275 Sage, Hollister, ;article by: sosioscaut Laces tack te gua dacaere 85 
Rene NE PMS COLT ATICIEDY.: . <.- Devs ccs. scccceieonsess "500 pakett, Lew; pOeMt by iis.aiiscigeaisljesisinelesiericias nels cb Oe ae tie 30 
Forbush, Edward H., articles by.................... 159; 508 pchenctk,.C. A. /articlesby) sii taasdsise nace xae sinus sa davis 70 
erotinnehans, E. H,, article by...2.....2...scccrecccsees 673 Pesala ae "age aahtelecraisacte Samlat loca oa lcre en caiee 342 
3 ; 2s, Bees ee tee ee 150 mhepard, Wardmarticle by. c-lvisgesccdossaneceoens peewee 

socio Thendusia cate ig . x re 225s Poe oni tice 264 Shufeldt, R. W., drticles by..26; 105; 225; 283; 347; 423; 485 j 
Peer ationias t:, article By aks: .-.. 6s. cece suse eccesce 273 i ; ; 532; 617; 684 
Goodwillie, David L., poem by...............0.ecececeee 186 monderegger, Vill, article Dyin. /.5s sere tedeenndonesae ns 406 
Greeley WE Wotattele-hy.. GEN. .c.......-..:000--s000 49 SPALLOW, WAIEK,, -ALtIClENDY ss ci omaameieaiiiclasinis a oiaicA chev ve 4II 
Guthrie, John D., articles: DYAEE sass 23c00e +s 51; 271; 273; 451 Stephenson, Henry Thew, atticle byiis..ss...0s.00 cree 79 
Haasis, Ferdinand W., article by............-.---..e. 501 tolls In, Albert, articles Dy sicite mi Sterieie(a sivle sive Saree 509; 755 
Harrington, C. L., article [hy oh ee eee 712 eudworth: George By articles by anes. caanicnndred eee ein 300 
Hawes, Austin F. article by SER cee eit ebis'e Pyros ab bau bao 477 Thaw, Alexander Blair, DOCEDY x ccrerotevasorreleleee sierra oa Sieg 94 
Bosmer, Ralph S., article by!...22.........0c0-000% Secale 970 Thomas, C. H., article by. sce et bee tec ett teens Stes + errs 
Hungerford, James Edward, poem by................0-+ 93 The mean, OW Gunian, article Dy iii saciesm old cee ctype I 
Hutchinson, Wallace, article by............--cccececeece 461 vinker,iClifford Albion; article byauesascass<neieree sees 678 
Beoee ie Rear ticle DY... 6. 252) cesses veceavissececeses 366 dntus; Harold tarticle byzvtc, sue. no eLastaeees oes aeet ys 715 
Illick, J. S., articles by......... Pet, 3 12; 145; 355; 546; 586 Doll Roger W.narticle by fea visadaece cas sii aws as tied tee 413 

Penettr VCH. PoeM by. o.s.c.isccacse cps scceiccaceces 231 oun - Mf elie by Bap ehdTeatislecncrstaretsiara Sele Aero sce le 9 
UMMM UVES VACHE DY... oi cscecec cette ch eestneserss 317 Wei “ We Sen re BUCO DO CGE mace io aig hanh Oa ork ed 
Kellogg R. S., article NEE Ribeit =,” iy vie 2 een a 604 eigle, Gs artic CHD Vo Sivcara a abteiciiselaha giauh-tuo: Siegeiane @ etealere MI SG 479 
Kel *¥ Ww . PR eRL en pony eee WihinpleviGs As tarticlatby ser on siniste corned eee ee hee 415 
a — White; John Ry article bY:.cco.is.scsruanisscseverpraces 410 
Stee Fs 02 OA Se Ea ‘ Wilbecs Go Rerattteles bys siviy<cch iihernt pack eae ite ean 20 
gy ee oe Re els sip oie Faint § Avie AS Ga Ec pel oe 408 Wilson, Ellwood, articles by 54; 116; 182; 199; 2523 306; 374; 
ae POM DOCUMENT RVR R esas cect cert cesererertteers 541 : 504; 572; 635; 606 
Lewis, W. B., article os 404 Woolsey,, Jr.; Theodore:S.; article: by..icccssius oan ccs nc 218 
SIR > Siig ALCIO IG oa yy 9b so sca Cos eccivcccuecs 748 ZAmimermat Esch. vartiCle wDyicsmeiioraese mite nia ee cas 559 

GENERAL INDEX 

Africa, Logging Mahogany in Tropical West—Veeder B. Alaskan Pulpwood dor sdlecasssceseedetes te thier cae 62 
Meenas no exer cF4 3 00 Beek d 6 Fedde vakkc leks 131 Alaska’s: Forests, The Fight for: hsccsa cepes ie once oeee ls 201 
Airplane to Locate Alaska’s Lost Lakes................. 569 WIReKais Ponestsr oe Serumiccn re sien ne wee eee 25 
Airplane—“Watch-dog of Canada’s Forest Resources,” Alaska’s Interior Forests—John D. Guthrie.............. 451 
OPP OMREMEDET 65 5055 case vine d.6ccsrccecesct thke. 526 Alaska’s Lost Lakes, Airplane to Locate................. 560 
Airplanes for Forest Work—Ellwood Wilson............ 199 AIDINOMDCED staat asthe cue Net rns os By Be oe 766 
MAE IHICE SHIETONHORE Goo 56. k 07.6.0 0 os 5 pone nc vreacscsnns 128 AlcotroliMade: from: Wood )o0 ssi chascacedecvtscaaapecoee (0) 


57 
Alaska, Shall the Forest Service be Eliminated from..... 37 Almond Tree Blossomed, Why the—Mary Isabel Curtis. . 502 


“A\ 


GENERAL INDEX__Continued 


American Forestry Association, The: 


Amendments: to the By-laws, Proposed............++ 39 
Announcement of Annual Meeting..............00++ 7 
New ParCBtOh 05 oie che 5 5.cd sisibslnns a taseeices.ue mn Sie's 130 
Nominations’ fot? OMCOrssids waa alee ccs s coe eisetien 108 
Anpitial : Meeting: 5.055 saimease ck aGlecnseebine eed een 169 
Financial) Report/fO0) 1920 00.5.5 icc svcks:d ean aicinie tists ere 171 
The Work of thecBorestets..cccccw ease sci Pale baie ge 290 
Newly Elécted Oficers 5 258 2 scs.es cs aestceaccwaes 292 
Committee on Bectionss.cc.45/04 sc sister serainisie ca evyate na ten 502 
Directors ReSigiss «co sacs sai clei sliercioe wise easels 
Nominations for New Offcers............ceseceeee 734 

OM Cer: RES EINE ois scree ioricloars ad ase sraidtrrse id ose a 735 
American Forestry Guides Department—Solan 1. Parkes... 42 

Why the Forestry a cr a ss Rothivies: 2.34506 114 

What Prominent People Say of the Guides.......... 115 

Question Box. sacks doce adeasieeosastenles salen sae aan 115 
American Lumber Supply, The Future of the—A. B. Reck- 

(ih tal MG Se ROL iis otk eau CED Oued bacutac fac ort 
American Tree, The—Marta Scott Conser............... 299 
Annual Meeting of The American Forestry Association... 169 

Announcementsol the yes sso pat theirs scent acsw iets Seater 7 
Antedeluvian Steed (?) An..............05. de reales) eenete 507 
Apples, A Tree with Strange—Mary Isabel Curtis....... 560 
Arbor Day’ Observance’ Pratsed.% 5s sies..30s'0 cl sree eae 308 
Arbor Days, Fifty Years of.......... Pd apteiataceinte cote were 279 
Arboretum for the Nation, A Botanic Garden and—W. k. 

Mattoant haces ec tt bites lease ae ene tie mines peers eee 8 
Association, Georgia: BP OLeStry so vas ois (oeoeia eo Oa cesta ec ay 470 
Association Reports, The Pennsylvania Forestry—F. L. 

SARL GY cats etal ee aces a cheleln omic al cicero Gr aI 78 
Association, The Missouri Forestry..............-..00005 71 
Avalanches in the Pyrenees—Arthur Newton Pack....... 259 
Badgers and Wolverenes—R. W. Shufeldt............... 105 
Barkbeetles Menace Forests. 2.5... cssecscveesewecee ence 765 
BarnjumPrizes Awarded s..c.c5 6025 eeee ce sesh cees 573; 702 
Basswood, 525 Uses Known ford ick do dance tiniaieticconres 762 
Battle-Ground Oak at Guilford Courthouse.............. 2 
Beeches: Chea. (Slick ae ee ca aes fleas aire Sets 546 
Beech “Crees Lowy tieading ens siaste ssc oan ames 64: 
Berry Schools, Farm Forestry. at the......0..0.5scsnacses 672 
“Be 'the Best of Whatever You Are” .....:.000..cs0000bes 524 
Big Buffalo Bull Goes to Uruguay....................0.. 666 
Bi ree? LOW IR UISNa stiyenras ona oe airntatee anemic aoe 585 
Bavctiés, The JS) Wick. on 522 ics Sie ac a oere soto a Gans 355 
Bird Friends of Our Forests, The Woodpeckers :—R. W. 

MIELE N soS creraere Aura eis onia cata Taste oo ene dt oe 684 
Bird Guardians of the Trees—Edward H. Forbush...... 150 
Birds and Flowers of Early Summer—R. W. Shufeldt.... 283 
Bit of Old Wisconsin, A—Asa K. Owen................. 721 
Binck Porest..43 Wearst Apo. in thes. s fascias on cne ocas 198 
Blight, Trees to Take the Place of Those Destroyed by— 

RET a ROMA ee reileeke oo Ohler ae ee 500 
Blister Rust Appears in the Puget Sound Region—S. B. 

Detwiler 25.5 otceasos wind ee aac lantaweabe osu 07 
Blister Rust Found in Pennsylvania..................... 57 
Blister Rust in British Columbia.....................00 12 
Bogalusa, The Forestry Committee at—Austin Cary..... 44 
Book Reviews: 

Down the ee mrapkes Ae bag awk Pi ahightaints 60 

Forest Mensuration—By H. H. Gig ei ote Wants oa 60 

A’ Text-book of Wood—By Herbert Stone...... rae MOG: 

Pahsades Interstate. Park #4 :006 0 uae. aormeneeoce 60 

The Drama of the Forests—By Arthur Heming...... 121 


City Homes on Country Lanes—By Wm. E. Smythe.. 121 
Handbook of Field and Office Problems in Forest 


Mensuration—Winkenwerder and Clark......... 308 
Studies of Trees in Winter—By Annie Oakes Hunt- 

INRLON cen we rete ais VOTO coat outs 308 
Interesting Neighbors—By. O. P. Jenkins............ 308 


American Forest Regulation—By T. S. Woolsey, Jr.. 308 
Birds of Field, Forest, and Park—By A. F. Gilmore.. 308 


Agricultural Conference Report...............0.0005 308 
Watched by Wild Animals—By Enos A. Mills....... 308 
The Valuation of American Timberland—By K. W. 
WiGod ward's a<4 tic ietere cats Sea een ae te 308 
The Cowboy—By Philip Ashton Rollins............. 308 
Timber—By Harold itis occ. ss eee tee 444 
Government Forest Work........................... 444 
che ores y Robert TT; Morse eee treet sts 507 


2 ah les recepw es Aiete Mwiny 8 (e.8 6ra, OLB a8 Bele. daria ah ates "507 
Trudy and Timothy and the Trees—By B. C. Porter 507 


Shade and Ornamental Trees of California—By M. B. 


Pratt ....5.i.%0 nese te ites cahiviiea naee ea ei 507 
The Decay of Ties—By C. J. Humphrey............. 507 
Field Manual of Trees—By John H. Schaffner....... 760 
Lumber—Its Manufacture and Distribution—By R. C. 

Bryant <j sia. seavies pao alae ten ea eee eeeamena 766 


Trees of New York State, Native and Naturalized... 766 
Impressions of European Forestry—By R. S. Hosmer 766 
Botanic Garden and Arboretum for the Nation—W. R. 


Mattoon. csc xii8 vine veo Woe ercsts eaistaa eaccou see 8 
Botanic Garden, Trees and Flowers in the United States— 
Ry Wo -Shuafeldt:;.-....ch.0 pee edeas encase ana ng oe emeard 225 
Soy Scouts Adoptia Tree... . semacstsavcicng ins tia ovis acts nremtd 164 
Bey Scouts and Their Friends, the Trees—E. S. Martin.. 118 
Boys Plant the Burroughs’ Forest—T. R. Hutton........ 366 
Boys’ Reforestation Clubs—V. H. Sonderegger........... 490 
3road-Leaved Evergreen Shrubs for the South—F. L. 
Milford) 5. seis stoic 65-5 bere ns 5 kena wed ob gee ero nar OO 
Brown Decorated, Nelson i0c36...55.6s00's ois Saisie om eee 576 
Burroughs’ Forest, Boys Plant the—T. R. Hutton........ 306 
Business, Forestry as a—George H. Rhodes.............. 515 
Business Sees ‘Timber Shortage... ........2.54,040.200n. owe 
Butler, The Association’s New Forester, Ovid M......... 130 
By-laws, Proposed Amendments to the................0. 39 
. Cabinward—Cabins of Necessity—R. S. Walker......... 557 
California, Palm Canyon—A, E. Demaray......... ...0s90 554 
California’s. Bire (Bill, ...:c5 cence ER hae 191 
California’s New State Forester... ....... 2.008 _ WSRSere 124 
California, Summer ig Lyle. «.5.5-Saebowesinne 459 
Call of the North Woods, The Fire—W. T. Cox......... 708 
Call of the White Pines, The—Eleanor F. Fullerton 
Camp Fire Permits Required... ...4\.....sa0veueduaee 
Camper, The Welcome—Susan S. Alburtis 
Camps in State Forests. ....2...:.5002002+550 05 eres 
Canada’s Forest Resources,” The Airplane— ‘Watchiog 
of—Stuart MOI. .....655 sce Hise oise v0.9 aie Se 
Canadian Department—E]llwood Wilson 54; 116; 182; 252; 306; 
~ 3743 504; 5723 635; 606 
Carelessness, The Tragedy of—Orvialle Leonard, et ete Sy 
Chair Made from Charter Oak............ copied bia ae hele 768 
Charter Oak, Chair Made from........ bead wes see ae 768 
Chelan, With the Graphlex in—C. J. Blanchard.......... 175 
Cherokees, The Land of the—Ovid M. Butler............ 542 
Chinquapin, A New—George B. Sudworth............... 300 
Christmas Tree Plantations ...6.5 66053,00c 055, De 753 
Christmas Trees by Topping, Harvesting—C. R. Anderson 731 
Clubs, A Federation of Outdoor—Arthur H. Carhart.... 89 
Clubs, Boys’ Reforestation—V. H. Sonderegger.......... 406 
Coffee: Tree: Kentucky cc c1c e dieceis slaia aco awe eee 430 — 
Committee at Bogalusa, The Forestry—Austin Cary...... 44 
Committee on Elections, Theé....c..25.. 00902. Sosa eaen 
Connecticut, Forestry in—Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr...... 218 
Consefvation Conncils As since. sas oss a3 nates SER eee 
Conservation, Simple Forest—Albert V. S. Pulling....... 211 
Corvus, the Crow—E.. H. Forbush. oi< 5025 4254 thwsetieloas 508 
Council, Ay Conservation o:)2< i sac cunto eran deere creas 


Crater Lake, A “Little Sister” to... nal Saphteaye ee: 640 
Crater Lake National Park—Adex: Sparrow......... Pare ts 
Creation of the Kas ational Forests—W. W. Ashe.. 520 


Coane Ruin Your Trees, Do Not Let the—Samuel 


Newman: Baxter iiigigccteics cc ceataeseauins setter ee 232 
Currants, yestroy, Blackon sacs ns aee peawas ene cee oak Meme 75 
“Cut Clean and Keep Out Fire”’—R. S. Kellogg.......... Pa 
Cutter* Pioneer: Grove, The) «ss has cc anuite a cissa.at oc 
Cypress Board, Nature Painted this Scene on a.......... 499 
Dead, Dr. Joseph: T. ‘Rothpock. «.4 06.6 seve cuiecns. cob Boen 414 
Decorated; (Nelson: Browns fcc. os:c vsss vaccdacs wniocanen nee 576 
Deer: Albina aia fe 4 yah os sieoratie cele ee eaee aicie de 
Defend Themselves, How Skunks—R. W. Shufeldt...... 26 
Deforestation and Erosion—S. W. McCallie.............. 304 


SSN) : 575 
Digest, Forestry Editorial. .52; 246; 302; 368; 373; 438; 564; 
626 


DitectorsuReSuniie sacha cio walsh oat a Reena ete 608 
Disappearance of-Our Hardwoods...............eec0ces 563 
Doctor, Song of the Tree ....¢ M2 seac eters cel awciws ktawen 506 
Do Not Let the Curbsetter Ruin wae ‘Trees—Samuel 
Newman: Baxtets jinn diccuinanccase teas eck se ee 232 
Double Pines; The—Cy Sii Martins .< : oifebu noe sane 125 
Douglas Fir Trees, Bie Vighed OKA CORE aa Yale Ue eee ae 224 
Doves, Wild Pigeons and—R. W. Shufeldt.............. 617 
Dragoon,. The Red—Lew: Sarett..0...000.0.-s:n ee eee 30 


Drill at Work, New Electric 


GENERAL INDEX_ Continued 


nice Rronored, Dr. Henry'S.. ob. 2 Sci de ck. cae. 460 
Early Uses of the Yaupon, The—C. D. Mell............. 531 
Eastern National Forests.................... 7 ede or 378 
Eastern National Forests, The Creation of the—W. W. 
NEP Lend, cs Beste BEA g eae, Sioa Gad Sian lo, 445g: mpacscsia soles 521 


Editorial Department: te 
Shall the Forest Service be Eliminated from Alaska.. 37 


Newspapers Encourage Forestry.......-............ 38 
Opposition to Transfer of National Forests.......... 165 
Operation of the Weeks’ Law Threatened........... 165 
ProrenwWrote and Less Talks. 2. on.8 oe caineess asace eee 166 
Will Business Men Heed the Forest Situation?...... 167 
Secretary Fall Appeals for Help.................... 207 


ecretary Fall Did Not Make.... 207 
y for Northern “Cut-Overs”... 208 


Some Explanations 
Need of a Land Po 


New York’s Depleted Forest Wealth................ 200 
The “Father of Pennsylvania Forestry” Retires...... 210 
Help Save the Giant Sequoias.....................5. 210 
Brame National HOrest6 op ca dcly cues oe andbedescccsce 276 
MRUMPSUT GA ERAR DRE SIR eect Poo. ck ete cetacs veces 277 
Tennessee Makes Forestry Education Compulsory... 278 
Forestry and the Redwoods........................ 278 
Lumbermen Turning to Forestry.................... 339 
PNve MMust Pave Borests’ clo... ccc de de as ae oad 330 
The Central States Forestry League................. 340 - 
Speak a Word for Forest Experiment Stations...... 397 
Federal Taxation of Forest Products............... 307 
Gifford Pinchot, Forester-Governor................. 308 
Forward Steps in Federal Forestry Legislation...... 474 
Forest Depletion in Georgia. oc... 0.60.00. 2.0. eee ee 474 
The Retirement of Alfred Gaskill................... 475 
Sub-Committee on Forestry............0.00.0e0ee eee 476 
MMMMPROCU CLATINDET Sc oe ci oi Sea ae Tp vedas ss eos 529 
The Red Dragon of New Jersey's Forests........... 530 
amessage from the Press..... 0.000.020... 000c0c0ces 606 
Reforestation in the Minnesota National Forest a 
DEE SCARS wos soe Sinisa oleic Geo a de Feed oe kas 606 
The Move to Standardize Lumber................... 607 
National Forests and Surplus Military Reservations 608 
A Notable Report on Forest Taxation............... 667 
The Railroads and the National Forests............ 668 
The Dawn of the Appalachians..................... 668 
Protecting the Outdoors...................... eon eat 740 
Where Education is Needed....................005. 747 
RE COMMON RCM: 2.05.5 osc elec cle csccaecccecs 748 
mascnigad s Land Sutvey. ta. ci... sce dssecsecoes. 748 
Editorials on the Gifts of Seed to Europe............... 373 
Elections, The Committee on..........0..00.eccecceececs 592 
dectrie Drill at: Work, New....05 000.00. cccccecccecceee 
ELL CMESS Beever 566 
End of the Stage Coach Days—Earl H. Emmons........ 275 
Enemies of Trees and Plants, Parasitic—R. W. Shufeldt.. 484 
England’s Forestry Problem—J. Joyce Broderick........ 341 
Erosion, Deforestation and—S. W. McCallie............, 304 
Evergreen Shrubs for the South, Broad-Leaved—F. L,. 
(UTA Se yi 99 
Exploring the Garden—R. W. Shufeldt.................. 423 
Eyes of the Forest, The—Wallace Hutchinson........... 461 
Famine Country, West Persia—The Wood—Edward C. M. 
MAR OD SE Ty cee diet tA ca oN cae oc be Shes? Kies ccs.s 579 


The Battle-Ground Oak at Guilford Courthouse, North 


MUROMMERE 2 42 5 0's 3 a2. eee slntth ea ok ots chon dics 2 

The Russo-American Oak, Washington, D. C........ 30 
The Treaty Oak, Washington, D. C................. 66 
The New Garden Oak at New Garden, N. C........ 322 
Twin Copper Beeches in Georgetown Convent Grounds 450 
Jefferson Pecan in Georgetown Convent Grounds.... 495 
The Old Red Oak at Lloyd's Neck, N. Y............ 514 
Waverly Oak, Massachusetts........................ 551 
Washington Willow, Constantine, Mich............. 552 
Battle-Ground Oak, Guilford Courthouse, N. C...... 552 
Parent Navel Orange Tree, Riverside, Cal........... 553 
Old Walnut at Salem, Oregon....................... 553 
mbe Hawaiian Algarobas.. oiccss.cecccceccecs cc... 578 
Faxon White Pine Plantation........................... 432 
Wederal Funds Aid States.......0.c0000cccccecces.e, 637; 702 
Federation of Outdoor Clubs, A—Arthur H. Carhart... 89 
Felling as a Sport, Tree—W. Gilman Thompson......... 661 
Fernow Hall—Ralph S. Hosmer........................ 670 
Mapey Weare of Arhor Days..........06-00c.00050-0000.. 279 
Fight for Alaska’s Forests, The......................... 201 
Fight for Forests, Michigan’s—P. S. LOVEJOY... io 5 casas 49 


aie 

— 
Pintand’sP orestss ag ceo enn a. Fos eulnis oo ssa a oncmaatiie cuter 186 
Fire Call of the North Woods, The—W. T. Cox......... 708 
Fire,” “Cut Clean and Keep Out—R. S. Kellogg......... 604 
Pore Hazard; North: Fdahiors ss sasias.ctsacanteiwede Retwewiecales 440 
Bire Menace) “Phe; Sériotis. canusancditcs Mike ae none e ans 570 
Fire Protection in Georgia, Forest—J. G. Peters......... 450 
ive ‘Resistant. Making “Woods 0 44 cccuics fs sos ss eect stay 768 
Fires, Lightning Causes Many Forest...............00005 440 
Brres NEw LOB Sis a5 5 sunita een us See ere oes ha aes 50 
Fires on the National Forests—W. B. Greeley........... 49 
Flowers, From Wild to Garden—R. W. Shufeldt......... 347 


Flowers in the United States Botanic Garden, Trees and— 
; EW CS DULOlts oon te cah sens as deapitk ween dee 225 
Flowers of Early Summer, Birds and—R. W. Shufeldt.. 283 
Flowers, Our Vanishing Wild Flowers—Winthrop Pack- 


rh at pane OA tincierer ety «eae ES ied tae) Rare We RS i 293 
Ford’s Forest, Henry—Ovid M. Butler.................. 725 
Forest Conservation, Simple—Albert V. S. Pulling...... 211 
Forest Fire Fighting Company..............ss00s0cccsee. 700 
Forest Fire Protection in Georgia—J. G. Peters.......... 456 
Forest, Henry Ford’s—Ovid M. Butler.................. 725 
Forest Insects in the Northeast—H. B. Peirson.......... 628 
“Forest of States,” The—L, G. McDowell..........6..2... 421 
Forest Policy Assures Greatest Timber Growth.......... 48 
Borest PolicyaReportncruccha att ee Joe ae 
Forest Possibilities of Northern Minnesota—T. Schantz 

I ANSER A Atte he coe ter a aes en Soe ee ae osteo 742 
Forest Problems of Georgia’s Hardwood Region—E. H. 

Prothinghara sc .coc esas cash atest slot secladele Pane heats 673 
Forest Products, Novel Trees and—S. J. Record......... 235 
Forest Protection Parade—W. G. Weigle................ 479 
Forest Taxation...... Sonat iat ieee a Mee ne 55 
Forest, The Eyes of the—Wallace Hutchinson........... 461 
borest, whe. Betritied Ste inhles cots ie) ee are 38 


tins GMAW ese yh oe eae ees eee ace Sn ee ne Ce 477 
Forester, “The-Association’s Ne€Ws scccesoc sane oneccuorne 130 

SURES WiOLKNO Este: enon shen sacs oe ig ake 290 
Foresters in Minnesota, State—Ovid M. Butler.......... 503 
Boresters. 2Needed! “More s).r.duhax icone aieiiee ee 310 
Forester’s Views, A German—Dr. C. A. Schenck......... 
Forestry Among the Giants—Woodbridge Metcalf....... 643 
Forestry as a Business—George H. Rhodes.............. 515 
Forestry Awakening in Washington—John D, Guthrie.... 51 
Forestry Bill Hearings, Snell... oso s4 ee cceas nccncces 76 
Forestry Committee at Bogalusa, The—Austin Cary...... 44 
Forestry Editorial Digest..52; 246; 302; 368; 373; 438; 564; 
Forestry Idea, Spreading the—Philip W. Ayres.......... 624 
Forestry in Connecticut—Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr....... 218 


Ahead—How to Put—C. L. Harrington............. 12 
Forestry Means to Southern Commerce,What—Ovid M. 

SUTICE ES es ares cea en ae neat ere aE Ee 433 
Forestry Meeting in South Carolina..................... 605 
Forestry Problem, England’s—J. Joyce Broderick........ 341 
Forests, Alaska’s Interior—John D. Guthrie............. 451 
Forests, (Barkbeetles;"Menace 2. .as425 son uate oe 705 
Forests, Michigan’s Fight for—P. S. ReOVOOV ken ceca ad 748 
Forests, Sherlock Holmes of the—G,. H. DRC V tetas ated 72 
Forests; (The Hight tor Alaska's... .20 44050) 3th es ok, 201 
Boresta: (ro,-Use. Alaskars: tencgca cee ce need fae 25 
Horests;: Lown—J... Wi. POUMEeY 1:25 cscs ence eee ee ee 06 
Fourth Southern Forestry Congress..................... 122 
France and Great Britain, Tree Seeds for................ 291 
Brance, Vankeetl reestinicn inact ctvace Gai ee ne 416 
Franklin B. Hough—A Tribute......50..ciccce.e0cces. 431 


NAGEL are gsc bly ries We Oe EN a an ee ee 61 
Game Management, Growth of Sound Ideas in—Ward 

Shepard hears arate: Sh cee aL ee 613 
Garden, Exploring the—R. W. Shufeldt................. 423 
Garden Flowers, From Wild to—R. W. Shufeldt......... 347 
Garden Lore—Clifford Albion Tinker................... 678 
GarnotervAAWoodlandinac. 1a: western eine Mace. 634 
Georgetown Convent, Famous Trees at.................. 495 
Georgia, Forest Fire Protection in—J. G. Peters......... 456 
Georgia Morestry eA ssociationace;.ain same Reese 476 
Georgia’s Hardwood Region, Forest Problems of—E. H. 

Hrothinghatticnwr sarin cade en ee 673 
German Forester's Views, A—Dr. C. A. Schenck,........ 70 


Gettysburg Trees—Allies of the Union.................. 422 


GENERAL INDEX_Continued 


Ghost Forest, The—Yvonne Jarrett..............eeeeee- 231 
Giant Cli Pale cctv ccharss capaho ke san tent aksaeG mncaine 566 
Giant: Pree Centunes: Olds) cn ers cesar cineset asses 637 
Giants, Forestry Among the—Woodbridge Metcalf....... 643 
Gifford Pinchot on:thesonell! Bill. coc), once sci ener vaees 244 
Glacier National Park—J. R. Eakin................00005 407 
Governor, Pennsylvania Selects Forester for............. 758 
Governors of the Lake States Say of the Forestry Situa- 
tion There) “What: the ofa) sistance. aia 'sara,s sraig/sscoslalato'aase 730 
Grafts, Twin Trees and—E. F. Andrews................- 
Grand Canyon National Park—W. W. Crosby........... 405 
Graphlex in Chelan, With the—C. J. Blanchard.......... 175 
Grass: Tree; The cao ceca s ran en aa Wicioowee wee pee ae Ape eee DTS 
Graves’ on: the: Snell Bill, Colonel)... ..045.2s0c¢04 00505 179 
Graves Returns to Yale Forest School.................. 172 
Great Britain, Tree Seeds for France and................ 291 
Green Inn, The—Thedosia Garrison. ...365...0c000ceeeees 264 
Green Tree Fraternity, To the—Arthur H. Carhart....... 262 
Growth Ao Pecilian. aires ons oak ee mee nce taeda ree 512 
Growth, Forest Policy Assures Greatest Timber......... 48 
Growth of Sound Ideas in Game Management—Ward 
Shepard)s saci novscwsdnler. poops pices <aelan weet als 613 
Guardians of the Trees, Bird—E. H. Forbush............ 159 
Guides; ‘American Porestiyis fi veewmaccnelewrerce sieves 42; 114 
Guides, Why the Forestry—Filibert Roth................ 114 
Hall, Fernow—Ralph S. Hositter. .:.2 .c.0a.c3 005600608 one 670 


“Hall of Fame” for Trees: 
Battle-Ground Oak at Guilford Courthouse, North 


Gar Olitta sailor goa 8 anleis O8 srete ee ceine Sateisre eoctrreaoale 2 
The Russo-American Oak, Washington, D. C......... 30 
The) Treaty, Oak; Washington, Di Co. cic ctcsetsane 66 
The New Garden Oak, at New Garden, N. C......... 22 


Twin Copper Beeches in Georgetown Convent Grounds 450 
Jefferson Pecan in Georgetown Convent Grounds.... 495 


The Old Red Oak at Lloyd’s Neck, N. Y............ 514 
Waverly: Oak, Massachtsetts:, 1.5.32 oc. 070000 re 551 
Washington Willow, Constantine, Mich............. 552 
Battle-Ground Oak, Guilford Courthouse, N. C...... 552 
Parent Navel Orange Tree, Riverside, Cal........... 553 
Old: Walnut: at-Salem, ‘Oregoné i305.5.2:24 003 a.00s044 553 
Lhe tlawatians Aigarobass vo ctajistoeation tals econ sie Gee 3 578 
Hardwood Region, Forest Problems of Georgia’s—E. H. 
Brothinghamioss.: Asus iesosaaes saigiace tiem Sis tandie a cro 673 
Hardwoods, Disappearance of Our 5 S.56, as teeerssem cece 503 
Harvesting Christmas Trees by Topping—C. R. Anderson 731 
HawthoriesBloomy- WHEN G ar. cosas ica talnseleeaa «cinco 386 
Hearings: .onelitborestcy Bill nodes ccasa ee aces nies rouse 76 
Henry Ford’s Forest—Ovid M. Butler.................. 724 
Her Tree—Roselle Mercier Montgomery................ 231 
Hickorysin Demands, sa)n5 seo ites Sor ae ohinn Some et 185 
Holmes of the Forest, Sherlock—G. H. Dacy............ 72 
Honor Roll Memorial Trees, National............... 372; 508 
Hot. Lip, AL Johint ews swnacyiee ae samnoas es meade nes 541 
Hough—Av Prubutes (Prankliny. Bt. ots trate. bo cin bee oa 431 
HOUSE! CUETO SAVE Nds ELGG IA Sass srrtis foeioal: Hema eens 459 
How: Bigsisa-Big ree tie cite estan cane ls soe cen ae 585 
How Skunks Defend Themselves—R. W. Shufeldt....... 26 
Idaho School of Forestry Starts Prospercus Year........ 762 
idaho si Pine Hazard) North. vin sacen sg ost be miseewes 440 
[ilinois; (Forest ‘Survey. anisss: soto selasee ogee se eeee see 447 
Illinois, Mining and Forestry in........... eer Terre 119 
Importing Wood for Newsprint................0ce0cees 45 
Industrial Community at Forestdale, Vermont, An—Aus- 
Ling MacblaWesee. uncheck hn a: 477 
Industry—An Epic of the Great American Forest, The 
F Passing of an—E. G. Cheyney.................005 ate 325 
Insect Depredation, Larch in Maine Threatened by—H. B. 
RGirsonisssmocos eco aero ae Moot ele eee eee 666 
Insects in the Northeast, Forest—H. B. Peirson.......... 628 
Instruments, Wood for Professional and Scientitic—Hu 
MAK Welle couch acronis cies e ERT eee aaaee 151 
Interior Forests, Alaska’s—John D. Guthrie.............. 451 
International Friendship, Seeds of—Arthur Newton Pack 3 
Inthe “Black Porest. 43° Years Agonsss iackchncs bocneons 198 
In the Giant Forest of the Sierras—Alexander Blair Thaw 94 
Juniper Lies Prostrate....vasce ese eee ene, tee II 
Kelseyaiess Mp Gealisccuye atone ametre eso iu eee cen II 
Nentuckys Cofleee Trees sicistag eee eee 430 
Kiln2Drytng: Donglasi bition s2cncccose ee ione ieee 640 
IGE Sten cHID Stat errors oan ne eee oe hoy MTR nee oA 623 
Kudzu Vine and Other Climbers, The—R. W. Shufeldt.. 532 
Lafayette National Park—George B. Dorr............... 401 
Lake States Say of the Forestry Situation There, What 
thes Governors, of, thecan: tassconc teen vere eet 730 
Land of the Cherokees, The—Ovid M. Butler............ 542 


Landscape Value of Trees, The—F. W. Kelsey. St SO 47 


Larch in Maine Threatened by Insect Depredation—H. B. 
PeirsOM o.s2% s o's 05-25-0108 2 syle < 8 eRe ace e Rate tase be 666 
Latin Names, Why Scientists Use... .......dsseceecseces 683 
Laudable Tree Planting, AG i43s6.002siac taseevesedee vena 112 
Laws, Summarizes Forestry... .....:..+; 0 1pubiewmitee kes 762 
Lectures, Forestry occ s.6 catches ove. 90 oa,3. 9.00 oe pee eee 128 
Lehman Caves National Monument............ Pin anesy 190 
Lightning Causes Many Forest Fires..............2-se0 440 
“Little Sister” to Crater Lake, Ai sscaceas cane noes pxecote 640 
Logging Company, A Seven Hundred Year—Arthur New- 
ton Paces casi. sasccsais:zrastaid ta eaters aesalaieidle gece aia _ 195 
Logging Mahogany in Tropical West Africa—Veeder 
Bertrani-Paine » sisccsaera tan canoce Maem bios eared nein 131 
Lone Tree of 1849—H. E. Zimmerman...............00 550 
Longleaf Pine—A Profitable Crop..............22e0000% 760 
Lore, Garden—Clifford Albion Tinker................... 678 
Louisiana’s Summer Forest School..........-+--eeeees0% 512 
Loyal Service, A Tribute :to. . 6 .0s%c0 ca.0 sare ee 
Lumber Supply, The Future of the American—A. B. Reck- 
NAGE isch aie ocd ae anne aca caah sonst acces tee os,90s NOME 
Lumbermen Endorse Forest Policy...........0e0se0eee8 63 
Magic Cup, The—Arthur Newton Pack.................. 142 
Magic, Woodland—James Edward Hungerford.......... 93 
Mahogany, Distinguishing Characteristics of............. 
Mahogany, How to Know Trues.c2.s- 2k csiesgaren cee 
Mahogany in Tropical. West Africa, Logging—Veeder B. 
Paine . 00k oitsse'o vise eating Seo od KAN VeRO Re ee 131 
Mahogany Planting, Practicalics s..ccse0s cucdee eee 561. 
Maine Forestry Association Meeting.................005 128 
Maine Threatened by Insect Depredation, Larch in—H. B. 
Peinsoni. 5 sacics cite ote tls b.2 o bte%@ a 3 clawiers sreite Siar et 665 
Making a Wooden’ Pipe.........45 .c0c0.05 aes es cae 354 
Making Wood Fire Resistant..........0:.00+ssuedne pene 768 
Maples, The—J..'S. lick. 6066 ésdacsntea cc dalce oR 12 
Match Making........... RS OO E TRE yhoo 178 


Matches, The Story of Two. si. f..46 biases aad een 
Meeting of The American Forestry Association, Annual.. 169 


Memorial Day—The Nation’s Tree Day...............-. 419 
Memorial; ‘The Rothrock: ..s..2. 3 ..0.0..nnsesnas de ee 719 
Memorial Tree, The—Marta Scott Conser............... 420 
Memorial Trees, National Honor Roll..... st Waa eed 372; 508 
Mesa Verde National Park—Jesse L. Nusbaum.......... 

Michigan, Reindeer in—Albert Stoll, Jr..............00- 755 
Michigan’s Fight for Forests—P. S. Lovejoy............. 749 


Mines; Dumber forthe sc. 0. 5.5sse crest boule ell eee 


Minimum Requirements in Recreation—Arthur H. Carhart 31 
Mining and Forestry in Illinois................0.0eeee0s 


Minnesota, Forest Possibilities of Northern—T. Schantz 


FRANSENG soi cois.c a0 34 ¢ ob oacxiba ame svaeie tie eels Oe 742 
Minnesota, State Foresters in—Ovid M. Butler........... 503 
Minor Products of the Mountains—Anna Ross........... 436 
Mississippi Begins, The Forest Where the—D, Lange... .. 738 
Missouri Forestry Association, The; .....:scaceceaneo 71 
Moonlight Trail, The—David L. Goodwillie.............. 186 
Mount Rainier National Park—W. H. Peters............ 412 


Nation, A Botanic Garden and Arboretum for the—W. R. 


IMiattoony nbc cab ses-cisale a cele esiaueina Rees earns tee 8 
National Forests, Fires on the—W. B. Greeley......... ie 49 
National Forests, The Creation of the Eastern—W. W. 

SUC Rs rare tau ee Meroe eet oslbts.a's ee ca 521 
National Park Service for 10921... ..22%<2ewiikSocekee ck. 64 
National, Parks, Your—A. E. Demaray...............0005 308 


Natural Grafts, Twin Trees and—E, F. Andrews 
Natural History Department—R. W. Shufeldt: 


How Skunks Defend Themselves................. actin 
Badgers and Wolverenes............. vemos Glee Sete 105 
Trees and Flowers in the United States Botanic Gar- 
detrei hat can eet eR eEN ed He SU Re + 225 
sirds and Flowers of Early Summer................ 283 
From Wild to Garden Flowers... .......¢sccecsetun 347 
Exploring: the \Garden’..ica 200 h8s.ccserhs vee 423 
Parasitic Enemies of Trees and Plants............... 485 
The Kudzu Vine and Other Climbers................ 532 
WialdiPigeons sand Woveson.. <5...) ceed eee cee one 617 


Woodpeckers: Bird Friends of Our Forests......... 
REN eee The Foundation for Forestry in—C. P. Wil- 
er 


aide sls Seas Wis ed salele tess a bibialecs IME EA Se Chee Racine eee 20 
New Jersey's New. Foresters i oiias< Seadothe dis ae seed en 623 
Newsprint, Importing Wood for............scccceecese + 4& 
New York Forestry Students Plant Trees............... 603 
New. Work's: Forest ‘Mires: bs 35.0s.casas tooo beastie eee 50 
Nominations for Association Officers............00. 168; 734 
Nominations, Submit ‘Your\...c.s5iss. os tacuesacte core 502 


“Northern Minnesota, Forest Possibilities of—T. Schantz 


BO EAANSEN oo nie wesw te cee eee eee reece eee es 742 
North Woods, The Fire Call of the—W. T. Cox......... 708 
Novel Trees and Forest Products—S. J. Record..... 235; 481 
Oak, Battle-Ground..........0.:.eceee sees eee e teen eee 2 
“Oak, Chair Made from Charter.........-.-..2.ee esse ees 768 
Oak, The Russo-American........-.662++ sees tere ener ee 30 
Se Oaks, The White—J. S. Illick..............seseeeeee eens 586 
Officers, Nominations for Association...........--.+++++ 734 
Officers, Our Newly Elected........-----.0e sees eee eee es 292 
Officers Resign; Association.........5....2:eceeseeeeeee 735 
_ Olive Tree, The Gift of the—Mary Isabel Curtis......... 365 
- Our Fire Problem; 1922..........- MERE GER ae 468 
_ Our Vanishing Timber Supply.......-----.0- eee eee eee 08 
~ Our Vanishing Wild Flowers—Winthrop Packard....... 203 
Outdoors, The Road to Wisconsin’s Greater—Henry C. 
~ Campbell ...... 2.1.2 eee eee tenet cnet ence eeeee 732 
Palm Canyon, California—A. E. Demaray............... 554 
Palm, The Royal—Hollister Sage.......--...+--+200+e++s 85 
_ Parade, Forest Protection—G. Weigle...........---...-- 479 
Parasitic Enemies of Trees and Plants—R. W. Shufeldt.. 484 
SePark Tourist Season... .........cscecee cece eee secreeeee 383 
Parks, Your National—A. E. Demaray..............-.-- 399 


‘Passing of an Industry—An Epic of the Great American 


Pianting, Practical Mahogany. .....25.-.c0s.cccecseccees 561 
Plants, Parasitic Enemies of Trees and—R. W. Shufeldt.. 484 
Pleasant Things Taken from Letters to the Editor...55; 118; 


> 187; 254; 510; 574 
« Policy Assures Greatest Timber Growth, Forest 48 


Policy, Lumbermen Endorse Forest.................0005 63 
Possibilities of Northern Minnesota, Forest—T. Schantz 

NTIS Sof dc ba acres Pde Med Rei ie wsisie dda, oieieeavers 742 

Potatoes, Pine Roots and—-Arthur Newton Pack......... 172 

Practical Mahogany Planting.................ccceeeeeees 561 

Predatory Animals Killed, Many............c0c0cccee00: 243 

ECS TE CGO) SO) 573; 702 

Producing the Recreation Commodity—Arthur H. Carhart 219 

Products, Novel Trees and Forest—S. J. Record..... 235; 481 

DECADE CROPAD etme. so bic icovrcsacdccneevaceses 46 

. Proposed Memorial Tablet to Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock 654 

Protection in Georgia, Forest Fire—J. G. Peters......... 456 

MMEMENOS ARTUDS 5 355 acetic s des aieadeds ves sccsocerees ss 316 

Publicity in State Forestry Work—Henry C. Campbell... 603 
Puget Sound Region, Blister Rust Appears in the—S. B. 

EAT SSE Pa a 97 

ulpwood Forests, 14,000 Fires in...............00cee0es 12 

Z eanwood is} Pennsylvatiia..........0.c00scccsessesecees 443 
_ Pyrenees, Fighting Avalanches in the—Arthur Newton 

% as SR ea 250 

_ Ranger, The Forest—Stanley Foss Bartlett.............. 242 

_ Rattle Snakes—Will C. Barnes..........0.....0eeeeee ees 387 


, 


), Forest, The—E. G. Cheyney...........02:.eeeeeees A230 
“Peace Time Uses of Sitka Spruce........--.....+0.0-+5- 503 
Pennsylvania Forestry Association Reports, The—F. L. 
EROS 25 Sal toa ence leeigns a wale gin RECs eric ane deems reese 78 
"Pennsylvania National Forest..............+0e-seeeeeees 62 
Pennsylvania Selects Forester for Governor...........-. 758 
Pennsylyania Trees, Demand for...........-..-.+eeee ee: 764 
Pennsylvania's New Forester.........c.0c.eceeeeceeeees 342 
-Pennsylvania’s New National Forest.............+.-+-++ 511 
Perpetual Timber Supply for Lumbermen................ 609 
-Persia—The Wood Famine Country, West—Edward C. M. 
NaS MAM SEW, a ye BG Caceres obcta + Bisln 3.6 Fisiaie 4 eS oe i 5 579 
METER CE EDO 5 soe sp cicc s6 op Reese sec kives joecass 38 
Picture That Walked, The—Harold Titus............... 715 
_ Pigeons and Doves, Wild—R. W. Shufeldt............... 617 
Pinchot on Stopping Forest Fires.............22.022000 61 
Pinchot on the Snell Bill, Gifford................0e ce eeee 244 
Pine Blister Rust-in British Columbia................... 125 
Pine Plantation, The Faxon White............-.....064- 432 
Pine Roots and Potatoes—Arthur Newton Pack.......... 173 
Pine Strong as Douglas Fir, Southern................... 570 
IMECHE MICOUAUT «Go dee ccs be exces eee cae bee ewasien 342 
Pines, The Call of the White—Eleanor F. Fullerton...... 150 
mee. The Double—C. S. Martin...65.....0.000c-eceeeee 12 
mumpioneer Grove, The Cutter............-c0ccsececeeeeeees 480 
|» Pioneer in Forestry Dies............--0seeeeeecceeeeeees II 
Summnape, Making 2 Wooden... .....0....ccccereescectereres 354 
i _ Pitch Pine, A Word for the—J. M. G. Emory............ 500 
» Plant Me a Tree—Mary Alicia Owen.................06% 418 
See rlantations, Christmas Tree...........--...0seeeeeeee ees 753 
Plantation, The Faxon White Pine.................-000- 432 
EEA SE ANAC SL EEC. 2 5 sisi sss cascode secccscecrsede 112 
Planting of Trees, The—Albert Stoll, Jr................. 509 


GENERAL INDEX_Continued 


Pr ne 

Recreation Department: Arthur H. Carhart 
Minimum Requirements in Recreation............+65 31 
A Federation of Outdoor Clubs..........-..eeeeeeee 89 
Producing the Recreation Commodity.........-.+.+4+ 219 
To the Green Tree Fraternity............... eat tr 263 


Curious Glaciers and Craggy Peaks—D. K. Swan.... 264 . 
By Auto, Rail, Horse, Foot or Canoe—H. N. Wheeler 266 


Sunshine Playland—Joseph C. Kircher..........+.-+- 2608 
Grand Teton to Grand Canyon—Jas. E, Scott........ 260 
The Call of California’s Forests—L. A. Barrett...... 270 
Caves, Crags and Trails—J. D. Guthrie.............. 271 
From Maine to Florida—Thos. H. Gill............... 273 
Alaska—The Alluring—John D, Guthrie............. 273 
‘The Fool andthe Demonscsaiesea, 10 caaiel ce sults scureyoiens 469 
Answering the Call—John McLaren...............- 471 
The Ranger Tells the Judge a Few—E. P. Ancona.... 472 
Red Dragoon, The—Lew Sarett..........eceseeceeeeeees 30 
Redi. Scourge, Dheyc.hcociacn sos ngalg ememtanne cos nd ad 3h oe 700 
Redwood! Grove Dedicated 2 .i....055i63.60020 00 sobs 2 Seaeaeins 190 
Reforestation Clubs, Boys’-—V. H. Sonderegger.......... 496 
Reforestation Pay? Will—W. H. Johnson................ 317 
Reindeer in Michigan—Albert Stoll, Jr............--0-55 755 
Remembrance, Roads of—G. A. Whipple.............+-4- 415 
Requirements in Recreation, Minimum—Arthur H. Carhart 31 
Resign, Association Officers.........00..00ccesesseoes 608; 735 
Road to Wisconsin’s Greater Outdoors, The—Henry C. 
Campbell 27. cas we esac sat Kee achnes MNOS Thee 732 
Roads, Money for National Forest................0+e00- 64 
Roads of Remembrance—G. A. Whipple...............-- 415 
Rocky Mountain National Park—Roger W. Toll......... 413 
Rothrock, An Appreciation of Dr. J. T..............04: 262 
Rothrock: Dead) Dr Joseph T.sei.cohss.ncscteces ste nscics 414 
Rothrock: Memorial, (Ube yichws ata tects os ocersateet ae 654; 719 
Royal Palm, Phe—Hollister Sages co.cc atime aetiowe ase 85 
Russo-American: Oak; THGs ¢ 0 cin. s.pa ects oa arenes saln ee ess 30 
Rust Appears in the Puget Sound Region, Blister—S. B. 
Wet walet*...catindacacee ion p eae s se Caen we nainaks ase erere 97 
Scouts*Adoptia Drees Boy ataa cota een res 866 tales a sat 164 
Seeds for France and Great Britain, Tree............... 291 
Seeds of International Friendship—Arthur Newton Pack 3 
Sequoia National Park—John R. White................. 410 
Serious Hire. Menace; The s sccc css aivniscaren @ 05% ace gis owrensnveie'’ 570 
Seven Hundred Year Logging Company, A—Arthur New- 
fei) WA at: Tol ere bane Mtoe Ine Reina citi Obi pric Oe 195 
Shade Trees—Before and After, Street-—W. R. Mattoon.. 181 
Sherlock Holmes of the Forests—G. H. Dacy............ 72 
SHE pyr S GGES, GN coca. oscts aa sin otetel sleet Siar tera aenia, no BSuui7 he Clee 623 
Shrubs for the South, Broad-Leaved Evergreen—F. L. 
Mithtotd isc Sacemck pan isece os ties veils tarosesiape sr drejaais G/vioiaye Rew 99 
Shrisbs, (Praning Ob. scr dancis agacntoaionn te st ne Se cane voce 316 
Sierras, In the Giant Forest of the—Alexander Blair 
ADA We arcicstee Tarn bala. ber Abuslarasialalaele-asd aie ie brhnenotusnazeverertsl eee 04 
Simple Forest Conservation—Albert V. S. Pulling........ 211 
Sitka Spruce; Peace’ Time sUsesidf wiiiics secoass sense ae 503 
Skunks Defend Themselves, How—R. W. Shufeldt...... 26 
Snakes, Rattle—Will Co Barnesiieccc 04s eco ean sees mene 387 
Snell Bul GolaGravesions thes... aisiiiens a ispacniterie erase ates tars 179 
Snell Bill, ‘Gifford’ Pinchotvon- the. 3. oi0..0 22 Se sce s Secuerte 244 
Snell Forestry Bill Hearings: 2ace eae create eG sacra eerie 76 
Song ofthe “Drees DOCtOh. cael ccoss ohtunecras sianeninas 505 
South, Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubs for the—F. L. 
Dean A tae ree races in a sie alee ss Soe seats eras 99 
South Carolina, Forestry Meeting in..................005 695 
Southern Commerce, What Forestry Means to—Ovid M. 
BUtleh stra oot tea TANG iee estate alae atrie tate lone exatonel GiaeySe 433 
Southern Forestry Congress, Fourth................006- 122 
Sport, Tree Felling as a—W. Gilman Thompson......... 661 
Spreading the Forestry Idea—Philip W. Ayres.......... 624 
Spruce, Peace Time Uses of Sitka... ....c.ccssseseeces 503 
Stage Coach Days, The End of the—Earl H. Emmons.... 275 
State Foresters in Minnesota—Ovid M. Butler........... 503 


State Forestry Work, Publicity in—Henry C. Campbell... 603 
States P orests;: CAMPS atlonc.1¢ cas ase sin is aol ne surcaitraatr racers 


States Notesi gs vaccrs satire Lie areca wiahsnsoasate Warainyelag srsralsuealy 445 
States,” The “Forest of—L. G. McDowell............... 420 
Steed 07); Amu Ahtedelavidninnisc.qacciemesn rane naratcyeas 507 
Streamflow) -POrests ands dratreaaa. atte tices ads oe ego 61 


Street Shade Trees—Before and After—W. R. Mattoon.. 181 
Summer, Birds and Flowers of Early—R. W. Shufeldt... 283 


Summer in California—Fannie K. Lyle..............0008 459 
Sycamores; “Dhe—Tis Se Ulich sc cs ek ea come eased owes 145 
Taxation; MoVest dacsic masa sny Ge ova ies sani ats treme ors 655 
Timber -Shottage, Business Seesar a6 se tins'e ase ee bg Osc 

Timber, Supply, Our’ Vanishing: ¢,.5.c0ii0 ssc sewi sees eae s 08 


Tip, A Hot—John Lewis 
To sUsevAlaska se Oreste; ncssineeociiainsinos sine a ghiace 25 


i GENERAL INDEX_Continued 


Tombstone, An Unwritten—Otto L. Anderson........... 616 
Topping, Harvesting Christmas Trees by—C. R. Anderson 731 
Town Forests—J. W. Toumey... 6.5... ceeds sesensianes 06 
Tragedy of Carelessness, The—Orville Leonard.......... 468 
Trail Ahead—How to Put Forestry in Wisconsin on a 
Sound Basis, The—C. L. Harrington................ 712 
Trail, The Moonlight—D. L. Goodwillie................. 186 
Trail, The Vanishing—Arthur Newton Pack............. 67 
Transplanting —F iL. Mulford sc oc icicccccseedsece atvies LeaU: 
sDreaty: Oakey 2 NG ccd gases sei oneGi cle sec wilscesteeine ote 66 
‘Tree Centuries Old: Grant 9: sian fais hepato st ces en cao 637 
Tree Day, Memorial Day—The Nation’s................. 419 
Pree DoctOt: SOngsOL {he. on iocoonecetes oe accives tense 569 
Tree Felling as a Sport—W. Gilman Thompson.......... 661 
‘Breer Howe Biguisia Big ceca ates tates ccnnndes oe 585 
Tree, Plant Me a—Mary Alicia Owen................... 418 
Tree Seeds for France and Great Britain................ 291 
Tree Stories for Children—Mary Isabel Curtis: 
Phe Gittarsthe Ouves bree sina ost-tcccccenpeenrenieen: 5 
Why the Almond Tree Blossomed................... 503 
Atltee: with otranee.A pplesic. eck cnt ades eons 562 
Tree, The Memorial—Marta Scott Conser............... 420 
Tree Tragedy, A—Guy C. Caldwell....................0- 375 
Trees and Flowers in the United States Botanic Garden— 
UW OnUCCIOG: (cn alanis ecm er cee eee 225 
Trees and Forest Products, Novel—S. J: Record......... 481 
Trees and Natural Grafts, Twin—E. F. Andrews........ 609 
ebrees inv Prance,-y ake aoc wen map ae tone 416 


Trees in Winter—Henry Thew Stephenson.............. 
Trees to Take the Place of those Destroyed by Blight— 


Md DROMAS cA iaccrsoric neces Teena a ee 500 
Tribute’to, Franklin. By Hough s..s.o3 5526.00.04 ¢ccnan sens 431 
Bribute touloyal Services's nce tet no cece teen ke 677 
nts tate Conferences... crhritsc Conc ok oe caine wee eee 255 
Twin Trees and Natural Grafts—E. F. Andrews......... 
Unwritten Tombstone, An—Otto I. Anderson........... 616 
Uruguay, Big Buffalo Bull Goes to................0 cee ee 666 
Value of Trees, The Landscape—I’. W. Kelsey........... 47 
Vanishing Trail, The—Arthur Newton Pack............. 67 
Vanishing Wild Flowers—Winthrop Packard............ 203 
Vermont, An Industrial Community at Forestdale,—Aus- 

ne RS Mawess aie eaicaatcas see ore ote nok on 477 


Walked, The Picture That—Harold Titus............... 715 
Washington, Forestry Awakening in—John D. Guthrie... 51 
Welcome Camper, The—Susan S, Alburtis............... 343 
West Persia—The Wood Famine Country—Edward C. M. 
Richards 3s si<ia'ers'ea:ais wlaiaceid oto on ¥ie'ece d-0,9 wine na OMe’ 579 
What Forestry Means to Southern Commerce—Ovid M. 
Brittle reys.c i cisccies avsreos css dalotetes ofa1d ae a. a aor tates eee 433 
What the Governors of the Lake States Say of the Forestry 
Situation “Theres. 2.c0<.053 paaaa tahoe aes ornate OOK ee 
Which: Shalt Jt Be? soi:055. ccs aas awtis agus Oo saanse ose eee 304 
White’ Oaks? -The—J.,S, Mchkcti aan scaeie se ticacuoae nes 586 
White Pine Plantation, The Faxon,.............. + antigay 432 
Why Scientists Use Latin Names3. 2.4.5 Sais 5 aeciaass cre 683 
Why the Forestry Guides—Filibert Roth................. 114 
Wild Pigeons and Doves—R. W. Shufeldt............... 617 
Wild to Garden Flowers, From—R. W. Shufeldt......... 347 
Will Reforestation Pay ?—W. H. Johnson............... 317 
Winter, Trees in—Henry Thew Stephenson.............. 79 
Wisconsin, A Bit of Old—Asa K. Owen...........:.+20% 721 
Wisconsin on a Sound Basis, The Trail Ahead—How to 
Put Forestry in—C. L. Harrington................. eg: 
Wisconsin's Greater Outdoors, The Road to—Henry C. 
Camapbell ooo os sccuese:s athaialajassr te sists wielevg, elves boone Mere eta 732 
With the Graphlex in Chelan—C. J. Blanchard........... 175 
Wolverenes, Badgers and—R. W. Shufeldt............... 105 
Women Called to Enlist to Save the Forests............. 564 
Wood for Newsprint, Importing. .............ceeeeeeeees 45 
Wood for Professional and Scientific Instruments—Hu 
Maxwell iis cess wich es easote Oaiels cre sore Darng Danae I5I 
Wood: vs: the Coal) Shortage. <i aveceis sv anoaszeteso eee 701 
Woodland Garroter, Ajs..c.i5 0s leeaecteacoamas ang be tinat 634 
Woodland Magic—James Edward Hungerford........... 93 
Woodlands—F. W.. Haasis. 0 ...03200ic00808 8 ca vsde teaser 501 
Woodpeckers: Bird Friends of Our Forests, The—R. W. 
Shufeldt9s205 ces seid eeinnc en Sess nas ae Shen Od 684 
Woods, The Fire Call of the North—W. T. Cox.......... 708 
Word for the Pitch Pine, A—J. M. Emory............... 500 
Yale Forestry School, Graves Returns to............0.466 172 
Vankee*Treessin: France... 3..c on nec waters aa ARE paameee 416 
Yaupon, The Early Uses of the—C. D. Mell............. 531 
Yellowstone National Park—Horace M. Albright........ 402 
Yosemite National Park—W. B. Lewis...............00 404 
Your National Parks—A. E. Demaray.............ceee08 309 


EE LS se 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
JANUARY, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 337 
maw OF FAME FOR TREES—THE BATTLE-GROUND OAK ......... ccc cece cece ee tes sc eetenece 2 
SEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP—By Arthur Newton Pack ............... 0.02 eee cee eee 3 

With twelve illustrations. 
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ......... .....02.-0005 7 
BOTANIC GARDEN AND ee FOR THE NATION—By W. R. Mattoon ............. .....05s 8 
With four illustrations. 

THE MAPLES—By PRE RAN oe eta ee I ta Son AST a Saye eae Ge Ge Sia nF CaN w Shu ats Nee eh BAAN Few ey gies eu. 12 
With fourteen illustrations. 
| THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY—By C. P. Wilber ... 2.0.2.0... 0. ccc cee eens 20 

With six illustrations. = 
IS a errr CCD EL FES DIS a ee eng Fy a Fig Salis cise mide’ vee Vw Siok od wath b aw bid ele wie Regal eM ou lose e acess 25 
HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES—By R. W. Shufeldt ... ...... ........... Pace NE Sins aN ae 26 
With ten illustrations. 
nets EIT AGOON—Poem by. Lew Sarett= o.oo. ec ele ce eee c ee ee cede dee ee dewscebuwedccegus doubt 30 
FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT—MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS !N RECREATION— 
ain ERR AR EERO EIIAES (ote ley gies 1o ies fraps cinlelatn stoic wig Sonie's ¢ -a1sic rad En Leto Mate ae slop bak a hs 31 
With ten illustrations. 

ISIE MCN CP ANCA oe iS. ot ae ny Se aT AP Oh eg nls edb ye satel Aven bales cei 36 

LT on ESAS SST SA ASR SIN Ee A ee Ege Oa a oC SN CREE tle RW MATTE 37 

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS SCL USA Sa PS ON a ee a hm ae CRS 4 oo 39 

AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES DEPAPTMENT—By Solan L. Parkes ...... 2.2.0... . cee cece eee eee 42 

FORESTRY COMMITTEE AT BOGALUSA—By Austin Cary ............. 00006 cece eee nee eee ene eees 44 

With one illustration. 
REIN CPCP EOIN FO WSERINL 6 25 csi os otic cate sath ave begs s clase enacieda bh velyes bad aswel wanews 45 
REE PAC ROP ooo cos avs «ate dive dais ccesicleuaeccevcs LEE SEO oc secre ey ive ¢ Aa TERN De NN eer 46 
With one illustration. 

THE LANDSCAPE VALUE OF TREES—By Frederick W. Kelsey ...... ...... 0. ceeeeee eee ee teen ae 47 
mEOREST POLICY ASSURES GREATEST TIMBER GROWTH ......... wc. ccc ccc cee eects eee eeeees 48 
/ FIRES ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS—By W. B. Greeley ........ 0... ces cece eee e eee tebe cee ees 49 
i FORESTRY AWAKENING IN WASHINGTON—By John D. Guthrie .. ...0 1.2.0... cece ee eee 51 

UE EOI BOE TOISACS TOG Es pete cis go 4 oo 515k lets pic tiive che oda s baqcheiee dblenda de a ares ve bait bo seas Te ae's 52 

CANADIAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson .......... 0.00.00 ccc ccc eee ete e een e net eneeeeneees 54 

Oe ieee del ea d'ar wenn gai sca sve eis nis Kes le n am beh eee eden ene avedees 56 

mHitke PINE BLISTER RUST FOUND IN PENNSYLVANIA ......... 0.50 cece cece cece nee ceeeeeees 57 

nrg ns ica cdcvlecevnwccacya levbesectvetssctucees 60 
ERCP Ra dees 1) ET OPM! 68 Soy eis ais sca Scie c vie bse v tle cleo Gcbb ne cd ideeedatvessnsaceseacde’ 61 
_ FORESTS ea eshee ae Ue RAG Ogee ore Eps jose cee sieinls et view eels Soa ek, 0% 450 Nets Sareea ses ee 61 
% a GPEC T POR PEMMNOYVLVANIA 2.5 io cick ccc cess veh eee ccecnsecudscectsscreceeuses 62 
meMOKERS AND FOREST FIRES ............... ....20000- Ss Lt Tees PO CSOD TOURS BE CAGES EES ANE ek 5s 63 

LUMBERMEN ENDORSE FOREST POLICY... .... ............0400. ME MST Meee Saxehsten or de See mere 63 

EE OTR TNE AOE cs ao oes cic ca Silay Spas s Wh aos oo vice ves seciee capstan eeu 64 

ieee wert POREGT ROADS 5. oo. coun. c cece cles case tecereds ceceseeceedscweeveetives 64 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 


Entered as second-class mail matter December 2%, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
ial rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920, 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


? 


Pee ST ar *— 


“THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES*=> 


THE BATTLE-GROUND OAK 


“Just so, they say, old violins 
Soft echoes long have borne, 

To touch and thrill, and moving skill 
Of masters dead and gone.” 


This famous old tree, also known as the “Cornwallis Oak” and the “Liberty Oak,” is located only a few 
hundred yards from where the battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought in 1781, in North Carolina, and tra- 
dition has it that during this battle General Green tied his horse to this tree, and that the horse nipped the top 
out of it, causing the multitude of branches. Aside from its historic interest, this tree is notable for its sym- 
metrical beauty alone. It now has a spread of over one hundred feet and a circumference of twenty-one feet 
at the base. It has been nominated for the Hall of Fame by Mrs. Dorian H. Blair, of Greensboro, North 
Carolina; by Mark C. Mills, of Guilford College, and by Mr. Paul Lindley, of Pomona, North Carolina. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


JANUARY, 1922 


NO. 337 . 


SEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP 


By Arthur Newton Pack 


European Commissioner of the American Forestry Association 


This is the second of a series of articles by Mr. Pack. It tells what was done by Great Britain, France 
and Belgium with the American tree seed donated to these countries by the American Forestry Association to 
aid in restoring the forests which were destroyed by the war.—Editor. 


N considering plans for future world peace it must be 

recognized that what creates the ability of peoples to 
understand and appreciate one another and makes for a 
real “entente cordiale” between nations is only the sum 
total of many small international courtesies and friendly 
acts. The gift of tree seeds from the American Forestry 
Association to the governments of France, Great Britain 


AN EXPERIMENTAL NURSERY 


Fifteen different species of tree seeds presented by the American 
Forestry Association are here being tried out in this nursery in 
Northern France. 


and Belgium, made, as it was, shortly after the signing 
of the Armistice, had this point in view, and its reception 
and use by these governments illustrates even more 
clearly the value in which they hold not merely the gift 
but the spirit which it showed. 

Great Britain’s present planting program calls for not 
less than one billion two hundred million tree seeds per 
annum. France can hardly do with a smaller amount, 


Paris, France, Septembe>, 1921. 


while the loss through drought has made it equally nec- 
essary for little Belgium to acquire large additional sup- 
plies. Nearly every accessible tree-growing country in 
the world will have to furnish its share: Germany, Aus- 
tria, Holland, Poland, Serbia, Italy, Corsica, Japan, and 
last but not least, the United States and Canada. Ours 
will be a very large portion, and the forestry heads of 
each of the allied governments are asking whether the 
American Forestry Association cannot again help in its 
procurement. 

In an area extending southward from the Belgian 
border near Valenciennes down through the fearful deso- 
lation marking the once famous Hindenburg line to Laon 
and Soissons, occurred as one might expect the greatest 
devastation and destruction of French forests. It was 


ONE OF THE NEW NURSERIES IN NORTHERN FRANCE 


The French foresters gladly point out the tiny seedlings of 
Douglas Fir, which are soon to be transplanted to permanent 
locations. 


4 AMERICAN 


OUR SEED IN FRANCE 


The shipment of American tree seed to France was not received 
as early as that sent to Great Britain. Hence the difference in 
height. 


quite natural, therefore, that the French government 
should decide to use our entire gift of twenty-five million 
seeds for re-afforestation in that region, and it is in the 
newly constructed tree nurseries here that the French 
foresters gladly point out the tiny seedlings of American 
Douglas Fir which are soon to be transplanted to perma- 
nent locations. All reconstruction in France goes ac- 
cording to a carefully arranged plan and every site which 


A BIRD FEEDING STATION IN FRANCE 


The wholesale destruction of the forests succeeded 1n driving 


out most of the song birds. The New York Bird Society came to 
the rescue by supplying scores of bird houses and feeding places, 
which are looked after by the foresters. 


FORESTRY 


will in the future be crowned with a little woodland of 
American trees, has already been carefully chosen. One 
cannot fail to appreciate the fine sentiment which actuates 
the French ministry as expressed in the general order 
which covered the selection of those sites: “The planta- 
tions made from the seed presented to us by the American 
Forestry Association,” says the order, “should be located 
in places readily accessible to the main travelled roads 
and if possible on or near well-known sites, with the 
view that such future forests shall remain as a monu- 
ment to the partnership of France and America in the 
Great War.” 

Next to the defense of Verdun the battles fought over 
the famous Chemin des Dames were among the bloodiest 
of the war. So awful was the artillery fire that hardly 
even a charred stump remains of the once thick forest 


RECONSTRUCTING A FOREST NEAR THE BELGIAN 
BORDER 


The French forest officer is indicating a spot where a few of 
the seeds presented by the American’ Forestry Association have 
been sown. 


along its slopes. This was one of the first sites chosen 
for a plantation of American Douglas Fir, and it is in- 
deed a particularly appropriate spot; not only to com- 
memorate the part played by our troops in the last of 
those terrific struggles, but to mark the region supervised 
by the American Committee for Devastated France, 
whose splendid work of co-operation with the French 
government and people still continues as one of the 
finest examples of American confidence and encourage- 
ment. The forest of Saint Gobain, the famous ruins of 
Coucy-le-Chateau, dynamited by the retreating Ger- 
mans, and many other places chosen for American tree 
plantations are hardly of less historical interest, and will 
be visited by tourists from all over the world. 

Farther north there was very little fighting, but the 
German army cut every stick of available timber for its 


own use, In the forest of Mormal stand nineteen forest- 


‘pera 


ers’ houses. Once upon a time 
these guarded twenty-five 
thousand acres of beautiful 
pine and beech forest, of 
which nothing remains today 
except the smaller saplings. 
Heath and gorse bushes con- 
ceal even the carelessly cut 
German stumps. So vast an 
undertaking is involved in re- 
planting everywhereyat once 
that here the French have 
adopted a somewhat different 
system—clearing and spading 
up only a little circle here and 
there wherein our seed has 
been sown directly without 
the intermediate nursery 
stage. The loss may be heav- 
ier, but the labor of reforesta- 
tion should be lightened. This 
experiment with our seeds is 


SEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP 5 


THE RUINS OF COUCY-LE-CHATEAU 


The French government has selected such well known places as this for the plantations of 
American trees, to the end that these small forests may commemorate the partnership of 
France and America in the Great War. 


foresting our own eastern 
areas need be sought. 

The American Forestry As- 
sociation does not stand alone 
in this region as the only con- 
tributor to the future welfare 
of French forests. In a tiny 
woodland in the Mormal for- 
est somehow neglected by the 
Germany army, is a sign 
erected by the New York Bird 
Society and scores of bird 


THE FAMOUS CHEMIN DES DAMES essen, Sep rene stAn One 
The dense forest which once stood here was totally destroyed by shell-fire. Twenty years testify to the manner in which 
from now this spot will be crowned with a fine young forest of American Douglas Fir. these other Americans too are 


of unusual interest to us in 
America, where planting labor 
costs are so high, and it may 
be that an experiment made 
with American Douglas Fir in 
France will prove to have real 
value to forestry in America. 
The whole northern district, 
Lille, Valenciennes and Hir- 
son, is part of the great coal 
mining and manufacturing 
center of France which the 
German army so thoroughly 
demolished, and because of 
their location at the door of 
reviving industry the wood- 
lands here, splashed with 
patches of American trees, 
will hold some of the highest 
commercial value of any for- 
ests in the world. No better 
proof of the importance of re- 


IN THE “ZONE ROUGE” 
The French government is confronted with the necessity of reforesting nearly two million 
acres of land upon which the forests were destroyed by shell fire or cut by the occupying 
German army. 


6 AMERICAN 


IN THE NEW FOREST, ENGLAND 


Douglas Fir from seed presented by the American Forestry As- 
sociation is making good progress in these plantations. 


striving to sow seeds of international good will. 

All of Europe has suffered very severely this summer 
from the worst drought known in many years. It has 
not only given a serious setback to the reconstituted agri- 
cultural regions but has meant a fearful loss in tree seed- 
lings and young plantations. In this respect Belgium 
has suffered even more than her neighbors, for of a gift 
of an equal number of tree seeds which appear to have 


been planted with no less care and skill, very few seed- 


AMERICAN DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS IN IRELAND 


The larger portion of the seeds presented to England by the 
American Forestry Association have been sent to Ireland. The 
splendid showing here is the result of a planting made in the 
spring of 1920, the seedlings already having attained an average 
height of nine inches. 


FORESTRY 


lings remain. Both France and Belgium are greatly 
pleased with our American Douglas Fir, which with us 
is found in the greatest abundance on the northern Pa- 
cific coast. The first Douglas Fir was introduced on the 
continent of Europe 25 to 40 years ago. M. Crahay, who 
has for some years been the very active head of forestry 
in Belgium, is a great believer in this tree, which because 
of its rapidity of growth and the commercial value of 
its wood, he believes will go far to help meet the serious 
problems of afforestation. The Belgian Ministry of 
Waters and Forests once boasted of several fine small 
plantations of Douglas in the Ardennes, but today not a 
stick remains from the axes of the German army. It is 
in the beautiful Ardennes Mountains bordering on the 


YOUNG DOUGLAS FIR IN EUROPE 


The American Douglas Fir was introduced in Conti- 
nental Europe some 25 to 40 years ago. 


old Duchy of Luxembourg that most of the Belgian for- 
ests were formerly located, and this is the area which 
will be replanted with patches of American Douglas 
mixed with European pine and spruce. The policy of 
intermingling of kinds and planting in small groups com- 
mon to both France and Belgium is intended as an as- 
surance against serious loss from insect or other pests 
which might be particularly likely to attack a foreign 
species. Also it must be recognized that even if a good 


THE ANNUAL MEETING 


average crop of seedlings from the twenty-five million 
seeds presented by the Association to each of our former 


7 


number of American submarine chasers were mobilized 
at will either in the Irish Sea or the North Sea. Almost 


allies were to be planted in.a single block, the resulting ‘within sight of one of these future American tree plan- 


forest would not be likely to cover in all more than five or 
six thousand 
acres, while 
France, for ex- 
ample, is con- 
fronted with 
the necessity of 
reforesting not 
less than two 
million acres. 
Across the 
channel in 
England the 
use of our 
seeds is of 
more than or- 
dinary interest 
because of its 
connection with 
Great Britain’s 
new forest pol- 
icy. Here again 
the favorite 
American species is the Douglas: Fir, although Sitka 
spruce (the spruce of Alaska and our northern Pacific 
coast) is much desired. As a moisture loving tree it 
would seem to be especially suited to the British climate. 
About a hundred pounds of American seed were allo- 
cated by the British Forestry Commission to the inter- 
esting work of afforestation along the route of the Cale- 
donian Canal in Scotland. From the point of view of 
sentiment few better places could have been found than 
this, since that canal was the route by which a large 


The seed of American Western larch presented to the British government by the American 
Forestry Association has suffered very much from:the drought of the past summer. 


tations lie today row upon row of these same chasers, 
now the prop- 
erty of the 


British gov- 
ernment and 
awaiting sale 


or demolition. 
Douglas Fir is 
being planted 
in almost évery 
section of the 
British _ Istes, 
but by far the 
larger portion 
of the seeds 
which came 
from the 
American For- 
estry Associa- 
tion were dis- 
patched by the 
commission tc 
Ireland. These 
were planted in nurseries in County Tyron, about eigh- 
teen months ago and have shown a surprisingly rapid 
growth. It is a fact one of the best nursery showings 
that may be seen anywhere, and the local foresters may 
well be proud thereof. This disposition of the seeds was 
quite without any suggestion from the American For- 
estry Association and in view of the Irish problem we can 
only hope that here too their dedication as seeds of good 
will will bear fruit in helping to establish the desire for 
broad-minded co-operation and understanding. 


A NURSERY IN WINDSOR FOREST 


ae i 


ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


The annual meeting of the American Forestry 
Association will be held in Washington, D. C., 
on Thursday, January 26, 1922, at 2 P. M., at the 
New Willard Hotel. 

At this meeting the amended by-laws, which 
are published on Page 39 of this magazine, will 


be submitted to the members, and they will be 
asked to adopt the amendments. 

There will be addresses by prominent speak-' 
ers on forestry topics at the general session in 
the afternoon, and in the evening there will be 
speeches and a smoker at the University Club. 


BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM FOR THE NATION 


By W. R. Mattoon, United States Forest Service 


F ORESTERS and lovers of trees the country over will 
be interested in the movement on foot to establish a 
great national botanic garden and arboretum in the su- 
burbs of Washington. Few botanic gardens exist in the 
country; the best known are the Arnold Arboretum near 
Boston, the New York Botanical Garden and the Mis- 
souri United 
States Government has no real botanic garden. The 
present plot of about_12 acres, located on Pennsylvania 
Avenue just west of the Capitol grounds is used chiefly 


Botanical Gardens at Saint Louis. The 


to produce cut flowers and decorative plants for official 
use, and attracts little public attention. There is a demand 


for a real botanic garden where the public may examine 


of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture needs 
some means of retaining and growing thousands of plants 
brought here through the efforts of its agricultural ex- 
plorers. The Biological Survey of the same Department 
is interested in a bird refuge which the uplands of the pro- 
posed site and some islands in the river will adequately 
provide. ial 

Professor N. L. Britton points out that botanic gardens 
are important factors in public education and at the same 
time places for recreation and enjoyment. They are mu- 
seums of living plants, arranged and labelled for impart- 
ing information direct to ‘he public. Economic features 
are brought out by food plants, drug plants and fiber 


LOOKING 


living species of the great variety of trees, shrubs, vines 
and herbaceous plants native to the District of Columbia 
or capable of growing there. The plants should be clas- 
sified and the public given free access to the grounds for 
recreation and study. 

The climate of the District makes possible the grow- 


: a want lavce © at nian “jee nt 

3 of a very large number of plant species of the temper- 
lhe Forest Service has for several years been 
interested in securing a location for establishing an ex- 
h 7 : 


ibit of the tre 


es of this and other countries. The Bureau 


EASTWARD ACROSS THE ANACOSTIA RIVER 


On the proposed site of the national arboretum are approximately twenty-seven different soil types, and thirty-six native species 
of forest trees now grow there. 


plants and the arboretum illustrates the subject of forest 
products. Many phases of biological relationships, phy- 
siological features, and geographical distribution of plants 
can be studied. The general public, however, taking a 
real interest in the educational features of botanic gar- 
dens, is more interested in landscape effects and in plants 
from the standpoint of beauty. Woodlands thickets, and 
meadows appeal to people as attractive places to visit, 
while developed flower gardens and well-kept public 
grounds, with a system of paths, carry instruction in the 
beautification of the home grounds, 


BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM 


* 


5g 


"% 


SSM sel Bae 3 


pare. 


CHESTNUT OAK ON THE ROUNDED TOP OF MT. HAMILTON 
of this proposed site for a botanic garden and aboretum makes 


possible the growing of a very large number 
of plant species and its proximity to the Capitol makes it an ideal location. 


RICH AGRICULTURAL LANDS SURROUNDED BY FOREST 


These lands offer excellent sites for experimental and propagating gardens. 


Diversity of natural soil and 


topographic 
conditions make this an ideal spot for a national arboretum. 


10 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Comparing the United States with other countries in 
respect to the number of botanic gardens, it is found that 
Great Britain and its colonies have 65, Germany 35, 
France and its colonies 25, Italy 23, Russia and Serbia 
17, Austria 13 and the United States 12, with all other 
countries falling below. The first botanic garden was es- 
tablished at Padua, Italy, in 1533 and the second at Pisa 
in 1544. In France the oldest garden was started at Paris 
in 1597, and the Oxford garden in England was begun 


in 1621 with an initial area of 5 acres. The famous Kew 


Gardens in London have been in process of develop- 
ment since 1760. Largest in the world are the Rio de 
Janeiro gardens, with an area of some 2,000 acres. 

The plan for the development of a great national ar- 
boretum and botanic garden at Washington is backed 
strongly by the National Commission of Fine Arts and 
various scientific and other bodies. It consists, first, in 


Under existing plans for the improvement of Wash- 
ington, provision is made for an Anacostia River Park 
as an integral part of the general park system that is be- 
ing developed. The changes in this plan that would need 
to be made in order to provide for the Botanic Garden 
consist essentially in eliminating extensive and very cost- 
ly filling and reclamation of tidal river flats and in re- 
taining the wild rice lands, partly as a bird refuge and 
partly for conversion into water gardens along lines 
that will prove entirely harmonious with the develop- 
ment of the adjacent uplands. If carried out this plan 
will make possible one of the world’s greatest arbore- 
tums and botanic gardens. Incidentally, the saving in 
cost due to the proposed change in the present plan of 
river improvement has been calculated as sufficient to 
cover the cost of purchasing the entire Mount Hamilton 
tract. 


Ss, 
PRESENT Berane 0} 


K 
% 
oe 
aq 
ware 
22 8 
<| 
Ss, 2 
SQ) mr over 
\ 4 we CEME/ERY 
a4 ar 
K 
"e c 
g 1.) 
2 


yy 
Ce , 
Y= 
Ge db enning 


sS 


GARDENS.ANEA #12 
ACRES 


NATIONAL ARBORETUM AND BOTANIC GARDENS 


Map showing the location of the proposed National botanic gardens and arboretum, including Mount Hamilton and Hickey Hill 
and lands adjacent to Anacostia River in the Northeast Section of the District of Columbia. 


bringing about a radical change in the present approved 
plan for the improvement of about 400 acres of low- 
lands owned by the Government lying along the Anacos- 
tia River, and secondly in the addition by purchase of 
a hill known locally as Mount Hamilton together with 
surrounding lands. The proposed addition has an area 
of about 367 acres and adjoins the Government land for 
a distance of some 9,000 feet along the Anacostia River. 
The entire tract of some 800 acres in turn adjoins other 
lands under government ownership along the Potomac 
and Anacostia Rivers, so that approximately 1200 acres 
of continuous park area will be available. 


The site lies in the northeast section and just within 
the boundary of the District of Columbia, two and one- 
quarter miles from the Capitol building. From the latter 
it may now be reached directly over Maryland avenue. 
The lands, as shown on the accompanying map, includ- 
ing Hickey Hill and the intervening section occupy the 
central area between Benning and Bladensburg Roads 
on the south and west, and the Pennsylvania railroad 
tracks and Anacostia River on the North and east sides, 
respectively. The tract lies, it may be added, on the main 
highway line between Baltimore and Washington. The 
Lincoln Highway could with little difficulty be brought 


: along the shores of the proposed Anacostia water gardens 
and thence by way of Maryland Avenue to the Capitol 
Building, affording an entrance to Washington of un- 
equaled beauty. 


Mount Hamilton, a hill of considerable importance 
in a flat country, rises in one-half mile from the Anacos- 
_ tia River (tidewater) to an altitude of 239 feet. Its 
elevation above the surrounding country southeastward 
is nearly 200 feet, and is attained within a distance of 
one-quarter mile. he other sides the difference in 


main Bladensburg Road where the rise is some 140 
in about one-eighth mile. The location in surround- 
land of low altitude gives Mount Hamilton a setting 
lich tends’ somewhat to exaggerate its elevation and 
appearance; these are enhanced by the general symmetry 

of its form. The top consists of a ridge which connects 


ie summit marking the apexes of a right angle triangle. 
The ridge consists of shallow soil overlying and con- 
taining sandstone conglomerate rock impregnated with 
iron, which clearly accounts for the topographic forma- 
tion. The hill is altogether a striking feature in the 
~ Mount Hamilton is well wooded to the lower slopes, 
which have partly been cleared for agriculture, though 
cultivation of much of the cleared land has been aban- 
-doned. Altogether about 210 acres of the tract are for-: 
ested. Thirty-six native species of forest trees have been 
identified by Dr. Ivan Tidestrom, the botanist, Mixed 
oaks, with white oak predominating, hickory, black wal- 
nut, yellow poplar, black gum, and a few other species 
compose the slope type, giving away gradually with in- 
creasing elevation to chestnut oak, which occurs over the 
summit in almost pure stand. The tract has been an 
‘unmanaged woods largely open to the public and subject 
to timber trespass and frequent fires. As a result there 
_has been considerable injury and loss of good trees. Yet 
the canopy strikes one as being practically complete over 
much of the area, the trees rising to a height of proba- 
ably 40 to 50 feet near the top and 60 to 80 feet at the 


BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM 


though less is still striking. It is least along . 


II 


base of the slope. Much of the timber is mature. The 
topography and forest cover give one the impression of 
a high oak ridge in the Alppalachians—a very agreeable 
surprise. 


A hearing before the joint Congressional Committee on 
the Library, held on May 21, 1920, resulted in Senator 
Brandagee, as chairman of the Committee, presenting to 
the Senate a land acquisition bill providing for the taking 
over of the Mount Hamilton tract. It had two readings 
before adjournment but failed of enactment. In the 
last session’ Senator Brandegee re-introduced his bill 
(S. 1560), and Congressman Cooper, of Wisconsin, 
has placed the matter before the House in a bill lic a oe 
6683) which aims at accomplishing the same purpose. 


A soil survey made by the Bureau of Soils, presented 
at the hearing, shows approximately twenty-seven differ- 
ent soil types on the tract proposed for purchase. In 
this connection one of the Government experts has stated 
that, with the possible exception of Rio de Janerio, such 
a diversity of natural soil and topographic conditions fav- 
orable to establishing an extensive botanic garden close to 
a national capital probably exists nowhere else. Some no- 
table people interested in scientific research and civic 
improvement were brought together at the hearing. These 
included Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the New York 
Botanic Garden; Dr. David Fairchild, in charge of the 
office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and Dr. 
F. V. Coville, Botanist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
United States Department of Agriculture; Col. C. A. 
Ridley, in charge of the District of Columbia Office of 
Public Buildings and Grounds; Mr. Frederick L. Olm- 
stead and Mr. James G. Langdon, landscape archi- 
tects; and Mr. Charles Moore, Chairman of the National 
Commission of Fine Arts. The finding of the Con- 
gressional Committee should be of national intérest to 
scientists and the public at large, for such a garden and 
arboretum properly equipped and administered affords a 
wide variety of possibilities in the fields of education and 
enjoyment of plant life, in turn leading to results of 
far-reaching importance in the economic life of the Na- 
tion. 


PIONEER IN FORESTRY DIES 
Through the death of Mr. S. T. Kelsey, at the home 
of his son Harlan P. Kelsey, on November 5th, forestry 
in America has lost one of her best and most devoted 
advocates. Mr. Kelsey was in his 89th year, and through 
"his long and active life his zest for trees and tree plant- 
ing, and his activities in the interest of forest conserva- 
tion never abated. He was one of the first to foster 
forestry in America, doing all that he could to advance 
ts interests in every way, through his writing, attendance 
at conventions all over the country and through his wide 
and influential personal acquaintance. In his passing 
he is recorded as a true pioneer of the profession of fores- 


THE PROSTRATE JUNIPER 

Much attention is being paid in American publica- 
tions to the trees of Greenland ; especially to the prostrate 
juniper. 

This tree is indeed prostrate. Its trunk often meas- 
ures as much as forty feet. But its height? Twenty- 
four inches! These measurements sound’ out of all 
proportion, but it is this very fact which makes this 
Greenland juniper unique among trees. 

Perhaps it was the sight of the juniper in Greenland 
which suggested to some gardener the unique idea of 
dwarfing trees, a custom that has been prevalent in. 
Eastern countries for many years and prevails almost 
unfailingly in the landscaping of formal gardens. 


THE MAPLES 


By J. S. 


HE Maples are among the best known trees found in 
the Northern Hemisphere. They are abundant in 
China and Japan, common in Europe, and widely distrib- 
uted in North America. There are seventy distinct spe- 
cies of Maples known in the world, of which number 
thirty-five are native to China and Japan, and thirteen 
occur in North America. 
That Japan is the ancestral home of the Maples is now 
an accepted belief among botanists. In the Island Em- 
pire of the Orient one may 


Illick 


ness, the American Maples are unrivaled in size and 
beauty by the Maples of any other part of the world. Of 
the thirteen Maples native to the United States, nine oc- 
cur east of the Rocky Mountains, and four are native to 
the western part of our country. 

No other group of native trees show a wider varia- 
tion in their form and structure than do the Maples. 
Their leaves may be simple or compound, range in size 
from large to small, and have a smooth or hairy surface. 


find traces of the original |) 
maple stock, and some of 
the most attractive and best 
bred maple trees now grow- 
ing upon the face of the 
earth. To the Maples, the 
forests of Japan owe much 
of their variety, beauty and 
interest. The people of Ja- 
pan are proud of their 
Maple trees. For centuries 
they have been breeding 
them in order to develop 
varieties with striking and 
unique _ characteristics. 
Their efforts along this line 
have been successful, for 
now the Japanese Maples 
are famed all over the 
world for their attractive 
form, gorgeously colored 
foliage and delicate leaf 
textures. 

Among the most striking 
accomplishments of the 
Japanese in the breeding of 
the Maple is the develop- 
ment of miniature Maples. 
These tiny trees are grown 
in pots and exemplify the 
highest degree of tree 
breeding that has yet been 
attained by man. These 
miniature trees have been 
bred and cultivated for 
centuries. Their leaves 
show a wide variation in 
form, color and texture. At 
a certain season of the year it is a fashion for the Japa- 
nese to hold Maple Shows. Many different varieties are 
exhibited, and the people turn out and view them with 
interest and award prizes for the best exhibits. The prac- 
tice is similar to the rose shows in America. 

While the Japanese Maples excel in variety and unique- 


(Eat ee aE 


A BIG SUGAR MAPLE 


The best known of our native hardwoods and a tree entirely de- 
voted to the service of man. 


Their twigs range from 


slender to stout, and may 
be green, gray, brown or 
ted in color. Their flow- 
ers may occur in small lat- 
eral clusters, in long droop- 
ing tassels, or in erect 
spikes, and appear before, 
with, or after the leaves. 
The fruit of all the Maples 
consists of a pair of winged 
seeds known as a maple 
key. Each kind of Maple 
bears a distinctive key 
which can readily be dis- 
tinguished from that of all 
other closely related spe- 
cies, 

The Maples occur on a 
wide range of habitats. 
The Ash-leaved Maple 
grows at its best along the 
banks of streams and ponds 
or lakes. The Sugar Maple 
prefers well drained, rich 
soil, and the Striped Maple 
is well satisfied in shaded 
situations and moist places, 
while the Mountain Maple 
thrives on dry, rocky hill- 
sides and mountain tops. 

The Maples have so 
many and such striking 
distinguishing characteris- 
tics that it is not difficult 
to recognize them. There 
is little chance of confusing 
them with each other or 
with other forest trees. 
The best way to get acquainted with them is to learn 
their names. It may be helpful to know not only their 
common names but also their scientific names, for some 
of them are very appropriate and may be helpful in fix- 
ing their distinguishing characteristics. The common 
and scientific names of six of our common Maples follow: 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 13 


SCIENTIFIC NAMES 


Acer saccharum, 
Acer saccharinum. 
Acer rubrum. 

Acer pennsylvanicum. 
Acer spicatum. 

Acer negundo. 


COMMON NAMES 


(1) Sugar Maple 

(2) Silver Maple 

(3) Red Maple 

(4) Striped Maple 

(5) Mountain Maple 

(6) Ash-leaved Maple; 
Elder. 


Box 


The Sugar Maple is probably the best known hardwood 
tree native to North America. All who have visited 
the North woods kn@w its beauty, stateliness and healthy 
appearance. Lumbermen all over the northern hardwood 
forest region are familiar with its value, and the wide 
range of uses of its wood; and the farmer boy regards 
this tree as a real friend, for when tapped it produces 
large quantities of sap, from which the delicious maple 
sugar and maple syrup are manufactured. 


At all seasons of the year this prince of forest trees 
may be distinguished with little difficulty. The grayish 
to black bark on old trunks roughened by shallow fis- 
sures is distinctive and the slender brown twigs marked 
with pale dots are positive means of identification. In 
summer its large, simple and opposite leaves with coarse- 
ly toothed lobes and delicate texture are also distinctive. 


The fruit of the Sugar Maple does not mature until 
September. It often persists far into winter, while that 
of the Red and Silver Maple ripens in early summer. The 
seeds of Sugar Maple germinate soon after falling to the 
ground and develop into small seedlings, which often. 
form dense mats upon the forest floor. As many as 
50,000 seedlings have been counted by the writer on a 
single acre of woodland in northern Pennsylvania, and 
similar pictures can be found in New York, Michigan, 
Wisconsin and other regions where the Sugar Maple is 
common. 


There is no more positive distinguishing characteris- 
tic of the Sugar Maple than its buds. They are brown 
in color, sharp-pointed, conical and covered with eight to 
sixteen exposed scales. They are clustered at the ends 
of the twigs and occur solitary along the side of the 
twigs. If once recognized they cannot be confused with 
those of any other tree. 


Four of the six Maples native to the eastern United 
States reach a size sufficiently large to classify them 
among our important timber trees. They can be distin- 
guished from each other by the characteristics given in 
the key on the following page. 


A ROADSIDE LINED WITH SUGAR MAPLES 


The sugar maple is being used in many sections in planting highways and “Roads of Remembrance” and this picture shows how 
perfectly the tree is adapted to this use. 


14 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The wood of the Sugar Maple is well known, It 
touches our hands and satisfies our wants almost daily. 
We use it more frequently and in a greater number of 


ways than any other wood. 


It may be classified as an 


all-around wood, for it is used in the manufacture of not 
less than five hundred distinct articles of commerce. It 


is one of our 


article which is not sometimes made from Maple wood. 
The Sugar Maple deserves to be protected and propa- 


gated for forestry and ornamental purposes. 


It pro- 


duces valuable wood, yields delicious syrup and sugar, 
lives long, furnishes excellent shade, and possesses some 
of the cleanest and most beautiful features of any Ameri- 


flooring 
furniture 
Large 
are 


chief 
and 
woods. 
quantities 
also used for 
broom handles, 
re f rigerators, 
kitchen —_cabi- 
nets, tooth 
picks, c hil- 
dren’s toys, 
musical instru- 
ments and ag- 
ricultural im- 
plements. Most 
wooden picnic 
platters and 
bowling pins 
are made of 
Maple wood. It 
is indeed diffi- 


cult to think 
of any c o m- 
mon household 


THREE COMMON NATIVE MAPLES 


sugar maple. 


At the left, ash-leaved maple, in the center, silver leaf maple, and to the right the leaf of the 


can tree. As 
amemorial 
tree the Sugar 
Maple has few 
equals, and as 
an avenue or 
roadside tree it 
ranks among 
the best. 

The Silver 
Maple is also 
an important 
timber tree. It 
is one of the 
best known of 
our native 
Maples, for it 
has a wide nat- 


ural distribu- 
tion and has 
been _ planted 


extensively as 
a shade and or- 
namental tree. 
In summer it is 


HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE FOUR IMPORTANT NATIVE MAPLES OF THE EAST 


NAME LEAVES FLOWERS FRUIT BUDS BARK 
SUGAR MAPLE. Simple, usually 5- Appear with the Matures in au- Brown, s har p- Grayish brown on 
793 lobed, coarsely leaves. Occur in tumn, Medium- pointed, with 8 to gray to 

toothed, pale green drooping clusters. sized maple key 16 exposed scales. black on main 
on lower surface. borne on long Occur solitary stem, not scaly. 
stalks and clus- along twigs. 
tered. 
SILVER MAPLE. Simple, 5 - lobed Appear before Matures in early Red, blunt-point- Greenish to red- 


RED MAPLE. 


ASH - LEAVED 
MAPLE. 


silvery white on 
lower surface, leaf 


clefts deep and 
round ‘based. 
Simple, 3 to 5- 


lobed, whitish on 
lower surface; leaf 


clefts shallow and’ 


sharp - pointed at 
base. 


Compound, with 3 


_ to 5 leaflets. 


leaves. Occur in 
dense clusters 
along twigs. 


Appear before 
leaves. Occur in 
dense clusters 
along twigs. 


Appear with 
leaves. Occur in 
drooping clusters 
and spikes. 


summer, Large 
maple key with 
rather divergent 
wings. 


Matures in early 
summer. Small 
maple key, ar- 
ranged in short 
lateral clusters. 


Matures in late 
summer. Medium - 
sized maple key 
with converging 
wings; arranged 
in long drooping 
clusters. May re- 
main on trees over 
winter. 


ed, clustered along 
twigs. 


Red, blunt-pointed, 
clustered along 
twigs. 


Short - stalked, 
blunt - pointed, 
white wooly; only 
a few bud-scales 
visible. 


dish brown on 
twigs, dark gray 
and scaly on main 
stem. 


Reddish with 
white dots on 
twigs, grayish and 
somewhat scaly on 
main stems. 


Smooth and purp- 
lish green on 
twigs, grayish 
brown and _ fur- 
rowed on main 
stem. 


THE MAPLES 15 


A SUGAR MAPLE TREE WITH A HISTORY 


It was planted in 1876 and when 30 years old had a breast-high 
diameter of 14 inches. 


always easily distinguished by the silvery white under 
surface of the leaves and by the deep clefts in the leaves, 
the bases of which are round, while those of the Red 
Maple are sharp-angled. The Silver Maple is usually 
found along the banks of rivers and other streams. It 
occurs from New Brunswick and Ontario south to Flor- 
ida and west to Oklahoma and Dakota. In its wide 
range it has a number of common names. Among them 
are White Maple, Soft Maple and River Maple. 


The Silver Maple blossoms very early in spring be- 
fore the leaves have made their appearance. In fact, it 
is among the earliest of our native trees to blossom. In 
most localities the flowers appear before those of the Red 
Maple. The flowers are crowded towards the ends of 
the branches, each lateral bud containing from three to 
five blossoms. They range in color from reddish to crim- 
son, and are favorites for the honey bee which swarm 
about them in great numbers on the first warm days of 
spring. Its fruit matures early in summer and is larger 
than that of any of the eastern Maples. The bark is 


somewhat furrowed and separates in long scales which 
are loose at both ends and attached at the middle. This 
is a helpful distinguishing characteristic at all seasons 
of the year. The bending down of the branches and the 
distinct upward swoop of their small ends is also a posi-, 
tive means of identification. 

The Silver Maple may attain a large size upon favor- 
able situations. It is not unusual to find a specimen one 
a hundred feet in height and from three to four feet in 
diameter. The wood is much softer than that of the 
Sugar Maple, but is used for a wide range of purposes. It 
is especially prized in the manufacture of fruit baskets 
and berry boxes. The wide spreading crown and the 
drooping branches also recommend this tree for orna- 
mental planting, and a beautiful cut-leaf variety with a 
weeping habitat has been developed. Before planting 
it for ornamental purposes one should know that it is 
short-lived and that its branches are so brittle that they 
are readily broken off by the wind and by snow and ice 
pressure. 

The Red Maple is ever mindful of its common name. 
At all seasons of the year some part of it is distinctly 
red. In winter the beautiful red twigs are marked with 
conspicuous white lenticles and dotted with clusters of 
reddish buds. Early in spring, before the leaves have 
made their appearance the red clusters of flowers appear, 
and in early summer the red winged fruit is conspicuous 
and hangs down from the branches on long drooping 


MAPLE SEEDS 


Red Maple 


% 


Suger Maple 


Mountam Maple 
r 


| Striped Maple 


Nor way Maple 
Ash-\eah Mole 


FRUIT OF THE.MAPLE 


With a little study one may soon readily distinguish the maples 
by their fruit. 


16 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


planting sites for this 
: tree. 

T h e Ash- leaved 
Maple, also known as 
Box Elder, differs 
from all other Maples 
in that it has com- 
pound leaves with 
three to five leaflets, 
instead of simple 
leaves. It also bears 
the pollen - bearing 
and seed - producing 
flowers on separate 
trees, while the other 
Maples usually have 


A DISTINC- both kinds of flow- 
aks biter ers on the same tree. 
hadi of the These striking differs 


Sugar Maple 
are unmistak- 
able. 


ences were formerly 
regarded important 
enough to place this 
tree in a _ distinct 
, group by itself, but 
FLOWER AND FRUIT OF THE SILVER MAPLE now it is again 


veins of the leaves, d ith th 

and in autumn this The flowers of the Silver Maple occur in clusters along the twigs and ap- groupe wit the 
s > pear before the leaves. Its maple-key fruit is the largest of our native maples other simple - leaved 

superb tree is at its and the leaves are silvery white on the 1ower surtace, with deep and round- 

best. Just as the based leaf-clefts. Maples. 


stalks. In summer 
there is often a tinge 
of red along the 


leaves of many of our trees are beginning to 
fall, one may look across a meadow and see a 
gorgeous Red Maple completely clothed in 
scarlet, or one may find a solitary specimen on 
a hillside standing out as a flaming torch 
among its green associates. It is not only in 
summer and autumn that the Red Maple is 
true to its common name and recognized with- 
out much effort, for at other seasons of the 
year it also stands out with an individuality 
for its stem is gray and stately, and its 
branches clean and smooth, and its twigs 
dotted with white lenticles and knotted clus- 
ters of distinctly red buds. 

Its scientific name is Acer rubrum. This 
name is quite appropriate, for the word “ru- 
brum’” means red. Sometimes this tree is called 
Scarlet Maple because of the scarlet autumnal 
color of its leaves. Other common names are: 
Soft Maple, Swamp Maple and White Maple. 

If there is one maple that excels all others 
in beauty in the forest it must be the Red 
Maple. One usually finds it in wet places. It 
is commonest in swamps and along river 
banks, but also thrives in moist soil on moun- 
tain slopes. It thrives well when planted along 
village streets and in parks, but it is short- 
lived and needs plenty of moisture. These SUGAR MAPLE FLOWER, FRUIT AND LEAVES 


characteristics and requirements suggest that The flowers of the Sugar Maple appear with the leaves and occur in clus- 
great care should be taken in the selection of ters on long, slender stalks. The leaves are large and coarsely toothed. 


THE MAPLES 17 


There are now recognized seventy different species 
of Maples in the world. No other group of trees are 
better known or have a wider range of uses. As a group 
they satisfy many human wants by the valuable products 
which they produce and by the pleasing effects which - 
they make upon the human eye. It would be hard for 
us to get along without the Maples. They do so much 
for us. We use them every day in many ways while 
at work and at play. Their protection and perpetuation 
is our duty. If we do this task well there will flow forth 
from it worthy credits to us and needed benefits to 
thousands yet unborn. 


MOUNTAIN MAPLE FLOWERS AND FRUIT 


The flowers of the Mountain Maple occur in erect spikes and its 
leaves are sharply toothed on the margin and 3 to 5-lobed. 


mental tree, being attractive, vigorous and hardy, and 
practically free from insect and fungous foes. 

These two European Maples have few characteristics 
in common with our American Maples, and may be dis- 


LEARN TO KNOW THEM BY THEIR LEAVES 
At the left is the leaf of the Norway Maple and at the right A RED MAPLE GIANT 
that of the Sycamore Maple. ‘ : ‘ A 
Many huge old maples are found in the State of Pennsylvania. 


tinguished from each other by the characteristics given This one is four feet in diameter and is free of branches for forty 


in the previous table. feet from the ground. 


18 AMERICAN FORESTRY 
NAME aE LEAVES FLOWERS. FRUIT BARK HABITAT 
MOUNTAIN Shrub or small Usually 3-lobed, Occur in erect Small maple key On twigs reddish Prefers rocky sit- 
MAPLE. tree, rarely over coarsely toothed, spikes, 3 to 4 in- about 1-2 of an brown to gray; uations on moun- 
15 feet high. 3-5 inches long, ches long. inch long, ar- on stem reddish tains. 
light hairy on ranged in droop- brown dotted 
lower surface. ing clusters. with gray 
blotches. 
STRIPED Small tree, usu- Goose-foot - like, Occur in droop- Small maple key On twigs red- Dislars mao 
MAPLE. ally 15-30 feet 5-6 inches long. ing tassels, 3 to about 3-4 of an qish; on stem situation in dense 
high. 3-lobed at apex, 4 inches long. inch long, af- reqdish brown woods. 
finely toothed, ranged in Open ctreaked with 
prominently drooping clUS- jong white lines. 
veined, rusty ters. 
hairs on lower 
surface. 


Two European 
Maples have been 
widely introduced in- 
to the United States. 
They are the Norway 
Maple and the Syca- 
more Maple. Among 
the shade trees which 
have been introduced 
into America from 
Europe, the Norway 
Maple easily stands 
in the first rank. 
Thousands of speci- 
mens are found 
throughout the East- 
ern United States. It 
is difficult to find a 
single town in which 
this tree has not been 
planted. It is a very 


fungous proof. It 
satisfies most of the 
requirements of an 
ornamental tree, and 
in spite of the fact 
that it is a foreigner 
deserves to be planted 
extensively as a street 
and lawn tree. It is 
attractive from early 
spring to late in the 
fall, and during the 
‘winter presents a 
pleasing form and an 
attractive trunk. 
TheSycamore 
Maple has also been 
introduced into the 
Eastern States on a 
rather extensive scale 
for shade and orna- 


mental purposes. It 
has many advantages 


hardy species, grows 


rapidly, and is prac- FLOWER AND LEAF OF THE STRIPED MAPLE 


The flowers of the Striped Maple occur in drooping tassels and the leaves. 


tically insect and are goose-foot like. as a shade and orna- 

NAME BARK LEAVES FLOWERS FRUIT BUDS 
NORWAY Black, fissured, Flexible, large Arranged in yel- Large maple key Large and red. 
MAPLE not scaly. coarsely toothed, lowish green clus- with widely diver- 

almost entire on ters. gent wings. 

margin, smooth on 

lower surface; 

leaf stalks contain 

milky sap, re- 

sembles sugar 

maple. 

SYCAMORE Brown, not fis- Firm, 3 to 5-lobed, Arranged in erect Small maple key Large and green. 

MAPLE sured, scaly. sharply toothed on spikes, about 3 with almost paral- 

margin, slightly inches long. lel wings. 

hairy on lower 

surface; leaf-stalks 

do not contain 

milky sap. 


; Aa THE MAPLES 19 


BARK OF THE SILVER MAPLE 


Shallow furrows and scaliness constitute the main characteris- 
tics of the Silver Maple bark. 


Perhaps the most attractive feature of the Ash-leaved 
Maple is found in the rich color of its twigs.. They are 
a glorious olive green, usually covered with a white 
bloom, and stand out boldly against the sky-line. 


This tree is one of the fastest growing and most hardy 
of our native hardwoods. As a shade and ornamental 
tree it has the advantages of rapid growth, dense foliage, 
pleasing color, and comparative freedom from insect and 
fungous attack. It holds a very prominent place among 
the shade trees planted in the prairie states. In the older 
settled portion of the United States it is gradually giving 
place to other more desirable trees. The chief objection 
to it is the fact that it is always shedding something, and 
early in life defects frequently develop. The leaves fall 
both in and out of season, blossoms litter the ground in 
spring, and the seeds drop from early winter until spring. 


The Ash-leaved Maple is distributed over most-of the 
United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 
related species is native to California. Recently a num- 
ber of special varieties with distinctive colored foliage 


A closely; 


have been developed. They are now offered by nursery- 
men for ornamental planting. This tree is worthy of a 
place in our forests, and deserves being used for orna- 
mental planting, but great care should be taken in choos- 
ing suitable sites upon which to plant it. It does not de-- 
velop satisfactorily upon unfavorable situations. 


The two “Tom Thumbs” of the Maples are the Striped 
Maple and the Mountain Maple. Neither of these trees 
attain a size sufficiently large to classify them as timber 
trees, but both of them are so attractive and have such 
striking distinguishing characteristics that they deserve 
a place in our forests, and in our ornamental planting 
program. 


The Striped Maple reaches the size of a small tree and 
loves shaded situations and moist soil, while the Mountain 
Maple is usually a shrub, and thrives well upon dry 
rocky hillsides and mountain tops. Both of these small 
forest trees are satisfied to take their places in the under- 
story of the forest, while others of their kind reach up 
high and struggle for a place in the upper-story of the 
forest. The following table gives the striking distin- 
guishing characteristics of these two beautiful Maples 
which are common in the northwoods, and extend along 
the Allegheny Mountains as far south as the Carolinas, 
Tennesse and Georgia. 


¥) 


Sh SQ 
WS 
) 


Le 
QY \ \ 


RED. MAPLE FLOWERS AND FRUIT 


The flowers of the Red Maple appear in clusters before the leaves 
are out. The fruit is a small winged key and the leaves are 3 to 
5-lobed, with sharp based clefts. 


THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY 
IN NEW JERSEY 


By C. P. Wilber, State Fire Warden of New Jersey 


T is difficult to criticize the woodland owner who is 

indifferent to the practice of forestry, or even to 
forest conservation in a community where public opinion 
and public funds are either one or both indifferent or 
luke warm to forest fire prevention. Recognition of this 
fact has grown by leaps and bounds lately, yet, to far 
too many, fire prevention is still too largely a remote 
though interesting public problem, instead of a live per- 
sonal concern, even in the localities where the work is 
best organized and oldest. To all right-minded, think- 
ing people the national total of damage done by forest fire 
each year is appalling, the toll exacted by the demon 
flame in life, in property, in welfare is staggering, but 
the sense of individual responsibility to guard against 
their own and others ignorance or carelessness lies dor- 
mant while the waste goes on and want draws nearer. 

The protection of forests from fire is not the whole 
of forestry as some timberland owners profess by their 
practice. But fire protection is the fundamental with- 
out which forestry is foolishness. Planting trees for fu- 
ture timber, where fire is likely, is a long-shot gamble. 
Improvement work in standing timber, not guarded 


against fire, is a questionable business venture. Post- 
ponement of cutting for bigger and better timber in 
young merchantable woodlands exposed to fire is hazard- 
ous. Reservation of part of the merchantable stand in 
cutting for reproduction, with no safeguard against 
serious fire damage, is “bad business” practice. Holding 
cut-over land for future forest growth is “poor practice” 
from any business standpoint, unless the fire danger is 
provided against. These things might do for a faddist 
or a millionaire or both; but, if cutting timber and sell- 
ing it were my life work and livelihood, I don’t believe 
I’d. do them. Would you? 

New Jersey owes a deep debt of gratitude to those who 
started forestry in the state, for the far-sighted wisdom 
which built her whole program on adequate, compulsory, 
state-wide forest fire protection. After more than 15 
years under this program it may be of interest and per- 
haps be instructive to consider what has been done and 
how and to point out the strength and weaknesses which 
experience with the system used have shown. 

There are two million acres of land now forested or 
growing up to forest in the state. This is almost half 


IT’S SPLENDID TO PUT OUT FOREST FIRES BUT BETTER TO KEEP THEM FROM STARTING 


Forest fires in New Jersey are almost invariably man-made and so the State is making strenuous effort to acquaint her citizens 
with the true conditions and thereby make them more careful. 


THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY 21 


its total area. A large part of this land is not suitable 
for agriculture or similar uses. It will grow timber, 
but always will be waste land otherwise. The part now 
forested, but fit for other uses should be developed into 


FIRE BLACKENED RUINS 


Until this sort of thing is stopped it is hard to blame the man 
who won't improve his woods or take a chance on future timber 
crops. 


farms, pastures, orchards, home sites, etc., but much of 
such land will be undeveloped long enough to grow one 
crop of timber if not more. Meanwhile it will lie idle 
and depreciate unless it does grow forest. 

Given the chance, throughout New Jersey nature will 
retrieve waste land by spontaneous forest reproduction 
and will maintain a forest cover of valuable species per- 
manently, without artificial planting or other expensive 
treatment. The retreating sources of virgin supply and 
the imminence of its exhaustion have emphasized to 
New Jersey, in common with every Eastern state, not 
only the wisdom of, but the necessity for home grown 
timber. Though the vast demands of the densest center 
of population in the world, within and on New Jersey’s 
borders, can never be wholly met from the state’s limited 
woodland area, yet the state should not and need not 
import most of the raw forest products used, as it now 
does, and a unique market awaits her home grown tim- 
ber. There is practically no barrier between the present 
low production and the sorely needed and highly profit- 
able maximum but fire. Because of this, as the forestry 
movement has grown in scope, in public interest and in 
achievement in New Jersey, its slogan has always re- 
mained “Stop Forest Fires.” 

Granting that fire-proofing the forests is worth while, 
the obvious necessities are a knowledge of what causes 
the fires and facilities for remedying these causes and for 
stopping fires which start. New Jersey has taken up 


these problems through a cooperative system of Fire 
Wardens in the appointment, supervision and mainten- 
ance of which both the state and the local municipal gov- 
erning bodies share the responsibility and expense. A 
force of five fire wardens is maintained by the state, un- . 
der the direction of the Forestry Division of its Depart- 
ment of Conservation and Development. These fire war- 
dens have general supervision of all forest fire work 
either throughout the state or in a large section called 
a “Division.” Their time is given to law enforcement, 
to direction of fire fighting at the larger fires, to fire pre- 
ventive work, to oversight of fire lookout and patrol and 
to general supervision of the work and business of the 
local fire wardens. Subject to the approval of the State 
Fire Warden, the townships (or local municipalities) 
appoint their local fire wardens. This force of local war- 
dens numbering from 350 to 400, now covers 170 town- 


NATURE WILL DO HER BEST 


Even after a burn; but repeating the dose prevents maturing a 
crop and makes barren land before long. 


ships, towns and boroughs embracing practically the en- 
tire forested area of the state. The expense of maintain- 
ing this organization and of the actual fire-fighting is 
paid by the local governing bodies, subject to refund of 
one-half the cost from the State Treasury after the bills 
have been paid. Each township (or chief) Fire Warden 
is paid $20 per year and his assistants or District Fire 
Wardens $10 per year as salary or retainer. All wardens 
receive $2 for the first two hours or less at each fire and 
50 cents per hour for all time over two hours. These local 
wardens are the backbone of the fire-fighting system, 
with authority to compel the use of any equipment 
necessary and the service of any one for fire-fighting. 


22 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Their helpers all are paid $1 for the first two hours or 
less and 40c per hour thereafter. This provision for a 
fixed minimum pay for short service, whether for 10 
minutes or two hours, at first blush has the appearance 
of extravagance. In practice, however, it makes the pay 
sufficient to encourage men to drop their work and give 
a fire attention at once while it is still a one-man job of 
a few minutes. It also has proven the spur to “quick 
work” by the wardens and their crews, by offering a 
bonus for “winding up” the work quickly for big pay, 
instead of working a longer time for less than the pre- 
vailing rate of wages in most localities. It therefore has 
helped to prevent both the damage and expense entailed 
in long continued fires. 

Under this system an average total of 1,000 fires per 


slowly by a purely or large “state-owned and operated” 
system. As the starting point in forest protection this 
has unquestionably been a real asset. 

But, despite real progress in her forest fire campaign, 
fires of from 500 to thousands of acres in area each are 
still too common in New. Jersey. Periods of severe dan- 
ger yearly make conditions which the semi-volunteer 
system cannot adequately handle. Local wardens in 
their activity are tempted to observe political boundaries 
which fire does not respect. Local jealousy and pride 
are common weaknesses. Localities where help is scarce, 
communication poor and transportation difficult are 
plentiful. And we are still ignorant of how nearly one- 
half of our fires start. Therefore, as a state-wide propo- 
sition, timber which requires a minimum of from 30 to 


I DIDN’T MEAN TO— 


But this will not undo the damage which external vigilance only will prevent. Fire not only spoils the looks of things but is 
responsible for the loss of much valuable young timber. 


year are dealt with so effectively that more than one- 
quarter of them never become two-acre fires and over 
half of them burn less than 10 acres each. With this 
organization supplemented by the work of the State’s 
wardens, from 50 to 70 per cent of each year’s fires are 
definitely fixed upon the person or agency responsible, 
a record which has earned for New Jersey an enviable 
place among the agencies working on the forest protec- 
tion problem. Also this feature of the work has proven 
to be a tremendous power as a deterrent and educational 
factor in preventing fires. The local nature of the or- 
ganization has aroused a local public interest and sup- 
port which would certainly have been secured more 


50 years to mature, is not yet assured that it can reach 
maturity, even though it may escape fire damage for the 
greater part of its growing period. What’s the answer? 
Closer supervision. In the first place by a state-wide 
fire lookout system, so that fire can’t sneak out into the 
woods and grow up before someone knows that he is in 
the neighborhood. Second, by enough more state fire 
wardens to supplement and supervise the local organi- 
zation so that prompt and well-coordinated attention 
will be assured to every fire while it is still in short trous- 
ers, and so that someone who has the time, as well as 
the desire, may be on hand to know how all fires start 
and to know of the remedy, any places or condition which 


ee ee co 7 


TT 


THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY 23 


1s a fire menace, before the necessary spark has found 
it and done its damage. 

Unlike some sections of the country, in which natural 
forces like lightning cause many fires, forest fires in New 
Jersey are almost invariably man-made. Whether it be 
the 30 per cent caused by the railroads, or 15 per cent 
from brush burning and campers’ fires, or smokers set- 
ting from 15 to 50 per cent, or the small proportion of the 
total number from many other miscellaneous causes; 
someone’s carelessness, ignorance or indifference is re- 
sponsible. It is because of this that adequate facilities 
for watching the woodlands and those who frequent them 
will certainly stamp out the damage done by forest fire. 
It is because of this that New Jersey is extremely for- 
tunate in that her schools are all required to teach the 
lesson of fire prevention, including the how and why of 
keeping fire from the woods. It is because of this that 
particular stress has always been laid upon ascertaining 
who or what started every fire, so that it might be made 
expensive and uncomfortable to set the woods afire and 
people thereby be made more careful. 


In dealing with a number of the major causes of for- 
est fire, the New Jersey legislation and practice differs 
from that in many states. From the first it has been rec- 
ognized in New Jersey’s forest protection work, that, as 
long as coal-burning locomotives were used, the most 
perfect mechanical devices on the locomotives were but 
partly effective at best and were always subject to de- 
terioration or careless handling or both. Because of this, 
the entire matter of locomotive inspection and the dis- 
cipline of personnel has been left unrestricted in the 
hands of the railroad companies and the whole forest fire 
prevention effort has been centered on fire-proofing the 
rights-of-way, so that not only locomotive sparks, but 
carelessly discarded matches and smoking materials 
might not be able to start forest fires. In addition, per- 
sistent and apparently successful effort has been made to 
fix responsibility for all of its fires upon each company 
and to apply a penalty for each, as in the case of fires 
from any other cause. Under this policy there have been 
established permanent “fire lines,” so called, along the 
greater part of the forest trackage in the state, which, 
where maintained in right condition, provide effective 
protection save in abnormal danger periods. These lines 
vary from a cleared zone on which all surface growth and 
litter are destroyed with a strip of exposed material soil 
on the outer margin, to a simple burning off of the ground 
growth and litter frequently enough to keep it clear of 
inflammable material. They vary in width with surface 
conditions, with the topography and with the character 
of the traffic. Also practice has varied from complete 
clearing of all growth, trees included, to the encourage- 
ment of the densest tree shade compatible with a clean 
ground surface. The best results, however, appear to 
require a belt of from 100 to 200 feet in width from the 
nearest rail with a maximum of shade to intercept a 
falling spark, to discourage vegetation on the ground and 
to maintain soil moisture. A natural and advantageous 
outcome of the fire line policy is the interest and activity 


of the section crews in stopping fires. If fire prevention 
is “up to” the section boss, bad locomotive maintenance 
and operation or no, responsibility is not divided and 
fire is given the least possible chance to develop. Within 
the last ten years railroad fires have dropped from over ° 
50 per cent to less than 30 per cent of the total fires start- 
ed and “big fires” from railroad operations are now ex- 
tremely rare. 

May I see your fire permit? This question has em- 
barrassed great numbers who were using fires for work 
or pleasure, for New Jersey has from the first required 
that no open fire be built in or near the woodlands 
without a written permit from the local fire warden. But, 
while a nuisance to the experienced camper, an annoy- 


LITTLE SURFACE FIRES MAKE TREES LIKE THESE 


And it is a very serious matter in view of the rapidly diminish- 
ing stands of virgin timber. 


ance to the careful picniker and sometimes almost a 
handicap to the trustworthy farmer or settler, this restric- 
tion has been of tremendous advantage to the State in 
keeping fire from the woodlands. It has reduced the 
needless use of fire, although the permits are issued free 
and made easily available to all responsible applicants. 
It has curtailed the careless use of fire because the person 
whose fire is “tagged” will not take chances, as when his 
fire is built haphazard and unknown. The foreigner, 
the new settler, and the inexperienced camper is re- 
strained from doing himself, his neighbors and the com- 
munity harm by coming into touch with a word of ad- 
vice and warning before his fire is built. The proven 
reckless or incompetent can be denied the use of that 


24 AMERICAN 
which, in his hands, is a public menace. And all burning 
can be banned in a locality or throughout the state when 
conditions of peculiar danger make any use of open fire 
a menace. It is needless to say that, though generally 
enforced, the strictness of the enforcement has varied 
with the local situations and different local wardens. But 
the result of rigid observance of the regulations has al- 
ways shown emphatically and at once in a reduced num- 
ber of forest fires. Also the permit law is only operative 
in townships where there are fire wardens appointed. 
Because of this the introduction of the warden system 
into new communities has almost always met with ob- 
jection, but in no instance of which there is knowledge 
has the protection which the permit requirement afforded 
failed, within a short time, to transform. the opposition 
to hearty appreciation of its value. 

By other legislation the State can provide against or 
eliminate seri- 


FORESTRY 


plainly shown. Because of this, there are almost no 
cases taken into court, and the penalties imposed assume 
an educational as well as punitive character because the 
unfortunate but necessary imposition of a severe penalty 
for a minor offense, if it is to be dealt with at all, which 
is so common under many penalty procedures, is avoid- 
ed. A man can tell the truth, point out his ignorance or 
bad judgment and its result to friends and neighbors and 
yet not be “strung up” in consequence, if it is reasonable 
that he should not be. 

The annual expenditure for all the work done now 
averages from $35,000 to $45,000, or from 1% to 
2% cents per acre of forest protected. The variable item 
is the sum spent for fighting fire, for which the local 
communities and the State each pay from $5,000 to $10,- 
000 per year, dependent on the severity of the fire sea- 
son. Considering this low cost the State is getting a 
surprisingly ef- 


ous fire m e n- 
aces by requir- 
ing patrol or 
remedial meas- 
ures at the ex- 
pense of the 
property owner 
or of the agent 
responsible for 
the condition. 
In this way 
threatened 
trouble from 
areas of log- 
ging slash, un- 
kempt and dan- 
gerous road- 
sides, areas ad- 
joining active 
steam machin- 
ery, improper- 
ly — protected 
railroad rights- 
of-way, perma- 
nent camp sites 
and___ colonies, 
etc., is tempor- 
arily guarded 
against or per- 
manently dis- 
posed of as the need requires. One other feature of: New 


Jersey’s forest fire law deserves particular .mention: 
Under 


the law there are provided statutory fines for violation 


that is the flexibility of its penalty procedure. 


of its provisions, which make responsibility for forest 
fires, whether by accident or intent, a violation, which 
compel continual watch over all fires built and require 
fire permits and fire-fighting service as above described. 
However, the ‘State is given the power to remit or to 
reduce the statutory fine, ‘where circumstances justify 
such action, even though the violation is admitted or 


IT “EATS ’EM ALIVE!” 


This sort of treatment tends to discourage trees from growing.. The young growth is either this 


completely destroyed or stunted and—carelessness causes most forest fires. 


fective result 
in fire preven- 
tion and con- 
trol. But a 
“good show- 
ing” or “great 
improvement ” 
in one year 
over another in 
one or many 
ways has not 
and will not 
make forestry 
practiceor 
woodland own- 
ership attrac- 
tive or even 
wise in New 
Jersey or any- 
where. The 
State can wise- 
ly and should 
raise its annual 
expenditure for 
forest fire pro- 
tection to 4c 
per. acre. At 
figure a 
measure of 
safety can be 
assured to woodlands which will eliminate the present 
tisk and take timber growing and timberland holding 
out of the class of hazardous investment, and make it a 
safe and profitable business venture. 

A statement of the work done and results accom- 
plished in stopping forest fires in New Jersey would be 


incomplete if it did not give recognition to the great bene-. 


fit derived from the allotment of Federal Funds, under 

the so-called Week’s Law, for the protection of the water- 

sheds of navigable -streams.. Though available for use 

only in the northern third of the State, these funds have 
(Continued on page 30) 


© <<, 


TO USE ALASKA’S FORESTS 


FOR the first time in our history we have an oppor- 

tunity, in Alaska, to guide the development of an 
immense forest region from the standpoint of permanent 
national interests,” declares Col. W. B. Greeley, chief of 
the Forest Service, United States Department of Agri- 
culture, in his annual report. “This,” says the Forester, 
“does not mean putting the forests of Alaska under lock 
and key. It means the expansion of her forest industries 
as rapidly as there is a market for their products, but 
within the limits and under the control necessary to keep 
the land productive and make the supply of raw material 
for manufacture into lumber and paper perpetual. 


“In considering ways and means for bettering condi- 
tions in the Territory, it is important that we do not lose 
sight of the bearing of her resources upon the national 
timber supply. The National Forests of Alaska contain 
20,000,000 acres and over 75,000,000,000 feet of timber of 
a quality suitable for general consumption. This is 
equivalent to nearly 6 per cent of all the timber in the 
Continental United States. It includes 100,000,000 cords 
of pulp wood, whose serviceability for the manufacture 
of paper is fully established by existing commercial prac- 
tice. Wisely handled, a paper industry can be developed 
in Alaska as permanent as the paper industries of Scandi- 
navia, and capable of supplying a third of the present 
paper consumption of the United States. This is an op- 
portunity which should not be thrown away by inviting 
unrestrained and destructive exploitation. 


“There has been much loose and ignorant criticism of 
the National Forests of Alaska,” continues Col. Greeley, 
“as imposing bars and locks upon the development of her 
timber resources. Since these National Forests were 
placed under administration in 1906 they have been open 
freely for the use of timber and other commercial re- 
sources under regulations of an exceedingly liberal and 
simple character. They are being cut today to the ex- 
tent of about 45,000,000 board feet annually. They fur- 
nish 86 per cent of all the timber used in the Territory ; 
they supply every sawmill on the Alaskan coast with 
logs; they furnish a large proportion of the piling, lum- 
ber and box shooks used in Alaska’s fish industry; they 
supply the great bulk of the timber used in the mines in 
their portion of the Territory. Sites have been readily 
and freely obtained within them for a large number of 
salmon canneries, sawmills, villages, fox farms, and 
commercial establishments of every character adapted to 
this region. 


“The Forest Service has labored steadily to promote 
the establishment of a paper industry in Alaska, which 
promises to be one of its most important industrial de- 
velopments. The terms offered to paper manufacturers 
are, indeed, more flexible and more favorable to the 


operator than in the case of any public timberlands in - 
Canada, with whom comparisons have frequently been 
drawn. Two sales of pulp timber, aggregating 700,000,- 
000 feet, have been made, and there are many pending 
applications and inquiries from responsible sources. Just 
as rapidly as bonafide undertakings for the building up 
of forest industries in the Territory take form, they are 
receiving and will receive every form of encouragement 
from the Forest Service consistent with the public in- 
terest in maintaining permanent production from Alas- 
ka’s forests. 


“The primary needs of Alaska are transportation, par- 
ticularly marine transportation, and a decentralized ad- 
ministration of public resources and affairs in the Terri- 
tory itself,” asserts the Chief Forester. “The National 
Forests of Alaska have always been administered in all 
respects, except the more important transactions and 
questions of policy, by supervisors and rangers in the 
Territory. In recognition of the need for the fullest de- 
centralization, however, a separate National Forest dis- 
trict covering the Territory was created on January 1, 
1921, under the direction of a resident District Forester. 
Ninety-five per cent of the business of these National 
Forests does not pass beyond Alaska. A further step is 
desirable. There is need for correlating closely the local 
administrative activities of the Forest Service with those 
of other Federal agencies in Alaska and of the Territorial 
Government for settling currently any questions of over- 
lapping jurisdiction and for securing coordinated action 
as new developments involving different agencies present 
themselves. This can be accomplished readily by or- 
ganizing the chief local administrative officers of the Fed- 
eral Government, together with the Governor, into an 
Alaskan council. The existence of such a body could not 
fail to facilitate the efforts of the Forest Service to make 
the National Forests in Alaska as beneficial as possible 
to the people of the Territory.” 


The Forester points out that in the administration of 
the National Forests of Alaska the fact must not be over- 
looked that the Territory is part of the United States, 
and that its forests are part of our National Forest re- 
sources, just as its agricultural problems are related to 
our national agricultural development and its fish are 
part of our national food supply. 


“There is no more reason,” he says, “why a separate 
and different system should be set up for dealing with the 
public forests of Alaska than there is for setting up such 
a system for each State. Alaska needs the application to 
her forests problems of the experience, technical knowl- 
edge and organization provided by the Forest Service; 
while the policy followed should be at one with that of the 
entire country, of which Alaska is simply a part.” 


HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES 


By R. W. Shufeldt, 
C. M. Z. S., American Society of Mammalogists, etc. 


MONG the peculiarities of the otters, sea otter, 
skunks, badgers, and their near allies, constituting 
the North American Mustelidae, there is no one thing 
that has created the interest that their odoriferous glands 
have. This is particularly true of the skunks, and the 
very mention of this animal’s name is immediately asso- 
ciated with its power of rendering itself excessively ob- 
noxious or even dangerous to man and to all other ani- 
mals. We say dangerous, as there have been well-attest- 
ed cases where complete blindness has followed the in- 
jection of the fluid into the eyes, and also dangerous to 
property, for many things have been utterly ruined by 
having been defiled in the same manner. 
These remarkable structures or glands are present, in 


SKUNKS HUNTING IN THE DAYTIME 
This unusual picture is from a photograph by Mr. Rollin E. 


Smith, who presented it to the writer. Skunks are wonderfully 
agile and elusive in such a situation as here shown, but they are 
not known to climb trees. 


one form or another, in all the true musteline mammals, 
and through their use these animals possess a means of 
defense quite equal to the teeth and claws of any of the 
other small animals. This is the chief use to which these 
glands and their acrid secretions are put. The idea still 
prevails among those poorly informed in such matters 
that this secretion of the glands comes from the kidneys, 
to be stored in the bladder. Nothing could be further 
from the truth. 

Prudism and false modesty are responsible for the 
masking of much truth in this world, thus fostering 
many a danger which is the outcome of ignorance. It 
is no more indelicate to write about the characters, prop- 
erties and functions of the remarkable fluid of defense 


than to speak about or describe the odor of the skunk 
cabbage, the namesake of the skunk in the vegetable 
kingdom. 

If the skunk makes a complete discharge, emptying 
both glands, he is rendered quite harmless, until such 
a time as the glands become refilled. According to the 
majority of authorities, the fluid may be thrown by the 
animal in two distinct streams, spray-like in character, 
for a distance of eight feet. Upon a calm day or night 
the odor may be detected over an area of half a square 
mile, and if carried by the wind, for a distance of more 
than a mile. 

How often the animal is compelled to empty the glands 
the writer is unable to state—that is, when the creature 
is not irritated in any way and there-is no occasion for 
it to defend itself. Instances have been known where 
they have been kept as pets for a year or more, with not 
a drop of the fluid escaping, or there being the slight- 
est evidence of the animal possessing such a disagree- 
able organ. If a weasel or a skunk is undergoing any 
pain, or is suddenly frightened or irritated in any way, 
they will emit the secretion, when the odor becomes very 
apparent. 


THE NORTHERN SKUNK 


This northern form of the skunk tribe typifies the genus as a 
whole as they occur in the eastern sections of the country. The 
animal generally holds its tail as here shown, or else perfectly 
erect. Skunks are not very rapid runners. 


The writer is more or less familiar with the glands 
as they occur in the weasels, sables and the mink, and 
has dissected them out in the latter animal, but he has 
never examined the odoriferous glands in the Fisher or 
Pekan, nor has he ever seen a good account of them any- 
where. 

In the Marten these glands are small, compared with 


HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES 27 


SKULL OF A SEA OTTER 


This is the front view of a sea otter skull, a rare animal now, and 
almost extinct. 


what we find in the Skunk. The animal has the power of 
throwing it only a very limited distance, and often it 
merely exudes upon the neighboring parts. In fact, it 


would seem that it is by no means employed as a fluid 
of defense, and it is, in some instances, by no means disa- 
greeable and rarely-highly offensive. Dogs and other 
animals do not especially shun the Marten. 

In the American sable or pine marten, the gland is not 


nearly as highly developed as in other mustelines—in ° 


SKULL OF A FISHER 

This is a fine specimen of the skull of an adult male fisher. Both 
of these fine skull specimens are in the collection of the National 
Museum, at Washington, and are published through the. courtesy 
of the Division of Mammals of that institution. (Photographed 
by the Author). 

the mink, for example; hence the characteristic odor is 
far less noticeable. In fact, captive martens become quite 
tame, and the odor given off by them is very mild. It is 
reduced to a mere musky taint, not altogether unpleas- 
ing to man—certainly it offers no protection for them 


po 


THIS FISHER HAS STALKED A RABBIT 


There is a certain character about tne drawing of 


one of the Fisher is from a photograph by the writer of a plate in the work of C. B 


mammals by Mr. Leon L. Pray which is unusual as well as attractive. This 


. Cory on “The Mammals of Illinois and Wis- 


consin.” In some parts of the country Fishers are now entirely exterminated. 


28 
against their enemies. Passing to 
the weasels, ermines, sables and the 
mink, we again find these glands 
more highly developed, and the 
odor of their secretion more or less 
powerful when the animals are ex- 
manner, as through 
The emission of the 


cited in 
fear or anger. 
secretion is voluntary as in the case 
of the skunk; and, although not as 
offensive as in that animal, it is 
nevertheless very penetrating and 
extremely unpleasant. It is not as 
lasting as the scent of the skunk, 
and it is not in the least noticeable 
when the creatures are at rest and 
not aroused. 

The scent of the secretion of the 
glands in the case of the mink is 
especially ranking prob- 
ably next to that of the skunk in 
characteristics; but to 
many this odor is entirely different 
from that of the skunk, and by no 
means disagreeable; it would not 


any 


strong, 


its several 


especially deter some from remov~ 
ing the animal alive from a trap or 
from capturing it by other means. 
The minks being largely aquatic by 
nature is another reason why their 
odor is not as likely to be perceived, 
as the glands would not be brought 
into use while the animal was in the 
water. Coues stated that “it is used 
with advantage by trappers, to in- 
crease the efficacy of their bait. It 
belongs to the class of musky 
odors, which, in minute quantities, 
are not disagreeable to most persons ; 
and, indeed, a moderate amount of 
mink scent is less undesirable than 
the rank odor of the she-wolf for 


instance. The former is special and 


peculiar ; the latter seems to convey all that is bad in the 


nature of the animal.” 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


SKIN OF A YOUNG SKUNK 


This skin of a skunk with broad white 
markings was collected and prepared by 
the writer; it was taken many years ago 
at Fort Fetterman, Wyoming, and is a 
western species. 


With respect to the badgers, lit- 
tle or nothing has been done in the 
direction of description of the 
glands as they occur in the species 
in this country. 

For the-sake of completeness, we 
may now devote the remainder of 
this article to a consideration of 
these musteline animals—that is, to 
their habits, distributions and kinds; 
for, taken in its entirety, the family 
can hold its own with any other 
family of mammals’ in North 
America in the matter of the inter- 
est it has for us, and certainly in 
its economic importance. As a 
group of the order Carnivora, it is 
an unusually well defined one, made 
up of many species, and being rep- 
resented in nearly all parts of the 
world with the exception of the 
Australian region. The most typ- 
ical musteline mammals are the mar- 
tens and weasels, while the other 
forms making up the family vary to 
a considerable extent, such as the 
otters, the skunks, and the badgers. 

The belt in which the greatest 
number are found lies in the North- 
ern Hemisphere, especially in the 
sub-boreal zone and in the northern 
girdle of the North Temperate. 
Typical weasels make up the great 
bulk of the mustelines, it being the 
largest genus or the one containing 
the greatest number of species; 
nioreover, they have the widest geo- 
graphical distribution. | Weasels 
may be said to typify the family, and 
zoologists recognize all the way 
from fifteen to twenty genera as 
composing it. We have discovered 
that this family may naturally be di- 


vided into quite a number of subfamilies ; some of these 


contain but a single genus, and this genus but a single 


6 
a 


WESTERN 


Of the many species of skunks in tne United 


small white spots on their black bodies: 


’ 


ai 


ax: 


SKUNKS ARE REALLY BEAUTIFUL ANIMALS 


States none is handsomer than the western ones. Some are entirely black, with 


if _ Spots 0 others are marked as here shown, which is from a photograph by the writer of a row of 
five on exhibition in the Mammal Hall of the United States National Museum. 


ee 


Pigeon an 


i een 


= — — 
Oe wt 


fae Tae 


HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES 29 


FISHERS ARE FOND OF BEING NEAR WATER 


The name of the animal is a misnomer, as it does not catch 
living fish, but it will eat them when occasion offers. It has been 
known to kill deer and prey upon rabbits, foxes, porcupines and 
other mammals. 


species. From man’s earliest history down to the pres- 
ent time, the economic value of the family has ever been 
on ithe increase, and this has only slackened when, through 
man’s agency, the animals giving rise to it have been, to a 
greater or less degree, destroyed and exterminated. Dur- 
ing this rise and decadence, however, simply untold mil- 
lions of the pelts have been collected, bought, sold, met 
the demands of fashion, formed food for billions of 
moths, been worn out, and gradually passed out of exis- 
tence. To a large extent, this trade and this sequence of 


OTTERS TYPIFY THE AQUATIC MAMMALS 
Our common otter is now becoming very scarce; like its cousin, 
the mink, it is very fond of fish, and it is extremely expert in 
catching them. Note the webbed feet of the animal, which is 
from A. C. Gould’s “Where to Find American Game.” 


things is still going on. The statistics of the sales of the 
pelts by the Hudson Bay and Canadian companies alone 
is something stupendous. 

No family in the Class Mammalia is better defined than 
the present one, or more clearly distinguished through its 
zoological characters in the order Carnivora, to which it 
belongs. And, notwithstanding the great apparent differ- 
ence between a badger and a. weasel, or a skunk and a 
sea otter, the comparative anatomy of the group fur- 
nishes the best proof of the true relationships of its fam- 
ily members. 

As to their place in the system, the writer is of the 
opinion that the musteline assemblage is, above all oth- 
ers, most closely related to the Bears (Ursidae), this 


FINE PICTURE OF A BADGER 


This remarkable photograph of the American Badger was made 
from life by Mr. Elwin R. Sanborn, and is here used by his per- 


mission. Note the median white stripe on the head of the ani- 
mal, agreeing with what we see.in some skunks. 

through the family Eluridae (the Panda,) and primarily 
the Racoons. On the other hand, a remote, 
though not so very distant a kinship, is seen in the dogs 
and their various allies. 

Upon examining the main and anatomical characters, 
it would appear that this family is easily divisible into 
no less than eight subfamilies. Of these eight five are 
represented in the United States, the martens and weas- 
els (one subfamily) ; the badgers ; the skunks ; the Ameri- 
can otters, and the sea otters. Nine genera make up these 
five subfamilies—that is, the otters, ithe sea otters, three 
kinds of skunks and three in the marten group—as the 
minks, weasels and wolverene. 

Various fossil forms of these animals have been dis- 
covered from time to time. The skunks are strictly of 
North American distribution, but widely known in other 


more 


(Continued on page 41) 


THE RED DRAGOON 
LEW SARETT 


Among the brittle needles of the pine, 

A harmless ember, casually flung— 

Smoldering in the tinder of the soil— 

Writhing crimson vipers 

Redly licking at the leaves, 

Bellying into the amorous wind 

With flickering venomous tongues, 

And sinking blue fangs in the heart of the night. 


Il 


Lo! blazing mane and streaming bridle, 
Bursting out of the lurid hills, 

A stallion, 

A livid-crimson stallion, 

A lightning-winged stallion, 

Crashing out of the billowing smoke 
On a flaming crimson trail. 


A ghastly shriek in the canyon, 
An echoing moan in the pines, 

A wild red rush of flying red feet, 
And a hand at the charger’s bit. 
A flame-shod foot in the stirrup, 
A phantom hand on the reins. 
And lo! a rider in scarlet, 

A swaggering rider in scarlet, 
The ghost of a Red Dragoon! 


A war-brawling wild cavalier, 

With a cackle sardonic and grim, 

A bite in his wind-whistling arrows, 
And a blight in his lethal breath !— 
Careering he charges the timber 
With resin-hot lances of gold, 

And he shouts a demoniac laughter 
When his blood-bleary eyes behold, 
Scurrying out of the riotous hills 

A rabble of shadowy things,— 

Oh, the clatter of whistling deer, 
The patter of feet in the rushes, 

The bleat of the panting fawn!— 
Flung out of the timber like leaves, 
Like burning leaves in the wind 
Whirled over the hills and the valleys 
And out to the fringes of night. 


A bloody-gripped red cavalier! 

A blasphemous dread cavalier! 

Galloping into the blue-templed hills 

With a wild ribald song on his lips, 

And a curse for the gray-bearded pines 

That complain of his searing hot breath; 
Sundering their boles with a swift molten fist, 
Cleaving their suppliant branches, 

With a jeer as they go to a thundering death 
Enshrouded in bellowing flame, 


As they wing their gray souls on the spiralling smoke 


Up to the ultimate stars. 

Galloping over tumultuous clouds 

To tilt at the livid-lipped stars; 
Galloping on through the turbulent sky 
And over the rim of the world. 


Ill 


Oh, the toll of the rider in scarlet! 

The toll of the Red Dragoon! 

Windrows of charred black bones 

Strewn over a gutted land; . 
Skeletons,—once draped in the green 

Of leaf and the silken sheen of moss,— 
Bare skeletons, bitter of laughter, 
Clattering through long white nights,— 
Gray ghosts in a land of gray dead dreams, 
Playing the bow of the wind futilely 

Over the once resonant fiddle, 

Striving again to beguile old melodies, 
Bemoaning the old sweet Aprils. 

O, fiddlers, scratching over the shattered box, 
And scraping over the tattered strings, 
Pray, conjure me a tune!—the low call 

Of the last singing bird that is gone! 


THE RED DRAGOON 


FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY 
(Continued from Page 24.) 

made possible what state support has not yet been will- 
ing to undertake, the beginnings of an adequate fire look- 
out system and an effective patrol. The fire risk is less 
in the hardwood forest of the northern hill country than 
in the pines of the southern sandy coastal plain. But the 
extreme advantage from every angle which the record 
shows to North Jersey is not wholly or even mostly due 
to this, but to the fact that Federal aid has here made 
more adequate facilities available, than State initiative 
has granted elsewhere or anywhere in the State. 


‘The New Jersey situation differs in many ways from 
that in many places. Methods and means required in 
the wilderness such as for the conditions met in the 
north woods or on the Pacific Coast are not applicable 
where steam and electric railroads and good public high- 
ways penetrate the forests in every quarter. The treat- 
ment required for safeguarding woodlands which are all 
easily accessible and continually used as the playground 
of the densest organized population centre in the world, 
is different from that demanded in the trackless wilder- 
ness of the “Big Country. In a section where ignorant, 
though well intentioned city popvlations and swarms of 
new home-makers fresh from foreign shores create the 
fire problem while at work or play, and where the forest 
industry is at low ebb because of century long forest 
abuse and neglect, a different approach is needed than 
that available where timber spells livelihood to and wood- 
craft is the primer of a great part of those who frequent 
the woods. Yet everywhere it is people with whom we 
must deal, it is public opinion which must prevail against 
the needless waste by forest fire, and folks must learn 
to hate and fear the scourge of fire so that their interest 
and their activity may swallow up the Arch Fiend of the 
Forest—Fire. 


Bice: production of spruce lumber and pulpwood in ~ 

Canada in 1919 reached a value of $72,000,000, the 
value of the lumber being $44,000,000 and of the pulp- 
wood $28,000,000. About one-third of Canadian standing 
timber is estimated to be of spruce. The amount lost by 
fire and insects during the last two decades is said to have 
far exceeded the amount used. 


A TON of sandalwood yields an average of 100 pounds 
of oil. 


fi HE bamboo sometimes grows two feet in 24 hours. 


We cannot succeed perfectly but we can and do strive 
and hope. Our success requires the support of all your 
public-spirited friends. Nominate them for membership. 


There is strength in numbers—the more real Ameri- 
cans we have talking about forestry, the more success- 
ful become the activities of your Association. Talk for- 
estry to your friends. 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


Arthur H. Carhart, Editor 


EATH and Destruction consort with Play in many of 
our forest recreation areas. 
realm only because preventative measures against them 
They should be naturally foreign to re- 


are not taken. 
creation grounds 
but inevitably come 
if the laws of sani- 
tation and fire pre- 
vention are disre- 
garded. 

Do you walk in 
the open? Have 
you auto-camped in 
rural forest play 
places ? Have you 
picnicked under 
leafy shade trees or 
spicy pines and firs 
where the outdoor 
lure calls you to 


come and linger? -|) 


If you have I want 
to talk to you, or if 
you, or your 
friends ever expect 
to vacation in our 
great forested 
areas, this message 
is for you. 

Consider the de- 
struction wrought! 
Firealone each year 
destroys $17,150,- 
000 worth of tim- 
ber. Money ex- 
pended in fighting 
fire in 1920 was 
more than $1,000,- 
000. Business year- 
ly suffers to the ex- 
tent of $400,000,- 
000! 


Good — business 
and common sense 
demand stoppage 


of this waste. Fires 
originating on 


camping areas constitute a not large portion of the fire 

loss ; every bit of prevention should be brought into play 

to stop even this portion of the yearly fire toll. 
Another phase of this problem is the fact that a camp- 


Minimum Requirements In Recreation 


They invade Play’s 


GOOD CAMPERS 


The campers in this picture have built their own fireplace in a good location. But 


many who are not versed in outdoor usage will not do so. 
direct their firebuilding and perhaps prevent forest fires. 


the highest. 


A built fireplace will 


ing spot once burned by fire is never again desirable re- 
creation grounds. As camp spots are often in the most 
pleasing locations this loss is many times larger than if 
the same amount of land, not so used, were burned over. 


The timber loss 
plus the aesthetic 
loss in smoke when 
a camp ground 
burns is greater 
than the price of 
prevention. Have 
we in the great 
majority of cases 
taken preventative 
measures on these 
areas? We have 
not. 

The human life 
loss is more ap- 
palling. Every 
year deaths occur 
which might have 
been _ prevented 
with the most ele- 
mentaity sanitary 
provisions. A very 
simple spring de- 
velopment costing 
in the neighbor- 
hood of twenty or 
thirty dollars 
might save several 
lives. 

Doctors 
sally testify that 
the typhoid rate 
increases appre- 
ciably when camp- 
ing time comes 
around. It is so 
common a_ thing 
that it is called 
“vacation typhoid.” 

In the National 


univer- 


Forests of the 
West the death 
rate is probably 


Here there are few sanitary installations. 
No safe water supply is available at many camps and 
people die from drinking out of open streams that ap- 
pear crystal pure. 


FIGHTING A FIRE 


This man with another worker could build about seven small fireplaces a day. 
of those fireplaces might prevent such a fire as this. 


This annual casualty list cannot be charged to the 


blindness or inattention of the Forest Service. Effort 
has been made in making camping places safe. Funds 


have not been appropriated to carry on this much needed 
protection program. No one realizes the dangers better 
than the Forest Service, but without authorization and 
funds with which to do this work they are helpless. 

Statements from Boards of Health show the real men- 
ace to life lurking in this lack of sanitation in camping 
areas. During the past three 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


of life or incapacitate. One other re- 
port will suffice to illustrate the condi- 
tion in other western states. The state 
of Washington reports for the last three 
years as follows: 

Typhoid Enteritis Goitre Dysentery 


1918 hoc 102 296 47 0 

1919 . 55 249 41 0 

1020) 303 76 502 62 16 

1922s 16 69 24 0 

(Including Month. of April) 

The bulk of our western mountain 
playgrounds are in National Forests. 


Other magnificent areas are in the Na- 
tional Parks. While not all of the ty- 
phoid and allied death causes reported 
to the state Boards of Health can be 
traced to the use of contaminated water 
while the patient was on a camping trip 
in these areas, it is certain that if a 
check were possible scores of deaths each 
year would be directly chargeable to 
the lack of proper sanitation in these moun- 
tain playgrounds. Auto touring is becoming more 
and more popular. The highway leads to open country 
and the big timber calls more people each year to the 
mountain places of the west. With this condition exist- 
ing there is increasing need of proper preventative 
measures against fire and disease. With the increase of 
population in a forest camp comes the increase in menace 
from these two agencies. 


One 


years there were 331 deaths due 
to typhoid in the one state of |f 
Colorado. There were 79 of | 
these in the city of Denver. 
Every case reported from Den- 
ver was traced directly to some 
outside infection. None came 
from the city water or milk sup- 
ply. Nearly all could be traced 
to a camping trip in the moun- 


tains. 

The same. ratio of loss will 
not hold for the entire state, but 
beside these 331 deaths it is safe 
to estimate that there are scores 
of cases contracted by tourists 
from outside the state that are 
never reported to the Colorado 
Board of Health. It is another 
point to consider that in this list 


only deaths from typhoid are 
listed and not the total number 
of cases. Still another fact 
that typhoid 


represent only one water born 


is 


statistics given 


disease. Paratyphoid, dysen- 
* < 7 . zy .” 
tery and others yearly take toll worth a pourid of cure. 


; OO We oat: 
faers eb) aaa OE: 


THE FIRE DEMON’S SMOKE BANNER 


“Preventative Medicine” is a rational method now advocated, 


“An ounce of prevention is 
A fireplace will perhaps be the ounce of preventative medicine to 


cure the fire ill at some point in our forests. 


FOREST RECREATION 


The life loss is just as preventable as the fire loss. 
This is the sad feature of reviewing the past. Not only 
millions of dollars worth of timber and other values 
have been ruined because of inadequate fire protection in 
camping areas but millions of dollars worth of lives have 
been taken also—if -you can so value human life. 

There are minimum standards which every camp 
should meet. Without these the camp is unsafe; con- 
versely, with the most simple and practical fire and sani- 
tation measures in operation, the camp is as safe as a 
residence in the avéragé small town or village. 

What are the minimum requirements? And what is 
their cost? For if the cost for protection is less than 
the loss only the grossest indifference will prevent the 
allotting of funds for the purpose of stopping our yearly 
loss of property and life. 

One of the most effective fire prevention agencies is a 
small fireplace structure. The entire use of an area 
can be directed by proper placement of this recreation 
improvement. If the fireplaces exist people will use them 
if rightly located. By placing them in a perfectly safe 
yet pleasing place there is no danger of the fire built 
in them getting away. The very form of such a fire- 
place will encompass the fire and not allow it to spread. 

A guard on a public camping place costs from seventy 
to one hundred and twenty-five dollars a month. One 
fireplace costs from three to seven dollars. One fireplace 
may prevent the forest fire that the guard could never 
stop. 

Six dollar fireplaces have been built on certain of the 
western forest recreation places. They are used wher- 
ever properly placed. In good locations they will almost 
eliminate the forest fire hazard from a camp ground. 
They are made of native rock, half a sack of cement an: 
nine steel bars, a half inch thick and sixteen inches long. 
Two twelve-inch walls rising from a stone and concrete 
base. These walls are thirty inches long, about six 
inches thick and twelve inches apart. The steel bars are 
built into the wall forming a grate about nine inches 
above the base. Nothing could be more simple or more 


DEPARTMENT 33 


NEITHER SANITARY NOR SIGHTLY 


Such a spring as this while it is not the old “sunk barrel” type 
is not a guarantee of pure water. The development may be 
good for stock on the range but not the best thing for the tourist 
camper. 


; SANITARY BUT NOT SIGHTLY 
This spring development fulfills the demands of being sanitary. 
a little time and money would have made it attractive also. 


serviceable, nor is there any one fac- 
tor which could do more to prevent 
campfires spreading. 

Consider this as strictly a fire pre- 
vention measure. A real service to the 
camper exists but eliminate that from 
this reasoning. A fund of $60,000 
would build more than ten thousand 
fireplaces. If in five years of serv- 
ice they would yearly prevent twelve 
fires costing a thousand dollars each 
for suppression and loss they would 
pay for themselves. This estimate is 
not unreasonable. Such a fund would 
go far towards making safe the wes- 
tern camping areas in our National 
Forests. Equal appropriations for 
several years would make all western 
forest camping places reasonably fool 
fireproof. 


But an addition of The lose of 


life centers around 


34 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


water supply. The drinking of stream water is the only 
alternative offered the camper at thousands of camps in 
the west. He has no choice about the matter. No other 
water supply is available. 

Two measures are necessary to make and keep the 
water supply clean. First it is essential to supply prop- 
erly located and properly constructed sanitaries. Human 
occupancy demands their presence. Otherwise rains will 
inevitably wash human excrement into streams used for 
drinking purposes. Rules or signs cannot stop human 
body functions, but sanitaries will stop insanitary prac- 
tices: 

While it is reasonable to 
expect the presence of 
clean, well-placed — sani- 
taries will prevent con- 
tamination of streams, an- 
other simple development 
will make clean water 
doubly sure. A box which 
is essentially a miniature 
filter arrangement built on 
the principle of city water 
supply filters should be 
sunk out of sight in the 
bed of a stream and water 
conducted from it to the 
camp supply point. Water 
protected from contamina- 
tion by convenient sani- 
taries will be doubly safe- 
guarded by passing 
through a foot or more of 
sand or charcoal in this ar- 


rangement. Any slight 
contamination will stand 
little show of passing 


through this box and to the 
lips of camp visitors. 
Sanitaries can be built at 
various locations in a sat- 
isfactory manner for thirty 
dollars or less. A maxi- 


to $140,000. The “10-1-1” combination is ten fireplaces 
to one sanitary to one water development. 

There are three minimum “prevention” needs. The 
first is the fireplace, properly built and properly placed. 
The second is a good sanitary for each group as well 
built and placed. The third is additional assurance of 
good water supply through the installation of a filter 
box. 

As compared to the loss from fire each year this total 
cost is very small. One per cent of the annual fire loss 
exceeds the entire cost of construction of these perma- 
nent improvements. 

If we were to place the 
human lives on a dollar ba- 
sis this loss alone would 
justify the spending of 
$140,000 on camp develop- 
ment, Insurance com- 
panies, public service cor- 
porations and like institu- 
tions figure the settlement 
price of a human life at 
about $5,000. On this ba- 
sis $1,655,000 were lost 
through typhoid fever in 
in the one state of Colorado 
during the past three years, 
no small per cent of this 
due to insanitary condi 
tions: in the mountain 
areas. Ten per cent of the 
loss of life in one state dur- 
ing three years reduced to 
the dollar basis exceeds the 
entire cost of a thousand 
camps supplied with “mini- 
mum protective require- 
ments.” 

The recreational use of 
all forest areas can never 
be curbed through laws or 
edicts. No one would wish 
to do that in our national 


mum cost might be sixty 
dollars per structure. A 
thousand would cost a 
maximum of $60,000, or a 


cost equal to the fireplace 


BOTH SANITARY AND SIGHTLY 


This spring guarantees pure water supply at all times. While 
it does not show, there is considerable construction work insur- 
ing this, but it is all masked by a native stone wall set with- 
out cement and in the cracks of which moss and other moisture- 
loving plants are growing. 


or state properties. Peo- 
ple will come more and 
more to the outdoor places. 
They will come in numbers 
causing congestion at many 


estimate. A ratio of six to 

twelve fireplaces to one sanitary has been found good so 
that a thousand camp units couldebe constructed in our 
western forest play places for $120,000. 

Probably a filter box has never been built for service 
in our western forests. There never has been Federal 
money available for such life savers, yet they would 
cost in the neighborhood of only fifteen to twenty-five 
An average of twenty dollars would show 
that one pure water supply for each group on the “10-1-1” 
basis would bring the total cost of a thousand camps up 


dollars each. 


points. Only through the 
installation of proper improvements will these camping 
places be made safe for human occupancy. Most of our 
existing forest camp grounds lack proper protective im- 
provements. The cost of each unit or each camp is nomi- 
nal when compared to the service in protection from 
fire or life loss. 


All rural play areas present these problems of fire 
prevention and sanitation. A minimum standard must 
be met in development to make them safe. Any public 
organization which has charge of such areas should be 


FOREST RECREATION 


A SHELTER AND FIREPLACE 


This structure will localize the camping on any grounds and 


by doing that localize the fires built. By placing it in a proper 
location the building of fires can be readily regulated. 


responsible to the people for loss of property through 
fire or life through insanitation. They are accessories 
before the fact when they do not provide for protection 
in these two fields if able to do so. 

The most outstanding case of protective needs lies in 
the National Forest camps of the west. The Forest 
Service has this problem to meet. But they cannot solve 
it without recognition and provision for these needs by 
Congress. A modest annual appropriation for recre- 


DEPARTMENT 35 


ational development for the next few years will save 
many dollars and lives. 

The National Park Service meets the same problem. 
Here again the need must be recognized and provided 


A LOW-COST FIREPLACE 


This is not only one of tne most serviceable of all camp improve- 
ments, but it saves its cost in lowered patrolling expenditures 
alone. 


for. State Forests and Parks, and great rural parks of 


municipalities have developed the same problems. Park 
and forest boards of these divisions of government must 


] 


DESOLATION 


No one would argue the fact that it would be a good investment if one six dollar fireplace would prevent such a disaster as this. 


30 AMERICAN FORESTRY i 


provide in some manner adequate protective features. 
The annual loss of fire has been computed. The annual 


ments will not make finished camps for complete camp- 
ing service, but the public using such camps will be in- 


loss from disease is 


sured against fire 


strikingly indi- 
cated. Both can be 
prevented in all ru- 
ral recreation areas 
by the installation 
of the minimum 
fire and sanitary 


preventative meas- 


ures. These are 
simple. They are, 
properly placed 
simple open fire- 
places; well con- 
structed properly 
located sanitaries, 
and __ fool - proof, 
pure water sup- 
plies. 


All people who 
directly or indirect- 
ly use the outdoors 
should insist that 
public agencies charged with the care of rural recreation 
areas see that these standards are met. These develop- 


ventative improvements in many camps. 


A DESTROYING FIRE 


The cost of one such fire in loss and funds spent in fighting it would build many pre- 


One such camp might eliminate such a fire. 


loss and that great- 
er loss—deaths 
from _insanitary 
conditions 

Finally, these 
sinster conditions 
set forth are not 
visionary. They 
exist. A brief sur- 
vey of the sitta- 
tion will convince 
the most skeptical 
that there is need 
of action. Action, 
and funds to back 
it, we must have if 
the Nation is to go 
into the out-of- 
doors secure from 
fire loss by camp- 
fires and life loss 
from impure water supply. Lets have decent forest camps 
for Americans! (Photographs by U. S. Forest Service.) 


THE RUSSO-AMERICAN OAK 


N the “Ha‘l of Fame” is the Russo-American Oak 

planted in the White House grounds April 6, 1904, by 
President Roosevelt. The relations between this country 
and Russia have changed somewhat from the time when 
acorns from the tree at the tomb of George Washington 
were planted in tthe grounds of one of the palaces of “His 
Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of All the Russias.” The 
tree in the White House grounds is still standing, and as 
far as known the trees in the palace grounds may be but 
the government of “the emperor of all the Russias” has 
changed to a great extent. Much history has been written 
since Charles Sumner, senator from Massachusetts, sent 
the acorns from the tree at Mt. Vernon to the Czar of 
Russia. These trees grew and acorns from them were in 
turn sent back to America and on April 6, 1904 Presi- 
dent Rooseve't, Secretary Wilson and Secretary Hitch- 
cock planted this Russo-American oak on the lawn east 
of the west terrace of the White House. Little did they 
know that on another April 6, the United States of 
America would declare war on Imperial Germany, a war 
in which Russia would be involved and as a result of 
which “the emperor of all the Russias” would be de- 
throned and pass into an exile and death around which 
much mystery has been thrown. 

In the files of the army we find the following notation 
made by E. A. Hitchcock. 

“While ambassador at the court of St. Petersburg I 
made inquiry with respect to the disposition .of some 
acorns that the Hon. Charles Sumner, while United 


States Senator from Massachusetts, is said to have sent 
to His Imperial Majesty the Czar, the acorns having 
been taken from a massive oak shading the original tomb 
of Washington at Mt. Vernon. 

“These acorns were planted on what is known as ‘Czar- 
ina Island’, which is included in the superb surroundings 
of one of the palaces of His Imperial Majesty near. Pe- 
terhof, and there I found a beautiful oak with a tablet 
at its foot bearing a Russian inscription, the translation 
of which is as follows: 

“*The acorn planted here was taken from an oak which 
shades the tomb of the celebrated and never-to-be-forgot- 
ten Washington; is presented to His Imperial Majesty, 
the Emperor of all the Russias, as a sign of the greatest 
respect—By an American.’ 

“T was fortunate at the time of my visit, which was 
in the fall of 1808, in finding a number of acorns on the 
ground that had been dropped from this historic tree. 
Gathering a handful, I sent them home, and secured from 
the seed thus planted a few oak saplings, one of which 
is here and now planted, with the kind permission of 
President Roosevelt, in the grounds of the White House, 
while another is to be planted in a few days nearby its 
grandparent, which is still in existence at Mount Vernon, 
both of which young trees, I hope, will reach such age 
and strength as will, for years to come, typify the con- 
tinued friendship of the Governments and people, re- 
spectively of the United States and Russia, each for the 
other.” 


a 


omy 


_ FP. HE time has come for plain speaking about the forests 
_~ of Alaska and the efforts to remove them from the 
jurisdiction of the Foxest Service. Very wisely about 1902, 
‘the Government set aside the buk of the dense spruce 
hemlock forests that fringe the coast and cover the 
nds of south-eastern Alaska. These forests comprise 
of the largest bodies of accessible timber in our coun- 
No less than seventy-five billion feet of merchanta- 
timber stand in the Tongass and Chugach Nationai 
ests, enough ito furnish. annually over one billion 
of pulp wood and other material to our industries 
all time if the forests are hand'ed under the right 
hods of forestry. 


: Under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service these for- 
have not only served local requirements for lumber, 
already two large sales of timber have been made for 
e manufacture of pulp or paper in Alaska, and there is 
cellent promise of several additional large sales which 
establish new manufacturing enterprises. Just at the 
when the Forest Service is succeeding in making 
e forests a large factor in the building up of this fron- 


cut off the administration of the Alaskan forests from 
Forest Service and place them in untried hands in the 
rior Department. This proposal is contained in the 
y Bill, which at the recent hearings before the Senate 
ittee on Territories was strongly endorsed by the 
etary of the Interior. 


The argument advanced in favor of the Bill is that 
ic _Tequires the consolidation of all federal land mat- 
-s in Alaska under one Department in order to avoid 
sion In point of fact there is no real duplica- 
nat the present time. The Forest Service administers 
the lands and provides for the use of the resources, and 
¥ - does this acceptably to the peopie of Alaska who are 
ctly concerned with the public undertaking. The legal 
atters pertaining to land titles are handled by the Gen- 
“aly Land Office whose functions are primarity those 
‘land disposal and titles. The amount of this class 
of work in the National Forests of Alaska is insignificant 
thpared with the business of administering the land 
for timber production and other uses. The two lines of 
, are so distinct that there is no embarrassment 

from duplication or overlapping. On the other hand, 
nothing could be more illogical than the proposal to elimi- 
mate the Forest Service from Alaska, for it would im- 
diately be necessary to build up in the Interior De- 
iment a new forest bureau which would be a dupli- 


EDITORIAL 


| SHALL THE FOREST SERVICE BE ELIMINATED FROM 
ALASKA? 


cation of that already in the Agricultural Department. 
There would thus be two federal Forest Services hand- 
ling identical matters and involving the worst sort of 
duplication of effort and unnecessary large overhead 
costs. The change would be fraught with grave danger 
to the public interests, for the forests would be taken 
from a bureau that has carried the work for over fifteen 
years, has established a competent and efficient decen- 
tralized organization, has developed sound and workable 
policies, and has the confidence of the country at large. 
The forests would now be taken from this competent 
organization and placed in the hands of a Department 
which must build up a similar bureau to administer them. 
Inevitably the proposed action would result in changes | 
of policy as well as in duplication of effort. Two gov- 
ernment policies in forestry certainly would lead to con- 
flict and public injury. The next step naturally would be 
to transfer the entire Forest Service from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture to the Interior Department. This 
was shown in the editorial appearing in the October 
number of American Forestry to be a step of great dan- 
ger to the National Forest enterprise and to the whole 
movement of forestry in the country. 


For many years efforts have been made to break down 
the National Forests of Alaska. At one time it was the 


‘frank proposal to abolish these Forests and to throw 


open the lands ‘to the old system which in the rgth cen- 
tury was accompanied by so much fraud and scandal. 
Later the proposal was to abolish the Chugach Forest 
alone. Then came the proposal to have all federal mat- 
ters in Alaska, including the National Forests, handled 
by a potitically-appointed and substantially irresponsible 
commission. Now comes the proposal to eliminate the 
Forest Service from Alaska and to place the work, which 
is being so efficiently done, under another Department. 
It is unnecessary to draw any inferences regarding the 
purpose of the present move. The fact of importance 
is that the effect would be to lose to the public the great 
value of the National Forest system that is operating so 
well in the west and in Alaska itself. 


The effect of this move on the National Forest sys- 
tem may easily be conceived. It would jeopardize the 
whole enterprise which has been built up during the past 
fifteen years or more and is serving in so many ways 
the public interests. The welfare of the public, in our 
opinion, demands that the Alaskan National Forests re- 
main under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service in the 
Department of Agriculture, and we urge ithe vigorous 
support of this principle on the part of our readers and 
of the country at large. 


38 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NEWSPAPERS ENCOURAGE FORESTRY 


Pe CAVICE has become the big word in many news- 

paper editorial rooms throughout the country and 
the American Forestry Assogiation, at the opening of a 
new year, wants to be the first to extend congratulations 
to the people of those states in whose service so many 
newspapers have enlisted. Many examples come to the 
Association of a feature of this service which means the 
forwarding of the importance of forestry in the minds of 
the readers. Forest products are the backbone of all 
business. It is the furthering of this thought that has 
become the cornerstone of the service. 


The Milwaukee Journal for example is doing a real 
work for the state of Wisconsin. The Journal sends a 
bulletin sheet to every newspaper in Wisconsin every 
week. This bulletin sheet puts before the papers infor- 
mation about the campaign for forestry and other con- 
servation measures in their state. The bulletin is now de- 
manded by chambers of commerce, civic clubs and wo- 
men’s organizations throughout the state. ' 


The Chicago Tribune makes a big feature of forestry 
matters and is carrying on an educational campaign day 
by day for forestry and for the planting of memorial 
trees. 


The Courier Journal of Louisville has long raised its 
voice for the things for which the American Forestry As- 
sociation stands. © 


The Democrat-Chronicle of Rochester, The New York 
Evening Mail, the Boston Transcript, the New York 
Times, the Trenton, N. J. Times—but space forbids any- 
thing like a newspaper directory, so we can but mention 
here and there the leaders in the service of the state. One 


conspicuous example is the Pittsburg Post, another is the 
Detroit News which has sent out a quiz sheet to ascertain 
just what people think should be done about forestry. 
The Grand Rapids Herald tells how a trade extension 
tour brought to the attention of Grand Rapids business 
men the miles upon miles of unproductive forest land 
in the state. 

The St. Clair Republican says we have heard about 
forests “since Hector was a pup” but are “we going to 
continue to crucify the press of the United States upon the 
cross of paper package goods and go back to the hammer ~ 
and stone chisel for education?” Added to this the Sault 
Ste. Marie News says “Mr. Pack speaks truly when he 
says idle land in this country must be put to work and 
the quicker the voice of the people is heard in this con- 
nection the better for all concerned.” The Bay City Trib- 
une takes the view that “the present generation will not 
see it but the next will, that is the exhaustion of the 
standing timber of the United States. Lumber will be a 
luxury in the next generation.” 

In quoting the New York Financial Chronicle, the 
Tawas City Herald points out that “the gospel of forestry 
and reforestation is not a matter of times and seasons; 
it is for all times and all seasons.” Such views from a state — 
where they know what they are talking about certainly 


call for action such as the Association is campaigning for. _ 


So it goes all along the line. As never before the news- 
papers are cooperating with the American Forestry As- 
sociation and pushing the idea of forestry needs with the 
result that the association’s work is more widely known 
and more widely encouraged and commented upon than 
ever before in the forty years of its life. 


THE PETRIFIED FOREST 


NE of the greatest wonders in the geological world 
is the petrified forest of northern Arizona. 
This forest is in the middle of the Painted Desert 
which received its fanciful name from the many opales- 
cent colorings of its clays, shales and sandstones. 


The trees are of the coniferous variety. Some had at- 
tained the height of two hundred feet; many were over 
one hundred feet. Diameters ranging from one to four 
feet. Trees, and yet not trees! For now they are won- 
derful specimens of agate, jasper, and chalcedony—in 
the form of trees! Much of North America’s scientific 
data on archaeology, anthropology, climatology—that to- 
day are considered highly autheritic—has been ferreted 
out from an exhaustive research among these fallen trees. 


Fallen and petrified. Relics of the Glacial Period, 
when all life and vegetation bowed before the merciless 
ice-rivers which swept down from the North. 


Scientists believe that immediately following the ice 
flow in this western part of the continent there was a 
voleanic eruption of lava which covered the trees, and 


aided by the action of the air, petrified and preserved 
them. Since neither skeletal nor fossil remains have been 
excavated in this Desert, it is safe to deduce that the oc- 
currence ttook place long before the time of man upon 
this continent. One geologist puts it at least fifty mil- 
lion years ago! 

Mystery and more mystery surround these fallen mon- 
archs. Not all their secrets have they yet divulged. 
But like the famous Forest Bed of Gromer at Norfolk, 
England, each year more and more important data are 
being gleaned. Visitors to this spot experience a queer, 
uncanny feeling. There is something forbidding at the 
sight of so much devastation; as forbidding as the en- 
trance into the famous Black Forest of Germany. Yet, 
after all, something compelling. The handiwork of High 
Wisdom. Sly hints to those of the Present, to those who 
have eyes to see—of who and what, of who not, and 
what not, dwelled here in the Past. 

To protect this valuable and sacred spot from the 
overzealous curio seekers, the Government has set it 
aside as a National Reservation —Viola M. Overman. 


The following amended by-laws of the American For- 
estry Association will be presented to the members for 
adoption at the annual meeting to be held in Washing- 
ton, D. C., on January 26, 1922. 
The amended by-laws were submitted with the follow- 
ing letter to the Board of Directors at a meeting on De- 
ccember 8, 1921, by a committee composed of Col. W. B. 


_ Ayres, Henry S. Drinker, Chester W. Lyman, Nelson C. 
Brown and P. S. Ridsdale, and with some slight changes 

. “a the wording, picnic dcsent: 
= Washington, D. C., December 2, 1921. 

fo the President and Board of Directors, American For- 

__estry Association, Washington, D. C. 

Gentlemen : 
The Committee designated by President Pack to con- 
r and recommend a revision of the existing by-laws 
f the American Forestry Association, respectfully rec- 


PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS 


ommends the adoption by the Association of the follow- 
ing by-laws. For simplicity and clarity it has seemed 
preferable to recommend a complete set of by-laws, in 
which certain changes have been incorporated. The 
purpose of these changes is two-fold: 

(1) To put into effect the general principles approved 
by the Board of Directors on August 30, 1921, following 
the recommendations of the conference committee. 

(2) To improve the language and scope of the by-laws 
in certain other particulars, in the belief that the present 
opportunity for revision should be utilized to render the 
by-laws as adequate and effective as practicable in all re- 
spects. 

Two special sections have been included to provide for 
changing over the Association from the existing to the 
new procedure in the matter of elections (Section 3 of 
Article 4), and in the terms of the existing Directors of 
the Association (Section 2 of Article 6). 


J ARTICLE I—Name 

The name of this Association shall be 
"THE AMERICAN FORESTRY 
_ ASSOCIATION.” 

d ARTICLE Il—Objects 
_ The objective of the Association is to 
_ bring about a better handling of the forests 
of the country in order that these may ren- 
der their highest service in the economic, in- 
dustrial, and social development of the na- 
tion. The Association aims to foster in- 
_ yestigation, research, and experimentation 
in the science of forest production, manage- 
ment, and utilization; to assemble infor- 
‘mation regarding the economic and indus- 
‘trial aspects of forests and regarding the 
“service of the forest in protecting lands 
and waters; to secure from the forest a 
larger service isi outdoor recreation, in 
perpetuating wild life, and in other general 
public benefits; to encourage and further 
the practice of forestry by individuals, 
_ municipalities, states, and the federal gov- 
ernment; to promote educational, legisla- 
tive, and other measures tending to the 
accomplishment of these objects; to publish 
a magazine and other literature for the ed- 
 ucation of the public as to the meaning 
_and importance of forestry and for the dis- 
_ semination of a knowledge of forestry! 
_ in its various branches; to place before the 
people of the country various problems 
and issues in forestry and to forward, in 
_ the interests of the public, specific policies 
of forestry; to aid in the coordination of 
the efforts of state forestry associations 
_ and other organizations interested in prob- 
lems relating to forests; to establish and 
maintain a library; to acquire by purchase. 
gift, devise or bequest, and to sell, maintain 
and operate forests and forest lands, for 
the furtherance of the foregoing objects; 
to acquire by purchase, gift, devise or be- 
quest such property, real or personal, and to 
erect thereon such building or buildings, as 
may be necessary or advisable in the pro- 
“motion of these objects, and in general to 


So ee a a nn 


ee 


The Amended By-Laws 


do and perform all things necessary to fur- 
ther the foregoing objects. 


ARTICLE I1I—Members and Dues 

Section 1. Any person or organization 
may become a member of the Association 
upon his or its application for membership 
being approved by the Secretary. 

Section 2. There shall be seven classes of 
members: 

(1) Honorary Members, who shall be 
such individuals as may be elected by the 
Board of Directors because of their con- 
nection with other forestry associations or 
their interest in the aims of the Association. 

(2) Patrons, who shall be individuals or 
organizations who shall contribute One 
Thousand Dollars or more at one time to 
the permanent fund of the Association. 

(3) Life Members, who shall be individ- 
uals or organizations who shall contribute 
at least One Hundred Dollars at one time 
to the permanent fund of the Association. 

(4) Sustaining Members, who shall be 
individuals or organizations who shall pay 
annual dues of Twenty-five Dollars. 

(5) Contributing Members, who shall be 
individuals or organizations who shall pay 
annual dues of Ten Dollars. 

(6) Subscribing Members, who shall be 
individuals or organizations who shall pay 
annual dues of Four Dollars. a 

(7) Annual Members. who shall be in- 
dividuals who shall pay annual dues of 
One Dollar. 

Section 3. Honorary Members, Patrons 
and Life Members shall be exempt from 
the payment of annual dues. 

Section 4. The dues for the ensuing 
twelve months shall be payable when an 
application for membership is approved 
and annually thereafter. The membership 
of all those in arrears for one year shall 
automatically cease. The Board of Di- 
rectors, however, may, in their discretion, 
remit the dues of any member. 

Section 5. All members, except Honor- 
ary Members, shall be entitled to one vote 


each at the meetings of the Association, or 
by mail as so provided, and to hold office 
therein. 

Section 6. The periodical magazine pub- 
lished by the Association shall be sent reg- 
ularly to all members except annual mem- 
bers, its price being included in the dues. 
The price of the magazine to non-members 
shall be fixed from time to time by the 
Board of Directors. 

ARTICLE IV.—Board of Directors 

Section 1. The Board of Directors shall 
consist of fifteen elected members together 
with the President and Treasurer of the 
Association serving as ex-officio members. 
It shall have the direction and management 
of the affairs of the Association and the 
control over and disposition of its funds 
and property. All members, except. Hon- 
orary Members, shall be eligible as direc- 
tors. 

Section 2. The Board of Directors shall 
select each year a Committee on Elections, 
whose names and addresses shall be pub- 
lished in an issue of the magazine not later 
than during the month of October. The 
Committee on Elections shall consist of 
three members of the Association in good 
standing for at least three years, who are 
widely known for professional or industrial 
attainments or public service in forestry, 
and who represent as far as practicable the 
professional. industrial, and public inter- 
ests embraced in the work and objects of 
the Association. Not more than one mem- 
ber of the Committee on Elections shall be, 
at the time of selection, an officer of the 
Association other than Vice President, Sug- 
gestions for nominations for any officer of 
the Association to be elected at the next an- 
nual meeting may be submitted to the Com- 
mittee on Elections by any member of the 
Association; nominations for such officers 
may be made by not less than twenty-five 
members of the Association, signed by 
the members submitting them. All sugges- 
tions and nominations should be addressed 


40 


to the Committee on Elections at the main 
office of the Association and must be re- 
ceived by the Committee on or before No- 
vember 1. The Committee on Elections 
shall nominate a candidate for each officer 
to be elected at the next annual meeting 
of the Association. The candidates nomi- 
nated by the Committee on Elections, to- 
gether with any other nominations made 
by not less than twenty-five members of 
the Association, which must have reached 
the Committee on Elections prior to No- 
vember 1, shall be published in the Decem- 
ber issue of the magazine, with the names 
of the members of the Association making 
the nomination appended to the nomina- 
tion of any such candidates. The Secre- 
tary of the Association shall cause a ballot 
to be printed containing the names of all 
candidates nominated by the Committee on 
Elections and by any group of twenty-five 
or more members of the Association as 
hereinbefore provided and shall mail such 
ballots to all members of the Association 
having the right to vote at least four weeks 
in advance of the annual meeting. The 
members of the Association, except Honor- 
ary Members, shall elect the officers by 
mailing to the Secretary in sufficient time 
to be received one week before the annual 
meeting a ballot containing the names of 
the candidates to be voted. for. Every 
ballot shall contain the name and address 
- of the member submitting it. The ballots 
shall be counted by three tellers appointed 
by the Committee on Elections, who shall 
decide any question as to the ballots sub- 
mitted and’ who shall officially certify the 
total vote cast. A majority of the ballots 
cast shall be sufficient for election. 


Section 3. Immediately following the 
adoption of these By-Laws, the Board of 
Directors shall designate a Committee on 
Elections to conduct nominations for all 
officers to be elected for the year 1922 and 
shall announce such Committee before the 
adjournment of the annual meeting. Sug- 
gestions for nomination by any member or 
nominations for such officers by any group 
of twenty-five or more members shall be 
submitted to the Committee on Elections 
in accordance with the foregoing preced- 
ure not later than February 10, 1922. The 
Committee on Elections shall cause all 
nominations duly submitted, together with 
its own nominations, to be published in the 
March issue of the magazine; and a ballot 
containing the names of all candidates 
nominated shall thereupon be sent to ‘every 
member of the Association, except Hon- 
orary Members. Ballots must be received 
at the office of the Association within four 
weeks from the mailing thereof by the 
Secretary; such date to be promptly certi- 
fied by him to the Committee on’ Elections. 
Tellers shall be appointed by the Commit- 
tee on Elections and shall report the vote 
to the Board of Directors which shall an- 
trounce the names of the officers elected in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


the next issue of American Forestry and 
notify such officers by mail. 

Section 4. Any vacancy among the offi- 
cers, whether occasioned by death, resig- 
nation or otherwise, may be filled for the 
remainder of the year by the Board of Di- 
rectors by ballot at their next meet- 
ing after the happening of such vacancy. 
If a Director shall be elected as President 
or Treasurer of the Association, the va- 
cancy in the Board of Directors thereby! 
created shall be filled for the balance of 
the year in ‘the regular manner. 

Section 5. Seven members of the Board 
of Directors shall constitute a quorum for 
the transaction of business. 

Section 6. Meetings of the Board of 


Directors may be held, either at the office. 


of the Association in Washington, D. C., 
or at such other place in the United States 
as the President may determine. Meetings 
of the Board shall be held upon five days’ 
notice, whenever called by the President or 
by three members of the Board, and a 
meeting of the Board should be held at least 
once every three months. 


ARTICLE V.—Committees 


Section 1. Executive, Committee. The 
President may appoint seven members of 
the Board of Directors to act as an ex- 
ecutive committe, which shall have and 
exercise such powers during the intervals 
between the meetings of the Board as the 
Board may delegate to it. 

Section 2. Finance Committee. The 
President may appoint three members of 
the Board of Directors to act as a finance 
committee in advising with the Secretary 
and Treasurer with reference to financial 
matters, and to exercise whatever powers 
are conferred upon it by the Board of Di- 
rectors. 

Section 3. The annual financial report 
shall be printed in the next issue of the 
periodical magazine published by the As- 
sociation after the annual meeting. 


ARTICLE VI.—Officers 

Section 1. The officers of the Association 
shall be a President, twenty-one Vice 
Presidents, fifteen elected and two ex- 
officio Directors, a Treasurer, a Sec- 
retary, and a Forester. The President, 
Vice Presidents, and the Treasurer shall 
be elected annually; three Directors shall 
be elected annually for terms of five years 
each. The Secretary and the Forester shall 
be chosen by the Board of Directors to 
serve for whatever term they may desig- 
nate. The President and Treasurer shall 
be ex-officio members of the Board of Di- 
rectors. All officers shall serve until their 
successors are elected. 

Section 2. The Directors designated as 
permanent or elected for stated terms by 
the members of the Association under the 
By-Laws adopted in February, 1921, are 
hereby reinstated for the terms for which 
such Directors were elected prior to the 
adoption of said By-Laws, that is: 


The terms of Henry S. Drinker, 
Chester W. Lyman, and “Charles F. 
Quincy shall expire at the annual 
meeting of 1923. 

The terms of E. F. Baldwin, N. C. 
Brown, Standish Chard, J. H. 
Hammond, and Addison S. Pratt 
shall expire at the annual meeting 
of 1924. 


The terms of all other Directors now 


serving shall expire at the annual 
meeting of 1922. 

There shall be elected at the annual 
meeting of 1922 seven Directors who shall 
divide themselves into three classes by lot 
to serve for the following terms: three 
for five years, three for four years, and 


Se 


one for three years. There shall be elected 


at the annual meeting of 1923 three Di- 
rectors who shall serve for five years. 


There shall be elected at the annual meet-_ 


ing of 1924 five Directors who shall di- 


vide themselves into two classes by lot to ~ 


serve for the following terms: three for — 


five years and two for one year. 
annual meeting of 1925 and at each annual 
meeting thereafter three Directors shall be 
elected for the full term of five years. If 


At the — 


vacancies occur in the Board of Directors, — 


Directors shall be elected at the next an- 
nual meeting to fill such vacancies, in each 


case for the unexpired term of the Direc- 


tor whose position has become vacant as 
shall have been determined by the original 


election of such Director or by lot as pro- 


vided herein. 
ARTICLE VII—The President 
The President shall be the chairman of 
the Board of Directors and shall preside 
at all meetings of the Association and of the 
Board of Directors. In his absence the 
members present at any meeting of the As- 


sociation or of the Board of Directors, as’ 


the case may be, shall appoint one of their 


~ 


number to act as chairman of the meeting. — 


The President shall be ex-officio a member 
of all committees. 
ARTICLE VIII.—The Treasurer 

The Treasurer shall have the custody of 
the funds of the Association, shall counter- 
sign all checks, shall perform such other 
duties in connection with the finances of the 
Association as the Board of Directors may 
order, and shall present to the Board of 
Directors at their first meeting each year a 
statement showing the receipts and dis- 
bursements of the Association for the pre- 
ceding year and its assets and liabilities. 

The Board of Directors may appoint an 
Assistant Treasurer to countersign checks, 
in the absence or disability of the Treas- 
urer,or during any vacancy in that office, 


and to perform such other duties in con- 


nection with the finances of the Association 
as the Board may require. 
ARTICLE IX.—The Secretary. 

The Secretary shall be the managing of- 
ficer of the Association, shall keep the 
minutes of all meetings of the Association 
and of the Board of Directors, shall have 


‘the custody of the seal of the Association 
of all documents, books and collec- 
, shall sign all checks, shall conduct 
correspondence of the Association not 
vise provided for, shall keep a list of 
members of the Association with their 
dresses, shall notify members of the As- 
ciation and of the Board of Directors 
the time and place of all meetings, 
d shall perform such other duties as the 
d of Directors may require. 


_ ARTICLE X.—The Forester 


Association shall employ a Forester 
| shall be a man of recognized attain- 
ts and high standing in forestry mat- 
He shall be the expert of the Associa- 
1 its technical work and a representa- 
£ the Association in its public forestry 
s. Under the direction of the Board 
Directors, he shall hold a responsible 
ionship toward the editorial policy of 
ie magazine published by the Association 
to forestry matters, shall promote the 
set forth in Article II of these By- 
‘shall advance such public forest pol- 
as the Association may endorse, shall 
ent the Association in supporting 
1, state, municipal, and private for- 
; 


PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS 


estry developments, and shall perform such 
other duties as the Board of Directors may 
require. 
ARTICLE XI.—Meetings 

Section 1. The annual meeting of the 
members of the Association for the election 
of officers and for the transaction of such 
other business as must be transacted by the 
entire Association shall be held in Wash- 
ington, D. C., or at such other place, on 
such day in January and at such hour as the 


- Board of Directors shall determine. 


Section 2. Special meetings of the mem- 
bers of the Association may be called at 
any time by the Board of Directors. 

Section 3. Notice of the Annual Meet- 
ing, and of any special meeting, shall be 
published in the magazine of the Asso- 
ciation at least three weeks before the 
date fixed for the meeting. 

Section 4. The presence of thirty mem- 
bers of the Association shall constitute 
a quorum. 

ARTICLE XII—tLocal Representatives 
and Affiliated Organizations 

Section 1. The Board of Directors may 
designate such representatives of the As- 
sociation in various portions of the United 
States and under such conditions as to 


hy 


41 


compensation or payment of traveling ex- 
penses as it shall deem wise and desirable 
in furtherance of the objects of the Asso- 
ciation. The local representatives so des- 
ignated shall perform their duties under the 
direction of the Secretary or Forester of 
the Association as the Board may deter- 
miné. 

Section 2. The Board of Directors may, 
by resolution, recognize and designate as 
organizations affiliated with the American 
Forestry Association such State Forestry 
Associations or other local organizations 
whose objects are in accord with those of 
the Association as shall request such re- 
cognition and designation, and as_ shall, 
in the judgment of the Board, in view of 
their character, membership, and purposes, 
make affiliation desirable in furtherance of 
the common objects of the Association 
and of the local organization. 

ARTICLE XIII.—Amendments 

These By-Laws may be amended at any 
annual meeting of the members of the 
Association by a two-thirds vote of the 
members voting by mail, provided that no- 
tice of the proposed amendment has been 
published in the magazine together with 
the notice of the meeting. 


HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES— Continued from Page 29 


ies, their extraordinary means of offense and de- 
having rendered them famous. 
Skunks are animals of moderate size, and in some in- 
inces would be considered small. In form they are 
it, with very bushy tails. The colors of all are black, 
set in the various species by white, the markings being 
stripes, bands, spots or patches. Pelage of such a strik- 
character as this renders the animals very conspicu- 
and this is especially the case when they are seen 
on the snow or upon very light colored soil. Skunks 
possess unwebbed toes, and these are of the ordinary 
umber, their feet presenting nothing peculiar. 
; In their movements skunks are slow and deliberate, 
and they are not capable of attaining a very high rate 
speed in running. They have teeth of the ordinary 
fern of the smaller carnivora, there being about 
y-two or thirty-four. 
The very long and rather coarse hair of a skunk leads 
one to suppose that the animal is stouter than it really is. 
They have somewhat long bodies, with small head, and 
rt and rounded ears, and they become inordinately fat 
t t good feeding seasons of the year; at such times they 
ppear very stout and ungainly. 
“We have a very distinct species of skunk formerly 
en: as the White-backed Skunk, which is found from 


= 
i 


Texas to Arizona, from whence it-ranges down through 
Mexico, Central America and into Patagonia. The writer 
has never seen this animal alive, and authors are at va- 
riance in their descriptions of its specific characters. 
One of the chief features in the external anatomy of this 
animal is its nearly straight, remarkably long and power- 
ful claws. Its tail is quite unlike the tail in other skunks, 
being anything but bushy. The hair is very brittle, re- 
sembling the hair on our Prong-buck. It is said that in 
nature this animal is quite fearless, is very easily trapped, 
and will even make no endeavor to escape when simply 
approached and taken by hand. As it commands all the 
powers of offense and defense, however, possessed by 
its kin throughout this country, such an operation is 
fraught with no little annoyance, to say the least. If near 
its burrow, or some other convenient hollow in rock, log 
or tree, it will avail itself of the same and make good its 
escape. 

This skunk has feeding habits very similar to those of 
other skunks, and it is likewise found both in the tim- 
ber and upon the plains. Hunters say that its tail is 
usually held erect when walking, and, being very conspic- 
uous in its color, it is an easy matter to discover the ani- 
mal as it passes through low vegetation of any kind. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES DEPARTMENT 
SOLAN L. PARKES, ED'TOR 


THIS DEPARTMENT IS CONDUCTED ESPECIALLY TO INSTRUCT THE YOUTH OF AMERICA TO AID IN 
CONSERVING AND PRESERVING THE FORESTS, TREE, PLANT, BIRD AND HARMLESS ANIMAL LIFE. 


W* have secured expressions of opinion from forest- 
ers, conservationists and other public-spirited citi- 
zens representing every state in the Union as to the best 
service which the American Forestry Guides can render 
to their country. 


As a result of this we have arranged a pledge which 
is taken by each Guide. It is as follows: 


“Believing as an American Forestry Guide that every 
citizen should endeavor to see that our forests and other 
trees, wild plants, birds and other harmless wild life, 
should be protected and conserved for our common good, 
I do hereby pledge myself to do nothing willfully or, 
carelessly to injure any forest or other trees, wild plants, 
birds or harmless animals, to do all in my power to pro- 
tect and preserve the same, to prevent and extinguish 
forest fires, to obey the laws of the United States and the 
State wherein I may be, and to urge others to do like- 
wise.” 


A small manual is being prepared to tell the Guides 
how to do their duty without being hindered in school 
studies, and at the same time receive an abundance of ex- 
ercise and pleasure. The fulfillment of this program will 
result in building up health and in acquiring simplified 
knowledge about trees, birds and animal life. 


We are receiving many letters in reference to the War- 
den Guide and are happy to state that many of the boys 
and girls who are remotely located and hitherto have 
lacked opportunity to become a member of a National 
Organization are willing to help the forests. 


It is gratifying to know that educators, scientists, natu- 
ralists and the heads of State Departments have opened 
their vast treasure houses of knowledge for us to help the 
boys and girls of the American Forestry Guides, to get 
a better understanding of the great out-doors, and the 
benefits that we derive by the wise use of the things we 
will find there. 


A committee of writers of boys and girls’ books com- 
posed of men and women who know what boys and girls 
should read, will carefully review the books which we 
are recommending to our members. In this same man- 
ner every committee is being carefully organized and 
we can assure our membership and the American people 
that the greatest care is being exercised to make avail- 
able only that which will bring about a better, more beau- 
tiful and resourceful United States through the educa- 
tion of the youth. 


We want the boys and girls living in the rural districts 
of the country to join the growing family of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Guides. School teachers may find it a very 
good plan to organize posts of Forestry Guides in their 
schools, It will help them in their nature study work. 

Boy and girl groups in villages, towns and cities should 
organize themselves into the American Forestry Guide 
Posts, and help in the prevention of forest fires. Never 
let a forest fire burn, if you can possibly prevent it. The 
American Forestry Guides have been helpful to the State 
of Pennsylvania in getting two of the largest railways 
in the state to place forest fire prevention cards in all 
their stations. One company even had posters placed in 
all of their coaches in the state. 

The Guides have also started a tree-planting cam- 
paign to help the State Forestry Department in planting 
its four million seedling trees on waste lands, which 
are producing nothing. 

The Guides also helped to build a big Forestry exhibit 
for a big educational event in Pennsylvania. They as- 
sisted a number of Manual Training departments in 
High Schools throughout the country in preparing tree 
exhibits. 

We want to back up our President, who desires to 
see an elementary Forest Course taught in the public 
schools of the various states. Let us make this one of 
our objectives and follow the example set by the State 
of Tennessee, where a compulsory Forestry course has 
been introduced into the public schools. 

Address communications to The American Forestry 
Guides, 1214 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., 
or 431 Elm Street, Reading, Pennsylvania. 

$e a oe 

We want the American Forestry Guides to build bird 
houses, and erect them, in order that when our feathered 
friends visit us next spring they will find a house ready 
for them to move into. Guides will be surprised what a 
difference it will make in their home surroundings if 
they have a family or two of native birds making their 
home there too. It has often happened, however, that 
houses are built, and erected, but not used by the birds. 
This is because the nesting box is not of the right size, the 
diameter of the entrance is too large or too small, or 
placed too high or too low. The following table, pre- 
pared by Ned Dearborn, Assistant Biologist of the 
United States Biological Survey, on the proper dimen- 
sions for various species of birds, will be found helpful 
in the building of bird houses: 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 43 
Floor Depth Entrance Diameter Height 
j Species of of above of above 
ae Cavity Cavity Floor Entrance Ground 
Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet 
Bluebird«. 5 by 5 8 6 1% 5 to 10 
Robin ..... > 6 by 8 8 (*) (*) 6 to 15 
Chicadee ....... 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 6 to 15 
a Tufted titmouse 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 14% 6 to 15 
3 White-breasted nuthatch ..vccmnennnnnnnnmn| 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 12 to 20 
- House wren 4by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 wh 6 to 10 
Bewick wren 4by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 1 6 to 10 
Carolina wren 4 by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 1% 6 to 10 
Dipper 6 by 6 6 1 3 lto 3 
Violet-Green swallow 5 by 5 6 1lto 6 1% 10 to 15 
Tree swallow 5 by 5 6 lto 6 1% 10 to 15 
Barn swallow 6 by 6 6 (ed (*) 8 to 12 
= Martin 6 by 6 6 1 2% 15 to 20 
5 Song sparrow 6 by 6 6 (4) (t) lto 38 
House finch 6 by 6 6 4 2 8 to 12 
Phoebe 6 by 6 6 (*) (*) 8 to 12 
; Crested flycatcher 6 by 6 8 to 10 8 2 8 to 20 
Ben Flicker 7 by 7 16 to 18 16 24 6 to 20 
: —— Red-headed woodpecker onccscismnmnnnnss 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20 
| Golden-fronted woodpecker eccrine 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20 
Hairy woodpecker 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 1Y 12 to 20 
5 Downy woodpecker 4by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 6 to 20 
Screech owl 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30 
4 Sparrow hawk 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30 © 
Saw-whet owl 6 by 6 10 to 12 10 24 12 to 20 
Barn owl 10 by 18 15 to 18 4 6 12 to 18 
Wood duck 10 by 18 10 to 15 3 6 4 to 20 
*One or more sides open. 7AIl sides open. 


RC. E, I11.—We will see to it that the pamphlet asked for 
will be mailed to you. 


A. B., Penna—The information you asked for you will 
ind i in the bird house building schedule. 
_V. B., Col—We will send the information desired. 


‘ ag W. B., Penna—We will try to get the map for you, of 
ie National Saga asked for. 


_A.H.B., N. J—Will try to find out the name of the publish- 
2 of the book you desire. 


_T.M. B., Jr. Md—As soon as we receive, from the printer, 
t material you ask for, we will forward it to you. 


it T. C., Penna—After going more fully into your letter we 
endeavor to help you on your problems. 


6 C., Tenn —What you ask for is now in the printers hands. 
We will mail same shortly. 


‘ae ‘D. C., I11—You will find your answer in the Dearborn bird 
house survey. 

H. C.,, N. Y. C—Certainly you can enroll as a Warden 
le, we you. 


Pag B., Mass.—As soon as we get the matter from the printer, 
-." ask for we will mail same to you. 


QUESTION BOX 


G. J. D.,Penna—Will forward the book. Yes, you can organ- 
ize a post. 


J. W. G. D., Minn.—We will get the information for you. 


L. F. D., Ken.—You are right. The forest fires must stop 
burning. We will send the information desired. 


H. H. F., Mich—As soon as we get the material from the 
printer we will mail you a complete outfit. 


H. G. D., N. Y.—We are glad to see you interested in forest 
fire prevention the way you are. Will get you a copy of the 
pamphlet for you. 


W. B. F.,Penna.—Certainly an American Forestry Guide 
can go hunting, recognizing of course the laws of your State. 
Hunt like a true sportsman. Give the game a chance. 


W.I. E., N. Y.—Eurely, it is every ones duty to keep our for- 
ests in good condition You can not help your State better, than 
by preventing forest fires. 


I, L. H., Wash. D. C.—We are glad to accept your services. 
Hope there are more like you. 


W. W. L., Ohio.—Glad to have your letter. Thanks for the 
names, 


THE FORESTRY COMMITTEE AT BOGALUSA 


By Austin Cary 


HE picture shown was taken on November 16th last, 

at a place already well known in connection with 
its forestry development, and that promises in future 
times to be still more famous—Bogalusa in Louisiana, the 
town built around the manufacturing plants of the Great 
Southern Lumber Company. 

For two days previous the Forest Policy Committee 
of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States had 
been holding hearings in New Orleans. Gravely and no 
doubt with the sense of responsibility weighing on them, 
they had listened to complaints, to statements of condi- 
tions, to men’s ideas of what ought to be done; then came 
a day that must have been as welcome as it seemed well 
earned, of refreshment, of being entertained, of seeing 
actual achievements that gave substance to the ideas they 
had been considering. 

Hospitality is an idea not naturally connected with the 
lumber industry perhaps, but here it was generous, lavish 
even. Nor are large-scale plans reaching far into the fu- 
ture commonly attributed to it. Here, however, there 
was clear evidence of such foresight and visible achieve- 
ment in that direction. The spectacle of men of many 


kinds working harmoniously together in a common pur- 
pose was manifested too. 

It was give and take in the matter of good will and 
entertainment for which Col. W. H. Sullivan of the Com- 
pany, in charge of arrangements, could be trusted to 
provide channels. Arriving in the early evening, the 
Committee found itself face to face with a gathering 
of a hundred or more, the foremen of all the Company’s’ 
operations, the officials and business men of the town. 
That at Bogalusa meant a banquet; at its close Mr. 
David L. Goodwillie, Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Dr. Henry S. 
Drinker and Harvey N. Shepard of the Committee had 
interesting things to say. 

Then the next day as they walked about the busy 
town or were taken to different points in its neighborhood 
by automobile, the following things are what the gentle- 
men of the Committee were shown or realized. Of the 
two divisions into which they fall the human naturally 
comes first as both most interesting and important. 

A management with broad outlook and possessed of 
large means settled on the idea of the permanence of 
their town on the industrial basis of paper manufacture. 


Top Row—Mrs. M. M. Willmott; M. L. Alexander, Louisiana State Conservation Commission; Hugh P. Baker, Member 
of the Committee, New York City; O. M. Butler, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, 
Member of the Committee, Pennsylvania; C. F. Quincy, Member of the Committee, New York City; D. L. Goodwillie, 
Chairman of the Committee, Chicago; William H. Sullivan, Mayor of Bogalusa, President Southern Lumber Company, H. 
N. Shepard, Member of the Committee, Boston; W. DuB Brookings, Secretary of the Committee, Washington; Mrs. J. 


H. Cassidy; Roy L. 
Second Row—J. E. 


Hogue, Manager Interior Lumber Company, Jackson, Mississippi; 
Rhodes, Secretary-Manager, Southern Pine Association; Walter Parker, General Manager, Association 


of Commerce, New Orleans, Louisiana; Mr. Frank Sullivan; Lenthall Wyman; H. J. Stahl; Mr. F. Salsman, Presi- 
dent Salsman Lumber Company, Slidell, Louisiana; H. P. Mills, District Forester; J. K. Johnson, Forester, Great South- 


ern Lumber Company; E. 
G. Flanders; A. T. 
Lower Row—James T. 


A. Hauss, President Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company, Century, Florida; G. A. Townsend; W. 
Sherrell; J. H. Cassidy, Assistant General Manager, Great Southern Lumber Company; 


Ward, Secretary Mississippi Conservation Commission, Wayne ‘County, Mississippi; V. H. Sonder- 


egger, Louisiana State Forester ; R. D. Forbes, Director Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans; I. F. Eldredge, 
United States Forest Service, Washington; D..T. Cushing, Great Southern Lumber Company, Bogalusa; Austin Cary, United 
States Forest Service, Washington; James H. Jones, Land Agent, Century, Florida; L. Palmer, Lumber World Review, New 


Orleans, Louisiana. 


IMPORTING WOOD 


Taking the lead in the execution of this plan as fores- 
_ ter a native of the region, for many years connected 
with the Company’s affairs, fulfilling a lifelong ambition 
to promote the growing of timber, and because he sees 
in it prosperity not only for his Company but his people, 
putting his whole mind and heart into the work. Ad- 
_ justments of interests involved are easy in his hands. 
Enlightened and made friendly through employment, 
BEirough personal contact, through the schools, even by 
ication to their soldier dead of an area of newborn 
sleaf pine, the country people follow him as they would 
other. And under him the Company’s men playing 
several parts, safeguarding against fire, designating 
trees to be reserved for seed, and a whole logging 
w of the usual stamp, men of all sorts and of different 
ors, but each to whom a share falls doing his work or 
nipulating his machinery in a fashion to best carry out 
far-reaching plans of the Company. 


And as to the woods themselves these things :— 

A stock of virgin timber sufficient to last the great 
plants until new grown wood can be supplied. 

Young growth half way along in its development, not 
_ general over the county indeed, but in some abundance, 
nevertheless, and showing clearly what the soil will do. 

Close to town 800 acres fenced, protected from fire, 
sk ving now the plants grown from seed of three species 
inaies that were sown nearly a year ago, to be the show 
-e and site of trial and experiment. 


astly 5,000 acres on which fell and germinated the 
eaf mast of 1920, fenced and protected too, green 
with a shade that is characteristic. 


men whose minds were turned that Way, and so 
pen to: receive impressions, those had here must have 
7 araly inspiring. And the thought that this enter- 
is alone of its kind in the South or the country 
d not have been allowed too much weight ; such men 
commission know that the times are changing in 
‘or of those with broad vision, who throw off the 
ckles of past habits and ideas and look strongly into 
future. And the spirit of the thing, too, is of a kind 
lat is self propagating. 

— Our country and its prosperity are bound up in its 
Toests It is a big idea, worthy of an effort and allegi- 
ance. But let us be sane and cheerful as we go about 


SoD Te i a ee ne eg paery a 


on 


4h 5 


FOR NEWSPRINT 45 
its propagation, seeing the good where we may, giving 
credit where it is due, believing in a fortunate outcome 
in spite of difficulties and setbacks. 

About forty leading lumbermen, timber owners, State 
and Federal forestry and conservation officials and others 
interested in perpetuating the forests of the South, put 
in a busy two-day session at New Orleans. Fire protec- 
tion and tax relief were the dominent questions discussed. 
The advanced laws of Louisiana and the nationally known 
experiments of Henry E. Hardtner at Urania, Louisiana, 
and of the Great Southern Lumber Company at Boga- 
lusa were also topics fully covered. 

On: the return from Bogalusa, the party stopped off 
at Slidell and inspected the excellent reproductions of the 
Salsman Lumber Company. On return to New Orleans, 
the Committee left for their homes. 

A party consisting of J. E. Rhodes, Secretary, and Man- 
ager, Southern Pine Association, W. DuB. Brookings, © 
Secretary of the Committee, J. W. Watzek, Jr., of the 
Crosset Lumber Company, and A. G. T. Moore of the 
Southern Pine Association made a special visit to the 
properties of Hon. H. E. Hardtner, where they spent a 
day in inspecting the results of this pioneer project in 
reproducing Southern Pine. 

Members of the National Forestry Policy Committee 
who attended the meeting were: D. L. Goodwillie, Chair- 
man, Vice-President Goodwillie Brothers Box Manufac- 
turers, Chicago; Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Vice-Chairman, 
Secretary-Manager American Pulp and Paper Associa- 
tion; F. C. Knapp, President Peninsula Lumber Com- 
pany, Portland, Oregon; H. N. Shepard, President Mas- 
sachusetts Forest Commission, Boston, Massachusetts ; 
Dr. H. S. Drinker, Director of the American Forestry 
Association and President Emeritus of Lehigh Univer- 
sity, Philadelphia; C. F. Quincy, Director of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association and President Q. & C. Com- 
pany, New York; W. DuB. Brookings, Manager Natural 
Resources Department of United States Chamber of 
Commerce, Secretary of the Committee. 

The Committee in its investigation of forestry con- 
ditions has traveled 9,999 miles and passed through thir- 
ty-four states. 

The Committee will shortly submit a report to the 
Chamber of Commerce on its nation-wide study of the 
whole forestry question. 


WO-THIRDS of the newsprint used in the United 
- States in 1920 was made from wood grown on foreign 
soil. Out of more than 4,500,000 tons of wood pulp con- 
sumed for all purposes 35 per cent came from foreign 
markets. Over $191,000,000 was paid for the pulp wood, 
_ wood pulp and paper imported. To this extent the United 
‘States has become dependent upon markets outside its 
control. This country can no longer draw its supply from 
our rapidly disappearing eastern forests. As a result 
primarily of forest depletion the cost of pulp wood rose 
more than 110 per cent in the five-year period 1916- 


es 


Importing Wood For Newsprint 


1920, and of wood pulp 35 per cent since 1918. These 
and other facts are presented in a bulletin “Pulp Wood 
Consumption and Wood Pulp Production, 1920,” pre- 
pared by the Forest Service in cooperation with the 
American Pulp and Paper Association of New York. 
Prior to 1909 practically all the paper consumed in this 
country was manufactured here. This is no longer true. 
The paper-making industry in the United States has 
grown until its capitalization approaches the billion dol- 
lar mark. “The trouble in brief,” says the bulletin, “is 
that we have mills without forests in the East and for- 


46 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ests without mills in the West.” In New England and 
New York where the forests have been largely worked 
out, there is the heaviest concentration of mills. In Alas- 
ka, where there is enough spruce and hemlock to supply 
present American news-print requirements indefinitely, 
there is only one mill. The industry has remained sta- 
tionary in the East while the lumber industry has moved 
West. 


“In Minnesota, for instance, where domestic spruce 
forms 95 per cent of the consumption, pulp wood cost 
$10.40 per ton less than in New York. If New York pulp 
mills could have bought their spruce from native forests 
at a saving of $10 a cord the savings on their imports 
alone would have been $5,000,000 during the year 1920.” 

Expensive Eastern mills can not be moved West nor 
can the great forests of Alaska and the Pacific slope be 
set down in New England and New York. Nor can the 
United States count upon reducing the amount of pulp 
wood necessary to meet present requirements. Further, 
Canada can not be depended upon indefinitely as a source 


of supply, for Canadian forests are no more limitless 
than those of the United States. The remedy is two- 
fold: locate more mills on the Pacific slope and reforest 
the East. 


“Reforestation will take not only skill, energy and — 


money,” say the foresters, “but most serious of all, many 
years must elapse before the East can be put on a 
thoroughly self-supporting basis. Yet there is no choice 
left to us. The work must be undertaken. We must 
have pulp and for every year of delay we must pay 
increasingly heavy penalties for neglecting to restore the 
forests as fast as the wood is consumed.” 

As the result of unregulated lumbering, it is pointed 
out, followed by fire, more than 60,000,000 acres of po- 
tential forest lands, most accessible to Eastern and Lake 
State mills, are now producing nothing or supporting a 
growth of little use except for firewood. If they were 
producing only a third of a cord of pulp wood an acre, 
every year, the total yield would be 20,000,000 cords or 
approximately twice the amount needed to supply the 
entire American consumption at the present time. 


A PROFITABLE CROP 


| Wkebas aeatrasile was early a leading enterprise in New 

England, and up to 1840 white pine made up almost 
the entire softwood cut. By 1870 the original white 
pine was practically all removed, and by 1880 the second- 
growth pine forests were yielding an annual cut of 200 
to 300 million board feet. With the extensive use of 
low grade pine for boxes and matches, this has increased 
to 600 million feet. The New England States produced 
more than one- 


pine will do much to solve our timber supply problem. 

Our idle lands must be restored to timber production, 
and no other tree is so valuable for this purpose as the 
white pine. Massachusetts is to be congratulated on 
establishing a new principle in State forest conservation. 
The recent law which provided for the planting of white 
pine on 100,000 acres of idle lands in this State, as 
rapidly as such lands can be acquired, means that such 
: lands will soon 


fourth (28.7 


per cent) of 
the total out- 
put of white 


pine lumber cut 
in the United 
States in 1918. 
Maine is today 
producing more 
white pine lum- 
ber than Idaho, 
the great white 
pine State of 
the northwest. 
Not so many 
years ago, 
Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, and 
Wisconsin 
were producing 
enormous quantities of pine. In 1918 these three States 
combined, cut only approximately one-third as much white 
pine as was cut in the New England States. White pine 
has come back in the New England States and it will come 
back elsewhere. The second-growth stands of white 


ee eS eS 
Photograph by A. B. Brooks. 


THE RESULT OF “NEGLECTING” A PASTURE FIELD 


be returning 
revenue to the 
State far above 
their cost. 
White pine 
not only adds 
the crowning 
touch to the 
average New 
England land- 
scape, but it is 
also a crop that 
yields larger 
profits than any 
other crop that 
can be grown 
on a large pro- 
portion of the 
poorer soils of 
New England 
and New York. It is a crop that furnishes winter work on 
the farm, and supplies the material required in operating 
numerous factories. Its rapid growth on lands that 
would otherwise be waste has paid off mortgages, im- 
proved farms, and given the children college educations. 


} 
1 
H 
/ 


i 


i 


With the growing interest in forestry the landscape 
_ effect of the trees used for reforesting purposes should 
‘not be overlooked. As country homes increase in number 
_ the aesthetic features in both cultivated areas and wood- 
lands become more and more important. Progress in this 
: direction i in the United States may be classified into three 
distinct periods. 


: ri 


a. 


f First: The early clearing of the native woods growth 
‘ith waste and destruction alike of the natural foliage 
fects and the irreparable loss of the timber supply, with- 
it consideration being given to future needs. 


‘Second : The awakening to a realization of this suicidal 
y as manifested in the conservation movement which 
now become a subject of nation-wide importance. 


_ Third: The prospective period when the beauty of the 
forest growth will in the treatment of forest land be 
_ recognized as an important factor of development in con- 
j nection with the utilitarian purposes of the forest. 


_ The fact is now everywhere appreciated that a treeless 
, pe is like a treeless city, an unattractive and de- 

pressing sight. That it is extremely detrimental from an 
economic viewpoint as well as from that of health and 
material Progress is axiomatic, and forcibly demonstrated 
in the arid regions in China and other parts of the world, 
while we have already convincing examples of it in por- 
tions of this country where forest land is lying idle and 


unproductive. 


Now, that the conservation and reforesting movement, 
Bical, state, and national, has assumed such comprehen- 
_ sive proportions, growing public interest will go steadily 
_ forward toward remedying as far as possible the errors 
_ of the past and providing for the future. 


‘It is to the use of attractive trees where practicable in 
_ connection with reforesting developments, I would call at- 
tention. The necessity of suitable trees in variety of size, 
form, foliage, and flower for all landscape effects in pri- 
vate and public parks, country estates and other ornament- 
al grounds as planned or planted, calls for no elaboration 
discussion here. The conditions are obvious, and ef- 
_ fective object lessons are matters of common observa- 
_ In the broader field of forest planning, how many 
Stop to consider what the future appearance of the plant- 
_ ed area is to be? No one should be, or if well informed 
- could be so visionary or impractical as to contend that 
_ beauty of the forest should be primal rather than a sec- 
ondary or collateral consideration. Yet is there any 
valid or tangible reason why, in the selection of the kinds 
_ of trees for such planting, the varieties suitable for the 
soil and situation should not be chosen and the appearance 
of the forest plantations in future years considered? 

The rugged pioneers, from the landing of the Pilgrim 
Fathers to the wood choppers and timber cutters from 


LO SEIN ALINE, A A a RO Ie ME I GER. te Pe pm ng 


OPT SE EE ea eee 


THE LANDSCAPE VALUE OF TREES 


By Frederick W. Kelsey 


New England to the Pacific Coast, could see no harm to 
future generations yet unborn following in the wake of 
their cuttings. The active hustling man of today, wheth- 
er the get-money-quick type, the staid business or pro- 
fessional man of affairs, or the industrial worker, as a rule 
apparently loses sight of the important part art and beauty 
play in national life as a country attains age and as cul- 
ture and wealth reach toward higher civilization. 


In cities and urban communities this fact is becoming 
more and more recognized. Attractive buildings, art 
museums, fine parks, embellished parkways, municipally 
planted streets and other attractive features, indicate the 
trend of thought and effort to make both town and coun- 
try beautiful. 


Trees in the picture cannot be overlooked; and in 
some respects and in many places are the crowning feat- 
ures of the landscape attractions. The builders of the 
future a decade or more ago had the imagination to see 
in advance of their time what these plans and construc- 
tions would mean to the public, as we now see them and 
enjoy them. 


There is no more beautiful and mysterious thing in 
nature than the unfolding and growth of the hardy trees. 
A combination of the deciduous and evergreen varieties 
produces from the unfolding of the new buds and flowers 
in spring until the incomparable tints and colors in au- — 
tumn one constant succession of marvelous effects. 
Whether in lawn, park, or forest the contrast in form 
and beauty attracts the beholder and enchants the lover 
of nature. 


In forest planting in some locations it may be, not 
infrequently is, necessary to use a single variety, resulting 
in a monotonous and sombre appearance. But in many 
locations where the general eflect is noticeable from far 
or near, there would seem to be no difficulty in arrang- 


ing the planting for the best attainable forest growth, 


and at the same time making the plantation, at least in 
some respects a thing of beauty as well. 


Even where no deciduous trees are admissable, a se- 
lection of the evergreen varieties as commonly used for 
forest planting, such as the Scotch Pine, Red Pine 
and White Pine, the different spruces, Balsam and Doug- 
las Fir, Hemlock, etc. interspersed with Larch, give a 
variety of coloring which adds a picturesque feature to 
the area as a whole without in the least detracting from 
the forest growth required. 


For the encouragement of forest planting, the requi- 
site trees are now grown in nurseries as well as in the 
state forestry department in very large quantities. They 
are produced at low cost and are sold at relatively low 
prices. Tree seeds are also becoming more and more 
an important business both for the use of nurserymen and 
state nurseries, also for private forestry projects. 


FOREST POLICY ASSURES GREATEST TIMBER GROWTH 


QO* the policy of sixteen years standing, National For- 
ests of the United States at the present time are ad- 
ministered by the Department of Agriculture in such a 
way as to promote the greatest possible utilization for all 
purposes and at the same time the greatest possible 
growth of timber, the Secretary of Agriculture states in 
his annual report to the President. The administration of 
the forests under the policy developed by the department, 
the Secretary states, includes provisions for the follow- 
ing: 

Protection from fire. 

Regulation of cutting, tree planting and forest man- 
agement to secure the maximum growth of timber. 

Full utilization of forage resources for live-stock 
raising. 

Classification of the forest lands and the elimination 
of areas most suitable for farming. 

The use of the lands for a wide range of purposes, in- 
cluding industrial developments and recreation. 

The fullest possible development of water powers. 

The readjustment of boundaries to include forest lands 
and to exclude other lands. 

In the administration of this policy, the Secretary 
states, the well-being of local communities, largely agri- 
cultural, is a primary consideration. The policy also con- 
templates, in the language of the Secretary: 

“The extension of the National Forests through the 
purchase of lands which will protect the watersheds of 
navigable streams. The National Forests established 
by Executive order or by legislation now cover the head- 
waters of nearly all the important streams beyond the 
Mississippi and protect enormous investments in irriga- 
tion works, irrigable farms, and hydro-electric develop- 
ment. They are now slowly being extended by purchases 
over the watersheds of navigable streams in the eastern 
States and should be extended still further as rapidly as 
possible. 

“This policy represents today the most striking appli- 
cation of public foresight to land problems in the history 
of the United States. 

“Scientific research with a view to— 

“Ascertaining and demonstrating through the activi- 
ties of forest experiment stations the cheapest and most 
effective methods of growing the maximum timber crops 
of the best species. ; 


‘Products investigations centered mainly at the Forest 
Products Laboratory at Madison,*Wisconsin, to ascertain 
and demonstrate means of preventing waste and the most 
effective means for the manufacture and utilization of 
our forest resources. These investigations are designed 
to extend the life of our present resources, reduce to a 
minimum the production necessary to meet future re- 
quirements, and indirectly to make the growing of tim- 
ber more profitable. 


“Investigations of timber resources, the extent of for- 
est lands, and other economic questions, such as timber 
taxation, in order to secure data which must underlie 
the development and application of a National Forest 
policy. . 

“Dissemination of information and cooperation with 
States, timberland owners, and farmers in the protection 
and management of public and privately owned forests 
and farm woodlots. These activities include— 


“Fire protection through cooperation between the Fed- 
eral Government, the State governments and private 
owners, 


“Cooperation with the management of privately owned 
timberlands to check their devastation and assure the 
continued use for timber growing of lands not better 
suited for other purposes. 


“The dissemination of information which will make 
possible greater and better production on the 200,000,000 — 
acres of farm woodlots owned by the individual farmers 
of the Nation. Woodlot products now rank in value as 
one of the first three or four principal farm crops of the 
country. The yield of these farm woodlots can be im- 
mensely increased by better methods. 


“Publicly owned forests with the greatest additions 
which can be anticipated can not alone meet our require- 
ments for wood. The department is therefore attempt- 
ing by all means at its disposal to secure the adoption 
of a national policy for the production of timber on the 
privately owned lands most suitable for this purpose.” — 


An administrative force remarkable for its efficiency 
has been built up and trained in this work, the Secretary 
says. He continues: 


“Methods of cutting timber have been developed under 
which the forest reproduces naturally, and these require-_ 
ments have been so harmonized with practical limitations 
of lumbering that the demand for National Forest timber 
has grown steadily. The condition of the National Forest _ 
ranges has been very greatly iniproved and at the same 
time the stock which they can support without damage ~ 
has been increased by approximately one-third. A sys- 
tem of fire protection has been established which has 
and is serving as a model to State and private agencies 
alike. In general, all National Forest resources have been 
brought into use. Western public sentiment, at first de- 
cidedly hostile, now almost universally supports the pres- 
ent form of administration, and western stockmen have 
even gone so far in many instances as to demand the ex- 
tension of the National Forest system of range manage- 
ment to the remaining public grazing lands; in short, 
the National Forests are now vindicated by their fruits. 


“Some 2,000,000 acres of ferest lands have been pur- 
chased at the headwaters of navigable streams in the 
East, and these have been placed under an administration 


arable with those of the western forests. Favorable 
ess in purchases was made during the past year. 

orest products investigations, which at their initia- 
1 were ignored by the forest industries of the coun- 
, have through the demonstration of their benefits 
neated the forest industries almost without exception 
have given an entirely new conception of the pos- 
ties in the conservation, manufacture and utiliza- 
ion of forest products. A beginning has been made in 
the establishment of forest experiment stations which 
should as rapidly as possible be extended to cover at 
all of the principal forest regions of the country. 


FIRES ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS 49 


Notable contributions have been made to our knowledge 
of remaining timber supplies and related economic sub- 
jects. 

“Information on the need for timber growing and the 
best methods for growing and utilizing timber have been 
widely disseminated. Public opinion has been aroused 
until now there is a powerful Nation-wide support for 
the adoption of a national policy which will bring about 
the growing of timber on privately owned lands to sup- 
plement that which can be produced on National Forests 
and other public holdings.” 


VHE area of National Forest lands burned over in the 
* fiscal year 1920 was 342,193 acres, as against 2,007,- 
| in 1919; the estimated damage was $419,897, as 
st $4,919,769; and the total cost of- fire-fighting 
‘exclusive of the time of Forest officers) was close to 
1,000 0,000, as against $3,039,615. District 1 (Montana 
1 northern Idaho) had much the largest number of 
2s (1,716), and had 25 of the 99 fires which caused 
nage in excess of $1,000. District 6 (Washington and 
on) had 1,385 fires, and District 5 (California) 
} Together, these three districts had 73 per cent of 
ll the fires—exactly the same percentage as in 1919. 
_ The figures given reveal some instructive contrasts. 
/hile the total number of fires decreased 10.6 per cent, 
1c number of lightning-caused fires increased 40.2 per 
sent. The decrease in man-caused fires was very marked, 
a drop of 35 per cent. The number of campers’ 
s decreased 28.2 per cent, and this in spite of the fact 
hat recreational use of the forests is growing by leaps 
ind bounds. 

Rein, not quite nine-tenths as many fires were fought, 
it about one-third the cost; they covered one-sixth the 
, and did one-twelfth the damage. The number of 
which burned less than one-fourth of an acre was 
derably greater than in 1919, while less than one- 
id as many covered 10 acres and did over $1,000 

nage. 

“Any attempt at intepreting these data must take into 
ount the great differences in the character of the two 
sons. The general character and history of the 1920 
son were summarized in last year’s report. In con- 
t with the season of 1919, which both in length and 
ity was one of the worst that the West has ever 
<nown, it was short, but acute while it lasted. An un 
precedented number of fires were caused by lightning, 
exceeding by 25 per cent the highest previous record. 

Lightning fires are apt to be particularly hard to con- 
ol, for two reasons: They occur most commonly in 
he high mountains, where they are hard to get at quick- 
ly, y, and they often occur in considerable numbers almost 
simultaneously, so that the protective force is taxed to 
the utmost to meet the strain without cracking. On one 
in California—the Klamath—a series of storms 


3 9g ee 


SR ee RS bp eee 


ores' 


y 


FIRES ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS 


By B. W. Greeley, United States Forester 


started 48 fires within six days, while on the Trinity a 
single disturbance in one day started 70, besides causing 
a number of others on neighboring forests. Under such 
conditions, to bring all the fires under control before they 
reach large dimensions is beyond human capacity with 
the present protective force and equipment. In district 
6 (Oregon and Washington) practically all the fires re- 
quiring heavy expenditures to bring under control were 
lightning-caused. 

The peak of the load occurred in district 1 (Montana 
and northern Idaho). Topography, climate and wilder- 
ness conditions combine to make the problem of. fire pre- 
vention in portions of western Montana and northern 
Idaho well-nigh insuperable at the present time. In this 
district, almost always characterized by extreme summer 
drought, the precipitation for June, July and August was 
about two-thirds of normal. During the season there 
were 1,281 lightning fires—75 per cent of the total from 
all causes. And over 30 per cent of all the fires broke 
out within a single 10-day period. 

A large outlay for fire fighting was inevitable under 
such conditions. Since the appropriation for fire fighting 
was only $250,000, deficiency appropriations became nec- 
essary to replenish the general administration funds. Two 
such appropriations were made by Congress, totaling 
$775,000. Fortunately, an exceptionally favorable spring 
and early summer, with late rains, resulted in expendi- 
tures in the latter part of the fiscal year far below what 
is normally required, so that at its close there remained 
an unexpended balance of $50,000. 

The 1921 season has continued, on the whole, favorable 
to the date of this report, and the expenditures for fire 
fighting have been decidedly below what must be looked 
for in years of normal hazard. Nevertheless, the fire- 
fighting fund for the fiscal year of $250,000 has been ex- 
hausted and additional liabilities of approximately $225,- 
000 incurred. The greater part of the expenditures have 
been in Montana, Idaho and California. 

A hazard of unique character was created by the tre- 
mendous blow down of timber on the west side of the 
Olympic Peninsula, in Washington. Something like 
6,000,000,000 feet of timber are estimated to be on the 
ground, creating the most formidable fire trap the For- 


50 AMERICAN 


est Service has ever had to reckon with. The bulk of 
the down timber is outside the Olympic National Forest, 
but if fire were once to get underway in this almost im- 
penetrable mass of huge fallen trees its control would be 
practically impossible, and large losses would undoubt- 
edly be suffered by the National Forest. To meet this 
situation the Forest Service, under authority of a special 
deficiency item, has cooperated with the State authori- 
ties and private owners in maintaining the most in- 
tensive protection ever attempted in the United States. 
This is mainly a matter of organizing the entire local 
public to eliminate all human causes of fire. It is some- 
thing of a triumph to have come through the first and 
probably most dangerous season successfully. 

During the past 11 years, 42,000 “man-caused” fires 
have started in the National Forests. These are more 
than two-thirds of all the fires with which the Forest 
Service has had to contend. In organizing for more and 
more efficient protection, it would be the height of folly 
to overlook the principal source of fire hazard, which lies 
in human ignorance or indifference. 

The use of the National Forests for industrial and re- 
creational purposes is rapidly increasing. Thousands of 
people now traverse or camp in the National Forests 
where there were but scores or hundreds six years ago. 
The annual number of man-caused fires is a barometer 
of the hazard occasioned by this enormous increase in 
the use of the Forests, a barometer which must be 
watched with the utmost care. If the number of man- 
caused fires increases proportionately with the use of the 
forests, the task of protecting them is well-nigh hope- 
less. From 1914 to 1917 there were from 4,300 to over 
5,600 man-caused fires each year. Since 1917, while vary- 
ing to a considerable degree, on account of climatic con- 
ditions, the movement has been downward. Last year 
approximately 3,000 fires were of human origin. While 
caution is necessary in drawing conclusions, it is probable 
that this result is due in part to the efforts of the Service 
in common with those of States and many private agen- 
cies to educate the public on the necessity for care with 
fire in the woods, to the increasing cooperation furnished 
by the press and by many commercial and semipublic 
agencies, and to a campaign of strict law enforcement 
against offenders. 

There is no more important phase of fire protection 
than that of inculcating by every possible means the 
necessity for care in the use of fire on the part of every 
citizen and every industrial enterprise which uses or tra- 
verses the public forests. The forest fire evil, with its 
long train of costly destruction and emergency expendi- 
ture, can only be eradicated by public education. The 
proclamation of a “Forest Protection Week” by the 
President of the United States and by the governors of 
many States and the wide observance of this week, 
brought about through organized publicity and other 
educational efforts dealing with forest fires, were un- 
questionably of immense value. 

Aside from attacking man-caused fires at the source, 
years of experience have only emphasized the truism that 


FORESTRY 


effectiveness in protecting forests is measured by the 
speed with which fires can be discovered and reached. 
The efforts of the Forest Service are concentrated on 
rounding up all the big and little means of securing 
prompt discovery of incipient fires and quick action in 
reaching them. The main reliance for prompt discovery 
must be a lookout service, well distributed over peaks 
and other effective points and continuous during the day- 
light hours. The second essential is a network of tele- 
phone lines, inexpensively constructed by attachment to 
trees, so that the lookout can instantly communicate 
alarm to the ranger, patrolman or guard who is nearest 
the telltale column of smoke. About 3,000 fires are thus 


reach a quarter of an acre in size. But fires may be 
fanned by heavy winds or may run in inflammable slash- 
ings or may be so inaccessible that they can not be 
reached quickly enough to be extinguished single handed, 
particularly if many fires are started simultaneously by a 
lightning storm or by a defective locomotive on an up- 
grade. Quick action must then be possible in mobilizing 
the available rangers and guards, in equipping them with 
fire-fighting tools and supplies of food, and in drawing 
upon local settlers, miners, stockmen and the crews of 
lumber camps for fire fighters. Such situations frequent- 
ly occur and necessitate a warehouse and supply service 
whereby standardized equipment and foodstuffs can be 
furnished promptly in the quantities needed and an or- 
ganization put quickly into action which extends from 
the base of supplies to the fire line, not unlike the organi- 
zation needed for a military offensive. 


Success in suppressing large fires in National Forests 
depends upon the completeness and perfection of this or- 
ganization and its training in advance for dealing with 
every fire in every stage, with the utmost speed and with- 
out confusion or indecision. To bring its fire organiza- 
tion up to or near this ideal is the most important task 
of the Forest Service. It involves knowledge of technical — 
appliances and methods and effective use of the crystal- 
lized experience gained in many years. Above all, it re- 
quires trained men who know the game. One of the out- 
standing needs of the Forest Service at the present junc- 
ture is to provide, even on a limited scale, for the syste- 
matic training of its field officers in the technique of fire 
control and suppression. 

In recognition of the primary importance of an efficient 
fire organization, every possible effort has been made to — 
increase the force of guards during the present fire sea- 
son, at the cost of drastic cuts in other lines of work. 
With the appropriations made for the fiscal year 1922 it 
has been possible to add 68 men to the fire force in the 
four worst fire districts. The average forest ranger and 
guard in these districts, however, must still cover 52,000 
acres. Experience has clearly demonstrated that this 
force is inadequate. Even during the average season,” 
disregarding exceptional climatic hazards of frequent 
occurrence, it is not possible for the existing organiza-— 
tion to reach and put out promptly a considerable num-_ 
ber of fires which thereupon become large blazes and re- 


‘e heavy emergency expenditure. The loss in public 
yperty and in public funds from such emergencies, be- 
cause the authorized force was too small to reach the 
fires in time, still continues. It will again be necessary 
request Congress for a deficiency appropriation, be- 
e the fire-fighting resources provided in the regular 
dget were not adequate. 


FIRES ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS $1 


From the standpoint of appropriations, the outstanding 
need of the Forest Service in its business of protecting 
public property is to increase the summer guard force so 
that at least a larger proportion of the fires can be 
reached and extinguished when small and the necessity - 
for emergency expenditures correspondingly reduced. 


CONFEREN ck was held in Seattle on October 21; 
-* which may mean much to the future of the forests 
of the State of Washington. This was a forestry confer- 
ce held under the auspices of the forestry committee 
of the newly organized State Development Bureau and 
convening in the Chamber of Commerce. 

- To Dean Hugo Winkenwerder of the School of For- 
try of the University of Washington belongs most 
of the credit for inaugurating such a meeting of those 
interested in the proper use and care of the im- 
se forest wealth of the State. This conference is 
the more significant because there was given wide 
icity about a year ago, to a statement of a proposed 
forest policy for the State of Washington. Apparently 
the 1920 statement has not received the support of 
either the lumber interests or the officials of the State 
Forest School, or the business men of the State. The 
main characteristics of the 1920 statement might be 
said to have been a lack of a forward-looking view 
and an emphasis of self-sufficiency as far as the timber 
needs of the State, present and future, were concerned. 
‘The broad purpose of the October 21 meeting, as stated 
in the notice issued by the State Development Bureau, 
was to call together representatives of those most inter- 
ested in forestry and the timber resources of the State 
‘and to agree upon the broad principles which should 
considered in laying the foundation for a state for- 
try policy. 

A comprehensive program was worked out in ad- 
of the meeting. This program was made up of 
- six main headings and the subjects under these were 
“presented by representatives of the various agencies 
Of the state most interested in formulating such a policy. 
“Dean Winkenwerder presided at the meetings. The open- 
_ ing address, excellent in its breadth of view, was made by 
iy Col. Howard A. Hanson, chairman of the State Develop- 
‘ment Bureau. Dean Henry Landes of the College of 
Science of the University of Washington, presented a 
_very comprehensive paper on “Land Classification in 
“Washington”, which was discussed as a problem funda- 
mental to any forestry policy for the State. The subject 
_ of Forest Protection was covered by C. J. Joy, Secretary 
of the Washington Forest Fire Association, and then 
- discussed by F. E. Pape, State Forester. “Needed Re- 
, Be séeris in Forest Taxation” was presented by J. J. Dono- 
_ van of Bellingham, followed by very full discussion by 
E.G. Ames, Prof. Frank J. Laube, of the Department of 


FORESTRY AWAKENING IN WASHINGTON 


“ & By John D. Guthrie. 


Economics, University of Washington, and by F. B. Kel- 
log, U. S. Forest Service. The subject of forest taxation 
provoked very full discussion and this subject promisesto 
be the most difficult one with which future conferences 
will have to deal. Prof. B. P. Kirkland, of the Forest 
School, University of Washington, followed with a very 
thoughtful and far-reaching paper on “Practicability of 
Forest Management on State and Private Lands.” Discus- 
sion of this was taken up by Forest Supervisors W. G. 
Weigle and R. L. Fromme, Forest Service, with reference 
to the National Forests, and E. T. Allen, of the Western 
Forestry and Conservation Association, as to private 
forestry. A specially prepared paper by George S. Long 
on “A Suggested State Forest Policy” was read in Mr. 
Long’s absence. This was discussed by E. S. Grammer 
and Dean Winkenwerder. It is understood that the 
addresses and papers will shortly be issued in printed 
form. 

As previously announced this conference is planned 
to be followed by meetings of the committees and another 
formal conference a year hence, by which time it is hoped 
that the ideas and suggestions presented at the conference 
may have been crystalized into a definite forestry policy 
for the State. This proposed policy is then to be pre- 
sented to the State Legislature at its convening in 1922, 
in concrete and definite form for legislative action. With 
approximately 15 per cent of the total remaining stand of 
the virgin timber of the United States and leading in the 
total annual lumber cut of the country since 1905 (ex- 
cept in 1914) and with a cut of 5,525,000 M. ft. B. M. for 
1920, Washington may be truly said to have yet no for- 
est policy, outside of an excellent forest fire law, that 
looks to the continuation of her high place in forest 
growth and lumber production. 

This recent conference therefore has every indication 
of meaning much for the future. This prediction seems 
the more certain when one realizes the varied interests 
represented at this initial meeting. Representative lum- 
bermen and loggers, men from the school of forestry, 
department of science and economics of the State Uni- 
versity, the State Forester, the District Forester of the 
North Pacific District, the Secretary of the State Tax 
Commission, important members of the State Chamber of 
Commerce have thus come together in a sincere effort 
to work out a broad, comprehensive forest policy for 
this important State, a policy that will have for its object 
the continuous production of lumber and forest products 
for all time. 


52 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


AVENUE OF WORLD FRIENDSHIP GOOD 


M EMORIAL Tree planting, that has 
carried the message of the trees into 
every city and town of the country, is an- 
other phase of the educational campaigns of 
the American Forestry Association that 
has met with hearty response on the part 
of the editors of the land. At this opening 
of a new year the association wants to ex- 
tend all good wishes to the editors who 
have taken up this message of the trees 
and carried it on. Some of the editorial 
comment follows :— 

Washington Herald: On the Lincoln Me- 


morial grounds there is to be an interna- 


tional avenue of memorial trees. This is 
a mighty appealing conception and will be 
carried out under direction of Col. Sherrill, 
in charge of public grounds. At the head 
of the avenue will stand the two elms. Suc- 
ceeding trees will be the gifts of other gov- 
ernments and probably native of their coun- 
tries. All who visit the grounds may walk 
this avenue of world friendship, an arbo- 
real league of nations. 

It is quite appropriate that the elm was 
chosen as the American tree. It is as fully 
national as any of its habitats; it is long of 
life, is interwoven in more of American 
history than is any other tree and is dis- 
tinctly a home tree. It is not militant. No 
one would speak of a sentinel elm. It 
is a tree of copious shade, of comfort and 
solace. 

The planting ceremony was simple but 
impressive. The dedicatory address was 
made by Charles Lathrop Pack, president 
of the American Forestry Association, and 
Mrs. Harding assisted at the planting which 
was done by the American Legion. It was 
a feature of Armistice Week preceding 
the opening of the Washington conference 
and should be a good omen of releasing 
the grip of the sword to take the clasp 
of the hand. 


Chicago Post: In the city of Washington 
two Armistice Elms are planted by the 
American Forestry Association on the 
grounds of the Lincoln Memorial, one elm 
for the Army and one elm for the Navy. It 
is understood that on Armistice day trees in 
memory of soldiers who fell fighting in the 
great war are to be planted in many cities, 
towns and villages of the country. Trees as 
memorials are more beautiful than anything 
in bronze or in stone, and, in addition they 
serve a useful purpose. 

The rapid disappearance of the forests of 
the country is an old story. Every effort has 
been made to save the timber, which is nec- 
essary not only for building purposes but 
properly to distribute the rainfall. Until 
recently no real attempt to use our trees 
and to have them has been made. Now some 
of the lumber companies are replanting the 


desolate tracts. A sense of the loss of the 
trees has come to the American people. 

It would hurt nothing if every day of the 
year were the anniversary of some event in 
history which would promote tree planting. 
For every tree that is cut down in France 
another is planted. If something of the kind 
were done in this country posterity would 
benefit, 


Bethlehem, (Pa.), Globe: This country 
will in years to come bless the American 
Forestry Association which immediately 
after the signing of the Armistice began a 
campaign for the planting of memo- 
rial trees. Organizations of all kinds wel- 
comed the idea and especially in our own 
state the planting of these trees in many 
places where they were needed was taken up 
with enthusiasm. That memorializing those 
who helped the great war should take the 
form of planting trees is to be highly com- 
mended. 


Rocky Mountain News (Denver): The 


American Forestry Association must 
have faith in the pacific conference 
and the fruit that shall come forth 


from it, for it planted the shoots of two elm 
trees on the Lincoln Memorial grounds at 
Washington to commemorate the gathering. 

If the conference succeeds, the trees will 
be there to bear testimony to generation 
following generation of the inception and 
the inauguration of the movement; if the 
conference fails, they will stand out as an 
irony upon the fraility of human kind and 
to mock the efforts of those who were 
called statesman in their day to get a little 
above the processes of the caveman. 

The elm tree isa symbol of fraternity. 
The human family has taken to it kindly, 
It is stately, yet inviting. The poets love it. 
Longfellow wrote of it: 

“And the great elms o’erhead 

Dark shadows wove on the aerial looms, 

Shot thru with golden thread.” 

In Tennyson the elm tree is a favorite as 
itis of the English manor. The elm lives 
long. The trees planted to herald the pos- 
sible dawn of world-peace will spread their 
branches with years-therein is their advant- 
age over stone and metal, for memorials 
made of these begin to fade as soon as they 
are set in place, whereas the tree adds to its 
growth from year to year and becomes a 
benediction as it ages. 

Something of good will come from the 
conference, we are sure, and the elms will 
not have cause to shrink or feel ashamed as 
the seasons go by. 


Montreal Herald: Mere human art, no 
matter how great the genius of the arti- 
ficer, cannot begin to compare with the art 


of nature. There is something appealing in 
the latter which renders it far superior to 
anything of the kind in stone or metal or on 
canvas. : 
Cities and towns, nay, even villages, on 
this side of the Atlantic that have been 
reaved of their sons in the world conflag 
tion of the second decade of the Twentieth 
century cannot do better than to take a lea! 
out of a book of the gold diggers of B af 
Australia and create memorial avenu 
lined on either side, not by stone or bi 
statues but by beautiful living maple or 
trees that will bear their names and that ¥ 
develop and flourish with the growth of the 
country. 


Rochester Post-Express—An import: 
meeting in the interests of municipal for- 


ment situation was held in Schenectady on 
Friday at which the principal spea 
was Dr. Hugh P. Baker, executive se 
tary of the American Paper and Pulp as- 
sociation. Dr. Baker, in his address, stated 
that America needs the municipal forest 
not only to produce a valuable crop but to 
avoid the economic waste of idle land and 
at the same time to provide employment 
for large numbers of men. 

It seems hardly credible that we have in 
the United States to-day approximately 
eighty-one million acres of loafing land, an 
acreage so cut over and burned that artifi- 
cial restocking is necessary. And yet this 
land, if properly put to work, would pro- 
vide enormous quantities of timber for our 
wood using industries. At the present time, — 
there is pending in Congress, legislation 
initiated by the American Paper and Pulp 
association in cooperation with the Ameri- — 
can Newspaper Publishers’ association, the 
American Forestry Association and other 
national organizations which would insure — 
the nation’s future timber supply. 

In the state of New York, municipally 
owned forests have already been instituted 
but the movement is still in embryo. New- 
burgh, Malone and other cities throughout 
the state are annually planting municipal 
forests through the efforts of the school 
children on Arbor day. In the older coun- 
tries of Europe the municipal forest sys- 
tem has been in existence for hundreds of 
years with the result that in the lean years 
of business depression idle men are given 
employment in planting, thinning and mar- 
keting at a profit to each municipality, the 
crop produced on these forests. It is a= 
splendid plan and should meet with favor 
generally throughout the United States. 

Asheville Citizen :—Forest reservations of 
the country are coming into their proper 
recognition by Congress. Representative 
Woodruff of Michigan is the latest Con- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


53 


f 
OMEN, SAYS 


WASHINGTON HERALD 


-gressional advocate for vast extensions 
o the network of highways that are even- 
to make these reserves accessible to 
e American people. Mr. Woodruff’s plan 
calls for the expenditure of 10 millions a 
ear in building roads and trails, an invest- 
t which means better fite protection to 
tremendous forest assets, more prac- 
able marketing facilities for timber and 
health and pleasure for the thous- 
who will spend vacations in the wood- 


ficaD 


The people have long been indifferent 
io the destruction of the forests, and this 
sthy is not yet a thing of the past; but 
is a growing ap- 
‘preciation of the mate- 
jal and cultural value 
them that promises 


SINCE WE 
SIX TIMES 


Troy, New York Times: Charles La- 
throp Pack, President of the American For- 
estry Association, who has long been iden- 
tified with forestry, good roads and the 
conservation of national resources, makes 
an interesting statement with reference to 
the development of a campaign for memo- 
rial tree-planting. This, he says, has spread 
until it includes “roads of remembrance” 
and memorial parks in hundreds of places. 

The memorial highway and memorial 
tree idea deserves hearty support and earn- 
est cooperation by all who appreciate the 
significance of the movement. Great routes 
of travel, like the Lincoln Highway, the 


ARE CUTTING DOWN OUR TIMBER EACH YEAR 
AS FAST AS IT CAN GROW—AND IT TAKES 300 
YEARS TO GROW A GOOD SAW LOG 


would add to their beauty and attractive- 
ness and serve as tributes to those who de- 
serve such recognition. There would be pe- 
culiar appropriateness, for instance, in 
placing trees along the Roosevelt Highway 
and so expressing something of the spirit 
of a great American who was pre-eminently 
a lover of nature and of outdoor life. A 
highway lined with fine trees provides pe- 
culiar pleasure to every traveler, and me- 
morial trees furnish reminders of eminent 
American men and women and thus be- 
come invaluable object lessons. Build more 
memorial highways and continue the plant- 
ing of memorial trees. 

Butler, (Pa.,) Citizen: 
A new scheme for me- 
morials which should ap- 
peal to everyone is gain- 


sll for forest protec- 
tion and recreational use 
of forests. 
Berkeley, California, 
Gaz —The American 
Forestry Association re- 
t that the planting 
of memorial trees is go- 
i ng to break all records. 
7 first big planting 
has been at South Bend, 
I where the women 
ee the county set out 
trees for all their soldier 
d along the Lincoln 
ligh . It is a no- 
ble cause. In fact, it is 
0 noble causes in one 
soldier who laid 


Lf), VY 


‘Ae 44x ty 


ing in favor all over the 
country and threatens at 
some time in the near 
future to become a near- 
ly national movement. 
It is the “Roads of Re- 
membrance” idea which 
was originated by the 
American Forestry As- 
sociation. As the auto- 
mobile becomes more 
and more the method of 
business and pleasure 
travel, so will the de- 
mand for these beauti- 
ful roads mount higher 
and higher. Good roads 
are not the only demand 
of the present day; 


his life for his 
oun deserves some - 
‘such living memorial, 
which literally keeps his 
memory green. And 
€very tree is more than a 
monument, benefitting 
he living while it honors 
the dead. 
_ Norwalk, Connecticut, 
Evening Hour. Large 
numbers of trees have 
been planted in the past 
few years as memorials 
to the soldiers who gave 
up their lives in the 
World War. The idea 
is an excellent one and 
from the statement of 


Mang 


rah 


MW AlN SY 


Now wHetn YOu GET TO 
BE AS OLD AS YOURS 
GREAT -GREAT-GREAT— 
GREAT -GREAT-GREAT~ 
GREAT GRAND FATHERS 
THAT TREE wie GE BIG 
ENOUGH TO SAW (NTO 


beautiful roads are also 
desired. Fine trees lin- 
ing a highway increase 
the pleasure of an auto- 
mobile trip and lessen 
the arduousness of a 
business trip. 

DeKalb, (lil.,) Chron- 
icle: Not only as a fit- 
ting memorial to those 
who died in the recent 
war, but also to beautify 
our highways, nothing 
could be done at a 
smaller cost to our coun- 
ty, than the planting of 
trees along the country 
roads. Nothing adds so 
much to the beauty of a 


the American Forestry 
Association to the effect 
that a large number were 
‘to be set out along the 
incoln Memorial High- 
way with the same object in mind it can be 
preciated that the plan has made a fav- 
orable impression and that it is by no means 
too late to put it into effect. 


ISN’T IT ABOUT TIME FOR US TO PLANT THE TREES FOR 
OUR GREAT, GREAT, ETC., GRANDSON’S BUNGALOW ?— Darling, 
in the Washington Herald. 


Roosevelt Highway, the National Highway, 
the Dixie Highway, the Jefferson Highway 
and various other roads and trails are al- 
ready realities, and memorial tree planting 


road or so favorably im- 
presses a visitor. 

New Haven Register: 
One of the wisest things 
Governor Lake has done 
in his public service is to recommend the 
adoption by the state of the plan of tree me- 
morials for the soldier dead in place of the 
proposal of stone markers on the highways, 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


In the discussion of forestry problems 
there has always been a lack of basic in- 
formation as to the rate of tree growth 
yields per acre, and the best silvicultural 
methods to employ in handling woodlands. 
Foresters are much handicapped by not 
knowing what will happen in certain mix- 
tures when some of the species are removed 
and it will require years of experiment to 
get at the facts. Great strides in the es- 
tablishment of research stations are be- 
ing made and the information already ob- 
tained is of great practical value. In Can- 
ada there are now research stations, with 
permanent sample plots, at Chalk River, 
Ontario, conducted by the Dominion For- 
estry Branch, at Bathust, N. B., operated 
jointly by the Dominion Forestry Branch 
and the Bathurst Lumber Company, at 
Lake Edward, Quebec, by the Dominion 
Forestry Branch and the Laurentide Com- 
pany, and at Iroquois Falls, Ont. by the 
Dominion Forestry Branch and the Abitibi 
Pulp and Paper Company. Next year the 
Dominion Forestry Branch will establish 
other stations in the West and the Quebec 
Forest Service will cooperate with the Do- 
minion Branch and the Laurentide Com- 
pany in establishing plots for the study of 
different systems of cutting in the Lake 
Edward District. A party of foresters has 
just visited the Chalk River Station on the 
Petawawa Military Reserve and found the 
work most interesting and very well plan- 
ned and carried out. Plots have been estab- 
lished where poplar and birch which had 
come up on old burns is being cut out, 
for use in a match factory, the timber 
being cut by the buyer under the super- 
vision of the station. Plots where dif- 
ferent methods of selection cutting are em- 
ployed where different amounts of thin- 
ning have been made, and probably, most 
interesting of all, where experiments are 
made to determine the conditions for in- 
fluencing natural seeding. Plots have 
been selected where, under different de- 
grees of shade, the mineral solid has been 
exposed to see if seed will take hold. The 
results of these experiments are positive 
and show that where the mineral soil is 
exposed germination is much facilitated. 
One of the most interesting things was the 
study which has been made of the growth 
of white spruce. In one stand, on thin soil 
on a rocky ridge, a tree was cut, measur- 


ing 23 inches on the stump and only. 32° 


years of age. From data collected in many 
localities it seems that white spruce will be 
far and away the best tree to plant for 
pulpwood and it is probable that it will 
in a short period grow faster and yield 
more wood than even jack pine. This 
species, with its immunity to most diseases 
and its rapid growth on all sorts of sites 
will make an ideal tree for planting. There 
is a most comfortable house for the staff 


at Chalk River in an ideal location for the 
work and much valuable information will 
be collected as time goes on. 


A visit to the Harvard Forest School 
forest at Petersham, Massachusetts was 
also most interesting. Mr. R. T. Fisher 
has done much interesting and valuable 
work in forest investigation, especially 
along the lines of selective cutting together 
with some planting and a good deal of nat- 
ural regeneration. All this work has been 
done on a commercial basis and has not 
only payed its way but has also resulted 
in a marked increase in the value of the 
property brought about by the removal of 
the less valuable species and the encourage- 
ment of the more valuable ones. The re- 
sults of this work will soon be published 
and will be of great interest to all foresters 
and especially to those who are in charge 
of commercial forests. 

Apropos of white spruce, a plantation of 
this species at Oakdale, Massachusetts on 
the Boston Reservoir area, in charge of Mr. 
Allardyce, covering about 27 acres shows 
a height growth of about thirty feet and 
a breast height diameter of about four 
inches. The trees are very uniform in 
height, very healthy, and well worth a visit 
from any one interested in growing spruce. 

The Forest School of Toronto Universi- 
ty under the direction of Dean Howe, 
shows the largest registration on record, 
22 first year men, 13 second year, Io third 
year, 12 in the graduating class and four 
special students. 

A meéting of the Quebec Society of 
Forest Engineers was held in Quebec City 
on the 19th of December to which all the 
Provincial Foresters were invited. 

A meeting of the Canadian Society of 
Forest Engineers was held in Toronto on 
the 27th of December, in connection with 
the meeting of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science and that 
of the Society of American Foresters. 

The aerial survey made by Dr. Swaine 
of the budworm damage to balsam fir 


in Ontario was most successful. The area 


affected was determined and also to a con- 
siderable extent the degree of infestation. 
In a few days flying information of very 
great value was obtained which could not 
have been acquired even through months 
of survey work on the ground. A very 
large area of balsam is affected and prob- 
ably 99 per cent of the trees will be dead 
in three or four years. As the balsam is 
probably about 70 to 75 percent of the 
total coniferous stand the loss will be very 
serious. On this trip one of the planes 
was unable to get off a lake owing to 
hills close to the lake and had to 
be landed rather suddenly on the water, 
slightly injuring Mr. Arthur Graham, 
manager of the Ottawa Forest Protective 


Association. The slat at the back of his 
seat struck his back rendering him help- _ 
less for two weeks and he had to be car- 
ried out of the woods, more than fifty 
miles on a mattress. He is now almost re- 
covered. The plane was repaired And 
brought out. 


The problem of the utilization of this 
dead balsam is a serious one. One large © 
limit holder has enough of it to practical- 
ly run his plant for ten years and long 
before that time it will have rotted and 
will be a total loss. ' 


A questionnaire sent out by the Wood- — 
lands Section of the Canadian Pulp and — 
Paper Association shows that of fourteen — 
paper mills reporting four were doing ex- 
perimental work on new or improved log- 
ging methods, three were experimenting — 
with steam or gasoline tractors, two with © 
power driven portable saws for use in the 
woods, two with mechanical loaders, all — 
were willing to give the results of their ex- — 
periments, and all were willing to discuss 
the project of assigning specific experiments _ 
to different companies the cost to be di- 
vided among all, or the project of estab- 
lishing a central cooperative experiment — 
station. 

The Ontario Government has taken steps 
to set aside forest reserves in Pakenham 
and Darling Townships in Lanark Coun- 
ty as municipal forests. The Town of 
Grand’ Mere, Quebec, is also considering 
the purchase of a tract of land for a Mu- 
nicipal Forest. 


The Dominion Forestry Branch has ar- 
ranged to ship to the British Forestry 
Commission a much larger amount of tree 
seeds than heretofore. In the past the 
amount has been about 1,000 pounds per — 
annum but this will be increased to a min- 
imum of 3,000 pounds and it is hoped this 
will be further increased to almost double 
that quantity. The British Columbia spe- 
cies are giving splendid results in England 
which has a very similar climate. A plant 
for seed extraction is being built at New 
Westminster, British Columbia. ‘ 

Very few people ever disturb the fire 
notices which are posted throughout the 
country printed in many languages includ- 
ing Indian syllabic writing. This summer 
in the West a ranger found one of these 
posters turned over and covered with In- 
dian writing. As he could not read it he 
took it down and, fearing that it might be 
a message to the Indians to disregard the 
fire laws, showed it to several Indians ask- - 
ing them to read it. They only smiled 
and refused to interpret it. This made him 
more suspicious and he sent it to Ottawa. 
The Official Interpreter also smiled and 
wrote back telling him that it was a pro- ~ 
posal of marriage from a “brave” who 
was too timid to propose in person. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


55 


PLEASANT THINGS TAKEN FROM LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 


“Your journal is an admirable production, 
‘written and illustrated in such a way as to 
people to read it. We have nothing 
like it in this country. May it con- 
to prosper, and help on the cause of 
station.” 

M. B. Havetocx. England. 


am indeed pleased te note the general 
rejuvenation of the cause of forest protec- 
ion and development and think that 
MERICAN FORESTRY has had a ma- 
yr part in arousing this sentiment.” 

> Tuomas B. Wyman. 


“Tn my opinion, AMERICAN FOREST- 
Y is one of the most interesting and val- 
lable magazines published. The articles on 
animals, and reptiles are especially 
sting, and the work of conservation 
arried on by the Association, and pro- 

noted in its well edited magazine, deserves 
the support and cooperation of every think- 
person in the country.” 

J. M. Hetser, Jr. 


“T find a great deal of interest in this 
ine which is very helpful to me in my 
It is indeed a splendid publication.” 

AxeL O. OxHoL”m, 
Chief Lumber Division, Department of 
commerce. 


“Your work in the past has been so in- 
structive that I look forward to every issue 
of the AMERICAN FORESTRY.” 

Joun F. SHANKLIN. 


“It’s a wonderful book and I couldn’t get 
along without it.” 
Quentin R. Hatts. 


“T am well pleased with American For- 
EstRY. It is a splendid journal.” 
Harotp WoopLanps. 
(Australia) 


—— 


“The magazine, AMERICAN FOREST- 
RY, is, I think, lovely in every way.” 
Mrs. J. H. Tapert. 


“T wish you success in the work of per- 
petuating our forests.” 
Vincent S. STEVENS. 


“The Forestry Club at the University is 
a subscriber, as well as many of the in- 
dividual members, and the magazine is a 
distinct help to us in several of our For- 
estry courses.” 

Revusen W. Smiru, Jr. 


“T want to express my appreciation of the 
very interesting articles by Dr. R. W. 
Shufeldt which have been appearing in 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. I always read 
them with great interest and with keen 
enjoyment.” 

Etmer Lewis Kayser, 

Secretary, George Washington Universi- 
ty. 


“IT shall never cease to desire member- 
ship in the Association.” 
GLenwoop E. Jones. 


“I have been an interested reader of the 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE 
for at least ten years, and along with my 
connection with the Trexler Lumber Com- 
pany it has helped me wonderfully.” 

Howarp F. Apams. 


“American Forestry seems more inter- 
esting than ever!” 
Mary D. Hussey. 


“Wish every farmer would take your 
magazine. These dry days when forest 


fires are common everywhere I do my best 


to see that they are put out, and if only 

people would just read your magazine they 

would learn the value of our forests.” 
Nick B. Bopprre. 


|The One Man Fire Engine 


Throws 20 gallons per minute thru 1500 ft. of hose—AND ONE MAN 


CAN PACK IT. 


The sturdy dependability of Fire Apparatus construction is combined with 
the necessary light weight and easy portability in 


The Northern Forest Fire Engine 


Designed by Forest Rangers and Built by Fire Apparatus Experts 


ee 


4 
/ 


ees 


through the longest hose line. 


Nozzle Pressures 


the nozzle opening. 
Specifications 


lons at 90 Ibs. Pressure. 


ORDERS FOR 
SHOULD BE PLACED NOW. 


Minneapolis, Minn. 


Ample Capacity of Fire Stream is assured 

by the wide range of this unit, even 
From 20 
gallons at 85 pounds to 10 gallons at 150 
pounds is the guaranteed performance. 
as high as could possi- 
bly be needed cari be secured by reducing 


and price on application. 
Write to-day. The two Cylinder NORTH- 
ERN FOREST FIRE ENGINE is 
twice as powerful as the one cylinder. 
It weighs 125 pounds—Throws 35 Gal- 


SPRING DELIVERY 


Northern Fire Apparatus Co. 


oe ee 


56 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,D<X. 


ENGRAVERS 


DESIGNERS 
AND 


[LLUSTRATORS 


3 COLOR PROCESS WORK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


AMERICAN RORESTRY 


PINE BEETLES FILMED 


Saving western pine forests from its in- 
sect enemy, the western pine beetle, is 
shown in a new one-reel motion picture 
produced by the United States Department 
of Agriculture. The new film, entitled 
“Fighting Western Pine Beetles”, is a 
graphic story of the work of the Bureau 
of Entomology of the department in con- 
trolling this pest, which annually causes 
great destruction among valuable timber. 
The fact that the insects concentrate in 
certain trees affords practically the sole 
important means of combating it. The bee- 
tle works under the bark, girdling the tree 
with a maze of passageways, which in time 
kills even the biggest timber. In one scene, 
for instance, is shown a forest giant 230 
feet high and 84 inches in diameter, killed 
by a mass attack of the pests. The de- 
partment maintains control camps in vari- 
ous sections where the pest is particularly 
bad. It is the work of the men of the 
camp to keep a sharp lookout for trees in- 
fested with the beetle. Tiny holes in the 
bark usually betray the presence of the 
marauder. There are two methods of de- 
stroying the pest—one for dry weather 
and one for other seasons. In either case 
the tree is felled. In the dry season, the 
limbs and bark are stripped off and all, in- 
cluding the log itself, exposed to the sun 
for several days. The bark, it seems, ab- 
sorbs heat to 130 degrees, which is enough 
to kill the beetle in the larval stage. At 


other seasons the stripped bark and limbs 
are piled along the trunk and burned. This 
kills the insect without damaging the log. 


NEW YORK’S FOREST FIRES 


The 1921 fire chart of the Conservation 
Commission shows the progress that the 
State has made in reducing the amount 
of forest fire losses through the develop- 
ment of its fire protective system. 


The season just ended was the worst 
in many years, not only in this State, 
but in other eastern states and in Canada. 
There were more fires this year than in 
any previous season of the thirty years 
for which records are available, but the 
losses were trifling in comparison with 
other years, as the result of the promptness 
and efficiency with which they were con 
trolled. ‘ 


With a total of 720 fires, the total loss 
amounted to $49,920, as compared with 
$850,000 from 645 fires in 1903, and $800,- 
000 loss from 600 fires in 1908, before the 
present system of fire protection was es- 
tablished. 


During the time when forest fires were 
burning last spring and through a large 
part of the summer, there were days and 
days of high winds which made it almost 
impossible to bring them under control. 


BECOME A MEMBER 


Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association 
upon application and payment of dues. 


PLANT TREES 
PROTECT FORESTS 
USE FORESTS 


This is the only Popular 


National Magazine de- 
voted to trees and forests 
and the use of wood. 


FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— 


American Forestry Association 
1214 SIXTEENTH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C 


I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Assv- 


ciation and enclose check for $.. .. 


INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP 


Subscribing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. $ 
Contributing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. 
Sustaining Membership, per year, including Magazine............... 
Life Membership (no other dues) including Magazine............... 
Annual Membership without Magazine. 


a 


WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST FOUND 
IN PENNSYLVANIA 

For the first time since the white pine 
blister rust was discovered in America, 
infections on currant and _ gooseberry 
bushes were found this fall in Pennsyl- 
-yania. The original discovery was made 
by a United States Department of Agri- 
culture blister rust investigator in Wayne 
County. The significance of this dis- 
covery lies in the fact that white pine 
blister rust is spread from pine to pine 
‘only through the mediufi: of currant or 
‘gooseberry bushes. While some blister 
rust has been found on planted pines in 
Pennsylvania, they were brought in from 
Europe in a diseased condition. These 
infected trees were destroyed before cur- 
‘rant and gooseberry leaves became dis- 
eased, thus eliminating the danger of the 
blister rust attacking healthy pines. 

Extensive work has been done in New 
England and northern New York the past 
‘summer to organize movements for eradi- 
_ cation of the death-dealing bushes within 
_ 300 yards of white-pine trees and stands. 
Such work protects the trees from the dis- 
ease for a period of years, but both wild 
‘and cultivated currant and gooseberry 
bushes must be destroyed within the 300- 
yard zone. Owners of fine stands of 
white pine often have been reluctant to 
believe danger exists through the prox- 
“imity of the bushes, but once demonstra- 
tion has been made, they become active 
in rooting out the offending shrubs. In- 
_festations as high as 46 per cent of the 
‘pines have been found on some proper- 
‘ties in New England and New York. 
White pine is well recognized as one of 
the most profitable crops that can be 
grown on the poorer soils of the North- 
eastern States. 


DAMAGE BY THE SATIN MOTH 
The advisability of quarantining the 
States of New Hampshire and Massachu- 
setts to check the spread of the satin moth, 
a dangerous insect pest newly discovered 
‘in this country is being considered. Quar- 
antine action, if decided upon, would pro- 
hibit or restrict the movement of the in- 
sect’s principal carriers, poplar, willow, and 
‘related plants, from these States, or from 
any districts in them found to be infested 
with the pest, into other States and Ter- 
' titories. The satin moth, so called from 
its white, satin-like appearance, occurs 
_ throughout Europe, and is particularly an 
enemy of poplar and willow. It was first 
' reported in this country about July 1, 1920, 
ry in the Fellsway district north of Boston, but 


_ ter determined, it is thought that it then had 
_ undoubtedly been in the United States for 
Several years. It has not been possible to 
determine the source of its introduction, but 
the department thinks it probable that the 
insect was brought in with some importa- 
tions of willows or poplars. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


INVESTIGATIONS SHOW 
FISH SOME OLDER LAKES CON- 
TAIN LESS FISH. 


This may be due to untoward changes in 
breeding areas. Is your lake deteriorating? 
I examine, report and adjust. Literature 
on request. ERNEST CLIVE BROWN, 
Box 107 F, Station G, New York City. 


TREE EXPERTS 


Orchard Pruning, Tree Surgery 
SHADE TREE PRUNING 
Our Specialty. Advise'us at once of 
your tree problems. 
C. F. BAPTISTE, 
Winsted, Conn. 


WA TL 
=— NURSERY 
MEMORIAL TREES 


Particular] 


fine pecimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, 


te., for memorial planting. 
Trees from ‘5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Associatiun to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 
372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


57 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


TREE SEEDS 


SEEDLINGS Write for prices on 
large quantities 


THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. 
CHESHIRE, CONN. 


Nursery Stock for Forest Planting 


TRANSPLANTS 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. ; 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEJU, Jr. 
6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


FORESTRY SEEDS 


Send for my catalogue containing 
full list of varieties and prices 
THOMAS J. LANE 


Seedsman 
DRESHER - - - PENNSYLVANIA 


> from its distribution and abundance, as la- * 


MEMORIALS IN BRONZE 


For Memorial Tree Planting 


When planting Memorial Trees care 
should be taken in the selection of the 


tablet to commemorate the event. 


Towns, cities, associations and indi- 


viduals who have planted, or who con- 
template the planting of Memorial Trees, 
or. who are interested in. the national 
plans for Roads of Remembrance, are 


invited to write to us for information. 


J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS 


87 PARK PLACE 


NEW YORK CITY 


58 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


phe BOOKS ON FORESTRY 


=z ———————————————e=—eEe———ee—eee—e—e—e——e——_—__=_=_=_==[={"Za]_a__—a_—_—_——_ 
AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, 
Poneto ew arenes ete a hese liom These may be ordered through the American Forestry 
Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. 


Forest 


by 
James Oliver Curwood 


is on sale to our members 


Price $2.00 
Illustrated 


A breathless story of life in the 
Canadian north woods. 

Back from the Last Outpost of 
Romance has come—the Greatest Ad- 
venture Novel of our time. 


Order from 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


1214 16th Street 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 


SCHOOL IN YELLOWSTONE PARK 

On Monday, October 10, the first public 
school for children in Yellowstone Nation- 
al Park was opened at headquarters with 
14 children of Government employees in 
attendance. One of the rooms of the for- 
mer Post Exchange Building of old Fort 
Yellowstone was remodeled by the Govern- 
ment and set aside for school purposes but 
this was as far as the park officials could 
cooperate towards providing school ac- 
commodations. The parents of the children 


FOREST VALUATION—Filibert P nig eeeee deeeeecceeesees Se secceccedandceeess eenese eecccncessevcncce 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert R ceeceeee 
PRACTICAL arian PAIR—By Elbert Peets............ 
LUMBER MANUFA TURING lentes, Arthur 
FOREST Pane ees H. H. Chapman................. 
CHEMISTRY OF PUL. D PAPER. "MAKING—B Edwin ,Sutermeister. 
CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—B 


TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE NIALS—B a cegaard..--..- 
<aeee on SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Bareent Vom I and a pe oe toa eV olemical 
er PEEVE eee es 


THE TRAINING OF A’ FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot ..... 
FORESTS, WOODS AND TREES IN RELATION 70" avai WES wt 
Y NE—B * ne Henry..... eee 
POVELOBMENT T OF FOREST LAW IN AMER y < ary. 
STUDIES Red FRENCH HY Bo tesiah’ Bowmen Theodore | $ 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPH owman . 
KEY TO THE bing $—Collins and see. som, 
THE FARM WOODLOT-E. G. a hoe ae 
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECO Cc W obs OF sig UNITED STATES—Samuel Pe 
PLANE SURVEYING—John C. Tracy..........-.sceeesees 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman oweesonl 
FOREST PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE ‘AND USE—By Neison Courtland Brown.. 
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth.........ccccsseeesceeesseeeeesees SR RR AE Pe 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller............cceeecsecceceereeeees aa eeawe 
eee a OF AMERICAN FORESTRY_Samuci B. Green. 
TREES IN WINTER-—A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis............ 
AMERICAN Jade erm geal B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per Volume 
GFOCLO) UNGIRS. Bs. <6 6s sis bao sgandeteiestescann sh aeaamaracers 
HANDBOOE OF THE S Fenes OF THE NORTHERN U. S. mies CANADA, EAST OF THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. ough i 


Half Morocco Bin —_ pad scccanduecne se ccpasvecuapedseseieemeb renee sau <anweuuan a+. 10.00 
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES_J. Horace McFarland..............++++ acta, 
HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe............ Pe soee 5.00 

TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and He Brooks........ ae. 1 
OUR TREES, HOW TO KNOW THEM—By Clarence i errr ee 3.50 


ve hst SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES—H. E. Park 


M Ward Sodoane¥s 
oun NATIONAL PARES—John Muir 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford ee 
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA—By Charle bd ig, hoes Sargen 
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES—S. ze 
MANUAL OF FORESTRY—VOL I—Ral; Wo: C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes nak way cae < 

THE PRINCIPLES OF ae da en tenes Bonk Solon Graves... <i.0ccisssoseccetaten 
} E ES IN TOWNS AN S—William Seletares dbacaedonaew nese ca edasecbas nee 
THE TREE GUIDE—By Julia ilen Ro ee ee ances oid eae 

MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODS EN— Austin PR rr ey 

THE sc paid ibis tented OF Wenster PLANS Ss (in forest organization)—A. B. Leite 


CHANICAL PROPERTIES OF W 
STUDIES OF TREE oo . J. -Levison 
TREE PRUNING—A. s Cars 2 ‘ 
THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. 
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By James’ w. Toumey... on 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. 7 ler Mathews............ atauaes sip 
FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR oe chuyler Mathews. . . 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS—By F. chuyler Mathews......... 
FARM FORESTRY—B ohn Arden Ferguson. .........cccccccccccscvcssvesescdevscovees 
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—By Frederick F. Moon Poy waleseaeusuay 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Maud Going 
yaa FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—By Jay L. B. Taylor 
LAND WE LIVE IN—By Overton Price. 

WOOD AND FOREST_B illiam Noyes ......... 
THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW: 
ee Sg i crasncearak ann GRUBBING, 


RY 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—By A. B. Recknagel and John Bentley, Jr. 
THE ron RANGER A OTHER VE ‘DEN hn G i 
TIMBE ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND G 

THE HISTORIC TREES, OF M 

TIMBERS—AND T 


WOOD PRODUCTS — W. Dumesny. 
GUIDE TO THE TREES—A. Lounsberry........- 
THE TREE BOOK—Julia Ellen Rogers. .......ccsccesseeseccssesecsneenesesseteees 


are sharing the cost of the service of the 
teacher. or 


* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry 
related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. 


Be it Fact or Fiction 


MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE ENTITLED TO 10 PER CENT DISCOUNT 


It will pay anyone who buys books either for his own use or his family to 
become a member of the American Forestry Association, for 


: cis — secceeel | 


coeereeatere essen 


4b 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


59 


NEWS FOR LUMBERMEN 


Put ished O casionally 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc., PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 


January, 1922 


v hy YOU Should 
Use Disston Saws 


A Few of the Reasons for Disston’s 
_ 80 Years’ of Leadership. 


-ISSTON Saws are manufactured 

4 completely in the Disston factory. 
a ISSTON workers are, for the most 
f 4 part, expert craftsmen. A great 
2 many of them have grown up—in 
y cases have followed their fathers 
the. Disston factory and are truly 

in saw-making. Eighty men in 
Disston factory have worked here 
‘e than 40 years! 


pps HE steel used is made in the Diss- 
ton Works—within the factory 
wall—because to insure constant 
od quality, it is necessary to control 
lutely the quality of all steel used. 


57 OU have undoubtedly heard of 
4 Disston-made Saw Steel. It is 
known for its good quality where- 
ever saws are used. This is because it 
made from a Disston formula which 
hy years of experimenting have 


shown gives the best saw steel. 
D: roperly hardened and tempered. 

Tne processes by which this is done 
were developed by Disston and are used 
clusively by Disston. 


ISSTON Saws are uniformly and 


ISSTON Saws are ground by a spe- 
cial method which gives a thick- 
ness and taper to the saws that is 
xceptionally accurate and uniform. 


HESE are some of the reasons why 
every Disston Saw is a good saw. 
: They are also reasons why so many 
users have found that it pays to specify 
“Disston.” 


The Largest 
Circular 
Saws 
In the World Were 

Made by 


DISSTON 


ii Now ae 
a 
Hoquiam, 
Washington 


Let Us Send You 
The Crucible 


ME House of Disston publishes a 

monthly magazine. Did you know 
that? This magazine, “The Crucible,” 
is a magazine for lumbermen. 


It contains stories of successful lumber- 
men in all parts of the country. It car- 
ries write-ups of interesting operations. 
It often has an article on some special 
phase of saw sharpening or repairing. 
There is a page of jokes which is the 
equal of any. 

We will send you this magazine—free of 
charge—if you would care for it. All 
you have to do is ask for it. Drop us a 
post card with your name and address 
on it and say, “Please put my name on 
the Crucible Mailing List.” Do it to- 
day—you'll like it. 


Things Not to Do in 
Operating a Saw 


THE following is a list of 
“don’ts” for the saw operator 
that are taken from the “Disston 
Lumberman’s Hand Book.” Many 
readers have told us that a list of 
this kind was a time-saver for them 
and we print it here in the hope 
that it will be of value. 


DON’T USE— 
Insufficient power to maintain regular 
speed. 


Too thin a saw for the class of work re- 
quired. 


Too few or too many teeth for the 
amount of feed carried. 


Weak or imperfect collars. 
Collars not large enough in diameter. 
Ill-fitting mandrel and pin holes. 


Uneven setting and filing. 


Points of Teeth filed with a “leal”—not 
square across. 


Too little set for proper clearance. 

Too much pitch or hook of teeth. 

Irregular and shallow gullets. 

A saw out of round and consequently 
out of balance. 

A sprung mandrel, or allow lost motion 
in mandrel boxes. 

A carriage track neither level nor 
straight. 

A carriage not properly aligned with 
saw. 

A journal which heats. 

Guide-pins too sight or not properly ad- 
justed. 

Teeth which have backs too high for 
clearance. 

Any saw too long without sharpening. 


SPEED! 


“Near Stevens Point, Wisconsin, on 

September 19th, 1920, two men using a 

Disston High-Grade Cross-Cut Saw 

cut through a Grey Elm log, 184% inches 

in diameter in 15 seconds.” 
WE do not hold up this example of fast 

cutting as a record. It is just one 
instance that we know of and may not 
be a record accomplishment. But it does 
illustrate what our statement that the 
combination of the famous Disston-made 
Steel, Disston manufacturing methods, 
the latest improvements in cross-cut 
saw design, and Disston workmanship 
(developed through 81. years of experi- 
ence) means to users of cross-cut saws. 


A List of What Disston Makes 


these Saws, Tools and 
files is that quality found in 


“The Saw Most Carpenters Use” 


Back Saws 
Band Saws for Wood and Metal 
Bevels 


Buck Saws 
Butcher Saws and Blades 
Circular Saws for Wood, Metal, 
and Slate 
Compass Saws 
Cross-cut Saws and Tools 
Cylinder Saws 
Drag Saw Blades 
Files and Rasps 
Grooving Saws 
Gauges—Carpenters’ 
arking, etc. 
Hack Saw Blades 
Hack Saw Frames, 
Hand, Panel, and Rip Saws 
Hedge Shears 
Ice Saws 
D Inserted Tooth 
pt Circular Saws 
Keyhole Saws 
Kitchen Saws 
Knives—Cane, Corn, Hedge 
Knives—Circular for Cork, 
Cloth, Leather, Paper, etc 
Knives—Machine 
Levels—Carpenters’ and Masons’ 
Machetes 


Mandrels ES 
Milling Saws for Metal @ 


Mitre-box Saws ae 

Mitre Rods 

One-man Cross-cut Saws 

Plumbs and Levels 

Plumbers’ Saws 

Pruning Saws 

Re-saws 

Saw Clamps and Filing Guides 

Saw Gummers 

j| Saw-sets 

Saw Screws 

§ Screw Drivers 

Screw-slotting Saws 

Segment Saws 

Shingle Saws 

Slate Saws—Circular 

Squares—Try and Mitre 

Stave Saws 

Sugar Beet Knives 

Swages 

Tools for Repairing Saws 

Tool Steel 

Trowels—Brick, Plastering, 
Pointing, etc. 


Veneering Saws 
Webs—Turning and Felloe 


This is a partial list. There are thousands 
items in the complete Disston line 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BOOK REVIEWS 


DOWN THE COLUMBIA. By Lewis 

Freeman (Dodd, Mead & Company). 

A graphic account, by an author to whom 
adventure is no new story, of a trip from 
source to mouth of the Columbia. Though 
one of the world’s largest and best-known 
scenic rivers, this is the first record that has 
been made of any trip from its glacial 
sources to tidewater, and it is packed with 
interest and thrills. The story is well il- 
lustrated with many photographs taken 
along the way. 


WESTWARD HOBOES, by Winifred 
Hawkridge Dixon (Scribner’s) New 
York, $4.00. 

Well characterized as the “ups and downs 
of frontier motoring” this is the story of 
two American girls who decided to rough 
it and see the country in a purposeful way. 
They shipped their car to Galveston and 
motored from there up through the Rio 
Grande country, north through the Rockies 
and then home by way of the northern 
States, following roads where road were 
offered but where they were not, blazing 
the trail to their objective. They had a 
wonderful trip and tell of it delightfully. 
One acted as official photographer and is 
responsible also for the unique map of the 
journey shown on the lining paper. 


tHE EDGE OF THE JUNGLE, by Wil- 
liam Beebe, N. Y., (Holt) ..$2.50. 

With the great interest which now domi- 
nates the world in books of travel to dis- 
tant lands and seas, this delightful story 
by Mr. Beebe, following his “Jungle 
Peace”, will be received with welcome and 
accorded a place of distinction by all book 
lovers. 


Forest Mensuration, by Herman Haupt 
Chapman—(Wiley—New York). $5.00. 


This book contains a thor ugh discus- 
sion of the measurement of the volume 
of felled timber, in the form of logs or 
other products; the measurement of the 
volume of standing timber; and the growth 
of trees, stands of timber and forests. It is 
designed for the information of students 
of forestry, owners or purchasers of tim- 
berlands, and timber operators. The sub- 
ject matter so treated is fundamental to 
the purchase or exchange of forest property 
or of timber stumpage, the valuation of 
damages, the planning of logging opera- 
tions, and the management of forest lands 
for the production of timber by growth. 

It is intended as the successor of Graves’ 
Forest Mensuration, and was undertaken 
at the request of the author, H. S. Graves, 
whose original text, Forest Mensuration, 


Books 


and 


Trees 


Of course 
Old Omar appreciated 
His “Book of Verse” 
The better 

Beneath a Tree. 


A WORTH-WHILE SLOGAN 


is one that will save you money. You 
can save a dollar out of every ten dol- 
lars you spend on books to friends as 
gifts, or for yourself. 


Can you think of a more useful gift 
than a good book, be it fact or fiction? 
Good books have the power to inspire 
millions of people, and, it is said, “are 
the windows through which the soul 
looks out.” 


Order your books at a 
10 PER CENT SAVING 


Just give us the title of the book and 
the author. Take the publishers’ price 
and deduct 10 per cent. If you are 
in doubt, give us a list of the books 
and we will quote you. 


DON’T FORGET to include the beau- 
tifully illustrated AMERICAN FOR- 
ESTRY MAGAZINE. In giving a gift. 
of this magazine you are not only giv- 
ing one of the most widely quoted pub- 
lications of this country, but are helping 
the furtherance of activities to restore 
and perpetuate the forests of this coun- 
try. 

Let AMERICAN FORESTRY teach 
your friend that love for God’s great 
out-of-doors that means health and hap- 
piness. It is only $4.00 a year. 


DO YOUR OLD FRIENDS REMEMBER YOU? 


A magazine that goes to your friends’ homes every 
month brings with it remembrance of the thoughtfulness 
of the sender and revives memories of friendship. Your 
friend will appreciate and enjoy the privilege of a sub- 
scribing membership to AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


American Forestry Association 


1214 Sixteenth Street, N. W. 


appearing in 1906, set a standard for text- 
books in forestry and has been of inesti- 
mable value to foresters and’ timberland 
owners in America. The present text 
is not a revision of the former publication, 
but an entirely new presentation, both as 
to arrangement, methods of treatment and 
much of the same subject matter. 


A Text Book of Wood, by Herbert Stone— 

(Rider—London) .—$5.00. 

This book was written to provide a class- 
book for advanced students and to gather 
in a condensed form under one title all the 
many scattered morsels of information 


about wood which are to be found in works 
which treat of it as a secondary matter, as 
in botanical works. It is highly useful for 
its special purpose and a valuable compila 
tion of necessary facts and information. 


The American Geographical Society has 
issued a booklet of exceptional merit 
entitled “Palisades Interstate Park.” The 
charming -style of the author, Dr. R. L. 


Dickinson, is one that must appeal to every 
lover of nature and the beautiful 
sketches and panoramas represent a very 
high standard of illustration. 


J il 


STOPPING FOREST FIRES 


Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester, of Penn- 
sylvania, has made the following comment 
on the forest fire season in Pennsylvania 
during the fall of 1921: 

"The people of Pennsylvania are getting 
ieie money’s worth from the million dol- 
lars appropriated last spring by the Legis- 

to put down forest fires. Half of 
' he million is being spent during the pres- 
ent fiscal year. This is what is being done 
‘with it, and here are some of the results: 
_ “Fifty new steel towers, most of them 
feet high, have been erected at the best 
yation points throughout the State. 
y tower was completed and connected 
by telephone with men organized into ef- 
fective fire fighting crews before the fire 
‘sea began. An entirely new system of 
fighting forest fires, pronounced by the U. 
Forest Service to be the best in existence, 
as devised and installed. Fire wardens 
other fire fighters were equipped with 
ire tools, among them a new combination 
rake and bush-hook superior to anything 
et invented. 

“Before the fall forest fire season opened, 

‘the Department was ready to meet it. The 
best way to get an idea of the results ac- 
complished is to compare them with the 
verage fall fire season during the previ- 
ous five years. 
_ “The average number of fall forest fires 
‘that started during the last five years was 
54. In 1921 there were 197. The average 
‘area burned over in the five years was 21,- 
564.73 acres a year. In 1921 it was 4,- 
_ 085.68, or less than one-fifth. 

“You cannot keep all fires from starting, 

ut you can handle them promptly and 
effectively after the start. The best test 
f a forest fire organization is the average 

of the fires. The smaller the size 
better the work. From this point of 
it is worth noting that the average 
of fires in the fall for the previous 
years was 84.9 acres, while the average 
ge per fire in 1921 was 20.73, or less 
han a quarter. 
_ “If we compare the results in 1921 with 
he best fall in the previous history of the 
Department, a fall of such exceptional 
er conditions that only 81 fires were 
d as against 197 last fall, we find 
less than two-thirds of the area wis 
burned over, while the average per fire was 
only one-fourth. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


“T am very proud of the men who have 

brought these results about. They have 
proved themselves worthy of the confidence 
the people of the State, through the Leg- 
islature, have reposed in them. It is no 
more than fair to say that they are giving 
the State a dollar’s worth of work for 
every dollar the Department of Forestry 
is spending. 

“The job of stopping forest fires is well 
begun. We have proved that it can be car- 
ried through if the next Legislature will 
give us the money to do it. In the mean- 
time, it is some satisfaction to know that 
the State is not only getting what it paid 
for, but that increased forest growth will 
pay it all back.” 


FORESTS AND STREAM FLOW 


Investigation of the effect of forests upon 
stream flow is being made jointly by the 
Forest Service and Weather Bureau of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, 
at a station in the comparatively light for- 
ests of the Colorado Rockies. “When com- 
pleted,” says the department, “this inves- 
tigation will furnish information of great 
value and significance for this and similar 
sections of the United States where agricul- 
tural development is dependent upon stream 
flow for irrigation.” 


Somewhat similar work has been done 
in Europe, notably at Zurich, Switzerland. 
Observations, extending over 18 years, were 
made upon two small watersheds, one whol- 
ly, and the other one-third, forested. 


“On a proportional: basis,” the Forest 
Service says, “the total annual stream dis- 
charge was approximately equal on the two 
Zurich watersheds. In short, heavy rain- 
falls the maximum run-off per second 
in the forested watershed was only one- 
third to one-half that on the lightly for- 
ested watersheds, and the total flood stage 
discharge usually one-half. Although, as 
a result of very long, heavy rains, the 
run-off was the same after the forest soil 
had become saturated, the forest cover 
appreciably stabilized the stream flow and 
reduced the extremes of both high and low 
water. The forest cover was also bene- 
ficial in preventing landslides, which were 
common on steep, unforested slopes dur- 
ing heavy rains, and in preventing erosion, 
which greatly increases flood damage 
throughout the entire course of streams.” 


A YEAR-AROUND' SERVICE 


You can order Books through our Book Service Department at a Sav- 
of 10 per cent. This offer holds good any time during the year to mem- 
of the American Forestry Association. 


61 


The 
Romance 
Of 

Our 
Trees 


by 

ERNEST H. 
WILSON, 

M. A., V. M. H. 


Author of 
ARISTOCRAT 


OF THE 
GARDEN 


f fig have hyured largely in religion, in 
mythology, in social and economic life, in 

art—indeed there is no form of human ef- 
fort that has not heen touched with the benign 
influence of trees. 


In this volume has been assembled an extra- 
ordinary body of facts about trees; a practical 
book for its exposition of their uses, and a fas- 
cinating book for its continual revelation of their 
beauty and romance. [Illustrated with beautiful 
pictures of historic and characteristic trees. 

From a lifetime study and experience that 
involved travels in all parts of the world, the 
author has gathered a vast body of interesting 
and useful information about trees. Through- 
out the aim has been not merely to provide a 
manual, buta book that will present the romance 
of its subject along with detailed and valuable 
information. 

Beautifully illustrated from unusual photo- 
graphs. Edition limited to 1,000 numbered 
copies. 

Limited edition. Illustrated Net, $10.00 


All Orders To 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


Washington, D. C. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY IIRST” 
Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ices 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, G3 Pg ta 


Or chids We, are specialists in 


collect, im- 

grow, sell and Pe a on class of plants 
exclusively. 

Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 

Orchid sony be 1 be had on application. Also spe- 

adn list freshly imported ‘anestablished 


‘LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


Forest Fire Pumping 
Outfit 


Portable, Lightweight Direct-Con- 
nected Gasoline Engines and Pumps 
For Fire Fighting 


Government 


pack horses or 
H-7013. 


CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. 


FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 


30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK 
BALTIMORE OFFICE anh 


115 East Lombard St, 245 State Street 
PHILADELPHIA OFFICE; 917 Arch Street 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
NATIONAL FOREST FOR PENNSYL- 
VANIA 


| A new National Forest, to be created on 
the headwaters of the Allegheny River in 
Pennsylvania, according to an announce- 
ment of the Forest Service, United States 
Department of Agriculture, will minimize 
the danger of destructive floods in the river 


which have caused losses amounting to 
millions of dollars in the past. This river is 
one of the most important navigable streams 
in the State, and is subject to sudden floods. 
By perpetuating the forest areas and re- 
stocking the cut-over lands of this water- 
shed the danger of erosion and of destruc- 
tive floods will be lessened. Tracts of 
land comprising 412,000 acres in Warren, 
McKean, Forest and Elk Counties, have 
been approved for purchase by Federal of- 
ficials, and will be known as the Allegheny 
National Forest. This purchase marks the 
first application in Pennsylvania of the 
“Weeks Law” under which lands on 17 
purchase areas, totalling 2,000,000 acres, 
have already been acquired in the White 
Mountains, Southern Appalachians and 
Ozarks. The National Forest Reserva- 
tion Commission, formed under this law, 
approved the location for purchase of 1,- 
080,000 acres in Pennsylvania and 62,000 
acres in New York. This latter area was 
subsequently excluded from the program 
upon New York’s adopting the plan of 
turning the land into a State park. 


Prd AnD OT 


papers to find the paper you want. 


Pays for Itself 


desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green, Order one today. 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction, 


Ross-Gould Company : 
232 NM, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 
Philadelphia 

Chicago 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 

It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 
one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates endless shuffling of 
A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 
way but immediately at hand when needed. 

Built of Steel Sections 

Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sectioms for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 


A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 


without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all tc whom mail is distributed. 


é ) | } #E0.US. PAT. OFR 


It has sep- 


$129 Per Secrion 


| 4 COMPAR TMENT?O 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus- 
trated folder, 


ir 7Compartment’9 eo 
How to Get 


Effici- ] 
Wee i [ g 


10 Compartment 13 22 


ALASKAN PULP WOOD FOR SALE © 
Two billion feet of Alaskan pulp wood 


the largest amount of National Forest tim: 
ber ever offered for sale, is described in 
prospectus recently issued by the Fores 
Service, United States Department of Ag 
riculture. The timber is within the Tongas: 
National Forest, on the west side of 
miralty Island, and covers about 90 
acres with a frontage of 48 miles of n 
gable water, and 24 miles by boat fron 
Juneau and 900 miles from Seattle. Fou 
fifths of the timber is western hemlock 
one-fifth Sitka spruce, both of which m 
excellent grades of paper, as has been 
monstrated by the mills of Oregon a 
British Columbia. 


The sale period will be 30 years, an d 
large plant will be required to utilize ; 
the timber within that time. The sales co 
tract requires that a pulp manufactu 
plant of not less than 100 tons daily capacit 
shall be established in Alaska by the pur 
chaser within 3 years. This section | 
Alaska has many unappropriated pow 
sites of suitable capacity for large 
and paper plants. 


The need of developing our pulp indu: 
is emphasized by forestry experts who poin 
out that although prior to 1909 all the pa. 
per consumed in this country was man 
factured here, in 1920 two-thirds of 
news print used in the United States : 
made from timber grown on foreign soil. 
Reduced to dollars and cents this repre- 
sents an annual payment of $191,000,0 
for pulp wood, wood pulp and paper w 
this country has been obliged to imp 
due to lack of raw material available to 
existing pulp mills. A partial solution of 
this problem, foresters say, lies in establish 
ing pulp mills in Alaska, where there is n 
a large supply of spruce and hemlock, 2 
where wood can be grown at a rate s 
cient to furnish indefinitely one-third of the 
present American news print requirements 


1922 IDAHO FORESTER STAFF 


The staff for the publication of the 1 
IDAHO FORESTER was elected at a 
cent meeting of the Associated Foresters 
of the School of Forestry at the University 
of Idaho. W. Byron Miller, of Stevenson, 
Washington was elected Editor-in-Chie: 
and Leslie E. Eddy of Dietrich, Idaho, 
Business Manager. George J. Madlinger 
of Poughkeepsie, New York and Jack W. 
Rodner of Moscow, Idaho were subsequent- 
ly appointed as Associate Editors and Rus- 
sell Parsons of Moscow, Idaho, as As- 
sistant Business Manager. 


The newly chosen staff has actively be- 
gun to push the work on the annual pub-— 
lication of the Idaho School of Forestry 
and the book promises to be of more in- 
terest to lumbermen and foresters through 
out the northwest as well as to those asso- 
ciated with the university than ever before. 


7 f 
ewe a 


SMOKERS AND FOREST FIRES 


From reports received at the District 

Forester’s office, a total of 100 forest fires 
in Oregon and Washington during 1921 
were due to smokers. These reports are 
from only thirteen of the twenty-two Na- 
tional Forests but indicate, forest officers 
say, that a far greater percentage of forest 
s the caused each year by cigarette and 
cigar stubs an dmatches than is generally 
supposed. 
The Okanogan Forést ports that 39 
per cent of their fires were due to smokers, 
while 16 fires on the Crater Forest which 
t $225 to put out started from smokers’ 
ette stubs or unextinguished matches. 
1e Whitman Forest states that 21 fires 
mn that forest were due to smokers. The 
olville Forest reports that it cost $874 to 
‘ out 10 fires starting from smokers, 
vhile the Olympic Forest had only one 
smoker’s fire but that cost $68 to extin- 
A tobacco firm in Canada recently 
_adopted the novel plan of making each 
[ ge of its cigarettes preach a sermon 
against forest fires. Neatly tucked away 
_ amid its aromatic contents is a small red 
ip on which these words are printed: 

“Please don’t throw away a lighted 
cigarette. See that it is dead out. 

“Lighted tobacco and matches are es- 
pecially destructive in the forests. 

“Living forests mean liberal employ- 
ment; dead forests employ nobody. 
“Don’t be responsible for a dead forest. 

“This caution is printed as a contribu- 
tion to the forest conservation move- 
ment.” 

_ Americans, seeing these little red slips 
have been heard to wonder why similar 
action has not been taken by the United 
States tobacco manufacturers, especially in 
view of the large number of fires caused 
yearly by careless smokers. 

_ Cigars and cigarettes consumed every 
_ single day in the year, if placed end to end, 
would reach from the Atlantic to the Pa- 
‘cific and back again; 80,777 cigarettes and 
13,835 cigars are burned to ashes for every 
minute of the 24 hours. The combined 
total lengths of cigars and cigarettes smok- 
ed annually in the United States aggregate 
almost 2,275,000 miles—over six times the 
total milage of the nation’s railroads. 


KILLING FLIES OF WALNUT HUSK- 
; MAGGOT 


Experiments in the control of the wal- 
nut husk-maggot, a serious enemy of the 
‘black walnut, have been conducted with 
sticcess by the Bureau of Entomology, 
United States Department of Agriculture. 
The results of the work accomplished as 
far as it has gone are now published by 
the department in Department Bulletin 992, 
entitled the Walnut Husk-maggot, by Fred 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


E. Brooks. The habits and life history of 
the insect have been determined sufficient- 
ly to allow the study of control measures, 
which have been conducted successfully in 
two important black-walnut groves. 


A lead-arsenate spray was used in both 
instances, with the result that in one grove 
a count of the nuts showed that 4 per cent 
had been attacked by the maggots, compared 
with 60 per cent destruction the year be- 
fore. In the other the condition was es- 
timated as 75 per cent better than during 
the previous season. Flies confined in 
roomy wire-screen cages were observed to 
feed freely on sweetened water, to which 
sufficient lead arsenate had been added to 
give the liquid a milky color. They, how- 
ever, succumbed slowly to the poison, and 
further tests are thought advisable before 
this treatment can be fully recommended. 


LUMBERMEN ENDORSE FOREST 
POLICY 


The Concatenated Order of Hoo-Hoo 
composed of lumbermen representing all 
sections of the United States has vigor- 
ously endorsed the national forest policy 
movement in the following set of resolu 
tions: 


WHEREAS: The perpetuation of the 
timber supply of the United States is of 
vital importance to the country, and 


WHEREAS: The timber is being denud- 
ed much more rapidly than it is being 
grown, it is imperatively demanded that a 
National Forest Policy be at once inau- 
gurated which will provide for a survey 
of the present timber area of the various 
states, and also of the denuded and idle 
lands, with the view of their re-forestation 
either by private individuals, state or na- 
tional governments. 

THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: 
That the Concatenated Order of Hoo-Hoo 
pledges its best efforts toward enlisting 
the cooperation of each state and the na- 
tional government in securing the adoption 
of such policies as will ensure an ade- 
quate supply of timber for the nation’s 
needs, and 

BE .IT FURTHER RESOLVED: 
That one of the most essential steps in 
forest conservation is protecting the young 
and mature timber from fires, and there- 
fore the members of Congress should be 
impressed with the necessity of providing 
adequate funds for the Forest Service in 
order to reduce to the minimum the fire 
hazard, insect and other destructive causes. 
Hoo-Hoo believes that a tree saved from 
fire equals a tree produced. 

The work of the Forest Service Labora- 
tory at Madison, Wisconsin, is entitled to 
the support of the entire industry, as its re- 
search work is of great value to the lum- 
ber users of the country, and Hoo-Hoo 
unqualifiedly commends its work. 


63 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to for- 
esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, dis- 
charged or about to be discharged from 
military service, who want positions, or 
of persons having employment to offer 
such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. 


POSITIONS WANTED 


POSITION wanted as Forester or Superintendent 
on a private estate or otherwise, by a thor- 
oughly practical, experienced, married man. 
English. Competent to take charge of any for- 
esters’ post in every detail. Can undertake the 
control of a saw mill; building roads, nursery 
work, landscape planting, tree work, and hand- 
ling help. Good references. Address Box 3040, 
care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (1-3- -22) 


FORESTER—Experienced in cruising and gen- 
eral woods work, also Aerial Photograph Inter- 
pretation, would like position with Pulp or 
Lumber Company. Address Box 3045, in care 
AMERICAN PFORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C, (1-3-22) 


MARRIED MAN would like position as CITY 
FORESTER or in charge of large private 
estate. Any forestry position will be consid- 
ered as a change in locality is desired. Have 
had technical training and recently graduated 
from one of the foremost forestry schools of the 
country. Ex-service man, having spent three 
years in the service. Address Box 3020, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY Magazine, vee 
ton, D. C. 9-11-21) 


CITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT AND FOR- 
ESTER, thoroughly conversant with Southern 


conditions, desires Be change. Correspondence 
invited. Address care AMERI FOR- 
ESTRY Magazine, 5 ey D.C. (9-11-21) 


EX-SERVICE MAN; 


age 30; married; two and 
one-half years in i 


orestry college; experienced 
in city forestry, nursery work, tree surgery, 
dynamiting and’ in handling men; wishes po- 
sition in city forestry or park department any 
epee in northeastern United States. Now em- 
pares: Address Box 3025, care AMERICAN 
'ORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, dvisas 
0-12-21 


WINTER POSITION wanted with lumber com- 
pany as time keeper or similar work, Gradu- 
ate of high school and ranger course, 25 years 
old, good references from eee. employers. 
Address Box 3030, care ICAN _ FOR- 
ESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. a 12-41) 


FORESTER—Graduate of Penn State, 28 years of 
age, desires work in Forestry or allied lines. 
Varied experience in Forestry and lumbering. 
Served with 10th Engineers and with Wood 
Supply Branch in France. Will consider any 
outdoor work with a future. Address Box. 3035 

care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 


Washington, D. C.- (10-12-21) 
WANTED 

FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED OR EMPLOYED, 

havin executive ability and  posesssing 

the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 

opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 


—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this, Address Box _ 66-66, “AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


CITY FORESTERS—The Oklahoma Forestry As- 
sociation, in order to assist cities and towns 
in Oklahoma to procure men with technical 
training and practical experience in city for- 
estry work desires names of qualified men. 
Please send name and address, giving c, 
training and Aig cet: to the Secretary, THE 
OK KLAHOM FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 

Stil) water, MOklahome, 


64 


School of Forestry 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering two 
years of five months each. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 


Dean, School of Forestry 
University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


ANIMAL INGENUITY OF 
TODAY 


By C. A. EALAND, M.A. The author’s 
love of nature is shown on every page. 
He describes the skill, clever devices, 
and strategems of birds, reptiles, in- 
sects, and other forms of animal life— 
how they order their lives, and protect 
themselves. The world of nature is a 
real wonderland, and Mr. Ealand the 
best sort of a guide through it. Pro- 
fusely illustrated.................00005 $2.25 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College . 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 
*- * * 


Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre Toseat belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NATIONAL PARK SERVICE FOR 1921 


In his annual report to the Secretary of 
the Interior, Albert B. Fall, covering the 
192f travel season to the national parks, 
Stephen T. Mather, Director of the Nation- 
al Park Service, places the national parks 
at the head of those worth-while things 
in our national life that make for better 
citizens, since they provide healthful diver- 
sion, recreation and enjoyment and offer 
unequaled advantages in educational fields. 
Travel to the national parks and monu- 
ments under the jurisdiction of the National 
Park Service has exceeded all preceding 
records, amounting to the tremendous total 
of 1,171,797 persons or 113,342 persons more 
than visited these areas last year. Travel 
has increased to this total in 6 years from 
the 356,097 visitors recorded in 1916. 

Strange as it may seem it took the 
World War to impress this country with 
the realization of its great scenic treasures. 
European ports were closed to pleasure 
travel not only during the war days but 
for a period after its cessation and when 
our active share in the conflict was suc- 
cessfully ended and the time had come for 
relaxation, tired minds and bodies turned 
to the national parks for recreation and 
pleasure. At once park travel leaped to un- 
precedented figures. The park tourist fa- 
cilities were overwhelmed, but still the 
crowds came. Returning to their homes 
visitors spread the glories of the parks far 
and wide, inspiring others with the de- 
sire to also see these wonder places which 
they had seen. 

The total area of the 9 parks is 10,859 
square miles or 6,949,760 acres and the area 
of the 24 national monuments is 1,815 
square miles, or 1,161,600 acres, a property 
valued at many tens of millions of dollars. 
There is one national park in the Hawaiian 
Islands and one in Alaska. Only one na- 
tional park, the Lafayette, lies east of 
the Mississippi. Two of the monuments are 
located in Alaska while the others are lo- 
cated in the United States proper west of 
the Mississippi. 

The annual cost to the Nation for the 
upkeep of these areas has been extremely 
small; this last year the total Congressional 
appropriations amounted to $1,402,200. Of 
this amount, however, $315,000 was for 
new road projects. Revenues derived from 
the operation of the parks amounted to 


$396,928.27. 


FOREST RECREATION 


Forcibly presenting the fact that for- 
est recreation is a genuine, universal for- 
est utility, and that as such its recogni- 
tion is becoming general, strong resolutions 
were recently adopted by the American As- 
sociation of Park Superintendents in an- 
nual convention at Detroit. 


MONEY FOR NATIONAL FOREST 
ROADS 


“The signing by the President of the Fed- 
eral Highway Act, appropriating $15,000,- 
000 for forest roads and trails, makes avail- 
able at once $758,913 for national forest 
roads in Oregon, Washington and Alaska 
and marks an important step toward the de- 
velopment of the great resources of 
national forests”, states Geo. H. Cecil, 
trict forester of the North Pacific District. 


The act appropriates $9,500,000 for for- 
est roads of primary importance to the 
States, counties, or communities witl 
adjoining, or adjacent to the National F: 
ests. Of this amount $2,500,000 is made 
immediately available for apportionm 
based on the area and value of the 
owned by the Government within the Na- 
tional Forests. As heretofore the construc- 
tion work will be done by the U. S. 
reau of Public Roads, in cooperation with 
the Forest Service. This distribution by 
States has been made by the Secretary of 
Agriculture, “s 


The appropriation for the construction « 
maintenance of roads and trails of prim 
importance for the development and pro: 
tection of the National Forests is $5,500,- 
000, of which $2,500,000 is immediatel; 
available. The act prescribes no mathe- 
matical apportionment of this amount, but 
states that it shall be according to the 
relative needs of the variows National 
Forests. 


One new feature of the bill is that the 
cooperation of Territories, States, and civil 
subdivisions thereof is liberalized far more 
than in previous acts, in the expenditure of 
appropriations for National Forest roads. 
The law, as heretofore permits the Secre-— 
tary of Agriculture to receive cooperation, 
and Forest Service officials believe that 
undoubtedly considerable amounts will be 
offered, thereby augmenting forest road 
construction. ~ 


4 


HEADING BEECH TREES LOW 


F beech trees are headed low there will 

be less opportunity for lovers and jack- — 
knife vandals to mutilate the bark with 
crude art, the United States Department 
of Agriculture suggests. Beeches and 
birches suffer most by the aimless jack- 
knife. If landowners realized that this 
objection could be overcome easily by train- 
ing the limbs low, the trees would be great- 
er favorites. - 


A FRIEND IN NEED, 
IS A FRIEND INDEED 
You will cement friendship by 
making your friend a member of the 


Association, It costs only four dol- 
lars a year. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY~* 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
FEBRUARY, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 338 
eee ALE OF FAMEAFOR TREES—THE TREATY OAK........ 2... .ccccccce ccc cc een ccc eseceecesensens 66 
THE Peo NG) DRATI—Bye Arthur Newton Pack 5. oon. eels cee cee wcen cc teinee nese sineeaene 67 
With six illustrations. 
A GERMAN FORESTER’S VIEWS—From a letter from Dr. C. A. Schenck......... 0.2... c cee cece cece eens 70 
EC OE CM MeB ORE STS. ooo. cae ce cece ccbeve ness rete eee sleetsebensaerceeenndges 72 
4 With ten illustrations. 
SNELL ERED UR ESTER Pee ER BIN CS ont reeks 1 ajG os wares eiviticca.cle os. ca/aace siecle Miaaa:diecera ve sale 0 b's 40 6 a a/kWbelepane 76 
THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION REPORTS—By F. L. Bitler........ ............ .0005- 78 
TREES Peete erty CNTY PEW SLGDNENSON | of cece ce ee ee tc cs ene enesinenetecnsemennce epee’ 79 
With nineteen illustrations. 
REET A Thy PIOMNSTEE-SA0O. oe. sn ae ec eck ches tibetan eda vdereacae theese cede e susieien 85 


With five illustrations. 
FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT—A FEDERATION OF OUTDOOR CLUBS—By Arthur H. Carhart 89 
With seven illustrations. 


WOODLAND MAGIC—By James Edward Hungerford .......... eee c cece eee tenet etna tenes 93 
IN THE GIANT FOREST OF THE SIERRAS—By Alexander Blair Thaw.............. cece cece cece ee eens 94 
With one illustration. 
RIE es TOW ot OUSTIOY Giseo ee ccc i oo oc Slag. ecco ac wine e ss ncdigccctaceucweeceeceee sce dvneaigeties 96 
BLISTER RUST APPEARS IN THE PUGET SOUND REGION—By S. B. Detwiler...........°.. SAL ee 97 
With one illustration. 
Um VaAnNiominG TIMBER SUPPLY A SERIOUS PROBLEM ...... ccc cece ceed eee t wernt omen 98 
BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS FOR THE SOUTH—By F. L. Mulford.....................005, 99 
With nine illustrations. 
BADGERS AND WOLVERENES—By R. W. Shufeldt..... 0.0... cc cece ee cece cette teen ences 105 
With eight illustrations. 
ESR IG EIN 22g Coe oe ha bg ols «Gite o cia oi aseie vs dvidde ses oe saav ces senesectcieueccsces 112 
With one illustration. 
THE AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES DEPARTMENT—Solan L. Parkes. 
WHY THE FORESTRY GUIDES—By Filbert Roth .. 20... ccc cect cece teen teen clenetecncees 114 
Deere eA PEIN T— By ElIWOOd WiIS0D... <a cc ccc kee tee cess eee ee ee csesesennlacmenecees 116 
BOY SCOUTS AND THEIR FRIENDS, THE TREES—By C.S. Martin............ 0... e cece eee eee eee eens 118 
TONE er re WTI OPTI OLS, 5 ic..k 2 oe Fs wc sv co cece ce phe nsec ead ceed ewe see veretiaehogereren 119 
a iO DMO TRIN eta eens geez hs wahdiniy: cle: ary Giera|#ch.o.s aa maT age a mee « 121 
MPC CIM M MORES TRY CONGRESS. «2 ccc. . ccs ccc ccc cece cccectvccececcnscreceeecertneses 122 
ETRE ee OS TAP IS PORES LIOR sles) gc ccc cee be cece cece ceenese see cec eee scereseenseeene 124 
eeE ORO RRPEOEE A PTOI BRICSO LU LIONS 20 ce oc cc ccch cece ec wetter cee eee ereereerereceesencenseees 124 
aie DOUBLE PINES—By S.C. Martin...... .. 0.0... e eee eee eect renee e rene caren ee naceacees 125 
OSES 0) 8 OL Ge 126 
Seer PIRES IN PULPWOOD FORESTS. . 2.0.2. c cece ccc tect ce cece eet r etter see ne serene eeeecuee 127 
Ue OIC INTE TROPICAL ooo occ cn cle cee eee tee cece ed bet otn ec cc cess euctsesetesereess 128 
MEMEO TID ASSOCIATION. 2.05 ccc cc cece ccs cence eters e doen ees teewee oe restetesseanenes 128 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 


Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
ial rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


v 


“THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES” 


(Photograph by Frances Benjamin Johnston) 


THE TREATY OAK 


This splendid oak tree stands on the grounds of the 
Woman’s National Foundation in Washington, D. C., 
having given the name of “Oaklawn” for generations 
to the estate that owned it. A magnificent specimen of 
its kind, it has a diameter of from seven to nine feet at 
the thickest part of the trunk, and is said to be several 
hundred years old. Though the Foundation intends short- 
ly to erect a group of buildings on this site, the oak tree 
will be preserved, the Board of Governors having de- 
clared that they want it kept as a symbol of the enduring 


Ga 


strength which the infant Foundation is expected to at- 
tain. Tradition connects the tree closely with the early 
history of Washington and claims that under this oak, 
which stands on a hill commanding the approach to the 
city, foregathered the Indian Chiefs to draw up the treaty 
which ended forever the bloody strife between the whites 
and the redmen in this vicinity. It was nominated 
for the Hall of Fame for Trees with a History last Sep- 
tember by Mrs. Clarence Crittenden Calhoun, the presi- 
dent of the Woman’s National Foundation. 


AMERICAN 


‘7 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


FEBRUARY, 1922 


NO. 338 


THE VANISHING TRAIL 


By Arthur Newton Pack 


European Commissioner of the American Forestry Association 


_— 


the Twentieth (Forestry) Regiment. 
ditions in Germany.—Editor. 


This, the third of the series of articles written by Mr. Arthur Newton Pack, who, as Commissioner for the American For- 
estry Association, visited European countries to study forestry conditions, describes the aftermath of cuttings in France by 
In the March issue of American Forestry there will be an article by Mr. Pack on con- 


OST of us at one time or another have witnessed the 
dreadful aftermath of lumbering operations in 
America ; a tangle of discarded trunks, tops and branches 
with pillar-like stumps projecting through, a raging con- 
flagration, and then that utter desolation which can only 
be compared with the European battlefields. But if one 
sets out to view the cutting of the 20th Regiment of 
American Engineers (the Forestry Regiment), in France 
with such a picture in mind, he is due for a decided sur- 
prise. It is a long trail, the pursuit of that particular 
branch of the A. E. F., and 
its markings are growing 
continually harder to find, 
particularly without the 
guidance of such men as 
Colonel W. B. Greeley or 
Colonel Henry S. Graves, 
who helped to make it. Yet 
its very dimness is one of 
the crowning achievements 
of American lumbering. 
Thousands of railway 
ties and timbers for the 
A. E. F. were cut in the 
fine old oak and beech for- 
ests of the Tourraine and 
southern Brittany, and all 
without leaving a single 
acre of devastated waste. 
It was done by the cutting 
of selected trees previous- 
ly marked by the French 
forest rangers according to 
precepts and practices more 


everywhere under the old, down come the remaining 
mother trees and it is only necessary to await the be- 
ginning of the next cycle. 

What the American lumbermen did was simply to per- 
form those various selective cuts, and Nature, unhind- 
ered in her regular course, almost immediately hid the 
scars. Of course it involved no mean skill, for France’s 
limited forest area permitted no wastage, even in war 
time. It wasn’t so much a case of low stumps as no 
stumps, for the trees were cut practically level with the 
ground, and in addition 
great care had to be taken 
that the trees should fall 
in exactly the proper di- 
rection so as to do as little 
injury as possible to the 
young growth beneath. 
Everywhere the French of- 
ficials and rangers seemed 
pleased with the American 
work. 

Naturally they showed no 
surprise. Lumbering has 
for generations meant to 
them just this kind of scien- 
tific cutting. While, from 
the American viewpoint we 
marvelled when they indi- 
cated as the site of a for- 
mer logging camp not a 
great bare clearing, such as 
we see in Amierica, but a 
particular grove of trees 
that appeared no different 


than a century old. First 
just a few trees are remoy- 
ed to allow the light to fil- 
ter through the leaf canopy 
and permit new seed to 
germinate in the soil—the 
“seeding cut,” they call it, then, several years later, a few 
more old trees to give the young ones a better chance; 
and finally, when the new forest is safely established 


INSTEAD OF DEVASTATION AND WASTE—THIS 


The photograph above shows how many ot the cuttings made 
by American lumbermen in the hardwood forests of France look 
today. In scientific forestry these represent different stages in 
opening the forest to admit light for natural reproduction. 


from the surrounding for- 
est, the real never-ending 
wonder to the ordinary 
ranger was the memory of 
all the wealth and variety 
of food of which he had partaken in the mess shack that 
had stood between yonder two oaks. ‘Then often he would 
lead the way a few yards to one side and point to several 


68 AMERICAN 
large concrete slabs almost hidden by a new crop ol 
“Here stood the shower bath,” and so saying 


seedlings. 
acme of his admiration and won- 


he would express the 
der at the efficiency of American lumbering. 
Nevertheless, the picture of this new kind of 
land, indicates to us not only what American 
lumbering can accomplish, but something of what will 
surely evolve in America with development of a real for- 
’ something of the stately beauty of the per- 


“eut-over” 


est pe ylicy 


manent forests made economically practicable through 


A FINE POINT IN CONSERVATION 


This fine oak on the edge of one of the American cuttings near 
Blois was reserved because its high grade timber was thought 
to be more valuable for making veneer than for bridge timbers 
or railway ties. 


the location of the producing areas near our great east- 
ern markets for lumber consumption, and something of 
how the higher costs of scientific cutting may be met, 
not by the home builder, but through the saving of trans- 
portation costs which now make up more than half the 
price of all wood. 

Over in the Vosges Mountains we find much the same 
story. Upon the presentation of proper credentials from 
the Ministry of Waters and Forests the regional chief 
greeted us with the utmost French courtesy, but at the 
statement that we certain American 
cuttings a look of real disappointment crossed his face. 
“Monsieur,” he said, “I should be only too pleased to take 


wished to visit 


the exact localities.” 
farther west, in the fir country upon the very border of 


FORESTRY 


you there, but as it happens I have just completed a 
trip through the region, and so rapidly has the new 
growth advanced that I was myself unable to distinguish 


It seemed, however, that a little 


CAN AMERICAN LUMBERMEN BEND THEIR BACKS? 


A French district forester and one of his rangers standing 

upon the stump of a large oak tree cut by the A. E. F. lumber- 

men. Here where the young oak seedlings had already ob- 

tained a good start the forest authorities permitted the last 

of the older forest to be removed. 

Alsace, the cuttings had been heavier, the immediate 
necessity for large quantities of timber for the trenches 
of the Toul Sector having made necessary what he 
termed abusive logging. Here, to be sure, we found 
the scars readily enough especially under the guidance of 
two rangers who had personally chosen and marked the 
trees to be cut. Sadly they indicated the almost bared 
patches. Two few trees had been left, they said, and the 
wind had since blown them down, but we saw only 
the broken or uprooted stumps. Trunk and branches had 
some time since been removed for sale at a small loss in 
order to reduce the fire hazard. How casually they re- 
ferred to long standing forestry principles which we are 
just beginning to apply. 

The trail of the 20th Engineers eventually brought us 
to the pineries, south of Bordeaux, plantations made two 
hundred years ago to protect the inland vineyards from 
the drifting dune sand. Here had been several good- 
sized mills, an American logging railroad, and complete 
American management. The men had worked as in our 
own pine country, clean cutting the forest block by 
block. Except, perhaps, for a little extra care in leaving 
low stumps, and for the possibility of utilizing smaller 
top logs, they might have been at home and these might 
have been the forests of South Carolina, or Mississippi 
or Louisiana. Yet mile upon mile of thick new growth 


f Ny 


ee a 


THE VANISHING TRAIL 69 


covering nearly every acre they denuded testifies to 
something different—what is it? Simply thoroughfire pro- 
protection. On a light soil almost any forest will by natu- 
ral laws tend to reproduce itself, not always in exactly 
the same species, if the species are at all mixed, but ef- 
fectively nevertheless. One fire immediately following 


WHAT FIRE PROTECTION CAN DO 


Effective fire protection was practically the only thing neces- 
sary to obtain the heavy regeneration shown in this picture of 
an American cutting in the Maritime Pine region. 


the cutting of the old forest is often sufficient to destroy 
the seeds left in the soil, and successive burnings, such 
as so often occur in the cut-over regions of our lum- 
bering states, invariably kill all chance of natural repro- 
duction. Fire protection is the foundation of French 
forestry. 

Today the former American saw mills in France have 
all been dismantled. Our heavy, rapid cutting equip- 


ment did not generally appeal to the French lumbermen, 
who feel that because of their limited forest resources 
they can better afford the extra time required by a thin- 
ner saw than the waste of wood made by the wide Ameri- 
can kerf. The mill sites, moreover, were not chosen with 
a view to suitability to the peace time needs of French - 
industry, and here in the Landes one may see today here 
and there a hulking framework which it has proved too 
expensive to salvage. Camp sites and parade grounds 
too may still be recognized because the continued tramp- 
ling of the soil prevented the regrowth. A year ago, 
however, the forest ministry sowed these spots anew, 


ONCE A SAW MILL OF THE 20TH ENGINEERS 


The use of the mill site and surrounding camp prevented nat- 
ural regeneration, but now the entire area is covered with little 
Maritime Pines about two inches tall, grown from seeds sown 
by the French. 


and such a crop of tiny seedlings are now pushing up 
even between the very timbers of the mill frames, that 
within a few years even these last relics of American 
lumbering in France will have vanished. 


ANNOUNCEMENT 


The Annual Meeting was held onthe 26th of January. At that time 


this issue of the magazine was in press. The report of the proceedings, 
resolutions, etc., will be printed in the March issue, which will also 
contain the financial statement of 1921. 


A GERMAN FORESTER'S VIEWS 


From a Letter Written by 
DR. C. A. SCHENCK 


to the Editor, are interesting —Editor’s Note. 


When Mr. Arthur N. Pack went to Europe last summer as Commissioner for the American Forestry As- 
sociation, to study forestry conditions and forestry needs of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Germany, he 
took with him a letter to Dr. C. A. Schenck, of Hesse-Darmstadt, a well-known forester. Dr. Schenck spent 
many years in the United States and conducted the Biltmore Forest School. Returning to Germany several 
years ago, he still keeps in touch with American forestry conditions and his views, here expressed in a letter’ 


p32 


a 


On July 21st you have given a letter of introduction to 

me to Mr. A. N. Pack, when he went on his European 
errand of forest investigation. Mr. Pack may have told 
you, in the meantime, that he gave me, instead of I my- 
self giving it to him, the most pleasant time I have had 
in many a long year. We traversed the old stamping 
grounds of Sir D. Brandis and of Sir Will. Schlich, later 
of those of the Biltmore Forest School, in Southwest 
Germany, and we had a glorious time on the spree! 
'» Prior to Mr. Pack’s visit, I had abandoned all thought 
of forestry. What use is there—that was my daily slo- 
gan—of nursing seedlings so long as children remain 
absolutely un-nursed? What use is there of forest protec- 
tion so long as thousands of children remain without 
protection? And what is the sense of estimating timber 
so long as we neglect to estimate the benefits accruing 
from that old and decrepit stick of timber which stood, 
2,000 years ago, on Golgotha, and which had the shape 
of a cross? 

Those were my thoughts, with the result that I de- 
clined any participation in forestry work. 

Yet when A. N. Pack came to me, when we visited the 
forests, when we talked shop, 25 hours a day—when I 
licked blood—I changed my mind rather abruptly. 

Blame me if you can! 

Fortunately, the condition of my wards, the German 
children and notably the children in Darmstadt, has 
much improved in the course of the last twelve-month. 
The cheeks are reddening, the eyes are brightening, the 
little stomies are filling; the fathers, factory hands, are 
fully employed, and help on a large scale is certainly to- 
day less needed than it was heretofore, before the Ameri- 
can Quakers and many other good Americans came to the 
rescue. 

Indeed, Mr. Pack and I, touring through woods and 
villages and cities, were struck by what “prosperity” 
seemed to prevail everywhere. 

Of all the resources which the war has left to Germany 
the forests stand most intact. In the Spessart, in the 
Black Forest, in the Odenwald, in state, private and city 
forests, there is approximately the same stand of timber 
which was there prior to 1914. There are some large- 
sized cuttings, in lieu of the small coupes otherwise en 
vogue in Germany; the most accessible timber was re- 
moved rather than trees more evenly distributed over the 


entire areas. Certain species, like white ash, have been — 
badly reduced by the requirements of the airplane. Yet 
on the whole no harm done! Nevertheless, without these — 
forests, Germany would have been beaten in 1915. The 
forest was yielding timber for guns and gunstalks, cellu- 
lose for high explosives, fuel in lieu of coal, fibre band- — 
ages for the wounded, lumber for the trenches, food for 
horses and cattle and goats, oil, (beechnut oil) in lieu of — 
olive oil, turpentine and rosin (on a small scale I admit), 
and comfort to many a troubled mind finding refresh- 
ment in the forest air, in nature; also lots of work was — 
made available for many people who were without em- — 
ployment. Indeed, if Germany had won the war the for- — 
esters might have claimed that the German forests were _ 
responsible for the victory. Never have the forests been 
proving their economic worth, in an emergency, to a — 
greater extent than it was done in Germany of late years, 
even today! Foodcrops alone won’t help; forests, forests 
well distributed all over the country are an economic — 
necessity, in any emergency. How would the U. S. A. 
have stood, during the war without them? What would 
the people do if there were—owing to strikes or for other 
reasons—a sudden interruption of the coal supply? 

Naturally, I have been much interested in the Capper— 
and Snel!—bills now before Congress. Queerly, we have © 
tried, in America, to establish forestry always where its — 
establishment was of least economic direct influence. So — 
in the 80s of the last century, in the prairies ; who thinks 
of prairie planting such as was then advocated, in this — 
year 1921? So in the 90s, when the most remote moun- 
tain fastnesses in the Far West were set aside as “for- 
est reserves.” ’ 

So today when we try to perpetuate the timber supply ; 
where it still exists, in the extreme West and South, in- 
stead of engaging in constructive forestry close to the 
densely settled sections of the East, where there are mil- 
lions of acres lying unproductive—because they are fit 
for nothing but for constructive forestry. 

I do not believe that any good can come from forestry- 
compulsory laws, or from forestry practiced at the land- 
owner's loss. Att 50 cents a bushel, no wheat will be pro-— 
duced, all congressional legislation or Lenine legislation 
in Russia notwithstanding; nor will cotton be produced — 
at 5 cents a pound. The people must pay a price at 
which it pays to produce wheat and cotton. 


____ Now then if the good people of the U. S. A. desire to 
__ have timber and fuelwood they must be willing to pay 
a price for timber and for fuelwood at which it pays to 
_ raise them, by means of constructive forestry. 
In other words, if the people want to have forestry 
the people will have to foot the bill; the people will have 
_ to create conditions of forest protection, forest taxation 
and of wood prices at which forestry investments are 
_ Do you know of any U. S. A. forester who has placed 
his own money, oz a considerable scale, in a second 
rowth of American sts? 
_ I do not know the forester who has done it. 
_ We should never tire of telling the people of the U. S. 
_A. that there cannot be any American forestry on a large 
scale unless it be at their expense, directly and indirectly, 
_ Capper fashion or Snell fashion, or in any other fashion. 
The greatest enemy of forestry is cheap lumber and 
cheap fuelwood. When the German owner of woodlands 
makes a clean cut he nets per acre some $500 gold; it is 
easy for him, then, to set aside $10 for a second growth 
_ which, tho heavily taxed, is sure to be immune from fire, 
_ sure to develop into a first growth of the same money 
value, and sure to yield, from its thirtieth year on acre- 
returns of $50 or so periodically, by way of thinnings. 
How does the American forest owner stand? ~ 
In Germany the price of timber is maintained by what 
is, in fact, a huge trust in which the various states as 
_ owners of forests, are the leading stockholders. No more 
timber and fuelwood is cut, annually, than the equiva- 
lent of the annual timber growth. What about the 
chances of a “timber trust” in America? 
In addition, all German forests are and have been made 
accessible by public railroads and public macadam roads, 
on a gigantic scale. The people have been paying and 
are today paying for forestry. That’s why there is any. 
Do not misunderstand me. Not for a moment do I 
_ wish to advocate the importation of German forestry, 
_ or of French forestry, in the U. S. A. 

I want to illustrate, however, the fact that every coun- 
try on this globe has exactly as much forestry as its 
inhabitants have been willing to pay for. 

For the U. S. A. none but American forestry will do. 
Colonel Greeley, I am told, claims that 75 per cent of 

_ American forestry is forest protection from fires. 

Colonel Greeley is wrong; 95 per cent of all American 
forestry, in my opinion, based on 20 years of practical 
work in the U. S. A., is forest fire protection. Indeed, 
_ ho power other than fire can prevent a forest, id est, some 
___ kind of a forest, from establishing itself on cut-over land. 
“Some kind of a forest” may not be what the forest en- 
thusiasts desire to obtain; they want a forest as good as, 
_ Or better than the primeval. Are they also willing to foot 
the bill? 

_ If the people want the biggest merchant marine, the 
_ people must pay for it; if they want the best railroads, 
they must pay for them; if they want the best forestry, 
_ well, they must pay for it; pay they must, either as 
_ owners of marine and railroads and forests; or as users 


a. 


a A GERMAN FORESTER’S VIEWS 71 


of marine and railroads and forests; or as both owners 
and users ; and it makes no difference whether the regime 
be socialistic, or czaristic, or democratic. There is ab- 
solutely no escape from paying the bills. 

I have been dilating on this topic because it has been, 
for many years, my hobby topic. Like a canary bird, 
I know only one song to sing. If forestry is anything 
less than commonsense applied to cutover and standing 
woodlands, there is no chance for it in the U. S. A. Com- 
monsense tells us that investments, to be made on a large 
scale, must be safe and remunerative. There are no bet- 
ter business men in the U. S. A. than are the lumbermen. 
If none of them is practicing forestry the reason lies in 
the unremunerativeness and in the unsafety of the invest- 
ment. Amen. 

This winter I hope to be able to refresh my mind on 
the new issues of American forestry. The Association 
periodical I am reading regularly, also “Hardwood Rec- 
ord,” copies of the American Lumberman, of the Tim- 
berman, of the Lumber World Review, are reaching me 
from time to time. All of this is not enough. I desire 
to have a more personal touch with the things going on, 
and I shall be ever so thankful if you will direct to me 
any American interested in forestry when he pays a visit 
to Germany. I'll try my best to show to him that German 
forestry is the product of high prices, of a timber trust, 
of fine public roads in the woods, and of a ready market 
for fuel wood. 


The Missouri Forestry Association 


The Missouri Forestry Association was formally or- 
ganized at an extremely interesting and enthusiastic meet- 
ing held at the Missouri Athletic Association on Decem- 
ber 7th, and Hermann von Schrenk, timber engineer and 
plant pathologist, a director of the American Forestry 


Association and a leader in the forestry forces in the 


United States, was elected president. Dr. von Schrenk 
presided at the meeting, attended by representative men 
and women from all over the state. 

The object of the association, as announced in the con- 
stitution adopted, shall be “to advance the public impor- 
tance of timber crops in the economic life of local com- 
munities and the whole State and nation, so that due pro- 
vision will be made for insuring particularly within Mis- 
souri a proper area of forests so maintained and cared 
for as to furnish a supply of timber sufficient for future 
needs and to make available all the other benefits of 
health, pleasure and profit which forests afford.” 

The by-laws provide for the usual association officers, 
who are also members of an advisory council consisting 
of twenty persons. The membership of the organization 
is divided into three classes, all enjoying equal rights and 
privileges. 

The following officers were elected: Dr. Hermann von 
Schrenk, St. Louis, President; J. W. Fristoe, St. Louis 
and Mrs. Marie Turner, Kirksville, vice presidents; W. 
P. Grumer, St. Louis, Treasurer and Prof. Frederic 
Dunlap, Columbia, Secretary. 


SHERLOCK HOLMES OF THE FORESTS 


By G. H. Dacy 


DECIDED abatement in forest fires of incendiary 

origin has been consummated in the National For- 
ests of California since the establishment of arson squads 
and forest detective service among the organized forest 
rangers of the Golden State. Previous to the inception 
of this Sherlock Holmes service of the forest primeval, 
anywhere from 150 to 300 man-started fires broke out 
in the government timberlands each fire season. , Last 
year, as a direct result of the arson squad activities, the 
total number of incendiary fires was reduced to 28 and all 
evidences point toward the potential reduction of this 
source of fire evil to a negligible amount. 

In many instances, the neglect and carelessness of hunt- 
ers, fishermen and campers are responsible for the out- 
break of forest fires of human origin. Despite that the 
national woodlands are liberally posted with signs warn- 
ing tourists and campers to exercise special care in put- 
ting out camp fires and in the general use of matches and 


lighted tobacco, innumerable cases of woodland blazes 
have emanated from sheer negligence. During the fire 
season from June until November, many of the western 
forests are so dry that a single match carelessly dis- 
carded from a passing automobile may cause a destruc- 
tive conflagration which may destroy thousands of feet 
of valuable lumber in the making. It is not that Uncle 
Sam finds pleasure in running to earth and punishing such 
offenders, his emissaries simply function along those 
lines in order to impress upon all forest users the basic 
importance of exercising every effort to prevent fire and 
that unless they practice such precautions, trouble is ~ 
in store for them. : 

The forest rangers who compose the arson squads have 
been trained in modern methods of sleuthing and they 
employ all the arts and artifices of the metropolitan 
plain-clothesmen in assembling and interpreting evidence 
and in gathering data which will lead to the identification 


BURNING GLASS USED TO START FIRE—INCENDIARY CAPTURED 


These photographs indicate developments in detective work worthy of the best that Sherlock Holmes ever did. No. 1 shows 


the trackers finding the “plant” of an incendiary fire in the forest. 


No. 2 shows a bunch of partly burned matches. No. 3 


shows the wire which must have held something to set the matches on fire. A search in the ashes revealed a burning glass. 
The trackers quickly deduced that the plant had been constructed to start a fire twenty-four hours after the incendiary had left. 
They reconstructed the plant as shown in No. 4 and ultimately traced, captured and convicted the criminal. 


SHERLOCK HOLMES 


and location of the transgressors.- In these detective 
activities they make use of water glass casts as well 
as impressions made by the use of dental plaster, plas- 
ter of Paris and ordinary cement in making models of the 
foot tracks of both men and beasts. They carefully col- 
lect and preserve all articles found around the abandoned 


FROM HEEL TRACK TO JAIL 


Very faint was the impression of this heel mark near where 
a forest fire was started but it was sufficient to give the forest 
detectives a trail which they followed until they captured the 
man who had started the fire. 


camp fire or point where the forest fire started, which, 
subsequently may be examined for finger prints. They 
search for unburned matches, the charred remains of 
man-started fires, and other mediums used in kindling 
the flame. 

One party of tourists who started a disastrous forest 
fire through carelessness with a campfire were tracked, 
caught and punished by means of a laundry mark on a 
handkerchief. The handkerchief was found near the 
outbreak of the fire. After several day’s investigation, 
a laundry was located in a neighboring city that identified 
the mark on the handkerchief and furnished the home 
address of the culprits. Scraps from discarded envel- 
opes and letters have led to other convictions. Frequent- 
ly, peculiarities of horse hoof conformation or unusual 
method of shoeing as well as extraordinary human foot 
tracks or automobile tracks have aided the forest guardi- 
ans in capturing offenders who have caused forest fires. 
Not infrequently, disgruntled stockmen whose flocks or 
herds have been driven from the grazing lands in the 


OF THE FORESTS 73 


National Forests because of trespass seek to wreak re- 
venge on the federal foresters by starting a series of 
fires. Occasionally, some of these fires are so cleverly 
arranged and set off, that it takes weeks of earnest effort 
and investigation to track the culprits to their lairs. 
Three years ago in one of the California forests, 15 
incendiary fires broke out the same day-at different parts 
of the timberlands. The forest lookouts reported that 
they were certain that no human beings had been in the 
vicinity of the spots where the flames developed that 
day. After painstaking and detailed search, fire remnants 
were found near the outbreak of one of the fires which 
indicated that an ingenuous method of set-up had been de- 
vised and followed in the starting of some of these blazes. 
A glass lens was found which was so mounted in a wire 


THIS CONVICTED A STOCKMAN 


A plaster cast of a hoof print of a horse found near the spot 
where a forest fire started resulted in a malicious minded stock- 
man who set fire to a California forest being sent to jail. 
frame that terminated in a long arm that it could be stuck 
in the ground in direct line with a pile of matches and dry 
woodland debris. The glass was so arranged that when 
the sun reached a certain point in its course, its rays 
would be intensified and centralized by passage through 
the lens and concentrated on the matches. Ultimately, the 
heat would be sufficient to ignite the matches and: sur- 
rounding tinder. This novel method of starting a forest 
fire enabled the instigator to establish a complete: alibi 
by being many miles from the scene of fire outbreak 
when the blaze began. This set-up was so arranged ‘that 
the fire would not be started until perhaps 24 hours after 
the snare was laid, 


74 


Human foot prints in numerous cases have led to the 
identification of malicious-minded incendiaries who will- 
fully tried to destroy valuable government woodlands. A 
worn heel, a stubtoed shoe, and foot deformity as in- 
dicated in the tracks, special styles of rubber heels or 
hobnails, impressions of bare feet in the dust or mud, and 
unusual types of footwear have on one occasion or 
another enabled the forest detectives to run down cases of 
forest incendiarism. Similarly, unusual foot tracks of 
horses, mules or burros ridden by fire-starters have often 
aided in the trailing and detection of miscreants. 


HUMAN FOOT PRINTS AS EVIDENCE 


The naked eye will find nothing here but the microscope of a 
clever tracker found faint impressions of foot prints which led 
to the detection and conviction of a man who had set a Western 
forest on fire. 


Where a foot mark of either a human being or a riding 
animal is discernible in the dust or mud close to the 
scene of a forest fire, the federal forest policemen make 
an impression of this evidence by flowing a wet mixture 
of cement or plaster the track and allowing it to 
harden. Plaster of paris sets in about 5 minutes. The 
impression can be removed and used as court evidence 
thereafter if the culprit is caught and brought to trial. 
In case the track appears in dry sand or dust, a small 
amount of the plaster is sifted over it and then a few 
drops of water are sprinkled over the plaster. Where 
the footprint is found on a dusty floor or similar loca- 
tion, it is sprayed with a mixture of one part shellac 
and four parts of wood alcohol. This spraying takes 15 
minutes or and often more than one quart of 
a single track. After the material has 
a plaster impression of it can be made. 
of a track is shown by the sharpness of im- 


over 


longer 
shellac is used on 
dried 30 minutes, 


The age 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


twigs. A trail made at night is often indicated by the 
way it bumps into or makes detours around obstacles. 
Whether a horse was ridden or led may be shown by” 


THIS CONVICTED AN INCENDIARY 


The forest detectives trail many criminals and negligent sports- 
men, tourists and campers to their homes by means of automo- 
bile tire tracks. They have become so expert that they can tell 
the direction the car is going, the approximate speed and the 

type of car by examining these tracks. § 


whether or not the trail passes under or around low-hang- 
ing limbs. Speed may be indicated by the degree of 
slide at the heel of the foot print, depth of the heel edge 
and toe edge, length of the drag at the toe and the dis- 
tance between the tracks. If the man is carrying a bur-— 
den, his feet are wider apart, his steps are shorter and — 
more unsteady. In case of a lame leg, injured knee, or ~ 
hip twist, the step is shorter. 

Where the trail leads through dry pine needles, the ~ 
trailers often have to get down on their hands and knees © 
in order to distinguish breakages and minute differences 
in color which are not apparent from an erect position. 4 
Tracks in dry grass also are very hard to follow. 3 
Usually unless the wind is blowing, grass will hold all — 
impressions made over it until the appearance of night © 
dew, fog or rain. Through brush a trail can be followed ~ 
by broken or skinned twigs. When a trail is lost, circles 
ahead in the probable direction of the passage often ie 
favor its re-location. 

The art of forest sleuthing has been developed to a ~ 
stage of perfection and accuracy where the government — 
representatives can now predict the travel direction of au- 


SHERLOCK HOLMES 


tomobiles by merely examining the tire tracks. On earth 
roads, the pattern imprint of non-skid tires is steeper 
and more distinct on the rear side of each indentation 
while stones are shoved ahead by the wheels, the paths 


SHOES WORN HEEL FOREMOST 


It took a microscope to detect the clever effort of an incendiary 
to throw detectives off his track by wearing shoes heel foremost 
but the trackers were not fooled. Depressions in the tracks 
excited their curiosity and they quickly solved the mystery and 
got their man. 


of these stones usually being intact close behind where 
they stop while dust is piled up by their shove on the for- 
ward sides. The imprint of partly imbedded stones, 
slightly displaced by the wheels also furnish evidence of 
machine direction, the displacement being backward in 
very small stones, and forward in those large enough 
to receive both lateral and downward pressure. A sprink- 
ling of sand or dust usually is deposited on the rear 
side of stones or other obstructions passed over by the 
wheels while the forward side is usuaily swept clean. 
In dropping into chuck holes, the impact, or wider tire 
imprint, is greater on the forward side of the hole or 
against the obstruction. In dropping into ruts, a wheel 
will run on the high side to a feather edge, while in 
climbing out, it will remain in the rut until side pres- 
sure forces it to climb out abruptly. Other landmarks of 
automobile direction are: the direction in which water 
drops or mud are carried out of a mud hole, traction 
slips which occur in going up steep grades, the turn on 
curves which usually is more abrupt on leaving than on 
entering the curve and the “Y” where a machine backs 
out of a roadside stop. 

Excessive speed generally is evidenced by the wind swirl 
disturbances of the track, the distance of the side throw 
of mud, sand or water, side lurch on rough roads and 
the distance of the wheel jump in passing over obstruc- 
tions. The size of the car is indicated approximately by 


OF THE FORESTS 75 


the width of the tire tread although this is affected by the ° 
amount of load and the air pressure of the tires. When 
the load is heavy, there is a higher piling up of the dust 
ridge which is left in the center of the wheel track by 
suction and thrust of traction on pneumatic tires. 

Under conditions where it is not feasible to dig out 
the footprint itself or to make a cast of it, the usual plan 
pursued is to photograph the track. In such case, the 
camera lens is placed exactly parallel to the surface to 
be photographed, to avoid distortion of perspective. A 
special clamp is used for attaching the camera to a board 
or support set up at the required angle. Thereafter, the 
photograph can be enlarged to the exact size of the origi- 


HOB-NAIL TRACKS 


Impressions from a peculiar kind of hob-nail in a shoe led the 
tracker to discover a shoemaker who remembered putting them 
in a man’s shoes. The man was arrested and found guilty of 
firing a forest. 


nal foot print. In cases where a camera is not available, 
the watchmen of the forest draw accurate diagrams of the 
tracks on paper and henceforward use them as identi- 
fication indexes. 

Finger print records are made permanent by sprink- 
ling some powder of contrasting color such as aluminum 
or bronze over the prints. Dragon’s blood powder for 
light surfaces and talcum powder or gray chalk for dark 
surfaces are very satisfactory. Where these materials 
are not available, powdered charcoal, or very fine pencil 
scrapings can be used over light surfaces and borax or 
flour for dark surfaces. All these materials must be dry 
when used as they pile up and are generally unsatisfac- 
tory for such purposes when damp. Subsequently, these 
finger prints which are smudged easily by friction, may 
be set by spraying lightly with a solution of one part of 
white shellac and four parts of wood alcohol. Dragon’s 
blood can be set merely by heating slightly with a match 
flame after being applied to the surface where the finger 


print occurred. 


SNELL FORESTRY BILL HEARINGS 


N appearing before the House Committee on Agricul- 

ture, at the hearings during the week of January 9 on 
the Snell bill providing for joint Federal and State ac- 
tion to check forest devastation and insure permanent 
timber supplies, Col. W. B. Greeley, Chief of the Forest 
Service, urged immediate action by Congress to insure a 
continuance of timber growth on lands best suited to this 
use. 

“I am not appearing as a proponent of any particular 
bill,” said Col. Greeley. “I am testifying in my capacity 
as head of the National Forest Service. My purpose is to 
urge upon the committee the need for Federal legislation 
of some comprehensive character to reforest the tim- 
berlands of the United States hitherto cut or now in pro- 
gress of being cut; and to discuss the various forms 
which such legislation may take. 

“Federal legislation is needed because the United 
States is now consuming wood four times as fast as it is 
being grown. Enormous areas of the virgin forests have 
been converted into lands largely or wholly unproduct- 
ive. Two-thirds of the lumber users in the United 
States now pay more per thousand feet in lumber freight 
alone than they paid for the delivered commodity 30 
years ago. The country faces definitely a growing scarc- 
ity and increasing cost of everything made from wood. 
The problem is nation-wide and must be dealt with in a 
nation-wide way. 

“The definite aim of Federal legislation on this sub- 
ject must be to make sure that all forest lands in the 
United States, whatever their ownership, are kept con- 
tinuously productive; that as fast as one crop of timber 
is cut another is started. By this means and by this 
means only can the needs of the country be adequately 
met. There is no lack of forest land, if all not needed 
for agriculture can be kept at work producing wood. Fed- 
eral legislation must aim at restoring forest land now idle 
to productive use and at preventing land now bearing 


merchantable timber or young growth from becoming’ 


idle through forest fires or destructive methods of log- 
ging. 

“These results can in part be accomplished by extend- 
ing the National Forests to include all Government- 
owned or Government-controlled lands chiefly valuable 
for growing timber or protecting watersheds, and 
through an enlarged purchase policy, particularly of 


denuded lands now privately owned and desirable for 


public ownership. State and municipal ownership 
should also be encouraged. But public agencies mani- 
festly can not acquire even a major portion of all the 
forest land in the country. It is-now 79 percent in 
private ownership, and will largely remain so. 
“Federal legislation should encourage tree planting 
by co-operation with States in growing and distributing 
planting stock; it should not only encourage but assist 


in effective nation-wide protection of all forest lands 
from fire; and it should also set up some method of reas- 
onable public control over the cutting of private. timber, 


to the extent necessary to insure prompt reforesta 
of the lands cut over. 

“Such a program involves putting onus forest la 
in the class with public utilities. We must recog 
a dominant public interest in the way in which this form 
of private property is used. 

“It must, however, be recognized with equal force | 
timber can not be grown unless the undertaking 
practicable and reasonable one for the owner. Grow 
timber is an economic matter. Reasonable and equi 
aid must be given the private owner in accomplish 
the public benefits desired, and such conditions of s 
ty must be created as will make it economically 
ible for him to comply with public requirements. _ 

“Various State laws have already applied the pri 
ple of public control—Oregon, Minnesota, New Ha 
shire, and Louisiana, for example. But we are 1 
far from a uniform or consistent application of 1 
principle. To bring that about, by one means or ano 
must be one of the important features of Federal | 
lation. 

“Two methods for exercising public control to 
the continuous productivity of forest lands have 
advocated in measures now before Congress. pee 
and 2 of the Snell bill would authorize the Departn 
of Agriculture to define and establish what is necessat 
in each region, and through financial co-operation to € 
courage the enactment and enforcement of such neces 
sary measures by the several States, through the 
power. The Capper bill would accomplish the same p 
pose by direct Federal authority through the 
power of the national Government.” / 

After pointing out that each of these alternative proj , 
ositions has its strengths and its weaknesses, Col. oo 
continued : 


¢ 


“These two principles are supplementary rather t 
opposing. I favor some immediate enactment in 
with the principle expressed in the first two sections | 
the Snell bill, and I do not believe the country is n 
ready for the other step. But immediate action is 
gent. Among advocates of a National Forest polic 
there is disagreement only on the one point as to whe 
the States or the Federal Government should exe 
control over the cutting of timberlands. It may not 
desirable or opportune to attempt a complete Nation: 
forestry policy in one piece of legislation. <5 

“Tt would be unfortunate in the extreme to permit sub- 
stantial progress in Federal legislation on forestry to 
be delayed or impaired by a conflict of views on one fea-— 
ture only of the whole program. I wish to suggest that 
the committee consider the wisdom of drafting a bill — 
covering the following points: <q 

“(1) Broader authority and authorization of adequate — 
appropriations for Federal co-operation with the States — 
in fire protection. In my judgment this outweighs all 
other measures in immediate importance. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 7 


“(2) Authority for effective co-operation with States ber Manufacturers’ Association; Alfred Gaskill, State 


in growing and 
ing. 


distributing young forest trees for plant- forester, of New Jersey; Ray A. Danaher, president of 
the Sugar Pine Association of California ; J. W. Toumey, 


“(3) Broader provision for extending National For- Dean of the Yale Forestry School; H. C. Campbell, edi- 


ests through 
purchases of 
private lands. 
“(4) Provi- 
sions for clas- 
sifying all 
lands remain- 


ing in public 
ownership or 


control and for 
incorporating 
in National 


Forests areas 


found to be 
yaluable chief- 
ly for thegrow- 
ing of timber 
or the protec- 
tion of water 
sources. This 


‘sheuld apply 


to the remain- 
ing public do- 
main and to 
lands in Indian 
T eservations, 


_ with provision 


for equitable 
liquidation of 
Indian _ prop- 
erty rights in 
such lands. By 


this means 


alone 8,000,000 


acres of forest 


Mae % 


land can ulti- 
“mately be 


placed with- 
inNational 
Forests and its 


permanent pro- 
ductivity as- 


~ assured.” The 


to the hearings 
favoring the bil 


: tor of the Mil- 
WHAT’S THE IDEA? SHE WAS ALWAYS HAPPY - waukee Jour- 


DOWN ON THE FARM, WASN’T SHE? nat OS 
\ OS Se era ; - | Babbitt, of the 


Association of 
Wood Using 
Industries; E. 
A. Sherman, 
Associate 
United States 
Forester; .W. 
L. Hall, secre- 
tary of the 
Central States 
Forestry 
League; Philip 
W. Ayres, fers 
ester for the 
Society for the 
Protection of 
New Hamp- 
shire Forests; 
Elbert H. Bak- 
er, of the 

leveland Plain 
Dealer; Geo. 
Sisson, of the 
American 
Paper and Pulp 
As's ociation; 
| E. T. Allen, of 

the Western 
Forestry and 
C on servation 
Associatian ;R: 
S. Kellogg; 
chairman - o f 
the National 
‘Forest’ Policy 
Committee, and 


COO = 
Way 


Sa re serbia 
Darling—in the Portland (Maine) Press-Herald. Charles 
Lathrop Pack, 


Committee on Agriculture gave five days president of the American Forestry Association. Gifford 
and heard a number of witnesses, those Pinchot appeared with others in opposition to the bill. » 
| being introduced by Congressman Snell. The: committee is expected to make a report on the 


Among them were George S. Long, of the National Lum- bill within the next few weeks. 


THE COUNTRY HAS GONE DRY—BE CAREFUL WITH FIRE 
FORESTS FURNISH FUTURE HOMES—DON’T BURN THEM 


THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION REPORTS | 


By F. L. Bitler 


ORESTRY in Pennsylvania has made good progress 
in the year 1921. There have been added 17,136 
acres to the 1,102,695 acres in the 23 State Forests, mak- 
ing a grand total of 1,125,611 acres, which were pur- 
chased at a cost of $2,545,135. The total amount which 
has been expended for administration, development and 
improvement was $4,702,156, making a total expenditure 
for land and care of $7,247,291. The State Forests are 
now conservatively valued at $12,000,000, showing a 
net gain of $4,752,709. Extensive plans had been for- 
mulated by the Department of Forestry for the acquisi- 
tion of more land, but the Governor was compelled to 
veto the appropriation of $500,000 for this purpose, owing 
to lack of State funds. 
The forest lands of the State have been divided into 
26 forest districts, each in charge of a district forester, 
each district containing from 350,000 to 500,000 acres. 


In three of these districts no land is owned by the State. 


There are 380 State-owned buildings on the State 
Forests, valued at $294,038. 

There are 43 forests and 87 forest rangers in the em- 
ploy of the Department of Forestry, while 2,488 Forest 
Fire Wardens who watch for and fight fires are inter- 
mittently employed. 


Much work has been done in improving the State for- 
ests since their purchase. Approximately 2,000 miles 
of boundaries have been surveyed, cleared and marked, 
and 4,000 miles of roads, trails and fire lanes constructed 
and maintained. 


Scattered through the State are some tracts of forest 
land of unusual interest and scenic beauty. Twelve of 
these have been set aside by the State Forest Commis- 
sion as State Monuments. A number of State Parks 
have been created for their educational, recreational and 
esthetic value. 

The outstanding feature of forestry in Pennsylvania 
was the appropriation of $1,000,000 for forest protection 
against fire for two years. 

The Pocono Forestry Association maintains a splen- 
did fire-fighting organization, and has five wooden towers 
equipped with telephone lines. Its members also plant 
annually thousands of young trees in the Pocono Moun- 
tains. 

The Anthracite Forest Protective Association in the 
hard coal region has four steel and one wooden towers, 
with telephone lines, and a good fire-fighting force. 

The Blair County Game, Fish and Forestry Associa- 
tion not only aids in suppressing forest fires, but also is 
active in planting trees and in protecting and propagating 
game and fish. 

The Central Pennsylvania Forest Protective Associa- 
tion and the McKean County Protective Association 
have rendered valuable aid in their respective localities. 
The Lycoming County Protective Association has as- 
sisted in the protection of forests in that county by reason 
of contributing to patrol service, and educational work. 


“3 4 


The Boy Scouts of America, the various railroad and. 
water supply companies have been helpful in ei 
forest fire losses. we 

The State Forest Nurseries, since their inception, have 
supplied 48,853,936 trees, of which 34,216,727 were 
planted on the State Forests, the plantations now cov- 
ering 22,410 acres. 3 

About 4,000,000 seedlings and transplants will 1 
available for free distribution during the Spring of 19 
and there will remain 8,000,000 too small for present 1 
but which will be distributed in the Spring of 1923. 

The Department of Forestry is co-operating with j 
vate timberland owners throughout the State by 1 
examinations and recommendations as to the Bf 
of forestry on their holdings. 

The State Forest Academy, at Mount Alto, tes C 
tinued to supply its yearly quota of men splendidly 
ified to care for the future forest of our State. 

The Department of Forestry in Pennsylvania Sta’ 
College has a steadily growing studest body. 

‘Lehigh University is constantly improving its Aj 
tum and experimental plantations, which will give 
useful information as to the value of different sp 
trees, their comparative growth, etc. 

The new Allegheny National Forest will ( 
412,000 acres in Warren, McKean, Forest and 
ties, and a tentative allotment of $150,000 for the 
chase of lands has been made by the Government: 
headquarters of this forest will be at Warren. 

The State of Pennsylvania, formerly the largest j 
ducer of timber in the United States, uses annually ab 
two and a half billion feet of lumber, of which it now | 
duces but one-fifth. The annual loss to the State, ¢ 
the falling off in its lumber production, amounts to $1 
000,000—twice as much as it costs to run the S 
government. We pay at least $50,000,000 a year for | 
ber imported, which should be grown at home, and n 
than $25,000,000 a year freight on this lumber. The loss — 
through closing of wood industries, floods, which could be 
prevented, etc., represents at least $25,000,000 more. ig 

The United States Chamber of .Commerce has ap- 
pointed a Forestry Committee which is making an ex-a 
haustive study of forest conditions in this country, visit- 
ing and holding conferences in different sections. - 
report is awaited with interest. Our President, Dr. Henry — 
S. Drinker, is a member of this Committee and is Chair- _ 
man of the Subcommittee on Timberland Taxation. “ 

The fiscal year of the Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- 
tion ended December 1, 1921 with a very creditable — 
showing. 

Officers elected at the annual meeting for 1922 were: a 
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, President Emeritus; Dr. Henry Sa 
Drinker, President; Mr. Robert S. Conklin, Mr. J. Free-— 
man Hendricks, Mr. Albert Lewis and Mr. Samuel L. — 
Smedley, Vice Presidents; Mr. Samuel Marshall, Gen- 
eral Secretary and Mr. F. L. Bitler, Recording Secretary 
and Treasurer. 


TREES IN 


WINTER 


By Henry Thew Stephenson 


OME people who are fond of flowers and delight in 

the association of trees relate their pleasure wholly 
with summer. It is true that few flowers bloom in the 
winter. But it is a mistake to think for that reason the 
winter woods are silent. In spite of the many flowers 
growing beneath the foliage of the forest one hardly 
feels unsafe in saying that in the wood the tree’s the 


BITTERNUT 


It is easier to identify many trees in winter than in summer, when 
unmistakable characteristics are camouflaged by the thick foliage. 


thing. And by all odds the winter is the best time to get 
acquainted with the trees. 

Many attempt to identify the trees only by the leaves. 
An experienced woodman considers the leaf as the least 
_ important mark of identification. And as to flowers— 
the flowers of many of our largest trees are so inconspic- 
uous that many people have never even noticed them, 
perhaps would not have recognized them as flowers if 
pointed out. 

Let me see if I can make a little plainer what I mean 
by saying that winter is the season to be preferred for 
the task of learning to recognize the trees. 

One who knows trees thoroughly, as a rule, recognizes 
them by indications that cannot be accurately put into 
words. He recognizes a tree in its entirety as one rec- 
Ognizes a person. This is the surest kind of identification. 


It is also the most difficult to acquire. One character- 
istic feature is the method of branching, a quality plainly 
visible in winter, but so masked by foliage in summer as 
to be impossible of observation. If one could imagine 
an ash and a maple, one the exact counterpart of the 
other in outline and general branch distribution, the two 
trees would still look so different that the accidental 
similarity might pass unnoticed. For there is a clumsy 
coarseness about the twigs of the ash in sharp contrast 
to the graceful delicacy of the slender twigs of the maple. 
But the twig of neither tree can be seen against the sky 
in summer. How often does one lament the disappear- 


SYCAMORE 


The graceful, reaching white arms of the Sycamore are seen at 
their best in winter when undisguised by foliage. 
ance of a distant line of white sycamore tops as they are 

gradually blotted out by the growing foliage. 

Bark is another significant characteristic best observed 
in winter. The form, texture and color of bark is a very 
illuminating subject of contemplation. And it is not so 
easily studied when poorly lighted beneath a mass of 
foliage which may also materially influence the tone of 
the color. And the tone gradation of bark is a matter 


CHESTNUT TWIG 


The ultimate grace of the chestnut tree 
is clearly expressed even in its smallest 
twigs. 


But these are 
inexperienced 


of great delicacy. 
qualities that an 
student may well despair of as a 
matter of special study at first— 
winter or summer. It is the kind 
of tree knowledge obtained last. 
One does not learn to identify trees 
by reading written descriptions of 
bark. Rather, he develops a feel- 
ing for bark as a result of his study 
and association with trees in the 
field. What, then, is there for the 
inexperienced student to occupy 
himself with in winter? 
Whoever has studied botany is 
i i key based upon the form 
flower. When 


na strange plant at a 


t ne 


ther than the flowering the 
As a matter of fact 
there can be no key based upon but 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


one element of plant life that will 
serve to identify all plants at any 
time. The structure of the flower 
serves in the greatest number of 
cases and is therefore the one univer- 
sally adopted. It is not true, how- 
ever, that the usual system of iden- 
tifying trees based upon the leaf is 
the most useful. In fact, a key based 
upon the winter appearance is easier 
to apply and more certain of appli- 
cation than the summer key based 
upon leaves. 

Though the finer distinctions of 
bark and branches cannot be put into 
words there are many distinctions 
so divergent as to be of great prac- 


BLUE, OR WATER BEECH 


Readily and safely to be identified by a char- 


acteristic bark. 


tical advantage. One may not rec- 
ognize the subtle difference between 
the bark of a white elm and that of 
a slippery elm, but neither could be 
confused with the bark of a beech or 
a birch. Many of the rough barked 
trees are divided into ridges and fur- 
rows that present easy characteristic 
differences. The flat-topped ridges of 
one will distinguish it from the round- 
topped ridges of another. In some 
trees the ridges are divided by trans- 
verse cracks into longish blocks as in 
the sassafras, or into squares as in the 
dogwood, or into hexagonal blocks as 


The bark is light brown-gray, very rough and — 


{ 


4 
in the tupelo. Other kinds of bark | 
flake and scale without forming deep 
fissures as the sycamore. Sometimes 
the ridges of the sugar maple rise 
in great projecting flaps. Sometimes” 
the ridges scale off in different ways 
The scales of the shagbark hickory ~ 
are attached at the top and break 
loose at the bottom; those of the sil- 
ver maple are attached in the middle 
and break loose at both ends. 7 
But it is upon the twig that one de- 
pends most for the identification of 
species. Twig is a technical term t 
implies not only the end of the branch 
but also that portion only which grew 
the preceding season. This twig is 
made up of skin, wood and pith, as in 
the main stem of the tree. 
When one breaks a twig of sassa- 
fras he recognizes the characteristic” 
odor. Had it smelled of wintergreen : 
he would have suspected a birch, ~ 
Some twigs. when broken will show 
a dry pith, others will exude a milky 


{ 
4 
} 
. 


di | 


cashes 


ee aes 


Le 


BUTTERNUT 


seamed with short, flat-topped ridges. 


i 


sap as in the mulberries. If the twig 
is cut off sharply at right angles the 
generally star-shaped section of the 
pith suggests an oak. As the round 
sectioned pith is so common it is not 
of much use as a mark of identifica- 
tion. But if a twig is cut longitu- 
dinally through the center of the pith 
a new set of characteristics is dis- 
played. The pith may be solid or 
continuous as in the great majority 
of trees. But it may be chambered, 
that is, consist of transverse divi- 
-sions or diaphragms separated by 
empty spaces. There are but three 
large forest trees common in the cen- 
tral states that have chambered pith. 
It is frequently disguised and hard to 
recognize in the hackberry, but it is 
very plain and evident in the walnut 
and butternut. The color and the 
spacing of the diaphragms instantly 
distinguish a walnut from a butter- 


FLOWERING DOGWOOD 


The dogwood, its bark characteristically 
divided into squares, is readily recognized 
the visitor to the winter woods. 


TREES IN WINTER 


nut. In many respects the twig of 
butternut (a walnut) resembles the 
twig of bitternut (a hickory.) A 
glance at a section of the pith imme- 
diately differentiates them. The but- 
ternut pith is brown and chambered, 
the bitternut pith is brown and not 
chambered. 


Though I have spoken of the pith 
first it is the least important element 
in the winter identification of trees 
by means of the twig. It is on the 


HOP HORNBEAM 


The bark is gray-brown, scaly and scored 
perpendicularly into long, flat narrow 
strips about four inches long. 


epidermis, or outside skin, that we 
mostly depend. 

Twigs are rough or smooth. They 
may be of almost any color, varying 
from the bright green of the sassa- 
fras, the brilliant yellow of the golden 
willow, through various reds, browns, 
grays and black. Twigs are some- 
times smooth, or hairy, or ridged, or 
winged. The square section of the blue 
ash twig immediately distinguishes it 
from the other ashes. While the flat- 
tening of the twig at the node pre- 
vents us from confusing an ash with 


BUR OAK 


Known also as Mossy Cup Oak. It has an 
ashen gray, or gray-brown, thin, scaly bark. 
It is one of the tallest oaks in the eastern 
United States. 


any other tree. We have, however, 
hardly made a beginning in the enu- 
meration of the differentiating charac- 
teristics of the twig. Every leaf 
which fell in the autumn left a scar 
on the twig. If the leaf scars of a 
large tree are opposite we may be 
reasonably sure that the tree is a 
And 


there are but a few low, or shrub-like 


buckeye, an ash, or a maple. 


trees that present this characteristic. 
If the scars are not opposite their ar- 
rangement may still be very helpful. 
The leaves may originally have been 
attached to the stem in such a way 
that the twig has remained straight, 
or attached in another way which pro- 
duced a twig elongating in a zig-zag 
fashion. 

Furthermore, the outline of the scar 
is characteristic. In the maples it is, 
generally speaking, crescent shaped, 
in the catalpa oval, in the walnut 
heart-shaped, etc. But there are finer 


82 AMERICAN 


MAPLE TWIGS 


Sugar, Silver, Norway and Box Elder. The graceful delicacy 
of the slender twigs of the maple is marked. 


SUGAR, NORWAY AND SILVEK MAPLE TWIGS 


This shows the great diversity of the buds in the same genus. 


FORESTRY 


distinctions of shape than this. The scars of the w nite 
and red ash are similar except that the top line of the 
white ash scar has a notch in the middle of it and ther 
ash has no notch. The same difference occurs in the sce 
of the walnut and the butternut. Sometimes the 
scars extend fully round the tree. They just meet in t 
Norway maple, but there is a little spur formed at t 
point of meeting in the box elder (the ash-leaved mapl 

Every rib and vein in a summer leaf is in reality t 
end of a sort of tube or channel which runs back through 
the petiole of the leaf, down the stem, and communicate 


hw 


eS eS 


SoS 


oF 


BUR OAK TWIGS, SHOWING CORKY RIDGES 

The younger branchlets are often conspicuously corky-ridged, 
but this is not an altogether dependable characteristic. 

with the root system. When the leaf fell in the autumn 
each of these elements of the circulative system of the 
tree left its individual mark. These bundle scars, as they 
are called, vary greatly in number, shape, position and 
distribution, but are uniform for a given species. There 
may be one, three, seven, etc., arranged in a straight or 
curved line, or variously grouped. Unless one uses a_ 
hand glass for inspection the leaf scars of the elm and of 
the mulberry look very much alike. One is oval, the 
other, perhaps, a trifle more flattened. Both have sev- 
eral bundle scars on a depressed center of the leaf scar. 
But a closer examination with the glass reveals the fact 
that the bundle scars of the white elm are still further 


HORSE CHESTNUT 


The striking looking buds are one of the 
best means of identification. 


depressed, those of the red mulberry 
raised like little pimples. 

There still remains the bud which 
yields an equal if not superior amount 
of information. Some twigs have 
terminal buds, some twigs do not. 
Some buds are pressed close up 
against the twig as in the willows, 
others project outward at various 
angles. They vary in shape from al- 
most needle-like as in the beech to 
nearly spherical as in the silver 
-maple. The buds of certain willows 
are barely 1-16 inch long, those of 
some of the magnolias fully two 
inches in length. Every bud is covered 
with scales. Their size, shape, color, 
texture and arrangement are all im- 
portant details which help to identify 
the species. For instance, the bud of 
the tulip tree is shaped like yourthumb 
and covered with a pair of dark brown 
scales. That of the sycamore is also 
brown, but covered with one scale that 


TREES IN WINTER 


is sharply conical. Willows are also 
conical and covered with one scale, 
but the buds are small and pressed 
close to the stem, that of the sycamore 
large and divergent. The buds of the 
horse chestnut and the buckeye, two 
species of the same genus, may be dis- 
tinguished by the fact that one is cov- 
ered with sticky gum and the other 
is not. 

The little breathing pores in the epi- 
dermis give rise to the spots known as 
lenticles. These are often inconspicu- 
ous by reason of their small size. At 


other times their conspicuous _ size, 
WALNUT 
The chambered pith is shown at the 
right. 


color, texture and position constitute 
important marks of identification. The 
characteristic horizontal marks of the 
bark of the cherry are produced by 
the gradual elongation of the len- 
ticles of the twig. 

Prickles and spines grow from the 
epidermis. Thorns spring from the 
woody substance within. The pres- 
ence of these, their size, shape and 
color determine a number of species. 
It is also important to notice whether 
they are spines or thorns. 

Though the fruit of many trees 
falls to the ground in autumn, or is 
promptly eaten by the birds, its pres- 


83 


ence throughout the winter affords not 
only an assistance in identification but 
also material for study. Everyone is 
familiar with the sycamore balls that 
dangle aloft all winter. The birches 
frequently retain a portion of their 
fruit. The persistence of the keys of 
the box elder not only differentiate 
it among maples but also enables one 
to distinguish a male from a female 
tree. 

I have by no means exhausted the 
marks of identification contained in 
the twig of a tree. But I have called 
attention to enough to justify my first 
statement: The winter is the best time 
to begin the study of trees. If one 
uses. a key based upon these charac- 
teristics he can identify trees with a 
greater degree of certainty than he 
can in summer using a key based upon 
leaf characteristics alone. It is true, 
there will be difficulties, but the diffi- 
culties are fewer. 

There is another distinct advantage 
in winter study. Probably no one who 
has read thus far has mentally called 
for a definition of winter. Yet I have 
nat used the word in quite its ordinary 
sense. One need not picture to him- 
self the arduous exercise of trudging 
through the snow in zero weather. In 
the tree world winter begins with the 


AILANTHUS 


Showing a scar and lenticles or lit- 
tle breathing pores. 


HORSE 
CHESTNUT 
Showing a distinc- 
tive scar. 


BUCKEYE 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


However, in winter we are alone 
with the trees and shrubs, One 
comes closer to them, gets better 
acquainted with them. I suppose 
it is a mere fancy on my part. But 
I know an ash, a walnut, and a 
maple so close together that their 
branches overlap a trifle. I have 
known them for a long time. Each 
is like a good friend. I think I 
know every limb any of those trees 
has lost in a dozen years. But, 
somehow, in summer their individ- 
uality seems impaired. I think of 
them more as a composite group, 
each concealing the good points of 
the others. And I cannot get so 
near them. A mere fancy, of course, 
but I welcome always the autumn 
wind which strips the concealing 
foliage and restores the individual- 
ity of my old-time friends. 

I have spoken mainly of decidu- 
ous trees. But they do not involve 
the whole story. It is true the 


evergreens do not show so great a showing spur and 


difference in their winter state. But 


BOX ELDER 


“terminal bud. 


Easily distinguished 
from the  horse- 
chestnut bud. 


fall of the leaf in autumn 
and continues till the open- 
ing of the buds in spring. 
To all intents and purposes 
the twigs and buds remain 
quiescent throughout this 
long season. In _ other 
words, nearly half the year 
is winter to the trees. Com- 
pare this long season dur- 
nig which the conditions of | 
study do not change with 
the short flowering period 
of the willows, or even the 
part of the summer that re- 
mains after the leaves are 
full grown. 

There is, too, the distinct 
advantage to one who is 
fond of the woods and 
fields of opening a great 
opportunity for study: and 
enjoyment during a season 
of the year so generally 
considered closed. Yet T 


“aa 


CATALPA 


The twig is the best 
key to identification. — 


there is something else. — 
Only the untrained eye is — 
wearied by the monotony 
of the winter landscape, or © 
is irritated by the absence 
of color. The color is there; 
not in so great a variety, 
not presenting such strik- 
ing brilliancy, but, rather, — 
soft and comforting. And — 
how much of it is due to 
“the withering pines and 
the hemlocks.” 
In summer the ever- — 
greens do not put on their — 
new coats so quickly as the — 
other trees. In the outburst 
of deciduous foliage in the 
spring the evergreens seem 
somewhat to succumb to 
the youthful ardor of their 


later the tables are com- 


would not urge the exclu- pletely turned. The majes-- 
sive study of trees in win- tic: conifers, Wi aa 
ter. One may learn consid- more ancient lineage, can> 
erably more than half the : ir ti 
stor at tat ii _ WALNUT WHITE ASH TULEP afford (ob 
story, but he wiil not learn 3 : : for Auta SE ae 
it all. Illustrating the diverse appearance of the twigs of some of our : 


most familiar trees in winter. 


their glory, approaches. 


many - tinted rivals. But 


THE ROYAL PALM 


(OREODOXA REGEA) 


By Hollister Sage. 


HE United States is not recognized as a hot country. 

Nevertheless, lower Florida is truly tropical. Al- 
though the peninsula does not extend into the torrid 
zone, it is nearer the equator than sunny Italy, Greece, 
the blue Mediterranean or even northern Egypt. Four 
hundred miles long, Flérida’s position is an enviable one, 
for the Gulf Stream flows on both sides of the state. 
That miracle-working river of warm water in the Atlan- 
tic, mystically takes its way with force unabated to 


frozen Labrador and across the northern ocean, melting 
icebergs, making a safe path for the great liners and 
blessing two continents; but its influence upon Florida 
is super-natural. 

If you have never viewed tropical plant life, the prod- 
ucts of Nature unassisted, her vigorous and graceful 
spontaniety where freezing never interferes, let the wings 
of your imagination carry you to Miami, our most 
southern city. It has been given a musical Indian name. 


Four Beautiful Royal Palms in Royal Poinciana Park. The Fifth, in the Foreground, is a 


ae 2 “ r we 
% 7; ; ~ y Fa 


Cocoanut Palm. 


86 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Here, midst Nature’s most distinguished off- 
spring, no single growth so deeply impresses 
the beholder, none so fixes itself upon his atten- 
tion, none remains stamped upon his memory as 
does the Royal palm. Possibly you have never 
seen one of these princely trees, even under _ 


glass. 

You alight from train or steamer and decide 
to see the sights. When first coming among 
these regal palms you notice a series of brown- 
ish-white pillars. You do not see their tops, as 
you are not star gazing. Involuntarily you 
direct your vision twenty feet higher, that you 
may see the tops of these singular columns and, 
failing, look up and up, in open-eyed wonder- 
ment. In ecstasy you behold a splendor of sea- 
green fronds outlined against fleecy clouds, or 
the ether. The impulse is to clasp the hands and 
to gaze, spellbound, in the attitude of devotion. 
You wish the car would stop and that all chat- 
ter cease, giving you an opportunity to compre- 
hend the vision and regain your poise. Can 
these symmetrical, chiseled shafts be the boles 
of living trees? The wild witchery of the ban- 
yans attracts you, the lawless disorder of the 
cocoanut palms elicits your approval, your joy- 
ous acclaim, but the proud, calm majesty of 
this king of palms fills you with awe and rever- 
ence. You begin to speculate as to what may be 


eg FEE oe pK FPS Dw 


Above--One of the lovely spots in Royal Poinciana Park at Miami, where the Royal Palm 
--the Wonder Tree--is found in profusion. 


Below--The South Florida Highway which has been greatly improved and beautified by the 


planting of young palm trees. 


THE ROYAL 


the office of this tree. Does it bear nuts or other 
food delicacies, or produce rubber, or fuel or 
turpentine, or logs for the sawmill? 

The wonder tree offers to man no material 
gifts. Its mission is a distinct one, much greater 
than the production of foods and fruits. It is 
the ministry of things divinely beautiful, to con- 
sole and lift up the soul of man, to heal his nerves 
and to impart a heavenly balm where the wear 
and worry of time and sense have lacerated and 
begun to destroy him. The balm of the Royal 
palm is invisible. But it steals into the soul, 
bringing peace and driving away care and fear. 

Because of its grace and beauty, the tree is a 
universal favorite, coveted by everybody, but 
until recently its propagation has been shrouded 
in darkness. Ninety per cent of its seeds refused 
to sprout, and of those which germinated, ninety 
per cent died while mere seedlings. Buyers pay. 
$5, some $25, and occasionally several hundred 
dollars apiece for choice trees, for they may be 
moved readily when very large. Where a wild 
baby Royal is found it will bear watching to 
learn how very soon it perishes. Perhaps one 
tree matures from a thousand seedlings. Men 
have wondered about these conditions for gen- 
erations. But at last the secret of germination 
and growth has been discovered by a Miamian, 
Mr. W. A. Williams, owner of Royal Poinciana 


Above--A bit of natural Southern Florida land, graced by the imperial beauty of three Royal 
Palms. 


Below--Along the Miami River, adjoining Royal Poinciana Park, The Royal Palms are reflected 


in the serene and quiet water. 


PALM 


87 


88 AMERICAN 
Park. After years of experimental work he has learned 
that the seed bed and nursery conditions must be exact, 
while enough moisture and not too much must be given 
to satisfy the imperial baby. The nursery is covered 
with slatwork and prepared layers of soil delight the 
young plants. Mr. Williams now has under cultivation 
something like fifty thousand, and hopes to be able to 
present the state with a sufficient number to set a double 
row beside the new Tamiami trail which crosses the pen- 
insula to the Gulf Coast, a distance of ninety miles. 

What men have long desired to know he modestly re- 
lates: “About ninety-five per cent of the seedlings per- 
ish ; mostly soon after germination, although many reach 
a height of several inches. The single spear that first 
appears will wither before a hot wind or intense sun- 
shine. At six or seven inches they seem disposed to 
break off at the surface. Benches entirely under control 
are the safest in which to rear the seedlings. Gravel 
must be the first layer, to provide drainage. Next two 
inches of clay or heavy loam to retain moisture. The 
entire surface of this is covered with the seeds to the 
depth of one-half inch. The seeds must then be cov- 
ered with four inches of mulch or rich, light soil. Then 
we have to await the appearance of the slender spears 
patiently for ninety days, keeping the beds right with 
water at all times. If sufficient moisture is not provided 
the seeds do not germinate; if too much, they sprout 
and die. 

“After the plants begin to show they must be sprayed 
often to keep down red spider and other pests and make 
the plants vigorous. After six to eight months growth 
in the original beds, the youngsters must be transplanted 
into pots and following this from time to time into larger 
receptacles, until they are eighteen to twenty-four months 
old. Then they may. be set in the ground. The average 
man fails because he leaves the plants to care for them- 
selves, which they cannot do. Many apply fertilizers, 
which burn them. Palms require fertile soil and will 
take some enrichment, but not until after they are fifteen 
to eighteen months old.” 

The habitat of the Royal palm is along streams and 
in moist places. It is found rarely at a distance from 
water. This palm reaches perfection in the wilds in 
Royal Palm Park, one of the unique possessions of the 
state. It is a primitive wonderland, comprising nearly 
two thousand acres, about forty miles southwest of 
Miami. Its situation is in the Everglades, that remark- 
able three million acre prairie which Nature has been 
working out during the past thousands of years. The 
park’s proudest feature is Royal. Palm hammock, on 
Paradise Key, a large “island” conspicuous in the land- 
scape. Here in natural beauty grow hundreds of Royal 
palms to a great height, some exceeding one hundred 
feet. They overtop other trees and lift their star clusters 
to view proudly against the sky, while beneath them 
thrive many varieties of rare orchids and ferns. Bot- 
anists early discovered the wealth of rare flora on, this 
hammock. 


The efflorescence of the Royal palm is most remark- 


FORESTRY 


able. In the vernal season a circle of bristling spikes or 
remarkable buds one foot or more in length appears 
upon the smooth trunk of the tree, almost within reach 
of a tall man. The owner, if new and unaccustomed to 
the tree, may fear at first that this exerescence is a 
“sport,” inconsistent with the general harmony of his 
favorite and be disposed to remove it, until some day, 
possibly directly following the sharp and sudden down- 
pour of a tropical shower, he discovers the spikes have 
dissolved into an encircling fringe of graceful blossoms 


or seed pods. Unlike the towering maples and beeches 


of the North, these graceful trees do not require a cen- 
tury or more in which to make their growth and a like 
period to decline and disappear. 


The world’s largest paper machine is now being oper- 


ated. It makes a stub of paper 12 feet, 2 inches wide, 327 


miles long every 24 hours, using 110 cords of wood. 


3,500 acres of pulpwood are required to furnish the 
paper for one day’s issue of all the newspapers in the 
United States. 


Wide World Photo. 


THE NEW ELECTRIC DRILL AT WORK 


One of the most important inventions of the century in connec- 


tion with the care of trees—mechanical power in a new field. 


The important and tedious operations of the tree surgeon in 


digging out dead and diseased wood and boring holes for bolts 
with which to strengthen and support a tree are now, as a result 
of an invention of F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Connecticut, being 


done at a saving of anywhere from 50 to 200 per cent. of the 
time and effort formerly required. The power drill, one of the 


most important inventions in the art of tree surgery in more 
than a century, is run by electricity generated by the apparatus 
shown in the left foreground. This complete gasoline engine, 
generator and resistance coil outfit develops one-half horse 
power, weighs but slightly over 100 pounds and can be taken 
wherever there is a tree to save by modern surgical methods. 
The photograph shows the machine used as a drill and a bore. 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


Arthur H. Carhart, Editor 


A FEDERATION OF OUTDOOR CLUBS 


ANY outdoor organizations with closely allied in- 

terests have for many years been working for simi- 
lar objectives. The announcement that there is to be a 
convention in St. Louis the last week in April at. which 
it is hoped to form a centralized federation is a giant 
stride in the right direction. 

According to informal information the convention is to 
be called by Governor Hyde, of Missouri. It is to have 
as a presiding officer no less a figure in outdoor activities 
than Mr. Albert Britt, editor of “Outing.” Many friends 
of the big outdoors have expressed their interest in the 
convention and under the leadership of these two men 
much that is good will undoubtedly be accomplished. 

The announcement indicates interesting things and pos- 
sibilities. The greatest of these is the fact that the mem- 
bers of the universal outdoor fraternity have come to the 
conclusion that there is to be a central organization where 
will be common meeting ground. A review of the past 
will show how necessary this is. 

Naturalists, geologists, foresters, landscape architects, 
park boards, outdoor societies, forestry associations and 
many other groups of people are all interested in some 
phase of the outdoors. As a result many societies have 
been formed which have as their aim the advancement 


of a certain field of outdoor work. This list might be 
indefinitely lengthened to take in hundreds of profes- 
sional groups and popular societies interested in some 
phase of nature. Besides these there is a large group of 
sportsmen in the country who are vitally interested in 
many fields. 

Each society has limitations in its scope of work. This 
If each had 


tried to spread over all outdoors there would have been 


has been necessary to accomplish results. 


little accomplishment in the past and a great deal of 
confusion. 

3ut the various organizations in limiting themselves to 
one particular field of outdoor activities have often lost 
sight of the fact that certain phases of their work are 
closely linked up with those of other societies. The inter- 
relationship between all things outdoors has been lost-in 
these clubs of limited fields because the study of detail is” 
more engrossing to the human mind than is the study of 
the whole. It is more easily understood and more fully 
developed knowledge of a limited activity may be grasped 
by the enthusiast, whether he be a trained scientist work- 
ing in that field or an amateur. 

A few illustrations will serve to point out this mutual 


JUST YOU AND YOUR NEIGHBOR ON A PICNIC. 


Even the casual picnicker is interested in all things outdoors. He is therefore interested in the formation of an organization to 
promote its welfare. 


90 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


and many other features relating strictly to game hold 
their interest. The study of these problems is so en- 
gaging in many cases that the relation of these problems 
to ones similar in other fields is lost sight of. 

The forester has to do with life habits of trees, their 
natural enemies, their culture, increase, perpetuation and 


THE BOTANIST 
Flowers are the soul of many outdoor places. Of prime interest 
to the botanists, flowers and plants are an appeal to all. 


lack of contact. The illustrations are not isolated but 
typical. BF : MOUNTAINEERING 

Game protective societies are deeply concerned with the 
wild life. Birds and beasts of the country, their life The mountaineer will have a better trip if he can recognize the 


See iner ahi eke Er bade’: shed diatural Ma Reaeiticial ere flowers, trees, rocks, insects and other natural things along his 
vabits, their toods, their natural and artificial enemies trail to the peak tops. 


THE MOTOR GIPSY. 


} motor gipsy is on other fields of outdoor work! The very essence of his enjoyment lies in the protection 
of the forests, the protection of wild game and other natural beauties. 


A FEDERATION 


like problems. Those who deal with trees are essentially 
interested in trees. The field is of such scope that one 
man or even the whole group of men interested in it find 
enough to wholly engage their attention without going 
outside of its limits. 

But here is a typical example of one field of work being 
yery closely allied to the other. Wild game of all kinds 
is very materially dependent upon the forests. Without 
a good forest cover much of the game is lost. A barren, 
dry waste is not a place for game. A forest guarantees 
against such a waste and gameless tract. 

In another particular’ the forester and the game en- 
thusiast are vitally mutually interested. That is the fire 
problem of the forests. Fire kills forests. It kills game 


OF OUTDOOR CLUBS 91 


The reverse is true. Undoubtedly the foresters, working 
in the presence of wild life, have information that would 
be of value to the men working on problems of game 
protection. 

Looking at this particular example from the view- 
point of the game enthusiast we find that there is a de- 
cided lack of understanding on the part of sportsmen as 
to the work of the foresters bearing on game problems. 
Foresters are responsible as a profession for the greater 
protection given our forests. They have been instru- 
mental in conserving them and turning the tide from irra- 
tional cutting and wastage to a well organized policy of 
rational use through true conservation. Immense quan- 
tities of game have been protected by and are dependent 


NATURE LOVERS 


Nature lovers surely have a lot for which to thank the workers in other fields. 


The forester, geologist, entomologist, botanist, 


and in fact, practically all specialized fields of outdoor work contribute directly to his knowledge and enjoyment. 


at the same time. The enemy of game is also the enemy 
of trees. It is to the interest of both the foresters and 
the game protective organizations to fight forest fires. 


In the past there has not been the meeting ground 
that should be common to these divisions of outdoor 
work. The foresters have known of game problems and 
have in many instances taken deep interest in and gone 
far towards solving them. But there has not been the 
contact that there should be on the part of the foresters 
with the work being done by the game protective clubs. 
It is wholly probable that much of the information that 
has been amassed by the game clubs would be invaluable 
to the forester in the studies of game conditions. If such 
an exchange of ideas would have been possible a great 
amount of past useless effort would have been prevented. 


on these forests. It is probably true that the bulk of the 
big game of our nation is now within the borders of or- 
ganized forest units. 

If it were possible to bring home to the game protec- 
tive clubs that they are vitally interested in the forests, 
their administration, protection and proper conservation 
there would be a direct move on their part towards the 
full accomplishment of such a constructive program. Be- 
cause of their interest in trees? Not especially, but rather 
because the work in the forests has a direct relationship 
to the game problem. Trees mean more game. Forest 
work means more and better trees. Game protective so- 
cieties are therefore interested in forest work. 

Up to the present time there has been no meeting 
ground of these two great divisions of outdoor activities 


92 


so that one may learn how dependent it is on the other. 
There has been no place that will act as clearing house for 
the information secured by each working independently. 
If such a field for parley had been established a decade 
ago each activity would be further along now because cf 
the understanding arising from conference aud because 
of the opportunity to compare notes. . 

There is a lack of correlation and coordination among 
societies interested in game. Audubon society work is 
aiding and abetting work similar to that carried on by 
many local game and fish clubs. The Bison Society is in 
frame protection in a very limited field. Their expert- 
ence is none the less valuable for they have undoubtedly 
met and solved problems that are now confronting scores 
of other game protective agencies. There is some ex- 
change of opinion among such societies, particularly 
among the heads of the organizations, but the mere men:- 
ber has little touch with what is going on in fields that 
parallels his interests. 

Just in this single achievement, a field of common meet- 
ing, this proposed federation will accomplish immense 
benefit. It will be a place for exchange of ideas, will 
educate one group of workers in the work of the other 
groups and thus move efficiently to the accomplishment 
of all of the objectives of each field of endeavor. 

The Federated Outdoor Clubs of America, properly 
organized and under proper direction, will be one of the 
greatest benefits that could come to lovers of the out- 


\ GEOLOGIC 


STUDY 
wical forces as are mstrated in the forming of 
rest to every one. In such 
c are brought especially, to our 


freak rock are « 


the torces of natur 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


GEOLOGISTS 


This curious formation is the “Totem Rock” in the Colorado 
National Forest. 


doors, our broad landscapes and their inhabitants—the 
trees, flowers, beasts, fish and birds. It would stand for 
true conservation of our wild life. There would be a 
modifying of extremes of over use or over protection. A 
true conservation program affecting all outdoors could be 
worked out and applied with this federation sponsoring 
it. It would mean that the peril of raiding of national 
natural resources for the benefit of a few at the expense 
of many would never lift its head without a strong cham- 
pion of rational conservation picking up a cudgel against 
it. This would be because each group would come to 
know how dependent one outdoor factor is on the neigh- 
boring factor and the enemy of one would be recognized 
as the enemy of the other. 

. This federation will be in politics but not a political 
machine if it is to do its most good. Today an isolated 
group of the outdoor fraternity strives to advance one 
scheme for protection of some natural resource through 
legislation. It is an uncorrelated move to produce good 
for one division of outdoor activities. A small group is. 
behind the movement and it is often lost because of non- 
support. 

But often indeed that very legislation has a direct 
bearing on the work of another field of outdoor use. The 
only reason that other agencies, or in fact all outdoor 
clubs do not put their shoulder to the wheel with the 
group initiating the move is because first it is not clearly 
understood that the legislation is of benefit to all and 
second it is probably not known by other groups that it 


Sabed: The combined power of the federated 
clubs will represent the digested and crystal- 
on of some of the best thinkers in our country 
various fields of outdoor work. It will be a 
ground at which the relationship of every 
the good of the whole will be tried out and if 
Il be stamped with the approval of the federation 
its support. 
ation that has long been needed, legislation that 
1 sponsored by a limited group of lovers of the 
legislation that does particular good in one out- 
Pat which a direct bearing on many, will 
made possible through the unbiased actions of the 

1. The harm that will be done by such a fed- 
practically nil. If there be harm in it it is not 
on the surface. The greatest menace to the en- 
and the structure is the securing of the balance 
in it by one group that has some selfish, partisan 
hind their activities. This is the only way that 
seem possible for the federation to become any- 
t a great movement for good. : 
be opposed by certain groups. It will be fought 
who expect to get something from the natural 
of the country for their personal benefit. Those 
‘power may try to wreck it for their own ends. 
is a real core of genuine Americans in such 
ranization, a public-spirited group of genuine lov- 
our great outdoors, it will take considerable pres- 
unusual craftiness or other insidious force of mo- 
to smash the organization. 

Federation of Outdoor Clubs of America or what- 
agency may gather together and mould into one 
purpose all the effort of the outdoor clubs of the 
has its work cut out for it. It has an opportunity 
a great service to mankind and especially to the 
ers of the organization within the federation. Only 
sing of ideals, a manipulation of its power to pri- 
partisan ends will make it anything but a national 
for good. Its work first consists of educating its 
| federated members as to what they, in their various 


Up in town, when Jones is dining, 
Nothing seems to please his taste; 
He’s a poor dispeptic, whining 
At each dish before him placed ; 
He’s a cynic, culinary ; 
Analyzes every bite, 

_ And he eats like a canary, 
For he has no appetite. 


But in camp, when bacon’s broiling 
> In a grease-bespattered pan, 

— And he sniffs the coffee boiling 

In a battered, blackened can; 

When he scents the smoke emerging 
From a blaze of pungent pine— 
Then his palate needs no urging, 
And his appetite is fine! 


*” 


WOODLA ND MAGIC 


93 
organizations are trying to accomplish. Second, it will 
then have to educate these same people in the relation- 
ships which exist between all outdoor activities. The in- 
terdependencies of all of the various children of nature 
should be brought home to all that all may see they are 
naturally related. After educating the federation mem- 
bers there is the immense field of education to be covered 
with the general public. The combined efforts of all will 
go further towards increasing the knowledge in each di- 
vision of outdoors than the unaided efforts of a single 
organization. The opportunity for good in this field is 
almost unlimited. There is scarcely a thing done com; 
pared to what should be done and there is needed a cen- 
tralized, strong force to bring about this general educa- 
tion of the public now so earnestly sought by each out- 
door club working alone. 


The federation has been pointed out as an ideal medium 
of exchange of ideas. Its bulletins or publications should. 
always carry either a digest of all of the best articles, 
reports or pamphlets issued by various outdoor agencies 
or at least a list of such articles. 


Finally, the great power of the federation to bring 
about good through directing constructive legislation 
can hardly be estimated. When its members can see that 
it is really “all for one and one for all” in the outdoor 
activities everyone will cooperate to bring about con- 
structive legislation or to kill completely, destructive, 
malicious attempts to raid the outdoors. 


The whole move has a direct bearing on forest recre- 
ation. Outdoor recreation is but a human use of the 
rural areas whether in forest, lake or field. It is recre- 
ation that brings many in contact with nature and her 
children. Outdoor recreation cannot but benefit from a 
thorough understanding of all outdoors by all people in- 
terested, for it is touched by practically every field of 
outdoor activities. But it is believed that this is so of 
every outdoor activity. Each must benefit from benefit 
to another. The federation cannot do otherwise than 
help all. 


WOODLAND MAGIC 


Up in town, when he betakes him, 
Drowsy-lidded to the hay, 

Sleep, the goddess, doth forsake him 
In a most provoking way ; 

He can turn and twist and mutter ; 
Fuss and sputter—but alack! 

Sweet repose has vanished utter 

From the poor insomniac. 


But when balsam boughs are scattered 
On the woodland’s baimy breast, 
And a blanket, mud-bespattered, 
Forms the haven of his rest, 
He can lie down, without fussing, 
Near a water-fall that roars,— 
And keep everybody cussing 
With his loudly booming snores! 
—JameEs Epwarp HuNGERForD, 


In The Giant Forest Of The Sierras 


By “Alexander Blair Thaw 


Ye first of living things! 
Ye that were goodly trees 
When the great King of Kings, 
Building his garden wall, 
Brought down to Babylon, 
Upon her streams the tall 
Cedars of Lebanon. 


Ye mighty trees! 
Ye which are first, of all 
Kings of the wildwood! 


Over the earth and seas 
Here we are come at last, 
Weary with wanderings, 
Down at your feet to fall; 
Here, by your mountain springs, 
Silent and all alone, 
Through the long ages past, 
High on your granite throne 
Ye stood in your glory. 


Mighty ye grew in girth, 
Brother by brother 
Bending your mighty knees 
Down to the lap of earth, 
While the great mother 
Still to your listening ears 
Whispered her story, 
Tales of our wandering years, 
Tales of our childhood. 


Ye guardians who treasure 

The gracious gift of rain, 

And still pour forth again, 
Age after age, and year on year 
In bounteous measure, 

Your everlasting fountains! 


Up to these mountains,— 

Where evermore you stand, 
Great sentinels 

O’er all this virgin land, 
Guarding your sacred wells,— 

We come, to drink of these. 


Close by the tree of life 
The tree of knowledge grows; 

And, through our wars and strife, 
Up from the world’s deep woes, 

Where the dark roots entwine, 

Is born the Word divine. 


Out of much suffering 
Still those mute altars rise, 
Where perfect love shall bring 
Life’s willing sacrifice, 
And little children bear 
Earth’s holy promise there. 


Now, through the least of these. 
Heaven on earth is come; — 
Now the dark forest trees 
Speak, and no more are dumb, 
And a child’s heart shal! be 
Fruit of this fertile tree. 


Hark, in this burning bush, 
Brought from the silent grove, 
Out of that holy hush 
Wakens the word of love, 
Which o’er the world, new-born, 
Hovers, this happy morn. 


TOWN FORESTS 


By J. W. Toumey. 
Dean of the Yale Forest School 


(Address delivered before the Massachusetts Forestry Association.) 


4 Mee two broad classes of forest ownership are private 
ownership and public ownership. Most Americans 
know something about public ownership due to the es- 
tablishment and the p!acing under management of more 
than 150 million acres of National Forests within the 
past thirty years. When we Americans speak of public 
forests we think of the National Forests. However, some 
of the states in recent years have established state forests. 
Here we have another kind of public ownership. In 
states like New York and Pennsy!vania, with a million 
or more acres owned by the state, public forests convey 
the idea of state owned forests. Nowhere as yet in this 
country does the idea of public forests bring to the 
mind of the average citizen, community owned or town- 
owned forests. As a nation we emphasize National For- 
est ownership. We are beginning to talk about state 
owned forests. We have scarcely begun to think in 
terms of town-owned forests. Yet with all this the town, 
a relatively small governmental unit, is in position to de- 
rive more pleasure and profit from a well managed forest 
of its own within reach of its popu‘ation than can be 
derived from either a state or a national forest. 

We should in this country, begin to think in terms of 
public forests owned by communities; that is, by towns, 
cities, schools and similar organizations that have an 
indefinite lease of life and which society has established 
for its own protection and welfare. We in this country 
differ from Europe in the way we took on communal for- 
ests. Over there, at least in many countries, instead of 
public forests being almost entirely under national and 
state ownership as they are here, a relatively large per- 
centage is owned by towns, cities and other loca! or- 
ganizations. The benefits derived from them are real 
and personal. 
appreciated much more than is the case with the benefits 
derived from national or state forests. For instance, 
every citizen in a town that owns a productive forest 
has not only the privilege of enjoying the forest in recre- 
ational pursuits, but he receives a dividend from the 
earnings of the forest in the form of remission of taxes. 
He is directly benefited by the protection which it affords 
and by the products which it provides. Not a few towns 
that own productive forests in Switzerland and Germany 
escape a!l town taxes due to the fact that the revenues 
derived from the forests are sufficient for the entire 
support of the towns. In the older countries of Europe 
communal forests are usually favoréd by the public over 
other kinds of public forest ownership. 

In this country the bulk of our publicly owned forests 


is nationa!. A limited acreage is owned by the states, 


and eee none at all is owned by the towns and 
similar communities. Switzerland has 67 per cent of all 
her forests under town or other kinds of communal own- 


These benefits can be experienced and ‘ 


cities or towns, often as low as’ from five to ten dollars 


ership. Almost every city and town, almost every school 
and poor house, almost every church, owns a near-by 
forest managed for production of forest products, but 
also serving for protection and available for recreational 
purposes. Many of these communal forests are among — 
the oldest managed forests in Europe. Some of the 
cities and towns, as illustrated by Zurich, spend as much 
as six or seven dotlars per acre each year on their manage- 
ment and improvement. Yet they derive from them a _ 
net annual revenue as high as eight dollars per acre which 
goes toward the relief of taxation. ; 
A few years ago Germany had 16.1 per cent of her total 
forest area in corporation or communal forests, largely 
owned by cities and towns. Many of these forests are — 
among the most productive and the most celebrated in 
Germany, as illustrated in the town forest of Baden 
Baden and tthe town forest of Forbach, both in the cele- _ 
brated Black forest region. Most of the town forests in 
this part of Germany were a few years ago, and are 
probably now, in a high state of productivity. Although 
located in rough mountain country, where ‘the soil is 
wholly unsuited for agriculture, they sustain thriving © 
permanent communities and yield a net annual revenue 
often exceeding eight dollars per acre, and in some in- 
stances, as is the case with the Forbach forest, as high as 
twelve dollars. " 
The old world has found: that town forests pay not i 
only in affording recreational opportunities and pro- 
tection, but in the revenue derived from tthe sale of forest 
products. Old world cities and towns find it on the 
long run the part of wisdom to pay all the way from _ 
$80 to $300 per acre for forest property to be held as — 
town forests. No one hears of town forests being dis- 
posed of to private owners, but one constantly hears of 
new town forests being acquired either by gift or pur- 
chase. In America our cities and towns, as well as_ 
other communal! organizations, have entirely overlooked, 
up to the present, the great opportunities for forest own- _ 
ership which lie at their very doors. Thousands of acres — 
of idle forest land can be secured, often not far from 


per acre, with correspondingly higher prices for land 
partially or fully stocked. 

Before the war, I gave some time and inquiry to the 
subject of city, town and school forests in this country, . 
and from the data collected in ten states, where approxi- 
mately 130 thousand acres of forest property was owned 
by sixty-seven communities, I came to the conclusion 
that a total of 250 thousand acres of communal forests — 
for the entire country was a very conservative estimate. 
Since then no doubt the area has increased somewhat, 
but to what extent I do not know. 

I believe it is safe to make the prediction that in the 

(Continued on page 113) 


MOHE first evidence of white pine blister rust was found 
= last September, when diseased cultivated black cur- 
bushes were located at Vancouver, B. C., by the 
vincial plant pathologist. The scouting which fol- 
ed brought to light infected cultivated black currants 
a number of points on Vancouver Island and on the 
nland as far south as Chilliwack, B.C. A few in- 

planted white a: and Cembran pine were found 

Vancouver. In the State of Washington, during No- 
ve and December, rust-infected cultivated black 
ants were found near Sumas City, Mount Vernon, 
and.Port Townsend. At Mount Vernon three 
western white pines showed signs of young 


nde! 


ars. 


e presence of diseased black currants is a serious 


ASTER RUST APPEARS IN THE PUGET SOUND REGION 


By S. B. Detwiler 


hibiting shipments of nursery stock of white pines, cur- 
rants or gooseberries. 

A conference to consider the best means of dealing 
with the blister rust situation was held at Portland, Ore- 
gon, on December 19-20, 1921. The conference was 
called by H. P. Barss, chairman for the Western Advisory 
Board of American Plant Pathologists, and was com- 
posed of about seventy-five representatives of lumber- 
men’s associations, forestry and conservation associa- 
tions, state foresters, agricultural commissioners, plant 
pathologists, railway officials, nurserymen and timber 
owners. Officials of the Canadian and British Columbia 
governments and members of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture were in attendance at the invita- 
tion of the conference. The conference first 


because it is only 


gave consideration to all 


gh the agency of cur- 
or gooseberry bushes 


ee 


DISTRIBUTION OF FIVE-NEEDLE PINES 
ee MIRTE PINE BLISTER RUST IN THE WEST: 


available facts on the 
situation, and through a 


( the blister rust spreads & Se 6/ Beer ‘. a number of committees, 
. | FG ' 9 SSS ite Fines(P.monticola, . 
one pine tree to an- Mee - ine aass Haein ig pot worked out a plan of action 
t x Fortunately, in the ‘Bes Yancouve es flexilis.P aristata,Pbalfouriana ! uniting national, state and 
N get Sound region, to E& g Caquitiany RY tin I] private agencies toward 
\ ich the rust infection Courtenay AG ar SAIN 0 totected Ribge (Currants ana”! preventing the further 
N ears to be confined Nanaimo TORS | AN ‘ Goose berries ). spread of infection, and if 
: ae A New Westmins Bret a SS “S \S SM a-intectsd White Pi | ibl : h 
Q ite pi wont CSS aN ine) ossible, to st 
t d white piles are few eet — it Rea) KC Ni ' I Be stamp out the 
% the native western Everett UE YEAS x i disease entirely on the Pa- 
RES NGG 
‘ I 


pines are sparsely dis- 
uted, forming less than 
per cent of the forest. 
d currants and goose- 


es arepresent through- ij ne 
: this region, but the one “) < a 


is most common is \ \ 
wn to be highly resist- { 
to rust infection. Plants \ 
other species are scarce i 
t in marshy places. 
kinds of currants and 
eberries harbor the 
it to a greater or less ex- 
but cultivated black 
rants are particularly 
sceptible to infection. At 
tically all points where the blister rust was found 
the Far West, it was confined entirely to cultivated 
k currants. Only two bushes of wild currants were 
nd diseased out of thousands examined, and the ma- 
of black currants examined were free from the 
This fact, and the age of the cankers found on 
he diseased pines, indicates that the blister rust was 
introduced recently. This is borne out by failure to find 
e disease previously, although considerable scouting 
has been done each year in the Puget Sound territory 
since 1917. At Vancouver the rust was present as early 
as 1916, before the establishment of the quarantine pro- 


Sa ES 


OR OR TRO 


a 


AROS 


Ps 


Or >; 


ok, 
7 


cific Coast. Some of these 
measures consist of addi- 
tional quarantine restric- 
tions in Washington and 
British Columbia, the gen- 
eral destruction of culti- 
vated black currants as a 
public nuisance in the 
Northwestern States, and 
the conduct of necessary 
investigational and scout- 
ing work as soon as pos- 
sible. Cultivated valleys 
and a wide arid belt form 
a natural barrier to the 
spread of the rust from the 
Puget Sound region to the 
principal commercial white pine forests of Idaho and 
western Montana. British Columbia has already placed 
the needed quarantines, and is contemplating scouting 
and other action to determine the best means of cooperat- 
ing effectively with the western states. 

The Western spirit of cooperation prevailed at the con- 
ference. The Pacific Coast Nurserymen’s Association 
and railway officials offered aid in scouting for the dis- 
ease and in quarantine enforcement. Several nurserymen 
voluntarily offered to destroy all. black currants and white 
pines in their nurseries. State officials in Washington, 


Oregon, California, Idaho and Montana offered the serv- 


98 AMERICAN 


ices of nearly one thousand employes to aid in control 
work for short periods aggregating about twenty thou- 
sand man-days and valued at $70,000 to $80,000. Forest 
fire associations offered similar help during periods when 
weather conditions permit. LLumbermen’s associations 
stand ready to contribute funds and any needed assist- 
ance, as well as exterminating any blister rust infection 
found on their own or adjacent holdings. A committee 
consisting of W. D. Humiston, chairman; C. A. Clark, 
H. P. Barss and C. S. Chapman as executive secretary, 
was elected to carry out the plans of the conference. The 
general sentiment was that the situation was serious, but 
had many hopeful elements, and that prompt action will 
prevent general infection such as has occurred in the 
East. 

The situation in the eastern white pine area is both 
darker and brighter. It is darker because the spread ot 
blister rust infection has been so great during the past 
few years that the disease is now general throughout the 
white pine regions of New England and northeastern 
New York, and portions of Wisconsin and Minnesota. 


OUR VANISHING TIMBER SUPPLY A SERIOUS PROBLEM 


HE outstanding points in our present serious situa- 

tion as to timber supply are the disappearance of 
three-fifths of the virgin forests of the country, a present 
drain upon our remaining forests over four times their 
yearly production of wood, and the accumulation of 
enormous areas of denuded and idle forest lands,” says 
Chief Forester W. B. Greeley in his annual report to the 
Secretary of Agriculture. 

“The past year,” according to the report, “has been 
notable for general discussion of the forestry situation 
in both its national and local aspects and the considera- 
tion of remedies. To a considerable degree this discus- 
sion has centered around proposed measures of Federal 
legislation. 

“Tt is increasingly evident,” says Colonel Greeley, 
“that whatever legislation may be enacted and whatever 
governmental agencies may be involved, two principles 
must be recognized in putting the United States upon 
a self-sustaining basis in timber production. The first 
is that, because of the long-term nature of timber crops 
and the foresight necessary to meet future national needs, 
the public has an interest in forest lands not common to 
most forms of private property and most comparable 
to its interest in the operation of recognized public utili- 
ties. This public interest must be satisfied in the manner 
of handling forest lands. The second principle is that 
the production of timber is an economic process, govern- 
ed by economic laws. 

“The State or the Nation may insist that forest 
lands be productive rather than idle; but in so doing it 
can not avoid its own responsibility for reducing the 
general risks and losses attendant upon timber produc- 
tion, which have often made it a hazardous or unprofita- 
ble undertaking. The two outstanding respects in which 
public co-operation with the land owner is necessary, asa 


FORESTRY 


The bulk of the white pines are still free from infec: 
but it can be found in almost any pine lot north of a 
running from Boston to Lake George. The infecti 
that hit the pines in 1919 was heavier than ever befo: 
and the results will be serious to the pine in the infected 
regions if currants and gooseberries remain in proximi 
to the pine. The principal danger lies in pine o 
remaining in ignorance of the true conditions until it. 
too late to save the existing pine crop. d 


The bright side of the situation is that the result 
control work done in 1916-18 prove conclusively that th 
blister rust can be effectively controlled at modera 
cost. The methods are simple to learn and any 
pine woodlot may be protected. All that is requi 
to pull up wild and cultivated currant and gooseb 
bushes that grow within 900 feet of the pines to be 
tected. Investigation during the past year has sh 
that this action is entirely effective in preventing fu 
ravages of the blister rust in those areas where the w 
was done systematically. ; 


corollary to regulating the use of his property, ar 
ganized protection against forest fires and the adios mer 
of taxes on timber lands so as to secure their employmen 
for growing successive crops. zi 

“The Forest Service has initiated hie year an impor 
tant step toward the restoration of America’s fores' 
declares the forester. “This is a comprehensive stt 
of the requirements in protection and reforestation 
essary to keep forest lands productive in each impo 
region of the United States. This study has been 
dertaken in co-operation with the State foresters, 
berland owners, representatives of forest industry 
ganizations, and forest schools. Its purpose is to P 
concrete terms just what ‘forestry regulations’ 
in the southern pine belt, Appalachian hardwoods, o: 
Lake States. Instead of dealing in general terms, i 
bring the forestry movement down to specific 
which are to be done in the woods, as minimum 
dards. 

The subjects for Federal legislation now most ur, 
according to the Chief Forester, are: 

(1) The extension of Federal cooperation in the 
tection of all classes of forest land from fire; such ¢ 
operation not to be limited to the watersheds of na 
gable streams, as at present, but to be available on 
forest lands within States prepared to join in co-operati 
efforts. (2) The extension of public forest owners 
by incorporating within National Forests public lar 
not under Federal ownership or control which are ada 
ed primarily to growing timber or the protection of w 
tersheds ; by acquiring cut-over forest lands within or ad- — 
joining National Forests through exchanges; and by 
purchasing forest lands with a view both to the pro-— 
tection of navigable watersheds and to the restoration of — 
forests on areas now denuded and idle. 


BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS FOR THE SOUTH 


By F. L. Mulford 


I N passing from northern Canada southward, there is a 

transition from forests composed almost entirely of 
coniferous evergreens to those in which there are a large 
proportion of deciduous trees, while along the Gulf of 
Mexico many broad-leaved evergreens are found mingled 
with the others. Where the country is covered almost ex- 
clusively by coniferous evergreens the firs and spruces 
largely predominate. When the latitude is reached where 
many deciduous trees are to be found the pines and hem- 
locks become the more prominent species, but where 
the broad-leaved evergreens appear plentifully in the na- 
tive vegetation only a few species of coniferous trees are 
to be found. 

Wise planters observe these natural tendencies and 
adapt their planting schemes with these facts in mind. 
The style of the design and the purpose of the planting 
is of course of major importance, but on the other hand 
all plant material must be adapted to the place where it 
is to be grown in order for it to succeed. If a strictly 
formal planting is to be made the natural conditions 
may often be so modified that entirely different plants 
may be grown than could be grown under the usual con- 
ditions of the immediate neighborhood. Formal land- 


scape design presupposes adequate gardening attention 
and skill in maintenance so that unusual plants for the 
neighborhood may be successfully grown where it is more 
appropriate for the effect to be produced that these should 
be used. On the other hand, where only a minimum of 
care or skill is available for maintenance then informal 
design with native and other easily handled material is 
almost imperative. 

There are many intermediate gradations of relation- 
ship between the strictly forma! design with strictly for- 
mal plantings and the informal design with informal 
plantings as for example the forma! design in which the 
details of the plantings are informal. In spite of the 
plantings in such a design being designated as informal 
they must have much more attention than informal 
plantings in an informal design. Although a spirit of in- 
formality is admissable in such plantings, on the other 
hand the plants are closely associated with formal lines 
and therefore may not become too rampant for their loca- 
tion and yet on the other hand must not lag unduly or 
there is an apparent gap that spoils the effect. Although 
less work is required to maintain such plantings than 
strictly formal ones a high degree of intelligence is needed 


Ji 


“Soy Speer 
™ fa . 


AN OLD-FASHIONED GARDEN WITH BOX-EDGED WALKS 


The dwarf box is intimately associated in the common mind with the delightful old-fashioned gardens found on so many of the 
old colonial homes in the South, where it is almost invariably found edging the fragrant, spicy flower beds. 


100 AMERICAN 


A GOOD INDIVIDUAL SPECIMEN OF THE TREE BOX 


The tree box is often used as a hedge in gardens, but is quite 
as well adapted to clump or individual use, the foliage holding 
its beautiful, shiny color throughout the year. 


and the plants must be well chosen for the conditions to 
be met. 

In the Southern States as in other parts of the coun- 
try plantings should include a liberal amount of ever- 
green plants so that the winter landscape will be interest- 
ing as well as that of other seasons of the year. Although 
the shorter winters make a shorter season in which the 
deciduous plants are without foliage than farther north 
yet the season of denuded branches is sufficiently long 
to require attention especially when planning for home 
surroundings. Then too, frequently balmy days dur- 
ing the season seem to make a special appeal for foliage 
in evidence. Although the coniferous evergreens 
and intro- 
scarce, yet 


native to this region are comparatively few 
duced species that succeed are correspondingly 
there is a wealth of attractive broad-leaved evergreens 
that more than compensate for the few species of the 
conifers that do well under the conditions. 

One of the best known of this class of evergreens 
the box. This is associated in the minds 


for the south is 


of all with the old time gardens and is to be found in 


f those that date back a hundred years or more. 
It is not exclusively a southern plant as it will grow even 
England in favored spots. There are two dis- 
types; the one popularly called box bush (Buxus 
‘ing a low growing shrub with small leaves, 


1 age some times attaining a height of seven feet, 
d box tree (Burrus sempervirens) is a much 


ib with longer and relatively narrower leaves, 


age sometimes attaining a height of fifteen 


lage of the dwarf box is a lighter 


FORESTRY 


green than that of the tree box, but both are rather 
shiny and keep their characteristic color throughout the 
season, not varying as with many evergreen plants. Both 
plants are largely used for hedges and are also well adapt- 
ed for use as clumps and as single specimens. The tree 
box has been used as a hedge in many of the old gardens 
and through neglect at.some time in their life the bushes 
have grown clear above the walks and covered them over, 
leaving the walk in an arch of green. From the walk the 
trunks and branches of the bushes may be seen with the 
foliage beyond, while from without there is simply the 
mass of green foliage. These plants both withstand prun- 
ing well, and will even recover from very severe pruning. 
They are of slow growth and for that reason are often of 
more value than more rapid growing plants. 

Another of the better known broad-leaved evergreens 
is the azalea. There are two distinct types of these plants 
grown in the south. One is the dwarf hardy evergreen 
azalea (Azalea amoena) a low shrub two to three feet 
high with small leaves that turn bronze in the winter. The 
plants are thick and bushy and form good, low ornamental 
hedges. The flowers are purplish red, borne in great pro- 
fusion during a period of nearly or quite three weeks. It 
is hardy all through the south and north into New Eng- 
land. The other type is the Indian azalea (Azalea indica). 
This species has a large number of varieties that vary 
from white to all shades of pink, red and purple, with 
splotched and striped forms in both single and double 
flowers. The leaves are much larger than in the dwarf 
azalea and a dark green. There is a great difference in 
the hardiness of the different varieties, one of the sub- 


DWARF EVERGREEN AZALEA 


This is a low shrub (Azalea amoena) splendid for ornamental 
hedge use. The plants are thick and bushy, with purplish 
red flowers and small leaves that turn bronze in winter. 


BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN 


species known as alba being hardy as far north as Boston, 
but many of the varieties will not stand the conditions far 


from the South Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts. Some of 
the varieties, with age, un- 
der favorable conditions, at- 
tain a height of twenty feet 
or more, while others nor- 
mally attain a height of 
only six or eight feet. 
There seems to belittle in- 
formation available as to 
the different varieties and 
practically no firms at- 
tempt to handle named va- 
rieties of the types common 
through the south. The 
named varieties on the 
market are largely of re- 
cent European origin or at 
least of recent importation. 
Tt would seem well worth 
while for a study of the ex- 
isting varieties to be made 
and the best of them to be 


propagated and put on the market in a systematic way. 
A favorite evergreen in the warmer parts of the 


SHRUBS FOR THE SOUTH 


THE LARGE EVERGREEN AZALEA 


The beauty of the azalea in bloom, which is luxuriant and per- 


sistent. 


south 


The foliage turns a rich bronze in winter. 


desired, as it wil! withstand severe pruning well. 


101 


from Wilmington, North Carolina, southward along the 
Atlantic and westward along the Gulf of Mexico is the 


Camellia (Camellia japon- 
ica) known widely as Jap- 
onica. Camellias are hand- 
some, sweet-scented flow- 


ers in white and various 
shades of pink and red, 
with various mottlings and 
pencilings in single, semi- 
double and double forms. 
They are waxy in appear- 
ance and the leaves are a 
bright shiny green. 

The American holly (J/- 
ex opaca) is an evergreen 
tree that is 
throughout the south, where 
the 


north, where it appears on 


well known 


it is native, and in 
the market in large quan- 
tities at Christmas time for 
Although this 
makes a large tree it can 


decorations. 


be used where a hedge is 
How- 


ever, where a shrub or smaller growing plant is desired 


Keeping the 


EVERGREEN PRIVET 


AMONG 


DECIDUOUS SHRUBBERY 


berries, which attract the birds all winter. 


garden places green all winter, this shrub is familiarly known by its thick, dark, shining leaves and its beautiful 


102 AMERICAN 


than the American holly the English holly (Jlex aqui- 
folium) may be used. This will hardly attain a height 
of over twenty feet and it has the same lustrous foliage. 
There are many named varieties of the English holly 
each with different shape of leaf or habit of growth, so 
that almost any reasonable desire could be gratified, In 
general, however, the leaves are very much like the 
American holly and it has the added attraction of bearing 
red berries in even greater abundance than the Ameri- 
can holly. It, like the American holly, bears the staminate 
and pistillate flowers on different plants so that to insure 
berries it is important to have both sorts of plants close 
to one another. These may be obtained either by pur- 
chasing trees that have been 


FORESTRY 


dark shining leaves. It grows to a height of two to four 
feet and has an abundance of black berries. 

In order to successfully transplant the American holly 
it is essential that all the leaves be removed at the time of 
transplanting and the same practice should be followed 
with the other native hollies and it would probably be best 
to treat all the hollies.in the same manner unless it is 
possible to get nursery grown plants with unusually good 
balls of earth about the roots. 

The evergreen euonymus (Euonymus japonicus) is a 
dense upright shrub with large, glossy evergreen leaves 
with slightly wavy margins. It attains a height of eight 
feet, but is rather formal in outline. The leaves hold 
their lustrous color all 
through the winter even as 


grafted from trees that 
have the characters that 
are desired, or by selecting 
the appropriate plants after 
tney have reached sufficient 
size to flower and show 
their characteristics. This 
holly is not hardy much 
north of Washington. 

The Japanese holly (llex+ 
crenata) is a small holly 
that has many — small 
branches more suggestive 
ot the Japanese barberry 
than the other hollies in its 
genera! character of 
The leaves are 
small, suggestive of box- 
wood, and wavy edged in- 


growth, 


stead of being sharp 
toothed. The berries are 
black and therefore not 


showy like those of the 
other two plants just men- 
tioned. An attractive na- 
tive holly is the Yaupon 
(Ilex vomitoria) or cas- 
sena that is much used 


far north as New York — 
City. There is a form that 
has leaves variegated with 
golden yellow. Where a 
variegated plant is war- 
ranted this is one of the 
best. There is also a dwarf 
form with small narrow 
foliage known as the small 
leaved evergreen euony- 
mus (FE. japonicus micro- 
phyllus or sometimes £. 
pulchellus). It is useful in 
foreground planting or for 
low ‘borders or hedges. 
The Japanese privet 
(Ligustrum japonicum) is 
very similar in appearance 
to the evergreen euonymus 
just mentioned and has si-. 
milar uses. The leaves, if 
anything, are somewhat 
darker and sometimes the 
mid-rib and margin are 
reddish. The flowers of this 
_ shrub are almost white, fol- 


along the Gulf as a hedge 
plant and also makes an at- 
speci- 


tractive 
men. Its leaves are wavy 
edged like the Japanese holly without the prickles of the 


English and American hollies. 


individual 


They hang on until the 
new leaves are about to appear, so it is hardly a true ever- 
green. The berries are scarlet and very abundant. It is 
native near the coast from Virginia southward. It at- 
tains a height of twelve or fifteen feet. Another similar 
native holly is the Dahoon (Jlex dahoon), which also has 
spineless leaves that are shed just as the new leaves ap- 
pear. It is native farther inland than the yaupon as well 

in the same area. This, too, makes almost a small tree. 
r native holly that is truly a shrub is the gall-berry 
berry (Ilex glabra). This is a true evergreen with 


THE HOLLY-LEAVED TEA OLIVE 


This is found hardy as far north as Washington. 
is the variegated form of the creeping euonymous. 


lowed by bluish black ber- 
ries. It will ultimately at- 
tain a. height of twenty 
feet or more. Another Jap- 
anese privet-is Ligustrum 
lucidum, which has thick dark shining leaves that are 
also very attractive. It does not get quite so large as the 
one just mentioned. Another smaller Japanese -privet 
with immense dark green leaves is Ligustrum microphyl- 
lum. This attains a height of 12 or 15 feet. 

Among the best known of the characteristic southern 
plants to the casual visitor is probably the cape jasmine 
or gardenia (Gardenia florida). This is & small shrub 
with dark glossy green leaves and exceedingly fragrant, 
handsome white flowers. The shrub attains a height of 
six feet and bears flowers all summer. It is not hardy 
north of the coast region of Virginia and the less moun- 
tainous sections of Tennessee. There is also a dwarf 


The edging 


BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN 


form known, Gardenia radicans, that is most useful where 
a low plant is desirable. ; 

The Carolina cherry or the mock orange of the south, 
especially of the Carolinas (Prunus caroliniana) is a small 
evergreen tree with rather large dark green leaves. It 
bears panicles of small white flowers in spring which are 
followed by small black berries in the fall. It is adapted 
to planting as single specimens, in clumps as screens or 
back grounds, and also as hedges as it responds to pruning 
well. When permitted to grow as a tree it will attain a 
height of more than twenty feet. In some of the towns 
in South Carolina it is occasionally found as a street tree, 
_ although it is too small a tree for this purpose. 

The Tea Olive, Sweet 
Olive, or Fragrant Olive as 
it is variously called (Os- 
manthus fragrans or some 
times Olea fragrans), is 
valued for its very sweet 
odor in connection with its 
clusters of rather small 
white flowers and dark 
evergreen foliage. It should 
be used where a plant un- 
der six feet in height is 
desired. A close relative 
of this is the holly-leaved 
olive that has leaves much 
like the holly and whose 
habit of growth is similar 
to the English holly. This 

plant bears fragrant small 
‘white flowers in autumn. 

It is hardy as far north as 
Washington, while the tea 
Olive is not hardy much 
north of Wilmington, 
North Carolina. 

-The Japanese laurel or 
aucuba (Aucuba japonica) 
is another low growing 
plant that is useful for 
home ground planting. This 
also attains a height of 
about six feet under favor- 
able conditions. It pre- 
_ fers partial shade and an abundance of moisture. There 
is a variegated form that is probably better known than 
the type or green form. This is beautifully marked with 
yellow and when used sparingly either with the green- 
leaved form or with masses of other evergreens attrac- 
tive results can be obtained. It is well to plant the au- 
cuba in groups so as to insure having both pistillate and 
Staminate plants in order that they may bear the showy 
Scarlet berries that hang on for a long time. This plant 
seems to withstand city conditions remarkably well. There 
is another species, Aucuba viridis, with narrow leaves and 
more dwarf habit, which is hardy as far north as Wash- 


ington. 


bearing showy, scarlet berries. 


AUCUBA JAPONICA, OR JAPANESE LAUREL 


There is also a variegated form of this lovely shrub, known by 
its striking yellow markings. A fine plant for the home grounds 


SHRUBS FOR THE SOUTH 103. 


The English or cherry laurel (Laurocerasus) is known 
by several species in the warmer parts of the south, all 
of which are very attractive and are highly prized by 
those who possess them. They will thrive in the eastern 
part of North Carolina and half way or more across the 
other states south of there that border on the Atlantic or 
the Gulf, including a fringe of Texas. Some of the spe- 
cies of English laurel are Laurocerasus Bertini with very 
broad dark green foliage; L. colchica, with foliage having 
a dark green upper surface and a gray green beneath; 
L. caucasica, with large broad foliage of a light green; 
L. viridis, with short broad light green leaves. These 
plants are of vigorous growth in any ordinarily good soil 
and are of easy culture. 
The foliage is shiny and 
they are well suited for 
screens ten or twelve feet 


high. 
The laurel of classic 
countries is still another 


plant and is also known as 
Bay Tree (Laurus nobilis). 
This is perfectly hardy 
over a good portion of the 
South and makes a hand- 
some small tree. It re- 
sponds well to pruning, as 
is shown by the way it is 
used in formal gardening, 
where sheared specimens 
are required. Even in the 
north, where it is neces- 
sary to winter them under. 
glass, large numbers are 
used for the sake of the 
summer effect they will 
produce. They are grown 
largely in tubs in the north, 
but in the south this is not 
necessary, as they can be 
wintered in the open 
ground without protection. 

Another laurel that is of 
great value in all parts of 
the south but the warmest 
portions and the limestone 
regions is the Mountain !aurel (Kalmia latifolia) a native 
of many parts of the south and as handsome a plant as 
any that have been mentioned in this article. The foliage 
is good size and of a deep glossy green, not as large nor 
as dark as many of the plants described. In late spring or 
two or three weeks after the oaks come into leaf the 
bushes are covered with little cluster cups, pink outside 
and white inside. The plants will grow well in dense 
shade, but bloom best where they receive an abundance of 
sunlight. 

The photinia (Photinia serulata) is a dense shrub or 
small tree with large leaves of unusual texture or surface, 
which give it a sort of velvety appearance with a mix- 


104 AMERICAN 
ture of sage green and suggestion of brown with reddish 
tinge to the midrib and larger veins, the whole foliage be- 
coming more markedly red late in the season. It bears 
small white flowers in large corymbs in early spring. 
Another unusual and attractive plant is the strawberry 
tree (Arbutus unedo). It attains a height of fifteen feet, 
has glossy, dark green foliage and bears white bell-shaped 
flowers in abundance that are followed by red fruits that 


hang on until late the following winter. 


THE BEAUTIFUL JAPAN OLEASTER 


With their lovely silvery undersized leaves the oleasters give de- 
cided variety from the invariable dark shades of the ever- 
greens. 


Throughout the north the Virburnums are among the 
most useful of deciduous shrubs, including several native 
species of great attraction as wel! as the common snow- 
ball, a double form of a European species. In addition 
there are two Japanese varieties that are deservedly pop- 
ular. But for the South there are three evergreen spe- 
cies*that are even more attractive than their deciduous 
relatives. Probably the best is the !aurustinus (Viburnum 
tinus), which attains a height of ten feet with medium- 
sized, glossy leaves. The red buds begin to appear in 
November and ‘keep getting larger and redder through 
the winter, bpening’ about February into creamy white, 


fragrant flowers that remain open a long time. Two other 


FORESTRY 


good species are V. suspensum and V. odoratis simum, 

Another valuable genus of plants for planting with 
those already mentioned are the Japan oleasters because 
the foliage gives variety from the dark greens so much 
mentioned. Simon’s oleaster (Elaeagnus simoni), is sil- 
very on the under side and when the leaves are moved 
in the wind it makes a very attractive contrast to the dark 
tone of many of the evergreens. Elaecagnus pungens has 
this same characteristic, as does also Elaeagnus ma 
crophylla which has large leaves with wavy edges. Two 
small leaved varieties without so characteristic an under 
color are E. microphylla and E. buxifolia. 

The Japanese Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), is a 
representative of a large group of plants used effectively 
in California. It succeeds well in the South and is well 
worthy of culture as it can be used as a hedge or where- 
ever severe pruning might be required, as well as for a 
specimen in the open. 

The Japanese Nandina (Nandina domestica) is anoth- 


CREEPING EUONYMOUS USED AS A GROUND COVER 


This is the dwarf form of the plant which is often used in fore- 
ground planting or for low borders or hedges. 


er plant that will relieve the severity of too much dark 
It has several reed-like stems from the same root, 
the young leaves being tinged with red while the winter 
foliage is bronze. The flowers are white followed by 
bright red berries that hang on all winter. 


green. 


BADGERS AND WOLVERENES 


By R. W. Shufeldt 


(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR AND OTHERS.) 


N the North American fauna we have the American 
badger, the California badger, the Mexican badger 
and the Santa Anita badger. Essentially, they present 
the same anatomical structure, while their differences 
are chiefly to be found in their sizes and in the color- 
variations of their pelts. Our American badger is the 
type of the group. 

Badgers are, for the most part, clumsy animals, with 
stout and squat forms, as though they had been flattened 
out from above, downwards; and this flattening includes 
both head and tail, the latter being rather stout and 
broad. The fur is fairly soft, with a general diffuse color- 


present article, we may select the photograph of an un- 
usually large male American badger, which the writer 
collected at Fort Wingate, New Mexico, on the four- 
ceenth of August, 1887. This animal was thirty-two 
inches in length, and presented the markings of a typical 
American badger, although it was shot well within the 
range of the Mexican form. 

Badgers live in burrows which they dig themselves; 
and in some parts of the West the writer has seen these 
burrows very numerous in small areas. Although they 
were all the work of badgers, many of them had been 
dug to secure gophers, prairie marmots, mice, and other 


THE BADGER OF SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 


This specimen was collected by the writer in New Mexico many years ago, and the photograph shows very well all the charac- 


ters of the animal. 


ation, distinct markings occurring, as a rule, osly about 
the head. Being inveterate diggers by habit, they have 
stout legs, with feet armed with immense claws, especially 
the forefeet. 

It has been the writer’s good fortune to study badgers 
in various parts of the United States, from the Yellow- 
stone River to New Mexico and Arizona. He has had 
them alive for a long time; shot, dissected and described 
them, and studied them in nature and in zoological gar- 
dens. Large series of skins have also been studied in 
museums and in private collections. To illustrate the 


Note that the black patch is in front of the ear and not behind it. 


rodents, upon which they prey; and these burrows, 
often covering several acres or more, are a source of 
constant annoyance and actual danger to travelers on 
horseback in those regions. The writer remembers rid- 
ing over the prairie at full speed on one occasion, with 
a shotgun in his hand, held at the grip; his object was 
to surprise a flock of geese that had come down in a 
slough behind some cover, and this was a_ favorite 
method of hunting them on the prairie. When within one 
hundred yards of the slough his horse ran one of its 
forelegs deep down into a badger burrow, the shock 


AMERICAN 


AN OLD BADGER OUT OF HIS BURROW 


This figure gives a very excellent representation of the animal 
as it walks. Observe that the feet are semi-plantigrade, or very 
like those of a bear. (From A. C. Gould’s “Where to Hunt 
American Game.”) 


threw the writer clear over the horse’s head; and, as 
he landed, his gun struck the ground on the end of the 
muzzle, completely shattering the stock at the grip. 
However, the horse was on its feet again in an instant, 
luckily unhurt, as the soil was very soft and had given 
way before its stiffened limb. 

It is said that where the food supply is unusually 
abundant, and other conditions are good, badgers will 
come together in large numbers, but personally the 
writer has never seen anything of this kind, and it has 
been his experience to have met with not more than 
eight or ten families living in one community, cover- 
ing a limited area. Scores of burrows were present, but 
the majority of them were far too small to be occupied 
by badgers. 

These creatures are shy and timid by nature; still, when 
the even tenor of their way is interfered with, they can 
be extremely ugly animals to handle and overcome. 
None of the Canidae found in this region especially 
care about engaging one in an encounter, as it is quite 
likely that the badger would come out victorious. His 
jaws have a tremendous grip and power; and as for any 
other animal attacking one in its burrow, no such case 
is known in so far as the writer is aware. In fact, its 
principal enemy is man, who destroys it by the thou- 
sands for the sake of its pretty pelt; and the hair of the 
badger has long been used for the blenders of artists, 
for shaving and for other soft brushes. 

But on the other hand, badgers are, in a way, useful 
to man, as they destroy untold numbers of destructive 
and the insects, snails and snakes that they 
occasionally prey upon may or may not be man’s best 


rodents; 


FORESTRY 


friends from an economic standpoint. In unsettled parts 
of the West the badger is ever on the increase; but he is — 
being gradually exterminated as the country settles up, 
although the chances are that he will hold his own for 
an indefinite length of time in many localities. When 
his usual bill of fare runs a little short he finds no trouble 
in subsisting upon small birds, if he can manage to cap- 
ture them on their nests; or, he will eat their eggs. He 
will also eat some kinds of fruits and roots if need be. 
Badgers are rarely seen out of their burrows in the 
daytime, and this is the reason that, traveling over the 
western plains, one so seldom sees a badger, although 
their burrows are very numerous and every indication 
exists of the presence of these animals. They chiefly 
come forth at night; and it is the rarest thing in the 
world to find a pair together on this occasion—day or 
night. For some reason or other, the sexes pursue their 
avocations usually apart. In sections where they are 
plenty, we may occasionally catch an old fellow away 
from his stronghold, when he will be seen to literally 
flatten himself out like a big, soft-shelled turtle. In this 
shape he will squat down and look like a little mound of 


such many a time. If not too far away to make a run 
for it, he will try to creep cautiously back to his den un- 
observed, but this attempt sometimes costs him his life. — 

Many years ago, when hunting in Wyoming, the writer 
once surprised a large badger in this way, but did not 
sight him until he was within about twenty feet of his” 
burrow. The piece carried on this occasion was a double- 
barrelled shotgun, loaded with buckshot. The shot fired — 
at him apparently wounded him in several places, for he 
made the dust and stones fly as he rolled over and over 
in his rage. However, he suddenly pulled himself to- 
gether and actually got into his burrow before a second 
shot could be given him, or before he could be head 
off. Sometimes when one runs into his burrow, he may 
suddenly appear again in a moment or two at its en- 
trance to inspect the intruder; and the writer has seet 


THE SKULL OF AN OLD MALE BADGER 


The badger’s skull is built along the line of great strength, and 
it has a wonderful set of teeth. Note the smali, shallow orbit 
and the peculiar articulation of the lower jaw. Not only can 
the animal give a fearful bite, but it can hold on to its victim 

with great tenacity. (Considerably reduced.) ; 


. 


ans take advantage of this habit by running up to the 
burrow and deliberately kill the animal with a pistol shot 
he showed his head. In those days Indians used also 
frequently capture them by running upon them on 
horseback, dismounting as near as possible, completing 
‘the chase, and catching them on foot. 

_ The captive badger which the writer had at Fort Win- 
gate, New Mexico, was an old one, and soon became 
“quite tame ; when in good humor he allowed one to stroke 
handle him. He was fed principally upon raw meat, 
ut he ate nearly everything that was offered him; more- 
he was very fond of water, and he drank a good 
deal of it. He has seen Indians eat badgers, but they 
will also eat skunks and the uncooked intestines of wa- 
'and buffalo—or rather they did, when buffalo were 
. Having often skinned both old and young 
dgers, the odor that came from them was quite enough 
to deter the writer from ever entertaining the idea of 
ing upon them, however served. This odor is rank 
foul to the very limit of one’s imagination. 

In regions where they have severe winters, badgers 
‘probably remain during the cold spell in a more or less 
dormant state within the stronghold of their deep bur- 
“rows; but they are quite fat, however, when they appear 
‘in the spring. At this time it is an easy matter to drown 
“them out of their dens, as the ground is frozen and hard, 
and the water runs straight to the bottom of their bur- 
ows ; the poor, surprised creatures must come to the sur- 


PSS TS ee Te ar ry 


BADGERS AND WOLVERENES 


107 


face—so it is death to them either way. There is more 
of an excuse for this interesting animal to hibernate than 
for his remote relative, the bear; for what could a badger 
find to eat after the winter had set in? Surely, no grass- 
hoppers or other insects, and no snakes. Then, too, the 
ground is as hard as flint rock, and it would take him 
more than a day to dig out any of his rodent neighbors, 
even were he able to do it at all. Good, sound hiberna- 
tion is his only salvation. 

Badgers are sometimes caught in steel and other traps; 
but it takes a very expert trapper to accomplish this, and 
even such will fail nine times out of ten. 

Beyond the mere fact that the American badger mates 
in the spring, little or nothing is known about the repro- 
duction of this species or its congeners. The reader may 
have seen very young ones in zoological gardens. So 
far as one can judge, there seem to be three or four 
to the litter, and they make their appearance occasionally 
during the daytime. 

A red badger was once seen by the writer; but he was 
wet, and had been digging in red clay; and no doubt 
albino badgers have existed—perhaps, too, cases of mel- 
anism have occurred among them, as all mammals are 
subject to these peculiar states, though no examples may 
ever have been seen by man. 

The author of “Fur-bearing Animals” has aptly called 
the badger a “timid” animal. And “so it is, in the sense 
that it avoids rather than confronts impending danger; 


Pn 


Sag SO OR CRE 


AN OLD BADGER WITH A FAMILY OF THREE 


| The writer obtained the photograph of this group in the Mammal Hall of the United States National Museum. : 
; by the late Mr. William Palmer, and through the courtesy of the Museum's authorities it illustrates the story of the badger’s 
home life as here told. Note the Striped Prairie Squirrel the old one has in its mouth, 


It was mounted 


108 AMERICAN 


THE SKULL OF AN OLD MALE WOLVERENE 


In proportion to its size, the wolverene possesses a more for- 
midable set of teeth than a grizzly bear; in fact, the entire skull 
of this animal is a structure of the most massive character, to a 
greater degree than in any other mammal of its size in America. 
(Reduced one half.) 


but this is simply the instinctive prudence and discretion 
of a creature which prefers the absolute immunity of its 
subterranean resorts to the chances of unequal combat 
in which it is at disadvantage. Certainly no lack of 
courage, determination and physical endurance is seen 
when the creature, captured or cut off from its retreat, 
is brought to bay. Its pluck is then as conspicuous as its 
really formidable strength. The cruel sport of ‘badger- 
baiting’ is sometimes indulged in in the West; and if the 
animal be given a barrel or similar retreat in which it 
is secure from attack in the rear, it may prove more than 
a match for a strong dog. Indeed, the fighting qualities 
of the badger, and the stubborn resistance it offers at 
whatever unfair odds, have supplied our language with 
a word of peculiar significance: to ‘badger’ is to beset 
on all sides and harass and worry. The stout, thick-set 
and depressed shape of the animal is greatly in its favor, 
combining with the long, loose hair to prevent a dog from 
reaching vulnerable parts, and to embarrass it in attempt- 
ing to take hold; the snap of the jaws inflicts a serious 
wound ; and, finally, the tenacity of life is at a high rate.” 

The range of the American badger extends from north 
latitude 58 degrees southward to Oklahoma, and west- 
ward to the Rocky Mountains ; and formerly it was found 
as far East as the state of Ohio. 

There appear to be three species of wolverenes in the 
North American fauna, and they occur in various areas 
in Alaska, British America, and the United States. There 
is also an European species whose form and habits are 
almost identical with our species ; it occurs, too, in north- 
ern Asia, and some zoologists consider this Old World 
form the same as the common American one. The hab- 
its of the various species are pretty much the same every- 
where, while the form to be referred to here is the one 
occurring in the United States. 

This big, bear-like animal is also known as the Glutton 
and as the Carcajou. Its hair is long and shaggy, and 
the creature walks on the soles of its feet. Its general 
color is a blackish brown, described by some as a deep 
purplish brown; this is generally lighter on the top and 


FORESTRY a 


sides of the head, while a chestnut brown band, com- | 
mencing at the shoulders, passes backwards along the 
sides to meet on the rump at the base of the tail. The 
feet, legs and under parts are blackish; the claws are 
dirty white, curved, strong and sharp, the longest one 
fully an inch in length. The front and sides of the head 
are marked by a hoary area, and this varies in ext 
in different specimens. In fact, the pelage of this anin 
varies according to age and season. ‘4 

Owing to its size, three to four feet in length, to its 
thick-set form, short stout legs, low ears, bear-like f 
and to its markings, the wolverene has sometimes 
called “skunk bear.” Although the animal poss 
great strength, it is, withal, a clumsy brute. As it 
ally carries its head and tail low, the back is given 
arched appearance from the neck to the root of the 
which latter is bushy and of some length. Its rem 
ably small eyes are wide apart, and its muzzle is s 
and pointed, while the general form of the head is 
round. The ears are low, resembling those of the Pe 
and its strong jaws resemble those of some of the sh 
muzzled Canidae. A few straggling whiskers are found 
about the mouth, with a few more upon either side of t 
face. We find between the fore limbs and on the thro 
several spots, as in the Marten; and in some specime 
these spots run together into one light-colored 
The palms and the soles of the feet are thickly furre 
but the pads at the base of the toes are naked, as is also 
a bigger one beneath the carpus. 

This sullen and greedy animal has had bestowed up 
it an unusual number of names, both common and tech- 
nical ones. A writer says “probably no youth’s early 
conceptions of the Glutton were uncolored with romance; ~ 
the general picture impressed upon the susceptible mind — 
of that period being that of a ravenous monster of in- 
satiable voracity, matchless strength, and supernatural 
cunning—a terror of all other beasts, the blood-thirsty 
master of the forest. We cannot wonder at the quality 


of the stream when we turn to the fountain-head of such 
£ G 


A MUSEUM SPECIMEN OF THE WOLVERENE 


This fine wolverene is to be seen in one of the exhibition cases ~ 
in the Mammal Hall of the United States National Museum. It — 
was photographed by the author and appears here for the first 
time. 


BADGERS AND 


gross exaggeration. We find it gravely stated that this 
brute will feast upon the carcass of some large animal 
until its belly is swollen as tight as a drum, and then get 
rid of its burden by squeezing itself between two trees, 
in order that it may return to glut itself anew—an al- 
leged climax of gluttony to which no four-footed beast 
attains. We read how the Glutton, too clumsy and tardy 
of foot to overtake large animals, betakes itself to the 


WOLVERENES 109 


lichens to attract its prey, and to employ the friendly 
services of Foxes to drive the quarry beneath the fatal 
spot. I allude to these things, not that such gross ex- 
aggerations longer require refutation, but because they 
are a part, and no inconsiderable one, of the history of 
the species; and because, as we shall see in the sequel, 
a perfectly temperate and truthful narration of the crea- 
ture’s actual habits sufficiently attests the possession of 


TWO VIEWS OF THE WOLVERENE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY 


These excellent representations are of the same mounted animal, giving the characters with great fidelity. 


The prints were 


made especially for American Forestry, and presented by the Director of the Museum. 


trees beneath which they may pass, and there crouches 
in wait for its victim; it drops like a shot upon the un- 
Suspecting Elk, Moose, Reindeer, and, fastening with 
claws and teeth, sucks the blood and destroys them as 
they run. That nothing may be left undone to ensure 
success, the animal has the wit to throw down moss or 


really remarkable qualities, which may need be but cari- 
catured for transformation into just such fables. We 
may remember, also, that the history of the wolverene 
is mixed in some cases with that of other animals, some 
of whose habits have been attributed to it.” 

Buffon, who was very much given to exaggerated ac- 


110 AMERICAN 


counts of animals at times, could, upon other occa- 
sions and with equal facility, tell the truth. He once 
had opportunity to observe a captive wolverene, and 
his account of it is as follows: “He was so tame that 
he discovered no ferocity, and did not injure any per- 
His voracity has been as much exaggerated as 
his ferocity; he ate, indeed, a great deal, but when de- 
prived of food he was not importunate, He is rather 
wild; avoids water, and moves with a kind of a leap. 
After eating he covers himself in the cage with straw ; 
in drinking he laps like a dog. If indulged, he would 
devour more than four pounds of flesh in a day; he 
swallows his food voraciously, and almost without 
chewing.” This was undoubtedly an Old World speci- 
men and one, too, with an unusually good temper, 
which is by no means always the case. 

John Watts de Peyster, of New York, writing to 
W. P. Dando, of London, 


son, 


FORESTRY 


the habits of the wolverene is by Sir John Richard- 
son, who says: “The wolverene is a carnivorous animal, 
which feeds principally upon the carcasses of beasts that 
have been killed by accident. It has great strength and 
annoys the natives by destroying their hoards of provi- 
sions and demolishing their marten traps. It is so sus- 
picious that it will rarely enter a trap itself, but, begin- 
ning behind, scatters the logs of which it is built, 
then carries off the bait. It feeds also on meadow m 
marmots and other rodents, and occasionally on ot 
disabled quadrupeds of a larger size. I have seen o 
chasing an American hare, which was at the same ti 
harassed by a snowy owl. It resembles the bear in its gz 
and is much abroad in the winter, and the track of its 
journey in a single night may be traced for miles.” 
“The wolverenes are extremely mischievous,” 

another writer, “and do more damage to the fur t 

than all the other rapaciou: 


says: “You would be as- 
tonished at the labour and 
expense I have lavished in 
gathering and reproducing 
information respecting 
these animals. I am aston- 
shed at the ferocity of your 
specimen, because I have 
read in several works that 
the carcajou becomes gen- 
tle and responsive to kind- 
ness, even affectionate, and 
learns to moderate his glut- 
tonous appetite in captiv- 
ity. Through the kindness 
ind courtesy of different of- 
ficials of the principal mu- 
seums of the world, I have 
obtained photographs of 
the wolverene, or carcajou, 


animals conjointly. 
will follow the me 
hunter’s path round a 
of traps extending fo 
fifty, or sixty miles, ane 
render the whole unsery- 
iceable, merely to come a 
the baits, which are g 
erally the head of a p 
ridge or a bit of dried ven 
son. They are not fond 
the martens themselvi 
but never fail of tearit 
them to pieces, or of bu 
ing them in the snow by 
the side of the path, at a 
considerable distance from 
the trap. So pertinaceou 
indeed, are these animals i 
quest of slaughtered 


or glutton, taken from 
stuffed specimens; but the 
photographs you kindly 
sent me are unique, as your 
institution contains the 
only living ‘specimen of 
which I have been able to learn, in any institution in 
America or on the continent of Europe.” 

Dando says, in regard to the cage in which this ani- 
mal was kept at the “Zoo,” that its depth from back to 
front was so shallow that “unless the animal is right 
against the farthest wall a good photograph is impos- 
sible. I was two days getting the results shown, as the 
animal got into a most violent rage, foaming at the mouth 
at the sight of the camera, and continued his violent 
movements and antics for hours together every time I 
approached the cage, until, overcome by exhaustion, he 
flung himself down for a second in the position shown, 
rewarding me for my patience with two representative 


poses 


Mr. 


By far the best account I have been able to find of 


CAPTIVE WOLVERENE POSING FOR HIS PICTURE 


The photograph from which this cut was made was taken by 
Elwin R. Sanborn, the official photographer of the New 
York Zoological Society, who has made so many wonderful ani- 
mal photographs in the Bronx Zoological Park, New York City. 


casses that they have 
known to gnaw through 
thick log of wood, and to 
dig a hole several feet in 
frozen ground in order to 
gain access to the body of 
a deer concealed by hunters. Another very curious p ‘0- 
pensity of the glutton is its habit of stealing and carry 
ing away to some distance articles which can be of 
possible use to it, and an instance is recorded where thi 
animals removed and concealed the whole paraphernalia 
of an unoccupied hunter’s lodge, including such articles 
as guns, axes, knives, cooking vessels and blankets.” 

Experienced hunters and trappers in the West claim 
that a big wolverene may weigh as much as sixty pounds, 
but that fifty pounds is the more usual weight. They are 
very tenacious of life, and instances are on record where 
the animal has been shot through and through the chest, 
and not succumbed to the wound. In such cases, © 
course, the heart is not penetrated, and none of the large 
vessels divided. They nearly always travel about and 


BADGERS AND 


by night, there being from two to several individ- 
in the party. They have been known to be caught 
steel trap, the latter fastened to a big log, the animal 
xing this for half a mile or more before being over- 
tal en and shot. 
Ina good article on the Glutton is presented, dialogue 
fashion, the following experience of two American trap- 
ers in the forest about Chelan, Washington; I quote 
of it: “And now commenced the last act in the play, 
final wind-up of the most curious and exciting, if 
unlucky, day’s hunt that I have ever enjoyed; this was 
5 find out the whereabouts of the trap and the animal 
hi had made such a wreck of our carefully built pen, 
nd we were soon back on the trap-line and commencing 
mn examination of the scene. ‘There’s been a regular 
s here,’ observed Andy, as he looked over the dirty, 
lowed-up snow before us. ‘However, there’s one in 
trap yet, and there’s the direction he has gone; should 
see him first, fire instantly, for the trap is only a 
e spring No. 1%, and he will do his best at pulling 
n he sees us. Look at what he’s done here.’ 
‘A clump of willows stood near, and the heavy drag- 
attached to the trap had evidently caught fast in 
But that did not seem to matter, for they were 
now mostly lying on the snow, mown down by the brute’s 
h. The trail of the log was clearly marked, and led 
vn a small ravine, which ran to the bottom of the 
yon below, and for nearly a hundred yards we fol- 
ed it. At last I saw another bunch of willows shaking 
ently, and there, held fast by the toes, in our steel 
, was a big wolverene, struggling desperately to de- 
the pole from the bush in which it had become en- 
led; but on our approach it stopped a moment, 
wed its teeth, and then recommenced its attack on the 
ows. For a little while I was unable to get a chance to 
owing to its rapid movements, but one soon came, 
a 255-grain hardened ball entered its head near the 
passing out at its lower jaw, and the wolverene fell 
d without so much as a single kick. I dragged the 
ly up the hill again—no easy task, for it was four feet 
inches in length, weighed al! of fifty pounds, and 
Riimbing was steep. Andy followed with the trap and 
; and, while I was engaged in taking off the thick, 
pain, he went on to see the next trap, which was half 
le distant, where he found a marten for his trouble. 
wolverene’s body shared the same fate as the Fisher’s 
earlier in the day; the pen was rebuilt, and the tr2p 
efully set.” It may be added that these men used the 
ed body of the wolverene to bait the trap; and they 
claim that a skinned Fisher is the very best bait in the 
eis for this purpose. During the next month they 
ok five more of these animals, and that seemed to clear 
out t all that was left of them in that neighborhood. 
As an instance of the boldness of a Glutton when 
pressed by hunger, the following is presented. It hap- 
‘pened in the middle of winter at Victoria Harbor, where 
the animal came over the snow wall surrounding a ves- 
‘sel. Notwithstanding there was over a dozen of the crew 
yn deck, the wolverene made for a cannister of meat that 


WOLVERENES 111 


had been opened and partly used. The ravenous brute 
at once commenced to devour this meat; and so eager 
was he in doing this that one of the men had no difficulty 
in passing a rope slipper-noose over its head, drawing it 
tight and strangling it. 

In those days the skin of a wolverene was held to be 
of considerable value in Kamchatka, and the women 
there used to wear in their hair, by way of ornament, 
the white claws of this species. It has been claimed by 
the older describers of this species that the pelt of the 
Old World specimens showed a finer and glossier coat of 
black hair than did the ones taken on the American con- 
tinent, in which the hair more closely resembled the fur 
of a black bear. 

In some regions, the wolverene is known as the Indian 
Devil, or as the North Shore Devil, and is most heartily 
hated by the Indian trappers, where Indians still engage 
in such pursuits. Great is their satisfaction when a speci- 
men is slain or trapped, and no mercy is shown it in the 
latter instance. 

A burrow is selected by the carcajou as its home, and 
here the female brings forth some half a dozen young 
in midsummer time. These little fellows are not so very 
unattractive, being lighter colored than the mother, who 
will, in times of danger, fight for them like a tiger; 
indeed, her fearlessness on such occasions is something 
truly remarkable. During the warmer months of the 
year the wolverene feeds largely upon the smaller rod- 
ents, upon certain reptiles and many insects. He is also 
said to kill and devour young fox cubs, running them into 
the parental den to capture them, the tragedy usually tak- 
ing place in the innermost recesses. This insatiable prow- 


ler will also feed upon birds’ eggs or on the young— 


indeed, he will feed on the young of anything that he 
can get his paws upon. It is said that if a wolverene, in 
the winter time, captures an animal larger than he can 
consume at one meal, he will bury the remainder in the 
snow, and then take the precaution to scent it over so 
thoroughly with the perfume of his own that he keeps 
ever on hand, that no other creature will eat it, even if 
on the very verge of starvation. 

The wolverene does not hibernate during the winter 
months, and in this it agrees with other representatives 
of the family to which it belongs. It does not climb 
trees, although there are many stories afloat that this 
animal is a tree climber. 

Nothing new seems to have been added to the life his- 
tory of this remarkable animal during late years. It is, 
and always will be, dreaded by its enemies throughout 
the forests it inhabits, and by the smaller mammals it 
preys upon. Among our own kind it is heartily hated by 
any man with whose interests it interferes, and this re- 
fers especially to those who hunt and trap the fur-bearing 
mammals for their pelts. It has always been man’s na- 
ture to hate and destroy any of the creatures below him 
that in any way interfere with his means of making 
money. He only pets and cares for those which are use- 
ful to him and contribute to his comfort, and he does 
not hesitate to deprive of life millions of those he subse- 


112 


quently devours. Doubtless the wolverene believes he 
has quite as much right to kill and eat a young fox when 
he comes across it, as a man has to murder a calf or a 
lamb in the very presence of their distracted mothers, 
when it strikes his fancy to want them for food. It is 
a very excellent example of the old saying that it is a 
“distinction without a difference.” 


The stories of the wolverene given us by Doctor Coues 
go to show, upon pretty good authority, that the eyesight 
of this animal is poor. When one of them meets with a 
man in the woods, it has been seen to rear up on its hind 
legs and to shade its eyes with one of its forepaws, much 
as we ourselves would do to cut off the sun’s rays to get 
a clearer view of the person we had fallen in with. Sev- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


eral of his stories illustrate the wonderful reasoning pow- 
ers of the wolverene in avoiding being killed or caught 
by the different kinds of traps man sets. It has also 
been known to chew in two the string in gun-traps lead- 
ing from bait to the trigger, and this not only in the case 
of the same trap, but two or three times, leading the hun- 
ter to believe that “that carcajou ought to live, as he must 
be something at least human, if not worse.” 


And so they go—good stories and bad; by which is 
meant fables about the poor, despised creature, which 
every other living thing knows but to abhor and hate. 
Still, perhaps wolverenes have, in a way, a pretty good 
time among themselves, when their arch enemy does not 
interfere with their affairs. 


A LAUDABLE TREE PLANTING 


— 


Underwood and Underwood. 


THE PLANTERS OF THE ROCK ISLAND “HONOR ROW” 


; To the Rock Island Lines goes the honor of establishing the first “Honor Row” of trees planted for employees fifty years or more 
in the service. This “Honor Row” has been placed along the right of way at Midlothian, Illinois, where the youngest engineer or 


conductor can see the Lombardy Poplar. 
th 


move. 


in the 


. F 2 : t The Rock Island Line 
heir men who were in the service of their country during the World War, but the honor roll for “Old Timers” is a very unique 


is taking steps for the planting of memorial trees in honor of 


In the picture from left to right are Charles Tinley, of Chicago, in the service since 1856; Sam N. Dickerman, of Chicago, 
service since 1867; Charles H. Davis, of Rock Island, Illinois, in the service since 1857; John F. Lacey, of Chicago, in the 


( ince 1869; Jacob E. Binkley, of Des Moines, Iowa, in the service since 1867; E. B. Cropper, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, 
rvice since 1865; James Sheahan, of Chicago, in the service since 1866. 


These engineers and conductors have all been retired on pension upon concluding their fiftieth year of servsce. The record 


I? : , 
I Lacey 


of service without an accident. The trees have been registered 


is unparalleled in railroad history. He has traveled over ninety-five times around the world in his fifty-two years 
in the Hall of Fame by the American Forestry Association. 


— TOWN 
TOWN FORESTS - By J. W. TOUMEY 


(Continued from page 96.) 


sr and more densely populated states of theEast,thein- 
ease in the present area of public forests is likely to be 
in forests owned by cities and towns. I believe we can 
look forward to the increasing importance of these forests 
only for the protection and recreational purposes that 
y serve, but also as important sources of local timber. 
Those who have made a close study of public forest 
ship abroad: are convinced that communal owner- 
ship of forest propertjis advantageous and economically 
acticable. Many of those who have followed the 
s of public ownership in this country also believe 
communal ownership will in time prove as popular 
d practical as it has in Europe. 


tical and advantageous, and why it is safe to predict 
t inevitable rapid increase in the future. 

1. City and town owned municipal water supply sys- 
tems carry with them the necessity for the protection 
‘of the drainage areas from which the supply comes. This 
means that the only practical use to which the drainage 
area can be put, aside from the production of water, is 
r the growth of timber. Drainage areas need to be 
fore: Hence the necessity of city and town forests 
‘to protect municipal water supply. Even now through- 
out the country this is being recognized and cities and 
s are buying forest property for this purpose. 


Li sted. 


2. The conspicuous increase in outlying city and town 
rks acquired entirely for recreational purposes in all 
of the country emphasizes the importance of ade- 
e recreational areas for public use. These outlying 
s which are now being rapidly acquired by towns 
cities throughout the country, are in reality city 
town, forests and eventually will be managed and 
led as city forests and not as parks. The idea of 
production will be emphasized as well as the ideas 
‘reation and protection. 


The marked decrease in adequate supplies of timber, 
the rapid advance in the prices of the better grades, 
the growing of timber an economic possibility in 
any localities near many of our cities and towns, and 
will eventually stimulate the acquiring of such land 
or communal forests. ; 

“If a town, by acquiring a forest property, can protect 
source of its potable water, can afford space for re- 
é purposes, and can supply forest products for 
‘its citizens, many towns are certain to take advantage 
of the opportunity while near-by forest land is relatively 
“inexpensive. Before the war, Vienna owned a great for- 
est south of the city, stretching southward ‘to the Aus- 
trian Alps. This forest was not only the source of the 
_water supply for a large population, but thousands of peo- 
‘ple visited it daily for recreational purposes, not only in 
summer, but in winter as well. Furthermore it re- 
_ turned the city a large annual revenue derived from the 
ale of forest products. 


rs OT) 


* 


1 


FORESTS 113 

It is my judgment that public attention should be di- 
rected by those who have it in their power to do so, 
to the desirability of increasing our present area of public 
forests in this country by literally thousands of com- 
munal forests. Towns and cities should be persuaded 
into purchasing such forests, and wealthy citizens encour- 
aged into acquiring suitable forest properties and giving 
them as memorials to their home communities. Here is a 
field for the forestry associations in the several states that 
is almost untouched. If the forestry association in any 
state can, through its avenues for publicity, show the 
public what communal! forests mean, and why the pres- 
ent time is auspicious for the increase of such forest 
ownership in this country, and can carry its influence 
so far that tangible results are attained, it will perform 
a public service infinitely beyond anything heretofore 
undertaken. For one, I believe in city and town forests 
in America. We should have many of them and widely 
scattered over the country. Furthermore I believe that 
they are practical, in the long run economical and ad- 
vantageous to the community. I believe that a consid- 
erable area in communal forests wel! managed will be 
better appreciated by the public than an equal area in 
national forests or state forests. 


Germany, before the war had but 1.8 per cent of her 
forest area in crown or national forests. She had about 
nine times as much in corporation or communal forests. 
Switzerland has in nationa! and state forests combined 
only 4.5 per cent of her forest area, while she has 67 
per cent in communal forests. In America the idea of 
communal forests has not been sold to the public. When 
it is we are certain to see a very rapid increase in this 
kind of public forest ownership. 


In the development of communal forests it is not 
enough for individual towns to secure tracts of land 
either by gift or by purchase and call them town forests. 
If they do, and if there is no organized machinery for 
their use and development, very little is accomplished. 
Furthermore, an individual town owning a small area of 
forest land can ill afford to employ an efficient forester. 
This, I take it, has been the chief difficulty in the past 
in this country and the reason for the lack of efficient 
management of the limited areas of communal forests 
that we now have. It is my judgment that communal 
forestry must be closely linked up with the state forest 
administration and laws promulgated that will afford 
a form of co-operation between the community and the 
state which will insure to each communal forest a reas- 
onably high order of forest management. 


The wonder of the forests, their immensity and va- 
riety, their worth—are to be considered as an ineffable 
appeal to conserve and restore and save. Help to per- 
petuate—talk forestry to your friends and let AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE show them the way 
to a better understanding and appreciation of God’s 
great outdoors, Nominate them for membership! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES DEPARTMENT 
By SOLAN L. PARKES, CHIEF EXECUTIVE, AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES 


all ever the country come endorsements of the organization of the American Forestry Guides, and pledges of 
Pacis aa being received tees practically every person who has been asked to become an officer or to lend their aid to 
the movement. This month we publish an article by Prof. Filibert Roth, of the University of Michigan, one of the leading 
foresters of the country, and also comments by other prominent men on the organization. 


WHY THE FORESTRY GUIDES 


By Filibert Roth 


B AD management has brought down the timberline here 
in the Alps by many miles,” said the rugged old 
forester of Switzerland. 

Modern civilization has followed this process in the 
human family, but instead of doing harm, is doing good. 

The “Service line” has been lowered on the mountain 
of age; the boys and girls are sharing in the work of 
our people; the child’s toys are laid aside for the imple- 
ments of men and women; the young folks get fun out 
of doing men’s work and women’s work; they take pride 
in the doing ; they show a superior sense of responsibility ; 
and they actually do gain, and not lose in loveliness by 
this change. 

The intelligent, responsible boy, and girl, rendered more 
courageous. and enterprising by belonging to a good 
Voluntary Service Organization such as the American 
Forestry Guides, is more interesting and enjoyable to his 
mates and to his parents, than is the dwadling youth with- 
out ideas, plans or ambitions. 

The modern world moves on large lines, calls for help 
from many forces not formerly used, or even understood 
or appreciated. 

The forest is off by itself; it was far more remote in 
the past; the average man did not visit it and certainly 
did not understand it, let alone love it and the man of 
fifty years ago does not understand it now—. 

Modern education tells of Nature and the fruits of this 
education are beginning to appear; the young people 
stream to the woods, they learn of the tree and shrub, of 
the habitants of the forest from squirrel and hawk 
to fish and insect, they learn to love the woods, they learn 
to appreciate them as camping place and play ground, 
they enjoy their endless beauty, the endless source of fun. 

Ass a consequence they resent the devastation of our 
forests by the greedy and ignorant, the denudation of 
lands which are left as unused wastes, and especially re- 
sent vandalism and the useless destruction of forests by 
fire. : 

The older generation, the men of half a century ago, 
did not and do not now appreciate the forest, to them 
it is an encembrance, they wish to see the country “de- 
veloped”, the land cleared. 

That this should have a proper limit did not seem to 
occur to them. 

The warnings of Sargent in 1880 fell upon deaf ears, 
the greedy and interested ones were not slow to turn the 
old beliefs to their account in 1908 when Roosevelt and 


Pinchot called the Nation’s attention to our forest n a 
the most powerful man in Congress was “glad that the} 
had no forests in his good state.” But this old belief 
and conviction has done great harm to our country and 
now promises to do still more. 


Reading, Pennsylvania turned away from the old, and 
calls upon the youth, the boys and girls of this great Na-_ 
tion, knowing them to be open minded and lovers of the 
forest; he calls to them to rescue what is left of thei 
proper and most wonderful heritage, and to set them-— 
selves to the enormous task of rebuilding our forests 


throughout the length and breadth of the land. F 
He has tried them out in his own community. He has — 

found them ready, able and willing, hundreds of acres 

have been planted to trees. a. 


The grownups who would not come to forestry meet- — 
ings, were giad to help their young people. - 

In 1916, 770 high school girls were transported to one — 
of the watersheds of Reading, Pennsylvania in fifteen — 
special trolley cars, a temporary hospital was provided; 
every other precaution was taken for their care and com- 
fort. Attention was attracted to forestry needs by this — 
effort, farmers and owners of waste lands followed the 
example set by the youth of Reading, until millions of — 
trees have been planted, for the Spring of 1922; a cam- 
paign has been launched to plant an additional million, 
The forest planted in the Spring of 1916 was a maryelot 


the planters, some now measuring nine feet in height. _ : 
The same held true with the forest fire loss, the older 
ones, the grownups seemed unable to stop forest fires. 
Mr. Parkes began to organize Volunteer Forest Fire Pa- 
trols as early as 1913. In 1914 the acreage burned over — 
in Berks County amounted to 15,000 and in placing the 
loss at only $3.00 the acre the County lost $45,000 in this 
one year. Organization was so perfected that instead of — 
only organizing to fight forest fires, Mr. Parkes laid 
greater stress on Forest Fire Prevention and this was so. 
successful that in the Fall of 1921 less than three acres 
were burned over and practically no loss was occasioned. 


Mr. Parkes is convinced, the girls and boys of Reading 
and Berks County Pennsylvania did without prating — 
and printing, what dozens of associations of grown peo- — 
ple did not do, what better proof could any one wish? — 
And literally millions of young people today are waiting 


chance to do what has so successfully been done in 
asylvania under the leadership of Mr. Parkes. No 
sr chance, no more worthy object, no finer inspiration, 
to render service than the restoration of the forests, ven- 
erable, useful and enjoyable, the teacher of the finest al- 


“To my mind the boys and giris who are so situated 
they can get out into the woods or mountains have 
portunity for study which cannot be equaled. But 
those who do not live’ where they can be out of doors 
deal, there are books on Nature study which can 
id to advantage. ****** resources now conserved 
make for a greater America when the young people 
this country have grown to manhood and woman- 
O. H. SHoup, Governor of Colorado. 

it occurs to me that it was a happy thought more than 
—an ingenious project, representing real vision—that 
American boys shou!d be entisted in an effort to pre- 
to ourselves and posterity our forest wealth. “We 
have our cake and eat it too’, we must cease our 
ss destruction of tree life. I foresee that a 
e in the centuries of the future will be nurtured and 
ed as we now take pains to preserve certain all but 
ies of animal life and rare fowls.” 

; Tuomas C. McRae, Governor of Arkansas. 
am delighted to see there is a movement on foot to 
ate a greater interest among the youth of the nation 
1¢ preservation and conservation of our forests, other 
-and wild plant life, bird and harmless animal life.” 
Ben W. O corr, Governor State of Oregon. 
ermit me to express my most thorough and hearty 
al of the movement.” 

pwin P. Morrow, Governor State of Kentucky. 

he conservation of our forest trees, plants and bird 
is esseritial to the nation and it will be a pleasure to 
cooperate and do what I can aiong these lines.” 

OHN M. Parker, Governor of State of Louisiana. 


_ J. D,, Wis —Certainly you can become a member of the Amer- 
an Forestry Guides, you can keep your membership in the or- 
ration you mention. 
We will explain further: The American Forestry Guides plan 
yas especially originated to give to the boys and girls, to the 
men and to young women a forestry program, whereby 
could understand that all plant and animal life was placed 
a purpose and that by its wanton destruction we are 
ing not only great ignorance but also a great disregard for 
the benefits derived from our resources. . 

‘So no matter what other organization you belong to you can 
be an American Forestry Guide. 

You also say that you “want to get all out of life that you 
san.” Do so, but do not forget that you must also make your 
count, for you also like the trees were placed here for a 
ose and that purpose was not alone to see what you can 
get out of life, but also to make your life useful to others and 

R. H., Colo—You can select the name of any great Ameri- 
can for the name of your Post. 

_R. O., Ind—Write to your State Forester, he will help you. 

_§. T. N., Mexico—Write to Wm. B. Greeley, Chief of the 

J. S. Forest Service for Hand Book for Campers in the National 

c of California. On pages 34 and 35 you will find illustrated 
used to tie your equipment on your pack horse, 

article on First Aid on page 37 also. This pamphlet is all 

sient for any one that will travel on horseback. 

‘N. K., Minn —Pennsylvania was the first state to establish 

Forestry Department, as a regular branch of the State gov- 
iment. J. T. Rothrock was the first Forestry Commissioner. 
the present time Gifford Pinchot fills the position. 


‘ed 


QUESTION BOX 


115 


truism; the forest of our generation and the forest which 
links the remote past with the distant future. This forest 
now calls the boys and girls of our Nation to come to its 
aid and stand for its preservation. Come and join 
the American Forestry Guide family. 


_ WHAT PROMINENT PEOPLE SAY OF THE GUIDES 


“T am in sympathy with any organized effort for forest 
conservation and believe that American Forestry Guides 
can be made of importance.” 

J. W. Toumey, Yale University. 

“T am very glad to have the opportunity to serve with 
you in any possible way in this excellent work.” 

Gorpon Parker, Colorado College. 

“T am very glad indeed for the privilege of working 
with you on the work you have in hand.” (The conserva- 
tion of the forests.) 

F. G. Miter, University of Idaho. 

“Pleased and honored to be identified with the Ameri- 
can Forestry Guides.” 


Tuomas B. Wyman, Wyman’s School of the Woods. 
“Glad to assist in any way I can.” 
Huco WINKENWERDER, University of Washington. 
“T consider this new and important field of work very 
vital to the whole plan of furthering forest conservation.” 
R. P. McLaucuiin, Montana State Forester. 
“T will be very glad to be of what assistance I can in 
the efforts to educate the younger generation of today 
to the present needs of forest conservation.” 
Tuomas D, Burvetcu, University of Georgia. 
“Perhaps our greatest need just at the present time is 
to arouse public interest in fire protection and to secure 
the cooperation of everyone going into the woods to pre- 
vent fires from starting. If your organization can be of 
assistance in this direction, both through general publicity 
and through the personal education of individuals of ail 
ages, it will be performing a real service.” 
S, T. Dana, Forest Commissioner of Maine. 


QUESTION BOX 


O. M., Wis.—Tennessee is the first State to pass a law mak- 
ing the study of forestry compulsory. Write to the State For- 
ester at Nashville, Tennessee, if you care to have a copy. 

Miss J. V., Colo—You ask if there are opportunities for a 
girl in the forestry field. This we answer in this manner. 
Louisiana has employed a lady forester who is devoting all her 
time to the work. This is the first one so employed that we 
have knowledge of, and is a wonderful step forward in the right 
direction for while man has spent his life to cut down trees, this 
lady forester spends her life teaching the youth of her state 
how to plant forests; that there is value in plant life and should 
not be destroyed; that while the birds add life and beauty to our 
natural scenery and fill the air with song that they also are one 
of the greatest friends of men, by feeding and living on the 
insects that would destroy our crops. Write to her for advice. 

Address your letter, Miss C. C. Dormon, Department of 
Conservation, New Orleans, Louisiana, Care V. H. Sonderegger, 
Superintendent. 

H. T., Penna—You will find the Bird House survey by Ned 
Dearborn, a safe guide. While it is true that wrens do build 
in houses that have entrances of larger diameter, you will find 
that other birds cannot enter the wren houses. The wren does 
not like to be disturbed and is likely to seek another home if 
molested too often, hence the smaller entrance is the more ad- 
visable. : i he 

H. T., Miss.—Yes, you can organize your Post in two divi- 
sions, one where the ages run from 9 to 14 years and the other 
from 14 to 20. Your idea of having the Post of the younger 
boys meet after school is excellent. Ati 

Space will not permit us to answer all your letters. This will 
be taken care of later on. 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


During the summer the Premier of On- 
tario planned to appoint a forester as Dep- 
uty Minister of Lands and Forests, and to 
bring the management of the Province’s 
timber lands to an up-to-date and efficient 
basis. He planned to improve fire protec- 
tion, to establish county forests, and many 
other improvements. The appointment of 
Mr. Cain, Secretary to the present Minis- 
ter, has just been announced. It is sincerely 
hoped that this appointment will not mean 
that the old policy will be retained. The 
new Deputy Minister has an enormous op- 
portunity if he will but have the courage 
to forget politics and try and administer 
the forests for the good of the people. All 
strength to his arm. 


The two peripatetic cars of the Canadian 
Forestry Association have been combined 
and are now touring the Eastern Provinces. 
From November 14 to 19, nearly 3,500 
people visited these cars.to see the exhibits 
and to hear the lectures in French and 
English. A great many school children 
came and it is safe to say went away know- 
ing a great deal more about the forests. 
The basic demand for forestry progress 
is popular education along popular lines, 
and the travelling cars are doing a splendid 
work. 


A Johnson gasoline fire pump was last 
spring sent over to Scotland for use on a 
large estate on. which a serious forest fire 
had occurred the previous year. This season 
was an exceptionally dry one, and the 
pump helped very materially in extinguish- 
ing two fires. 


The inaugural meeting of the Empire 
Forestry Association was held in the Coun- 
cil Chamber of the Guildhall in London on 
the sixteenth of November. The Lord 
Mayor presided. This association has been 
granted a Royal Charter, and has for its 
patron the King, and for its first president 
the Prince of Wales. The object of the 
association is to spread information as to 
forestry, to bring about closer relations 
and co-operation between the forestry 
agencies throughout the empire and try 
and encourage the interchange of timber 
products among the Dominions and Colo- 
nies. It will endeavor to educate public 
opinion to demand the adoption of rational 
forest policies and will try to serve as a 
link between associations and individuals 
who are interested in forestry. It will 
also collect and publish facts as to existing 
forest conditions throughout the empire and 
its future timber requirements. It will pub- 
lish a quarterly magazine. 

Mr. Helge Sylven, writing from Sweden, 
voices the need for an international society 


f forest engineers. An attempt was made 


to do this about 1912, but only two members 
were obtained, one in Spain and one in 
Canada. Dr, Unwin has tried to get a 
Society for British Foresters started also. 
It. would seem, however, that an interna- 
tional society would be better. Foresters’ 
problems are the same the world over and 
great good would come from a closer re- 
lationship and exchange of ideas. The 
present close relations between Swedish and 
Canadian, and between Indian and United 
States foresters have certainly shown how 
useful some such society could be. 

Forestry in Australia has met a very bad 
blow by the resignation. of Mr. C. E. Lane- 
Poole. Large vested interests asked for 
large timber cutting rights which were de- 
cidedly contrary to good forest policy. In 
order to prevent this from going through 
until the matter could be discussed openly 
in Parliament, Mr. Lane-Poole asked to be 
released. Another instance of the forester 
sacrificing himself for the good of his 
country. Mr. Lane-Poole will make a re- 
port on the forests of Papua. 

The past season has been the worst ever 
experienced in the St. Maurice Valley. For 
seven weeks in the spring no rain fell, and 
in the western section July and September 
were also very dry. Many men were out 
of work, so that the woods were full of 
hunters and fishermen, and as many of the 
farmers who usually work on the drives 
and in the woods could get nothing to do, 
they turned their attention to clearing more 
land on their farms, so that the number of 
settlers’ fires was larger than for many 
years. The cost of extinguishing fires 
reached a figure never before heard of, 
$114,180 having been spent as against 
$13,004 spent in 1914. The number of fires 
along railway lines was much reduced, 
owing to the awakening of railway officials 
to the seriousness of destroying timberlands 
by fires, and their much-increased interest 
in seeing that they set as few fires as pos- 
sible. From managers to sectionmen they 
did their best and have demonstrated that 
railway fires can be controlled. Railway 
fires were reduced from 149 for 1920, to 52 
for 1921. In all 216 fires were reported, 
82 less than the previous season, and of 
these 79 required extra labour. The total 
loss this year is greater than the total of 
the nine previous years, 193,791 acres were 
burnt over, 17 per cent of which was mer- 
chantable timber. There is a strong pre- 
sumption that some fires were set to obtain 
work and some were kept burning for the 
same purpose. Nineteen prosecutions were 
brought against men who refused to fight 
fires and six against settlers for setting fire 
to their clearings without permits. Settlers 
caused more fire than they did in the last 


five years. Most of the large fires 
caused by hunters and fishermen in 
cessible places. Seven fires burned 
an area of more than 10,000 acres 
and five between 5,000 and 10,000 
One fire was so severe that one of the 
closed down and all the available me 
to fight the fire. On some fires men 
kept busy for over two months, A 
ous campaign of education was carriec 
during the last year, a man with a 
picture machine visited villages and 
camps, and much interest was exci 

only hope is in educating the peopl 
use the woods to be careful. It 

the only way to enforce carefulne 
those travelling in the woods will 
require all who go into the woods 
tain a permit from the district ; 
simply to keep track of them. If mer 
that their presence in the woods is rec 
it will make them much more 

The lesson of the season is 
bad dry summers occur in country 
must be traversed almost entirely by 
and where there are no means of ¢ 
reporting fires, the system of ground 
breaks down entirely. Rangers 
along the water routes cannot see 
behind the hills until the fire is 
their control and then it takes’ so ; 
travel to a telephone and get back y 
help that the fire has become a 
tion. During the last season a num 
fires were picked out and reported by 
planes on other duty, which had not b 
seen at all by the rangers and which 
been burning for some time. In a 
so covered with lakes and rivers as 
St. Maurice Valley, a daily aeroplane p: 
would be better than even an inte: 
ground patrol and the crew of the pla 
could easily land and extinguish fires lo 
before they had time to assume any size 
at all. This method may be-given a thor- 
ough tryout next season. ‘ 

A new flying boat has just been co 
structed which can climb easily to 19, 
feet, as against 8,000 for previous models, 
and which can cruise for six hours at 
speeds from 60 to 130 miles per hour. It 
has climbed 15,000 feet in 39 minutes. It 
has a low landing speed and would seem to 
be an ideal machine for forest patrol and 
mapping. 

It is hoped that before long the Provinces 
of Canada will announce definite forest 
policies which will safeguard the forests 
so that our.important wood using indus-— 
tries will be assured of a continual supply 
of raw material. Two of the Provinces, 
British Columbia and New Brunswick, have 
appointed advisory committees of lumber- 

(Continued on page 120.) 


on 


oun 


Reproduction from a painting in oil by Frank Swift 
Chase, of the beautiful John B. Stetson estate 
near Philadelphia. 


Among prominent persons and places served by 
Davey Tree Surgeons are: 


HON. EDWARD N. HURLEY NELLIE A. CLUETT 
COL. E. B. CASSATT BENJ. B. McALPIN 
HORACE HAVEMEYER H. DARLINGTON 
MRS. EDWARD HOLBROOK WM. WRIGLEY 


JOHN DAVEY 
Father of Tree Surgery 


OU have fine trees? Just imagine how the place would look without them—no shade, 
no beauty, only a barren piece of ground. You probably bought the place because 
of the trees that it took nature fifty or a hundred years to produce. Then what are 
the trees worth to you in money value? 
Those trees are living things. They breathe, digest. food, have a circulation, have sexual 
processes. Many times they are attacked by disease and decay. Often they suffer and 
gradually die from lack of food and water. Storms break them, decay follows. They may 
be injured by careless people or mutilated by untrained workmen. Neglect and ignorant 
treatment take a terrible toll of America’s fine trees. 
An investment in a home probably may depreciate thousands of dollars if certain priceless 
trees are later lost. Whether you own the place or consider buying it, the thing of first 
importance is the trees. Before you buy, make sure what their condition is—how much 
attention they require; whether any of those needing attention are beyond saving. An 
examination and report, by tree authorities of absolute reliability, costs very little. 
Before you plan your home have your trees examined by Davey Tree Surgeons. Do not 
make the mistake of locating your house—or planning the landscape—with reference to 
certain trees unless you are sure they can be saved. This very mistake has been made 
thousands of times. 
Davey Tree Surgeons are near you—if you live between Boston and Kansas City. Squads 
of these Master Tree Surgeons are scattered everywhere in this vast territory. As a rule 
no carfare is charged. They handle both large and small operations at a standard rate— 
according to the actual service rendered. 


A letter or wire to Kent, Ohio, will bring our local representative promptly 
THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO., Inc., 2101 Elm St., Kent, Ohio 


Branch offices with telephone connections: New York, Astor Trust Building, 
Fifth Ave. and Forty-second St.; Philadelphia, Land Title Building; Boston, 
467 Massachusetts Trust Building; Baltimore, American Building; Chicago, 


Westminster Building; St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. 
Permanent representatives available in districts surrounding Boston, Springfield, Lenox, 
Newport, Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, Long 
Island, Montclair, New York, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Baltimore, Washington, Rich- 
mond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Louis- 
ville, Indianapolis, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis. Canadian address, 252 Laugauchitere 
West, Montreal. 


maveyY TREE SURGEONS 


maaty real waver Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc.. and the public is cautioned against those falsely 
presenting themselves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence of genuineness 


BOY SCOUTS AND THEIR FRIENDS THE TREES” 


From the beginning Scouting has taken 
boys from city streets out into the woods 
and aimed to develop an interest in all 
out door life. The trees, especially, are a 
Boy Scout's good friends. He is taught to 
exercise the greatest care in extinguishing 
his camp fires so as to run no risk of start- 
ing a forest fire and otherwise to refrain 
from doing anything which might in any 
way injure forest life. But Scouting goes 
farther than this. It actively employs its 
members as conservationists. 

All over the country Boy Scouts are be- 
ing enrolled as aides to Forestry and Park 
Commissioners in preventing and fighting 
forest fires, waging war upon the bag 
worm, the gypsy moth and other tree en- 
emies, helping enlist popular interest in 
conservation methods and forest protec- 
tion generally. In the state of Pennsyl- 
vania alone it is estimated that thousands 
of acres of valuable timber land have been 
saved by the efforts of Scouts. 

In Marion, Indiana, Pontiac, Michigan, 
Jackson, Mississippi, Terra Haute, Indiana, 
Riverside, California, and many other 


By E. S. Martin 


THE NIGHTMARE 
The Revenge of the Trees 


PLEASANT THINGS TAKEN FROM LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 


*“Your valued magazine is much appreci- 
ated and I hope will be a power for con- 
servation of our forests.” 

ALFRED W. Grpps, 


“T am sure the bulletins which you sent 
will be of very great assistance to us in 
preparing our outline of work to be used 
in connection with our public schools.” 

E. N. Coietre. 


“Usually, especially these days, one can- 
not send remittances in various directions 
without letting them go with considerable 
reluctance, but there is one remittance 
that I make and that I am glad to make, 
one in which I take genuine pleasure, and 
that is for the American Forestry Associa- 
tion, only regretting that I could not make 
it a hundred times as large and thus do 
more to help along the work.” 

D. M. Riorpan. 


“I am a student in the New York State 
College of Forestry at Syracuse, N. Y., 
and find many articles in AMERICAN 
FORESTRY which are of value to me in 
my studies. I cannot praise too highly the 
work which your paper and your Associa- 
tion is doing.” 

Joun G. CauLxrns. 


“Your magazine gets better every issue.” 
B. H. Stone. 


“I am herewith enclosing check to cover 
dues for my subscription to your magazine 
for the coming year, and wish to state that 
I thoroughly enjoy every issue and am 
glad to cooperate by sending dues 
promptly.” 

Carrie L. ENGAv. 


“IT wish you success in your work.” 
Joun A. Doe tte. 


“The magazine is very good and I in- 
tend to write you about its merits some 
time in the near future.” 

A. E. Warns, 


“The magazine is a delight to peruse 
and you deserve the thanks of every na- 
ture lover for giving us such a publication.” 

H. B. Decxer. 


“I do not know what we would have 
done without AMERICAN FORESTRY. 
It has enabled us to emphasize the advan- 
tages gained to a country by a proper for- 
estry organization.” 

V. B. Trappe (Australia). 


“I would not forfeit my membership for 
a good deal. With best wishes for the 
welfare of the Association.” 

P. D. Hanson. 


cities Scouts have made city wide st 
locating and tabulating species and cc 
tion of trees, in co-operation with C 
Planing Commissions and other agencie 
- During the war the Boy Scouts of r 
ica located for government use large quan 
tities of standing black walnut timber at 
promised to do their utmost to see th 
any depletion of the species was s! 
by re-planting. This pledge lead to 
undertaking an extensive service in t 
planting of trees of many species, wh 
has been going on ever since. In city af 
city they have taken the lead or 
with others in planting “memorial t 
in honor of the soldier dead, over 
such trees being planted by them d 
the past two years. 
Every tree is a matter of interest | 
Boy Scout, a friend to be studied andl 
erenced and protected to the utmost of h 
power and every Scout believes that. 
“He that planteth a tree is a serv 
God.” 


“I have been taking the AMER 
FORESTRY magazine for several 3 
and it is very interesting and instru 

Harry E. Dogsin: 


“The June issue of AMERICAN 
ESTRY is perhaps the most attractive 
of that publication we have ever seen 
Supervisor McCain’s beautifully illust: 
article on ‘The Lofty Tetons’ is surely 
of the best features of the issue.” 
News Bulletin of the Intermountain 
trict of the Forest Service. 


“T see great improvement in the mag 1 
during the last few months over the sam 
magazine a year ago and sincerely hope t 
see it advance rapidly in the months te 
come.” 


E. L. Scovert, 


“We attach much importance to teachin; 
our boys and girls about forestry, and r 
magazine is wonderful.” 

Miss KarHeRINe Pettit, 


“I think AMERICAN FORESTRY mag- 
azine is improving each issue, and can hard: 
ly see how any one interested in forestry or 
the welfare of the land can do without it.” 

D. W. Bascock. 


I have enjoyed reading AMERICAN For 
EsTRY during the past year and regard it 
as possessing unusual merits.” 

J. L. Carrer. 


4 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MINING AND FORESTRY IN ILLINOIS 


The interdependence of forestry and 
many of the industries becomes more ap- 
parent day by day. Coal mining companies 
in southern Illinois are becoming inter- 
ested in the value of their own timberlands 
as the prices of mine timbers increase, 
State Forester R. B. Miller of Urbana re- 
ports. 

The first step in this direction was made 
in March, 1909, when “a company in Wil- 


_ liamson county had the United States For- 


est Service make an examination and 
planting plan for their lands, an area of 14,- 
000 acres. Two courses were suggested 
to them by the. service, first gradually to 


restore the soil to its former state of fer- 


' tility by up-to-date methods of agriculture 


or to try out thoroughly, the practicability 
of forest planting on something like 140 


_ acres. 


Within the last year State Forester Mil- 
ler has made examinations of timberland 
owned by two large coal companies in 
southern Illinois and found that in each 


case the main question was one of fire 
protection. One of the companies also had 
an eastern forester go over the same ground 


- and his opinion and recommendations were 


practically the same. He further stated as 


an impartial observer from another state, 
that intensive forestry had great possibili- 
ties in southern Illinois due to the rapid 
growth of the species, the favorable mar- 
ket and the chance to sell profitably the 
product from cleanings and thinnings— 
operations which would also benefit the 
stand of timber. 

This company is taking the advice of 
the foresters and already has put a patrol- 
man and watchman on their land in Frank- 
lin county to look out for fires and also 
plans a detailed survey and examination 
of their timber holdings. 


“With the present high price of mine 


timbers,” State Forester Miller said, “the | 


logical and economic thing would seem to 
be for the coal companies to have a near- 


by supply of timber on their own lands | 


at least to protect it from fire so that 


they will have a reserve in the future | 


when the supply from farm woodlands is 
exhausted. 
“On account of high freight rates, a 


man who is in the business of buying mine | 


timber reports that his freight is almost 
as much as the cost of the timber, so the 
plea that the mines can get Missouri tim- 


ber when our own supply is exhausted is | 


based on a fallacy. This extra cost for 
timber due to high freight rates must be 
passed on to the consumer, as an increased 
cost of coal.” 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,DC. 


ENGRAVERS 


DESIGNERS 
AND 


[LLUSTRATORS 


4 COLOR Process WorK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


predominate. 


DISSTON 


A survey of the largest and fastest running mills 
will show that Disston Circular Saws and Band Saws 


Saws made by Disston workmen and Disston methods 
stand up to the work and run true to speed. 


Each swaging and filing during the entire life of the 
saw finds the same quality in the steel that the saw 
possesses when new. No matter what your require- 
ments—whether they be for log sawing, factory work, 
or metal cutting—you'll find a Disston that is exactly 
right for your particular needs. 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. 
Philadelphia, U. S. A. 


- ae Y 


120 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


**More Gallons Per Horse Power”’ 


One Man 
Can Pack It! 


This Northern Forest Fire Engine 
weighs only 74 pounds filled with 
gasoline and oil and actually delivers 
20 gallons of water per minute at 85 
pounds pump pressure—sufficient to 
force the water through 1£00 feet of 
1% in. linen hose with a good nozzle 
pressure. This is made possible by 


NORTHERN 


ROTARY 


OMPS 


“MORE GALLONS PER HORSE POWER” 


Never has so much specialized infor- 
mation been available in designing 
and manufacturing a machine as is 
the case with Northern Forest Fire 
Engines. The Two Man two cylin- 
der and One Man one cylinder models 
were both designed by Forest Rang- 
ers, who have really fought forest 
fires. Both machines are built by 
Fire Apparatus Manufacturers estab- 
lished 1907. 
Write for catalog. 


NURTHERN fire Apraratos{[o. 


MINNEAPOLIS. MINNESOTA. US.A. 


**More Gallons Per Horse Power’’ 


FOR SALE 


Several Thousand Authors’ Reprints, 
Excerpts, Magazines of Early 
Dates, With a Few 
Books. 


All in excellent condition and re- 
ferring to Natural History; Biology; 
Plants; Shells; Invertebrates; Fish; 


Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Medi- 
ine; Surgery; Art, and various al- 
lied subjects. Address 

DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, Box 6000, 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA. 


ZINE, Washington, D. C. 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT--Continued 


(Continued from page 116.) 


men and pulp and paper men, who consti- 
tute a minority on the board and have a 
vote as to the policy of the Government. 
Ontario and Quebec are going to be asked 
to appoint similar committees. 


Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester of 
Quebec, has just announced in the “Canada 
Lumberman” that his Government will “in 
the near future fix a maximum quantity of 
cutting to be done per acre.” He has ex- 
plained this to mean that if a licensee has, 
say, 10,000 acres, he will be allowed to cut 
each year on the whole tract, say, sixty-five 
board feet per acre, the approximate aver- 
age annual increment, or 650,000 board feet 
per year on the whole tract. This would be 
somewhat less than three logs per acre. 
There is no question but that some such 
restriction is necessary to keep the forests 
productive, but just how it works out in 
practice remains to be seen. At present the 
Government has not enough men on its staff 
to supervise such work. It could be easily 
controlled, however, by some penalty on 
those who cut a greater number of logs 
over their total holdings than that specified 
by the regulation. However, this would 
not prevent over cutting on one section and 
no cutting on another, which would result 
in getting everything off the land which 
the diameter regulations would allow. It 
will be of great interest to see how the 
Government will work out this scheme. 


During the week of December 19 the 
organization meeting of the Quebec Society 
of Forest Engineers was held in the City 
of Quebec. Legislation has been passed 
making forest engineers a “closed corpora- 
tion,” that is, no person can practice as a 
forester in the Province of Quebec unless 
he is a member of this association. Should 
a non-member call himself a forest engineer 
or practice, he is subject to a fine, and in 
default of payment, to imprisonment. The 


fees chargeable to the public are also fixed 
and foresters can sue for them in the 
courts. This puts the profession of forestry 
on an equal footing with that of civil e 
gineers, land surveyors, physicians and law- 
yers. The association commences its career 
with a membership of 75. The requ 
ments for associate membership are 2 
years of age, must be a British subject and 
a graduate of the forest school of La 
University, or the Montreal Techni 
School, or a university of recognized st: 
ing in the Province of Quebec. All g 
uates of other forest schools must app 
before the Board of Examiners, and if | 
credentials are satisfactory they may 
permitted to practice. In order to obta 
full membership, a man must have 
a member of this society for 3 years 
have been in active practice. A commit 
was appointed to draw up a practice 
making valuation surveys, for working 
plans and for requests for the reduction 
of the diameter limit, to be presented to the 
Government. This society will undoub 
do much to bring together the fores 
in the Province and to raise the standa 
of work. A meeting of all the forester S 
working for private corporations was also 
held and matters of mutual interest dis- 
cussed. The men present decided to meet 
informally at least four times a year, to 
discuss the problems which confront them 
as foresters for large pulp and paper com-_ 
panies, and much valuable information wa 
exchanged. 

The final report of the Canadian Air 
Board for this year has just been issued 
and shows remarkable achievement in the 
application of flying to forestry work and. 
fire protection during the past season. In~ 
this connection the Keewattin Lumber 
Company has borrowed from the Air 
Board a dirigible baloon 143 feet long, 75 


QUARANTINE AREA CHANGED 

Ten towns in New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, and Rhode Island are transferred 
from lightly infested gipsy moth area to 
the generally infested gipsy moth area ac- 
cording to regulations supplemental to 
a notice of quarantine No. 45 on ac- 
count of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-Tail 
Moth. The amendment becameeffective Jan- 
uary I, 1922 according to an announcement 
made by the Federal Horticultural Board 
of the United States Department of Agricul- 
ture. This transfer is based on actual condi- 
tion of infestation and will simplify the en- 
forcement of the quarantine by lessening 
the inspection and certification. The towns 
included are Fitzwilliam, N. H.; Royal- 
ston, Athol, Phillipston, Templeton, Hub- 
bardston, Rutland, Paxton, and Leicester, 
Massachusetts and Narragansett, Rhode 
Island. 


H. P., and hope to try this out in their 

forestry work next year. % 

STATES’ APPROPRIATIONS FOR 
FORESTRY 


Reflecting the growing public interest 
in timber production and the need for for-— 
est protection and reforestation throughout 


the country, State appropriations for fores-_ 
try show an increase of 78 per cent over 
those of 1919, according to figures com- 
piled by the Forest Service, United States 
Department of Agriculture. The total ap- 
propriation by 32 State legislatures for 192T 
amounted to $4,065,434. New York leads, © 
with over $1,000,000, and Pennsylvania 
holds second place, with $860,000. The 
greatest percentage of increase is shown in 
California, where the forestry appropria- 
tion of $45,800 for 1919 was raised to $398,- 
800 for 1921, or 771 per cent. Kentucky, 
Minnesota, and West Virginia alone show 
decreased appropriations, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 121 


| BOOK REVIEWS 


= DRAMA OF THE FORESTS—By 
Arthur Heming. Doubleday Page, $5.00. 


A spend written, inspiring story of the 
wil ds of Northern Canada. Fascinating, 
entertaining and filled with real facts about 
ez people. One reviewer says of it: 
The picturesque life of the Northern for- 
e : is departing—the glory amd romance 
f the old Hudson’s Bay Factors have 

‘passed their zenith. But Arthur Heming 
has caught it—and held it—and passed it 
‘on to you.” The book is beautifully illus- 
ated with reproditictions in color of paint- 

s owned by the Royal Ontario Museum. 


CITY HOMES ON COUNTRY LANES. 
By William E. Smythe. (Macmillan). 


) ated as the “philosophy and practice 
f the Home-in-a-Garden” this volume is 
ie first of three books designed to deal 
one general theme. Together, they 
present a practical program for the 
iking of what, in a spiritual sense at 
may well be characterized as the New 
arth—which, of course, could be nothing 
ut new ways of using the Old Earth, to the 
d that it may in time produce a great new 
trop of homes and institutions. The plan 
lls for “garden cities,” for the millions 
ho are city-bound but who hunger for a 
ich of the open spaces; for “little-land- 
ge’ or the science of ‘most intensive culti- 
ation and use of the individual small hold- 
, and for “rural settlements”—forty acres 
upward-developed in accordance with 
highest modern ideals, as already in 
1 application, and this volume cov- 
s the first phase of the program. 


ee 
cticz 


LUMBER SALESMANSHIP 


New York State College of Forestry 
at Syracuse University believing that more 
ficient and complete utilization of the 
roducts of our American forests is prac- 
as good forestry as replanting cut- 
areas, leaving seed trees to reforest 
a that are being lumbered, protection 
; or forest fires, etc.,and that lumber sales- 
hip is a phase of lumbering seriously 
leeded by this great American industry. 
ently offered such a course to students 
pecializing in lumbering and wood utiliza 
on. This is the first course of its kind in 
merican forestry schools. 


BOOKS ON FORESTRY 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, ‘tor the benef th those wish 
a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. " sig he tite who wish tin we 
Association, Washington, D. C. 


These may be ordered thro the Ameri 
Prices are by mail or express prepaid. — ssp Rein se 


FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth.. 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—B 
ae BER SeuatiOn bee ie 

ST VALUATION—B 


MISTRY OF PULP ND PAPER "MAKING By Bawin Sute er eee 
cH ESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY BO  wertaae Shaw. 3 ibe 
TREES, de VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS" John 2.50 
TREES = SE smitty Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and IL, 4 4 Parts r= a Vol , 

5.00 
LUMBER iis 
REE OF FOREST is 
LAW IN AMERICA-—By J. P. Kinn 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—By Theodore §° Woslsee ite 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY By hut Bitaee ee 5.10 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston..................... 1.50 
THE FARM WOODLOT_E. G. Cheyn ey and J. P. : 1.15 
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECO cw oDs OF mae UNITED STATES—Samuel J. 
2.60 
< Feeaees He 
FOREST PRODUCTS, THEIR MAN FACTURE AND: ; 
FIRST BOOK OF Serer Roth...... tie 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—A. S. Fuller.............. 1.50 
2.00 
b ausauas 3.50 
7.50 
10.00 
oe 3 MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough 8 
Reet abetuntsceiebesaneushh cara gest kes aedds acer sawneeee 10 
GETTING. ACO OAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. H McF 
nee J. Horace McFarland.. 
TREES OF ‘a = ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and rem f Brooks. 1 
OUR TREES, H 3 


00 

00 

15 

00 

-5e 

50 

1.50 

TREES H. Marshall W 1.50 

OUR NATIONAL PARKS—Joh: 1.91 

PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John LO REET Er ein eres aE eer eer ay MENON Is coe 2.50 

MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AME Char a em Sargen’ 12.50 

[THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES a ey UNITED STATES—S. Elliott 2.50 

MANUAL OF FORESTRY—VOL I—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. miverne 3.60 

THE ee Sue ae =, ph he ee OODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves.. 2.60 

SHADE S IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff............ 3.60 

THE TREE GUIDE By te — ee G23 PR Mis ye ey bee 74 1.00 

MANUAL FOR BN —Austite Cary. 5.550052 6 Woy dens Masks chekdeysitnee 2.12 
tHE aEeOne AND PRACTICE. OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)—A. B. Reck- 

Bese ssc amMeledessRiserosesesdsawepe Vics slebonesscevesdysaddnsncehegecckbedeineseese decedbscsssesve A 
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown....... even Uxed ; rr 
SE PROPERTIES OF WOOD. Samuel” J. Record.. *h nh - 2.60 
ERED S OF TREES~J. J. even b Facvchdasnn Go tieceaiedemaine 2.10 

REE TORUNI MGI INO \ORED Ch ab .cis0bsccsuesil sees bined aecitetaecea ence 65 
FS PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. 3.00 
SEEDING AND PLANTIN ‘= THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY By James W. Toumey.. 4.10 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews 2.00 
FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—By F. Schuyler Mathews. 2.00 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS—By F. Sc 2.00 
FARM FORESTRY—By John Arden Ferguson 2.10 
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—By Frederick F. Moo 2.10 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Maud Go 1.50 
BARDEOCOE FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—By Jay L. B. Taylor 3.10 
‘HE LAND IVE agg vere ig 1.70 
WOOD AND orgs “a¢ & 3.00 
THE ESSE ERICAN M [BER LAW—B 3.00 
HANDBOOK OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, ME 
SNM eer Pee Cas was Copies suvcaact cae sisdm sadn 8§3s96usi2c0d oboe rset costes baceeCcbeccmecess 2.50 
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr................ 3.10 
OOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS—Chas. H. Snow .. 5.00 
EXERCISES IN FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark.............. 1.50 
pay eerie ay 2 Segre BME ae APs OUR MONS do hcK cn iso bar nvcdd sophie need casticrece 2.50 
ANUAL OF DISEASES—Howard Rankin..................05-- 2.50 
THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARLS--By Robert Sterling Yard............. 3.10 
THE STORY OF THE peneet By J. Gordon Dorrance........... - 65 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—B: Recknagel and John Bentley, J: 2.66 
THE FOREST RANGER A ‘OTHER VE ee td John Guthrie. 1.60 
TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND G aig as ee H 3.10 
THE a TORIC gai oF eee aoe wie J. R. Simmons. - 3.65 
TIMBERS—AND THE fend! Wires WII 6.5) Fiei o- vorases tas 5.15 
THE PRESERVATION © OF  STRUC URAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss....... 3.50 
THE UNITED STATES FOREST ee Std ohn Ise 5.15 
THE KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—B > Me Tiemann 4.65 
MODERN PULP AND PAPER MAKI G_By < G. S. Witham, Sr 6.15 
THE PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE—By Ralph C. Hawley..........ccccccccscecusesceeeeee 4.10 
WOOD PRODUCTS — W. Dumesny. .....c.ccccsececeseeeceeeeeeures 6.50 
GUIDE TO THE TREES—A. Lounsberry +4 


THE TREE BOOK~—Julia Ellen Rogers. 


* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry 


w related subjects upon request—EDITOR. 


— 


it Fact or Fiction 


MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE ENTITLED TO 10 PER CENT DISCOUNT 


It will pay anyone who buys books either for his own use or his family to 
become a member of the American Forestry Association, for 


“Rochester is greatest money making peach in the world'’—Statement by large orchardist. 
Oriainared te Rochester, New York, tree is strong, upright grower, has sixteen degrees below 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Always the Second Year 


Breaks Records the Third 
Year 


Do you ask stronger evidence, 
read this: 
403 Perfect Peaches on 4 


year old tree 


Mr. C. E, Strawbridge, of Lima, Ohio, writes us 
under date of August 26, 1920, as follows: “‘On 
April 10, 1916, I set out one of your new Rochester 
Peach trees. Last heap aie pee 5 peaches oon 
it, each averaging the the size of an_ average tea 
= ._ THIS YEAR HAVE PICKED EXACTLY 403 LARGE 

HES FROM THIS ONE TREE. Many people have seen 
this tree, and can hardly believe their own eyes. 
One of its admirers was Postmaster J. E. Sullivan, 
who wants me to put him in touch with the “FEL- 
LOWS WHO HAVE SUCH TREES FOR SALE.” 


TREES Planted In Spring, 1918, Bore 150 to 200 Peaches 
Past Summer - . r4 ¥ 
THE EARLIEST YELLOW FREESTONE PEACH KNOWN 


zero and 


a fall crop, while the Elberta and Crawford, under.the same conditions in the same orchard, pro- 


duced no blossoms and consequently no fruit. 


Mr. Yarker, Greece, N. Y., who has an orchard of 500 trees, reports 17 peaches picked in August 


frem a tree planted the previous spring. 


Mr. C. M. Thomas, 215 W. 40th St., Savannah, Ga., purchased a Rochester Peach from us last February, and 


picked the first fruit in July. 


LOGUE —For descriptions and prices of a complete list of Glenwood products, send for a 
oer at Ate 1922 catalogue P1. of Dependable Trees and Plants —it's free. 


aa” We are head 


rters for 


Rochester Peach. 


GLEN BROS., Inc., Glenwood Nursery, Established 1866 


Rochester, N. Y. 


\iZ 
AMUSE 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine pecimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 


Trees from °5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 
372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. 8. 


HARDY AVOCADO DISCOVERED IN 
ECUADOR. 

A variety of avocado, or alligator pear, 
the fruit of which attains a weight of 18 
ounces and the trees of which will stand 
some frost, has been sent to.the office of 
foreign seed and plant introduction, United 
States Department of Agriculture, by Wil- 
son Popenoe, plant explorer in South Amer- 
ica, and buds of it are now growing in the 
department greenhouses. Curiously, the 
new avocado, hardier against cold than the 
ordinary West Indian and Guatemalan va- 
rieties, was discovered in Ecuador, a coun- 
try situated on the Equator. The region, 
hitherto unknown as producing this fruit, 
is in what is known as the Chota Valley, 
6,000 feet above sea level, giving a climate 
comparable to many regions much farther 
north. Most of the fruits of varieties of 
this Mexican race are small. This one has 
fruits comparable in size with those of the 
more tender races. Regions occasionally 
visited by a temperature of plus 18 degrees 
F, have produced bearing trees of the Mex- 
ican avocado. 


A YEAR-AROUND’ SERVICE 


You can order Books through our Book Service Department at a Sav- 


ing of 10 per cent. This offer holds good any time during the year to mem- 
bers of the American Forestry Association. 


progressing for the meeting at Jackson. 


FOURTH SOUTHERN FORESTR 
CONGRESS 

With February 6, 7, and 8 definitely 

as the dates for the Fourth Southe 

Forestry Congress, President Roy L. Ho zu 

of the Congress announces that plans 


Mississippi Legislature will be in sessi 
at that time, and the foresters are con 
dent that favorable action will be tak 
forestry matters. A comprehensive 
estry bill will be introduced in to the 
islature at the recommendation of the R 
clamation Commission which was 
by the last Legislature. P. P. 1 
Commissioner of Agriculture, is preside 
of the Commission, and J. T. Ward 
Waynesboro, who is also a lumberman -: 
member of the House of Representative 
is secretary. The Commission has dely 
deep into the question of forestry in M 
sissippi, and their recommendations w 
carry much weight. 

“We feel that the convening of 
Fourth Congress at Jackson while the ft 
estry bill is under consideration will go f 
towards focusing public attention on 
topic”, says Mr. Hogue. “While the Sout 
ern Forestry Congress as an organization 
not committed to any specific bill, we a 
always eager to further the passage of ar 
forestry legislation which has local suppo 
In other words, we do not aim to ‘mi 
in any way with local politics, but 
to bring to each State an account of 
the other States of the South are doit 
along forestry lines. In this way we ca 
render the most effective assistance © 
arousing enthusiasm for forestry.” 


The program of the Congress as tent: 
tively arranged includes a number of 
jects of first interest to the lumber 
dustry. Among these are the knotty pro 
lems of the taxation of forest lands, whic 
was the center of a large part of the dis 
cussion at New Orleans on November 1 
and 15, when the Forestry Policy Co 
mittee of the National Chamber of Cot 
merce called on the Southern lumberm 
and conservationists to express their vie! 
on forestry. Every effort will be made” 
secure the attendance of the Tax Commi 
sioners from Southern States, many | 
whom are alive to the burdens under whi 
the lumberman or land-owner labors whi 
he undertakes to practice conservative lun 
bering or outright reforestation. Othe 
topics of particular interest to the lumbe 
men will be national forestry policies, ai 
minimum silvicultural requirements for th 
South. The latter is the technical title £ 
the study which is being made by the Sout 
ern Forest Experiment Station and Aust 
Cary of the Forest Service of the mea 
ures which are necessary to keep fores 
lands reasonably productive of timber. Th 
topic covers the question of seed tree 
slash disposal, and fire protection, as 


to all types of forest, including the 
dwood lands and cypress brakes. Other 
jects to be discussed at the meeting in- 
forestry in the public schools, the 
and our navigable streams, and 
t fires. The list of speakers will be 
ounced at a later date. 


WOOD LOT NEEDED ON FARMS 
9wa farmers use between $6,000,000 and 
0,000 worth of lumber annually, ac- 
ng to the forestry department at Iowa 
College, and this bill will soon be 
d, unless they economize\in the use 
better grades and give attention to 
‘treatment of forest products. The far- 
is the largest user of wood in the 
United States, say the forestry experts, who 
Stimate that 46 per cent of all wood used 
ually goes to the farms. Not only does 
the farm require much timber and wood 
for p fuel and minor supplies but the 
ge farm each year uses 2,000 board 
of lumber for buildings. 
ter grades of building lumber, such as 
cypress and oak, according to I. T. 
ide, extension service forester, are get- 
Scarcer every day, but in spite of this 
is a greater demand than ever for 
umber and posts on the farm. Building 
and repair work on the average farm are at 
present below normal but there will soon 
bea greater call for lumber. 
Po meet this demand Mr. Bode ad- 
yocates the farm woodlot. Every farm 
id have a planting of trees of different 
es and this should be placed on waste 
that will not produce a good agricul- 
tural crop. By the planting of rapid grow- 
ing softwood trees, serviceable lumber will 
esult in ten years time and these woods 
san be treated with creosote or other pre- 
vative and last as long as the better 
es of hardwoods. 
Th order to start this work in Iowa the 
ension service has established a forestry 
ment which will endeavor to increase 
: use of softwood fence posts by treat- 
it; establish more woodlots in Iowa and 
them managed in a definite manner 
id placed on the wasted corners and poor- 
‘land of the farms; and to provide per- 
nt farm protection by establishing 
rbelts for animals and buildings that 
will return wood for farm uses. 


OF INTEREST TO USERS OF WooD 
) WASTE 

The Wood Waste Exchange of the U. S. 
Service has been transferred from 
to the Forest Products Labora 
Madison, Wisconsin, where its future 
tivities will be centered. The Exchange 
has in the past contributed much towards 
lore complete utilization of wood, by sup- 
lying a medium through which the mills and 
Wood-using factories could locate markets 
o their side lumber and short lengths, and 
bod-consuming factories sources of mate- 
of this character which would meet. their 

ments, 


oes. 
isningto 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Centering the activities of the Exchange at 
the Forest Products Laboratory will permit 
an expansion of this service, in that it will be 
possible to include suggestions as to mar- 
kets and new uses for by-products and low 
grade material, based on the latest results 
of technical research carried on by the 
Laboratory. 

All communications should be addressed 
to the director, Forest Products Laborato- 
ry, Madison, Wisconsin. 


YELLOWSTONE OUR GREAT FISH- 
ING PRESERVE 

In order to insure the reputation of the 
Yellowstone National Park as the greatest 
fishing preserve in the United States the 
National Park Service in cooperation with 
the United States bureau of Fisheries car- 
ried on the restocking of the Lakes and 
streams of the Yellowstone this past season 
on a greater scale than ever before. The 
Government fish hatchery was maintained 
on Yellowstone Lake during the season 
with excellent results. The total collection 
of eggs of native trout in the park was 
5,996,000 which were developed to the stage 
of eyed eggs and fry and 2,871,000 of these 
were returned to the waters of the park 
and the balance, except, of course, the or- 
dinary losses incident to hatching and trans- 
portation, were distributed to points out- 
side the park. In addition to those col- 
lected in the park, there were distributed 
in park waters from outside hatcheries 
2,800,000 fry or a total of 4,051,000 fish. 
This is double the amount of fish planted 
in 1920. The species were Eastern brook, 


123 


Has been en- * 
larged and im- 
proved and spe- 
cial care taken 
to make it the best we have 
ever issued. Especially de- 
signed to help the amateur 
as well as the professional gardener, 
whether his specialty be Vegetables or 
Flowers. 


A large, comprehensive, handsomely il- 
lustrated book, showing in colors and pho- 
to-engravings many of the varieties offered, 
and giving cultural directions which assure 
a successful garden, - 

The EIGHTY-FOURTH EDITION of 
DREER’S GARDEN BOOK contains 224 
pages, eight color plates, besides numer- 
ous phitograptiic reproductions. It offers 
the best Vegetable and Flower Seeds; 
Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; Gar- 
den Requisites; Plants of all kinds, includ- 
ing the newest Roses, Dahlias, Hardy Pe- 
rennials, etc, 


A copy mailed free if you mention 
this publication. 


HENRY A. DREER 
714-716 Chestnut St. Philadelphia, Pa. 


Nursery Stock for Forest Planting | 
TREE SEEDS 


Write for prices on 
quantities 


THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. 
CHESHIRE, CONN. 


SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS 


MEMORIALS IN BRONZE 


For Memorial Tree Planting 


When planting Memorial- Trees care || viduals who have planted, or who con- 


3 ; plate the planting of Memorial Trees, 
should be taken in the selection of the || ‘™Plate P 8 


or who are interested in the national 


tablet to commemorate the event. plans for Roads of Remembrance, are 


Towns, cities, associations and indi- || invited to write to us for information. 


J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS 


87 PARK PLACE NEW YORK CITY 


) 


Evergreens symbolize a cheerful 
personality—a personality un- 
daunted by the storms of life— 
a personality that can smile in 
the face of adversity. For do 
they not stand out amid bleak 
and barren winter surroundings 
with the same dauntless spirit? 
Dothey notlendanote ofwarmth 
and cheer to an otherwise cheer- 
less outlook? 


Thus are they the ideal monu- 
ment to perpetuate the memory 
of the departed. MOON’S Ever- 
greens possess the vigor, sym- 
metry and root-power which 
minimize transplanting risks. 
They are backed by the reputa- 
tion of an organization of 
Nurserymen since 1767, your 
assurance of fair dealing when 
you patronize us. 

Our descriptive catalog tells more 
about Trees for Memorial and many 


3 | 
other uses. Why not sit right down [€ | 
and write for it? | 


LAF ZI UN LTA LL SL UAT LI a SF ae NN Na AO) 


Moons Nurseries 
MORRISVILLE PENNSYLVANIA 


which is 1 mile from 


NURSERYMAN & LANDSCAPE GARDENER 
with 30 years’ experience around New York City 
territory estimating and making up planting lists 
WANTS WORK BY THE DAY 
in rearranging faulty or unsatisfactory plantings. 
References furnished. $25 and expenses per visit 
or day. 
FRANK HAMILTON, 


471 Irvington Avenue, Elizabeth, N. J. 


TREE EXPERTS 


Orchard Pruning, Tree Surgery 
SHADE TREE PRUNING 
Our Specialty. Advise us at once of 
your tree problems. 
C. F. BAPTISTE, 
Winsted, Conn. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


grayling, rainbow and black spotted trout. 

The theory advanced by some to the ef- 
fect that Yellowstone Lake, the largest lake 
at an altitude of 7,700 feet in the world, 
contained insufficient food for the large 
numbers of native trout which are found in 
its waters is not sustained by Professor 
Richard R. Muttkowski of the University of 
Idaho, who studied the question of available 
food supply for fish in park waters. 

With greater and more scientific restock- 
ing of park-waters each year, the Yellow- 
stone is truly the fisherman’s paradise. 


CALIFORNIA’S NEW STATE FOR- 
ESTER 

M. B. Pratt has been appointed by Gov. 
William D. Stephens of California to the 
position of state forester, to succeed G. 
M. Homans, who died on November 2oth. 

Mr. Pratt, who is a native of Paw Paw, 
Illinois, was graduated from the University 
of Chicago in 1903 and from the Yale 
Forest School in 1905, then entering the 
United States Forest Service as forest 
assistant, being assigned to California. Fol- 
lowing the first year of his work on general 
investigation he was assigned to the Tahoe 
National Forest, where he remained for 


M. B. PRATT 


about eight years, being promoted to deputy 
forest supervisor. 

In 1914 he was appointed assistant pro- 
fessor of forestry at the University of 
California, remaining for four years and 
specializing in wood utilization and wood 
technology. 

He then accepted a position as deputy 
state forester, with headquarters at Sac- 
ramento, and has now been advanced to the 
head of the department. The chairman 
of the California State Board of Forestry 
is former Gov. George C. Pardee. 


OHIO FEDERATION RESOLUTI 


The Ohio Federation of Women’s” 
in annual convention in December p 
strong resolutions urging the passag 
national forestry legislation and ple 
its support to the American Forestry; 
sociation in its efforts in this field, as 
lows: 


“Whereas, Forest Fires in the 1 
States destroy timber valued at $20,0 
every year; and - 


“Whereas, Industrial demands tak 
est products four to four and one 
times faster than we are producing 
and ' 


“Whereas, The American Forestry 
ciation says a crisis is fast approac 
this country because of lack 
national forest policy the princip 
which have already been approved | 
General Federation of Women’s — 
therefore, 


“Resolved, By the Ohio Federati 
Women’s Clubs that we do all in our 
to aid the American Forestry Asse 
in its educational campaign looking | 
replenishing and perpetuation of ot 
ests.” 


FOR STATE PARKS 

The Natural Parks Association of | 
ington is campaigning vigorously 
preservation of highway timber an 
creation of more state parks throu 
the commonwealth. At the annual m 
December 20 last at Tacoma, the as 
tion advocated that one or more stan 
virgin timber of at least 160 acres 
be preserved on each of the main 
ways; that all of the remaining ¢ 
along the Sunset Highway between 
Bend and Lake Keechelus be saved 
that at least 10 per cent of the r 
of the state motor vehicle licens 
be used in obtaining such park 
recreation areas. In all, 24 parks 
be acquired and administered by the 
parks committee in the near future, 
association’s recommendations are ¢ 
out. At present Washington has 12 
parks. 


The state parks committee is com 
of three members, the state treas' } 
retary of state, and the commission 
public lands. This committee is emp 
ed by statute to set aside timbered p 
of state lands adjacent to highways. 
is no limit to the areas that may I 
reserved. As the state owns consid 
stretches of timber bordering various 
ways, it is anticipated that several su 
park sites will be selected therefrom, 
eliminating the necessity of expending 
lic money for some of the proposed fp 


In addition to the preservation of 


timber, the association wants all fe 
owned timber along highways which 
verse the National Forests reserved 


ermanently maintained for the recreational 
se of the public. As the United States 
Service favors the preservation of 
e highway timber under its jurisdiction, 
aim of the association may eventually 


Bea 


INE BLISTER RUST IN BRITISH 
; COLUMBIA 
Dis covery of white pine blister rust in 
British Columbia on cultivated black cur- 
ant ; by Prof. J. W. Eastham, Provincial 
hologist, British Columbia, is of great 
‘5 rtance to the United States because of 
‘extensive and highly valuable western 
pine and sugar pine forests in the 
The rust has been found in several 
on Vancouver Island, including 
,Nanaimo, Comox, and Courtenay, 
on the mainland at Vancouver, New 
ainster, Chilliwack, and Agassiz.. The 
of the rust by Professor East- 
was made on September 16, 1921. 
se that time the agents of the Office of 
Rust Control of the United States 
partment of Agriculture have visited 
tish Columbia to study the distribution 
disease. White pines (Pinus stro- 
, grown from seed in Stanley Park 
t Vancouver were found diseased. Spec- 
mens of these pines were referred to the 
Department of Agriculture at Washington, 
D.C. These have been identified as being 
ected by the white pine blister rust, 
ium ribicola. Further scouting car- 
re on by Federal agents has revealed the 
‘on cultivated black currants at Sumas 
ity, and Mount Vernon, Washington. 
White pine blister was brought to Ameri- 
a from Europe during the past 20 years, 
s already done much harm. There is 
ee spread infection in the white pine for- 
ts of the Northeastern States, and the 
is spreading in Wisconsin ‘and 
Besota. 


gee eek 


= 
% 


S| 


B Q ee 


: W YORK CITY FORESTERS 

e New York Forest Club, consisting of 
he foresters in and about New York City, 
- ‘after a year of informal organization, 
nade itself a definite organization for the 
lise ion of forestry problems, and has 
ted E. A. Sterling, Chairman, and O. 
f. Porter, Secretary. The Club will hold 
pone nly meetings, to which all foresters 
siting in the city are invited, the meeting 
late being fixed as the second Tuesday of 
pach month, with a 1 o’clock luncheon at 
a ale Club. An effort will be made to 


the foresters of the entire country 
nge their visits to New York, when 
poms ie, as to be present at this time. It 
‘a Surprise to most of those present 
be wn that in New York district there 
‘; about eighty forest school graduates. 
Pp ral of these are connected with com- 
hercial concerns in their professional ca- 
icity, especially those in the paper industry 
is going more and more deeply into 

he forestry problem. 


AMERICAN FO RESTRY 


HOW DID THEY GET THIS 
WAY? 
By S. C. Martin 


This is a long leaf pine, six feet apart 
at the ground, crossed, but not joined, at a 
distance of seven feet from the root of 
the tree, and at a height of thirty feet the 
two trees are joined together, and as is 


THE DOUBLE PINES 


“Double Pines” growing on Pine Moun- 
tain, in Harris County, Georgia, ten miles 
from Hamilton, and near Columbus. 


shown in the picture, the two trees form 
one complete tree. 

The photograph was furnished AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY by J. O. Martin, of the 
Department of Education, of Georgia. 


FOREST FIRE PROTECTION 


The State of Washington spent $37,000 
in 1921, out of a $100,000 legislative appro- 
priation, for fire protection in the windfall 
area on the Olympic Peninsula. Approx- 
imately eight billion feet of fir, spruce, 
hemlock and cedar timber, blown down by 
the tornado of January 29, 1921, served to 
make a gigantic fire trap covering 2,200 
square miles of wilderness bordering the 
Pacific Ocean. Fire once started there 
would have caused untold damage before 
it could have been checked either by human 
agencies or by burning itself out, the lat- 
ter the more probable eventuality. But, 
due to the preventive measures taken by 
the federal government and the state, the 
hazard was reduced to a minimum. Joint- 
ly with the government, the Washington 
Forest Fire Association, and the Clallam 
Lumber Company, the state constructed 
large water tanks at strategic points along 


125 


Trees and Plants 
Alive with Vitality, 
Color and Beauty 


— er Ui 
= 
“ae 
0 
Grown in the richest soil in the 
country—Lancaster County, Pa.—the 
nursery stocks of B. F. Barr & Com- 
pany are the favored of lovers of fine 
plantings. 


Ideal soil and climatic conditions ; 
the utmost care and patience; thirty 
years experience in tree and plant 
culture—these are the tools with 
which B. F. Barr & Company work. 


When you buy B. F. Barr & Com- 
pany trees and shrubs you not only 
get shapeliness and balance, dignity 
and poise, color and beauty, but also 
a rare vitality and sturdiness. 


In addition, there is a Landscape 
Architectural Division at your dis- 
posal. Its corps of experts is skilled 
in the designing of original and ex- 
pressive landscapes. Consult it now 
regarding your 1922 plantings. Its 
service is free. 


Send for the new B. F. Barr & Company 
catalog. 


B. F. Barr & Company 
KEYSTONE NURSERIES 
125 Barr Building - Lancaster, Pa. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY +IRST” 
Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ices 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 


Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 


Established 1897 
specialists in 


Orchids wa acy: oreelalions: 


port ow, sell and export this class of plants 
lusively 


Our Wexicated and descriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
cial list of freshly imported unestablished 
Orchids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


126 


Forest Fire Pumping 
Outfit 


Portable, Lightweight Direct-Con- 
nected Gasoline Engines and Pumps 
For Fire Fighting 


ED by Canadian Government 

and the Canadian Pacific ne: 

Will throw water to a height of 

feet. Shipment compiete, ready to run. 

Can be ckly moved to any endangered 
tion by auto, pack horses or boat. 
rite for Bulletin H-7013. 


CONTRACTORS’ EQUIPMENT DEPT. 


FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 


30 CHURCH ST. - NEW YORK CITY 


BALTIMORE OFFICE BOSTON OFFICE 


115 East Lombard St, 245 State Street 
PHILADELPHIA OFFICE: 917 Arch Street 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


the Olympic Highway for 42 miles through 
the storm zone. These water tanks sup- 
plied wagons, which in dry weather wet 
down the growth beside the roadway. Ad- 
equate fire patrols were maintained, and 
a detachment of National Guard troops 
regulated tourist travel in the danger area. 
Stringent fire regulations were rigidly en- 
forced. Smoking was prohibited and no 
campfires could be kindled except at des- 
ignated spots. 

The coming summer the fire menace 
wilt be much more serious than during that 
of 1921. The dead foliage, needles and 
wood splinters will be thoroughly seasoned, 
and the new green growth will not be suf- 
ficiently heavy to keep the debris and top 
soil from becoming exceedingly dry. Safe- 
guards additional to those employed fast 
year are contemplated. The state has 
$67,000 to spend during 1922 for continuing 
and expanding protective work on the 
Peninsula. 


SPARK ARRESTERS 

THE Forest Products Laboratory of the 

Forest Service has undertaken a study 
of the efficiency of locomotive spark ar- 
resters, which is being conducted by Mr. 
J. S. Mathewson, a mechanical engineer 
of wide experience. Many spark arresters 
at present in use are inefficient and com- 
paratively little is known as to their rela- 
tive value and efficiency. The results of 
the study will be of far-reaching value, 
particularly at this time when the impend- 
ing scarcity of fuel oil is forcing many 
railroads to revert to coal for fuel. 


papers to find the paper you want. 


width. 


desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustratioms 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction, 


Ross-Gould Company 
232 NM, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 


Philadelphia 
Chicago 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 

It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 
one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates endless shuffling of 
A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 
way but immediately at hand when needed. 

Built of Steel Sections 

Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 

Pays for Itself 

A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 

efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 
without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all tc whom mail is distributed. 


It has sep- 


$120 Per Secrion 


REO. US. PAT. OB 


4 ComPARTMENT?6@ 


Write at once tor free, 
instructive, tllus- 
trated folder, 


i" TComPaRTMENT?9 eo 
‘How to Get 


10 Comeartment *{3 29 


RECREATION IN THE FOREST 


Outdoor recreation ranks today as on 
of the major resources or utilities of th 
National Forests, according to Col. W. 
Greeley, Chief of the Forest Service, wht 
states that this is not because of anythin 
the Government has done to facilitate or in 
crease this form of use, but because 
the demonstrated belief of several milliot 
people that the Forests offer a broa 
and varied field of recreational opportun 
ties. 

According to the figures received fro 
the forests just compiled, there was a 
of 973,652 visitors to the National Fo 
of Oregon and Washington during 192: 
The Washington national forests had 
460, while the Oregon forests had 423,19. 

The Forester emphasizes the fact the 
the presence of large numbers of peop 
on favored recreation areas creates pro 
lems of sanitation, of public health, and ¢ 
protection of public property which ca 
not be safely ignored. He says that coun 
ties, municipalities, forest recreation ass¢ 
ciations and other semi-public organizatio 
and in some cases individual citizens at 
doing much by generous donations and com 
structive planning to relieve the situatior 
They have installed toilets, fireplaces, she 
ters, sources of water supply, tables ani 
benches, refuse depositories, par in; 
places, and other almost indispensable fa 
cilities. . 

“After the fullest possible co-operatio 
has been secured, however, there will re 
main many important recreation area 
where action by the Government will b 
necessary to preserve public health ar 
property. The Government should instal 
necessary sanitary and protective facilitie 
upon camp grounds where other means of 
improvements are unobtainable. The esti 
mate submitted of $10,000 to meet the co: 
of work: of this kind during the fis 
year 1923 is but a tithe of the amoun 
needed, but it will provide for a few oO 
the most urgent cases. 

“The presence of game,” the forestel 
points out, “adds to the attractiveness 0 
the National Forests not only to hunter 
but to residents generally, and anythin; 
that contributes to the abundance and 
riety of game increases the value of thi 
Forests for public purposes. One of th 
outstanding requirements for the perpe 
tion of the game resources of the Nationa 
Forests is a considerable number of sma 
well-distributed game refugees, within 
which the rapidly diminishing stocks 6 
valuable mammals and birds may rear thei 
young free from molestation, thus main 
taining upon the surrounding lands a nor 
mal overflow or drift to supply the hunter 
naturalist, and lover of the wild. The Na 
tional Forests contain many areas remote 
inaccessible, and largely unsuited for 
grazing of domestic stock, which mighi 


ously be devoted to this purpose. 
dedication of such areas to the protec- 
tion of game would be purely a function 


dvantag 


the game being unaffected. Several 
excellent bills are now pending in Con- 
7 ess. A law of this kind, generally appli- 
sable to all National Forests, should be 
“Supplementary to the establishment of 
uitably located game refuges which would 
as breeding places, there should be,” 
es Col. Greeley, “definitely formulated 
for wild life administration. The 
imal life of the forests—that is, their 
lative population, beast, bird, and fish— 
ould be regarded and handled in pre- 

ly the same way as their plant life, 


heir tree growth and forage growth. Un- 
er skillful management the quantity pro- 
duced can be increased, its kind regulated, 
ind its most desirable utilization secured. 
egulated use means its impairment; in- 
ive use, often its eventual destruction 
iS a resource.” 


z 


INVESTIGATIONS SHOW 
. FISH SOME OLDER LAKES CON- 
; TAIN LESS FISH. 


This may be due to untoward changes in 
one areas. Is your lake deteriorating? 
Te 
on 


e, report and adjust. Literature 
st. ERNEST CLIVE BROWN, 


Box 107 F, Station G, New York City. 


NEW YORK’S FIRE LOSSES 


A summarization of the statistics com- 
led by the Conservation Commission for 
he past year, shows 1921 to have' been the 
most serious fire year since 1903 and 1908, 
but the very effective protection accorded 
the losses at a minimum. The figures 
that with a total of 633 fires, and an 
‘ea of 26,663 acres burned over, the total 
Ss amounted to only $49,920, and the en- 
expenditure for fighting fire for the 
year came to $62,812.88. 


STANDARDIZATION OF WOOD- 
TESTING METHODS 

The American Society for Testing Ma- 
terials and the U. S. Forest Service have 
been designated by the American Engineer- 
g Standards Committee as joint sponsors 
the development of uniform standard 
methods of testing wood. This action was 
faken as the result of a canvass made of the 
rincipal national bodies concerned with the 
roposed project, from which it was ap- 
arent that there is a real demand for the 
work, and that the joint sponsorship here 
indicated would be acceptable to the in- 


land management, the State’s control . 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


14,000 FIRES IN PULPWOOD FORESTS 


There were 14,463 forest fires in the pulp- 
wood regions of the United States during 
1920, burning over 2,059,408 acres, accord- 
ing to a report compiled by the Woodlands 
Section of the American Paper and Pulp 
Association, in co-operation with the United 
States Forest Service. 


The tremendous losses by fire tremend- 
ously handicap the paper manufacturers in 
their efforts to determine a future forest 
policy for this industry, for the problem 
of artificially planting new forests would 
be enormously minimized if the loss by fire 
in growing forests could be eliminated. 


In the New England states alone there 
were 2,419 fires, of which 1,619 were in 
Massachusetts, 164 in Maine, 542 in New 
Hampshire, 54 in Vermont and 40 in Rhode 
Island. The area burned over in Maine 
was the largest of this group, being 30,803 
acres. Fires this year have done even 
more damage, though no figures are yet 
available, and the same is probably true of 
New York. Here there were 479 fires in 
1920, burning 35,176 acres. 


In the group of states including Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, West 
Virginia, North Carolina and, New Jersey 
there were 4,928 fires, of which 1,597 were 
in Pennsylvania and 1,644 in North Caro- 
716,863 acres. 


In the lake states of Michigan, Wisconsin, 
Minnesota, there were 776 fires, burning 
lina. The total area burned over was 
597,910 acres, and in the great forest states 
of Washington, Oregon and California, 
there were 4,861 fires, burning 646,648 acres. 

The total damage by these fires through- 
out the country was $6,319,641. 

Col. W. B. Greeley, Chief Forester of 
the United States Forest Service, has said 
that if the forest fire menace could be 
eliminated, the problem of future forests 
for the country would be greatly simpli 
fied. 


QUARANTINE AGAINST SATIN 
MOTH 


A Federal quarantine, effective January 
I, against New Hampshire and Massachu- 
setts to prevent the spread of the satin 
moth, a dangerous insect pest newly dis- 
covered in this country, has been announced 
by the Federal Horticultural Board, Unit- 
ed States Department of ‘Agriculture. The 
action by the department follows a hearing 
held here in December, when various 
phases of the situation were discussed. 


WANTED 


Pine Cones, green or brown, still on the trees 
and closed, containing seed. Will pay $3.00 a 
bushel picked and sacked; extra for bags; Hem- 
lock and spruce less in proportion. Telephone 
Elmsford 1710 or write P . O. Box 281, White 
Plains, N. Y. 


127 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to for- 
esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, dis- 
charged or about to be discharged from 
military service, who want positions, or 
of persons having employment to offer 
such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. 


POSITIONS WANTED 


POSITION wanted as Forester or Superintendent 
on a private estate or otherwise, by a thor- 
oughly practical, experienced, married man. 
English. Competent to take charge of any for- 
esters’ post in every detail. Can undertake the 
control of a saw mill; building roads, nursery 
work, landscape planting, tree work, and hand- 
ling help. Good references. Address Box 3040, 
care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (1-3-22) 


FORESTER—Experienced in cruising and gen- 
eral woods work, also Aerial Photograph Inter- 
pretation, would like position with Pulp or 
Lumber Company. Address Box 3045, in care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C, (1-3-22) 


WINTER POSITION wanted with lumber com- 
pany as time keeper or similar work. Gradu- 
ate of high school and ranger course, 25 years 
old, good references from previous employers. 
Address Box 3030, care AMERICAN FOR- 
ESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C 


(10-12-21) 


FORESTER—Graduate of Penn State, 28 years of 
age, desires work in Forestry or allied lines. 
Varied experience in Forestry and lumbering. 
Served with 10th Engineers and with Wood 
Supply Branch in France. Will consider any 
outdoor work with a future. Address Box 3035, 
care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (10-12-21) 


POSITION WANTED BY TREE SURGEON.— 
Ex-service man wishes employment with some 
tree surgery company; 37 years oid and can do 
any kind of tree surgery work. ‘Can handle 
men and also understand landscape work. Ad- 
dress Box 3055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY, 
Washington, D. C. (2-4-22) 


RECENT GRADUATE four-year forestry course, 
aged 22, desires position with lumber company. 
Address Box 3050, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (2-4-22) 


FORESTER—Has year’s leave of absence from 
teaching duties, beginning October 1, 1922. Wide 
experience along Forestry lines—cruising and 
handling men, gained in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, teaching and in the A. E. F. Will go any- 
where, Alaska preferred, and tackle difficult 
proposition. Address Box 3060, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, Da 

(2-4- 


YOUNG, Technically Trained Forester with ex- 
perience in surveying, estimating, forest map- 
ping, preparation of timberland reports, etc., de- 
sires permanent position as forester on a pri- 
vate estate (not necessarily large), the position 
to allow considerable time for the practice of 
timberland service or forest engineering to other 

rivate owners or pulp concerns. In a favorable 
ocality salary could be made very reasonable. 
Address Box 3065, AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (2-4-22) 


WANTED 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED OR EMPLOYED, 
having executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this, Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


128 


School of Forestry 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 


Forest Ranger Course, of high 


school grade, covering two 
years of five months each. 

Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 
University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


ANIMAL INGENUITY OF 
TODAY 


By C. A. EALAND, M.A. The author’s 
love of nature is shown on every page. 
He describes the skill, clever devices, 
and strategems of birds, reptiles, in- 
sects, and other forms of animal life— 
how they order their lives, and protect 
themselves. The world of nature is a 
real wonderland, and Mr. Ealand the 
best sort of a guide through it. Pro- 
Ramely > Mlustrated ss. 58255 éoccccsachcsss $2.25 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
| ean as 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 
* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre , Bo belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 


(dts 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


KILN DRYING COURSE 

Since the announcement of the corre- 
spondence-study course Kiln Drying of 
Lumber by the Extension Division of the 
University of Wisconsin less than two 
years ago, almost 400 persons have enrolled. 
This course has been developed through co- 
operation of the United States Forest Pro- 
ducts Laboratory. Men from 37 States of 
the Union and seven foreign countries have 
taken up this mail instruction to learn more 
about the art of operating dry kilns, and the 
proper handling of lumber in general. 

This correspondence-study course is an 
outgrowth of the resident short courses 
which have proved so successful ‘at the 
United States Forest Products Laboratory, 
located on the University campus. It was 
early recognized that much of the informa- 
tion on improved methods of kiln drying 
could be taught by mail. Many men who 
cannot avail themselves of the class in- 
struction in Kiln Drying given at regular 
intervals at Madison enroll for the cor- 
respondence-study course and so obtain 
valuable information upon the latest de- 
velopments in the seasoning of wood. 


ALASKA ONCE SUBTROPICAL 

The ancient vegetation of the Arctic re- 
gion, as is shown by a study of its fossil 
plants, indicates that its climate was once 
very unlike that which prevails there now. 
Instead of consisting of a handful of small 
plants struggling for life amid snow and 
ice in a scant, almost perpetually frozen 
soil, its vegetation was abundant and lux- 
uriant and included ferns and palmlike 
plants that grow only in a mild and prob- 
ably frostless climate. This vegetation 
flourished in the Arctic region from at least 
late Paleozoic to middle Cenozoic geologic 
time, millions of years ago, before man ex- 
isted. Although these lands are now so in- 
hospitable and are rarely visited, the Unit- 
ed States Geological Survey has gathered 
a large amount of information concerning 
their fossil floras. 

A study of the coal beds of the Cape 
Lisburne region has incidentally disclosed 
many fossil plants. These coal beds are 
extensive and are the only known commer- 
cially valuable mineral resources of that 
region. A little coal is occasionally mined 
for vessels that are short of fuel, which, 
as there is no harbor, lie offshore and per- 
ilously load on a few sacks of coal by 
means of lighters. 

Cape Lisburne is the bold headland which 
marks the northwest end of a land mass 
that projects into the Arctic Ocean from 
the western coast of Alaska about 160 
miles north of the Artic-Circle and about 
300 miles directly north of Nome. Even 
Cape Lisburne is by no means the north- 
ern limit of the fossil plants of this nearly 
tropical vegetation, for they have been 
found in the rocks 180 miles northeast of 
Cape Lisburne. 


or five lectures can be arranged in | 


“FORESTRY LECTURES” — 


The public lecture courses given by 
New York State College of Forestr 
being arranged for the winter and spri 
seasons. z 


Last year the college staff gave 234 ta 
on forestry and related subjects throughe 
41 counties in the State of New Yo k 
reached 63,000 people. At the same 
many communities requested lectures | 
could not be given, owing to limited fi 
and lack of time. y 

This year the college is offering the | 
service. Talks will be given, illustr 
by lantern slides where possible, on 
subjects as “The Forest of New Y« 
“Farm Forestry,” “A National Nee 
estry,” “The Life and Work of a 
etc. Prof. Arnold, of the Lands 
tension Department, will speak on sul 
relating to civic improvement, orname 
trees, parks and other landscape matt 
Prof. H. L. Henderson is prepared to 
at some of the important wood-we 
centers of the State on various pr: 
phases of lumber kiln drying practice. 


Lectures are given free wherever { 


county in one trip. Each organizatior 
requested to guarantee an audience of © 
persons. These requirements have b 
made necessary in order to obtain a m 
judicious use of college lecture funds and 
reach the largest number of people in 
given period. 


MAINE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


The Maine Forestry Association met 
annual convention January 6-7, and a fi 
and valuable program was presented. “ 
sessions were well attended by enthusias 
people and much was accomplished. 4 
Association in its closing session on § 
urday at the State House expressed ir r 
olutions its strong opposition to the pi 
posed transfer of any part of the Uni 
States Forest Service from the Depa 
ment of Agriculture to any other depa 
ment. It also urged that the ¢ 
lature of the State of Maine provide am 
to develop the State School of 
estry to full technical and practical 
ciency in order to make possible the trai 
ing of young men in forestry within t 
State and to provide the public instit ti 
in forestry. The final session was mark 
with interest and enthusiasm in the topi 
presented for discussion, and a very profi 
able and instructive program was carrie 
out. Undoubtedly it was the most succes 
ful and valuable convention ever held 
the interests of forestry in the State. _ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


/ THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 


U BLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 


[ARCH, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 339 


=< : : 2 : 
HE ASSOCIATION’S NEW FORESTER..... RR PMMNRE Shc 7a s, 6. s\ 515.6 a05, Wis ane. ci89: a yle'S Gel plored & Koha tealetd oe aka eee 130 


. With one illustration. 
OGGING MAHOGANY IN TROPICAL WEST AFRICA—By Veeder Bertrand Paine............ ........ 131 
+. With twelve illustrations. 
IC TRSED MeetiSCATENUE INGWIOT POCKL...... cc ces ccc css c cscs e eects ecelevceccaveccceees seuses 142 
With four illustrations. . 
IEEE TOMMRETG: DIGG cl) ccc c yee ccc ccc ce este ceecceecsvccedevcsseesneniovens 145 
With ten illustrations. 
iE CALL OF THE PINE—Poem by Eleanor Frances Fullerton ............ 0. ccc cece eect cece teen eee 150 
HE USES OF WOOD—WOOD FOR PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS—By Hu — 
TE eee me ree SOUT 5 sx «vs css vm elovsseie oe ered Gib'elp ae pies a ejeeia, > below oce 151 
With seventeen illustrations. 
3IRD GUARDIANS OF THE TREES—By Edward Howe Forbush ... .......... ccc eee cec eee n een eennee 159 
With nine illustrations. 
ST 2 SES Pie eed hd ats ote, 6a Mae SIRES ee 164 


With one illustration. 


ms aces ed snd Seer eedautleie tupecnens tow ae 165 
ONE TOCOMUTHE ANNUAL MEETING. . 00. ,0.. 6.05.0... .00000 + svcevevecresenucaeueess . eee ie 
MINANCIAL STATEMENT FOR 1921..................... RRM fen) Moe mre ia iy Sy cea godess 171 

ED I es) ca oui, nbkiacce cow vi aio’ bowed vasuidager sees tes 172 
iN ROOTS AND POTATOES—By Arthur Newton Pack........ 0.0... ccc csecccceseteeeseeeneeeeeeees 173 
With two illustrations. 
VITH THE GRAPHLEX IN CHELAN—By C. J. Blanchard..............0. cece cece cece eee n eee e eens 174 
With twenty illustrations. 
UA WEN THE SWRUL BULL... .ci-ic...c.. 0) oe eee cae cece ssc cenecsanceneteunees 179 
{ADE TREES—BEFORE AND AFTER—By W. R. Mattoon ............. “cri AA rt ane Ee Ba 181 
SUMLAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson........ 0... 00... -.0cccc cece cece terreno nega eeeleseee 182 
Ne EE vik st aeerecis cr cense Pind besenvcaesensceces 185 
MOONLIGHT TRAIL—Poem by David L. Goodwillie 2000.00.00 cece eee cect cence nee e eens 186 
ca eeceessectdertiececseneeseres 186 
I 186 
en access cab vad cedaesed deecedscenseecccens 188 
icy os cv ave dees ctdaetsveweharesscessctecstens 189 
ET, wea ces cece neu veuinttdivleliae scscsecevceseeees 190 
Ts kcae svar budaehereres secccereseccsesseees 191 
ES 0 SI 191 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 


Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 8, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


THE ASSOCIATION'S FORESTER 


EVELOPING a plan which has been under consider- 
ation for some time the Board of Directors of the 
American Forestry Association has secured a special 
fund for the employment of a technical forester. A com- 
mittee has selected Mr. Ovid M. Butler, assistant direc- 
tor of the Forest Products Laboratory, at Madison, Wis- 
consin, for the position, and he joined the Association 
on March 1, 
Mr. Butler is one of the leading foresters of the United 
States and his several years of service in various 
branches of his profession fits him admirably for the im- 


portant duties he will have Leen 


to undertake as forester 
for the American Forestry 
Association. 

Mr. Butler is a Hoosier 
by birth, and was grad- 
uated from Butler Col- 
lege, at Indianapolis, In- 
diana, in 1902 with a de- 
gree of ‘A. B. He then 
spent three years at In- 
dianapolis in newspaper 
work, first on the Indian- 
apolis Star, and later on 
the Indianapolis News. In 
the fall of 1905 he entered 
the Yale Forest School, 
from which he graduated 
in 1907 with the degree of 
Master of Forestry. 

On July 1, 1907, he en- 
tered the Forest Service 
and was assigned to the 
30ise National Forest, Ida- 
ho, as Forest Assistant. 
After six or eight months 
service he was made Dep- 
uty Supervisor of the same 
forest, and in the fall of 
1908 the Forester trans- 
ferred him to Ogden, Utah, 
as Assistant Chief of Sil- 
viculture in District 4. In 
1910 he was transferred to 
Missoula, Montana, in the 
same capacity in District 1, and arrived there just in time 
to participate in the worst fire season which that district 
has ever experienced. A year later he was promoted to 
Assistant District Forester and transferred back to the 
intermountain district in charge of Silviculture. 

He spent part of 1914 and all of 1915 in directing a 
study of lumber distribution. This was a part of tne 
lumber study series conducted at that time. The results 
of his work appear in Reports Nos. 115 and 116, entitled 
“Distribution of Softwood Lumber in the Middle West.” 


OVID M. BUTLER but a great deal of hi 


Forester of the American Forestry Association 


retail distribution. They are the most comprehensive” 
analyses of the distribution of lumber from the mill to” 
the ultimate consumer that have ever been made. In- 
April, 1916, he was transferred to Albuquerque and 
placed in charge of the office of Silviculture in the South= 
western District; and on the outbreak of the war, a year 


he has since occupied. 
He participated in the preparation of the now mu 


in that report entitled 
“Forest Depletion 
Lumber Prices.” From 


ten quite a number of arti- 
cles which have appea ed 


Among them are the fol- 
lowing: 

“Forest Conservation by — 
Better Utilization,” “The 
Price We Pay for Lum-— 
ber,” “The Forest Supply 


of Industry,” 
and Boards,” “Wood Using 
Facts for Wood Usin 


Wholesale and Retail Lum- — 
ber Prices in the Middle 
West in Relation to the 
Timber Supply,” “The Re- 
lation of Research in For-_ 
est Products to Forest Ad-— 
‘ministration,’ “The Gov 
ernment and the Forest,” ~ 
“Built-up Wood,” etc. 

Mr. Butler will make his 
headquarters with the As 
sociation in Washington, — 


time will be spent in field — 
activities so that he can 
keep in close touch with forestry conditions in various 
states and assist in efforts to secure better forestry laws, — 
to aid in organizing forestry activities in the states and to” 
attend meetings at which forestry is to be discussed. | 
There will undoubted!y be a widespread demand for Mn 
Butler’s attendance at conventions and other gatherings 
and for his advice and guidance in forestry development ~ 
of various kinds. His services are expected to add large- 
ly to the effective work which the Association is now 
doing and to make its accomplishments greater than ever. - 


] 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


MARCH, 1922 


NO. 339 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 


By Veeder Bertrand Paine 


ec are many features incident to getting out ma- 
hogany logs in tropical West Africa, and many 
difficulties to be overcome from the stump to the hold 
of a cargo steamer enroute to the mills in the United 
States. 

The title to the trees must first be secured from the 
native chief, and this alone presents problems to be 
solved by the 
white man. 
For many 
years the na- 
tives have 
shipped 
squared 
mahogany 
timber to the 
Liverpool 
market, and 
trees of the 
size required to 
comply with 
the Colonial 
Forestry 
regulations, 
nine feet in cir- 
cum ference, 
are not plenti- 
ful near to the 
banks of log- 
driving 
Stream s. 
Having se- 
cured a goodly 
supply of trees, 


no booms in the Ancobra for holding logs in time of 
freshets; no harbor in which steamers can take cargo, 
which must be brought alongside in the open sea. It is 
four weeks by mail to the home office; one month by 
supply steamer from English ports, with countless minor 
difficulties to meet and new ones continually cropping 
up, so I may be pardoned for suggesting that this was 
rather a large 
order. 

Each one of 
the great car- 
goes and each 
individual log 
in it has a his- 
tory. that 
would, if told, 
be of interest 
and full of 
strange _ inci- 
dents and ex- 
citing adven- 
tures, but I 
will present as 
briefly as I 
may, the meth- 
ods by which 
the logs are 
gathered in 
such quanti- 
ties, brought 
to the shipping 
point and 
placed on 
board the 
chartered 
steamers, 


I began the 
work of or- 
ganizing log- 


ging opera- 
tions, on a 
scale sufficient 
to furnish five to six million feet to the mills in the 
United States annually. 

No white man accustomed to logging work was to be 
found on the coast. Neither cattle nor horses can live 
there ; there are no factories or shops to supply the requi- 
site tools; no streams cleared and fit for driving logs; 


A MAHOGANY LOG HAULING TEAM 


Competition between men of various tribes to get the heavy logs to water in the quickest 
time frequently is a greater spur to hard labor than wages, abuse or praise. 


The entire en- 
terprise aptly 
has been 
te. r’mié Gee 
pioneer proposition and to describe its working develop- 
ments, we will start at the stump. 

The foundation for a logging operation has already 
been laid by the ownership of the timber, and with an 
unlimited supply of the sinews of war always at com- 
mand, the next important problem to be solved is the 


132 


question of labor. The term labor has, on this coast, an 
unusual significance, covering as it does, not only man- 
ual, but as well the work commonly performed by horses, 
mules, oxen or by steam power. The native of the Gold 
Coast is not running about looking for a job in a log- 
ging camp, preferring to fish, hunt, trade or to do noth- 
ing, letting his wives support him by their labor or by 
their wits, for the women are very keen as merchants. 
The main incentive for the young man to labor for 
wages is to earn the money with which to buy a few 
wives, the which accomplished, he needs not to toil nor 
spin. Another obstacle in the way of securing labor is 
the lack of confidence in the matter of payment of wages 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


master and man. The laborer, if so inclined, might after 
receiving his advance, fail to show at roll call, and the 


places that knew him well know him no more, On the 
other hand, the employer might, and often did, by 


smooth talk and fair promises, get his output for the 
season safely on board a homeward bound steamer, tak- 
ing passage himself, leaving the unsuspecting laborers 
with their unpaid balances. The native employer finds 
the evading of payment more difficult. He cannot run 
away; he must stay and face the music. He ships his 
logs on the same kind of promises, but when, after long 
and weary waiting, the logs are sold and the sales ac- 
count is received, the balance due, if any, is absorbed 


CLEARING THE WOODS TO BUILD A LOGGING CAMP 


The mahogany logging camps in West Africa are 


constructed to last for several years and to hold hundreds of native © 


workers, and must be so arranged that different tribes or various clans of tribesmen may be somewhat separated. 


when due. 
who heretofore have essayed to get out logs, either failed 
to bring their logs to a shipping point or, if succeeding 
in this, forwarded the lot to the Liverpool market; the 
laborer being forced to wait for the return from brok- 
ers’ sales, and these more often than otherwise showing 
a debit balance for freight and selling charges. 
Another and prevailing feature of hiring did not meet 
our approval ; the practice being perhaps made necessary 


It seems that both natives and Europeans 


by this same lack of confidence, to pay each man on hir- 
ing, six months’ wages in advance, no more to be paid 
This 
plan had its advantages and its disadvantages to both 


until the end of the twelve months term of hire. 


by the local merchants, who have furnished tools and 
supplies and perhaps a little money, holding a lien on 
the logs as security. Again the laborer is found not 
worthy of his hire. 

The contract system also is in vogue in some parts 
of the coast. The white man leases a tract of land said to 
carry mahogany timber trees. He then gives out to a 
native jobber a contract to bring to the mouth of the 
river a specified number of logs. The jobber hires his” 
men and gives them an advance on wages, the cash heing © 
furnished by the white man. During the year, and 
as the work progresses, payments are made to the jobber, 
who spends the sum in other ways than in payment of 


bd 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN 


wages, and just before the beginning of the rainy season, 
when the men are most needed and there is no time to 
fill their places, they demand a settlement and payment 
of wages due. As nothing is due to the jobber, the white 
man refuses further advances; the jobber has spent the 
money ; the laborers leave the work ; and when the driv- 
ing water comes the logs are left to come or stay, most of 
them stay. The high waters overflow the river banks, 
the floating timbers take to the woods and when the 
waters recede, are left in inaccessible places, hard to find 
and the cost of returning*them to the bank is greater than 
to cut and haul new wood. The crew may bring suit and 


TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 133 
Gold Coast is imported from Liberia and mostly from 
that district known as the Kru country. 

The Government of Liberia demands a fee of five dol- 
lars a head for each man taken out of its country. To 
secure laborers from that country an agent must be sent 
to engage the required number and ship them on the 
first steamer calling at the port. Passage money is paid 
and on landing at Axim the entire party is lined up in 
front of the offite, sorted into sizes and graded by ap- 
parent capacity for hard labor, names taken and wages 
fixed for the year on each grade and each individual, and 
the entire lot taken before the District Commissioner, 


CALLING THE ROLL IN A MAHOGANY CAMP IN TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 


Most of the native workmen are secured from Liberia, the government of which country requires the payment of a tax of 
five dollars each for every laborer who is allowed to leave to work in another country. 


attach the logs where they are, but there is not any real 
value and both wages and logs are lost. These and 
Similar misadventures do not serve to inspire confidence 
of natives in employers of labor. 

In beginning active logging, I declined to make ad- 
Vances or to let contracts, insisting on the American 
plan of doing business, hiring men for a twelve-month 
term on monthly wages, payable at the end of every 
three months. The people very soon learned that we had 
come to stay and that the pay was sure and the system 
Zave entire satisfaction. The major part of labor on the 


who asks each one as he touches the pen to verify his 
signature by mark, “You ’gree?” If the man can say 
yes he does so, if not he grins and retires down the line. 
The 


days of waiting for a steamer at the point of departure 


The head man of the gang usually speaks for all. 


and the two days of practical fasting en route, result in 
a very lank and hungry looking company and the change 
in their appearance after a week or two with the new 
Massa is remarkable. The Kru-men or, as they are 
called Kru-boys and this regardless of age, are either 


beach men or bush men, the former best for boatmen 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A LOGGING CREW OF WANGARIAS—FROM THE DESERT TRIBES—ALL MOHAMMEDANS 


or stevedoring and stowing cargoes; the latter are from 
the interior and best adapted to the work of logging. 
After the crew has “signed on,” as it is called, the re- 
quisite number of cooking pots and a large basin to each 
ten men, are furnished them, a generous ration of rice 
being issued to the cook of each division; and it often 


happens that the manager’s sense of humanity prompts _ 


an issue of rice as the first step in the proceedings. 


The Gold Coast native is invariably known by the 
name which stands for the day of the week on which 
he was born. The year and the month are not taken 
into account and the age of a dusky belle is uncertain: 
There are other parts of Liberia from which laborers 
are brought ; and as the different districts are often either 
at open war, or are nursing old animosities handed down 
from one century to the next, the distribution of new- 
comers at the camps, calls for experience fortified by 
tactful patience and unlimited authority At best all are 
clannish. The men from one neighborhood will not mix 
in the living arrangements of other Liberians from 
another district They say, “Massa, they be no from my 
country.” If from the same village—‘Massa, they be 
my brothers.” To these men “my country” means my 
native village; “my brother,” any man from the same 
place ; and indeed, the men from one neighborhood bear 
such close family resemblance that without further in- 
quiry one would believe them to be really brothers as 
claimed. When asked if they have the same father or 
mother, it is found that, so far as known by them, there 
is no close kinship. When it so happens that two men 
are born of the same mother, they stick still more closely 
together; and, if, peradventure, the same mother and 


father are held responsible for both, their pride of ances- 
try is great indeed. 

These untaught and entirely uncivilized so-called 
heathens may; well call each other brother. Their 
unselfishness puts civilized man to the blush. The small- 
est and youngest will share with his mates the least 
scrap of food that may be given to him. Among the 
many small boys that have served as house boys and 
table waiters, no women are employed for this work, 


~ not one ever has been known to fail to share any gift of 


eatables, no matter how tempting or how small a por- 
tion. Often a boy will carry his tid-bit all day and many 
weary miles and never so much as nibble at it, waiting to 
join his brothers at the end of the journey. “There ain’t 
goin’ to be no core” has no place in the heart of these 
heathen children. 

After twelve years of logging with, at times, fifteen 
hundred people at work, there are now many old hands 
who understand our work well, and whether felling trees, 
cross-cutting logs, hauling, driving the streams or raft- 
ing, are competent and efficient. To get from this labor 


the best results, whether Liberians, natives of the Coast ~ 
or from the far interior bordering on the desert, requires ; 
7 
; 
UW 
= 


patience, tact and experience. Flogging is practiced in 
some quarters but this we do not permit. Kind treat- 
ment, patience to listen to grievances, firmness, justice 
in deciding all matters, but never yielding one jot or 
tittle to importunities or demands, give satisfactory re- 
sults. 

It often is the case that the native has not understood 
the white man’s order and this may cause him to hesi- 


Seal 


tate and so seem guilty of disobedience To knock the ¥ i 


’ 


| 
| 
: 
: 
} 
| 
| 
. 


as skill, of the 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN 


man down with fist or club, and perhaps beat him un- 
mercifully, an unresisting creature, without a word of ex- 
planation, is the practice in places on this Coast, but less 
so in the British protectorate than elsewhere. Neither 
as manager nor as a man can I look upon the assault- 
ing of one who is certain not to resist, as other than 
cowardly and brutal. When one of our laborers fails to 
do his duty or his work in a satisfactory manner, after 
a fair trial he is dismissed and paid. Plenty to eat, prompt 
payment, with a certain dismissal for cause, are forces 
in the control of black labor, requiring no aid from vio- 
lence. ‘No difficulty has yet arisen with our labor that 
one word from “Big Massa” did not settle without argu- 
ment, nor any disturbance among themselves that a word 
from the same authority did not quell and this without 
threats of punishment or show of arms. 

In West Africa the success of logging in all its 
branches depends to an unusual degree on the tact and 
good judg- 
ment, as well 


camp foreman 
in immediate 
charge of the 
men. He 
should be able 
to know to a 
nicety the 
amount of 
work in each 
division that 
may be accom- 
plished, not to- 
morrow or 
next day, but 
today. Know- 
ing the size of 
the trees to be 
felled, the 
m e€ a surement 
of the logs to 
be hauled and 
the length and 
condition of 
the logging road, each set of workmen must be given its 
task for the day. The axmen and the sawyers know 
how many trees must be felled and how many logs cross- 
cut, and the hauling teams the number of logs each 
team must haul to the banking ground. Careful obser- 
vation with experience, soon teaches the foreman the 
amount of work of each kind the crew will do, working 
the full day with everything favorable and the men 
all seeming to be working with a will After a few 
weeks of pushing them for a record, it is generally a 
Wise move to meet any indications of a feeling that they 
are working too hard or too long hours, by a suggestion 
that tasks or stunts will be given out and that when these 
are finished for the day, the day’s work is done. It will 
be safe to add to the average day’s work as much work 


WAITING FOR A HEAVY RAIN TO CARRY THE LOGS DOWN STREAM 


The water in the smalJer streams frequently rises in a few hours from a mere trickle to a 
raging torrent and as quickly subsides. 


TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 135 


as ten per cent and, on occasion, even more than this 
and as a rule the stunts will be finished and the men in 
camp long before the ordinary quitting time. The point 
is that they are men and not brutes, and as each one is 
desirous of doing something for himself, he puts into the 
work not only his strength but his will power. He is 
also, as he says, “a free man,” even while at work. After 
the work of the day is done, he certainly is free to till 
his little patch of ground, visit his traps set in the creek 
for crabs or his bush-trap set for dryland meat; to bathe, 
chop, dance or sleep; and in order to enjoy these privi- 
leges he goes at the work with his shoulder well up in 
the collar, doing the work not like the unthinking horse, 
but with intelligence and vim. The method is not free 
from its problems required to be understood and solved. 
Should the task prove to be lighter than the foreman 
estimated, the crafty ones on the team are too wise to 
finish the job too early, lest the foreman considerably 
increase fu- 
ture tasks, so 
they dally and 
put in the 
time, only ap- 
pearing at 
camp at a reas- 
onable hour. 
The Libe- 
rian laborers 
live on fice. 
This is boiled 
in large iron 
pots and 
served by 
pouring out 
into basins 
the size of a 
large wash- 
bowl. This 
rice is supple- 
mented, when 
circumstanc e s 
permit, with a 
mixture of 
palm oil, pep- 
per pods pulled from the shrub, roots and_ succulent 
sprouts of various palms and bamboo plants, leaves of 
spicy and aromatic bushes, all crushed between two 
stones rubbed one upon the other, the whole served in 
another wash dish, in which are placed ready-cooked 
crabs, snails, small fish and any other meats, the result 
of their ingenious methods of catching these. The cook 
places the two bowls on the ground side by side, the 
men seat themselves within reach and each grabbing a 
handful of rice rolls it dexterously into a ball, dips it 
into the savory mixture, tosses it into a very wide open 
mouth and repeats the operation until both bowls are 
clean. Rice and salt, with a small sum of money te 
each on Saturday, called by the men “fish money” is the 
entire ration issued. The Gold Coast native does not eat 


AMERICAN 


CROSS-CUTTING A MAHOGANY TREE, 
WEST AFRICA 


rice when he can avoid doing so, pre- 
ferring to live on the food products of 
his own country—maize, yams, plain- 
tains, bananas, palm nuts and palm oil, 
sugar cane, with all the native condi- 
ments above mentioned besides a host of 
others. To him no rations are issued, 
but a fixed sum in cash is paid to each 
man on the first of every month, with 
which he buys his own food supplies. 
Each little clique and clan does its own 
cooking, has its own pots and pans. 

One of the first things to be done after 
a camp is opened is to clean the stream 
and put it into the best possible condition 
for floating and driving logs. In doing this work it is diffi- 
cult to make the native workmen understand how thor- 
oughly it should be done. A crew sent to cut out old 
logs, driftwood, fallen trees, and other obstructions from 
the bed of the creek, over a certain limit, will report on 
their return that the work is finished according to or- 
ders. On inspection these various obstacles will be 
found practically untouched, only such timbers cut out 
as might stop the logs on the very highest floods. Called 
to book, they say “Massa, God bring the big water; log 
he pass one time.” These people rely for many things 
on the direct help of gods—not the God of the Bible, 
but their own several gods. 

Lest it might prove dull reading, I refrain from nar- 
rating particulars of the general work, nor will I give 
details of the countless difficulties, seen and unforeseen, 
to be met and overcome; the untried creeks, the ignorant 
and unskilled labor, the disappointing qualifications and 
characteristic failings of the lumberjacks sent over to 
act as foremen and to educate the natives in the use and 
the self-evident disadvantages of five 


care of tools; 
thousand miles and four weeks’ time from the base of 
supplies; the “white man’s’ grave” reputation 


FORESTRY 


of the West Coast as a deterrent 
to securing first-class men from the 
States to assist in the work; the abnor- 
mal and _ not-within-the-memory-of-the 
oldest-inhabitant and therefore unex- 
pected, floods in the dry season, or sea- 
sons dry when by all precedents since 
the time of Noah, the floods are due; 
the entire lack of roads and ordinary 
means of transportation of camp sup- 
plies; besides the other thousand and 


TYPICAL HOME OF WHITE LUMBERMAN IN MAHOGANY REGION 


OF WEST AFRICA 


one matters constantly cropping up requiring an offhand 
decision by the General Manager—the healing of the 
sick, or, failing in that, the burial of the dead; corre- 
spondence with the home office, of the nature of ancient 
history—two months elapsing before the mail can pos- 
sibly bring a reply; the unpleasant half hours wherein 
one feels that the determination not to turn one’s back 
upon an undertaking but rather to stay with it until sue- 
cess has crowned the effort, is an exhibition of stub- 
bornness and pride irreconcilable with the possession of 
common or even horse sense. 

The duties of the manager, as will readily be seen, 
cover a wide and diversified field of action. He must 
be ready on his own initiative, as the referendum is 
two months away, forty days by post and cabling costs 
one dollar and a half per word each way. The redeem- 
ing feature of this self-imposed life in exile inWestAfrica 
is found in the multifarious duties here mentioned, and © 
in the fact that one finds the time fully occupied, each” 
day too short for the work; and the same is true of the 
weeks and months and years Yet, to be entirely con- 
tent, one needs a touch of Hearn or Stevenson in one’s 


stands out 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN 


TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 


137 


blood or brain, 
with a dash of 
Crusoe, the un- 
equalled in all 
emergencies. In 
men t ioning 
the character- 
istic traits of 
the West Afri- 
can native, in- 
cluding Libe- 
rian and Gold 
Coast peoples, 
one feature 


prominently to 
his credit, and 
by comparison 
uncomp!li- 
mentary to civ- 
ilized white 
man. In the 
performance of 
an important 
trust confided 
to him, he is 
absolutely re- 


leaves of the 
plaintain, in 
size six to ten 
feet long and 


two to three 
feet wide, with 
a large stem 
full of sap. 
These placed 
in front of the 
log for it to 


slide over, are 


as good as 
twenty men 
added to the 
team. 


Hauling 
after a time be- 
“comes monot- 
onous, and an 
occasional day 
or two at float- 
ing logs away 
trom the land- 


liable and be- 
yond tempta- 
tion to betray 
confidence. In sending money to the camps to pay quar- 
terly wages, the only means of carrying the cash is on the 
heads of carriers. The entire sum is in silver coin, 
British florins, shillings, six-pences and three-penny 
pieces. In this coin an equivalent of one thousand dol- 
lars weighs sixty pounds avoirdupois, a load for one car- 
tier. The money is placed in canvas bags and carefully 
sealed with wax. To reach the farthest camp these men 
must walk five days through the forest, sleeping where 
they can, but usually at some native village. I have 
Many times sent a single laborer with two hundred 
pounds, starting alone and unattended, to the farthest 
Station and as high as six hundred pounds or three thou- 
sand dollars, by native laborers in charge of a native 
clerk to the different camps; and, doing this dozens of 
times, have never lost a penny through the default of 
these honest and illiterate heathen. The carrier’s wage 
is twenty-five cents a day, with six cents for chop money, 
the clerk, in charge only because he can read and write 
and speak a little English, sign and receive receipts, 
drawing a salary of twenty dollars a month. The great 
continent of Africa spread out before them where to 
choose, the inbred characteristic herein mentioned be- 
comes a valuable asset to his white employer. 

The rainy seasons are best for hauling, the skids over 
Which the flattened logs slide along the logging road 
are wet and slippery and this greatly facilitates the work. 
Tn a dry spell of weather the foreman resorts to the ex- 
pedient of placing on the skids the juicy, succulent 


ing is  wei- 

comed by all 

the laborers 

BUNGALOW OF WEST AFRICAN MAHOGANY CAMP FOREMAN SHOWING Who- “savey 
PAW-PAW FRUIT AND. LEOPARD SKINS swim.” River 


driving is un- 
der most conditions devoid of the elements of romance, at 
times full of danger, but seldom is carried on at night. 
No one inexperienced in driving logs can understand the 
disadvantages and awkward possibilities of night work. 
A shadow will deceive the most practiced eye, but will 
not serve the usefulness of a real log in supporting the 
luckless driver who leaps upon it in his work. -In tropi- 
cal Africa success in log driving is to be gained only by 
constant vigilance and being always ready. to take ad- 
vantage of the water the moment it rises. Without 
warning, a creek may fill with water to a floating stage, 
and in an hour or two the flood will have subsided, leav- 
ing the stream in its normal flow, and the log will never 
float “with the water that has passed.” 

On the larger streams, the mahogany trees have long 
since been cut; some of them in recent years have been 
made into logs and taken to market, but by far thegreater 
number have been felled during the centuries that the 
continent has been inhabited. This has been done in 
clearing ground for villages and patches of land for 
planting crops; the process is still going on, though to 
less extent. These old clearings are now grown up to 
young forest, but the mahogany trees are missing. Hun- 
dreds of trees have been felled and never hauled, the na- 
tive logger having exhausted his resources and so aban- 
doned the tree to moulder and rot where it fell. This kind 
of waste is still going on, the ambition of the native to 
become a timber merchant being to his.mind achieved 
when a few trees have been cut down, and in this condi- 


138 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


COMING INTO THE BANKING GROUND WITH A MAHOGANY LOG IN TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 


tion the logs are offered for sale, the only requisite before 
delivery being an advance of cash to pay labor. In most 
cases the advance is used for other purposes and the 
logs lie and rot, serving meanwhile as a bait for further 
advances from new purchasers, Along all floating rivers 
and creeks, thousands of the finest and most available 
mahoganys have been used in the making of canoes or 
dugouts, such as the natives use for river travel-and 
transport. Other mediums of destruction have assisted 
in so stripping the forests of their mahogany trees that 
the logger is now obliged to utilize the smaller creeks 
and tributaries and even here, though in lesser degree, 
are found the same conditions. 


On the small streams one must rely entirely on rainfall 
to drive logs to the main rivers. The more thorough the 
work of preparing the bed of the stream, the less water 
will be required, but at best the rains must fall. The heavy 
showers do not, as a rule, time their coming to suit the 
riverman, More often than otherwise, they begin to fall 
late in the day from four to six o’clock. The rain may 
fall in torrents for an hour or two and not perceptibly 
raise the creek at the place the water is needed, being a 
local shower not reaching any of the country the drain- 
age of which feeds the upper tributaries. The rains that 
fall far up the creek and beyond the range of local ob- 
servation are the ones to furnish the water to float the 
logs. Throughout the season a watch must be kept 
both night and day on the bank of the stream to notify 
the foreman of a raise of water, and, if in the night, he 
must rouse the men. It may be that all are asleep and 
the camp as quiet as the night is dark. Comes the watch- 


man to the white man’s bungalow with “Massa! Massa! 
Water he live for come!” “Go quick! ring bell!” is the 
order, and in a moment the camp bell is sounding its 
warning and the men are quickly astir and ready for the 
work in hand. 

Without a path cut all along the bank and close to the — 
edge it would be impossible to get near the creek or to 
the logs to work them, even in the day time. To ride the 
floating rear at the tail-of the jam is to invite collision 
with the overhanging branches, vines and grasses with 
edges like saw teeth, only to be swept at last into the 
water. Under ordinary circumstances such an incident 
would be an occasion for jokes and merriment to the 
rivermen lucky enough to witness the chagrin of their 
fellow, but here, with the swift running current, the 
banks submerged and armed against approach by a net- 
work of repelling brambles too flimsy and slender to sus- 
tain the man who grasps them, and through which it 
would be torture to penetrate if that were possible, the 
situation of the driver is serious at best and in the night 
conditions are present which in the matter of safety to 
life and limb leave much to be desired. 

Before the dry season ends, a quantity of dry bamboo 
has been gathered and stored under cover, split into nar- — 
row strips, tied into small bundles of suitable size for 
use as torches, to light as far as is possible the river 
drivers at their work. Lanterns are practically worth-— 
less, the light easily extinguished and failing in extremi- 
ties and when life may depend upon a moment of light. 
There is no need ever to want for volunteers to carry 
these torches, as plenty of the bushmen “no savey swim,” 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN 


so they follow along the path and light up the water as 
well as is possible for the men at work on the logs. At 
the first alarm the foreman, taking with him a few men, 
has hurried down the stream to the head of the jam, 
where it lays as it was left on the sudden subsidence of a 
preceding flood; the remainder of the crew in charge of 
the headman or native sub-foreman, are placed at the 
several “bad places’ in the creek and at the rear, and 
all in readiness for the waters to rise to log-floating 
stage. Torches aré extinguished to save them for the 
time of action. The “riSe,” if it comes at all, may last 
for an hour, or possibly two, though rarely for five or 
six but, shorter or longer, there is no stopping of the 
work until the falling waters ground the logs on the 


TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 139 
ress a drizzling rain is likely to be falling and soon the 
torch material becomes too damp to burn, though the na- 
tives are very expert at keeping these alight under try- 
ing conditions. When all have failed, the work must 
perforce come to a standstill and, unless the catastrophe 
has been: anticipated in time, the crew may be left in 
places where they must wait for dawn of day or a rescue 
party from camp to relieve them from captivity. 

It may be asked why obstacles are not removed before 
the work of driving begins. -To-this it may be said that 
everything is cut and cleared, away as high from the bed 
of the creek as a man can, reach with his machete, the 
work necessarily being done in the dry season, with little 


or no water running. The opening thus made through 


WEST AFRICAN MAHOGANY LOGGING CAMP CREW WITH WHITE FOREMAN 


bottom, there to remain in waiting for another rainfall. 
The torch bearer’s job is no sinecure. Often he is up 
to his neck in water as the path crosses low places or 
the mouths of small rivulets up which the back water 
from the main stream sets far inland, and one hears the 
sizzle of a torch suddenly extinguished as its bearer loses 
his footing, it may be just when the non-swimmer is 
negotiating a pole, one that he himself had placed to 
serve as a bridge on just such an occasion as this one, 
but now two feet under water. Should he scramble out 
On the camp side of the bridge the chances are that he 
will make a sneak and disappear in the darkness, depend- 
ing on the nature of the individual, or whether his boss 
is near enough to stop him. While the work is in prog- 


the forest, like a log road or trail, resembies a tunnel 
with sides and roof of green. When the rains descend 
and the floods come, when no man can work at creek 
cleaning, the surface of the water on which the logs float 
may be eight, ten or even fifteen feet higher than when 
the dry season work of cleaning was done. The conse- 
quences may prove disastrous to the rivermanas he passes 
through one of these submerged tunnels, its roof under 
water or so nearly so as to force the expert to take his 
punishment lying down, the tunnel dark enough by day 
and simply black at night, presenting a situation full of 
uncertainties, and perhaps as replete with dangers un- 
known, (always most trying to a man of courage), as 
the passage through the Colorado Canon, a feat not 


140 AMERICAN 


lightly to be undertaken. In felling these big trees, the 
axmen do not stand on the ground nor lay the ax at the 
root of the tree. The first thing to be done is to cut four 
light poles and set them up for support of a scaffold 
made of four horizontal sticks lashed at the required 
height to the uvrights, with more sticks laid across. On 
this precarious footing the axmen stand and chop all 
around the tree, which at last falls as it will, selecting 
its own bed ground, the natives climbing down and slip- 
ping away to safe quarters. 

In cross-cutting, a ladder must be set up for the 
sawyers to stand on in starting the cut. Cross-cutting 
of big timber takes a lot of knowing how, else it is 


FORESTRY 3 
: 4 
of bushmen taught the fine points of intelligent labor; 
how to prepare and lay the foundations for successful 
results; to rely on their own efforts rather than upon 
unusual and occasional manifestations of nature or, to” 
use a favorite expression, “by God’s power;” in short, 
to put them in the way of earning real money with which 
to buy the things they are at the same time “learning to 


it all seems like having done a vast amount of good to a 
large number of heathen, paying each individual wages, 
with board and lodging, for the privilege of educating 


‘ions 


backbreaking work. The native is slow in getting into 
the right swing, is inclined to ride the saw, pull at an 
angle, push so as to buckle and bind, can not file or set 
so as to run free, does not properly block to prevent 
top binding, nor support the nearly severed log to pre- 
vent splitting, and it becomes necessary to instruct him 
on all these points. The same is true of the use of all 
logging tools and of the devices for taking advantage 
of the work in all its branches, and I am strongly im- 
pressed with the thought that from my endeavors-along 
this line and the results accomplished by my coadjutors, 
I may rightfully lay claim to favorable recognition as 
having done real missionary work. Several thousands 


THE MILL CAN NEVER GRIND WITH THE WATER THAT HAS PASSED j : 


Unless the logs are ready for floating when the small streams rise suddenly it may be a long time before there is enough water 
to carry them out, so night and day the camp foreman must be ready to rush his crew to the stream when water comes. 


him in a real, practical industrial school than which 
nothing will better serve to civilize or modernize the 
West African. If this educational work has been sup- 
plemented by examples of clean and decent living, the 
care of the sick and wounded, burial of the dead; promp 
payment of obligations; patience with the ignorant and 
stupid; justice and kindly treatment for all, then it ca 
not successfully be denied: that some fairly good mis- 
sionary labor has here been accomplished. a 

Quite naturally the question arises—why continue in 
the twentieth century to haul logs with man power? 
Since neither horses, mules nor oxen can be used, why 
not try the various kinds of steam power; cable ways, 


ee ar a 6 a ce I 


LOGGING MAHOGANY IN 


skidders, yarding engines, pole roads; tramways, rail- 
ways, slides and other devices known to the logging 
fraternity ? 

Let us take it for granted that this matter has been 
given merited investigation and the use of the known 
methods found unsuited and not adaptable to the condi- 
tions. Ii there were real forests of mahogany, or if the 
trees could be found in groups or in ridges or in numbers 
in any locality, as is the case with the timber in tem- 
perate zones, modern, upsto-date methods might be used 
in logging. Of the mahogany tree, it may be said that 
it is “lost in an impenetrable forest.” 

Surrounded by hundreds of trees of different kinds 


TROPICAL WEST AFRICA 141 
culty in landing from the steamer, and the almost im- 
possible fact of moving it to the work, all this and many 
other expenses incident to the environment, make the 
man power most economical. Logs to be hauled, whether 
flattened on one side or squared, are leveled or rounded 
at the end in form like a sled runner, to slide more 
easily over the round skids laid across the road and four 
to six feet apart. 

The hauling line is a one and one-quarter inch rope, 
attached to the log as shown en the photograph “taken 
by our own artist on the spot.” 

Determined to make some advancement over the meth- 
ods in vogue when David was gathering material for the 


MAHOGANY LOGS SQUARED FOR 


THE ENGLISH AND CONTINENTAL MARKETS 


The work of getting out the heavy timber from the wood to the seacoast and the steamer has to be done by man and animal 
power owing to the nature of the country and the distance from European or American sources of supply. 


and of all sizes, these magnificent monarchs of the woods 
Stand apart from other members of the family and sei- 
dom more than three or four trees near together, and 


“more often standing alone with no other mahogany tree 


in sight. In fact, the trees to be felled are so scattering 
that roads must be built to each one, and so few in num- 
ber that the cost of setting up logging machinery and 
Moving it as the timber supply within its reach was ex- 
hausted, would deliver it to the banking ground by the 
primitive method, then the cost of the machinery, diffi- 


building erected later by Solomon, the writer decided on 
experimenting with the caterpillar which lays its own 
track, as it crawls along over softish ground and minor 
obstacles. Had just succeeded in getting everything in 
shape for a thorough working tryout, when “grimvisaged 
war upreared his wrinkled front.” Native labor became 
an uncertain quantity; cargo steamers were comman- 
-deered, the caterpillar ceased crawling, and this method 
‘of logging in tropical West Africa is still in the experi- 


mental stage. 


THE MAGIC CUP 


By Arthur Newton Pack 


European Commissioner of the American Forestry Association 


4 heen legends of almost every race and people are full 
of references to a magic cup which refilled itself 
as fast as it was emptied. It was a charming idea, none 
attractive in these present days of prohibition, 
» science has as yet found no way to fulfill this 
particular dream, in other fields at least there has been 
a pretty close attainment of the ideal. At the gates of 
néarly every city and town of Continental Europe he 


countless pleasant looking woodlands which from year to 


with lumbering or forestry about them.” 

Nevertheless, it is forestry, as developed by a nation 
with two hundred years of practical experience, that 
permanently maintains those very woods my friend saw, 
and for no other reason than that the profit derived there- 
It is as 
much a misconception to interpret forestry solely as the 
science of setting out regular rows of little tree seedlings 
as to consider the forester merely as a student of tree 


from pays all the costs and carrying charges. 


OLD STUMPS AND NEW TREES 


If we can only make every man, woman and child appreciate the danger of fire and eliminate it to the degree that European 
nations have done, we will soon find ourselves well on the road to realize the perpetual forest dream. 


year appear but little changed, yet forming a permanent 
source of supply for regu’ar assured quantities of fuel 
free of 


and lumber freight charges. 


The trouble is that most of those who travel abroad 
the forests and miss the magic of it entirely. 
’ said a friend of mine the other day, “I remem- 


‘y beautiful woods near Paris, but I 


they interested you, as they all looked 


ywn and I suppose there was nothing to do 


diseases and Latin names. Forestry concerns itself with 
every phase of forest propagation and use, just as farm- 
ing with the annual crops of the field and garden. 
The story of the town, city or state owned forests of 
Enrope is not new to many of us. 
sive advertising given to a few such plans in Germany 
and Switzerland tends to obscure the general character 
of the development, the movement in all probability 
originated in France, and has there for more than a cen- 


Although the exces=— 


THE MAGIC CUP 


THE FOREST AT OUR DOOR 


At the gates of nearly every city and town of Continental 
Europe lie countless pleasant looking woodlands which form 
a permanent source of supply for regular assured quantities 
of fuel and lumber free of transportation charges. 


tury been widespread. The known vagaries of political 
administrations may cast some doubt upon the reports 
of tremendous success and generous profits, but when we 
find a private corporation owning a forest and perpetually 
maintaining it at a comfortable profit, as is also the case 
both in France and a section of the Black Forest of 
Germany, we must recognize that the matter is worth in- 
vestigating. 
these propositions without thinking of our own clubs and 
private preserves, of the Adirondacks, the Catskills, and 
the White Mountains, and the great potential wealth that 
will some day be developed by their owners. 


I confess that I have never visited one of 


That here in America we have plenty of land and to a 
small degree still a few low grade trees near our great 
wood-consuming centers, it is evident to the casual trav- 
eller, and the fact is being better emphasized every year 
through the reports being prepared by the newly consti- 
tuted forest commissions of our states. But somehow 
the magic formulas transplanted from Europe fail to 
work out in American dollars. In the first place the 
maintenance of a perpetual forest involves quite different 
logging methods than are common in the United States. 
Instead of the easy, machine-like cutting of an entire 


143 


area, the lumberman must only cut scattered trees, so 
selected as to best encourage natural growth, the volume 
of timber cut being dependent upon the volume annually 
added by Nature to the wood content of the forest. 
Obviously the greater amount of ground to be covered 
largely increases the cost of operation; but where the 
forest is located near- the market for its products this 
charge is readily absorbed by the saving of transportation 
costs. When we consider that 60 per cent of the present 
price of lumber in our eastern states represents what we 
pay the railroads for bringing it from the Pacific Coast, 
The added cost of log- 
ging by the new method is not the real stumbling block ; 
it is the lack of forests near our chief markets for wood 
products. 


this is not hard to understand. 


We have destroyed beyond possibility of val- 
uable reproduction by natural methods practically all the 
forests in the eastern part of our country, and are forced 
to start again from the very beginning and create them 
artificially. It is not the failure of the formula, but the 
first cost of the Cup which staggers. 

All of Europe once pursued the same destructive policy 
and faced the same problem. France, devastated by the 
German army, is facing it again today. How is it that 
Continental European nations cango through all the labor 
of planting trees and the years of waiting thereafter and 
still find the operation profitable? Simply because the 
people are obliged to foot the bill or have no lumber, 


4 
4 
je 


ee 
es 


WE MAY COME TO THIS 


This woodland of beech outside a great European city furnishes 
both a recreation ground for the people and a permanent supply 
of lumber and wood. 


144 AMERICAN 


we are to'd. Yet, when we come to investigate we find 
that ordinary lumber prices in Europe are not a great 
deal higher than those which we have had to pay from 
time to time. 
in, and that factor is coal. Forestry had its beginnings 
in Europe not in a demand for lumber but in a demand 
for fuel wood for heating buildings where men lived. 
The traveller in Europe seldom finds central heating and 
coal furnaces unless it be in the larger and more modern 
cities. Europe has not the coal to do it. The old-fash- 
ioned air-tight wood stove is everywhere and not coal but 
wood is king. 

What does this mean to 
growing forests? Simply 
that the tops, branches, and 
even the twigs, for all of 
which we have little use, 
bring high prices as fuel, 


and it is their utilization 


which returns the extra 
cost of planting. When a 
town or private owner 


plants out the land a great 
many more seedlings must 
be used than are eventually 
desired as mature trees; 
first, because many will die 
of their own accord; and 
unless 


trees are planted very close 


second, because 
together during the first 
few they become 
squat, limby, and of less 
value. In Continental Eu- 
rope the removal and sale 
of the weakling trees and of 
the necessary thinnings for 
the health of the 
after 


years 


4. 
of: 
} 
‘ 
‘ 


fore 
fifteen 
years, pay back the entire 


will often, 


original investment, and 


No, there is another factor which enters 


FORESTRY 


though she cannot get the same high returns from fuel 
wood and early thinnings as in France and Germany, 
she does believe that by the time these new forests 
do come into real production, half a century from now, 
the people wou'd rather foot the bill than go without 
lumber. The British government is doing everything 
it can to make that bill as small as possible. The obstacles 
of habit in wood utilization are squarely faced, and en- 
deavor is being made to meet the competition of coal 
and introduce a more complete utilization of wood than 
has as yet been known. 

Here is a plan which we can well consider. Many 
of its phases have already 
been incorporated into 
Federal and State forest 
laws of the United States, 
but we are still behind all 
of Europe in appreciating 
the growing necessity for 
really active measures of 
forest development. As 
has been shown in pre- 
vious numbeis of the 
American Forestry Maga- 
zine, the experience of a 
number of our private 
lumbering corporations in 
the east and south demon- 
strates how a closer utili- 
zation of forest products 
and a more careful system 
of cutting to encourage 
natural reproduction is al- 
ready justified in the terms 
of profits. Now we see 
that, in appreciation of the 
changing attitude of our 
wood using industries, a 
few of our towns, partic- 
ularly in New York state, 
are taking the risk in 


a.” 


Se 


there is no interest to accu- 
mulate and compound. In 
America we can get prac- 


IN A MUNICIPAL FOREST 


The municipal forest movement im all probability originated in 
France. This. beautiful forest of spruce, owned by the French 
government, yields from its annual growth a generous supply 
of timber for the surrounding neighborhood, pulpwood for paper 


planting municipa! forests, 
and who can doubt that 


tically no return until a 
cycle of forty or sixty 
years at least is run. 

In England, people burn coal not only in the factories 
and furnaces, but in their open fireplaces, a habit of many, 
Yet there, too, they are planting out new 


forests and expect that the investment will pay; and it 


many years. 


will pay, not perhaps so well as some other high yield 
investments, but because England must have the wood 
for lumber and realizes that the foreign sources upon 


which she was accustomed to draw are running dry. AI- 


manufacturing, and bark for the tanneries. 
system of selective cutting, it continually reproduces itself. 


their foresight . will be 
Und Hie justified with generous re- 
Aiea DP ee oe. turns. The destruction 


by fire of mature forests 
and areas of second growth remains our most serious 
problem. If we can only make every man, woman and 
child appreciate the danger of fire and eliminate it to the 
degree that European nations have done, we will 
find the road to realize that 
perpetual forest dream, and insure for all time a steady 
and constant supply of the wood and paper upon which 
we al! depend. 


soon ourselves well on 


THE SYCAMORES 


By Joseph S. Illick 


a sycamore trees belong to the plane tree family. 
Only six different kinds are known in the world. 
Three of them occur in southern Europe and Asia. The 
other three are native to the United States. All of them 
attain tree size and belong to the group of trees known 
by the scientific name Platanus, which means “broad”, 
and refer to the width @f the leaves. The leaf-blades of 
sycamore trees are not so broad as those of some tropi- 
cal trees but they are among the broadest found in tem- 
perate regions. 

The three sycamores that inhabit the United States 
and the adjoining part of Mexico are the common syca- 
mores, native to the eastern half of the United States; 
the California sycamore, found only on the Pacific Coast ; 
and the Southwestern sycamore, native to New Mexico 
and Arizona, and extending westward towards Cali- 
fornia. 

In addition to the native sycamores, another member 
of the family, native to southern Europe and western 
Asia, has been introduced extensively into the eastern 
part of the United States. This tree is really a syca- 
more, but it is often called oriental plane tree, or just 
plane tree. It has many good points and is being planted 
extensively as a street tree, and locally it is looked upon 
with favor for general ornamental planting. In the city 


of Washington and in Philadelphia, many specimens have 
been planted and are now growing well. A few years ago 
a census was taken of all the street trees in Paris, and 
out of a total of 86,000 specimens, 26,000 were oriental 
sycamore. This favorite tree has many desirable charac- 
teristics. It grows rapidly, is hardy, and possesses a 
beautiful crown, gives ample shade, has an attractive 
bark, and only a few insects and fungi trouble it. It 
stands in the front rank among our shade and street trees, 
and in spite of its foreign origin has won a worthy place 
among ornamental trees. 

The California sycamore is also known as buttonwood 
and buttonball. Its scientific name is Plaianus racemosa. 
It is a small to medium-sized tree ranging in height from 
40 to 60 feet, and occasional specimens exceed 24 inches 
in diameter. The trunk is usually short, and often 
branches near the ground. The branches, like that of all 
other sycamores, are conspicuously irregular and massive. 
Its occurrence is usually confined to bottomlands where 
one finds it near the border of streams. Among its 
associates are the white alder, black-leafed maple, Cali- 
fornia walnut, and occasioually willows are found stand- 
ing by its.side. 

The Southwestern sycamore usually goes by the un- 
modified name sycamore, but occasionally it is called 


LEAVES OF THE ORIENTAL SYCAMORE (LEFT) AND OUR NATIVE EASTERN SYCAMORE (RIGHT) 


The scientific name Platanus means broad and has reference to the width| of the leaves of the Sycamore, which are among the 
broadest found in our native trees. 


AMERICAN 


THE UNUSUAL BARK 


The bark of the Sycamore resembles a patchwork of white, 
green, brown and yellow. No other native tree has a similar 
bark. 


buttonwood, and sometimes it is given the name button- 
ball. Its scientific name is Platanus Wrightii.. It seems 
proper to call it the Southwestern sycamore for it is na- 
tive only to the southwestern part of the United States, 
being found chiefly in New Mexico, Arizona, and ex- 
tending westward towards California. It attains a height 
of 80~feet, and usually divides into several stout stems 
near the ground. Its leaves are quite large, heart-shaped 
at the base, and from 3 to 7-lobed. This tree is of little 
commercial importance because of the limited amount 
of wood that it yields, but it is one of considerable eco- 
nomic importance since it grows chiefly on the banks of 
streams and bordering bottomlands, and thus prevents 
the washing away of stream banks, and makes productive 
vast areas of wasteland that would otherwise remain 
idle. 

The common sycamore of the eastern United States 
is the largest deciduous tree found in the entire country. 
In some localities it is called buttonwood, in other re- 
gions it is given the name of buttonball, and occasionally 
one may hear the name plane tree given to it. Its scien- 
tific name is Platanus occidentalis. The name means 
“plane tree of the west”, and was given to it as a mark 
of distinction from the oriental plane tree, the scientific 
name of which is Platanus orientalis. 

Only two of the six sycarhore trees found in the 
world may be classed as important forest trees. They are 
the oriental sycamore and our native sycamore of the 
eastern United States. Scientists tell us that the syca- 
mores are of ancient origin, and that at one time they 
were far more abundant than now. It is their belief that 
at one time they were quite common in Greenland and 
in the arctic regions, and that they also existed in middle 
Europe, where now no trace of them remains, It is also 


FORESTRY 


thought that several additional species occurred in the 
central part of the United States in early geological 
ages. Some of the ancient sycamores have unquestion- 
ably become extinct, but we should be grateful that there 
remain such magnificent trees as our common sycamores- 
found in practically every part of the eastern United 
States, and the oriental sycamore which has no superior 
as a street tree. 

Our native sycamore of the east is found from Maine 
and Ontario to Nebraska and south to the gulf sta 
and west’to Texas. It stands out unique among our for- 
est trees, in that it casts its bark as well as its leaves. 
All trees do this to a greater or less degree, for it is a 
necessity of life that the bark yield to the pressure of 
the growing stem on the inside. As the outer layers of 
the bark die, they split into scales or crack into plates 
of varying form and thickness, and finally fall off. In 
the case of the shagbark hickory, silver maple, and iron- 
wood, this process is not hidden, but the sycamore is 


BOTANICAL CHARACTERS OF BUTTONWOOD 


1. A flowering branch. 

2. A head of flowers with most of the flowers removed. 
3. A staminate flower, enlarged. 

4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 

5. A fruiting branch with mature leaves. 

6. An achene, enlarged. 

7. A wirter twig with two heads of fruit. 

8. Section of a twig showing a subpetiolar bud. 

9. Section of a twig showing a stipule, natural size. 

10. Section of a winter twig, enlarged. 


— 


Pt 


THE SYCAMORES 


even more open in proclaiming this fact than any other 
forest tree. 


The most striking distinguishing characteristic of our 
common sycamore is its thin, smooth, whitish or pale 
green bark on young trunks, which resembles a crazy 
patchwork of white, green, yellow, and brown. In winter 
white is the predominant color, while in summer there is 
a tendency towards green and brown. In summer the 
bark is not so conspicuous, because the white color of 
winter seems to be replaced by a greenish to brown color, 
and then, too, the bark is hidden by the heavy leaf-canopy 
that is usually present upon the trees. 


The leaves are simple, usually heart-shaped at the base, 
and wavy on the margin. They are from 3 to 7-lobed, 
and hairy or wooly on the lower surface. The most dis- 
tinctive feature of the leaf is the enlarged or swollen 
base of the leaf-stalk. In late summer, just before the 
leaves begin to fall, one of the delights of the-country 
boy is to ask his playmates to find buds of the sycamore 
tree. They all walk together to a nearby stream, and then 
begin to examine the twigs for buds. After a short ex- 
amination of the twigs, they conclude that nature has 
made no provisions for next year’s growth, and no buds 
are to be found. A little bit of patience, and somewhat 
Closer examination of the twigs, will reveal, however, 


AN UNFAILING DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTIC 


The bid of the Sycamore is hidden under the swollen base of 
the leaf-stock. The twigs are hairy and surrounded by the large 
leaf-appendages. 


147 


A PLANTED SYCAMORE 


It was raised from seed and is making an annual height growth 
of almost three feet. 


that the sycamore does have buds, but that they are hid- 
den completely under the enlarged stalks of the leaves. It 
seems as if nature has provided a protective cover for 
the tender buds until they are fit to withstand the cold 
of late autumn and early winter. As soon as the buds 
have hardened up, the leaves fall-off, for the buds are 
then ready to be exposed to the cold. Because of this 
unusual condition, the bud of the sycamore is often de- 
scribed as sub-petiolar bud, which word means “under 
the petiole’. The word “petiole” is nothing more than 
another name for leaf-stalk.. It follows, therefore, that 
the term sub-petiolar bud means “buds that occur under 
the leaf-stalk”. If one will keep in mind this unusual 
characteristic, it will be possible to identify the sycamore 
very easily during autumn and the winter months. 
Another striking characteristic is the fruit. It occurs 
in small balls suspended on slender stalks. The balls 
of fruit are about.one inch in diameter and are composed 
of slender seed-like bodies, densely packed together in a 
spherical mass. One ball contains thousands of seeds 
which are made up in a unique way and are well adapted 
to be scattered about by the wind. One end: of each 
seed is attached to:a:central marble-like body; from which 


148 AMERICAN 
all the seeds radiate and upon which they are packed 
tightly side by side. A circle of fine, tawny, stiff hairs 
is attached to the base of each seed. These balls of but- 
ton-like heads of seeds ripen in late autumn and usually 
remain attached to the branches far into the winter, and 
some of them may hang on to spring. During late winter 
and early spring these balls break up and the hairy seeds 
are scattered widely over the forest floor where they 
germinate as soon as warm weather is at hand. The 
seeds are distributed after the manner of the dandelion 
seed, with which they have many points in common. 

In winter the smooth, reddish-brown, pointed buds 
are a sure means of identification. They are complete- 
ly surrounded by a leaf-scar and covered with a single 


A ONE-YEAR-OLD SYCAMORE SEEDLING 


It is almost three feet high and developed on a pile of sand. 


bud-scale. If one takes a good look at the bud of the 
sycamore, it will be easy to recognize it any time during 
the winter months. The winter buds and the leaf-scars 
are so distinctive and such positive characteristics that 
one cannot confuse this tree with any of its associates. 

The occurrence of the sycamore is also heipful in dis- 
tinguishing it, for usually one finds it along the banks of 
streams, the border of ponds, or other wet places. In 
winter one often sees long wavy lines of sycamore trees 
which mark the course of a stream. They stand out 
conspicuously among all other trees because of their 
white bark and their distinctive crown forms. 

The wood of the sycamore tree is uniformly pale 
brown, sometimes tinged with red. It is a clean-looking 
wood and presents a good appearance when manufac- 


FORESTRY 


UNMISTAKABLE IDENTIFYING CHARACTERS 
The fruit, flowers and leaves of the Sycamore are all distinctive: 


tured, which accounts for the fact that it is used exte n- 
sively in the manufacture of novelties and kitchen uten-_ 
sils. If one examines the many household articles offered 
for sale in a 5 and 1o cent store, it will be found thai 
many of them are made of sycamore wood. Brush 
backs, mouse traps, kitchen utensils, building blocks are 
among the many articles made of it. 

Sycamore wood is not durable, and consequently it is 
rarely used where it comes in contact with the soil. The 
average life of untreated lumber in exposed situations 
is usually placed at from three to five years. The life 
of individual boards or planks, however, may vary from | 
this figure depending upon the quality of the wood and” 
the condition in which they are placed. 


FOUR MASSIVE SYCAMORES 


Many years ago a Sycamore Ball composed of many hundred 
seeds may have been dropped on the spot where these four 
massive trees now stand. 


THE SYCAMORES 


One of the most desirable characteristics of sycamore 
wood is the fact that it neither stains nor imparts odor 
or taste to substances that come into contact with it. 
This quality, together with its neat appearance, makes it 
particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of con- 
tainers. 

While sycamore is not one of the principal lumber 
woods of the country, yet fully a thousand sawmills are 
annually working it up for the market. In the state of 
Indiana alone 150 mills report the use of sycamore, and 
in Ohio at least 100 sawmills are working it up into 
lumber. 

The latest statistics show that more than 35,000,000 
board feet are cut annually. About one-half of the total 
cut is used in the manufacture of boxes and crates. The 
next largest use is for slack cooperage. It has long been 
the favorite wood for boxes for plug tobacco, which is 


easily stained and acquires an unpleasant taste and odor 


from most other woods, 

The principal supply of sycamore lumber comes from 
the region lying between West Virginia and Missouri 
and the states of Wisconsin and Tennessee. The greatest 
supply is located along the river bottoms of the Ohio 
and Mississippi Valleys and along the main tributary 
to these rivers. 

Just how much sycamore lumber remains in this coun- 
try is difficult to estimate. It is evident, however, that 
there is less now than formerly, for it is a bottomland 
tree and originally occurred in the fertile valleys which 
have been cleared for agriculture. It seems, however, as 
if a future supply is assured, for there remain vast areas 


BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATIONISTS 
Leading men of Berks County at the foot of the Champion 


Berks County Sycamore. (Courtesy of Reading Eagle.) 


149 


THE DAUPHIN COUNTY SYCAMORE 


With more than 25 feet in circumference at the base, and a 
branch spread of over 100 feet, it stands near the burial place 
of John Goodway—the last of the friendly Indians of Central 
Pennsylvania. 


of low-lying wet bottomland bordering the many streams 
of the eastern states which are adapted to little else than 
the production of a forest crop. It is upon these areas 
that the sycamore tree will continue to flourish and 
maintain itself. 

Our native sycamore has many good points, but un- 
fortunately it has a serious enemy in a fungus disease 
that seems to come around annually, shortly after the 
leaves have started to develop. When the leaves are 
about one-third grown, there begin to appear upon them 
little brownish to black dots near the veins. These dots 
enlarge rapidly, and sometimes within a few days, and 
frequently within a week the leaves have completely 
browned up, shriveled, and begun falling to the ground. 
The leaves appear as if they had been injured by the 
frost, but the temperature records of the localities show 
conclusively that no frosts occurred in the regions. A 
close examination of the injured leaves shows that the 
damage was due to a fungus which develops’ rapidly 
and does an enormous amount of damage annually. The 
damage is so great, and the trees are left in such an un- 
sightly condition, that it practically eliminates our native 
sycamore tree from street and ornamental planting. 

We are just beginning to know the real merits of our 
native sycamore. Not more than a mere start has been 
made in the use of its wood. With a serious timber 
shortage now confronting us; it is becoming necessary 
to use more ordinary woods. It seems fair to predict 
that before long the wood of the sycamore will play a 
more important role in the lumber industry of America 
than it has in the past, and with a better understanding 
of the good qualities of its wood, the practice of forestry 


150 AMERICAN’ 


will include this tree among those worthy to be protected 
and handled with care. When we really learn to know 
the sycamore better and understand its forest habits, 
and are familiar with its growth, we will be glad to give 
it a place in the forest management of the hardwood for- 
ests of the East. 

A few years ago the American Genetic Association 
started a survey of the big trees of the United States by 
offering a prize to the person reporting the largest trees 
by groups found within the country. This brought to 
light many large trees, and among them a massive syca- 
more at Worthington, Indiana. In 1915 this giant of all 
our American hardwoods measured 42 feet and 3 inches 
in circumference at five feet above the ground, and was 
almost 150 feet tall. It is not unlike other large sycamore 
trees in that it branches near the ground. Its east branch 
is 27 feet and 3 inches in circumference, and its Wwest 
branch, 23 feet and 2 inches in circumference. 

Throughout the Mississippi Valley and its principal! 
tributaries, the sycamore grows at its best, but it also 
attains a large size in some of the river valleys of our 
eastern states. The “Dauphin Sycamore” standing near 
Linglestown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, is one of 
the best specimens in the eastern states. It has a circum- 
ference of more than 25 feet at the base, and a branch 
spread of over 100 feet. Most of the older sycamores 
that stand in our country are hollow, but the’ Dauphin 
sycamore shows no traces of any damage or decay. It 
is one of the best preserved large trees of its kind. Local 
historians tell us that this tree stands as a memorial to 
John Goodway, the last of the friendly Indians that 
lived in central Pennsylvania. It is said that he is buried. 
in an unmarked grave about 100 yards north of this 
magnificent and massive tree. 


Among the historic trees of Pennsylvania is a sycamore 
growing near Chadd’s Ford in Delaware County. It 
stands close by the house used by Lafayette as his head- 
quarters before the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 


FORESTRY 


1777. This tree is about seven feet in diameter, well- 
proportioned, and remains as a living and worthy me. 
morial to the great general. Local historians claim that 
Lafayette was laid under this tree after being wounded in 
the battle. The words of the historian and the t 
of the tradition may be questioned, but the great age 
and large dimensions of the tree cannot be challen 

In 1921 the Conservation Association of Berks County 
Pennsylvania, offered two prizes in a big tree con 
One prize was offered to the school and the other to 
pupil discovering and reporting the biggest tree in B 
County. From every part of the county came meas 
ments of many big trees. When all the results were 
ulated the prize was awarded to a big sycamore. The tre 
that helped win the prize was thirty-seven feet and on 
inch in circumference near the ground, 103 feet 
and had a spread of branches of 100 feet. This tree 
holds the honor of being the biggest tree of Berks County 
Pennsylvania. It stands in a field on the old Rotherme 
farm, one-half mile: north of the Half-way House, ii 
Maiden Creek Township. Since the prize was awardes 
many pilgrimages have been made to this magnificen 
specimen of tree growth. My 

It will not be long until our native trees will play 
prominent role in the educational work. of our rura 
schools. As soon as we learn to know our native t1 
better, writers of geography will no longer picture 
describe only the big trees of California and the 
Eucalyptus trees of Australia, but will also tell 
school children about some of our native trees and othet 
nearby natural wonders. When we learn to know mor 
intimately the things that stand about us, there will aceu 
mulate a body of valuable local history that will 
each succeeding generation better informed and m 
satisfied. The attractions of the city have been he 
widely, but the beauties and wonders of rural life 
remained unsung. Let us teach the country boy about 
wonderful and useful things that surround him and ft 
march toward the city will take care of itself. 


THE CALL OF THE WHITE PINES 


Lying beside the highway strife, 

Hurrying by with busy life 

The white pines—silvery green and gray— 
Beckon our spirits and seem to say :— 


“Leave your restless thoughts, forget 
The daily worries that gall and fret; 
Come hither and seek a quieter mood 
In our sunny, restful solitude”. 


The fragrance of the monarchs strong, 

The carefree notes of the chickadee’s song, 
And the whispering voices above us, all 
Persuade us to answer the pine wood’s call :— 


“Leave your restless thoughts, forget 
The daily worries that gall and fret; 
Come hither and seek a quieter mood 
In our sunny, restful solitude.” 
—ELEANOR FRANCES FULLERTON. 


- 


WOOD FOR PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 


By Hu Maxwell 


HE makers of professional and scientific instru- the pencil has one. Traced to the final source, all three 
ments in the United States use thirty-five million of these substances are wood, though that claim may 
feet of wood a year, and of thirty-four kinds, ranging in appear far-fetched. The rubber comes from the rubber 


_ in quantity from twenty 
million feet for the largest 
down to a few feet only for 
those in least demand. Na- 
tive and foreign woods are 
on the list, but in both 

_ number of kinds and in 

- amount the native species 
greatly exceed tose 
brought from foreign coun- 
tries. 

Many articles are includ- 
ed in this industry, but 
they may be segregated in 
a few classes. Of all the 
instruments belonging in 
the professional or scien- 
tific class, the most impor- 

_ tant is the lead pencil. It 

_ is a simple and small ar- 
ticle, but it is clearly in the 
professional class. Two 
materials, sometimes three, 
form its constituent parts, 
namely, wood, graphite and 
sometimes rubber. In bulk 
it is chiefly wood, but the 

_ substance to which it owes 
its name is graphite, a min- 
eral which forms the writ-- SOURCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL 


ing or marking portion of The makers of professional and scientific instruments bring 
the pencil. The rubber woods together from the remote corners of the world, but the 

A F accompanying picture represents a typical scene in a northern 
Semettutes the eraser, if forest in winter where some of the choicest woods are obtained. 


PROCESSES IN LEAD PENCIL MAKING 


tree; the graphite comes 
from a mine, if not artifi- 
cial graphite, and it is be- 
lieved to have once been 
coal, derived from wood. 
Immense time, enormous 
pressure, and a certain 
amount of heat, were per- 
haps among the agents of 
change which transformed 
wood into graphite and 
prepared it tor the pencil 
maker. But in the present 
article it is not the purpose 
to go farther back than the 


wooden slat in dealing 


with the origin or manu- 
facture of the lead. pencil, 
leaving questions of geol- 
ogy and chemistry out of 
consideration because they 
are not strictly to the point. 

Most lead pencils are of 
cedar, and by common con- 


sent the best wood for this 


article is the common 
southern red cedar, known 
botanically as Juniperus 
virginiana. ‘The tree is an 
evergreen and is found 
growing naturally from 
New England to Florida, 
extending in the southern 


camectonaae 


a 
i 
£ 
: 
: 
; 
f 


The pencil slats which will make from three to six pencils each are passed through various machines before the finished article 
is ready for market. The steps are shown in the accompanying picture. (Photograph by courtesy of the New York State College 


of Forestry, Syracuse, New York.) 


152 AMERICAN 


og Gree cher dW DIL a 14,,* 4 


GREAT IS THE LEAD PENCIL 


Though the lead pencil is among the smallest of the implements 
in the professional and scientific class, its manufacture calls for 
more wood than any other single article in that class; in fact, 
more than all others combined. Most pencil wood is red cedar, 
but some other woods are used. 


states as far west as Texas in great abundance. Farther 
north it occurs as far west as Kansas and Nebraska, and 
northward to Dakota. The tree is found in more than 
half of the area of the United States ; and if some closely 
related species are included, it is found in practically 
the whole country. But pencils are made only of trees 
which grow in the southern states, for the wood of the 
same tree growing farther north or west is not regarded 
suitable for pencils. It is too hard, or in some 
other particular the manufacturers find it ob- 
jectionable. Therefore, the best cedar for 
pencils is restricted to regions somewhat lim- 
ited, although woods other than this cedar are 
put to some use in many regions and countries, 
though not one of them is regarded as a rival 
of this cedar. 

Heartwood is liked best, and_ first-class 
heartwood is apt to be found in cedars of large 
size. It must be of good color and of soft 
texture, free from flinty streaks. Cheap pen- 
cils may be made of inferior wood, or of soft- 
wood dyed to imitate heart; but the best pen- 
cils are of heartwood. The demands of cus: 
\uin. and Tasnion are somewhat exacting. ‘he 
most insistent demand of custom is that the 
wood of a good pencil shall have a delicate 
cedar odor. The writing qualities of the pen- 
cil are not improved or lessened by the odor 
or lack of odor of the pencil wood; neverthe- 


FORESTRY 


smell a pencil before buying, and if they are not satisfied 
with the odor, they refuse to buy that particular pencil. 
It is thus apparent that wood’s smell has much to do- 
with the sale of any particular brand of lead pencil, and 
the manufacturer takes that fact into consideration. It 
so happens that the odor of southern red cedar is strong 
and characteristic, and it has influenced the popularity of 
that wood as pencil stock. It has desirable qualities 
other than its odor. Its color has already been men- 
tioned, but that quality should be further emphasized. 
A pencil of pale, nearly colorless wood is not liked, 
though such a pencil might write as well as any other. 
It looks cheap and many persons judge pencils by their 
appearance. , 
Cedar’s light weight is a quality appreciated by manu- 
facturers of pencils. Wholesale shipping is done in larg 
quantities, and the shipment pays freight in accordance 
with its weight. The weight of a thousand gross of pen- 
cils of cedar is much less than it would be if the ship- 


is, therefore, proper to regard light weight in pencil 
wood as a property calculated to enhance its value. 

Still another quality is insisted upon by most pencil 
users whose tastes and prejudices have been developed. 
They want a pencil that whittles nicely and easily. 
seems like a trifling consideration, but it has its weig 
in determining what woods make the best pencils. — 
course, the wood must be soft if it is to cut easily. Fur- 
ther than that, it must cut without a gritty sensation. 
The wood must crumble away from the knife blade while 
the pencil is in the process of being sharpened. Tough 
shavings which curl and roll like sliced horn condemn a 
pencil in popular opinion. Persons who are particular 


less, custom insists that the odor must be pres- 
ent. Many persons associate odor with fine 
quality in a pencil. If the odor is lacking or 
if it is unsatisfactory, they conclude that the 


pencil’s quality is lacking. Purchasers often in part 


Drawing tools and instruments call for fine woods, some of foreign origin, 
other native of this country. Boxwood, mahogany and ebony are the chief 
imported woods, while our own forests furnish cherry, walnut, maple, beech 
and poplar. 


DRAWING INSTRUMENTS 


Some instruments of this kind are wholly of wood, others only 


_ mand for a soft, brittle wood. Most 
men enjoy whittling, and if the pen- 
_ cil does not cut in a pleasing man- 
ner, they feel that a cheap, inferior 
article has been foisted on them, 
and when they buy another pencil, 
they will choose another brand. 
_ When they finally try out a make 
‘that cuts smoothly, hus a pleasing 
smell and a good color, they buy 
that brand in the future. Pencil 
makers are aware how much their 
‘sales depend on fad, fashion ana 
prejudice, and they study the art of 
‘pleasing. At the same time cheap 
and inferior pencils are thrown on 
the market to be bought by Tom, 
Dick and Harry, who have no taste 
and little discrimination and will 
buy any sort of pencil that makes 
. a mark. 
Pencils have been made without 
wood. The rod of graphite is en- 
_ cased in paper. The claim is made 
and is duly advertised that such 
‘pencils can be sharpened without 
_ the use of a knife or other ma- 
_ chine, by simply unwrapping some 
of the paper. Perhaps the fact is 
hot so extensively advertised as it 
"once was because it has been as- 
certained that people do not as a 
‘general thing object to whittling a 
‘pencil when they want a point on 
‘it. If the rod of graphite in a paper 
pencil is of good quality, the pencil 
‘should write as well as one with 
Boden stock; yet any one who 
will observe the pencil user in busi- 
_ ‘hess will quickly see that the paper 
_ article which needs no whittling, 
and has no odor or color, is not 
very popular. 
We the fact that wood has so much 
‘to do with the success and popu- 
arity of a lead pencil, makes it easy 
_ f© understand why the search for 
Suitable stock has been so thorough. 
By pretty general consent, the best 
“pencil cedar is admitted to grow in 
ain regions only, say from Vir- 
‘Sinia southward. That does not 
imply that some good cedar does 
fot grow elsewhere, but the largest 
Supply of the best comes from very 
limited regions, particularly from 
Tennessee. Information long ago 
became public that pencil makers 


‘; 
‘ 


THE USES OF Woop 


in their choice of something to whit- 
_ tle, are not unreasonable in this de- 


a 


THE SOUTHERN PENCIL CEDAR 


Here is shown a fully matured red cedar 
rom North Carolina, the kind of which 
lead pencils are made. 


Few of the pencil 
cedars of that size and 


age remain stand- 
they were once abundant. 


153 


were buying old fences of cedar rails, 

barns, cabins, bridges, cribs and 

other old cedar structures in Ten- 
nessee, as well as such standing tim- 
ber as was to be had, 

The soil and climate of Tennes- 
see happen to be just right to pro- 
duce large cedar trees, and the best 
wood comes from such. But small 
trunks which are knotty and fluted 
do not offer much encouragement 
to the pencil manufacturer. Per- 
haps a larger number of cedar trees 
are now standing in Texas than ever 
stood in Tennessee, yet little pencil 
stock ever comes out of Texas, The 
trees are usually too small, knotty, 
and with too little. red heart. 

Southern red cedar is not the sole 
pencil wood to be had in this coun- 
try. In Florida some of the best 
stock is cut from a species closely 
related and called juniper or Barba- 
does juniper (Juniperus barbaden- 
sis). It has been pronounced to be 
the equal of the regular pencil ce- 
dar; but it is scarce, and is found 
in certain restricted localities only. 
Between the Rocky Mountains and 
the Pacific Coast are several cedars 
closely related to that of which pen- 
cils are made, and their wood is be- 
lieved to be in every way suitable 
for pencils, but not much of it is 
to be had. Trees are scarce and 
scattered, and most of them are of 
poor form and small size. 

The incense cedar of California 
has met considerable use as pencil 
wood in recent years, though the 
claim has not been made that it is 
in all respects equal to the southern 
red cedar. In one particular it 
measures with or above the south- 
ern tree, that is, the trunk is larger 
and contains more clear heartwood, 
notwithstanding the white sapwood 
is relatively thick. The tree has 
been called incense cedar, but the 
name is not due to the smell of the. 
wood, but to the odor of foliage and 
green twigs. 

Pencil makers must handle much 
wood that is not high class, notably 
the sapwood and the billets which 
contain flinty streaks. Such ma- 
terial is usually thrown out in se- 
lecting pencil stock. It may be 
dyed and then made into cheap pen- 
cils, or it may be manufactured into 


MEASURING TAPES 


These measuring tapes are used by survey- 
ors when they desire to make accurate 
measurements. The whole instrument is 
metal except the handle, but that is an im- 
portant part and is of wood. The hand 
retains a firmer and easier grip on wood 
than on metal, and for that reason the 
wooden handle is preferred. 


pen holders. The latter article does 
not demand a colored wood, or one 
that whittles nicely. It is thus prac- 
ticable to utilize rejects from the pen- 
cil factory in making other articles. 
Pen holders are made of many woods 
other than cedar, and they are so well 
covered with paint and varnish that 
the user may never know the kind of 
wood. A pretty large percentage of 
penholders are pine; some are yellow 
poplar, basswood, tupelo, and other 
common woods. 

It was once a custom, though it was 
perhaps not the general custom, for 
pencil manufacturers to soak thor- 
oughly their cedar logs in ponds and 
rivers and leave them there exposed 
till their sapwood had disappeared by 
decay. That was easy to do because the 
sapwood is so susceptible to decay 
and the heartwood so resistant 
that the former disappears long be- 


fore the heart has even been affected 
re st pss 
vy rot. Three or four years, under 


favorable conditicns, suffice to rot 
away the sapwood. While that is tak- 
ing place, the heart becomes mellow 
and brittle. precisely the condi- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


tion desired by the pencil maker. 

Less rotting is purposely done now 
than formerly, because the white sap- 
wood is put to use for pen holders 
and cheap pencils. Deliberate waste 
is no longer popular, even the waste 
of a thing as cheap as cedar sapwood. 

Wood intended for lead pencils 
passes through several processes or 
operations. The trees are cut down 
and the logs are sawed off the same 
as any other logging operation. The 


H2/AUMENIO YS 


RULES FOR LOG AND BOARD 
MEASURE 


The upper cut in the accompanying illus- 
tration represents a board rule, while the 
lower is designed for measuring the con- 
tents of logs. Both are of wood and in 
most instances are made of hickory. They 
are made in different patterns to meet 
various needs and to conform to different 
tastes. 


logs may be sent directly to the fac- 
tory which carries out all the work 
till the finished pencil is ready to pack 
for sale; but generally the commodity 


known as a pencil slat uaa 
is a product intermediate tee ee eu i = 
between the log and the 4 SesGeee5nqER SauREREse 
: aii snber 110 

completed pencil. The (oq; Statin 

; SS aa o 9 
slat is the product of a AT Pree ae 
special mill. It is a thin N°62 


board about seven in- 
ches long and of a thick- 
ness equal to half the 
diameter of a lead pen- 


: A terial. 
cil, and wide enough for 


BOXWOOD MEASURING RULE 


Boxwood is better than ivory in the manufacture of meas 
uring rules because the wood is less susceptible to weather 
changes than is the ivory. Therefore, wooden rules f 
more exacting places than those of more expensive ma 
(Photograph by courtesy of the Stanley Tool an 
Level Company, New Britain, Connecticut.) 


six pencils side by side. The slat is 
passed through a machine which 
shapes each half pencil and cuts a 
groove for the graphite. In that 
state of manufacture the slats ar 
shipped to the factory that insert 
the graphite, glues together the tw 
longitudinal halves, polishes, prints 
and boxes the pencils, and they a 
ready to ship. 

It is worth remark that th oug 
the product is called a lead pene 
it contains not a particle of lead. TI 
name simply conforms to the pop 
lar belief that the marking substan 
is lead. Real lead pencils were { 
merly made. The process cons 
in pouring melted lead into a g 
quill, or into the pith cavity of s 
small weed or reed, and thus m 
a pencil that would leave a black mar! 
on white paper. It was expected a 
the old-time pedagogue, as a part 
his educational attainments, tha 
should be able to make lead penci 
for his pupils who were far enoug 
advanced to need them. The proces: 
of making was simple, but a li 
dangerous. The quill that was to r 
ceive the lead was stuck upright i 
a potato or a turnip while the peda 
gogue poured in the molten lead frot 
a ladle or an iron spoon. Usually a 
went well; but sometimes when th 
hot lead came in contact with the w 
pulp of the vegetable, a resultis 
flash of steam threw the molten met 
in every direction, and the 
hands and faces of teacher an 
pils were in danger of severe but 
The quantity of hot lead was us 
so small that no serious damage 
sulted; but if such operations wer 
attempted in schoolrooms today, th 
National Safety Council would likely 
get busy immediately and require 


li 
| 
} 
L 


THE SOURCE OF CHERRY LUMBER 


Many of the best professional and scien- 
fific instruments are made of cherry. This 
wood has become scarce and the price is 
high. The accompanying picture shows 
four fine wild cherry trunks on one of the 
Tanges of the southern Appalachian moun- 
fains. It is a tree of slow growth and of 
solitary habits. 


teacher to manufacture the pencils 
Outside of school hours. The name 
Mead pencil” is all that has survived 
from the old custom. 

The lead pencil is only one of sev- 
eral items included in the professional 
and scientific instrument ‘ndustry. 


THE USES OF WOOD 
Other items are rulers, 
spirit levels, thermometers, cam- 
eras, tripods and various drafting 
instruments. Many other articles 
are included, but the 
separates them from the industry 
known as “novelties” is not defi- 
nitely fixed. Some persons might 
class a certain article as a novelty 
while others would consider it a 
professional or scientific instru- 
ment. The thermometer is an ex- 
ample of an article of doubtful 
class. The glass tubes and the 
graduated scales belonging to ther- 
mometers mounted on 
boards or wooden frames. If the 
thermometer is high-class, it is 
clearly a scientific instrument; but 
if it is cheap and is primarily in- 
tended for advertising purposes, as 
many such thermometers are, it 
ought to belong novelties. 
The same holds true of rulers. If 
carefully planned and well made, 
they are in the scientific instrument 
class ; but if cheap, and intended to 
contain printing or stenciling to 
display advertisements they do not 
properly belong to scientific instru- 
ments. The list of woods which fol- 
lows contains various 
kinds, and they meet various uses. 


squares, 


line which 


are often 


with 


woods of 


Kind of Wood 


Cedar 20,050,000 
Maple 4,425,167 
Basswood . 2,619,070 
Beech... 1,259,600 
Birch 1,062,050 
Yellow poplar .. 

Hickory ... , 
Cherry 732,750 
West India boxwood . 653,848 
White pime cecccennnnnnnnun 601,670 
Oak 372,100 
Chestnut ......... 367,000 
Rosewood 219,353 
Ash 123,600 
Mahogany 82,862 
Red gum ......... 75,000 
Black walnut . 71,200 
Cocobola 64,800 
Yellow pine ‘s 46,600 
Lier Vite ceestreensnesitteree 37,236 
Redwoodsc ac ee 31,220 
DOZWO0G san ceet lence 31,200 
Batterie | ten 30,000 
Douglas fir . 30,000 
Applewood .... 2 25,000 
SUSAS “PING Reece ewer enn 23,500 
Cypress 23,000 
Spruce .... 16,000 
TFADELO! ceca 12,000 
Western yellow pine . 8,000 
Teak 1,000 
Ebony 500 
Elm 200 
COttOnwo0d! rctcccnemnnennsennee 170 
Total 35,070,928 


Feet per Year 


155 


The most satisfactory test for de- 
termining whether a kind of article 
should be considered as a novelty or 
as something better, is based on cost 
and quality. Novelties are cheap; in- 
struments are expensive. A division 
of that kind cannot be made accord- 
ing to the quality of the woods used, 


TOUGH, STRONG RESILIENT 


Hickory is indispensable in the manufac- 
ture of many professional and scientific 
instruments, particularly where toughness 
is required, as in the making of lumber- 
men’s measuring rules. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RAILROAD CURVES AND T-SQUARES 


T-squares are often of mahogany and cherry, or of black or Cir- 
cassian walnut, though other woods which season nicely may be 
used. The railroad 
Experience has shown this to be an excellent 
wood for this instrument and it is preferred before most others. 


of pear wood. 


because a few fine woods are made into rather cheap 
articles, and some woods which are common enough may 
form parts of fine instruments. 


Seven of 
these woods 
a re. foreign, 
the others na- 
tive of the 
United States. 
Theforeign 
woods and the 
principal 


countries of 
origin are here 
given: 


West Indies, 
boxwood 
(Tabeuta 
pentaphylla) is 
hard, strong, 
of a yellow col- 
or, and has a 


fine, smooth 
grain. The 
wood is_ ob- 
tained in the 
West Indies, 
Panama, Bra- 
zil and adja- 


cent regions. It 
is known under 
various names 
in different 
countries, 

mong such 

ing zapatero, 


hite cedar, 


curves shown in the picture are made 


ferent in minor particulars and details. 


beech, hickory, maple, hornbeam or mahogany. 


WOODEN TRIPODS 


The tripod is in general use for mounting scientific instruments which require a firm base 
and need to be moved frequently from place to place. The illustration herewith shows a 
telescope on its tripod, and another style of mounting is shown, such as commonly forms 
part of the surveyor’s transit. Maple is most used for this purpose. 


SMALL WOODEN GAUGES 


A class of gauges which are alike in their main features but di 
The finest are of bo 
wood or ebony, but the common sorts are quite satisfactory if 


is nearly 


most accept- 
able substitutes © 
for it for many 
purposes. It is 
liable to split 
opén during 
the process of 
seasoning, and 
for that reason 
it is difficult to 
season. This 
tree seldom de- 
velopes heart- 
wood that is 
distinguishable 
from the sap 
by its color. 
The largest use 
is in the manu- 
facture of fine 
rulers. It does 
not go much 
into cheap ar- 
ticles where 
less valuable 
woods will 
answer. It is 
particularly 
valuable for 
rulers because ~ 
its hardness 
and fine grain 


USES 


ANDREI Te". 


- 
ie 


saree WE. 


>) 


a 


* 


_ 
- 


. ‘2 
ed 

: * 
INCENSE CEDAR FOR LEAD PENCILS 


This splendid cedar from the Sierra Nevada Mountains is now 
being substituted for the southern red cedar in the manufac- 


ture of lead pencils. It is a much larger tree than the south- 
ern cedar, but it is wanting in odor, the wood is not so red nor 
is it so soft as that of the southern tree. 


» facilitate the marking of very fine lines on the measuring 
“scale, at least as small as the sixty-fourth of an inch. It 
"is one of the straightest-grained woods in the world, and 
that gives it additional value as material for the manu- 
facture of rulers. Turkish boxwood is now so scarce 
‘and expensive that very little of it comes on the market. 
_ being manufactured into rulers in this country, and its 
“place has been largely taken by the West Indies species. 


The name rosewod is often heard, but the same spe- 
‘cies is not always meant. Several trees of the genus Dal- 
Dergia, but of different species, are included in the term. 

| They come from widely separated countries, among them 
being Africa, South America, Asia and Central America. 
A large part of the rosewood used in the United States 
Statistics do not show that a single foot of it is now 
of a species from Africa (Dalbergia Melanoxylon). This 
‘tomes from Brazil, but considerable use has been reported 
is best known as African blackwood or African grendilla. 
The Brazil wood is Dalbergia nigra. All the rosewoods 
belong to the same order of trees as our locust. The 


OF WOOD 157 
color is usually black or purple. The name is not be- 
stowed on this wood because of the color, as might be 
supposed, but on account of the delicate odor of the fresh- 
ly-cut wood. The odor does not persist long, for it soon 
ceases to attract. The wood is named for its odor, but 


is valued for its color and fine grain. It is heavy. 


Perfectly seasoned specimens may sink in water. It 


THE WOODEN SPIRIT LEVEL 


This instrument is used to plumb walls and posts and to deter- 
mine whether foundations and floors are horizontal. Various 
forms and patterns are in use, but wood is one of the most satis- 
factory materials that can be used. (Photograph by courtesy 
of the Stanley Tool and Level Company, New Britain, Con- 
necticut.) 


varies much in hardness and may equal ebony. Its prin- 
cipal uses in the professional and scientific instrument 
industry are for T-squares, spirit levels, cameras and 
drafting instruments. 

Several different woods are bought and sold under 
the name mahogany. They come from different parts of 
the world, and some of them are in one family of trees 
and some in another. If strict botanical definitions are 
insisted upon, the name could be applied only to the ma- 
hogany grown in tropical America; but woods of Africa, 


THE DRAWING TABLE 


The table here shown has a metal stand, but many have 
wood. The top, which is the main part of the table, is 
always of wood, and it is hinged so that it may be tilted 
and inclined in any way that the operator may wish. The 
top of the table is generally of basswood or white pine, 
which are so soft that thumb tacks will sink into them 
easily. 


158 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


WOOD FOR THERMOMETER BACKS 


The glass tube of a thermometer will be broken if fastened to a wood that warps, so the better grade of thermometers have backs — 
of walnut, cherry or mahogany, as they show little tendency to warp. These logs are black walnut. 


India, Australia and the Philippines pass as mahogany, 
without too close insistence on botanical distinctions. 
Mahogany is little disposed to warp, shrink, or swell, 


and that characteristic makes it of special value for in 


struments which must retain their shapes under climatic 
changes. The makers of cameras employ a large quan- 
tity of mahogany, and it is liked for T-squares, and for 
numerous other small articles. 

The uses of cocobola, lignum-vitae, teak and ebony are 
less extensive, and although these foreign woods are 
serviceable and handsome they cannot be considered very 
important in this industry because not used in large quan- 
tities. 

The T-square is so called from its shape. It is used 
by draftsmen and mechanics in establishing perpendicu- 
lars. In making this instrument, a wood is wanted which 
is not liable to warp, and the best are mahogany and 
walnut, though a number of other hard and dense woods 
are employed. This square is often of large size, and it 
cannot well be made of steel because that metal is too 
heavy. Wood holds first place. 

A large bill of lumber goes into thermometers; but 
most of these are of ordinary woods, such as yellow pop- 


lar, basswood, tupelo and pine. Thermometers may be 
only a few inches long, or they may be three or four 
feet, and in the aggregate they call for a rather large 
amount of wood. 


By some unwritten law or widely respected custom, 


the spirit level is supposed to be made of cherry, though 
many are not, some being mahogany, walnut and other 


woods that hold their shape well after having been sea-— 
It is a tool employed by builders in plumbing — 


soned. 


walls and leveling foundations and sills. Wood is rated 


superior to metal for large spirit levels because weight 


must be held within reasonable limits. Other advantages 
are claimed for wood, the chief of them being that this 
material is almost entirely free from tendency to become 
distorted under the influence of heat and cold. 

Wood’s superiority to other available materials for 
cameras is unquestioned. Its light weight alone gives it 
an advantage. The wooden portion of the camera is a 
box which contains the plates or films and the lenses. 

Several woods serve for tripods for cameras, kodaks, 
and surveying instruments. Among the best are birch, 
maple, walnut, mahogany, rosewood and ebony. 


a 


a oe 


ee ee 


BIRD GUARDIANS OF THE TREES 


By Edward Howe Forbush 


Massachusetts State Ornithologist 


N studying the economic relations of birds to man and 

other forms of life, this question is most important: 
What do birds do in the world? As we investigate their 
activities from our viewpoint, we find few birds alto- 
gether useful to nan. Many are harmless and some 
harmful, but the vast majority of birds which come in 
close contact with man and his property benefit him far 
more than they injure him. In primeval nature all birds 
are beneficial. 

The well-being of each form of life depends more or 
less on the welfare of other organisms. 
tions of the bird and the tree. In the battle of life birds 
and trees are interdependent. Trees furnish buds, blos- 
soms, fruit and seeds which birds use for food. Trees sup- 


Take the rela- 


a single tree sometimes run into hundreds, and the indi- 
viduals of each species if unchecked would soon number 


untold millions. Before such countless hordes 


would be powerless. 


man 
We can spray orchards and shade 
trees with poisonous insecticides, but we would stand 
aghast at the impossible task of spraying all the trees 
in all the woods. We must perforce depend on the natu- 
ral enemies of insects to protect our forests. Fortunately, 
birds and other foes of insects, wherever their numbers 
are sufficient, act as effective forest guardians. 

Professor F. E. L. Beal, whose experience in studying 
the food of birds was greater than that of any man 
now living, believed that birds were an effective check 
upon the increase of insects, and that it was doubtful 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 


CHICKADEES JUST FROM THE NEST 


They destroy spruce moths and many other forest pests. 
picture. 


port many insects that are eaten by birds; also, they pro- 
vide birds with hiding places in hollow trunk and limb, 
excellent nesting places and leafy shelter from sun and 
storm. Birds, on their part, protect trees by eating 
the surplus insect enemies of trees, thus preventing un- 
due increase of these enemies. Humming birds like bees 
fertilize tree blossoms, and many birds distribute and 
plant tree seeds. Bartram believed that Jays alone would 
soon replant all cleared lands were it not for the imple- 
ments of soil cultivation. 

The possibilities of the increase of forest insects are so 
appalling that potent forces to keep them within bounds 
are indispensable; otherwise. insects might destroy all 


forest trees. The numbers of insect species that attack 


These youngsters appear to be deliberately posing for an effective 


if anywhere else in the animal kingdom “any other re- 
straining influence so important” could be found. 

The normal reaction of birds upon the insect enemies 
of trees is that of annual and perennial repression. AI 
through the winter months our forests are searched, tree 
after tree, by Nuthatches, Titmouses, Creepers, Kinglets 
and Woodpeckers for eggs and other hibernating forms 
of insects. As spring advances, as buds open, as tiny 
caterpillars and grubs emerge from the egg, come the 
hosts of arboreal birds—Sparrows, Thrushes, Warblers 
and others—sweeping through the woods in migration. 
Under normal conditions they destroy something like 
ninety per cent of the tiny caterpillars hatching upon the 
external parts of trees before these caterpillars become 


AMERICAN 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 
LITTLE TREE DOCTORS 
Hairy woodpeckers just from the nest. They seem possessed 


with a mania for destroying forest insects and larvae and are 
indispensable to the scheme of forest protection. 


large enough to attract our notice. Then come the breed- 
ing birds, searching the trees all summer for food for 
their insatiable young, and with autumn comes another 
immense migration of hungry birds, penetrating all the 
forests and searching for what the summer birds have 
left. 

Thus is exerted the regular repressive influence of 
birds upon the enemies of trees, and if there are birds 
enough, and all the other forces of repression work in 
harmony, insect pests do no appreciable injury, the 
trees flourish and the forest remains in full leafage and 
fruitage. 

Too well, however, we know that this is not every- 
There are pests introduced 
There 


where and always the case. 
from foreign shores that seem to be invincible. 
are local outbreaks of native pests that the birds seem 
powerless ot check, and sometimes these irruptions as- 
Such 
ever, may often be traced to a prior scarcity of birds, 


sume alarming proportions. infestations, how- 
and when such invasions occur, they are almost cer- 

in to be followed by an increase of birds drawn from 
the surrounding country. Such augmentation of the 


tribes often has been known to check a great 


of insects, for it is one of the functions of birds 

t ther swiftly from far and near, like winged police- 
men of the air, to quell such disturbances. 

How a scarcity of birds may result in the destruction 


FORESTRY 


of forests is told by Wilson Flagg in the annual report 
of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture for 
1865. In 1798 the forests in Saxony and Brandenburg 
were attacked by lepidopterous borers that killed the 
trees. 
esters and naturalists were employed by the regency to 
inquire into its cause. They reported that the unusual 
and extraordinary increase of these insects was due to the 
absence from the forests for several years of certain 


The calamity became so general that expert for- 


Woodpeckers and Titmouses. 

An increase of birds is followed always by a decrease 
of insects on which they feed. 

Mr. B. A. Arnold told me that in the summer of 1913 
a spruce moth became so abundant on parts of Mt. Desert 
Island that the people began to fear the total destruction 
of the spruce woods, He had noticed that numerous red 
squirrels were destroying eggs and young birds, and 
therefore on his own estate, situated on a peninsula, 
almost an island, he had shot all the squirrels. As a re- 
sult of this the birds on his place increased largely. In 
a short time the trees were cleared of both caterpillars 
and moths by the birds, which fed them to their young; 
while on the mainland, where squirrels were still numer- 
ous and birds were few, the devastation of the trees con- 
tinued. 

Woodpeckers are indispensable in the forest. Old “Mr. 
Peckerwood” is a tree doctor. He performs surgical 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 


FLICKER EXPLORING ITS FIRST TREE 


YOUNG 
It will be relentless in its search for the enemy and merciless 
when the enemy is found. 


BIRD GUARDIANS 


operations that save the trees. When the leopard moth 
was introduced into this country from Europe, it seemed 
at first as if it were destined to destroy all our trees, but 
as time went on, we found thtt it killed no trees except 
in and near the cities, where the ubiquitous English 
Sparrow had largely driven out other birds; in the coun- 
try, where native birds were numerous, the ravages of 
this moth soon were checked. In city after city its 
wood-boring larvae killed first the smaller branches, then 
the larger ones, and finally many trees died from its at- 
tacks. Many ancient trées in historic parks, like Boston 
Common and the grounds of Harvard University in Cam- 
bridge, have been cut down or rooted out because of this 
and other tree pests, but in the rural districts the larvae 
of the leopard moth now do little injury, and in the woods 
they are hard to find. Woodpeckers search for them, dig 
into their holes, drag them out and wax fat upon such 
sustenance. The Downy Woodpecker, the Hairy Wood- 
pecker and the Flicker all seem possessed with a mania 
for killing these and many other destructive wood-bor- 
ing larvae. Better equipped than a telegraph lineman for 
climbing; supported by a spurred tail; provided with 
hooked claws for clinging to the bark; hammer-headed, 
chisel-beaked, and armed with a tremendously long, 
strong, lance-pointed, barbed, extensile the 


tongue, 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 
THE GREAT HORNED OWL 


This bird protects young trees by killing mice and rabbits. It 
; is a premium ratter. 


OF - THE 


TREES 


Photograph by C. W. Leister 
A FAMILY OF CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLERS 
They feed on insects that injure woodland trees, and so perform 
a real service for humankind. 

Woodpecker drills through the wood directly into the 
spot where the borer lies hidden, pushes in the tip of 
his barbed tongue, spears the victim and whips it quickly 
The wonder of it all is that “Dr. 
Peckerwood” knows just where to operate. He needs 
no X-ray of stethoscope to determine the seat of the 
trouble. In summer he may hear the borer working in 
the wood, but in winter, when both insects and trees 
are frozen, when there is no possibility of any sound 
to guide him, the tree doctor always operates just. where 
the hibernating, motionless insects lie snugly hidden in 
their cells. We can only surmise that he locates them 
by tapping with his bill, and that his auditory nerves 
are so sensitive to the slight differences in sound vibra- 
tion that he knows exactly where to drive his tunnel. In 
any case, be the enemy a few wood-boring ants collect- 
ed at different points along their channels, or the larvae 
of moth or beetle, the little tree-surgeon unhesitatingly 
drills right to the spot. Cocoons hidden under the bark 
are pierced in the same way. It is as if the eye of the 
Woodpecker could see through bark and wood, and his 
perseverance in digging out the enemy never fails. Even 
the Sapsucker, execrated as he is for destroying or dis- 
figuring certain trees, is of some service. In the year 
1911 a bark beetle had attacked the pine forests of the 
coast region of South Carolina and many trees were de- 
In the autumn large numbers of Yellow-bel- 


into his open beak. 


stroyed. 
lied Sapsuckers came down from their northern homes 
and worked upon the pines attacked by these beetles. In 
the autumn of 1912 I examined many of these trees. 
Those that had been worked by the Sapsucker had re- 
covered, while those that it had not drilled were dead 
or dying. The bark of the healthy trees showed many 
scars where the Sapsuckers had drilled through to reach 
the beetles. 

Insects are by no means the only enemies of the trees 


AMERICAN 
that must be held in subjection for the good of the for- 


, 
| 
No doubt squirrels, rabbits, mice, rats and some 


er rodents when in small numbers may be beneficial 
least not injurious to the forest, as both squirrels 
and mice are natural tree planters, but if any of these 
rodents become too numerous, they immediately become 
destructive to the trees. Squirrels, rats and climbing 
mice reduce the friendly birds by destroying their eggs 
and young. Also, squirrels and mice, if too abundant, 
eat practically all the tree seeds, leaving almost none 


for propagation. Mice and rabbits kill young trees by 


enawing off the bark in winter, thus girdling them. 
Therefore, hawks, owls and other predatory birds that 
kill rodents and so tend to hold their numbers down per- 
Most of these 


birds nest in the woods, and although they hunt much 


form an inestimable service in the forest. 


for field mice-in the open, they feed also on squirrels, 
They kill some birds, but as 


wood mice and rabbits. 


FORESTRY 


muscled, its great talons contract by means of powerful 
tendons which slide easily through grooves in the tarsal 
bones and draw over the bended joints so that the full 
weight and strength of the bird sends them through the 
shrinking vitals of its prey. Its face appears satanic 
with its horn-like crests, cruel beak and great glaring, 
yellow eyes. Its wierd voice when heard in the stillness 
of the night strikes terror not only into the breasts of 
the timid ones on which it preys, but often into human 
souls as well. Primitive people regard it as the very 
personification of Satan, and name it “The Evil One,” 
It is said that certain tribes in the West were so super- 
stitious regarding this bird that they believed that if 
one alighted o nthe roof of a man’s lodge, that man was 
doomed to die, and such was the grip of this belief upon 
them that the doomed man actually pined away and died 
—that is, if he saw the bird alight on his domicile. Or- 
dinarily the call of this owl is a deep booming whoo hoo! 


FLEDGLING 


MAGNOLIA WARBLERS 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 


Fed by their parents on forest insects, they will thrive and wax fat and eventually fill their places in the protective army of 
beautiful birds guarding our forests. 


compensation for this they protect birds by destroying 
etc. 
the 
The squirrel buries nuts, 


their enemies—skunks, weasels, mice, squirrels, 


Squirrels become tree planters largely through 
agency of hawks and owls. 
acorns and other tree seeds in the leaf mould on the for- 
est floor that he may unearth his treasures in the lean 
days of late winter and early spring. A squirrel killed 
in winter by hawk or owl has» planted a hickory wood 
or a lot of pine and other trees for all creation. The 
Broad-winged Hawk and the Great Horned Owl shown 
in our illustrations are useful as forest birds, although 
this particular owl is an enemy of game birds. Most 
he hawks and owls feed much more upon destructive 
nd rodents than upon birds or game. 
Great Horned Owl, a typical woodland bird, is 
the most powerful of them all, only inferior in 
1 the 


stre d fierceness to eagle. Ponderously 


hoo-whoo! hoo-whoo! varying somewhat in order of 
syllables and depth of tone with different performers, but 
it has a great variety of wild cries, among them a high, 
startling, clearly enunciated wa ’hoo or waugh “hoo, the 
first syllable with a rising or interrogative inflection, 
the second a falling note, but often followed by a variety 
waugh 
qwaugh 
This owl has a piercing scream or yell, also a 


of others, thus waugh ooo 00 00 00 00-00h, or 
00 000 000 oooh 00 00 000, OF WKH WH WH WU 
qwaugh. 
long series of gabbling notes. I well remember one even- 
ing, sitting alone in William Brewster’s cabin in the Con- 
cord woods and hearing many strange sounds which I 
attributed at first to a child trying to imitate a baying 
hound, but as the sounds came nearer they were recog- 
nized as notes of the Great Horned Owl, and for some 
time that owl and I held quite a conversation by moon- 
light. The owl, however, would never shine in society 


BIRD GUARDIANS 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 


YOUNG BROAD-WINGED HAWK 


This baby belongs to a valuable economic family, for the Hawks 
feed on mice that destroy young trees. 


by reason of its conversational powers, as its remarks are 
much more forcible than elegant, and it frequently car- 
ries about in its plumage the penetrating effluvium of 
the “woods pussy.” Many skunks are slain by this dark 
demon of the night. 

The plumage of the owl is so enveloped in fine and 
It takes 
its victims unawares and therefore is able to overcome 
animals much larger and heavier than itself. 


downy filaments that its flight is noiseless. 


One night a farmer near Worcester, Massachusetts, 
heard an agonized squall from a big tomcat which had 
been promenading in front of the house in the moon- 
light. From the open door the cat could be seen in the 
grasp of an owl, and before the farmer could secure 
his loaded gun and shoot the bird, poor Tom had yielded 
up his nine lives. 
noiselessly from behind and had quickly ripped out his 
vitals. If any of his lives were left when the shotgun 
The farmer sug- 


The powerful owl had struck him 


came on the scene, that finished him. 
gested that the owl seemed to be taking that cat apart, 
as the farm boy once took apart an alarm clock, “to see 
how it went.” 

One of my own experiences will serve to illustrate the 
owl’s noiseless approach. One autumn evening I stepped 
out of my little camp in the Wareham woods to take some 
exercise before bed-time. It was a clear, lovely night, 
with a full moon riding up a cloudless sky; not a breath 
of air stirred the plumes of the tall white pines about me, 


OF THE TREES 163 
which were softened and etherealized by the pale moon’s 
light. I had begun stretching and swaying the muscles 
of my neck and torso when a loud cry, half shriek, half 
laugh, sounded from the air within a few feet. of my 
head, followed by a jumbled medley of strange sounds, 
profanely expressive of astonishment and disgust, which 
passed by me swiftly and away toward the meadow. 
Startled, I turned to see, but nothing saw. Without a 
sound of quill or plume a Great Horned Owl had passed 
close by my head, and so fast it clove the air that it 
was out of sight in the moonlight before my eye could 
find and follow its vanishing shape. One might have 
imagined it the disembodied voice of an evil spirit pass- 
I had been 
wearing a white hat and the owl had been sitting in the 
top of some tall pine. As his keen eye glanced over and 


ing swiftly through the moonlit woods. 


past the roof of my cabin, he perceived that moving 
white object. 
discovered his mistake only when he had passed over 
the roof and saw what was under that hat. 
you leap—is a wise maxim for owls and men. 


He had swept down to strike, and had 


Look before 
Very 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood. 
A RAPID GROWER 


The same Broad-winged Hawk taken two weeks later, showing 
how quickly the plumage grows and the bird matures. 


likely in the distance he 


took the hat for a white 


ullet ora rabbit. Toasu 
perstitious person not 


source of such 


sounds the incident might 
ave been disquieting. 

The Horned Owl slays 
rabbits, rats and mice by 
wholesale. Dr. A. K. Fish- 
er in his bulletin on the 
Hawks and Owls of the 
United States, quotes Mr. 
O. E. Niles, who found the 
remains of 113 dead rats at 
one time on the ground be- 
low a Great Horned Owl’s 
nest. This bird is the chief 
enemy of the common crow 
and we should not have so 
many crows if owls were 
not shot indiscriminately. 


usual tree is a native prone juniper near the Masonic Homes at 
and now measures 48 feet in diameter, and is 24 inches high. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


ex 4TA 


Photograph by C. W. Leister. 


SOME WOODLAND MOUSERS 


The younger members of a screech-owl family. Note the He- 
braic aspect of their countenances. 


When the sun sets their day 


BOY SCOUTS ADOPT A TREE 


As the hunter, woodchop- 
per and settler subdue the 
wilderness, the hoot of the 
Horned Owl is heard less 
and less in the woods, un- 
til at last all the owls of this 
species breeding in settled 
regions are wiped out. This 
is what has happened now 
in a large part of the east- 
ern United States. Now 
and then in some winters, 
when food is scarce in the 
north, Northern Owls may 
drift here in migration; 
otherwise the Horned Owl 
is a disappearing bird. In 
the forests he may survive, 
but otherwise the land that 
knew him of old shall know 
him no more. 


pee a oa 
. q . 


BOYS ADOPTED 


Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. It is at least 80 
The limbs lying on the ground do not take root. 


een successfully propagated at the Masonic Homes by cuttings, and a large number of young trees are now being 
there. The Boy Scouts of Elizabethtown have adopted this remarkable tree, and have protected it from vandals by 


tantial fence around it. 
t ‘ ees of the same family. 
siding judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania. 


It is prefectly hardy and free from blight. 


The foliage is of a deeper blue-green than 
The picture was sent AMERICAN FORESTRY by the Hon. George B. Orlady, pre- 


_ STEADY barrage of resolutions opposing the pro- 
_ posed transfer of the National Forests in the 
1 States and in Alaska from the Department of 
ture to the Department of the Interior has had its 
in preventing any further advance of this measure 
gress. Senat and Representatives from. all 
s of the country have received these resolutions 
civic and other organizations as well as protests 
individuals, Both resolutions and protests have 
vigorous and of the character which compel atten- 
Apparently those who support the measure have 


ion to it, while those who oppose it have been 
not only by the protests, but also by the state- 
of President Harding in his speech before the 
Agricultural Congress in which he emphasized 
close relationship between forestry and agriculture. 
‘relationship is one of the best arguments in favor 
wing the National Forests to remain under the 
of the Department of Agriculture. 
e forcefulness of the resolutions is noticeable. The 
Ivania State Forest Commission declares the pro- 


-and adds that “it would ruin the Forest Service.” 
obscot (Me.) Forestry Club says “it would be 
to the public interests.” The Asheville (N. C.) 
t of Commerce declares that as the forest is a 
duct of the soil “the extraordinary progress made 
the protection of our forests wou'd be immensely 
d and the whole forestry program set backward, 
re, by changing the administration of forestry 
‘om the Agricultural Department to the Depart- 
the Interior.” The California State Board of 
, speaking for the forestry interests of that state, 
s its emphatic disapproval of such transfer,” while 


urprised by the rapidly spreading and wide-spread — 


EDITORIAL 
OPPOSITION TO TRANSFER OF NATIONAL FORESTS 


the Pueblo, Colorado, Commerce Club sends out the reso- 
lutions of the San Isabel Public Recreation Association, 
in which it concurs and which declared that “this organi- 
zation vigorously protests against any change and ear- 
nestly requests our representatives in Congress to oppose 
any transfer of the National Forests.” The Rye Recre- 
ation and Progressive Association, of Rye, Colorado, 
states “our relations with the Forest Service proves to us 
that their methods of administering the forests are to the 
best interests of all concerned” and voices its protest 
also. The Maine Forestry Association “feels that the 
‘proposed transfer would be a severe blow to the present 
high efficiency of the Forest Service and would inevitably 
result in a loss of ground previously gained in the 
struggle for intelligent forest conservation” and opposes 
the transfer; and the North Carolina Forestry Associa- 
tion declares “we strongly condemn the movement to 
transfer some or all of the activities of the Forest. Service 
from the United States Department of Agriculture, where 
it has been most efficiently administered during the past 
fifteen years, to the Department of the Interior.” 

The California Forest Protective Association, com- 
posed of timberland owners, voices its protest in no un- 
certain words by saying “such transfer would not be 
effective as to economy or unity of organization, and 
would very probably result in destructive changes in 
the work of the Forest Service and the administration 
of the National Forests.” 

These quoted are only a few of the expressions of 
opinion from influential organizations, but they express 
the character of all of the protests which have been 
made and those which are to be made—protests which 
Congress cannot possibly ignore—and which will un- 
doubtedly make a decided impression upon the represen- 
tatives of the people. 


UBLIC interests are seriously threatened by failure 
_of the Bureau of the Budget to make adequate 
ov ion for the operation of the Weeks Law after 

30 of this year. Since 1911 the Government has 
1 gradually acquiring land under this law because 
ss has recognized the importance of the work and 
le available the moderate appropriations necessary 
out the original plan. This plan contemplates 
ultimate acquirement of five million acres of forest 
ls on the watersheds of important eastern rivers. 
re has not been a single break in the continuity of the 
During the present fiscal year, which ends June 
0, 1922, the appropriation was $1,000,000. 


| _ Now comes the Bureau of the Budget with its appro- 
. 


_ OPERATION OF THE WEEKS LAW THREATENED 


priation estimates for the Department of Agriculture 
for the next fiscal year, and it reduces the item for the 
acquisition of land under the Weeks Act to a paltry 
$50,000. If the item stands, it means practically the com- 
plete suspension or postponement of forest land pur- 
chases in the East, and this just at a time when the 
Government can buy land most advantageously. It is 
presumed that the Bureau of the Budget justifies its 
action on the ground of enforced economy. American 
Forestry recognizes the desirability of upholding the 
budget system and it endorses governmental economy 
when it is shown to be real economy and not at the ex- 
pense of public interests or federal responsibility. In this 
instance it believes the Bureau of the Budget proposes 


166 AMERICAN 


a mistaken economy. Let us examine briefly the oper- 
ation of the Weeks Act. 

Since initiation of the acquisition work in 1911, the 
Government has acquired 2,047,718 acres of forest land 
at the head waters of navigable eastern rivers. The cost 
to the Government, including the land, examination of 
titles, land surfaces, and all overhead expense, has been 
$5.99 per acre. Since its acquisition this land has steadily 
increased in value. Many of the tracts have more than 
doubled in value and the demonstrable value of the 
entire holdings, including land and timber, is placed by 
the Forest Service at more than $19,000,000. This is 
an increase of 60 per cent over their original cost and 
the estimate is admitted to be a very conservative one. 
In addition, the area is returning to the United States 
Treasury over $100,000 annually by virtue of the sale 
of timber and other resources under strict regulations 
which are gradually increasing the timber productivity 
of the land. 

Coming at this particular time, the action of the 
Bureau of the Budget, if concurred in by Congress, will 
do more than stop the acquisition of additional land. It 
will deprive the Government of an unusual opportunity 
to obtain some very desirable tracts at exceedingly favor- 
able prices. The present economic situation makes now 
available forest lands at prices probably lower than at any 
time since the passage of the act, because of the need or 
desire of many owners to convert their cut-over lands 
into cash, 

The significance of this opportunity is clearly reflected 
in the proposed purchase approved by the National 
Conservation Commission in December last, of 135,000 
acres of forest land in different tracts at an average of 
$3.33 per acre, or little more than one-half the average 
price paid for land previously purchased. According to 
the Forest Service, it has pending today in localities ap- 
proved by the commission as desirable for purchase, 
offers aggregating almost 1,000,000 acres which may be 
purchased on equally favorable terms. 

But let us not overlook the primary object of acquiring 
these lands. It is to protect and maintain the navigability 
of eastern rivers and the property and public interests 
dependent upon their navigability. That it is impossible 
to express in dollars and cents the value thus served 
is unfortunate, because, if it were, we believe the Bureau 


FORESTRY 


of the Budget would not have dared to recommend the 
practical suspension of the acquisition work. The 1 
sponsibility of the Federal Government to maintain the 
navigability of its rivers is genera!ly and clearly recogey 
nized. Any action suggestive of the abandonment of 
that responsibility as. provided for in the Weeks Act 
should be met by strong and wide-spread public protest. 
Other public interests are involved. These lands y 
not only serve to preserve the headwaters of import: 
rivers, but they will be the sources of much needed — 
lumber in years to come. And today they provide rec: 
ational areas of great public value to the densely popu- 
lated East. Their potential value as timber producin x 
and recreational areas is tremendous. J 
We believe the Bureau of the Budget has misweigh 
public interests in halting work under the Weeks A 
The character of this work is such that a steady 
continuous functioning of the agencies already estab 
lished under the act is essential. The acquirement 
large tracts of land, if done efficiently and on the b 
terms possible for the Government, must proceed grad- 
ually and without haste. That is the basis upon whi 
for ten years the work has been planned and carried 
forward, and that is one reason why its results reflec ; 
conspicuous efficiency and progress. a 
If a reduction of the federal expenditures is absolutely 
imperative, let it be a moderate reduction which will 
permit the established and well-working agencies to 
function on an efficient scale, and not a reduction which 
virtually annihilates the operating agencies. To disrupt 
the work now not only is sure to be in the long run — 
very expensive economy, but it threatens the resumption 
of the work on an adequate scale when the financial 
stress upon the Government may be less acute. An ] 
appropriation of $500,000 for the coming fiscal year— 
one-half that of the present year—wi!l enable the work — 
to proceed in an effective way because of more favorable 
land values. At its recent meeting in Washington, the 
American Forestry Association passed a_ resolution — 
urging upon Congress the appropriation of adequate — 
funds for the continuance of the work. Readers of 
American Forestry are urged to lose no time in commu-_ 
nicating their sentiments to their representatives in 
Congress. ' - 


MORE WORK AND LESS TALK 


[? THE ARMY EXPERTS, during times of peace, 

made no effort to improve guns, ammunition, and 
equipment, or failed to study new weapons of warfare, 
we should charge them with laxity, to say the least. If 
in times of general good health the medical experts made 
no attempt to guard against the next outbreak of influ- 
enza. smallpox, or typhoid, we should say they lacked 
But in forestry we show all these 
forms of laxity and neglect. We are not merely per- 


foresight and energy. 


mitting what forests we have left to be destroyed at an ~ 
appalling rate, but we are not even finding out how to 
replace them once we show enough courage and energy 
to call a halt on destruction. a 
In the long run the intensive practice of forestry, on 
the scale needed to yield the timber we require, must — 
be based on a minute knowledge of the life-history and 
habits of trees, singly and in large groups. To get this 
knowledge will require a vast deal of investigation, ex- 


tation, patient observation of forests of all kinds 
“forest research” on a nation-wide scale. 
research occupies a prominent place in the 
icy recommended by the recent National Agri- 
1 Conference. It occupies an equally prominent 
the resolutions passed at the recent annual meet- 
f the American Forestry Association. 
ys the Agricultural Conference: 
rch in forestry has already produced results 
ulable value to the people of the United States 
essential for future progress. Therefore, research 
ods of maintaining and increasing the produc- 
forest lands and in methods of utilizing forest 
should be promoted in every practicable way.” 
resolution of the Association points out that “the 
ent of an effective practice of forestry in this 


of our trees and the characteristics of their 
.’ and that “both scientific research in the lab- 
- and field experimentation and demonstration” 
eded to gain this knowledge. The Association 
urges upon Congress a better financial support 
experiment stations and of the Forest Products 
utory at Madison, Wisconsin. 

protection of forests from fire has been much 
ized in the last two or three years as a part of our 
program of forestry. Fire protection is highly 
, but it is not all of forestry any more than 
army worms and chinch-bugs is all of agriculture. 
y is more than mere protection; it implies the 
g of the best possible crop of timber both in 
y and in quality. It means much more than letting 


y depends upon a basic knowledge of the life and 


EDITORIAL 167 


nature run wild; it means a constant tending of the forest 
throughout its life. The difference between a wild forest 
and a cultivated forest is like the difference between a 
wild plum thicket and an orchard. 

What has forest research to do with all this? Simply 
this: Forestry is coming sooner in this country than most 
people believe. But who knows how to practice forestry ? 


Outside of the National Forests, a few state forests, and. 


a few forest schools, there is no body of knowledge of 
even elementary forestry. For vast areas of forest land, 
our ignorance of what to do to make them grow really 
good crops of timber is profound. Some of these days 
the nation will establish a national program of forestry, 
and then we shall suddenly find that laws will not make 


forests grow and we shall be sadly lacking in the know- . 


edge of how to make them grow. 

Forest experiment stations should be established imme- 
diately in all the chief forest regions to work out these 
main problems of reforestation and forest management. 
They will cost this rich and powerful country only half 
a million dollars a year—an insignificant sum to make us 


'ready for the day when we shall begin to grow timber 


on a national scale. 

We urge the members of this Association to use their 
influence not only to help these bills through Congress, 
but to spread the idea of forest experiment stations far 
and wide, through newspapers, clubs, labor unions, 
chambers of commerce, schools and the like. Here is a 
big, concrete job in forestry worth any man’s best efforts. 
Forestry must not remain in the stage of glittering gener- 
alities. There has been plenty of talk; let us now get 
down to hard work on specific jobs. 


e 


G with coal and transportation, forests are first 
sentials to the prosperity of American business. 
denced by the experience of 1920, an acute wood 
fe pinches first the wood-using industries. Its 
then spread rapidly into related industries which 
wood or forest products in more limited amounts. 
business generally is disrupted and thrown into 
n. The coal mines are crippled by lack of mine 
mbers. The railroads are crippled by lack of railroad 

s. Newspapers suspend publication or reduce their 
and so on. It is a blood-letting malady which 
akes business in diverse and insidious ways. 
forest problem is thus a vital problem for Ameri- 
dustry. It calls for the best and most enlightened 
ht which the business men of the country can 
to bear upon it. It must be worked out in a prac- 
ble and businesslike way and on the principle that 
jod business is good only when it promotes the public 


Tt is encouraging that the business men of the coun- 
'y have already begun to take note of our forest situa- 
mn. American Forestry awaits with keen interest the 
port soon to be made by the Forestry Committee of the 
iamber of Commerce of the United States. Mr. David 


“WILL BUSINESS MEN HEED THE FOREST SITUATION? 


L. Goodwillie, a box manufacturer of Chicago, is chair- 
man of this committee and has associated with him men 
representative of various lines of American industry. 

This committee represents the greatest organization of 
business men of this country. It has spent many weeks 
investigating various conditions throughout the United 
States. It has held public hearings from New York 
to California. Lumbermen, wood users, foresters, law- 
yers, tax experts and economists have been heard. It 
has had the benefit of information gathered through 
years of effort by the Federal and State governments. 
It has had ample opportunity to view all important 
angles of the situation and to arrive at definite conclu- 
sions. 

No greater opportunity ever existed to acquaint the 
business men of the country with the true state of our 
forest affairs. The character of the committee’s report 
will largely determine its effectiveness. If the commit- 
tee finds the situation to be deserving of consideration 
by the business men—and they can hardly find other- 
wise—and makes definite, clear-cut suggestions of reme- 
dial action, the subject will be brought to the attention 
of the Chamber’s 800,000 members. This in itself would 
be of tremendous educational value. 


NOMINATIONS FOR OFFICERS OF THE 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


HE by-laws provide for the election this year of a 

president, a treasurer, twenty-one vice presidents, 
and seven directors of the American Forestry Associa- 
tion. 


FOR PRESIDENT 
CHARLES LATHROP PACK 


President American Forestry Association 


FOR VICE-PRESIDENTS 
(21 to be elected) 


HON. M. L. ALEXANDER Louisiana 
Chairman, Conservation Commission 

HENRY C. CAMPBELL—Wisconsin 
Editor, Milwaukee Journal 

ALLEN CHAMBERLAIN—Massachusetts 
Editor, Boston Transcript 

FRED C. KNAPP—Oregon 
President, Peninsula Lumber Company 

EVERETT G. GRIGGS—Washington 
President St. Paul and Tacoma Lbr. Co. 

MRS. WARREN G. HARDING—Ohio 

DR. JOHN GRIER HIBBEN—New Jersey 
President, Princeton University 

JOHN M. OVERTON—Tennessee 
President, Tennessee Forestry Association 

THOMAS H. OWEN—Oklahoma 
President, Oklahoma Forestry Association 

GIFFORD PINCHOT—Pennsylvania 
Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania 

JOSEPH HYDE PRATT—North Carolina 


Director Geological Survey 


FOR DIRECTORS (7 to be elected) 


Nominations by the Committee on Elections 
Appointed by the Board of Directors 
ELBERT H. BAKER 
American Newspaper Publishers Association 
ROBERT P. BASS 
Ex-Governor of New Hampshire 
F. W. BESLEY 
State Forester of Maryland 
HENRY S. GRAVES 
Former Chief U. S. Forest Service 
WM. B. GREELEY 
Chief, U. S. Forest Service 
GEORGE W. SISSON, JR. 
Ex-President American Paper & Pulp Assn. 
E. A. STERLING 
Forest Engineer 
The members making nominations for directors as mentioned above are: 
P. W. Ayres, G. H. Collingwood, J. %. Holmes, R. D. Forbes, J. G. 
Peters, V. H. Sonderegger, A. B. Hastings, Clyde Leavitt, C. D. Howe, 
J. A. Ferguson G. R. Green, C. R. Anderson, F. W. Kelsey, Edw. Bird 


Grinnell, Barrington Moore, W. P. Wharton, K. W. Woodward, C. L. 
Stevens, Karl E. Pfeiffer, H. Nellis, Joshua A. Cope, R. Y. Stuart, W. G. 


Of the nominees for directors, Mr. Wm. L. Hall wrote to the Committee on Elections definitely refusing the nomination. It will — 
be observed that the nominations made by the Committee on Elections exactly parallel the nominations made by the above peti- — 
tioners, with the exception of Mr. Hall. For the seventh vacancy in the list of directors the Committee on Elections has nomi- 
nated Mr. E. A. Sterling, who has fot many years faithfully served the Association as a director. — 


“HENRY S. GRAVES 


The Committee on Elections, comprising Dr. Filibert 
Roth, R. S. Kellogg and Dr. Henry S. Drinker, appoint- 
ed by the Board of Directors at the annual meeting, 
ceived suggestions and nominations for officers and 
have nominated the following: 


FOR TREASURER 


ROBERT V. FLEMING 
Vice-President, Riggs Nat’l Bank, Washington, D. C. 


M. B. PRATT—California 


State Forester of California 


DR. J. T. ROTHROCK—Pennsylvania 


Member of State Forest Reservation Board of Pa. 


PROF, FILIBERT ROTH—Michigan 
Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan 


HARVEY N. SHEPARD—Massachusetts 
President, Massachusetts Forestry Association 


HON. B. H. SNELL—New York 
Member of Congress from New York 


BONNEL H. STONE—Georgia 
Chairman, Georgia Forestry Committee 


MRS. JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN—Illinois — 


General Federation of Women’s Clubs 
HERMANN VON SCHRENK—Missouri 


President, Missouri Forestry Association 
LOU SWEET—Colorado 

President, Colorado Forestry Association 
HON. JOHN W. WEEKS—Massachusetts 

Secretary of War 


Nominations by a Group of Members Whose 
Names are Given Below 


ELBERT H. BAKER 

American Newspaper Publishers Association 
ROBERT P. BASS 

Ex-Governor of New Hampshire 
F. W. BESLEY 

State Forester of Maryland 


Former Chief U. S. Forest Service 
WM. B. GREELEY 
Chief, U. S. Forest Service 
GEORGE W. SISSON, JR. 
Ex-President American Paper & Pulp Assn. 


WM. L. HALL 
Pres. Hall, Kellogg & Co., Chicago 


Hastings, R. S. Maddox, J. W. Toumey, R. C. Hawley, S. J. Record, H. H. 
Chapman, T. S. Woolsey Jr., W. O. Filley, J. H. Foster, R. S. Hosmer, 
Bristow Adams, A. B. Recknagel, C. H. Guise, S. N. Spring, W. C. L 
Bazeley, H. Philbrook, P. T. Coolidge, G. T. Carlisle, Jr., R. D. Craig, b 
T. Bode, G. C. Morbeck G. B. MacDonald, L. H. Pammel, Chapin Jones, 
Ellwood Wilson, Edmund Secrest, H. P. Baker, P. P. Wells. 


SIGNED: 
FILIBERT ROTH 
R. S. KELLOGG 
HENRY S. DRINKER 
Committee on Elections. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION 


HE annual meeting of the American Forestry Associ- 

ation held at Washington on January 26th marked 
the fortieth anniversary of the organization. There was 
a good attendance. President Charles Lathrop Pack 
called the meeting to order, referred to the work of the 
Association during 1921 and in his address said: 

“The year 1922 is a vital year in forestry in the United 
States. Let us mark this fortieth anniversary with a uni- 
ted front for a forest policy. Thanks to the fine coopera- 
tion of the editors of the country the American Forestry 
Association has awakened hundreds of thousands of peo- 
ple to the value of our forest resources. The Association 
has preached forestry day in and day out and now Con- 
gress is considering a bill providing for a national forest 
policy. 

“Threatening the future prosperity of the country are 
two big items, our yearly loss from forest fires and our 
hundreds of miilions of acres of forest lands which are 
not growing forests. Just what this means to big indus- 
tries in states like New York and New England is shown 
in the three million dollars a year freight bill New Eng- 
land pays on imported lumber because of the idle acres 
close to her factory doors. The lumber cut in the state 
of New York has dropped almost sixty percent since 


1910. Her consumers of lumber are paying $66,000,000 
a year for imported lumber and $11,000,000 a year for 
state grown lumber. If that $55,000,000 could be kept in 
the state you could see what the effect woul!d be. 
imported lumber three thousand miles by rail. 


They 
As a 
result nearly 1500 wood using industries in the state of 
New York have closed up shop. 

“Timber enough to build a five-room house every hun- 
dred feet on both sides of a road extending from New 
York to Chicago is destroyed by forest fires every year. 
With four people to a house these one hundred thousand 
or more buildings would provide a home for nearly one 
fourth of our yearly increase in population—a number 
sufficient to populate a new city each year the size of 
Cincinnati, New Orleans, Minneapolis, Kansas City or 
Seattle. 

“During the past five years more than 160,000 forest 
fires have occurred in the United States, 80 per cent of 
which were due to human agencies and therefore prevent- 
able. The conflagrations burned over 56,488,000 acres— 
an area greater than that of either Ohio or Pennsylvania 
and destroyed $85,700,000 worth of timber. 


“Stop this waste and put that material into houses. If 


——— 


; 
f 
} 


\ on Deh. : aceon | 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OFFICIALS 


From left to right—Charles F. Quincy, treasurer and director; E. A. Sterling, director; Charles Lathrop Pack, president; Col. 
W. B. Greeley, chief of United States Forest Service, director; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, director; Ovid M. Butler,’ forester; 
Standish Chard, director, and Percival S. Ridsdale, secretary and editor of American Forestry. 


170 AMERICAN 


you do various business interests concerned in construc- 
tion, such as lumber dealers, carpenters, masons, and 
supply houses, would, it is estimated, benefit to the ex- 
tent of more than $400,000,000 annually. Bankers and 
real estate dealers would also profit by the sale of lands 
and loans on homes to the extent of an additional $300,- 
000,000. Take that thought home with you and iki 
it to your banker and the real estate man. 

“Therefore in welcoming you to this meeting, I want to 
urge that we present a united front on this fortieth anni- 
versary for forestry. Let us get something done. Let us 
demand constructive forestry legislation from our nation- 
al and state legislative bodies. The American Forestry As- 
sociation can do a greater public service than any organi- 
zation in the country in 1922. That service is continuing 
its educational campaign on the need of constructive for- 
estry legislation with greater vigor and force as it expects 
to do.” 

Senator Irvine I. Lenroot of Wisconsin in an address 
on “Our National Forest Problem” emphasized the steady 
decrease in forest producing area and discussed features 
of the Snell and Capper bills. He earnestly advousies 
the speedy adoption of a forest policy. 

Col. Henry S, Graves spoke on “The Objectives of 
a National Policy of Forestry” pointing out first the need 
of a well defined program of forestry and outlining the 
benefit to the country which will follow the adoption 
of a policy which will adequately provide not only for 
our needs in forest products but for recreational require- 
ments as well. 

Dr. Henry S. Drinker, who presided during part of the 
meeting, told how the business men of the country have 
come to a realization of the importance of forestry and 
are now deeply interested in the relationship of a forest 
policy and business conditions. 

The proposed amended by-laws as published in the 
January issue of American Forestry, were explained 
by Col. W. B. Greeley who, with Col. Henry S. Graves, 
urged their adoption and they were unanimously adopted. 

The Board of Directors announced the appointment of 
a committee on elections composed of Dr. Henry S. 
Drinker, chairman; Prof. Filibert Roth and R. S. Kellogg 
with Dr. J. T. Rothrock and Philip W. Ayres as alter- 
nates. 

In the evening a smoker was given with Dr. Filibert 
Roth presiding. Addresses were made by Col. W. B. 
Greeley, E. T. Allen, Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, E. A. 
Sterling, Arthur Newton Pack, O. M. Butler, Axel 
Oxholm, Prof. Roth and others. 

At the afternoon session the Committee on Resolu- 
tions, composed of Col. Henry ’S. Graves, C.F. Quincy, 
Dr. J. T. Rothrock and Prof. Filibert Roth, presented the 
following resolutions, which were adopted: 


NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 
Whereas, the forests of our country are being depleted with 
great rapidity, with wholly inadequate measures for replacement, 
and 


_ledge both scientific research in the laboratory and field experi-_ 


FORESTRY 


Whereas the right handling of our forests is essential to 
every consumer of wood products, to many thousands of manu- 
facturing industries, and to the welfare of the communities in 
the forest regions, and 

Whereas our national and local needs will be met only by the 
practice of forestry upon private as well as public lands, and — 

Whereas the character of the forestry problem is such that 
it will not be solved except by the participation of the public 
in connection with private as well as public forests, be it 

Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge upon 
Congress the adoption of a sound national policy of for 
which will lead to the rapid extension of Horsey, in pri 
forests, and be it further . 

Resolved: That this policy should aim both toward the le: 
ing of the difficulties in the way of private, forestry, such 
the present fire risk, unwise systems of taxation, lack of inf 
mation regarding methods of practice, etc., and at the same 
toward the establishment of.such feasible requirements by 
public in regard to private lands as may be essential to secur 
effective results and as will justify the public expenditures ii 
co-operation with the states and private owners in fire protection 
reforestation, research and experimentation and other measures 
of assistance. 


ACQUISITION OF FOREST LANDS : 
Whereas our public forests constitute an essential fea 
of a national policy of forestry, as a factor in timber producti 
in conserving water resources, in building up local communi 
and in demonstrating methods of forest practice, and 
Whereas the National Forests established by recent pur 
in the eastern mountains are rendering a great public service, 
Whereas the lands already acquired comprise only a porti 
of the forest lands that should be owned by the public in th 
regions, be it 
Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urgi 
upon Congress the appropriation of adequate funds for the con- 
tinuance of the purchase of forest lands under the Weeks Law. 


FORESTS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN 
Whereas there are large areas of forest lands chiefly in the 
west owned or controlled by the United States, which today 
are without adequate protection and management, be it : 
Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge 
upon Congress that appropriate legislation be enacted for ‘the 
incorporation of such areas in the system of National Forests. 


SUPPORT OF RESEARCH 

Whereas the establishment of an effective practice of forestry 
in this country depends upon a basic knowledge of the life and 
growth of our trees and the characteristics of their products, and 
Whereas there are required for the acquirement of this know- 


mentation and demonstration, be it 

Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge upon 
Congress the necessity to provide increased financial support 
for the research work conducted by the Forest Service at the 
various Forest Experiment Stations and at the Forest Products 
Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin. 


TRANSFER OF FOREST SERVICE 
Whereas the success of the federal work in forestry, in the 
administration of the National Forests, in building up the basis 
of practice of forestry on private lands throughout the country, 
and in research in forestry and forest utilization, would have 
been impossible without the centralization of all the work in a — 
single technical bureau, and 
Whereas the interests of forestry are inseparable from those 
of agriculture because more than 60 per cent of the forests in the 
long run will be in small ownership either attached to farms or 


“interspersed among farms and because in a large part of the 


AMERICAN 


the development of forests and of agriculture must go 
in hand and are interdependent, and 

‘hereas there is a definite movement represented by bills in 
ess and by various recommendations to Congress to trans- 
the Forest Service from the Department of Agriculture to 
: Interior or some other Department, and 

hereas such a step would inevitably lead to the division of 
federal work of forestry among two or more departments 
a consequent duplication, weakening of leadership, and 
ng of the effectiveness of the work in many directions, 


solved: That The American Forestry Association earnestly 

: against the ‘propibsal to transfer the Forest Service or 

any portion of it from its present jurisdiction in the Department 

of Agriculture. 
; FOREST FIRES 

‘eas the most serious agency of forest devastation is fire, 


‘as we are not yet in control of forest fires, the annual 
t of land burned each year reaching an aggregate of about 
900 acres with direct annual loss of no less than $17,000,000, 


t as security from forest fires can be attained only through 

‘ eto of. protective work of all owners under a single 
ystem directed by the public, be it 

Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge upon 

a Congress and the legislatures of the states to make 

ate appropriations for this basic feature of forestry work. 


‘ PINE BLISTER RUST 

Vhereas The American Forestry Association recognizes the 
e menace to the extensive public and private five-needled 
2 forests of Western North America from the recent dis- 
of the white pine blister rust in the Puget Sound region 
British Columbia and Washington, and 

hereas the white pine blister rust is generally established 
a large area in Wisconsin and Minnesota and throughout 


FORESTRY 171 


the white pine regions of the Northeastern States where it is 
increasing at a rapid rate, thereby menacing the continued pro- 
duction of white pine which is essential to the maintenance of 
the necessary timber supply and therefore to the welfare of the 
country, and 


Whereas the deceptive character of the disease makes it im- 
perative to arouse the owners of Eastern White Pine to this 
serious situation, to convince them of the immediate need for 
the general application of the demonstrated practical, effective 
and inexpensive control measures, in order’ to save the young 
pine crop and keep the forest lands productive; therefore be it 


Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge 
federal co-operation with the Dominion of Canada, States and 
others interested in safeguarding the five-needled pine forest 
resources of Western North America, in providing. necessary 
funds and taking adequate measures to meet the emergency 
situation created by the discovery of the white pine blister rust 
in the Northwest; and be it further 


Resolved: That this association urge that: federal and state 
blister rust quarantine regulations be strictly enforced to prevent 
the introduction and establishment of this destructive disease 
in uninfected regions, and be it further ; 


Resolved: That this Association urge adequate Federal and 
State appropriations for combatting the blister rust in the North- 
eastern and Lake States by instructing pine owners in the best 
methods of control through systematic personal. contact and 
demonstration, thereby maintaining the continued commercial 
production of white pine in these regions. 


INSECT CONTROL 


Whereas the depredations by insects is one of the most serious 
causes of forest destruction; and - 

Whereas on the Pacific Coast shefe'i is one infestation which a 
destroyed within the last ten years timber aggregating in amount 
no less than _ 1,500,000,000 feet, valued at not less than 
$4,500,000.00; and ~ 


1 ; ASSETS . LIABILITIES 
~ Cash $24,543.20 Bonds Outstanding $10.00 
_ Investments 25,271.00 Accounts Payable 6,424.27 
Accrued Interest 1,169.23 Notes Payable 4,000.00 
_ Accounts Receivable 365.03 Subscriptions for 1922 Prepaid .... 10,170.95 
, etc. 368.00 Surplus 31,111.24 
i $51,716.46 $51,716.46 
x EXPENSES FOR 1921 INCOME FOR 1921 
| Magazine Production $43,042.53 Membership Dues and Circulation Sa ee $58,074.46 
‘@ " ae? Advertising 8,503.66 
Membership and Editorial Office................... - 31,198.86 Pook Sales, Net 870.88 - 
i icitati 10,168.54 Premiums, Net — 17.33 
epee eo lcitation Donations for Educational and Scientific 
Meetings and Legislative Campaigns... 1,737.78 Work Secured Through Efforts of 
Educational and Publicity ieee > Charice Eathiop «Pack setae 
Net Operating Profit 12,128.21 $109,292.61 
| Net Operating Profit 12,128.21 
$109,292.61 Interest on Investments . 1,355.84 
Interest on Deposits : Pane 
Interest Horgan Bequest-2 +2 250. 
| | Equipment Purchased Cm es nectar ies 
Excess Income over Expenses 12,615.93 $13,815.93 


L 


EPinancial Report of the American Forestry Association for 1921 


r| 


172 AMERICAN 

Whereas other infestations are threatening American forests 
elsewhere, as, for example, the spruce-bud worm in the North- 
east and pine borers at various points; and 

Whereas no provision is made in the annual appropriations of 
Congress to meet this urgent situation, be it 

Resolved: That The American Forestry Association urge upon 
Congress the necessity for giving consideration to this serious 
danger to the forests and to providing in the annual appropriation 
for the Forest Service and Bureau of Entomology, funds to 
meet this situation. ; 


GRAVES RETURNS TO YALE FORESTRY SCHOOL 


I T has recently been announced that plans long under 

consideration by Dean James W. Toumey, of the 
Yale School of Forestry, are now consummated in the 
arrangement whereby Colonel Henry S. Graves, formerly 
Chief Forester of the United States, is to return to his 
former position as Dean to the School. Mr. Toumey 
desires to resume his more purely. scientific work and 
Mr. Graves, in view of the widening opportunities af- 
forded to the school by its recent developments, is re- 
turning enthusiastically to his old post. 

Coming coincidentally with the announcement that 
a further substantial increase representing the income 
on a quarter of a million dollars has been added to the 
School’s resources, and that three hundred thousand dol- 
lars has recently been received for the erection and 
maintenance of a School of Forestry building, the news 
that such a conspicuous forester as Mr. Graves has been 
called to the faculty of the Yale School will generally 
be regarded as significant. The fact that Mr. Graves 
recently declined an offer of the position of Conserva- 
tion Commissioner of the State of New York on the 
ground that the Yale School of Forestry offer, then 
under consideration, promised the greatest field for the 
national educational work in connection with forests 
and other natural resources in which he has been en- 
gaged since his resignation from Government service, 
will also be regarded as a significant circumstance. It 
is believed that the national eminence and internationa! 
reputation of Mr. Graves will bring a degree of prestige 
which will directly influence the future growth of the 
Yale School. 

In this connection it is announced that the trustees 
of the estate of John W. Sterling have decided to estab- 
lish in the University a fifth Sterling Professorship, to 
be known as the Sterling Professorship of Forestry. The 
first incumbent of this Sterling Professorship will be 
Professor Henry S. Graves, the Dean-elect of the School 
of Forestry. 

Mr. Toumey, whose retirement as dean is a voluntary 
act, desires relief from executive duties in order to de- 
vote himself to more intensive work in silviculture. 
He has been connected with the Yale School of For- 
estry since its foundation in 1900, when he became 
Assistant Professor of Forestry. He was advanced to 
full professorial rank in 1908, and was assigned to the 


’ of Forestry, and retained that position until 1909. Mr. 


FORESTRY 


COMMENDING PRESIDENT HARDING 


Whereas the President of the United States, in his excellent 
address before the National Agricultural Conference on Monday, 
January 23, emphasized the need of forestry and urged upon the - 
farmer the importance of conserving and expanding the timber 
resources of the farm, be it 


Resolved: That The American Forestry Association express 
its appreciation and commendation to the President for his 
interest and support of the forestry movement. 


Morris K. Jesup Professorship of Silviculture when this’ 
chair was established in 1909, It is an interesting fa 
that Mr. Graves was the first Director of the School 


of the school. Under Dean Toumey Yale’s youngest — 
school has attained marked success, extending its ed 
cational scope, adding to its equipment, sending it: 
graduates into every form of service in the widening — 
field of forestry. No other school of Yale University 
has enjoyed a more remarkable development than has the 
School of Forestry under the administration of Dean 
Toumey. 

The new Yale Dean of Forestry was one of the pio- 
neers in the forestry movement. He first came into 
prominence during the period of his office as Director 
of the Yale School of Forestry. In 1910 he was selected — 
by President Taft to succeed Gifford Pinchot as Chief 
Forester in charge of the Forest Service in the United 
States Department of Agriculture. Later, in 1920, he 
resigned to devote himself to the private practice of for- _ 
estry, opening offices in Washington, D. C. 

In 1917 Mr. Graves was commissioned a major in the 
Corps of Engineers and was sent to France to prepare. 
for the work of the forestry troops then being organ- 
ized to operate the French forests for the purpose of — 

“securing lumber and other material needed for the 
American Army. He was later promoted to a Lieutenant — 
Colonelcy in the Tenth Engineers. 

Mr. Graves is a member of the board of management 
of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vice-president 
of the Section of Social Economic Sciences of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Science, a mem- 
ber of the Division of States Relations in the National 
Research Council, a member of the Joint Committee on 
Natural Resources of the National Academy of Science, 
National Research Council and the American Forestry 
Association, an honorary member of the Royal English 
and the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Societies, a mem- — 
ber of the Societe Forestiere de Franche Comte d’Belfort, 
member of the Society of American Military Engineers, 
and a member and officer in numerous societies and or- 
ganizations for the advancement of forestry and kindred 
subjects. 


a __ hL  eee * men 


PINE ROOTS AND POTATOES 


By Arthur Newton Pack 


HERE was once a time before the war when cheap 

German grown potatoes could be bought in the mar- 
kets of New York, Philadelphia and other Atlantic points 
for less than it cost to produce the American spud; but 
we need not worry about its occurring again. Just now 
the German potato is very much needed at home. Prior 
to 1914, Germany was seldom able to produce more than 
60 per cent of her entire food requirements, and indeed 


distresses of the people. Most of the towns and cities 
of Germany own their own wood lots dating back for 
five or six centuries, and they usually operate them 
through state or municipal agencies on the principle of 
a tree for a tree. It was not always so, for Germany 
once almost completely exhausted her forests. So ter- 
rific was the lesson that even the greatest war of his- 
tory has never wiped it from the minds of the people. As 
the government had no mind to permit 
the destruction of the forests during the 
past war, and thus involve the nation in 
a future problem far more serious, wood 
fuel soon took a prominent place upon 
the list of daily necessities rationed out. 

The municipal forests, more carefully 
guarded than ever, stood between the 
nation and famine. In the beech wood 
lots, even the nuts, for there was a very 
large crop during 1916-17 and 18, were 
gathered and, because of their oily con- 
tents, used in place of lamps and can- 
dles in the homes. In the pine forests, 
when an area was cut for fuel, even the 
stumps and roots were tipped out and 
split up to supplement the supply. 


a 


TRUNK, ROOT AND BRANCHES 


Here is a pile of corded pine to be rationed out by the governmental authorities. 
All small sizes are used so that no available fuel wood is Iost. 


there were many who felt that starvation would force 
her to end the great war long before she did. It will 
always remain a miracle as to how her people managed 
to subsist during those four lean years of war, and the 
fact that they did not die in hundreds of thousands is 
only attributable to Germany’s marvel- 
lous efficiency in the development and 
distribution of such food as she was able 
to produce or smuggle in. In many parts 
of the country, the potato was during 
that time almost the sole article of diet, 
and every square foot of space which 
could be made available for truck farm- 
ing was put to work. 

Coal was always scarce in Germany, 
and the struggle for the possession of 
the regions where it might be found un- 
doubtedly figured largely in her plan of 
imperial domination. Nearly all her 
home heating and cooking was by 
means of wood fires. During the war 
even the meager supply of coal available 


Then, immediately an area was cleared, 
the ground was ploughed or dug up by 
hand and sown with alternate rows of 
pine seed and potatoes. . Two or three 
crops of potatoes could be obtained from the land before 
the trees became large enough to interfere. Although 
her nitrates had largely been re-allocated from agricul- 
tural to war-time purposes, one thing that Germany did 
have was fertilizing material. Of course, now the war 


for home consumption was comman- 
deered for army and munition manufac- 
turing purposes, and for all the forests, 


a fuel famine was added to the other § foodq famine. 


FOOD AND FUEL FROM THE SAME FIELD 


Two years ago this was a city wood lot; twenty years hence it will again be pro- 
ducing fuel. But in the meantime, successive crops of potatoes will alleviate the 


(Continued on page 178.) 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


WHAT YOU CAN DO AND 


gets its name, 


y Pass 


iuthor does a successful stunt with a flapjack. 


ng south from Cloudy Pass trail. 


WHAT YOU CAN SEE 


= 


Upper—Catching a native trout in Hart Lake. 
Middle—A woodland cottage on Lake Chelan. 
Lower—The snout of Lyman Glacier, where flows a river. 


WITH THE GRAPHLEX IN CHELAN 


By C. J. Blanchard 


(WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


66P\ RAT that pup,” exclaimed the Englishman, “if he don’t quit that 

infernal howling I’m going to tie him to a waterfall and drown 
him.” Quite unmindful of this dire threat the pup continued to voice his 
rage loudly at some mysterious animal which, securely entrenched on a 
narrow ledge above the camp, was tormenting his enemy by whistling 
shrilly. Sleep being out of the question, we crawled from under the 


THE TOP OF THE WORLD 


Near the summit of Cloudy Pass. Magnificent scenery abounds in this unsurpassed 
vacation country. 


blankets and came forth into the 
chilly mountain air. 

It was such a morning in Au- 
gust as only those who dwell 
in the mountains enjoy. The 
air was a tonic, crisp, laden with 
the odor of pine and balsam, and 
cooled by the ice and snow of 
innumerable glaciers all about 
us. The sun had not yet climbed 
the range on the East, and the 
tiny valley on the shore of Ly- 
man Lake was in soft shadows. 
Save for the dog and the marmot 
on the cliffs all was silence. The 
forest ranger and guide moved 
noiselessly about his task of 
making the fire, the others busied 
themselves about the camp, 
while the writer strode to the 
outlet of the lake, where a swift 
stream tumbled into the valley. 
With hook baited with a single 


and brown in bacon fat no’ epi- 
cure ever dined more sumptu- 
ously. 


With movie camera securely 
strapped to the pack horse we 
climbed into our saddles and 
started west to ascend the moun- 
tain. Our objective was Lyman 
Glacier, now gleaming white in 
the morning sunshine. With 
frequent stops to admire and 
photograph the charming views 
enroute we reached the moraine. 
Spellbound, we gazed upon this 
wonderful spectacle. Above our 
heads was a perpendicular wall 
of green ice fifty feet high, slop- 
ing back for more than two 
miles to the bare face of the 
mountain. Resting in its cirque 
Lyman Glacier is a huge block 
of ice five miles in circumfer- 
ence, and perhaps hundreds of 
feet in depth. The prodigality 
of nature in her ice making im- 
pressed us as utterly wasteful, 
and the thought came how much 


salmon egg, each cast lured a ON THE SHORE OF LAKE CHELAN 


half pound native trout to shore 


Switzerland offers nothing more beautiful than this lake, deep bosomed in the heart 


and the frying pan. Fried crisp of the Cascades. 


176 AMERICAN 
better had it been if this great mass of coolness could 
have York. From the 
snout of the glacier we penetrated a large cavern for fifty 
feet or more until the sharp cracking drove us precipi- 


been manufactured near New 


tately out into the sunshine. 

Dividing our photographic impedimenta equally among 
the party we started on our walk over the surface of the 
glacier and headed for the pass, a semi-circular notch 
in the mountain. Our guide in advance carefully picked 
the trail, avoiding crevasses and hidden pits full of melt- 
ed snow. As we approached the northern edge of the 
glacier we stopped to film several hanging glaciers set 
in circular depressions and apparently held in place by 
ridges of rocks at the lower edge. Suddenly without 
warning an enormous mass of ice broke off from one of 
the glaciers, and loosening the rocks below started a 
veritable avalanche. Immense boulders sprang straight 
out from these ridges, and dropping from cliff to cliff 


A READY MADE FOREST SERVICE CAMP 


This is one of the camps the Service supplies for the benefit of 
visitors. Trout caught just ten feet away from the stove are being 
fried for dinner. 


swiftly sped downward to the ice upon which we stood. 
So great was the impetus that many were carried beyond 
us, and one reached the leg of the tripod of the moving 
camera. We gathered up our belongings and beat a very 
hasty retreat to safety. For an hour or more the down- 
pour of rocks continued with deafening roar. With the 
passing around of the sun the cool air soon stopped the 
melting of ice and quiet was once more restored. From 
time to time we encountered great crevasses of unknown 
depths. Far down in these we heard the sound of the 
rushing waters which contribute to the powerful stream 
emerging through the cavern in the glacier’s snout. A 
misstep and that would be the end. Pressing on we 
reached the summit and glimpsed for the first time the 
western slope of the Cascades. The view was inspiring 
and beautiful. Immense forests, vistas of plains and val- 
leys unfolded to our delighted vision. 


FORESTRY 


A GLIMPSE OF THE WONDERFUL SCENIC COUNTRY 


Every true nature lover will enthuse over a trip to the Chelan 
country. 


Back to the camp we came for another night of sooth- 
ing sleep on beds of pine boughs. With lusty appe- 
tites we devoured a tasty “mulligan,” the delectable con- 
coction of the Forest Service man. 

Another day dawned and we left camp for Cloudy — 
Pass. The scenery was magnificent every foot of the 
way. Half way up we stopped to rest the horses and 
chat with a couple of miners digging out thin sheets of 


BREAKING CAMP FOR THE HOMEWARD TRIP 


A driving storm blowing up the pass hastened our return to the 
valley. 


JUST BITS ALONG THE WAY 
First—our good ship Ranger, the Forest Service boat; then Terrace Falls, above Lyman Lake, one of the most beautiful of the 
many waterfalls of the Chelan country; the movie outfit and pack horse; filming a hanging glacier from Lyman Glacier; the 
pup who finally had revenge; returning to camp across Lyman Glacier; early morning on Lyman Lake, trying “fisherman’s luck ;” 
the stop for lunch at the mine, and looking back one sees the lovely valley where we camped and distant Hart Lake beyond 
festling between granite mountains, and finally Lyman Lake, with Crooked Falls lying between it and Glacier Lake, and Lyman 
Glacier and Pass, 


178 AMERICAN 


almost pure molybdenum. A hospitable cook had only 
to suggest once that we tie up for lunch. 

Just above the mine is located one of the most impres- 
sive waterfalls we have ever seen. We ventured to call 
it Terrace Falls. The photograph does not do justice 
to it. From the camp the falls appear to spring boldly 
out from the cliff, the face of which is indented by a series 
of irregular shelves or terraces over which the water is 
dashed into foam and spume. The entire drop must be 
fully a thousand feet and the volume is quite large. 

From this point a backward look showed us the tiny 
valley wherein we had camped and distant Hart Lake be- 
yond nestling between granite mountains. 

Cloudy Pass, reached over a Forest Service trail, of- 
fered no great obstacles except at one spot where a fallen 
tree held us up until the ax had cleared the way. 

The attainment of the summit was too easy for what 
we found there. We would have been willing to pay for 
the sight which met our eye by strenuous labor had pay- 
ment been required. The view was by far the finest on 
our trip. Lofty mountain ranges topped by peaks soar- 
ing into the clouds snow tipped, dressed in glaciers, deep 
canyons through which we looked out upon wide valley 
and plain and forest spread out before us. Here was in 


FORESTRY 


truth the top of the world, a world of light and ¢ i 
and beauty indescribable. Before our eyes had g 
satisfied with the view a driving snowstorm blew 
the pass and hastened our return to the valley. 
Early the following day we started back to Luce 
on the shores of Lake Chelan. Reaching our des 
tion early that evening we loaded our equipment on 
good launch Ranger and headed for Chelan and— 
lization again. . 
Our exploration of Chelan and its wonders will 1 
for another time. Because I know every true ni 
lover will want to make a trip to Lyman Glacier 1 
going to tell you how to do it. 4 
To reach Chelan on the lake you travel by rail to 1 
station at Chelan, Washington, where the auto bus me 
you for Chelan. Take a boat here for Lucerne on 1 
lake. Here pack horses and guides are obtainable at 
camp outfits are provided. From Lucerne your o1 
will be on an abandoned railway grade up Railway cre 
to Hart Lake, and thence over the forest trail to Ly m. 
Glacier and Cloudy Pass. No hardships will be m 
the mileage is not great, but the ever-varying scener 
much of which approaches the sublime, contributes — 
make the trip one of enduring memory. : 


t 


PINE ROOTS AND POTATOES 


(Continued from page 173.) 


is over, Germany can theoretically once more obtain 
food from the outside world, but the depreciation of the 
Mark has made it very difficult for her to import any 
quantity, and only the wealthiest can afford the luxury 
of an all round diet. The poor still subsist upon pota- 
toes, and row upon row may still be seen growing along 
with pine seedlings on the cut-over patches. 

There are some in America who think that forestry 
and agriculture are so widely divergent as to make 
it advisable to divorce them, and place them under sepa- 
rate governmental departments. Yet the nearer we come 
to the enforced practice of forest conservation, such as 


has been the long established feature of continental 
ropean nations, the more we are obliged to recognize 
close relation between the two sciences. In practi 
every nation on the earth wherever agriculture and for 
estry are both extensively practiced, both are regard 
as a phase of agriculture, and both farms and fo 
are centralized under a single department. Among 
wood-using industries of America, sentiment is turning 
more and more toward forest conservation and growth 
Prlactical intensive forestry on a commercial basis i 
for us not very far ahead, and no section of the Amet 
can people will be more affected thereby than the fa 
of the country. 


MATCH 


Many types of machinery are used for match making. 
To produce the matches, the boxes into which they are 
packed and the labeling of boxes requires a very in- 
genious mechanism. There must be machines for cut- 
ting the lumber into strips and small blocks, for dip- 
ping the sticks, drying the matches, and packing and 
labeling the boxes. Wood for the production of matches 
and match splints must be easily worked and capable 
of producing a moderate flame and must also have the 
capacity of holding and dipping material well. The 
United States is the only country in the world which 
makes and uses a round match. For this purpose white 
pine is used in great quantities. The industry calls for 
2-inch boards or deals of clear stock free from all defects. 


MAKING 


The soft wood of clear white pine is necessary for thi 
process because the machines in common practice pune 
the sticks from blocks of the proper length. The sq 
matches of the “safety” type, which are commonly 
throughout foreign countries, and to an increasing 
tent in the United States, are made by turning logs inte 
veneer and chopping the veneer into suitable sizes fo 
the splints. Basswood and aspen are the species mai ah 
employed. While the United States produces its owf 
square matches to some extent, over 5,000,000 gross 
boxes are imported annually. Spruce veneer is tise } 
the manufacture of the paper-covered wooden boxes.— 
Daily Bulletin, Southwestern District, U. S. Forest 
Service. — 


(OL. HENRY S. GRAVES, former chief of the 
' United States Forest Service, who was invited by 
Agricultural Committee to give his views on a na- 

nal forest policy during the hearings on the Snell 

bill, gave evidence at length to the members 
the committee. He made, in addition to answering 
questions of the committee, the following state- 


accomplishments in forestry which we already 
we secured have beef so far largely the result of 
ic effort. That is very proper because the public 
first of all provide for the right handling of the 
est properties which it owns itself, setting an example 
rt other owners, and the public has certain responsi- 
es in taking such action as is essential to remove 
of the obstacles which are very real in the way 
1 practice of forestry on private lands. Private 
mn ers in many places have cooperated with the Gov- 
rmment and the States in these public efforts. In some 
they have not lent such cooperation, and forestry 
been to that extent retarded on the public side. 
ou have now been told that the public should go a 
- deal further and should embark on a broad policy 
h will really reach some phases of working out the 
problem which we have hardly touched, and to 
the entire undertaking more effective all along the 
ine, and some of the features of public effort which are 
eing advocated are primarily for public purposes, quite 
egardless of their relation to private forests. Some 
f these are included in the measure before you. I re- 
, for example, to the extension of the national forests, 
sxtensions to include larger areas that are now in the 
sublic domain, and their extension through purchase. I 
er to such measures as would increase the efficiency of 
he Government in its own work, assistance to the states 
n primary public measures. Some of these measures 
ich are advocated and have to do primarily with pub- 
> efforts without reference to private purchases will 
a very great bearing on the question of private 
olicy, as for instance the public forests will have a 
arge influence on the practicability of private forestry 
n this vicinity, through centers of cooperation and fire 
jrotection, through demonstrations of methods and in 
ther ways. 
€ propose to go still further and undertake to work 
Mut some method by which our private forests can be 
fer handled, will be perpetuated and will in the long 
tin render the service which is essential. 
“The problem of forestry cannot be passed up entirely 
fo the public. Even if we have a very ambitious pro- 
‘ram of public forests we still.have got to rely very 
rgely on private forests for our timber supply and for 
ther service of the forests. I presume that today not 
wer 5 per cent of the lumber on the market comes from 
1¢ public forests. The rest comes from the private 
orests. As time goes on this ratio will change, but 
here always will be a very considerable part of the 


5. 
; 


iy 


COLONEL GRAVES ON THE SNELL BILL 


material used by our country that comes from the for- 
ests which will have to be derived from private lands. 

“While there is a good deal of difference of opinion 
as to the exact steps which you can take to bring about 
the better practice of forestry on private lands, I be- 
lieve every one is agreed—all are agreed—that it is 
going to require a broad and liberal policy on the part 
of the public to work out any comprehensive and prac- 
tical program. 

“Any program is going to involve a lot of public money 
on the part of the Federal Government and on the part 
of the States. I believe such expenditures are neces- 
sary and are justified by the magnitude of the interests 
involved, but the public, in my opinion, is not going to 
appropriate those moneys unless they have a clear un- 
derstanding of the reasons why they are essential, an 
understanding of what returns, public returns are ex- 
pected, and a definite assurance that the actual objects 
will be accomplished in practice. 

“I do not think that the Snell bill gives that definite 
assurance. This, like other methods, calls for a large 
program and large expenditures of public money, and 
this measure, (if this plan were adopted) or any other 
measure, if it is going to have the practical backing of 
the country sufficient to warrant the expenditure of 
funds from the public treasury, has got to have the 
assurance that forestry is going to be carried on on 
private lands to the extent that measures will be adopted 
which will fully safeguard the public interests. It is 
for that reason that if this measure is to be adopted, 
in my opinion there should be injected into it an en- 
tirely different viewpoint regarding the requirements 
of the private owner than I read into the language. 

“T have approached this question of a national forest 
policy which would include the private forest problem 
from a somewhat different angle than Mr. Pinchot. I 
have approached it from the standpoint of utilizing our 
State machinery already in existence in a good many of 
our States, and using State authority for carrying out 
necessary measures in securing a sound system of taxa- 


tion, and using the State’s police power in imposing 


such requirements upon private owners as may be neces- 
sary in carrying out such a program. 

“The ideas that I had worked out while I was in charge 
of the Forest Service are similar in this general frame- 
work to the bill before you. The first two sections of 
the bill which relate to the private lands do not, how- 
ever, in my opinion, give the assurance of the practice of 
forestry which would justify the large expenditures 
called for, or enable one to give assurance to the public 
that the results aimed at by this measure will be secured. 

“The requirements of what the private owners have 
to do, of course, differ under different conditions, but the 
point is that under this legislation there would be a great 
many owners who would not use the methods which are 
essential for adequate protection of the forests or for 
adequate perpetuation, and my idea is that they should be 


—— 


= eer 


180 AMERICAN 


all brought under the same system, and that they should 
be controlled through the State authority, 

“If we use the basis of this bill and substitute for 
this general, rather vague language in the first two sec- 
tions, a really mandatory provision, the State which 
failed to enforce the regulations on private individuals 
would also fail to receive the cooperation of the Govern- 
ment. 

“T would not at all minimize the fact that in the timber 
exporting States sentiment in favor of really getting 
down to the practical practice of forestry on private lands 
and the imposing of regulations through State authorities 
on private owners is exceedingly small. I am candid 
to confess that during the past year I have been greatly 
disappointed in the reading of the accounts of those who 
have been promoting this measure; that that feature of 
the plan looking to real effective legislation on the part 
of the States has been not emphasized, or so glossed over 
as to give the impression that this measure is not one 
which looks to requirements by a State on the part of 
owners to do what I believe to be essential, to perpetuate 
their forests, but that it is rather a measure looking to 
public cooperation, education and encouragement.” 

In answer to a direct question, Mr. Graves said: 

“I am opposed to the Snell bill as it reads today. I 
would like to read a tentative draft of what I would con- 
sider as an effective bill under this general plan. Sub- 
stitute for paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Snell bill the fol- 
lowing: 

“<*That the Secretary of Agriculture, through the For- 
est Service, is hereby authorized and directed, in coop- 
eration with the appropriate officials of the various 
States, or other suitable agencies, to determine for each 
forest region of the United States the essential re- 
quirements in protecting timber and cut-over lands from 
fire and proper methods of forestry.’ 

“The idea of this is to make the expenditure on the 
part of the Federal Government in this cooperation which 
is proposed in this bill contingent upon the States put- 
ting into effect mandatory legislation. 


“IT have a few objections to Mr. Pinchot’s proposal, or_ 
the Capper bill. Briefly they are these: I think in the 
first place it looks too exclusively to the big timber land 
owners, and to the big lumber operations, and does not 
provide sufficiently for the great areas of second growth 
and cut-over lands, and lands in small ownership. The 
old timber is going pretty fast; the actual number of 
owners of it is comparatively small—I presume not over 
about two thousand of the really large tracts of timber 
lands; the bulk of our forests are already today of the 
character of second growth and cut-over lands, and I do 
not see that the Capper bill is looking sufficiently—pro- 
vides sufficiently for the requirements on the part of 
the public for the handling of that class of land. I do 
not think that that bill—and certainly not this measure 


before you—sufficiently provides for the great service— 
considers, rather, the great service—of the forests in 
the development of the sections of the country where 


the forests are located. In fact, at the end of Section 


FORESTRY 


1 it uses this expression, referring to the methods _ of 
forestation which should be used: ‘Favorable forest 
tection and renewal, with a view to furnishing a 
tinuous supply of timer for the use and needs of 
people of the United States.’ 

“That is only one service of the forest and ont. pul 
pose of this whole proposition. We have got a gre 
land problem which concerns nearly a third of the ¢ 
of the country, and the way the forests are handled 
it is going to have a profound influence on the de 
ment of the region and on the maintenance of lo 
dustries and the building up of agriculture and an in¢ 
trial structure in the rural communities, and I do n 
think that the Capper bill gives sufficient conside at 
to that viewpoint, because it is apparently aimed to 
clusively toward the problem of the large timber 
and the large lumberman. 

“The third point is the one I have just mentior 
that it is to distinguish between fire protection, wh 
it presumes will be handled by the State, and silvi ic 
ture, which is going to be primarily a requirement 
the Government. I think that if you have a Federal ] 
which deals directly with the private owner, the qu 
tion of the requirement of fire protection and the 1 
quirements for cutting, whatever those may be, should 
together. ' 

_ “And preg I think any Federal law of that kin 


dividual States. I think any strong, permanent pol 
of forestry should place the largest burden, the larg 
responsibility, down the line; have the States d 
their part, making their appropriations, and assuming 
their responsibilities in every direction, but if you ple 
the control of this feature of private lands on the Gov: 
ment I do believe there is going to be a tendency for t 
States to feel that the Government is assuming the 1 
sponsibility and they can also assume the burden, ex- 
actly as in some cases there has been a tendency her 
and there in the operation ot the Weeks law—I mean the 
portion of the Weeks law dealing with cooperation f 
fire protection—for individual States to assume | 
they can either reduce or tail to make the increased a 
propriations for fire protection because of the Govert 
ment appropriations. 

“And finally, I think that the responsibility on the part 
of the individual in this whole thing should be empl 
sized. I do not know that this proposal I have made 
would do more than the Capper bill. I would like to 
say with reference to the Capper bill, with entire can- 
dor, that if a bill of this kind or a measure of this 
binds is going to continue to receive, or fail to receive, th 
backing of those interested in bringing about a natio E 
forest program, so far as the insistence on a full carrying 
out of the right methods on private lands by the owners” 
is concerned, if it continues to fail to receive the backing” 
of really effective State legislation, I for one shall con- 
sider that it is not going to be possible to carry it 
through.” 


STREET SHADE TREES--BEFORE AND AFTER 


By W. R. Mattoon 


they were told to be patient for a lit- 
tle and all would be well. 

The correctness of the prediction is 
here well illustrated. During the first 
growing season (1920) the trees sent 
out numerous sprouts which, how- 


ever, did not make much of a showing 


or give much promise of what might 


be expected. In one of the accomp- 
anying figures is shown the appear- 
ance of a portion of Eleventh street 
at the end of the second season of 
growth following the trimming. The 
picture also gives a good idea of the 
shape of the individual trees. 

More beautiful rows of street trees 
than those which now decorate 
Eleventh street could hardly be 
found. The trees are symmetrical in 


shape and strikingly uniform in size, 


APPARENT DESECRATION, WHICH and the residents are happy in living 
Appearance of the sycamore trees along Saabs york a ~ first season on a street lined with some of the 
of growth following their severe heading-back. The foliage during this first sea- : A at sap 
or had looked decidedly scraggy. (Photograph taken in January, 1921.) most beautiful trees in the city. 


a progress of a very successful 

operation in trimming street trees 
is shown in the accompanying photo- 
graphs. Eleventh Street, N. W., 
Washington, D. C., is lined with na- 
tive American sycamores, or button- 
balls. They were planted probably 
about 50 years ago and by 1919 had 
Become so large as to shut out much 
sunlight and air from the residences. 
Their appearance was irregular, as 
some trees had outstripped their 


neighbors. Some idea of their for- 
mer size may be had by noting the 
Main trunks and stubs in one of the 
accompanying figures. 

The District authorities severely 
headed-back the trees in the early 
spring of 1920, and a vigorous pro- 
tést went up from some of the prop- 


erty owners and various other resi- PROVED TO BE SALVATION TO THE OLD SYCAMORES 
dents of Washington, who thought Eleventh street as it appeared toward the close of the second season following the 
the beauty of this prominent street trimming. Rows of trees of striking symmetry of outline and uniformity of size 


line both sides of the street and make this one of the most attractive and beautiful 


had been forever spoiled. In reply, streets of Washington. (Photograph taken in early October, 1921.) 


»~ 


* 


The 
Romance 
Of 

Our 
Trees 


by 

ERNEST H. 
WILSON, 

M. A., V. M. H. 


S 
i 

: 

; 

; 

} 
by 
i 
F 
r 


Author of 
ARISTOCRAT 
OF THE 
GARDEN 


ee | 
REES have figured largely in religion, in 
mythology, in social and economic life, in 
 art—indeed there is no form of human ef- 
fart that has not heen touched with the benign 
influence of trees. 


‘In. this volume has been assembled an extra-° 
ordinary body. of facts about trees; a 
book for its exposifion’ of their uses, ‘and’ a” fas- 
cinating book for its continual revelation of their 
beauty and romance. Illustrated with beautiful 
pictures of historic and characteristic trees. 

From a lifetime study and experience that 
involved travels in all parts of the world, the 
author has gathered a vast bo@y of interesting 
and useful information about teges. Through- 
out the aim has been not merely to provide a 
manual, butabook that will presént #He romance 
of its subject along with detailed*™and_ valuable 
information. 


Beautifully illustrated from urfusbal photo- | 


graphs. Edition limited to 1,000* *numbered ‘|’ 
copies. 
Limited edition: Illustrated Net, $10.00 


All Orders To 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


Washington, D.C. 


WANTED 


To Complete Files for Binding 
Several Copies of this 


Magazine for 


| JANUARY, 1920 
| 


Send to 


The American Forestry Association 
|| 1214 Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C. 


[== z — 


actical . 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The usual annual meetings of The Cana- 
dian Pulp and Paper Association, and its 
various sections, and the various Associa- 
tions federated in the Quebec Forest Pro- 
tective Association were held in Montreal 
during the week of January 23rd. While 
not a great deal was done at these meetings 
the subjects discussed and the action taken 
was probably the most important in many 
years. The general meeting of the Pulp 
and Paper Association voted the money 
necessary to finish the textbooks of pulp 
and paper making, to study a system of 
admitting apprentices to the mills for 
training and appointed two men to meet 
with a like number from the Quebec Limit 
Holders Association and arrange with the 
Minister of Lands and Forests of Quebec 
for an advisory committee to meet with 
him at stated times during the year for 
the discussion of any propcesed legislation 
or change in the policy or regulations of 
his department. This is bringing Quebec 
into line with New Brunswick and British 
Columbia, both of which Provinces have 
derived great benefit from such co-opera- 
tion between the Government and the wood 
using industries. - It is expected that On- 
tario will soon announce the formation of 
such a committee for that Province. 

At the meetings of the Woodlands Sec- 
tion, it was decided to ask the executive 
council for a secretary who would also be 
a ‘trained mechanical engineer and who 
would investigate new or improved logging 
amethods, visit regions where such are be- 
ing carried out, report on their feasibility 
and success, their costs and adaptability 

Sta Canadian conditions and distribute such 
i formation to the companies represented 
“in the section. He would also act in an 
-advisory capacity to the various logging 
“departments of the companies. Such in- 
-formation would be most practical and 
valuabley and would help to standardize 
f operations and also woods cost-accounting. 
Tt was also decided to appoint a new com- 
mittee to continue the study of a scheme 
for a ranger-school for the pulp and paper 
industry where men could receive training 
for subordinate woods positions. It was 
decided also to co-operate as closely as 
possible with the Woodlands Section of the 
American Pulp and Paper Association. 
Messrs. Power and McLaughlin read 
papers on lumbering problems, and Mr. 
G. C. Piche read a paper and his observa- 
tions made during a trip to Sweden last 
summer, when he accompanied Mr. Edward 
Beck, secretary of the Canadian Pulp and 
Paper Association. 

A very interesting paper was read at the 

meeting of the Technical Section on the 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


Ellwood Wilson. 


use of jack pine in the manufacture | 
sulphite pulp. There are quite large are 
of this species in Quebec and Ontario 
these are increasing as a consequen 
forest fires. Heretofore this wood h 
been used only for lumber, ties and alfi 
pulp and it was thought unsuitable | 
sulfite. Mr. Neilson’s experiments, ho 
ever, show that it is perfectly 
and economically possible to use it 
manufacture of newsprint, and as it 
alongside of stands of spruce and 
will somewhat cheapen logging ope 
to bring all of the different species 
one logging operation and will 
crease the amount of wood suitable 
manufacture of newsprint. In the | 
the paper makers have often blamed 
of their troubles on this species, but 
Neilson shows that many of these tri 
occur when it is not being used at all. — 

At the annual meeting of the Que 
Forest Protective Association papers W 
read on the ravages of the spruce bud 
which is said to have caused a loss 
least 50,000,000 cords of pulp-wood © 
Province of Quebec. On the use. of 
craft in forest surveys and on the 
fire record of the past season. It w 
shown that the railroads had cau 
less damage than in any previous ; 
Mr. Kingsland, manager of Eastern 
for the Canadian National Railways, 
the statement that he would do all 
power to prevent the lines under his d 
rection from setting forest fires. - 

The Quebec Government is introducit 
additional fire legislation at the pres 
session, which should help in fire p 
tion. The most important item is a 
quirement that all persons entering 1 
Crown lands under license must secure 
permit from the local fire-ranger. 
will be issued without cost and will ent 
as little trouble as possible. The idea 
to have a check on people traveling in # 
woods and if they know that the fi 
ranger is aware of their presence it is om! 
logical to expect that they will be 
careful as fires can be traced to 
There is, unfortunately, a strong probabi 
ity that this clause will not pass. Anothe 
section provides for the establishments 
a Government fire-ranger in each paris 
or municipality near a forested area, wh 
will issue permits for slash burning or 
those who wish to enter the woods, an 
will have charge of fire-fighting operati 
It is also proposed that anyone building 0 
clearing new public roads shall clear up al 
debris on either side for a distance of 10 
feet and burn it in the right of way. TI 
fire fighters shall have the right to ente 
on or cross over all lands in the discharg 
of their duties. Legislation will also bi 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 183 


NEWS FOR Li 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc., PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 


i Disston Saw-Makers for 256 Years 


< 


NW/HEN one considers there is no | 


3 
Published Occasionally 


March, 1922 


They Say-- 


and they always strive with jealous I N our office there is a correspondence 
care, as do also the younger saw-mak- file which we call our “inspiration 


ers, to maintain the quality and work- file.’ Here we keep letters that are 
written to us by users of Disston Siws, 
Tools and fites. The following sen- 
tences are from a few of the letters 
taken at random from this collection: 


“T use a Disston Saw that my 
father bought in 1887 and used to 
build the first house in White- 
wood, S. D.”—“T have two of your 
saws that I have used approxi- 
mately 4500 working days. [ have 
filed them down to less than 1-4 
inch at the point, but the temper 
_..is._ the same as when new.”—“I 
sent to Europe for the best saw 
they could get, and when it came 
back it had ‘Henry Disston & 
Sons’ on the blade. Then I 
laughed.”—“I have one of your 
cross-cut saws which has been in 
almost constant service since 1860, 
and it is today a perfect tool.’—“I 
have one of your saws that is 
older than I am—46 years. My 
father had it before me. It is a 
good tool yet.”—‘‘The saws you 
made for us are giving great sat- 
isfaction, cutting more and bet- 
ter lumber than any other saws 
we have used.” 
It is indeed an inspiration to us, who 
are working to maintain and increase 
the reputation of the House of Disston 
for superior quality and workmanship, 
to know that our products are giving 
this unusual satisfaction to users in 
every part of the world. 


MW’ trade which requires more skill and 


sonal judgment than saw-mak- 


Three Brothers—John, George and James Arnold—and Their Sons Have Been 
Disston Saw-Makers for an Aggregate of 256 Ycars 


manship which has made Disston Saws 
the standard of the industry for the past 


g, the old saying, “that it takes seven 
fears to make a saw-maker,” seems well 
founded. Even after seven years of 81 years. 
careful training and practical experi- 
there frequently arise problems 
ad conditions which only skill and ma- 


Bet conditions. which only A Magazine You Should Read! 


the Arnold families we have nine T HERE is a magazine, different from 
who have plied the saw-making all others, published especially for 
; de for the House of Disston more lumbermen. It will be sent free of 

than twice the stipulated seven years, charge to you if you would like it. 

With the exception of the youngest Ar- It contains stories of timberland and 


you would like it and find 
some valuable informa- 
tion in it. 

If you would care 
to receive the Cru- 
cible please fill 


Zs and he has passed his eleventh operations in other countries. There are out and mail 
at the trade. (One of the Arnold stories about fires, about filers and saw- the attached 
ee ate vere when above pic- yers, about big mills and little mills. eta tek Henry 
. There are articles on the care of saws— ° 
e length of service of these men articles prepared by experts from our Disston & Sons 
"fanges from 11 years to 53 years—an factory. There is always a page of rat- Inc. 
‘average of 2814 years. tling good jokes. 
y This little magazine, The Diss- Department .........0+++0++ B 


he 
Seno’ family is only one of the ton Crucible, is widely known 


ny Disston families, and only a few 
Bf the hundreds of Disston mechanics 
ho have from ten to sixty years to 
ir credit at the saw-making trade. 


isitors who have been through the 
mt were impressed with the many 
grey-haired men in every department, 
ind also with the intense interest these 
nm take in their work. 


"These men started in youth to make 
i: and have worked at their trade, 
menesty and intelligently ever since, 


‘atid quoted. It is mailed to s Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 


over sixteen thousand 
persons, and we have 
received enough 
compliments 

from them 
to fee) 

that 


Gentlemen: 


os 


‘* Please send me the Crucible, free of charge. 


184 


py MAWAL 
»- NURSERY — 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine  ecimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etec., for memorial meat 
Trees from °5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 
372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. 8. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
introduced to give a bonus to anyone plant- 
ing trees, but anyone accepting the bonus 
will automatically place his lands under the 
direction of the Provincial Forest Service 
and will not be allowed to thin or cut his 
timber without its consent. 

A meeting of the foresters of six of the 
large pulp and paper companies of Quebec 
was held to discuss a general policy for the 
forests under license, their report was sub- 
mitted to the managers of the companies 
who presented it to the Premier and Min- 
ister of Lands, after it had been discussed 
with the Chief Forester. The Government 
admitted its general application and agreed 
that if the companies’ foresters would sub- 
mit working plans to the Chief Forester 
covering a period of ten years and these 
were approved by him, it would grant per- 
mission to carry them out. This will make 
for closer co-operation and will stabilize 
logging conditions and do away with the 
yearly irritation of fines for cutting under- 
sized trees. 

The Spanish River Pulp and Paper 
Company, Ltd., expect to make a survey 


nursery stock. 


APRIL 25th IS ENGLISH WALNUT DAY 
Plant some English Walnut Trees 
this Spring— Order now. 


Here in the north, thousands of English Walnut trees are thriving and bearing 
delicious nuts—you are safe in planting our hardy northern grown trees in locali- 
ties where the winter temperatures are not too severe for peach trees—in almost 
every locality, north, east, south or west, you will find bearing English Walnut 
trees—wherever peach trees will grow, our hardy English Walnut trees will succeed. 


We offer small trees as low as $1.00 each, but send for our beautiful catalog, 
which describes the different varieties, the different sizes with prices, also a 
multitude of other hardy nut trees, fruit and ornamental trees, roses, shrubs, 
evergreens, hedge plants, etc., for while we have the largest assortment, and the 
largest stock of northern grown nut trees in America, we are also growers and 
have been for more than half a century, of a general line of hardy dependable 


If you intend to plant an orchard—If you intend to beautify your grounds— 
no matter how much or how little you, intend to plant, start with “Glenwood 
Grown” trees. Send for catalog P 2. today—it’s our only salesman. 


GLEN BROS., Inc., Glenwood Nursery, 
Established 1866, Rochester, N. Y. 


of about 1,000 square miles of their lim 
this summer by aerial photography usin 
a new twin-engined hydroplane design 
by the Dayton-Wright Company especial 
for this work. The results will be look 
forward to with much interest. 

The past season the Laurentide Compan 
Air Service photographed about 100 squa 
miles and from the photos the areas in f 
different types of timber have been mapp 
also blow-downs, barren areas, seco 
growth and water. The areas are a 
deal more accurate than the old-fashion 
strip method and the sections where samy 
plots are to be located are already p 
out and on these the timber will be mez 
ured shortly and the averages applied 
the respective areas. A good general id 
of the amount of timber on the area 
already been obtained by using averag 
in areas situated in the general region. 

At the annual meeting of the Canad 
Forestry Association, Dan McLaugh in a 
Arnprior, Ontario, was elected pre 
and R. H. Campbell, director Domin 
Forestry Branch, vice-president. y 


L. M. Ellis, director of forestry for Ne 
Zealand, has just issued his annual rept 
for 1921. He says that today New aI 
is in the period of its third forestry “boot 
but that whereas the other two } 
plished very little this one has come 
stay. The forestry department uow 
6,800,000 acres in its charge and has mad 
extensive studies and surveys. The sa 
mill and wood using industries have als 
been carefully investigated. 

The next session of the Ontario Legis 
lature is expected to pass legislation whic 
will greatly improve forestry conditions 

The Chief Forester of Ontario says thé 
only twenty years’ supply of virgin pin 
remains in that Province. : 

Ellwood Wilson, forester of the Lauret 
tide Company, Ltd., has been elected a lif 
member of the Royal Scottish Arboricul 
tural Society. 


FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATOR' 
APPROPRIATION 


In behalf of a larger appropriation for h 
support of the Forest Products Laboratorj 
the representatives of the lumber and woot 
using industries appeared before a 
committee of the House Appropriation: 
Committee on February 6 to urge favor 
able consideration by Congress upon an in- 


crease of $100,000 in the funds to be de 
voted to the operation of the laboratory. 

The National Lumber- Manufacturer: 
Association joined in this hearing, as i 
has taken a leading part during the las! 
several years, urging more adequate finane: 
ing provisions for the laboratory’s activ- 
ities. 


_ HICKORY IN DEMAND 

ickory timber, although held in seem- 
ly vast amount by the forests of the 
ountry, may soon become insufficient to 
eet American manufacturing and wood- 
needs. The increasing demand 
this valuable species, together with 
scattered character of its growth in 
= forest, has resulted in merchantable 
n ds becoming more and more inacces- 
le and difficult to log. ==» 

e Forest Service, United States De- 
‘tment of Agriculture, puts the coun- 
's present supply of hickory, distrib- 
ed through 200,000,000 acres of for- 
S, at 15,784,000,000 board feet. Of this 
‘ Central States have 6,791,000,000 
, the lower Mississippi States 5,171,- 
000 feet, the South Atlantic and East 
States 3,183,000,000 feet, the Middle 
r States, 412,000,000 board feet, 
2 Lake State 187,000,000 feet, and the 
ew England States 40,000,000 feet. 
of the uses to which hickory is 
t is in the manufacture of spokes for 
pmobile wheels. The yearly demand 
jon the hickory reserves by this indus- 
alone is tremendous, as there is 
ich waste in getting the select stock 
cessary not only for spokes but also 
: rims of wheels. 
the most part vehicle and agricul- 
implement industries compete with 
. handle industry for hickory and ash. 
se are located mainly in the Middle 
st, but now derive most of their wood 
plies from the South. A large number 
far-sighted organizations purchased 
re or less extensive hardwood tracts 
me years ago, from which they are now 
to draw at least a part of their wood 
To secure hickory, which grows 
ingly over large areas, the ve- 
and agricultural-implement indus- 
originally maintained extensive 
ying, logging, and milling organiza- 
in the South. They draw upon 
conceivable source—farmers wood- 
ts, small mills, large sawmills, and 
fen specialized operations designed ‘to 
ure hickory alone. These concerns 
‘general carry in stock about a two 
supply of special-dimension stock. 
ers of automobile wheels say that 
can still get the material required 
make sufficient effort and pay the 
ice, but it is necessary to go farther 
farther away for it. Many inquiries 
sived by the Forest Service from ve- 
implement makers, requesting in- 
ation on possible substitutes for the 
used in vehicle making, is merely 

indication of the difficulties in 
adequate supplies at the present 
pd of uncertainty as to the future. 


ies 
irking 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Hickory is often referred to as if it 
were a single species, like red gum or 
yellow poplar. In reality there are 10 
different kinds of hickory trees. For 
hickory-handle purposes those known as 
true hickories are most valuable. The 
pecan hickories include the water, nut- 
meg, and bitter nut varieties. The true 
hickories comprise shagbark, pig  shell- 
bark, pignut, and mocker nut. The han- 
dle industry is largely dependent on this 
last group of trees for its raw material. 

The annual consumption of hickory by 
the handle’ trade is something over 120,- 
000,000 feet board measure. Little, if 
any, of this material passes through the 
sawmills, for it {is ordinarily cut and 
shipped to the handle factories in the 
form of log bolts. or billets. All hickories 
do not give the same service when made 
into handles. The various parts of the 
same tree may show different properties, 
and the quality of the wood near the 
center is quite likely to differ from that 
nearer the bark. 


The wood of the butt of a young 
hickory tree is of greater average tough- 
ness than it is when the tree is old. The 
wood of butt cuts of both old and young 
trees is tougher than that cut higher up 
the trunk. The handle manufacturers, 
for the most part, demand second-growth 
hickory, which consists of young stock 
of rapid growth. 


Hickory is the best known material 
for certain classes of tool handles, such 
as the ax, adz, pick, hammer, and hatchet. 
There is a certain strength, toughness, and 
elasticity to hickory ‘which nature has de- 
nied to other commercial woods. 
stronger, many are harder, but the rare 
combination of the qualities mentioned 
is lacking in all of them. 

The raw material for handles in the 
form.of short log bolts is sometimes split 
into handle blanks in the woods, but the 
usual practice is to rip-saw the bolts into 
blanks at the factory. The split-handle 
blank is considered superior to the sawed 
blank in that it insures a straight-grain 
handle. On the other hand, sawed blanks, 
though they are likely to show more cross 
grain, are more economical in the use of 
timber. 

Hickory, due to its unrivaled properties 
of great strength, elasticity and resilience, 
is used almost exclusively in the manufac- 
ture of handles for golf clubs. The con- 
stantly increasing popularity of this sport 
has placed another demand on the hickory 
supply. 


“After reading the October, November 
and December issues of the American 
Forestry Magazine I am more than pleased 
to know that they cover all branches in- 
telligently and I get from them continual 
hints, help, and suggestions.” 


Some are | 


Toa UN Ra 


Cuas, L. CLARK. 


185 


iG 


Evergreen Memorials 


aaa) 


aN aa Na ES 


Vig) 


rom Oars 


Ww 


Evergreens symbolize a cheerful 
personality—a personality un- 
daunted by the storms of life— 
a personality that can smile in 
the face of adversity. For do 
they not stand out amid bleak 
and barren winter surroundings 
with the same dauntless spirit? 
Dothey notlendanote ofwarmth 
and cheer to an otherwise cheer- 
less outlook? 


Thus are they the ideal monu- 
ment to perpetuate the memory 
of the departed. MOON’S Ever- 
greens possess the vigor, sym- 
metry and root-power which 
minimize transplanting risks. 
They are backed by the reputa- 
tion of an organization of 
Nurserymen since 1767, your 
assurance of fair dealing when 
you patronize us. 

Our descriptive catalog tells more 
about Trees for Memorial and many 


other uses. Why not sit right down 
and write for it? 


qa 


Wn Gana 


A gD) 


Moons’ Nurseries 


WM. H. MOON CO. 


4 MORRISVILLE » PENNSYLVANIA /Z 


which is 1 nile from Trenton, NL 
LTS Nad ZS FLT TT NT) Na FN Ne 


NURSERYMAN & LANDSCAPE GARDENER 
with 80 years’ experience around New York City 
territory estimating and making up planting lists 
WANTS WORK BY THE DAY 
in rearranging faulty or unsatisfactory plantings. 
References furnished. $25 and expenses per visit 
or day. 
FRANK HAMILTON, 


471 Irvington Avenue, Elizabeth, N. J. 


TREE EXPERTS 


Orchard Pruning, Tree Surgery 
SHADE TREE PRUNING 
Our Specialty. Advise us at once of 
your tree problems. 
C. F. BAPTISTE, 
Winsted, Conn. 


186 


Trees and Plants 
Alive with Vitality, 
Color and Beauty 


rl 
3 
so 
” 

Grown in the richest soil in the 
country—Lancaster County, Pathe 
nursery stocks of B. F. Barr & Com- 
pany are the favored of lovers of fine 
plantings. 


Ideal soil and climatic conditions ; 
the utmost care and patience; thirty 
years experience in tree and plant 
culture—these are the tools with 
which B. F. Barr & Company work. 


When you buy B. F. Barr & Com- 
pany trees and shrubs you not only 
get shapeliness and balance, dignity 
and poise, color and beauty, but also 
a rare vitality and sturdiness. 


In addition, there is a Landscape 
Architectural Division at your dis- 
posal. Its corps of experts is skilled 
in the designing of original and ex- 
pressive landscapes. Consult it now 
regarding your 1922 plantings. Its 
service is free. 


Send for the new B. F. Barr & Company 
catalog. 


B. F. Barr & Company 
KEYSTONE NURSERIES 
125 Barr Building - Lancaster, Pa. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 


Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


Or chids We are specialists in 


Orchids; we collect, im- 
pert, srow, sell and export thi 
exclusively 


Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
ee of freshly imported unestabhished 


ds. 
“LAGER & HURRELL 


Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


s class Of plants 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 


6628-30-32 R 
GERMANTOWN .- *°8 SHIL ADELPHIA 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MOONLIGHT TRAIL 
By David L. Goodwillie. 


The moonlight trail, oh, that the trail of 
dreams: 
The sunlit trail for labor, but the night 
To follow stars, to bathe in silver beams, 
Forgetting fact in visions to delight. 
Day is too truthful, shows us life too well, 
But night is shadowed vales and quiet 
trees; 
Day has no secret that it will not tell, 
But night is wonderment and mysteries. 


The moonlight trail, oh, that the trail of 
rest, 
The fairy trail unhurriedly we go 
And take the cherished dream from out 
our breast 
And, by moon magic, think that it is so, 
For there is nothing then that cannot be, 
And not a hurt we ever really knew; 
Yea, in that hour it seems to you and me 
That day’s a lie and only night is true. 


The moonlight trail, oh, that the vision fair 
Of that dear night to follow life’s hard 


day, 
When men shall know no more the curse 
of care 
And walk at last some sweet imagined 
way. 


So, if you doubt, and if your faith shall 
fail, 
If day’s bright sun can never make you 
smile, 
Get out and walk upon the moonlight trail 
And have your visions for a little while. 


FARMERS AND FORESTS 
“The importance of the relationship be- 


tween the nation’s forestry problems and 
the farmer was well brought out by Pres- 
ident Harding at the opening of the farm 
conference,” said Dr. Henry S. Drinker, 
a director of the American Forestry Asso- 


ciation, who was in Washington at the 
time the National Agricultural Conference 
was held. 

“The President realizes that the growing 
of forests is a crop-producing proposition, 
and we should have forest crops coming 
along every year, just as we have wheat 
and corn. : 

“The great work that has been done by 
the United States Forest Service along 
this line can not be overestimated at this 
time. That work must continue. We of 
the American Forestry Association are cel- 
ebrating the fortieth year of a forestry 
organization at our meeting here. The 
first organization was in 1882. With such 
encouragement as this from the President 
of the United States in his talk to the farm 
conference, we feel sure that much more 
will be done for the preservation and pro- 
tection of our forests in the next forty 
years than has been done in the past.” 


HARDING AND FORESTRY 
President Harding opened the Nation 
Agricultural Conference by directing ¢ 
attention of the farmer to the importan 
of forestry. Fifty years ago trees 
more bother than they were worth, b 
today a man with a walnut grove has 
fortune, so scarce has become this ki 
of timber. In the early days every farmi 
had a wood-lot but now they are few ar 
far between. 


Today the center of the lumber indust 
is nearing the Pacific Coast. The state | 
New York, which once exported 1 
now pays $55,000,000 a year for impo 
lumber. The moving of the base of 
increasing distances from the market 
urally raises the cost to the consumer. T! 
average farmer spends about $1,000 a ye 
in improvements on his place, but inste 
of going out to his wood-lot for his lum 
he goes to town. He also goes to town f 
his fuel these days. 


The President, in calling the attention 
the farmer and the country to the need 
utilizing-our waste lands for growing t 
is co-operating with those who are now 
vocating such legislation before Cong 
Legislation that will give better pro’ 
to the forests so that nature may h 
fair opportunity to do the necessary r 
esting would be a splendid move and tt 
President’s message has broken the t 


FINLAND’S FORESTS 


[Ty an effort to provide American lum 
interests with complete and reli 
information concerning the lumber 
kets and resources of the world, the 
reau of Foreign and Domestic Comme: 
has just added another exclusive lumbe 
report to its rapidly expanding list o 
special studies on that industry and trac 
The latest report which covers Fin 
—an important country from a com 
tive standpoint—is considered the 
comprehensive study of lumber cond 
in that country which has yet been 
lished. Formerly, Finnish lumber e 
porters were content with the market 
cf Europe. Now, however, they are ma 
ing energetic efforts to expand to othe 
countries, and it is likely that Am 
lumbermen and exporters will feel th 
force of this awakened interest. 


The report says that Finland has tl 
largest percentage of forest area of any 
country of Europe, estimating its futur 
exportable surplus at about 2,000,000,00 
feet annually. It contains much informa 
tion which should be of interest to Amer 
ican lumbermen and exporters. Amon, 
other subjects it discusses Finland’s for. 
ests, lumber manufacture, cost of produc 
tion, export trade, prices, character of tim- 
ber, markets, shipping, etc. The activ: 
ities of the Finnish Exporters’ Associa- 
tion should be of particular interest 
American shippers. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


- Pleasant Things Taken From Letters to the Editor 


“A bunch of us here at Stanford Univer- 

ity are regular readers of AMERICAN 

FORE TRY, and we enjoy it immensely.” 
Cart WILHELMSON. 


sf 


have been a subscriber to your maga- 
for only one year but I never expect 
: without it again. I am now a stu- 
“expecting to take up forestry as my 
‘work and find this magazine a very 
help to me.” 

Crark R. MerivirH. 


‘T appreciate AMERICAN FORESTRY 
f much and wish you success in a most 
thy cause.” F. H. CHAMBers. 


“Congratulations on the good work you 
doing. I believe AMERICAN FOR- 
TRY is going to take hold more and 
on the people, and they need it.” 
Rev. J. W. BacHMAN. 


article on the Gannet in AMERI- 
FORESTRY is excellent; beauti- 
illustrated, and a good paper all 


orwich, England. ‘J. H. Gurney. 


a 
am so- delighted with the December 
ber of AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ine with its splendid illustrations of 
ristmas trees, and cannot help wishing 
t some of my friends also should pos- 
this number.” 


HERMAN Roser. 


“A wonderful magazine. We appreciate 
ore and more as each number arrives. 
ill save the forests of America.” 

Dr. W. C. GALLAGHER. 


I want to congratulate you on the mani- 
improvement in the magazine. You 
giving us more real tree talk. The last 
) numbers were very fine.” 
P. E. Attior. 

read AMERICAN FORESTRY from 
er to cover. Our National Parks are 
p interest to us and also the great 
ees on the Pacific Coast.” 
Mrs. Geo. H. THAYER. 


ign aieomeerceuvl eee 


"I greatly enjoy AMERICAN FORES- 
RY. The information is very valuable to 
sntary science teachers. I am reading 
numbers with much interest.” 

D. D. DoucuHerty. 
“AMERICAN FORESTRY is great— 
the Pictures especially and there is so 
muc in a picture. I am going to try and 
fet my 41 Deputy Fire Wardens to sub- 
‘ibe for it.” E. N. Wriston. 


“Ever ready for any service in my power 
for the benefit of the best interests you 
and our association stand for.” 

GEORGE VOIGTLANDER. 


“Your magazine is an important factor 
in my reading. I take several magazines 
and yours has steadily improved. It covers 
important matters in which every man, 
woman, and child should be interested.” 

F, D. Foore. 


“We certainly like the magazine and feel 
very sure there is not another magazine that 
covers the ground so thoroughly and ef- 
fectively as the AMERICCAN FORES- 
TRY.” 

Grorce W. Gurney. 


“T enclose check for $4.00 for dues in 
the Association. Am glad to help in the 
great work even though it is very little. 
Wish you greater success for the coming 
year.” 

Oscar DINWIDDIE. 


“T greatly enjoyed Dr. Shufeldt’s article 
on ‘cats’ in the October number and appre- 
ciate the one in November also. Congrat- 
ulate you on the publication of these pop- 
ular articles, which are so much needed.” 

Supt. of San Diego Public Schools. 

Carrott De.W. Scorr. 


Is a reliable 
guide to 
Ve ge table 
and Flower 
culture that 
no amateur 
or profes- 
sional gard- 
ener can af- 
ford to be 
without. 


including the 


The EIGHTY-FOURTH edition is larger 
and more complete than ever. 
eight color plates some of the DREER 
SPECIALTIES and its 224 large pages 
give photographic illustrations of many of 
the varieties listed, besides complete cul- 
tural directions for successful growing. 
It offers the best Vegetable and Flower 
Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural Seeds; 
Garden Requisites; Plants of all kinds, 
newest Roses, 
Hardy Perennials, etc. 


A copy mailed free if you mention 
this publication. 


HENRY A. DREER 
714-716 Chestnut St. Philadelphia, Pa. 


It shows in 


Dahlias, 


Nursery Stock for Forest Planting 
TREE SEEDS 
SEEDLINGS Write for prices on TRANSPLANTS 
large quantities 


THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. 
CHESHIRE, CONN. 


without changing your present system 


one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates 
papers to find the paper you want. 


way but immediately at hand when needed. 
Built of Steel Sections 


Pays for Itself 


efficiency, personal convenience and the refined 
desks, from president to office boy. 
The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction, 


Ross-Gould Company 
232.N, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 


Philadelphia 
Chicago 


and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all tc whom mail is distributed. 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 
; Kleradesk sorts 


It has sep- 


REO. US. PAT. OFB 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 


endless shuffling of 


A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 


Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 


In- 


A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 


appearance of orderly 


Write at once for tree, 
instructive, tllus- 
trated folder, 

“How to Get 

Greater 

Desk 

‘Ct- 

ency,” 


$129 Per Secrion 


4 ComMPARTMENT?6 


7 ComPaRTMENT?9@9 


TTT | 


10 Compartment 913 22 


188 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BOOK REVIEWS 


The Management of the Harvard Forest 
1909-19. By Richard T. Fisher. Har- 
vard Forest Bul. No. 1. Harvard Univer- 
sity Press. 1921. Pp. . Maps 3. 
Every one interested in technical forestry 

who has not a copy of this splendid record 

of achievement in actual forest manage- 
ment, should at once send for a copy. 

Mr. Fisher, with characteristic modesty, 

has set forth briefly but most readably the 

results of ten years of management of the 

It is stimulating and en- 


27. Figs. 20 


Harvard Forest. 
couraging. 

Beginning with the objects of manage- 
ment of this two thousand acre tract in 
north-central Massachusetts, the bulletin 
traces the composition and history of the 
forests of this typical New England re- 
gion. When the Harvard Forest was first 
put under management the stand was al- 
most entirely second growth and under 
seventy years of age. It was 95 per cent 
even-aged, having originated on cleared or 
cut-over land. 

Aided by constantly improving markets, 
which enabled complete utilization, the 
management has been very intensive. From 
a growing stock of 10,500,000 board feet in 
1908 and an increment of 250,000 board 
feet, the forest has been built up by a 
sustained yield equal to the increment, to 
a present growing stock of 12,435,000 board 
feet with an annual growth of 380,000 board 
feet. All cut-over areas have been suc- 
cessfully reproduced. The results of the 
varied methods of cutting employed show 
that it is possible to bring about reproduc- 
tion by almost any system of gradual re- 
moval. The two-cut shelterwood has come 
to be adopted for reproducing the pine 
type—the first cutting is in the nature of a 
heavy “thinning,” the second is a clear 
cutting. 

The slash is piled and burned, usually as 
the logging proceeds and all hardwood ad- 
vauce growth is cut close to the ground 
and in advance of the logging. Then there 
is early weeding or cleaning of the young 
stand beginning in the fourth year after 
tutting. Besides this there have been re- 
lease and improvement cuttings in the im- 
mature stands and a total planting of 57 
acres with a great variety of stock. 

A feature of the logging and milling is 
that of yarding the logs to a central mill 
site. This is more costly, but wel! worth 
while in forests under continuous manage- 
ment. 

Costs and returns show total charges of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will | will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on f 
a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American F. 
Association, Washington, D. C. paid. 


BOOKS ON FORESTRY 


Prices are by mail or express pre 


OREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth..... 
FOREST og ip aed roe Seiaken 
PRACTICAL TREE RE 
a MANUFACTURING 4 
F ST yaE er ie 
CHEMISTRY OF PULP Edwin Sutermeister.. 
Cc ESE FOREST TREES AND aia SUPPLY—B: 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND RBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and WT, 


Hee een ween eee ee eee eee seeeeeseueee 


OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot 2220002000001 


Ke 

Teer Pak WOODS AND TREES IN RELATION TO Ee Binney ‘Augustine Henry 
STUDIES I 

FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY_ By Isaiah 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and 

THE FARM WOODLOT-E. G. Meow doo 4 and J.P, 

was oo gaskine. OF THE ECO. Cc WOODS OF rt 
ne > EPR Sie 8 ane ee 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman 


“Parts og a Volume— 


Preston... rh 


; eae SHARE Samael muel J. 


Porrree ere ereer eet eerrrreey seer 


sa eeeee gress a eeeeee 


Haupt Chapman... ] 
yore eae eg de FORESTER MANUFACTURE AND UsE—By ‘Nelson Courtland Brown...... 


RESTRY—Filibert Roth..........sseeeseeee 
Fuller.. 


P 

TREES IN WINTER —A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis... 

AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough, 
Half Morocco Bindin, 

HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, ined OF THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.. 
Half Morocce Binding................cccccsgesccccesesccducccsnsesvesceassees 

GETTING ACQUAINTED WiTH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland... 

HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe.. 

TREES OF NEW ENGLAND-L. L. Dame and He’ 

OUR TREES, HOW TO KNOW THEM—By nce We 

—— SHRUBS aan VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES—H. E. Park- 


Ward 

OUR NATION AL PARES—John a . 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Giffor 

MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH ‘AMERICA—By Charles Sprague ee 
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER genre OF THE UNITED at ae B. eae eee 
MANUAL OF FORESTRY—VOL I—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawe: 
CIPLES OF HANDLING OODLANDS Henry Solon raven, 
ES IN TOWNS a bh rie bebe tae 


TOn ORTHEEA aie ee oes cevecreccascccccoseceses 


14 Volumes, per “Voium 


FORO tenet eee eee eee Hee eee a teen sees eneeeneennne tee 


seeeeneeee 


EN Austin nesses ecvceeteeccesemssces 
mee AND PRACTICE OF von PLANS (in forest organization). 


IES OF ces gr a Lev: oneae 
E PRUNING—A. Cars ae 
PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. 
DING AND PLANTING uel THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—B 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. ne ler Ma’ 
FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC—B 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD BLOWERS =P F, 
FARM FORESTRY—By John Arden Ferguson.......... 
THE BOOK OF FORESTRY—B Frederick 1 ¥. ates: 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—By Maud Go 
Es FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—By | 7 
LIVE aie bade bogey poneses * 
ree aT ND FOREST—By William Noyes ...... 


James’ wl Toumey... ea 


OWS. ccc ccccceccececcrcnee 


chuyler Mathews.. 


Bchtuyler 


athews........ 


bps aD "COst_By Haibert B. 
FRENCH 76 q FORESTS’ AND FORESTRY By hcodore 'S. Woolsey, “Jeicsacesccdssuacbeaees sae 
THER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS—Chas. H. Snow............ 

SeRcisES in FOREST MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark. 
Ee a ak FORESTS—H. D. Boerker...... Setnes*egeae Rrasgeanee 


eee eeeeneeenee 


FOREST RANGER A OTHER VE 
BER ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING 
THE BISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUS 


AND THEIR 5 I 
PRESERVATION OF OSTRUCTURAL 7 TIMBER Howard F. Weiss........ cas seams 8. 
THE php STATES FOREST ag ed gr Ise cee 

it et DRYING OF LUMBE a 
MODERN PULP AND PAPER MAKI G_By < G. 

THE PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE—By ‘Raion c. 
WOOD PRODUCTS — W. Dumesny. 
GUIDE TO THE TREES—A. Lounsberry. 
THE TREE BOOK-—Julia Ellen Rogers. 


* This, of course, is not a complete ire but we shall be glad to add to it any books on fo: 


or related subjects upon request.-EDITOR ~ 


: 


Be it Fact or Fiction 


MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE ENTITLED TO 10 PER CENT DISCOUNT 


It will pay anyone who buys books either for his own use or his family: to | 
become a member of the American Forestry Association, for 


80 per M. ft. b. m.; an average price of 
per M ft. b. m. for lumber sold; 
ving $3.20 per M ft. b. m. net profit. 
is proves that lumber can be grown con- 
on an organized forest for the 
market price. 

ous tables bring details of area and 
> by forest types; stand and increment; 
{ summary comparisons of types areas 
1909 and 19019. These last are arranged 
x to “periods” of 20 years each; 3 
in the 60 year rotation. The oldest 
is known as I; the youtigest as III. 
ults show a gradual improvement in 
ibution of the age-classes, as fol- 


Actual Area 1909—Period I 40-60years, 
59 acres; period II, 20-40 years, 835.50 
S$; period III 1-20 years, 187.76 acres. 
zes (totals), 1,626.60 acres. 
| Area 1919—Period I 40-60 years, 
50 acres; period II 20-40 years, 858.44 
es; period III 1-20 years, 359.14 acres. 
(totals), 1,775.08 acres. 
‘he normal distribution would be for 
h period 542 acres in 1909 and 592 acres 
I Thus there is a gradual approach 
normality especially in building up 
oungest age classes which were the 
it defficient. This will be even more 
rked as cutting proceeds more vigorous- 
Only 65 acres were cut in the ten 
which is only one-tenth instead of 
customary one-half of the area in the 
rst period.” 
The typography and general appearance 
the bulletin is beyond praise. It is wor- 
the institution the imprint of whose 
al it bears.—A. B. Recknagel. 


@ Friendly Arctic, by Vilhjalmur Ste- 
sson. (Macmillan) $6.00. 
n this book Stefansson has abolished the 
i of Arctic exploration, and the book 
all the more compelling a story for 
at very reason. Trying new theories 
entering deliberately on one of the 
yst daring ventures in the history of ex- 
Oration. Stefansson is in one person 
st, historian, philosopher and com- 
-sense friend of man. By such an ob- 
ver, with a mind free from fear and 
, the beauties and dangers and won- 
rs of new places are described as by no 
f writer. The book carries a plot of 
n interest wherein scientists, whalers, 
os and explorers play their dramatic 
_and a reviewer has aptly said that 
Friendly Arctic makes a brilliant 
in the progress of civilization.” 


® 
A very attractive and interestingly writ- 
a leaflet entitled “Little Bits of Sugar 
yr the Birds” has been put out by the 
W. Kelsey Company, of New York. It 
ta with the desirability of preserving 
id protecting our game birds and advo- 
ates the planting of unused lands with 
itive berry and fruit trees and shrubs so 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


as to provide food and protection for such 
birds and at the same time utilize the land 
to good advantage. 


INDIANA’S FORESTS 
William A. Guthrie, chairman of the 


Indiana Conservation Commission, in ad- 
dressing the lumbermen of his state, said: 

“A little more than a century ago Indi- 
ana was covered with the finest hardwoods 
ever grown. In the recollection of many 
of us this state possessed vast timber areas 
which included white oak, poplar, walnut 
and gum. 

“The most adaptable land for forestation 


in Indiana is in the southern part of the 
state. There are about 1,000,000 acres of 


the Ohio River watershed which are suited 
only for growing trees because the land is 
too rough for cultivation.” He advocated 
the purchase of this land, some of which 
contains second-growth timber up to 20 
years old, and he argued in favor of state 
and federal ownership. Individual owner- 
ship will never settle the forestation 
problem, Mr. Guthrie said, because timber 
is a long-time crop and the individual is 
hard to find who will invest heavily in a 
business that yields such slow returns. 

In arguing for an Indiana forestation 
program, the speaker cited the record of 
other states along this line. Michigan has 
855,000 acres of forest lands, he said. New 
York has 1,767,778 acres, and Massachu- 
setts now is acquiring all available lands 
for reforestation. 

Indiana has slightly more than 3,000 
acres of state forest lands, on which the 
state conservation department is experi- 
menting at growing hardwoods. 

Much of the land in the southern part 
of the state which is available as the foun- 
dation for a future timber supply in this 
commonwealth can be obtained at from $2 
to $10 an acre, Mr. Guthrie said. He 
ended his speech with a request for the co- 
operation of the members of the association 
in the forestry program of the State Con- 
servation Commission, 


GAVE ALMOST 3,000,000 TREES 

The Pennsylvania Department of For- 
estry in 1921 distributed free 2,962,089 
young forest trees. They were given to 
1,091 owners of land in the State. It was 
the second largest annual distribution of 
forest trees in the history of the Depart- 
ment. 

The leading varieties planted were white 
pine, Norway spruce, Scotch pine, Japan- 
ese larch, sugar maple, black locust, and 
white ash. 

This fall the Department of Forestry 
zave away 190,833 trees to 125 applicants. 
Among the trees supplied were 2,048 orna- 
mental trees, which averaged three feet in 
height. They were planted on the grounds 
of public schools, churches, and municipal 
parks. The Department will have about 
3,500,000 trees for free distribution in 1922. 


189 


TIMBER 


By HAROLD TITUS 


Author of “The Last Straw,” “Bruce o: 
Circle A,” Etc, 


The best story Harold Titus eve 
wrote! “Timber” is big, powerful, tre 
mendous—the first novel of Conserva- 
tion! And the reason Mr. Titus has 
given us so powerful, so dramatic an 
account of the struggle, to him tragic 
between the Destroyers and Conserver 
of White Pine, is because he felt the 
tragedy of forest waste, forest destruc- 
tion through and through. Born and 
bred in a vast lumber district, loving 
the forest and its people, our author 
has risen in indignation against the 
ruthless destruction of his playground, 
and his novel is an inspired work 
straight from the heart. 


“Timber” is a Red-Blooded Novel of 


Today! 
Net $1.75 
Order from 
The American Forestry Association 
1214 Sixteenth Street, 


Washington, D.C. 


NURSERY 
Desires to Get in Touch With 
SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS, 
FORESTERS, GARDENERS 
OR BOTANISTS 
IN 
NORTHERN STATES 


Who deal in or can collect tree, 
shrub, evergreen and perennial seeds, 
true to variety. Parties interested 
please send replies to 
BOX S. S., 
. Care American Forestry Association 
Washington, D. C 


FORESTRY COMMITTEE OF AGRI- 
CULTURAL CONFERENCE 


The Forestry Committee of the Presi- 
dent’s Agricultural Conference has reported 
a brief statement including general recom- 
mendations concurred in by the members 
of the committee which included in ad- 
dition to Mr. Gifford Pinchot as chairman, 
Mr. A. W. Laird, of Potlatch, Idaho, 
president of the Western Forestry and 
Conservation Association; Mr. George W. 
Sisson, of New York, president of the 
American Paper and Pulp Association. 
Mr. C. H. Worcester, of Chicago, was also 
invited to participate. The report of the 
Forestry Committee of the conference con- 
tains no new information, but in general 
records the interest of those engaged in 
agriculture in adequate solution of the 
nation’s forest problem. 


190 


A raat Fir Engine 
that weighs 74 lbs. 


THE Northern Forest Fire Engine 

tured above can be packed by one 
man and will throw 20 gallons of 
water per minute at 90 pounds pres- 
sure. It has no grease cups, being 
lubricated by the Alemite System. 
All gasoline and cooling connections 
are made with flexible metal tubing 
guaranteed not to break or leak from 
vibration. The Machine’s _ special 
base anchors it wherever you put it. 
No need to bolt it down—Just set it 
on the ground and start it. 


NORTHERN 


ROTARY 


Pomes 


“MORE GALLONS PER HORSE POWER” 


Tide 


We also manufacture a 2-cylinder, 
2-man Northern Forest Fire Engine 
that will deliver 35 gallons of water 
per minute at 90 pounds pump pres- 
sure—weight 140 pounds. Both ma- 
chines have the advanced features 
of construction described above. 


NORTHERN PiRe ApPaRAtus[O. 


MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. US.A 


plundered half a continent. 


FOR SALE 


Several Thousand Authors’ Reprints, 
Excerpts, Magazines of Early 
Dates, With a Few 
Books. 

All in excellent condition and re- 
ferring to Natural History; Biology; 
Plants; Shells; Invertebrates; Fish; 
Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Medi- 
cine; Surgery; Art, and various al- 

lied subjects. Address 
DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, Box 6000, 


Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


REDWOOD GROVE DEDICATED 


A grove of magnificent redwood trees in 
Humboldt County, California, has been 
dedicated to the memory of Col. R. C. Boll- 
ing, the first American officer of high rank 
killed in the World War. In an address at 
the dedication ceremony Madison Grant, 
councillor of the “Save the Redwoods 
League” said :— 

“Let us on this solemn occasion in dedi- 
cating this grove of Redwoods to the mem- 
ory of Colonel Bolling resolve that we 
shall continue the effort to preserve for 
those that come after us some portion of 
the heritage that was ours. 

“No more destructive animal has ever 
appeared on the face of the earth than the 
American back-woodsman with his ax and 
his rifle. Since the Civil War, we have 
No such de- 
struction since Caesar plundered Gaul has 
been accomplished in like time. In fifty 
years we have killed all the animals of the 
plain that in their millions had lived there 
for tens of thousands of years. The bison 
has long since gone, except where protected. 
The antelope is all but gone, the herds of 
elk are dwindling fast, and your mighty 
California grizzly is utterly extinct, so that 
even a battered skull is a highly prized 
trophy for a museum. The smaller animals 
and birds are many of them verging on ex- 
tinction. Our fish in their abundance have 
utterly disappeared from many streams in 
the East, and if it were not for artificial 
restocking, would have entirely vanished. 
In many parts of the country, like the Red 
River Valley, the richest soil known to man 
has been exhausted in a generation. 

“But bad as this slaughter of life has 
been, much of it can be restored if only 
we have a place of refuge for it when it is 
brought back. That refuge can be only 
the forests, and what have we done with 
our forests? Chopped them, and burned 
them, and wasted them: and now almost 
the last of the great stands of timber are 
here on the Pacific slope. We are in the 
center of the best of them. Probably no- 
where on earth does there exist a forest 
to compare in continuous grandeur and un- 
qualified beauty with the Redwoods that 
are found along the Eel River and to the 
north. We have reason to believe that no 
finer forest ever did exist on earth during 
the millions of years since vegetable life 
first appeared. It is, therefore, not merely 
a privilege, but it is a sacred duty for 
Americans to guard and to preserve what 


little is left of this heritage our fathers 
cheerfully wasted. This is not a matt 
of sentimentalism. It is not a vague ideal 
ism. It is a reality. These trees are pai 
of our national monuments, our natior 
inheritance, of far more value to ourselves 
and to those who come after us than a 
of the works of man.” 


MAKING PACKING BOXES 

Among the secondary wood-using 
dustries the manufacture of packing boxe 
ranks first in New York State. This u 
of wood includes box shooks, pa 
boxes, piano and organ shipping bo 
‘packing crates, and all kinds of materiz 
used in the industrial establishments fi 
storage and shipment of factory produ 
according to a bulletin issued by the 
York State College of Forestry. 

New York being the Empire State 
manufacturing, the demand for boxes 
which to crate and ship the output of th 
factories is natuially large. The annu 
consumption of lumber in the manufactur 
of boxes in New York amounts to 324, 
219,000 board feet. This surpassed the lun 
ber used in planing mills by 94,000,0 
feet in 1919, the last date for which com 
parative records have been obtained. 

Adding to the amount of wood used ii 
the class of containers, just described, maj 
be placed baskets, berry crates, and mine 
packages which brings the quantity o 
lumber used up ‘to 332,746,000 board feet 
These figures do not include the cigar anc 
tobacco box industry nor the wood used i 
cooperage. 


LEHMAN CAVES NATIONAL MONU 
MENT a 

By a proclamation of President Harding, 
signed January 24, a 593-acre tract in 
Nevada National Forest was set aside 4 
the Lehman Caves National Monument 
For twenty-five years thesé caves 
been known locally, and for some time 
individuals have been trying to gain con 
of them, but the action of the Chief Execu- 
tive retains them safely for all the peopl 
and prevents the destruction of the man) 
objects of scenic and scientific value. t 
area remains a part of the National Forest, 
but the monument can be used for no pur 
poses that interfere with its preservatio! 
as a national monument. It is the eleventh 
national monument to be established in a 
National Forest, and the first one in Ne- 
vada. 


ing of 10 per cent. This offer holds good any time during the year to mem- 
bers of the American Forestry Association. 


A YEAR-AROUND' SERVICE 


You can order Books through our Book Service Department at a Sav- 


CALIFORNIA’S FIRE BILL 

‘A million dollar loss to timber, range 
nd grain was California’s tribute to the 
e demon during the past season, ac- 
0 ding to the annual fire report issued by 
he United States Forest Service and the 
California State Board of Forestry. 

The report states that 2,245 fires were 
jandled by the Federal Government and 
fate organization. Information secured 
y these bureaus shows that in addition 
93 grain fires burned ‘within the State. 
alarming and disconcerting fact that 

ty percent of these fires result through 
relessness and negligence of man, the of- 
ls of these bureaus state, deserves the 
us attention of all Californians, partic- 
irly when the statistics indicate that 745 
these fires are directly chargeable to 
mpers and smokers, As travel along the 
t ys and in our mountains increases 
ie public must exercise greater care with 
4f our resources are not to suffer ir- 
eparable loss. 
he report shows that the losses were 
up of the following: Timber $67,- 
1.00, range $367,243.00, improvements 
(89,738.00, and hay and grain $370,506.00. 
he fire bill is further augmented by an 
em of $175,000.00 spent for fighting these 
ires. Six-hundred State and Federal of- 
sers are engaged in the difficult task of 
ontrolling the fires in California’s for- 
sts and on the watersheds. 


-ESOLUTIONS BY THE PROFES- 
SIONAL FORESTERS 


The Society of American Foresters, 
‘ing the organization of technical forest- 
rs in the United States, at its recent an- 


tual meeting at Toronto passed strong 
esolutions protesting against the proposed 
insfer of the United States Forest Serv- 
se from the Department of Agriculture 
> some other department of the Govern- 
nent, stressing the close alliance of for- 
stry with agriculture as both sciences 
concerned with crop production, and 
natural activity of the Forest Service 
developing rural community life ad- 
jac ent to the National Forests and through 
operation in fire protection under the 
erms of the Smith-Lever bill. A resolu- 
regarding the necessity for special 
ppropriations for pine blister control work 
as also passed, as was one urging the 
lecessity of liberal support of forest re- 
earch in the various branches of govern- 
ient devoted to this most important work. 


HENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD PRE- 
‘VENTS FIRES 


To prevent forest fires along their 
icks, the railroads in Pennsylvania 
more than 1200 miles of safety 
during 1921, according to a statement 
issued by George H. Wirt, Pennsylvania’s 
Chief Forest Fire Warden, The strips 


irned 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


were cleared 100 feet wide on both sides 
of the tracks to stop fires from spreading to 
timberlands adjacent to railroads. The 
safety strip mileage constructed ‘last year 
was far greater than during 1920, when 
the railroads first agreed to co-operate with 
the Department of Forestry in the remov- 
al of brush, forest litter, and other inflam- 
mable materials from the vicinity of tracks. 
Statements from the railroad officials show 
they spent about $65,000. The Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad and the Philadelphia’ and 
Reading Railway Company led in safety 
strip work during 1921. In the Weiser 
State Forest District, in Schuylkill, Carbon, 
Luzerne, and parts of Lebanon, Dauphin, 
Northumberland, and Columbia counties, 
there were built 506 miles of strips, more 
than 250 miles of them along the tracks of 
the Lehigh Valley Railroad. 


PLANTING EXPERIMENTS 
REDWOOD CUT-OVER LANDS 


The Forestry Division of the Universi- 
ty of California is carrying on some inter- 
esting experiments in artificial reforestation 
in cooperation with the Union Lumber 
Company on cut-over lands north of Fort 
Bragg, Mendocino County. The planting 
work was started in February 1921, the 
planting site being a long strip across the 
watershed of Campbell Creek including a 
range of conditions typical of the redwood 
region. Among the more important trees 
being tested are Sugar Maple, Black Wal- 
nut, White Ash, Basswood, White Oak, 
Red Oak, Western Red Cedar and Douglas 
Fir. Direct seeding in spots was tried 
with several species as well as planting 
nursery grown seedlings. An examination 
in September showed 60-90 per cent sur- 
vival for practically all species planted as 
seedlings but almost total failure for all 
seed spots. 


ON 


Redwood sprouts vigorously from cut 
stumps and grows rapidly but under pres- 
ent logging conditions this does not result 
in a completely stocked stand of timber 
due to the large size of the trees cut and 
the comparatively small number of stumps 
per acre. It is hoped the above experi- 
ments will demonstrate that one or more 
valuable species can be successfully grown 
in association with redwood. Such asso- 
ciated species besides producing a valuable 
product will force the redwood to drop 
its lower branches and grow with the long 
bole so necessary to produce clear lumber. 


As an example of how a fully stocked 
stand of redwood will grow in volume, a 


sample plot on bottom land in Mendocino 
County was measured in July 1921. This 
stand was fully stocked containing 258 
trees per acre; because of its bottom land 
location the trees had escaped injury by 
fire and soil and moisture conditions were 
optimum for the region. In 50 years of 


191 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,D. 


ENGRAVERS 


DESIGNERS 
AND | 


[LLUSTRATORS 


3 COLor Process WorK 
GLECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


“A vital question in this country, 
one with immediate importance, but 
of Lagan concern still in its relation 
to the future, is the preservation and 
restoration of 
Banner. 


Have your friend join the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association and help 
perpetuate the forests. 


forests.”—Nashville 


Notice 


Chas. Sprague Sargent’s MANUAL 
OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, 


new revised edition, is ready. 


PRICE $12.50 
Orders to 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


1214 Sixteenth St. Washington, D. C. 


192 


School of Forestry 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 


Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering two 
years of five months each. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 


University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


cS 


ANIMAL INGENUITY OF 
TODAY 


By C. A. EALAND, M.A. The author’s 
love of nature is shown on every page. 
He describes the skill, clever devices, 
and strategems of birds, reptiles, in- 
sects, and other forms of animal life— 
how they order their lives, and protect 
themselves. The world of nature is a 
real wonderland, and Mr. Ealand the 
best sort of a guide through it. Pro- 
fusely “illustrated. 2.5: scccceceescaseusc $2.25 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
kok Ox 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 


Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal crvbaiat & leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to for- 
esters, lumbermen and woodsmen, dis- 
charged or about to be discharged from 
military service, who want positions, or 
of persons having employment to offer 
such foresters, lumbermen or woodsmen. 
————eEeee—eEe—————ee—e—— 


POSITIONS WANTED 


POSITION wanted as Forester or Superintendent 
on a private estate or otherwise, by a thor- 
oughly practical, experienced, married man. 
English. Competent to take charge of any for- 
esters’ post in every detail. Can undertake the 
control of a saw mill; building roads, nursery 
work, landscape planting, tree work, and hand- 
ling help. Good references. Address Box 3040, 
care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (1-3-22) 


FORESTER—Experienced in cruising and gen- 
eral woods work, also Aerial Photograph Inter- 
pretation, would like position with Pulp or 
Lumber Company. Address Box 3045, in care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C, (1-3-22) 


POSITION WANTED BY TREE SURGEON.— 
Ex-service man wishes employment with some 
tree surgery company; 37 years oid and cau do 
any kind of tree surgery work. Can handle 
men and also understand landscape work. Ad- 
dress Box 3055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY, 
Washington, D. C. (2-4-22) 


RECENT GRADUATE four-year forestry course, 
aged 22, desires position with lumber company. 
Address Box 3050, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (2-4-22) 


FORESTER—Has year’s leave of absence from 
teaching duties, beginning October 1, 1922. Wide 
experience along Forestry lines—cruising and 
handling men, gained in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, teaching and in the A. E. F. Will go any- 
where, Alaska preferred, and tackle difficult 
proposition. Address Box 3060, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, Des 


YOUNG, Technically Trained Forester with ex- 
perience in surveying, estimating, forest map- 
ping, preparation of timberland reports, etc., de- 
sires permanent position as forester on a_pri- 
vate estate (not necessarily large), the position 
to allow considerable time for the practice of 
timberland service or forest engineering to other 
rivate owners or pulp concerns. In a favorable 
ocality salary could be made very reasonable. 
Address Box 3065, AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C (2-4-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, 15 years experience in 
Practical Forestry and Park work, with good 
working knowledge in the cutting and removal 
of timber, Fire Protection Planting, Pruning 
and Care of Trees and Shrubs, etc., desires posi- 
tion with private company or on an estate. Ad- 
dress Box 3075, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (3-5-22) 


YOUNG MAN, Age 29, ex-service man in the field 
artillery, desires employment in some branch of 
forestry or as a ranger, guard, etc. Address Box 
3080, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington D. C. (3-5-22) 


WANTED 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED OR EMPLOYED, 
having executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential, Rangers also an- 
swer this. Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


growth this stand had produced in exces: 
of 100,000 board feet per acre. A truly 
markable growth and indicative of th 
important role redwood lands, if properly 
managed, can play in quickly producing 
large volume of timber. In order tha 
maximum production may be realized tw 
things are imperative; a fully stocke 
stand and protection of the young growt! 
from fire. The planting experiments ma: 
help to solve the question of how to get 
fully stocked stand, the fire protection ca 
come only through concerted action on th 
part of land owners in cooperation with th 
state fire protection service. : 


“MARVELS OF SCIENCE” 

Since forestry took on the habilim 
of a science and engineers, chemists, 
technicians . began investigating forestr, 
problems, such as the growth and protectic 
of the forests, the harvesting of fo 
crops and the utilization of wood ther 
from, many discoveries have been mad 
that would seem almost without the pal 
of possibility, according to a bulletin of th 
New York State College of Forestry. 

One of the scientific developments thal 
may have an important bearing on the 
supply of automotive fuel of the future i 
the production of ethyl or grain alcoho 
from wood. Grain alcohol might be em 
ployed as a substitute for gasoline, provides 
it can be produced cheaply and engine 
adapted to its use but the practical appli- 
cation of this product like many othe: 
utilities that had their inception in 
laboratory, must finally depend for its com- 
mercial development upon mechanical in- 
genuity and capital. ; 

‘Sawdust can be converted into good fod- 
der for cattle and farm stock. Other 
products of surprising variety and characte 
are obtained either wholly or partially from 
wood, such as smokeless powder, linoleum 
artificial silk, paint, varnish, soap, ink 
celluloid, sausage casing, acetylene, chloro- 
form, iodoform and many kinds of dye 
and oils. 4 

A new field has opened in scientific re- 
search with regard to the forests and thei 
products. The results achieved in the las 
ten years would seem to indicate futur 
developments that now are unimaginable 
In fact, we can but dimly vision the infinite 
possibilities that lie ahead of scientific in- 
vestigation in forest and’ wood problems. 
The time may come when wood will be 
more generally in demand for chemical 
purposes than for building material. 


Many substitutes have been discovered 
for wood but the new uses have more thar 
kept pace with the development of subs 
tutes. What today is a dream will tomor. 
row be a reality. It would be rash, indeed, 
to prophesy how far scientists may go im 
working out new uses for wood and ne 
methods of utilizing wood. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY» 


ri THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
¥- : WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 


APRIL, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 340 


A SEVEN HUNDRED YEAR LOGGING COMPANY—By Arthur Newton Pack...............0 00.0.0 cues 195 


With thirteen illusttations. 
IE RMIT AG VARS AGO U.S... epics see en eee cc es Gs eniecevctevertensnesseens 198 


‘HE FIGHT I SECS RRS GSE orem xs. | day eS ala vis iia sain 8H Rn Ao enh oe es eee” eee deee ban 201 
With three illustrations. 


eee ever ie el c0ss cs. «Pie Msn Tyee Sole. Cie go's stirs Gabid Sincere Aeiw.orsve Go.0 we ea bielaed 207 
[PLE FOREST CONSERVATION—By Albert V. S. Pulling..........0... 00.0 cece cece eee eee 211 
With thirteen illustrations. 
ORESTRY IN CONNECTICUT—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr....... 0.0.0. cccccccecceccceseeeecveeeseees 218 
FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT—PRODUCING THE RECREATION COMMODITY—By 
det Se ie ae ce fon ety 219 
With seven illustrations. 
I ees lacs... epee o excise cucu cscs esoshiuin'stovsv ace cousecens 224 
With one illustration. 
REES AND FLOWERS IN THE UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN—By R. W. Shufeldt....... 225 
With nine illustrations. 
a ahi oom by Roselle Mercier Montgomery,..... 2.0.0.6. bee e ee cat cee ene ew ees beceteaues 231 
Se oe: 231 
With one illustration. 
DO NOT LET THE CURBSETTER RUIN YOUR TREES—By Samuel Newman Baxter................... 232 
With five illustrations. 
mNOVEL TREE AND FOREST PRODUCTS—By S. J. Record..... ...5......cceceeeeceee eee ees tenes 235 
With seven illustrations. 
ee Orme URI MIGIE ss MEDUEOTO. 25.5. -...cbisls pieces cst cbdecen sce venesetasedvvecuen tesees 238 
With eight illustrations. 
wae FOREST RANGER—Poem by Stanley Foss Bartlett... 2.1.0.0... cscs eee cet cree ete teneeeennenee 243 
eer eee awe Eee SINE SLs. cs... Meee ends wc wei ey oboe ce ee KOE eee et ewe te etresseenes 244 
ee NS EDRMEIS SS Bese ay aside cis ++ + 5 let Me cE oo <ive Bldg ss See Sele viewest best asccsscvesvaes 246 
Se RE toe Sy. 3, «de ceeesin et Fe ate a sivojals caedesv dened eeeeseeeus aes 249 
LS EIA 0) Rg et PU a 250 
ANADIAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson. ...............0cceecec cence en teen eet e tenes neta 252 
EE TREE MND EN tec e cao vi s.2 ss. . sige W a iocidla v eves epelcinad ceeciy ese cs dees taeees ae 255 
Pte mst OUARANIINE EXTENDED, .... ..crrecsccdete esc dncre nec ttneteecseeeseeeeee essences 255 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


_ Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 


Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


194 


THE PENNSYLVANIA COLONIAL 
A diitin@ archite&ural Style developed by the 
early settlers around Philadelphia, notably 
Germantown. This is one of the 16 architec- 
tural Styles illustrated and discussed in “Good 
Houses,” a book for home-builders interested 
in good design, efficient planning and thorough 
conStruétion. “Good Houses” interprets the 
archite@ural Styles on which American build- 
ing tradition rests, and which are adapted to 
wood construétion. Send for your copy today. 


Illustrating a Good and 
a Faulty Method of Framing 
Around Window Openings 


J ees above drawings illustrate a 

good and a faulty method of fram- 

ing around window openings. This is 

one of the points discussed in “The 

High Cost of Cheap Construction,” 
ioned in the i 1 


The framing around window open- 
ings (Point 1) should always be double 
to insure greater strength and to per- 
mit better nailing of outside sheathing, 
siding, casings and interior trim. 

Careful fitting of lumber at Point 2 
and caulking or ing between lower 
header and sill with a substance such 
as mineral wool will prevent much 
leakage of heat in winter. 

The side jambs of the window frame 
should be braced at Point 3 to hold 
them securely in alignment. 

“The High Cost of Cheap Construc- 
tion” will be mailed free, on request. 
It is another evidence of the policy of 
this organization to have every foot of 
lumber it sells deliver 100% service. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


“—* Home-Builder Be Sure 
raul of a Good Job? 


IGHT in your neighborhood 

you perhaps know a dozen 
houses that you wouldn’t pro- 
nounce first class. 

Probably what you’ve heard 
about them originated in the un- 
guarded remarks of the owners 
themselves. 

Ample money was spent. But 
why so many repairs—why 
creaking stairs, sagging floors, 
draughty windows, cracking 
plaster, excessive fuel bills, and 
other illsP 

Somebody is responsible. 


HE fault lies not in the 

lumber—but in the way the 
lumber is used. First cost, the 
only consideration, where thor- 
oughness of construction and the 
right use of materials mean 
ultimate economy and life-long 
satisfaction. 

This demand for “cheap” 
houses has forced the legitimate 
contractor—the man who knows 
good materials and how to use 
them—to bid against construc- 
tion practices that every honest 
craftsman condemns. 


ROFITING by the mis- 
takes of their neighbors, 
home-builders today are de- 
manding better-built houses. 
How can they be sure of getting 
them? 
We say, go to a legitimate con- 
tractor—one who takes a pride 


in his craft and would rather de- 
liver a good job at a fair profit 
than a poor job at an unfair profit. 


You will find these men, more 
and more, using lumber of the 
Weyerhaeuser standard of 
quality—trade-marked with the 
manufacturer’s pledge of per- 
sonal responsibility. 


OU will find, too, that retail 

lumber dealers are proud of 
their stocks of Weyerhaeuser 
lumber, and glad to assist in 
selecting from the ten different 
kinds of lumber offered by 
Weyerhaeuser those kinds and 
grades bestadaptedto thevarying 
requirements of house building. 


Just why Weyerhaeuser is 
backing the legitimate contrac- 
tor, and how to tell a legitimate 
contractor by his knowledge of 
lumber and by his observance of 
approved construction practices 
in the building of houses, is con- 
tained in “The High Cost of 
Cheap Construction,” a booklet 
mailed free on request. Ask also 
for “Good Houses.” 


Weyerhaeuser Forest Prod- 
ucts are distributed through the 
established trade channels (to 
contractors and home-builders 
through the retail lumber yards) 
by the Weyerhaeuser Sales 
Company, Spokane, Washing- 
ton, with branch offices and 
representatives throughout the 
country. 


WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS 
SAINT PAUL’ MINNESOTA 


Producers of Douglas Fir, Pacific Coast Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles 
on the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland 
Empire; Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


APRIL, 1922 


NO. 340 


A SEVEN HUNDRED YEAR LOGGING COMPANY 
By Arthur Newton Pack 


European Commissioner of the American Forestry Association 


N the Black Forest of Germany is located the oldest 

privately owned and operated forest in the world. 
Seven hundred years ago this area formed part of the 
large estates of one of the Counts of Eberstein, con- 
cerning which gentleman nothing more descriptive can be 
said than that he was a typical and inveterate crusader. 
Time after time he rallied his retainers about the an- 
cestral banner to set out for Palestine, and as often re- 
turned home with only a ragged remnant of his band. 
Each expedition left him poorer, and finally to meet the 
cost of a last effort, he mortgaged to a group of thrifty 


FIR AND SPRUCE IN THE BLACK FOREST 


This identical area has been logged over for seven hundred years 
without decreasing the total volume of the stand. 


His- 
tory relates that the poor Count was finally killed by the 


woodsmen the best portion of his forest domain. 


Turks, and as he left no heir his property fell to the 
State. The ruler of Baden subsequently tried his best to 
break that mortgage lien title of the woodsmen, but his 
efforts were of no avail, and the forest remains to this 
day in their successors. 

These men who supplied the money for the Count to 
Spend were known as rafters, because they put together 
great rafts of the largest fir timbers and floated them 
down the Murg, the Neckar and the Rhine, to sell in 


Holland, where the requirements of ship building brought 
good prices. This was centuries before the first idea of 
forest conservation had occurred to anybody, but as 
there was no market for anything but the largest trees, 
which were also accessible to the streams, the forest was 
not ruined. So grew up one of the world’s éarliest 
corporations and without doubt the first commercially 
productive private forest which has had an uninterrupted 
producing record up to the present day. 
has remained in the hands of the descendants of those 
rafters, most of whom have become wealthy families and 
now control not only that identical forest, but as individ- 


uals and members of other companies own and operate 


The ownership 


some of the finest saw mills, paper mills and other wood- 


A GIANT SILVER FIR 


The Chief Forester makes cuttings to encourage the growth of 
very large timbers such as this, for the large trees are here 
most in demand. 


196 AMERICAN 


using concerns of Germany. The forest comprises about 
12,000 acres of land similar to our Adirondack mountain 
region, said to be worth in the neighborhood of $300 an 
acre, and there is probably almost as much timber grow- 
ing on the land today as there was 700 years ago. 

Logging is carried on in a very interesting manner. 
The trees to be cut are all selected and marked in ad- 
vance by the chief forester, who spends a hundred days 
in the year solely in this way. The chief demand being 
for very large timbers, he thins out the forest with this 
end in view, taking the weaklings first and reserving the 
air for rapid 
growth. all their cut- 
tings on the basis of rather complicated rules and for- 
mulas, but it is significant that here in one of the best 
paying forests of the world the slogan is “not system but 
In this way, the same patch of ground 
is revisited for cutting about once every ten years. 


very finest trees with plenty of light and 
Many European foresters make 


common sense.” 


FORESTRY 


The cutting down of the trees has to be very skilfully 
carried on, so that the falling giants will do as little dam- 
age as possible to the natural growth of young trees be- 
neath. They are never allowed to fall one across the 
other, but one is generally removed so that another 
may be thrown in the same spot. An operation which, 
in America, usually causes more damage to the forest 
than the actual felling is the dragging out of the logs. 
Our steam donkey engines yank them in with such de 
termination that a veritable devastation is left behind, 
but here in the German mountains where protection of 
the young seedlings is of first importance, the loggers 
are obliged to resort to somewhat slower and more ap= 
propriate methods. Good permanent stone roads every= 
where traversing the forest are required, but since they 
are to do duty for generations, the cost of construction” 
is an investment which need be only very slowly written 
off. These roads follow along the mountain sides in such 


GETTING 


OUT 
ve pictures show the various operations involved in the 
t e 


THE 


TIMBER 


h The «i ‘ delivery of logs and cord-wood to the roadways, with a minimum 
yo gg 4 he size > avers > ic w . ~ ¢ 
young growth. The size of the average log is well illustrated in the group of logs and loggers shown at the bottom 


A SEVEN HUNDRED 


a way that the logs can always be slid down to them 
from above. It is only necessary to attach a check rope 
to the upper end of the log, clean off the bark and 
branches and give it a start. Several men follow it on 
either side to guide its passage with crowbar thrusts, 


while above, with the rope turned about a tree, another: 


man contro's the speed of the descent. 
this crew become that log after log slips down in the 
same track, a track hardly wider than the diameter of the 
largest butt. It is quite as fascinating to watch as the 


So expert does 


PERMANENT LOGGING ROADS 


Good, permanent roads traversing the forest are required, but 
since they do duty for generations, the cost of construction is an 
investment which need be only slowly written off. 


acrobatic donkey engines of the Pacific coast, and fre- 
quently hardly less rapid. 

The removal of the stacked piles of cordwood from 
top and branches is rather more exciting to both onlooker 


and participants. The wood is loaded upon one-man 


A SAW AND PULP MILL IN THE BLACK FOREST 


The stockholders in this company are also its principal custom 
ers—descendants of the original rafters, they now own and oper- 
ate some of the finest wood-using concerns of Germany. 


sledges with shafts as if for a pony. One man picks 
them up while the loaders give a starting shove and 
down he goes. 
increases, for there is no stopping; all the man can do is 
to guide his load and keep it from upsetting. The visitor 


As the slope becomes steeper the pace 


YEAR 


LOGGING 


COMPANY 197 


THE LOGGING CAMP OF THE FUTURE 


Oak-raftered, mud and stone houses surrounded by cultivated 
fields take the place of the temporary shacks so well-known in 
America. 


sees it go careening around a little bend to avoid some 
young growth or old stumps and hopes for the best until 
a shout from below reports the safe arrival. Sometimes 
accidents do occur; the conductor.is undecided for an 
instant which side of a stump to go, the runner strikes a 


¥ 2, . . 
* - J , 
Se ae: (will 

y , 

- . 

ee hy x 
Pig Poa 


OM ET a 


GERMAN PEASANTS COLLECTING FIREWOOD 


After the loggers have completed their task, nothing larger 
than about an inch or two in diameter remains. The nearby 
peasants pay about 10c an acre for the privilege of collecting 
these twigs for their household fires. 


198 AMERICAN 


ree, and man, sled, and cordwood land in a much dis- 
ordered pile. 

The “Schifferwald,” for 
(“Murgenthallerschiffergesellschaftswald” —_ for 


short name, 


such is its 
long), 
boasts not a single lumber camp such as we might know 
it in America. Within its borders lie one or two clusters 
of oak-raftered, mud and stone houses, built perhaps 
by the great, great grandfather of the present occupant— 
perhaps longer ago than that. Here live the woodsmen 
with their wives and usually extensive families, whose 
sons will some day grow up to take the father’s place as 
woodcutters for the great company. One cannot but think 
of a time, not so far off perhaps, when the last tem; 
porary shacks of the American lumber company will have 
given way to well constructed forest villages, housing 
the men who care for the permanent resources of our 
wood working industries. 

The keynote of every successful private operation must 
be profits. An average of three per cent net per annum 
earned by this company may not seem very large in com- 
parison with some other businesses, but every such propo- 
sition owned by its principal customers has a double 


FORESTRY 


value. The main point is that the stockholders are as= j 
sured of a permanent annual supply of saw logs or pulp- 
wood as they may require, and there is hardly a sawmill 
or especially a paper company in America that would 
not jump at such an opportunity. 

This is a forest of Spruce and Fir, depending for its” 
profitable operation on complete utilization of every — 
cubic foot of wood in the tree, not just about one-third: 

The large logs go for lumber, t 
tops and cleaner branches for pulpwood, the spruce ba 
to tanneries, fir bark and all knotty or small branches for 
fuel. After the loggers have completed their task no 
ing larger than about an inch or two in diameter remains, 
Then the nearby peasants, the wives and daughters 
the woodcutters appear and pay about 10c an acre for th 
privilege of collecting the remains for their own house 
hold fires. If anything is then left it is scattered by 
woodsmen so that accumulated piles may not hinder 
growth of the seedlings. Nature, aided by perfect fire) 
protection, does the rest, for the seed falls from the | 
remaining uncut trees and every low stump is so on 
surrounded with new little shoots of green. 


of it as in America. 


IN THE BLACK FOREST 43 YEARS AGO 


T is particularly interesting, in view of the description 
in the above article of lumbering in the Black Forest 
to read what Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, the father of the 


author, wrote about his 


a circular and a nondescript machine for making thin 
boards from slabs. The lumber is sent all over Germany — 


visit to the Black Forest 
forty-three years ago. The 
following extract is taken 
in the 


Herald 


article 

Cleveland . (Ohio) 

in August, 1878: 
“Tuesday we 


from an 


arrived 
here and presented our let- 
ters of introduction to Herr 
the 
lumber manufacturers of 
Black Herr 


Katz is also a member of 


Katz, one of largest 


the Forest. 
the German Parliament, is 
well-posted about the poli- 
tics of the United States, 
and sides with the Repub- 
licans. Yesterday we were 
invited to look at his saw 
mills, of which he has four. 
He very kindly showed us 
through all his mills and 
gave us much general in- 
formation. The mills were 
a great surprise and very 
much larger than we ex- 
pected to see in Europe. 
They all run by water power, of which there is an un- 
limited supply. The largest mill contains three gangs, 


5 5 


A FOREST BEAUTY SPOT 


This forest in Germany comprises about 12,000 acres of land, 
similar to our Adirondack Mountain region. 


timber for the Paris Expos 
sition Buildings, N@ 
shingles or lath are made 


and the plaster is put die 
rectly on the walls, so there 
is no sale for either. 
Black Forest is the largest 
_timbered district in Ger 
many. It is very mountain= 
ous, and all the land ex= 
cept the valley bottom is ~ 
covered with forest. The 
timber is of three kinds,” 
all species of pine. The 
variety called by the na 
tive Germans ‘tanne | 


5 


and in many _ respects 
like our American) 
spruce, comprises two= 


thirds of the total. The 
forest is owned, almost ex- 
the genera’ 
town governments, 
who have officers to look 
after their property. At 
intervals one of these officers goes through his district 
and marks such trees as are to be cut, and they are sold; 


clusively, by 
and 


AIRPLANES FOR 


s they stand, at public auction. In some cases the 
are cut by the Government and then sold. The 
ish, bark and roots all command a ready sale. As 
n as a tree is cut a young one is put in its place. The 
ing trees are raised from the seed, and as much care 
to procure good seed as a gardener would take 
et good seed for his melon patch. The young trees 

anted several times, and are about two and a 
five feet tall when planted permanently in the 
_ An inventory ds taken of the forest every two 


> 


FOREST WORK 199 


years and the consumption of timber regulated. Herr 
Katz says the amount of timber in the Black Forest is a 
fixed quantity and does not increase or diminish. He 
thinks that in fifty years there will be no more or less 
timber in South Germany than today. The trees do not 
taper as much as our American pine. They rise so high 
without any sensible diminution of size that they look 
more like gigantic cylinders planted in the earth than or- 
dinary trees. Masts 150 feet long are sent to Holland. In 
other parts of Germany the timber is smaller than here.” 


+ 
e developn 


t of commercial aviation, on lines other 


everal contracts for mapping timber lands which 


on a basis of a fixed rate for a square mile of 
or map as the buyer may elect, and the cost will 
sh less than ground work of similar accuracy or 
hn It will also contract for fire protective 
yering not only spotting of fires but also their ex- 
ng as the plane can carry three men and a gaso- 
pump in addition to the crew. 

present carried out in Quebec the ground patrol 


it every day that it did not rain and by spotting the 
d going down and putting them out while they 
small, would save largely in fire fighting cost 
very materially save in burnt over area. It is to 
that someone will give this system a good try 
contracts will be made on a basis of so much per 
re mile or no payment. 

Maxwell, of this Service, made a splendid flight 
head at Cochrane, Ontario, to Hudson Bay in 
, with an Avro machine fitted with a rotary en- 
d toboggans. The trip which takes eight days 
team was made in two hours and forty minutes 
no trouble happened with the machine and no hard- 
iP was encountered. A full emergency kit of food, 
sping-bags, snowshoes, tent, ax, rifle, etc., was carried 
ca se of a forced landing from which the plane could 


the timber types, drainage, burns etc. These . 


AIRPLANES FOR FOREST WORK 


By Ellwood Wilson 


not get into the air again. This shows that winter flying 


‘ under the most difficult conditions is quite feasible and 
in Eastern Canada. The Laurentide Air Serv- 


there will probably be no reason for shutting down aerial 
operations in winter. 

The plane arrived at Moose F actory Hudson Bay Post 
before anyone was up for breakfast and everyone tum- 
bled out in great excitement, entirely unable to imagine 
what the noise overhead was. Mail from Montreal us- 
ually takes nearly two weeks and a letter arrived the 
night before the plane telling of its coming, but was not 
read until after its arrival. 

The possibility of all sorts of work in the great track- 
less north country is very large. One of the things 
under consideration is the payment of the treaty money to 
the Indians. This trip usually takes eleven or twelve 
weeks and costs a lot of money. With the plane it can be 
done in about two weeks and at a great saving. Explor- 
ing, prospecting, reconnaissance for railway lines and for- 
estry work will all be done. This opens up the possibility 
of cruising for purchase which can be done more ac- 
curately and in a small fraction of the time taken for a 
ground map and estimate and the buyer and seller can 
discuss the transaction across the table with the photo- 
graphs before them and without having to rely on a 
cruiser’s report. In the survey mentioned above, eleven 
square miles were covered per actual flying hour. 

The Spanish River Company, Ltd., have made a con- 
tract with the Dayton-Wright Company for a similar 
survey and it will probably soon be the accepted method 
for such work. 


Sy veden stumps seldom exceed three inches in height 
in the forests. No logging machinery of any kind 
enerally used. Top logs, down to one or two inches 
meter, are bunched and strapped with steel wire 
Oated to the nearest charcoal plant. The saw logs 
‘on the average, 61% to 7 inches in top diameter and 
ge in length about 17 or 18 feet. The logs are 
erally barked in the woods in order to prevent an ac- 
ion of barks in the river and at the mills. 


i” 


(7 of the largest and most perfect fir trees ever 

felled in Washington was recently cut at Kapowsin 
and turned into lumber by a local mill. The tree stood 
‘more than 300 feet high and seven 32-foot logs were cut 
below its branches. These logs were of a diameter of 
nine feet and weighed 275 tons. They were worth $3,000 
in the rough and the first grade flooring obtained from 
them will sell for several times that sum. The logs scaled 
from 45,000 to 50,000 each.—Daily News Intermountain 
District. 


EE — 


200 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Public Opinion Rallies to American Forestry 


Association. 


In Protesting Transfer of US. Forest Service 


Corton Selemce Montor-—A #\ WHATS THE IDEA? SHE WAS ALWAYS HAPPY DOWN ON THE FARM. WASN'T SHE? 


eval eeewgeines of the fect Gat the 
great nateral peameeces of Alecks a 
primarily and tandamentalty, 

wel we soubt comet 


beard to arouse the people’ 
to, realization of 
‘At any 


Nementing the work of the 
toe are the efforts of Willam B. 
Greetey, chiet of the United States 
Forest Service. These agencies potat 

yi ve national forests, the ma- 


made to cor 
forest from the Department ny Ag } 
caltacd to the Department of | 
jener, the tace of sach 2 propo- 

mal Sone "nigh teoc, af ret Bhasb, be 
anything to cae asiness OF 
alarea Bot it is 


* 
sors of this undertaking are the 
some wedividual are 


present Washington government, w 

wepporuing the so-called Curry 
Bill, sull beiore Congress, whic! th pr naa | 
all tederal phe Pgt J 


seer 2 poluscally-appointed com 

over to a poluically-app 

com, from which there shall be no) 

sod ubove members the Presi 
remove oaly for malfeasance 


deat co 

wm office. 

It is not claimed, 4 coarse, that] 

i» proposed (ransigr of control is 

tentea to benekt the pe of Alaska. 

Istensive developme the re-| 

sources of the Territory is not needed | 
ye well-being of those 


has to do with the reward secured by 
the firmer from bis jrdm that 
department which has an inverest fa 
securing high prices for the farmer to! 


repibe there. Nether] 


: — 
Darling—in the Portland “(Maine) Press Herald. 


Tt was pr 


Mi 
2 branch 


vest am 
head. 


Bangor, Me, Commercial —The 
ieaders ¢ ey United States Forest 
Porestry As- 


the American 
sociation and of the Society of Atm 


farm viewpoint ai 


interests, 


that department whose interest is to 
med that the develop-| keep the farmer's prices down.” what, ip termed, gg Seemed — olWho ‘selde from "Secretary Fall 
sent is sought im order that a infu Grange ~protests, continues this reso a, for, Alaska This | New York Evening Mail—Under wants them ch ‘changed over from crops 
m may be induce | lution, “against the proposed transfer) W250 j, e Congress in sev-| the protection bad a oicas estate? 
_, Sevetegeant svt] of the Bereansel Markets andl of ta} ora} bills. adin create for Alaska a] tion of tbe Department of Agrical- bea fips laedige mapobeabmctere ts 5 
SScqocives’ automatically. Alatka’s| justiged, and heatile to the Inacresta| Wore, Spetmision, or | Ger the do-| problems are treated as they should] |cobably there are those who want 
od by corarall of the farmers of Peansyivani ant| ties and authority of f the various Fed-| be with » view to, the conservation | iyc¢ ro a 
papen| x iv c | a nation’s tim: 
pire, but such an| resolution have gone to Congress and| Stal, executives, tometer with the sd} Bed se — Bepariment ot Aer 


farm y 
<4s4¢2 of monopolis will doubtless be more such resolu- 
Today / tions going in to Washington" defore 
. the ownership of which) long 
is vested in the people of the United] 


roposal to transfer primary 


Staten Its fiebes should not be made| control of the national forests to-the 
the pate oF politicians and land-| Deparment of interior also! 
grabbers arouses indignant protests. From 1891 


to 1905 the forests were under the ju- 


Washington Herald —Une of whe fisdiction, ‘of the Department of the! be carried out. 
great constructive a¢lucye ments Interior To say that they were 
Presde ric eippase dam: | sheesingly  ssléumteniped 09, toe moat 


S| Alaska 


of al 

and would work solely under 
the direction of the Secretary, of the 
Interior, It would center in this 
board the various activities in regard] w 
to Alaska that are now carried on by 
highly specialized bureaus acting un- 

of 


culture is interested in growing tr 
pot in selling lumber of land. Ti 
ber is a crop just as wheat 

which we used to treat “shamelaly 
and which we bave only 
think ‘of {reating decently because ot 
th 


der th 
We see 
and many reasons why it 


no reason for this action 


stroke against the public interests and 
against the interests of Alaska, an ef- 


forestry servic 


We are within measurable distance 


cut from our forests evecy ese four 


and turn the direction of over 
to men or departments he jack the 


of contact with farmers or farming 


to th 


a} of a timber famine if we do not radi-} the 
cally change our present methods. We} j, 


there. 


government activi 


a ae ” 


Savangah Presa —Porestry is « part 

of agricatture and is so 1: 

over the world. 
N if this service = transferred 


\erior 


comes a matter of Feal es 
Service has little basiness wih the 
tment of the In hel 


P 
of agriculture, as is 
forestry has madé great 


transferring the Forest Service from 


———— time 
vest which a a requires 
soyerument 5 
have few points| The for wats soon toro 
tgeoted as 


ities. 


ial Forest i 
gat of the Department of Agricultare, 
that dey the 


Cincimati Post—A Washington 
correspondent of The Post, describ- 
a Secretary ‘A. B: Fall's plan for 


market “by 
‘This seems to hit the nail on the 
al 


‘The Forest Service looks upon a 
forest as 2 crop to be and har- 
vested and mark 


between planting nat — 


rope instead 


eat, it Oe 


(lh 
refer? 
Pivedaer 


4er A serious attach on the United, Ja 1905 the smell of the thing became| fort that if successful may largely neu-[ times their annual More 
States forest grvice will soon be in| intolerable and, urged by Rooscvelt,| tralize and nullify the Toe SN, tor| thes ball the setton's toate By one 
the sews. Bilis in the Hou and| Congress took’ the national forests| the developmept of Al that has| forever The virgin forests that the int 
aie prowide for transfernimg the! away from the Department of the In-| been carried on for the past 15-ycars’| main are being cut at a rate that wilt as capably as the 
st service in whole ut ‘wmmmpce| tertwr and. qave Uveur to the Depart-} There is no Ocexsion to centralize the} destroy them entirely in. twenty-five of Agriculture has done, 
trom the Department o 5 ment of Agriculture for administra-| various interests of Alaska and many| years. That will mean, if it . is an, uncertainty 
to the Departvacor of the Interior | von "Tama Jim” Wilson was s¢c-| will see in the attempt another effort] an increased cost of lumber and there- definitely is 
the Deparment of Agnculture, | retary of agriculture then, and it was| to turn the riches of Alaska over to| fore an increased cost of every neces- has co-oper- 
rere they are now, the forest survice | up 19 him to lay down a pelicy for] pejyate interests fee the exploitation| sity of life because of the part wood with Pueblo and 
and the mational forests are sale, and | running our national forest lands, now| of this rich te Allis] plays in all industries making the San Isabel 
0 well managed that they have won| amounting to 156,000,000 acres. The song well with  Roake: The only} It has been a hard fight to save the Saninbteation of this 
the practically wesnimous support of | greatest good to the greates mamber t should come would be to| nation’s forests from the complete de-) g+ Peat Pioneer Pi There is others in Colorado has 
was its keynote. * ©  sec-| make Alaska 8 state as soon as she is| stroction with which selfish snterests i - a - This being -the 
D. s the] retary of agriculture is quite satisbed| qualibed and give her the local pow-| threstcned them. Ever slace | little to be said about the transfer of| the state will be 
eat of the government | with the present national forest ar- ad that go with statehood, but endl velt declared war against those inter-| the United States Forestry Service re allowed to re 
ners e of 2 real estate) rangements, if Western |Westock men| the permanent national interests as| ests the fight has had to be kept up| from the Department of Agriculture It is certain that 
of! they ‘are handled elsewhere. nremittingly. The move now made| into that of the Interior, as th the Interior cag 
i] to arenes the forestry eerzice back] by Secretary Fall, except in jest. Na work being 
sion . to the Department of the: Interior—| Friends of the servic e the present manaj ts 
th ovés the| Southern Agriculturist. — Forestry! “the real estate branch of the govern | unanimous that it’ should be 4 Why make a change the lorests 
their | proposed: transfer, just who is st'that| and agriculture are closely related; ia-| ment=nis simply « counteratesch, by | Samos and not x single potent|*E thandled so admi 
wasto to see the ‘nationdl forests and sense forestry is] those who would exploit the _pablic cele * han” ot L serge 
the grazing lands in the hands of the| but 2 branch of agriculture To take| domain for their own pockets It| change. "Phe lerestay ancien has 
Department of the Interior? f the Depart-| must be defeated. been notably successtut since its re- ave 
Forestry os doing jot long since the Department of] meat of patotaste and put it in this! organization. in the grab ‘of the great Alaskan 
There is sot onc | the Interior got inko quite a me department, or—w i 


y ki the pro-| over sational-forest lands in 

ee ts neither good ad-| with most distressing’ political results 
sx nor good| Has official Washington forgotten 

should remain | about that? The public has not 


Milwaukee Journal — Congress is 
urged to transfer the mational forests 
of Alaska from the Department of 
Agricultare to the Department of the 

atenor, the frst step, it is under- 

a a movement to transfer all 
|the national forests to the Interior 
nt. This would be sheer 


ublic opinion is 


Newark, N. ra Evesieg News —| 
Washington dapatches suggest thas | 
yam, the Presmdeat’s per 


8 supporting 
+ of the Forestry Bu- 


of ihe Lnterior 
us conveyed i an 
would be well that the| forestry policy, includ 
eas tuowa: for nothing tise; Protection and* cxtentive reforesta- 
rhaps, could do more to discredit) WO" The forest service show 
Fie teorgamaation policy, which to| Stengthened, not divided of broken 
extent phat it is based opon the| dows 
Hen wtd 4 TY is well for Congress to minimize 
| the use of red tape, to eliminate du- 
plication and 
« 


to the Interior 
Department would, wales these for- 

~ to be neglected, re the! 
ment of © te 
ry service. 
srease expeanes 


Dis Opposition ix erroneously at- 
\ributed to the conservation gro¥p, 
Gifford Pinchot,” be] ests. ar 

that all ‘the “oreo, 


Tr te true thar Br Plachet, who” vale 
a most exact sense ts the father of 
or tional fore 1 conservation pol 
icy a8 practiced since Roosevelt's d 
soread bro. 


hat our nationa’ 
orbs ion La ae they will 

have protectors #0 long 4 they are 
‘ ¢ of the Agricultural 


b 

D the present forest 
the ed change im the depart » ' 
teniah tocale of tne Forest Bureau | *sice It is chere that they sbonld 
But the protests that been made| be kept 


the change are vot cénfioed 
h Mr. Pinchot 
Forestry Asso: 


San Francisco Journal—The public 
>| lands division of the Interior Depart- 
C| ment is essentially a real estate office. 
. E is pot a farm 


comp from indepen 
Welt, North and South, incluiing 3 
newspaper in Waghin he 
which be ey ery ul heeds, ef private owners as extedi- 
, |. the Department 


reflect the views of Herbert Hoover. 

ol 
Agricomace entets Gar, toe perbese-ol| 
showing people how te make better 

tse of the lands they now have 
‘The whole policy of conservation is 
a severe jolt to those Americans who 
have been accustomed to nothing bet 
prodigality and waste So loug as 
there is enough for today, these peo- 


The Outlook.—As Colonel Geeettsi} 


ster, Bitly 


‘ woch a system 
he Country Gentleman—Do farm-| that comeryation means locking wp 
es Depart:| the public resources and removing 
hem from use. It merely means 
deur ments?) stopping the destruction and waste, 
sed, fot) and retaining ownership in the public 
tan “at Markets) ungil the resources are needed for use 
m-| instead parting with thet for a 
‘The establishment of 

wal forests was one 

ac 


89] PI 
Alaska, 


a ‘ ¢ marke 
sd Secouse othe 
Tedev totowed by 


q 
—to turn it over 


pling the service, and to lessen greatly 
the benefits the country will derive 


Department of Agriculture. 
farmers should let their congress- 
men and senators know in no. uncer- 
aoe do not wish the 
Speunel |Aguiccioas ‘aassees 


«| bered, and.-shat they will not took 


cultural interests of the country away | able 


¢ farmer's own. department | 


evidence that it will not be to the ad- 
vantage of the United States Forest 


Service, and. conscoule ns ¥o sie 
Mvantage of the country, to transler 


fc in opposing the 
at proposal te stone sented 
an atteinpt to despoll Alaska-of its 
forests, which are among the richest 
resources of the Territory. And or- 

d irreconcil- 
posi Ay s at reference to the 
national forestry policy, as outlined 


irom one 


ine action. 


about the chan, 
ward to the 


2 —— Department of] 
Pittsburgh Post.—The best possible Apicitios, and smeat the only un- 
= « jose inter-| be 


ire the 


of this government agency. 


What the American forests need is 
not a transfer of the forestry 


lepartment into another, 
| but a broad national 
Mr, Pinchot and the 


1 
cic efforts to stir public opinion 


‘Charleston, 8.C,N C., News.—The pub- 
lic would certainly like to know more 


SB with, re 

Focest ‘Service before 
made. 

forest Service itself, various 

forestry associations, and leaders 


TROUBLE. OVER THE WILL 
% aes 


ae tomorrow is 20 benefit | 


—Chapin in The Country Gentleman 


in 


nts tt 

destraction for the bench of = pee 
Nothing is to be gait 

posed change, and much valeht te 


the bills under which the Forest Ser~ 
vice would be taken out of the De- 


mos 
pted raid upon forestry and upon 


foonetn, through Congress, = tess the 
probability of its success. The Ameri- 


gaa, Forestry Association says a good 
eal 


Facsimi 
ofa 
News-sh 


Quoting 


President 
Harding, © 
to <@ 
Members 
of 
Congress 


1 ECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FALL, exer- 
/ cised over the widespread and vigorous opposition to 
n for transferring the National Forests in Alaska 
the Department of Agriculture to his department, 
da statement on March 4 setting forth his views. 
e newspapers gave considerable space to his declara- 
ns and to others which followed, including denials 
at the Departmen Agriculture was conducting 
) nda against Secretary Fall. All of this, follow- 
e very wide publication of articles opposing the 
transfer distributed on news sheets of the 
n Forestry Association has resulted in the public 
¢ unusually well informed regarding this very 
matter. 


Re age eee 


esult of this widespread information the opposi- 
) taking the National Forests from the Depart- 
Agriculture, where they have been very satisfac- 
administered, has become most pronounced. The 
s ; are practically a unit in protesting against 
al and scores of influential organizations have 
it. 
Fall’s statement of March 4 is, in part, as 


d before the Committee on Territories of the 
and later the Committee on Territories of the Sen- 
made statements before each concerning the 
pending legislation known, first, as the Curry 
proposed, in short, the establishment of a 
: form of Government in Alaska; second, 
ill along the line of the Overman Bill, authorizing 
lent to allocate and coordinate the duties of the 
bureaus now having jurisdiction over activi- 
property of the national government in Alaska ; 
, a bill of a similar character, vesting in the 
y of the Interior the authority over most of 
‘ivities, by transferring to the Interior Depart- 
n the United States, offices of such bureaus oper- 
ne in Alaska and the control over the property ad- 
; iste ed under the laws enacted by the Congress. 


“ 1) I opposed the Curry Bill. 

“(2) I approved the passage of either the bill au- 
yrizing the President to allocate and coordinate, or 
e bill vesting the authority directly in the Interior 
partment. 

mong these activities was the administration of the 
sts in Alaska, to the end that the work of the In- 
jor Department might be coordinated, by transfer of 
e forests to the Interior, the administration of the 
ining laws, the agricultural entry laws, the construc- 
on of roads and other methods of transportation, etc. 
“This at once brought down upon my devoted head 
wrath of Mr. Gifford Pinchot and his followers, 
d immediately there was issued a press sheet in glar- 
g black headlines, purporting to be sent out by the 


se 
> * 


= 


THE FIGHT FOR ALASKA’S FORESTS 


American Forestry Association. This sheet urged each 
person receiving the sheet to take it to the editor of his 
newspaper and to impress upon him its importance. 
In the first column appears an interview quoting from 
Colonel Greeley, Chief of the United States Forest Sery- 
ice. In the second column is a picture of this very 
efficient official, and under the picture the explanation 
in headlines: ‘Colonel W. B. Greeley, Chief of the United 
States Forest Service, who challenges plan to get con- 
trol over Alaska’s forests.’ 


“Below this appears a prominent sub-head: ‘Raps 
Fall in public’s war for forests,’ followed by a quota- 
tion apparently emanating from the American Foresters 
or someone else (He means the Society of American 
Foresters.—Editor) to the effect: 


“The purposes back of this attempt can be surmised, though 
they are not accurately known. Secretary of the Interior A. 
B. Fall is apparently chief sponsor of this movement, as he 
was the chief sponsor for the so-called Curry Bill, still tecn- 
nically before Congress but probably now dead. This bill 
was directed against continued public control of the great natu- 
ral resources of Alaska * * * * * A more daring piece of 
legislation has not been attempted in our time. The vast 
wealth of the great Empire of Alaska was to be turned over to 
an absolutely irresponsible body, from which the people of 
Alaska and the people of the United States would have no appeal 
whatsoever,” etc., etc. 


“I was absent upon official business when this sheet 
was sent out, but immediately received a telegram from 
my office describing it and quoting from it. The chiefs 
of several of the bureaus of this department whose 
efforts to administer the public laws are so frequently 
hampered by activities of the Forestry Bureau and of 


Mr. Pinchot, were outraged at this vicious and unwar-_ 


ranted attack upon the head of a coordinate department 
of the Government, and appearing with a related ar- 
ticle of his own, by the chief forester of a bureau in the 
Department of Agriculture. I was urged to take the 
matter up directly with the President and to call his 
attention to the impropriety, to say the least, of such 
practice.. I replied by wire to the assistant and admin- 
istrative secretaries of this department on December 
30, that it was all right to call the attention of the Presi- 
dent to the matter, but if they did so, to hand him my 
telegram in which I directed that if any public state- 
ment was given out it should be simply along these lines: 

“That the question of Alaskan and other matters would in 
our judgment be commented on upon official responsibility di- 
rect to Congress where legislation is pending, and for the 
Interior Department officers and employees thus dealing with 
official business not to bias or prejudice or influence legislation 
by propaganda and untruthful statements.” 

“This telegram was called to the attention of the 
President and a public statement contained in a few 
lines given out to the press as directed by myself.” 


Secretary Fall also refers to statements of W. A. 
Babbitt, an article by Prof. H. H. Chapman, in the 


a aie 


202 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


“Shall Alaska Become the Promised Land of Bilk and 
Money for the Interests?” Says Call to Kill Plan 


~ a Sane -> 


WARNS AS TO’ CALLS U. S. TOBATTLE ON TO, U.S, Forest 
FUTURE OF FIGHT FOR | KEEP TIMBER | Change is — 


Col Greeley, Forestry A Forest Move to Put Forest Service in 
est Service Points to Millions in Forest} Opposes Move to Take Porests| Department of Interior ié Called 
to Get Control of Greatest A» Wealth in “Seward’s Folly” and! of Alaska from Control of U.S.| “Most Serious Attack Yet 
set Country Has Today by Gov. Asks for Country's Backing in| Forest Service and Give Them| Made on the Conservation 
erning Board Plan. Continued Con-) to i Movement in This Country.” 
pehngien Ww. trol by Forest Service ; Washungton———"Shall Alaska be| New York’City———tn a letter sent 

Development Beart Plan for Washingron— Mallsons of dotlars| Made the “promesed land of Bille and] ovt by the New York Section 

Alaska and edvising that the territory wm forest wealth va Alaska, for which | ®OP€Y for the unterests,”“is the ques-| Society of Americpn Foresters the tax 

be made & state os soon as she is qual. Seward “i his folly” paid $7,200,009 tn up to the American people, says) paying public is called upon to help 

Ged, Col Wiliam B Grestey, chic! in 1867, pust Gilty-five years age, are at | # statement today ry from P. S. Ridsdale, | im killing “one of the most seriqua at 

of the U.S. Forest Service, im . stake om the move to take the forests | Seretary Of the American Forestry) tacks which has yet beea made on the 

le in the American | of Alaska from the control of the De-| Association. which opposes the. plan| conservation movement in this coun- 
tine, the official organ of the Ameri-| partment of Agnewlure and -place|'® take the forests of Alaska out of| try” The attack referred to is the 
can Poremry Association, the then im the Interior Department, says| t€ hands of the U. & Forest Service| plan to take the Forest Service out of 

for the welt & statement from the Americag For-| 284 turn them over to the of Agri and 
be challenged ; COL. W. B. GREELEY estry Assocation today The asso-| Department. put it in the Department of the Inte- 

Col Greeley bas been m Alaska and cation calls on every member in every “The tinle has come for speahing|tior Coupled with this’ is the move 

made an exhaustive stedy of her re-| Chief of the U.S, Forest Service, | state and upon all (riesds of forestry about the forests of Alaska and the| to get control of the vast natural te- 

sources which be calls the greatest) ~ whe challenges plan to get | and conservation 10 helé im its fight| “#0rts to remove them from the juris-| sources of Alaska and the whole 
asset the United States has today. The’ < to keep the National forests under| 08 of the Forest Service,” says) United States. — 

article “What is Wrong With Alaska’ control of Alaska’ Sheu geesces Goutael. the statement “No less than seventy-| The fight to kill the plan for “board 

is of the, most timely nature because The Association points to the re-| 8¥¢ billion feet of merchantable tim-| control comes just as it is announced 

Sit seme to a the foveste a- —— === | port of Chief Forester Greeley as ar-|D€* stand im the Tongass and Chu-| that Wresident Harding in’ company 

nae —— 4 goment for the tremendous stake in-| 84> National Forests enough to fur-| with Secretary Fall will visit the ter- 

Lee ne “bans Be pol By Fall In volved and oa & bases its request for| 2% annually over ane billion feet of] ritory next summer At the ‘offices of 

ofl 234 pes seat ten yearn Cot vigorous opposition 0 the proposed] pulp wood and other material to our] the Society. of American Foresters 

Greeley deplores red tape methods as oy plan for psec ner lid a forests to bry for all time if the forests) word has been received that the Ames- 

having strangled progress in the terti- Public s War the Interior Department re handed under the right methods| ican Forestry Association with micw- 

tory aed in part writes: As to whet {s'teveived the associa- oo forestry “Shall Alaska become a . 
he afloct is sow being made to von brings out these points in the an-| Prouusedsland of bilk and money al bers'in every state He dnieed the oght 

create for Alaska a local For Forests nual report by Col. Greeley. the ms ts now up to the Ameri-| to Keep the Forest Service ja the 

©, Development Beard. which ad esiooal Forests of Alsshs} ‘a, peom to decide? volte partment of “Agricetvare, Past of the 
‘authority ontain jurisdiction 

the, cortone Pedefat gnecetives | te: Society of American Foresters in OO fect of tinder of eoaity eat Service theve forest have Pek aty | & ae of ‘the ape raat 

cnn served uirement: 

oe ae Ge eee roe gee Nationwide Campaign to equvadest te mare ener oes mil bak aicesdy twee large Tales of | of Americas Poreeues says: 

selely under the direction of the Sec: naa loa ig Tan alo atthe ctumber in the Continental| Mave been made for the manul Ridin tc the sees te oe a 

retary Interior. proposal jeasure ore Congress| Uns cng gel 100,000, obbery there 

well nv 000 cords of ean ‘of several to put the he bed rviCe 

the ational interests im Alsaka are Means to Control of Natural |serviceabinly’ for Setanta a tonal sales witch wil Sai Sabi nem 14a, | she Bepartmen of the | 
Alaska iiher) paper is fully by existi he Amer- is lo ‘one of the most serious as 
fisheries, her enormous commercial practice Wisely handled, ican Forest: tacks which has yet ren tenes oe the 


‘Washington———Demands to con-/4 paper industry can be developed f in) Continues. ‘Just at the time when the: 7 7 
Al manent as the -| Forest Service is succeeding in mak-| '*¥,2"4 if we are not to lose out, im- 
ol Scandios oo male hey the forests a large factor in the| mediate steps must be taken to arouse 


if 
| 


of the great food sources of the United toda; - > dustries indinavia, and capable mg 

States In ber vast forests lies a piac- y to kill “a daring piece | of of supplying a third of the present pa-| uxiding up of this {rontier-segion wn- the ‘public to the danger which threat: 

tical solution of oar paper shortage. | °C legislation” which would turn the “ded he United States der conditions which will insure the| €&* the National Forests of the coun- 
“The United States has painstak-| control of Alaska with all its vast for- Oy ‘. an Lo ich should of the forests and there- bs i of 

aagly, by many years of effort, built| ests and water power resources, over eve ba siento ae nari ‘ing unre-| by t manence of these mew in-| 4 AS Hresident of the Society of 

wp national s for the use of pub-|to the Department of the Strained and Sesirective cuptoiaucs | dustries! tbe proposal is ia oan) Serene: Foreesers, 1 om wening 


timber, publicly owned) Denunciation of the plan as received | “Since these National Forests were| gress to cut off the administration of| Cc% Sectio ‘lg eo some 
‘and oil pMiccren| banayas peorgabe diag wl placed under administration in 1906|the Alaskan forests from the Forest weenie J their help in thwarting 
migratory birds, of American Foresters, New  ¥: they have been open irecly for the| Service -4od place’ them in untried "ME PFO? \ ; 

liare | Section, says in part: timber and other commercial| hands im the Interior Department.| cy,1 Tealize that some of the Section 

“The Navonal Forests the National | resources ueder regslations of an exe] This proposal is contained oe the bis] Chiets, because. of their connection 
- | ceedingly liberal and simple charac-| which at the recent hearings béfore sible to take any active part in 
s | ter are being cat today to the| the Senate Committe on Peron | pPesing the proposed a 
sters to | extent about ~ rd feet) was mreoely endorsed by the Secre-| % ~ 

n mterior. 


hi m to 
Srnvally” “They fornish 8 percent "CpRe change would be fraught with] on of friends of the Je Forest Service 


to the vicious legislation which is 
Selore Congress to 


raiit 
a 
i WEE 
= Bee 
A lie E 
lin! 
Hi 
Hl 
glir 
ill 


5 
t 
a 
i 
i 
¥ 
Hf 
i 
i 
i 
H 


inorder that they may once more |of all the timber used in the Terri: 
j . nd | tory; they supply every sawmill on the eh danger to the public interests, 
are coast with by pao furnish) for the ester ape te * as ines of activity im suggest 
2 large proportion of fam-| bureau that has carried the work for| BE™ which they 
ber and box shooks used bn Alaska's) over flicen years, has cstabliched a) MAY. BE of assistance 


Ht 

i 
: 

Hi 

Hs 

H 

E 

: 


i 
i 
c 
tl 
a 


ne . 
? 1} tional Forest to the Department of | fish industry, they supply th t| Competent and efficient decent fized sabe jpthnny'4 & 
ak nee the Iatertor. perement:©" | batk of the timber need Ia the tines] Ormuolgation, bas developed sound ind Who depeed, upon the National For 
<The perp purposes back of ths attewpt |in theit portion of the Terrtory Sues] wor Kable policies, and has the conf- ee ererink: ionber sat cxber for 
t 5 
though they arc not | have been readily and freely obtained| dence of the country at large. “Thel at Roasts, ho would gladly: come 
in 


ie 
if 
if 
‘ 


seceranety known. Secretary of the | within them for a large number of fecestp would now taken 
interior, A. B. Fail fp appercacty the [salmon ‘connerien, eames villages, | Competem organization and 
chie! lpn this movement, as he | fox farms, and commercial establish: | the moods ofa Department which must] §2 Se wae v7 
Tas the chief sponsor for the so-called | ments of every character adaptcd 30) build up a similar bureau to adminis-| Forces Service orgadizes this support 
q this region. them Inevitably. the proposed| i" order that the Ze ae 
“The Forest Service tas tabored| ction would result. in changes of] People may be consi at the hear- 
- | steadily to promote the establishment] policy as well as in duplication of ef-| "5. 
wed public control of the great natural | of a a paper industry in Alaska, whch fort Two government policies in for- ie ine ‘one of the most vital ques- 
resources of Alaska. It provided for | promises to be one of its most estry certainly would lead to conflict] Ons the forestry profession 
portant industral ‘evelopments, The| and public injury ‘The next step nat-| ‘day and I hope that 3 your section 
c " game, | terms oflered }o paper ma ransfacture =| urally gold by be tot Sranstes thes entire] 0°3,P hp 
more more| Forest iment ager 
tional afsire it Alaska. It is danger-| commission, from which there was no | tavorable 19 the operster thas in the] of Agricultare tothe Imenen Ber] The bills affecting the Alaskan for- 
ft means a partial break-| appeal, and whose members even the cate of any public timberlands in Can-| partment poaigne axe 5: ving the Pres- 


Y witl comparison: ire-| “For many 
execution of vital pablic policies for| remove only for malfeasance in office | quently been drawn. Two sales of| made to break down the National For- < 
Sich satel eseurse,_ Lat] A more daring piece of legislation has |palp timber, arzregation ests of Alaska. At one time it was| 4 a 
es develop Alaska in harmony| not been attempted in our time. The been 1 to abolish these| it charge of the Senate Committee on 
i at all points, the iT row open the Territories and Insular Pos: 
Make her a State as soon as she is| Alaska oe ea abate Thy ries wore sources ust to the old system heim feign “= =, 
idly as-may| absolutely irresponsible x raltany aor kerehte century was by 90 much ee Repco Foresta to 
I ge, will which the poopte of Alaska ‘aad tee | Sor ihe setiding cp af ferent nseenee| nad gal nceeaee Rin Bus 740, hich es ead 


ify 
fie 
pt § 
iiss 
boar 
ies 
EH 
£ 
yb 
a 
HE 
E 


Es 
2 
3. 
ty 
tt 
te 
58: 


# 
a} 
Ls 
ri 

i 
Ht 
Be 


‘At the same time handle of ‘the United States would |in the Territory take form, they are| sal was to abolish the Gh he P For- 
tational interests. in| kave no appeal whatsoever, receiving and will receive every form| esters ia Alaska, inching’ the Na-|!'2 
they are handled elsewhere! “Having apparently failed in this at-| of entouragement from the Forest| tional Torests, be handled by*a political- Sorvers™ 
both daring ber territorial appreatice-| tempt, the tes of private control | Service consistent with the public in-{ly-: ted an irre- 
nn eet, de haces 6 Sista, of our public natural resources have | terest in io cmnperoleed! barmestat|pes:| opm Now comes) tions or cut and driéd rules which are 
sand uni- jed another method. ‘Fhe very | duction from Alaska's forests proposal to. sorefentaie tee Forest| conceived Te weald jeopardize the 
Rameeues ber ube hee on: justifiable plan of reorganization of eget is, Ho more reason why a] Service from Alaska and to place the| whole enterprise which has been built 
Iministrative machinery adapted to] the Gorecement | [ ements bat separate and iderent synem should| work, which is being 30 up during the past fifteen years or 
"s isolation. been seized upon by ¢ as another set op for desing wi the public| dane, ler anot! it more i 
x pon by, the snothe G abe Wetec "ahe ar 


vil is tong range ad-| possible “opening people who | forests of Alaska | 
ministration. There is too cen-|want\to get control of Alaska’s re-| ting up such a oyetem for each State.| ences regarding the purpose of the|the public, in Spies demands 
tralization of administrative authority) sources now propose = ceeeeeer the | Alaska meeds the a 5 genre to her| present move. The fact of import-| that The Alaskan 1 Nat al Forests re~ 

delays in| entire Forest Service and the Na- | forests prions of the experience,| ante is that the effect would be to|main under the jurisdiction of the 
Alaska is} tional Forests, ia "Alaska and in | technical knowledge and organization| lose to the public the great value of| Forest Service in the Department of 
to many inflexible regula-| the United St to the Department | provided by the Forest Service, while| the National Forest system that is op-| Agriculture, and we urge the 
tional Forest system may easily be) of the Interior also propose to | the policy followed should be at one|erafing so, well ia. the ae support of this pri 
* | treneler Alaska’s water power to this | with that of the entire couary. of| Alaska itself part of our readers and 
ditions. Department” which Alaska is simply a pa “The effect of this move on the Na-| try at large.” 


2 


This is a facsimile of the Association’s news sheet on the Alaskan sit 

: uation to which 
Secretary of the Interior Fall takes exceptions, alleging that it was inspired by the 
Department of Agriculture. 


New York Times, both of which he disputes, and to other this is contrary to the theory of Mr. Pinchot, is not in 
articles in newspapers and magazines which he classes as cord with what is so well known as Pinchotism, and dot 
propaganda. not meet with the approval of Colonel Greeley. 
“Right development in Alaska should be pursued up 
the comprehensive plan reported long since by the Aas! 
Engineering Commission, and the Alaska Road Co 
sion, that freight for the now completed Government roa¢ 
may be delivered to it from the wonderful mineral de 
posits of the Kantishna, Mount McKinley and other min 
out the cireut and district court reports, will show that eral districts. The road building and trail building im 


Mr. Fall goes on to outline his views regarding Alaska 
and in reference to the forests, and the opposition to his 
plans, says: 

“The laws of the United States provide a penalty for 
timber cutting upon the public lands not withdrawn as 
forests, and the records of the courts and the recorded de- 
cisions published from those of the Supreme Court through- 


these laws have been administered by the Interior Depart- Alaska is now: 


ment and the Departmentt of Justice through prosecution “(1) Under the jurisdiction of the Alaskan Road Com 


of those trespassing upon such timber. The rec- mission ; 


ords of the department an 
Department of Justice will 
exactly the same conditio 
is, that case after case of 
trespass has been prosecuted b: 
Department of Justice, upon 
recommendation of the Departt 
of the Interior, in Alaska as + 
as elsewhere. 
“The law grants ooruiel 
cutting timber for mining 
other purposes, and the 
amount of timber which has ft 
cut in Alaska, it must be 
bered, has been used for pu 
recognized by the law, has 1 
used under the law and said us 
resulted in the warming of 
freezing bodies of pioneers; 
melting of the gravels and tur 
and soil that the miners mig 
able to reach the mineral wealth th 
ing below same, for the timb 


of shafts for the coal mines of 
Government, and the timberi 


some instances of the mines 
prospector and developer. 
use of timber is the ordinary 1 
to which it has been put duri1 
the ages down to the present 

“Tt is true that the settler « 
go upon the lands of Alaska, « 
trance to which is not prohibit 
by stupid and arbitrary regula 
of the Forestry Bureau, and thi 
secure under the laws a home: 
and use the sparse-growing ti 
upon it for the construction of 
log house, where his wife may | 
protected and his children na 
born. ~ 

“T am aware of the fact, as 
the people of the western countr 
generally where the public land 
National Forests are situated, 


z 


) Under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Good 


‘-. 
Under the Territorial Road Board of Alaska. 

‘The first and the last are cooperating closely. The 
ond, which has twelve hundred thousand dollars in its 
ry, through the gracious act of Congress, can not 
not cooperate nor allow the Alaskan Road Com- 
n the use of any funds, nor has Congress directed 
e use of these funds should be allowed outside the 


thought as a business man was that Congress 
rovide a proper working organization and adopt 
hensive plan of development embracing trans- 
by railroad, boat, dirt road, dog road, trail, etc., 
est utilization of non-metalliferous mineral’ deposits 
r resources in mineral lands and water. 

ed before the Committee that the present system 
ng, and suggested if Congress did not desire to 
te other activities and place them under the jur- 
f the Interior Department or directly under the 
n of the President, then the activities of the 
partment in the matter of homes, town sites, 
ids and all other lines, should be transferred to 
Ituralk or some other department. For this I 
up to exeeration, public abuse and private 

{ 


in possession of letters.written by Mr. Pinchot to 
ors who he thought were im accord with the propa- 
1 a to which I call your attention, which contain his 
ni: peourance that the entire purpose.im suggesting 
coordin&tion as I have mentioned was that I should 
e Forest Service. Upon being called to task for 
this assertion, Mr. Pinchot has replied that years 
i made an attack in the Senate upon the Forestry 
and that at one time I had some personal trouble 
Bureau. 
Pinchot is right in his statement— 
1) That I made a speech attacking the Forestry 
eatt administration in 1912 in the United States Sen- 
(2 He is‘ right in stating, but omits the facts, that 
eral years before I came into the Senate I had a per- 
4 ipon a forest reserve in New Mexico for grazing 
rr 
t I bought out other parties who had preferential 
its, with waiver of their claims under the “use book” 
ulations ; that the local assistant or deputy forester 
nanded of me original copies of bills of sale, etc., 
ich were then in the hands of the recorder; that as 
fore: knew me, as everyone in southern New 
ico knew me, I became irritated at the delays and 
yravations incident to a request for the recognition 
tt I believed to be my rights. I wrote a letter to 
ict forester, which was forwarded on to Mr. 
then Forester, and the latter agreed with the 
clusions of the local officer; that I immediately sur- 
dered my own permit, did not make any further appli- 
on for permit under my waivers, but moved my sheep 


5 


THE FIGHT FOR ALASKA’S FORESTS 203 


forty-five miles across country to a ranch which I owned, 
and this ended the incident. 

“In the speech which I made in the Senate, as can be 
discovered by reference to it, I stated that I was not 
opposed to the conservation of the forests; that I was 
opposing the administration by the Forestry Bureau; 
that I opposed the maintenance of small strips of land 
in more than one place by the Forestry Bureau, within 
which narrow strips were patented springs of water nec- 
essary for the use of stock upon the adjacent range; 
that such administration was merely for the purpose of 
securing fees with which to make some showing to the 
Congress of the United States, justifying deficiency ap- 
propriations from that body. 

“As an evidence that my statement aceivad consider- 
ation, I may say that 114,000 acres were thereafter elim- 
inated from these forests, including that portion of the 
forest which I had specifically referred to; that other 
eliminations followed, and that as an interesting side 
matter, I may say to you that in one elimination in 1918, 
of several thousand acres from a forest reserve to which 
I had referred in this speech, every acre has been taken 
up under the homestead acts by the returned soldiers of 
the recent war. 

I understand perfectly well that my ideas as to the 
development of our natural resources and making them 
accessible to our returned soldiers and other citizens, do 
not meet with the approval of certain narrow-minded and 
biased bureaucratic government officials and their spon- 
sors.” 

PRESIDENT PACK ANSWERS FALL 

The American Forestry Association on March 8 car- 
ried “The Case of the People vs. The Proposal to Trans- 
fer the U. S. Forest Service to the Department of the 
Interior” direct to President Harding and members of 
Congress. This “case of the people” is a resume of the 
editorial epinion of the country denouncing the proposed 
plan to take the Forest Service out of the Department 
of Agriculture, These editorial opinions were sent to the 
President and to.members of Congress. 

The Association. says that Secretary Fall is misin- 
formed if he believes that Secretary of Agriculture Wal- 
lace has anything to do with the Association’s protest 
against the proposed transfer, or that Gifford Pinchot 
has anything to do with guiding the Association’s poli- 
cies. The statement authorized by Charles Lathrop 
Pack, the president of the Association, follows: 

“Secretary Fall takes exceptions to what he calls ‘the 
propaganda’ of the American Forestry Association. If 
stating its objections to placing the United States Forest 
Service in the Interior Department, if giving to the 
newspapers the objections of the foresters of the country 
as voiced by the Society of American Foresters, if quet- 
ing United States Forester Greeley on the Alaskan situs 
ation, is propaganda—then the Association conducts 
propaganda. So did Paul Revere in his famous ride. 

“If reprinting and distributing editorial expressions of 
the Chicago Tribune saying ‘Our Forests are in Danger,’ 
or the Milwaukee Journal saying ‘No More Ballingerism 


204 


Please,’ and similar expressions from the Christian 
Science Monitor, the Louisville Courier-Journal, the New 
York Evening Mail, and dozens of other newspapers is 
propaganda, then the American Forestry Association 
sends out propaganda. 

“The American Forestry Association, with thousands 
of members who are citizens of every state in the Union, 
represents the public and is quite willing to rest the 
propaganda question with the editors of the country and 
with the public. It at no time has consulted Secretary 
Wallace as to its policies nor did he know what it was 
doing unless he saw it in the newspapers. 

“President Warren G. Harding, in welcoming the Farm 
Conference to Washington, closed his address by im- 
pressing upon the delegates the importance of forestry to 
the farmer. That was the best kind of propaganda, in 
the opinion of the American Forestry Association, and it 
has collected comments on the President’s statement all 
over the country and is printing these editorial comments 
in the next issue of its magazine. 

“The Association’s magazine printed an article by Sec- 
retary Fall on the recreational value of our National 
Parks and what they mean to the country. It then sent 
that article all over the country and it was widely print- 
ed. That is the kind of useful information which the As- 
sociation sends out in its news service regularly. 

“As President Harding well pointed out, forestry is of 
prime importance to the farmer. The Association stands 
against transferring the Forest Service because the in- 
terests of forestry are inseparable from those of agricul- 
ture. More than sixty per cent of the forests in the 
long run will be in small ownership either attached to 
farms are interspersed among farms. The development 
of forests and agriculture must go hand in hand and are 
interdependent. 

“The Association opposes the proposed transfer be- 
cause such a step would lead to the division of the 
federal work of forestry among two or more departments 
with a consequent duplication of work weakening the 
leadership and lessening the effectiveness of that work in 
many directions. 

“As a result of the stand taken by the American For- 
estry Association hundreds of organizations throughout 
the country are voicing their protest against the proposal 
to transfer the Forest Service to the Interior Department. 

“Tt will be of interest to some perhaps to know that 
the article by Col. William B. Greeley, Chief of the United 
States Forest Service, to which Secretary Fall takes ex- 
ception as ‘vicious propaganda’ against him, was writ- 
ten before President Harding announced the make-up ot 
his cabinet. 

“There the case lies. We have yet to find an editorial 
expression favoring the transfer. The public, it seems, 
has its mind made up on the proposition.” 

GREELEY’S STATEMENT 

Col. W. B. Greeley, commenting on Secretary Fall's 
statement, said: 

“The idea that the Forest Service is conducting a pro- 
paganda against the Secretary of Interior is absurd. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


“Following a personal inspection of the National Fe 
ests in Alaska in 1920 I wrote an article on the 
tion in Alaska, which took issue with the proposal to 
the natural resources of the Territory over to a de 
ment board. This proposal was an old one, having a 
peared and reappeared a number of different tim 
discussion of Alaskan affairs. The article in q 
was given the American Forestry Magazine for 
cation several months before Secretary Fall assum 
present duties. My position regarding the National F 
ests in Alaska was restated plainly in the official 
ings held subsequently by the committees on territor 
of the House and Senate. Everything I have had to s 
on this subject has dealt solely with the principles 
Federal administration in Alaska, and included no er 
cism or attack upon anyone. 

“Whatever the American Forestry Association has 
say about the National Forests in Alaska, or any ot 
subject has been said without any suggestion or ps 
ticipation on my part. The American Forestry Ma: 
zine has occasionally quoted from my published st 
ments or testimony before Congressional committ 
that is the extent of my connection with material 
by the Association. J 

“The idea that the Forest Service is conducting proj 
ganda against the Secretary of Interior is absurd. 
question as to which department should administer t 
forests should be settled-on its merits. Secretary F 
is misinformed if he thinks the Forest Service is ma 
ing any fight on him.” . 


SECRETARY WALLACE REPLIES 


Referring to the declaration by Secretary Fall that 1 
has been the object of “a vicious and unwarranted attacl 
in propaganda emanating from the Department of 
culture, Secretary Wallace, in a letter to Senator Capp pe 
said: q 

“There is absolutely no foundation for such a charg 
Neither the Department of Agriculture nor anyone 
nected with it has been guilty of issuing propaganda 
this kind.” ‘ 

Declaring that Secretary Fall’s charges are wifi 
and are based on misunderstandings, the letter states: 

“The charge seems to rest on a paragraph in an articl 
written by Colonel Greeley and published in the Amer 
can Forestry Magazine of April, 1921. The inj ic 
of this charge is at once evident when it is known th: 
the article in question was prepared by Colonel Greele 
in the fall of 1920, some months before the present a 
ministration came into power. 

“Even if the article had been published later,” ecre 
tary Wallace declared, “I find nothing in it which cal 
possibly be interpreted as vicious propaganda or @ 
criticism of the head of any other department.” 

“Colonel Greeley, head of the Forest Service, is a mai 
of the finest character, with a very high sense of p 
prieties and of public duties. He is quite incapable 
lending himself to improper criticism of the heads: 0! 
other government departments.” 


to discuss reasons for retaining the Forest 
in the Department of Agriculture, Secretary 
e declared the question is now up to President 


‘It does not seem to me a question which I can discuss 
h propriety at this time,” he said. “This whole ques- 
department reorganization has been presented: to 
sident, and the understanding has been that when 
ident is ready to consider the matter he will 
th the heads of the departments involved. Until 
ne I do not feel fife to discuss the question. I 
course, very much interested in the matter of 
anization insofar as it affects the activities which 
ssential part of this department.” 

stary Wallace expressed the belief that the whole 
would come to light. “I have no doubt,” he 
in due time there will be ample opportunity 
ation of views on these matters.” 

to Secretary Fall’s criticism that the De- 
of Agriculture is party to a scheme to cut 
on the forest reserves for shipment to Sgt 
ry Wallace declared this charge is based on “an 
nisunderstanding of facts.” 

erning work of the Department of Agriculture 
Secretary Wallace stated that in recent months 
talked with Alaskan experts, among whom are 
Scott Bone, Col. Frederick Mears, chairman of 
; Engineering Commission, and Maj. James 
e, president of the Alaskan Board of Road Com- 


if | the course of conversations with them,” Secretary 
said, “I took pains to ask them about the work 
Department of Agriculture in Alaska. All of 
1 poe of it in the most commendatory way. I 
. especially of the work of the Forest Service, 
in they spoke in the highest terms of the manner 
ae the Forest Service is carrying on its work, 
of the character of the men in charge.” 


= WHAT OTHERS SAY : 
e Washington (D. C.) Herald says: “Commenting 
eee transfer advocated by the Secretary of 
, Senator Capper, leader of the farm bloc, said: 
ally I am opposed to this transfer, and I believe 
r “member of the farm bloc will oppose it. Re- 
jless of what recommendation is made by the admin- 
ation, we will fight this legislation. 1 do not think 
fe is a chance that the Forestry Service transfer will 
oved by Congress.’ 
tor Robinson, also a member of the farm bloc, 
ssed a like opinion. ‘The Forest Service seems 
ve doing all right where it is. I do not know of any- 
"besides Secretary Fall who wants the transfer. 1 
i oppose any legislation to place the service in the In- 


ior Department.’ 


THE FIGHT FOR ALASKA’S FORESTS 205 


“Representative Gilbert N. Haugen, of lowa, chairman 
of the House Agriculture Committee, said: ‘This com- 
mittee is opposed to the proposed transfer of the Forest 
Bureau. Unless efforts in that direction cease, I have 
assurance of the passage of a bill which will take the 
public domain from the Interior and place it under the 
Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture.’ ” 


COMMENDS FORESTRY SERVICE 


Delegate Dan Sutherland, of Alaska, in a newspaper 
interview defended the present administration of the 
Forest Service in Alaska. Commenting on the adminis- 
tration under Colonel Greeley, he commended the work 
done by the Forest Service. 

“T don’t think the service could be improved,” he said. 
“Colonel Greeley seems to be a high type man and his 
bureau is giving fine service. I have talked with repre- 
sentatives of the largest paper companies in the United 
States relative to the leasing provisions allowed by the 
Forest Service, and they tell me it is liberal enough to 
accommodate them in every respect. As far as I have 
heard there has not been any criticism of the Forest 
Service in Alaska.” 


NEWSPAPER COMMENTS 


Cleveland Plain Dealer—Secretary Fall, prickling with re- 
sentment because of the earnest efforts of American conserva- 
tionists to prevent the transfer of forestry control from the 
Department of Agriculture to the Interior Department, com- 
plains that he is the target of propagandists. The Secretary 
is absolutely correct. There is a nation-wide propaganda 
against the transfer. It is the work of unselfish citizens whose 
sole motive is to preserve for future generations some con- 
siderable part of America’s present forest wealth. No matter 
how considerable this part may be it will be less than it 
should be. Exploitation and reckless waste have only recently 
been checked, and this is due largely to the wisdom of Presi- 
dent Roosevelt in transferring forest control from the political 
Department of the Interior to the non-political Department 
of Agriculture. The propaganda which now annoys Secretary 
Fall is inspired solely by the disinterested Americans who 
believe that Roosevelt’s good work should not be undone, and 
who are zealously striving to save the forests from the devas- 
tation which would follow the return of political control. 


No one has attributed sinister motives to Secretary Fall. 
He doubtless believes that under the control of the Interior 
Department the forests would be adequately safeguarded. 
The fact remains that under the control of that department the 
forests were not safeguarded, while under the direction of the 
Department of Agriculture the work of forest conservation 
has reached a high plane of efficiency. 

It is significant that practically all the propaganda is in op- 
position to the change. Those who advocate the transfer have 
refrained from trying to convince the public. Their incentives 
are political, and they have Hoped that political arguments 
would be sufficient to persuade Congress. It is not unlikely 
that they would have been sufficient had it not been for the 
propaganda which has been disseminated by the American 
Forestry Association and other organizations devoted to con- 
servation. 

Ifthe forestry discussion leads to an open breach between 
Secretary Fall and Secretary Wallace the president will be 


206 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Secretary of the Interior Fall has a perfectly wonder- 
ful plan for Alaska. 

He sees how a lot of money is to be made up there and 
he’s going to let-you in on it if he possibly can. He 
said so. 

“If I can get the legislation through Congress,” he 
says, “I propose to have a revolving fund created with 
which to develop the immense resources of Alaska. 

“Oil wells, copper smelters, etc., will be developed and 
run by this department until they are strong enough to 
live without government aid. At that time they will be 
sold or leased for long periods to private capital.” 

See the point? : 

Mr. Fall will take your money .nd with it start things 
going in Alaska. 

And then after you take the losses and the enterprises 
begin to make money he will let you step out and big 
business step in! 

Isn't that nice? 

“I am perfectly sincere in this,” says Mr. Fall. No 
doubt he is. 

What do you think about it? 


ae he 
SAY | |S 
uN TH 
Chay 44 
: ra neg 
‘os 


HOW THE SCRIPPS-McRAE PAPERS VIEW IT 


The above cartoon and statement appeared in the Wash- 
ington, D. C., Daily News and some of the twenty-eight other 
Scripps-McRae newspapers. 


called upon to choose between partisan interests and the pub- 
lic interest. 

There is good reason to hope that aroused and enlightened 
public sentiment will prevent the backward step which has 
been contemplated. Without the propaganda this sentiment 
could not have been created. Propaganda with an evil motive, 
whether it be veracious or mendacious, cannot accomplish a 
great deal in the United States. But propaganda which is 
based on public interest and which adheres strictly to the 
truth is a legitimate and useful method directing attention to 
pending legislation which is undesirable. The campaign to 
save the forests is an instance of propaganda at its best. 


Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch—Secretary Fall has come out 
into the open in his effort to get the forestry management of 
the federal government out of the Department of Agriculture 
and into his own jurisdiction. In an ill-tempered letter to a 
member of the House, Secretary Fall states that he knows that 
his ideas as to the development of our material resources “do 
not meet with the approval of certain narrow-minded and 


biased bureaucratic government officials and their follo 

This is simply an attempt to create the belief that opposi. 
tion to the transfer of the forestry work is merely a part of 
the opposition to a more efficient reorganization of the entir 
executive branch of the government. If Secretary Fall’s in- 
formation on the whole foresery situation is so limited that 
he can entertain such an opinion, this alone would be enou h 
to show that he is not the man into whose keeping the forestry 
interests of the country should be placed. Z 

Secretary Fall ought to know that one of the difficultie 
which the administration is finding in getting proper p 
support for the reorganization plan is the fact that this 
is carrying the load of this proposed forestry transfer, ¢ 
trary to the judgment of virtually everybody who has give 
serious attention to the problems of reforestation, and of thi 
proper care an economic utilization of the forest areas sti 
uncut. Many who would like to give their active influence 
to the cause of departmental reorganization are unable to i 
so, as long as that cause is linked with this wholly reactionar 
proposition. 


The Washington Correspondent of the Philadelphia Nort 
American, on March 8 wrote—“‘The attempt by Secretar 
of the Interior Albert Fall to obtain contro] of the r 
sources of Alaska, and also of the National Forests it 
the western states, has precipitated such a fight by conserva 
tionists throughout the country that unless President Ha 
shall intervene to stop the controversy within his own ca binet 
and take a stand against the Fall proposal, the whole admin 
istration may be involved in a serious scandal. * * * ' 
With the attacks upon him of which Secretary Fall complains 
Mr. Pinchot has had nothing whatever to do. The attacks 
have resulted from activities of the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation against Mr. Fall’s demand that he be given control 
of Alaskan resources and forest reserves in the states. Even 
the Forestry Association has refrained from attacking Mr. 
Fall’s motives, and has thus far confined its efforts to pointing 
out that the policy Mr. Fall advocates would be a bad one for 
the country.” 

The Washington Correspondent of the Philadelph 
Evening Ledger, on March 7 wrote — “The bureau- 
cratic aspects of the situation are much less impo nt 
than its possible effects upon the preservation of the greatest! 
forest area under the flag. Tree destruction has been one of 
the penalties of our civilization. It had been hoped that 
exception to the course of thoughtless extravagance 
waste might be recorded in Alaska. 

“It is relatively immaterial what department wins the glo 
provided tree wealth in the vast Northwest Territory is prop- 
erly husbanded.” 


Ann Arbor (Mich.) Times News—“The time element is 
important in any consideration of the forestry problem 
In a few years the growth of centuries can be cut away. 
That is why government officials should be very slow to 
make any change at Washington which would endange 7 
the future of our national forests. If federal officials obey 
the demand that is heard in every section of the country 
they will leave the Forest Service alone. ; 

“The proposed change has been and is being opposed 
by the Michigan Farm Bureau, by members of the faculty 
at the university, and by many organizations throughout the 
state and the United States. 

“There is a demand for the standing timber, to be sure, on 
the part of men interested in the commercial phases o 
timber cutting, but there is a far greater demand that we look 
to the future before cutting down the comparatively small 
amount of timber that we still have standing. 

“Leave the Forest Service alone.” 


posing the transfer of the National Forests of 
ka fromthe Forest Service, Department of Agri- 
to the Department of Interior, the American 
y Association has brought down upon itself the 
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall. Early 
, Secretary Fall appealed to the President to 
t him from what he called “vicious propaganda” 
from the American Forestry Association. 
followed with what appeared to be a carefully 
appeal for public support and sympathy by a 
f statements and interviews given to the news- 


etaierican Forestry Association has no persona 
with Secretary Fall. It has not attacked him per- 
It has no intention of doing so. But it does 
e and it will continue to oppose unequivocally such 
ation proposals as it believes to be contrary to the 
‘interest, whether they are sponsored by Secretary 
by someone else. It believes that many of Sec- 
y Fall’s alleged conservation policies, which as a 
slic fic servant he is seeking to make the law of the land. 

erous to the public welfare and, if enacted into 
wld have the effect of setting back conservation 
ne days when national resources were considered fair 

for monopolistic and capitalistic interests. 


EDITORIAL. 


SECRETARY FALL APPEALS FOR HELP 


For more than twenty years the people of the United 
States have fought to save what remains of the public 
iand forests and to make them serve permanently all the 
people as well administered properties. The American 
Forestry Association, a voluntary organization of more 
than forty years’ standing, has participated in that fight, 
always on the side of the public interests. It believes that 
the National Forests and the manner in which they are 
serving the public are the highest expression of the 
soundness of the conservation principles for which it 
stands. In answer to Secretary Fall’s charges, it replies 
that it flings down the gauntlet in the face of any pro- 
posals which it believes will undermine or annul the Na- 
tional Forests and the conservation principles which 
they embody. 

That the American Forestry Association is not alone 
in its distrust of Secretary Fall’s conservation policies 
is evidenced by the wide public protest which has been 
raised against making him the custodian of the National 
Forests. Newspapers in all parts of the country have 
voiced their criticism and scores of organizations have 
passed resolutions protesting against turning the Na- 
tional Forests over to the Department of the Interior. 
The time is not yet when a public servant can win his 
case by appealing for public sympathy. If the public 
thinks he is wrong in principle, it will not support him. 


quoted interviews with newspaper men last 
h, Secretary Fall made a number of statements 
lacked explanation of fact. And in that respect 
misleading. He criticized the Department of 
for permitting large quantities of high-grade 
iber, including spruce for airplanes, to be shipped to 
and China. “If I get control of the Forest Serv- 
€ is quoted as saying, “I promise that not another 
that kind of material will reach Japan.” 
Secretary Fall does not know, or he failed to 
his interviewer with the fact that only about 3 
of the timber cut in Oregon and Washington 
‘from the National Forests and that in the fiscal 
20 the cut of lumber from the Indian forest reser- 
ms, under control of the Department of the Interior, 
sse two states exceeded slightly the cut from the 
jal Forests. Although the cut from Indian reser- 
ions in Oregon and Washington during the fiscal year 
I is reported as somewhat smaller, the fact remains 
contracts by which timber is sold and cut from 
ian reservations contain no clauses prohibiting 


r we 


‘SOME EXPLANATIONS SECRETARY FALL DID NOT MAKE 


the exportation of lumber from the United States. The 
commercial purchaser of Indian forest stumpage is as 
free to export it to China and Japan as is the purchaser 
of National Forest stumpage. 

At the present moment, Secretary Fall’s department 
is advertising for sale 305,000,000 feet of timber in the 
Quinault Indian Reservation in Washington, under a 
sample contract which contains no clause prohibiting the 
purchaser from exporting the lumber, although the sale 
embraces 193,000,000 feet of cedar and 39,000,000 feet 
of spruce, species for which the export demand is great- 
est. Why does not Secretary Fall restrict the exporta- 
tion of timber sold by his own department before assert- 
ing what he would do on this exportation question should 
he get control of the National Forests ? 

As for the total lumber cut in Washington and Oregon, 
almost 95 per cent is cut from private land, and Mr. 
Fall, as Secretary of Agriculture, would have no more 
authority to stop its exportation than he now has as 
Secretary of the Interior. 


208 AMERICAN 


Much was made by the Interior Secretary of the fact 
that there are large areas of non-timbered lands in the 
National Forests. This is a thread-bare species of ar- 
gument which has been made use of in practically every 
attack upon the National Forests. Anyone who is fa- 
miliar with western mountain topography knows that 
there are treeless areas interspersed among the forests, 
Nature did not clothe the rocky mountain tops above 
timber line or the south slopes with timber. As to the 
areas at lower elevation, Secretary Fall maght have en- 
lightened the public by explaining, for example, that 
the Nebraska Forest, which probably contains less tim- 
ber than any other National Forest, was established for 
the express purpose of reforestation by planting, and 
this the Forest Service is doing with marked success. 

He might have explained that the Forest containing 


FORESTRY 


the largest non-timbered area is the Tonto Na ona 
Forest in the Southwest, and that this area was addec 
a few years ago at the express request of the Departm 
of the Interior to protect the watershed of the reservy: 
created by the Roosevelt Dam, upon which the g 
scope of country, including Phoenix and the Salt River 
Valley of Arizona, is dependent for its water. ' 

The second largest addition of treeless land, Secretary 
Fall might have explained, was made by Congress to the 
Modoc Forest, in California, under pressure from the 
citizens of that state, who, exasperated by the failure o: 
the Department of the Interior to regulate grazing ¢ ic: 
this land, demanded that it be placed under the jurisdi 
tion of the Forest Service. Secretary Fall should k 
that in practically every case “there’s a reason” h 
these non-timbered areas are in the National Forests 7 


NEED OF A LAND POLICY FOR NORTHERN “CUT-OVERS” 


ECOGNITION of common interest and common 
problems in utilizing the 45,000,000 acres of cut-over 
land in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin has brought 
into being a cooperative effort of almost unlimited possi- 
bilities in putting this empire of idle acres to its most 
productive use. This effort is expressed in the Tri-State 
Development Congress, an organization sponsored on a 
public service platform by representatives of the State 
universities and other state agencies and by individuals 
and organizations interested in the preservation and de- 
velopment of the states’ land resources. 


The Congress stands for more than the development 
of cut-over land. At its meeting in Milwaukee early in 
March it advocated a definite program of principles in 
which it took a stand on the preservation of existing for- 
ests, of game and fish and of the remaining recreational 
resources of these three states. The principles relating 
to forestry appear elsewhere in this issue of AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 

Anyone who sat through the deliberations of this Con- 
gress and listened to the diversified subjects presented 
could not fail to wonder why certain things which ob- 
viously ought to be done in the Lake States, are not done. 
Here, available to the markets of the world, are forty- 
five million acres of unused and uncared-for American 
‘soil, an area so large in the aggregate that the average 
mind cannot comprehend its vastness or its potential 
richness. Millions of acres are suitable for cultivation. 
Millions of acres are suitable for growing forests—a crop 
which yields wood, wood products, recreation, wild life 
and summer tourists. In addition there are several mil- 
lion acres in their natural forested state, which are being 
lumbered rapidly and ruthlessly, adding moré loafing 
and unsightly acres to the already staggering total. 

A few hundred thousand of these acres are being re- 
claimed each year by settlers but not enough to offset even 
the reduced area now cut over annually by the lumber- 
The remainder of it is for the most part the prey 
of fires which consume valuable young growth and burn 
out the soil fertility. Year after year this process of 


men, 


cutting the forests clean and of burning the cut 
areas has gone on. It is still going on and the pe 
of the Lake States are forced more and more to send te 
Oregon and Washington for lumber which nature, 
a little encouragement, will grow for them almost at 
very doors. The wild life of the states is vanishing. 
reational areas are becoming scarcer and that at the 
ginning of an era when they can be capitalized to g 
advantage. Stripping of timber from the shores of b 
tiful inland lakes, which in years to come would d 
thousands of tourists and millions of dollars to the 
states, goes on unabated. 4 

So one wonders why the people of these states do not 
give nature a chance by providing adequate means 
keeping out fire, for seeing that the remaining for 
are cut under such regulations as will assure a seco 
growth on forest lands, for protecting the lake sh 
and their natural recreation areas against devasta 
and ruination, for establishing the value of these lands 
for timber production, where this is their chief value or 
where they will not be needed for agriculture before a 
timber crop can be grown. It is to the states’ pe 
interest to do this because nature will rapidly reclothe 
many millions of these acres with timber if not dispos- 
sessed by fire, confiscatory taxes and ignorance of the 
handling of timberlands. 

There was a time when people from other parts of 
country turned to the Lake States for lumber. Today 
conditions are reversed and the lesson is open for all 
read. These three states are now spending millions of 
dollars in building magnificent road systems, which it is 
expected will in part be written off by thousands of ie 
tomobile tourists drawn north by good roads and the 
call of the north woods. But unless the people of Mic 
gan, Minnesota and Wisconsin look better to the prote 
tion of their remaining forests and lakes and to t 
reforestation of their forest lands, their tourist business 
will go the way of their lumber business. And that, like 
their unproductive timberlands, is of concern to the 
whole middle west because these northern forests and 


ild be for all time the summer playground of 
liddle west. 

h of these states, to be sure, is proceeding in its 
ay along forestry lines, but their efforts are inade- 
They lack stability and the vision of a long-time, 
= program. In some cases they are governed by 
il expediency. The basic problems of land utiliza- 
much the same in all three states and the Tri- 


EDITORIAL 209 


State Development Congress provides the machinery for 
uniting and directing efforts and for crystallizing public 
sentiment on the thing most needed, the formulation and 
adoption of a definite land policy based on broad, public 
interests. That policy must give forestry its proper place 
in the development of the small farm unit as well as in 
large-scale reforestation of lands suitable only for tim- 
ber production. 


wont to think of seven years in the life of the 
or of the individual states which comprise 
time at all. But seven years are seven years, 
extent to which forest depletion in that brief 
pens its channels in the economic bed rock of a 
te, once the leader of all states in lumber pro- 
is clearly revealed in a recent publication en- 
d “Wood-Using Industries of New York.” 

1¢ study upon which the report is based was made 
19 by the New York State College of Forestry in 
n with the United States Forest Service. The 
the nature of a re-inventory of New York’s 
ng situation, the original inventory having been 
le in 1912. 

le of the most startling things brought out by this 
t is that in the short space of seven years from 
} 1919 the amount of lumber which the forests 
¢ York supplied to the wood-working industries 
State decreased 65 per cent. During the same 
iod, the total number of firms engaged in wood- 
y industries in New York decreased 35 per cent. 
€ a variety of conditions is undoubtedly responsible 
decrease of 35 per cent, it would be interesting 
to just what extent the waning wood productive 
fer of New York’s forests has been responsible for 
writing out of business, in less than a decade, of 
> than a third of the wood-using industries of the 


me idea of the weakened power of the state with 
to lumber production may be gained from the 
nt that in the twelve years between 1907 and 1919 
vy York lumber cut decreased 59 per cent of its 
volume. Trailing forest depletion sti!l further 
we are told that in 1869 the per capita pro- 
of lumber by the state of New York was 300 
d that in 1918 it had shrunk to 30 feet. 

York, at one time, produced 20 per cent of the 
mber cut of the nation. It exported lumber to 
ing states in the east and to more distant states 
middle west. But as the years have sped by, 
m by seven, witness to what economic dependency 

depletion has brought this great state: 


in 1919, New York manufacturers paid approximately $11,- 
900 for t grown in New York, while the lumber im- 
cost $66,000,000. 

ix millions of dollars were sent out from the state 
ial for which fully two-thirds could be grown to equal 
etter advantage in New York. 

ome of the imported lumber came 3,000 miles by rail. Every 


NEW YORK’S DEPLETED FOREST WEALTH 


mile of hauling added to the cost of finished products. 

“Every foot of lumber, every cord of pulpwood, imported cost 
more because of this wasteful expenditure of coal and labor in 
hauling. 


“Men could no longer afford to build or buy wooden houses, 
the cheapest form of dwelling. 

“Newspapers had to restrict operation because of the scarcity 
of newsprint in a state once famous for its spruce. 

“Directly or indirectly, every commodity of life cost more 
because of the depleted supply of forest products. - 

“Every citizen paid and is still paying—and for a long time 
will continue to pay—an unnecessarily large part of his income 
for shelter and food and clothing, furniture, fuel, amusements, 
and transportation—necessaries and luxuries alike—because of 
the depletion of New York’s forests which have placed her in 
an economically dependent-situation. She can no longer com- 


mand one of the fundamental necessities of human existence and 
happiness.” 


The demand for wood by New York’s industries, the 
report states, is from three to five times as much as is 
now being grown in the state. It is these wood-using 
industries, representing millions of dollars of invested 
capital and thousands of home-owning wage earners, 
which are most directly concerned. eS 

The State of New York is rich in lands suitable for 
timber production. It contains within its boundaries 
upwards of 14,000,000 acres, or nearly half the lands of 
the state, which are suitable for forests and which even- 
tually should be devoted to growing forests. At the 
present time 62 per cent of this land is virtually denuded. 
It contains material suitable neither for lumber nor 
pulp. The best it can supply is fuel and acid wood. 
But under management, these lands, the report points 
out, are capable of producing enough timber annually to 
more than meet the needs of the state’s secondary wood- 
using industries. 

In the face of these conditions, now admittedly bad and 
growing worse year by year, what is needed? “Above all,” 
the report states, “there is need of the driving power of a 
united public opinion, determined that New York shall 
not suffer for the lack of forests for all her future 
needs.” And the report makes it clear that the people of. 
the state of New York have it within their hands to 
serve their own needs and to protect their own wood- 
using industries and wage earners by demanding a com- 
prehensive forest program based upon a thoroughgoing 
study of the state’s forest lands. 

Such a program, it is indicated, would necessarily call 
for an expansion of the state’s forest activities in ac- 
quiring public forests, reforestation, forest protection, 
the promotion of better handling of wood lots, better 
methods of logging, milling and utilization, revision of 


st 


210 AMERICAN 


old laws along lines which will stimulate and encour- 
age the practice of forestry. 

Viewing what has happened in seven years, action is 
clearly the great need. Failing in a comprehensive pro- 
gram, the report concludes: “There is no hope of pro- 
longing the use of the present day timber to bridge the 
gap while the seedlings of today are growing into the 
merchantable timber of the future.” 

The first thirty pages of the report tell the story of 
New York’s situation in a lucid and popular way. They 
should be read, not only by every citizen of New York, 


FORESTRY 


who is interested in the welfare of his state, his cor 
munity and his family, but by citizens of other im 
tant forest-landed states, because they portray wi 
substantial background of facts a definite picture of 
insidious progress of forest depletion, once it has gullie 
its courses. J 

New York is the first state in which a re-inventory « 
the wood-using industries has been made. Several 
states are now engaged in similar work. 

The more states that will hold the stop-watch, s 
speak, on forest depletion, the more clearly will w E 
able to gauge the national effects of its progress. 


THE “FATHER OF PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY” RETIRES 


| eee a service of almost forty years, Dr. Joseph 
Trimble Rothrock recently resigned as a member of 
the Pennsylvania Forestry Commission. He has had a 
remarkably active life, which has enriched both his State 
and the Nation, and he now seeks a well-earned rest at 
the age of eighty-three. 

American forestry owes much to Dr. Rothrock. His 
name is woven into its history. As a pioneer in the cause 


of forestry he has labored long and faithfully and he’ 


may today take much credit to himself for the progress 
of forestry, not only in Pennsylvania but throughout the 
United States. This the foresters of America and thou- 
sands of citizens in and out of his own state concede him 
spontaneously, 


Dr. Rothrock is known as the “Father of Pennsylvania 


Forestry.” His efforts to save “Penn’s Woods” date back 
for more than forty years. He awakened the people of the 
Keystone State to an appreciation of their forests by 


traveling up and down the state giving illustrated 1 
tures on forestry. Due largely to his efforts, the 
sylvania legislature created in 1895 the Forestry Cor 
mission and Dr. Rothrock was placed in charge of 1 
State’s forestry work. 

Under his guidance, the State rapidly forged al 
in forestry. Within ten years after he took office, it 3 
quired half a million acres of forest land, established 
school of forestry and developed a state organi 
to assist private timber owners in the handling of 1 
forest lands. In recognition of his long and inspiri 
work in behalf of “Penn’s Woods” a memorial grove 
eighty trees was planted in the Franklin County ) 
preserve on his 80th birthday. AMERICAN FO] 
TRY expresses the hope that Dr. Rothrock may v i 
many more years of forestry progress, behind whi 
name will always stand as a bugs of inspiration and ; 
complishment. j 


MS 


if Ieeeoes is pending in Congress a bill which should 
have the active support of every member of the 
American Forestry Association because it would pre- 
serve to the people of the United States many of the 
largest and most majestic sequoias of California and 
the scenic wonders of the Kings and Kern Rivers of the 
high Sierra Nevada Mountains. The bill is known as 
H. R. 7452, introduced by Congressman Barbour. It 
provides for the enlargement of the Sequoia National 
Park to embrace some 600,000 acres of the high Sierra 
Mountains which have long been considered as of park 
status. Under the provisions of the Bill, the name of 


the enlarged park, which would contain a total of over* 


700,000 acres, would be the Roosevelt-Sequoia National 


Park, as a tribute to Theodore Roosevelt. 

Although the added park area would be taken from 
the Sequoia National Forest, the boundaries have been 
agreed upon by the Forest Service and the Park Service, 


the Forester taking the position that “the combination 


+ 


HELP SAVE THE GIANT SEQUOIAS 


“present and future generations some of the most mi 


5,000 feet elevation and contains ten of the fifty-six pe ak 


of mountain scenery, including the highest portions 
the Sierras and three of the greatest and most imp 
of the Sierra canyons, with the giant forests of red 
gives this area as a whole outstanding national i 
ance for recreational and aesthetic value,” whic 
weighs its value for commercial purposes. The 
sion of the scenic wonders of the Kings and Kern Rive: 
have long been urged by the Sierra Club of Californi 
their beauties having been pointed out in 1891 by Joh 
Muir. 

The passage of the Barbour Bill will save for the 


jestic forests of the world, and many beautiful canyons 
rivers and lakes. The added area proposed lies above 


in the United States, excluding Alaska, over 14,000 fee 
in elevation. For mountain climbing and trout fishing 
the area is a paradise. The bill is pending on the House 
calendar, and prompt action is urged in support of it. — 


SIMPLE FOREST CONSERVATION 


By Albert V. S. Pulling 


Professor of Forestry, University of New Brunswick 


ORESTRY has been, recently, a subject for lengthy 
discussion. Conservation is its aim, and prevention 
of timber famine. Most civilized countries are importing 
both pulp and timber. The exceptions are Sweden, Nor- 
way, Russia, Canada; the United States, and some of the 
mew States of Central Burope. In this country it now 
costs more to raise a tree than that tree is worth for 
lumber. Hence, lumber prices are going up when we 
have to grow all lumber like field crops. We must defer 
this condition as long as possible. It is my purpose to 
mention a few principles that will, I believe, help the 
citizen to solve the forestry problem. 
The shingle is probably the best known roof covering, 
and, by virtue of its lightness, durability and beauty, it 
will long remain a favorite on this continent. Shingle 


‘siding is also very popular on the modern house; the 


thatched shingle roof is coming into favor, and wooden 
Shingle production has been booming in spite of the 
competition of prepared roofings. 

But the humble shingle has been a badly abused bit of 
lumber! Our- grandfathers split out “shakes” of white 


pine or white cedar, shaved them with a draw-shave, and 
nailed them to the roof with great wrought iron nails, 
made, perhaps, in a local shop. Fine roofs they were. 
I am familiar with one steep-roofed old “Dutch” barn 
in the Hudson Valley, where those hand-shaved shakes, 
three feet long, an inch thick at the butt, and laid a foot 
to the weather, did duty for over 85 years. The butts 
were worn as thin as paper, when last observed, but the 
big wrought nails were still solid in the sheathing boards, 
and the roof did not leak. Only the heart-wood, we are 
told, of the fine old growth “pumpkin” pine was used for 
this purpose and its weather-resisting qualities were re- 
markable. 

Yet pine is an inferior shingle wood. It is much sur- 
passed by our Eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), 
common in Maine and New Brunswick, the Western red 
cedar (Thuja plicata) and the Southern bald cypress 
(Taxodium distichum). Still, many of our shingles rot 
quickly. This is principally due to two reasons; first 
that the good grades of white cedar are getting scarce, 
and much sapwood is going into shingles; second, the 


CYPRESS 


WHITE CEDAR 


RED CEDAR 


The source from which most of the wooden shingles come. These are the three species most used in shingle manufacture—the 
Cypress of “Rite Grade” fame, the White Cedar, all too scarce now, and the Western Red, one of the finest of shingle woods. 


212 AMERICAN 


Courtesy Clear Lake Lumber Company. 
A TYPICAL BUNDLE OF WOOD SHINGLES 


Than which there is, of course, no better. The place of the wood 
shingle has been established through long use, won through its 
own qualities of lightness, durability and beauty. 


greater number of shingles laid in the last three decades 
were fastened with abominable wire nails. Old fashioned 
wrought nails did not rust easily, but we do not have to 
go back to wrought nails. Modern zinc dipped nails are 
better than anything that could be made by an 1830 
nailer, and zinc dipped nails will double the life of or- 
dinary shingles. Of course, pure zinc or pure copper 
nails are even better, but are too expensive, and the zinc 
coated nails are guaranteed by the makers to last as long 
So-called 
better than wire, but not good enough for good shingles. 


as the best shingles. “oalvanized” nails are 

So much for nails, but shingle conservation does not 
end there. Another difficulty was that shingles, in order 
to be cheap, were made too thin, and sometimes too short. 
This is particularly true in the Northeast. So far as the 
writer knows, all are made 16 inches long, and many are 
so thin that they curl on the roof. The Western shingles, 
made from Western red cedar, are made 16, 18 and 24 
inches long, and 


several thick- 
nesses. Thick- 
ness is usually 


measured by the 


number of in- 


of shingles we will consider. 


FORESTRY 


They cost more than inferior grades, and are worth more. 
These good shingles, I believe, make the best roofing 
Siding lasts better, and cheaper stock may 
Concerning other species 
of shingle wood, little need be said. I have seen white 
pine, yellow pine and even spruce and fir shingles. These 
are useful for certain temporary work, but are not popu- 
lar for good buildings. Some good species, as the coast 
white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) are graded with 
other species. Numerous Western trees, as the red- 
wood, make fine timber for shingles, but they are not yet 
common, especially in the eastern market. 

The cedar and cypress are common in all markets: 
Dealers will supply prospective buyers with information 
published by such organizations as the Southern Cypress 
Association, and the Western Associations that market 
“Rite Grade Inspected” shingles. Good shingles should 
last over 50 years. As siding, they should last twice or 
three times that long, without preservative treatment. 

The question of preservation is the last severe abuse 


obtainable. 
be used with economic safety. 


Courtesy Patent Vulcanite Roofing Company. 
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE WOOD SHINGLE 


This vulcanite roofing is made in rolls for convenience in hand- 
ling and application and it is used with great success. 


It consists of painting or 
staining after the roof is laid. -For preservation, shingles 
should be dipped before laying, and never painted. Mil- 
lions of shingles are rotted annually by misuse of paint. 


The weakest point in every shingle is the joint where the 
over-lapping shingle touches it. 


Rot usually begins in 
the joint, due to 
concentration of 


moisture. A good 
preservative pro- 
tects this joint, 


ches in a given 


number of butts. 


Five butts to 

two and = one- 

fourth inches Courtesy Barber and Ross, Washington, D. C. 
ut the 


best grade of 18 


Ye | 1) S111 ries 


COMPOSITION SHINGLES LAID IN 


Substitutes for wooden shingles are widely used and a good argument in favor of these 
Rex shingles, where a substitute for the wood shingle is sought, is that they are made 
in strips of four, a means of conserving nails and labor. 


b ut painting 
after laying gen- 


erally results in 


ey R : 
Gers eatery the paint layer 


reaching to the 


joint but not un- 
der it. Moisture 
runs down the 
shingle and is 


STRIPS 


— ———. 


Ol — EE — ee 


SIMPLE FOREST CONSERVATION 


A PILE OF PULPWOOD IN MAINE 


Our own pulpwood supply is diminishing rapidly and we now import one-third of what we 
use from Canada—a deplorable state of affairs, calling for vigorous corrective measures. 


held by the paint. The result 
is that decay goes on faster 
than it would if the shingle 
were bare. A thin oil stain 
has the same effect, but to a 
lesser extent. Some form of 
creosote, linseed oil or zinc 
chloride dip will make a good 
preservative. When siding 
shingles have been dipped, a 
brush coat occasionally in 
later years, will keep the 
building looking fresh, and 
will benefit the roof, for the 
joints were covered in the be- 
ginning. I believe that a roof 
should never be brush-stained, 
and that dipping roof shingles 
is usually doubtful economy 
unless a very good grade of 
dip is used. Creosote is per- 
haps the best preservative. 
Of course the appearance of 
a house roof is almost as im- 
portant as its durability, and 
very artistic effects mav be 
Obtained with stained 
shingles. 

In dipping shingles, we will 
Say 18-inch shingles, about 12 
inches of the butt should be 


213 


covered. About twice the 
length that a shingle is to be 
laid to the weather is about 
the right depth to dip. With 
the right arrangement of tub 
and a draining trough to put 
the shingles in after staining, 
dipping is a fairly rapid pro- 
cess, but expensive. for the 
shingles will soak up an as- 
tonishing amount of stain. 
Many wood shingle substi- 
tutes are in use with varying 
success. Slate is everlasting, 
but occasionally splits from 
frost in our severe changes of 
Metal, unless well 
tinned or galvanized, may 
rust. Besides, both metal and 
slate are very hot in summer 
and cold in winter. The va- 
rious prepared roofings, fre- 
quently called fireproof, are 
good, bad and_ indifferent. 
The consumer generally gets 
about what he pays for. Some 
prepared material dries out 
and becomes highly inflam- 


climate. 


| 


DENSE YOUNG GROWTH OF SPRUCE ON AN OLD PASTURE LAND 


This is the only thing which will turn back the tide of the paper famine—regrowth of the 
species valuable for its manufacture—a good use for some of our thousands of “idle acres, 


eu 


#1 


A FINE STAND OF SECOND GROWTH SPRUCE 
We face the stark necessity of rehabilitating our “paper woods” 
because of the terrific drain made upon them by the public de- 
mand for paper and then more paper. 


mable after a few years on the roof, though 
it was originally fireproof. An asbestos 
roof must remain fireproof. I have seen 
very unsatisfactory results from prepared 
roofings. We believe that they are not 
comparable to shingles. Since they are 
mostly made of wood pulp, their effect on 
the timber supply cannot be great. 

The citizens of Canada and the United 
with paper 
than any other people of the earth. Wood 


States are more extravagant 
for paper pulp is getting scarce. We are im- 
porting one-third of our pulp supply from 
Canada, and, although Canada has great 
supplies of timber, there have been terrible 
fire ravages in the Dominion and very re- 
cently the spruce bud-moth has injured 
thousands of square miles of Canada’s pulp 
forests. We are not yet facing a lumber 
famine, but a paper famine is right before 
us, although conditions indicate that it will 
be averted. 

News-print paper is the great scarcity 
and the great American 


waste. news- 


from three to ten times the size 


apers are 


of European papers, yet the Old Country 
people seem to get the news. Most papers 


could be reduced one-half, and there would 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


still be as much news and advertising as one could read. 
That would be a simple method of doubling the supply 
of news-print. Only public sentiment would not stand 


for it. But necessity will force it in time. Many a 
thoughtful citizen would hesitate to ruthlessly cut a 
fine spruce, but he buys many such trees in the form of 
rather worthless Sunday supplements, and throws them, 


half read, into the ash barrel. 

We waste paper in numerous other ways. Wrapping 
more paper around food in a tin can with a paper label 
is an example. We hope it will never be necessary for 
us to emulate the French and carry a loaf of bread home, 
exposed to street germs, with no covering whatever, 
but we are headed for that condition by 1950 if our popu- 
lation continues to increase and we continue our ex- 
travagance. Books and magazines use much paper and 
many modern publications are of questionable worth. But 
the public demands this reading and will continue to get 
it until the poorer publications are forced out by the 
high prices that come with acute scarcity. 


There are many hopeful signs. Things are not as bad 
as some of the calamity howlers would make us be- 
lieve. Alaska is now known to have a large supply of 
pulpwood . The use of certain inferior broad leaf species, 
as the poplars, and the reforestation of spruce are sub- 
jects on which foresters, engineers and paper mantu- 
facturers are diligently working. But whether or not 
public demand will denude the pulp forests before the 


cee 
kim sd 


‘gb Py, 


pean 


n+ 


Se cere ote 0 


mo 


ig 
3 
Fe 


A STAND OF PURE HEMLOCK IN NEW YORK 


This highly valuable commercial wood goes into the making of boardwalks 
and other uses where hardness and strength, durability and accessibility are 
important factors. 


SIMPLE FOREST CONSERVATION 215 


“Smith,” said the manager, 
“don’t you know that this 
road is so damn poor that it 
can’t afford to be econom- 
ical?” 

If one can afford to be eco- 
nomical, paint, made of white 
lead and linseed oil, is a won- 
derful preservative. It is an 
economic crime to leave good 
houses unpainted, or poorly 
painted. If a frame building 
is well cared for it will last 
several hundred years, or lon- 
ger, for all we know in this 
country. Wood containing 
10 per cent of moisture or less 
will never rot. At any rate, it 
will rot no sooner than stone 
will crumble. Air dry wood 
contains not over 15 per cent 
of moisture, usually. The 
dryer and hotter the weather 
the dryer the wood. ‘Thus, 


A BIG PULP BEATER AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY 


The 60-pound beater shown in 


commercial conditions. Extensive experiments are continually under way to ascertain the 


dry weather is the time for 
outside painting. A fairly 


the picture is typical of the beater installations used under ath proof and damp proof 


most conservative and practical means of manufacture, and science has already lent gener- layer of paint keeps the wood 


ous aid to conservation in the making of paper. 


problem of increased perma- 
nent production is solved, re- 
mains an open question. 

Improper painting is an- 
other cause of economic loss 
as great or greater than the 
causes we have mentioned. In 
very rare cases, paint injures 
wood, as the shingles men- 
tioned above. Neglect of 
painting is the cause of the de- 
terioration and waste of mil- 
lions of dollars worth of 
wood. For very temporary 
work, paint may be superflu- 
ous. It is rarely or never that 
one cannot afford to paint. I 
recall a story concerning some 
buildings newly erected by a 
small New England railroad. 
A friend asked the local man- 
ager: 

“Brown, why don’t you 
have those buildings paint- 
ed?” 

“Can’t afford it,’’ was the 
immediate reply. 

“But you know it would be 
more economical,” the friend 
persisted. 


from absorbing moisture from 


PERCE One wes] 


TREATING RAILROAD TIES AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY. 


About 140 million cross ties are used annually by the railroads in the United States. Of 
these hardly 30% are given a preservative treatment, and a good_ preservative treatment 
should at least double the life of the tie, as far as decay is concerned. One can readily 
perceive the enormous annual saving which might be effected in this way. 


216 AMERICAN 
the outside. The inside of most buildings are fairly dry 
anyway. The paint manufacturers’ slogan: “Save the 
surface and you save all,” is true to the last syllable. 

There are some paint substitutes on the market that 
are quite valuable. They are known as “cold water” 
paint and are applied like ordinary lime or “whitewash.” 
Lime is little used in our country, but it is an excellent 
antiseptic and will kill decay bacteria in wood. There are 
many hand hewn timber houses in the agricultural sec- 
tions of Quebec that are preserved by occasional lime 
washes. Many were built by the great-grandfathers of 
the present occupants. The spruce timbers are as solid 
as concrete, and I fancy they will last forever, unless the 
progressive habitants discard their picturesque homes 
for more modern ones. Of course lime does not look 
very well, but it is cheap, effective and certainly looks 
better than nothing. 

The public cannot particularly influence the cross-tie 
problem, but it is a question of more than passing in- 
terest. There are over 300,000 miles of railway in Can- 
ada and the United States, and there are 2,500 to 3,000 
ties to each mile of road. Until recently, very few ties 
were given preservative treatment. An untreated tie 
will last about seven years. This means some 400 ties 


per annum are required to keep each mile of road in, 
They would make four bil- 


repair, or 120 million ties. 
lion board feet of lumber. We disapprove of statisti- 
cal juggling, but the magnitude of this lumber pile can 
perhaps be visualized if we compute that it would lay a 
boardwalk one inch thick and 28 feet wide around the 
earth at the equator, and still have considerable left 
over. 

Railways have been experimenting with steel, concrete,. 
and various wood substitutes, but they have been unable 
to eliminate the wooden tie. There is no reason, however, 
for ties being so short lived. ‘Ties properly treated with 
creosote or other good preservative, will last 14 years at 
least, and thus cut tie consumption in two. 

I have observed thousands of ties on French railroads. 
Nearly all are impregnated oak. A copper tag is attached. 
to each tie. 
in the office and will tell the date of laying, the method 
of impregnation, and any important technical details. 
The French engineers can thus check different processes, 
and continuously make improvements. Ordinary spik- 
ing is not done abroad either and ties are correspond- 
ingly conserved. The rails are laid on a plate or “chair” 
that is firmly boited to the wood. The wear is thus iron 
on iron rather than iron on wood. 

Certain tie woods do not need impregnation. Chest- 
nut and black locust are the best known of these durable 
species. But the chestnut has been swept off the greater 
part of its range by the terrible chestnut blight, and the 
locust borer has so infested the locust, that it too is get- 
ting restricted in commercial range. Other enduring 
woods, as the cedars, can be used without preservatives, 
but they are getting scarce too, and are so soft that the 
rails shear them off long before the timber decays. The 
red quebracho of South America is said to last 30 years as 


a tie. It is very rich in tannin and very durable. But 


“ ter material than was ever put into any Colonial b 


“rather than take what we can get at the cheape 
On it is a number that can be looked up | : 


FORESTRY 


we cannot import ties profitably in our generation. J 
should rather increase our exports in the South. It 
probable that the strong and fast growing loblolly » 
wiil solve the tie problem in the East, jack pine (Pip 
divaricata) is now the favorite in Canada, and p by. 
the lodgepole pine will be the solution in the West. 
they are all short-lived ties without the help of a Y 


servation plant. 


Common methods of getting out ties is another 
of waste. Ties are still hewed instead of being sa 
some out-of-the-way places, and all the wood 
hewed off is wasted. This debris remains in the 
to the injury of reproduction. If the ties were 
much vaiuable material could be taken from the tie 
that would otherwise be a total loss. a 


An effort is now being made by certain large 
corporations, to assist the public in buying the r 
wood for the purpose for which it will be used. 1] 
‘believe that there is little or no good lumber on hed 
ket at the present time. This is an old fashioned and 
roneous idea for there is now a far larger assortmet 
better timber for sale than there ever was before on 
continent, with the possible exception of some of 
better hard-woods. Good grades of oak, ash, and 
nut are not as common as they were, but we have a 
riety of woods brought near by good transportation 
more than make up this shortage. The proper tim! 
available if you go after it, and make the construc 
man use what you tell him to. . It is not as simpl a 
was when white pine was the only construction tin 
that was in common use, with white oak and tulip p DO 
as the only available hardwoods. Wood constru 
was merely fool proof; now care must be used for { 
results. It is useless to lament, when we look at 
old Colonial house, that we can’t get the lumber to 
such homes now-a-days. We have betier lumber an 


But we have got to pay for it and ask for what y 


offered. 

Some excellent advertising by « one of these 
sales companies recently appeared. They offer the er 
ices of experts to assist in the choice of timber. — 
company in question handles all kinds of const icti 
timber, so they were not trying to favor any partic a 
kind. It was mentioned that certain board walk 
some of the Atlantic resorts had been in use for over z 
years. Others had to be rebuilt every 5 years, or 1 
years. Obviously, the right wood was used in som 
cases, the wrong timber in many others. The com 
proposed to tell every prospective purchaser just‘) 
he should use for his particular work. This is admir 
advertising, for few consumers have a good workin 
know:edge of timber. e 

To return to the example of the board walks. I have 
a hazy memory of the walks at Asbury Park and At 
lantic City. The last time I saw them I could not hav 
told what they were, for wood was wood and that wai 
the extent of my knowledge in that line. But it woul 


SIMPLE FOREST CONSERVATION 


be a fair guess to venture that those durable walks were 
made of our common hemlock. Several other species 
might have been used, but hemlock was cheap, strong, 
hard enough to stand traffic, easily available from the 
nearby forests of Pennsylvania, and we believe it ca- 
pable of lasting 25 years in a board walk. The durable 
material was probably used largely from chance, or 
from the superior knowledge of the builder. Why did the 
builder use hemlock instead of the equally cheap and 


217 


mention the ones that seem to be the most valuable. 

The United States Forest Service and in Canada, the 
Dominion Forestry Branch, employ experts and publish 
bulletins on timber. In case the Federal Government 
does not supply the need, State or Provincial Forest 
Departments may be called on. All of the North-eastern 
States have State Foresters with staffs of experts. In fact 


nearly all states are getting some sort of an organization 


cS e% 


ios 1 


« 
: 


a Mes 
Ssarat s 


ert 


f 2 gD 


A MERCHANTABLE WINDFALL ON CUT-OVER LAND 


This is a shocking example of careless lumbering as the tree was within 300 feet of a public highway and within one-fourth 


mile of the logging camp. 
would have yielded 200 board feet of lumber. 
logged, as a conservative measure. 


more easily worked balsam fir that could readily have 
been brought from Maine or New Brunswick and put 
into board walks, to rot in a few years? Perhaps this 
did occur in many cases to the detriment of the owners 
profits. 

We are just beginning to learn about timber. Until 
the last 20 years, we had few experts and no source 
Of knowledge that the public could turn to. Little can 
be written in this small space that will give exact 
Knowledge of the subject, but next to specific knowl- 
€dge, it is important to know where that knowledge 
tan be obtained. There are many sources. We will 


Three logs, containing 100 board feet, Doyle rule, could have been cut from this tree and the logs 
Such trees, which are not-wind firm, should be cut when the area is being 


to assist in this kind of work. The Provinces of Quebec, 
New Brunswick, Ontario, and British Columbia have 
well organized Forest Services. There is a Dominion 
Forest Products Laboratory at McGill University and a 
United States Forest Products Laboratory at the Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin. These laboratories belong to the 
public. Then consider the various University Forestry 
Departments and State Forestry Colleges. In some cases, 
the colleges maintain a well equipped Extension Depart- 
ment with the sole aim of assisting the public in knowl- 
edge of forestry. This is especially true of New York, and 
New York State is a huge factor in the timber market. 


FORESTRY IN CONNECTICUT 


By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


. is interesting to contrast the lack of progress in 
actual forest management in an Eastern state like Con- 
necticut with the practical forestry actually accomplished 
in the western states. The reason is obvious. In the 
East the land is in private hands and has to be bought 
by the public before the public can practice forestry. In 
the West the great nucleus of National Forests, intelli- 
gently and skillfully managed, gives all the western 
states a tremendous advantage in that the land could 
be secured by mere proclamation rather than by purchase. 
But states like Connecticut are fast awakening to the 
necessity for economic forest production. Yet it must 
be admitted that thus far, even after two decades of 
state forest administration, the soil has hardly been 
scratched. When Austin F. Hawes, the new State 
Forester, took office last July, the State forests amounted 
to 4,452 acres. During the past seven months this has 
been increased to 7,132 acres, 1,200 acres of which (Mo- 
hawk Tract) were received as a gift from the White Me- 
morial Foundation. Practically all the appropriation for 
the purchase of new forests has been expended and the 


small area of forests only serves to show how much larger : 


amounts are necessary in order to secure an adequate 
area under pubtic management. It would certainly be 
reasonable to have at least 100,000 acres in Connecti- 
cut state forests and probably more. It is obviously 
ridiculous to employ a State Forester with an assistant 
to manage 7,000 acres! But of course he has other duties 
the most important of which is fire prevention. On Jan- 
uary I, 1922 a new fire warden law went into effect and 
has enabled a thorough reorganization of the fire serv- 
ice. Fire wardens, instead of being appointed by the 
selectmen, are now appointed by the State Forester, 
and the State has been divided into about 160 districts, 
each under a town or district warden. During the coming 
season, plans have been made for five look-out stations 
and eight fire fighting equipment stations. All wardens 
willbe supplied with fire fighting equipment. The State 
‘Forester has also completed a compilation entitled, “Con- 
nectieyt Laws Relating to Forests and Forestry, 1922,” 
which may be secured by applying to the State Forester, 
Hartford, Connecticut. The State Forester has also 
commenced in collaboration with the extension service of 
the Connecticut Agricultural College a special Census 
on the use of lumber and wood on the farm along the fo!- 
lowing lines: 
1. Wood for fuel. 
a. How many cords do you burn annually? 
b. How much of this comes from your own land? 
2. Fence Posts. 
a. How many posts do you use annually? 
b. How many of these come from your own land? 
3. Lumber for repairs. 
What did you use last year for repairs or for 
constructing minor buildings like sheds, 
house, ete., in the way of 


out- 


_As yet it appears that sufficient time has not elapsed s: 


‘months. 


_.sociation in 1923. 


“the location of the thinned stand to:— 


a. Lumber, 
Shingles, 
Clapboards, © 
How much of the above came from your 


Of the supplies purchased give var 
average price for each. 


ep ao ¢ 


Do you use lumber or wood for other spe 
purposes, as for props for tobacco shades, et 
b. If so, what dimensions and varieties, and pr 
paid? a 


Mr. W. O. Filley, Former State Forester, is now | F 
ester of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Stati 


the reorganization last July for the completion of a 
particular projects. As a matter of fact, Mr. Filley is) 
handy man in Connecticut, who is continually as 
and cooperating with others. He is a member | 
State Board, which employs the State Forester and as 
in handling the forestry minutes of the Board. 


The Connecticut Forestry Association under P 
dent Wells has made some progress during the pa 
The membership has increased more tha 
per cent and the Association is in a much stronger pi 
tion financially and has definitely adopted the policy 


by patrons and life members. The success in the 
bership drive was largely due to splendid addresses’ 
Gifford Pinchot in September and by Colonel 
in December on “The Use of Idle Land.” In or 


kind in, the United States: 
CASH PRIZE FOR THINNING COMPETITION 


A “pte of $25.00 will be given for the best executed tl i 
in a_pine stand. 


Contestants must be taxpayers (corporations exclud 2d) 
Litchfield County, Connecticut. 


The thinning must be made between Sept. 1, 1921 ee Mat 
1923. : 
All stands entered for the competition will be exami 
the Thinnings Committee of the Connecticut Forestry 
tion between March 1 and May 15, 1923. ee 


Contestants may be required to show the Committee th 
stand, 


Award of the prize will be made at a meeting of 


The number of stands which can be entered by one con 
is unlimited. 


To enter the competition send your name and address w: 
cies 5 
THINNINGS COMMITTEE, 


‘Connecticut Forestry Association, 242 Prospect Street, 
Haven, Conn. 


(Continued on page 243.) 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


Arthur H. Carhart, Editor 


Producing the Recreation Commodity 


MOTOR car, stripped of every bit of finish, is a com- 
mon sight in almost any community. The driver 
perches upon the gas tank or a box and the poor nude 
thing looks like a sprawley giant bug. There is no com- 
fort about it, no cushions, no top, no body even to hold 
one in on the curves. 

Such a car is in about the relative shape of the recrea- 
tion plant of our National Forests. It is a motor vehicle, 
it can be ridden, but there is no production of the real 
joy of motoring in clinging to the shaky seat with noth- 
ing to protect the rider from mud, rain, or a spill from his 
perch. A car in this predicament needs a body, floor, 
mud guards, a wind shield, cushions, a top, sides, and 
Other things to make it a comfortable motor car. The 
recreation facilities in our forests need improvement to 
produce recreation as much as the stripped car needs 
further improvement to produce motoring. 


Or the recreation situation might be likened to a great 


THE CRESTONE 


Such forest beauties as these are not worth writing of unless there is some real provision made to make them usable. E 
recreation producing necessities are needed to make these produce the most possible. 


shelters, protection measures, signs and other 


NEEDLES—SAN 


cotton goods factory, which is incomplete. The walls are 
substantial, the bases for giant machines and looms are 
all built and fitted with bolts, shafting is ready to carry 
power from the central plant to all of the machines but 
there is no chance of a thread of cotton being manufac- 
tured into something useful because only the foundation 
is there and there are no spinning machines to produce 
the cotton fabric. 

Our Forest Recreation Manufacturing plant is lacking 
in machines to produce recreation fabric. The belting, 
machine bases, site and structure all exist, but there is a 
dearth of the units which are essential in manufacturing 
the recreational commodity. 

For the belting and 
shafting there is the present road and trail system of 


For the site we have all forests. 


the forest. The machine bases are camp, cabin and hotel 
sites. The structure in which the plant is located is God’s 
But the machines are not present and the 


ss (4 
i 


woodlands. 


ISABEL FOREST 


Trails, 


220 AMERICAN 
forest recreation plant stands partially idle, the recreation 
fabric which is produced being a result of “spinning 
wheel age” methods. 

In an earlier article the minimum needs for protection 
in forest camps was outlined. It is the purpose of this 
article to point out the lack in our Forests of real recre- 
ation producing machinery. For the Forests stand today 
as partially empty factory buildings ready to produce an 
excellent quality of recreation in large quantities at a 
minimum of operative costs if—the machinery is in- 
stalled. 

Taking stock of what should be present to start the 
genuine production of recreation we find that the first 
real need is men to handle the work. Landscape archi- 
tects to plan the recreation machinery are as necessary 
in the scheme of recreational development in the forests 
as engineers to plan and construct roads, lawyers to 
handle the problems of law, mineral examiners to in- 
vestigate claims and forest- 
ers to supervise proper cut- 
ting and planting. No one 
would go into the business 
of producing clothing on a 
large scale without a prac- 
tical and experienced, well- 
trained master tailor. The 
recreation business is better 
left alone than to have some 
half-way, ill-planned devel- 
opment going on under the 
direction of men not quali- 
fied as recreation engineers 

In the factory, under im- 
proper guidance, the stamp 
machine may be wrongly 
fastened on a base de- 
signed for the spindle ma- 
chine, the winding machine 
get on the base for the aux- 
iliary motor and the motor 
get where the carding ma- 
chine was supposed to go. Similar untrained manage- 
ment in planning the forests. for recreational use will 
place a hotel on a site which is best suited to camping, 
a summer home on the logical place for a hospital, a 
school on a location which should be used for a store and 
allow a homesiter to monopolize the only spring within 
miles which should supply the home site last of all being 
more valuable for public use than for any other purpose. 

So before we get into actual development in the for- 
ests there is need of a corps of trained men, as well or- 
ganized as those planning for and directing other forest 
uses. This corps will make plans for proper development 
in this giant field of outdoor play. The U. S. Forest 
Service has not such a,corps at the present time, although 
ii has men trained in other lines handling their spe- 
Ities. Some few states have landscape architects on 
recreational work as consultants and the National Park 
Service, although possessing one landscape architect on 


A CLOSE--UP OF 


The fireplace in front is equipped to serve as a cooking arrange- 


use they are better than none, 
as emergency shelters. 


Cla 


ment and as a place to build a fire to heat the lean-to. 
such shelters are far too small ahd are not suited to this type of 


FORESTRY 


its staff, must be far undermanned to handle the 
scape problems which are certain to exist in the park: 
This need of trained men must have recognition in all 
of the outdoor recreational fields if the best is to come out 
of our efforts. It is better to remain passive than to 
strike blindly into development without adequate plan- 
ning and proper direction. ; 
With plans established there arises the question of cos 
of machinery built and installed according to plans. 
those plans must be made prior to building for if they ar 
not there will soon develop the heterogeneous, unski 
fully managed mixup which is illustrated in the exa 
of the cotton mill. If good plans are not made for fl 
recreation factory in the forests there will be a relative 
greater loss of invested money than in the case of the co 
ton mill. When someone competent got on the job in th 
latter case the machines could be moved to their prope: 
‘bases in short order. In improperly developed f 
plans the machines for r 
reation production are buil 
to the ground and can 
be moved in many 
without complete wrec 
Then the ground where thi 
were first and improper 
built is often unfit for i 
use which it should h 
primarily been planned fc 

But suppose that th ere 
adequate number of t 
landscape men handling t 
recreational planning — 
development in our for 
areas. This must 
Then plans will be ma 
fit the country and pro 
great and good recreati 
values. What is the co 
the machinery? 

In the former article 0 
minimum protective standards the camp fireplace > 
mentioned as the most potent factor in fire protection 01 
a campground. It was justified on that one basis alone 
But it affords recreational use which also would justify 
its construction if.this were its only reason for being 
built. 

The fireplace described has cost in the neighborhood 
of six dollars. It can now be built for less. The cost i 
low when production value is considered. The de 
for these simple recreation producing machines was 
great on one western campground that younger members 
of a family were often sent to camp Saturday night to 
sleep beside a fireplace so it would be reserved for the 
rest of the party the next day. 

If it is worth six cents every time it is used a fireplace 
would need only one party using it once a day through 
one season to pay for its cost on the recreation produ 
tion basis. However, it is probable that such a fireplace 


A CAMP SHELTER 


While 


often serving most satisfactorily 


properly built will last for five or more years and it is 
known that some of these simple structures have served 
"as many as five parties in one day, each consisting of 
from two to ten persons. One thing is certain, a fire- 
place of this sort in its normal life will produce values 
equal to four or five hundred per cent on the investment. 

Another protective feature mentioned before is the 
Sanitary. It is as essential to the production of recre- 
ation as the sides of the seats are to the auto. In the 
auto the turning of a curve in the road is dangerous 
without the protection of the seat sides. The use of any 
area in forest lands is dangerous without sanitation. A 
plant of any kind is not sanely developed nor sanely ad- 
ministered until it is made safe for human occupancy. 
No recreation ground is ready to produce recreation in 
a rational way until made safe with properly placed sani- 
taries. 

Water development also came in for a discussion in 
the earlier article. It is a protective feature that must 
have consideration if our plant is to function efficiently. 

Water is an essential of human existence and if it is not 
present in a pure state and adequate quantities on a 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


221 
creation. They must make it possible to utilize the re- 
creational materials in forests without danger to the con- 
sumer. Without them production is dangerous and 
faulty. 

With planning done and protective measures taken, 
there opens another part of the recreation field which 
is that devoted to nothing but the fundamental purpose 
of creating recreational values. 

Of prime importance in this portion of our plant ma- 
chinery are the recreational features along our roads and 
trails. It is safe to say that there are not a half dozen 
recreational roads in the country today although there 
are hundreds of millions spent on this part of the pro- 
ducing plant. The planning for recreation is faulty. 
Every road in the country is potential producing machin- 
ery if only a small sum were spent to put it into running 
condition. 

To illustrate what is meant by installing the recreation 
producing details let us consider a typical forest highway. 
It has been built at a cost of several hundreds of thou- 
sands of dollars. Yet it does not provide more than a 
traffic line. It is not a recreation road. It stops short 


CAMPING ON AN IMPROVED CAMP GROUNDS 


It is this sort of a structure that many local people have raised funds to build in the Forests. 
on the preceding page with a fireplace built in front. 


Camping, hotel, cabin or other human occupancy place 
that portion of our recreation producing plant lacks one 
Of the essentials for production. 

These three features mentioned all are of the field of 
dual service. They are life protective necessities in our 
factory of outdoor play. They must be present before 
any other development takes place. However, they must 
be fitted to the landscape and their mere presence on a 
Campground is no guarantee that that place is well ar- 
fanged for recreational use. They must be properly 
built and properly placed. Besides protecting life they 
fave a very important bearing on the production of re- 


It is the lean-to shelter shown 


of the very production which it was designed to give. 

The road swings along through timber, only a glimpse 
of mountain tops are visible. A canon is below and it 
is possible to hear the roar of the stream. The first 
recreation machinery on this road is adequate and prop- 
erly planned vistas giving views of the mountain and 
canon. 

The road reaches a grand outlook point but is narrow. 
There is no place to park, no invitation to linger there 
and make the most of the view. The second piece of 
recreation machinery is a broad stopping place at this 
point where several cars can be parked, perhaps a small 


A CAMPGROUND SIGN 


Signs are necessary to direct recreationai 
use. Without them the average tourist 1s 
a stranger in a very unfamiliar location. 


shelter with a travelers’ register in it 
and if the overlooks several 
mountain peaks a dial to point them 
out and name them should be in the 
shelter. The. recreational return 
from the outlook is thus enhanced a 
thousand fold or more for everyone 
The road cost 
reach 


view 


tens of 
thousands of dollars to this 
The outlook was one of the 
It was 


stopping. 


point. 
reasons for building the road. 
to produce inspiration, love of coun- 
try, joy in living, reverence of God 
many ‘of the other intangible 
products of play in the open. But it 
fell short of the real production about 
ninety-five per cent because two or 


and 


three per cent of the cost of the road 
to that point was not spent to actu- 
take the final step in the install- 
ing of recreation producing machin- 


ally 
ery. This happened because proper 
landscape planning was lacking. 
Every trail and road in the west, 
the 
spent 


south, north and east presents 


Millions 
on construction of traffic lines which 


same problems. are 


locations 
3ut be- 


ire often built in scenic 


solely for recreational use. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


cause there is no one who knows how 
to build this production phase into 
the mechanically engineered traffic 
line it is overlooked or bungled and 
the road which should produce rec- 
reational values on the hundred per 
cent basis is falling short of that ideal 
in an appalling manner. 

Is it not folly to build roads de- 
signed to produce the recreational 
values, so called scenic roads, without 
making them function? They prac- 
tically all need this “turning on of the 
power” as one might put it, and is it 


THE COOKING FIREPLACE 


This simple structure not only guards 
against fires spreading but it also produces 
recreational qualities. Its cost two years 
ago was around six dollars. 


not folly to build more roads that are 
to be scenic highways without mak- 
ing our present roads recreation pro- 
A tenth or 
twentieth of the cost of such a road 
would develop the recreation machin- 
ery to the full. 


ducing units? even a 


There are other pieces of recreation 
machinery which are needed on roads. 
Properly placed sanitaries are essen- 
tial to comfort and health. Signs are 
needed. Little side trails to scenic 
points are a part of good road de- 
velopments. Many a scenic gem is 


passed because there is not a parking 


place near it and a short stub trail 
pointed out by a sign to invite the 
traveler to behold its offerings. ; 

Beyond the development of the ree 
reation machinery on existing roz 
there lies the whole field of road 
trail development designed primarily 
to produce recreation. Most often 
roads built primarily for recreational 
purposes also serve commercial uses. 
There is a field for work in every 
scenic section of the country on ney 
traffic lines designed primarily to pre 
duce the recreation commodity. Thi 
are few such highways. Many 
which were planned for this fall | 
of it because designed and built 
someone more qualified to run a rail 
road grade than to determine 
constitutes a recreational road. 


In campground development 
is need of shelters, community hous 
and other human use structures. 
letin boards giving camp rules, | 
tances to nearby camps, notices of 
day and a map of the campgro 
serve the public but are lacking ¢ 
nearly every camping place. SI 
trails for foot travel, foot bri¢ 
over streams, camp tables, and mani 
other things are in the catalog of ma 
chinery for recreation, but they ar 
not now installed on the machiner 
bases of our producing plant. 

The recreational use of forest land 
is a fundamental one. It is not a 
ficially created by propaganda 
transient conditions. People instine 


A PICNIC-PARTY FIREPLACE ~ 


In the fireplace shown, a portion of 
top is covered with a sheet metal cover, 
The remaining part is covered with bars 
It will serve fifteen or twenty people. 


a 


FOREST RECREATION 


tively turn to forested areas for play. It is inbred in hu- 
manity. It now produces in our National Forests values 
which are far beyond the cash return realized from other 
utilization of the lands. True, large monies do not gu 
into the treasury of the United States but treasures more 
precious than money go into the souls, minds and bodies 
of citizens using forest areas for play. Recreation can- 
not be kept out of forest areas if it were desirable to do 
so. This is illustrated in the west, where it is necessary 
to place an armed guard on city watersheds to keep out 
recreational users. «Even with this restriction present 
people come to play on the slopes of timbered mountains 
thus protected. It is impossible to keep them out. It is 
impossible because our desire for recreation in forest 


DEPARTMENT 223 
on service to human forest uses. It should have develop- 
ment to produce the best as surely as timber activities 
are now receiving large funds to aid in lumber produc- 
tion. Recreation should have road funds and trail funds 
to develop the best values along existing traffic lines and 
to build new truly recreational roads. This is as just as 
allotting funds, as has been done, to furnish traffic lines 
in the mountains serving settlers, timber operators and 
stock men, for the roads built for this recreational use 
are universally used. Ten recreationists to one economic 
user is a low estimate of the division of forest road use. 
But recreation is not receiving the necessary support 
in the vast majority of our forest areas. 
men are employed to plan and direct while other activ- 


Few trained 


THE EVANS REST CABIN 


This cabin, roomy enough to take care of quite a crowd, was built by the Colorado Mountain Elnb cooperating with the Forest 


Service. It is equipped to take care of a dozen people. P. 
cabin unlocked. All are welcome. - All-may use the cabin. 


Pots, pans, tools and table service are left here permanently with the 
So far no one has abused it. 


It is near timberline on Mount Evans 


and designed to serve those people who are climbing the peak. It is this class of development that is needed beyond simple pro- 


tective needs to produce the most Of the best recreation from our 


areas is a part of us and being a part of us we must se- 
cure recreation in the out-of-doors for our own good and 
growth as surely as we must procure ourselves shelter 
and physical food. 

If recreation is a fundamental use of forest lands and 
does so universally produce values of high worth it 
should have equal recognition with other forest products. 

It should have a trained force planning and adminis- 
tering the use. It should have improvements serving the 
people who use the areas. If it is sound policy to build 
fences to serve the stock eating the forage on the range, 
and no one questions this, it is as logical to spend money 


Forests. 


ities of forests are more adequately manned. Funds are 
supplied for recreational development to meet the mini- 
mum protective needs only in a few of the forest areas of 
the country and in the National Forests, because Con- 
gress had not specifically set aside funds for such use, 
they are almost completely lacking. The production of 
recreation, an essential of human existence, is provided 
for adequately only on a few forest lands. In the Na- 
tional Forests there is hardly a point where real produc- 
tion features have been made for the same reason that 
the forest campgrounds are allowed to remain danger- 
ous—Congress has not provided for this great forest use 


AMERICAN 


m our properties 


The minimum machinery for producing recreation 


commodities is not costly. The very hiring of trained 
landscape architects to plan for and direct this work 
will stop loss by preventing ill-advised construction. The 
big costs of putting our recreation factory on a 


ig pro- 
ducing basis have all been met. The walls, foundations— 
everything but the fabric producing machinery is present. 
Less than a tenth, probably not more than five per cent 
of the cost of developing these to the present point will 
be further needed to produce 100 per cent of recreational 
use. With a 95 per cent investment now made they pro- 
duce from a few to eight or ten per cent of the possible 
total. 

A tremendous initial investment is in a critical condi- 
tion with regard to recreation production. No trained men 
are organized to direct the use of that investment—or if 
they are hired are hampered by lack of adequate funds 
to carry out their plans. A few hundred thousands of 
dollars will put many idle plants to producing recreation 
Some states have 


par-excellence. recognized this and 


have made modest appropriations for the business of 
making play. Literally millions of dollars worth of play 
can be produced by a comparatively small investment. 


Play is an essential in human life. It is as fundamental 


FORESTRY 


a need as beefsteaks, lumber, cotton cloth or ary other 
commodity. Our greatest and best plants for the produc- 
tion of play are standing idle or running at low effi- 
ciency through lack of proper direction and development. 
It is high time that we all wake up to the fact that this 
condition exists and insist that our greatest play pro- 
ducers, the forest lands of the country, be made safe and 
capacity producing units. 

Today we have the shells of our factories for producing 
the recreation commodity in National, State and County 
parks and forests. The bases are built for the producing 
Nothing is lacking but trained direction and ma- 
chinery. The market is the entire population of the 
country—an eager group of customers. Today we are 
on the threshold of producing great quantities of a hu- 
man need in these extensive unfitted plants. What will 
the tomorrow of forest recreation be? 

God grant that our vision be clear enough to see the 
magnificent human service our recreation factories can 
give! And may He grant further that we make them 
temples where, while receiving the values found there, 
we may be assured the knowledge that we have not 
bungled nor shirked the trust He has placed in our hands 
when giving us the great forest play places of our Na- 
tion. 


units. 


the St. Paul and 


and third cuts, respectively, from the larger tree. 


BIG DOUGLAS FIR TREES 


This photograph gives evidence of the size of Douglas Fir trees which grow in some of the fine stands of timber owned by 
Tacoma Lumber Company, in Washington. The butt cut on the first car came from a tree which the re- 
rt says was 300 feet high and whose lowest limb was some 200 feet above the ground. 
i iameter inside the bark at the butt, 7 feet at the top, and scaled 11,000 feet board measure. 
The second car in the picture contains the butt log from another good sized tree and the other cars carry the 
The photograph was taken in January, 1922, at the plant of the com- 
Tacoma just before the logs were dumped in the pond. 


This log was 32 feet long, 9 
The entire tree scaled 


TREES AND FLOWERS IN THE UNITED STATES 
BOTANIC GARDEN 


By R. W. Shufeldt 


(Photographs by the official photographer and the author.) 


NE of the most interesting places to visit in Wash- 

ington is the United States Botanic Garden, and to 
do this with profit, one should select a time when the ma- 
jority of the trees and plants are at their best with re- 
Spect to leafage and. flowers. 
good time; and one whovhas never seen this reservation, 
with its beautiful conservatories and spacious grounds, 
most assuredly has something well worth the while to 
look forward to and to enjoy. Foresters especially should 
be interested in making such a visit, as not only are there 
many American trees to examine and study, but a great 
many foreign ones as well, which are not likely to be seen 
anywhere else except in their native habitats. This ap- 
plies, too, to a host of plants, cacti, flowers, and so on, 
in which many foresters are likewise interested and en- 


Early in May is a very 


“joy studying. 


From various points of view, the grounds of the Bot- 


anic Garden present a great many attractive vistas, and 
in Figure 1 we have an example of these, taken in mid- 
summer, when the famous Bartholdi Fountain was in full 
play. This fountain is by Augusti Bartholdi, the sculp- 
tor, and holds a position north of the main conservatory. 
At the close of the Philadelphia Centennial in 1878, 
Congress purchased this fountain, and it constitutes one of 
the attractions of the city’s reservations. A published 
description of it says that “it has a marble basin ninety- 
three feet in diameter, surmounted with nine main jets, 
which have been recently wired for electricity. The foun- 
tain is supplied from the Aqueduct, and throws its highest 
stream to an altitude of sixty-five feet. Spaced in the 
basin are numerous fancy sprays. This fountain in full 
play presents a beautiful effect, especially when reflect- 
ing the rays of the sun.” 

Many Washingtonians and others have seen this Bar- 


7 
J Ss * es 


anne 
yt! 


mer " 


THE BARTHOLDI FOUNTAIN IN THE UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN 


Fig. 1—During a severe winter some years ago the basin above the three female figures, lit by over a dozen electric lights, was 


magnificently hung with scores of icicles of all sizes. 


It is said that hundreds of cameras recorded the extraordinary sight. 


AMERICAN 


CEDAR OF LEBANON 


Fig. 2—Unusually interesting trees in the grounds of the garden 
are the Cedar of Lebanon (center), and the low-growing Euro- 
pean Hornbeam on the right, both trees which attract much 
attention. 

tholdi Fountain in the winter time, when it has been 
draped with hundreds of icicles, many of them of great 
length, and all glistening with wonderful brilliancy 
upon a moonlit winter’s night. 

Note, too, in Figure 1 the fine view one gets of the 
dome of the Nation’s Capitol, while the wealth of trees 
prevents one from seeing little else of the building. The 
fountain is surrounded by a bed containing many inter- 
esting plants, some of which are from foreign countries 
and the admiration of the visiting botanist. 

Upon closer view, we have the south entrance of the 
main conservatory in Figure 4—a. most imposing struc- 
ture, and attention is invited to the two cypress cedars in 
this illustration. The one on the left was planted by Ed- 
win Booth, the famous tragedian, and the other by Law- 
rence Barrett, equally well known in the theatrical profes- 
sion. Many such historical trees are in the grounds, but 
space will not admit of either picturing or noticing them 
all here. 

As we approach the south entrance we pass two very 
remarkable trees, rarely seen growing anywhere in the 
United States; they are well shown in Figure 2, The 
tree on the left is a fine specimen of the Cedar of Lebanon 
(Cedrus libani), while the other is a very grand one of 
the European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). Note its 
short trunk, and how soon it throws off from it its far- 
reaching limbs. When this tree is in full leafage in sum- 
mer, it presents a most glorious spectacle with respect 


to form and foliage. 


FORESTRY : 


Near another path we come across two beautiful Pa-_ 
paw trees—-a male and a female one, which are of ex- 7” 
ceptional interest, and known as Carica papaya; they . 
are seen in Figure 5. 4 

“The main conservatory,” says a writer at hand, 
“commenced in 1867 from designs by Mr. Clark, Arelii= 
tect of the Capitol, consists of a central dome and two 
wings. The base is of marble and the superstructure” 
iron. The entire length is three hundred feet, and wings: 
twenty-five feet. The dome is supported on a brick 
column, which answers the double purpose of being a 
chimney also. Around this column winds an iron, spiral 
staircase, which leads to a cupola surrounded by a balus” 
trade. From this point the finest view of the West Front 
of the Capitol may be obtained. There are ten smaller 


2 


PAPAW TREES IN FULL FRUIT 


Fig. 3—One can gain some idea of the size of the main con- ~ 
7 


servatory in the garden upon seeing full-grown trees of this 
species in a flourishing condition within it. 


TREES AND FLOWERS IN THE 


conservatories devoted principally to the grow:ng of 
plants for exhibition in the main conservatory.” 

In one or two of these smaller ones Supt. Hess allowed 
the author to photograph a number of the rich tropicai 
plants that happened to be in bloom; more than this, Mr. 
Paget cut specimens of rare and rich orchids, of coffee- 
berries, and of other attractive plants for him. Among 
the flowering plants they photographed there was a par- 
ticularly rare lady-slipper (Cypripedium villosum), re- 
“produced in Figure .6, its exquisite shades of rich sap 
green, dark green, greenish yellow, and purple veinings 
lent to it a most striking appearance that caught the eye 
‘of the visitor at once upon entering the conservatory. 


NATIONAL 


BOTANIC GARDEN 227 
the faintest shade of green. ‘The lower central petals 
are a rich magenta, darkest above where they are cen- 
trally striped with white. The phenomenon of unfolding 
or opening is seen half accomplished in the topmost 
flower of the stem; the single central petal remains in 
situ, its free margin simply crimping; and the pair of 
petals next to it twist completely around, so that their 
white side face outwards ; they also crimp, as shown. The 
inferior pair crimp, too, but retain their position; the 
central purple petal curves downwards and becomes the 
lowermost one, and the white ovary—if it be the ovary— 
points directly backwards. As the flower matures, this 
rows to at least three times the size it has in the un- 


MAIN ROTUNDA OF THE UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN. 


The cypress trees planted by Edwin Booth and 
Lawrence Barrett here relieve the severity of the structure behind them, 


Fig. 4—This is the south side of the building and the pathways leading to it. 


Several plants of the lovely Bornean orchid were in full 
flower, and a fine specimen was presented to me for the 
purpose of photography ; it is here reproduced in Figure 
7. The parts that show white in the illustration are white, 
while the main flower-stem and leaves are grass green— 
the former the lighter of the two. The stem of the plant 
itself is dark straw color. As to the flower, the speckles 
are a pale umber brown, the petals are emarginated with 
very pale magenta, and the buds are white, tinged with 


opened bud. The flower-stem springs from the main 
plant-stem in the axil, several leaves (4-6) down the 
stalk. The leaves here shown did not belong to the 
particular bunch of flowers photographed, but were 
taken from another plant of the same species. Some of 
the orchids in this conservatory were especially fine 
and beautiful, particularly a large white one, with very 
delicate pink emarginations (Figure 8). 

So spacious are the wings and dome of the main con- 


AMERICAN 


228 


SPECIMENS OF THE PAPAW 

Fig. 5—A male and a female tree. These fine trees are in full 
flower and perfect leafage. Papaws (carica papaya) are grown 
in the conservatory and in the grounds as well. 
servatory building that they admit of tree-like plants 
flourishing there. A fine example of this is seen in Fig- 
ure 3, where two fruiting specimens of Carica papaya are 
seen to be in admirable condition. This is the famous 
papaw tree, grown to become a very different tree as 
compared with the one here shown in Figure 4—an out- 
of-doors example of it. An authority at hand says that 
“the papaw is native in South America, but now widely 
diffused throughout the tropics. Its height is about 
twenty feet; its deeply seven-lobed leaves are two feet 
in diameter, and borne on foot-stalks two feet long. The 
fruit is ten inches long, commonly of an oblong form, 
ribbed, and having a thick, fleshy rind. It is sometimes 
eaten raw or made into a sauce, or when green is boiled 
as a vegetable and is also pickled. The trunk, leaves, 
and fruit contain an acrid, milky juice (papain), which 
has the property of making quickly tender meat, which 
is boiled with a little of it or wrapped in the leaves, or, 
as it is claimed, merely hung up among the leaves. The 
seeds are an efficacious vermifuge. The leaves are 
saponaceous.” The papaw is also called, by some, the 
melon-tree. 

When warm weather arrives, many potted plants may 
he taken out of the conservatory and placed out-of-doors, 
where they form very attractive subjects for study. In 


the case of some of the rarer plants of the torrid zone, 
this is a little hazardous, as these thrive only in high 
temperatures 


FORESTRY 


Two very interesting plants are beautifully shown 
in Figure 9, namely the Chandelier plant (Bryophyllum 
calcinium) and the Mother-in-law plant (Diffenbachia 
picta). Note the fine ferns growing above these two 
plants—one could easily spend days in this great consery- 
atory studying the plants of the tropics alone. 


We read that “the first collection of plants in the 
United States Botanic Garden was brought to the United 
States by the Exploring Expedition to the Southern 
Hemisphere, 1838-42, commanded by Captain (rear Ad- 
miral) Charles Wilkes. The collection was first deposit- 
ed in the Patent Office, but was removed in 1850 to the 
Botanic Garden. Some of the plants are still living, and 
a large share of the present collection are the descend- 
ents of those brought back by the Wilkes Expedition 
A few have furnished representatives for many of t 
principal conservatories of the United States and Europe. 
The distribution of the collection is according to a geo- 
graphical distribution. The strictly tropical plants oc 
cupy the central portion of the main conseryatory ; those 
of a semi-tropical nature, requiring protection and lying 
towards the North Pole, are placed in the West Wing, 
and all indigenous to countries lying towards the South 
Pole are in the East Wing. 


A LOVELY SPECIMEN OF LADY SLIPPER 


Fig. 6.—This species has been named Cypripedium villosum and 
is a rather near relative of our American lady-slipper, which 
is still quite abundant in some localities in the Atlantic States. 


TREES AND FLOWERS IN THE NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDEN 


“The Central Building or Rotunda, temperature 80 de- 
grees, contains a fine variety of the majestic palms, 
called Martins, the princes of vegetation, and of which 
there are three hundred kinds, the most prominent being 
here represented. The most interesting in the collection 
is the palm tree of Scripture, familiarly known as the 
date palm. Jericho, the City of Palms, was so called from 
the numbers of this tree growing in its vicinity. It was 
recommended by the Jews in the Feast of the Taber- 
nacles. In Arabia, Egypt and Persia it supplies almost 
every want of the inhabitants. 

“The fruit is used for food, the leaves for shelter, the 
wood for fuel, and the sap for spiritous liquor. It matures 
in ten years, and then fruits for centuries, bearing from 
one to three hundred cwt. at a time. Among the Arabs 
the pollen dust is preserved from year to year, and at the 
season of impregnation of the pistils or female flowers, 
a feast called “Marriage of the Palms” is held. It is a 
singular historical fact that the date palm of Egypt bore 
no fruit in the year 1800, owing to the presence of the 
French army in the country, which prevented the annual 
marriage feast. 

“Among the other plants in this portion of the conserv- 


A BORNEAN ORCHID OF GREAT BEAUTY 


Vig. 7—This remarkable East Indian species does wonderfully 
Well as a conservatory plant, and in the greenhouses of the 
Garden few flowers can equal it for beauty. 


229 


FEW FLOWERS ATTRACT MORE ATTENTION THAN 
DO THE ORCHIDS 


Fig. 8—One of the several smaller conservatories in the Garden 
is given over almost entirely to the cultivation of these showy 
flowers, with their white and pink-edged petals. 


atory are the fan, royal, rattan sago of Japan and China, 
panama hat, oil, wine, coco de Chili, sugar and cradie 
palms ; the West Indian bamboo; the tree fern from New 
Zealand ; Astra pea from Madagascar ; screw pine of Aus- 
tralia, with its corkscrew leaves and root in mid-air; the 
cinnamon of Ceylon; maiden’s hair fern; mango, a de- 
licious fruit of the West Indies; banana, that most pro- 
lific of all plants; the great stag horn and silk horn 
ferns from Australia (very fine specimens) ; 
cane of South America, commonly known as the mother- 
in-law plant (Diffenbachia picta’ (see Fig. 9.) The sap 
of the root of the latter will take away the power of 
speech. Humboldt, during his explorations in South 
America, was eight days speechless from tasting it. 
The outer circle of the Rotunda is devoted to the smaller 
tropical plants. 


the dumb 


“The East range or Wing, temperature 50 degrees, is 
devoted more particularly to the plants of the South Sea 
Islands, Brazil, Cape of Good Hope, Australia and New 
Zealand. The principal specimens are the tree fern of 
New Zealand; the aloe and the Caffre bread tree from 
the Cape of Good Hope; the India rubber; the pas- 
sion flower; the caladium of Brazil; Norfolk Island pine 
of Australia—one of the most beautiful and largest 
growing trees in the world; the queen plant or bird of 


230 AMERICAN 
paradise flower, named from its resemblance to the plume 
of the bird; tuitui or candle-nut tree from the Society 
Islands, the nut being used by the natives for lighting 
their huts; the coffee plant, and several varieties of cacti. 

“The West wing, temperature the same as the East 
wing, the plants of China, Japan, East and West Indies, 


andMexico, 


are assigned. 
The most no- 
table plants 
here are the 


Cycadeceae of 
the East Indies 
(the largest in 
the country) ; 
the four-cen- 
tury plant; the 
Camellia jap- 
onica or Japan 
Rose ; the love- 
ly lily of Cuba; 
the 
Papyrus 
quorum or pa- 


historic 
anti- 
per plant of 
Egvpt ; the tal- 
low and leechee 
trees of China; 
the 
delightful fruit 
West 


Indies; the va- 


guava, a 
of the 


nilla of Mexico 
—the species 
which _ fur- 
nishes the aro- 
matic bean; 
the black pep- 
the 


per from 


East Indies ; 
the sugar cane, 
the Cherimoy- 


er or custard- 
apple; the cas- 
siva of the 
West Indies; 
the sensitive 
and humble 


plants; t he 


FORESTRY 


are supposed to attain the age of three thousand years, 
and have many uses. Humboldt pronounces them the 
oldest organic monuments of our planet. 

“There is also a specimen of the Carob tree of Pales- 
tine, sometimes called St. John’s bread. The pulp around 
the seed is supposed to have been the wild honey upon 
which St. John 
fed in the wil- 
derness. * = 
There are two 
smaller con- 
servatories de-_ 
voted entirely 
to cacti and or- 
chids. The bot- 
anical _collee- 
tion received 
some valuable 
contributions 
from the ex- 
pedition of 
Comm o- 
dore Perry to 
Japan. The 
supply is kept 
up by propaga- 


tion, and at 
rare intervals 
by scientific or 
exploring ex- 
peditions of 
the United 
States.” 


No apology 
is necessary for 
the somewhat 
lengthy quota- 
tion just given, 
as nothing 
could have 
been gained by 
simply _para= 
phrasing it. As 
it stands, it fur- 
nishes the very 
sort of infor- 
mation that 
students of 
trees and flow- 


American aloe ae cers really re- 
CHANDELIER AND MOTHER-IN-LAW PLANTS IN FUL : “as 

or century R fOTHER-IN-LAW PLANTS IN FULL BLOOM quire. So little 

plant of Mex- Mig. 9.—These are very handsome specimens ; and, as one passes into the interior beyond is known, in 

eet them, where hundreds of plants thrive in a temperature of 80 degrees F., it is not difficult z 

ico; the cam- to imagine that one is in a tropical jungle. this country 

phor trees and_ abroad, 


from Japan; the tea plant; the papaya or oriental tree 
hich has the property of rendering the toughest meat 
a plant of Adansonia digitata or monkey bread, 
rows on the banks of the Senegal and reaches 


circumference of one hundred feet. They 


about our great United States Botanic Garden—espe- 
cially as to what plants and trees may be seen and studied 
there—that I feel that the above list of them will be fully 
appreciated by all who are interested in foreign and na- 
plan is foot to 


tive trees and plants. A now on 


AMERICAN 


yreatly increase the area occupied by the present Botanic 
Garden ; it appears now to be a settled fact that a tract 
of very considerable extent adjoining the present 
grounds on the south, and, topographically, quite ideai 
for the purpose, will be acquired through an act of Con- 
gress, if, indeed, this has not already been done. It is 
said that the addition in question can be rendered quite 
picturesque through various improvements which Mr. 
Hess has already sketched out. 
All this is of extreme importance; for, once properly 
established and developed, the Garden would become 
‘one of the great educational centers of the world, and 
_ several millions of people would annually visit it, as they 
“now do in the case of extensive zoological gardens and 
_ great aquaria, such as the one in New York City. 
_ There is no question as to the enormous value of a 
"botanic garden as an educational enterprise. This goes 
" without the saying. As a matter of fact, our United States 
Botanic Garden should receive from the Government at 
least double what it annually gets for its proper sup- 
port and development. 


“Make me a home in the forest, 
Where its shadows linger deep— 
Where truth shall know my spirit, 
And the pines their vigil keep.” 
—Harry T. Fer. 


FORESTRY 231 


HER TREE 


She sowed a seed of Sorrow in the earth, 
And oh, she watered it with bitter tears! 
And then she turned her to her daily tasks 
And set her face toward the coming years! 


She could not stop to nurture it, nor tend, 

Nor even watch its growth, unless she drew 
Her time and strength away from all the cares 
& That each day brought—yet strong and straight 
it grew! 


Frost did not kill nor hot suns wither it, 
And it became, as years went by, a tree! 

And passers-by would gather at her door, 
For oh, its blossoms, they were fair to see! 


And they would rest a while beneath its shade, 
And rise, refreshed at last—rejoiced that they 

Who journeyed wearily along the road 

: Had found the tree she planted by the way! 


And oft she heard them murmur, as they went, 
A blessing on the planter of the tree! 
But oh, they called it by another name— 
They said it was the tree of Sympathy! 
Roselle Mercier Montgomery. 
Reprinted by courtesy of the N. Y. Times 


THE GHOST FOREST 


By Yvonne Jarrett 


Fire-ravished trees stand stark and white 
Beneath a sombre sky, 

And charred and blackened branches 
Like a stricken army lie. 


No sound of living thing disturbs 
The silence, night or noon; 
No bird is brave enough to sing 

Its song o’er such a tomb. 


But in the wind you sometimes hear 
A whisper, soft, a sigh, 

As though the spirits of the trees 
Were keeping watch nearby. 


Until the rising sun breaks through 
And folds each ghostly form 
In a robe of silver radiance 
To greet the coming morn. 
—Portland Oregonian. 


1? remove weed trees from the woodlot is as important 

as it is to weed the garden; besides you can burn the 
wood provided by crooked, defective trees, and from 
those that are not good timber species. 


As great oaks from little acorns, so a chip on the 
shoulder may become a stumbling block to progress. 
—Uinta Digest. 


DO NOT LET THE CURBSETTER RUIN YOUR TREES 


By Samuel Newman Baxter 
ARBORICULTURIST, FAIRMOUNT PARK COMMISSION, PHILADELPHIA 


N observer of tree life in cities would have no 
A difficulty writing a book on the vicissitudes of street 

trees, so ample is the material on this subject and 
so manifold are the adversities, both preventable and 
unpreventable, to which trees are exposed when intro- 
duced by man to city life. Nature would never select a 
city sidewalk on which to rear her brood of trees, yet 


SII 


ae 


rep. 


pg Bs 


PRACTICALLY RUINED BY CURB SETTING 
his beautiful Silver Maple was ruthlessly cut at the base by 
the curbsetter, who “had no idea that it would hurt the tree.” 


man, in quest of the shade, health and beauty which they 
impart, invariably expects nature to care for her own 
under these artificial conditions and fails to give a help- 
ing hand by imitating nature and providing natural con- 
ditions so far as is possible. 

In this article we shall not attempt to cover all the 
vicissitudes but confine it to a chapter on desecra- 
tions by the curbsetter, illustrating how to spare trees 
from the ruthless work of this individual. 

Not long ago a property owner appealed for help to 
men who were resetting curbing nearby, and 

vard his direction, from cutting the roots 

\n inspector was assigned posthaste to 


see the offender and have him respect the ordinance for 
the protection of street trees. When reprimanded for 
cutting the tree roots—they happened to be sugar maples, 
a tree which resents abuse more than most trees—the 
curbsetter expressed surprise that he had injured the 
trees. ‘Why,” said he, “I cut more than that from trees 
up on ——— Street three years ago to set the curb and 
the tree is still alive.” Yes, the tree he had cut was still 
alive, being a rapid growing silver maple it tried hard 
to survive the shock, but in submitting this photograph 
we leave to the reader how long it will live, or rather, 
how long it should be allowed to remain in its dangerous 
position. 

Can you imagine greater stupidity than was shown 
by this curbsetter when he deliberately cut into one-third 


HERE, AGAIN, THE TREE WAS CUT AT THE BASE 


To maintain the straight line of the curb, quite a cut was made 
on this old Sugar Maple, a species peculiarly sensitive to injury. 


the trunk of this large silver maple that the curb might 
be laid? Aside from its effect upon the health of the 
tree, the undermining has caused it to lean over the 
highway at a dangerous angle, a constant menace to 
passing vehicles and likely to be blown over in a high 


a sliver from 


_and even paint- 


DO NOT LET THE CURBSETTER RUIN YOUR TREES 


wind with the possibility of maiming or killing someone. 
Needless to say, Mr. Curbsetter learned his lesson and 
while his theory that a root may be cut and the tree yet 
live is not infrequently borne out in practice, the same 
holds good in the amputation of a human limb. We 
prefer to retain all our members for life’s battles, how- 
ever, and so do trees. 

Sugar maples when grown on sidewalks do not ordi- 
narily reach the proportion of nine feet in circumference 
so when this old specimen was encountered in extending 
the street, the builder showed good judgment in retain- 
ing it despite the snug fit for the narrow planting strip. 
The curbsetter 
insisted on ply- 
ing his art and 
rather than 
omit the curb 
where the tree 
projected a few 
inches, off came 


the base of the 
tree! True, he 
did make a 
neat, clean cut 


ed it, but longi- 
tudinal cuts 
of this sort do 
not heal over 
like those made 
crosswise, and 
so this mon- 
arch of an erst- 
while forest 
must pass the 
rest of its days 
with its “heel” 
chopped off 
and give thanks 
from its leafy 
branches which 
tower high 


233 


upright forms cause the tree to resemble a huge cande- 
labrum. This tree also serves as a hitching post, judg- 
ing from the chain on the side, though this practice is 
not to be recommended. How much better for the trees, 
and mankind, too, had the curbsetter adopted this treat- 
ment for the silver and sugar maples mentioned in the 
foregoing photographs! 

The roots of this old Norway maple had forced the 
stone curbing out of alignment and so when a change of 
the grade in the street at this point necessitated the con- 
struction of a new roadbed and sidewalk, the roots 
were found to extend along the line of the proposed new 
curb. To di- 
vert the curb- 
ing would have 
been a simple 
matter but the 
foundation for 
the same would 
have jeopard- 
ized the roots. 
The engineers 
preferred to re- 
tain the straight 
line for the 
face of the 
curb and so a 
reinforced con- 
crete arched 
curb was con- 
structed to 
bridge the base 
of the tree and 
projecting 
roots. On eith- 
er side of the 
arch it was 
necessary to 
build an ex- 
tension or 
shoulder as 
shown in pho- 
tograph to 


above the 
house top that 
man spared it. 

Having ob- 
Served these two cases—and they may be typical with 
€very community—how not to do it, let us note the 
application of measures to preserve street trees under 
similar circumstances. 

A European horse-chestnut ten feet in circumference 
Spared by a “break” in the curbing. 

This is the simplest form of treating a tree in the line 
of a curb—a break in the curb—and one which should 
Suggest itself to any curbsetter with common sense. 
Vehicles may scar the trunk but surely drivers will con- 
cede its right to the slight encroachment on the road- 
Way, especially if they could see it in early May when 
thousands of white blossoms bedeck it and in their rigid 


AN UNUSUAL AND EFFECTIVE CURB TREATMENT 


This curbing was raised into an arch to protect the roots of a beautiful Norway Maple 
before the road bed was laid. the 


support the 
curb, along and 
under which 
root ex- 
tends for several feet. The top of the shoulder is flush 
with and forms a part of the brick gutters which have 
since been laid, and water in the gutter may seep under 
the arch to the roots. Thus we have curbing and the 
roots, too! Note the wadding of newspapers to keep the 
concrete off the tree and provide growing space between 
the tree trunk and the concrete arch. 

Here is another method of saving trees when in the 
line of newly opened streets, raising the grade to con- 
form with old conditions and diverting curb and side- 
walk that the root system may be preserved. Inci- 
dentally, this happens to be an uncommon though not 
a rare tree—Sophora Japonica, or Japanese Pagoda 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


5 


Oa 


| 


\ [Le 


homes which have sprung up 
about it. The bloom, too, will 
delight for it comes in large 
white, peashaped, 
and in midsummer when trees 


— 
* 


panicles, 


in flower are scarce. 

These are but a few in- 
stances of the measures taken 
to protect street trees in Phil- 
adelphia since the Fairmount 
Park Commission assumed 
their control in 1912 by virtue 
of an Act of Assembly. In 
that year a systematic street 
tree census was taken, plotting 
and recording 127,300 trees, 
with information which has 
since been of infinite value in 
executing the trust of a tree 
loving city. Trees mean much 
toward a “City Beautiful,” 
and with their worth recog- 
nized no city or town should 
be without its Shade Tree 
Commission or Tree Warden. 


SAVED BY UNIQUE TREATMENT OF CURBING 


This beautiful Japonica was left in its original position, 
the curbing being diverted to meet its requirements. 


tree. Furthermore, it is the largest around Philadel- 
phia and possibly in this country. The trunk meas- 
ures three feet in diameter and the branches spread 
over an area of seventy feet. It may have been 
planted by the late Robert Buist, whose nurseries 
were not far from the home of John Bartram, who 
found and introduced that rare and beautiful flow- 
ering tree, Gordonia pubescens, or Franklin tree. 
The writer discovered this large Sophora when the 
street of which it is now a part was about to be 
The 


many stubs shown throughout the tree are evidence 


opened, and recommended its preservation. 
of its previous neglect, but since the photograph was 
taken these have been removed in a thorougi) prun- 
ine a1 


ind the tree is likely to live for many years, af- 


fording a grateful shade for the occupants of these 


CURBING OMITTED—THIS IS OFTEN DONE 
This old horse chestnut stood directly in the way of the curb, so 
the curb was omitted, in deference to its age and dignity! 


Novel Trees And F orest Products 


By S. J. Record 


Professor of Forest!:Products"|Yale University 


MAKING CLOTHING OUT OF WOOD 
Clothing is ordinarily made out of wool, cotton, sik 
or linen. These are fibrous materials which are easily 
n or twisted together into thread or yarn for weaving 
into cloth. Sometimes, as dur- 
ing a great war, not enough 
of these fibers can be had to 
supply the demand and other 
materials must be found to 
take their place. 


This was the case with Ger- 
many and Austria during the 
war and they were forced to 
use the fibrous portions of 
nettles, rushes, broom and 
turf. They also made a great 
deal of cloth, clothing, bag- 
ging, canvass, cordage, etc., 
out of wood. 


Wood is made up of tiny 
little hard fibers all tightly ce- 
mented together. By cutting 
the wood into little chips and 
then cooking these chips in 
certain acids or alkalis it is 
possible to dissolve out the 
hard material and to separate 
all the fibers. Through this 
process a stick of wood be- 
comes a mass of soft pulp. 
Wood fibers are like cotton 
fibers only very, very much 
shorter. In fact it would take 


aa) 


, Photograph uy S. J. Record 
PAPER YARN SHUTTLE 
A shuttle with its charge of 
_ paper yarn ready for the 

som. One end of the yarn 


about eight spruce wood fibers 
placed end to end to measure 
an inch and each is so tiny 
as scarcely to be visible with- 
out a magnifier. 


‘is untwisted to show the s 
structure of it. It would be very difficult to 


Spin such short fibers into a thread so they are first made 
into paper. Look closely at a torn edge of a piece of 
paper and you will see that it is composed of tiny fibers 
in a closely tangled web. Now if you will take some 
thin brown wrapping paper, cut off a strip about half 
A inch wide and twist this tightly you will have a length 
‘of paper twine. If you use tissue paper you can make 
‘very fine thread and two or three of these may be twisted 
” together into a stronger one. 

C Here, then, is the whole story of making wood into 
" clothing. Chips are cooked to a fibrous pulp, this pulp 
> 


é 


is spread out and the tangled fibers ironed down into 
sheets of paper, the paper is cut into narrow strips, the 
strips are spun or twisted by machines into thread or 
yarn, the thread or yarn is wound on spools and bob- 
bins, these are put into looms and cloth is woven in the 
same way as ordinary cioth from cotton or wool. 

The objections to cloth made in this way are that it is 
coarse and harsh and becomes tender and easily torn 
when wet. The goods can be made softer and stronger 
by using part cotton, and by waterproofing the paper and 
twisting it very tightly it will withstand considerable 
wetting. The Germans and Austrians found paper tex- 
tilés very serviceable not only for garments but also for 
table cloths and napkins, wall covering, curtains, bed 
covers and sheets, mattress ticking, bagging, harness 
straps and a whole host of military uses. No one, how: 
ever, wants to wear paper clothing if he can get anything 
better. 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
PAPER TEXTILES 


These print cloths are made of paper yarn and are used for 
clothing, tablecloths, etc. The background is a paper towel. 


236 AMERICAN 

There is another way of making wood into wearing 
apparel. After it is reduced to pulp, as for making paper, 
the fibers are dissolved by chemicals and the solution 
squirted out through extremely minute holes and harden- 
ed into delicate threads something like the strands of a 
spider web. This is artificial silk which has become the 
great rival of the natural product of the silkworm, 

WOOD STRAINS 

The name “wood strains” is applied to the wooden 
insulators used in overhead electric line construction. 
They consist of turned pieces of hard wood enlarged in 
the middle and at the ends. They vary in length from 
eight inches to three feet and are from an inch to four 
inches in diameter at the smallest part. Malleable iron 
lugs with eyes for fastening to the guy wires are 
swedged onto the enlarged ends so that the wood is sub- 
jected to an endwise pull. 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
A WOOD STRAIN 
There is no danger of the wood being pulled in two, the lugs at 
the end would slip off first. 

Wood is used because in a dry condition it is a very 
poor conductor of electricity. Maple is the principle 
species employed for this purpose but many hard, strong, 
easily turned woods will do. The dry pieces are thor- 
oughly impregnated with parafine and then coated with 
a heavy oil paint. The latter wears off in time but the 
parafine alone affords fairly good protection, 

There is no danger of the wood being pulled in two 
because wood is so much stronger in tension than in re- 
sistance to shear. If a wood strain fails it is from some 
other cause, more likely the pulling off of the lugs. 
Poreclain and other kinds of insulators are being sub- 
stituted on electric railroads but the troliey lines still 
use large numbers of the wooden kinds. 

PLUGGING HOLES IN CROSSTIES 

Whenever a spike is pulled out of a crosstie the hole 
that is left affords excellent opportunity for the entrance 
of water carrying spores and disease germs to the interior. 
To overcome this the holes are now commonly filled with 
wooden plugs. These are used by the million and are 
for the most part sawed by special machines from slabs 
and scraps from ‘the mills and shops. Some railroads make 
some of their own plugs in the shops or employ the spare 
time of the section men in splitting them out of old ties. 
The common size is about four-and-a-half inches long, 
five-eighths of an inch square in cross section and with 
one end wedge-shaped like a spike: For untreated ties 
white oak or other durable wood is preferred for piugs. 
Any wood can be used where the ties are treated since 
the plugs are placed in gunny sacks and impregnated with 
the preservative along with the ties. 


FORESTRY j 
& 


PINE STRAW ROADS bk: 
In certain parts of Florida, particularly in the lime 


sink and lake regions, the sand is very deep and there © 
is no clay available to make the roads firm. In the open Ff 
pine woods, however, are large quantities of the long 
needles or pine-straw which makes a very satisfactory — 
road material upon which autos can travel without dif- | 
ficulty. There are hundreds of miles of such roads in 
the state. 


A TYPICAL ROAD 


Pine straw road used mostly by automobiles going up Iron Moun 
tain, near Lake Wailes, Polk County, Florida. 


The straw is raked up in the woods and hauled to the ~ 
road where it is spread to a depth of about a foot, 
though it soon gets flattened down. The work is usually 
done in early spring and costs from 40 to 60 dollars a mile. 
One strawing will usually last for a season and sometimes 
two. Unlike ordinary road materials this is in constant 
danger from fire so the expression “‘burning up the road” 
has a literal meaning in Florida. 


MAKING PAPER NEGATIVES AND PRINTS 


FROM WOOD SECTIONS 
It is often desirabie to have prints showing in natural 


size the structure of woods. “If well made they show 
the size, number, and arrangement of pores and other 7 
characteristics and for many purposes of comparison and 
study they serve nearly as well as the wood itself. The 
use of a camera for such purposes is not only expensive 


Photograph by S. J. Record 


AMERICAN ELM WOOD 
Positive print. Paper negative. 


NOVEL TREES AND 


but requires considerable skill in order to bring out de- 
tails. In fine-textured woods such a photograph would 
iz ordinarily show no pores at all. 
_ A very simple and inexpensive method is to take a 
very thin slice of wood and make a paper negative from 
it. This is done by placing the section in an ordinary 
printing frame, inserting a piece of photographic paper 
and proceeding in the ordinary manner of printing from 
negatives. A little practice will be required to get the 
rrect density but with the gas-light papers the process 
quite rapid. ~ 


= 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
INTERESTING WOOD SECTIONS 


sawed  bird’s-eye A cross section of the wood of 
ple showing irregularities in the sugar maple showing the 
in and characteristic ap- appearance of bird’s-eye on 
‘pearance of rays. this surface. 


| The resulting print, however, is a negative in which 
th @ pores show as black spots and the dense fibers as 
White areas. To get a positive it is only necessary to 
render the opaque paper negative translucent so as to al- 
W printing. This is accomplished by soaking the dry 
Paper in kerosene for a few minutes, removing all sur- 
plus oil with a cloth or blotting paper. It is then ready 
_ to be psaced in the printing frame, picture side up, and 
inted from as in the case of an ordinary film or glass 
gative. The resulting print shows the wood structure 
better than an ordinary photograph and the negatives 
are not only cheaper but are very convenient to handle 
and store. 
) lf a section shows a difference in color the darker 


FOREST PRODUCTS 237 


portion will print more slowly. This can be overcome 
by shading the light part enough to even it up. If printing 
by artificial light is found too slow, exposure to some- 
what subdued daylight will give quick results. The 
sections used by the writer were taken from Romeyn B. 
Hough’s “American Woods.” 


SOUTH AFRICAN FORESTS 


Se forests in South Africa are of very limited ex- 

tent, but the timbers exhibit a wide range in the qual- 
ity of their wood, varying from extremely light and soft 
to equally extreme hardness and difficulty of working. 
Most of the trees are small but the yellow wood (Podo- 
carpus) attains a diameter of 8 or 10 feet. 


The large trees are manufactured into lumber by the 
pit-sawing process. A pit is dug for each tree and is 
about 7 feet deep, 3 feet wide and 20 feet long. The logs 
are rolled onto skids across the pit and usually sawn into 
three-inch planks. One sawyer stands on the top.of the 
log and the other below in the pit. The planks are then 
hauled to the market by oxen. Small logs are usually 
sawn at sawmills but the planks go direct to the consum- 
er who has to re-saw them as he sees fit. 


Local woods are for the most part in disrepute by the 
manufacturers in that country due to the difficulty in 


seasoning them properly. The dry climate causes very 
rapid surface evaporation which results in serious check- 
ing and warping. Efforts are now being made to over- 
come this difficulty through the introduction of modern 
dry kilns of American type. 


Photographs by Nils Eckbo 


SOUTH AFRICAN PRODUCTS 


Pitsawing a yellow-wood log African maid gathering fire- 
that measured 125 ‘cubic feet. wood from the plentiful forest. 


TRANSPLANTING 


Furman Lloyd Mulford 


A> the frost gets out of the ground impatience to be- 
gin digging takes possession of the soul. Although it 
is a most appropriate time to be p!anning how and where 
the transplanting is to be done it is a time to leave the soi: 
alone until such time as it is sufficiently dry to handle 
without danger of puddling. As light sandy soils are 
never troubled in this way the caution suggested above 


does not hold for them. 


The condition of the soil is of prime importance in 
considering the mechanical operation of moving a grow- 
ing plant from one location and re-establishing it in 
another under such conditions that it may reasonably 
be expected to continue its growth. One of the chief 
reasons why the transplanting of deciduous trees and 
shrubs is done spring and fall and not all through the 
winter is primarily that it is too much trouble to have 
the ground in suitable condition in the intervening 
months. It is just as possible to transplant a tree in 
January, in New York or New England, in a manner 
so that it will live, as it is to do it in October or April, 
but it takes more fore-thought, trouble and expense. 


To be suitable for transplanting a soil should be suf- 
ficiently dry so that when squeezed tightly in the hand © 
and then released it gradually springs apart. The reason 
for this is that if the soil is too wet and it is packed ~ 
about the roots of the plant it puddles. That is it packs © 
together in an impervious mass that will permit neither) 
water nor air to reach the roots nor permit the roots to) 
continue their growth. The action on the soil about the | 
roots is similar to that on wet clay when it is pounded © 
into place on the face of a dam. It is a common prac- 
tice to wet the soil containing a large proportion of clay 
and pound it on surfaces intended to hold water and thus” 
make the soil impervious. If the soil packed about — 
the roots of plants is too wet it acts in the same manne 
as though tamped on the surface of a dam. How soon” 
after a rain or after the ground thaws in the spri 
it will be suitable for handling, depends on the partic” 
ular soil as the rapidity with which soils dry depends 
on the relative amounts of clay and sand they contain 
combined with the amount of organic matter and th 
freedom with which the subsoil permits excess of water — 
to escape. Some sandy soils never get too wet to handle — 


TRANSPLANTING STREET TREES CAREFUL PLACEMENT AND FILLING OF THE 


lanter and two diggers are setting the tree while the wagon of trees waits to go to the next hole. 
and down occasionally, also works soil among the roots with his fingers. When the hole is partially filled he begins 


the soil. 


HOLE IS NECESSARY 


The planter shakes 


% TRANSPLANTING 


while some clay soils seem never to be dry enough without 
getting too dry. This latter condition affects the plant 

less than it does the planter as it makes more difficult 

getting the soil sufficiently fine to pack about the roots. 
‘A lumpy soil can be made fine by extra trouble while a 
_ wet soil cannot be modified to suit. 

_ Next in importance to having soi! in proper condi- 
tion is to have plants that have been properly dug and 
handled. Transplanting means re-establishing a plant in 


EFFICIENT HANDLING 


taken from the ground and immediately packed in moss 
on the wagon, then packed for shipment in a shady place as 
n as taken from the wagon, arrive at destination in good con- 
ion. These trees were planted directly from the wagon. 


new location with sufficient roots in good condition to 
feed the part that is above ground. In order to do this 
ell the whole of the root system should be dug with 
the plant and then be so handled that none of the roots 
‘Become so dry before they are replanted that they become 
@ss as collectors and transmitters of food. The ideal 
method of transplanting is the moving of plants from 
)pots in to the open ground. In this case the whole of the 
‘oot system is present and none of it is lost in the moving 
"so that the roots are immediately ready to extend into 
the new soil. The nearest approach to this is where a 
small plant may be dug with the soil about the roots and 
carried on the shovel that dug it to the new location 
nc be put into the hole already prepared for it without 
app jably loosening the soil from the roots. Only 
seal proportion of the plants moved, however, can 
jossibly be done by either of these ideal methods, so for 
= the best possible substitute must be used. In the 
@ase of deciduous plants this is the digging of them 
in such a manner that all of the root system is obtained. 
“This does not mean digging so that all the roots are hang- 
Foz fast to the plant but with many of them broken so 
‘that they are hanging limp and others all bruised and 
) barked along the sides. Any root broken or bruised 
) in this manner is practically useless for the support of 
) the plant and might as well have been left in the ground 


239 


from which it was dug as far as any future good it can 
do is concerned. 

Roots broken off or damaged in the digging will re- 
quire the removal of a corresponding amount of the 
top in order to keep a reasonable balance between the 
amount of top growth and the roots available to supply 
moisture and mineral foods for its support. Because 
of the necessary loosening of the earth about the roots, 
because of the physical impossibility of getting them 
again into as close contact with the soil as they were be- 
fore, and because of the destruction of the finest rootlets 
and root hairs that are the collecting contacts with the 
soil the ability of the roots to supply food is much re- 
duced the first. year. To offset this, from one fourth 
to one half of the top of these plants should be pruned 
away in order thus not to impose too much of a tax on 
the roots while the plant is becoming re-established. 

Because the necessary cutting of the top is so much, if 
too many of the roots are destroyed in transplanting, 
it has become customary to grow plants in nurseries 
where they may be frequently dug and replanted or in 
lieu of this may have their roots severely pruned so that 
the plant will form a compact root system that may be 
dug with the least possible injury when the plant is sold. 
Many plants growing in the wild where the roots are 
not disturbed send out but few roots and these grow to 
long distances in gathering food. When such plants are 
dug it is often impossible to follow these long roots be- 
cause of their intermingling with roots of other plants 


INEFFICIENT HANDLING 


Trees handled in this manner without packing or covering for 
the roots are reduced in vitality even when they are not killed. 
This sort of treatment at the nursery or at the purchaser’s 
should not be tolerated. 


so they are cut off in digging. Even if it is possible 
to follow such roots it is seldom done because of the 
work inyolved. It is this difference in the character 
of the root system that makes the nursery grown plants 
so much more valuable than plants collected in the woods. 

After digging the roots need to be protected so that 
they will not dry out, for with most plants a drying of 
the outer covering or bark of the root, if it might be so 
called, practically kills it. At this point there is probably 


240 AMERICAN 


the handling of 
and replanting. 
amount of such 


more carelessness than at any other in 
plants unless it is between unpacking 
There is a difference in plants as to the 
abuse they wi!] stand and still survive and yet even those 
that will stand the most are injured by carelessness even 
when they are not killed. Among the trees that will not 
stand such abuse are the oaks and yet one city that 
plants many of these trees and is extremely careful in 
this matter succeeds in getting more than 98 percent of 
the oaks they plant on the street, to grow, and they are in 
the way of using large trees, which as a rule are more 
difficult to move than small- 


FORESTRY 


is more difficult but probably the only thing to do after 
noting their bad condition on the receipt to the railroad 
company is to handle them as little and as gently as pos= 
sible in getting them to a proper place to thaw. 

Although proper care may be taken at the nursery 
both in immediate covering of the roots after digging 
and in careful packing with plenty of moss or other 
packing material yet on arrival at destination the plants 
may be quickly ruined by bad treatment. They shoul 
be immediately unpacked. If the places are ready for 
planting this may be done as the plants are taken fro 
the box provided each one 


Their success is 


er ones. 
undoubtedly due to this 
great care. They dig a 


tree and at once “heel it 
in” that is cover the roots 
with soil in a temporary lo- 
cation. When ready _ to 
plant they pack the trees in 


the wagon with the roots 
thoroughly covered with 


wet moss. When they get 
to the place where the tree 
is to be set it is not taken 
from the wagon until the 
hole is ready and the men 
who are to plant it are stand- 
ing beside it with their shov- 
els ready for business. The 
tree is then set and the wa- 
gon moves on to the next 
hole, but the next tree is not 
taken from its covering of 
moss in the wagon until the 
planters at this hole are 
ready to actually put the 
trees in its final position. 
This method is in great con- 
trast to that shown in the 
picture, where a load of trees 
is being hauled without even 
a covering of canvas to pro- 
tect it from the sun and wind 
to say nothing of the lack 
of moss about the roots. 
In addition to the injury 
of the roots already men- 
tioned, they are sometimes 
hurt by being frozen in 
transit. When 
frozen the plants should be placed if possible in a cellar 
where the temperature is only slightly above freezing 
and there be permitted to thaw as gradually as possible. 
While frozen they should be handled as little as possible. 
If in boxes or bales these should be handled carefully and 
the plants should not be unpacked until they are thawed. 
If they have been shipped in bulk in a car the situation 


called “heeling in.” 


the trench for the next. 
received 


i 
7 


TREES WELL HEELED IN 


Trees should always have their roots covered to prevent undue 
drying before planting. The covering of roots temporarily is 
Large deciduous trees and evergreens are 
most readily “heeled in” standing as in this picture. Smaller 
deciduous plants are laid at an angle of 30 degrees or less with 
the ground; the earth for covering one lot of roots is taken from 


may be set as soon as it 
taken from the packing ma= 
terial. As a rule a certait 
amount of sorting and se 
lection has to be done 
fore planting can begin, a 
also it is easier to check up 
all the material if it all is 
taken from the box at one 
Usually the best way. 
is to unpack the plants and 
heel them in as they are un- 
packed. By “heeling in” is 
meant covering the roots 
with soil so that they are 
thoroughly protected from 
drying until ready to plant 
permanently. In this oper- 
ation the roots of several 
plants may lie overlapping 
one another so long as all 
are brought sufficiently close 
to the soil to prevent any 
chance of their drying out. 
With smaller plants a trench’ 
is often dug and then the 
tops are laid nearly flat 
the-ground with the roots’ 
in the trench and then dirt is 
thrown over the roots. When 
done on a large scale the 
dirt used for covering the 
roots in the first trench is 
taken from the second trench 
and the tops of the plants in 
the second trench lie over the” 
first trench. -With large ~ 
plants the simplest way is 
often to stand them up and 
throw the dirt in around them much as though they were 
being planted. 
For successful planting it is usually well to prepare 
the ground in advance.. If the soil is shallow it will 
be necessary to remove the top soil and save it to on€ 
side then remove the sub-soil preferably to a depth of at 
least 18 inches and for large plants two feet, then se- 


4 


— ca 
’ 
ws, 
7. 
. 
os. “x 
ree, r 7 
oo ¢ 
en. : 
Ca Kore 
weet 
: a 
ei Y ae tl 
_ Sa eh oes oe 
4 ES 0° 
: Pe ee z. 
“s, bd a } were. toi 
- .en = 
Me, en 
J t oe 
1d t. s 
ty? 
ae Seb ae 
Seeq Ba 5 Pca i 
Se er serteneg Oe 
& oe 
. tee ete 
~ A ——— $2 


Z Fn 
RAGA Res 


A PIN OAK TRIMMED FOR PLANTING 


f the roots had been badly mutilated more severe pruning 
yould have been desirable. Oaks require more pruning at trans- 


jlanting than most trees. The stubs at A and A are bad. These 
1ould be cut off close to the trunk. 


other top soil to replace the sttb-soil removed. With 
his it is well to incorporate well rotted manure unless the 
pil is untisually rich and it is also desirable to add ground 
one, cotton-seed meal or other fertilizers of that sort 
nat will act more slowly than the manure. These 
hould all be thoroughly mixed with the soil before 
lanting is begun. 

‘When the hole is ready the plant should be brought 
tom where it has been “heeled in” and any bruised or 
nutilated roots should be cut off with a sharp knife mak- 
ig a smooth cut. This cut is usually made with the 
downward although this is not necessary, the im- 
ant thing being to have a smooth surface as this fre- 
tly seems to aid the starting of new roots that are 
essary for the re-establishment of the plant. The top 
Should also be priined so that at least one fourth of the 


TRANSPLANTING 241 


prospective top for next year shall be removed if there 
have been no roots destroyed in digging the plant; to 
three-fourths or more of the prospective top in the case 
of badly mutilated roots or of plants collected from the 
woods, or if the plants are oaks or other kinds that are 
difficult to transplant. 

After the pruning is done the plant should be placed in 
the hole and the roots spread out in all directions in a 
natural position. The hole should be large enough not 
to require the bending back or sidewise any of them. 
When the plant is placed some fine soil should be put 
in the hole and worked in about the smaller roots carefu!- 
ly. There is no implement that will take the place of the 
hand for this purpose. After the roots are well covered 
in this way the earth about them should be well firmed. 
There is nothing better for this than tramping with the 
feet, if it is carefully done, so as not to bark the roots 
or stems. If the soil is in good condition and the plant is 
entirely dormant the hole may now be entirely filled 


A SYCAMORE PRUNED FOR PLANTING 


Note that the general shape of the tree has been maintained 
and that a large part of the trimming has been done by removing 
whole limbs. 


242 AMERICAN FORESTRY 7 


: 


transplanting but the:determining factor is the water sup- i) 
ply and the time of transplanting has to be determined | 
by the presence of sufficient moisture. a 
In pruning at transplanting the general shape or out ii 
line of the plants should be maintained as nearly as) 
possible by removing whole limbs rather than cutting 
back the ends of them. Of course if severe pruning must | 
be done then both methods have to be used. “% 
Where quick results from planting are desired, ory) 
results with the least trouble, then nursery plants should: 
be used. On the other hand in remote districts where 
there is no difficulty in getting permission to dig plantsuy 
from the wild there is an attraction in using native mae 
terial in beautifying the home or school surroundings) . 
In addition to the greater appreciation that is likely toy 
come from having selected and dug the plants there is 
also the probability that the result will be more harmo= 
nious and appropriate, because there is not likely to be any: 
discordant note among the wild things as there might 
be where plants from many unknown corners of thé 
globe are brought together in a single planting. On the 
other hand the delay is greater because with many plants, 
especially if large specimens are attempted to be moved 


PLACING THE TREE IN ITS HOLE FOR PLANTING 


A street tree is being placed ready for planting. This has just 
been taken from its packing of wet straw and moss on the wagon, 
and the man is measuring to get it at the proper distance from 
the curb. The shoveler is waiting to put in the dirt. 


with soil and the plant be left to grow. If the soil is too 
dry, or the plant has partially started into growth, water 
should be applied immediately after the tramping and 
after it has soaked away the balance of the soil could be 
replaced without farther tramping. If the planting is 
done in the fall it is wel! to mound the soil up a little 
about the plant to be sure that settling does not permit 
water to collect and cause trouble from ice during the 
winter. The plants should be set about an inch lower 
than they were growing in the nursery. It is usually 
best to stake trees the first year to prevent wind from 
loosening them in the soil before they become established. 


The question of the best season for transplanting 
often presents itself. In the eastern third of the country 
the season at hand is usually the best for such work. 
Most trees and shrubs will begin to form roots as soon as 
planted and if set in the fall will make more of a growth 
the following season than if planted in the spring. In, 
the colder and drier regions farther west spring trans- 
planting is probably better as owing to the extreme drying 
of the strong winds, plants set in the fall will be dried 
dead before spring because the roots not being estab- 
lished in the soil are unable to supply the moisture taken 
from the top by the wind. Even in this region transplant- 
ing may be successfully done in the fall if the ground 
after planting is thoroughly soaked and then mulched 
and the tops are wrapped in burlap or other protective 

laterial to prevent the drying of the top. On the Pa- 


VERY NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS 


Driving substantial stakes to hold a tree box firmly so that it 4 
will be a protection and support to the tree. 


c Stope and in the warmer parts of Arizona and New 


XT 


Mexico there is not cold sufficient to interfere with 


30 much of the top must be cut away in order to compen- 
sate for the root loss that there is practically none left 
nd a new top must be grown. The loss ordinarily in 
splanting collected plants is large and it comes mostly 
n reluctance to cut away enough of the top to com- 
ate for the great root loss that nearly always oc- 
_ This reluctance comes from the feeling that this 
cutting of the top is destroying the plant upon 
so much labor has been expended not realizing 
the real destruction took place by the severance of the 
lany roots that were left in the ground when digging. 
Evergreen trees must ‘be handled somewhat differently 
cause they are continually full of foliage which is con- 
ntly making demands upon the roots for moisture. 
scause of this it is necessary to move them without 
sening the contact of the roots with the soil. In other 
a mass of soil as big as the root system must be 
ken with the plant when it is moved. If this mass of 
1 becomes cracked and falls away from the roots injury 
li 64 to result because the loosening of the soil in- 
rferes with the absorption of water that the foliage 

ds. Then too in the case of the cone bearing trees 
tle exposure of the roots to the air will dry them 


hich results in hardening the resin of the sap and the 


FORESTRY IN CONNECTICUT 243 


root is killed more surely than a deciduous plant would 
be with several times the same exposure. 

Another difference in the handling of evergreens is 
in the time of moving. Here again the demands of the 
foliage for moisture make necessary a different procedure 
than with deciduous plants. As it is imperative that 
this moisture supply be as constant and abundant as 
possible the plants need to be moved at a time when new 
roots are likely to form promptly which means that the 
soil should be sufficiently warm to stimulate this growth. 
This condition usually exists the six weeks after the 
proper time for planting of deciduous trees in the spring 
and a like period in the late summer or early fall end- 
ing at least six weeks before the ground begins to freeze 
at night. To be specific this time on the 40th parallel 
would be most of May and June and most of August 
and September. 

In addition it is important that newly’ planted ever 
greens be kept well watered while they are becoming 
re-established and it is a help to have the tops sprayed 
two or three times a day to reduce the evaporation from 
the foliage as much as possible. In a windy location it 
is a help to have the trees protected on the windward side 
for several weeks or months. 


PRIZES FOR PLANTING COMPETITION. 


rt Connecticut Forestry Association offers three pnizes for 
estation by either seeding or planting, during the years 1921 
inclusive. The prizes will be awarded in 1926. The 
is $75.00 in gold; the second, $50.00, and the third, $25.00. 


f itestants for these prizes must be tax payers (corporations 
Juded) in Litchfield County, Connecticut. 
\ stands entered for the competition will be examined by the 
tee on afforestation within three months of the date fixed 
e fall meeting of the Association in 1926 when the prizes 
s awarded. Contestants will be required to show the com- 
the stands entered and submit a report showing the origin 
seed or planting stock, the date of afforestation, the age 
2 of the stock used, and the itemized cost. 
I who enter the competition are required to send their 
, s and addresses and the location and size of the areas 


FORESTRY IN CONNECTICUT 


(Continued from page 218.) 


entered, to the Afforestation Committee, Connecticut Forestry 
Association, 242 Prospect ‘Street, New Haven, Connecticut. 

Professor Hawley is Chairman of the Committee on 
Thinnings and Professor Toumey_is Chairman of the 
Committee on Forestation. 

A campaign has been commenced to raise funds for 
an Association forest, which, not later than 1927 will be 
presented to the State in order to encourage the ac- 
quisition of more state forests. A law already has been 
passed to enable the acceptance of such gifts of forest 
lands to be managed by the State Forester like any 
state forest. Forestry speakers are being placed before 
all Rotary Clubs and Kiwanis Clubs in the State in 
order to make sure that the average business man un- 
derstands the economic side of state forests, and forestry. 


fe THE FOREST RANGER 

_ His throne, a lofty mountain peak, 

His realm, the country ’round, 

h His joy, the bursting sunsets. 

_ His life, what God sends down. 

_ His law, the law of the great out-doors, 
His power, a mighty force— 

‘The trust of God and man combined— 


And service is its source. 
—Stanley Foss Bartlett. 


MANY PREDATORY ANIMALS KILLED 

The Biological Survey, which is continuing the de- 
struction of predatory animals in Idaho, reports that dur- 
ing the month of November its hunters killed 428 coy- 
otes, 42 bob cats and three gray wolves. The average 
kill per man was 25 animals for the month. The average 
cost per animal destroyed by the Biological Survey has 
been about $5.00. Poisoning campaigns are being 
inaugurated. These are much more effective in eradicat- 
ing predatory animals than are guns and traps.—Caribou 
News Letter. 


GIFFORD PINCHOT ON THE SNELL BILL 


N appearing before the Agricultural Committee which 
heard testimony for and against the Snell Forestry 

bill Gifford Pinchot, forest Commissioner of Pennsylva- 
nia, and former chief of the United States Forest Serv- 
ice first presented resolutions of the Pennsylvania For- 
est Commission which recorded “its emphatic opposi- 
tion to those portions of the Snell bill which would de- 
prive Pennsylvania through her representatives in Con- 
gress of any voice as to the future security of the lumber 
supply without which her people cannot prosper.” 

Outlining his views of the Snell bill Mr. Pinchot said: 

“The situation is just this: Sections 1 and 2 do pro- 
vide, as I see it, that what shall or shall not be done in the 
matter of the timber supply of the country depends upon 
the action of the legislatures of the timber exporting 
States. There are at present 15 timber-exporting States. 
Inside of 10 years, and I think a good deal less than that, 
there will be only 5,at the outside, timber-exporting States 
able to supply their own needs and have a little surplus 
for export. There are 33 States that are now dependent 
for their timber supplies on other States of the Union, 
and these States include the great majority of the most 
populous and most powerful States like Michigan, IIli- 
nois, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and 
so on. Those timber-importing States, like my own State 
of Pennsylvania, can not do business unless they get 
the wood from the timber-exporting States. Their ag- 
riculture and their prosperity is absolutely dependent on 
supplies from outside. Pennsylvania imports four-fifths 
of its timber, and Iowa, I suppose, imports nine-tenths. 
Now, the people who live in the 33 timber-importing 
States, the Commonwealths that are short of timber, in- 
clude already more than three-fourths of the people of 
the United States, and inside of 10 years they will include 
95 per cent of them, if the population remains about as 
it is now. In accordance with the resolutions which I 
submitted from the forest commission of Pennsylvania, it 
is true, as I understand it, that if sections 1 and 2 of the 
Snell bill become law, the decision as to whether or not 
these greater States and more numerous States of the 
Union are to have lumber at all would be left to. the legis- 
latures of the few timber-exporting States over which the 
people of the timber-importing States have no influence 
at all, unless they can have it through the National Gov- 
ernment. 

“Tt would seem to me so evident that sections 1 and 2 
of the Snell bill are hostile to the economic interests of the 
great mass of people of the United States that I have 
never believed there was any chance whatever for its en- 
actment and do not believe so now. Moreover, if the 
bill were to be enacted, then it is perfectly obvious to me, 
at least, that it would never be given effect for the reason 
that what you would do then would be to put the question 
of the preservation of the timberlands of the country 
in the hands of the legislatures of the States where the 
lumbermen are most powerful, and take away from the 
people of the States where the consumers are pow- 


erful—and they are the most of us and the most im 
portant—anything to say as to whether or not that tim 
ber should be preserved. My view of sections 1 and 2 hai 
been that they never would be enacted, in any case, ant 
in the second place they would not work if they were.” — 

Asked by a member of the Committee to present h 
idea of the character of a national forest policy — 
Pinchot said: “I think there are four or five differen 
things that ought to be done. The first big thing to k 
done is to stop the devastation of privately owned timbe 
land which is now going on. The second big thing to k 
done is to stop fires. But the first thing is to stop th 
devastation. Now, that can only be done, in my jud 
ment, for various reasons, some of which I have 
you, by national enactment of-such a law as will 
uniformily to all the States at the same time. The be: 
way in which that can be done, as I understand it, i 
through taxation, following the analogy of the oleomat 
garine bill and a number of others, and the Capper bil 
which I had not intended to bring before this committe 
at all, in my judgment, meets the problem in a very sat 
isfactory way. 

“That bill provides that the Secretary of Agricullal 
shall establish standards, just as sections 1 and 2 of th 
Snell bill do, and that those standards having been estab 
lished in cooperation with the lumbermen and others an 
the State forest officers in the different regions of th 
country, the lumbermen who cut in accordance 
those standards shall pay 5 cents a thousand tax and 
lumberman who does not shall pay $5. The bill its 
would raise in that way money enough to be self-support or 
ing. Its enforcement would cost the Government noth- 
ing. It would apply uniformly to all of the States at cs 
same time and would leave the conditions of competitio: 
between the lumbermen untouched. It would go i 
effect the moment it was enacted instead of having a le n: 
campaign in the State legislature after the Federal lay 
had been passed ; and in my judgment it would be sim 
and easy to enforce and would meet the needs of the situ. 
tion. 

“T think there ought to be money appropriated for ¢ 
operative fire protection. Then I think a similar stimt 
tion could be brought about, that would be very 
uable, by cooperative planting. The results you get by 
that sort of thing are considerably larger than the amount 
of money that is spent. I think that more Jand ought 
to be bought for National Forests, and I think that the 
timbered public domain and the timbered Indian reserva- 
tions ought to be classified so that those parts of them 
which properly ought to go into National Forests can be 
placed there. 

“It is a large statement, of course, to make, that the 
biggest economic question before a Nation such as ours 
is this timber question, but I think the proof is absolutely 
clear and irrefutable. Half of the sawed lumber used 
in the whole world is used in the United States, and there 
is no other country that has established its agriculture 


its industry on a basis of so lavish a use of wood as 
country of ours. Our whole standard of living, our 
business and commercial organization, is based on 
use of about 300 board feet per capita, where the 
ons of Europe use only half as much. We are now 
g the absolute certainty, within a comparatively small 
r of years, of having to reduce that consumption 
nber; and timber is the most universal of all ma- 
and has more to do with the standard of living, 
judgment, than any of the other basic materials. 

are facing the necessity of having to reduce that to 
e-half or perhaps to one-third. That is going to mean 
plete overturning of our methods of agriculture and 
You understand that half of all the wood used in the 
d States is used on the farms. It takes one-half of 
total consumption of timber to grow our food. Then, 
r that food has been grown, it has got to be shipped 
You can not ship a pound of meat without the 
Ip of the forest. You can not load a box car, you can 
F out a railroad tie, you can not mine a ton of coal 
-a pound of iron without the forest. You can not provide 
suit of clothes without the forest, or eat a meal without 
we forest. The whole thing is interwoven in our national 
fe to a point that makes the use of wood in some sense 
€ critical thing in establishing our costs of living and 
ir commercial and individual welfare. It is the key to 
ur individual safety and comfort and prosperity.. 


“Now, that being true, we are coming as a Nation right 
are up against the place where our own supplies will 
eins and very completely exhausted, and we are 
acing a situation where we can not get what we have 
Mt at home anywhere else in the world. I do not think 
1¢ people generally have come to realize what the thing 
jeans. All the great civilized nations of the world, with 
ree or four exceptions, are timber-importing nations. 
Je are not yet, but as individual Commonwealths we are 
n an overwhelming degree—two to one. The nations of 
‘rope are far more so than the States of the Americati 
“All the big nations of Europe, with the exception of 
sia, Sweden, and Norway, and Finland, a small 
ition, part of Rumania—the recent small Governments 
re so mixed up that I can not name them—but with the 
xception of those four or five nations all the nations of 
‘rope are unable to supply the needs of their own peo- 
le.. Germany has been a timber-importing nation since 
70. France, England, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, 
Jolland, Belgium, and all the rest of them are obliged 
0 go to the few parts of the world that have got timber 
yet and bring it in. In other words, there is nothing 
ve can expect from Europe when our pail goes dry. As 
0 the Canadians, if we got every stick they have it would 
inly keep this Nation going about twenty years. 


“The Canadians are not going to help us out much. 
4 have made that perfectly clear, and, as I said, if 
€ took everything they have got, it would be gone in 20 
years. Mexico is a timber-importing country right now. 
Mexi co imports about one-half the wood it uses, al- 
hough it has considerable areas of tropical wood and a 


GIFFORD PINCHOT ON THE SNELL BILL 245 


great deal of undeveloped timber, and yet from the gi- 
gantic necessities we have of half the sawed lumber of 
the whole earth, the Mexican supply is not large. Every 
nation in South America, so far as I know, is a timber- 
producing nation. Brazil imports, if my memory serves 
me rightly, about 70 per cent; the Argentine, I think, 
about the same; and all of them are timber-importing na- 
tions. Of course, there is a vast body of hardwood in the 
Amazon valley, but it is not the kind of timber we use; 
and as you follow this matter around the world you get 
the same result. Australia is a timber-importing region. 
The United States is in this exact situation, and I think 
this statement can not be successfully controverted, we 
are facing a time in the very near future when this 
absolute necessity of life, as we have it now, is going 
to be short and when we cannot get it-outside of our own 
boundaries except at excessive prices, and not very much 
of it at that. In other words, I think it is a fair thing 
to say that the biggest economic question before this Na- 
tion, far and away, is this matter of where we are go- 
ing.to get the lumber, without which we can not grow 
crops or manufacture goods or ship goods or do business. 
I wanted to present that as strongly as I could in this 
statement to the committee, because the thing is just be- 
ginning to be understood. I want to make the point, too, 
that this timber question is vastly more important to the 
States and to the regions that have not got any timber 
than it is to the timbered ones. Take my State of Penn- 
sylvania, the Pittsburgh region alone uses as much timber 
as the whole State produces, and if it were not for the 
timber that comes in from the outside there would be an 
absolute collapse of industry in the State of Pennsylvania. 
It is enormously more important to us what happens in 
the forested States, than it is to the people in those States, 
because all we can expect to get is the crumbs that fall 
from their table. It is exactly so with the great agri- 
cultural States. They have got to depend on the lumber 


from elsewhere, and it is a whole lot more important to _ 


them what happens to the forests in Washington, Oregon, 
and California, that have half of the timber in the United 
States, than it is to those States themselves, because as 
long as there is any lumber the people in the States where 
it is will get it. 

“Another thing, it is the man in the city who is going 
to feel this pinch first. You grow crops on the farm, tak- 
ing one-half the wood used in the United States, and 
when they are grown you have got to move them. You 
have got to transport them and you have got to pack them, 
It takes something like one-fifth of all the sawed lumber, 
according to a figure that has been given to me, used in 
the United States for packages alone, and the fact of the 
matter is that it is the people in the big centers of popula- 
tion and in the densely populated States that are mainly 
concerned in this thing and whose interests have got to 
be first considered. 

“Tt is not going to be the foresters who will settle 
this question and it certainly is not going to be the lumber- 
men. It is going to be the great mass of consumers among 
the people of the United States, and the sooner they 
can be made to understand how critical their situation is, 
the better it is going to be for them, in my judgment.” 


246 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


- 


PRAISE FOR HARDING'S CALL Tt 


=o 
i 


MPORTANCE of forestry to the farmer 
I so well brought out by President Hard- 
ing in welcoming the delegates to the 
farm conference in Washington was taken 
up by the newspapers in their editorial 
co-operation with the American Forestry 
Association’s educational campaigns. 


been mined from our forests instead of 
raised and harvested. There is no way for 
the miner of minerals to renew the con- 
tents of his mine, so he takes out the good 
ore and lets the shell cave in. There is a 
way to renew the products of our forests, 


‘United States, is really the process 


of forests to a nation and the menace vi 
hangs over the remaining forests of — 


growing crops and harvesting them. 
really a very simple problem from the n 
terial side. The hard part lies in cony 

ing farmers, foresters, lumbe 


The importance of forestry to the en- 
tire country has now become, thanks 
to the editors’ cooperation, the most 
talked of subject in their columns. 
The editors are eager to print facts 
and figures on this big subject as part 
of their public service, Some of the 
comment follows: 

Washington Post: At the opening 
of the farm congress the other day 
President Harding directed the at- 
tention of the farmer to the impor- 
tance of forestry. In the early days 
of the “go West, young, man,” peri- 
od of the nation’s history trees were 
in the way. Agriculture was the _ 
big thing, and the clearing of the 
land for corn and wheat was the 
hardest part of the job. In those 
days every farmer had a woodlot, 
but they are scarce today. A man with 
a walnut grove has a fortune,so great 
is the demand for that timber. 

Now the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation meets in annual session to 
mark the fortieth anniversary of its 
organization in 1882 at Cincinnati. 
In those days the man who talked 
scientific forestry did not make much 
progress, as no one took-him seri- 
ously. But today the center of the 
lumber industry is nearing the Pa- 
cific coast. The average farmer will 
spend $1,000 a year on improvements 
on his place. Instead of going out to 
the “lower forty” for his lumber he 
goes to town. He also goes to town 
for his fuel nowadays. 

President Harding did well in di- 
recting the attention of the farmer, 
and therefore,the country, to the need 
of putting idle acres to work growing 
trees. That is what the American For- 
estry Association wishes todothrough 
a national forest policy. Such legis- 
lation is before the Congress. “We 
must have forest products close to 
the point of consumption,” says, 
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of 
the Association. Another 40 years 
may be too late. A little legislation 


Have a Care, 


Golf Players! 


TLANTA JOURNAL, The recent 

Forestry Congress in Atlanta, coup- 
led with the growing interest in golf on 
the part of the public as well as players, 
makes particularly timely some statistics 
compiled by the American Forestry Associ- 
ation regarding golf sticks, where they 
come from and what goes into their mak- 
ing. 

Thus far the advocates of forest conser- 
vation have been generous enough not to 
look with extreme disfavor on the use of 
wood for golf clubs, but if golf continues 
to win adherents at the rate it has in the 
past few years, and ‘the factories are 
forced to double their output of shafts 
for golf clubs, one hesitates to say what 
will happen. 

Since two million people in the world 
are said to be handling golf sticks every 
week, and since this number are said to 
own from ten to sixteen million of them, 
the amount of wood used for their pro- 
duction, it can be told at a glance, is no 
small quantity. 

Golfing enthusiasts as yet have nothing 
to fear from the efforts of the Forestry 
Association to conserve America’s timber 
supply. And should matters reach such 
a pass that a movement is started to re- 
strict the unlimited manufacture of wood- 
en golf clubs, the patrons of the old Scotch 
game can always play one trump card. 
They have but to introduce the conserva- 
tion leaders to the nearest links, let them 
play their first nine holes and the trick 
will be turned.. Once a golfer, always a 
golfer. The veriest dub will yield what- 
ever conservation principles he may have 
in unqualified allegiance to the sport that 
is at once his glory and his despair. 


Editor’s Note:—The thousands of golf 
players among the Association’s members 
suggest no golf course is ideal unless it has 
several tracts of woodland on or around 
it. Golf courses and woodlands are first 
cousins. 


and even city-dwellers that the pr 
lem is theirs, that they are all j 
vidually responsible for the n 
future supply and immediate f 
try policy. 


Rochester Democrat Chroni 
Unless most of thee cs 
lers and a large part of tho 
are housed in cities become aro 
to the necessity of replacing the 
ests, there is serious trouble al 
for both city and country. Within 
last few years there has been so. 
thing of such an awakening. 
of the concrete results of this 
Snell bill which is now in Con 
Congressman Snell, its sponsor, 
from the forest region of No th 
New York and is familiar with | 
forest needs. It is up to the pub 
generally to get back of this bill 
see that it is put through as the fir 
of many remedial measures that m 
be enacted. 4 


. 


Atlanta Journal: As a peculiar 
interesting phase of the reforestati 
movement now astir throughout t 
United States, Chief Forester G 
ley urges the wisdom and adva 
of each community’s having a 
preserve of its own. This counsel 
not visionary or theoretic, but 
compact of the hardest com n 
sense. Failure to replenish the dwi 
dling forests will lead to agricul 
impotence and industrial 
as certainly as the way of the p: 
gal son led to rags and husks, } 
region has more at stake in this n 
ter than Georgia, with her prim 
interests in the soil, the conservat 
of which depends vitally on the | 
ural protection which forests aff 
By acting betimes every county af 
town in Georgia can acquire a for 
est reserve which a few generation 
hence will be invaluable as a civ! 
investment and at the same time o 
immense worth to farming inter 


i 
by 
fs 


would not be a dangerous thing. 


Tuscaloosa News and Times Gazette: 
The Country Gentleman suggests editorially 
that the only way to insure a permanent 
lumber supply is to revise the methods of 


handling timber. In the past lumber has 


but because there were so many to begin 
with we have regarded them as inexhaus- 
tible, taking out the timber recklessly and 
leaving the stumps and cut-over areas to 
burn or lie idle. Reforestation, now sought 
earnestly by those who appreciate the value 


ests. 
Louisville Courier-Journal: The Depart 
ment of Agriculture insists that bird lif 
is so necessary to farming, and fruit grow: 
ing, that the soil industries actually 
menaced by continued destruction of re- 
maining timber tracts. National Forest 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


247 


-MERS URGING IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY 


ed by large industries, forests 
s game preserves by wealthy 
. forests remaining where the 


rd life on ‘productive farms. But 
ry farm had a wood lot productively 
; yielding continuously, yet not 
the bird life’ whith the De- 
' Agriculture says is enormous- 
le to agriculture would be restor- 
ould be distributed where it is 
oreover wood— unmerchantable 
is fuel on 7,000,000 farms, used to 
coal or used exclusively, would 
s of dollars annually from the 
ig on the American farm. 

nt, the power saw is destroying 
timber rapidly because coal— 
rom distant mines—is too costly. 
is made for renewal of sup- 


- of supplies for the wood using 
~ But will the possibilities of 
lot be realized unless Federal or 
nments undertake to build up 


his service in conservation 
the timber resources of 
will be increasingly important, ne- 
an intimacy with forestry and 
"_President Harding to the 
yress. 
g his welcoming address at the 
the Farm Congress, in the 
uoted above, President Harding 

i ) one of the most vital questions be- 
‘country today. That expression 
on the part of the President 
be a cause for rejoicing by members 
e American Forestry Association. 
began in the late seventies. The 
were in the same category as 
who spoke seriously of flying ma- 
omen voting, prohibition, and oth- 
that have since come to pass. 
y the pioneer, however, is in the posi- 
f him who can laugh last. 
like the Roman of old, who stood 
senate day after day and declared 
sarthage must be destroyed until at 
believed him, so the American 
2B Association, day in and day out, 
f forestry and _ reforestation 
ghout the land. 

resident of the American Forestry 
n calls the press of the country 
vc of the people. He knows the 
Japers reflect that voice. He knows 
Newspapers endeavor to reflect that 
accurately. He also knows that noth- 
impresses the Representative so much 
t “expression of opinion from his own 
+) 


district. The newspapers have answered 
his call in fine fashion. The Herald is 
pleased to know that its editorials and Dar- 
ling’s cartoons. have a place in the “voice 
of the country” as presented by Mr. Pack. 
The question of forestry legislation is one 
on which the whole country must wake up. 


New York Commercial: To the lay 
mind it would seem as if there ought to 
be trees enough in the United States to 
provide for our timber needs for genera- 
tions ahead, that is, if the layman gives 
the matter any thought at all, which he 
probably does not; while even those who 
would give the matter consideration if 
they thought it worth while do not even 
know that it is worth while. Thus when 
the matter is brought to public attention, 
it comes as something of a shock to realize 
that even now we are dependent upon im- 
ported lumber to a tremendous extent. Mr. 
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
American Forestry Association, drew at- 
tention to the seriousness of the problem 
confronting us in the matter of future sup- 
plies. The lumber cut in the State of New 
York alone has dropped almost 60 per cent 
since 1910, and the building industry in 
this state is using imported lumber in the 
ratio of about one to six. It seems incred- 
ible that local interests have to depend 
upon lumber which requires a journey of 
3,000 miles by rail before it is used. 

The economic importance of an adequate 
timber supply is so great as to demand 
immediate consideration, and the fullest 
support should be given to the measures 
now before Congress designed to aid in the 
restoration of the forests. 


Phoenix Gazette: “In the meantime, 
what?” asks American Forestry. During 
the next half-century, while we draw from 
the forests of Canada, are we going to put 
our own forests in order? Effective for- 
estry, which includes the curbing of the fire 
menace, is one of the most important prob- 
lems before the United States today and it 
directly affects every newspaper, every 
homebuilder and practically every industry. 
It is the duty of every newspaper both 
from a public and individual standpoint to 
inform itself and reiterate the need of < 
definite constructive forestry policy in the 
United States based on our estimated needs 
half a century from now. 


Burlington, (Vt.,) News: Increased 
production is the cry of the times. In- 
creased production from land is just as im- 
portant as increased production by human 
labor. The idleness of one hundred mil- 
lion acres of forest land is just as serious 


today and more lasting in its effects than 
the idleness of thousands of skilled me- 
chanics, the American Forestry Associa- 
tion argues in its campaign for a national 
forest policy. It is nothing short of na- 
tional folly to go on, year after year, de- 
vastating millions of acres of forest land 
and failing through bad _ organization, 
through inadequate public effort, and 
through a lack of clear definition of public 
and private responsibility to produce one 
of our most essential raw materials. 


Greeley Tribune: On the whole the 
situation is rather hopeful. It is even 
probable that future generations may have 
all the timber they need, though the pres- 
ent generation will continue to suffer from 
the waste and improvidence of the past. 


Akron Beacon-Journal: It is a great be- 
ginning that the government is making in 
the conservation of the timber resources. 
The movement in this direction will not end 
until the preservative spirit is applied to 
every woodlot in the land. 


‘ 


Albany Journal: Making report to the 
American Forestry Association, Dean 
Reisner, of the college of agriculture and 
forestry of the University of Nankin, Chi- 
na, points to the latest great flood disaster, 
as an example of the effect of neglect of 
reforestation, and therefore a warning to 
the United States to extend and expedite 
such work. Reforestation is a task that 
ought to be undertaken and continued, year 
after year, throughout those regions of this 
country where so long the cutting of for- 
ests has been going on without adequate 
work of restoration. 


Oil City Blizzard: Although Germany 
suffered a tremendous loss in timber re- 
sources as a result of the war Uncle Sam 
can go the Germans one better. For exam- 
ple, says the American Forestry Magazine, 
“Germany, because of the war, lost about 
21,547,520 acres of land exclusive of pleb- 
escites. The United States, during the pe- 
riod of 1916-1920, inclusive, burned up 56,- 
488,307 acres of forested area—over two 
and one-half times as much as Germany’s 
entire loss—an area greater than New York 
and Pennsylvania combined, or of Minne- 
sota, Kansas, Idaho, or Utah.” Uncle 
Sam had better take a hitch in his belt. 
Business men are paying $15 per thousand 
on freight shipments of lumber from dis- 
tant points. These manufacturing plants 
are right in the center of where once was 


“all the lumber in the world,” according to. 


some people. 


248 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NEW REVISED EDITION 


Manual 


f 
The Trees of 
North America 


BOOKS ON FORESTR 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will publi FORESTRY will publish each m month, for the benefit of those whe — books on 
a Ust ef titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American 
Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. 


(Exclusive of Mexico) 


By CHARLE: SPRAGUE SARGENT 
Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard 


University 

Author of The Silva of North America 
Since the first issue of this great work in 
1905, eighty-nine species of trees and many 
recently distinguished varieties of formerly 
imperfectly understood species have been 
added to the silva of the United States, 
and much additional information has been 
made available in regard to the geograph- 
ical distribution of American trees neces- 
sitating a thorough revision of the entire 
volume. 

Representatives of four families and six- 
teen Genera which did not appear in the 
first edition are described in the new edi- 
tion, in which will be found an account of 
seven hundred and seventeen species of 
trees in one hundred and eighty-five ge- 
nera, illustrated by seven hundred and 
eighty-three figures, or one hundred and 
forty-one figures in addition to those which 
appeared in the first edition 

This new edition of THE MANUAL con- 
tains the result of forty-four years of con- 
tinued study of North American trees, 
carried on in every part of the United 
States and many foreign countries. As the 
standard work in its field. it should have 
a place not only in public and college 
libraries, but in the private libraries of 
all who are interested in the subject; while 
the extent and importance of the revi- 
sions it has now undergone will, we be- 
lieve, make this new issue indispensable 
to every owner of the original edition. 


$12.50 


Illustrated from drawings 
By Charles Edward Faxon. 


All orders to American Forestry Associa- 
tion, 1214 16th street, Washington, D.C. 


American Forest 


Regulation 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


A thoroughly Americanized discussion 
of the regulation of forests. Introduction 
by B. E. Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 
H. H. Chapman, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 


LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


Nominate Your Friends For 
Membership 
In The Association 


FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth.. 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth... ee eee oie 
AMERICAN FOREST REGULATION—T. S. Woolsey, Jr....... (Paper, $8.00). ....05.55. 90 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets.........0scssvcccvcoseessrsectessucecetrccve Re 
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jone ees Be 
FOREST VALUATION—B rund Hi Chapman ooo ence nce Ee 
SAND TIMBER SUPPLY —By Norman Shaw. 
TREES, SHRUBS VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS B 
TREES’ AND SHRUB Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol I 
er . . 


ees oF REST 

LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Ke! ae: 
FORESTS, WOODS AND TREES IN RELAT 
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA—By Be P. Kinney. Sgeecnaeuesee 
STUDIES IN FRENCH iY By Isaiah Bowman bm gg hs = eaer. snueen pate 
FOREST Seer me, bee ong Seem 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins ae ios sak 
THE FARM WOODLOT-—E. G. Ch Cheyne 4 and J. “P. Wentii 
iar papal OF THE ECO Cc WOODS OF T 
Let SURVEYING—John C. Tracy 

FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman.. 43 
be PRODUCTS ey MANUFACTURE AND USE—By Neison Courtland pes xeu! oceeee 

IRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth....... 

PRACTICAL FORESTRY: nh S. Fuller 
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuci B. Green 

TREES IN WINTER—A. S. Blakeslee and C. D. Jarvis... 
AMERICAN bape reer oad B. Hough, 14 Volumes, per *Voium! 


seen eres nme sess eeeeeeeenecess 


OUR TREES, HOW T 
Eda rnim ore AND. aa OF THE 


seeseeseces se eeeseeeeee a eeeeee 


se Marshail 
OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir 
PRACTICAL TORE ae Gifford.. 
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH ‘AMERICA—By Charles rig’ Sa Sargent 
THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED Siac Sy 
MANUAL OF One ehe I—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. ieee 
coe 1 Bag Stee S$ OF HANDLING OODLANDS Henry Solon Graves 
ES 4 Ba aa ae Solotaroff.. 
en ‘ 
UAL FOR NOR RN WOODS ustin 
TEPORE AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)—A. B. Reck- 
Nis ‘OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. 
= ANICAL PROPERTIES OF teeta: 5 J. R 
Ved ate — J._Leviso 


7 RUN: A. s Cars 
tai PRESERVATION OF STRU iss. z 
ING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By James W. Toumey... 
rIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews.................. 
FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR ek ars A F. “Sch ler Mathews............... 
FIELD BOOK OF se WILD FLOWERS—By F. Sc! TT eres 
or bt at thet ee Se! ohn Arden Fer, n ; 
STRY—By Frederick F. Moon 
OUR ELD ond FOREST ES—By Maud Going 
HANDBOOK #0 FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—By Jay L. B. Taylor. 
LIVE a Pohang Price.. 
=o Tae AND FoREST—By Wil 
oaeoe oe’ OF BRICAN tt ER LAW—B aes Kinney... 
ae OF CLEARING AND GRUBBING, ME ODS AND COST—By 


enwerder and Clark..........-.-s.+eesse+ 
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—H. D. Boerke: 
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard akin. 
THE BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—By Robe 
r STORY OF THE zoneet By J. Gerdon Dorrance ..... 
ST MANAGEMENT—B ag and John Bentley, jr Ses edi 
THE FOREST RANGER AN ‘OTHER VERSE—By John Guthrie........ 
TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—By H. S. Betts......... 
THE HISTORIC TREES OF ASS ACH UORT TS Ly j. R: Siemens... 5.05.6 -cskee 
pe et de pt hy THEIR USES— -oy 4 Wrenk Winn...5 52.6000: uieies ois re ree 
Tr PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss. + 604 tedaingng Aaa 
THE UNITED STATES FOREST acd Spe oe BOR xscccade setae nee 
THE KILN DRYING OF LeeSER ey ot Tiemann: esses cv us a 
MODERN PULP AND PAPER MAKI G_By < G. "5. Witham. Sr............ 
THE PRACTICE OF tlc apt Ralph C. Hawley...... HST 
WOOD PRODUCTS — WUMCSNG. aoscsis cvs vecdennenscseheverssoancotwapaseveseue 
GUIDE TO THE TREES—A. Lounsberry sbosebve.. eaeeees 
THE TREE BOOK—Julia Ellen Rogers. ........... ........-.....+..+-+++-s--ees 
* This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any 


r related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. 


It will pay anyone who buys books either for his own use or his family to| 


Be it Fact or Fiction become a member of the American Forestry Association, for 


MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE ENTITLED TO 10 PER CENT DISCOUNT 


ONFERENCE ON STATE PARKS 
The Second National Conference on 
State parks, which has been called in the 
it of State park development by 
hn Barton Payne, Chairman of Confer- 
will be held at the Bear Mountain Inn, 
des Interstate Park, New York, from 
22 to 25, 1922. 

T he First National Conference on State 
ks was held in Des Moines, Iowa, in 
anuary, 1921, and since thattime a great 
sal has been done in this work. The first 
ce fing awakened a great interest in the 


ovement and the work of the various 
has progressed steadily since that 
The importance of a country-wide 
opment of State Parks cannot be over- 
nphasized. These parks, when well de- 
ed, produce revenue, stimulate travel 
and through the state, preserve the beau- 
1 native scenery and historical spots, 
ad in many ways react to the benefit of 
state. They will especially appeal to 
ie motorist, from the fact that they will 
ake interesting stop-off places in con- 
sction with tours across the country. One 
F the features of these parks undoubtedly 
i be the establishment of free public 
imps, which have been so popular in the 
E tiona parks. 

o days of the conference will be de- 
oted to business sessions, while the re- 
jainder of the time will be utilized by 
ips of inspection through the Palisades 
nterstate Park, West Point, a new state 
ighway around Storm King, the New 
Zoological Park, and ithe Bronx 
‘iver Parkway. This will give the dele- 
ates an excellent opportunity to see the 
plendid state park development in this sec- 


CAMPING IN STATE FORESTS 


‘The Department of Forestry will develop 
lirteen public camp grounds in the 
Forests this spring. They will be 
ly equipped for the convenience of camp- 
s and sportsmen, and will be ready for 
¢ when the trout-fishing season opens, 
il 15, in Pennsylvania. 
To promote wider use of the State For- 
and to encourage out-door recreation 
Pennsylvania, the Department will pro- 
id open-front shelters, or lean-tos, stone 
replaces, walled-up and covered springs, 
omfort stations, and in some instances, 
blic telephones at the various pub- 
camp grounds. Use of the camp 
rounds will be free, but permits issued 
the local forest officers will be required 
M campers occupy a camp for more 
two days. 
Nine of the camp grounds will be equip- 
ed and situated particularly for automo- 
ile’ tourists who carry their camping out- 
with them. These camps will be along 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


improved State highways. One of them 
will be developed at Caledonia Park, on 


- the Lincoln -highway, between Gettysburg 


and Chambersburg. Thousands of auto- 
mobile tourists, many of them campers, 
motor over that highway. to the Battlefield 
every summer, and it is believed they will 
use the camp ground maintained by the De- 
partment. 

Several camps will be off the main high- 
ways, in the woods, for the accommodation 
of fishermen and hunters. Other camp 
grounds will be developed when the De- 
partment has funds available for the pro- 
ject. 


249 


“AMERICAN FORESTRY is a very 


beautiful magazine. I find each copy ‘the 


best copy.’ From an artistic point of view 


I appreciate the cover with its simplicity 
and perfect harmony of color and design. 
And there is so much between the covers— 
the beautiful illustrations so artistically ar- 
ranged and the valuable information con- 
tained. It is the ‘genuine thing’ in my 
work of teaching campers the great im- 
portance of the splendid work of the 
American Forestry Association, of which 
I am proud to be a member.” 


Mrs. Wirsur F, CrRuMMER. 


day’s work? 


Saw. 


What Keeps the Bunch 


eye 9 
Smilin’-- 
W HEN you roll out in the morning—one of those real, “up-an’-at-em’ 


mornings—doesn’t it help a lot to know that you’ve got the best saw in 
the world—all shining and fitted up just right—waiting to help you through the 


You know, a lot of féll6ws have found the kind of saw that keeps away a grouch. 
They’re the ones who use Disston Cross-cuts. 


They’ve found that a Disston holds a sharp cutting-edge—that it doesn’t crumble 
off at the points after you tune it up. That’s because Disston Cross-cuts are 
made of the famous Disston-made Steel. Disston Saws run easily and fast, too— 
the way they are ground and tensioned takes care of that. 


So the next time’ you see a fellow coming in from a day’s work ahead of 
the rest of the crowd, singing and smiling and happy—tlook at him and then 
look at his saw—we’re layin’ long odds you'll see a real fellow and a Disston 


Is there anything you would like to know about Disston Cross-cut Saws? We'll 
be glad to answer your questions. Just send your letter to Department B. 


Henry Disston & Sons, Inc. 
Philadelphia, U. S. A. 


DISSTON 


CROSS-CUTSAWS 


250 


Lecture-Recital 


On April 21st, Guy C. Caldwell, specialist 
in Tree Surgery, Naturalist, Traveler and 
Musician, will leave Boston on an extended 
tour of the Southern and Western States. 
He will accept lecture-recital engagements 
from Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire 
Girls, Audubon Societies, Nature Clubs, 
Etc. On April 28th he will lecture for the 
Ohio Audubon Society at Cincinnati. Sub- 
ject: 

TREES, BIRDS AND WILD FLOWERS 
(In natural colors on the screen) 


Bird Calls by Natural Whistling. 
“He is undoubtedly one of the finest nat- 


ural whistlers in America.”—Newport 
(R. I.) Daily News. 


“You are interpreting the works of God 
to the people whom you reach and it is a 


glorious opportunity."—A. B. Seymour, 
Cryptogamic Herbarium, Harvard Uni- 
versity. 


“We have never had such a treat as your 
performance on the mandolute, and I am 
frank to say I did not know it was capable 
of producing such harmony as you were 
able to get from it. The boys have been 
trying to imitate your bird calls ever since. 
Altogether the entertainment made a most 
delightful evening.’—H. M. Scarborough, 
N. Y. Military Academy. 


Among other institutions that have secured 
Mr. Caldwell’s program are: 


BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 
HARVARD CLUB OF BOSTON 
ESSEX INSTITUTE, SALEM 
NEW YORK BOARD OF EDUCATION 
ST. GEORGE’S SCHOOL, NEWPORT 


NEWPORT CIVIC ASSOCIATION AND 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 


MANY NEW ENGLAND WOMEN’S CLUBS 


BOY SCOUTS, GIRL SCOUTS, CAMP FIRE 
GIRLS, ETC. 


For Further information, dates and terms 
Address 


Guy C. Caldwell 


63 OXFORD STREET 
Cambridge, Mass. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FORESTRY IN TEXAS 

Much constructive ‘work was laccom- 
plished at the recent annuaT meeting of the 
Texas Forestry Association, at Houston. 
The attendance was the largest in the his- 
tory of the organization and prominent 
conservationists and lumbermen were pres- 
ent. 
United States Forest Service, was the 
guest of the association and the first 
speaker. His address was devoted mainly 
to the importance of reforesting the vast 
areas of idle lands, formerly in timber and 
now better adapted to the growing of tim- 
ber than to any other purpose. This 
problem, Col. Greeley said, applied partic- 
ularly to Texas and the Southern states, 
because “the future development of the 
South demands an abundant supply of tim- 
ber for the economic development of its 
industries. * * * The slogan of the 
country once was ‘Back to the land.’ Now 
the cry from all over the United States is 
‘Back to the forest!’” 

The policy of the association and its 


WA TL 
ALK 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial pleating: 
Trees from ‘5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 


its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 
372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. 8. 


LET ME DEVEL- 
OP THE NAT- 
e URAL RE- 


SOURCES OF YOUR LAKE OR STREAM. 


Sixteen square miles of territory in temperate 
regions were necessary to support one of our 
ancestors. Cultivated food supply will in- 
crease the size and number of your game fish. 
Some older lakes contain less fish. Is your lake 
deteriorating? I specialize in the_ relations 
of our native food and game fish. Expert in- 
vestigations, reports and adjustments. Ex- 
planatory literature and Owner’s Survey 
Blank promptly mailed on request. 
ERNEST CLIVE BROWN, 
Box 107 F, Station G; New York City. 


a 


A YEAR-AROUND' SERVICE 
You can order Books through our Book Service Department at a Sav- 
ing of 10 per cent. This offer holds good any time during the year to mem- 
bers of the American Forestry Association. 


comme | mec oees 


Col. W. B. Greeley, chief of the. 


- been prevented. 


future activities were covered by the ad 
tion of ten resolutions and the platf 
outlined is a highly constructive one. 

, 


DELAY CAUSES BLISTER RUS’ 

A delay of one year in destroying the: 
currants and gooseberries as a protec 
against the blister rust will result in 
loss of at least 11 per cent of the t 
in a young white-pine plantation at N 
Hudson, New York. } 

This planting of white pine was 1 
for the purpose of producing another 
ber crop on an area previously denud 
fire. Three-year-old trees were 
in the spring of 1919, but the w 
rant and gooseberry bushes on : 
were not destroyed until 1920, a year 
the planting. The removal of the cu 
and gooseberry bushes is necessary to 
pine trees from the blister rust, bee 
they are the only means by which this 
ease can spread. 

The pines in the plantation were 
amined in the fall of 1921 by agen 
the United States Department of A 
culture. As a result of the trees being 
posed for a single year to the blui 
on the currant and gooseberry bushe 
was found that 86 trees showed infec 
originating in 1919; 197 were mis 
483 showed no sign of infection. 
15.10 per cent of the living trees or 
per cent of all the trees set out on # 
were infected by the blister rust in 
gle year, and will succumb sooner or Ia 
If the bushes had been removed before 
pines were set out, this loss would 


a 


TREE PROTECTION INSTITUT! 

‘Connecticut is the first State to - 
a Tree Protection Examining Board. 
board requires that no one shall prac 
tree preservation without first. passin 
written and oral examination on in 
tree diseases, tree surgery, tree life 
growth, and tree species. Upon suco 
fully passing this examination a & 
Certificate is given. 

To further educate the workers, an 
ate an added interest in the care of 
institute meetings are held which aif 
bring all tree wardens, superintendents 
trees, park superintendents, and all lo 
of trees together to hear able add 
and to take part in the discussions. 

On Tuesday, February 21, such a me 
ing was held at the Connecticut ic 
tural Experiment Station, New \ 
Dr. W. E. Britton, Chairman of the Bos 
opened the institute. Dr. G. E. Niche 
of Yale, gave a very clear and comp che 
sive talk, well illustrated, on “The Livi 
Tree.” Prof. S. P. Hollister, of Co 
necticut Agricultural College, next tall 
on various pruning methods, and spra 
programs, : 

Prof. J. W. Toumey, Dean, Yale F 


a 


i 


y 


estry School, followed with a very timely 
and practical address on the effect of 
smoke on trees. 
_ Prof. E. P. Felt, New York State En- 
ogist, told in a practical manner 
what his abservations have been of the 
of oil sprays. J. F. Collins, United 
“States Department of Agriculture, used 
- slid es to illustrate his address on pruning 
“and cavity work as applied to shade trees. 

A discussion led by Dr. Geo. E. Stone, 
o! Amherst, Massachusetts, brought out 
the poor work done by many poorly trained 
workers. He was loud in his praise 
the tree wardens of Massachusetts, 

ny of whom fill the office without com- 

ens tion, and are proud of their guard- 
‘janship over the trees of their boroughs. 

Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Connecticut, dem- 

nstrated the modern way of treating trees 
for decay. 

Dr. Felt again addressed the Institute 
an illustrated talk on “Some Common 
“Insect Pests of Shade Trees.” Attention 
% drawn to the vital need of efficient 
“spraying to control most of these enemies. 
He also suggested the various municipali- 

lies refrain from: planting one or two va- 
Tieties of trees and advocated the planting 

several varieties, devoting certain 
ets to certain species, if such a uni- 
formity is desired. 

The Institute closed with a report by 
Mr. W. O. Filley, secretary-treasurer of 

Board, on the work of that body. 


a) 
wit! 


BONUS FOR PLANTING TREES 
In order to encourage reforestation in 


"Nova Scotia, Mr. Frank J. D. Barnjum, ! 


Annapolis Royal, N. S., is offering a 
ish bonus of $2.00 per acre to the farmers 
Nova Scotia for every acre of spruce 
pine seedlings planted by them on their 
farms the coming spring of 1922, no one 
farmer to be paid a bonus on more than 
100 acres, so as to distribute the plantings 
is widely as possible over the Province. 
Location and method of planting must be 
approved by the Government Forester of 

Nova Scotia, if one is appointed, otherwise 
“by Mr. Barnjum’s forester, to insure sat- 
isfactory results. 


STINGUISHING MAHOGANY AND 
WALNUT FROM RED GUM 
the manufacture of furniture and cabi- 
mets a great deal ‘of red gum is used 
an imitation of mahogany or Circassian 
walnut. When red gum is properly finished 
it can be made to look so much like either 
these woods that only by very careful 
Observation can the true be distinguished 
trom the substitute. There is a very dis- 
' difference, however, between red gum 
“and mahogany or walnut. This difference 
in the size of the pores. 
In mahogany, Circassian walnut, and 
k walnut, the pores are so large that 
can be seen very distinctly on a 
oothly-cut surface of the end grain, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


where they appear as minute openings 
smaller than pin holes but visible without 
magnification. On surfaced faces the 
pores appear as fine grooves, running par- 
allel with the grain. They are even visi- 
ble through the varnish, appearing as dark 
lines. 

In red gums the pores are much smaller 
and can be seen only with a magnifying 
glass. 


EVERY STATE USES WEST COAST 
SHINGLES 

ESTERN red cedar shingles from 

Oregon and Washington are shipped 

to every State in the Union. Minnesota is 

the largest single purchaser of Washing- 

ton shingles, while California is the biggest 

buyer of Oregon shingles. The Middle 

Western States are very heavy buyers 

while about eight per cent of the total sales 
go to the Southern States. 

Oregon and Washington produced six 
and one-half billion shingles in 1919, or 
two billion more than in 1918. The cut 
for 1919 was less than that for 1916 or 1917, 
and far below that for 1909. 

Western red cedar is the leading shingle 
wood in the United States.. Shingles manu- 
factured from the wood in Oregon, Wash- 
ington and British Columbia represent 85 
per cent of the total production of the 
country. Shingles are also made from 
cypress, white cedar, redwood and yellow 
pine. Douglas fir shingles were manufac- 
tured commercially in 1919, largely because 
of the scarcity and high cost of western red 
cedar logs. 


Is the best Garden Book we have ever 


published, Its 224 large pages show 
in colors and by many photo-engrav- 
ings the true form of the Vegetables 
and Flowers offered. It also gives ex- 
pert cultural directions which will as- 
sure you a successful garden this year. 


It offers the best Vegetables and Flower 
Seeds; Lawn Grass and Agricultural 
Seeds; Garden Requisites; Plants of 
all kinds, including the newest Roses, 
Dahlias, Hardy Perennials, etc. 


A copy mailed free if you mention 
this publication 


HENRY A. DREER 


714-716 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Pa. 


251 


Nursery Stock for Forest Planting 
TREE SEEDS 


Write for prices on 
quantities 


THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. 
: CHESHIRE, CONN. 


SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANTS 


without changing your present system 


fra. MARCH LSE 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 

; Kleradesk sorts 

and routes papers automatically—instantly. 

arate compartments for all tc whom mail is distributed. 


os L, ‘ : R£0.uS. PAT. OFB 


It has sep- 


$129 Per Section 


It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 
one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates endless shuffling of 
papers to find the paper you want. A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 
way but immediately at hand when needed. 

Built of Steel Sections 

Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 

Pays for Itself 

A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 
desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus~ 
trated folder, 


Being sectional, you may later ce 
add to or alter it. We guaran- ‘Desk 
tee complete satisfaction, Effict- 
Ross-Gould Company ency.”” 


232.N. 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 
Philadelphia 

Chicago 


4 ComMPaRTMENT?O 


T7ComPaRTMENT?9 6° 


inne 


10 Compartment *13 22 


Memorial Oaks 


af HE Oak is generally conceded 
to be the stateliest and nob- 
lest of our trees. It conveys always 
an indefinable impression of quiet 
dignity. No doubt it is the most 
admirably fitted of all our decid- 
uous trees to serve as a memorial, 
and it is nearly always chosen for 
this purpose. 

The Oak of our picture is the 
Mossy-cup, a sturdy, distinctive 
member of the family, adapted to 
lawn and park planting. 


. 
( 
5 
‘ 
\ 
C 
5 
‘ 
\ 
S 
re 
) 
) 
Q 
. 
\ 
€ 


The Red Oak is warmly recom- 
mended for Avenues of Remem- 
brance, for it grows as rapidly as 
the Maple, and thrives under ur- 
ban conditions. 


MOON’S OAKS are reliable, 
for our reputation as Nursery- 
men since Ben Franklin’s day is 
behind them. They are listed and 
described in our new catalog. We 
will gladly send you a copy if you 
request it. 


am) 


Ps ES 


Caw? 


Moons Nurseries 


THE WM.H. M 


MORRISVILLE PENNSYLVANIA 
Trenton, N. 


which is 1 mile from 


Cry 


NURSERYMAN & LANDSCAPE GARDENER 

with 30 years’ experience around New York City 

territory estimating and making up planting lists 
WANTS WORK BY THE DAY 

in rearranging faulty or unsatisfactory plantings. 

References furnished. $25 and expenses per visit 


or day. 
FRANK HAMILTON, 
471 Irvington Avenue, Elizabeth, N. J. 


TREE EXPERTS 


Orchard Pruning, Tree Surgery 
SHADE TREE PRUNING 
Our Specialty. Advise us at once of 
your tree problems. 
Cc. F. BAPTISTE, 
Winsted, Conn. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


Ellwood Wilson. 


The standardization committee ot the 
Quebec Society of Forest Engineers was 
held in Quebec City to discuss a standard 
method of forest survey and report. All 
the license holders have to make reports 
to the Government and their foresters felt 
that uniformity in these maps and reports 
would be advisable. A sort of standard 
practice will be worked up which will 
make all forestry reports comparable. 

Owing to the large reduction in the cut 
of timber in Ontario, Quebec and New 
Brunswick, the revenues from the timber 
cut on Crown Lands will be much reduced. 
In Quebec this will\be to a large extent 
offset by the revenue from Government 
liquor sales, but in New Brunswick it will 
necessitate some increase in taxation. 

Mrs. E. B. Eddy, wife of the late E. B. 
Eddy, who owned large pulp and match 
mills in Hull, Quebec, has just given a 
large sum of money to McGill University 
to be used in founding a chair of indus- 
trial chemistry. As the pulp and paper in- 
dustry is one of the most important in 
Canada and also the source of Mr. Eddy’s 
fortune, it is suggested that a chair of pulp 
and paper making would best carry out 
his wishes and be of the greatest prac- 
tical value. 

The Ontario Forest Service is making 
plans for a large reforestation scheme 
which will be carried out with the co- 
operation of the counties and should mark 
a great step in advance in forestry. For- 
ests which will either create or maintain 
local wood-using industries and supply 
cheap fuel are very much needed. A coun- 
try with the long cold winters of Canada 
and without adequate coal supplies needs 
to look a long way ahead for wood fuel. 
Strange as it may seem, firewood in Que- 
bec is very expensive, bringing even at 
this time of low prices ten to twelve dol- 
lars per standard cord, and in many cases 
being hauled as much as ten to twelve 
miles. The sections surrounding many of 
the newer villages are almost treeless so 
far as trees large enough for firewood 
are concerned and people are burning small 
birch and poplar poles down to two inches 
in diameter. In the settlers’ eagerness to 
get their land under cultivation they have 
cleared and burnt areas which should never 
have been denuded of timber. 

The Messrs. Widegren, of Heresud, Swe- 
den, have developed a logging railway in 
which the rails are whole birch trees, or 
other suitable species, laid on wooden 


sleepers. The rails are hewed a littl 
sawed on top, and one of them on 
sides. The locomotive is a converted 
tor truck with wheels with very b 
tread and tired with heavy rubber. 7 
enables the trucks to run on crooked 1 
and around very sharp curves, so that 
poorer trees can be employed. The ' 
is held on the rails by guides attaches 
the wheels on one side of the train. 
gauge does not need to be exact and 
wear on the rails is very slight. In § 
den the railway has been built without 
roadway, the rails being carried on tif 
trestles instead of fill. The locom: 
used has been a 35-H. P. one, 
five tons. One of 100 H. P. is 
The cars weigh about two tons and | 
six tons each, and with the exceptiot 
the trucks are built in the woods. 
cars can be of any practicable le 
the locomotives are built in sec 
they can be transported in pieces 2 
together on the job, The speed has 
15 to 18 miles per hour and the 1 
road so far built is 18 miles. Const 
costs have been one-half those for a | 
track road. The ties last as long 
the ties of an ordinary railroad, 
wooden rails will outwear the steel o 
and are only subject to decay. In r ; 
difficult of access from existing 
the above may prove useful for loggin 
supply purposes. 

Mr. Frank J. D. Barnjum, of Annap: 
Royal, N. S., has for years taken a ki 
terest in the intelligent use of Ca 
timber lands and has determinea to 
vote his time to this end. He has beet 
generous contributor to the Canadian E 
estry Association, and has written sev 
very interesting propaganda articles 1 
ing an embargo on the export of f eeh 
timber. As a further step in his work 
has now offered a cash bonus‘ of $2.06 
acre to the farmers of Nova Scotia 
every acre planted with spruce or p 
during the spring of 1922. 4 

No one farmer will be paid a bonus 
more than 100 acres and the location 3 
method of planting must be approved 
the Provincial Forester, if one is appo 
ed, if not by Mr. Barnjum’s own fores 
This is certainly a most public- 
move and should be a great incentive 
farmers to establish woodlots on th 
farms. The white spruce grows excellé 
ly in Nova Scotia, and the farmers wou 
always be sure of a market from the tim 
their plots were ready to thin. ‘ 


Plant “‘ Roads of Remembrance ”’ 


SO ee ee or NS ee 


WAYSIDE TREES 
n writing of the value of roadside tree 
Mr. M. H. Morrison, honorary 
of the British Roads of Remem- 
ince Association says in the London 
mes Weekly, of July 15: 
‘Tf rural industries are to be promoted 
h the backing of the Government De- 
nts, may I be permitted to suggest 
the planting and care of trees along 
d and rail side and in small bits of 
ste or wooded land scattered over the 
mtry will call for a place in the scheme, 
consideration from this point of 
In France a certain number of rural 
tries are provided with material by the 
e trees, the profits from which con- 
toward the cost of road mainte- 
: To mention one example: the 
; in which champagne is packed are 
de in great part from the timber of way- 
plars, a wood which does not splin- 
which holds nails firmly. Elsewhere 
the Continent the growing of fruit and 
alongside the road, and in Holland 
ongside the railway, has proved profitable. 
ere follows naturally certain subsidiary 
srests, as bottling, drying, pulping, jams, 
d syrups. 
‘Certain Government Departments could 
nbine in taking a first experimental step. 
school garden, where could be raised 
* seedlings for trees, might be supple- 
mted by arboretum or orchard. If 
sre is no bit of waste land in the vicinity 
ut would serve the purpose, then the 
1001 might be entrusted with the plant- 
, and care of a suitable stretch of road. 
‘instruction could be adapted to serve 
end of education.” 


aha 


SAVING THE REDWOODS 


Substantial progress in the movement to 
the Redwoods of California is an- 
need by the Save the Redwoods League 
Annual Report. To date approxi- 
half a million dollars have been ap- 
td to the saving of Redwoods in Hum- 
dt County. The greater part of this 
jount has been secured during the year 
1. Foremost among the accomplish- 
ents of the past year was the securing 
the state appropriation of $300,000 to 
fe some of the finest Redwood Groves 
g the State Highway in the basin of 
= south fork of the Eel River. Under 
@ direction of the State Forestry Board 
€ plan for saving groves with this ap- 
‘opriation has been completed. During 
s year the League has deeded to the 
te of California 263 acres of Redwood 
d acquired with funds donated by its 
imbers. In addition the State has ac- 
tired title to pieces of Redwood timber 
nd previously purchased through appro- 
fations by Humboldt County and dona- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


tions from Hon. Wm. Kent and Hon. 
Stephen T. Mather. All of these pieces 
are located in the basin of the South Fork 
of the Eel River. 


FOREST OFFICERS 
THE LAW 

“Three hundred and forty-one cases of 
Forest Fire Law Enforcement were 
handled by Forest officers this past season 
in California,” according to the report is- 
sued by District Forester Paul G. Reding- 
ton of the California District. “One hun- 
dred and fifty-two visitors in the Forests 
who left unextinguished campfires and 
34 smokers who were responsible for 
the start of forest fires were  ap- 
prehended by Forest officers. These fires 
are chargeable to ignorance of the law, 
negligence and carelessness. Seventy- 
seven incendiary fires were set in the Na- 
tional Forests, and cases were successfully 
worked up against 41 of these offenders. 
Fourteen thousand four hundred and forty- 
six dollars in fines and settlements were 
collected for failure to comply with the 
Federal and State fire laws.” 

“Invoking the law has become necessary,” 
Redington states, “when it is considered 
that 992 fires this past season are directly 
attributable to negligence and carelessness 
of man. From r1gr11 to 1915 there has been 
a steady increase in the number of man- 
caused fires,and while a small reduction has 
been’ effected the total number still con- 
stitutes a serious menace to the welfare of 
our National Forests.” 

The press of California has assisted the 
Forest Service in bringing home to the 
people of the State the necessity for care 
with fire in the Forests. Apparently the 
publicity and educational campaign in itself 
has failed to bring the desired results. 
Redington states that in view of this sit- 
uation stringent enforcement of the fire 
laws will be carried out this coming season. 


ENFORCING 


USING STATE FORESTS 

The Pennsylvania Department of Fores- 
try has started plans to encourage wide1 
use of the State Forests this summer by 
the junior outdoor organizations of Penn- 
sylvania. Efforts will be made to have 
them take up permanent camp sites in the 
forests, and the District Foresters will co- 
operate with the leaders of the organiza- 
tions in the selection of desirable camping 
grounds. 

For the benefit of the boys and girls of 
the State, the Department is preparing a 
guide to forestry, which will be published 
and issued early this summer. Copies will 
be distributed free to all applicants. 

Some of leading boys’ and girls’ organ- 
izations to be reached by the Department 
are The Woodcraft League, Knights of St. 
George Cadets, The Boy Scouts of Amer- 
ica, Campfire Girls, Girl Guides, Ameri- 
can Forestry Guides, and kindred groups. 


Sturdiness 


Every horticultural product of B. F. 
Barr & Company is noted for its sym- 
metry, beauty and sturdiness. Careful 
cultivation, plus years of experience, 
gives each tree, each shrub, a grace and 


vitality that marks it as a perfect speci- 
men. 


Barr plantings draw their rugged 
qualities from the soil of the richest 
agricultural county in America. You 
can depend on them. Make your selec- 
tion from our new, profusely illustrated 
catalog. Send for it today. 


B. F. Barr & Company 
KEYSTONE NURSERIES 
125 Barr Building - Lancaster, Pa. 


NURSERY 
Desires to Get in Touch With 
SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS, 
FORESTERS, GARDENERS 
OR BOTANISTS 
IN 
NORTHERN STATES 


Who deal in or can collect tree, 
shrub, evergreen and perennial seeds, 
true to variety. Parties interested 
please send replies to 


BOX S. S,, 
Care American Forestry Association 
Washington, D. C. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on Request 
Special Quantity Prices 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


Or chids We are specialists in 


Orchids; we collect, im- 
oecy ‘ow, sell and export this class of plants 
exclusivel: 


y. 

Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
tt Picg of freshly imported unestablished 


‘LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 
CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 
6628-30-32 Ross Street 


GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


254 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


7 
_ 
. 


Illastrating Self Anchoring Sub-Base 


Results Count! 


This two cylinder Northern Forest Fire 
Engine throws 35 gallons of water per 
minute against 90 pounds pressure and 
only weighs 130 pounds. Try it out. If 
it doesn’t do exactly as we say, if it isn’t 
exactly what you want ship it back and 
receive full credit—no obligations. 


NORTHERN 
iiss 


ROTARY 


Pomes 


“MORE GALLONS PER HORSE POWER” 


Many New Features 


Both the single and doubJe cylinder North- 
erns are equipped with self-anchoring sub 
bases—Alemite Systems of Lubrication— 
leak-proof, non-breaking, flexible metalic 
tubing for cooling and gasoline connec- 
tions—copper gasoline tank held rigidly in 
cast aluminum cradle—and many other 
advantages as freedom from vibration, 
greater capacity, lighter weight anda longer 
life. 


QURTHERN PiRE Apraratos{[o. 


MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. US.A. 


FOR SALE 


Several Thousand Authors’ Reprints, 
Excerpts, Magazines of Early 
Dates, With a Few 
Books. 


All in excellent condition and re- 
ferring to Natural History; Biology; 
Plants; Shells; Invertebrates; Fish; 
Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Medi- 
cine; Surgery; Art, and various al- 
lied subjects. Address 
DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, Box 6000, 


Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C 


| Pleasant Things Taken From Letters to the Edi or 


“IT would be sorry to miss any one of 
the numbers of AMERICAN FORESTRY, 
as it is both interesting and beneficial to 
me in my own line of work, tree surgery.” 

E. F. Georrries. 


“IT am in receipt of 85 Memorial Tree 
Certificates of Registration, issued by the 
American Forestry Association, Washing- 
ton, D. C. This certificate will be a sacred 
treasure by the relatives of our hero dead, 
and it is a splendid tribute to them. Your 
association is to be congratulated on the 
inception of this tender memorial.” 

Grorce B. Orvapy. 

President Judge of the Superior Court 

of Pennsylvania. 


“Your magazine contains some very in- 
teresting and useful articles, especially those 
witten by our prominent, practical for- 
esters.” 

N. C. WHEELER. 


“I have read with a great deal_of interest 
Dr. Shufeldt’s article on gannets in Amer- 


ican Forestry for December.” 
Prof. F. A. WOODS. 
“This is the third year of my subscrib- 
ing membership and I find the magazine 
more interesting than ever and improving 
with every issue.” 
Henry Batscu. 


“Am much pleased with the Association’s 
work and the delightful magazine. I hope 
the coming year will be a big one for for- 
estry.” 

P. A. Howe tt. 


-,. 


“I always love to read the mag 
it helps me a great deal in my coll 
work. It furnishes delightful topics | 
information for writing themes.” 

Cuartes Russi 


“Your magazine is just delightful an 
wish the Association every success in 
furthering of the preservation of our | 
ests and wild life.” Eur A. Saw 


“American Forestry is an extremel 
teresting, helpful and beautiful mag 
EstHer L. © 


“Thank you very much for the pror 
ness and definiteness of your recent le 
This speaks very emphatically and 
bly for the service performed by the A 
ican Forestry Association for its nm 
bers.” 4 


4 


G. H. Pan 


“T take this occasion to renew my 
preciation of the noble efforts 
American Forestry Association and — 
it success in all its undertakings.” 

BisHop Sx 


“Tf I had the time I would be gla 
missionary work for your magazi 
this will not prevent you from a b 
standpoint of increasing the stand 
most admirable magazine, and ev 
should be done to do so.” ‘ 
F. D. Foor 


“I am a reader of your magazine an 
just love it.’” 4 


M. F. Kenneps 


GREAT DEMAND FOR TREES IN NEW YORK 


The rush of applications for trees for 
the spring planting season now coming 
in to the Conservation Commission of New 
York. State far exceeds, both in number 
and size, the demands of any previous year 
since the movement began for the reforest- 
ing of idle land in the State. 

On January 16, the number of applica- 
tions was 33 per cent larger than on the 
corresponding date of last year. 

On February 16, the number of applica- 
tions was 57 per cent larger than on the 
corresponding date of last year. 

The total number of trees so far ordered 
is 1,411,800 and the applications are more 
widely diversified than ever before indi- 
cating that in the reforesting 
movement is. general throughout the state. 

The largest single order so far received 


interest 


came fromthe Herkimer Post of 
American Legion for 200,000 trees am 
stated to be only the beginning of a 
esting project by the post that will 4 
mately reclaim 5,000 acres of barren | 
in the northern part of Herkimer cot 
and will call for 5,000,000 trees, the 
to be an impressive memorial to the n 
who served in the recent war which y 
in time of need furnish revenue for | 
relief of members of the Legion requ! 
it. sh 
With the protection against fire a 
disease that the State is now giving to | 
forests, reforestation is becoming a & 
and profitable investment, and that it is” 
recognized is evidenced by the rapid grow! 
of the reforesting movement which no 
includes everything from farmers’ 
lots to large commercial and indu 
plantations. 


TRI-STATE CONFERENCE 

| paper delivered before the Tri-State 
id Development Conference in Milwau- 
‘on March 2d and 3rd, Col. W. B. 
eley declared that the Lake States 
nt one of the most striking examples 
history of the depletion of forest 
s and the wiping out of forest 
s due to the idleness of cutover 


‘he forest and cutover lands of the 
States,” Col. Greeley said, “would 
rt permanent forest industries much 
ctensive than those still remaining 
with annual products much more than 
le for all local requirements if all of 


ind not needed for other economic 
were kept continuously at work grow- 
rees. But at present over 20 million 
; of land in Michigan, Wisconsin and 
lesota, which formerly grew timber, 
ow unused and growing nothing; and 
* enormous areas are producing but 
Be crop.” 

Ine of the things which is to be most 
a recognized,” he said, “is that grow- 
vood must be made a part of agricul- 
| science in the United States, as it 
been in countries of longer experience, 
: fitted into and correlated with the 
of our agriculture in the same way as 
sorrelate orchards and livestock with 
jroduction’ of field crops.” 


ne Tri-State Development Congress is 
rganization with delegates from the 
of Minnesota, Michigan and Wis- 

Its object is to coordinate the 
ies of the three states in the develop- 
f-and handling of the immense areas 
utover lands in those states. Resolu- 
S were passed setting forth the prin- 
s for which the conference stands. 
pertaining to forestry are as follows: 


A vital part of any program of state 
slopm t is an adequate, well-consid- 
vigorous state forestry policy. As 
tial features of such a policy we sub- 
‘First, efficient measures to prevent 
fires that the lives of settlers may 
warded and mature and growing timber 
dd; second, reforestation of all state- 
sd lands shown by land classification 
non-agricultural; third, state acqut- 
Nn of non-agricultural lands by gift, 
or forfeiture for reforestation; 
rth, immediate reforestation of all pub- 
lands on the shores of lakes and streams 
‘State encouragement of reforestation 
ately owned lands of similar nature; 
I, conservative and supervised logging 
‘State and private lands and a wiser, 
re economic use of forest products; 
expert advice for the farmer on the 
lagement of his woodlot and state en- 
ragement of the preservation and propa- 
fation of valuable native trees; seventh, 


PTO. NER SS a: a a a 


x 


oOo tro » — —- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


particular attention to the conservation 
and propagation of timber for pulpwood; 
eighth, imposition of stumpage tax, in lieu 
of annual taxes, upon growing timber in- 
cluding woodlots; ninth, the enactment of 
special legislative measures for the relief 
of extensive regions whose development is 
retarded by loss of tax revenue through 
existence within their confines of large 
public forests. The passage by the legis- 
latures of the three states of such laws as 
will assist school and road development 
in their territories by sufficient state aid 
to offset this loss in revenue.” 

The Conference also passed strong res- 
olutions endorsing the conservation of wild 
life and the conservation and development 
of the agricultural resources of the three 
states. It unequivocally condemned the 
sale of poor, inaccessible or non-agricul- 
tural cutover land to settlers. It endorsed 
the Mapes Bill, which provides for the 
establishment of a forest experiment sta- 
tion in the Lake States. 


BLISTER RUST QUARANTINE 
EXTENDED 


By an order of Secretary of Agriculture 
Wallace, effective March 15, the Federal 
quarantine to protect the white-pine forests 
of the west against the further spread of 
the blister rust has been extended to in- 
clude the State of Washington. In view 
of the State quarantine, which became 
effective March 1, the Federal restrictions 
will apply to the interstate shipment of 
white pines, currant and gooseberry plants 
from the infested areas of the State only. 

The infested area includes the following 
counties lying west of the crest of the 
Cascade Mountains: Clallam, Clarke, Cow- 
litz, Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, King, 
Kitsap, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San 
Juan, Skagit, Skamania, Snohomish, Thurs- 
ton, Wahkiakum, and Whatcom. The 
Secretary reserves the right to extend or 
reduce the infested area if it is found neces- 
sary to do so. 


AIR SEASONING OF WOOD 

In cooperation with the sawmills and 
wood utilization plants ‘throughout the 
country, the Forest Products Laboratory, 
Madison, Wisconsin, is organizing an ex- 
tensive field study on the air seasoning of 
wood. This study, it is believed, will be 
of extreme interest to the lumber manu- 
facturer and to the wood-using industries. 
The purpose is to determine the piling 
practice which will result in the fastest 
drying rates consistent with the least de- 
preciation of stock, the least amount of 
required yard space, and the least hand- 
ling costs. The study will be carried on 
concurrently on both hardwoods and soft- 
woods. All the important commercial 
woods of the United States will eventually 
receive consideration. 


1557-1359 F STREET,NW. 
WASHINGTON,D&<. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


AND 
[ILLUSTRATORS 


5 COLOR Process Work 
RLECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


“A vital question in this country, 
one with immediate importance, but 
of greater concern still in its relation 
to the future, is the preservation and 
restoration of forests.”—Nashville 
Banner. 


Have your friend join the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association and help 
perpetuate the forests. 


Notice 


Chas. Sprague Sargent’s MANUAL 
OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, 


new revised edition, is ready. 
eee OM, 


PRICE $12.50 


Orders to 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


1214 Sixteenth St. Washington, D. C. 


256 


School of Forestry 


UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 


Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering two 
years of five months each. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 


University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
paakton: Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 

ae the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


WANTED 


WANTED—A graduate forester of four or five 
years’ experience. Eastern preliminary educa- 
tion preferred. Good salesman, excellent talker. 
To do educational extension work. Address 
Box X-22, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS, to act 
as District Superintendents and book ogders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. ddress 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED CR EMPLOYED, 
havin executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential, Rangers also an- 
swer this. Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, 

————————_=====S=[=[[pj=_===__""=aa2_2_[=[==HRNanaa==]=j 


POSITIONS WANTED 


POSITION WANTED BY TREE SURGEON.— 
Ex-service man wishes employment with some 
tree surgery company; 37 years oid and can do 


any kind of tree surgery work. Can handle 
men and also understand landsca . on Ad- 
dress Box 3055, care AMERICA ‘ORESTRY, 
Washington, D.C. (2-4-22) 


RECENT GRADUATE four-year forestry course, 
aged 22, desires position with lumber company. 
Address Box 3050, care eons i FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. RC, (2-4-22) 


FORESTER—Has year’s leave of absence from 
teaching duties, bees ning October 1, 1922. Wide 
experience along orestry lines—cruising and 
handling men, gained in the U. S. Forest Serv- 


ice, teaching and in the A, E, F. Will any- 
where, Alaska preferred, and tackle difficult 
proposition. Address Box 3060, AMERICAN 


FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 
(2-4-22) 


YOUNG, Technically Trained Forester with ex- 
perience in surveyin, , estimating, forest map- 
ping, preparation of timberland reports, etc., de- 
sires permanent position as forester on a pri- 
vate estate (not necessarily large), the position 
to allow considerable time for the practice of 
timberland service or forest engineering to other 
private owners or pulp concerns. In a favorable 
locality salary could be made very reasonable. 
Address Box 3065, AM ata FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D ist od (2-4-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, 15 pec experience in 
Practical Forestry and Park work, with good 
working enowlesae in the cutting and removal 
of timber, Fire Protection Planting, Pruning 
and Care of Trees and Shrubs, etc., desires posi- 
tion with private company or on an estate, Ad- 
dress Box 3075, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (3-5-22) 


YOUNG MAN, Age 29, ex-service man in the field 
artillery, desires employment in some branch of 
forestry or as a ranger, guard, etc. Address Box 
3080, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington D. C. (3-5-22) 


WANTED—Positions by three High School Grad- 
uates for forestry work or woods work for the 
summer. Salary or location no object. Ex- 
perience wanted. Box 3085, care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, » on 

-6-22) 


GRADUATE LANDSCAPE FORESTER, expe- 
rienced in both municipal and private forestry 
and landscape engineering desires position with 
a municipality or private concern. ddress 
Box 3095, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


$200,000 FOR WILD LIFE PROTECTION 

In making the announcement that the 
National Association of Audubon Societies 
had just received a cash contribution of 
$200,000, T. Gilbert Pearson, president of 
the Association, stated today that this was 
the largest of numerous donations, which, 
through the years, have been received from 
the same source. 

“This friend began by making modest 
gifts to our work,” said Mr. Pearson, “and 
his interest has increased as time has gone 
by.” 

‘It is an interesting and encouraging 


' Fund and will enable the Association 


fact,” he continued, “that the best : 
porters of the National Audubon wo 
the protection of wild birds and anim 
are those who have had opportunity long 
to watch its activities. The present | 
was made upon condition that the don 
name should remain anonymous. This § 


will be added to our permanent Endown 


enlarge its activities along the lines sp 
fied by the giver.” } 


PENNSYLVANIA’S FORES 

The biennial report of the Pennsyly; 
Department of Forestry shows that di 
1920 and 1921, 77,544 acres of forest 
were purchased by the Commonwez 
placed under the administration 
department. According to the figures 
piled, the State Forest area is now 1,12f 
acres, purchased at a total cost of n 
than $2,546,400, an average of $2.26 
acre. 


During 1920, the area acai 
59,783 acres. Last year there were at 
to the State Forests 17,760 acres. , 
combined area purchased during the 
years was larger than the total pu 
of the seven previous years, 1913 to 1 

Last year the department made a spt 
survey of the forest land availab 
acquisition by the State. Written ©o 
of 488,353 acres were received by the 
partment. In addition, verbal offers 
made to the department covering more 1 
250,000 acres, making the total acer 
offered for purchase about 750,000 acre 


A bond issue of $25,000,000 is now rec 
mended for the purchase of 5,000,000 ac 
of waste land in the State, and it alre 
has been approved by the Grange. 
department’s studies show that if this : 
is made available for the purchas' 
devastated forest land, the entire ame 
will be repaid—principal and _ interes 
within a reasonable time by the grow’ 
the forests. 


SANDALWOOD 


ANDALWOOD is the production p 

cipally of the native state of My 
India, and the district of Coorg, in both 
which places the industry is 
monopoly of the government forest 
serves. Due to the development 
sandalwood oil extracting industry, 
Consul Dawson, of Madras, in Daily 
merce Reports, the exportation of the y 
from Madras has steadily declined 
that of the oil has increased. Sand 
is the most famous of all scented w 
Its use for perfumery and incense 
back thousands of years. The latter 
consider it one of their greatest luxu 
and no festivities were complete with 
it. Sandalwood figures prominently 
religious ceremonies and burial rites 
China and other oriental countries. 


almost 


257 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHIY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 341 
GHTING AVALANCHES IN THE PYRENEES—By Arthur Newton Pack......... 22.0.0... cee enue ve 259 
With seven illustrations. 
EI ETORO PTs TP TRF ECON TET Be OC NG ono, crac ce sve. « corel bela ds uo tes o Raw als b Bin eh pale kw ile mtibarivicrew ols Bate aoe 262 
‘OREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT: TO THE GREEN TREE FRATERNITY— 
SEM SRR ALUM oreo 3.5 sealants ks «= Pe pA MMO ae os Satta tsis ofc eae, Seeigis ence 5 nus! ¥-o bg ealoteierNl Sele anes 263 
With one illustration. 
mae GREEN INN—Poem by Theodosia Garrison... . 0.5. be ccc cece beeen ce denen eeeeues 264 
CURIOUS GLACIERS AND CRAGGY PEAKS—By D. K. Swan............ 0.00.00 ccc ec ce cee cee nes 264 
: With one illustration. 
BY AUTO, RAIL, HORSE OR CANOE—By H.N. Wheeler...... ................. eta ee sane tices 266 
; With two illustrations. 

RIDING THE TIDE—Poem by James Edward Hungerford... ... 2.0.0... foe c cece cece tens teens 266 

eet DOOM AN —By-Sam Walter Foss....... 2.0 bei ee teale vues wee eeucamevecuecaevions 267 

PGA Y LAND—by Joseph C. Kircher. ... d..00..00% ice eee ee ts pe eee s peu ees bed edeweters 268 

With two illustrations. 
GRAND TETON TO GRAND CANYON—By James E. Scott ......... 62 occ cece cece ee eee tees 269 
With two illustrations. 

THE CALL OF CALIFORNIA’S FORESTS—By L. A. Barrett ..... 20... ik cee eee eee 270 

\ With two illustrations. 

eee ORAGS AND TRAILS—By John D. Guthriess oii. ol el en cpa ese hiwe es eciees 271 

With three illustrations. 
fem mat LO FLORIDA—By Thonias' H. Gill.) cco. ht Shee eee cae eee dege estes 273 
With one illustration. 
ALASKA—THE ALLURING—By John D. Guthrie. ............... 2c eee cen eee e ees Sens Ne 
} With four illustrations. 
THE END OF THE STAGE COACH DAYS—Poem by Earl H. Emmons ................ 0.02.00. cee uee 275 
TE SO eee 2 atc ths ci cls ec ave’o'« «: « coats fals.c orale MICRA eeeke ove nw Milas eke Metavall p, weuets 276 
EERO Pei Oe Te SCD BR SPD 2S WSs 22) oid sc eas cow 5 oc oa MINER ate ka Geet hein ys vid wan bg buy esse ele’ 279 
With six illustrations. 
“BIRDS AND FLOWERS OF EARLY SUMMER—By R.W.Shufeldt.. ..... 2.2.2.0... 00.0 cece aees 283 
| With ten illustrations. : 
were Or THE FORESTER .................s¢0eeebeces spevee Gert ROR RNS = rnin oh ate See 290 
100,000,000 TREE SEEDS FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN........... 2. 0.6. cece eee eee 291 
2 With one illustration. 
DUR VANISHING WILD FLOWERS—By Winthrop Packard ... .....0 0. occ 293 
i With fourteen illustrations. 
mae AMERICAN TREE—Poem by Marta Scott Conser........0.0 6.0006. be eee utc te etree ee sen eteees 299 
ewes nOUAPIN—By George B; Sudworth. .... oi. lo cc gans cele teen cbse eee e tee eeeee ens 300 
With one illustration. 

ER PORE IE ES LEC ESS hve ey sick.) s+. 5 oc DERMED NEDSS So cio S aigwebiond oo cai e ouecd eb RRs ae eve alanis 302 
DESMO NE UMC gS ieee di sass a =: « + DEERE ese Siege OM IN Wee kiee Seles tye eve eee aiele 304 
or ADIAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson. ....... 00.52. 61. i cece eee tect eet eee eee n eens 306 
RI ar gay 2) a,.)8 gave = «2 =o - (ot eRRU ML cin ties OG REG hands bee in 6 was Saw eo 6 ole ale 308 
URE Rr ORO et, .  ., « RE Ee et Feely sb nad awe nu seed oaleys 316 

Dna LALION PAY t—By W.H. Johnson. 2206 dec nee ene ee wle Cowen Dees eee ealee ne 317 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


FOQUUNUUUUUNQO00UQUUUTOOOQOQOOOUUOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOUOOEOOOOGQOUOOOOEOOOOUOOOOGOOO OOO TOEEOEAOOGOOOU EAA ) 


“puying BOGALUSA rrspDE MARKED PINE Is LIKE GETTING 4 CERTIFIED CHECK.” 


THe OBLIGATIONS 
THAT GO WITH PRE-EMINENCE. (x) 


“A great reputation is a great pack, to carry which with a proud 
gait requires a straight eye and strong shoulders.” 


Thus runs the ancient Arabian proverb. 
This historic truth is alive today in modern industry. 


As true leadership precedes supremacy, so also supremacy is mains 
tained only by unflagging leadership—in ideals, in methods and in 
products, leadership that thinks always in terms of “tomorrow.” 


BOGALOA 


Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Office 


QUUUNQQOOODEOOUUCUOAANOOEEEUOOOEGGOOAUEEEOUUA AAA 


tek a 


iil 


is not only the world’s LARGEST lumbering operation but also 
its GREATEST, for reasons far more significant than mere size. 


Unequalled stands of unequalled Virgin Timber: 
Advanced standards of manufacturing technique: 
Strict grading per Factory Mutuals, A.S.T.M. & A.R.E.A.: 


Precision of count—and a very superior organization morale: 


All these are vital, and yet are subordinate to a sane and healthy 
pride in our achievements and a will to DESERVE our pre-eminence. 


NUUUUNUOUAE LLANE 


So, too, the present greatness, and much greater future greatness, of 


—_BOGALMSA 


Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Office 


“the NewSouth’s Young City of Destiny,” are due tovigor of practical 
performance as surely as to the forward sweep of economic vision. 
PD nn OO 


Pf) 


MALLU AULA LUC LULL 


Will you write us freely? Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 
SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 


GREAT SOUTHERN tui: 1628 4th Ave., BOGALUSA, LA. 


* 


‘*FROM da LATH TO BRIDGE TIMBERS, SPECIFY BOGALUSA TRADE MARKED PINE —AND REST EASY.” 


NLU 
| UOQDDUUOOQUUUOOQQQUUOOGOQUOEOOUOOOOOUOOQUOUOOEOOOOOOOGOOTEROOOO NEGO OOOOOUOGOOU OE OAAOU EAT EAT 


POUL PLLLLG LLC LLLLLLL PULP LLLOLLU POOL PCUULUL RCL POOUGUEPPDOUCGOIPOOUUSHOULOOUASOOPUNNUGOUOCGOL MOOG MCUOOLGOT UDO S TOO oo 


] 


STH HEL LLLLLL LLL 


=I 


al 


f 


us / 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NO. 341 


MAY, 1922 


FIGHTING AVALANCHES IN THE PYRENEES 


By Arthur Newton Pack 


Special Correspondent of the American Forestry Association 


VOL. 28 


ARLY last summer mountain torrents following a 
cloud burst spread disaster throughout Colorado, 
while in the early fall saw mills, shingle mills and large 
numbers of dwellings in British Columbia were swept 
away; and these are but two of many similar catas- 
trophes which have recently occurred. The role of the 


THE CRADLE OF AN AVALANCHE 


Up near the timber line is where the relentlessly sliding snows 


must be dealt with. Several stone barrages and preliminary 
plantings are here shown. 


forests as a protection against landslides and floods may 
well be a much argued subject, but it was undoubtediy 
true in regard to the British Columbia flood that heavy 
clearing of land by the logging companies, followed by 
repeated fires, did add materially to the overwhelming 
suddenness of the disaster. 


In the European Alps and Pyrenees, however, the 
French and Swiss governments place implicit faith in af- 
forestation as a protection and a remedy. There, the 
value of the mountain regions as a playground and health 
resort for the people is paramount, and if an avalanche 
sweeps down some spring to wipe out the smallest cure 
village which is then preparing for the influx of summer 
guests, it immediately becomes a matter of grave con- 
cern to the National Forestry: Bureau. 

Nestled in a beautiful mountain valley only a few miles 
from one of those storied, robber-infested passes leading 
from France to Spain, lies the famous resort of Bagneres- 
Luchon, visited every summer not only by the French, 
but by travelers of all nations. Back in the year 1875, a 
terrible avalanche gathered up among the snows of the 
bordering mountains and swept down across the little 


WHERE TREE PLANTING IS HAZARDOUS 


In order to plant the seedlings, sometimes a man was lowered 
from. above on a rope ladder, or a human chain was organized. 
At the extreme left is the little hut occupied by the workmen. 


260 


river above the village, so that for a week or more the 
whole valley was dammed. Then the flood broke, sweep- 


ing down upon the town, 


and carrying destruction in 


its path. No sooner had 
the waters subsided than 
the French National Bu- 


reau of Waters and Forests 


got to work. Beginning 
part way up the slope, they 
built several stone 
dams across the path of the 


landslide to hold in check 


great 


the continued descent of 
loose shale and rock car- 
ried by the torrents, and as 
each waterfall, thus cre- 
ated, began to dangerously 
the foundation 


of the dam, a series of low- 


undermine 


er intermediate barrages 
be added. Only 
then was the first real head- 


had to 


way won and opportunity given to pave a sort of perma- 
nent stream bed through the great piles of silt below. 
Huge four-foot blocks of stone set on end were used for 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


im ous yp Or 
7 ‘ . j 


ONE OF THE BENEFITS OF AFFORESTATION 


The victory over the landslide has not only resulted in the sav- 
ing of many lives and much property, but has made possible ex- 
tensive hydro-electric developments. This electric cog railway 
up among the peaks leads to a new resort from which may be 
had one of the finest views in all the Pyrenees. 


WHERE DEVASTATION REIGNED SUPREME 


the purpose. All this, however, was simply in the nature 
of preliminary work to make it safe to get at the sources 


of trouble, the continually 
eroding sides of the scar. 
There are found in all high 
mountain regions several 
varieties of extremely 
tough rooted grass. The 
mountain climber soon 
learns to know that a good 
hand grip on a tuft of this 
growth is sufficient to litr 
him even over a dangerous 
ledge. Accordingly, the 
Department of Waters ana 
Forests figured that if this 
grass could be dug up and 
transplanted in rows or cor- 
dons across the dangerous 
spots, the surface soil might 
be temporarily fixed. Their 
expectations were well jus- 
tified. To be sure, any 


great volume of material from above would sweep this 
weak defense along with it, but fortunately only a few 
such accidents occurred. A large supply of tough rooted 


t was the bare and ugly slide—then cordons of grass supplemented and held by birch and alder, then Nature’s gradual 


ealing and finishing of the protective work. 


trees serve as a natural break. 


Up above, where the shifting snows gather for a tremendous rush into the valley, 


FIGHTING AVALANCHES IN THE PYRENEES 


tree and bush seedlings were also gathered to strengthen 
the cordons. 


Whenever a given spot of soil and rock had been thus 
temporarily anchored, there began the hazardous occu- 
pation of tree planting. Seldom has the planting of trees 
been carried on under such unfavorable circumstances. 
Sometimes man and seedlings were lowered from above 
on a rope ladder, or a human chain so well known to 
Alpine climbers; was organized. It was indeed a tes- 
timonial to the gritof the French laborers that the 
work was ever accomplished at all. The species of trees 
used were chosen not upon the basis of any future com- 
mercial value of the wood, but primarily for rapidity of 
growth, and ability to send out a mass of tough inter- 
lacing roots. The foresters took lessons from Nature, 
selecting those trees which are most often found natu- 
rally sprouting upon land slide scars; and just as in this 


261 


accommodation was swept away by the spring slides. 
Once, even, a whole gang of men who had been sent a 
little too early to the scene of action lost their lives. As 
the zone of operations progressed to the higher leveis, 
it was impossible for the men to go to and from their , 
work, but they lived in shacks upon the edge of the scar, 
and subsisted on supplies brought in, either by mountain 
pony or upon their own backs. 


Gradually, the work progressed to the very upper lev- 
els, and the fight became directed not against water ero- 
sion and loose earth, but against the snow itself, which 
is the beginning of all trouble. Numberless little stone 
benches were erected with a sort of hollow behind them, 
while on either side, large clumps of spruce, mountain 
pine, larch and other sub-Alpine species were introduced. 
This work began at an elevation of some two thousand 
feet above the valley, and was continued to the highest 

levels where a timber line could 


BEFORE AND AFTER 


Two views taken of the same spot; the first 
taken in 1887, and the second in 1921. Note how 
the larch and spruce have almost completely won 
back the dangerous as well as valueless waste. 


be established. 


The really serious 
came in getting seedlings prop- 
erly acclimated to the high al- 
titude. 
ies in the lower valleys were 
found to be too far progressed 
in the spring season for introduc- 


tion to the rigorous 


problem 


Those grown in nurser- 


climate 


BEATEN AT LAST 


country the willow, birch and alder became 
favorites. Later, when these had fulfilled 
their purpose and overcome the danger 
from slides, more valuable species could be 
introduced. In fact, all the cutting on steep 
mountain slopes in France is regulated on 
the selective system to discourage the 
growth of inordinately large specimens. 
Half a dozen medium-sized trees close to- 
gether are a much more effective protec- 
tion for the soil than a single forest giant. 
During the winter, all operations were sus- 
pended, but time after time the little stone 
hut the men had built for their summer 


The forest has grown up to cover nearly the whole of the giant scar and insure 


against a repetition of the disaster. The planted forest has won out, and is 
now rapidly growing into a valuable stand of timber. 


devised to winter the seedlings 
The best results were 


above. A scheme had to be 
part way up, or to artificially retard them. 
obtained by a combination of these methods, and transplanting the 
year before their permanent use, to high altitude nurseries near 
the scene of operations. Every spring there were found to be heavy 
casualties in the planting of the summer before, while nearly all the 
young trees pointed their branches toward the valley in the position 
to which they had been dragged by the relentless snow. But, in 
spite of handicaps, the work progressed, and today a healthy forest 
of many acres crowns the former danger zone. 

Very little had to be done to the mud delta at the bottom 


262 AMERICAN 


Once the slides were stopped, Nature promptly re- 
claimed it, and at one point a forest of spruce, now eight 


to ten inches :n diameter, covers the former devastation. - 


Four or five million francs have been expended by the 
government in all, and although the work has cost lives 
as well as money, it has not only resulted in the saving 
of many lives and much property, but has made possible 
extensive hydro-electric developments throughout the 
valley. In place of terrific floods alternating with dry 
stream beds, a fairly even flow of water, unsupplemented 
by reservoirs, now furnishes light and power for the 
town. With further control of the mountain torrents, 
the development is soon to be extended and not only the 


INNOCENT STREAM BUT IT MAY BECOME A 
RAGING TORRENT 


The construction of a succession of tiny barrages prevents 
the destructive work of the spring floods which were formerly 
responsible for heavy losses of earlier plantings. 


AN 


branch railroad to Luchon but also the main line from 
Marseilles to Biarritz across the entire southern portion 
of France will be electrified. The benefits of afforestation 
in the high mountains are felt, ‘too, in another way, in 
that the upper grassy meadows,’so rich in food for cat- 
tle and sheep, are made safe for large scale exploitation. 
The Chief of the Department of Waters and Forests for 
this district has made a special study of 
grasses, and his department is doing a great service to the 
farmers of France. The time is coming when forestry 
in America, too, will be enabled to play an even larger 
part in the development of our country, and it is more 
than likely that our present Congress will be enabled to 
pass a forestry bill which will be the first step. 


mountain 


FORESTRY 


AN APPRECIATION OF 
DR. ROTHROCK 


The resignation of Dr. J. T. Rothrock as a member of 


the Pennsylvania State Forest Commission has been fol- 
lowed by numerous tributes to his great achievements 
in forestry and the gratifying results of his devotion to 
the cause. 


Governor Sproul, of Pennsylvania, in accepting the 


resignation wrote: 


“Knowing your great interest in the subject and in the 
Department, which is largely the result of your own far- 
sighted policies and devoted service, I can but appreciate 
that the reasons which have actuated you in your de 
cision to retire from the Commission are imperative and 
compelling. 

“Under the circumstances, therefore, I shall accept 
your resignation, but I beg you to accept my congratula- 
tions upon the great service which you have rendered 
the Commonwealth during your long and useful life.. 

“Trusting that you may-be spared for many years 
in good health and contentment, I am, with sincere re- 
gards.” 


The members of the State Forest Commission passed 
resolutions upon Dr. Rothrock’s retirement whicli said: 


“Resolved, that the Pennsylvania State Forest Com- 
mission, although knowing well that Dr. Rothrock long 
ago earned a just reward of peace and quiet found in | 
the calmer sphere of home life, is yet affected with a 
deep sense of regret and sorrow because of his retirement 
from public service. His real service in the cause of 
forest conservation is shown by his devotion to forestry 
for almost half a century. His vision and courage led him 
to become an earnest advocate, when others ridiculed, be- 
littled, remained silent, or retreated. His unbounded en- 
thusiasm, his prophetic vision, his keen intellect, his un- 
questionable integrity, and his open heart are responsible 
for much of the progress that forestry has made. 


Resolved, that the establishment of the Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Forestry and most of its accom-— 
plishments are directly attributed to the prophetic vision, 
sound judgment, untiring labors, and generous heart of 
Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock—It was he who laid the — 
foundation of the Department and fashioned the frame- 
work of the present superstructure. He leaves to his suc- 
cessors and to the Commonwealth a heritage of service 
and devotion that is beyond our power to estimate ade- 
quately and appreciate fully. Endless benefits will flow 
forth from his life of public service, and faces that have 
not seen him will bless him. His life of public service will 
stand as a worthy example to the youth of our land. His 
achievements are comparable only to the man himself— 
upright citizen, unselfish public servant, distinguished bot- 
anist, prominent physician, brave soldier, fearless explor- 
er, Father of Pennsylvania Forestry, cultured gentleman, 
faithful counsellor, loved and devoted friend.” 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


Arthur H. Carhart, Editor 


To the Green Tree Fraternity 


ACATION time is coming! The smudgy buds on the 
street trees, the birds, in spite of their grimy dress 
soiled by the smoke, of the city, tell of it,—it is in the 
air. The technical diagnostician might say that these 
are spring fever symptoms, but all know that it is the call 
to the open places beginning to exert itself and that it 


not. The rushing babble of the brook where it gurgles 
over the stony stream-bed, the swish of the truant breeze 
through the bushes and grasses, the smashing roar of 
the thunder god are our true mother tongue. The thou- 
sands and thousands of years our ancestors spent in the 
open have come to us in the call of the outdoors as a 


husky trees to fill their places. 


done. 


There is a tendency to think of outdoor beauty as being present only where nature is undisturbed. There has grown up 
a widespread cult imbued with the idea that we should “leave Nature alone.” It is founded no doubt on the practices of 
the past, for forests were stripped from the slopes, unsightly scars wrought by industry, and beauty dissipated. 

But forestry need not be excluded from our great play places to insure natural beauty. All will agree that a sturdy 
young tree is more pleasant to behold than a rotting, over-mature veteran. Forestry utilizes the veterans and brings in young 


This policy exists in National Forests. Their beauty is unsurpassed—and commercial cutting is allowed in them. Proper 
restrictions are necessary and rational conservation policies must be followed to bring this about, but it can be and is being 


Their beauty calls to all lovers of the outdoors. They belong to the people. The recreational use is the only direct, 
universal, personal use we can make of them. They invite you to come to them for your vacation this year.—Editor. 


will culminate in a trip into the hills, along a tree-bor- 
dered stream, or in automobile over the broad highways. 

Mother Nature calls to her truant child, man. The 
shadowland, where tall, arched trees let little darts of 
sunshine through to dapple the forest floor, is a part of 
our being. Stone walls, steel girders, or tiled floors are 


heritage. We must heed it. We return to nature to get 
inspiration, better health and relief from all of the ills 
that our artificial surroundings breed. 

Right now many are looking forward to a vacation 
time in the open. Those who are not doing this of their 
own volition are subconsciously dreaming of places 


Sa ee 
= 


IN THE SAWTOOTH 


Timbered slopes, jagged peaks, clear lakes and big fish await the traveler in this National Forest in Idaho. Would you seek 
further for a better spot than this for your vacation camp? It is useless. 


264 


where the clean wind rushes over spacious prairies, or the out-of-doors. The swirl of the water below the rapids 
where it playfully tosses pine boughs and roars through hides the form of a big one and the crack of a twig in — 


deep canyons. To all comes the 
question of where to go. 

Do you seek a camp in the 
wilds reached by pack trip, or 
is it a picnic in woody glen 
you will prefer? Are you 
already sniffing the smell 
of the crisp bacon as it sizzles 
over the fire in the morn? Does 
the smell of “coffee in the 
woods at dawn” carried on the 
breeze that fans your cheek 
come to your nostrils as you 
sit at your desk, or in your 
den? Does the tug of an imag- 
inary trout make your hand 
suddenly grip the penholder 
and your eyes get filmy in ret- 
rospection of some fight with 
a game old rainbow or macki- 
naw? 

Does your heart yearn for 
communion with broad lakes 
or high peaks? Are your feet 
itchy to scramble up the face 
of a cliff lying between you and 
the pinnacle which challenges 
you to the climb? Can you feel 
the press of the cool rock 
against your body where yor 
cling to the surface for a brief 
moment of rest? Can you hear 
the rattle and see the jump of 
the rock dislodged by your feet 
as it bounds towards the bottom 
of the canyon? 

The big woods are calling. 
Spring Fever is a polite ex- 
cuse for not answering the call 
of your native heath — the 
woodlands, .The spicy tang of 
the pine needles pervades the 
atmosphere and the clean air, 
a million miles big, waits to 
give you a lung full that is not 
laden with the grime of city 
winds. A hunger so strong 
that your mouth waters when 


you just think of a spicy miulliges stew, awaits you in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE GREEN INN 


By Theodosia Garrison 


I sicken of men’s company— 

The crowded tavern’s din, 
When all day long with oath and song 
Sit they who entrance win; 

So come I out from noise and rout 
'To rest in God’s Green Inn. 


Here none may mock an empty purse 
Or ragged coat and poor, 

But Silence waits within the gates 
And Peace beside the door; 

The weary guest is welcomest, 
The richest pays no score. 


The roof is high and arched and blue, 
The floor is spread with pine; 

On my four walls the sunlight falls 
In golden flecks and fine, 

And swift and fleet on noiseless feet 
The Four Winds bring me wine. 


Upon my board they set their store— 
Great drinks mixed cunningly, 

Wherein the scent of furze is blent 
With odor of the sea, 

So from a cup I drink it up 
To thrill the veins of me. 


It’s I will sit in God’s Green Inn, 
Unvexed by man or ghost, 

Yet ever fed and comforted, 
Companioned by mine host 

And watched at night by that white light 
High swung from coast to coast. 

Oh, you who in the House of Strife, 
Quarrel and game end sin, 

Come out and see what cheer may be 
For starveling souls and thin 

Who come at last from drought and fast 
To sit in God’s Green Inn. 

(Reprinted.) 


that steadily growing clan—the lovers of things outdoors. 


the thicket means that your 
wild brothers are stealthih 
taking stock of prodigal man, 

Campfires are dancing in the 
shadows of giant fir trees i 
this land of the clean outdoor: pe 
Pitchy smoke curls as incense 
to nature. Spruce-bough beds 
are there where your tired mus- 
cles can rest. Perky points 0 
light that seem unbelievabl 
near wink in the heavens ar 
perhaps a luminous disc, 
moon, lifts its lamp above 
spire-like points of the pi 
The open road is beckoning to’ 
all the outdoors’ family. he 
greenery of God’s woods 
holds forth a welcome and 
promise of shelter and rest. 

The outdoors is in your 
blood. We all belong to 
Green-Tree Fraternity through 
inheritance from’ our forbears 
and we answer the call. 
while vacation time is_ still 
beckoning appealingly and has 
not come to “stare us in the 
face,” American Forestry is of- 
fering an outline of “where te 
go in our National. Forests.” 
The editor of this section hi 
collected brief statements fro 
each of the Forest Service 
tricts where are many, n 
acres of outdoorlands—w 
all of your dreams of outd 
life may come true. From 
list our reader can surely p 
some appealing place to go 
his stay in the open and 
can write to the District he 
quarters of the particular 
est he plans to visit to get me 
information on what that pla ce. 
has to offer the members 
the Green-Tree Fraterni 


CURIOUS GLACIERS 


By K. D. Swan. 


AND CRAGGY PEAKS - 


HIE country of District One is extremely diversified, 
and one may find in all parts features of some inter- 
In the plains country of 


est to those seeking recreation. 


eastern Montana the timbered mesas of the Sioux and | 
Custer Forests offer the vacation seeker shaded areas 
where he may picnic and camp. In south central Mon- 


es 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


tana is the Beartooth Forest. Here one finds a jumble of 
rugged peaks, many of them snowcapped, and with gla- 
ciers on their sides. Here is located the famous Grass- 
hopper glacier, where one may see imbedded in the ice 
myriads of grasshoppers imprisoned, no one knows how, 
in some prehistoric time. The Absaroka, Gallatin and 
Madison National Forests lie to the north and west of the 


- Yellowstone National Park and within their borders are 


mountain peaks, canyons and streams unrivaled any- 
where. The famous Wast Gallatin Canyon, lying on the 
road between Bozeman and the west entrance of Yellow- 
stone Park, has become duly famous of late for the gran- 
deur of its scenery. 


The Helena, Deerlodge and Beaverhead Forests con- 
tain much to interest the tourist and vacationist. Within 
a short distancé of Helena, Montana’s capital, is much 
fascinating country. There are steep-sided canyons cut 
in the limestone formation, through which flow well- 
stocked streams. Perhaps no forest in the District is 
more frequented than the Deerlodge, for here the busy 
workers from Butte and Anaconda seek relaxation away 
from smelter and mine. 


Farther north lies the wilderness of the Flathead, and 
Lewis and Clark forests, one of the few remaining un- 
opened wildernesses of the country. Here is a little- 
known area of mountains and lakes, well forested, and 
abounding in game and fish, where one may travel for 
days, and forget the existence of towns and railroads. 
It is a territory frequented by hunters of big game in 
season. Northwest Montana is more heavily wooded 
than other parts of the State. Parts of the Cabinet, 
Kootenai and Blackfeet Forests are covered with yellow 


265 


pine, larch and fir timber. It is a region fairly accessible, 
and yet having much of the charm of primitive wildness, 
Good fishing streams are abundant, and many beautiful 
lakes are hidden in the heavy growth of timber. 


Missoula may be likened to the hub of a wheel, from 
which radiate in all directions, spokes which lead into a 
realm of recreation. The famous Bitter Root valley, 
considered by many the most beautiful of the smaller 
valleys of America, lies surrounded by the Bitter Root 
National Forest. Along the west boundary is the rugged 
Bitter Root range, whose summit forms the Montana 
and Idaho State boundary. To the west of this range, 
on the Idaho side, are the Nezperce and Selway Forests, 
wildernesses which contain country as yet unpenetrated 
by civilization. 


Farther to the north lie the Clearwater and St. Joe 
Forests, which, although heavily visited by forest fires, 
yet contain much of interest to the hunter and fisher- 
man, and to those wishing to leave the main lines of 
travel. It is a rough, mountainous country which tends 
to be heavily timbered with white pine, fir and spruce. 


North Idaho contains two lakes of surpassing beauty 
on National Forest land. Priest Lake on the Kaniksu 
Forest is a beautiful sheet of water set in the midst 
of a heavily timbered, mountain-walled valley. It is 
much sought by vacationists, and the Forest Service has 
here laid out cottage sites for lease. Pend Oreille Lake 
is a large body of water with well-wooded shores and 
numerous bays and islands. 


Write to the District Forester at Missoula, Montana, 
for further information. 


Re eee 
Sees 5 ae: 
fp ie ey 


MOUNT HOOD AND LOST LAKE 


Is a vacation in a place like this not worth a trip from Portland, Maine, to Portland, Oregon, or even farther? Best of all, we 
own these places and they are ours to enjoy. 


266 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


BY AUTO, RAIL, HORSE, FOOT OR CANOE 


By H. N. Wheeler 


UGGED, white-capped mountain peaks, deep, rock- 

bound canyons, dashing waterfalls, lakes of deepest 
blue, perpetual fields of ice and snow, swift running 
streams where lie gamy trout, pine-clad hills, quiet, shady 
nooks, highly colored wild flowers and beautiful song 
birds attract to the fifteen National Forests in Colorado 
of District Two, each year thousands to the outdoor life 
they crave. 

The Colorado, Pike and San Isabel National Forests 
along the front range are easily reached by train and by 
auto, but beyond these are other Forests where thousands 
of delightful spots beckon the traveler. The auto gypsy 
reaches many of these 


caves, beautiful mountain streams, picturesque lakes ¢ 
even rugged rock pinnacles, all easily accessible t 
automobilist. 

The Michigan National Forest, partly in the upp 
and partly in the lower peninsula of the State, nea 
more densely populated portions of the middle ve 
draws thousands of visitors who find rest and quiet 7 
a chance to fish and hunt. ¢ 

Minnesota is blessed with two National Forests il 
Minnesota and Superior. In the Minnesota Natio: 
Forest, the Mississippi River. Cass, Winnibigoshish a 
‘many smaller lakes attract thousands of people each ye 
who come by auto or 


places, but pack trips on 
the San Juan, Uncom- 
pahgre, Battlement, Rio 
Grande, Cochetopa, Holy 
Cross, Gunnison, White 
River and Montezuma take 
one into real solitudes. 

In the San Juan region of 
the Uncompahgre and San 
Juan Forests, tremendous 
peaks, spires and massive 
mountains of vari-colored 
rock stand out in bold re- 
lief, and attractive water- 
falls dash down their rug 
ged slopes. 

The Leadville, contain- 
ing the second highest 
peak in the United States, 
Routt and Arapaho Forests 
are partly accessible by 
auto or may be covered by 
pack outfit, but are best 
seen by those who travel on 
foot. 

Five of the Forests in 
Wyoming are under the di- 
rection of District Two. 
The Hayden and Medicine 
Bow in the southern part, 


Riding ee Tide 


Gee! but it’s great to be footloose and free again; 
Far from the din and the turmoil and grind; 

Seeing the things I’ve been wanting to see again ; 
Finding the peace I’ve been hoping to find! 

Wearing the duds I’ve been wanting to wear again; 
Doing the things I’ve been yearning to do; 

Knowing no worry or trouble or care again— 
Riding the tide in a birch bark canoe! 


Sweet to my ears is the dip of the oars again, 
As through the waters I gladsomely skip; 

Great to be here in God’s world—the outdoors, again, 
Feeling the zest and the sparkle and zip! 

Smelling the perfume of balsam and pine again; 
Knowing the old thrill of living anew; 

Draining the cup of the joys that are mine again— 
Riding the tide in a birch bark canoe! 


Gee! but it’s great to know pleasures like these again; 
Far from the struggle and bustle and strife; 

Feeling the tingling whip of the breeze again; 
Drinking deep gulps of the ozone of life! 

Here in the land of content, and real joy again, 
Underneath skies that are smilingly blue; 

Youth has come back—I’m a light-hearted boy again— 
Riding the tide in a birch bark canoe! 

—James Epwarp HuNGERFoRD. 


to fish or bathe in the 
clear waters, or spend a fe 
weeks in summer homes 
in boys’ or girls’ camp 
But the Superior Nation 
Forest, containing mor 
than a million acres « 
timber, lakes and stream: 
along the Canadian bo det 
opposite the Quetico 
est Reserve of Canada, 
truly the vacationists’ pé 
dise. A few miles f 
settlement and you 
to a real wilderness 
bear, deer and that 
arch of all North Am 
game animals, the 
moose, are frequently 
and beaver are so ta 
to be easily photograpl hed 
Canoe trips, hundreds 
miles in length, may | 
taken without once return 
ing to civilization, and 
lake trout, pickerel, 
eyed pike and the m 
muskellunge are ca 
with little effort. 
Nebraska National F 


the Washakie and Sho- 
shone in the northwest and thé Bighorn in the north 
central part of the State with their extensive virgin for- 
ests, lakes and streams teeming with trout, lofty peaks 
and deep canyons lure the lover of the great out-of- 
doors. 

The Black Hills of South Dakota, containing the 
Harney and Black Hills National Forests, is a beauty 
spot that acts as a lodestone for many a weary traveler 
seeking the cool of the mountain lands combined with 
the green of the pines and spruces. Here are unexplored 


est, a broad stretch of ne 
ending sand hills, being converted by planting operati 
of the United States Forest Service, into a beautiful 
valuable timber land, is unique and interesting. 7 

From the Montezuma and San Juan in southwestern 
Colorado to the Shoshone on the north in Wyoming, 
embracing the whole stretch of the mighty Rockies, the 
Black Hills of South Dakota, the sand hills of Nebraska 
and those gems in northern Minnesota and Michigan 
are lands belonging to the people of the United States. 
They are valuable for their economic uses, but they are 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 267 


a 


CRAGS AND A LAKE OF THE MEDICINE BOW 


High at timberline nestle lakes of much beauty encircled by 
veteran trees. Wyoming’s Forests are some of the most striking 
national playgrounds easily reached over auto and rail highways. 


STEEL HIGHWAYS TIE EAST TO WEST 


The great transcontinental rail systems bring the population of 
the Atlantic Seaboard quickly to their playlands of the West. 
Here a vista of haze-touched peaks would greet the traveler from 
Pullman window. 
also the playgrounds of those seeking health, rest and 
re-creation of mind, body and soul. The Forests of Dis- 
trict Two welcome you. They are yours for play and 
enjoyment. 

For further information, write the District Forester, 
Denver Colorado. 


“A FRIEND TO MAN” 


The author of “The House by the Side of the Road” was 
an enthusiastic traveler, says “The Federation” recently. 
On one of his trips through New England, he came across 
a little, unpainted house set almost in the road, at the top 
of a long hill. An oddly shaped sign post finger pointed to 
a well-worn path, and a sign read, “Come in and have a 


cool drink.” Following the path, he found at some distance 


from the house a spring of ice-cold water into which a 
barrel had been sunk. Above it hung an old-fashioned 
gourd dipper. On a bench was a basket of fragrant apples, 
with the sign, “Help yourself.” 

Returning to the house, he found a childless old couple 
im poverty, whose only support was the rocky farm. Too 
poor to give money, and desiring to help others in some 
way, they had resolved to share their cool water and 
abundant fruit with the travelers by the way; and so, 
from the ripening of the first plums to the harvesting of 
the last apples, a basket of fruit was kept at hand for any 
who might come up the long hill. 

The beautiful spirit of ministry revealed in this old 
couple so impressed Foss that he conceived the poem here 
printed, in which that spirit is portrayed and glorified. 


THE HOUSE BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD 


There are hermit souls that live withdrawn 
In the peace of their self-content; 

There are souls, like stars, that dwell apart 
In a fellowless firmament. 

There are pioneer souls that blaze their paths 
Where the highways never ran— 

But let me live by the side of the road 
And be a friend to man. 


Let me live in a house by the side of the road, 
Where the race of men go by— 

The men who are good and the men who are bad, 
As good and as bad as I. 

I would not sit in the scorner’s seat, 
Or hurl the cynic’s ban— 

Let me live in a house by the side of the*road 
And be a friend to man. 


I see from my house by the side of the road, 
By the side of the highway of life, 
The men who press with the ardor of hope, 
The men who faint with strife; 
3ut I turn not away from their smiles or their tears— 
Both parts of an infinite plan— 
Let me live in a house by the side of the road 
And be a friend to man. 


I know there are brook-gladdened meadows ahead, 
And the mountains of wearisome height; 

And the road passes on through the long afternoon, 
And stretches away to the night. 

But still I rejoice when the travelers rejoice, 
And weep with the strangers that moan, 

Nor live in my house by the side of the road 
Like a man who dwells alone. 


Let me live in my house by the side of the road, 
Where the race of men go by— 

They are good, they are bad, they are weak, they are strong, 
Wise, foolish—so am I. 

Then why should I sit in the scorner’s seat 
Or hurl the cynic’s ban? 

Let me live in my house by the side of the road 
And be a friend to man. 


—Sam WALTER Foss. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


SUNSHINE PLAYLAND 


By Joseph C. Kircher 


S UMMER mountain playgrounds, winters on the des- 

ert, ruined cities of prehistoric man, romance of early 
Spanish explorations, picturesque Indian Pueblos, quaint 
Mexican Placitas, and with all, sunshine everywhere all 
the time—this is the Southwest—Arizona and 
New Mexico, in District Three. 


great 


Here, more than 1,000 years ago, flourished an Indian 
civilization whose ruins are found in nearly all of the 
Southwestern National Forests, although they are most 


SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ON THE TRAIL 


Canyons and ridges, well timbered with pine and spruce. Deer 


and wild turkeys frequent these hills. 
Arizona. 


Apache National Forest, 


numerous on the Carson and Santa Fe Forests in North- 
ern New Mexico. The largest and most interesting of 
these are the communal houses and cliff dwellings of the 
Rito de los Frijoles and the adjacent Pajarito Plateau, 
within the Bandelier National Monument. 

With Santa Fe as a center, and lying largely within 
the Santa Fe National Forest, is the most interesting 50 
mile square in the whole United States. Here, in addi- 
tion to the prehistoric ruins, are many of the present day 
Indian Pueblos and it is in this region that the Spanish 

ixteenth century. Here also are mountains with lofty 

And 
whether in mountain or desert, there are 
and wonderful sunsets. 


peaks, unexcelled scenery and clear trout streams. 


everywhere, 


blue skies 


Persons who desire the backwoods, will find an ideal 
country in the Mogollon Mountains on the Gila National 
Forest in west central New Mexico and the White Moun- 
tains on the Apache Forest in Arizona—a wonderful 
mountain country with high peaks, deep canyons and 
ridges well timbered with pine and spruce, interspersed 
with mountain meadows. The streams abound with trout 
while deer and wild turkeys frequent the timbered hills 
and grassy meadows. 


Opportunities for summer vacations among mountain 
scenes and yet in comfort are offered by the hotels and 
summer camps on the Pecos River, Santa Fe Forest, as 
well as at Cloudcroft, on the Lincoln Forest (both in New 


ae 
ae TY 


WHERE LIVED THOSE WE HAVE SUCCEEDED 
3andelier National Monument—Santa Fe National Forest, New 
Mexico—Ruins of Ancient Cliff Dwellers restored by the New 
Mexico Archaeological Society in cooperation with the United 
States Forest Service. 


4\ 


0 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 269 


Mexico). In northern Arizona the region about Flag- 
staff, on the Coconino and Tusayan Forests also has de- 
lightfully cool summers. 

Portions of the Tonto and Coronado Forests of south- 
ern Arizona, because of their comparatively low elevations, 
have mild winter climates suitable for persons who de- 
sire winter outings among the picturesque semi-arid 
mountains. Within the Tonto Forest lies the famous 
Roosevelt Dam forming a lake some 20 miles long 


from which the Salt River valley secures its irrigation 
water. 

The recreational development of the southwestern For- 
ests has not been as rapid as that in other parts of the 
west and this unique country is little known. A trip into 
it, however, will reveal a world of interesting things 
found only in this great land of sunshine. Write to the 
District Forester, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for more 
complete information. 


GRAND TETON TO GRAND CANYON 


By James E. Scott 


See the lofty Tetons of Wyoming south to the 
Kiabab Plateau and the Grand Canyon—from the 
eastern boundary of Utah west into Central Nevada, in 
District Four, a new vacation land is steadily winning 
recognition among the great out-door attractions of the 
West. Recreation seekers to the number of 200,000 last 
summer found all that they sought in the Intermountain 


IN JACKSON HOLE 


Jenny Lake, in the Teton National Forest, is one of the scenic 
gems which have made this section famous. It is easily accessible 
by rail and stage or by auto. 


National Forests. They’ll be back this year with many 
more. 

Jackson’s Hole and Grand Teton—surley no one can 
say he has “done” the West without a trip into the 
“Hole,” where the romance and thrill of the early West 
still lingers—where the great herds of elk make their 
winter quarters and where each summer day may be 
devoted to a different phase of real outdoor enjoyment. 
No range in America excels in rugged grandeur the Te- 
ton Peaks. No region could be more enticing to the 
camper, hunter, fisherman, or lover of the beautiful in 


Nature than that land of forests, lakes, and mountain 
streams which lies at their feet. 

Central Idaho and the Sawtooth,—for many years 
known, appreciated and loved by those hardier ones who 
would not wait for highways, and now that the auto 
roads are reaching into the heart of the region, calling 
increasing thousands from all parts of the country to 
share its boundless variety of summer pleasures. 

There are still those who like to leave the beaten paths 
and with pack outfits seek out the less accessible and 
often the.most interesting sections. For these a trip 
along the upper South Fork of the Payette River, clear 
to its source and the source of other rushing rivers across 
the great Payette Game Preserve, into that jumble of 
lordly Sawtooth peaks and emerald lakes, will surely 
measure up to every anticipation. 

Logan Canyon and Bear Lake——Forty miles of scenic 


CLIMBING MT. TIMPANOGOS, WASATCH NATIONAL 
FOREST 


This party plodding to the top of the craggy peak are in sur- 
roundings belying the fact that it is July. Many people visit- 
ing our National Forest playgrounds of the West will for the 
first time tread on snow during the middle ot summer. 


270 AMERICAN 
beauty well describes the beautiful drive over the new 
Logan Canyon road, through the Cache Forest in north- 
ern Utah, and for good measure, at the end of the drive, 
Bear Lake. Unusually beautiful in its setting, with ideai 
beaches and camp s-tes, fine fishing and boating, this lake 
is rapidly winning its place in the hearts of those who 
travel. 


Mount Timpanogos,—bearing the only remnant in 
Utah of the great alpine glaciers of the Ice Age, is one 
of the many features which brought nearly 50,000 visit- 
ors to the Wasatch Forest last season. The city of Salt 
Lake, the smaller cities of Provo, American Fork, Lehi 
and others nearby are uniting with the Forest Service in 


making accessible the recreational resources of the 
Wasatch Forest and stimulating their use. Community 


camps, organized climbs to the summit of “Old Tim,” a 
newly discovered and truly wondrous cave in American 
Fork Canyon, pack trips into the back country, and other 
features are of more than ordinary interest. 


On south, we come to Fishlake, in the National Forest 
of that name, its bed 9,000 feet above sea level, seven 
miles long, two wide, exceedingly deep, and abounding 
in native and imported varieties of trout. Many steel- 
head and mackinaw are taken here weighing from 12 to 
20 pounds. 


FORESTRY 


3ryce Canyon, on the edge of the Sevier Forest, and 
Zion Canyon have in the past few years won rapid recog- 
nition. Bryce Canyon is a scenic gem, presenting to 
the eye a marvelously beautiful array of towers, spires, 
minarets, fortresses and cathedrals in every color of the 
rainbow. 

The Kaibab Plateau, with its wonderful body of yel- 
low pine timber, its vast herds of protected deer, and 
the Kaibab squirrel, found ‘nowhere else, constitutes an 
outdoor attraction which is certainly a fitting approach 
to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, which bounds it on 
the south. 

And here we are—all the way from the Tetons to the 
Canyon where we must stop because the editor says so, 
and not a word has been said of the Uintas, of the Nat- 
ural Bridges, and Cliff Dwellings of the La Sal in Utah, 
of Lamoille Canyon and the Rubies, Lehman Cave, or 
Mt. Wheeler, in Nevada, Big Springs or the Big Falls of 
the Snake on the Targhee Forest, the Salmon River 
Gorge, the Thunder Mountain country, Payette Lakes, or 
a hundred others of which much might be said. But 
blame the editor for this and come this summer and look 
them up. The District Forester, Forest Service, Ogden 
Utah, will gladly answer inquiries and the Service or- 
ganization in the Intermountain District will do all it can 
to make your visit a pleasant one. 


THE CALL OF CALIFORNIA'S FORESTS 


By L. A. Barrett 


HE National Forests of California in District Five 
furnish a wide range of recreational possibilities to 
the tourist, camper, hunter or fisherman. Much of Cali- 
fornia’s famed beauty is within them. East of San 


A RECREATION CENTER IN THE INYO 


Here is a picture of a camp where some of the several million 
people who last year visited the National Forests for recreation 
found their recreation objective. 


Diego, in the Cleveland National Forest and easily ac- 
cessible by good roads, is the Laguna Mountains recre- 
ation area. Adjacent to Los Angeles is the Angeles Na- 
tional Forest, a very popular region for summer homes 


A LAKE IN A CALIFORNIA FOREST, THE STANISLAUS 


Vacation time in the Forests is paradise time for the youngsters. 
All the secrets of the woodland are theirs to explore. Here they 
get an education never found in text books. 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 271 


and for hiking trips. Northwest of this lies the Santa 
Barbara National Forest. The Monterey Division of this 
Forest is a particularly good deer hunting region. 

The Sequoia and Sierra National Forests cover the 
southern portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and 
are an ideal region for packing trips, as well as supply- 
ing the best of fishing. They are mountain play areas 
of unsurpassed charm. 

Along the east side of the Sierras, between beautiful 
Lake Tahoe and Owens Lake, lie the Mono and Inyo Na- 
tional Forests. This is one of the most noted moun- 
taineering sections of the State and is renowned for ex- 
cellent fishing. 

Just north of Yosemite Valley and adjacent to the old 
“mother lode” mining country of Bret Harte, is the 
Stanislaus National Forest, a delightful region for re- 
creation of all kinds and very popular for summer homes. 

To the north of this lie the Eldorado and Tahoe Na- 
tional Forests, which surround Lake Tahoe, the most 
popular mountain lake region in the West. Here, 
snuggled in depths of giant forests, little lakes shimmer 
from pine-scented breezes and spire-like peaks stand 
as sentinels inviting travelers to this outdoor play- 
ground. Lying north of the Tahoe country, in the Plu- 
mas National Forest, is the Feather River country. Here 


was once the home of Mark Twain, the beloved portrayer 
of the West. Now it is a popular fishing and resort 
region. 

North of this and surrounding Mount Lassen is the 
Lassen National Forest, a region of interesting natural 
phenomena, and a good hunting country. Lassen is the 
only active volcano in continental United States. 

In the northeastern corner of the State lies the Modoc 
National Forest, home of the big mule deer. To the 
west lies Mount Shasta, and the Shasta National Forest, 
brooded over by the crystal whiteness of the peak. It is 
a favorite mountaineering and fishing region. 

The Klamath National Forest in the northwestern cor- 
ner of California is still some of the true old West, but 
with the opening of the Klamath River road, now under 
construction, it will soon be accessible to motorists. 

South of this lies the Trinity National Forest, a fine 
fishing and hunting region, and on south of here in the 
California National Forest is found some of the best deer- 
hunting country in California. 

For further information relative to the recreational 
advantages of this wonderful region of mountains and 
lakes, streams and forests, write the District Forester, 
Forest Service, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia. 


CAVES, CRAGS AND TRAILS 


By John D. Guthrie 


ENSE forests, live glaciers, snowy peaks, many lakes 
and good fishing greet the traveler in the National 
Forests of the Pacific Northwest in District Six. By 
motor, railroad, pack out- 


kiyou Forest in southern Oregon, and are reached 
over a new Forest Service road. One may take a pack 
outfit in northern Oregon and go into the little Switz- 

erland of the Northwest, 


fit, or afoot, he may reach 
some, if not all, of these 
attractions in whatever 
National Forest he may en- 
ter. In Oregon he may 
ride or hike northward 
along the Cascades’ crest 
from Crater Lake to Mount 
Hood over the Oregon 
Skyline wonder-trail. This 
trip alone passes through 
six different National For- 
ests—the Crater, Umpqua, 
Deschutes, Santiam, Cas- 
cade and Oregon. At the 
end of the trail is Eagie 
Creek Forest Camp, the 
last word in forest camp- 
grounds, located just off 
the world renowned Colum- 
bia River Highway and 44 
miles east of Portland. 
The Oregon Caves, “the 
Marble Halls of Oregon,” 
as Joaquin Miller loved to 
call them, are in the Sis- 


own in the National Forests. 


beauty in the outdoors. 


SNOW-CAPPED ST. HELENS AND SPIRIT LAKE 


3eauty of forest and peak reach a climax in the play places you 
Here in the Columbia National 
Forest you can find many places to satisfy your longing for 


the alpine lake country of 
the Wallowa and Whitman 
Forests, in the Wallowa 
and the Blue Mountains 
country. He will find tur- 
quoise lakes literally and 
truly teeming with trout, 
waiting, yes eager, to be 
caught. 

Crossing the lordly Col- 
umbia River into the Stat 
of Washington, the tourist 
enters other wonderlands. 
The Columbia Forest with 
Mounts Adams and. St. 
Helens, with Spirit Lake at 
its base; then the Rainier 
National Forest with the 
“Mountain that was God” 
looking down upon him; 
then the Snoqualmie Forest 
famous Sunset 
highway piercing it east 
and west; then the Wash- 
ington Forest, with itshigh, 
rugged peaks, its manifold 


with its 


272 AMERICAN 
glaciers, its mountain goats, its truly alpine scenery—a 
region to be seen thoroughly only by the experienced 
mountaineer. 

Going west, across the Sound, one may enter a vaca- 
tion kingdom all its own, the Olympic Forest, with its 


MT. BAKER FROM CHAIN LAKE 


Lakes, streams and the beauty peaks of the Forests of Oregon 
and Washington are some of the scenic treasure belonging to 
you and inviting you to plan your vacation for this season so 
you may visit your Forests. 


crowning glory in old Mount Olympus. Here, nestling 
at its base, are the jewel lakes, Quinault, Crescent and 
Cushman. Or going east from Seattle the traveler will 
come to Lake Chelan, that Norwegian fjord in its inland 
setting of towering mountains, or the Wenatchee For- 
est with its lakes: Kaches, Keechelus and Cle Elum. 
Still further east is a country as yet unknown to the 
tourist, the Colville Forest, where a pack outfit must 
be one’s motor car, Pullman and diner. 

Throughout the twenty-two National Forests of the 
North Pacific District the tourist will find 425 forest 
camps set aside and ready for his use. Eagle Creek, 
along the Columbia highway, with its tables, benches, 
stoves, piped water, comfort station, autos and conse- 
quent crowds—the acme of forest camps—to Twin Lakes 
Forest camp on the Washington Forest, the newest, 
which he can reach only via s+horseback and where he 
must rough it, but amid heaven-kissing peaks, all await 
the traveler. Surely, amid such an array of vacation 
delights the most fastidious may find something to 


FORESTRY 


please him, or the real mountaineer may find his heart's 
delight, beside some crystal lake set high in the moun- 
tain meadow, jewel-flowered, with only the trees, the 
mountains and the stars for companions. Mountain 
climbers may add new laurels to their sweating brows, 
for here are Diamond Peak, The Sisters, Jefferson, Hood, 
Adams, St. Helens, Rainier, Olympus, Glacier Peak, 
Baker, Stuart and North Star—all with living glaciers, 
and all well worth the effort of a climb. Nowhere else 
within the United States can the tourist find such glaciers 
as to number, size, beauty and interest. Fishing? It 
is here. Here is where the fish equal to those in the 
stories may be found. Do you hunt with a camera? 
Eighteen out of the 22 National Forests have elk; four 
have mountain goats; three mountain sheep—and as for 


ON THE OREGON SKYLINE TRAIL 


Spread beneath your feet, as you went your way over this trail 
through Oregon’s scenic mountains, lies a world of loveliness. 
Lakes and timbered ridges vie with the appeal of high peaks for 
your_attention. 


deer, both mule and white tail, they’re here. If you 
have not seen this part of your America it is high time 
that you did. 

Write to the District Forester at Portland, Oregon, 
for literature. 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 273 


FROM MAINE TO FLORIDA 


By Thomas H. Gill 


ead accessible to our massed population of the At- 
lantic Coast lie the National Forests of the East in 
District Seven. These, from a recreational standpoint, 
present a quite different situation than is found in the 
West. The Western Forests were carved, for the most 
part, out of undevelaped public domain. The Eastern 
Forests are being built up piece by piece, as a mosaic is 
laid. Economic development coming prior to the estab- 
lishing of these forests has resulted in a situation where 
resort and summer home sites are already in private 
ownership and the recrea- 


slopes of the Presidential Range. Here is a land of 
unalloyed hearts desire to the lover of the outdoors. 
Among its landmarks of beauty are The Lakes of the 
Clouds, located 5,000 feet above the sea; Snow Arch, 
King’s Ravine, and that great natural curiosity, “The 
Old Man of the Mountains,” Carter Notch, with its twin 
lakes surrounded by high cliffs and alpine vegetation, 
contains one of the stone huts where the mountain 
climber finds shelter and food. Within the boundaries 
of the forest are many ponds and streams well stocked 
with speckled trout, where 


tional function of the for- 
ests of the East consists in 
providing tributary play- 
grounds, picnic and camp- 
ing grounds for tourist, au- 
tomobilist, fisherman and 
hunter. 

Since nearly four-fifths 
of the total population of 
the United States live in 
close proximity to the east- 
ern National Forests, the 
question of distributing 
the greatest good to the 
greatest number resolves 
itself into holding open to 
the public every available 
campsite, every spot of 
scenic beauty, and in mak- 
ing them accessible. to all 
the people. 

Happily, the eastern va- 
cationist has the length of 
the United States from 
which to choose, for the 
mountains of the Atlantic 
seaboard are dotted with 
the forests from Maine to 
Florida, 

Northmost of all is the 
White Mountain National 
Forest lying within New 
Hampshire and Maine and 


embracing the rugged 


A BEAUTY SPOT OF AN EASTERN FOREST 


Rugged canyon walls, as interesting as any in the Rockies, thrust jin our Eastern 
up from this splendid water feature, the Tallulah Falls of the 
Shenandoah National Forest of Georgia. 


at evening, white tail deer 
come silently to drink. 

North and south of Ashe- 
ville, North Carolina, 
stretches the Pisgah Forest 
traversed by the Pisgah 
auto road. Here the tour- 
ist may motor to within a 
mile of the summit of Mt. 
Pisgah, leave his car on 
Government parking 
ground, climb to the top 
and lunch at the hotel on 
Pisgah Ridge. 

In Arkansas the Ozark 
Forest offers its highways 
and byways—further west 
lies the Wichita Forest 
with its buffalo herd and 
its scenic highway. To 
fishing enthusiasts or lov- 
ers of water sports the 
Florida National Forest 
close to Camp Walton, af- 
fords many interesting 
trips. Sowhether youwish to 
spend January on Skis or in 
a bathing suit, whether you 
wish to cast a fly for speck- 
led trout or troll for tarpon. 
you can find your pet out- 
door enjoyment somewhere 
National 
Forests. 


ALASKA--THE ALLURING 


By John D. Guthrie 


A SEA trip with a scenic panorama unmatched any- 

where awaits the summer tourist visiting National 
Forests of Alaska. Leaving Seattle, Washington, or 
Vancouver, or Prince Rupert, B. C., you can take a com- 
fortable ocean steamer and start on a trip through the 


“inside passage” where slopes of eternal greenness delight 
the eye. Here and there are waterfalls to break the cur- 
tain of green, and above all, snow-capped mountains 
piercing the very heavens. Southeast Alaska is a-series 
of countless green islands, separated by innumerable 


274 AMERICAN 
waterways. Thriving towns, salmon canning plants, log- 
ging operations, wireless towers, whaling stations, marble 
quarries, living glaciers, totem poles, perennially snow- 
capped peaks, dense forest-covered slopes and shore 
lines—these are characteristic of the Tongass National 
Forest of southeast Alaska. 

Ketchikan, the metropolis of southern Alaska, is first 
reached. Here are located the headquarters of the Ton- 
gass National Forest. Going on north Juneau is reached, 
the territorial capital, and here also are the District For- 
ester’s headquarters for the Alaska District. Near Ju- 
neau are the large mining operations of Treadwell and 
Thane. 


Passing through the panhandle country of southeast- 
ern Alaska, from your steamer chair you can see the age- 
old ice masses breaking off into the ocean, while above 
and around you rise peaks to thousands of feet. Totem 
poles, the clan records of a fast-passing race, gleam out 
from forested points as the steamer threads its way 
through the hundreds of miles of channels, straits, and 
natural canals of the Tongass Forest. 


FORESTRY 


The panhandle of southeast Alaska is practically all in- 
cluded within a National Forest, and here is beginning 
the construction of pulp mills to convert some of its enor- 
mous timber resource into newspaper print. The forest 
rangers here cover their districts and handle their forest 
business in 30-foot gasoline larnches, instead of the more 
picturesque saddle horse or the more prosaic flivver of 
the National Forest areas of the States. 

If you wish a longer sea trip then go farther west- 
ward to the Kenai Peninsula and the Cook Inlet country, 
where the Chugach National Forest is located. Starting 
out from Cordova, the headquarters of the Chugach For- 
est, you will see more glaciers, even more stupendous 
mountain masses rising before you, even more sublime 
scenery. Here you may see from a comfortable railway 
car, (on the Copper River Railroad), living glaciers and 
as sublime scenery as there is in all America, or all the 
world—that along the Copper River. 

If you want an even longer trip take the railroad out 
of Cordova to Chitina, and from there take a car over 
the Richardson Trail, (they call it a trail) 320 miles to 
Fairbanks, a 3-day trip, in the interior. Comfortable 


Although not on the regular stops for main steamers,roadhouses are found along this road, and scenery that 


you will remember as long as you live. 


A DOCK FULL OF WHALE OIL 


Industries of Alaska are as interest- 
ing to the visitor as are some of the 
other features. This is at the Whal- 
ing Station at Port Armstrong. 


it will be worth your while to 
make arrangements to see Sitka, 
the place of all Alaska with a 
historical and romantic back- 
ground. For here was the old 
Russian capital, and here yet are 
Russian and houses, 
and many landmarks of the old 
Russian occupation before Secre- 
tary of State William H. Seward, 
back in 1867 bought all this 
country from Russia 
two cents per acre. 


churches 


for some 
The 


From Fairbanks you may come out to 
the Coast again over the line of the re- 
cently completed Government railroad, 
560 miles, to Seward, passing through 
the wonderful Kenai Peninula, the big 
game region of America today. Or, 
wishing an even longer trip, you may 
take a river steamer from Fairbanks on 
down the mighty Yukon river, to St. 
Michael, and to Nome, and back by 
ocean-going steamers, through the Beh- 
webs ring Straits to Seattle or to Vancouver, 

: British Columbia. All these trips are 


ACRES OF ICE RIVER 


Mendenhall Glacier, within 11 miles of Juneau and reachable over a good auto road is 
a lodestone for travelers reaching this point. 


eS 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 275 


THE DOCKS AT CORDOVA 


Water surfaces of great extent are ruled over by massive moun- 
tains. Alaska and her forest lands call to all outdoor lovers. 


regular ones ; the railway and steamship companies, both 
American and Canadian, will furnish you with particu- 


A FOREST-BORDERED STRAIT 


This view from an ocean-going steamer tells of the inviting out- 
looks to be had from such craft skirting the Alaska coast. 


lars and schedules and rates. You have not seen America 
until you have seen Alaska. 


properties of yours. 


This is all yours. Why not this year visit your National Forests and enjoy their beauties? 

Those who read this magazine are interested in the economic side of forestry. It is there in the National 
Forest areas. It is possible to enjoy all of the beauty of the playlands here briefly sketched and at the 
same time see forestry in practice. Play and timber production go hand in hand in the National Forests of our 
country and your vacation time may be educational as well as recreational if your next vacation is in these 


Make your next vacation a Forest Tour—in your own expansive forest lands.——Arthur H. Carhart. 


THE END OF THE STAGE COACH DAYS 
By Earl H. Emmons 


Well, at last the railroad found us, 
And it looks plumb strange and queer, 
Where the bronco and the buckboard 
Held the trail for forty year; 
And I reckon I’m a fogy 
And back-numbered in my ways, 
But I hate to see the passin’ 
Of the good old stage-coach days. 


For I used to play the ribbons 
In the days of Eighty-one, 
And it makes me sick a thinkin’ 
That the final stage has run, 
But I see the old coach busted, 
With its nags turned out to graze 
And I know that it’s the finish 
Of the good old stage-coach days. 


There was music in the rattle 

Of the busted winder-panes 
And the clatter of the hosses 

As they surged against the reins, 
And the creakin’ of the leather 

And the screechin’ of the stays, 
But the music all is over 

With the dyin’ stage-coach days. 


Yes, it all is past and over, 
And it causes me a pain, 
For there ain’t no thrills or romance 
Just a settin’ in a train; 
3ut the world goes by unheedin’ 
While the brave old coach decays ; 
And the nags and me stand thinkin’ 
Of the good old stage-coach days. 


EDITORIAL 


YOUR NATIONAL FORESTS 


OU, Mr. American Citizen, are a stockholder in one 

of the greatest forest properties in the world—the 
National Forests of the United States. Your stock cer- 
tificate is your citizenship. The National Forests are 
owned by the public. They are administered by the For- 
est Service, United States Department of Agriculture 
for your benefit and for the benefit of your children and 
your children’s children. They are a God-given heri- 
tage of the American people, created by nature working 
through uncountable years. They have been saved from 
private greed and despoilation by the courage of wise 
men. Once destroyed, nature only can rebuild them. 

In view of the proposal of a few men to oust, by 
process of political law, the National Forests from the 
Department of Agriculture and into the Department of 
the Interior, it is well that you, as a citizen stockholder, 
consider what sort of a property you have and how it is 
being developed under the stewardship of the Forest 
Service. There are, in all, 149 National Forests, em- 
bracing in the aggregate 156,666,045 acres, of which two 
million acres are in the east and the remainder are in the 
west. They are for the most part wooded and moun- 
tainous tracts, ranging in area from a few hundred thou- 
sand to over a million acres each. In the west they em- 
brace the high watersheds of practically all the important 
rivers which flow westward to the Pacific Ocean and east- 


ward to the Mississippi River; in the east they form por- - 


tions of the watersheds of the twenty-three important 
rivers which drain eastward to the Atlantic Ocean or 
westward to the Mississippi River. 

They are, first and foremost, forest lands, dedicated to 
the continuous production of timber for the people of the 
United States and to the protection of the nation’s water 
supply. The present market value of their timber and 
land is over a billion dollars. Their real and potential 
value is many times that amount because included in 
their assets is the value of their water for agriculture, 
navigation, water power and municipal purposes; the 
value of their forage crop for the production of meat; 
the value of their rivers, forests and mountains for game 
and recreation; and the value of their roads, trails, cab- 
ins and other permanent improvements, constructed in 
the course of the business development of the properties. 
That development, under the stewardship of the Forest 
Service, has sought to make these National Forests of 
greatest use and productiveness in perpetuity just as fast 
as economic conditions permit. 

What of their timber assets? They contain 563 bil- 
lion feet of standing timber, or twenty-five per cent of 
the remaining timber in the United States. All told the 
Natonal Forests embrace seventeen per cent of all forest 
growing land in the United States. In addition to the 
many millions of acres containing forests of merchantable 
size, there are twenty million acres bearing young grow- 
ing forests which are being protected against fire and 


other forms of ‘devastation so that they will produce 
timber crops in the years ahead. Much of the timber on 
the National Forests is now inaccessible, but as local de- 


velopment proceeds, the merchantable stands are made’ 


available, subject to cutting regulations which will as- 
sure continuous growth. 

An idea of the development which is taking dace in 
the timber administration of the forests is indicated by — 
the fact that during 1920, 805 million feet were cut by 
13,272 purchasers. This is a volume increase of more — 
than 400 per cent over 1907. Investments made by pur- 
chasers for logging and manufacturing National Forest 
timber amount to $40,000,000, and include 1000 perma- 
nent mills employing 30,000 wage earners. These are 
commercial operations which turn into the treasury ot 
the United States about two million dollars annually. 
In addition, 25,000,000 feet are sold at cost of adminis-— 
tration to some 6,000 settlers and farmers every year and 
over 35,000 people annually are granted free permits for 
small amounts of timber for their own local use. The 
present cut of timber from the National Forests, how- 
ever, amounts to only about one-seventh of what the 
forests are capable of supplying on a sustained yield — 
basis. As economic development makes the forests more 
accessible and as timber on private lands becomes more ~ 
and more exhausted, full utilization of National Forest 
timber will return the people of the United States—even — 
at present stumpage rates—a yearly revenue of $14,- 
000,000. 

What are these Forests worth as conservators of © 
water? Their potential value is incalculable today, the ir- 
rigated lands of the west represent an area of 13,200,000 — 
acres, embracing 150,000 farms and producing annual 
crops worth $247,000,000. Of the water used in irriga- _ 
ting these lands, 85 per cent originates in the National 
Forests. The water supply for twenty-two major irriga-_ 
tion projects of the Reclamation Service comes from 
watersheds protected by National Forests. In its sales 
of timber the Forest Service restricts its methods of 
cutting to those which will not injure the protective” 
value of the forest cover. Apart from the water used for 
agriculture, 732 western cities, representing an aggregate 
population of 2,265,000 people, depend upon National — 
Forest watersheds for their municipal water supply. So — 
important is this service of the Forests that many of the - 
municipalities have entered into cooperative agreements — 
with the Forest Service for protection of their water- — 
sheds from fire and pollution. 

Added to the foregoing, is the value of the waterpower 
on the National Forests. Thirty-one per cent of all — 
waterpower in this country is on sites within these For- 
ests, while a large part of the remaining power, although 
on sites outside the National Forests, is dependent upon 
water arising in them. The western mountains contain 
72 per cent of our total potential water power and of 
this, 42 per cent is in the western Forests. This power — 
is being rapidly developed. The Forest Service has in 
force 174 power transmission lines and 197 power pro- 
jects, with minimum discharge capacity of 899,000 horse- 
power. During 1921 the Federal Power Commission, 
under the Water Power Act of 1920, received applica- 
tion for 124 sites within or partly within National For- 
est boundaries and aggregating the development of over 


Six. . 


EDITORIAL 


three million horsepower. Twelve of these were for 
power projects to be developed in connection with puip 
and paper manufacture in Alaska. The total potential 
waterpower resources of the National Forests are es- 
timated at a minimum of 8,497,000 horsepower and at a 
maximum of 16,874,000 horsepower. 


As a result of systematized regulation by the Forest 


_ Service, the forage crop of the National Forest is now re- 


turning an annual income to the Federal treasury of close 
to $2,500,000. By a system of range allotments under 
which nominal grazitig fees are charged, the Forest Serv- 
ice has brought the Natonal Forest ranges under prac- 
tical and profitable administration which protects their 
productivity, stabilizes the stock industry and promotes 
the agricultural development of the country. Over 38,000 
stockmen use the Forest ranges under paid permits and 
graze a total of almost 10,000,000 head of adult live stock. 
This amounts to 25 per cent of the live stock industry of 
the western states. In addition, local settlers are per- 
mitted to graze, free of charge, over 100,000 work and 
milch animals on the Forests. These are animals used 
on the ranches and farms. 


The value of the National Forests for recreation is 
increasing by leaps and bounds. Already some six mil- 
lion people visit the Forests annually to camp, fish, hunt, 
hike, motor or rest. These forest tourists come from all 
parts of the United States. It has been estimated that, 
based upon present recreational use only, the National 
Forests represent a value of five cents an acre per year, 
or a total recreational value to the American people of 


277 


nearly $10,000,000 a year. And the recreational use of 
these Forests today represents possibly less than one per 
cent of their total potential use. The rapid increase in 
the number of people deriving pleasure from the Forests 
is due in large part to their recreational development by 
the Forest Service. Over a thousand campgrounds have‘ 
been set apart and posted and recreational permits have 
been issued for over 6,000 summer homes, cabins, hotels 
and club houses. 

Values thus far considered are those arising from the 
work of nature and as applicable to the use of the peopie 
of the nation. The development of property so immense 
and so diversifiedly valuable naturally has entailed man- 
made investments. In order to transact the business of 
the National Forests and to protect them from fire, 27,844 
miles of trails, 27,000 miles of telephone lines, 1,184 
miles of stock driveways and 7,700 miles of roads have 
been constructed at a total cost of $25,833,000. Approxi- _ 
mately $5,000,000 more have been invested in other need- 
ed improvements such as fire breaks, lookout towers, 
ranger stations, camp grounds, bridges, fences, water 
development, forest nurseries, etc. Approximately 100,- 
000 acres have-been successfully reforested by planting 
trees. They represent a large potential value. 

All this, and. much more, are your National Forests. 
They are an empire of growing wealth. In area, they 
are greater than the combined acreage of forest land in 
Germany, France, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Bel- 
gium, Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain. 
As a public property, are they not worthy of your watch 
ful appreciation? 


FORESTRY IN TEXAS 


eee TION of lumbermen, as evidenced by 

their representation at the recent meeting of the 
Texas Forestry Association, is an outstanding feature 
of the present forestry situation in the Lone Star State. 
Tt will be remembered that at the last session of the 
Texas legislature, forestry legislation was the subject ot 
a vigorous contest which served to set the lumbermen 
apart as opponents of certain features of the association's 
program. The main issue was a state severance tax as 
applied to forests. This the lumbermen fought with great 
aggressiveness on the grounds that it was class legisla- 
tion. While the bill failed to bcome a law, the contest 
was close and brought out a surprisingly strong and 
widespread public sentiment for definite forestry legisla- 
tion. This sentiment, coming from many unexpected 
sources, seems to have aroused the lumbermen to the 
growing need for action. 

In any event, a larger number of lumbermen than ever 
before attended the recent meeting of the State Forestry 
Association and took an active interest in the delibera- 
tions. Differences were adjusted and a constructive pro- 


_ gram framed, to which the lumbermen pledged their 
_ support. While those who had advocated a severance 


license tax, dropped the proposal in the interest of har- 
mony and a solidly supported program. The recommenda- 
tions adopted, if put into action, will mark a definite 
step forward. Among the measures proposed are the 
purchase by the state of cut-over lands for state forests 
and game sanctuaries, adjusted taxation of lands devoted 


to the growing of timber, greater encouragement in the 
reforestation of land chiefly valuable for forest crops, by 
the establishment of demonstration areas and other 
needs, more effective fire control and broader co-opera- 
tion with the Federal Government. Although the former 
opposition of the lumbermen has been removed, the fact 
that the association’s program will have to be financed by 
direct appropriations or the issuance of bonds by the 
state in lieu of a severance license tax calls for nothing 
short of the lumbermen’s aggressive support. 

A long range view of the situation indicates that the 
lumbermen of Texas have been given an unusual oppor- 
unity to join forces with other interested organizations in 
an active and constructive effort to give the state the 
kind of a forest policy it needs. Certainly, the urgency of 
the situation is apparent. With an original stand of vir- 
gin pine timber covering 14,000,000 acres, only 2,000,000 
acres remain uncut. This is being cut at the rate of 
200,000 acres a year, so that the exhaustion of the state’s 
virgin pine is placed at ten years hence. In the mean- 
time the state’s need for timber is increasing and the pre- 
diction is made that within a very few years Texas will 
pass from a lumber exporting to a lumber importing 
state. -Indeed, it is a question if this change has not al- 
ready taken place. The present yearly lumber cut of the 
state is slightly less than one and one-half billion feet, 
while a recent estimate from the state forester’s office 
places the annual consumption of wood by the state 
at almost two billion feet. 


278 AMERICAN 


lf the industries of Texas are alive to their own future 
welfare, they will lend vigorous support to a policy 
which proposes to put the cut-over lands of the state to 
work producing timber. There are in Texas approxi- 
mately six million acres of cut-over forest land, of which 
two million acres contain young growth. The remain- 
ing four million acres are practically unproductive but 


TENNESSEE MAKES FORESTRY EDUCATION COMPULSORY 


ENNESSEE has joined the ranks of progressive 

states in putting forestry in the public schools. In- 
deed, the south seems to have taken the lead in this 
direction, both Louisiana and Tennessee now having 
laws requiring the teaching of forestry to the children 
of their schools. Although many state organizations are 
doing admirable work in the general promotion and en- 
couragement of forestry education in the public schools 
and several states have laws providing for the teaching 
of fire prevention, the new law in Tennessee goes much 
further. It makes it compulsory for every public school 
in the state to give a course in forestry and plant life. 
The scope of the law is largely expressed in Section 1 of 
the Act, which reads as follows: 

“Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
Tennessee, that the curriculum of every public school in 
this state shall include a study of forestry and plant life 
which shall be taught therein and which study shall in- 
clude the names and varieties of trees grown in the state. 
their age of maturity, their value to the soil, to animals 
and birds, and when possible or practical the children of 


FORESTRY AND THE REDWOODS. 


F plans now being considered by a number of strong 
lumber companies in California mature, permanent 
forest management for a large portion of the redwood re- 
gion will be assured. One of the largest of the redwood 
companies—the Union Lumber Company—has already 
definitely decided to handle its redwood lands on a plan 
of continuous timber production and it is now establish- 
ing a forest nursery for the production of planting stock 
for its cut over lands. Five other large companies are 
investigating the possibilities of applying permanent for- 
est management to their properties. These six com- 
panies represent more than 50 per cent of the redwood 
production. 

This movement should be of nation-wide interest be- 
cause it carries with it not only assurances of a perma- 
nent supply of redwood—a wonderfully adaptive wood— 
but more than that, the perpetuation of vast stretches 
of redwood forests. The destruction of these forests, 
limited in range and of world-wide interest, has brought 
forth much public protest. They are indeed the wonder 
forests of the nation and the destruction of them wrought 
by lumbering is a sickening sight. But they represent 
huge investments by their owners who assert they cannot 
afford to donate them to the public or hold them as exhi- 
bition forests. The public, on the other hand, has thus 
far not been able financially to buy them at a fair ap- 
praisal. Permanent forest management, therefore, offers 
one solution to the situation and while it will not fully 
meet the views of those who desire to see the redwoods 
left in their virgin state, it will at least provide per- 


, tection from fire. 


FORESTRY 


could be reforested naturally if given adequate pro- 
In the whole state the present annual 
growth of saw timber is only 170,000,000 feet, while the — 
oil industry of Texas alone uses almost double that — 
amount of wood annually. Loss of economic independ- — 
ence, so far as a local supply of wood is concerned, is — 
close at hand for the industries of Texas. 


such schools be given an object lesson in study of fores- 
try by one or more visits during each semi-annual session — 
to some conveniently located forests and there instructed 
and taught by their respective —- or some compes 
tent person selected for such purpose.” J 

The act further provides that each pupil, unless ex- 
cused by the teacher, shall be required to write at least 


importance of forestry. In Europe, children appreciat re 
the value of forests and the need of forestry. They de- 
velop what has been termed a “forestry sense” early in 
life because forest culture is a part of their communi 

environment. That will come in America in time and 
the children of today, who acquire a true appreciation of 
forests, will be not only better citizens tomorrow but they 
will be better able to meet the important forest problems” 
with which this country must cope during the ne 
twenty-five years. The progressive example set bv T 
nessee may well be emulated by many other states. 


manently, growing redwood forests in the redwood _ 

range. That will be a great step forward. ' 
The redwoods are limited to approximately a million 
and a half acres along the northwest coast of California. 
Some 400,000 acres have already been cut over, The re- 
maining stand is estimated at about 50 billion feet, or 
close to an average of 60,000 feet to the acre. It is not — 
uncommon, however, for some areas to yield a cut of © 
over 100,000 feet to the acre and on rich bottom lands 
as high as 200,000 feet. Individualacres will exceed that — 
figure considerably. For example, there is record of one — 
acre from which over one million feet of logs was cut. — 

In many respects redwood lends itself to forest man- 
agement. It is one of the most rapidly growing trees 
in the United States. On average quality soil it will pro- 
duce about 40,000 feet to the acre in 50 years. The wood — 
is suitable for many different uses and it holds out great — 
possibilities for the recovery of valuable by-products 
from both its thick bark and from the wood waste re- — 
sulting from lumbering. Although the young trees are 
damaged by fire, the other growth is very fire resistant. 
Regeneration of cut over lands, however, cannot be left 
wholly to nature. Only about twenty per cent of the 
cut-over area will be forested naturally by sprouts from 
redwood stumps. The remainder of the area must be - 
reforested artificially, i in order to get satisfactory stock- —— 
ing. 

If the plans now in the making are carried out and the 
redwood properties put under real forest management. — 
the redwood lumbermen will thereby gain nation wide 
approbation—an asset of no small moment. 


FIFTY YEARS OF ARBOR DAYS 


AN your town look ahead fifty years? What if a row 

of trees had been planted for you when you were 
born? What would they be like now? Supposing your 
town fifty years ago had started a town forest as is 
being done by so many places today. That forest would 
be a regular source of income now. Many towns of 
Europe do this and have done so for centuries. Take 
town beautification plans for example. Suppose they 
had been started fifty years ago? Would not their 
streets be attractive with trees and parkways? 

The point to this is, that the year 1922 is the semi- 
centennial of the founding of Arbor Day 1n this country. 
In the state of Nebraska the first Arbor Day was inau- 
gurated by the State Board of Agriculture on January 
4, 1872, when a resolution by J. Sterling Morton setting 


ciation show J. Sterling Morton to have been long iden- 
tified with the organization. His son, Joy Morton, of 
Chicago, is also interested in trees and recently gave a 
four-hundred acre estate west of that city for an arbore- 
tum, 

Some of the pioneers mentioned in the call by the 
American Forestry Association to schools, women’s 
clubs, civic societies, chambers of commerce and 
patriotic organizations to mark the anniversary are Mor- 
ton, Fernow, Rothrock, Loring, Roth, Trelease, Higley, 
Northrup, Henry S. Drinker, Charles Sprague Sargent 
and a host of others. These men preached forestry when 
to be a “tree enthusiast” was to be a “crank.” They were 
in the same category with those persons who worked 
for women‘s suffrage, prohibition, believed in flying ma- 


a | | 


AMERICAN LEGION TREE PLANTING IN CHICAGO 


John J. Little, Jr., commander of the Theodore Roosevelt Post, 
trees planted at the entrance to the Speedway Hospital. 


“Wednesday, the tenth of April, 1872 for tree planting in 
the state of Nebraska” was adopted. In that year more 
than a million trees were planted in what was known as 
the “treeless state.” In 1885 the state legislature changed 
the date to April 22 in honor of Mr. Morton’s birthday. 

This year is also the semi-centennial of the establish- 
ing of the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard and the for- 
tieth anniversary of the organization of the American 
Forestry Association for in 1882 the Association was 
started at Cincinnati with George E. Loring, of Salem, 
Massachusetts, as first president. The files of the Asso- 


American Legion, holding the first of two hundred memorial 


Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis shoveling in the earth. 


chines and jokingly referred to automobiles as “horse- 
less carriages.” To get a perspective on how long ago 
it was when we had the first Arbor Day we must re- 
member that it was four years before the centennial at 
Philadelphia, where the telephone was a “contraption,” 
a sort of side show proposition. 

In Nebraska the people have planted seven hundred 
thousand acres and as long ago as 1895 the legislature 
of that state proudly proclaimed by resolution that-Ne- 
braska shall henceforth be known as “The Tree Planter’s 
State.” Following the lead of Nebraska, Tennessee and 


280 AMERICAN 
Kansas set Arbor Days in 1875. Then there was a lapse 
until 1882, when Ohio and North Dakota decided to have 
tree planting days. In Ohio the celebration was during 
the sessions of the convention in Cincinnati, which re- 
sulted in the forming of what is now the American 
Forestry Association. Warren Higley, of the Ohio For- 
estry Commission, suggested to John B. Peaslee, the 
superintendent of schools, that the school children have 
a part in the celebration. This resulted in a parade 
of twenty thousand school children through the streets 
to Eden Park, where trees were planted in honor of 
famous men. The following year at St. Paul B. G. 
Northrup, of Connecticut, introduced a resolution calling 
on every state to set aside a tree-planting day. In 1896 
Spain adopted the idea and Hawaii took it up in 1905. 
The day after the Armistice was signed the 
American Forestry Association began its campaign 
for memorial tree planting. The tree is the memorial 


TREE PLANTING AT A COLLEGE 


FORESTRY 


simply three things for its report:—for whom the tree 
is planted, the date of planting and the organization — 
doing the planting, and in return the Association sends 
out certificates of registration for which there is no — 
charge, and files the report on its national honor roll. 
This memorial tree planting has taken on many phases, 
For instance, at Pasadena, California, which calls her 
memorial trees her “Hall of Fame,” trees have been 
planted for some of California’s great students of nature. — 
In Washington the John Burroughs Clubs, under thi 
direction of Mrs. John D. Patten, have planted a “Hall — 
of Fame’—Red oaks for Burroughs, Muir, Thoreau, 
Whitman and Emerson. Theodore Roosevelt, assistant 


gram.on the grounds of the Lincoln Memorial. 
Heister Dean Guie reports that one thousand Amen 


The students of the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, planted memorial trees and the attention which was given to the cere- 7 


mony is indicated by the large crowd photographed on the college campus. 


offering of the individual. He can plant a tree without 
waiting for a planning commission or an act of a city 
council. The trees are now being planted both in mem- 
ory of the man who gave his life to his country and in 
honor of the man who offered his life when his country 
called. The idea put forth by the Association has grown 
from the effort of the individual to the effort of the 
municipality and even of the state. From a single tree 
planting by a school or a church, of which the Associa- 
tion has recorded thousands, we now have memorial 
parks and Roads of Remembrance. Motor Highway As- 
sociations everywhere have taken up the plan of tree- 
lined roads. Whatever form of memorial a municipality 
decides upon the Association urges that memorial be 
given the proper setting of memorial trees planted by the 
individuals of the community. The Association is reg- 
istering these trees on a national honor roll. It requires 


can elms’ bordering the Tacoma-Seattle High Line 
Highway were dedicated to Washington’s World War 
soldier dead January 14 on the road a short distance 
from Seattle. The elms, four year-olds and from eight 
to twelve feet in height, planted by the Seattle Garden — 
Club at intervals of 80 feet on both sides of the high-— 
way, extend for eight miles from the city’s southern 
limits. 

Lieut. Gov. W. J. Coyle, a veteran of the recent con- 
flict, presided over the dedication exercises. Attending — 
and participating were a score of notables, including Mrs 
Alexander F. McEwan, president of the Seattle Garden _ 
Club, who conceived the idea of planting the highway 
trees. Gold star mothers were present, and representa- 
tives of the Seattle American Legion Posts, the Veterans 
of Foreign Wars, and the Disabled Veterans paid tribute 
to their fallen comrades. By next Armistice Day the 


FIFTY YEARS OF ARBOR DAYS 281 


Garden Club plans to have 1,600 more elms established 
along the highway as far as the Pierce County line. Ta- 
coma is expected to finish planting the remaining 13 
miles. When the project is completed, the two Puget 
Sound sister cities will be linked by a Memorial Way 33 
miles long, a noble Road of Remembrance that will keep 
ever fresh the valorous devotion of those whose hero- 
ism it perpetuates. 

In Dallas, Texas, Forester Gilliam is doing a great 
work in arousing thé, city to tree planting. A school 
plants a tree for a former pupil as for example the Uni- 
versity of Washington, at Seattle, which has named many 
for her former students. A church can plant a memorial 
row, a class plants trees, one for each of its members 


PART OF A LARGE TREE PLANTING 


The Business Men’s League of Helena, Arkansas, planted trees 
on nearly all the streets of that town, in order to form municipal 
roads uf remembrance. Miss Mary Yaeger, daughter of the 
Mayor of the city, holding the tree. 


on the college campus. Twenty years later it can hold 
a reunion there. Atlanta writers plant trees in honor 
of famous men and women. A child is born and a tree 
is planted in its name. Tree planting has long been 
the practice of foreign visitors when in another country. 
The Prince of Wales placed many when he visited here. 
Pershing placed memorial trees in France as did Foch 
when in the United States. These trees are all being 
recorded by the American Forestry Association in its 
Hall of Fame for Trees with a history. This 
idea has brought hundreds of nominations of trees mark- 
ing historic spots throughout the country. There is no 
activity to which tree planting does not lend itself. In 
no other way can a community be brought more closely 
together than by community tree planting. 

The Garden Club of Seattle has planted thousands 


y 


lig 1 


oS ea 


Wide World Photo. 
TREE PLANTED FOR JOHN MUIR 
Mr. H. Fairfield Osborn, President of the Museum of Natural 
History, New York, planting a tree in memory of John Muir, 
the famous naturalist, at the main entrance of that institution. 


THE GOVERNOR’S TREE 
Every governor of Indiana plants a tree on the capital grounds 


soon after taking office. Here is former Governor James P. 


Goodrich planting his tree. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


ONE OF A THOUSAND ELMS PLANTED NEAR SEATTLE 


These elms were dedicated to the soldier dead of the state of Washington, being planted along eight miles of road near Seattle. 
On next Armistice Day sixteen hundrea more elms will be planted and Tacoma is expected to plant the remaining thirteen 
miles of road and thus, before many years have passed, the two cities will be linked by a beautiful green “Memorial Way.” 


of trees along a Road of Remembrance. On a smaller 
scale perhaps any organization can do the same thing 
and it is an assured fact that any municipality that has 
forward looking men and women, can have a memorial 


That is 


Charlotte, Michigan, did and many other towns are doing. 


park whch all its citizens can enjoy. what 
The Roads of Remembrance plan is making for better 
intra-community spirit everywhere. 

The 


celebrate 


American Association wants all to 
this 


its educational campaign to bring to the people the 


Forestry 
year. This tree-planting is part of 
importance of forestry and increases interest in the per- 
petuation of our forests. The State of Michigan is al- 
most denuded of its pine. The state imports lumber to 

Dr. Filibert Roth, of the 


University of Michigan, shows how the population in 


keep her factories going. 


many counties has fallen off as the forests have van- 
ished. Dr. Herman von Schrenk, of St. Louis, declares 


the same thing with regard to the southern half of Mis- 


souri. It is the same story in Pennsylvania and in many 
other states. 

We are just awakening to the possibilities of tree 
planting. The trees are monuments with a meaning for 
they live gloriously just as did those for whom they are 
planted. The glory is the thing to tell the world. Our 
sorrow is a private, personal affair and needs no telling 
in bronze or stone. Instead let us plant trees to tell of 
their glory, for that is the way they who went forth to 
the great adventure would have it. Plant the tree with 
an appropriate The American Forestry 
Association will send a tree-day program and sug- 
gestions on what to plant to anyone who asks for it. 
Here is a semi-centennial in which everybody can take 


ceremony. 


part. Organize schools and your community for in no 
other way can the community spirit be brought out as 
It is not 
so long when you look back fifty years, so take that look 


forward and plant trees now. 


by tree planting. Can your town look ahead? 


Register Your Memorial Trees In the National Honor Roll of the 
American Forestry Association. 


BIRDS AND FLOWERS OF EARLY SUMMER 


By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, C. M. Z. S., etc. 


(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


ao by the conventional rule of dividing the 

year into four seasons, we have come-to consider 
March, April, and May the spring months. This, how- 
ever, is a matter of latitude, in so far as our country is 
concerned ; for, if we take March as an example, we know 
that in Maine it is characterized by all that pertains to 
winter, while in Florida the month of March resembles 
the early summer of the Middle Atlantic States—ana 


AN OLD MALE CEDAR BIRD 


Fig. 1—This specimen shows the complete row of wax appen- 
dages on the wings, but no terminal ones on the tail feathers. 
The crest is depressed. 


there youare. So, early summer in any part of the coun- 
try is usually held to be a transitional season, with every- 
thing in nature, the weather included, partaking of what 
one expects late in the spring upon the one hand, and the 
first warm days of summer upon the other. In any event, 
it is one of the most charming seasons of the year—espe- 
cially appealing to all lovers of the out-of-doors and all 
that nature holds for them in the open. 

To be sure, the spring migrants among the birds have 


built their homes and reared their broods—at least those 
that do build nests; yet many of them still present the 
livery of their spring plumage unworn—particularly the 
males ; while not a few, during the time we have in mind, 
start in to rear a second family, or even a third, as is the 
case in some species. 

Then, few people are aware that we have one bird that 
puts off the time of mating and housekeeping until the 
latter part of June, and the bird in question is our com- 
mon, but very beautiful Cedar bird or Waxwing—a 
species that students of American ornithology and many 
others know at a glance. Years ago, I had several of 
them alive for nearly a month, during which time I was 
successful in my efforts to obtain photographs of them, 
two of which are here reproduced. Many are unfamiliar 
with the reason why these lovely birds are called Wax- 
wings; it is because a row of the wing-feathers upon 
either side are tipped with tiny, longish bits of some ma 


A PAIR OF CEDAR BIRDS 


Fig. 2.—These birds are shown on a branch of Sweet Gum, the 
one with its back toward the observer being the male. Note the 
beautiful black and velvety feathers surrounding the eyes, 


284 


terial resembling red sealing wax. 
sionally met with wherein similar bits are to be found 
on the ends of one or more of the tail feathers, gener- 
ally on several of them; but it is exceedingly rare to find 
a specimen where all of the tail-feathers are so orna- 


mented. 


In the Bohemian Waxwing of the northern parts of 


this country, the Cedar bird 
has a close relative; the 
form is considerably larg- 
er, though very similar to 
its more diminutive cousin 
in other respects, such as 
plumage and the tips of 
wax. I never saw this spe- 
cies alive in nature but 
once, and that was a ‘speci- 
men I collected at Fort 
Fetterman, Wyoming, fully 
forty years ago. It is said 
they occur in great flocks 
in northern United States 
and throughout many parts 
of Canada, and that they 
have the same habits as the 
Cedar bird,» which is like- 
wise often met with in 
flocks of a hundred and 
fifty or more; indeed, in 
New England, I have seen 
flocks composed of at least 
three hundred individuals. 
They are very silent at all 
times, possessing only a 
few low notes of a peculiar 
t-ze, t-ze character and 
never anything approach- 
ing a song. Then, too, 
they are noted for their 
brave defence of their 
young when these are in 
danger, although they seem 
to care but little when their 
eggs are in danger of being 
taken. 

Foresters and agricultur- 
ists generally should know 
that this species is one of 
the best friends they have, 
in that it preys upon sev- 
eral species of insects that 


are injurious to a great variety of trees—those of the 
forest as well as orchard varieties, especially apple and 


pear, 


Shortly after they leave the nest, young Cedar birds 
have a curious way of standing together on a twig or 
some small branch, stretching out their necks to the 
limit; and in this attitude they will remain as im- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Specimens are occa- 


here reproduced in Figure 3. 


ing either their eggs or thei 


A YOUNG CEDAR BIRD 


Fig, 3—This very unusual picture shows the nestling at the time 
it leaves the nest. It will stand on its perch in the quaint atti- 
tude here shown for upwards of halt an hour. 


way. 


movable as statuettes for a considerable time, or un-— 
til the old ones approach with food. A single bird so 
posed was photographed by me some years ago, and it is — 


Some birds may breed in early summer for the reason : 
that their first nest was destroyed in some way, contain-— 
r young. I once found the — 


very remarkable nests, and many of these are figured in 
a work on Humming-birds, published a number of years — 
ago by our distinguished ornithologist, Mr. Robert Ridg- 


The Ruby-throat is easily reared as a pet, and some 
time ago I found a single young one in a nest that had 
been built in an oak in a piece of woods in southern 


nest and eggs of our Ruby-— 
throated §Humming-bird — 
early in June, and I shall 
always believe that some 
misfortune had overtaken 
their first attempt to rear 
the two fledglings that con- — 
stitute the family in that 
wonderful assemblage of | 
bird-forms. All the “Hum- 
mers” lay but two eggs to. 
the clutch, and these are in- 
variably pure white and of © 
an ellipsoidal form. Nests 
of several species of our 
Humming-birds are here — 
shown in Figure 4, and — 
few things in nature are— 
more beautiful or interest- 
ing. The majority of our 
North American Humming 
birds construct nests much 
after the form seen in the 
illustration — little, cup- 
shaped affairs, frequently 
overlaid with bits of moss 
or lichen, pasted on by the 
builder through the use of 
its own glutinous saliva. As 
to the body of the nest it-— 
self, it is usually construct- 
ed of some cottony mate-— 
rial obtained by the bird 
from various species of 
plants and trees. Some six — 
or seven hundred species ot 
these little gems of the bird — 
world have been described 
by ornithologists; they 
are entirely confined to the — 
Americas and to some of 
the off-lying islands of the © 
West Indies. Some of the 
tropical hummers build ~ 


BIRDS AND FLOWERS OF EARLY SUMMER 


Connecticut. Upon taking it home, I experienced no 
trouble in getting it to drink water from a teaspoon, the 
former having been well sweetened with sugar. When 
being fed it would sit on one of my fingers, while I held 
the spoon with the other hand. At night it slept on the 
chandelier in the middle of the room, and the first thing 
in the morning it would fly down to a little glass vessel 
containing sweetened water which I had taught it to find. 
Later in the day it would fly out of an open window 
to visit the flowers,of the red honeysuckle that grew 
luxuriantly over the broad porchway of our home. On 
one occasion, with a loud and rapid twittering, it flew into 
the room through the open window closely followed by 
a fine male bird of its own species—my captive being of 
the opposite sex ; but it was not long after that when my 
pet responded to the “call of the wild” and flew away 
never to return. 


Some of our Vireos build very beautiful and compact 
nests, more or less overlaid with material obtained by 
the builders from various plants and trees. A fairly good 
hand at this is our White-eyed Vireo, an example of 
which is given in Figure 5. I came across this nest in a 
hedge-way separating two fields, not far beyond the im- 
mediate environs of Washington. I simply tipped it down 
a bit, so as to show better the four little lovely eggs it 
contained, while my camera did the rest. Of course the 
owners of the nest were both present, and protested 
strongly against everything that I did, flipping, in their 
anxiety, from bush to bush close to their treasured home. 
I obtained all I needed in less than ten minutes’ time. 


285 


whereupon I took my departure. The vireos were evi- 
dently much relieved, and apparently labored under tie 
impression that their scolding had frightened me off— 
particularly as I had not disturbed the nest or stolen the 
eggs it contained. 

Even the old-fashioned, rough-and-ready nest that our 
Song-sparrow builds has a charm for us, as in the first 
place it usually fills in our minds what constitutes a bird’s 
nest ; while, on the other hand, its builder, the first thing 
in the spring and all through early summer treats us to 
its most winning canto of rippling notes as it sits perched 
on some woodpile.or rail-fence post down in the meadow. 

Personally I have never taken the eggs from any bird’s 
nest for a scientific or other purpose without experiencing 
a sense of having committed something bordering upon 
an unworthy act; and I shall never forget the intensely 
disagreeable sensation that took possession of me upon 
one occasion, when visiting a friend, and the latter’s son 
came into the room holding his cap in his hands, in which 
were to be seen at least fifty eggs of the catbird, which 
he had collected in the neighborhood. I did not hesitate 
to express my opinion upon’what such a wholesale rob- 
bery meant to the birds, and the loss it occasioned among 
the songsters of the future—not to mention the value 
of the species along certain economic lines. 

That ventriloquist of the woodland brakes, our Yellow- 
breasted Chat, is another bird that constructs a rough- 
and-ready nest, such as is here shown in Figure 7. Once 
I came across one of these that had been built among the 
smaller twigs of a-dogwood, not far above the ground. It 


NESTS OF HUMMING-BIRDS 


Fig. 4—Humming-birds, so far as known, lay but two white, ellipsoidal eggs to the clutch, while no two species build their nests 


exactly alike. 


More than 500 species nave been described, and some of them build truly wondertul homes. 


AMERICAN 


286 


NEST AND EGGS OF WHITE-EYED ViREO 


Fig. 5—In our bird fauna we have some 25 different forms of 
Vireos, and they all construct very dainty, not to say curious 
nests. The rim is attached to the forked twig selected by the 
bird, and thus it is suspended like a little open purse. 


contained but two young, and I succeeded in getting a 
very good picture of it, which is reproduced in Figure 7. 
The two nestlings were just about to quit their home, and 
would, in a little while, be entirely able to take care of 
themselves. Alexander Wilson, in his American Ornith- 
ology, gave us altogether the best description of the notes 
of the Yellow-breasted Chat that has ever been commit- 
ted to paper; I feel sure the reader will be glad to peruse 
the paragraph he left us, especially as the work of that 
famous writer and lover of birds is rarely in the hands of 
the average student of ornithology of today. So Wilson 
puts it this way when writing about this Yellow-breasted 
Chat of ours, and his description almost makes us hear 
and see the bird: “When he has once taken up his resi- 
dence in a favorite situation, which is almost always in 
close thickets of hazel, brambles, vines and thick under- 
wood, he becomes very jealous of his possessions, and 
seems offended at the least intrusion, scolding every pas- 
senger as soon as they come within view, in a great va- 
riety of odd and uncouth monosyllables, which it is diffi- 
cult to describe, but which may be readily imitated, so as 
to deceive the bird himself, and draw him after you for 
half a quarter of a mile at a time, as I have sometimes 
amused myself in doing, and frequently without once 


him. On these occasions, his responses are con- 


nt and rapid, strongly expressive of anger and anxiety, 
nd while the bird itself remains unseen, the voice shifts 
place to place, among the bushes, as if it proceeded 

ma spirit. First is heard a repetition of short notes, 
the whistling of the wings of a Duck or Teal, beginning 


FORESTRY 


loud and rapid, and falling lower and slower, till they 
end in detached notes; then a succession of others, some- 
thing like the barking of young puppies, is followed by a 
variety of hollow, guttural sounds, each eight or ten 
times repeated, more like those proceeding from the 
throat of a quadruped than that of a bird; which are suc- 
ceeded by others not unlike the mewing of a cat, but 
considerably hoarser. All these are uttered with great 
vehemence, in such different keys, and with such pecu- 
liar modulations of voice, as sometimes to seem at a con- 
siderable distance, and instantly as if just beside you; 
now on this hand, now on that; so that, from these ma- 
noeuvres of ventriloquism, you are utterly at a loss to as- 
certain from what particular spot or quarter they proceed. 
If the weather be mild and serene, with clear moonlight, 
he continues gabbling in the same strange dialect, with 
very little intermission, during the whole night, as if dis- 
puting with his own echoes; but probably with a design 
of inciting the passing females to his retreat; for, when 
the season is further advanced, they are seldom heard 
during the night.” Further on Wilson says that “while 
the female of the Chat is sitting, the cries of the male are 


NEST OF THE SONG SPARROW 


Fig. 6.—Most of our sparrows build a nest more or less like the 
one here shown; often the clutch of four eggs is heavily speckled, 
usually with some shade of brown. 


BIRDS AND FLOWERS OF EARLY SUMMER 287 


still more loud and incessant. When once aware that you 
have seen him, he is less solicitous to conceal himself, 
and will sometimes mount up into the air, almost perpen- 
dicularly, to the height of thirty or forty feet, with his 
legs hanging; descending as he rose by repeated jerks, 
as if highly irritated, or, as is vulgarly said, ‘dancing 
mad.’ All this noise and gesticulation we must attribute 
to his extreme affection for his mate and young.” 


This account of Wilson’s of the curious performances 
of the Yellow-breasted Chat reminds me of the descrip- 
tion I gave along similar lines of the Mocking-bird, pre- 
pared at the request of the late Alfred Newton, F. R. S., 
which he published in his “Dictionary of Birds” (p. 584). 
In closing my description of that famous species, I said 
that “he is, as every student of nature knows, one of the 
most extraordinary songsters of the entire world’s avi- 
fauna. As an imitator of the songs or cries of every 
other species of bird he has ever listened to, the Mocking- 
bird probably stands without a rival in the entire class; 
but in addition to this power, he possesses native notes 
of great purity, strength, energy and sweetness. To some 
degree, these latter resemble the notes of the Brown 
Thrasher, Harporhynchus rufus, but are of greater va- 
riety and far richer. 


“For thorough appreciation, one should catch him upon 
a dewy morning just as the sun rises, and he flits to the 
top of some low tree to pour forth his medley of carols in 
soul-felt welcoming. This may be in some quarter of the 
sunny South, perhaps near the manor-house of some 


THE YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT 


Fig. 7—These little fellows can already fly a short distance, 
their plumage at this stage is an olive green, which to some de- 
gree is protective, 


HEAD OF QUEEN ANNE’S LACE 


Fig. 8—A well-known plant, introduced from the Old World, 
and now flourishing all over the Eastern States; wherever it is 
found it is the bugbear of the tarmer. 


broad plantation, where he can not only imitate any in- . 
dividual of the host of native songsters about him, but 
vary the strain with any of those familiar sounds heard 
about the house and barnyard. To see that little feath- 
ered being so brimful of ecstacy, replete with action and 
animation, drooping his’ wings, spreading his tail, so 
buoyant as hardly to be able to retain his perch, while 
the air is actually filled with his inimitable musical per- 
formances, is a sight not likely to be forgotten. Clearly, 
and with the greatest possible accuracy and rapidity, and 
with a mellow strength even exceeding the originals, 
he utters the notes and calls of twenty or more birds in 
succession, ranging all the way from the plaintive air of 
the Bluebird to the harsh, discordant cries of Jays, Spar- 
row-hawks, and even, with equal compass, the vocifera- 
tions of an Eagle. Catching breath, and tossing himself 
lightly into the air above his perch, he alarms the en- 
tire feathered community assembled by his imitating the 
cries of a wounded birdling in the talons of a Hawk; this 
is followed perhaps by the crowing of a Cock or the 


288 AMERICAN 
vociferous note of the Whip-poor-will, and the very in- 
congruity appears to put his feathered listeners to shame 
at the hoax.” 

Passing from birds to some of the flowers we find 
in early summer, let us first glance at one of the most 
abundant and best known ones; I refer to the Wild Car- 
rot, also known as Bird’s Nest and Queen Anne’s Lace. 
This is 
that 


spreads 


a plant 
often 


over 


wide meadows 
and along 
dusty country 


roads, on both 
sides, for more 
miles than 1 
would care to 
estimate. 
Neltje _Blan- 
chan intro- 
* duces it in the 
following fash- 
ion when she 
says: “A pest 
to farmers, a 
joy to the flow- 
er-lover, and a 
welcome signal 
for 
ment to 


refresh- 
hosts 
of flies, beetles, 


dees and wasps, 


especially to 
the paper-nest 
builders, the 
sprangly wild 


carrot lifts its 


fringy foliage 
and. exquisite 
lacy blossoms 


above the dry 
soil of three 
continents. 
From Europe 
it has come to 
spread its deli- 


cate wheels 


FORESTRY 


plant and so well shown in my illustration. Now and 
then the Wild Carrot exhibits a single, central floret of 
a deep crimson shade, which is a very interesting fact. 
Then, too, as autumn comes on, the umbels of the flower- 
head become dry and dark, at the same time gradually 
curving upward towards the center. This forms, in 
time, a cup-shaped structure which, to the popular mind, 
the 
nest of . some 
small bird; 
hence many 
call this Wild 
Carrot “Bird’s 
nest.” But why 
it should be 
called a “Wild 
Carrot” it is 
hard to say. as 
the plant is in 
no way related 
to any such 
species, and 
this has been 
proved over 
and over again 
by the plant 
cultivators of 
more countries 
than one. 

As the woods 
warm up in 
early summer 
in certain of 
the Eastern 
and Middle 
States, there 
appears in the 
shadows of the 
trees a very 
beautiful blos- 
som, of which 
I give a pretty 
illustration in 
Figure 10. Fre- 
quently it 
grows as a tall, 
loosely clus- 


resembles 


over our sum- 
mer landscape, 
until whole 


fields are whit- 


ened by them east of the Mississippi.” It may be—and 
probably is—a pest in the eyes of the farmer; yet the 
wer or flowers of this abundant plant are admired by 
lovers from one side of the continent to the other. 

duced the size of life, as it is here in Figure 

Qt, vild flow 


ers indeed can excel it in delicate struc- 


» tiny flowers themselves, as they exist on the 


THE CHICKWEEDS 


Fig. 9—During early spring and summer the pretty white flowers of this plant are sure to 
attract the attention of those passing them. 


tered panicle of 
rather conspic- 
uous white 
flowers, each 
Its fringed, five- 
petaled flower is responsible for one of its popular names, 
as it is known as the Starry Campion. A pretty name; 
but what’s in a name when this lovely flower is the cause 


having a more or less sticky calyx. 


of the death of scores of tiny insects that come in contact 
with its treacherous calices, all smeared over with their 
sticky exudation. Hence Campion is frequently known 


BIRDS AND FLOWERS OF EARLY SUMMER. 


as “Catchfly,” although minute winged insects are by no 
means its sole class of victims, for the trap is equally 
dangerous to exploring ants. Indeed, the plant is fatal to 
more ants than to any of the winged forms, for the lat- 
ter can alight direct on the harmless parts of the flower 
and thus avoid the danger, which the ant can not do. 
Neltje Blanchan, in commenting on this fact, says “An 
ant catching its feet on the miniature lime-twig, at first 
raises one foot after another and draws it through its 
mouth, hoping to rid it of the sticky stuff, but only with 

the result of gluing up its head and other parts of its 
body. In ten minutes all the pathetic struggles are ended. 
Let no one guilty of torturing flies to death on sticky 
paper condemn the Silenes!” Silenes for the reason that 
the scientific name for the Starry Campion is Silene stel- 
lata—it being a member of the Pink family ; and it is 
not difficult to see a pimple form of an average pink in 
its flower. 


One of the first flowers to greet us in the spring and 
one that blooms along into early summer, is the dainty 


Giant or Great Chickweed—a fine example of which is 
shown in Figure 9. I collected this particular specimen 
in the environs of Washington, and it was flourishing 
in a shady angle formed by a big tree on one side and 
the trunk of a fallen beech on the other—an ideal spot 


for this species of plant, which we so frequently meet. 


with in the recesses found next to the ground in nearly 
all of our forest trees. The soil is usually rich in such 
places, and the plant gets plenty of water from that 
which runs down the trunk during a heavy rainfall. One 
can not pass this species of Chickweed without noticing 
its pretty white flowers, so well shown in the accompany- 
ing illustration, set off by its dark green leaves and 
curiously branching stems. Sometimes the seeds of this 
plant find their way into some crotch of a tree, or into 
a hole formed by the loss of a limb—either being severat 
feet above the ground. Then we have the pleasure ot 
‘seeing a fine specimen of this species flourishing quite 
a distance up from terra firma, and often doing better 
than those on the ground. Once, in southern Maryland, 
I was passing through what was formerly a beautiful bit 
‘of forest, some twenty or more acres in extent. It had 
been burned over a few months before through the care- 
lessness of a negro, who had set a pile of leaves on fire 
near a spring to “drive dem copperhead snakes away ” 
Tt was a black and charred scene, but one little corner of 
it was brightened by a magnificent Giant Chickweed 
plant that was growing in the hollow of a broker-off 
tree-trunk some six feet above the ground. Its white 
flowers were made all the more conspicuous in the setting 
of the coal-black stump. These Chickweeds are also 
arrayed in the Pink family, along with the Starry Cam- 
pion shown in Figure 9; and in this family we find, too, 
Bouncing Bet or Soapwort ; the true Pinks ; the Spurries ; 
Pearl-wort ; Corn-cockle, together with the wild species 
of Pinks. 


289 


This early summer season is a fine time for boys and 
girls to practice the taking of nature pictures with their 
cameras—not aimless snapshots, however, but well-con- 
sidered subjects, properly timed and viewed from proper 
points. A good 5x7 view camera, armed with the best 
brand of films in use, is a serviceable instrument; but 
while I advise this kind of camera, it is only with the 


CAMPION OR CATCHFLY 


Fig. 10.—The sticky material on various parts of the flowers: of 
this plant, which is classed with the pinks and their allies, causes 
the death of many visiting insects—especially ants. 


thought that it probably is the best one for a beginner. 
Personally, I never use anything like it; on the other 
hand, I employ cameras of three different sizes, and arm 
them with instantaneous “dry plates.” More than halt 
the success in work of this kind is to select the correct 
point of view ; to include all the desirable features on your 
ground-glass, and to use as small a stop as your subject 
will permit. 


THE WORK OF THE FORESTER 


At a meeting of the board of directors of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association, held in New York on April 
12, the work of the forester of the association was dis- 
cussed and plans outlined for the remainder of the year. 
Ovid M. Butler, the association’s new forester, submitted 
a report which was approved by the directors and which 
will form the general plan of his work during the sum- 
mer and fall. This plan contemplates more or less con- 
centration by the forester upon specific situations. 

Mr. Butler pointed out in his report that in view of the 
many diversified fields inviting the activities of the for- 
ester for the association, he felt that most effective re- 
sults could be accomplished by following a definite plan 
with definite objectives and departing from that plan 
only when urgent situations arise. Otherwise, he held, 
the time and efforts of the forester will be badly scattered 
and thinly spread over a broad surface, thus being un- 
productive of large or definite results in studying eco- 
nomic situations or in assisting in needed forestry de- 
velopments of broad scope. 

“From the many fields of activities open to us,” said 
Mr. Butler, “I have endeavored to place my finger on the 
one or two of greatest possibility from tne standpoint of 
broad national need. Considering the depleted character 
of the eastern forests and the rapid shrinkage now tak- 
ing place in the southern forests, there can be no question 
but that the twenty-five million acres of cut-over forest 
land in the lake states and the forty million acres of simi- 
lar land in the south must be classed as regions of out- 
standing importance in supplying our future needed 
growth. The possibilities of forest growth in these two 
regions are very great, but with the exception of one or 
two states, there is unquestionably less actual forestry 
being accomplished than in the.eastern and northeastern 
and in the far western states. The need for a proper pub- 
lic conception of the economic aspects of forestry, for 
forestry education, forest laws and information on the 
forest growing possibilities of vast tracts of land suitable 
only for growing forests, is, I think, more highly con- 
centrated in the lake states and the south than in any 
other parts of the United States.” 

Mr. Butler will divide his time between the south and 
the lake states as, in his judgment, wiii best serve to 
advance his objects. It is the plan to cooperate with 
local forest agencies in just as far as possible, assisting 
them in working out their larger problems and in bring- 
ing home to the public their economic interests as now 
affected or threatened by local’and national forest de- 
pletion. The board agreed that the forester for the asso- 
ciation should devote himself to problems and situations 
of large import rather than to general representation 
which must necessarily be of more superficial value. 

The question of the forester’s attendance at meetings 
was discussed by the board. Mr. Butter pointed out 
that practically all the forester’s time might be spent in 


“the need of such a committee, entirely aside from 


representing the association at meetings which in one 
way or another were of a forest character, but that such 
a policy would preclude the accomplishment of the 
purposes for which the forester should stand. The a 
ication’s forester should, however, endeavor to atter 
meetings which are of special importance. 4 


In discussing legislative situations and the oppo 1 
nities for the association to be of great help in that di 
tion, Mr. Butler in his report stated: “That leads me 
suggest the desirability of strengthening the association’ 
propaganda or legislative work. I have mentioned thi 
to Mr. Ridsdale and I think we are agreed that we 
to organize better for this work. We should not 
maintain an up-to-date list of all forestry and allied 
ganizations in the country but we should keep an in 
of practically all organizations, commercial and other 
wise, whose interests dove-tail into the forestry situatior 
in one way or another. We should have these organiza- 
tions classified in such a manner that when any partict 
lar subject or measure needs legislative support, we Cc 
immediately put our fingers upon those organizati 
whose interests are most directly involved and whos 
port will therefore be most responsive to telegraphic sun 
mons or written communication.” a 


Action by the board of directors on Mr. Butler’s repo 
also carries with it the working out of a definite legis: 
tive and editorial policy with respect to forestry. This w 
be done by a sub-committee of the board to be appoi 
to advise with the forester as his work develops. 


formulation of definite policies, the forester’s iI 
stated: “Many matters are certain to arise from time t 
time on which I will want advice. Such an arrangen 
will be very helpful to me and to my work and it wil 
establish, I think, closer contact with the board and th 
forester, a thing desirable from all standpoints.” : 


In another part of his report, the forester sta’ 
“Another subject I should like to touch upon, not in. 
way of a recommendation at this time but as somethit 
for us all to be thinking about, is the question of ass 
tion affiliations. Forestry sentiment is developing 
rapidly. Established organizations of all kinds ate’ 
coming more and more interested in forestry while n 
forestry associations are coming into being. There 
today county, state and interstate forestry associatio: 
I believe that the American Forestry Association sh 
supply the machinery by which these and other org 
zations may unite their strength on forestry problei 
and function in a much larger and stronger way. I 4 
preciate that the financial aspect of any affiliation plan 
must be very carefully considered, but if the association 
can offer something definite, if it can make a clear show- — 
ing of advantage to the local organizations, I think we 
shall find the latter in a very receptive state of mind,” 


TREE SEEDS FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN 


N April 6, the anniversary of the entry of the United 

States into the World War, Mr. Charles Lathrop 
Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, 
presented 100,000,000 Douglas fir seeds to France and 
Great Britain to be used in replanting the areas of France 
devastated by the war and the areas in Great Britain 
where her forests and woodlands were cut for war pur- 
poses. 

On behalf of their governments, the seeds were received 
by His Excellency Ambassador Jusserand for France and 
by Mr. J. J. Broderick, counsellor of the British Embassy, 
for Great Britain. These representatives feelingly ex- 
pressed their appreciation of Mr. Pack’s gift. The pre- 
sentation was made at the headquarters of the American 
Forestry Association. The seeds were made ready for 
shipment in 125 bags. 

Declaring the seeds seemed to understand what was ex- 
pected of them Ambassador Jusserand said: 


“Once more America is coming to the rescue. We did 
not believe that our gratitude could be increased, but it 
will be by what you are doing. 

“Of few things were we prouder than of our forests, 
well kept owing to the exertions of the pupils of our Na- 
tional School of Forestry at Nancy. The immense im- 
portance for a people that every citizen be a useful citi- 
zen, and every parcel of the national territory be of use, 
is now better understood. The existence of coal and oil 
does not depend on us; we can consume it, not make it. 

3ut the existence of forests depends on us, and what 
does that existence mean? It means well regulated 
waters which will insure the fertility of plains and val- 
leys, it means renewable stores of heat and force, renew- 
able timber for our houses, and a thousand other pur- 
poses. I say nothing of what it supplies for mere enjoy- 
ment: shade, beauty, quiet, the song of birds. The for- 
est is the friend of man; man should be the friend of the 


SE 


ONE HUNDRED MILLION TREE SEEDS FOR FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN 


A gift made by Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, on the occasion of the anniversary of the 
entry of the United States into the World War. The ceremony took place at the headquarters of the Association. 


292 AMERICAN 
forest; hence what we have long done on that line in 
France. 


“Our forests suffered terribly from the war as some 
of you may have seen; where for centuries trees waved 
their green foliage nothing is left now but barren ground. 
As we must reconstruct our houses, so we are now trying 
to reconstruct our forests. And there your generous 
help comes in, most efficacious and welcome. 


“Strange it may be, but surely providential, that in the 
same way as your boys took kindly to our population, 
American tree seeds take kindly to our soil. The re- 
sults are wonderful ; it seems as if those diminutive scions 
of the American stock understood that it is a question of 
a great and friendly country which should be helped with 
all speed; and trees from your seeds are conspicuous for 
the rapidity of their growth. They are in their way 
worthy representatives of you, kind-hearted Americans, 
toward whom our increasing gratitude will never fade.” 


’ Mr. Broderick in accepting the seeds for Great Britain 
said: 


“By his gift of tree seeds Mr. Pack is aiding France to 
maintain her century old forest policy and encouraging 
Great Britain in making her newly adopted policy a suc- 
cess in the belief that the inspiration and example of these 
two countries will lead the United States to put a stop to 
the destruction of her greatly depleted forests, to replant 
her idle forest lands and to adopt a forest policy which 
will provide for the future needs of all her people.” 


In presenting the trees seeds to the French and British 
governments, Mr, Pack said: 


“On the statue to Rochambeau in Lafayette Park, op- 
posite the White House, are these words: ‘We have been 
contemporaries and fellow-workers in the cause of Lib- 
erty.’ This date, Alpril 6, marks the day when the United 
States threw itself into the scales of warfare on the side 
of that cause of Liberty. I present these tree seeds to 
your governments in order that the millions of trees that 
will be born of them will keep ever new the memory of 


ing close to the scene of conflict she cut until little r 


FORESTRY ‘ 


as, 


your men and ours who gave their lives for that cat 
of Liberty. ; 
“T give these seeds to France so she may grow one te 1- 
dred million American trees. France needs these seeds 
restore her forests and woodlands in the battle zor 
where they were cut down for war-time purposes or 
stroyed by conflict. The trees will be placed on her 
tlefields and will be perpetual memorials to the Americat 
soldiers who fought and bled there. They will be pei 
petual because France in her great wisdom has a fore: 
policy which maintains steady production of lumber witl 
out decreasing her forest area. In this she sets the Unite 
States an example which we have not learned to folle 
but which we must follow and without delay. 
“This forest policy of France made it possible ft 
France and her Allies to win the great war. The Uni 
States must have a forest policy if she means to be sa 
from war defeat in the future. So these Douglas 1 
seeds grown in French soil will provide timber for Fran 
for all future generations and her forests of Ame 
trees will forever remain as a memorial to the friends! 
of the two great Republics whose soldiers have foug 
shoulder to shoulder on the home soil of each, 
“Since the war Great Britain has been quick to take 1 
the scientific rehabilitation of her forest resources. B: 


mains of her famous wooded areas. War is a costly le 
son but Great Britain is profiting by that lesson by pus! 
ing the rebuilding of her forests as rapidly as po 
under the direction of the British Forestry Commissi 

“Will America learn that lesson? It may turn out 
after all, these tree seeds will be in reality a gift to 
American people, for seeing the great need after the 
sacrifice your countries made, our own people will 
to see that the millions of idle acres in their own co 
should be put to work growing trees as speedily as p 
ble. If it should so turn out, your countries with th 
trees across the seas will have done a great service, tht 
Breese service that can be done this country at this 
time.” 


OUR NEWLY ELECTED OFFICERS 


HE election, by ballot, of officers of the American 
Forestry Association, was completed on March 25, 


President—Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack. 
Treasurer—Mr. Robert V. Fleming. 


Vice Presidents—Hon. M. L. Alexander, Mr, Henry 
C. Campbell, Mr. Fred C, Knapp, Mr. Everett G. Griggs, 
Mrs. Warren G. Harding, Dr. John Grier Hibben, Mr. 
Jesse M. Overton, Mr. Thomas H. Owen, Dr. Joseph 
liyde Pratt, Mr. M. B. Pratt, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Prof. 

Filibert Roth, Mr. Harvey N. Shepard, Mrs. John 


and the tellers have announced the election of the folloy ge 
ing new officers: ¥ 


i 


Dickinson Sherman, Hon. B. H. Snell, Mr. Bonnell H. | 
Stone, Mr. Hermann von Schrenk, Mr. Lou D. Sweet; | 
Hon. John W. Weeks. 

Directors—Mr. Elbert H. Baker, Mr. Robert P. Bases) 
Mr. F. W. Besley, Col. Henry S. Graves, Col. Wm, B. 
Greeley, Mr. George W. Sisson, Jr., Mr. E. A. Sterling. } 


OUR VANISHING WILD FLOWERS 


By Winthrop Packard 


— hundred years ago when the Pilgrims landed 

the resources of this great American Continent, then 
untouched by civilization, seemed boundless and inex- 
haustible. For centuries, in the main, they so remained. 
Only about fifty years ago came to us the first suspicion 
that they might be otherwise. Suddenly, as time is 
measured, it dawned upon us that there could be an end 


Courtesy of the Arnold Arboretum. 


KALMIA LATIFOLIA. A BRILLIANT BORDER OF KAL- 
MIA SET OFF BY THE SOMBRE GREEN BACKGROUND. 


to the Bison, the beaver, the passenger pigeon. Now 
we know that they were not only going when we re- 
realized it, but that they were practically gone. You 
find people still searching for passenger pigeons, be- 
lieving that they will be able to locate them and earn 
the reward offered, so strong is the delusion that it is 
impossible to so soon exterminate a once mighty species. 

The same is true of our forests It is inconceivable 
to the average man that we cannot go on in the old, 
happy-go-lucky way, sweeping all before us, replacing 
nothing and yet always having enough. Within less 
than half a century this condition has come to be recog- 
nized by the thoughtful and a remedy is sought. And 
now we are beginning to be very thoughtful about the 
future of our more beautiful wild flowers. For already 
over wide areas where they were once common, we miss 
them. Always they are the most beautiful and most en- 


dearing species. We tramp to their accustomed haunts 
at the blossom season, our hearts full of their fragrance, 
our minds assured that they will greet us as of old— 
and they are not there. Perhaps the stream that watered 
them has been depleted, or the trees that sheltered them 
have been cut. More likely, we find the ground trampled 
where they were uprooted by someone who loved them 
not wisely nor too well, but only greedily. 

There are those who love the wood rose and leave it 
on its stalk, who are indeed fit to be the friends of Emer- 
son and Thoreau, but they are still far too few for the 
good of the wild life which they seek to protect and 
their voices as yet are those of prophets, crying in the 
wilderness, little heeded by the world of men. 

The trouble lies in part in the greed of humanity, more 
in its carelessness, most of all in its ignorance. Its reme- 
dies would seem to be indicated in the reverse ratio. To 
save our vanishing wildlife we must educate, admonish, 
restrain—restrain where we must, admonish where we 
may, educate always and persistently. 

The people who find enjoyment in killing and destroy- 
ing are numerous still, people whose innate impulses in 
the open leads them to kill the bird, to cut the tree, to 
pluck the wild flower through some inborn desire for 
possession which can be gratified in no other way. But 
there is a far larger and we must believe growing class 
who get value, not from shooting the bird but from 
watching it live and studying its habits, by associating 
with it alive rather than gloating over it dead, who 
would rather know the tree and enjoy its shade than to 
cut it and to whom the living, growing wild flowers give 


THE BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS OF KALMIA, OR MOUN- 
TAIN LAUREL, ARE BORNE IN LARGE DOME-SHAPED 
CLUSTERS. OF EXQUISITE PINK TO WAXY WHITE. 


AMERICAN 


EVERYONE LOVES TO HUNT THE SHY ARBUTUS IN 
THE EARLY SPRING WOODS AND ITS HIDING PLACE 
BENEATH THE LEAVES IS OFTEN DIVULGED BY THE 
INTOXICATINGLY SWEET ODOR OF THE BLOSSOMS. 


joy and comfort that no plucking or grasping posses- 
sion could ever produce. Some happy day the world 


will have moved forward to the point where all will 


VIRGINICA, 
LUXURIANT 
IN THE WOODS. 


APTLY CALLED 
CARPET OF 


AN TO, “SPRING 
SAUTY”—A FRAGRANT 


BI 
BLOSSOM 


FORESTRY 


agree with Emerson and understand his point of view, 
will wish to know the birds without a gun and to Teave 
the wood rose on its stalk and it will be fortunate if the 
birds and the wood roses remain to be known and loved. 

Certainly no present or future regrets or self re- 
straint can bring back to us vanished species. We must 
practice restraint or restoration right away or it will be 
too late. Fortunately, unlike the passenger pigeon, the 
Eskimo curlew, the Labrador duck and some others, our 
wild flowers have not yet vanished except from certain 


restricted areas. They are merely vanishing. We can 


PINK 


LADY’S SLIPPER 
LOVELIEST OF THE LADY SLIPPERS, IT IS FOUND IN 
PROFUSION IN SWAMPY OR WET WOODS. 


(CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE). 


hold them where they are, bring them back to areas once 
tenanted, now barren, if we will. 

The Pilgrims found and loved the arbutus, naming it 
“the May” in fond memory of the Hawthorne hedges at 
home, always white and fragrant at the mayflower sea- 
son. Today you will go far from Plymouth Rock before 
Their alluring 
scent still make the remoter portions of Pilgrim land 
worth visiting in May, but their former abundance is 
greatly reduced even miles away from “The Rock.” 

One of the sights of the Arnold Arboretum, that 
great outdoor museum of growing trees and shrubs, is 
the great bank of mountain laurel that shines with such 
wonderful beauty against the dark background of hem- 


you will find Plymouth mayflowers. 


OUR VANISHING WILD FLOWERS 295 


Courtesy of the Arnold Arboretum. 


TWO LOVELY VIEWS IN THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM—THAT FAMOUS SANCTUARY OF TREES AND FLOW- 
ERS. ABOVE, A ROSE-BORDERED WALK ALONG THE MEADOW ROAD, AND BELOW, THE LOVELY AMERI- 
CAN SUMMER-FLOWERING ELDER, BLOOMING AT THE EDGE OF THE LILY POND. 


AMERICAN 


BLOODROOT (SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS)—ONE OF 
THE MOST STRIKING AND EARLIEST OF THE WILD 
FLOWERS OF THE WOODS—A FAMILIAR SIGHT WITH 
ITS WAXY BLOSSOMS AND DEEP RED STEMS. 


lock hill. That it exists within the city limits of Bos- 
ton is due, of course, only to the fact that it has police 
protection. Let that vigilance be relaxed for but a single 
day in blossom time and let word go forth that it might 
be plucked with impunity, it is easy to believe that 
neither root nor branch would be allowed to remain. 


PRING ORCHIS (ORCHIS SPECTABILIS) IS ONE 
UR LOVELY NATIVE ORCHIDS, WHICH MUST 
;E PROTECTED AGAINST EXTERMINATION BY MIS- 
sUIDED ENTHUSIASTS. 


FORESTRY 


To the perfectly human desire to get possession of 
beauty would be added also the perfectly human com- 
petitive instinct, to get it before the other fellow did— 
and it would be got while the getting was good. 

The New England country in regions more remote 
from large populations still shows massed mountain sides 
of laurel, but the human desire for beauty and the com- 
petitive instinct are having their effect on these. The 
unprotected laurel within easy reach of any large city is 
gone and now the automobile is placing that of the 
slopes of Wachusett, of the mountains of southern New 
Hampshire, of Vermont and of the Berkshire Hills 
within the reach of thousands. The automobile now 


carries the city to the country and brings it back again 
Too often, alas, it comes back 


between dawn and dark. 


LUPINUS PERENNIS, OR WILD LUPINE—THOSE TALL 
AND GRACEFUL STALKS OF RICH BLUE. 


laden with what was on the mountainside beauty superla- 
tive, but is when it reaches the city only a tattered rem- 
nant to be too often consigned to the ash can on ar- 
rival. 

The thought here should not be misunderstood. The 
love of the wood rose is rightfully in all our hearts. 
That city motor cars can take city dwellers to it in a day 
is a boon that the genius of modern civilization has 
lately conferred and that is worth much. It is necessary 
that with privilege should go the power of self-restraint 
that teaches all not only to love beauty but to seek 
possession of it only in moderation that others, as worthy 
lovers of it, may equally enjoy it. 

How to bring this about where wild flowers are left 


OUR VANISHING WILD FLOWERS 


to us is the problem before the flower protectionists, 
the problem that conservationists meet at every turn and 
that we must solve or the desert will inevitably follow 
our present civilization and overtake it as it has those 
of the past. 

One’s first thought is that we may save the wild 
flowers by cultivating them. Without doubt thousands 
of people have been moved to try this with trailing arbu- 
tus. Few, indeed, have succeeded. Transferred to 
good garden soil, carefully watered and tended, enriched 
with fertilizer or whatever you please the Mayflower 
plant obstinately refuses to respond to kindness and 
wilts and dies as if transplanted into unmoistened dust. 
Scientific investigation carried on by the United 
States Department of Agriculture of late 
years has shown the reason for this. It 
was found, for instance, that that 
most useful wild fruit, the blue- 
berry, luxuriates only in soil so 
acid that garden plants simply 
die of starvation when placed in 
it. As the blueberry placed in 
ordinary alkaline garden soil in- 
variably dies, so does the arbu- 


HEPATICA—EARLIEST AND DAINTIEST FLOWER OF SPRING, 
DELICATELY SHADED FROM LILAC WHITE TO PALE PURPLE 
AND LIGHT VIOLET; AND ABOVE, IN THE OVAL, AN EXQUI- 


SITE CLUMP OF GAY MOUNTAIN LAUREL. 


tus. Moreover, it is found by microscopical examina- 
tion that a nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as that which 
in the root tubercles of the clover nourishes the plant, 
occurs also with the blueberry and mayflower, both in- 
habitants of acid-soil barrens. The proper conditions 
for the plant being fulfilled the very acid soil and the 
special root haunting bacteria, being supplied, the may- 
flower may be transplanted or raised from seed and will 
thrive. 

It might be told in passing that these experimental 
investigations by the Department of Agriculture gave us 
an interesting sidelight on how little we know some- 


297 


times of our most loved and commonest wild flowers. 
Search the botanical textbooks from the old-time stan- 
dard of Asa Gray down to the present day and you will 
find the fruit of the mayflower invariably referred to as 
a carpel—a dry indehiscent pod—yet Frederick Colville 
found in his researches hundreds of mayflower fruits in 
a single afternoon on a New Hampshire hillside and 
everyone of them was white-fleshed and edible and as 
juicy as a strawberry, no pod at all, but an enlarged, 
fleshy receptacle. The ants, lovers of all sweets, har- 
vest these berries and bear them to their underground 
sandhill nests, whence the sprouting seeds send forth 


more trailing ar- 
butus to glad- 
den the 


hearts 
of flower lovers. 
It may readily be seen 
that the cultivation of the mayflower by trans- 
planting or raising from seed is a difficult if 
not impossible proposition for the average 
gardener. There remain two other methods, 
the first the prohibition or at least the restric- 
tion of the privilege of picking it. In all places 
near large cities the wild things of the woods 
become a commercial proposition. While the 
average woodland visitor loves the mountain 
laurel for its conspicuously beautiful flowers 
and takes personal toll of them—a toll which 
is harmless in a single case, but which merges 
in complete destruction when one motor load of visitors 
follows another all day long—the-florist sweeps the hill- 
sides bare of branches at all seasons that he may sell the 
evergreen leaves for decoration. Thus love of flowers 
and love of money combine to make deserts of the hill- 
sides that in June were unbelievably beautiful with pink 
bloom and throughout the rest of the year werebravewith 
unfailing green. As with the laurel so with the holly, 
the flowering dogwood, the evergreen ferns. Commer- 
cialism is making them rare throughout great areas, 
will in the end extirpate them unless the spirit of conser- 
vation is roused in the community and conquers. Some- 


298 AMERICAN 
how, some way, we must protect these lovable and de- 
sirable plants from ourselves if those who follow us 
in the world are to have the pleasure of knowing them. 

Of the herbaceous wild flowers, concerning which the 
nature lover needs to feel alarmed, the list might well 
vary with the locality, but one can name many on which 
all would agree, such as the arbutus, the fringed gen- 
tian, pink mocassin flower, bloodroot, hepatica, colum- 
bine and spring beauty. These are flowers, singularly 
attractive to all and particularly susceptible to destruc- 


oF 
Ree 


¥ 


FRINGED GENTIAN (GENTIANA CRINITA) IS PROPA- 
GATED ONLY BY SEED AND THIS BLUE BEAUTY 
SHOULD BE PROTECTED AND SAVED FROM RUTH- 
LESS DESTRUCTION. 


tion of the plant by picking that is rough or reckless. The 
fringed gentian, for instance, is an annual propagated 
only by seed, growing only in favored localities and 
blooming only for a few short weeks in each year. Sweep 
a given locality clear of the blossoms just once and the 
lant, thus deprived of seed production, fails so far as 
It seems some- 
A handful 

plucked and placed in water, will continue 
heir bloom and the effort to mature seeds long after 


hat location is concerned forever more. 


if the individual plant realized this. 


FORESTRY 


many other species would have withered and been thrown 
away. 

Of the power of many annuals to survive excessive 
picking we need have no fear. Asters, goldenrod, daisies, 
Flower lovers who 
enjoy getting great armfuls in bloom may take their 
pleasure with these without fear of unfortunate results, 
but other rare and even more beautiful flowers like the 
gentian must be protected or we will lose them forever. 

So much for the disease. The remedy must begin and 
very likely will end in education. Law may help, but 
without an enlightened and aroused public opinion behind 
it law fails of enforcement and is useless or worse. Edu- 
cation alone can provide the enlightenment. 

The Sanctuary movement for the preservation of wild- 
life is now rooted and thriving in this country. The 
concrete expression of the idea began with the desire to 
save the birds. Bird sanctuaries established during the 
last 20 years by the federal government alone now num- 
ber seventy or more. Theodore Roosevelt, wise and effi- 
cient in so many ways, was our great bird sanctuary 


buttercups seem to defy destruction. 


Arnold Arboretum. 


Courtesy of the 


DAISIES—SPREADING A CARPET OF WHITE. VALUED 
FOR THEIR EARLY WHITE IN SUMMER FIELDS, AND 
THEIR CHEERY SUCCESSION OF VIGOROUS BLOOM. 


r THE AMERICAN TREE 


President. Under his proclamation most of these were 
established, beginning with the few acres of Pelican 
Island on the Indian River in Florida—the first one— 
and increasing in size and 
area in the Yukon Delta in 
Alaska to about the size of 
the State of Massachusetts. 
Roosevelt, great in so many 
ways, was preeminently a 
leader in his love for wild- 
life and did a wonderful 
work in teaching the nation 
how to protect it. These 
sanctuaries have been an 
actual and a spiritual pow- 
er for the protection of 
birds whose value the 
world has come to recog- 
nize. 

States also have taken up 
the movement, Massachu- 
setts having a dozen or 
more State bird and game 
reservations, some owned 
by the State, others con- 
sisting of privately - pos- 
sessed land over which the 
State extends its protecting 


299 


all bird reservations their value to the birds and to 
mankind would be greatly enhanced. At the Moose 
Hill reservation not only native rare and interesting 
species are protected, but 
many others which were 
not native, but to which the 
environment 
have been introduced and 
have thrived. The warden 
in charge protects the trees 
and shrubs, the wild flow- 
ers and the harmless other 
wild creatures of the woods 
as well as the birds. Proof 
that the sanctuary idea ap- 
peals to the public which 
is eager to observe, to 
learn and to carry the good 
idea elsewhere, may be 
found in the fact that in 
the single month of May 
nearly a thousand people 
visited the place. 


is favorable 


Not every city can have 
an Arnold Arboretum with 
its wonderful collection of 
trees and shrubs from all 
over the world, cultivated 
and labelled and ‘free to 


authority. Perhaps the 
most widely known of these 
is the Moose Hill Sanc- 
cuary of the Massachu- 
setts Audubon Society at Sharon, Massachusetts. This, 
established some five years ago for the protection of 
birds, now through the cooperation of the Massachu- 
setts Society for the Protection of Native Plants, pro- 
tects the wild flowers as well. In fact, the balancing 
value of all wild life is here recognized and it is realized 
that to protect one form the others must be equally 
protected. If such protection for the wild flowers and 


other desirable forms of wild life could be extended to 


Courtesy of the Arnold Arboretum 


GREAT CLUMPS OF KALMIA, OR MOUNTAIN LAUREL, 
AT THE FOOT OF HEMLOCK HILL. 


public inspection at all 
times, but near every city 
can be established a wild- 
life sanctuary where wild flowers will be adequately 
conserved and increased for the pleasure and enlighten- 
ment of the public. 

Patient and persistent education in regard to our wild 
flowers and the need of protecting them will bring this 
about. Two societies entirely altruistic in aims and 
methods are at present working wisely and diligently 
with this great end in view—The Society for the Protec- 
tion of Native Plants, and the Wild Flower Preservation 
Society and they deserve the support of all nature lovers. 


Plant we our Native Tree, 
Most noble Hickory, 

Best tree of all; 
Strongest in forest shade, 
Towering unafraid, 

Best tree God ever made, 

Best fruit of fall. 


ever possible.) 


THE AMERICAN TREE 


Earth-mother fold to Thee 

This, thy young daughter-tree, 
Fold to thy breast; 

Dress her out green in spring, 

Call the sweet birds to sing, 

Colors in autumn bring, 
Gayest and best. 


(The above lines, suitable for school memorial tree planting exercises and to be sung to the tune of 
“America,” were written by Marta Scott Conser, of Memphis, Tennessee, long known as a writer on conser- 
vation and forestry, and an earnest advocate of the planting of all kinds of nut trees wherever and when- 


Nourish her, native sod, 

Bring her up well, O God, 
Worthy of fame; 

Now, in thy tender care 

Leave we this daughter fair, 

Breathing to Thee a prayer 

In His dear name. 


A NEW CHINQUAPIN 


By George B. Sudworth.. 


Dendrologist, United States Forest Service 


HE true chestnuts, species of the genus Castanea, grow 
naturally in the temperate portions of eastern North 
America, middle and southern Europe, northern Africa, 
western Asia, central and northern China, and Japan. 
About four distinct species are now known to occur in 
all these regions. The common chestnut-tree of Europe, 
Castanea castanea, was the first tree of the genus that 
became known to science, and is usually referred to in 
the books a Castanea sativa, C. vulgaris, and C. vesca, 
all of which are, however, antedated by the oldest name, 
Castanea castanea, The chestnut-tree of China, a large 


tree species, the common chestnut (Castanea dentata) 
is sometimes 100 feet high and 3 or 4 feet in diameter, 
its range being roughly from Ontario to southern Mic 
gan and southward to Delaware, southern Indiana an 
Illinois, and thence in the ‘mountain sections to Georgii 
and to western Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. 
smaller tree species (Castanea pumila), commonly call 
Chinquapin, is 25 to occasionally 40 feet high and 2 t 
sometimes 3 feet in diameter. It is distributed fron 
New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida am 
westward to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. The fourth 


sk / fa , as 
ay ig 2 fe ° . Pe 
— SS 


ot 
j 


CASTANEA PUMILA ASHEI SUDWORTH 


A new variety of chinquapin Staminate (male) flowering branch (left); pistillate (female) flowers (center); nut and fruiting 
Illustration about one-third natural size. 


branch (left). 


tree, and of Japan, a small or medium-sized tree, are 
variously considered distinct species or varieties of the 
European chestnut, the Chinese tree being known tech- 
nically as Castanea bungeana, and the Japanese tree as 
Castanea castanea pubinervis.’ So little is now known of 
these trees, at least of the Chinese Chestnut, that a satis- 
factory conclusion has not yet been reached regarding 
their botanical status. 

The second, third, and fourth species of chestnut now 
known are natives of eastern North America, two being 
trees, and the fourth being a shrub. The larger of the 


species, the Dwarf Chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia), 
growing from North Carolina to Georgia, is a low shrub 
which forms thickets by running roots. An arborescent 
variety of this shrub, recently described as Castanea alni- 
folia’ floridana Sargent, and locally called Chinquapin, 
is more often a shrub, but in Florida it sometimes becomes: i 
a tree 30 or 40 feet high and 8 to 12 inches in diameter, 
its general range being in North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- 
bama, Florida and Louisiana. 

In the coastal plain of southeastern United States occurs 
another arborescent chinquapin that appears to be differ-— 


| 
i 


rom the common chinquapin (Castanea pumila), 
hi seems to be related. My attention was called 
nis form by W. W. Ashe, of the Forest Service, who 
studied the living plants for a number of years and 
d a large series of specimens from North Carolina 
siana. This new form, which is not uncommon in 
South Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, has smaller 
, shorter aments, and larger nuts, than the common 

uapin, and I am-here proposing for it the name Cas- 
rea pumila ashei, in honor of its discoverer, W. W. 
ie. Its distinguishing characteristics are as follows: 
ally a tree 10 m. in height, but commonly a shrub 
high, not propagating by underground stems. 
en the flowers open the leaves are 4-7 cm. long, and 


or abruptly acute at the apex, but sometimes, 
ly on fruiting shoots, lanceolate and pointed at the 


dark green and finally glabrous above, closely 
bescent beneath, except on the veins, but never 


glabrous or glabrate), and marked with 10-18 
S inent veins. Shoots of the season, and often 
yuds, are more or less gray-pubescent, at least at first. 
flowers continuous; when the open, which 


, and the first week of June in eastern North 
_ they are 6-10 cm. long, and 5-7 mm. thick; 
ral scales canescent, ciliate, the style being scarcely 
mm. long; involucre of fruit bur-like, 1-2.5 cm. thick 
cluding the 5-7 mm. long, branched, rigid, gray-canes- 
spines which as a rule, are not sufficiently dense to 
letely conceal the involucre, as they do in the case 


Reo ey 


< 


A NEW CHINQUAPIN 


301 


of C. pumila; nuts subglobose, as wide as long. Castanea 
pumila ashei grows on high sandy lands or on the edges 
of sandy hummocks and swamps within the coastal plain 
from northeastern North Carolina southward to northern 
Florida, and westward to Urania, Wynn Parish, Louisi- 
ana; probably extending into southeastern Texas. 

This plant differs from C. alnifolia Nutt. in the absence 
of root stock; and from C. alnifolia floridana Sarg., in 
being more pubescent, and in having somewhat larger 
fruit and nut, as well as considerably larger leaves, there 
being about two additional pairs of veins. None of the 
leaves of this variety lose their pubescence. The lower 
leaves on the shoots of C. alnifolia floridana invariably 
become glabrate and green beneath or glabrous, except 
for a few scattered hairs near the midrib, the same being 
true of the petioles and shoots. 

It differs from C. pumila, with which it is associated 
along the upper edge of the Atlantic coastal plain, in its 
smaller and blunter leaves, usually obovate in form 
(those of pumila being lanceolate or oblong), and from 
10-20 cm. long when mature, and 8-11 cm. long when 
the plant is in flower, clothed with very close, gray 
pubescence, not soft-velvety as in the case of C. pumila. 
It differs further from C. pumila in its more slender 
aments (those of C. pumila being 10-13 om. long and 
7-10 mm. thick), in having the involucre of the nut less 
densely covered with spines, which are stouter and gray- 
canescent, and also in its larger nut. This variety is 
possibly the Fagus pumila var. serotina of Walter (FI. 
233, 1788) who separates early and late flowering forms, 
but without descriptions. Type W. W. Ashe, May and 
September, 1909, Parmelee, Martin County, N. C. Speci- 
mens of this plant from Florida have been distributed 
by many collectors and it is well represented in herbaria. 


Pee rp 
=i 


HE dedication of “The Roads of Remembrance,” a three day 
neeting of leading foresters and lumbermen of the United 
and the annual convention of Intercollegiate Forestry 
of this country and Canada, took place at Syracuse April 
under the auspices of the New York State College of For- 
at Syracuse University. 
ically all forestry colleges in North America sent dele- 
‘The Northeastern Retail Lumbermen’s Convention and 
‘meeting of the New York Section of American Foresters 
ed with this gathering of the forestry clans. The New 
State Forestry Association and other conservation inter- 
ere represented. 
mel William B. Greeley, Chief Forester of the United 
and Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American 
y Association, were on the list of speakers. Deans and 
ors of colleges, presidents of large corporate interests, ex- 
on everything from salesmanship to paper manufacture 
articipated. There were business meetings, banquets and pow- 
's in which the Chamber of Commerce took part. 
le convention was a reflection of the growing interest in for- 
and its contingent problems. It was a get-together meet- 
matiifestation of the desire on the part of professional for- 
ers and the big lumber interests to cooperate in the produc- 
Mm, preservation and management of an essential national re- 


oure , the forests. 


age 


-—— 


PS TE i Pe ESS ra BE iy 


A GET-TOGETHER MEETING 


The dedication of the Roads of Remembrance took place on the 
main automobile route from Buffalo to New York between Myce- 
nae and Chittenango, April 21. It celebrated the beginning of 
a project of roadside tree planting which will extend across the 
state and will undoubtedly lead to the development of widespread 
highway beautification by the planting of trees. Already other 
sections of the state have taken up the idea and are preparing to 
beautify the roads with trees. The exercises were conducted 
by prominent men in public life, military, civic and religious cir- 
cles. 


The planting of the highway was in memory of those who fell 
in the world war. The accomplishment of the work was made 
possible through the cooperation of the State Department of 
Highways, the American Legion, the property owners along the 
route, donations from private tree nurserymen and the Forestry 
College. This living memorial is particularly fitting because it 
was along the tree-lined highways of France that the American 
doughboy lived, fought and died for an ideal. The beauty of 
the “Roads of Remembrance” and its extent will constitute a con- 
stant reminder of the heroism of our citizen soldiers as long as 
time endures, not in any particular community, but to the people 
through the state. It will be a comprehensive commemoration 
of the sentiment and patriotic sacrifice that contributed so ma- 
terially to the salvation of the world in 1918. 


302 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Pittsburg Post: The American Forestry 
Association, ever a leader in movements 
having for their end the protection and 
restoration of our timber resources, is at 
the head of the present fight. Having 
members in every state, it is an organiza- 
tion of no little influence, and the public 
may rest assured that, against opposition 
from so powerful a society, the advocates 
of the obnoxious change in the Forest 
Service will have no easy time. 


Louisville Courier-Journal: Much good 
will be done by the publicity batteries of 
the American Forestry Association, turned 
mercilessly upon the bills under which the 
Forest Service would be taken out of the 
Department of Agriculture and put in the 
Department of the Interior, and under 
which the resources of Alaska would be 
made available to exploiters. The more 
that is said about the attempted raid upon 
forestry and upon forests, through Con- 
gress, the less the probability of its suc- 
cess. The American Forestry Association 
says a good deal. 


Cleveland Plain Dealer: Secretary Fall, 
prickling with resentment because of the 
earnest efforts of American conservation- 
ists to prevent the transfer of forestry con- 
trol from the Department of Agriculture 
to the Interior Department, complains that 
he is the target of propagandists. The Sec- 
retary is absolutely correct. There is a 
nation-wide propaganda against the trans- 
fer. It is significant that practically all 
the propaganda is in opposition to the 
change. Those who advocate the transfer 
have refrained from trying to convince the 
public. Their incentives are political, and 
they have hoped that political arguments 
would be sufficient to persuade Congress. 
It is not unlikely that they would have been 
sufficient had it not been for the propa- 
ganda which has been disseminated by the 
American Forestry Association. There is 
good reason to hope that aroused and en- 
lightened public sentiment will prevent the 
backward step which has been contem- 
plated. Without the propaganda this sen- 
timent could not have been created. The 
campaign to save the forests is an instance 
of propaganda at its best. 


San Francisco Bulletin: Reports from 
Washington indicate that Secretary Al- 
bert A. Fall desires to reabsorb into the 
Department of the Interior the United 
States Forest Service which was rescued 
from it by the Department of Agriculture 
in 1905. It is now proposed to disrupt that 
service from the proved and sympathetic 
association with the Department of Agri- 


Editors of Country Denounce Plan t 


culture under which its remarkable prog- 
ress was achieved, and to revert its con- 
trol to the department under which its ef- 
ficiency became so apparent that even that 
department itself was glad to relinquish it 
without a struggle. Therefore, any meas- 
ure whereby the Forestry Service might be 
dissociated from the Department of Agri- 
culture and reestablished under another de- 
partment that has already demonstrated its 
inability to control it, would be an alarming 
step in any process of departmental reor- 
ganization that may be attempted. 


Albuquerque Journal: Fall demands that 
the Forestry Service be taken from the De- 
partment of Agriculture and turned over 
to him. The demand is unreasonable and 
can have no good motive behind it. Con- 
servation and reforestation are agricul- 
tural processes. The administrative func- 
tions are professional. There is no justi- 
fication for the proposed change. 


Southern Agriculturist: Farmers are 
just beginning to realize what forest con- 
servation means to them, and no other de- 
partment of government is so well fitted to 
handle forestry work, or can so fit it into 
the national life, as can the Department of 
Agriculture. Farmers should fet their 
congressmen and senators know in no un- 
certain terms that they do not wish the 
Department of Agriculture dismembered. 


New York Mail: The move now made 
to transfer the Forest Service back to 
the Department of the Interior—“the real 
estate branch of the government”—is sim- 
ply a counter-attack by those who would 
exploit the public domain for their own 
pockets. It must be defeated. 


Lincoln (Neb.) Journal: Incidentally, the 
American Forestry Association has taken 
active steps against the change. If forestry 
isn’t agriculture, it is asked, what is ‘it? 
Perhaps a more potent reason for the op- 
position is the fact that Secretary Wal- 
lace is a whole hearted conservationist 
while Secretary of the Interior Fall is, 
well, from New Mexico. 


Des Moines Register: The cold facts 
about the Alaska matter ought to be known. 
The Government has now at great cost 
built a railroad there and opened up the 
field. Everything is now ready for the 
interests Secretary Fall has always been 
identified with to step in and take over 
the timber and mineral wealth of Alaska, 
under the usual plea of “developing” our 
resources. With the Register it is not 


nearly so much a question of the pre 
distribution of authority between the 
partments of Agriculture and of th 
terior as it is of letting a man like § 
tary Fall have anything to do with the 
position of the great resources that 
yet be conserved for the benefit of 
whole people. Secretary Fall belong 
the frontier, and his standards are 
standards of the frontier. “Let h 
who has the strength and let him 
can.” He should never have been 
the Cabinet in the first place, and his’ 
er should now most certainly not be 
creased. 


Newark (N. J.) News: Altogeth: 
Fall’s argument does not get him anyy 
unless it is in the position of criticist 
“a co-ordinate department of the 
ment,” which he attributes to and ¢ 
demns in others. He certainly contrib 
nothing constructive to the main que 
—how best to conserve the disappe 
forests, vital to the welfare of this 
future generations dwelling on our la 
public or private. a 


Boise Capital News: The West 
called upon to make a stand for or 
the Forest Service, if we are to ju 
movements under way to attack it. 
try is doing admirably where it is. 
is not one sound reason of any kind 
the proposed transfer. It is neither 
administration, good business nor 
politics to undo Roosevelt’s work. 


Savannah Press: The Service has litt 
business with the Department of 
terior. There are stalking horses 
the grab. 


Grand Rapids (Mich.) News: Secreta 
Fall’s proposal has met with what aj 
ently is almost unanimous opposition on 
part of those who heretofore have 
cerned themselves most with forest co 
vation, from the farm bureaus and 
the majority of the agricultural inter es 
The Michigan state farm bureau is amo 
those organizations protesting against 
Fall proposal. The American For 
Association, the premier organization fi 
forest conservation, has entered a strot 
protest. r 


Idaho Daily Statesman: The quarrel ove 
the proposed transfer of the Forest Serv 
ice to the Department of the Interior fre 

. * as 
the Department of Agriculture will en 
when we are able to decide whether a for 
est is a crop or merely real estate. If wi 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


303 


that the Government has set certain 
aside for the purpose of growing 
and has gone into the tree-growing 
s on them, then it is proper to leave 
Service where it is, in the crop- 


department. 


Francisco Journal: The enemies of 
ests are the private interests that 
make a temporary present profit 
their destruction. Their arguments 
marketing of the timber are un- 
because a little temporary relief to- 
ed by a famine tomorrow is no 


mooga Times: The chief and most 


ve argument against 
position to transfer the 
nment Forest Service 


Transfer United States Forest Service 


ators and representatives of the state a pro- 
test against the proposed transfer of the 
United States Bureau of Markets and the 
Forest Service from the Department of Ag- 
riculture to the Department of Com- 
merce and the Interior. The United States 
Government functions merely as a trustee 
in the administration of the country’s agri- 
cultural and forest interests, and in the 
face of such pronounced opposition to a 
change like the one now proposed some 
very material arguments in favor of the 
transfer will have to be forthcoming—and 
so far they have not been given—before it 
will have a chance of attaining any meas- 
ure of popularity. 


“WALKIN’ THE PLANK” 


Syracuse Post Standard: Secretary Fall 
would not have the confidence of the for- 
estry associations. It is not objection to 
the Interior Department, but to the head 
of that department that stirs them. 


Bangor (Me.) Commercial: We see no 
reason for this action and many reasons 
why it should not be carried out. There 
is no occasion to centralize the various in- 
terests of Alaska and many will see in the 
attempt another effort to turn the riches of 
Alaska over to private interests for the 
exploitation of this rich territory. 


Christian Science Monitor: The lid has 
been taken off, and the truth 
about Alaska is being told. 
That is the solvent. Foremost 


‘om the Department of Agri- 
re to the Department of 

. Interior was offered the 
by representatives of 
merican Forestry Associ- 
“To do that,” said Col. 

+ S. Graves, formerly 
of the Service, “would 
ly mean two forest serv- 
the growing of forest 
the business of agri- 
Such a_ transfer 
therefore, mean dupli- 
of effort and loss of effi- 


fe 


ily Oklahoman: There is 
reason to conclude that the 
's would be handled bet- 
the present Department 
Interior than by the De- 
of Agriculture, as 
ed at this time. 


to Bee: For one 
is certain—the people are 
nined that no desecrating 
1 shall be laid on what re- 


MITT 


\ 
a 


~ >\ 
Pie \ 
$ 


Soe — 


in the organized campaign of 
education which is being car- 
ried on in behalf of Alaska is 
the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation. Today Alaska is a 
vast storehouse, the ownership 
of which is vested in the peo- 
ple of the United States. Its 
riches should not be made the 
pawn of politicians and land- 
grabbers. 


Portland (Ore.) Telegram: 
Until taken over by the De- 
partment of Agriculture the 
National Forests were at the 
mercy of politicians. Under 
that department forest preser- 
vation and rehabilitation has 
made all the growth it ever has 
made. 


Santa Fe New Mexican: 
The newspapers of America 
are almost a unit in condemn- 
ing the proposed transfer of 
the Forest Service. 


Grand Island (Neb.) Inde- 


of their once notable 
jublic domain. Nothing is to be gained by 
proposed change, and much might be 


St. Paul Pioneer Press: There is little 

e said about the transfer of the United 
Forest Service from the Depart- 
lent of Agriculture into that of the In- 
fior, as advocated by Secretary Fall, ex- 
t in protest. Not a single potent rea- 
has been advanced for a change. 


00 Gazette:  Michigan’s state 
bureau has just addressed to the sen- 


SP I Rs oS eee ee 


os 


Talburt—For the Scripps McRae Alliance 


Pueblo Journal: Pueblo is in line with 
many other. communities in objecting to the 
passage by Congress of the proposed bill 
providing for transfer of the national for- 
ests from the Department of Agriculture to 
the Department of the Interior. Why make 
a change when the forests are handled so 
admirably? 


Cincinnati Post: The forests seem to 
be doing well, treated as they are as crops 
instead of real estate deals. Who aside 
from Secretary Fall wants them changed 
over from crops to real estate? 


Papers. pendent: Commercialism is 
now attempting to brush aside the Roose- 
velt caution, and to exploit the compara- 
tively newer region of Alaska for its own 


individual profit. 


Washington Herald: One of the great 
constructive achievements of President 
Roosevelt appears in danger. Forestry is 
doing admirably where it is. There is not 
one sound reason of any kind for the pro- 
posed transfer. It is neither good adminis- 
tration, good business, nor good politics. 
The forests should remain under the pres- 
ent direction. 


WHICH SHALL IT BE? 


satel oa 
Lage 


—- “Ea, : , Ser SS fy ? Disa mer aaa ee 
I conser VATION OF PUBLIC DOMAINS UNDER THE | - UNPER CONTROL OF DEPT. OF INTERIOR - 
CONTROL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -¥ L/BERAL/2Z/NG" FEDERAL CONSERVATION POLICY 
BUREAU OF FORESTS OF UNITED STATES AND THEY TO GIVE PRIVATE CAP/TAL A CHANCE TO 

“DEVELOP” FPUBL/C DOMAINS - 


ANMNERICHN FORESTRY ASSOC/ATION - 


= 
ae 


BUSHNELL—For Central Press Association. 


ONE OF THE CARTOONS ON THE FIGHT FOR THE NATIONAL FORESTS 


So widespread has been the newspaper comment on the effort to take the National Forests from the Agricultural 


Department and place them under control of the Interior Department that many newspapers and magazine car- 
The above by Bushnell, for the Central Press Association, is 


toonists have contributed their ideas to the fight. 
one of the best. 


PENNSYLVANIA FORESTERS MEET 


The first meeting of the Pennsylvania 
Branch of the Society of American Fores- 
ters was held at Harrisburg, March Io, 
1922. Of the 39 members of the Branch 
Association, 29 were present or an attend- 
dance of nearly 80 per cent. During the 
afternoon by-laws were adopted and the 
following program was carried out in full 
with brief discussions of each paper :— 

National Forestry in Pennsylvania—L. L. 
Bishop. Some Special Planting Problems 
in Pennsylvania—Prof. Geo. S. Perry. The 
Development of Wood Technology During 
the World War—Prof. G. R. Green. An 
Effective Forest Fire Organization—Geo. 
H. Wirt. Following a banquet a business 
and social meeting was held. It was de- 
cided to hold a stated meeting each year 
on the last Friday in February and a sum- 
mer field meeting in July. 

The meeting was addressed by Dr. J. T. 
Rothrock, Honorary member and Prof. H. 
H. Chapman, member of the New Eng- 
land Section. J. S. Illick read an appre- 
ciation of Dr. Rothrock calling attention 
to his long life of service to forestry in 
the country and especially in Pennsylvania, 
and expressing regret at the retirement of 
Dr. Rothrock from the Forestry Commis- 
sjon of Pennsylvania. 

Resolutions protesting against the pro- 
posed transfer of the National Forests 
in whole or in part, from the Department 
of Agriculture to the Department of In- 
terior were adopted. 

The following officers were elected: 

Chairman—Hon. Gifford Pinchot. 

Vice Chairman—John Foley. 

Secretary-Treasurer—J. A. Ferguson. 


THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


The proceedings of the Biological So- 
ciety of Washington are unique in the scope 
Of subjects published upon. Volume 1 was 
issued between 1880 and 1882 and the pres- 
ent volume (35) contains the same great 
Variety of subjects written by world au- 
thorities. All forms of animal and plant 
life are discussed and the entire world is 
covered. A bulletin, No. 1, (1918), in- 
Cludes a brief history of the study of Nat- 
ural History in the District of Columbia, 
dating back to 1608. Interesting facts in- 
cluded are—an account of the earliest dis- 
Covery of bison as eastern North Ameri- 
Ca was near if not in the District of Col- 
umbia, lists of the plants and animals of the 
District of Columbja, a guide and maps to 
Various interesting regions and much his- 
torical data. The price of this bulletin is 
$2.15 postpaid and can be obtained from 
the Secretary, Bureau of Entomology, U. 
S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 
mC. 

A paper on the Birds of the Washjng- 
ton Region was issued in 1921 and lists 299 
Species with notes on migration, breeding, 
ete. This is for sale at $.50 Many other 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


‘You Sing America, 


305 


Why Not SEE IT? 


DENVEI¢==GATEWAY 
COLORADO YEAR 


Summer Fares Much Lower 


Live as reasonable as you do at home, or as expensive as 
you wish, at Hotels, Mountain Resorts, or, rent a cottage, rooms 
in a pine-clad canon on a trout stream or mountain top at prices 
to fit any pocketbook. 

Peak-to-Peak and 40 other short scenic auto trips. 


camp, fish, enjoy outdoor sports. 


or as expensive as you wish. 


Motor, 
Live as reasonable as at home, 


Denver has 252 Hotels and over 400 Mountain Resorts at 
prices to fit any pocketbook—and a free auto camp. 
DENVER’S ONE-DAY MOUNTAIN AUTO TRIPS 


$10.50 


Rocky Mountain National Park 
Denver Mountain Parks, $4 and 


5.00 


Never-Summer Range (2 days) 


Echo Lake—Mount Evans. 


25.50 
8.00 


15.00 


Arapahoe Glacier (all expense) 


ONE DAY RAIL TRIPS 


$3.55 


Georgetown Loop 


11.64 


Royal Gorge 
Platte Canon, $2.00 to 


5.40 


Moffatt Road 


5.00 


WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET 
that tells where to go, what to see and how to enjoy from one day to three 
months in cool Colorado. 


DENVER TOURIST BUREAU 


513 Seventeenth Street 


Denver, Colorado 


Branch Bureaus Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City 


papers of general interest are listed in the 
index and price lists of the 35 volumes; 
such lists can be had on application to the 
Secretary. Meetings of the Society are 
held every second Saturday from October 
to May at the Cosmos Club. 


SMALL TIMBER LOTS WANTED 

Mr. Frank J. D. Barnjum, of Annapolis 
Royal, N. S., writes: “I am willing to pur- 
chase a few small timber lots containing 
a good growth of pine or spruce trees in 
different of Nova Scotia, located 
either on our main highways or bordering 
on the line of a railway, for the purpose of 


parts 


saving and perpetuating some of the pres- 
lots will 
never be cut over, nothing but the over 


ent forest tree growth. These 
mature or dead or blown down trees being 
removed from time to time as becomes 
necessary, keeping them in perpetual for- 
est growth, under the care of a competent 
forester, thus serving the four-fold pur- 
post of an example in scientific forestry, 
a picnic ground or Forest Park for the 
people as well as an oasis in the landscape 
and a reminder of the beautiful forests that 
once existed in this province.” 

Address Mr. Barnjum, giving size, loca- 
tion and price of lot. 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


The Forestry Department of Ontario has 
decided to make an aerial reconnaissance 
of its unexplored northern territory dur- 
ing the coming season and will spend at 
least 300 hours in sketching and photo- 
graphing the timber resources of this little 
known region. More than anything else 
we have needed some accurate estimate 
of the timbered areas and the relative 
amount of timber on them and this will 
give some definite information on which 
a sound policy can be based. So much 
guessing has been done and so little ac- 
curate data has been at hand for timber 
estimates that the public have not known 
who to believe, the man who said our re- 
sources were inexhaustible or the man who 
said that we are on the verge of a timber 
famine. The amount of flying mentioned 
above should pretty well cover Northern 
Ontario during the coming season. Much 
credit is due Mr. Zavitz for his progres- 
siveness and courage in trying out this 
new method on a large scale. 

The Forestry Division, of the Laurentide 
Company, Ltd., has just succeeded in work- 
ing out a method for getting the density of 
stocking of timbered areas from aerial 
photographs and can now get a much bet- 
ter and more accurate estimate of timber 
from these pictures than can be obtained 
from the ordinary ground cruise and do it 
in a fraction of the time and at much less 
expense. It has also worked out the way 
in which logs lie in a boom and can get 
a close estimate of the number which lie 
in a holding boom from an aerial photo- 
graph. 

Mr. F. J. D. Barnjum, of Annapolis 
Royal, Nova Scotia, who is working for 
better forestry in Canada, has just added 
to his offer to farmers who plant trees in 
that Province, a number of prizes in his en- 
deavor to encourage reforestation of land 
suited for growing trees. This is a very 
public spirited offer and should do a lot 
of good in interesting people in forestry 
and fire protection. 

The Canadian Forestry Association has 
asked the Governments of the Dominion 
and the Provinces to increase their grants, 
which have been given ever since the As- 
sociation was founded. No better use could 
possibly be made of Government money 
than to aid the Association’s propaganda 
for better fire protection and better log- 
ging methods and for planting. The Asso- 
ciation has been the means of arousing 
public opinion in Canada for the above 


objects and has now behind it a solid 
body of disinterested opinion which will be 
of great help to all the Governments in 
framing sound and sane forestry policies. 


The session of the Quebec Legislature, 
lately prorogued, has done splendid work 
in amending and amplifying the forest fire 
laws. The suggestions for these laws came 
from Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester. Ac- 
cording to the new law, if a fire starts on 
a man’s land and spreads to adjoining 
property, he is assumed to have set it and 
is responsible for damage caused unless 
he can prove his innocence. 


No saw-mill can be established with- 
within a mile of any timber limit or any 
Crown Land without the written consent 
of the Minister of Lands and Forests. 
There is a penalty of ten dollars per day 
and the judge can order the mill demol- 
ished. Any person who does not take the 
necessary measures to prevent a fire from 
spreading from his land to another proper- 
ty is liable to a fine of from $25 to $2,500. 
Persons who pile lumber, logs, pulpwood 
along a railway line must after it is re- 
moved clear up any debris left. Ail per- 
sons wishing to travel in the woods, when- 
ever the situation warrants it, in the dis- 
cretion of the Minister, shall be obliged 
to obtain a permit from the local fire- 
ranger. No charge will be made for this. 
Any person who is duly employed for the 
protection of forests from fire, may, in 
the course of his duty, enter upon and 
cross over any lands. Laws have also 
been passed in regard to bonuses for re- 
forestation and for the establishment of 
Municipal Forests, but unfortunatly these 
are only permissory, and no amounts are 
fixed as bonuses. The ‘laws only say 
“which the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Coun- 
cil may be pleased to fix or to authorize.” 
If one may criticize the situation in Que- 
bec at all, one would say that the laws re- 
lating to forests are as good as any in the 
country and in many respects far ahead 
of other sections of this continent, but 
that the enforcement of them is, to say 
the least of it, rather lax. This is due to 
two things, lack of sufficient personnel of 
proper training, and the other the general 
disrespect of certain laws, forest and game 
laws for instance, common to all new 
countries. 


The summer meeting of the Woodlands 
Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper 
Association will be held in the second week 
in July and will consist of a trip, prob- 
ably by automobiles, through the Adiron- 
dacks. The tentative program is a visit 
to the plantations of the Delaware and 
Hudson Railway near Plattsburg, the New 
York State plantations and nurseries at 
Lake Clear, Saranac Inn and Saratoga, 
the operations of the Emporium Forestry 


Company at Conifer, New York, a 
lookout station at Chestertown, New ° 
The trip will occupy nearly a week 2 
be very interesting and instructive. 


The Conservator of Forests for West 
Australia, Mr. C, E. Lane-Poole, has 
ing to difficulties with his Government 
timber concessions, resigned his offi 
will go to Papua, New Guinea, to 
on its forest resources. He was a deleg: 
to the Imperial Forestry ‘Conference and 
a very able man and will be a great 1 
to Australia. His leaving is much re 
ted. He was a graduate of the For 
School at Nancy, France and had 
good work in South Africa. He is 
ceeded by R. A. Gibson, Forest Cor 
ator from India. a 


A shipment of seven hundred pounds 
Douglas Fir seed has been sent by 
Dominion Forestry Branch to Great 
tain for use in its reforestation sch 
This completes a shipment of 4,000 pout 
of Douglas Fir, 3,000 of Sitka spruce 
100 of Western Hemlock. 


The first issue of the Empire Fo 
Journal has just been received and is 
very creditable publication. For the 
year it will be issued three times a 


It is announced that already twelve coi 
ties have taken advantage of the plan 
the Ontario Government for assisting mu 
cipal forests. These counties have 
quired blocks of non-agricultural land fr 
100 to 1,000 acres and these will, in 
operation with the Forestry Service, be 
reforested. 


The Dominion Forestry Branch, will prob 
ably for the first time in forest protectio 
history, displace a number of its ground ; 
trolmen and use airplanes. By arrang 
with the Air Board, five F 3 machines, 
with a carrying capacity of seven 
and pilot, will be employed under 
Stevenson, District Inspector of Forest 
serves. The work in spotting and rea 
forest fires last season was so successful 
that the work is being much extended. 


a 


British Columbia will also use seaplan 
in its fire protection work this season ¢ 
many experiments will be tried, such < 
transportation of higher departmental off 
cials to large fires, also expert fire fighters, 
transferring fire fighters from one fire to 
another, etc. 


The nursery of the Dominion Fores 
Service will ship seedlings and cuttings for 
shelter belt planting in larger quantities 
than ever before, this year. Up to date 
sixty million trees have been sent out. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


How Manufacturers Reduce Cost 
of Building 15% 


The Application of Mill Construction to Factory Building. 
Also Reduces Carrying Charges, Taxes, Insurance 


ANY abusiness man has, 

in the last twelve months, 

come to realize the true mean- 

ing of costly factory buildings. 

Extravagant building invest- 

ments, entailing high, fixed 

overhead, are provinganalmost 

insurmountable handicap in the 

present intensely competitive 
period. 

A big price to pay foryielding 
to fear of fire, instead of inves- 
tigating the causes of fire and 
the real facts of fire protection. 


And entirely unnecessary 
when the application of a single 
established principle of com- 
mercial building construction, 
coupled with adequate sprin- 
kler protection, might have 
saved them 15% on building in- 
vestment, 15% on interest carrying 
charges, a considerable amount 
on taxes and as much as 75% on 
actual insurance costs. 


O wonder industrial exec- 
utives are, more and more, 
figuring necessary industrial 
building in terms of fire resis- 
tant, sprinklered 
‘mill construction.” 


They are finding 
that insurance rates 
are much lower than 
on so-called fire- 
proof buildings, un- 
sprinklered, while 
the rate is, at the 
same time, applied 
onalowervaluation. 

It is, after all, not 
buildings so much as 
contents that consti- 


tute fire hazard; and trying to 
reduce fire hazard by increas- 
ing building investment only 
piles up the overhead, and un- 
necessarily increases costs. 


Engineers and architects, 
long familiar with the principle 
of fire-resistant, sprinklered 
“mill construction,’ yet obliged 
to limit its use because of lack 
of sufficient uniformly safe tim- 
bers with which to apply it, are 
now unhesitatingly recom- 
mending it. 
ir 1 


ANUFACTURERS who 


have assumed that so-called 
fire-proof building is necessary to 
lower insurance rates are surprised 
to discover that thousands of the 
greatest mills in the country— 
sprinklered ‘‘mill construction” 
buildings, in which brick and wood 
have been intelligently combined 
into factories of great utility and 
adaptability—are paying todaylow- 
er insurance costs than almost any 
other class of insurance risks and 
that their losses over arecent three- 
year period have averaged only 34% 
cents per $100.00 of insurance 
written. 


Let us make every day 
“Fire Prevention Day” 


Waukegan, Ill., Plant of the Greiss-Pfleger Tanning Co. Frank D. Chase, Inc., Engineers and Architects. 
Illustrating the architectural possibilities of ‘‘mill construction’’ 


in modern factory building 


Timber valuesare nolongera 
matter of guesswork. 


The work of testing engi- 
neers, scientists and lumber ex- 
perts, extending over a period 
of years, now makes possible 
the selection of timbers for 
“mill construction” based on 
uniform values. 


T is now possible to secure 

selected timbers for the most 
exacting industrial uses from 
the Douglas Fir Mills of the 
Weyerhaeuser organization or 
fromits great distributing plants 
in the heart of the Eastern and 
Mid-western markets. 


Justwhat the principle of fire- 
resistant, sprinklered “‘millcon- 
struction’ is as applied to com- 
mercial buildings, and just why 
Weyerhaeuser selection of tim- 
bers now makes this principle 
practical of application, is told 
in two booklets sent free on 
request. 


Weyerhaeuser Forest Prod- 
ucts are distributed through the 
established trade 
channels by the 
Weyerhaeuser Sales 
Company,Spokane, 
Washington, with 
branch offices at 208 
S. La Salle St., Chi- 
cago;1015 Lexington 
Bldg., Baltimore; 
and 4th and Roberts 
Sts., St. Paul; and 
with representa- 
tives throughout 
the country. 


WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS 
SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA 


Producers of Douglas Fir, Pacific Coast Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles on 
the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland Empire; 
Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States 


307 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Handbook of Field and Office Problems 
in Forest Mensuration, by Hugo Winken- 
werder and Elias T. Clark. (Wiley), New 
York, Price $2.00. 

This is a revised and enlarged edition 
of the original book, first published by the 
authors in 1915. It is designed especially 
for the needs of the student, the teacher 
and the practical man who desires detailed 
information on cruising, scaling, volume 
tables, and a knowledge of the growth 
and yield of trees. From a_ practical 
and educational standpoint the book pre- 
sents many special features and is espe- 
cially adapted for use by schools having 
either good or poor facilities for field 
demonstration, as the comprehensive Ap- 
pendix lists a great deal of data with which 
to solve the problems. The contents in- 
clude: Preliminary Measurements; Use 
of Graphic Methods; Log Rules; Prelimi- 
nary Calculations; Construction of Vot- 
ume Tables; Scaling; Determination of 
the Contents of Stands; General Growth 
Studies; Sample Plot Studies; Studies in 
Growth Per Cent; Yield Table Studies and, 
the Appendix, A Diagram for the Cor- 
relation of Methods in Forest Mensuration. 


Studies of Trees in Winter—Annie Oakes 
Huntington. (Page), Boston, $3.50. 
Generously illustrated with color plates 

by Mary S. Morse and photographs by the 

author, this book is an interesting and 
valuable one, containing a description of 


the deciduous trees of Northeastern Amer-. 


ica in their winter dress. The key for 
identification is based largely on the con- 
trasting characters of the buds, leaf 
scars and stems, which always mark the 
safest and surest course for those who wish 
to study and know the trees, and winter 
is surely the best time to acquire such 
knowledge. In his introduction to the 
book, Dr. C. S. Sargent of the Arnola 
Arboretum says: “A knowledge of trees, 
the ability at least to recognize and iden- 
tify them, adds vastly to the pleasures of 
life. One who knows trees well meets them 
like old friends; each season invests them 
with fresh charm, and the more we study 
and know them the greater will be our 
admiration of the wonderful variety and 
beauty which they display in winter.” 


Birds of Field, Forest and Park, by Albert 
Field Gilmore. (Page), Boston, $2.50. 
Designed to stimulate among its readers 

a desire to make the acquaintance in the 

open of the birds it describes, this book 

certainly meets its own requirements. It is 
in no sense a treatise on ornithology, but 
is the more valuable in that it reproduces 


the atmosphere of the natural home of 
the bird in field, forest and park by de- 
scribing the conditions under which each 


variety is found as well as their habits, 


plumage, songs, etc. About one hundred 
and fifty varieties are described, including 
those most common in eastern North Amer- 
ica. Latin names are avoided in its phrase- 
ology, as well as the purely technical terms 
which are unfamiliar to the layman. 
The volume contains the result of the 
author’s actual observations of bird life 
covering a period of more than thirty 
years. 


American Forest Regulation, by Theodore 
S. Woolsey, Jr., $2.75, (Paper), $3.00, 
(Cloth.) 

A limited edition of this book is now 
ready for distribution and can be had by 
applying to the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation, 1214 Sixteenth Street, N. W., 
Washington, D. C., or direct from the 
author at 242 Prospect Street, New Haven, 
Connecticut. The volume contains an in- 
troductory note by Dr. B. E. Fernow, and 
thirteen chapters, as follows: Introduc- 
tion to Forest Regulation; Background ot 
a Regulation Policy and Sustained Yield; 
Management and Administrative Subdivi- 
sions; Rotations—Technical, Silviculturat, 
and Economic; Financial Rotations; The 
Normal Forest; Regulating the Cut; Vot- 
ume Methods of Regulation; Area and 
Area-Volume Methods of Regulation; The 
Cutting Cycle as a Determining Influence 
in American Forest Regulation; The Appli- 
cation of Regulation to American Forests; 
The Problem of Sustained Yield; Reg- 
ulation of Forests Composed of Even- 
Aged Stands. Chapters 10 to 13 are by 
Professor Herman Haupt Chapman, of 
the Yale Forest School. The Appendix cov- 
ers: A. (a) Forest Management in Nine 
European States (after Martin); (b) Fi- 
nancial Rotations (after Endres) ;B. Grow- 
ing Stock and Yield, Harvard Forest; C. 
Example of a Preliminary Policy State- 
ment for Inyo National Forest; D. Results 
of Forest Management in Savoie, France; 
E. Examples of Yield Calculations from 
National Forest “Management Plans,” 1921. 


Interesting Neighbors, by Prof. Oliver P. 


Jenkins. (Bilakiston’s), Philadelphia, 
$1.50 
This book contains sixty-two nature 


stories for boys and girls—the sort of 
stories that small boys and girls relish 
so keenly. Prof. Jenkins writes of bees, 
bats and butterflies; of birds and flowers, 
even of toads, and whatever he touches 
he makes real and full of understanding. 
Nature gives to every time and season 
some beauties of its own which become a 
part of the life and experience of every 
child. Natural objects themselves, even 
when they make no claim to beauty, ex- 
cite the feelings and curiosity of the young 
and occupy the imagination. .The child 
mind is not educated by argument, but by 


‘Harding transmitted the report to the 


events, and Nature pleases, attractaya 
delights while she instructs. 


Watched by Wild Animals, by Eno 
Mills. (Doubleday, Page & Compa 
Garden City, $2.50. ‘i 
Replete with descriptions of nature el 

acteristic of Mr. Mills’ enthusiasm fo: 

subject, this book appeals strongly — 
admirers of animals, nature and goo 
ing. The author says that when you 
purposely to observe wild animals in 
native haunts, you are watched a grez 
more than you watch. Almost inva 
he says, he has found animals’ tracks in 
wake as he traversed wild country, 
through other signs known to the we 
man, he has known that the animals 
been spying upon him, and he tells ab 
it in his own inimitable way. - 


“The Valuation of American Timberlan 
by K. W. Woodward. (Wiley), Ni 
York. $3.00. , 
A study of the factors involved in es 

mating timber values is made by Pr 

W. Woodward, head of the New 

shire College forestry department, : 

volume entitled “Valuation of Ameri 

Timberlands,” which has just been pv 

lished. The book was written to supply 

formation of practical value to inves! 
timber cruisers and students of fore 
throughout the country. 

Professor Woodward’s book represe 
one of the few attempts that have yet b 
made to gather in one volume descrigt r 
of the forest types of the United States 
its outlying territories. The author di 
not only upon his knowledge of New En 
land forest conditions but upon a prev 
service with the United States Forest 
ice and a wide acquaintance with wo 
men over thé- country in depicting ty 
of trees which range from the northe 
spruce, hardwoods and white pine of Ni 
England to the cypress of the South 
bottomlands, the chapparal of Arizona, 
redwoods of the Pacific coast and the 
terocarps of the Philippines. 


Agricultural Conference Report — The 
report of the National Agricultural 
ference as made by Secretary of 
ture Wallace to President Harding is to 


issued as a public document. Presid 


ricultural committee of the House, whi 
presented it to the House with the re 
mendation that it be printed as a public 
document. The House approved the 
commendation, The publication will con- 
tain the addresses delivered before the 
conference and the reports of the various: 
committees. Persons who are interested | 
may obtain copies of the document through | 
their congressmen. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


HOUGH’S AMERICAN WOODS 


_A publication illustrated by actual specimens 

wing the end, “quarter,” and “flat” grains of 

wood) with text telling uses, properties, dis- 

‘ibutions, etc. Send for samples of the speci- 
s and announcement. 


5 
- 
: 


yolume of American Woods displayed. The 
lates containing the specimens are separable, to 
silitate examination, and go with the text into 
= clasped book-like cover. 


Elliott Cresson medal awarded to the 
of “American Woods” on account of its 
uction. This is the very highest of testi- 
ials to its value. 


H’S HANDBOOK OF TREES 


_ Photo-descriptive and enables one to iden- 
t the trees at any season of the year by com- 
Parison with its photographic illustrations. Send 
‘for sample pages and announcement. 


The Handbook opened at Red Oak. Two pages 
ing each other are devoted to a species. Ob- 
“Serve the scale of measurement in the back- 
round of the left page, to indicate natural sizes, 
nd map (showing distribution), wood-structure, 
Re characters on right page. These are ex- 
cl e features of this book. 
_ “Nothing but praise for the work.”—The Nation. 
_“Extraordinarily thorough and attractive. Its 
‘illustrations almost carry the scent and touch of 
the original.”—New York Times. 


“Tt is doubtful if any book placed before the 
"public im recent years possesses the peculiar 
_ charm of this Handbook.”—St. Louis Lumberman. 


most valuable guide to its subject ever pub- 


“The 
_lished.”—Springfield Republican. 
“No other book can take the place of this 


‘ ly production. When you have seen it 
will wonder that it is so inexpensive.”— 
C Education. 


. We have also a choice line of Mounts of Wood: 
qantarn and Microscope, Tree ‘Studies far 
1, etc. 


-ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY 
Lowville, N. Y. 


i. 


73 


Marshall Jones Books 


HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS 
By James Raymond Simmons 

Trees have ever been connect- 
ed with human history. Massa- 
chusetts has more historic trees 
than any other State in the 
Union. Some were standing be- 
fore the Pilgrims landed and 
still survive. All of them are de- 
scribed and many of them shown 
in the beautiful illustrations of 
this book. There is a map of 
value to motor tourists in visit- 
ing their historic sites. $4.00. 


THE TURNPIKES OF NEW ENGLAND 
By Frederic J. Wood 

An important addition to the 
history of roads and a book of 
fascinating style, full of humor, 
good stories and historical inci- 
dent. It studies the economic 
development of New England 
from the end of the Revolution 
to the middle of the 19th cen- 
tury. Special maps have been 
drawn for each New England 
State and over three hundred 
photographs are reproduced be- 
sides charts and old_ broad- 
sides. $10.00. 


GUS HARVEY, THE BOY SKIPPER 
OF CAPE ANN 
By Captain Charlton A. Smith 

Boat building, yacht racing, 
salvaging and camping. A real 
boy story by a New England 
sea captain of forty years’ ex- 
perience. You can’t help liking 


it if you have a love of clean, 
outdoor life. $1.65. 


UP THE MAZARUNI FOR DIAMONDS 
By William J. Lavarre 

The account of a trip in a 
native canoe up the Mazaruni 
River in British Guiana on a 
hunt for diamonds. Since writ- 
ing it Mr. Lavarre has explored 
the diamond country further and 
brought back to the United 
States the largest diamond ever 
discovered in the western hemis- 
phere, a 30% carat stone. This 
book is probably the forerunner 
of other volumes of travel and 
discovery by him. Read “Up the 
Mazaruni for Diamonds,” the 
first book of a new American 
explorer. $1.50. 


Marshall Jones Company, Publishers 


212 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts 


ZN RAS NAN SS ARES 


BOOK SERVICE SECTION 3ef 


The Drama of the 
Forests 


by ARTHUR HEMING 


“The only book of its kind 
about the Canadian Woods”’ 


MR. HEMING has been gathering the 

material for this book for more than 
twenty years. During that time he studied 
and lived in the woods; he stopped at Hud- 
son’s Bay Posts; he tramped on snowshoes 
and travelled in canoes with the Indian 
trappers. Now he has set down with brush 
and pen the grandeur of the forests. Here 
is presented the tragedy, the comedy, the 
whole drama of the great trackless forests 
and lakes of Northern North America. 


There are FOURTEEN FULL PAGE COLOR 
PLATES from pages by the author. A thor- 
oughly distinctive work. 


The Pocket Nature Library 


A TREASURE for the lover of na- 

ture. Known wherever books 
are known as the true guides to 
four of Nature’s most fascinating 
subjects : 


THE TREE GUIDE, by Julia Ellen Rogers 

THE BIRD GUIDE, by Chester A. Reed 

THE BUTTERFLY GUIDE, by Dr. W. J. Holland 
THE FLOWER GUIDE, by Chester A. Reed 


The only pocket set on Nature where the illus- 
trations are printed from four-color plates. There 
are 789 illustrations, of which 566 ILLUSTRA- 
TIONS ARE IN NATURAL COLORS. The 
books are bound in flexible black Keratol leather, 
stamped in gold. 


Request for Inspection 


Doubleday, Page & Co., 
Dept. 25, Garden City, New York. 
Gentlemen: Please send me postpaid for my 
inspection the books I have checked below. After 
receiving them I will either remit or return them 
promptly. 
[ ] THE DRAMA OF THE FORESTS $5.00 
(With 16 color plates) 


{ ] THE POCKET NATURE LIBRARY $6.00 
(4 vols. illustrated in color) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Indeed-- 
the book 


need! 


TREES, SHRUBS, 
VINES and 
HERBACEOUS 
PERENNIALS 


By JOHN KIRKEGAARD 


Formerly Assistant to Director of the Royal 
Botanical Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark, 
Latterly Twenty Years in American Forestry 
and Botanical Work, 


Assisted by DR. H. T. FERNALD 
Professor of Ent logy, M. h ts Agricultural 
llege, and Ent logist, M h ts Agri- 
cultural § xperiment Station, 


and PROF. E. A. WHITE 
Professor of Floriculture, New York State College of 
Agriculture at Cornell University. 

These writers have successfully sought the 
simplest form of explanation and instruction 
in the message they convey from each grow- 
ing thing to those with little or no experience, 
as well as to those who know much of all plant 
life. To use the phrase of Linneaus, they have 
“asked the plants how they want to be grown.” 


The plants have told them—and it's all in 
ba Shrubs, Vines and Herbaceous Peren- 
nials. 


410 Pages. Planting Plans. Tabular 
Description and Classification of Species. 
59 Full-Page Illustrations in Tone. Authori- 
tative Articles on Many Subjects. 


BEAUTIFULLY BOUND IN CLOTH 
Only By 
NET 


Mailing Price, $2.71 
Money-Back Guarantee 
ORDERS TO 


American Forestry Association 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


BOOK SERVICE SECTION 


The United States 


Forest Policy 
By JOHN ISE 


“A valuable contribution to 
our forest literature. It is in- 
valuable as a reference book, 
and every forester should have 
a copy on his shelves. Teachers 
will welcome it, as it will be of 
great service in showing to 
students the meaning of the for- 
estry movement, the significance 
of public policies, and the field 
of endeavor for future progress.” 


Henry S. Graves in the 
Yale Review. 


“Detailed and discriminating.” 


Times Literary Supplement 
(London.) 


“Admirable.” 


Political Science Quarterly. 


BOOKS OF THE 
CHESTER S. LYMAN 
FOUNDATION AT YALE 


WATER RESOURCES 
PRESENT AND FUTURE USES 
By Frederick H. Newell 


CONSERVATION 
OF WATER 


By Walter McCulloh 


CONSERVATION OF 
WATER BY STORAGE 


By George F. Swain 


YALE UNIVERSITY 
PRESS 


NEW HAVEN NEW YORK 


CC cn nn 


Every Member of the 
American Forestry 
Association 


Should Own 


MANUAL of | 
THE TREES 
OF NORTH | 
~ AMERICA 


New and Revised Edition 


by 


CHARLES 
SPRAGUE 
SARGENT 


Representatives of four Fami- 
lies and sixteen Genera which 
did not appear in the first edi- 
tion are described in the new |f 
edition, in which will be found |} 
an account of seven hundred 
and seventeen species of trees in 
one hundred and eighty-five 
genera, illustrated by seven hun- 
dred and eighty-three figures, or 
one hundred and forty-one fig- 
ures in addition to those which 
appeared in the first edition. 


This new edition of .THE 
MANUAL contains the results 
of forty-four years of continued 
study of North American trees, 
carried on in every part of the 
United States and many foreign 
countries. As the standard work 
in its field, it should have a place 
not only in public and college 
libraries, but in the private 
libraries of all who are interest- 
ed in the subject; while the ex- 
tent and importance of the re- 
visions it has now undergone 
will, we believe, make this new 
issue indispensable to every 
owner of the original edition. 


783 Illustrations, $12.50 


HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. 


4 Park Street : : 


: Boston 


a) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BOOK SERVICE SECTION SH 


an appreciation by 
F.R.S. 

try hitherto unexplored. 

Summit of the Mountain. 


of the region. 


Farm Buildings and Building Construction in 
South Africa: A Text-Book for Farmers, Ag- 
ricultural Students, Teachers, Builders, Etc. 

y W. S. H. CLEGHORNE, B.Sc. (Edin.), A. M. I. 
Mech. E., Lecturer in Engineering, School of Agricul- 
ture, Potchefstroom. With a Foreword by F. B. Smith, 
Secretary for Agriculture, Union of South Africa. With 
Diagrams and 6 Folding Plates. Second Edition. 8vo. 
$8.00 net. 


‘of an appendix, consisting of illustrated chapters on Thatch- 
‘ing and a Small Farm Dairy; also two additional lay-out 
ns of steadings. 


The Life of Horace Benedict De Saussure 


4 By DOUGLAS W. FRESHFIELD, D. C. L., late President 
‘of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Alpine Club. 
_ With numerous Illustrations and Maps. 8vo. $8.50 net. 


“Mr. Freshfield has not only given us the picture of a blameless 
ife, rich in varied achievement and brought together treasures of 
ine lore scarcely accessible elsewhere, but he has made to history 
a vontribution of permanent value, worthy of his own long-established 
’ as a mountaineer and a man of letters.”—Lord Bryce in 


tion 
Manchester Guardian 


Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous 

. By J. G. MILLAIS, F. Z. S. 

_ “A truly mighty hunter died when Capt. Frederick Courte- 
1. Selous was killed in battle with the Germans in the 
heart of Africa. . The book abounds in interesting 
" matter.’—New York Evening Post. With 16 full-page illus- 
trations. 8vo. $6.00 net. 


pi 
* 


be 


nd Physics,” “The ‘Crystallisation of Iron and Steel,” etc. 


Vol. I. I. H, O. $20.00 net. 


Yygen and all their many forms and compounds. 


oy 


New matter has been added to this edition in the form | 


, Vol. Il. F, Cl, Br, 1; Li, Na, K. Rb, $20.00 net. 

Vol. II. Cu, Ag. Au, Ca, Sr, Ba, Radium Family, Actinium Family. 
_ This work aims at giving a complete description of all the compounds known in Inorganic Chemistry, and where possible, 
3 are discussed in the light of the so-called Physical Chemistry. It aims at covering a larger range of facts described in 
freater detail, than can be found in any work hitherto published on the subject. 
The First Volume is to a large extent historical and introductory. It includes a general survey of chemical research and 
“discovery from the earliest times down to the present day; and many of the leading principles required for reference in sub- 
‘sequent volumes. In this volume the atom is treated as the chemist’s unit. It also deals in full detail with Hydrogen and Ox- 


MOUNT EVEREST 


The Reconnaissance, 1921 
BY 
Lieut.-Colonel C. K. HOWARD-BURY, D.S.O. 
AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION 
With 32 full-page illustrations and a map. Medium 8vo. $7. 50 net. 


The book will contai an introduction by Sir Francis Younghusband, K. C. S. I., President of the Royal Geographical Soci- 
ofessor Collie, F. R. S., of the results of the reconnaissance and an outline of the preparations made 
the actual attempt to reach the Summit in 1922; also a statement of the instrumental outfit by Colonel Jack and Mr. A. R. 


» iColonel Howard-Bury will give an account of the general conduct of the Expedition and its adventurous journey through 
_ (Mr. George Leigh Mallory, who led the Climbing Party, will describe the search for and discovery of a feasible way to the 
Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston will give the results of his observations and collections of the extremely interesting fauna and flora 
Dr. A. M. Heron will give a short summary of the outcome of his investigations in the geology of the region. 

= Sal compiled by the Royal Geographical Society from the surveys of Major Morshead and Major Wheeler will accom- 


n and these Officers will also contribute an account of the manner in which the survey work was carried out. 
The book will be illustrated by photographs taken by Colonel Howard-Bury, Mr. Wollaston and Mr. Mallory. 


English Farming, Past and Present 


(By the Right Honorable Lord ERNLE, (Rowland E. 
Prothero), Late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 
and President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 
1916-1919. Third Edition. 8vo. $4.00 net. 

A new chapter has been added to this edition on Agri- 
culture during the years 1916-1918, and the Appendices on 
Corn Prices and Agricultural Wages have been brought up to 
1920. 


The Rainbow Bridge, 

By REGINALD FARRER. 

With illustrations and Map. 8vo. $7.50 net. 

“There can be no denying that Mr. Farrer was one of the 
great masters of English prose. His last book is bright with 
sidelights on the the vie intime of the essential China.”— 
Morning Post. 


“Will, we believe, take a final place with the classic works 
of travel."—The Times (London). 


Soil Conditions and Plant Growth 


By EDWARD J. RUSSHLL, D. Sc. (Lond.), F. R. S., Di- 
rector of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden. 


Fourth Edition. With Illustrations. 8vo. $5.00 net. 


This is the 4th Edition and the 5th Impression of the book 
first issued in June, 1912, in the series of Monographs on Bi- 
ochemistry, edited by Dr. R. H. A. Plimmer, and Dr. F. G. 
Hopkins, F. R. S. It is thoroughly revised, and to a con- 
— extent re-cast, so as to bring it completely up to 

ate. 


A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry 
By J. W. MBLLOR, D. Sc., Author of “Modern Inorganic Chemistry.” “Higher Mathematics for Students of Chemistry 


The work will consist of six or more Royal 8vo volumes, each containing about one thousand pages, the page of type be- 
ing 7% ins. by 43% ins., and will be fully illustrated, mainly from original drawings. 


(Ready) 
(Ready) 
Cn the Press) 


_ Volume II covers the whole range of the following elements and a systematic range of related compounds; Fluorine, Chlo- 
romine, Iodine, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium and Caesium. 

Volume III will deal with copper, silver, gold, the akaline earths, radioactivity, and the structure of matter. 

Succeeding volumes will take the elements and their compounds, mainly in the order of the periodic law. 


LONGMANS, GREEN & CoO. 


55 Fifth Avenue, New York 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


GAGER. Fundamentals of Botany. 435 II- 
lustrations. 12mo; xix+640 pp. 
Flexible Cloth, Round Corners, $2.00. 
By C. Stuart Gacer, Director of the Brook- 
lyn Botanic Garden. 
A Laboratory Guide for General Botany. 
2d Edition. 12mo; x+206 pp. 
Cloth, $1.15. 
Heredity and Evolution In Plants. 114 Il- 


lustrations. 8vo. xiii-++-265 pp. 
Cloth, $1.25. 


HARSHBERGER. A Text-book of My- 
cology and Plant Pathology. 271 Illustrations. 
12mo; xiii+779 pp. Cloth, $4.00 

By JoHN W. HaARrSHBERGER, PH. D., Pro- 
fessor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania; 
Member Botanical Society of America; Vice- 
President Ecological Society of America, etc. 

Textbook of Pastoral and Agricultural Bot- 
any. 121 Illustrations. xiii+294 pp. 

Cloth, $2.00. 

For the study of Injurious and Useful 

Plants of Country and Farm. 


PALLADIN-LIVINGSTON. Plant Physi- 
ology. Authorized English Edition Based on 
the German Translation of 6th Russian Edition 
and on 7th Russian Edition. 173 Illustrations. 
8vo; xxv+320 pp. Cloth, $3.50. 

By V. I. Patiapin, Profesor in the Univer- 
sity of Petrograd. Edited by Burton Epwarp 
LivincsTon, PH.D., Professor of Plant Physi- 
ology and Director of Laboratory of Plant 
Physiology, Johns Hopkins University. 


ROBBINS. The Botany of Crop Plants. 
With 263 Illustrations and Glossary, 12mo; 
xix+681 pp. Cloth, $2.25. 

A Text-book and Reference Work by W1.- 
FRED W. Rossins, Professor of Botany, Colo- 
rado Agricultural College. 


STEVENS. Plant Anatomy from the Stand- 
point of the Development and Functions of the 
Tissues and Handbook of Micro-technic. 31 
Edition. Enlarged. 155 Illustrations. 8vo; 
xvii+399 pp. Cloth, $3.50. 

By Wm. C. Stevens, M. s., Professor of 
Botany in the University of Kansas. 


ATWOOD. Civic and Economic Biology. 
Illustrated. Cloth, $1.68. 

By Pror. Wittram H. Atwoop, Milwaukee 
State Normal School. 


JENKINS. Interesting Neighbors. Bein 
a Grade Reader with Sixty-two Nature 
Stories for Boys and Girls. 81 Illustrations. 
12mo; xi-+-248 pp. Cloth, $1.50. 

By Ottver P. Jenkins, Emeritus Professor 
of Physiology, Stanford University, California. 
Illustrated by W. S. Atkinson. 


FOLSOM. Entomology with Special Refer- 
ence to Its Biological and Economical Aspects. 
2d Edition, Revised. 4 Plates and 304 other 
Illustrations. 8vo; vii+402 pp. Cloth, $3.00. 

By Justus Watson Fotsom, sc. p. (Har- 
vard). Assistant Professor of Entomology at 
the University of Illinois. 


This book has been translated and published in 
Japanese. 


HOLMES. The Elements of Animal 

Biology. 249 Illustrations. 12mo; x-+402 pp. 

Cloth, $1.35. 

By S. J. Hotes, pu. v., Professor of Zool- 
ogy, University of California. 


KINGSLEY. Outlines of the Comparative 


Anatomy of Vertebrates. 2d Edition. Revised. 


406 Illustrations. Drawn or Redrawn Ex- 
pressly for this Book. 8vo; x+449 pp. 
Cloth, $3.25. 
By J. S. Kinestey, Professor of Zoology, 
University of Illinois, Urbana. 


LOCHHEAD. Classbook of Economic En- 
tomology. 257 Illustrations. 12mo; xiv+436 
pp. Cloth, $2.75. 

By Witt1am LocHHEAD, B. A., M. Ss. (Cor- 
nell), Professor of Biology, Macdonald Col- 
lege, of McGill University, Quebec, Canada. 


REESE. Outlines of Economic Zoology. 
194 Illustrations. 12mo; xvii+316 pp. 
Cloth, $2.00. 
By Apert M. Reese, pH. v., Professor of 
Zoology, West Virginia University. 


P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO., Publishers, PHILADELPHIA 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BOOK SERVICE SECTION 


Not only a capital story, but 
it stands by itself among 
all the stories I have ever 
read about the forests of 
America. It is not only 
full of human nature and 
vivid action, but it is also 
full of forestry and the 
true spirit of conserva- 
tion. It tells the story 
and tells the truth. | 
hope it will have an im- 
mense circulation, for 
wherever it goes it will 
carry a message that our 


ee ey nerd 


Net $1.75 


RANGY PETE 


GUY MORTON 


Western story of a 
character as individ- 
ual as anything in 


recent fiction. 


Net $1.75 


MAYNARD & CO. 


i} 


Stokes’ Nature Books | 


A GUIDE | 
totHe TREES 


By ALICE LOUNSBERRY 


A complete, _ authoritative 
guide to nearly two hundred 
trees. Family, shape, height, 
range and time of bloom are 
given and a full analysis of 
each kind. With colored plates, 
100 black-and-white plates, 64 
engravings of entire trees and 
55 diagrams. $3.00 


THE 


TREE BOOK | 


By INEZ McFEE 


A popular, comprehensive 
book on the common trees— 
ideal for beginners in tree 
study and of great interest to i] 
experts. Fully illustrated. $2.00. i 


tHe MAKING 


OFA 
FLOWER | 
GARDEN ! 


By IDA D. BENNETT 


A practical handbook for 
the flower lover who wants to 
plan and make a_ successful 
small garden from the begin- 
ning or revivify an old one. 
With 16 halftones, 14 diagrams 
and planting tables. $2.00 | 


TROUT LORE 


By- O. WARREN SMITH 


The angling editor of Out- | 
door Life gives countless sug- 
gestions for anglers, telling the 
best methods of using dry-fly, 
wet-fly, bait and lure. With 24 
illustrations from gs dep 

2.75 


THE 


HUMAN SIDE 
or TREES 


By ROYAL DIXON | 


Absolute fact made as in- 
teresting as fiction. Chapters 
on trees that keep diaries, trees 
that build cities, musical trees 
—a host of unusual things 
about tree life. With 4 illus- 
trations in color and 32 in 
black-and-white. $2.50 


THE 


HUMAN SIDE 
or PLANTS 


| 
By ROYAL DIXON | 
| 


Accurate natural history that 
will delight the reader by its 
wealth of curious information. 
How plant “habits resemble 
human habits—how plants go | 
to sleep, swim, dance, etc. Pro- 
fusely illustrated. $2.50 | 


443 4th Avenue New York 


WILD FOLK 


By Samuel Scoville, Jr. 


As a skilful interpreter of the 
outdoor world of animals and 
birds, Mr. Scoville, author of 
Everyday Adventures, needs no 
introduction to lovers of nature 
stories. This new book of true 
stories about the wild folk is 
written in the same engaging 
manner, and contains a wealth 
of unusual adventures, full of 
the suppressed excitement of the 
woods, where drama is always 
going about on padded feet. 


ILustrated by Charles Living- 
ston Bull and Carton Moore- 
parke. $2.00. 


EVERYDAY 
ADVENTURES 


By Samuel Scoville, Jr. 


“By all means, read this book 
if you love birds, flowers, or the 
woods. The chill of winter and 
the heat of summer are in it. The 
joy of sitting at home and com- 
ing unexpectediy upon a wood- 
land treasure is a joy not lightly 
to be forgone, and a joy that 
comes to you over and over in 
these pages.”—Chicago Evening 
Post. $3.00. 


WILD BROTHER 


Strangest of True Stories from the 
North Weods 


By William Lyman Underwood 


“Of all bear stories ever told, 
that told by William Lyman Un- 
derwood, lecturer in biology for 
twenty years at the Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology, is 
probably the most amazing. It 
is the story of the Maine woods, 
near the Canadian border. The 
bear that is its hero was the 
tiniest kind of a baby cub when 
found in a hollow tree by lum- 
bermen who had killed its moth- 
er. We see him grow, in Maine 
and Massachusetts, to a 400- 
pounder before we leave him in 
the last chapter.”"—The Boston 
Herald. $2.00. 


The Atlantic Monthly 


Press, Inc. 
8 Arlington Street 
Boston 


| 
| 
| 
F. A. STOKES COMPANY | 
| 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MNS CUS AALS WU ELS 
BOOKS °’ HORTICULTURE 


By BENJAMIN WALLACE DOUGLASS 


FRUIT 
GROWING 


The author's ar- 
ticles in he 
Country Gentle- 
man have placed 
him in the front 
rank of_horticul- 
tural writers and 
his advice is 
sought by _ thou- 
sands in this and 
other countries. | 

While it is primarily for the beginner, it 
is complete enough for the most advancea 
horticulturalist. 

Large 12mo. Illustrated with forty photo- 


graphs. Price, $2.50. 


Every Step in Beekeeping 


A book based on the most up-to-date 
scientific information and thorough prac- 
tical experience that tells how to keep 
bees for profit. 


Large 12mo. 31 Illustrations. Price $2.00 


Orchard and Garden 


This volume of more than three hundred 
pages takes the beginner through all the 
phases of orchard work. It contains those 
elemental facts that are the real basis of 
success in fruit growing. 

8vo. Profusely illustrated. Price $2.00 


Yard and Garden 


By TARKINGTON BAKER 


A complete, suggestive and handy man- 
ual intended for use by city householders 
who desire to adorn their lots or garden 
spaces. A practical book for the amateur. 

12mo. ProfuSely illustrated. Price, $2.00 


Agriculture and the Farming 
Business 


By BENSON and BETTS 


This book of 900 pages accomplishes what 
has not previously been done for the farmer 
—brings together in one simple non-tech- 
nical volume a wide range of practical 
scientific information directly related to 
every-day problems of the farm. 


Price $3.50 


Many illustrations. 


Our Common Country 


The President’s views on religious, eco- 
nomic, social and domestic questions of the 
day, arranged by Mr. Frederick E. Scherte- 
meier. “Throughout the book,’ says the 
New York Tribune, “runs a note of pas- 
sionate devotion to America as a classless 
democracy.” 


Price, $1.50 net 


The Bobbs-Rerrill Co. 


PUBLISHERS 
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 


EE 


The Cowboy 


His Characteristics, His Equipment and 
His Part in the Development 
of the West. 


By Philip Ashton Rollins 


A book which every citizen who is 
proud of his country should read. 


A book which is absolutely essential 
to a knowledge of the Great West. 


ACCURATE IN ITS FACTS 
BREEZY IN ITS STYLE 
FINE IN ITS SPIRIT 


The book goes into detail about the early 
ranches, the towns, the cattle, the horses, 
the buying and selling of animals, the whole 
cattle business, the round-up, roping, horse- 
breaking and gives a fund of cowboy lore, 
cowboy customs, superstitions, slang, 
clothes, amusements, dissipations, fights, 
etc. 


Just Out 
$2.50 


per copy 


ORDER FROM 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


Washington, D. C. 


BOOK SERVICE SECTION 


BOOKS on 
FORESTRY 


Forest Valuation 


By Herman Haupt Chapman. 
M. F. 310 pages, 6x9. oth, 
$3.00, postpaid. 


Forest Products—Their Ma nu. 
facture and Use 


By Nelson Courtlandt Brown, 
B. A., M. F. 471 pages, 6x9, 120 
figures. Cloth, $4.00, postpaid. 


The Practice of Silviculture 


With Particular Reference 
Its Application in the Unite: 
States 


By Ralph C. Hawley, Professor 
of Forestry, Yale University. 
pages. 5% by 8. 82 figures. 
Cloth, $4.00, postpaid (24s. net). 


Forest Mensuration 


By Herman Haupt Chapman, M. 
F., Harriman Professor of For- 
est Management, Yale Univer- 
sity. 553 pages. 6x9. 88 figures. 
Cloth, $5.00, postpaid (80s. net) 


The Valuation of American Tim- 
berlands 


By K. W. Woodward, Professor 
of Forestry, New Hampshire Col- 
lege; formerly Forest Inspector, 
U. S. Forest Service. 253 pages. 
6x9. 18 figures. Cloth, $3.00, 
postpaid (18s. net). 


Handbook of Field and Office 
Problems in Forest Mensu 
ration 


By Hugo Winkenwerder, Dean, 
College of Forestry, University 
of Washington, and Elias T. 
Clark, Associate Professor of 
Forestry, University of Wash- 


ington. About 170 pages. 5x 
7%. Cloth binding. ‘ 


JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. 


432 Fourth Avenue New York : 


AMERICAN 


Some 
Noteworthy 
Books 


Travel and Description 


Utah: The Land of Blossoming 
Valleys 


By George Wharton James 
A new volume in the “See America First” Series. 
Profusely illustrated, $6.00 


The Spell of the Rhine 


By Frank Roy Fraprie, S.M., F.R.P.S. 
A new volume in the “Spell Series.” Folklore, fable, history~and 
romance—the inexhaustible spell of the Rhine. Illustrated, $3.75 


The Spell of Sicily: The Garden 


of the Mediterranean 


By Will S. Monroe 

A second new volume in the “Spell Series.” The wealth of infor- 
mation contained covers every feature of Sicilian life and history. 
Illustrated, $3.75 


Under the Roof of the Jungle 


By Charles Livingston Bull 
A new edition of one of the most beautiful and fascinating nature 
and animal books ever written. Illustrated, $3.00 


Natural History 
Studies of Trees in Winter 


By Annie Oakes Huntington 
A valuable book to every student of forestry and to every lover of 
outdoor nature. Illustrated, $3.50 


Birds of Field, Forest and Park 


By Albert Field Gilmore 

“A sympathetic reproduction of the home atmosphere of the birds 
seen in field, forest and park. Of practical value to all bird lovers.”— 
Boston Transcript. Illustrated, $2.50 


Key to North American Birds 


By Elliot Coues, M. A., M. D., Ph. D. 

Fifth Revised Edition—wholly new text. 

Coues’ Key is universally acknowledged to be the most authori- 
tative and exhaustive treatise on the subject of American birds. Two 
volumes, cloth. Illustrated $15.00 


PUBLISHERS 


The PAGE COMPANY 


BOSTON, MASS. 


These Contain 
Complete and 
Fully Illustrated 


Information — «-.: 


OUR TREES: HOW TO KNOW 
THEM 


Photographs by ARTHUR I. EMERSON 
with a guide to their recognition by CLAR- 
ENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. A full page plate 
is devoted to each tree showing its form, 
its foliage, bloom and fruit in detail. The 
characteristics of the different trees and 
how they change in the Summer, Autumn, 
Winter and Spring, why they drop their 
leaves, how they prepare the flower and 
leaf bud for growth is described together 
with much other valuable information such 
as directions for aiding trees to thrive and 
look their best. 149 Illustrations. 295 pages. 
Flat Octavo. $3.50 


TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES 


By A. D. WEBSTER. Many beautiful 
and decorative trees could be saved from 
destruction by proper care. The prevention 
and treatment of wounds and diseases and 
tree repair are thoroughly described and 
every operation outlined clearly so as to 
be easily understood. 32 Full-page plates 
and many other illustrations together with 
a special chapter on fruit trees. 215 Pages. 

: $2.50 


THE FLOWER FINDER 
By GEORGE L. WALTON, M. D. You 


can identify every wild flower quickly and 
without any previous study, by reference to 
the simple color charts in this pocket 
volume. There are 590 drawings and photo- 
graphs and an index by families is given 
for further study. Dr. Franklin Dexter, 
of Harvard University writes: “A walk 
through the woods for me is an entirely 
different story from what it used to be. I 
know practically by sight every flower I 
meet—all due to THE FLOWER FIN- 
DER.” 394 Pages. Boxed. $2.00 


MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF 
FLOWERS, TREES, FRUITS 
AND PLANTS 


By CHARLES M. SKINNER. The 
legends of flowers, trees, etc., in all ages 
and in all climes gathered in one compen- 
dious volume and alphabetically arranged. 
The love of flowers and trees (and the 
dread of some of them) is no new thing, but 
has persisted in all ages and in all climes. 
Flowers have therefore gathered about 
them many stories and have inspired many 
more. The love of them is incomplete 
without a knowledge of these legends, of 
such absorbing interest in themselves and 
their associations, and hitherto so difficult 
to locate in history and in literature. A 
beautiful volume with decorated cover and 
title page, photogravure frontispiece and 10 
double-tone illustrations after noted paint- 
ings, etc. Crown Octavo. $1.50 


Write for Circulars and Special Pamphlet 


“HOUSE AND GARDEN BOOKS WHICH 
SERVE TO ENRICH HOME LIFE” 


AT ALL BOOKSTORES 


J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO. 


East Washington Square 
PHILADELPHIA 


1337-1339 F STREET,NW. 
WASHINGTON,DX. 


ENGRAVERS 


DESIGNERS 
AND 


[ILLUSTRATORS 


3 CoLor Process WorK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


American Forest 


Regulation 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


A thoroughly Americanized discussion 
of the regulation of forests. Introduction 
by B. E. Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 
H. H. Chapman, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 


LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Mlastrating Self Anchoring Base 
Free Trial - 
er 


Now is the time to test out the Forest 
Fire Engines you will depend upon 
next fall to save the forests placed 
in your care from the usual fall de- 


vastation. You want the best—we’ll 
gladly sell you a Northern for com- 
parative tests—on thirty days’ free 
trial. If it doesn’t fill the bill exactly 
send it back. If it is the best equip 
ment—you want to know it. Try it 
out. 


Many New Features 


Both the single cylinder 74 # ma- 
chine and the double cylinder 130 # 
machine have exclusive improvements 
—self-anchoring sub-base—alemite 
system of  lubrication—leak-proof 
non-breaking flexible metalic tubing 
for cooling and gasoline connections 
—copper gasoline tank held rigidly in 
cast aluminum cradle—and many 
other advantages such as freedom 
from vibration, greater capacity, 
lighter weight and longer life. 


Order Your Trial Unit Now 
NORTHERN fire ApraRaAtos(o. 


MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. U.S.A. 


NORTHERN 


ROTARY 


OMPS 


“MORE GALLONS PER HORSE POWER” 


LET ME EXAM- 
FISH! YOUR WAT- 
®ERS BEFORE 


STOCKING. NOW IS THE TIME TO HAVE 
INVESTIGATIONS MADE into the _condi- 


tions under which your food and game fish are 


| living. Mere stocking is insufficient. If the 
| environment is properly adjusted the fish will 
increase because it is the only thing they 


} 


can do. I specialize in the relations of our 
| native food and game fish. Expert investiga- 

tions, adjustments and reports. Explanatory 
literature promptly mailed. 


ERNEST CLIVE BROWN, 
Box 107 F, Station G, New York City. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


JONES SUMMER RESORT 
Shell, Wyoming, via Greybull, Wyoming 
A summer camp in the Big Horn Mountains. An 


ideal place for rest seekers and boys. Good trout 
fishing and hunting and camping. Nice rooms and 
good home cooking. 


Rates $2.75 to $4.00 per Day 
Saddle horses can be furnished. 


Write for folder. 
ALFRED GAFNER, Manager 


PRUNING OF SHRUBS 

“The majority of home owners are m 
much concerned about selecting the rig’ 
spots for planting, choosing the right cin 
of shrubs, getting the best stock and plar 
ing it in a careful manner,” says Prof. Alz 
F. Arnold of the New York State Col e 


of Forestry at Syracuse University. “Aft 
the shrubs are in the ground, however, the 
owners exhibit a painful amount of soli 
tude for them and this is expressed pa 
ticularly in the practice of shearing th 
back to a flat top every year—giving the 
a ‘haircut. This is a most unfortuna 
practice horticulturally and aesthetical 
Many people who vigorously condemn t 
telephone companies for loppjng off s 
tions of nice trees, perform the same opet 
tion on their own shrubs and think 
have done well. 


“The practice of cutting off the tops” 
shrubs has many disadvantages. In ¢ 
first place, it renders them ugly; the val 
of a shrub largely lies in its beauty 
outline, the grace of its branches and ¢ 
delicacy of its twigs, and these are Ik 
if it is given a top like a table instead 
like a growing plant. Next, the sheari 
destroys the indivjduality of the pl 
there is little use jn having a variety ¢ 
shrubs, or the variety that there may h 
different members of the same species, 
they are to be reduced to sameness of 
a year by a pair of shears. Again, the pla' 
is apt to be robbed of the best part of i 
bloom; the majority of our ornament 
shrubs bloom on branches which h x 
grown the year before, and if these 4 
largely cut off in late winter or early sprin 
the possjbility of flowers is cut off wil 
them. } 

“It is difficult, if not impossible, to mal 
rulés for pruning shrubs, if one had t 
make a rule, however, a vastly better of 
than that which calls for an annual ‘Hai 
cut,’ would be ‘Don’t do any pruning % 
all. Some use of the shears is, howevt 
often desirable. It may be to keep with 
bounds a shrub which is getting too hig 
or encroaching on a walk, or a flower 01 
der; or to give a better appearance to som 
of the shrubs whose habits or growth a 
not of the best; or, simply to remoy 
dead branches. Pruning is also often 1 
sorted to for finer and larger flowers. 1 
the case of a few shrubs, notably lilae 
a little cutting is a good thing for 
bloom; if it is a case of severe prunjng= 
such as is given to roses—the shrubs 
better be grown in some special spot, no 
in the ordinary shrubbery bed where gen- 
eral all round attractiveness of the plants~ 
is wanted. 

“The sort of pruning to do and the time 
to do it depend on the kind of shrub and” 
what is expected of it. Occasjonal bits of 
pruning, such as the removal of some dead 
wood or an obstructing branch, can be done 
almost any time. Pruning to improve th 


bloom should be done, in the case of spring 
blooming plants, immediately after flow- 
ering; in the case of later blooming shrubs, 
in late winter or early sprjng. The first 
thing to do, however, is to become familiar 
with the different shrubs and to know 
what effect can best be secured with them; 
then a judicious use of the pruning shears 
will be of benefit.” 


WILL REFORESTATION PAY? 
} W. H. Johnson 
‘The Columbus Dispatch, Columbus, Ohio. 
The writer was born on a hill farm of 
Through that 
into the Ohio river ran a deep ravine, with 


Southeastern Ohio. farm 


steep rocky sides. Among my earliest 
memories are some immense tulip poplar 
trees, Standing along the sides of that ra- 
Vine, but cut and sold for “keg wood” 
While I was still a little boy. Today the 
Sides of that ravine, too steep for agricul- 
tural use, are grown up with a tangle of 
trees, and shrubs and vines which make 
splendid bird and game shelter, but there 
is almost nothing of any economic value 


aside from that. In wandering through it 


tecently, however, I was struck by the sight 
Of perhaps a dozen fine young tulip pop- 
Jars, very straight and tall, as they reached 
up for the light between those two hill- 
sides. 

Now in that stretch of useless ravine, 
through one not very large farm, there 
might have stood today at least 200 of 
those poplars, 50 years of age, if at the 
time when the original timber was cut, the 
Owner had foreseen the possibilities, in- 
turred the comparatively small expense of 
‘Planting them, and given them the little 
are which they would have needed as the 
Years went by. And can anyone doubt that 
Wf that ravjne contained 200 tall 50 year 
‘old poplars today, the whole farm of about 
160 acres would have a sale value enough 
Higher for that reason to yield a better 
‘Profit by far than has been secured from 
“any other investment of equal amount that 
has been made on the farm during the fifty 
intervening years? 

The farm in question originally had 
much black walnut on it, some of which 
Was split into fence rails and some burned 
in great log heaps to clear the ground for 
Hillage. At least half of its acreage is 
better adapted to forest than to any other 
Possible use; and that farm is typical in 
this respect of much of the so-called farm 
Wands in that section. There are large tracts 
‘Which should be acquired by the state, and 
)a very small beginning in that direction has 
“now been made. But it would be a great 
‘conomic blessing to the whole state if the 
"farm wood-lot” idea could once get the 
‘proper lodging in the minds of individual 


‘ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A block of Maples five to six inch caliper, twenty-five to thirty feet high 


The Right Tree in the Right Place 


The right tree means a specimen which has been grown under the scientific care of a 
reliable nursery. Trees thus grown are strong and straight, and so well nourished that the 
usual setbacks of transplanting are minimized to the last degree. The right place is of nearly 
equal importance. Soil conditions should be considered as well as the natural harmony of its 
surroundings. Amawalk trees are dug and shipped with exacting care, and we are ready at 
all times to furnish any information at our command concerning silviculture. Our cata- 
logue, which we will be glad to send you, has considerable information devoted to this subject. 


Avistrran  Piries. ..i0¢s.5- ratesd is 11 to 16 feet Norway Maples ..........-cee00s 16 to 35 feet 
Arborvitae 7 to 12 feet ise Oaks ccs ret age a tedes a 16 to 35 feet 
Hemlocks 11 to 16 feet European Beech «....saseccseesse 11 to 25 feet 
Colorado Spruce ............0.00- 7 to 18 feet Lindens - 12 to 26 feet 
Norway Spruce ......:c..seeeeeee 14 to 21 feet Sugar Maples 16 to 35 feet 


\Z 
AMinsranl 


New York City Office, 372 Lexington Avenue 
Telephone: VANDERBILT 1691 


Amawalk, Westchester Co., New York 
| Telephone: YORKTOWN 128 


THE NEBRASKA FORESTRY ASSO- 
CIATION 


The wide and enthusiastic 
forestry in Nebraska has culminated in the 
formation of a state forestry association, 
which was finally organized in March. T, 
W. McCullough, of Omaha, is president; 
Woodruff Ball, of Valentine, long identified 
with forestry in Nebraska, is vice-president, 
and Mrs. J. H. Corrick, of Palisaee, is 
secretary. Hopes for success and real 
achievement go with the infant organiza- 
tion in its stated program to stimulate 
planting in Nebraska, and an appreciation 
of forestry and what it means to the people 
of the state. 


owners—if they could only be made to see 
that the gradual transformation of 10, or 
20, or 50 acres of worthless hillside thick- 
et into valuable timber would give the 
whole farm a better sale value with each 
decade of the process, up to the time when 
actual harvesting of the timber should be- 
gin. How to popularize this truth, and set 
thousands of farmers to acting upon it, is 
one of the greatest forestry problems of to- 


interest in 


day. 


Nominate Your Friends For 
Membership 
In The Association 


318 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Books on Forestry, Lumber, Trees, Birds, Etc. 


Rrenpeb Saturna aw ott 
33s 8 


aakssssess: 


ADVENTURES AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hudson......... 
ADVENTURES OF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos A. Mills 5 
AMERICAN 2OxS BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODCRAFT— 
Dan Bea 
AMERICAN FOOD AND GAME FISHES—Jorda 
AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson 
AMERICAN SILVICULTURE—C. A. Schenck . 
ANIMAL INGENUITY OF TODAY—C. A. Ealand 
ART AND CRAFT OF GARDEN MAKING 
ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF TREES—Rex Vicat C 
AMERICAN WOODS—R. B. Hough (14 parts), per part 
BEAUTIFUL RARE TREES AND PLANTS—the Earl of — 
BIRD BOOK FOR CHILDREN—Thornton W. Burgess... 
BIRDS—N. Blanchan 
BIRDS IN THEIR RELATION TO MAN—Clarence M. Weed 
BIRDS IN TOWN AND VILLAGE—W. H. Hudson............. 
BIRDS OF FIELD, FOREST AND PARK~—Albert Field Gilmo 
BIRDS OF LA PLATA—W. H. Hudson (2 vols.)........--....0esseeees 
BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA—Thos. Nuttall 
BLEACHING AND RELATED PROCESSES—Dr. J. ac paceenaens 
BOOK OF FORESTRY—Fred F. Moon 
BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—Robt. Yard 
BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS—Wilfred W. Robbins 
BULB GARDENING—Mary Hampden ... 
BUSINESS OF FARMING—Wm. C. Smith. 
CAMP FIRES IN THE YUKON—Harry 
iene cies OF PULP AND PAPER’ MAKING 
meister 
CLEARING AND GRUBBING—Halbert 
COUNTRY HOUSE—Charles E. Hooper 
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA—T. P 
ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE U. S.—Samuel J. Record 
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—Brown and Moon . 
ENGLISH ESTATE FORESTRY—A. C. Forbes.......... 
ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW—J. P. Kin 
FAMILIAR STUDTES OF WILD BIRDS—F. N. Whitman. 


FARM FORESTRY—John Arden Fereuson 
FARM WOOD LOT—Cheynev and Wentling. 
FEATHERS. FURS AND FINS—Emma Chen 
FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM—G A. Woolson....... 
FIELD AND OFFICE HANDBOOK IN FOREST MEN 

TION—Winkenwerder and Clark 
dap eat ng OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—Schuyler 


RaSss ss 


ass 


tn 
7 


NR BPNENWWWWWNNWID wrens wn con 


SSekSss S Ransussszszsse|e = 


Mathews 
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth 
FLOWERS—N. Blanchan 
FOREST LAND—Allen Chambers 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—A. B. Recknagel 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah Bowman 
— PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE 
Town 
FOREST RANGER—John D. Guthrie .... 
FOREST REGULATITON—Filihert Roth 
FORESTRY FOR WOODMEN—C. O. Hanson 
FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Hawley and Hawes 
bres Tigh ne UPPER INDIA AND THEIR INHABITANTS—Frank- 
n ebber 
FORESTS, WOODS AND TREES—A. Henry............. 
FOREST VALUATION—Herman Haupt Chapman..... 
FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth ...............:..0000> 
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, Jr. Bees 
FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager .............-.00s0. 
Sr eae OR CITY BACK-YARD GARDENING_Sandwich 
em 
cop's WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb...........sseesseesee 
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN—Jay L. B. Taylor 
HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 
MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark 
HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. AND CANADA 
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—R. B. Hough 
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS—C. — oor Sides 
HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—J. R. Simm 
pr ala at dag OF ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE v. 6s: J. 
IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U. S.—S. B. Elliott........ 
INJURIOUS INSECTS AND USEFUL BIRDS—F. T. Washburn...... 
INSECT BEHAVIOR—P. G. Howes............0.sccceecceccestencesceess 
wage 2 ae iad OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD-—E. D. San- 
INTERESTING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins............:0.sseeees 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Coues (2 vols.)....... 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston 
KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tiemann 
LABORATORY GUIDE FOR GENERAL ROTANY—C, Stuart Gager 
THE LAND WE LIVE IN—O. W. Pric 
LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THEM—Leonard Barron.. 
LOG OF A TIMBER CRUISER—W. P. Lawson......... 
LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellog: 
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—A. F. Jone 
LUMBERMEN’S BUILDING ESTIMATOR—Joseph Holt. 
LUMBER RECKONER—Neil Chapin 
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary............. 2. 
MANUAL OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA—C. S. Sargent........ 12, 
ANUAL OF FORESTRY, vol 1—Hawley and Hawes............... 3 
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Rankin 


MINN Nr 


Padi ats 
ssseze 


r NYrw aK 
Re SSs2zs 


ome 


: ons ws 
So s83 38 


OnNND 


Nereis 
BReESssss Ss 


ey 


MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD —S. J. Record............. . 
MODERN PULP & PAPER MAKING—Paul Witham................. - 6.0 
MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger..... 

vate te Ap Le LEGENDS OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANES 


NATURAL STYLE DSCA IN A 
NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. Brunc 3 
ORGANIZATION OF THE LUMBER mt Sake gine Com: 
OUR COMMON BIRDS—John B. 


R GARDEN FLOWERS—Harriet L. 
NATIONAL FORESTS—R. H. D. 
NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir 
NATIVE TREES—Harriet Keeler . 
aeeae ae SHRUBS—Harriet Ke 

U ES AND HOW TO KNOW THEM me: 
PAPER AND ITS woe ieee Dawe 
PAPER MAKING, OF—Alexa: 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN. ATOUIPMENT AND USE 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL pon arises W. Harshbe 


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R 
PIGEON RAISING—Alice MacLeod 
PLANE SURVEYING—John Tracy . 
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—V. I. Palladi 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—YTohn Gifford . 
PRACTICAL NATURE STUDY AND E 
TURE-Stanley Coulter 
PRACTICAL ORCHARDING ON 
PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE-R. C. Hawley, ea 
ahh pea TEXTBOOK OF PLANT sls Y. 
WENO icesss cde n bis van serors 


PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY-—S. 

PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING BOOS E SEE 

PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING—F. C. Sears . 

PROPAGATION AND PRUNING OF HARDY 
ETC.—T. C. Newsham 

ROMANCE OF BIRD LIFE—John Lea 

ROMANCE OF OUR TREES—Ernest 

ROSE GARDENING—Mary Hampden 

SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY—D. Pierce 

SCOTT BURTON. FORESTER—E. G. Cheyn 

sage igs an cache IN THE PRACTICE OF 

SHADE TREES IN. Towns AND aS ee Solotaro 

SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES (3 vols.) . 

SEEING oe A ch ge ee M. Weed .... 

SOTES—E.. W. Hilger oa. 05 54.5.6 cnn en ven sense anaenys 9 cate 

SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL—Howard E. Parkh' 

SPORTSMAN’S WORKSHOP—Warren H. Miller.. 

STORY OF THE FOREST, THE—Gordon Dorranc 

STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, 

STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison ................ 

STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. Huntington 

TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—G. J. Pierc 

bey AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS— 

THEORY AND Gage a OF SURVEYING—J. B. Joh: 

TIMBER—By JI. R. Baterden 

TIMBER—P. Charpentier r 

TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS 

ag ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING € AND "GRADING—H. 

TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Winn 

ae OF COMMERCE AND THEIR IDENTIF 

TOWN GARDENING—Mary Hampden 

TRAINING OF A FORESTER-—Gifford ‘Pinchot 

THE TREE BOOK~—J. E. RogerS...........se00000e 

TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars ... 

TREES~—J. 


TREES AND SHRUBS—Prof. s. Spragu rge: 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING~J. S. ace 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD eile ap 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and 
TREES OF NORTHERN ‘UNITED E 
bie = peer ns AND VINES OF NORTHEASTERN 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard  ..........--seeeseeeeeees 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES—J. Webste * 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John Ise 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLAND 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, THE—Francis Kin 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME_ Victor — in 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed........ 
WOOD—O. 'S. Bowlger ........covessecsscccceccscscusceshevsnsves 
WOSr aa OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERI 
WOOD TURNING—J. C. S. ugh 
WOODWORKING WACHINERY Mt. Powers 7 cuvNaksnahe 
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Gen. H. M. Chittenden. 


\ll books pablished can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


“F RIEN D” 
New System Shade Tree Spray- 
ers. Sprays high or low, 
far or near. 
Sprayers are large, medium, 


‘small. All low center of grav- 
ity—can’t overturn on steep hill- 
‘sides. 
All short turn, cut clear under. 
Thousands Working. 
Write for particulars. Mention 
this publication. 
“FRIEND” MANUFACTUR- 
ING COMPANY, 
Gasport, Niagara County, N. Y. 


— 


MORE FORESTERS NEEDED 

More technically trained men are needed 
in government forestry work is the state- 
| ment of District Forester George H. Cecil 
| of Portland, Oregon, in calling attention 
| pig special examinations held the 
f part of March for forest assistant 

1 grazing assistant throughout the west- 
ern States. 

“The spread of the forestry idea through- 
out the United States during the past few 
years,” said Mr. Cecil, “has been most 
marked. The creation of two new forest 
experiment stations by the federal gov- 
ernment during the past year and the in- 
troduction of bills in Congress for several 
more stations, as well as the widespread 
interest being manifested in the two gen- 
eral forestry bills now before Congress, are 
an indication that the country as a whole 
is Tealizing the seriousness of the forest 
Problems of the country. 

“These problems call for an early solu- 
tion and here js an unparalleled opportuni- 
ty for trained foresters, whether they en- 
ter government work or whether they be- 
come associated with lumber associations, 
as logging engineers with lumber compa- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


nies, or with pulp and paper concerns, or 
whether they enter the teaching field.” 


FIGHT IS CONTINUED 

Although the Agricultural Appropriation 
bill which recently passed the House of Rep- 
resentatives, did not carry an appropriation 
for the establishment of a Forest Experi- 
ment Station jn the Lake States and since 
the bill to establish such a station was 
killed by the Appropriations Committee, a 
bill has just been introduced into the Sen- 
ate by Senator Townsend of Michigan to 
establish such a station and it is hoped 
that it will be added to the Agricultural 
Appropriation bill in the Senate. 

Sentiment for the establishment of such 
a station is keen throughout the Lake 
States, particularly in Michigan. Numer- 
ous civic bodies, trade associations, and 
agricultural organizations have passed res- 
olutions favoring its establishment. The 
Northern Hardwood Manufacturers As- 
sociation composed of Michigan and Wis- 
consin lumbermen resolved in favor of the 
bill at its recent meeting. The Michi- 
igan Hardwood Manufacturers Associa- 
tion instructed its Forestry Committee to 
take necessary action in regard to the bill. 
The entire membership of the Committee 
has individually expressed itself favorably 
in regard to it. 

In Michigan alone three different lum- 
bermen have made offers of land, the 
total aggregating over 1,000 acres, to the 
Government in case a station is established 
in the State. 


319 


Or chids¥. are specialiste in 


chids; we » im- 
pert, grow, sell and export this class of plants 
exclusively. 

Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
Fl rag of freshly imported unestablished 

chids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
8g GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price Kst 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 


Forestry Company 
NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates 
papers to find the paper you want. 


way but immediately at hand when needed. 
Built of Steel Sections 


Holds for Reference or Distributes [ 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 


A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 


Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 
without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all to whom mail is distributed. 


It has sep- 


$120 Per Secrion 


REO. US. PAT, OR 


endless shuffling of 


ent place for holding reference papers where they will be out of the 


4 COMPARTMENT*O@ 
In- 


dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 
Pays for Itself 

A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 
desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus~ 
trated folder, 


if ; 
Being sectional, you may later pitted 
add to or alter it. We guaran- ‘Desk 
tee complete satisfaction, Effict- 
Ross-Gould Company ency.” 


232 N, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 
Philadelphia 

Chicago 


7 ComPARTMENT?9 ©° 


Ti TTT fr | 


10 Comeartment *13 22 


320 


School of Forestry 


UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 


year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 
University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* *k * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Faiety: teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
oe to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, 


POSITIONS WANTED 


GRADUATE FORESTER, 15 years experience in 
Practical Foresury and Park work, with goud 
working knowledge im the cutting and removal 
oft timber, Fire Protection Planting, Prunny 
and Care of ‘Trees and Shrubs, etc., desires pusi- 
tion with private company or on an estate. Ad- 
dress Box 3075, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (3-5-22) 


YOUNG MAN, Age 29, ex-service man in the field 
artillery, desires employment in some branch of 
forestry or as a ranger, guard, etc. Address Box 
3080, care AMERICAN FORESTKY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington D. C. . (3-5-22) 


WANTED—Positions by three High School Grad- 
uates for forestry work or woods work for the 
summer. Salary or location no object. Ex- 
perience wanted. Box 3085, care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, eee 

-6-22) 

GRADUATE LANDSCAPE FORESTER, expe- 
rienced in both municipal and private forestry 
and landscape engineering desires position with 
a municipality or private concern. Address 
Box 3095, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 

“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of gettin 
an income from them or turning them into cas 
than has yet occurred to you. It will cost 
you nothing to talk your troubles over with 
a LAND SPECIALIST, temporarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and agricultural organization in 
the Northwest. Write description of location, 
topography, soil, etc., in reply.” Box 4010, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

FORESTRY COLLEGE GRADUATE, 22, single, 
willing and capable, wants work with a forest 
products company or a research party. Not par- 
ticular which part of world duties will lead to. 
Address Box 4000, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (5-7-22) 


WANTED 


WANTED—A graduate forester of four or five 
years’ experience. Eastern preliminary educa- 
tion preferred. Good salesman, excellent talker. 
To do educational extension work. Address 
Box X-22, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 

WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED CR EMPLOYED, 


havin executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us, Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 


—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this. Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


FOR SALE 


Several Thousand Authors’ Reprints, 
Excerpts, Magazines of Early 
Dates, With a Few 
Books. 

All in excellent condition and re- 
ferring to Natural History; Biology; 
Plants; Shells; Invertebrates; Fish; 
Reptiles; Birds; Mammals; Medi- 
cine; Surgery; Art, and various al- 

lied subjects. Address “ 
DR. R. W. SHUFELDT, Box 6000, 


Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. 


ROTARY CLUB PLANTERS 

The Rotary Club of Lake Charles, Louisi- 
ana, for the last two years has had as one 
of its activities the popular distribution of 
trees in the city and parish. The first year 
the club distributed some 350 trees, prac- 
tically all live oaks. This spring the club 
distributed about 1300 trees of various spe- 
cies and the movement has met with a great 
deal of favor. 

This practice was inaugurated by R. M. 
Hereford, chairman of the tree committee 
both seasons» It is now the intention to 
install a tree planting nursery of some 
three or four acres, securing seeds of va- 
rious shade and nut trees for planting and 


‘out charge by applying to the park 


also to secure small trees to be pl 
in the nursery, where they will be 
ted to grow large enough for distributi 


FREE GUIDE SERVICE IN PA 

From the Swiss Alps and the fjords 
Norway has come the germ of the na 
guide movement which is proving st 
attractive feature to the hundreds o 
sands of visitors to the National P. 
The first experiments in nature guide 
in this country were conducted by 
California Fish and Game Commissit 
Lake Tahoe resorts, California. In 
the nature guide service was comme 
in Yosemite National Park in co-operi 
with the National Park Service and | 
tremendously popular with visitors. — 
27,000 visitors made use of the sg 
which is given without charge of an 
In 1921 the Yosemite Nature 
served over 50,000 visitors and som 
similar servicé was furnished visi 
Yellowstone Park. This year~ 
nature guide service will again be a 
in Yosemite and Yellowstone Parks 
will be installed for the first tim 
Glacier National Park. The nature gi 
give lectures and camp fire talks and 
duct visitors on nature study field ex 
sions. Anyone puzzled regarding bi 
animals, insects, wild flowers, trees 
natural curiosities or features of the pz 
may obtain jnformation about these y 


a 


guides, 


PROTECTION WEEK IN PENNS 
VANIA 7 

Governor Sproul, of Pennsylvania, i ! 
a special proclamation urging the 
ance of Forest Protection Week th 
out the state, asking that the “Ci 
the Commonwealth exercise the 
care with fire in or near woodland: 
this period of fire danger; that th 
zens whose occupation or movements 
quire the use of fire in the woods take 
utmost precaution to prevent the spreat 
fire; and that every citizen of the 
cooperate in eliminating the fores 
evil, to the end that the Commonwealth 
enjoy a perpetual forest heritage and all 
blessings of prosperity that flow from 


NO ADVERTISING SIGNS IN | 
FORNIA’S FORESTS 

Advertising signs in the 17 Natio: 
ests of California have come do 
lowing an order issued by the distri 
ester at San Francisco on January 
Advertisements printed on rocks and tt 
are also to be effaced. According 1 
regulations of the Forest Service of ¢ 
United States Department of Agricultu 
such advertising is prohibited in all } 
tional Forests without special permi! 
which are seldom issued. The object of t 
regulation is to prevent defacing the 
tain landscapes of the National For 
with billboards and other unsightly 


qi 


3% / 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
= 
JUNE, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 342 
. 
‘HALL eam POR TREES—THE NEW GARDEN OAK... ... .o.c0.ccccbccctbeectsvesweessecvesda 322 
E PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY—AN EPIC OF THE GREAT AMERICAN FOREST— 
PUTT NOMHGV Cee iSeries eRe ON TRERRM ERA GETS @ 0k sac 'a-n ela sind 6 ove dics meie'e Bleu GioeN as Sines 323 
With twenty-five illustrations. 
inference en te eo eee vo a ll wu dacs dv oleate quran 339 
MNGLAND’S FORESTRY PROBLEM—By J. Joyce Broderick ............... ccc cece eee eee eter en es 341 
EIT Les IVE W (MOM ST IOR cc, cc caine Ghe's osc os neg cu beiciae wlalsapare Slee rbaaasderevdebas 342 
: With one illustration. 
EE EC INLOT  ICOMAL Og iy ek sive. e). ie he nies Sogn de gs edt vt sive vos Eee aesuw nce neee tees voleee 342 
mew HE LCOME CAMPER—By Susan S. Alburtis.......6.... ccc cc ccc cece cece teens eens beeen eeesneee 343 
With six illustrations. 
CER LW OP EAT CE ToGo rea e te 2 ce sc. guts oiolarylele b.0.0.ai'e' wie oa 0 4.5 a nti oa bab ald elecab oe HARE oe Mines 346 
FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS—By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt........... 0... cece cece eee eee eens 347 
With twelve illustrations. 
TREE STORIES FOR CHILDREN—THE GIFT OF THE OLIVE TREE—By Mary Isabel Curtis......... 354 
DAES 1 SS SS a SS gr ge PR an Vere Para 355 
With nineteen illustrations. 
Bows PLANT THE BURROUGHS FOREST—By T. R. Hutton........... 0.0 cece cece ede cee e ee eeees 366 
With two illustrations. 
On tEAM CE PRAISE] 2. i. cccccc cess yee res cet ca bath cvs ition se bteclscsccbabeeeceeeebs 368 
With five illustrations. 
meena HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES: .... 02.205... c eect ene t ene e tee t een en eee ne eens 372 
rn rrrm GINTS OF SEED TO EUROPE... ciciic...- 6.0 cccccc cc ccccecescetevcviccceteccnecans 373 
Pan DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson. .....cwces ss cece ee ccc ee eee ene twee eee eceeeetseeseeas 374 
INT CS tg og OIE Fa SD RE) SOP Oe 378 
eee ee Wer gis 0k Liar slaligic's Gioia gist nig.e'< © + sve sees vies osiainredsicedindsowebelnwscer cabs 380 
SCOTS Oe ES TAGE. ys ang a MPngTeIr yg 6 «sive mouse ne © © hale Dinsidele's Geieeisneg s «gees aie eaye 382 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


__“THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES" 


THE NEW GARDEN OAK 


“UNCLE JOE’S” GRANDFATHER WAS BURIED BENEATH THIS FAMOUS TREE 


The New Garden Oak is nominated for a place in 
the Hall of Fame of the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation by Mark C. Mills, of Guilford College, North 
Carolina. In nominating the tree Mr. Mills tells 
the Revolutionary history that was made near the 
tree and adds that the grandfather of Joseph G. 
Cannon is buried near it. Congressman Cannon 
was born at Guilford May 7, 1836. In his letter of 
nomination Mr. Mills says: 

“After the battle of Guilford Court House, 
fought March 15, 1781, near what is now Greens- 
boro, North Carolina, both General Greene and 
Lord Cornwallis withdrew, leaving their wounded. 
These were cared for by the people of the Quaker 
settlement of New Garden, which centered around 
the New Garden meeting house, four miles and a 


half southwest of the battleground. The Quakers 
then as now were peace-loving people, but they hast- 
ened to care for the wounded of both armies. As 
the mortally wounded died they were buried in 
the shade of what is now a magnificent old white 
oak. Here in recent years has been erected a simple 
monument to the memory of the wounded of both 
armies who died and were buried there. 

“New Garden meeting of Friends still exists and 
the modern meeting house stands on the campus of 
Guilford College, the first co-educational college in 
the South. The New Garden oak is a wonderful old 
tree and around it are buried scores of the pioneers 
of Revolutionary days, among others the grand- 
father of Joseph G. Cannon.” 


| 
| 


AMERICAN 


9 
% 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


JUNE, 1922 


NO. 342 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 
AN EPIC OF THE GREAT AMERICAN FOREST 


By E. G. Cheyney 


Professor of Forestry, University of Minnesota 


HE Ages of Stone, of Bronze, and that of Steel have 

been written up in prose and verse in every civilized 
coun'ry of the world, but the Age of Wood, one of the 
most amazing phenomena in economic history, lies buried 
and unrecorded in the haze of a too recent past. And 
yet the tale of how a mighty industry was born in the 
struggling colonies of New England, swept like a scourge 
from ocean to ocean across the vast North American 
continent and almost died on the Pacific Coast, all within 


the memory of men now living, forms one of the most 
remarkable stories in the development of an altogether 
remarkable nation. Only those who have made an inti- 
mate study of our economic growth can ever know how 
much our prosperity has been dependent upon wood. 
The seventeenth century was a period of violent fer- 
ment throughout all Europe. The tyrannical govern- 
ments of that time were wholly absorbed in their thirty 
years’ war, which was only a convenient term for desig- 


Courtesy of Goldwyn Pictures 
THE FOREST PRIMEVAL—RICH HERITAGE OF A CONTINENT 


AMERICAN 


PIS SO eee 


Ws wae 


ih ey 


\ 


ei 


6° EOE Ee Bo 
is | Ti wT sae8 ee 


AS THE COLONISTS FOUND IT—VIRGIN WHITE PINE 
AND HEMLOCK 


nating a certain section of the almost continuous war 
which cruelly oppressed the people for several centuries. 
A war of kings, into which the people were thrown 
without voice of protest or knowledge of cause or object. 
War had been so completely the occupation of the nations 
for so many years that economic, social and moral struc- 
tures had fallen into utter ruin. 

Property was so closely concentrated in the hands 
of a few, and the tyranny of that few was so absolute, 
that mere life for the peasant had become a matter of 
painful uncertainty and at best a possession of doubtful 
value. To him all of the necessities of life were rare 
luxuries and none more rare than the products of the 
forest. In that once heavily timbered country the rem- 
nant of the once vast forests had become a taboo hunt- 
ing ground for the pampered noble, an accursed place 
where men were incontinently hung to the nearest trees 
for the snaring of a rabbit and where women froze to 
death in the midst of the wood, that his Grace’s roebuck 
might not be disturbed. 

Restrictions met burgher and peasant alike at every 
turn. May-poles were forbidden. all baking had to be 
done in common ovens, and the people of one town 


might not have their bread baked in another unless they 


FORESTRY 


brought their wood with them; people were buried in 
canvas bags to save the wood of a coffin; a green bush 
hung in front of an inn—the immemorial symbol to ad- 
vertise the sale of liquid refreshment—was no longer 
permissible; the manufacture of charcoal and potash 
was narrowly restricted or stopped altogether. To have 
what little wood one could not get along without was to 
be rich. 


Such, in: brief, were the unbearable conditions of an 
intolerant and bigoted Europe at the time that a few 
courageous but desperate spirits threw their little all 
recklessly out upon an uncharted sea in the forlorn 
hope of finding relief from persecution and the where- 
withal to live in the little known country of America. 

The first thing that these same wood-starved people 
saw when the cry of land sent a thrill of hope through 
the little band of well-nigh despairing voyagers, was the 
rim of a mighty forest, of such a forest as they had 
never visualized in their wildest dreams or their loftiest 
Unbroken it met their gaze as 
far as the eye could reach. And no matter where they 
chose to land it was always the same; whether it was the 
French in Canada, the English at Plymouth, Jamestown 
or Philadelphia, the Dutch at New Amsterdam or the 


flights of imagination. 


TO THE COLONIST THE FOREST OFFERED A HOME— 
BUT HE HAD FIRST TO SUBDUE IT BY CUTTING 


Spaniards in 
far away Flor- 
ida, always the 
unbroken for- 
est, different 
in species, per- 
haps, but a 
forest just the 
same, dark and 
impenetrable. 
A terrible 
forest it ‘was, 
threaten- 
too, in 
it-s 


and 
ing, 
spite of 
enormous po- 
tential worth, 
for from its 
jealous grasp 
these small but 
courageous 


bands had to 
wrest their 
meagre little 


farms and in its dark recesses were hidden the savage 
tribes which were to menace their very existence for a cen- 
tury or more. And a stout and stubborn enemy it proved 
Many a one of their number slept the long sleep, 


to be. 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 


Courtesy the Lehigh Portland Cement Company 
ANOTHER STAGE IN OUR NATION’S DEVELOPMENT—WHEN WILLIAM PENN 
MADE HIS NOTED TREATY WITH THE INDIANS IN 1662, IN THE SHADE OF 
THE FRIENDLY OAK. 
could tell the forest stretched on 


in unbroken 
to the far away Pacific, wherever that might be. 
ably Daniel Boone and some of his intrepid forest run- 
ners who penetrated the Bloody Ground beyond the 


325 


leaf - covered, 
in that silent 
forest before it 
was conquered 
and its original 
owners put to 
flight or re- 
duced to igno- 
minious servil- 
ity. 

Capt. John 
Smith, the 
most famous 
explorer of 
early 
days, traveled 
back up some 
of the rivers 
for at least a 
hundred miles 
without finding 
the limit of 
those forests. 
So far as they 
stands 
Prob- 


those 


WHITE PINE IN PENNSYLVANIA—SUCH FORESTS PROMISE TO BE A CURIOSITY TO THE CHILDREN OF 


THE NEXT GENERATIONS 


AMERICAN 


Ri 


mt joa Fama FW lig 


THE WOODEN SHIP OF EARLY DAYS WAS THE FORE- 
RUNNER OF OUR MIGHTY NAVAL AND MERCANTILE 
MARINE. 


mountains and found the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, 
were the first to bring back the news of an open country. 
But that was more than a hundred years after the first 
settlers had come, and long after the success of the enter- 
prise was well assured. Many of these colonists had 
come with dreams of gold and vision of fabulous wealth 
and great fortunes - lying 
ready to be plucked, and 
they found instead—a forest. 
Wealth indeed, far greater 
than the fortunes of! their 
dreams, but so abundant that 
its real value was lost to view, 
and so beset with thorns that 
its plucking seemed an ill paid 
task. 

Small wonder that these 
wood-starved children 


+ 
f 
E 
ES 
$ 
ee 
; 
a 
Ny 
t 
5 


poor, 
from an all too closely re- 
stricted home should have be- 
come reckless spendthrifts in 
this forest land! 

Before a man could build a 
home, plant a garden or seed 
little Indian 
maize he had to cut the timber. 


his patch of 
Whether he would or no, each 
man was forced to be a lum- 
No 


high station he was destined 


berjack. matter what 
to fill later on, he had first 
to be a lumberjack that he 
ht live. The finest timber 
of the Eastern continent was 
for the taking, but who 

1ere to buy when all 


sell? And yet, he who 


FORESTRY 


struggling colonists continually found themselves in dire 
need of many things from the old country. He found 
little of the gold of his dreams, but the timber was there, 
untold acres of it, and none knew better than he that 
timbers were needed in his old time home across the sea. 

So it was that the export trade of what would some 
day be the United States began with the shipment of the 
finest unblemished white pine deals that ever grew 
and great hewn planks of unknotted oak. The deals 
were bulky and the ships from home were few and 
far between, but such as came were quickly filled and in 
return they brought the colonists the wherewithal to live. 
Within twenty years of the landing of the Pilgrims the 
first sawmill in America was buzzing in the great white 
pine forests of Massachusetts—if, indeed, a jigsaw run 
by an overshot waterwheel may be said to buzz—and the 
mightiest timber industry the world has ever known 
was under way. 

It was a small beginning—for buyers were few and 
hard to reach. But it was a beginning and it grew. When 
all of a man’s time was no longer needed to wrest from 
the stingy soil a mere existence, specialized trades grew 
up, and with the development of these trades came the 
inevitable barter of products, the growth of domestic 
commerce. Wood was by far the most plentiful of the 
colonial commodities and therefore the cheapest. Hence 


iso V2 
lla vie Lets 


ee oad 


PURE HEMLOCK IN NEW YORK—TO WHICH STATE THE CROWN OF LEADER- 


; SHIP PASSED FROM NEW ENGLAND ABOUT 1840, DUE TO HER GREAT PINE 


would buy must sell, and these 


AND HARDWOOD FORESTS, HER CANAL AND RAPIDLY GROWING RAILROADS 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 327 


o> 


ere tc PROTA 


NEW YORK’S SUPREMACY WAS SHORT-LIVED, AND THE LEADERSHIP PASSED TO PENNSYLVANIA ABOUT 
1850, ONLY TO BE LOST AGAIN TO THE LAKE STATES IN 1870 


UPPER—LOGGING MICHIGAN’S MAGNIFICENT WHITE PINE—A TRAIN LOAD ON THE WAY TO THE RIVER 


LOWER—NORTH MICHIGAN LOGS—JUST A SLIGHT INDICATION OF MICHIGAN’S ENORMOUS OUTPUT 


AMERICAN 


328 


FORESTRY 


“BURNED TIMBER BUILDS NO HOMES”—THE RESULT OF FIRE AND ITS RAVAGES—SO OFTEN OCCASIONED 
BY CARELESS LUMBERING METHODS AND CONTRIBUTING LARGELY TO THE DECLINE OF THE LUMBER 
INDUSTRY IN ONE SECTION OF THE COUNTRY OR ANOTHER. 


the Age of Wood. Ships for the transportation of wood 
and other things across the sea were scarce and hard to 
get, but ships were made of wood in those days and wood 
was cheap. Asa result there quickly grew up that mighty 
naval and mercantile marine which challenged the su- 
premacy of even Great Britain herself upon the high seas 
and triumphantly held its place till wood became a second- 
ary material for the building of ships, a death blow to the 
American merchant fleets. 

The population of the country was increasing by leaps 
and bounds. Homes were needed in unheard of numbers. 
Instead of the old family homes of the old country, the 
old stone homes which housed the race generation after 


generation, a new set of buildings were needed on every 
farm, towns appeared over night and a few hundred dol- 
lars built the American workingman a wooden home 
which none but a prince could have owned abroad. 

A few of the later colonists, mostly with money which 
they brought with them, emulated the mother country 
and built massive homes of stone and brick, but they 
were negligible in number. ‘By far the greater number 
were built from the native forests and there came into 
being the simple, commodious, hospitable home of those 
early Colonial days, the only truly American architecture 
that this country ever knew till the days of the sky- 
scrapers 200 years later. And with the building of those 


— a 
“fy D 


STATUS OF ORGANIZED FOREST FIRE ~ 
PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES \ 


LEGEND 
ST AREA NEEDING PROTECTION 
T AREA UNDER PROTECTION 
RESTED AREA 
FOREST BOUNDARY 


| 


SI 


WEST SE PULICE AS OF SAN. 1, 7927. 


¥ as ALA. 


~- 


a tay 


. 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 329 


THE WHITE PINE FORESTS OF MINNESOTA OFFERED 
A LURE TO THE LUMBERMEN NOT TO BE RESISTED, 
AND PRODUCTION INCREASED BY LEAPS AND 
BOUNDS. 


cheap but splendid homes the American standard of living 
rose till her people could never again be content to 
return to those old cave-like dwellings of their ancestors. 


Education has played no small part, but it is really 
cheap wood which has placed the American standard of 
living where it is today. 

Sawmills sprang up in New England like mushrooms 
after a rain, but they were little mills. The land was in 
small tracts and there were many owners. The markets 
were mostly small and close at hand—except those of the 
export trade. They had to be, for outside of the rivers 
which carried the logs to the sea there was no means 
of long distance transportation. The topography was 
difficult, the product more or less of a drug on the market, 
the winters uncertain, and the population was yet com- 
paratively small. Important as the timber had been to 
early New England, great as the industry had grown, 
it has always been more or less of a household industry 
inextricably entangled with the enforced clearing of 
land. The logs were at first the by-products of the 
land clearing, it was only later that the industry asserted 
its independence and the cleared land became a secondary 
product of little or no importance. 

The core of the snowball was found in New England, 
but the snowball had not started to roll and gather the 
tremendous buik which it later attained. 

So it was that the white pine forests of New England 
—the only species of any commercial value at that time— 
were gradually wiped out by the attrition of the settler 
and the exploitation of the lumberman till the crown 


passed and New York State claimed the lead in the pro- 
duction of lumber. The change was gradual, but by 
1840 the change was complete and New York with her 
great pine and hardwood forests, her many rivers, her 
Erie Canal (and her budding railroads) was definitely 
acknowledged to be the new center of the lumber industry. 

This change in leadership was not due to any sudden or 
abnormal growth of the industry in New York. She 
had already passed the peak of her production a decade 
or two before, made her bid for supremacy and failed, 
and it was only the more rapid decline in New England 
that had overtaken her on the downward grade, and 


RED AND WHITE PINE IN MINNESOTA—THE TYPE 
OF TIMBER RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MATURITY OF 
THE LUMBER INDUSTRY TO “MAN’S ESTATE” DURING 
THE SUPREMACY OF THE LAKE STATES. 


ro 


-. 


cA 


a , 


oe 


> 
i. 


bende 


« a 
“ A 


BA Wa atnoumenCEeeee. enact 


ui 


* 
tia 


¢ 


ee le 


rere” 


np 


cert ye 


7 chek od 


TX 


AND MORE WOOD AT LAST 


JTH. 


AWAKENED 


THE 


LONGLEAF YELLOW PINE IN LOUISIANA. THE CRY OF THE PRAIRIE STATES 


WOOD, 


LANGUOROUS 


'H TO THE FACT THAT THE LAKE STATES COULD NO LONGER MEET 
\ DEMANDS—THAT WHITE PINE-NO LONGER RULED THE WORLD, 
¥ 1900 THE CROWN PASSED ONCE MORE, THIS TIME TO THE RE- 


perforce left the honors upon 
her rapidly bowing head in 
passing. Already New York 
City was a great metropolis, 
her needs were supplied with 
difficulty from her fast dis- 
appearing forests, and yellow 
pine from the Southern States 
was stealing tentatively into 
her all-devouring harbor. 

Up to that time white pine 
and oak had been about the 
only woods for which there 
was a market. Why use any- 
thing but the best when the 
best was there in unusable 
quantities? Even the fences 
were built of clear white pine 
without a knot. The lumber- 
men have been accused of 
wanton waste and all of the 
crimes in the decalogue on ac- 
count of this extravagance but 


why blame them? A manufac- - 


turer sells what the buyers de- 
mand, all they will take, and 
regrets the waste in his fac- 
tory. Whoever heard of a 
man wantonly wasting what 
would sell for gold? But 
now that the best was gone, 
or growing costly from a dis- 
tant source, the demands 
changed and other species 
came hesitatingly into the 
market. 

Attaining to the leadership 
only late in her declining 
years, -New York could not 
hope to hold her honors long 
and by 1850 Pennsylvania had 


snatched away her falling 
crown. Snatched it but to 


place it on an already nodding 
head. For the snowball was 
beginning to roll, the demands 
of the country were increas- 
ing, the markets were growing 
wider with every newly 
opened farm, the whirring of 
the buzz 
had replaced the old jigsaw 
and the waterwheel. The in- 
dustry was growing apace, 
and the forests melted as be- 
The new 


steam-driven saw 


fore a blow torch. 
telegraph lines added thou- 
sands of poles to the forest 


WHITE OAK IN KENTUCKY—PART OF THE SOUTH’S 
MATCHLESS TIMBER RESOURCES 


products, the mines absorbed timber like a long famished 
sponge, the ever growing fences called for millions of 
posts and rails, and lumber was used for everything. 


In the meanwhile a mighty struggle, almost the coun- 
terpart of the earlier struggle, was taking place across the 
Blue Ridge and Appalachian Mountains in the fertile val- 
leys of the Ohio and the Mississippi. Cut off from the 
markets and budding civilization of the Atlantic Coast by 
what was then an almost insurmountable barrier, thrown 
entirely on their own resources, the few straggling 
settlers who had pushed their way across the steep 
passes of the Cumberland were putting up a brave and 
well-nigh desperate fight to carve their homes from the 
most magnificent hardwood forests the world had ever 
seen and defend them against the savage attacks of the 
Shawnees and the Miamis. 

They it was who built their barns of walnut and their 
hog pens of the choicest oak, who hacked away at these 
lordly monarchs till they could hack no more, and then 
called all of the neighbors in from miles around to a 
log rolling bee where they would eat their feast of nut 
brown roasting ears beside a mountainous bonfire of the 
choicest hardwood logs that ever grew, logs for which 
the lumbermen of today would sell their very souls. 


A wanton waste! Where 


could they sell? 
Let the forest stay there? Who had ever seen such 
fertile land as that on which it grew? 


Who was there to buy? 


They needed the land, there was no market for the 
timber; they used what they could and destroyed the 
rest. It was on the mere remnants of this wonderful 
hardwood forest that there later grew up the famous 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 


331 


wood-using industries of Cincinnati, Louisville, Colum- 
bus, Grand Forks, Saginaw and Chicago. 

When Thomas Jefferson stood on the edge of the 
prairies and looked out across that boundless sea of grass 
he had gravely predicted that those vast plains would 
not be settled for a thousand years. Thomas Jefferson 
was a wise and cautious man and he thought he knew, 
but he had not counted on the invention and phenomenal 
development of the railroads, a development made pos- 
sible very largely by the unlimited supply of cheap white 
oak ties and glistening steel rails dug from woodlined 
mines, 

Clementine’s father and the other intrepid souls who, 


‘lured by the gleam of virgin gold, fought their way 


PINE IN GEORGIA — THE SOUTH HAD 
AWAKENED WITH A VENGEANCE AND PROCEEDED 
TO PUMP A SOLID YELLOW STREAM TO EVERY QUAR- 
TER OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD 


YELLOW 


332 AMERICAN 


across the untamed continent in ’49, paved the way 
to the conquest of that mighty treeless empire of the 
west. Now, indeed, was there a demand for 
lumber. For the first time in the history of the country 
a land was to be settled which possessed no building 
material of its own. A. land which could be settled 
quickly, for the land did not have to be cleared. A land 
where more than ever before development was dependent 
on the lumber industry. ‘Give us homes in which to 
live’ was the universal cry of the prairies, and the lum- 
ber industry replied with a mighty effort to the first great 
cry for help it had ever heard. 


middle 


FORESTRY 


had confined it in New England. It was possible to 
obtain large tracts of public land by hook or crook, since 
the government had provided no other means by which 
a lumberman could legally get title to a large enough 
tract, to support a sawmill, and logging operations as- 
sumed unheard-of proportions. 

The lumber industry had taken two hundred and fifty 
years to attain to its majority, but it was a man new, 
ranking second only to agriculture in economic importance ~ 
—a giant who would dominate the development of the 
whole West for years to come. What had gone before 
was mere child’s play ; from now on the industry was to 


ix 
“ee 
a 
4 : q 
+ [If . 4 
te ' “| 
eat mm. 5 Be 
ing 
el =< 
el a ; 
| a 
| pee 
joee 


STILL WEARING THE CROWN OF SUPREMACY, THE SOUTH SENDS FORTH HER MIGHTY OUTPUT — 4A 
THIRD OF THE NATION’S “CUT.” LONGLEAF PINE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE YELLOW PINE GROUP 


FOR HEAVY STRUCTURAL AND BRIDGE TIMBERS. 


OWING TO ITS STRENGTH AND LASTING PROPER- 


TIES, IT IS CONSIDERED SUPREME AMONG AMERICAN WOODS AS A STRUCTURAL TIMBER, AND ONLY 
WITH THE EXPLOITATION OF THE PACIFIC COAST FORESTS IN THE LAST DECADE HAS IT HAD TO SHARE 


THIS PLACE WITH DOUGLAS FIR 


Lumbermen who had been logging in Michigan for the 
mere love of logging, because they could not resist the 
lure of the magnificent timber, the flat country and the 
tight winters—conditions which must have seemed like 
heaven to them, after the hardships of New England— 
logging logs they could not sell except in far away St. 
Louis and other river towns, responded to the call with 

hout of hope. 

(he lumber industry suddenly found itself grown to 
man’s estate. Here the operations need not be confined 
to the small tracts of land to which immemorial titles 


do the work of a man. By 1870 the Lake States had ~ : 
grasped the crown of leadership with no uncertain hand 
and the country east of the Alleghanies would see it no 
more for at least a century. 

The lumbermen of Wisconsin and Minnesota heard of ~ 
the prosperity of Michigan and listened to the call of ~ 
the prairies with foresight and understanding. True 
captains of industry, they were the future “Lumber 
3arons” of more or less doubtful reputation. Robber 
barons, some of them might have been, but robbers most 
of them certainly were not. They were men with a 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 333 


vision of new possibilities and with the 18. 
courage and force to convert their visions 
into reality. For the first time in history 
they could see a market somewhat com- 
mensurate with the products that they 
had to sell, and they hastened to meet it. 

No small portable mills and little hay 
wire outfits for them. The trade of the 
treeless prairies could not be satisfied 
with any such obsolete methods. With 
bands, and gangs, with double bands 
and “twins” and shining resaws, with 
steam niggers and “shotgun” feeds, they 
put together mills of a million feet ca- 
pacity, mills which sawed the logs from 
a well timbered “forty” in a single day. 
The feeding of such a mill as that, cost- 
ing a quarter of a million dollars, could 
not be left to chance, They acquired 
vast tracts of land, that a long time sup- 
ply of raw material might be assured. 
The flooding rivers of spring, for cen- 
turies the sole transporters of those heavy 
logs, were too slow and too uncertain 


for them. They built whole railroad 
systems to keep their mills supplied, in- 
vented great steam ‘“jammers” to load 
their cars, and sent great steam log haul- 


a ers into the woods ‘to replace the strain- 
ty 


ing horses on the long iced roads. They 
harnessed lakes, rivers and railroads to 
haul their products to the waiting world. 

It was there that millionaires were 
made. But these long headed barons of 
the Lake States were not the only ones to 
hear the call of the prairies. Those folks 
of the treeless prairie lands were in need 
of homes. They were desperate. If 
the white pine which their forefathers 
had used would not come fast enough, 
#} then they would take some other wood, 
anything to get out of those sod hovels 
in which they had been forced to live. 

They cared not whence it came or how, 
| but give them wood. 

The East, no longer able to supply 


themselves, had long been dabbling off 
and on in southern pine while they logged 
their own spruce and balsam for their 


pees = aed ae ees 
UPPER—AWAKE AT LAST AND THRILLING WITH A REALIZATION OF HER ‘apidly growing paper trade, but those 
POWER, THE SOUTH INSTITUTED LUMBERING METHODS NEVER Port sien widespread pine forests of the South 
OF BEFORE AND RAILROADS WERE BUILT AND MACHINERY INSTALLE ia ey RE Wy : : 
WHICH WORKED MARVELS IN CLEARING HER GREAT CYPRESS AND PINE Atlantic States were in the main un- 
AREAS. touched and more or less despised. But 
LOWER—A PORT OF THE SOUTH—A LUMBER DOCK AT SAVANNAH, GEOR- now the insistent call of the prairies 
GIA, FROM WHICH YELLOW PINE TIMBER IS SHIPPED FOR BOTH COAST- hed ihe al ‘ £ thi ‘oh 
WISE AND FOREIGN TRADE. reacne € S$ eeping ears of this mig! ty 


oO} 
£1 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


int. It stirred restlessly as from a dream and the sleep- right when they had been shipping only a few boatloads 


dazed, war-torn South slowly raised its weary head to of lumber to the prosperous Northern States and still 
look about. It was hard to realize the reality of this fewer to the countries across the sea, but it was all too 
thing at first and only half convinced the southern pine slow to satisfy this lusty youth. The solid yellow stream 


poked tenta- 
tively, cau- 
tiously, almost 
a po logetically 


out into’ the 


prair 
swer to t hat 
despairing call. 

It sold! 

The South 
was awake at 
last. After 35 
years of de- 
spondent sleep 
she was awake. 
Not yet square- 
ly on her feet, 
but thoroughly 
alive and 
awake to the 
wonderful pos- 
sibilities. No 
longer could 
white pine rule 
the world. He 
had spent his 
wealth with 
the reckless 
extravagance 
of a profligate 
and already 
that still proud 
gray head was 
bowing _ bank- 
rupt beneath 
the _ tottering 
crown. 

By 1900 this 
newborn 
South, c o n fi- 
dent in her re- 
awakened 
youth, set the 
crown _ trium- 
phantly upon 
her luxuriant 
yellow hair 
and shook her 
smiling head 
defiantly at all 
he world. The 


king was dead, 


which he pro- 
posed to pump 
to every quar- 
ter of the civil- 
ized world 
must have a 
far more ener- 
getic source 
than that. 

The flat and 
rockless coun- 
try prompted 
him to build 
many rail- 
roads, and the 
presence of the 
railroads sug- 
gested the use 
of heavy ma- 
chinery, such 
machinery as 
lumbermen had 
never before 
dreamed of. 
Great engines 
set on flat cars 
and equipped 
with many 
drums and 
thousands of 
feet of cable 
which yanked 
whole trees 
through sand 
and swamp to 
the waiting 
“empties” on 
the railroad 
track, or lifted 
them cashbas- 
ket - wise and 
laid them down 
beside the cars. 
Great sluggish 
rafts hesitated 
with the tide 
on every 
stream, and 
sawmills, new- 


DOUGLAS FIR IN WASHINGTON—THE MINIONS OF THE “GIANT’—THE 
GIANT WHICH IS REACHING FORTH TO SNATCH FROM THE SOUTH HER ; 
POSITION OF SUPREMACY IN PRODUCTION, AND FOR THE FIRST TIME DUR- ly Duwi It, 
ING HER REIGN, THE SOUTH FEELS A TREMOR OF FEAR LEST SHE LOSE shrieked 
THAT CROWN WHICH SHE HAS SO JEALOUSLY AND DEFIANTLY WORN. bloody murder 


the king. The nigger and the mule, a com-_ in each little town. The South had awakened with a 


C 


id time South 


which had served the sleepy plantations of the vengeance and a third of the nation’s “cut” was hers, 


f 


for countless generations, had been all but she was not without competitors. The red pine and 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 335 


hemlock of the Lake States barred her from a portion 
of the field ; the second-growth pine of the East restricted 
her activities there ; the Inland Empire of Eastern Wash- 
ington, Idaho and Western Montana was doing what it 
could against her. But all these were puny little competi- 
tors whom she held in supreme contempt. She looked 
at her thousands of acres of swaying pines and laughed 
in her confidence. Full well she knew that they could 
not successfully compete with her. 

But hark! There is a certain rumbling in the West 
that gives her pause. A dark foreboding of a giant 
stirring there. A giant of enormous stature and of un- 
told strength. Afar off he is, but of tremendous reach, 
and already he is snatching covetously at the supremacy 
which the South has so long confidently held. For the 
first time the South feels a tremor of fear, an inkling of 
doubt in her one time strength. Like a blooded race 
horse, she will hold that killing pace to the very end, 
and already the end is in sight for her. The giant is 
thrusting his products under her very nose, wresting 
her trade from her at every turn, and she feels her 
crown tottering. 

Within another decade the glory of the lumber in- 
dustry in the South will be a thing of the past. Thou- 
sands of her sawmills will be dead, and her arteries of 
foreign trade will be dried up. ‘The industry itself will 
not die, any more than it was dead in all of the other 
regions through which supremacy has so quickly passed, 
but it will be a weak and shrunken thing compared with 
which one time it was, and it will struggle ineffectually 


TIMBER FALLERS AT WORK ON A BIG SUGAR PINE 
IN A CALIFORNIA FOREST—AND IT IS THE BEGIN- 
NING OF THE END OF THIS MAGNIFICENT TIMBER 
TREE FOR THE CROSS-CUT SAW WILL FINALLY 
BRING IT TO EARTH. 


i 
| 
4 
io 
; 

Je 


THE WONDERFUL FIR AND HEMLOCK TIMBER OF 
WASHINGTON. THE PRODUCTS OF THESE FORESTS 
THREATEN THE SUPREMACY OF THE SOUTH—ONLY 
BECONES LOCATION SAVES HER TOTTERING 
THR . 


to supply even local demands from the remnants of its 
once “inexhaustible” forests. 


Then, indeed, will this giant of the Pacific Coast, this 
overgrown child of a restless race, be the last of the 
generation to wear the crown of the great A'merican 
lumber industry. He would have been crowned years 
ago had he not been born before his time and shackled 
in various and subtle ways. As it is, his honor is assured, 
if a bit delayed—for he has the strength which all the 
rest of the nation one time had—and spent. 

The story of this great giant is pathetic, even though 
many of its troubles have been of its own making, and 


336 AMERICAN 
in spite of the all important part which it is to play in 
the future welfare of the nation. 

A few of the gold seekers who came to dig remained 
to log and so the industry began, began as it had begun 
in New England and the Mississippi Valley, with an 
unlimited supply of raw material and shut off from any- 


like an 


FORESTRY 


all of the land they could possibly get hold of, land 
men and other professional speculators did the same, 
every grocery clerk and every school teacher who could 
scrape together a few hard earned dollars, bought tim- 
berlands. And every one of them who owned an acre 
of that precious timber considered himself a potential 
millionaire. 


thing 
adequate mar- 
ket. 


it has 


Began as 
always 
begun in every 
section of this 
country, before 
was 


there any 


real need for 
it. In this the 
Pacific Coast 
worse 
the 
had 


and 


was no 
off than 
others 
been 
would not have 
had 
ticular 
iY it 
been 


any 
trouble 


had 


for 


par- 


not 
the 
horrible exam- 
ple of the Lake 
States. Bar 
sighted men in 
Minnesota 
had made mar- 
velous for- 
tunes by the 
acquisition of 
extensive tracts 


of timber and 
the operations 
of “big” 


ness. Why not 


busi- 


do this same 
thing on the 
Pacific Coast 


on a far larger 
scale fully 
c Oo mmensurate 
the 
ness of the 


with big- 


Then these 
“foolish — vir- 
gins” learned a 
simple truth 
which _ they 
had ovérlooked 
in their enthu- 
siasm; even 
m illionaires 
have their 
troubles a nd 
potential mil- 
lionaires are 
never without 
them,  espe- 
cially when 
their potential- 
ity rests upon 
credit as most 
of theirs did. 
All of these 
troubles were 
in plain view 
at the time 
they bought, 
but they were 
too excited 
and too com- 
pletely hypno- 
tised by the 
“glorious con- 
ception” and 
the great land 
hunger of the 
American peo- 
ple to see 
them. They 
sold and resold 
and sold again 
till paper val- 
ues shot sky- 


West? 


a glorious con- 


It was 


ception but it 
has and is cost- 
ing the lumber 
industry of the Pacific Coast hundreds of millions of dol- 
lars. The beauty of that dream took complete possession 
of the people of the Coast States and many in other sec- 


tions of the country. 


“Buy timber land,” was the univer- 
sal cry. The timber barons of the Lake States had 


done it, and they were millionaires. Lumbermen took up 


VIRGIN SUGAR PINE AND WHITE FIR FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA—THE GIANT 
OF THE PACIFIC COAST IS FINALLY COMING INTO HIS OWN, AND IT WILL BE 
ONLY A MATTER OF THE NEXT DECADE BEFORE HE CAN CLAIM AND IN ALL 
PROBABILITY HOLD FOREVER, THE CROWN OF SUPREMACY IN PRODUC- 
TION, SUCCESSIVELY WORN BY FIVE GREAT CENTERS OF THE INDUSTRY. 


ward, and tim- 
ber bought for 
a dime sold for 
five dollars a 
thousand. But 
there was something wrong. There did not seem to be the 
demand for lumber that they thought there was. The Lake 
States men had sold theirs fast enough. What was wrong? 

They tried their best to instill a little life into their 
sleeping giant. They electrified their mills, they put in 
double and even treble circulars, they tried to electrify 


single trees 


mor South 


THE PASSING OF AN INDUSTRY 


the logging, they brought to their aid “bulls,” “donkeys,” 
“gypsies”—a whole menagerie of improved machinery— 
they built great flumes of unheard-of length, they logged 


337 


freight rates between them and their much needed 


markets, they saw that neither the Lake States nor the 


South was dead enough, they saw the manufacturers 
of cement, tile, 


which pro- 
duced as much 
lumber as 
many a “forty” 
cut in the Lake 


States, they 
logged on a 
scale that the 
world had 
never before 
Seen, they 


shipped lumber 


America, to 
Hawaii, Japan, 
China, Aus- 
tralia, to South 
Africa, to the 
farthest _cor- 
ners of the 
earth. Human 
effort and the 
logger’s skill 
could do no 
more, and yet 
the giant only 
stirred uneas- 
ily in his sleep, 
he did not 
awake. When 
the war came 
he turned over 
once more, but 
peace came to 
him more 
quickly than it 
did to the rest 
of the world 
and he slept 
again. Most of the owners were wide awake now, even 
though the giant slept. When their money was all invest- 
ed, when their credit was strained to the breaking point, 
when the taxes began to come due and the banks began 
to inquire uneasily about their bonds and interest, when 
all of their frantic efforts failed to make the giant move, 
then, indeed, they began to see the shackles which had 
held him from the first, and which they, blinded by their 
enthusiasm, had been unable to see before. 

It was clear enough now and they marveled that 
they had not seen it before. Some of the lumbermen 
had seen it, they had bought with their eyes open and 
known they would have to wait, but they had not 
foreseen that these moneyless speculators with their 
forced sales would block legitimate business for two 
score of years, They saw the thousands of miles of high 


THE SPLENDID PORTS OF THE WEST COAST OFFER THE TRANSPORTATION 
FACILITIES NEEDED FOR THE SHIPMENT OF SUCH TIMBER AS THIS DOUG- 
LAS FIR, OF WHICH MORE LUMBER IS NOW CUT IN THIS COUNTRY THAN OF 
ANY OTHER ONE SPECIES. IT_IS IN DEMAND IN THE EASTERN STATES AS 
WELL AS IN MOST TIMBER IMPORTING COUNTRIES. 


steel and brick 
sitting dogged- 
ly on the price 
lid, and - far 
worse than all 
of the rest 
they at last re- 
alized the stu- 
pendous bulk 
of the Pacific 
Coast forests 
themselves and 
the staggering 
burden of car- 
rying charges 
which their 
ownership in- 
volved. 

There was 
the rub. Those 
overwhelmi n g 
carrying 
charges which 
whispered 
insistently and 
imperious- 
ly, “Sell, sell, 
no matter what 
your price, no 
matter what 
your loss, no 
matter how ut- 
ter your ruin. 
Sell before you 


an 


f 


t 
hee i! 
q 


we: 
suffocate.” 

So the own- 

ers sold at 


every thing 
which even 
looked like an opportunity, sold at ridiculous prices and 
stupefying losses, but sold because they could not wait. 

There was no time when the “timber barons” had 
held more than a twenty years’ supply for their own 
mills in the Lake States. There was enough timber 
in this distant West to supply the whole United States 
for three quarters of a century. There are owners 
there who cannot hope to sell for sixty years. 

And so the giant sleeps. But he’s a mighty giant 
all the same and even sleeping he will soon wrest the 
crown from the dying South. It is that that he is 
waiting for. The death of the South will be the fairy 
kiss which will bring him to life, not only to life but 
to rule the country. For most certainly he will rule, 
rule with an iron hand, set the lumber prices of the 
country to suit his taste, impose on the nation a freight 


bill of ha 


AMERICAN 


half a billion dollars, and live in luxury. 


And so will the giant live and rule; and when he dies 


‘re will die with him the Jast remnant of the great 


FORESTRY 


material, And yet the nation’s only hope. 
Probably never will the nation’s needs be better filled 
than then, but it will be the work of efficient pigmies, 


DRAGGING OUT 


SPRUCE DISTRICT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 


ING OF PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTH HE WILL SPRING INTO 


LOGS WITH A TEN-HORSE TEAM, A METHOD 


THE DOUGLAS 


SUCCESSFULLY USED IN 
THE GIANT OF THE PACIFIC COAST SLEEPS, BOUND 


BY THE SHACKLES OF OVER-INVESTMENT AND CARRYING CHARGES, BUT WITH THE GRADUAL WEAKEN- 
POWER AND RULE THE GREAT AMERICAN 


LUMBER INDUSTRY WITH AN IRON HAND, UNTIL ITIS NO MORE. 


A lum- 


American lumber industry as we have known it. 
ber industry there will always be, but a tame, prosaic 
industry of puny operations, each tiny mill grinding out 
its apportioned grist from a strictly limited supply of raw 


and the mighty giants we have known will be no more, 
(Many of the photographs used in this article were 
furnished American Forestry through the courtesy of 


the United States Forest Service.) 


MAN-CAUSED FOREST FIRES ARE PREVENTABLE—DO YOUR PART 


— 


EDITORIAL 


LUMBERMEN TURNING TO FORESTRY 


MERICAN lumbering is in the early stages of evolu- 
tion. It is turning to the principles of forestry. 
This trend may not be perceptible to the average citizen. 
It probably is not, but it is nevertheless true that in al- 
most every timber region of the United States lumbermen 
may be found who have, within the past five years, 


turned to some form of forest management. Their 


number, of course, is relatively small, but their action 
is highly significant. They have not been prompted 
by sentiment. They have studied the ground, looked into 
the future, and have made up their minds that forestry 


embodies the business principles with which to meet 
economic changes pressing in upon them. 


In the last issue of American Forestry, mention was 
made of the fact that some of the largest of the redwood 
companies had just decided to apply forest management 
to their lands. Down in the piney woods of the South 
the same trend is in evidence. The Director of the 
Southern Experiment Station is authority for the follow- 
ing statement : 

“The best proof we can present that some measure 


of forestry is at least feasible, and frequently profitable, — 


is the surprisingly large number of southern pine manu- 
facturers who are today putting into effect on their own 
land measures very like our requirements. The Jackson 
Lumber Company of Lockhart, Alabama, has since the 
beginning cut no trees below a high diameter limit, now 
about 20 inches. The Kaul Lumber Company of Bir- 
mingham, Alabama, for years followed a plan of con- 
Servative cutting drawn up by the Forest Service in 
1906, and has gone back to it again after the lapse of a 


few years during the war. The Alger-Sullivan Lumber 
Company, Century, Florida, has very recently begun 
work on a forestry program. 


“The Allison Lumber Company of Bellamy, I am 
told, has gotten to the point where they are confident 
of being able to keep fire out of their slash and to pre- 
serve the young growth for a future crop. The Tatum 
Lumber Company of Jackson and the Batson-McGhee 
Company of Millard, both in Mississippi, have been 
cutting conservatively for several years and attempting 
fire protection on their lands. Most of you are familiar 
with the policy of the Great Southern Lumber Company 
in reproducing its forests as a basis for making Bogalusa 
a permanent city. I have already mentioned the Urania 
Lumber Company which for several years has been 
preaching and above all practicing forestry in Louisiana.” 


In the Lake States no less keen and practical a man — 


than Henry Ford is practicing forestry—not as a fad 
but as a part of his automobile business. In the North- 
east, a number of lumber and pulp companies have em- 
ployed foresters and are proceeding along lines of per- 
manent operations. These men are real leaders in their 
chosen fields. They are the vanguard of the industry’s 
progressive wing. They are practical, far-seeing men, 
whose example belies the declaration of many lumbermen 
for years that forestry is not practicable. For these 
pioneers in the practice of forestry in this country, Amer- 
ican Forestry has the greatest admiration, and it be- 
speaks for them the public recognition and cooperation 
which they justly deserve, 


“WE MUST HAVE FORESTS” 


T IS probable that there will be no legislation enacted 
at this session of Congress, providing for a national 

forest policy. A number of reasons are advanced by 
those in close touch with legislative progress at the 
Capitol. Chief of these is that forestry legislation, 
although recognized as a large and important national 
problem, is not a part of the present administration’s 
legislative program for this session. Another reason 
given is that thumbs are supposed to the down on new 
legislation which will increase public expenditures, par- 
ticularly if is does not bear the approval of the Bureau 
of the Budget. 

Members of the House Committee on Agriculture, 
before which exhaustive hearings on the Snell Bill were 
held in January, frankly admit that there is little chance 
of the Committee reporting out a bill of any kind at 
this session. It is known that the Committee is divided 
as to the character of legislation which should be recom- 
mended. What is more unfortunate, it apparently has 
not made a determined effort to reconcile differences and 


to draft a bill which would be acceptable and would 


lay the legislative ground-work for the development 


of a broader and more inclusive policy later. That is 
the least that could be done. 

Unquestionably public pressure has been insufficient 
to arouse the committee to action. The situation is 
disappointing but it is by no means a cause for discour- 
agement. It points to the need of renewed efforts on 
a larger and more aggressive scale than ever. The 
hearings thus far held have not been time lost or energy 
wasted. They mark a step forward. They have brought 
the subject into the foreground. They have served to 
clarify and to bring home as never before the far reaching 
effect of forest depletion. The need for action has been 
presented in the people’s court. 

Now is the time to prepare for a greater and more 
inclusive campaign next winter when Congress again 
convenes. A tremendous sentiment for forestry is de- 
veloping throughout the country. Industrial organiza- 
tions are more and more recognizing the forest problem 


EE 


340 AMERICAN 


as one of the big economic problems of the day. Farmers 
are making forestry a plank in their organization plat- 
forms. State and local forestry associations are springing 
up everywhere. Those already in existence are growing 
stronger. Game, recreational and other organizations 
of similar character are awaking to the fact that forestry 
is necessary to the accomplishment of their objects. The 
general public is at the threshold of fully appreciating 
the diversified and sweeping way in which forests support 
our social and industrial welfare. The sentiment, “We 


THE CENTRAL STATES FORESTRY LEAGUE . | a 


N A recent letter to the chairman of the Public Affairs 

Committee of the Union League Club, Chicago, the 
President of the United States, Warren G. Harding, 
wrote: 

“The problem of forest conservation, and of the most 
economical utilization of our forest resources, is now uni- 
versally recognized as one of the most serious confronting 
the nation. Much progress has ‘been made in the last 
few decades in dealing with it, but there is need for 
much further accomplishment. Feeling, as I do, that 
the development of a broad constructive policy touching 
this subject is highly desirable, I have to express partic- 
ular satisfaction with the effort which is represented 
by your conference.” 

President Harding referred to the Central States For- 
estry Conference held under the auspices of the Union 
League Club on April 19 and 20. This conference 
marked the permanent formation of the Central States 
Forestry League, an organization which now stands as 
an expression of leadership first taken by the Union 
League Club, a public service organization of national 
recognition, 

Less than two years ago, the club appointed a forestry 
committee which effected a temporary interstate organi- 
zation in which eight States—Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, 
Missouri, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota and Wisconsin— 
were represented. The first conference was held at the 
Union League Club in Chicago in February, 1921. The 
object was to arouse common interest in forestry in the 
Central States rather than to establish a permanent or- 
ganization. At the conference this spring, however, 
the movement was carried a step forward by the dele- 
gates themselves who voted unanimously to make the 
organization permanent. 

The Union League Club rightly deserves the Presi- 


FORESTRY 


” 


Must Have Forests, 
from all classes. 
This sentiment is a gathering force. It represents 
varying conception of forestry and varying interests 
forests, but its big common objective is a national fore 
policy. Wisely united and directed, its strength wil 
increased many foid and the accomplishment of a nati 
forest policy will be a matter of a relatively short 
Why not bring this sentiment to a focus in a 
national forestry conference in Washington next winter? 


is coming from all directions ai 


dent’s commendation. Its leadership has been a tellir 
force. It has advanced materially the cause of fore 
in the Central States by bringing the forest situatia 
in each State and in the region as a whole clearly be 
the people and by fixing public attention upon its 
nomic importance. : 


Something of the severity of the situation in thes 
States is reflected in the resolutions passed by the 
ference. They call attention to the fact that the 
States represented contain 34 million or one-third 
the nation’s population and “the largest and best con 
uous area of tilled land in the world,” producing a f 
crop worth over three billion dollars; ‘that this dis 
today faces a most serious shortage of timber “with 
about 12 per cent of its area in trees, not 3 per cent 
forests in fair condition” and that it has now be 
necessary to import 60 per cent of its lumber from 
South and West at an annual cost of $300,000,000 a y Bi 


“We regret the evil consequences of this forest 
struction,” reads another paragraph of the resolution 
“and the utter indifference of the public, the dismant 
of hundreds of miles of railway, the abandonmen 
towns and of hundreds of farms with all the resul 
injury and suffering and the loss of satisfactory | 
government. We call attention especially to the ser 
damage done to good farm districts and other lands b 


unusual erosion, following the clearing of lands, and ¥ 
urge that every reasonable effort be made to stop 


Surely this is a situation which needs not only agg 
sive work by the individual States in their resp 
fields, but the larger public influence to be derived f 
common effort and cooperation. This the Central S 
Forestry League, as a permanent organization, sh 


supply. 


ENGLAND'S FORESTRY PROBLEM 


By J. Joyce Broderick 
Commercial Counsellor of the British Embassy at Washington, D.C. 


reviewed the forest policy of his country. 


Mr. J. Joyce Broderick, commercial counsellor of the British Embassy, in accepting the Douglas Fir seed, 
presented to Great Britain by Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Forestry Association, 


N the course of a long and varied history, the people 

of Great Britain have given many evidences of a sur- 
prising faith in Providence and relied, when crises over- 
took them, upon the provision of pillars of cloud and 


pillars of fire for their guidance. Or, perhaps it would 


be nearer the truth to say that they have always har- 


bored a touching confidence in their own ability to meet 
_ sudden emergencies of all kinds. At all events, they 


have, as a people, tended to reject or disregard the doc- 
trine of preparedness. Consequently, the process of 
their education has been an expensive one and the Euro- 
pean war in particular taught, or ought to have taught, 
us many a costly lesson. One of the principal and one 
of the most salutary of those lessons related to our com- 
plete neglect to make any provision whatever for in- 
suring a domestic timber supply. There were, of course, 
many excuses for our failure in that respect. The area 
of our island is comparatively small. Our population 


increased very rapidly under the industrial system. Land 


was required for factory construction, for the extractive 
industries, for agriculture. There was not very much 


‘waste land in the Kingdom. Our maritime communi- 


cations were efficient, well protected and rarely menaced. 
With cheap freight rates we were usually in a position to 
Secure adequate supplies of foreign timber from the Bal- 
tic and from America at prices with which home grown 
timber could not compete. Therefore, we paid little or 
no attention to the conservation or extension of our 
domestic forest resources. When it became necessary 
for us to supervise and conserve the forest resources 
of the Indian Empire, our students were obliged to go 
abroad to learn the science of forestry. To our French 
friends we are indebted for our earliest training, as it 
was at the famous French institution at Nancy that our 


men first learned the science of silviculture. A few 
schools of forestry were later established at English Uni- 
" versities and we built up in India what is generally rec- 


ognized as a very efficient forest service which has done 
an immense amount of good to the material resources 
of that country. 


“In Great Britain itself, unfortunately, we took things 
easy until the European war broke upon us. Then, to 
the surprise of all but a few who had been laboring under 
the handicap of public indifference, it was discovered 
that our total domestic timber supply was entirely insuffi- 
cient for our needs. Something less than four per cent 
of the total area of the United Kingdom consisted of 
woodland. Our war requirements were enormous and it 
was estimated that after less than three years of hos- 


tilities we had cut down the timber over more than a 
million acres. I have never seen the figures of our total 
war consumption or the total price we paid for our pre- 
vious lack of a comprehensive forest policy. One esti- 
mate I have seen stated that we paid during the first 
two years of the war for imported timber about $200,- 
000,000 more than we would have paid if home grown 
timber had been available. 


“Tt was, as I have said, a very costly lesson, and I 
doubt whether our people have thoroughly learned it 
yet. However, it impressed the British Ministry of Re- 
construction probably as much as any other factor in our 
post-war situation. The Ministry made strong recom- 
mendations about it. They recommended, amongst 
other things, that the Government should spend some 
$60,000,000 in planting such waste lands as existed, the 
programme of planting to be carried out over a compara- 
tively short period of time. In the year 1919 the sub- 
ject was taken up in Parliament and an Act was passed 
establishing a Forest Commission composed of eight 
members to work out a carefully planned forest policy 
for the whole of the Kingdom. A considerable appro- 
priation was set aside for the planting of 250,000 acres 
in ten years and of nearly 2,000,000 acres in 80 years. 

“The interest taken in the matter by Parliament should 
reflect, and perhaps does to some extent reflect, a wider 
popular interest in the whole subject of forestry in Great 
Britain. My impression is that a good deal has yet to be 
done before the attention of the people as a whole is fully 
aroused. In the various British Dominions forest re- 
sources have a more immediate effect on prosperity, and 
tangible evidence of their growing sense of the vital char- 
acter of the question of timber supply was given in July, 
1920, at a British Empire Forestry Conference held in 
London and attended by representatives and experts 
from all the Dominions. At that Conference resolutions 
were passed urging the adoption of a comprehensive 
forest policy and the establishment of an efficient forest 
service in each Dominion as well as a careful avoidance 
of waste in the utilization of forest products. Finally 
the Conference established a permanent Empire Forest 
Association to promote and develop public interest in 
forestry throughout the Empire. The Association, I 
imagine, will be very similar to the American Forestry 
Association in its objects and methods. Its headquarters 
will be in London, but its membership wiii extend all 
over the Empire. 

“The Forest Commission established in Great Britain 
under the Act of 1919 is presided over by Lord Lovat, 


342 AMERICAN 
an authority of long and wide experience. It is reported 
to have made a vigorous beginning. It has already 
planted a large area approaching 5000 acres, I believe, 
and it is purchasing extensive tracts of waste and graz- 
ing country which will be converted into. productive 
woodlands. If nothing interferes with its programme, 
we, or our descendants, may hope eventually to see Great 
3ritain practically self-supporting as regards timber sup- 
ply. Each year’s work will improve our position ma- 
terially. 

“Nothing of what I have said is new to the members 
of the American Forestry Association. You have 
all followed, closely than I 
can, the developments that have taken place and the plans 
that are being worked out. But you have done more than 


that. You have contributed in a practical way and with 


probably much more 


great liberality to the success of these new undertakings. 
The gracious gift of Douglas Fir tree seeds which you 
made two years ago to the British Commission has en- 
abled them to make a beginning in replacing the vast 
number of trees sacrificed during the war. 

“In the meantime, the Chairman and members of the 
Commission have had the opportunity of expressing to 
your president their gratitude for that gift. Your Presi- 
dent has had the opportunity of learning for himself 
He himself has now 
come forward with a similar generous offer. [I am here 
to tell him of the indebtedness of His Majesty’s Am- 
bassador for his generosity and to accept his offer with 


how the gift has been utilized. 


sincere gratitude. Thanks are due to him not only from 
the British Ambassador but from the British people. 
The gratitude of the latter I dare not even try to express, 
but you may be sure that the forests that spring from 
these seeds all over the British Islands will stand as a 
long record of his generosity and yours. They will rep- 
resent a work of great practical value achieved through 
your sympathy and assistance and they must surely be 
a bond of permanent good will between our peoples.” 


PENNSYLVANIA’S NEW FORESTER 


AJOR ROBERT Y. STUART has been appointed 
Pennsylvania’s new commissioner of forestry, suc- 
ceeding Gifford Pinchot, who resigned. Major Stuart 
was born in Pennsylvania, at Carlisle, in 1883. He was 
educated in the public schools of Carlisle and Harrisburg, 
and was graduated from Dickinson College in 1903. A 
year later he entered the Yale Forest school, graduating 
in 1906. He was then appointed to the United States 
Forest Service, and assigned to forest management in 
Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. 

In 1912, Major Stuart was transferred to Washington, 
D. C., where he was in charge of general forest adminis- 
tration. He was appointed a captain in the Engineer 
He 


vas sent to France immediately to assist in the acquisi- 


‘eserve Corps for service in the forest regiment. 
m of timber for the American forestry regiments. 
Lae an 11- ; r + 
le was made a major the following year, and later 
d in command of the Fifth Battalion, Twentieth 


FORESTRY 


Engineers. He was cited by General Pershing for his 
work with the American Expeditionary Forces. 


R. Y. STUART 


Pennsylvania’s New Forester 


Upon his discharge from the army, Major Stuart re- 
turned to the Federal Forest Service, serving as chief 
of the western branch of forest management until he was 
named deputy commissioner of forestry in Pennsylvania 
on May 25, 1920. 


PINES 


I love the noble presence of the pines 
Whether they rise in long and lofty lines 
Or singly stand at ward 
Upon some stretch of smooth and sloping sward. 
A majesty sublime they wear for me. 
Something of Deity in every tree. 
CLINTON SCOLLARD. 


THE WELCOME CAMPER 


By Susan S. Alburtis 


M Y husband and I spent a month touring New Eng- 

land last summer, pitching our tent at practically 
a new place every night. It was the first camping ex- 
perience of our firm, not young in years, but young in the 
love of the out-doors and ever mindful of the fact that 


Quonochontaug, near Westerly, Rhode Island, left 
his key in the door when he went to work, so that we 
could get running water from his kitchen. 

The senior partner of our firm is a healthy, optimistic 
man with the habit of cheerfulness, excellent qualifica- 
tions fora camper. There are but two 


ROAD SCENE IN THE PINKHAM NOTCH 


The White Mountains are seen in the distance. 
on a New England Tour. 


there is an owner for every foot of land, whose rights 
should be respected. Not the least that we learned on 
the trip is that hospitality is universal in this land wher- 
ever the Golden Rule is practiced. Does “Do unto others 
as you would that they should do unto you” mean that 


One of the many beauty spots 


things he will not do, and recogniz- 
ing them the junior member accepts 
the conditions and tries to be cheer- 
ful too. He will not drive the ma- 
chine nor dress otherwise while on 
the road than if he were on his way to 
visit friends. In camp he wears the 
serviceable khaki, but not on the 
that 
clothes make the man, but he does 


road. He does not _ believe 
believe that first impressions count 
for much when asking a_ stranger’s 
permission for the use of his land 
over night. “The gypsy 
with the running boards of the old 


motorist 


bus groaning beneath their loads of 
tenting, bedding, eatables and uten- 
sils’ has no appeal for him, so I ac- 
cede to his whims, drive the machine, 
and assist him to conceal all of our 
equipment in the deck of our roadster 
and in a neat box securely fastened to 
In preparation for our trip 
we studied maps and information published by the 
American Automobile Association. We wrote to State 
foresters and to the Forest Service at Washington re- 
garding camp sites in forest reservations. We read maga- 


one of the running boards. 


you and I, city dwellers, would be gra- 
cious to strangers who spent a night 
on our premises without permission ; 
who built a fire of our wood, endan- 
gering our home; who left litter of 
all kinds for us to pick up, and who 
drove off in the morning without ac- 
knowledging a night’s hospitality ex- 
cept for a condescending wave of the 
hand? Campers of this kind probably 
went “gypsying” last summer, but I 
doubt if they found in their Christ- 
mas stocking a box of celery from 
Pennsylvania ; a basket of apples from 
an old sea salt in Maine; a sketch of 
Woodbine from the farmer-artist in 
New Hampshire, and good wishes for 
the New Year from new acquaintances 
in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecti- 
cut and Massachusetts. I must con- 
fess that I felt the Golden Rule some- 
what strained when our host at 


MOUNT ADAMS AND MOUNT JEFFERSON FROM GLEN ROAD 


A meadow in New Hampshire where a camp was made so that the beautiful view 


of the mountains could be enjoyed. 


344 AMERICAN 
zine articles and consulted friends who had toured New 
England, but from none of these did we get the slightest 
information of that which has made our trip such an 
everlasting pleasure—the kindly interest and hospitality 
shown to us by our wayside hosts. We were very tired 
when we asked for our first camping privilege. Had we 
been refused, I doubt that we would have tried again. 
Our home is in Chevy Chase, Maryland, on the outskirts 
of the national capital. Washington’s traffic is not heavy 
and its regulations understandable by one of average in- 
telligence. In our innocence we thought similar regula- 
tions existed everywhere. We reached Philadelphia dur- 
ing the heavy traffic of late afternoon, and becoming 
confused at the City Hall turned to the right toward 


FORESTRY 


selves and give them now as our first advice to campers. 
Leave the main highway for a mile or two about sunset. 
Ask permission to camp at a prosperous looking farm 
house. State you will build no fires without permission 
and that you will leave the grounds as sightly as you find 
them. Had the wholesome “Mrs.” a few miles from 
Bustleton to whom we made this first request refused 
us, we should probably have changed the trip to the 
hotel route. Her hospitable answer “Camp wherever you 
will be comfortable, and if it should rain there is plenty 
of room in the house,” was the beginning of the welcome 
that met us throughout the entire time. 

These words were repeated by another host at North 
Kennebunkport, Maine; again on the Mohawk Trail; 


DOLLY COPP PUBLIC CAMP GROUND 


This public camping ground in the White Mountain National Forest is near the base of Mount Washington. There are excellent 
water and all necessary conveniences for cooking, while a forest ranger is on hand to give assistance and information, 


South Broad when a left turn should have been made to 
North Broad. At every corner was the sign “No Left 
Turn” with a traffic officer at its.side. It took more than 
average intelligence to know how to get back unless 
one ran out of the city and entered again. Finally we 
discovered that one turns left in the middle of the block 
on that street instead of at the corner, and so we at last 
reached North Broad, headed in the direction of New 


lt was therefore quite late when we reached the Boule- 
amp site in view, and to add to our troubles 
irst and only puncture in the entire 1825 


miles. \Ve put to test the rules we had made for our- 


and by this kindly first hostess when we returned for 
The family 
visited us undef a stretch of stars rarely seen by city 


our last night in camp. We did not go 1n. 
people. The father and his boys had just completed set- 
ting out 140,000 celery plants, and somehow we pitied 
all other boys who had not had the opportunity for such 
To our first outdoor breakfast 
came a gift of warm milk, the beginning of food gifts 
that sometimes caused us embarrassment. An Irish track 
hand, very early in the morning, at our camp at North 


family co-operation. 


Haven, Connecticut, insisted on giving us the lunch that 
he had just bought, excusing himself by saying that he 
was “too strong to work that day.” Stopping at a farm- 


—— 


THE WELCOME CAMPER 345 


THE CAMP IS READY 


By pitching the tent at the rear of -the roaaster and dropping 
the side flaps a two-roomed apartment is formed and also affords 
convenient use of the deck while dressing. 


house in Maine to inquire our way, we were presented by 
the small son of the family with a basket of apples. We 
ouitered to pay for it, but he insisted it was a gift. During 
a four days’ stay on the Maine coast we had good cause 
for indebtedness to one of her old deep sea fishermen. He 
had kept us generously supplied with sea food, but we 
felt it just a little too much when he killed and dressed 
a chicken from his small flock and presented it to us as 
we were leaving. cucumbers, 
canned strawberries were given us without price, and 
most generous were the measures when we did pay. 
“What's the price of corn?” we asked on the road to 
Plymouth. “Thirty-five cents a dozen, fifteen ears to 
a dozen,” was the answer. 


Milk, apples, carrots, 


I repeat: Hospitality is universal if appreciation is 
shown. Appreciation does not always mean a money re- 
turn, but of that which stands for the brotherhood of 
man. We always kept our hosts posted as to our move- 
ments, for apparently they seemed much interested in 
our future, fearing sometimes, I felt, that our gray 
hairs would come to grief. No matter how hurried we 
were it was never too much trouble to show our equip- 
ment, in which boys were always interested. We had 
spent much time on making it compact, by nesting the 
kitchen utensils and studying sport cataiogues for fold- 
ing stoves, chairs, cots and tables, and really were quite 
proud of it. 


Speaking of boys, I wonder if we realize the passing 
of much of our good old New England stock? We left 
our machine on the bluffs in Maine, while we camped on 
the shore, in the care of Mrs. Mary Easton, 83 years 
old, living alone in a substantial farm house meant for 
two large families. Across the road lived John Everett, 
70 years of age, alone in the old house where he was 


born. Down the road the Easton girls had laid away 
twenty cords of wood for the winter’s warmth, for while 
still “girls” they could not exercise much at the ages of 
93 and 87. Still further away lived Will Giles, the lob- 
ster-fisherman, wife and mother gone these many years 
and no children to cheer him. 
teacher if there are twenty children in the district. There 
was but one child there last summer. Newer but not 
better stock from Europe will soon take its place. 


The county provides a 


To camp away from the main travel is the way to find 
this old stock. A few miles outside of New Haven our 
good fortune made us acquainted with the eighth genera- 
tion of the Frost family, whose forefathers received 
In the 
early morning fine specimens of cattle passed our tent 


their grant of land from the English crown. 


on their way to pasture, descendants of a wedding pres- 
ent to the present owner’s grandmother at her marriage 
a hundred years ago. Their natural taste for strange 
food had not been lost in their descent, as I barely res- 
cued our towels that were drying on a bush. A detour 
of twenty miles over a narrow country road in New 


5, 
6) 
I 


OUTFIT FOR COOKING AND SERVING MEALS 


Pail on the left contains all necessary utensils for two; folding 
table when open is a yard square; kampkook stove and provi- 
sion box at right. New Hampshire trout stream in the back- 
ground, an excellent place for a week-end stay. 


Hampshire made us acquainted with the artist-farmer 
who later sent me the of Woodbine, his 
home on the Connecticut River. He is descended 
from one of ‘the Minute Men of Concord and he lived 


sketch 


346 AMERICAN 


in that town in the days of the Alcotts. Amy Alcott was 
his first drawing teacher. A treasured possession is a 
picture of Louisa M., drawn by Amy in 1865. We 
camped here at the close of our hardest day of travel, 
over a hundred miles on a hot day over the “washboard 
road” of the Connecticut River Valley. This artist has 
been a teacher of drawing. He is a ventriloquist, a mu- 
sician, a plant breeder. We became acquainted with all 
of these accomplishments during the evening’s enter- 
tainment that he and his wife treated us to. So busy are 
they being happy and giving happiness to others that 
this old couple know nothing of lonesomeness on their 
farm on the Connecticut River. 

Six nights for one cause or another we spent in hotels, 
where nothing re- 


FORESTRY 


The forest ranger called on us with a permit to build a 
fire and before the tent was pitched a “happy-go-lucky” 
young fellow from our own state gave us a friendly 
greeting. He was enjoying his camping vacation, but 
with no apparent purpose other than to make mileage. 
We had seen a wonderful sunrise that morning from the 
top of Mount Washington and I asked nim if he had 
gone to the top. “I am out to see scenery not to climb 
mountains,” was his answer. Either his knowledge of 
natural history or mine of up-to-date slang was lacking, 
for when I spoke of a loss that we had had through chip- 
munks, he said “I don’t doubt it. A fellow down the 
road told me those fellows are abroad in summer and 
have passkeys for every hotel and take everything that 

isn’t nailed 


garding us was 
of interest but 
the size of our 
bills and_ tips. 
They were the 
lost nights of our 
vacation. Twice 


we paid a dollar 
for the privilege 
of camping in a 
meadow on _ the 
Peabody River in 
New Hampshire. 
A hotel proprie- 
tor collected this 
toll, but not 
many miles away 
on the road be- 
tween Lost River 
and Haverhill 
the proprietor of 
Wilwood Inn led 
us to a trout stream, not visible from the road, for a 
week-end camp, suggested that we build a fire and helped 
to collect the wood for it, refusing any remuneration save 
for a trout dinner that we shall long remember. 

We camped one night in a public camp at Gale River 
in the White Mountain National Forest. This is a new 
camp and not as attractive as the Dorothy Copp Camp, 
near the Glen House, where there is an excellent spring 
and an attractive fireplace. We pushed up among the 
firs and spruces and had our first experience of the little 
woodfolk running over our tent roof during the night. 


utensils, tarpaulin, towline and tools. 


THE CAMPING PARTY ON THE ROAD 


When traveling none of its equipment is visible. The box on the running board car- 
ries eight blankets, mosquito net and outing flannel night clothing. The tent and stools 
are compactly stowed in the rear deck of the roadster together with two suitcases, 
two army cots, a folding table, kampkook stove, tin provision box, nested kitchen 


down.” Public 
camping grounds 
are a_ necessity 
where travel by 
campers is heavy, 
but one does not 
bring back a 
knowledge of the 
people of the 
country any more 
than if he stayed 
at hotels. He 
meets the travel- 
ling public but 
not the friendly 
farm folks. To 
these friendly 
people who made 
our summer so 
pleasant we ex- 
press our grati- 
tude. Time after 
time as we left your hospitable grounds we quoted: 
“Let me live in a house by the side of the road, 


Where the race of men go by, 


They are good, they are bad, they are weak, they are strong, 
Wise, foolish; so am I 


Then why should I sit in the scorner’s seat 
Or hurl a cynic’s ban? 
Let me live in.a house by the side of the road 
And be a friend to man.” 
May the campers who apply to you in the future re- 
ceive as kindly a welcome as we did. The fault will not 


be yours if they do not. 


The Story of Two Matches 


“Here is a pretty state of things,” said the traveler. 
“Dying for a smoke, only one match left, and that cer- 
tain to miss fire! Was there ever a creature so unfortu- 
nate? And yet,” thought the traveler, “suppose I light 
this match, and smoke my pipe and shake out the dottle 
here in the grass—the grass might catch on fire, for 

is dry like tinder; while I snatch out the flames in 
iront, they might evade and run behind me, and seize 
pon yon bush of poison oak; before I could reach it, 

hat would have blazed up. Over the bush I see a pine 


moss; that too would fly in fire upon the 
mectant tr 34 Spe ee pe eeaah Saimmar CEC wae hecaanr, (a en eny Lae” heen 


tree hung 


long torch—how the trade wind would take and brandish 
that through the inflammable forest! I hear this dell 
roar in a moment with the joint voice of wind and fire. 
I see myself gallop for my soil, and the flying conflagra- 
tion chase and outflank me through the hills. I see this 
pleasant forest burn for days, the cattle roasted, the 
springs dried up, the farmer ruined and his children cast 
upon the world. What a world hangs upon this mo- 
ment !” 
With that he struck the match, and it missed fire. 


“Thank God,” said the traveler, and put his pipe in 
OU eee ne ee ee 


| ee eS bee 


FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS 


By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt 


(PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR) 


HERE was a time in man’s history 
—when the world was very young— 
when such things as cultivated flowers 
were unknown. We can not con- 
ceive of the Cave Man having any 
knowledge of such a science as the 
artificial production of new species of 
flowers, or, indeed, taking any inter- 
est in flowers at all. Doubtless, at a much 
later period than that, myriads of different kinds 
of wild flowers were to be found in many parts of the 
world, but no one had yet conceived the idea of produc- 
ing new varieties of them. There is a very large liter- 
ature on this subject—practically libraries devoted to it; 
sO, were one to dip far into its most ancient parts, it is 
quite possible that one might meet with a treatise here 


COMMON WILD OR PASTURE ROSE 


Fig. 1. Of all our wild flowers, no species is better or more 
widely known than this lovely rose of the fields and skirts of the 
woods; it blooms all summer long. 


and there, which would go to prove that at least five 
centuries ago, or perhaps more, there were those who 
understood more or less about the production of extra- 
vagant forms of flowers and leaves through natural selec- 


tion, through changes in soils and environment, or 
through cross fertilization. 

In the case of the hyacinth, for example, the famous 
horticulturist Paul states that that plant was brought 
from the Levant to England in 1596. He further says 
that the petals of the original flower were of a flimsy 
sort—pointed, narrow, and more or less wrinkled. In 
these days hyacinth petals are of a solid sort, being 
smooth, rounded, and more or less broad. A year after 
this Gerarde claimed that there were four different kinds 
of hyacinths known in England, while Parkinson states 
that in 1629 there were eight. In a work published in 
Amsterdam in 1768 the statement is made that at that 
time there were upwards of 2000 varieties known in Hol- 
land; but more likely one-third that number would be 
nearer the mark. Even so, the fact remains that about 
three centuries ago, several hundred varieties of hya- 
cinths had been produced from the original stock—a 
fact of decided significance from many points of view. 

It must be borne well in mind that in the case of each 
and all of our cultivated flowers, however extravagant 


UNUSUAL CULTIVATED ROSE 


Fig. 2. Here we have a variety of garden rose bred from the 
wild one, that has not, as yet, quite lost all of its original char- 
acters; it has comparatively few petals, while the rich array of 
stamens and anthers is completely exposed. 


348 AMERICAN 


they may be in form, color, and other characters, they 
have originally been derived from some wild species in 
nature; but, departures once established, no end of other 
kinds may be produced through artificial selection and 
other means. Our domesticated animals are in the same 
case, as, for example, all the various species of fowls, 
cattle, horses, dogs, pigs—and the rest. 

“It is interesting to compare the hyacinths of 1629 
with those of 1864,” says Paul, “and to mark the im- 
provement. Two hundred and twenty-five years have 
elapsed since then, and this simple flower serves well to 
illustrate the great fact that the original forms of nature 
do not stationary—at least when 
brought under cultivation. While looking at the ex- 
tremes, we must not forget that there are intermediate 
Nature 


remain fixed and 


stages which are for the most part lost to us. 
will sometimes indulge herself with a leap, but as a rule 
her march is slow and gradual.” To this great truth 
he adds that the cultivator should have “in his mind an 
ideal of beauty, for the realization of which he works with 
head and hand.” 


In studying the question of the derivation of garden 


PETALS CROWDED TOGETHER 


“. 4. Many admire this type of rose; its dark green leaves and 
paic pink petals are unusually attractive. It required a long 


+ 


r being the common wild rose. 


tive crossing to obtain such a result as this, 


FORESTRY 


GARDEN ROSE RICH IN PETALS 


Fig. 3. When the number of petals is very great, they usually 
shut out of sight all of the central and very essential struc- 
tures of the flower, so plainly in view in Figure 2. 

flowers from wild species, and employing species of flow- 
ers selected from the flora of this country as examples 
in our demonstrations, it must -be remembered that a 
great number of those now flourishing here in nature 
originally came from other parts of the world, more par- 
ticularly from Europe and Asia. Owing to differences 
in soils and climate, many of these have undergone con- 
siderable change with respect to form, color, and pro- 
portions; so that, in producing new species from them, 
these are often quite different from those obtained by the 
Old World horticulturist. Furthermore, we must remem- 
ber that in the case of the escapes of garden flowers to 
the woods and fields, however much these may have 
changed under cultivation, there is always a strong ten- 
dency to revert to the wild form. The time in which 
they accomplish this varies in different flowers; and it 
also varies in the matter of extent, though in most cases 
it is quite perfect. As a rule, it requires several genera- 
tions, flowering through as many seasons, to accomplish 
these reversions, and it is an extremely interesting thing 
to observe in any particular flower. Often some variety 
of rose will furnish an excellent example of it; indeed, 
to illustrate this particular phenomenon in flowers in 


SIT] 


COMMON GARDEN GERANIUM 


Fig. 5. Through cross-fertil:zation and selection, geraniums 
have come to assume many forms and many colors. This lovely 
Specimen was of a deep red or rich carmine. 


general, no other genus than the genus Rosa offers bet- 
ter material for the purpose. 


We have in this country quite a number of species of 
wild roses—perhaps as many as twenty in the eastern 
United States. These species are readily distinguished 
in their wild state, as the characters of flowers and 
leaves, and other structures, are very distinctive. One 
of the best known ones is our common Pasture Rose—a 
photograph of a specimen of which is given in Figure 
1. Disregarding all parts of this plant save its flowers, 
it will be noted that the latter possess five heart-shaped 
petals each, they being of a delicate rose-pink color. 
The history of the cultivation of wild roses extends far 
back into the earliest days of antiquity; and perhaps 
all civilized nations of history have contributed, more 
or less, to the production of the hundreds of cultivated 
or garden species and sub-species now known. 

When thus cultivated, all parts of the plant are modi- 
fied; but in so far as the wild flower is concerned, the 
main objects are to obtain an increase or decrease of 
size; wide variations in color; a great increase in the 
number and form of the petals, with some changes in 
other parts; and, finally, a more or less powerful en- 
hancement of the original fragrance. As cultivation pro- 


FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS 349 


ceeds, a proliferation of the petals—usually at the ex- 
pense of the stamens—takes place, and as a result we 
have, among hundreds of other types, such productions 
as are shown in Figures 3 and 4. 

A beautiful stage in the passage from the wild rose to 
a cultivated one is presented in Figure 2. Here the 
petals, of a rich cream color, have not entirely lost their 
cordate form, while they have advanced to a double tier, 
as compared with the single one of the wild species. Its 
fragrance is powerful, and the number of stamens is 
still great. Whoever is responsible for the production 
of this variety may possibly be able to give an account 
of its evolvement from the wild form; but on the other 
hand, of the hundreds of varieties now known to the 
rosarian, the parentage of only a few can be stated with 
certainty. And, were the rose shown in Figure 2 to be 
returned to nature, there can be no question but that in a 
few years its descendants could scarcely be distinguished 
from the wild species from which it was derived. 

As before stated, the cultivator of roses must use his 
head as well as his hands in producing new forms or 
varieties, as no progress will be made if it be otherwise. 
There is much literature extant on the cultivation of this 
genus of flowers, and a certain kind of classification ex- 
ists in regard to them. In fact, cultivated roses have 
been relegated to certain classes, as the climbing roses, 
the single-season bloomers, the autumn roses or hybrid 
perpetuals, and the continual bloomers. There are many 


WILD GERANIUMS 


Fig. 6. The flower here shown is an unusually perfect specimen 
of the eastern form of the wild geranium or crane’s bill; its pet- 
als are of a light purple, and the species gets 1ts name from the 
fancied resemblance of its long, fruit-bearing beak to the bill of 
a crane. 


350 AMERICAN 


sorts in each and all of these groups, and no end of 
favorites. A complete account and history of rose culti- 
vation, with descriptions of all the varieties, would fur- 


nish sufficient material for several good-sized volumes, 


THE NARCISSUS 


Fig. 7. Our Paper-white Narcissus, here shown, is a flower beau- 
tiful in form and possessed of an unusually rich perfume; it is, 
with its relatives, related to the daffodils and jongnils. 


while the entire subject is brimful of interest. In not 
a few instances, the changes wrought through cultivation 
are truly remarkable, and often no semblance of the wild 
flower is to be seen in what some people call the im- 
proved varieties. Apart from the interest they have 
for us, such studies and investigations are of extreme 
importance. For the most part, with respect to flowers, 
the experiments and their results shed a flood of light 
on the possibilities of evolution in the plant world, and 
the facts derived may be applied to various other prob- 
| Commercially, too, they have a modicum of value: 
the case of roses, we obtain attar or oil of roses 

ind the petals of the rose of France give 

in astringent. So, if in the production of 

rieties we produce a rose with a super- 


abundance petals, and these carry a large amount of 


FORESTRY 


the aforesaid constituents, the economic value of the 
transformed flower is greatly enhanced. 

Although some flowers change enormously under cul- 
tivation, the most highly cultivated ones never suffi- 
ciently lose their identity so as to mask their origin. This 
is seen in the extravagant varieties of pansies that horti- 
culturists have obtained—one can always see the wild 
species in them. Again, speaking of pansies, it is re- 
markable to note how promptly some of the escapes 
from gardens—markedly transformed varieties—will 
pass back to the parent stock from whence they came 
when allowed to run wild in nature. Amateur horticul- 
turists would do well to make such experiments as these 
and record the results, as in their course some of the sur- 
prises carry very good lessons. Then, too, the flores- 
cence of some of our garden fruits and vegetables offer 
attractive material for such purposes, as in the case of 


HYACINTHS ARE POPULAR 


Fig. 8. The flowers of this particular specimen were of a deep 
purple shade; other varieties are pure white; while still others 
are pink. This cut gives a good idea of the plant, including, as it 
does, flowers, leaves, bulb, and short, straight, white roots. 


peas, beans, strawberries, and others; but this is a 
branch of the subject that does not fall within the 
limits of the present article. Moreover, we have several 


FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS 


varieties of wild peas and others of the same family 
which it is better to study in.that way than to cultivate 
their relatives among the vegetables of the kitchen garden 
—important as the latter investigations may be and 
really are. A very large number of geraniums have been, 
in time, produced through selection and crossing, and 
some of them are among the most beautiful of our gar- 
den plants; (Fig. 5) and of the world’s wild flowers, 
more than an hundred species of geraniums have been 
described by botanists. They occur in the temperate re- 
gions rather than in the tropics, and nearly twenty of 
them are members of the North American flora. Many 


ORPINE OR LIVE-FOREVER 


Fig. 9. Orpine has many common names; in various localities 
it is called pudding-bag plant, live-long, midsummer-men, 
pone money, and garden stone. It is a member of the Sedum 
amily. 


labor under the entirely wrong impression that our gar- 
den geraniums were derived from our wild ones or com- 
mon Crane’s bill—a beautiful plant with handsome pur- 
plish flowers and shown here in Figure 6. But it may be 
pointed out that our garden geraniums were all doubt- 
less bred from the plants of the genus Pelargonium of 
South Africa—at least this appears to be the opinion of 
our best informed botanists. To return to our wild gera- 
nium, three of the elongate seedpods may be seen beneath 
the central flower of the picture, and it is the form of 
these seedpods which is responsible for the common name 


351 


of Crane’s bill by which this plant is widely known. In 
the opinion of the writer, it is a far-fetched resemblance ; 
but then there are many others of a similar kind to be 
met with all through the vocabulary of common and 
scientific names of our wild flowers, together with not a 
few of the garden ones. A word in regard to the great 
difficulty of securing photographs of the wild geranium 
may not be out of place. In nature we rarely find it 


THE GARDEN LIVE-FOREVER 


Fig. 10. The leaves of the bladderworts, or garden live-forever, 
both the wild and the cultivated ones, may be made to swell up, 
bladder-fashion, by simply holding one for a few moments in 
the mouth, 


growing in a situation where a satisfactory exposure can 
be made, while the slightest breeze will cause its delicate 
stems to exhibit more or less motion—usually more. 
This compels us to try an indoors picture, such, for ex- 
ample, as is seen in Figure 6. Now, this plant droops on 
the very slightest provocation, and is sure to do so if 
plucked and taken home in the usual way with other 
flowers. The specimen here shown grew within two 
minutes’ brisk walk of the room in which the writer’s 
flower-photography was done. As perfect a specimen as 
possible was first located; the background was all ar- 
ranged; the plant was dug up with a generous amount 
of sod and instantly placed in a bucket containing a 
couple of inches of water, when, shaded by an umbrella, 
it was rushed to the room where’ all was in readiness— 
even to the extent of focussing upon another plant, the 


352 AMERICAN 
fresh specimen replacing it the moment it was brought 
in. However, few of our wild flowers require such hasty 
action as this in that we may secure good photographs of 
them. 

From the geraniums we may pass to such a beautiful 
group as the typical narcissi, with their cup-shaped coro- 
nas (Fig. 7). There are upwards of twenty species of 
these, the majority of them falling in the flora of Europe. 
They are great 
tes every- 
where among 
the flower cul- 
turists, as they 
readily lend 
themselves to 
the production 
of beautiful 
types—all fa- 
mous for their 
exquisite frag- 


rance. It is 
well known 
that one fine 


specimen of 
Narcissus iS 
sufficient to 
perfume a 
large room 
and we are all 
more or less 
familiar with 
its 
delicacy 
Per- 


extreme 


of odor. 
fumers have 
taken 


age of 


advant- 
this 
property and 
produced from 
its flowers 
the 


finest perfumes 


some of 


made, the best 


oils being ob- 


tained from 
Narcissus 
culti- 


for this 


odorus, 
vated 
Fig. 11. 


very purpose. This lovely specimen of 


Returning to growing near it. 

the hyacinths, 

we find that the name of these plants has been loosely 
applied ; and not only to these but to the grape hyacinth ; 
the blue iris; the gladiolus and to the common larkspur 
as well. It has also been applied to a sub-precious stone. 
Long ago Gray placed our wild hyacinth or Eastern 
camass in the lily family, stating that it is found grow- 
ing in rich ground from western Pennsylvania to Minne- 


sota southward to Texas and Georgia, and he remarks 


WILD STONECROP 


ig _Th ys Stonecrop (Sedum ternatum) grew in rocky woods found 
about Washington} it is here seen in full flower. 


FORESTRY 


that “This species should be carefully distinguished from 
the larger-flowered plant of the Northwest which has 
long passed” under another name in botanical science. 
In Gray we find the genus created to contain the wild 
hyacinth, and placed between the genera containing the 
dog’s tooth violet and the Star of Bethlehem—the flow- 
ers of neither of which remind us of the cultivated hya- 
The Star of Bethlehem 
1s directly fol- 
lowed in 
Gray, by the 


cinth here shown in Figure 8. 


well - known 
grape _ hya- 
cinth. Dr. F 


H. Knowlton, 
the distin- 
guished Amer- 
ican botanist. 
tells us that the 
hyacinth is 
originally “a 
native of the 
Levant and 
grows in 
abundance 
about Aleppo 
and Bagdad. 
The root is a 
tunicated bulb ; 
the leaves are 
broad and 
green; the 
scape is erect 
bearing numer- 
ous often 
drooping _ bell- 
shaped flowers 
of almost all 
colors and both 
single and dou- 
ble flowered. 
The hyacinth 
appears first to 
have been cul- 
tivated as a 
garden flower 
»y the Dutch 
about the be- 


: : D ginning of the 
Note the little lady fern often seen 


sixth century 
It was intro- 
duced into England about the end of that century, and 
is now one of the most popular cultivated bulbous 


plants.” 

We have an excellent picture of the well-known or- 
pine or live-forever in Figure 9, and a picture is shown 
It is most inter- 
esting to note how the flowets and leaves of the former 


in Figure 10 of its cultivated relative. 


have been changed so as to assumé the form they have 


FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS 


in the garden species. Neltje Blanchan tells us that “chil- 
dren know the live-forever, not so well by the variable 
flower—for it is a niggardly bloomer—as by the thick 
leaf that they delight to hold in the mouth until, having 
loosened the membrane, they are able to infiate it like a 
paper bag. Sometimes dull, sometimes bright, the flower 
clusters never fail to attract many insects to their feast, 
which is accessible even to those of short tongues. Each 
blossom is perfect in itself, 7. ¢., it contains both stamens 
and pistils; but to guard against self-fertilization it rip- 
ens its anthers and sheds its pollen on the insects that 
carry it away to other flowers before its own stigmas 
mature and become susceptible to imported pollen. After 
_ the seedcases take on color, they might be mistaken for 
plossoms. Rooting freely from the joints, our plant 
forms thrifty tufts where there is little apparent nourish- 
ment; yet its endurance 


353 


cream-tinged. On one occasion the writer found a speci- 
men of this plant that grew over an old, rotten log which 
leaned among the ferns that partly hid a great rock in 
the woods. The plant covered a space of fully a square 
yard, and presented, with its many white flowers and 
glistening green leaves, a sight long to be remembered. 
Of all the plants of the woods, however, none can vie 
with our Hepatica or Liverwort as a favorite. Hardly 
has the snow melted away before the flowers of this 
hardy little champion of the plant world are seen peep- 
ing up among its own leaves of the previous season. It 
has received many vernacular names, and among them 
we hear it referred to as Squirrel Cup; Liver-leaf ; Noble 
Liverwort, and so on. The writer has often made life- 
size photographs of this pretty little plant, and one of 
his best results is here seen in Figure 12. It is putting 
forth over a dozen flowers, 


through prolonged drought 
is remarkable. Long after 
the farmer’s scythe, sweep- 
ing over the roadside, has 
laid it low, it thrives on 
the juices stored up in 
fleshy leaves and stem un- 
til it proves its title to the 


most lusty of all folk 
names.” 
Botanists tell us that 


this plant originally es- 
caped from gardens; and 
if this be true, the cuts here 
presented of the wild and 
garden forms come to be 
all the more interesting 
upon careful comparison. 
(Figs. 9 and 10). In the 
middle Atlantic States we 
meet with it growing in va- 
rious localities along the 
roadside and in old fields, 
but far more commonly in 
tocky soil, beneath the 
spreading limbs of the tall 
trees of the forest. It would seem that the authoress of 
Nature's Garden and other popular American botanists 
have, in their works, almost entirely overlooked the most 
attractive plant of the entire Sedum or Orpine group— 
the Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum of Gray. Last sum- 
mer the writer obtained a beautiful negative of this, tak- 
ing the plant in situ. It grew luxuriantly in the little 
rich earth that had accumulated upon the surface of a 
great rock found in the woods not far from Washington. 
In Figure 11 it is shown in full flower, with all of its 
interesting characters in plain view. This stonecrop 
occurs in similar locations from Connecticut to Georgia, 
and from thence westward to Michigan, Indiana and 
Tennessee, It has flat leaves which are arranged in 
whorls of three, and the flowers, complicated in struc- 
ture, are glistening white or sometimes very faintly 


and others. 


HEPATICA OR LIVERWORT 


Fig. 12. The trilobed leaves of this plant are responsible for its 
scientific name of triloba, while it has many common names, 
such as liver-leaf, squirrel cup, kidney liver-leaf, noble liverwort, 


and the form of last year’s 
leaves is very well shown. 
It is useless to look for this 
flower beyond where it 
grows in the loose earth of 
the more or less heavily 
timbered hillsides of its 
range; the plants are usu- 
ally single, and grow some 
distances apart. The old 
leaves persist; all winter, 
while the new leaves, which 
appear after the flowers, 
are very beautiful indeed, 
being closed, curved down- 
wards and folded, and pre- 
senting a furry growth on 
both stems and leaves. As 
stated, the leaves are ever- 
green and_ three-lobed; 
some are more or less mot- 
 tled, the color being rusty- 
red or purplish. What 
may appear to be the pet- 
als of this flower are, in 
reality, the sepals, and next 
to them, directly beneath, are three sessile leaves, green 
like the stems, and furry. Sometimes the flowers of He- 
patica are quite fragrant, but often entirely odorless, and 
the petal-like sepals run all the way from a pale blue to 
white, the intermediate colors being pale pink, lavender 
and a fine shade of purp!e. Gibson, the poet, left us these 
lines on the Hepatica: 
“Blue as the heaven it gazes at, 
Startling the loiterer in the naked groves 
With unexpected beauty ; for the time 
Of blossoms and green leaves is yet afar.” 

“What an individuality it has!” said John Burroughs, 
“No two clusters alike; all shades and sizes . . . .A 
solitary blue-purple one, fully expanded and rising over 
the brown leaves or the green moss, its cluster of minute 
anthers showing like a group of pale stars on its little 


(Cont'd on page 365.) 


MAKING A WOODEN PIPE 


HE annual consumption of word in the United 

States for use in the manufacture of smoking 
pipes is close to one-half million feet, board measure, 
says R. K. Helphenstein, Jr., of the United States For- 
est Service, in Lumber. 


French briar is used in the largest quantity by the 
industry, and represents over 66 per cent of all wood 
consumed by pipe makers in this country. 

French briar or “bruyers,” as it is often spel’ed, is 
a small tree belonging to the heath faniily. It is found 
in commercial quantities in Southern France, Italy, 
and a number of other countries bordering on the Medi- 


terranean Sea. Only the root of the briar is used for 


FIG.8. 


The Evolution of 
a Pipe 


' true in the case of pipes which have the bowl and 


pipes, but in Italy there is followed the practice of 
cutting each year the long, tough young shoots, which 
are bound together and sold to manufacturers of street 
brooms. Aside from this the plant is allowed to grow 
for three or four years, when the roots will have de- 
veloped sufficiently to permit cutting for pipe stock, 
enough of the plant being left to provide for future 
cuttings at three-year intervals. 


Second in importance among the woods used for 
pipes in this country is kalmia, better known as moun- 
tain laurel. As in the case with French briar, only the 
root is made into pipes. Though the commercial sup- 


ply comes principally fromm North ee lausee 
abundant in many other regions. ap ‘ 

Applewood is also employed for pipes, its chie’ 
value being its attractive color, which is darkened by 
long steaming at low pressure. The raw material is 
obtained from old orchard trees which have ceased 
bear fruit. A little red gum and some birch are a 
used by the industry, but only for very cheap pi 
Ir addition, a small quantity of ebony, olive wood, a 
other rare imported species ure employed. 


The pipe maker is extremely particular in his 
lection of raw material, especially for pipes of 
highest quality. A rich dark color is an impo 
requisite, but this may be obtained artificially if the 
wood does not already possess it. The finished pipe 
is of some dark shade, usually a rich mahogany. A 
rule, French briar and mountain laurel require 
artificial coloring to make them suitable for pipe ma 
ufacture. r 

An essential quality in pipe material is the abil 
to burn slowly. In addition, the wood must be m 
or less brittle, with a tendency to crumble under 1 
cutting impact of the tool. Any inclination to 
renders the wood unsuitable for use. It must cut 
same in all directions in order that a smooth st 
may be obtained. Soft porous woods with we 
fined annual rings of growth are undesirable, for 
reason that the bands of pores offer less resistance 
cutting tools than those in hard denser woods, a 
rough uneven surface is the result. This is espec: 


made all in one piece. A number of high grade 
are manufactured in this form, the hole through e 
stem being made with a fine drill. This is a difficult 
operation and if there is a soft porous band present in 
the wood the drill is likely to follow it and spoil the 
piece. The almost total abSence of growth rings in 
laurel and French briar makes these two species” 
pecially valuable to the pipe industry. 

English and French pipe manufacturers own land i ing 
the briar-producing regions and maintain warehouses 
and small workshops on or near their holdings, to 
which the freshly cut rvots are shipped. When re- 
ceived they are washed, boiled and roughly shaped. 
They are then sorted by size, quality and color and 
shipped to France, Great Britain and other countries 
for manufacture into pipes. \ 

American pipe manufacturers using French briar , 
receive their raw material in the form of roughly cut 
pipe blanks. In the case of mountain laurel the stock — 
is shipped direct to the pipe manufacturers in the fornr 
of roots or burls. They are cleaned and sawed into 
blocks of various sizes and shapes, and the blocks then — 
pass through numerous machine operations until the 
finished article is produced. The attached sketch 
shows the evolution of a high grade pipe bowl. 


i 
es. 


oh er Or 


THE BIRCHES 


By J. S. Illick 


HERE are thirty-five different kinds of Birches in 

the world. Fifteen of them are native to North 
America. Nine of these become trees while six reach 
only shrub size. 

The Birches belong to the group of trees known by 
the scientific name of Betula. Some claim that this word 
was derived by the great naturalist Pliny from bitumen; 
others claim it is derived from betu, the Celtic name for 
birch. There are still others who insist that it is derived 
from the Latin word batuere, which means “to beat.” 
The latter belief has followers because the fasces of the 


ra 


ME. 


“5 


PR rat 
en 


= 4 Serer 


A THRIFTY AND PROMISING STAND OF BLACK BIRCH 


Roman lictors, used to drive back the people, were always 
made from Birch rods. 

There is a legend that one dwarfed variety of Birch 
has never regained its original erect form and size after 
Christ was beaten with sticks that had been taken from 
it. The Russian peasants believe that the Birch tree is a 
symbol of good health, and it is not unusual to find peas- 
ants who permit themselves to be flogged with Birch 
switches until they perspire. This form of sport is un- 
questionably robust and goes under the trade name of 
“sweat bath.” 

Superstitious peoples in times past have depended upon 
the power of the Birch tree to guard them against light- 
ning, wounds, gout, and the evil eye. The medicinal value 
of the Birch is not entirely a superstition, for the Black 
Birch, also known as Sweet Birch and Cherry Birch, con- 
tains in its inner bark an oil which is used rather ex- 
tensively for flavoring and as a remedy for gout, rheuma- 
tism and pulmonary troubles. The Black Birch is the 


only kind of Birch native to North America that con- 
tains this oil in sufficient quantities to justify its distilla- 
tion for commercial purposes. The oil is similar to that 
distilled from the small shrub called wintergreen. 

Formerly the distillation of birch oil was in the hands 
of poor and rather indolent, and often illiterate, moun- 
taineers ; the same class that digs ginseng, picks huckle- 
berries, pastures bees and trespass on the lands of others 
without the slightest prick to their conscience. In the 
early days one could find small birch oil stills ‘scattered 
throughout the woods over the entire range of the Black 
Birch. Then the operators were wasteful to the extreme. 
They felled thrifty young trees as well as defective speci- 
mens, regardless of the effect that the cutting had upon 
the future development of the forest. Their stills were 
so crude and defective that only a small portion of the 
available oil was extracted. Now modern equipment is 
being used and much greater care is given to the forest 
growth. The business is now in better hands, but it is 
still wasteful and little thought is given to forest con- 
servation. 

Many a farmer living near the mountains now spends 
his winter months in the nearby forest operating at a 
profit a small birch oil still. In 1890 the oil sold at $1.80 
per pound. Then it rose to $3.00 and $4.00 a pound, and 
during the war it went as high as $6.00 and $8.00 a pound, 
and retailed from 50 to 80 cents an ounce. 


A BIRCH OIL STILL IN THE BACKWOODS OF PENN- 
SYLVANIA 


The Black Birch has a long list of common names. It 
is more fortunate than many other trees for most of them 
are appropriate. It is called Black Birch because the 
bark of the trunk is very dark. It is more distinctly 
black than that of any other birch tree. It is also called 
Sweet Birch because the inner bark of the young twigs 


THE BARK OF 
TREES IS SMOOTH AND DOES NOT 
PEEL IN PAPER-LIKE LAYERS 


YOUNG BLACK BIRCH 


has a pleasant and aromatic taste, which 
distinctive feature has made this tree 
well known among every country 
dweller throughout its entire range. The 
name Cherry Birch was given because of 


the general resemblance of the form of 


the tree and its bark to that of the 
ld Black Cherry. Other less com- 
mon and less appropriate names are 
River Birch, Mahogany Birch and 
Mountain Mahogany. 
The Black Birch ranges from New- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
foundland to western Ontario, south to Indiana, and along the Appala- 
chian Mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. It reaches its best 
development in southern Ontario, northern New York, northern Penn- 
sylvania and the northern peninsula of Michigan. 

This tree reaches a height of 70 or 80 feet, and a diameter of from 
two to three feet. It prefers rather deep, moist soil, but will grow on 
relatively dry and rocky ground. In the southern part of its range it is 
not unusual to find it upon rocky outcrops, on mountain tops, and along 
rough mountain slopes. It does not grow upon such situations by pref- 
erence, but because its light seeds were scattered over the rocks by my- 
riads, and some of them fell on fertile soil between the rocks, and others 
landed upon the little accumulation of soil that happened to occur in rock 
crevices. There they established themselves, while other trees, with 
larger and less buoyant seeds, could not get a foothold. 

The Black Birch can be distinguished from all other species of birch 
by its close blackish, cherry-like bark, which does not peal off into film- 
like layers. The young seedlings come into existence with smooth bark, 
but it does not last long for as age increases the bark becomes rough 
and black. Upon old specimens it breaks up into stiff, rigid and rather 
thick flakes, but does not shed in papery rolls like the bark of the River 
Birch, Yellow Birch and Paper Birch, with which it is frequently asso- 
ciated. It resembles the Yellow Birch more closely than any other Birch, 
but the latter has a distinctly yellow bark which peels off in thin, film-like 
layers. 

If all other means of recognition fail, the Black Birch can always be 
identified by the wintergreen-like flavor of the twigs. This is absent in 
all other birches. The Black 
Birch is sometimes tapped for 
its sap just as is the Sugar 
Maple. The sap flows even 
more freely than that of the 
maples. It is reported that as 
many as two tons of sap have 
flown forth from a medium- 
sized tree in a single season. 
The sap, however, is used for 
a different purpose than that 
of the Maple. It is made into 
a beer which has some com- 
mercial value, and is used 
rather freely in some locali- 
ties. It is reported that one of 
the ways of preparing it is to 
jug the sap, put in a handful 
of shelled corn, and then let 
fermentation do the rest of the 
job. 

The wood of the Black Birch 
had few uses in the early days 
Fuel was then one of its chiet 
The pioneer lumber- 
men had little to do with it, for 
the lumber was hard to saw 
and rather difficult to season, 
and it warped so badly that 
it taxed the lumberman’s pa- 
and The 
wood is rather heavy, strong, 
hard and a large number of 


uses. 


ON THE CONTRARY THE BARK OF 
OLD BLACK BIRCH TREES BECOMES 
ROUGH AND PEELS OFF INTO IRREG- 
ULAR AND STIFF SCALES 


tience ingenuity. 


THE BIRCHES 357 


uses are now being found for it. Among its principal 
uses are furniture and interior finish. It is quite fre- 
quently substituted for Cherry, and occasionally for 
Hickory, and large quantities are made up in imitation 
of Mahogany. 

The Black Birch grows rather slowly, but it may be 
classified as one of our important forest trees. The de- 
mand for the wood is annually becoming heavier, and 
the supply is rapidly diminishing. It is well adapted for 
planting in parks, and*on home grounds, for in the open 
it develops a wide symmetrical crown which is quite at- 
tractive. 

The Red Birch is also called River Birch. This is an 
appropriate common name, for the tree is usually found 
along the banks of rivers and on the border of swamps. 
Other common names are Water Birch, Blue Birch, 
Black Birch and sometimes it is simply called Birch. The 
name Red Birch refers to the color of the inner bark, 
which is made visible by the peeling off of the bark. The 
trunk of the tree and the larger branches are contin- 
uously getting rid of their outer bark and in doing so 
the outermost layers are rolled back, hang for a while, 
and are then gradually broken loose by the wind. 

The inner bark, which is exposed in this process of 


bark shedding, is distinctly red in color. The color, 


THE RIVER BIRCH IS CONTINUOUSLY GETTING RID 
OF ITS OUTER BARK. THIS CASTING OFF OF THE 
BARK UNCOVERS THE REDDISH INNER BARK, WHICH 
IS ONE OF THE BEST DISTINGUISHING CHARACTER- 
ISTICS OF THE TREE 


Photograph by courtesy U. S. Forest Service 


CLUMP OF PAPER BIRCHES ON THE SAND AT JUNIPER 
BEACH, MICHIGAN 


however, varies considerably, sometimes suggesting the 
tint of old brass, and again it may be brownish in color. 
The name “Black Birch” is not appropriate for this tree, 
for the bark is not black, excepting near the ground on 
real old trunks. This tree clings as closely to water 
courses and other wet places as the Sycamore, and conse- 
quently both the names River Birch and Water Birch 
are quite appropriate. 

The range of the River 
that of the other important birches of the eastern’ United 
States. 
as far north as Massachusetts, extends west to Minne- 


3irch is less extensive than 
It is, however, by no means limited for it occurs 


sota, and is found southward along the coast to Florida 
and west to Texas. It occurs on an area of nearly 
1,000,000 square miles, but it cannot be said that it is 
abundant everywhere within this area. There are thou- 
sands of square miles within the limits of its range upon 
which not a single tree may occur, while in other places, 
especially along streams and about ponds, it is very com- 


358 AMERICAN 


mon and locally it is abundant. Nature seems to have 
made wise provisions when it provided for the ripening 
of the seeds of the River Birch in early summer. Then 
the rivers are low and the seeds are scattered by the mil- 
lions on the muddy shores and upon the slow flowing 
water. 
suitable place upon which to germinate and establish 
themselves, while those that drop upon the water float 
away with the current and lodge upon the soil in favor- 
3efore the high water of 


Those that happen to fall upon the mud find a 


able places along the. shore. 


late autumn 


FORESTRY 


base of the leaf blade is wedge-shaped, a characteristic 
present but not so pronounced in other birches. 

The River Birch trees sometimes attain a height of 
80 or 90 feet, and range in diameter from two to four 
feet. Frequently they fork out about 15 or 20 feet from 
the ground and send up several stout secondary stems. 

The wood is among the lightest of the birches. It 
weighs, when dry, only 36 pounds per cubic foot. It 
does not have a wide range of uses, but it is manufac- 
tured into plain furniture, wooden ware and kitchen 
utensils. Wood- 


and early win- 
ter comes 
along they are 
well _ rooted 
in the mud and 
sand, and ready 
to put up a 
fight for their 
lives. 
The River 
Birch may be 
spoken of as a 
soldier tree, for 
it must 


tinually 


con- 
battle 
exist- 
ence because of 
1't:S 
Each time the 
streams rise it 


for its 


location. 


must withstand 
the force of the 
rapidly flowing 
water and the 
batter of the 
debris that 
floats upon the 
surface of th 

water; and 
sach ‘spring, as 
the icy ¢cover- 
ing of our 
streams breaks 
up into sharp- 


A VETERAN RIVER BIRCH. 
VIDES ABOUT TWELVE FEET FROM THE GROUND. THE BARK ON REAL 


ice 
cakes that float 
rapidly and in 


angled 
OLD SPECIMENS OF RIVER BIRCH 
great masses towards the sea, many thousands, in fact 
millions of River Birch trees lose their lives, and addi- 
Year 
after year they fight for a place on the shore, and it seems 
as if they were gaining rather than losing their position. 
The River Birch has a number of striking distinguish- 


1 


tional millions are damaged beyond recovery. 


laracteristics. 


None of them is more conspicuous 
bark 
In addition to this posi- 


reddish-brown to cinnamon-red which 


film-like layers. 
eristic, the hairiness of the small twigs and 


is also helpful in identifying this tree. The 


IT IS OVER FOUR FEET IN DIAMETER, AND DI- 


5 BECOMES DEEPLY 
BLACK, WHICH MAKES THE VARIETY EASILY DISTINGUISHABLE 


en shoes are 
also made from 
it, and locally, 
in the southern 
states, it is cut 
up into veneer 
used in the 
manufacture of 
peach and po- 
tato baskets, 
and in the 
backwoods 
barrel hoops 
are also made 
from it. In the 
rafting days on 
the  Susque- 
hanna River in 
P e nnsylvania, 
when millions 
of White Pine 
and Hemlock 
logs were 
breught down 
this great 
stream in rafts, 
the logs were 
lashed together 
with “lash- 
poles” made al- 
most exclusive- 
ly of River 
Birch. 

The Red or 
River Birch 
may not be 
classified 
among the most important forest trees of the United 
States, but it is of considerable economic importance, 
because it is adapted to wet places and will grow well on 
the banks of rivers. Few other trees are so well adapted 
to wet places, and it is one of the best trees to make pro- _ 
ductive many swamps and other wet places that are now 
producing nothing of value. 

There are two distinct kinds of birch trees with white 
bark native to the northeastern part of North America. 
The one has been given the name of Paper Birch or Ca- 
noe Birch, and the other is usually called White Birch. 


FURROWED AND 


THE BIRCHES 


Among the other common names of the latter tree are 
Grey Birch, Poplar-leaved Birch, Old Field Birch and 
Poverty Birch. It is called White Birch because of its 
white bark which is marked with triangular black spots 
located at the origin of lateral branches. 


The leaves of this tree resemble those of the Poplars 
or Aspen, whence the name Poplar-leaved Birch and the 
specific part of the scientific name populifolia. It is called 
Old Field Birch because it is so common in old, aband- 
oned fields of the northeast, and the name Poverty Birch 
Was given to it because it is often present in large num- 
bers upon very poor sites. 

No more adaptive tree than the White Birch is known. 
It thrives along the banks of lakes and streams, and 
withstands the rigors and deficiencies of a dry and rug- 
ged mountain top. It and the Pitch Pine are among the 
few trees that are able to maintain themselves upon the 
sterile refuse that is thrown out on huge piles in all parts 
of the anthracite coal mining region. 

The White Birch usually attains a height of 20 to 30 
feet. Sometimes it becomes 45 feet high, and 10 to 12 
inches in diameter. It is a short-lived tree that grows 
rather fast. It is found from Nova Scotia to Ontario and 
southward to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania. 

There is no other tree in the forest of the northeast 
with leaves like that of the White Birch. They are tri- 
angular in outline, taper gradually and gracefully from a 
broad base to a thin, long point, and the leaf-margin is 
sharp-toothed. The long, slender leaf-stalks allow the 
leaves to be fluttered by every breeze, until the whole 
tree often becomes a mass of glimmering green. Mar- 
shall gave this tree the appropriate scientific name of 


BIRCH TREES SOMETIMES GROW ON HUGE BOULD- 
ERS. THE LITTLE SEEDLING TREES START THEIR 
DEVELOPMENT ON TOP OF THE BOULDERS BY SEND- 
ING OUT ROOTS WHICH FOLLOW THE MOIST, MOSSY 
COVERING UNTIL 1HEY REACH THE MINERAL SOIL 


THE WHITE BIRCH IS A SHORT-LIVED TREE. 
ATTACKED HEAVILY BY FUNGI. 


Dts 
SOMETIMES AS 
MANY AS 100 SHELF-LIKE FRUITING BODIES OF A 


FUNGUS MAY BE SEEN ON A SINGLE TREE STEM 
Betula populifolia, which means Poplar-leaved Birch, for 
the trembling habit of the leaves is truly characteristic 
of the Poplars or Aspens. 

The White Birch usually has a continuous trunk, that 
is, it does not branch near the ground or along the stem, 
but its main stem continues all the way to the tip. An- 
other characteristic by which this tree may be recognized 
is its occurrence in clumps. It is not unusual to find 
four or five, or often ten, stems in a clump. A close ex- 
amination of the ground usually reveals an old stem in 
the midst of these clumps, showing that they all orig- 
inated as sprouts from a solitary trunk which may have 
died from the result of an attack by insect or fungi, or it 
may have been killed by a forest fire. 

The White Birch is singularly attractive, unusually 
adaptive, and easily propagated. If little seedlings are 
set out one can be reasonably sure that they will grow, 
but one must not be disappointed if the seedlings do not 
have the white bark, so characteristic of older specimens, 
for it is characteristic of this tree not to develop a white 
bark until the trees are two, three or more inches in 
diameter. The bark of young specimens is golden 
brown, which accounts for the fact that this tree when 
young is often spoken of as the Golden Birch, 


360 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


that of the Paper Birch and Red Birch, but it does not 
have the white color of the former or the reddish to 
greenish color of the latter. The scales of the Red Birch 
are thicker and smaller than those of the Yellow Birch, 
and those of the Paper or Canoe Birch are larger and 
more paper-like. 


In some places this tree is spoken of as Silver Birch, 
while in other localities the name Grey Birch or Swamp 
3irch is used. The name Swamp Birch is quite appro-~ 
priate, for the tree usually grows best in wet situations. 
Its geographical range is bounded by a line drawn from ~ 
Newfoundland to northern Minnesota, southward to the” 
Lake States, and along the Atlantic Coast to Delaware, ~ 
and along the Allegheny Mountains as far south as 
North Carolina and Tennessee. “a 

The twigs of the Yellow Birch resemble those of Black 


a 


- 


eee 


THE WHITE BIRCH IS NOT PARTICULAR. IT -WILL 
GROW ON THE CULM OR REFUSE BANKS IN THE AN- 
THRACITE COAL REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA 


There is little likelihood of confusing the Yellow 
Birch with any other tree as it stands in the forest. It is 
easily recognized wherever it grows by the ragged, yel- 
low bark which peels off in thin, film-like, papery scales. 

It has such an individuality that there is little need of 
studying its leaves, flowers and fruits to find a way to 


recognize it. Its method of peeling the bark resembles 


en =P 


~ 


THE WHITE BIRCH OFTEN GROWS IN CLUMPS. THE 
BARK CAN BE PEELED, BUT WHEN ONCE REMOVED 
IS NOT RENEWED 


3irch, but they lack the sweet, wintergreen flavor of 
the latter. The bark on the’trunks of the closely asso- 
ciated Black Birch is close-fitting, blackish, cherry-like, 
and does not peel off in thin layers. 

The Yeliow Birch is one of the important timber trees 
of the Northeast. It is propagated easily, has few insect— 
enemies, and produces valuable wood used extensively 
in the manufacture of furniture, vehicles, flooring, boxes, 

Baha te joe 5 Wisin Fang _.... veneer, pulp, chemicals and fuel. Birch broom handles 

'E BIRCH MAY BE DISTINGUISHED BY ITS , 00 y, : aR sgn he fi 
a BARK COVERED WITH TRIANGULAR BLACK have been a commodity on our markets since the first 
Ee ‘I THE ORIGIN OF THE LATERAL BRANCHES | lathe went to work making them. They are made of all 


THE BIRCHES 361 


kinds of birch wood, but the Yellow Birch contributes the greater part. 


The Paper Birch, also known as Canoe Birch and White Birch, is also 
a tree of the Northwoods. It is called Paper Birch because the bark 
peels off in thin, paper-like scales. The name White Birch refers to the 
white color of its bark, and the name Canoe Birch was given to it 
because the Indians and early settlers used this tree in the building of 
canoes. 


It grows as far north as Arctic British America, extends east to Lab- 
tador, south to Michigan and Pennsylvania, and reaches west nearly to 
the base of the Rocky Mountains. Some believe that the white-barked 
birch tree of Alaska is simply a variety of the Paper Birch. If this be 
| true, the Paper Birch is a trans-continental tree with a range of at least 
| 


one million square miles. It is very abundant in the great forest regions 
of Minnesota and the northern United States where it frequents the 
banks of lakes and rivers and is regarded as one of our most beautiful 
and characteristic trees. 

The Paper Birch is one of the best known trees in range. Every 
schoolboy 
and girl 
knows that 
the bark of 
this tree was 
used in the 
building of 
canoes by the 
Indians and 
early settlers, 
and everyone 
who has had 
the privilege 
o f roaming 
through the 
N o rthwoods 
will forever 
remember 
its chalky and 
creamy white 
bark which 
peels off in 
thin, film-like, 
papery scales. 
In addition to 
its white and 
loose bark, it 
may be recog- 


“ae _ « THE YELLOW BIRCH CAN ALWAYS BE 
nized by its pHistiNGUISHED BY ITS DISTINCTLY 
broadly oval YELLOW BARK WHICH PEELS OFF IN 

ae with THIN, RAGGEL, FILM - LIKE LAYERS, 
leaves with wis’ BARK IS OFTEN USED BY 
short, stou’ CAMPERS TO START CAMP FIRES ON 
leaf - stalks. WET DAYS 


The fruit spikes are short-stalked, cylindrical, and usu- 


ally droop; while those of the other birches, as a rule, 
stand erect. 


Not so large a number of specimens of Canoe Birch 
A YELLOW BIRCH THAT BEGAN ITS LIFE UPON A : Th} are, : Agee es : 
FALLEN TREE TRUNK. AFTER THE SEEDS GERMI. ©2” be found as of the White Birch, but it reaches a 
NATED IT SENT DOWN ROOTS ON THE SIDES OF THE larger size, produces better wood, and is far more at- 
LOGS UNTIL THEY REACHED THE GROUND AND ‘ tractive. The quantity of Paper Birch that still remains 


THUS THE TREE ESTABLISHED ITSELF AND NOW . ; 
CONTINUES TO GROW is unknown, but it probably exceeds that of any other 


362 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


wards the Arctic Circle remain quite small, some of them — 
not exceeding twelve to eighteen inches in height. 
The five species described in this article are the only 
of real 


single species of birch, The largest use of its wood is 
far spools—the common kinds—that are used for thread. 
Some larger sizes of spools are also made, but most of 


: e ——— ones 
them are of the Ie eS ee ee Te we 1 DP ee oY 
i ~ commer cial 
small size. > VA 2 
oid : ics Sree tats impo ance | 1 
Tooth picks, an Rog Pp 

Yat bad 
shoe pegs, and 7 Gi: 
4 Pag * oa 

shoe shanks f} oo Ms 


are other im- 
portant articles 


made from Pa- 


, 7 
~ 
reas es =a 
Sete eave |. 
~~ 


er Baireh \ 
I by \ et eh 
wood. J 
: - : ~ { 
Of the thirty- | Apt tea Ss z 
five different }} eh Se J 4 “| but because 
al 4 ! 7 


kinds of Birch 
trees known in 
the world, 
twenty - five 
reach tree size 
somewhere 
within the ir 
range. Some 
of them reach 
tree size in the 
southern part 
of their range, but remain quite small toward the north- 
ern limit of their growth. The birches that venture to- 


their limited 


Photograph by the U. S. Forest Service. 


obvious distin— 
guishing char- 
acteristics of © 
the five com- 
mercial birches of eastern North America are given in 
the following table: 


THE RANGE OF PAPER BIRCH IN THE UNITED STATES IS INDICATED BY 
THE AREA NORTH OF THE BLACK LINE. 


or 
Sweet Birch 


Cherry bark. Inner 
bark has winter- 
green-like taste. 


above; pale green 
below. 


inches long. 


NAME BARK LEAVES FRUIT TWIGS OCCURRENCE | 
Dark _ reddish Ovate, . usually Smooth, _ erect, Smooth, _ shiny, Rich soi] and dry 1 

Black Birch brown. Does not | heart - shaped at | cone - like stro- | reddish - brown, | rocky mountain | 
peel off. Resembles | base. Dark green | bile, 1 1-2 to 2 | with wintergreen | slopes. ; 


flavor. 


Yellow Birch 


Red Birch 
or 
River Birch 


Paper Birch 
or 
Canoe Birch. 


Grey Birch 


or 
White Birch 


On young stems 
smooth, shiny, gol- 
den yellow. Peels 
off in thin, film- 
like yellowish lay- 


ers on _—ilarger 
CT kre) vad: 
branches. 


Like Black Birch, 
but has _ larger 
teeth and is firmer 
in texture. Leaf- 
stalks often very 
hairy. 


Reddish - brown. 
Peels off in ragged 
scales. Becomes 
rouga on old 
trunks. 


Broadly ovate. 
Deep green above, 
pale yellowish- 
green below. Leaf- 
stalks often hairy. 


An erect, ovate, 
short -_ stalked, 
cone-like strobile, 
1 to 1 1-2 inches 
long. 


Dull, _ silvery 
gray to brown, 
usually smooth, 
sometimes hairy. 


Rather bitter. 


Prefers borders | 
of streams and 
swamps. | 


An erect, hairy, 
cylindrical, cone - 
like strobile, 1 to 
1 1-2 inches long. 


Slender, smooth 
to hairy, and red- 
dish brown. 


Usually found | 
along rivers and | 
streams and in 
other wet places. 


White _ outside, 
and brown within. 
Peels readily into 
thin papery scales. 


Chalky white, 
dotted with trian- 


gular black spot 
just below origin 
| of lateral branches. 
| Doesn't peel off. 


Oval in form, 
with round = or 
wedge - shaped 


base. Leaf - stalks 
short and hairy. 


Triangular in 
form, with long- 
tapered point. 


Short - stalked, 
cylindrical, cone- 
like strobile. About 
1 1-2 inches long. 


Rather stout 
somewhat viscid, 
decidedly _hairy, 
reddish-brown. 


From rich wood- 
ed slopes to 
swamps. 


Slender, short - 
stalked, cone-like 
strobile. About 3-4 
of an inch long. 


Rough, dull, 
greenish to brown. 


Usually occurs 
in moist and wet 
places. Sometimes 
found in dry, 
rocky situations. 


_ Few trees are better equipped than the birches to per- 
petuate their kind. They are abundant seeders, and the 
seeds are small, light in weight, well-winged, and are 
5 ed over long distances by the wind. It may seem 
dible, but it is true, that by actual count it has been 
nd that there are 711,680 seeds of Paper Birch in a 
nd. The Black Birch and Yellow Birch have from 
400,000 to 500,000 seeds per pound. 

_ Of course, the seeds produced by these trees do not al- 
ways fall upon faverable places. Some of them do not 
rerminate, while others perish soon after they have been 
It is fortunate for the trees that they are not 


a 


Y 


“ 


HE LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUIT OF THE BLACK 
CH ARE DISTINCTIVE. ITS SEEDS ARE SMALL 
D WELL-WINGED. THERE ARE AT LEAST 400,000 
EDS TO A POUND 


articularly choice in selecting places upon which to 

y. They will grow on poor, mineral soil, thrive in 
pol fields, get along in places where they are flooded 
with sunlight, and will even maintain themselves in deep 


ys 


jade where only occasional beams of sunlight touch 


‘5 Nature seems to help the birch trees, for if one ex- 
an a mature tree late in fall or early in winter, there 
be noted upon it many cone-like bodies about an inch 
ng. These are the fruiting bodies. Many of them stand 


, and remain intact for a long while with thousands 


THE BIRCHES 


363 


LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITING BODIES OF THE 
RED OR RIVER BIRCH 


THE WHITE OR GREY BIRCH HAS POPLAR-LIKE 
LEAVES,;"“ERECT FRUITING BODIES, AND ITS FLOW. 
ERS APPEAR WITH THE LEAVES 


364 AMERICAN 
of seeds carefully stored away within them. After the 
snow falls, and with the alternate thaws and freezes, 
these fruiting bodies begin to break apart and liberate 
the seeds. The wind drives the tiny but well-winged 
seeds in every direction. Many of them land upon the 
snow, where they rest until the snow melts, and with 


THE PAPER BIRCH IS THE QUEEN OF THE NORTH- 
WOODS. ITS LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUIT AND WINTER 
TWIGS ARE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS 


the melting snow are carried down between the rocks and 
land on mineral soil. Here they germinate and estab- 
lish themselves in places not reached by other larger and 
heavier seeds. 

In the northwoods it is not unusual to find birch trees, 
particularly the Yellow Birch, standing on high, spread- 
ing roots, two, three, or even six feet above the ground. 
This unique condition is brought about by the manner 
in which the small seedling trees grow. The seed falls 
on moss covering the top of a log or stump. The moss 
retains much moisture, and after the seed germinates the 
trees grow and send their roots down the side of the 
log or stump until they reach the mineral soil in which 
they firmly fixed. In time the log or stump 
decays, and the spreading roots continue to support the 
trunk several feet above the ground. This unique root 
Aeon: ment of the Yellow Birch is quite common in 
woods. Occasionally one finds the same growth 


become 


FORESTRY 


form on large rocks or boulders. This unique root de 
velopment may be explained by the fact that a birch seed 
fell in the moss covering the rock, began to germinate, 
and the roots descended the side of the rock until they 
reached the ground, and as the rock did not decay or 
disintegrate the tree continued to grow to maturity Ov: 
the rock with the base of the tree trunk often ten fee 
above the ground. 

The birches as a group occupy an important place i 
the northwoods. Many useful commodities are n 
from their wood, and they serve a wide range of o 
uses. They appear to be defending themselves again 
the aggression of other forest trees, because fatal ha 
provided them with a strong defensive weapon, in 
all of them produce enormous quantities of seeds, and 
resulting seedlings can adapt themselves to a wide 
of growth conditions. 

We need the birch tree in the northwoods, andy 
the increased protection that is being given to our 
ests, it seems fair to assume that the birches will pla 
important role in the future management of the fores 
the Northeast. 


FROM WILD TO GARDEN FLOWERS _ 


(Cont'd from page 353.) 

firmament, is enough to arrest and hold the dullest e 
Then, there are individual hepaticas, or 
dividual families among them, that are sweet scent 
The gift seems as capricious as the gift of genius in fan 
lies. You cannot tell which the fragrant ones are | 
you try them. Sometimes it is the large white on 
sometimes the large purple ones, sometimes the sma 
pink ones. The odor is faint, and recalls that of the 
sweet violets. A correspondent, who seems to have care- 
fully observed these fragrant hepaticas, writes me that 
this gift of odor is constant in the same plant; that the 
plant which bear sweet-scented flowers this year i 
bear them next.” 
Long will the name of Joka Barroushe live, and long 
will live the lovely things he said and penned about o ir 
birds and flowers. 


| ce acre of walnut trees in bearing will produce 
every year food approximating 2,500 pound of 
beef.—The North Woods. 


f 


Bee California State Board of Forestry has acquired 
30 acres of land on which they are raising trees 
for highway planting. 


Give fools their gold, and knaves their power 
Let Fortunes bubbles rise and fall, 
Who saves a field, or trains a flower 
Or plants a tree, is more than all. 
WHITTIER. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Tree Stories For Children 


Sa ie i 


; The Gift of the Olive Tree 
ANZ RAY ANS 
J } j in 
Ny NE By Mary Isabel Curtis Sah 
: IS ; AA\IN yi 
N y Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, and being so very v4, \ >: 
: EY) wise she knew that war, even though it was sometimes nec- NY \G@ 
: N47 i essary, was a dreadful thing. Minerva had another name. q 
i Ne ZA) The Greeks called her Athena; and they called the god of Bos 
, <a Z the sea Poseidon. oa 
; ES Now the Greeks had just built a new city to be the capital 0s 
; ~ of their country, but they had no name for it. Poseidon LID 
Ny \ YY thought it should be named for him because as the city was WAIN 
' eWV4 on the sea-coast it would doubtless send out many ships over Sl bi 
FF % which he would have charge. But Minerva-Athena felt AANNS 
; bh ¥ that she should have the honor of naming the city be- AND) Ss 
Ie LY, cause she was so wise that she would know just how to care Racor 
. fice for it in the best way. ei 
2 At last, in order to settle the dispute, the gods called a YY ‘ 
EY, meeting and decreed that the city should be named for that WKS T 
= ZY, claimant who could give the most useful present to the peo- Way FEES 
Vey ple of the Earth. PALE 
WA “Oh, then it will be named for me,” said Poseidon, “for oR 
Wah, nothing can be more useful than the present I shall give.” ANN 
\ Sis Feeling perfectly certain that he had won the contest, he = 
= PY struck upon the earth with his trident. As he did so the BS 
Aa A ground cracked a little. From the crack there sprang a Cpe * 
\ Po splendid coal-black horse who dashed around so actively a rn 
N 47 that all the gods became a trifle nervous and moved a few iF 
SS, i) steps further back. — 
Zt q Then it was Minerva-Athena’s turn to show what she WN SIS : 
\: es /} could do. She picked up a spear and struck upon the ground (pres , aS 
N Hy, with it. At once a beautiful gray-green olive-tree full of jest Un 
WZ: fruit appeared. = SIN 
SA The gods considered the two presents. They decided that ANZ 
_—— Zz, ° > <> SA < 
SZ; though the horse was more useful in war, the Greeks pre- “U\w*S> 
ial: ferred peace to war, and the olive-tree which was the sign YI Name 
4 ‘ : Pen 
5 aq of peace and fertility was, after all, a higher gift to man. —* (es 
vas <4 So they named the city for Minerva-Athena. They called SZ S == 
L SS) it Athens. And the people of Athens built the goddess a ISS | 
EN WA beautiful temple on a hill—a temple so beautiful that trav- Zi —— Se 
ee ellers from all over the world still go to see it and marvel SS s 
SZ, Fe that the Greeks could build so perfectly. OZAIN> 
i f(\@> PRN BES 
AMIN 
——— M7 ALN YIZNNMAIEANLY MEIN AZIZ /IN 
. NY Ze ‘ (hs 3 awe IWC iN i é 
iY =< . A2 BR . = \// | VAY . = iy 
wl : 


CLUTTER YAR 


BOYS PLANT THE BURROUGHS FOREST 


By T. R. HUTTON 


ee @ EVEN, up half a foot—nine, back—10, 11 and 12, 
come up on the line. Center back—throw ’em in!” 

A dozen mattocks rose and fell to the click of steel 
on the buried rocks of an abandoned mountain pasture, 
and the boy who had called the signals went up the sharp 
slope to take the new alignment from another boy well 
back along an undulating line of newly planted Scotch 
Pine. 

The mattock men moved forward with two brisk 
strides, dropped broad heads to their tools on the ground 
where the second stride took them and stepped back a 
half pace while the linesman chanted off his corrections, 
peering along the numbered mattock handles. In the 
rear a second row of boys with pails full of treelings 
moved up to the newly made holes, planted, packed the 


UP ON THE LINE 


Boys of eleven state and five nations, members of the Raymond 
Riordon School, resting from their labors. 

earth with a final pressure of the foot and stepped for- 

ward behind the mattocks, to the last line of trees in 

the New York State John Burroughs Memorial Forest. 

Flat on their backs where they had finished, their 
tools thrown in a loose pile, the mattock men awaited 
them, worn out by the final spurt up the mountain side. 
When the last tree had been patted into place there was 
a long silence until a cheerful cherub from Pittsburgh 
remarked with a grin: 

“Now sposin’ we had to go take them all out again?” 

An arm encased in a checkered lumberjack shirt 
reached over and pulled him on his ear. 

“Yo shut up an’ rest, son,’ remarked its owner in a 
comfortable Georgia drawl. “We got a heap of packin’ 
to do when we get down to camp.” 

And that was all the fuss that the Conservation Unit 
of the Raymond Riordon School made about the finish 
of its big job for the state of New York on the John 
Burroughs memorial forest. 


If they had planted a thousand trees perhaps the 
might have been excited over the finish, but because 
they had planted upwards of 16,000 white spruce z 
Scotch pine three year olds in less than a week it was 
sufficient to know that the job was done and well done. 

Two weeks later Ellis B. Staley, the new Conserve 
Commissioner for the state of New York, formally ac 
cepted the forest and the tablet that marks it, in a simple 
little ceremony high on the shoulder of Rose Moun 
west of Kingston in the Catskills, and in the name of the 
Chief Executive of the state pledged the perpetuation by 
a sovereign people of the work begun by these boys of 
11 to 19. The big point in the planting of the John Bur- 
roughs memorial forest escaped the attention of the lay 
press. No one would have seen it quicker than the great _ 
naturalist himself, but unfortunately for the world those. 
keen eyes are closed, save as we see through them the 
truth of nature in the imperishable pen pictures he left” 
behind. 4 

The big point was not that 26 boys had through a week 
of snow and rain and cold planted 16,000 trees above — 
the clouds on the shoulder of Rose Mountain. 

It was not that they had taken on a work of honor 
for a great state—but that they had left behind them 
row on row of well run lines of spruce and pine. c 

The accent should not have been placed upon the fact 
that the State of New York through these boys had 
achieved the most fitting memorial possible to the great 
man who had gone on, in the springtime he loved so” 
well. The fact that escaped notice at the time was this: — 

For the first time in history a strictly college prepara- 
tory school produced a unit of boys who by their very 
work have demonstrated the practicability of a conser- 
zation unit for every college preparatory school whether 
public or private in the United States. ; 

And what does this mean to us, to whom the “harvent 
of the hills” is so very vital? 


Briefly, it means this—that by the proper amount of ef- 
fort rightly directed there should be established in a 
majority of preparatory schools throughout the United 
States groups of boys operating as conservation units 
outside the classroom and thereby learning the great 
lesson that the men and women of tomorrow must appre- 
ciate if America is to survive as a land of production. 


Oh, but it will be a long struggle. That work on the — 
side of Rose Mountain merely gave us the opening. 
There will be objections, regional, professional, peda- 
gogical and otherwise—I am afraid that they will be 
mostly pedagogical. 

And the fight will be longer, drearier and wearier un- 


less this fundamental is accepted at the outset and made 
a part of the national consciousness : 


| CONSERVATION IS A MATTER OF EDUCATION 
AND THE EDUCATORS OF THE COUNTRY ARE RE- 
_ SPONSIBLE TO THE COUNTRY FOR THE PRACTICAL 
_ TEACHING OF CONSERVATION TO THE MEN OF TO- 
MORROW. 
+ The problems of the day are the things in which our 
_ young must be educated. This is no attempt at a peda- 
_gogical discussion. It is just a plain statement of facts. 
Conservation should not be a matter for the Ladies’ 
Aid Society, the Masons, the Knights of Columbus, or 
the Fire Department. Conservation is a strictly educa- 
tional proposition, and the teaching of it to young 
America should be within the jurisdiction of the State 
Department of Education advised by and co-operating 
with the State Conservation Commission. 


“But it will require experts that are outside the curri- 
um!” objects this or that head master or school 
cipal. 

Can anything that is necessary for a boy to know be 
‘outside the curriculum? Are we teaching boys life or 
are we stuffing them at the expense of citizenship? 


So much for your curriculum—and now for the ex- 
pert. Insofar as your city schools are concerned make 
your city forester responsible if you wish, or, if it is to 
be a strictly departmental proposition; how will the cost 
_ of a superviser of conservation compare with the cost of 
a supervisor of drawing or so-called manual training? 


“But the cost of materials?” It is objection number 


This is the cost of the crew of twenty-six boys who 
planted the Burroughs Memorial Forest : 


Materials. 
meeMattocks’ at $2:00.........0.05.5- $24.00 
2 Axes (double bit) at $3.50........ 7.00 
12 Pails (galvanized iron) at $.30...... 3.60 
Trees furnished by state. Total $34.60 


Where boys go a distance from their schools to state 
lands additional equipment is necessary as well as food. 
The boys of the Burroughs Memorial Unit were fed at 
_ the rate of sixty-five cents a day and well fed through- 
out. Two boys were detailed as cooks at camp while the 
_ others worked on the planting lines. The food was on 
time to the minute each meal. The additional equip- 
_ ment and cost is given herewith: 


; Camp Equipment. 
Three pyramidal tents (State should 


furnish these, but cost is given).... $90.00 
Cooking equipment : 
Pipe grate 2x4, bolted together....... 2.00 
Six aluminum pails at 40c............ 2.40 
Drip pan—25 man size.............. 2.00 
Two frying pans (14 inch) at $1.50.. 3.00 


Cooking knives, ladles, can opener, 


MEELIS 5's oidsciclnle'acs.é ps 0e's.0.0.2 5.00 
Outside possible cost............. $104.00 
OSGeo. | 14.00 


! BOYS PLANT THE BURROUGHS FOREST 


367 


The boys furnished their own mess kits, canteens, cups 
and blankets and slept in straw purchased from a farmer 
at Big Indian. The cost of haulage, straw, etc., was $15. 
The state paid for the haulage of the trees. 

On the basis that the state furnishes the tentage, as in 
the case of the Burroughs Memorial Forest where Lt. 
Col. William L. Burnett of the First New York Infantry 
made it available, the total cost then, for equipment, 
housing and feeding of a 26-man unit for one week on 
state lands is something less than $200—considerably 
less. 

It is not a question of “Can we. afford that kind of 
education?” the point is—how can we possibly afford 
to disregard it? 


HEADQUARTERS OF THE PLANTERS 
A vista of the camp through the trees by the side of the stream. 


We teach biology—here it is in practice. We teach 
civics—here is service to state and nation in its best 
manifestation. We teach hygiene—ask the men fresh 
from service where they learned personal hygiene and 
sanitation—in the lecture room or the field itself? We 
try to teach neatness, care, accuracy and sturdiness—is 
there a better place to find all these than on the mattock 
line? 

“But the loss of time from the classroom?” Take 
your boys who can afford it if there is to be a 
loss. As a matter of fact each and every one of the 26 
boys on that expedition not only studied in camp each 
morning, but he passed his monthly and Regents exami- 
nations satisfactorily. 

This bit of detail to meet the objections that are sure 
to be raised at the start. And the big point is this— 
conservation work in practice as well as in theory, 
should be required by the department of education in 
every state, from each boy in high school. Eventually 
it will be. The question is: “Will it come in time to save 
us?” Not if left to itself. This is something that will 
require effort, organization and a sympathetic co-opera- 
tion by the educators of the country. 

What state will start the ball rolling? 


ARBOR DAY OBSERVANCE PRAISED 


nation have given the 


DITORS of the 
most remarkable response to the Amer- 
Arbor Day 
activities in honor of J. 

Whether it be memorial 


ican Forestry Association's 


semi-centennis 
Sterling Morton 
Remembrance, or 
sending tree Great 
France, they all seize upon the theme for 


tree planting, Roads of 


seeds to 3ritain and 
editorial expression of the greater lesson 


behind it all—an endeavor to interest the 


public in the broader aspects of the ques- 
tion, the perpetuation of our forests. 

Of course, the people responded in mag- 
fashion to the tree planting call 
and the editors saw that response. Take, 
for example, the plans of the Rock Island 


nificent 


Railroad for instituting tree planting along 
its lines to celebrate the seventieth anniver- 
sary of the first train out of Chicago for 
the West. 
this plan alone cannot be estimated at this 


The educational possibilities of 


writing, but the fact remains that the mes- 
sage of the trees and what they mean is 
being carried from one end of the country 
to the other. 

To recount the tree planting activities 
of the nation this spring would take too 
much space. We must be content with giv- 
ing the members of the Association a con- 


densed review of those mirrors of public 
opinion, the editorial pages of the country. 
They best reflect what the country is doing, 
fast becoming a tree-planting nation. Some 
of the editorial comment follows: 


Tacoma Ledger: Fifty years ago the first 
Arbor Day was celebrated in Nebraska, in 
response to a recommendation of the State 
board of agriculture. From that small 
beginning, it has grown into an institution 
of vast scope and influence, whose possi- 
bilities are even now only beginning to be 
realized, as Americans see the depletion 
of their forests and appreciate more fully 
the need of new planting. 

Albany Press: The, occasion of the semi- 
centennial of the day should be a good time 
to make resolutions to the effect that tree 
planting will be given unsurpassed atten- 
tion in the next fifty years. New York 
State has started this year remarkably well. 


Battle Creek Journal: Trees are for all 
moods and all ages, bestowing their bless- 
ings of any who will deign to accept them. 
If you want a sure, true friend for life, 
plant a tree. 


MIL ANOS DE VIDA PARA ESTE ARBOLITO INTERNACIONAL 


[he first tree ever planted by women representing twenty-one countries was placed, on the afternoon of April 28, in the 

| the Pan American Union at Washington, District. of Columbia, and was dedicated in four languages. 

the American Forestry Association’s famous tree planting trowel first wielded by Mrs. Warren G. Harding, which, 
» first used it a year ago, has traveled far in tree planting in many parts of the country. 

iting the willow oak, this phrase, “Long Life to This International Tree,” was “spoken in Spanish, Portuguese, 


rrounds of 


{ 


h. 


ting cerem my was just before the tea given by Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes for the Pan American delegates to 
onf ice. Vice President Coolidge made, a short address after being introduced by Director General L. S. 


Mrs. 


twenty-one 


TB, Hughes and Mrs. Maude Wood Park, president of the conference, then took the little trowel 
which it has traveled so, far and placed earth about the roots of the tree. 
countries 


of the Pan American Union. 


Boston Post: If every State in the Union © 
cotid show as wonderful results as have 
obtained in Nebraska where 700,000 acres 
have been planted with trees, the natural 


reservations. A 
would eventually mean a_ sterile, United 


rivers and other waterways, the arteries 
of fertility. 


Dayton News: It is not generally known 
that to the State of Ohio belongs another — 
distinction—that of being the birthplace 
of the American Forestry Association, — 
The actual organization took place in 1882, ~ 
just forty years ago. Many men whose © 
names were identified with distinguished 


service for their country, were a part of the — 
organization work. Of course, anniver= 


saries are important only in proportion to” 
the good results they bring and for the 
inspiration which they offer. The Forestry 
Association has been an important feature 
of life in America. The American Forestry 
Association proposes to keep on educating ~ 
people in the subject of conservation and” 
forest preservation. 


tn a. 


— or — tl I ca: 


oo 


National Photo 


The women 


They were followed by 


; 


| 


ARBOR DAY OBSERVANCE PRAISED 


369 


TREE FROM GRANT’S FARM PLANTED ON HIS BIRTHDAY 


Underwood & Underwood 


The program in New York City marking the centennial of Grant’s birth, April 27, 1821, was opened by the American Forestry 


Association planting an elm near Grant’s Tomb on Riverside Drive. 
Association, who has restored the Grant farm near St. Louis. 


The tree was sent by August A. Busch, a member of the 
President Charles Lathrop Pack, Henry W. Hayden, president 


of the Grant Monument Association (behind tree), Colonel A. L. Boyce, of the American Legion (at left of picture), and 


General Isadore Isaacs 


(in uniform), department commander of the G. A. R., threw the earth upon the roots. 


Later in the 


day Marshal Joffre, of France, attended exercises at the tomb. President Harding spoke at Grant’s birthplace in Ohio, while 
in Washington on that day the Pricess Cantacuzene, grand-daughter of General Grant, and Princess Ida Cantacuzene, a 


great-grand-daughter, unveiled the Grant Memorial in the Botanic Garden. 


made the advance plans for the tree planting. 


Fremont (Nebraska) Tribune: The 
American Forestry Association takes occa- 
sion to hook up its particular mission of 
forest protection with tree planting, which 
is cultivation of the forest unit. This is the 
week for planting trees, which Nebraskans 
have faithfully done for the past half cen- 
day was begun that there is today. 
tury, as attested by thousands of fine 
groves scattered over the fertile fields of 
the State. Planting trees and attention to 
their growth to see that they develop into 
usefulness is the best way The Tribune 
readers can help the interests of forestry. 


Nashville Tennesseean: Arbor Day pri- 
marily is observed in the schools, and there 
the children are taught the value of the 
living tree and its care. The study of this 
Subject is of great importance. It will not 
be many years before the forests of this 
country are denuded unless reforestation 
is undertaken on a gigantic scale. 


Cincinnati Enquirer: The American For- 
estry Association is doing good work in 
many directions. There is something finely 
sentimental in its drive, now in full swing, 
for the planting of memorial trees and 


“Roads of Remembrance,” 


What nobler memorial could any man, 
or any cause, have than a stately tree? 
And this movement now will be encouraged 
and perpetuated until oaks, redwoods, firs, 
and others of our splendid trees will be 
found singly, or in group formation, stand- 
ing out like rare and vital presences above 
the dust of our heroic dead, or along the 
highways throughout the nation, where they 


will contribute beauty and pleasure for the 
succeeding generations of the future. 


Iowa City Press-Citizen: Good work is 
being done by the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation in many directions. There is some- 


Wesley B. Leach, city forester of New York, 


thing finely sentimental in its drive, now in 
full swing, for the planting of memorial 
This 
suggestion has been made many months ago 
What nobler 
cause, 


trees and “Roads of Remembrance.” 


for roads out of Iowa City. 
memorial could any man, or any 


have than a stately tree? 


Milwaukee Journal: Fifty years ago the 
first Arbor Day was celebrated in a small 
way in Nebraska. There was a good deal 
of sentiment and attached to the 
They 
affairs, and were looked on as especially 
interesting to But 


the benefit of the trees they planted is not 


poetry 


celebrations. were made school 


women and children. 


limited to women, children, poets and en- 
thusiasts. For that tree-planting set people 
thinking about what really will happen 
when we have cut down all the trees we 
inherited in a virgin country. 


370 


Calumet News: We have this year, then, 
the golden jubilee of an event which has 
meant much to America, which might have 
meant more had its spirit been better 
obeyed and which in the years to come will 
: Americans are 
Morton’s 


mean increasingly more if 
true to their continental heritage. 
happy thought of fifty years ago and Ne- 
braska’s quick adoption of it started a 
course of popular education in forestry 
that generations of people will turn to the 
glory of their country. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


much in Flint as in any other community 
in the State or nation because of its large 
number of magnificent trees and the abun- 
dance of foliage, that, in the summer 
season, makes cooling shade and an at- 
tractive city. Fortunately the people are 
beginning to realize that the conservation 
of our tree growth is a vital necessity. 


Jackson Patriot: Our national Arbor Day 
this year, April 22, is of more consequence 
than usual, because it is a golden jubilee. 


Omaha News: If you have child 
teach them that preservation of forests 
the only way to insure an ample suppl 
of lumber for the future without p 
sky-high prices. Plant a tree for orn 
if not for practical use. Do it for th 
moral effect. The chief value of fo: 
protection week is to get us as a nati 
to realize the value of trees. In time, pe 
haps, we may be persuaded to raise a yea 
crop of trees just as we raise wheat, e 
and cotton. 


Benj. Karr in Cleve- 
land News: The ideal 
combination which em- 
in part, for 
the one 


ploys trees, 
memorials is 
which makes 
Clevelanders proud of 
their city every spring. 
That is the use of jon- 
quils, oaks and bronze 


many 


tablets to honor the 
soldiers of the great 
war who went out 


from this city and died 
in the service of their 
country. 

Our “Liberty Row” 
blooms every April in 
its golden beauty of 
flowers which _ typify 
the unending resurrec- 
tion of nature, the an- 
nual triumph of life 
over death. And all the 
while an oak is grow- 


HIGHWAY PLANTING 
WEEN NEW YORK AND BUFFALO 
IN MEMOR 
OSE FROM N 
HO LOST TH 


THE 


YORK STATE 
LIVES IN 


WORLD WAR 


Detroit News: f 
years ago the 
could have 
brought home to ¢ 
people of the Unit 
States that their 
vast and magnific 
timber supply was f 
inexhaustible and 
it should be cons 
and renewed and u: 
only in accordance y 
the rules of fo 
even then well-kno 
in Europe, we shot 
not be in the pitiab 
plight in which we fi 
ourselves today. 

The American F, 
estry Association 
pleading that the 
ing Arbor Day shall 
a celebration of the 
years of Arbor Da 
There is little to ce 


Ena, 


mi} 
be 


ing where every little brate in this conn 
bunch of daffodils ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE ACROSS NEW YORK STATE tion, but if anythi 
blossoms. The oaks ; can be done to mi 
may last for a century, One of the teatures of the three-day meeting of foresters and lumbermen at the the -Anienaue i: 


or much more, despite 
the unfavorable condi- 
tions inseparable from 
a city environment. 
And at the roots of the trees are the 
bronze name plates of the soldiers they 
honor, metal memorials which should en- 
dure for many hundreds of years. 

Here are the loveliness of flowers, the 
strength and beauty the perma- 
nence of the almost imperishable bronze, 
The combination is so fine that the plant- 
ing of such monuments was an inspiration. 


of trees, 


Tribune: Arbor Day, which 
is observed in this State on the second 
May, the American Forestry 
Association reminds the public, will have 
its fiftieth anniversary this month. There 
such imperative need of forest 
when the observance of the 
day was begun that there is today. 


Providence 


Friday in 


was no 
conservation 


Flint (Michigan) Journal: The public has 
been reminded by the 
Association that this 
fiftieth anniversary of 


American Forestry 
month marks the 
Arbor Day in the 


New York State ‘College of Forestry at Syracuse University, on April 20, 21 and 22, 
was the unveiling of a bronze tablet and planting of the first tree on a Road of 
Remembrance extending from New York to Buffalo, in memory of those of New 
York State who lost their lives in the World War. 


Fifty years ago this month the first Arbor 
Day was celebrated in Nebraska, in re- 
sponse to a recommendation of the State 
board of agriculture. From that small 
beginning it has grown into an institution 
of vast scope and influence, whose possi- 
bilities are even now only beginning to be 
realized, as Americans see the depletion 
of their forests and appreciate more fully 
the need of new planting. 


Tuscola (Illinois) Journal: 
and girls with admiration for trees and 
birds and when they grow up they will 
not ruthlessly destroy either. 


Start the boys 


New York Herald: A rounded life of 
public usefulness was Morton’s. On his 
ninetieth anniversary of his birth the 
American Forestry Association planted a 
tree in Washington dedicated to his mem- 
ory. That it may thrive along with the 
movement it typifies will be the general 
wish. 


serious on the subj: 
of protecting their f 
ests and renewing th 
in some effective, sci 
tific way, perhaps Arbor Day is the Pror 
time to begin. 


Chattanooga News: Promoting refo r 
tation—the purpose of Arbor Day—is 
longer an academic issue. It is one of 
urgent needs of the time. So far as wat 
ing the people of the near approach of t 
final destruction of our remaining fore: 
is concerned, it might about as well | 
discontinued. Everybody understands th 
—it is agreed upon. What is to be do 
about it? The remedy is simple, notwii 
standing our slowness in finding it. Qu 
wasting timber and plant more trees. Foi 
mal celebration of Arbor Day may be wé 
but practical observance is better. Plan 
trees, and more trees, until the peopl 
get grounded in the habit. 


Battle Creek Journal: Trees are for @ 
moods and all ages, bestowing their bless: 
ings on any who will deign to accept then 7 
If you want a sure, true friend for life 


plant a tree. ; 


National Phote 
The American Forestry Association marked the golden armiversary of the first Arbor Day by planting memorial trees for 


J. Sterling Morton, who started Arbor Day in Nebraska in 1872. The planting was on April 22, the ninetieth anniversary 
of Morton’s birth and the trees were placed in front of the Association’s headquarters. ‘Clifford Lanham, of the trees and 
parking department of the District of Columbia, supervised the placing of the trees. In the picture are: With shovel on the 
left, Mrs. John N. Baldwin, of Omaha; with shovel on the right, Mrs. W. E. Barkley, former dean of women at the State 
University. Others in the picture are: Miss C. L. Dodge, Omaha; Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Scott; Mrs. Annis Chaikin Sorenson, 
Lincoln; John B. Shanahan, Omaha; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Evans, Dakota City; E. C.. Snyder, Omaha, marshal for the 
District of Columbia; Fred K. Nielson, Omaha, solicitor for the State Department; The Honorable John McClellan, Grand 
Island; The Honorable W. E. Andrews, Hastings. After the tree planting the Association sent telegrams to Governor S. R. 
McKelvie, Joy Morton, a son of Mr. Morton, in Chicago and to Nebraska City, the home of the elder Morton. 


> National Photo 
A centennial oak was planted by the American Forestry Association on Easter Sunday for Clara Barton, founder of the 
American Red Cross. The tree was placed in front of the house at Glen Echo, Maryland, where the famous war nurse died 


on Easter Sunday in 1912. Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles acted as chairman of the program arranged by Helen Fitz 
Randolph. Dr. J. B. Hubbell, for thirty years a field agent of the Red Cross under Clara Barton; Mrs. John A. Logan and 
Mrs. Daniel Lothrop, organizer of the ‘Children of the American Revolution, helped plant the tree and gave short talks on 
Miss Barton’s life. Colonel Charles Sumner Young, of Boston, who has written a life of Miss ‘Barton, was the orator of 
the day. Miss Carrie Harrison and Mrs. Ross H. Johnson, a French war bride and now a member of the Red Cross, planted 
the Clara Barton rose. Miss Barton was born on Christmas Day, 1821, in Massachusetts. 


NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES 


Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which 
desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to 
each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the Association. 


TUSCALOOSA, ALA. 

By Farley W. Moody Post, American Legion: 
Charles H. Burns, Lt. C. Arthur Lewis, Major 
Tobe C. Cope, Oemer L. Amery, Abner T. 
Jones, Grant Espey, Ellie Cameron, Maxey J. 
Meadow, William High, Marvin Gay. 

GURDON, ARK. 

By Federated Club and Chamber of Com- 

merce: James Lloyd King. 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 

By Mr. and Mrs. George Combs: Mrs. Eliza- 

beth H. K. Du Hamel. 
STUART, FLA. 

By Woman's Club: Harold R. Johns, W. J. 

Wilson, Warren White. 
ABBEVILLE, GA. 

By Abbeville Women’s Club: Charles C. Rus- 
som, Madison L. Googe, Lorrie M. Carnes, 
Madie R. Ware, Theodore Farmer. 

AMERICUS, GA. 

By Christian Endeavor Society: C. G. Clem- 
ents, J. D. Bridges, Wyatt Chapman, Wade 
Lott, Gordon Statam, Nottingham Law, John 
D. Mathis. 


DEMOREST, GA. 
By Mrs. E. H. Burrage: Einar M. Anderson. 


LAWRENCEVILLE, GA. 

By Woman’s Club: Corp. Clyde Y. Nix, 
Corp. James P. Samples, Charley E. Haw- 
thorne, Ivery Woodward, Leonard Roberts, 
Homer D. Brooks, Shirley W. Stanley, Alonzo 
Fowler, John C. Reeves, Arthur W. Wylie, 
Lt. George Harold Byrd, Lewis Webb, Lee F. 
Youngblood, Charlie Clack, William L. Han- 
nah, James R. King, Clarence R. Morgan, Lt. 
Paul Settles. 

TENNVILLE, GA. 

By Woman’s Club: Lt. W. S. Sewell, Capt. 
John C. Harmon, Mrs. A. E. Gilmore, Prof. G. 
G. Maughon. 

CRETE, ILL. 
By Woman's Club: Martin Biesterfelt. 
EUREKA, ILL. 

By Walnut Grove Lodge, 344, Knights of 
Pythias: Soldier Boys who lost their lives 
overseas. 

KINGS, ILL. 

By Miss Ethel Gibson and Mr. John Lard- 
sen: Soldiers and Sailors. 

LEAF RIVER TOWNSHIP, ILL. 
By Mrs. John Croft: Soldiers and Sailors. 
MONROE CENTER, ILL. 

By Mrs. Georgia H. Davis: Soldiers and 

Sailors. 
MOUNT MORRIS TOWNSHIP, ILL. 

By Mrs. H. W. Cushing: Soldiers and Sail- 
ors. 

NAPERVILLE, ILL. 

By Woman's Club: Eugene Berger, Clyde 
Beidelman, Edward C. Babst, Arnold Hilten- 
brand, Edward W. Hiltz, Oliver Js Kendall, 
Harry E. Rude. 


OREGON, ILL. 


By Mrs. Rebecca Kauffman: 


Sailors. 


Soldiers and 


PRINCETON, ILL. 
By Princeton City Schools: Those who lost 
their lives. 


SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 

By La Fore Lock Post, No. 755, Veterans of 
Foreign Wars: La Fore Lock Unknown Dead. 
SHELBYVILLE, IND. 

By the Council of Clubs: Russell Worland, 
Lawrence Rehme, Ralph Wertz, Irwin Hat- 


field, George Gaines, Raymond Farley, Carson 
King, Raymond Humphries, Ernest Fisher, 
Joseph Farrow, Howard Cherry, Martin Ken- 
dall, Paul Cross, James Q. Brown, Otis Wertz, 
Conwell Carson, George Birely. 


SIOUX CITY, IOWA. 
By Children’s Park Association: Lieut, Clair 
A. Kinney. 


SALINE, MICH. 
By Saline Women’s Club: Soldier Boys of 


Saline. 


AUBURN, N. Y. 
By Mrs. M. S. Irish: Rev. Guy P. Burleson. 


ELMHURST, N. Y. 
By Newtown High School: Edward J. Carr, 


Russell Chapman, Clarence O. Collins, Mi- 
chael A. Colliton, Thomas J. Erb, Stephen M. 
Finnigan, William Hanrahan, Goldsmith H. 
Hardgrove, John J. Haspel, Charles C. B. Ho- 
gan, James C. Irwin, John Kerrigan, Harold 
B. Klingeman, Edward J. Lange, Francis M. 
Laughran, Albert J. Martin, William F. 
Moore, George N. Oldhausen, Arthur F. Purn- 
hagen, Francis F. Putz, William F. Schmidt, 
James E. Smith, Louis Serlin, Edgar Sulli- 
van, Julius Weiss. 
NEW YORK CITY. 

By Company B, 307th Infantry: Capt. Blan- 
ton Barrett, Lieut. Clarence I. Grubbs, Lieut. 
W. Alan Mathews, Lieut, William R. Reid, D. 
S. C., Sgt. Frank W. Burke, Sgt. George F. 
Russell, Sgt. Benjamin Silverman, Cook 
George Alberts, Corp. Hugh A. Brady, Corp. 
Robert Flanagan, Corp. Hugo R. Garbaden, 
Corp. George L. Hickey, Corp John E. Kelly, 
Corp. Martin J. McHugh, Corp. John P. Rhy- 
nard, Corp. Albert J. Robars, Corp. James F. 
Walsh, Bugler Edward J. Noonan, Claire F. 
Andrews, Cass Atterbury, Barney Bardman, 


D. S. C.; Christian A. Baty, Raflele Bibo, John 
Blackburn, Jacob Borker, Louis Breth, Wil- 


liam F. Brophy, Claude C. Brower, Michael 
Carlo, Walter L. Cassidy, Frank Charles, 
James Conner, James L. Cronin, Richard W. 
Cullen, John P. Dolan, Joseph V. Domkus, 
Hyman Fishfanger, James Folliart, Jr., Irving 
H. Friedman, George E. Garrett, John Grove, 
Joseph P. Hanley, Salie Hausner, George R. 
Hawley, Holliday, Charles L. Kaurin, Joseph 
E. Kayes, Peter T. Knab, Michael P. McCor- 
mick, Andrew A. McKinley, Earl Millsap, -D. 
S. C.; Royal E. Morris, Charles Munzinger, 
Alfred W. Nicherson, William Otto, Albert 
C. Peterson, D. S. C.; Ernest W. Peterson, 
William Plauman, Albert Pritchard, James 
Robinson, W. Rozichuck, Elmer O. Sellers, 
Charles P. Schildknecht, Schneider, Frank 
Sheets Stengel, Joseph Strauss, August F. Un- 
newehr, Maurice Wachtel, G. H. Woods, Paul 
Zukasky. By Knights of Pythias: Emanuel 
Brode, Morris Dickstein, Alexander Goldberg, 
Jerome Heine, Louis I. Hirshfield, Simon D. 
Katz, David M. Klein, David Reisman, Syd- 
ney U. Schwartz, Jesse Steinthal. By Stuy- 
vesant High School: Students and Teachers. 


BOONE, N. C. 


By Friends and Relatives: Grady Barnes, 
George Brown, Jerome Coffey, Willie Edmin- 
sten, Milton Greene, Thomas Mast, Timothy 
D. Norris, John Simmons, Russell Teague, 
Smith D. Trivett, Ben A. Trivett, Albert Wal- 
ser, Geoffrey Winkler, Grover C. Woodring, 
Linnie Coffey. 


CINCINNATI, OHIO 
By Avondale School: John Howard Ayers, 


Carl Samuel Bing, Clifford W. C. Brill, Cas- 
par Henry Burton, Bernard Hirschter, Rob- 
ert Livingston, Robert Douglas Meacham, Clif- 
ford Nelson, Samuel Pogue, Langdon Laws 
Ricketts, Robert Schroder, Earl Steinman, Eu- 
gene Frederick Rowe. 


DAYTON, OHIO 
By Council of Jewish Women: Arthur E. 


Pereles, Ervin M. Welt. 


COYLE, OKLA. 
By Mothers’ and Daughters’ Club: James 


Norris, Herold Elwin Pierce, Sgt. Warren 
Thomas Bentley. 


BOALSBURG, PA. 
By Mrs. James R. Irwin: Alvin Andrew 


Bohn. 
DALTON, PA. 

By Mrs. James P. Dickson: Corp. Howard 
Tracy Foster, Harold D. Hall, Ralph Emerson 
Kellogg, A. B., Wilbur F. Gardner, Percy Hul- 
bert Brown. 


HARRISBURG, PA. 
By State Capitol Lodge, No. 70, I. O. O, F.: 


Allen S. Hartman. 


MERCERSBURG, PA. 

By Woman’s Club: Harry E. Lachove, Al- 
vin E. Sheetz, Charles Russell Jones, James 
C. Rockwell, Leslie S. Zeger, Walter Seville, 
Lt. G. Frank Poffenberger, Lewis Himes. 


CHATTANOOGA, TENN. 
By Gen. A. P. Sterart Chapter, U. D. C.: 


Mrs. C. A. Lyerly, Mrs. Frances Fort Brown. 
By Women’s Service League: Dwight Preston 
Montague, H. Clay Evans. 
LUCY, TENN. 
By Lucy High School: Leslie Jamison, The- 
ron Parks, Marvin House. 
GALVESTON, TEXAS 
By First Presbyterian Church: 
Burke, Wm. J. Sebree. 


MOUNDSVILLE, W. VA. 
By Woman’s Club: Albert A. Mountain, 


Walter B. Riggle, James R. Fitzgerald, For- 
rest Lee Delaney, Ralph L. Alexander, Mike 
V. Saner, Patrick J. Rogers, Jesse Grim, How- 
ard M. Fisher, Walter R. Hartley, Elbert 
Whorton, James L. Robinson, Lawrence Lan- 
caster, Michael Romano, John W. Gray, James 
R. Wilkerson, Mike Datzko, George Grayson, 
George Varlas, Austin E. Gray, William 
Thomas Blake, Oliver Earl Francis, Lester 
Delmo Durbin, John T. Oliver, William Nice, 
David W. Geho, John Hughie Earliwine, Pete 
Barovic, John R. Orum, Denver P. Martin, 
William Offterdinger, Paul Lajek, Ralph E. 
Lowe, Pearl R. Yates, John D. Hanna, Thomas 
F. Logsdon, Salter Chambers, William E. 
Eller, Guy Peoples, William Alfred Riggle, 
Robert William Robinson, Ellsworth R. Rich- 
mond, Frank Turvy, Walter C. Courtwright, 
Paul A. Norrington, Roy Samuel Hubbs, Ed- 
ward Leo Blake, Jesse Bond Hewitt, John M. 
Williams, John Dobias, Clarence Van Dime, 
Earl Staley, Samuel Tucker, Joseph S. Wilbin, 
Alvin W. Logsdon, Lester Crow, Lester Scott, 
Matthew Green, Lee Gittings. 
MILWAUKEE, WIS. 

By Students and Faculty of Milwaukee State 

Normal School: Those who lost their lives, 


Clifford 


Editorials on the Gifts of Seeds to Europe 


iladelphia Record: England suffered 
forest depletion than did France, 
zh no enemy army marched across the 
d. England supplied timber needed 
the campaigns by chopping down trees 
found, whether upon private es- 
or in the royal Windsor Forest. 

comes Charles Lathrop Pack, pres- 
‘of the American Forestry Association, 
the anniversary of America’s entry 
the war, and he presents to France and 
land 100,000,000 Douglas fir seeds— 
igh to reforest 100,000 acres. It is the 
time in all history that a nation or its 
desiring to express international 
. has been inspired to “say it with 
” These seeds will be propagated, 
ically, in nurseries, transplanted, 
for centuries to come, France and 
land will be verdant with American 


— South Shad News Tribune: One of the 
very important works that is now being 
lone is that of growing forests in the dev- 
stated districts of France. Under the 
direction of Charles Lathrop Pack seeds 
re being furnished to France from which 
be grown the trees that, fifty years 
1e will flourish in spots ravaged by 
he armies. Unless we stop destroying 
ar forests, our country in another gene- 
ration may be as lacking in forests as 
nce. 


Plattsburgh Press: M. Jusserand, the 
French Ambassador, preached a powerful 
est protection week sermon the other 
day when he accepted the gift of millions 
tree seeds for France from Charles 
hrop Pack, president of the American 
westry Association. He said: “Once 
nore America is coming to the rescue, We 
lid not believe that our gratitude could 
be increased but it will be by what you 
doing. Of few things were we prouder 
our forests, but they suffered terribly 
om the war.” France knew how to use 
forests and keep them producing at the 
§ time. Then the war came along. 
Why is it the United States, the American 
stry Association asks and rightly, does 
have a forest policy? We should have 
forest policy that results in a crop of 
seS every year, just as we have crops 
everything else. Will it take a war, 
‘wiping out what we have left, to bring 
action ? 


Asheville (North Carolina) Citizen: 
rles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
Forestry Association, has recent- 
presented to the French Government a 
that will not only aid France in the 
iming of war devastated areas, but 
make stronger the ties of friendship 
sn France and the United States. Mr. 


Pack is sending to France 700 pounds of fir 
seed, or enough to reforest 30,000 acres 
of timber land. 


New York American: Goodwill between 
individuals is the dividend on acts of kind- 
ness, thoughtfulness, courtesy, helpfulness. 
It is equally true as a promoter of cordial 
relations between nations. It is simply 
the fine spirit of brotherhood writ large, 
not as a vague theory, but as an inspiring, 
pervading force. 

Treaties, at their best, merely bind gov- 
ernments; they do not bring the peoples 
of these nations into closer relations of 
common understanding, sympathy and help- 
fulness. The finer spirit of kindness has 
no fear of “entangling alliances.” 

Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
American Forestry Association, is sending 
to France seven hundred pounds of fir 
seed, sufficient to plant 30,000 acres of 
forest land on French battlefields. 

Acts of fine human helpfulness such as 
these do more to promote real, lasting 
goodwill between the people of the earth 
than all the acts of diplomats and gov- 
ernments, 


Newspaper Enterprise Association: Mil- 
lions of tree seeds have, been given to 
France by Charles Lathrop Pack, president 
of the American Forestry Association. 
England and France both realize the value 
of trees. Unless we stop destroying our 
forests, our country in another generation 
may be as lacking in forests as France. 
With a little common sense, Americans 
would raise a yearly crop of trees just as 
they raise wheat, corn and cotton. 


Washington Post: It was fitting, on the 
anniversary of the entrance of the United 
States into the war, that the practical 
thoughtfulness of the American Forestry 
Association should crystallize into a gen- 
erous gift of tree seeds that are to be used 
in the restoration of the former great 
forests of France, made desolate by the 
enemy, and in the upbuilding of those 
wonderful woodland preserves in England, 
denuded in time of stress to provide war 
materials. The seed that is to cross the 
ocean and bear fruit in the fertile soil of 
the allied countries represent the hardy 
growth of this country, gathered in climes 
comparable, with those where they are to 
thrive and flourish, They will become 
growing, living memorials to the men who 
went from here to fight in the common 
cause. Seeds are little things, but from 
them grow the great forests, and doubtless 
they will become the messengers of that 
goodwill which just now seems to be sorely 
needed throughout the disturbed world. 


San Antonio Express: France has a long- 
established forest policy. It is replanting 
the woods so wantonly destroyed, and 
seeks to do this quickly and thoroughly. 
In England and Scotland the great forests 
were sadly depleted during the war. The 
British Forestry Commission is hard at it, 
to restore them to pre-war conditions. 
These countries are giving an example 
to the United States. 


Columbus Journal: The presentation by 
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
American Forestry Association, to Ambas- 
sador Jusserand of a large consignment 
of fir seeds for the replanting of the forests 
in France had little of the spectacular in it, 
but it was one of the most significant gifts 
that America has made to France since the 
war. 

As evidence of how the French valued 
their forests and appreciated the gift of the 
seed, Ambassador Jusserand, in accepting 
the gift on behalf of his government, de- 
clared: “We did not believe that our grat- 
itude could be increased, but it will be by 
what you are doing.” 

The gratitude of the French is not as- 
sumed for the occasion, for the gift has 
more than a sentimental value. It will 
permit not only the restoration of beloved 
forests, but will prevent a future timber 
famine in France, and will be of immense 
economic advantage. The possession of 
timber supplies was ah important factor in 
saving France during the war. The am- 
bassador even went so far as to declare that 
the French forest policy won the war. 

In her appreciation of her forests and 
timber resources, France is setting an ex- 
ample that the United States may well 
pattern after. We have been so profligate 
with our timber that the time is not far 
distant when some one will have to give 
us seeds for trees, if steps are not taken 
soon for. renewing American forests. 

The cordial reception by France of this 
American gift, emphasizing, as it does, the 
necessity for conservation of resources, 
should stimulate new interest in this coun- 
try in this movement. 


Louisville Herald: England has for cen- 
turies cherished and conserved her forests. 
When war came hundreds of thousands of 
acres of fine trees were sacrificed. With 
France the situation was the same, de- 
nudation there, however, being vastly in- 
creased by the German destructiveness. The, 
loss has not gone unnoticed by Americans 
and Douglas fir seeds were, formally pre- 
sented to France and Great Britain by the 
American Forestry Association. The im- 
portance of these, forests to France was 
a lesson not lost to Americans, and a more 
intelligent interest in forestry conservation 
for ourselves is noticeable now. 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


The report of the Department of Lands 
and Forests for 1921 is received and con- 
tains some very valuable suggestions for 
the better management of Quebec’s forests. 
The law that was passed at the last ses- 
sion of the Legislature, to the effect that 
anyone operating on Crown Lands, so- 
called “limits,” must, if he wishes to cut 
in any other way than to the present diam- 
eter limits, thirteen inches two feet above 
the ground, for white and red pine, ten 
inches for white spruce, seven inches for 
black spruce, present a working plan for 
the approval of the Chief Forester is a 
long step forward in forestry practice. 
When this is approved permission to cut 
to different diameter limits or even to cut 
clean may be granted. This law is not 
only a good one for the public domain, 
but also for the licensee. It prevents over 
cutting and thus lengthens the life of the 
timber supplies, insuring the permanence 
of industries dependent on the forest, which 
stabilizes and strengthens such industries, 
putting them on a permanent foundation. 
The government’s idea is to ascertain the 
amount of wood produced annually and 
then to restrict the cut to that’ amount. 
This will, of course, necessitate the map- 
ping and estimating of the timber by licen- 
sees and the preparation of working plans 
in advance of logging, but the more prog- 
ressive companies have already either 
nearly completed such work or have it 
under way. Almost all of the uncut stands 
in Quebec are over mature and the areas 
show an annual decrease in the amount of 
timber rather than an increase and these 
areas will never become productive until 
they are cut. In many instances the ad- 
vanced growth is sufficient to restock the 
areas if they are cut clean. There are also 
many areas in the north where only about 
ten per cent of the timber ever reaches 
the government diameter limit and these, 
if the diameter regulation is enforced 
would be practically closed to lumbering. 
By cooperation with the government, prac- 
tical plans for lumbering can be worked 
out which will not only put limits on a 
sustained yield basis but will make logging 
cheaper and more profitable. Mutual con- 
fidence on the part of the government and 
the licensee will help both parties and 
will be to their advantage. 

Simcoe County in Ontario has pur- 
chased 1000 acres of land and has planted 
part of it with white pine seedlings and 
plans to restock the whole area, thus cre- 
ating a county forest. The land was at 


one time covered with white pine. It is 
the aim of Ontario to encourage such 
work and the Premier hopes to have a 


forest for every county. 


Grand’ Mere, Quebec, is trying to estab- 
lish a municipal forest and it is hoped that 
this plan will mature during the coming 
year. : 

A prize of $5,000 has been offered by Mr. 
F. J. D. Barnjum for the best means of 
combating the spruce bud worm and other 
forest insect pests. This is the culmination 
of his other offers of prizes for the best 
essay on fire protection, the best work 
done by individual fire rangers, and the es- 
tablishment of the first municipal forest. 
Mr. Barnjum is devoting his time, money 
and energy to the cause of perpetuating 
his country’s forests and deserves all pos- 
sible credit. If other men of means would 
follow his good example, progress would 
be much more rapid. 

The Canadian Air Board will place five 
airplanes at the disposal of the Dominion 
Forestry Branch for fire patrol in the for- 
ests of Northern Manitoba. The station 
will be at Victoria Beach, Lake Winnipeg, 
and the patrol will extend as far west as 
The Pas, near the Saskatchewan Boundary. 
This will demonstrate the value of aircraft 
for such work. 

Observations on the Canadian prairies 
show that the trees are gradually advancing 
westward, due to fewer prairie fires. The 
trees push forward in islands but are hin- 
dered by the prevailing winds, but in spite 
of these progress is steady. 

The two cars of the Canadian Forestry 
Association are doing splendid work, one 
in British Columbia, for fire protection and 
forestry, the other in the Prairie Provinces, 
for tree planting. The cars have done ex- 
cellent educational work and their equip- 
ment is being steadily improved. 

A fire was discovered in a pine planta- 
tion belonging to the Delaware and 
Hudson Railroad about three miles south 
of Plattsburg and was reported to the com- 
mandant at the United States Army Bar- 
racks at Plattsburg, who promptly sent out 
a truckload of soldiers. They extinguished 
the fire before a very great deal of damage 
was done. This public-spirited action de- 
serves great commendation and is in keep- 
ing with army traditions. 

Mr. D.C. A. Galarneau, who inaugurated 
the forestry department of the St. Maurice 
Paper Company, has resigned his position 
to become Assistant State Forester of 
Massachusetts, with headquarters at 
Springfield. 

The Dominion Forestry Branch has be- 
gun the season’s work at its various forest 
experiment stations and with the appro- 
priation made for this work should accom- 
plish a great deal during the coming sum- 
mer. Nothing is needed more at present 
than accurate information about the growth 


of trees in the forest and in plan 
stands, their diseases and insect enemies 
and there is only one way to get such in- 
formation and that is by the establishment 
and continous study of sample plots . 
ering all the various conditions. So , 
work has been done along these lines that 
each one must experiment for himself 
Many questions affecting artificial re; 
eration are waiting solution, and many p 
ple are waiting for authoritative informa- 
tion before undertaking reforestation. — 


A company is in the process of fort 
tion which will undertake all kinds 
aerial surveys. Photographs will be 
for mapping and estimating timber, 
preliminary surveys for railroad, high 
and waterpower development, for town 
planning, for rights-of-way for power line: , 
and for checking the progress of river 
drives and logging operations. This com- 
pany will be known as the Fairchild Aerial 
Engineering Company (Canada). It will 
work in conjunction with the Laurentide 
Air Service, Ltd., which will do all the fly- 
ing. The head office of the Company will 
be at Grand’ Mere, Quebec. 

The President, Mr. G. Fujihara, the 
Purchasing Agent, Employment Supervisor 
and some other members of the Oji Paper 
Company, of Tokio, Japan, visited Canadé 
during the month of March. This com- 
pany is one of the largest in the world, 
with a capital of $25,000,000, and operating 
32 paper machines. The timber lands of 
the company are on the islands of Hokkaido 
and Saghalien. Conditions both in th 
woods and in the mills are very similar to 
those in Canada and they have about the 
same species. This company has a for- 
estry department, in charge of Mr. Kobay- 
ashi, who has also visited Canada, and is 
much interested in its work. The Presi- 
dent is a director of the Japanese Forestry 
Association. 


A very interesting pamphlet has just 
been published by Mr. Henrick Carbonnier, 
who, on behalf of the Swedish government 
made a trip through the United States and 
Canada in 1920. It is a book of 150 pages 
and is excellently illustrated with photo- 
graphs and maps. It also contains many 
diagrams and tables and gives descriptions | 
of the forest types and conditions in diff- 
erent parts of the country. Logging meth-— 
ods, mensuration, industrial uses of wood: 
industries, exports and imports, forest poli- 
cies and so forth are well covered. Mr. 
Carbonnier was a close observer and his 
book is interesting as showing what a 
Swedish. forester thinks of us and our 
methods. | 


-— ELMS MEMORIAL FOR GREEN 
‘On the site of the old McGowan Pass 
avern, Central Park, near the East Drive, 
out opposite 106th Street, five of the 


st trees ever planted in New York 
now stand, as part of a memorial to 
rew H. Green, who, during his long 
blic career took an active part in the 
ding and maintenance of the park. 


“Samuel Parsons, for thirty years land- 
architect of the Park »Department 
a friend of Mr. Green, suggested to the 
idrew H. Green Memorial Association 
one of the most fitting memorials 
ld be a group of big elms in the park, 
ays the New York Times. Col. Henry W. 
Sackett, the president of the association, 
id Dr. Edward Hagaman Hall, the secre- 
ry, called a meeting of the association 
d the suggestion was adopted. 
r. Parsons selected the trees at Elms- 
ird, in Westchester county. Each is about 
to 60 years old, and about 15 to 18 
es thick and weighs ten tons, so that 
h care had to be taken in moving them. 
Parsons and other tree experts su- 
ised the work. ‘The present Park 
missioner, Francis D. Gallatin, took an 
five interest in the plan for the memorial 
gave the committee every assistance. 
[In 1868 Mr. Green originated the plan 
the combination of the boroughs into 
ter New York, a proposal not carried 
until about thirty years later. He also 
dyvised the plan for the consolidation of 
the Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations 
as the New York Public Library, and as- 
fisted in the establishment of the Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History and the 
letropolitan Museum of Art. He found- 
the New York Zoological Society and 
s its president. 


a 


ee ee 


FIRES IN PENNSYLVANIA 


M jor R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of 
; try, has issued the following state- 
concerning the forest fire situation: A 
derable number of forest fires are now 
reported to the Department of For- 
. The Department’s organization and 


4 tating agencies are actively at work 
ing all they can to prevent fires and to 
“extinguish promptly those that occur. Mate- 


Tial in the forest is now so dry that any fire 
sti May assume serious proportions in 
‘Spite of the most efficient methods used in 
pd and attacking it. Every citizen 
Of the state is earnestly requested to avoid 
“the use of fire in the woods so far as prac- 
ticable. If fire is necessary, the utmost 
ate should be exercised in its use. Forest 
fires in Pennsylvania are practically all of 
human origin, and consequently are pre- 
le. The loss they occasion is a 

)  eedless waste to the citizen and the State. 
| T hope every Pennsylvanian will recognize 
“the duty of good citizenship by cooperating 
_ifi every way that he can to put an end to 


. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


American Forest 


Regulation 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


A thoroughly Americanized discussion 
of the regulation of forests. Introduction 
by B. E. Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 
H. H. Chapman, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 
LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


Nominate Your Friends For 
Membership 
In The Association 


375 


WA, IL 
=— NURSERY 
MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 
Trees from <5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


A TREE TRAGEDY 
This tree tragedy is being enacted in beau- 


tiful Franklin Park in Boston. The black 
oak, like a black snake, is swallowing a 
white oak whole, while a hickory looks on. 
All three trees are rooted on one spot. 
The photograph is by Mr. Guy C. Cald- 
well, of Cambridge. 


Or ch 1 ds We are epg tery in 


Orchids; we collect, im- 
bert, srew, -_ and export this class of plants 


7 
on illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 


Orcs ds may be had on application. Also spe- 
cial list of freshly imported unestablished 
Orchids : 


“LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLE1, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price Vist 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


Plant Memorial | BEES 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 


“QUALITY FIRST” 
Priee List on Request 
Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seodemon 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1807 


376 


OO” [x 


Can You Afford To Buy 
Books? 


The American Forestry Asso- 


ciation will give Books on 
Forestry, Trees, etc., or on 
any subject, for a little of 


your spare time. 


Details on request. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ASSOCIATION 


1214 Sixteenth Street 


Washington, D. C. 


a] 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


REFORESTATION IN WASHINGTON 

Greater interest than ever before in the 
preservation of the forests of the State of 
Washington is being taken by lumbermen, 
legislators, and the general public. This is 
due largely to the depletion elsewhere in 
the United States of the timber supply and 
the ever-increasing cut on the Pacific 
Coast. At the present rate of cutting of 
over 5% billion feet of timber annually, 
and with little regard for reforestation, the 
time is not far distant when the supply of 
If the State 
early adopts measures to secure reforesta- 


timber will be exhausted. 


tion of the cut-over lands suitable chiefly 
for the production of timber, it is esti- 
mated that the present cut may be con- 
tinued indefinitely through growth of young 
timber, thus maintaining the chief indus- 
try of the State. 

Since the meeting of the Forestry Con- 
ference held in October, 1921, under the 
auspices of the State Development Bureau 
in the Seattle Chamber of Commerce for 
the purpose of laying the foundation for a 
thorough and definite State Forestry Pol- 
icy, Advisory Committees have met on a 
number of occasions. 

A general conference will be held in the 
fall at which the reports and recommenda- 
tions will be submitted, looking towards a 
well-defined State Forestry policy. It is 


papers to find the paper you want. 


way but immediately at hand when needed. 


Pays for Itself 


desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today, 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction. 


Ross-Gould Company 
232.N, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 


Philadelphia 
Chicago 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 
one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates endless 
A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 


Built of Steel Sections 
Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sectioms for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 


A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 


without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all tc whom mail is distributed. 


It has sep- 


$122 Per Secrion 


shuffling of 


4 ComPARTMENT?6@ 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus- 
trated folder, 


ty 7 CompartMent?9@9 
How to Get 


10 Compartment 13 a2 


expected that the recommendations will 
then be submitted to the January, 1923 
session of the State legislature. 

After an address given in April by 
S. Long before the Tacoma Chamber o 
Commerce and Commercial Club, a com: 
mittee was appointed to further the ide 
of a State Forestry policy. A tax inves: 
tigation committee has been appointed b 
Governor Hart, with duties covering 3 
broad field of investigation. In additiol 
to other matters, this committee is no 
considering legislative measures loo 
towards reforestation on both state 
private cut-over lands. 


TIMBER PRESERVATION 

The increased demand for permanent im. 
ber structures is shown in a recent re: 
port of the Service Bureau of the Ameri. 
can Wood Preservers’ Association. 
2,400,000,000 board feet of timber for va- 


= 


rious purposes were pressure treated in 
1921 by the 122 wood preserving plants 
operation throughout the United State: 
thereby surpassing the 1920 record by 
nearly 17 per cent. Approximately equal 
amounts were treated with coal-tar creo 
sote and with zinc chloride, the standard 
wood preservatives. ' 

To treat this wood 51,375,360 pounds of 
zinc chloride, with an absorption of on 
half pound per cubic foot, and 79,384,326 
gallons of creosote, with an absorption of 
5 to over 20 pounds per cubic foot, were 
quired. Ease of handling and the perm 
nence of well-treated wood at low cost 
given as the reason for the increased de- 
mand. The proper use of a wood preser- 
vative adds a new quality to timber which 
enhances its value as a construction mate- 
rial. The material treated consisted main. 
ly of construction timbers for wharf, bridge, 
highway, mining and building purposes, 
piling, telephone and power poles, ties, 
fence posts, wood blocks for street paving 
and for factory floors, and timber for mis- 
cellaneous uses. 


PENNSYLVANIA FIRE WARDENS 

A very interesting meeting of the Fire 
Wardens was held under the auspices of 
the Pocono Forestry Association at 
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Forty-two of 
the forty-five fire wardens of Monro 
County were there, at this ninth meeting of 
their organization. There were excellen 
addresses by Mr. Charles W. Meek, Dr. 
W. R. Fisher, Mr. E. A. Hoops, Mr. J. H. 
Kunkle, Secretary of the Pocono Associa-~ 
tion, County Superintendent of Schools 
Frank Koehler, District Forester Stadden 
and others. Much interesting information 
regarding the development and progress of 
fire protection work in the state was pre- 
sented and enthusiastic appreciation of the 
work of the wardens was expressed. 


= ccc 
= = 
z “THE OBLIGATIONS THAT GO WITH PRE-EMINENCE.” = 
= = 
: | BOGALUSA’S HISTORY-MAKING REFORESTATION OPERATIONS ASSURE A PERPETUAL SUPPLY TO OUR TRADE. | = 
| BUYING LUMBER ON PAPI : 
FROM ‘A SAW-MILL WITH A CONSCIENCE. = 

It is higher-grade practice to avoid errors than to have to correct z 

E 


em. The morale of a truly great organization is more potent = 
in averting errors than are all the rules in the rule-book. The 
united slogan at 


EXTRA EXTRA 
DENSE DENSE 
Southern S Southern 
PINE PINE 


Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Office 


is—‘‘Correct all mistakes BEFORE THEY HAPPEN.” 


With a shipping capacity of over 40 cars a day, which is much the 
largest of any saw-mill operation in the wore we are told that our 
day by day record year after year, of customers’ complete satisfaction 
is without a comparison in the annals of the most critical buyers. 


This means superb manufacturing (from our own great stands of 
Virgin Timber which we believe is without an equal today). It 
means rigidly true grading, strictly per Factory Mutuals, A. S. T. M. 
and A.R.E.A. It means scrupulous count (“every foot a foot”) 
and it means loading of the most skillful kind. 


his 


FANN UNI NMANIRUAUIUIIMUTCMMOMUMIMUNNNCTUUUCM MUTTON IUCN 


= 


The world’s largest saw-mill is not the only notable feature of 


—s- BOGALVSA 


E 
= 
= 
= 
= 
=I 
s Trade Mark Reg. U.S. Pat. Office 
=] 


“ . . . . 
_ “the New South’s Young City of Destiny.” It leads in many lines. 
MMM MMIII TAN NTN NNT MN TUTTO NTT 


What are your lumber requirements? Have you any special problems? 
Will you write us freely? Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 
SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 


GREAT SOUTHERN 8éAi: 1628 4th Ave., BOGALUSA, LA. 


“BUYING BOGALUSA TRADE-MARKED PINE IS LIKE GETTING A CERTIFIED CHECK.” 


al 


MTU COTM UUCLU UUM CL 


378 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, 

———=—$=—==_=_=_————hCCaRBnananBaCCSHEaaaaanananaaa=== 


POSITIONS WANTED 


GRADUATE _ FORESTER, 15 years experience in 
Practical Forestry and Park work, with good 
working knowledge in the cutting and removal 
of timber, Fire Protection Planting. Pruning 
and Core of Trees and Shrubs, etc., per vest 
ti ith private company or on an estate. - 
drene Box 0. care AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (3-5-22) 


YOUNG MAN, Age 29, ex-service man in the field 
artillery, desires employment in some branch of 
forestry or as a ranger, gure. etc. Address Bo: 
3080, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington D. C. (3-5-22) 

WANTED—Positions by three High School Grad- 
uates for eeeety cag or woods wore a, ts 

. Salary or location no object. : 
nariente wanted. Box 3085, care AMERICAN 


x 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, ee 


GRADUATE LANDSCAPE FORESTER, expe- 
rienced in both municipal and private forestry 
and landscape engineering desires peenion wis 

icipalit rr private concern. res 
ey 3095, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of getting 
an income from them or turning them into cash 
than has yet occurred to you. It will cost 
you nothing to talk your troubles over with 
a LAND SPECIALIST, temporarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and_ agricultural organization in 
the Northwest. Write description of location, 
topography, soil. etc., in reply. Box 4010, care 

ERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, . 


FORESTRY COLLEGE GRADUATE, 22, single, 
willing and capable, wants work with a forest 
products company or a research party. Not par- 
ticular which part of world duties will lead _ to. 
Address Box 4000, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (5-7-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER — Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm or individual interested in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes. 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C.  (6-8-22) 


POSITION. WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. Address Box 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, é (6-9-22) 


WANTED 


WANTED—A graduate forester of four or five 
years’ experience. Eastern preliminary educa- 
tion preferred. Good salesman, excellent talker. 
To do educational extension work. Address 
Box X-22, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED OR EMPLOYED, 
havin executive ability and posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—teference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from Shin ae Rangers on 
swer this ddress Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS 


The purchase of more than 2,000,000 acres 
of forest lands by the United States has 
been approved and 1,700,000 acres has been 
acquired and put under administration as 
National Forests, in the Eastern States, in 
accordance with the provisions of the 
Weeks law, enacted March 1, 1911. The 
results of a decade of work under that 
law have been summarized by the Na- 
tional Forest Reservation Commission in 
its report for 1921, which has been sub- 
mitted to Congress by Secretary of War 
Weeks, president of the commission. 

The National Forests created from the 
purchased lands lie in the States of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Alabama, 
Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. They 
have been established primarily to protect 
the headwaters of 12 important river sys- 
tems. This protection benefits not only 
navigation but also waterpower develop- 
ment, and provides a basis for a system of 
flood control, either natural or augmented 
by reservoirs. 

The purchase of lands in Pennsylvania, 
the report states, was begun last year on 
the headwaters of the Allegheny River. The 
recurring floods on the Ohio, especially at 
Pittsburgh, made this desirable. Other 
rivers protected are the Connecticut, An- 
droscoggin, Saco and Merrimac, all im- 
portant New England streams on which 
many manufacturers are dependent for 
power, and the Monongahela, which with 
the Allegheny has been the chief source of 
the floods so disastrous to Pittsburgh. 

The new forest to be built up in north- 
ern Pennsylvania, under the name of the 
Allegheny National Forest, is to embrace 
more than 400,000. acres of rough, cut-over 
land, much of which is badly burned and at 
present producing nothing of value, and 
which is in need of fire protection and for- 
estry management to make the area again 
a productive asset to the State. All the for- 
ests in the 10 States have an important 
function in connection with timber pro- 
duction. 


A VOTE FOR THE SYCAMORE 

At the recent annual meeting, held early 
in April, of the National Association, Sur- 
vivors of the Battle of Shiloh, the follow- 
ing: resolution, declaring for the sycamore 
as the National Tree, was passed: 

“Be it resolved by this Association, now 
on its annual pilgrimage to the field of this 
mighty conflict, that the Sycamore Tree be 
commended as the National Tree of the 
United States of America, and we hereby 
endorse the same and cast our votes for it, 
its pure white body and limbs being the 
emblem of peace, now so much desired by 
the entire world—George P. Washburn, 
Commander.” 


lings, but only half that number could 


SMOKERS CAUSE MANY FORI 
FIRES ; 

Twenty per cent of all the forest | 
started by man in the National Forests 0 
the West during 1921, were caused by 
less tobacco smokers, according to f 
compiled by the Forest Service, Un 
States Department of Agriculture. 
fornia, Arizona and New Mexico 
out of every four forest fires due to huma 
agencies was started by burning cigar 
cigars, matches or pipe-heels carel 
thrown aside by smokers while in t 
woods. In other parts of the West 
percentage of smokers’ fires ranged fr. 
12 to 18 per cent. The total numb 
forest fires on the western National — 
ests during the past season was 5, 
which number 1,444 were caused by Ii 
ning, 732 by smokers, and 2,955 by 
human agencies. 

Careless smokers, foresters point c 
responsible for one of the most 
fire hazards in the country, because t 
fail to take proper precautions with. 
ing tobacco and matches. The prever 
fire waste of all kinds from these cal 


averages more than $18,000,000 a year 
cording to figures published by the 
tional Board of Fire Underwriters. | 
“tailor-made” cigarette is the principal 
fender in the woods, where a glow 
“snipe” thoughtlessly thrown down on th 
forest floor may cost the public thous: 
of dollars for fire fighting, to say nott 
of the value of timber destroyed, the dese 
lation of scenic beauty spots, and the 


done to waterflow and wild life. 


ie 
FOREST LAND PLANTED _ 
More than 3,000 acres of idle land 

Pennsylvania, which are suitable ly 
growing a crop of timber, were pl ; 
this spring with young forest trees, grow! 
and distributed free by the Department o 
Forestry. Thousands of trees were shi 
every day from the three forest nu 
at Mont Alto, Clearfield and Greenw: 
Furnace. The Department of Forestry & 
timates that more than 3,500,000 tree 
evergreens and hardwoods, were give 
without cost to owners of land in thi 
State. About 165,000 other trees we 
planted in State forests. Applications fe 
the State’s trees this spring far exce 
any previous demand, and the entire avai 
able supply was taken long before th 
planting season opened. John W. Kell 
chief of the Bureau of Silviculture, said h 
had applications for at least 7,000,000 


supplied. Next year, the department’s nur 
series will grow about 8,000,000 trees fo 
the reforestation of Pennsylvania’s was 
and denuded lands, : 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ee Wi EN traffic again reaches a normal quan- 
tity much freight is going to pieces in tran- 
sit by reason of insufficient packing unless a very 
material improvement in packing is effected.” 
The above paragraph from the report of a divi- 
sion freight agent of one of the leading railroads 
of the country will suggest to many business men 
the importance of checking up on their present 
methods of packing their goods for shipment. 


* * & 


At the left are shown a few specimens of faulty 
crates—by no means exceptional instances. You 
will find scores of such crates at any freight ter- 
minal, any time. They help pile up the claims for 
damaged freight which every year mount into 
millions of dollars. 


The services of a Weyerhaeuser crating engineer 
are available to any shipper who thinks that his 
packing methods might be improved. 


* 


Does the Proper Packing of Goods Pay? 


SK any jobber or retail mer- 
chant what he thinks about 
the value of proper packing. 

The chances are he will name 
those shippers whose products al- 
ways arrive in good condition— 
ready for immediate use or sale. 
No needless repair costs; no dam- 
age claims and allowances to hag- 
gle over; no lost parts to replace. 

He will probably tell you that 
this is one reason why he likes to 
do business with them. 


HIPPERS in all lines are find- 
ing that proper packing makes 
selling easier. The elimination of 
damage claims and allowances 
speeds collections and increases 
profits. Very frequentiy, too, they 
have found it possible, through sci- 
entific crate design, to reduce, ma- 
terially, their packing costs. 


One manufacturer has saved 28 % 
in lumber on one crate, 30% on an- 
other, and more than 50% on a 
third. His total savings in lumber 
and shipping weight amount to 
over ten thousand dollars a year. 
And ineach instance the redesigned 
crate has proved more efficient 
than the one formerly used. 


Proper crate construction is no 
longer a matter of guesswork. The 
engineering principles upon which 
it is based are now established by 
the experience, observation and ex- 
periments of the U.S. Forest Prod- 
ucts Laboratory, the railroads 


and many large shippers as well. 

In the same manner that mer- 
chandise is being designed, tested, 
redesigned and tried out, so, too, 
are the crates which are to carry 
these goods being designed and 
built to meet successfully the haz- 
ards of transportation at a mini- 
mum cost. 

The Weyerhaeuser organization 
has for years been at work on this 
problem—collecting and analyzing 
the facts, so that every foot of lum- 
ber it sells for crating purposes 


HESE illus- Q 
trations show \ 
how a few im- \\ 
portant detailsof \\\\ 
construction can 
increase strength 
of a crate. In the 
upper picture =\ 
note that frame == 
membersareheld = 
bytwo nails driv- 
en in a row, while in the other three nails 
are used and they are staggered. Greater 
holding power is thus obtained and danger 
from splitting is materially reduced. 


The double mitre on the diagonal brace 
shown below also gives a bearing against 
the upright frame member, thus trans- 
mitting any thrust it might receive directly 
to the frame of the crate rather than to its 
fastenings as would be the case above. 


The proper size, thickness and kind 
of lumber, and the size and spacing of 
nails will vary 

with the require- 

ments of each in- 

dividual crate. 

The strength of a 

4 crate can often 

be increased 

when necessary 

without increas- 

ing the amount 

of lumber used. 


will deliver 100% service and at 
the same time effect the greatest 
saving for the shipper. 

As a result, this organization 
now Offers to the industrial user of 
crating lumber the services of a 
practical crating engineer. Without 
cost to you we will send this man 
to your plant, to check up your 
crates, and with the co-operation 
of your shipping department to re- 
design your shipping containers 
to fit in each case the products to 
be packed. 

Lumber is the standard material 
for shipping containers, For this 
purpose, this organization offers to 
factory and industrial buyers, from 
its fifteen. distributing points, ten 
different kinds 6f lumber of uni- 
form quality and in quantities ade- 
quate to any shipper’s needs. 


BOOKLET, ‘‘Better Crating,’’ 

which outlines the principles 
of crate construction and explains 
the personal service of Weyer- 
haeuser engineers, will be sent on 
request to manufacturers who use 
crating lumber. 

Weyerhaeuser Forest Products 
are distributed through the estab- 
lished tradechannels by the Weyer- 
haeuser Sales Company, Spokane, 
Washington, with branch offices 
at 208 So. La Salle Street, Chicago; 
1015 Lexington Bldg., Baltimore; 
and 4th and Robert Sts., St. Paul; 
and with representatives through- 
out the country. 


WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS 
SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA 


Producers of Douglas Fir, Pacific Coast Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles on 
the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland Empire; 
Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States 


BOOK REVIEWS 


The Cowboy, by Philip A. Rollins (Scrib- 
ner’s, New York, Price $2.50. 

What the forest fire means to the forest 
ranger the prairie fire meant to the cow- 
boy of the Western cattle range, so says 
Philip Ashton Rollins whose book “The 
Cowboy,” is now being eagerly read by 
everyone interested in the West and par- 
ticularly in the cowboy, his life and his 
habits. Mr. Rollins, whose book is a real 
contribution to the history of western de- 
velopment, says: 

“The prairie-fire sometimes produced ex- 
‘citing duties. Fires were frequent; but 
usually were of small importance, and, if 
promptly attacked, easily exterminated. At 
other times however they were terrifying. 

“For successive weeks an arid heat and 
a lifeless air, at 10 o’clock acrid whiffs 
and a blurred horizon, but at 12 o’clock a 
biting smell and the horizon gone. Out 
there, somewhere, was a line of grimy 
men desperately fighting to stop the march 
of the advancing flames that the latter 
might burn themselves out upon their self- 
selected battle ground. .Punchers with 
eyebrows and eyelashes gone, with wet 
handkerchiefs over mouth and nose, in mad 


haste, but with cool reasoning, ‘straddled’ 
the fire; two mounted men, one on either 
side of the flames, dragging behind them 
at their lariats’ ends a green hide or wet 
blanket. Other men either mounted or 
afoot, scarred and intrepid like their 
brothers, beat upon the fire’s side lines 
with similar utensils or with bunches of 
brush. 

“The thickness of the grass or the veloc- 
ity of the wind might generate heat or 
movement such as to make straddling un- 
feasible, and then the only remedy was to 
‘back-fire’ across the enemy’s prospective 
line of march. Along the zone selected for 
the ‘back-fire,’ a horseman trailed a bun- 
dle of burning fagots. The flames thus 
started were held in check on their home- 
ward side by straddling them. 

“In the early stages of the contest, liv- 
ing warnings intermittently came out of 
the wall of smoke, for an occasional deer 
or antelope, a solitary horse or steer would 
rush, wild-eyed past the toiling men. Thus 
the best experts on the subject of danger 
had advised human retreat, but such re- 
treat was not to be considered. 

“The last of these fleeing animals had 
passed through the line of fire fighters. 


for they would sulk and make slow pre : 


There was a sudden puff far in the rea 
and in an instant the prairie behind 
men was ablaze. It was mount and 
the shelter given by a projecting hill 
the bottom of a coulee, by a gras 
‘buffalo wallow,’ or, in the language of 
craft, it would be ‘fried gent, ‘no b: 
fast forever,’ and the ‘long trail to King 
Come.’ 
“With safety thus attained, the next 
an immediate task was to gallop dow 
to leeward, again to move out before ft 
flames, and to re-enegage the eis 
the same tactics as before. ; 
“There was peril in the extensive fire 


- 


ress for a time, and then would leap 
ward in irregular frontage more rap 
than a horse could run. They, on occa 
would travel for many miles. The 
was particularly for such as had to 
the flames and so, having to stand 
ground, could not materially shift positi 
But any one who merely sought esi 
would find that, through the average fire, 
ran here and there safe lanes made up o} 
interrupted and quite dissimilar elemen 
a stream’s bed, a rocky ledge, a bit of gr 
less earth.” 


ny 


EDUCATIONAL EDITION 


QUEEN VICTORIA. Lytton Strachey 


DJET AND HEALTH. L. H. 


THE CRUISE OF THE 


MIND IN THE MAKING. 
THE GLASS OF FASHION. Anonym 
HERE, THERE 
WILSON AS I KNOW HIM. Naas - h Tum 


WHEN DAY Is DO 


MEMOIRS OF MARGOT ASQUITH 


BACK TO METHUSELAH. Bernard 
MYSTERIOUS JAPAN. Julian Street 
MY BROTHER T. R. 
MAROONED IN MOSCOW. Marguefite E. 
OF ALL THINGS. Robert Benchley 
CONQUEST OF FEAR. Basil Kin 


THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY. H. G. Wells (2 vols).............- 


THE STORY OF MANKIND. Hendrik W. Van Loon....... 
AMERICANIZATION OF EDWARD BOK..... 


MIRRORS OF WASHINGTON. Anonymous... 


Peters 
OUTWITTING OUR NERVES. aackean, and Salisbury.. 
KAWA. Walter E. Traprock 
PARODY OUTLINE OF HISTORY. Donald Ogden Stewart 
MIRRORS OF aaa STREET. Anonymous 
James Soon Robinso 


AND EVERYWHERE. Frederick Hamilton... 


rlip 
CIVILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES. “Harold E. Stearns 


Corinne Roosevelt Robinson.............. 


4 
RISING TIDE OF COLOR. Lothrop Stoddard... 


ON SALE IN OUR BOOK DEPARTMENT 


Don’t Bother to spend good time and 10% more When under your 
membership You Save 10% on all above books---and, in fact, on all” 
books published---educational or fiction 


American Forestry Association, | 1214 Sixteenth Street, | Washington, D. Ca 


m W 


BEST SELLERS LAST MONTH—GENERAL LITERATURE 


IF WINTER COMES. 


CYTHEREA. 
TO THE LA’ 
BRASS. Charles G 

THE GREAT PRINCE 


MARIA CHAPDELAI 


THE PRIDE OF PAL 


SLEEPING FIRES, 

SAINT TERESA. He 
THE EVERLASTING 
MAIN ST 


3.00 

Barrigots..<<5 catepes 3.00 
Fe erage ewan ceer 1 ANDIVIUS HEDULIO. 
apsualisceoscttaeny ae THE MYSTERY GIRL. 


A. S. 


Burnett 
THE SHEIK. Edith M. Hull 
st MAN, Hijecthetant: 
on Grey . 


Norris 

SHAN. E, 
HER FATHER’S DAUGHTER. 
NE. Louis Hi 
SIMON CALLED PETER. Robert es 
VANDEMARK’S FOLLY. 
THE BEAUTIFUL AND DAMNED. F. * seat Eetapeveee: 
OMAR. Peter B. K 


HELEN OF THE OLD HOUSE. on 
Gertrude A 


ay 


“ : 


ms 


Phillips Oppenheim..... 
Gene Stratton-Porter....... 
emon 


Herbert Qui 


sna 


er 


nw 
3 


Sydnor Serres 
H R. 


* 


cateaneeeatbats 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 381 


The 
Hill School 
at 
Pottstown, Pa. 


cod 


An etching from a 
ne, in oil by 
rank Swift Chase 


9 Waite 
faa 


id i 3 ; BY | 
mal! ¢ SS bind. lis WN 


on 


THERE IS ONLY ONE THING THAT CAN PRODUCE A FINE 
OLD TREE—AND THAT IS TIME 
MI ONEY can buy almost anything else—gardens, houses, drives, shrubbery. But it 


Srabed se schools ae by cannot buy a full-grown tree, beautiful with that dignity and majesty which 
pUcd tee murgcons: are: comes with age alone. A season can produce a velvety lawn; a century is often 
spanned in the creation of a tree. 
NEWPORT NAVAL TRAINING Can you, then—if you are the possessor of fine old trees—afford to take chances with 
STATION them? The tree is a living, breathing thing, and as such is subject to disease and decay. 
PENNSYLVANIA MILITARY Insect enemies attack it. Structural weaknesses make it, often, the easy victim of 
ACADEMY storms. The ailing tree, if neglected, will die prematurely just as surely as night 
THE MISSES MASTERS SCHOOL follows day. 
oe Beare or Saree : Abundant foliage is not necessarily a sign of tree health. Disease and decay work 
MERCERSBURG Weateae insidiously, and frequently the most dangerous conditions are not evident to the 
BRYN MAWR cor ag untrained eye. Too often the warning comes too late—the tree is gone. 
GROTON SCHOOL Cane What is the real condition of your trees? To find out, come to Headquarters. Davey 


Tree Surgery is the development of a generation of experience in saving trees around 
thousands of America’s finest homes. It is your guarantee of trustworthy service, 
because, it is backed by an organization of established professional responsibility 
and financial stability. It treats trees as living organisms, and saves them without 
guessing or experiment—when they can be saved. 

Davey Tree Surgeons are near you—if you live between Boston and Kansas City. 
They are easily available and handle operations of any size, large or small. A letter 
or wire to Kent, Ohio, will bring our local representative promptly. 

THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT COMPANY, Inc., 2106 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio. 
Branch offices with telephone connections: New York, Astor Trust Building, Fifth 
Ave. and 42nd St.; Boston, 467 Massachusetts Trust Building; Philadelphia, Land Title 
Building; Baltimore, American Building; Detroit, General Motors Building; Chicago, 
Westminster Building; St. Louis, Central National Bank Building. 

Permanent representatives available in districts surrounding Boston, Springfield, Lenox, Newport, 


JOHN DAVEY 
Father of Tree Surgery Hartford, Stamford, Albany, Poughkeepsie, White Plains, Jamaica, L. I., Montclair, Philadelphia, 
Harrisburg, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Buffalo, Toronto, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, 
Cincinnati, Louisville, Indianapolis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapoils, St. Louis, Kansas City. 

Canadian address, 252 Laugauchitere West, Montreal. 


meAVEY TREE SURGEONS 


Every teal Davey Tree Surgeon is in the employ of The Davey Tree Expert Co., Inc., and the public is cautioned against those falsely 
Tepresenting themselves. An agreement made with the Davey Company and not with an individual is certain evidence of genuineness 


382 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Books on Forestry, Lumber, Trees, Birds, Etc. 


VENTURES AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hud 
ADVENTURES OF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos A. M 3. 
AmESICen BOYS BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODCRAFT_ : 

Be: 


ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF TREES—Rex Vicat' Coie. echoed 


AMERICAN WOODS—R. B. Hough (14 parts), per 
BEAUTIFUL RARE TREES AND PLANTS—the Earl go Annesley. 12.0 


BIRD BOOK FOR CHILDREN—Thornton W. Burgess.............- 00 
BIRDS—N. Blanchan ..........:ccccesssscsssscsccecsscseveseesrses 1.75 
BIRDS IN THEIR RELATION TO MAN—Clarence M. Weed. 2.50 
BIRDS IN TOWN AND VILLAGE—W. H. Hudson.............-+-.+.. .00 
BIRDS OF FIELD, FOREST AND PARK-—Albert Field Gilmore.... 2.50 
BIRDS OF LA PLATA—W. H. Hudson (2 vols.)......-....esssesseeeess . 15.00 
BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA—Thos. Nuttall 5.00 
BLEACHING AND RELATED ic erent: J. Merritt Matthews 8.00 
BOOK OF FORESTRY—Fred F. MOoomn..........scsssessesseesseeerestees 2.00 
BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS Robt. GS. Ward... ..csccccccevnes 3.00 
BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS—Wilfred W. Robbins...--.....-.--.++++ 2.25 
BULB GARDENING—Mary Hampden .........ssesecccessrrsnscseseeees 2.75 
BUSINESS OF Br C. Smithh......ccscccecseettevcessasece 2.75 
CAMP FIRES IN THE YUKON—Ha B, AYCT....ccccecescsracners 3.00 


Ty 

spleen vin gael OF PULP AND PAPER MAKING — Edwin Suter- 

PONNEOE a aie oki in cnc Uses snees vases ts asesssonqesdees 
CLEARING AND GRUBBING—Halbert P. Gillette 
COUNTRY HOUSE—Charles E. Hooper 
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERI 
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—Brown and Moon ...... 
ENGLISH ESTATE FORESTRY—A. C. Forbes... 
ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW-—J. P. y. 
FAMILIAR STUDIES OF WILD BIRDS—F. N. Whitman....... 
FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES—Schuyler Mathews..... 3. 
FARM FORESTRY—John Arden Ferguson.............:sseceseeeeeeeees 2 
FARM WOOD LOT—Cheyney and Wentling.......... 
FEATHERS. FURS AND FINS—Emma Cheney......... 
FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM-—G. A. Woolson 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—Schuyler . 

WEATNO WE. ince co cdccccndcdesctscesvens shovcucteteincescctacweuett <eeennam 

FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth . Sad 
FLOWERS—N. Blanchan 
FOREST LAND—Allen Chambers ............ net 
FOREST MANAGEMENT-—A. B. Recknagel............ 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman... 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah Bowman 
nOnnes PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE—N. C. 

BONNE. iVices ccna vnesdn saves diskdedsecuspeeuecandsdavernesssatndatecs ear 
FOREST RANGER—John D. Guthrie ....... 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth 
FORESTRY FOR WOODMEN-—C. O. 
rOnseee UPPER INDIA AND THEIR: INHABITANTS Frank: 


FOREST VALUATION—Herman Haupt Chapman.. oNsis 00 
FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth .........cccccseseeeeeeeees 50 
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, Jr.... -» 3.00 
FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager ..................5 00 
ag OR CITY BACK-YARD GARDEWING—Sandwich = 

25 

00 


cob’ S WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb... 
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN— 
HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 
MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark ........-..ccseeesees 
HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. AND C 
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—R. B. Hough...... 
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS—C. Stuart Gager...... 
HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—J. R. Simmons.......... 4 
star peal held OF ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE U. ( 
IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U. S.—S. B. Elliott.. 
INJURIOUS INSECTS AND acaba BIRDS—F. T. Washburn.. 
ERBECT DEMAVIORSD, GC, HOWOGss cccvccscscccsccccstscccceasesbsassy 
INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD-—E. D. San- 
derson and L. M. Peairs 
INTERESTING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins............. 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Coues (2 vols. 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston 
KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tieman 
LABORATORY GUIDE FOR GENERAL BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager 
TEE LAND WE. LIVE INO; Wi [Prilchr sinc ccccssctesccscevexes van 
LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THEMLeonard Barron. 
LOG OF A TIMBER CRUISER—W. P. Lawson 
LOGGING—Ralph C. Bryant................c....0000e 
LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellogg.................0055 
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS. A. F. Jones. 
LUMBERMEN’S BUILDING ESTIMATOR—Joseph Holt.. 
LUMBER RECKONER—Neil Chapin .................00.0005 
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary.. 
MANUAL OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA—C. S. Sarge 
MANUAL OF FORESTRY, vol 1—Hawley and Hawes 
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Rankin .... 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-S. J. Record.... 


tenet: ~ 


Beesbesehorbsresess 


preebreanw 


MODERN PULP & PAPER MAKING—Paul Witham................. . 
MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger..... 
ss => LEGENDS OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANTS— 
, ee OT ee err pedeehvanteosdiateaee 
NATURAL STYLE IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING—Frank A. Waugh 
NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. Bruncken..... 
ORGANIZATION OF THE he i ER TADUSTRY Seen Compton 
OUR COMMON BIRDS—John B. Grant.............:scccsececeeees <iom 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES Maud Going ... op 
OUR GARDEN FLOWERS—Harriet L. Keeler 
NATIONAL FORESTS—R. H. D. Boerker. 
NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir .. 
NATIVE TREES—Harriet Keeler .. 


OUR TREES AND HOW TO 

PAPER AND ITS USES—Edward Dawe ........... 
PAPER MAKING, THE ART OF—Alexander Wa’ 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burn 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL BOTANY—John W. Warshberger 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R. Warington 


° 
b=] 


PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—V. Ba sat 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford 
PRACTICAL NATURE STUDY AND ELEMENTARY AGRICUL. 
TURE—Stanley Coulter .....c.ccccssacevesccnsenscenssucccscesounaee 
PRACTICAL ORCHARDING ON ROUGH eae W. Moore.. 
PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE—R. C. Hawley...........c+ssss-+* 
hag oS ns TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY_D. T. Mac- 
ouga 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—Elbert Peets ..........-..0csceecssseee 
PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. 
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING—Breed-Hosmer.... 
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY-S. B. 
PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—H. S. Grave: 
PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING—F. C. Sears ......-..0.:scccseeseees 
PROPAGATION AND PRUNING OF HARDY TREES, SHRUBS, 
ETC.—J. C. Newsham 
ROMANCE OF BIRD LIFE—John Lea ..........- 
ROMANCE OF OUR TREES—Ernest H. ae: 
ROSE GARDENING—Mary Hampden ............. 
SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY—D. ana ca Joe teeeinen 
SCOTT BURTON, FORESTER—E. G. Cheyney....................-... 
es Eo Es PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— 
ames ‘oum: 
SHADE TREES IN “TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff...... 
SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES (3 vols.) 
SEEING NATURE FIRST—Clarence M. Weed 
SOILS—E. W. Hilgard ..ciscovesssccvecsrccbnas sees sepuvasetaeaten 
SONG BIRDS ‘AND WATERFOWL—Howard E. Parkhurst. 
SPORTSMAN’S WORKSHOP—Warren H. Miller 
STORY OF THE FOREST, THE—Gordon Dorrance... 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, J: 
STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison 
STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. 
TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-—G. J. 
Saget AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS— 
nage 
THEORY AND eg bie OF aiakte winch <i; <3 Freon 
TIMBER—By J. Baterden .... 
TIMBER—P. i bes 
TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES—H. M. Ward............. 
a ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—H. S. 


Hunti: vnbek 5 


TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Winn.............:ccsseeeseeesee 

ee OF COMMERCE AND THEIR. IDENTIFICATION—H. 
ONO cc ceccccnercdcccscdsonctevadesseds dhusde vente uteeh ome aaenmmnnn 

TOWN GARDENING—Mary Hampden .................. 

TRAINING OF A FORESTER Gifford Pinchot 

THE TREE BOOK-J. E. Rogers 

TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars ... 


TREES AND SHRUBS—Prof. Chas. Ys Sargent oa 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING~J. Brishin. . 5 ...d.<c05000eetuareee 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD kWow- E. Rogers........ ay v0 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and Jarv: oh 
TREES OF NORTHERN UNITED gtATES A. PNT ee 
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF Boy Se netee Uv. Ss 
ard E. Parkhurst .......cccccsosetthocdbeveckobeceseubaa 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard  .........cscccscscccesees 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES~J. Webster 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John Ise .. 5.10 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLANDS—K. W. Woodward po 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell..............++sseees 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, a had King: ivoy33 . 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapma 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME_ Victor Kutchin. 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed........... 
WOOD—G. S. Bowlger .......ccccssscvessccscscscsesces 
AO ane OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL 
WOOD TURNING~J. C. S. Brough .... 
WOODWORKING MACHINERY—M. Po 
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Gen. H. M. Chi 


sabe ceenbact 


All books published can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


a 


PARK TOURIST SEASON 
Opening and closing dates for the tourist 
season in the parks for 1922 are announced 
Secretary Fall, of the Interior Depart- 
as follows: Crater Lake National 
Oregon, July 1 to September 20; Gen- 
Grant National Park, California, May 
October 10; Glacier National Park, 
fontana, June 15 to September 15; Grand 
yon National Park, Arizona, open all 
Hawaii National Park, Hawaiian 
ds, open all year; Hot Springs Na- 
1] Park, Arkansas, open all year; La- 
National Park, Maine, June 1 to 
ber 1; Lassen Volcanic National 
California, June 15 to September 1; 
sa Verde National Park, Colorado, May 
io November 1;.Mount McKinley Na- 
al Park, Alaska, no official season 
ner only); Mount Rainier National 
; Washington, June 15 to September 
tocky Mountain National Park, Colo- 
9, June 15 to October 1; Sequoia Na- 
al Park, California, May 24 to Oc- 
er 10; Wind Cave National Park, South 
ta, June 1 to September 30; Yellow- 
National Park, Wyoming, June 20 to 
amber 15; Yosemite National Park, 
fornia, open all year; Zion National 
ark, Utah, May 15 to October 15. 
On the opening date the park hotels and 
ips will be open and prepared to ac- 
odate visitors. The first scheduled 
tor trips will be operated and until the 
ng date scheduled trips will be made 
Motor tours in the National Parks 
famed as offering the most fascinating 
trips in the United States and are 
able to any in the world. The rail- 
have announced greatly reduced 
trip summer excursion rates with 
eral stop-over privileges, effective June 
Ast (No war tax). The costs of all park 
are remarkably low. All charges for 
¢ utility service in the National Parks 
are € strictly regulated by the National Park 
Service, which has direct supervision over 
sa Parks and which cares for their thou- 
of visitors each year. 


econ FOR THE NATION 
he following are extracts from a re- 
by United States Forester W. B. Gree- 
ey: The United States produces over one- 
half the entire lumber cut of the world, and 
ts 95 per cent of that amount right here 
a Tseoe. 
We have over 80 million acres which 
ave been denuded to the point of absolute 
ess so far as the production of any 
of commercial value is concerned; 
is an area greater than all the for- 
is of France, Belgium, Holland, Den- 
, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and 
gal. We have other enormous areas 
eut-over land now growing but a frac- 
of the amount of timber which they 
ht produce. We are adding to these 
$ of idle or largely idle land from 10 
j million acres every year, as forest 
S and destructive logging progress. 
forest problem of the United States 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


is primarily the problem of using millions 
of idle acres. 

It takes a long time to grow merchantable 
timber, and the vast public interests at 
stake cannot, under a real national concep- 
tion of the problem, be left to the turn 
of profit and loss or the business policy of 
the individual. 

Four-fifths of our forests are now in 
private ownership, and in the nature of 
things a large proportion will remain in 
private ownership. Our future wood supply 
will be far from adequate unless some defi- 
nite provision is made for keeping private 
woodlands in the continuous production of 
timber, on some basis equitable to their 
owners. 


The public must realize that the present 
methods of taxation of growing forests in 
many regions are equivalent to taxing a 
farm crop twice a week during the grow- 
ing season and may largely eat up the 
value of the timber before it is grown to a 
marketable size. 

Agriculture is the largest wood-using 
industry in the United States. And on the 
other side, the farmers of the country 
taken together are its largest timber own- 
ers. Farm woodlots the country over 
reach the enormous total of 191 million 
acres, more than all the great holdings of 
commercial timberlands. The farmers 
have the most permanent interest in a sys- 
tematic national plan of reforestation. They 
will find profit in taking their own wood- 
lots out of the slacker class and they may 
well take a hand in bringing about a com- 
mon-sense plan of reforestation based upon 
necessary and equitable public control. 


FORESTRY INSTRUCTION 

“If we are to avoid a grave economic 
crisis fifty years hence, it becomes neces- 
sary that the present generation, particu- 
larly the children, learn more about our 
forestry problems and requirements,” said 
C. E. Lawrence, one of the members of the 
Conservation Commission of Michigan. 

“Those who have had to do with the 
dissemination of forestry problems and 
education have been confronted with a 
most discouraging task in the past. Their 
efforts have met but with slight response 
in the majority of instances,” continued 
Mr. Lawrence. “I believe that instruction 
in forestry should have its inception in the 
public school. The children. should be 
taught to know, to understand and to ap- 
preciate our trees, timber growth, preserva- 
tion and conservation, all of which have 
been sadly neglected since the time Michi- 
gan ruled as the first State in the produc- 
tion of white pine. The history of all great 
movements, whether it be prohibition or the 
Audubon Society, found their inception in 
the minds of the children. If we are ever 
to realize the economic necessity of refores- 
tation in Michigan; if the State is ever to 
become able to produce sufficient timber 
within its own confines to supply its re- 
quirements; if our wood-working industries 
are to continue in existence; if we are to 


1337-1339 F STREET,NW. 
WASHINGTON,D.. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


AND 
[ILLUSTRATORS 


3 COLOR PRotess WorK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


RED MULBERRY TREES 
This remarkable photograph was sent in 
by Dr. Henry Thew Stephenson, and shows 
two trees on the University Campus at 
Bloomington, Indiana, which were twisted 
together when young. Each stem is now 
about eight inches in diameter. 


384 


School of Forestry 
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 


year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 


Dean, School of Forestry 
University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
*x* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 
* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 
Operation in the United States. By 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
ufacturers’ Association, Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth... net, $4.50 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
_ and methods for the movement of the 
timber from stump to manufacturing plant, 


ally logging railroads. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


save the tremendous amount of money now 
spent in freight rates in hauling lumber 
from distant points to Michigan; if we are 
to continue as a State known from coast 
to coast as a ‘sportsmen’s paradise,’ we 
must be brought to realize that a sensible 
and sane conservation of what little timber 
growth we have left, together with the 
constructive program of reforestation and 
our denuded areas must be inaugurated. 
There is no better place to start this work 
than in the public school. The children of 
today are the future citizens of this State 
and they can not know too much about 
Michigan’s forests and what she needs.” 


WATER SUPPLY PROTECTED 

Announcement has just been made by 
District Forester Geo. H. Cecil, of Port- 
land, Oregon, of the signing of an agree- 
ment by Henry C. Wallace, Secretary of 
Agriculture, and George O. Knowles, May- 
or of Cottage Grove, for the protection 
of the water supply of the town of Cottage 
Grove, Oregon. This agreement provides 
that the watershed of Dinner Creek, an 
area of some 6,000 acres, within the Ump- 
qua National Forest, will be protected 
from fire, use by livestock, from camp- 
ing or other human use, in order that pos- 
sible contamination of the city’s water 
supply may be guarded against. No timber 
will be allowed to be cut within the area 
prior to 1952, “except where necessary in 
connection with serious forest fires, in- 
sect infestation, or other catastrophies 
which necessitate in the public welfare the 
immediate salvage of dead or infested tim- 
ber. No permanent buildings nor camps 
nor habitations shall be permitted on the 
area above the intake of the town’s water 
supply system, and all persons employed 
therein or occupying such lands for any 
purpose shall observe the strict sanitation 
regulations as may be agreed upon by the 
Forest Service and the City of Cottage 
Grove.” The Secretary agrees also, so far 
as practicable with the means at his dispos- 
al, to extend and improve the forests upon 
this watershed by seeding and planting, 
and by the most approved methods of sil- 
viculture and forest management. . The 
City agrees to cooperate actively with the 
officers of the Umpqua National Forest 
in the protection from fire and patrol of 
such lands, and to pay the salaries of such 
additional guards as shall be needed to 
insure protection. 

Within the states of Oregon and Wash- 
ington eighty-four cities and towns derive 
their water supplies wholly from the Na- 
tional Forests, and the United States 
Forest Service protects from fire and dele- 
terious use the watersheds from which 
these water supplies are derived. The most 
notable example is that of Bull Run Water- 
shed, within the Oregon National Forest, 
which supplies the city of Portland with 
its entire water supply, and which is very 
jealously guarded from any use by human 


.that other uses, such as by livestock and r 


' 


beings or livestock. United States Distri 
Forester Cecil says that the two main func 
tions of the National Forests are the p 
duction of timber and the protection of 
ter supplies, whether these be for municip 
use, for irrigation or for water power, 


$ 


creation, important as these have become 
must always be harmonized with the 
primary functions of timber production a 
protection of water flows. : 


WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST 
Urging immediate action in protectir 
white pine trees against blister rust, ¢ 
Bureau of Plant Industry, United Stat 
Department of Agriculture, r 1 
the destruction of all wild and cultivate 
currant and gooseberry bushes within 6 
to 900 feet of five-needled pine trees : 
regions where the disease is present. 
“Do not wait. until your pines begi 
die, but protect them immediately. Del: 
means ultimate loss” the Department 
in Department Circular 177, entitled Tre: 
ment of Ornamental White Pines Infect 
with Blister Rust, recently issued. 
Unless controlled, the circular declare 
the blister rust will mar the beauty 
many landscapes and remove one of o 


most valuable crops from thousands | 
acres of rough land unsuited for agrict 
tural purposes. The forest value of # 
five-needled pines, which fall a ready pr 
to the disease in the United States at 
Canada, is conservatively placed at mo 
than $1,100,000,000. The annual cut. 
valued at more than $80,000,000, and 
the United States the white pine rai 
third in lumber production. These figur 
do not take igto consideration the value 
young native reproduction or ornament 
trees that beautify many homes and park 
or the value of white pine forests in pr 
tecting watersheds. 


A ROBIN’S GRATITUDE 

Mr. C. M. Roberts, Superintendent | 
Itasca State Park, Minnesota, has writt 
the following letter to Mr. Cox, the Sta 
Forester : 
“Mr. Samuel Myers, of Park Rapids, h 
been having quite an experience with 
robin. In 1918 a robin met with an 
dent which resulted in its losing one 
Mr. Myers took the bird in and cared fi 
it until it had fully recovered from its ii 
juries. The robin became very tame a 
did not leave the home until fall. d 
“Every spring since that time it h 
returned to the Myers home and stays tl 
entire season, coming into the house ai 
eating out of their hands. The robin 4 


peared again this spring the same as bi 


fore.” 


AMERICAN FORESTRY” 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


a PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 


JULY, 1922 : CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 343 


“WHEN HAWTHORNES BLOOM”—Illustration by Eigene Hall...............0..0 0. ceecucuceee Frontispiece 


ME ONAKES—Will C. Barnes... . ssc cece cee cuveccccuuccbccaeuveae 387 

f DE RUSiAtinS. eee ee eR A oie 
mBEORESTATION AND EROSION S. W. McCallie: oc... ooo ec ce ccc ec ce ecccces 395 

tiie ber) eee etal RA a OS ERS 

EI kh aH ag 5-2 See OR a TE Sell NS ie tg oat 397 

YOUR NATIONAL PARKS—A. E. Demaray........... ........ 2.0... eet act Wee Vet a eee SOD 

: With eighteen illustrations. a 

} LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK—George B. Dorr...... 00.02... cece eee eee eee 401 

i YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Horace M. Albright ............0... 6c. ceeee ee eus 402 

7 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK—W. B. Lewis.................... as Fee in cr pre iere 404 

t GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK—W. W. Crosby..............0.. ccc cece cece eeee 405 

i GLACIER NATIONAL PARK-J. R. Eakin.............00.0.. cc... ccc eee ios 3 Sa eA 406 

] MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK—By jesse L. Nusbaum .. ............000.. ccc eee eeee 408 
SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK—John R. White................0.0... 0.2... fa ONS Aree Es 410 

CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK—Alex Sparrow...... 0... .. ccc cece cece cece eens 411 
MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK—W. H: Peters........... cc cece ec cbeccvee seduces 412 

+ 3 THE HEART OF THE ROCKIES—Roger W. Toll......0 00. ccc ec cece cee eects 413 

ne ET RIMDLE ROTHROCK DEAD: <5 ccncaies oi usec eee claw eae oes Uaa bebe ebb s Tn ee 414 
esOr REMEMBRANCE—G, A. Whipple: .: 5.00. .c) 0 bce cen ceded ceredevupeealtecseees 415 

With seven illustrations. 

ENE TORTS LID URC A INOL, 25 4 ous. c char CMTE careiew F pwrdtrpene WAS naw lage heal aaah date Seale ee ohne 417 
eeeent Mi A TREE—Poem by Mary Alicia Owen: oy... 2... ck eee ce cece et eae deste bebe cbeeens 418 
Vat AY— Pie, MATION S TREE DAW. gic ck..o5 hese cc ele vedic pas dw eb ele caetiendcwsdeavewes 419 

With three illustrations. ° 
He MEMORIAL TREE—Poem by Marta Scott Conser..... 0.0.60... cs cece e cece eee ce ne ecee ne senteeeeees 420 

Pe Or SPAT ES’ —L. ‘G:C DOWENe cece. 3... o.4 is cic dsaupctade) Sofas ode ie vi n'o.e ddleren oaeroe tie ee wer’ 421 
With one illustration. 

DEEnOURG TREES—ALLIES OF THE AU NIONGs. . cic eb dlc dca a heacplusdesluemayw Goes ces 422 

irr Tt GARDEN—R. W, Siiteldt... tapes soo o5.0 ceadis is Feit ce ea atleuaaawes b Uae eculwe ees 423 
’ With twelve illustrations. 
rh CORRE “TREE «3.0. oo tee ae era lees Sia e-erehaGincpousiae bey abies de ve weed de cees 430 
With one illustration. 

FRANKLIN B. HOUGH—A TRIBUTE........... A rR Re PS nav Tae ye IR Genie Gian a's + 4,90F ibs 431 
by With one illustration. 
em BARON WHITE PINE PLANTATION. «20.000. i0. 21. e cece e eee cece cent eee e tence ene e cnn enses 432 
‘ With one illustration. t 
WHAT FORESTRY MEANS TO SOUTHERN COMMERCE—Ovid M. Butler... ....................... 433 
minNOR PRODUCTS OF THE MOUNTAINS—Ann ROSS .... 2.0.0.2 eee eee cee eee net n en eeaes 436 
With four illustrations 
mr icy MDITORIAL DIGEST ....:.. 02. . cscs cegeee cc seen wace Si eee fee FE peer lS I ee tee 438 
MCC AISES MANY FOREST FIRES oes ose eile eine oe epee at Heje de cae eeelee eee awiaees 440 
cece Tire A ZAR D5 ove cere see ei rice: 6 0 ee vide oale's Gael ele gw alee neve s cece aa ee ewame 440 
ONEW JERSEY NEWS NOTES .............. sec c eee c eee cette ete tee tnt eet nee nee e tee eee eens 442 
MPULPWOOD IN PENNSYLVANIA ............ cect eect eee een net teen eee tenet e nee e eens 443 

MRIS e's 8 hai lele aitale svar ws \eye a Naja win ie Aisieig.aeneme s e284 3:5 444 

I a GR REED > ose oie le pidieialeid ee: es Wepeiae givin alo dag wa ciele oH at eae ols 445 
CEE SL TIN OIG 5... SMR co es DOE M eas epee Soinginln eee eee ao hols ealelen abe 447 
EEEED I ATTON COUNCIL. «©... 0000.0 000 se vclbidleeed ssc ee wowed ase s ceed ee tenensterueeels seeccaes 448 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


_ Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
_ Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
4 special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


Photograph by Eugene Hall 


“WHEN HAWTHORNES BLOOM” 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


JULY, 1922 


RATTLE SNAKES 


By Will C. Barnes 


VOL. 28 NO. 343 


at a 


ANY years ago in Central Arizona a small body of 

United States Cavalry was camping for the night 

at a desert water hole. With the troopers was a pack 

train of about forty mules manned by the usual force of 
civilian. packers. 

After supper each man selected a spot on which to 


lay his blankets for the night—for in that climate tents” 


were an unknown quantity. 

The Chief Packer, an old timer in the Southwest went 
to considerable trouble to make himself as comfortable 
as he could and 
after his bed 
was all made 
he went to his 
saddle, a regu- 
lar cowboy af- 
fair with huge 
tapaderos, and 
took from it a 
hair rope tied 
to his saddle 
horn, in a close 
coil. 

This rope 
was about thir- 
ty feet long 
and of the us- 
ual type of hair 
rope made by 
the cowboys of 
those days 
either from 
horse or cow 
tails as was 


rope he care- 
fully laid on 
the ground 
clear around his bed and about a foot from it at every 
part. 

I was a “stranger in a strange land” in those days, a 
tenderfoot of the first water therefore privileged to ask 
of the Chief Packer “why” as I pointed to this hair rope 
stretched about his bed. 

“To keep out rattlers’”” was his prompt reply, “no rat- 
tler’s going to cross a hair rope under any circumstances.” 


of his own, cross it. 


The hair rope is the usual cowboy rope of alternate strands of black and white horse hair, 
and the general belief has always been that the rattler will not, for some peculiar reason 


‘ 


Again my inquisitive “why ?” 

“Oh, it scratches their belly, I reckon,” answered the 
man as he stepped inside the charmed circle and began 
his simple preparations for the night’s rest. 

Evidently my face showed either doubts as to the effi- 
cacy of the rope or desire to learn more about the anti- 
snake fence he had erected about his desert bed room. 

“Never heard of that trick?” he continued. I never 
had. “Well, Sonny, you knock around on the frontier 
a few years and you're likely to see it done a good many 
times.” 

Thirty - five 
years of fron- 
tier life leading 
me all the way 
from the Mex- 
ican border to 
the Canadian 
line, most of it 
spent in the 
“open” camp- 
ing wherever 
night overtook 
me, justified 
the prediction 
of my packer 
friend for I 
have seen the 
all encircling 
hair rope used 
by people of 
every kind, ar- 


my of ficers, 
prospectors, 


most conyen- Puotogra phys Walk eno Bares: sheep herders, 
ient. THE FRONTIERSMAN’S BED PROTECTED (?) FROM THE RATTLER’S cowboys, hunt- 
* b 

This hair eee tts ers and tender- 


feet of every 
grade. Often I 
myself have 
Surrounded my camp bed with the snake defying contri- 
vance. 

Yet not for many years did it occur to me either to 
question the value of the protection afforded by the hair 
rope or ask the users of it if they really knew it would 
perform its duties when the opportunity came and a real 
live rattler appeared at the barrier. 

Though I made it my business to ask the pertinent 


388 AMERICAN 


question often, seldom have I found any one able to 
vouch for its value. 

“Did you ever test it out with a living snake?” has 
been my constant inquiry and the answer has uniformly 
been “No.” 

“Did you ev- 
er hear of any 
had 


one who 


tested its val- 
ue? my 
next inquiry, 
ninety- 


” was 
which 
nine times out 
of a hundred 
brought the 
same answer, 
“No.” 

The odd man 
has always said 
“Yes. I heard 
of a man who 
said he knew a 
man who tried 
it out.” “Yes, 
yes,” I have 
answered eag- 
erly, ‘‘what 
happened? Did 
it turn the 


FORESTRY 


rope where it must either be crossed or stop his progress. 

The third got clear away from us under a large rock 
but the fourth and fifth in the high Sierras of California 
and the last in southern Utah each submitted to the test 
and proved the 
belief in the 
hair rope as a 
safety first for 
rattlers was not 
well founded 
for they each 
went over the 
rope wherever 
they met it. 
Great care was 
exercised not 
to disturb or 
tease each 
snake in order 
that his  condi- 
tion might be 
as nearly nor- 
mal as possible. 

We laid the 
rope in a 
straight line 
where the 
snake must 
either cross or 


snake ?” “Oh, ” 
he said, “it 
turned the 
snake all right” 
was the ready 
response. 

Out of hundreds of inquiries I never was able to find 
a single person who. had first hand information on this 
subject. So I finally began to carry a hair rope on my 
saddle horn intending to demonstrate the truth or falsity 
of that piece of folklore in a way that would admit of 
no possible question, 

Spending from three to five months each summer on 
horseback in the far West I deemed it an easy matter to 
have plenty of opportunities for such a test nevertheless 
no sooner had I started in on the plan than the rattle- 
snakes all seemed to have disappeared from sight and in 
six years of horseback travel I “met up” with but half a 
dozen rattlers, two in Arizona, one in New Mexico, two 
in California and one in Utah. 

The New Mexico chap was a lusty fellow and leaving 
the Forest Ranger who was with me to hold him at bay I 
chased back to where we had left our horses only to dis- 
cover that the hair rope was gone, someone having taken 
it from my saddle to tie a horse in camp and I had left 


ithout it. It was ten miles to camp so we missed this 


t snake I “met up” with was in the Mogollon 
f Arizona, but his snakeship was in such a 


rough, rocky, lava formation that we could not lay the 


An unusually fine specimen fully six feet in length and as large about the “waist” as a 
man’s arm. Of.all the rattler tribe, the diamond back is the most subtle and savage. 
of them can be coaxed to eat in captivity and they are always ready to fight. 


go around the 
end to avoid it. 
large and 
small rings 
about him and 
even when he 
was moving from us without any attempt on our part to 
direct his way or annoy him the rope was thrown in front — 
of him over and over again without hindering his move- — 
ments in the least. He went “over the top” each time — 
with absolutely no hesitation or reluctance. 

Of several photographs taken we secured one or two 
rather good ones showing the snake in the act of crossing 
the rope which, by the way, was an exceeding rough 
hairy one, built to scratch if ever a hair rope was. 

Several men whose belief in the theory was almost 
sublime insisted that the snake went over the rope by 
elevating his body in the form of an inverted U so that 
no part touched the rope. The picture shows this not to 
have been the case, nor did we observe any such effort 
on the part of the snake. If this action was-true it of 
course knocked on the head the whole theory of safety 
inside the rope. Thus has systematic investigation and 
observation wiped out another myth of the plainsmen. 
Cast into the discard along with the equally prevalent” 
notion regarding the family and familiar relations said 
to exist between rattlers, Prairie dogs and owls. 

Not long ago a well known writer made the statement 
that although he had spent many years in portions of the 
United States presumed to be well populated with rattle- 


Photograph by J. F. Street. 
A DIAMOND BACKED RATTLER—READY FOR BUSINESS in 


Few 


RATTLESNAKES 


snakes, yet he had never known personally of any one 
being bitten by one of these reptiles and dying from its 
effects. 

Personally out of a dozen cases of people being bitten 
by rattlesnakes coming under my direct observation, two 
of them have died. 

Among my business ventures was a “Curio” store in 
the city of Phoenix, Arizona, where we bought many 
hundreds of baskets from the nearby Indians. One day 
an Indian brought in a.gunny sack two large wicked look- 
ing rattlers. He seemed so cast down at our refusal to 
buy them that he was finally given two bits for the two 
which for safe keeping were dumped into a box covered 
with wire netting. 

Phoenix was full of winter tourists and the two snakes 
attracted considerable attention, so much so, that we had 
a glass covered case made for them and they were regu- 
larly installed as part of our “scenery” and they cer- 
tainly justified their cost. 

Unfortunately, however, for our peace of mind the 
Indian who sold us the first two, spread the good news 
and we soon found ourselves facing a serious problem, 
for snakes were daily coming to us in large and small 
assortments, covering every kind of snake known in that 
part of the world. 

We wanted to encourage the Indians into bring- 
ing us their basketry work, so to keep them good natured 
we established a reguiar price of twenty-five cents a 
head for rattle- 
snakes, no mat- 
ter how large or 
small, but we 
had to draw the 
line at all other 
kinds of snakes. 


_ Thus we soon 
acquired so 
many that we 
began to seek an 
outlet for them 
which we did 
through an ad- 
vertisement in 


HE CROSSED IT NOT ONLY ONCE, BUT SEVERAL TIMES 
Photographs by Will C. Barnes. 


389 


an Eastern sporting paper. This brought us orders from 
every part of this country and many cities in Europe. 

Gila Monsters were added to our live stock invest- 
ments and it was seldom we had less than fifty rattlers 
or a dozen Gila Monsters on hand at once. Occasionally 
the demand would be so great as to leave us without a 
single specimen. 

We kept the most of them in a.large open cage out of 
sight of the public but had a fine glass covered cage which 
held half a dozen unusually large specimens which we 
placed in the store for public inspection. 

Among other visitors to the snake case was a French 
man named Michael Bourgenon. He was an educated 
man with a scientific bent, who had travelled all over the 
world, being especially interested in animals of all kinds. 
He was a regular correspondent of several scientific 
journals. 

‘A few weeks before the incident here related Bour- 
genon attended the wonderfully interesting and im- 
pressive. Snake Dance given by the Hopi Indians of 
Northern Arizona, He came to Phoenix from this cere- 
mony thoroughly convinced that he could hand!e rat- 
tlers quite as easily and safely as did the Hopi devotees 
in their rites. 

At that time we had an unusually fine specimen of a 
Diamond Back rattler, full six feet in length and as 
large about the “waist” as a man’s arm. Of all the rat- 
tler tribe the Diamond Back is the most surly and savage. 


ANOTHER MYTH EXPLODED 


The lower picture shows the rat- 
tler well within the hair rope, 
which legend has always claimed 
he would never cross, a fallacy of 
which the upper insert is “docu- 
mentary evidence.” 


390 AMERICAN 
Few of them can be coaxed to eat in captivity and they 
are always alert and ready to fight. 

On September 29, 1898, about 10 A. M., Bourgenon 
opened the cage door and in spite of all warnings as to 
the temper of the big fellow insisted on taking the snake 
from the cage by means of an affair which we used for 
such purposes. 

With the snake out of the cage Bourgenon undertook 
to try out his theory that the rattler was easily handled 
if one only went about it in the proper manner. He had 
seen the Hopi snake dancers pick them up over and over 
again and noticed that they never attempted to touch 
them when coiled but teased them until they struck 
and then before they could recoil caught them deftly 
behind their triangular shaped heads and the snakes 
were harmless. 

Accordingly 
Bourgenon laid 
the big snake 
on the ground 
near the cage 
teased it 
struck 


and 
until it 
savagely throw- 
ing itself as far 
as any snake 
which is 
never more 
than one half 
its length, gen- 
erally less. He 
was successful 
in his first at- 
tempt and 
caught the 
snake just as 
he had planned 
close to its 
huge head. 


can 


FORESTRY 


jaw was under and the upper, with the deadly fangs, on 
the upper side of the hand, the fangs driven deep into the 
flesh directly over the large veins that lie between the 
thumb and_ forefinger. 

With a shriek of terror the Frenchman tore the snake 
loose with his other hand, leaving one of the fangs buried 
in the flesh of the stricken hand. 

While one man caught the snake and returned him to 
the cage another grabbed the arm of the now thoroughly 
terrified Frenchman and with a knotted cord quickly 
placed a tourniquet about the wrist, twisting it with a 
lead pencil until it sank deep into the flesh. The lance- 
like fang was worked from the flesh with the blade of a 
knife after which the flesh all about the tiny wound was 
slashed a dozen times in order to make it bleed freely. 

Meantime 
the Frenchman 
sucked the 
wound = vigor- 
ously, his lips 
being free 
from any sores 
or cracks, rat- 
tlesnake poison 
being absolute- 
ly harmless if 
swallowed. 

The man, 
however, had 
lost his air of 
bravado and 
was completely 
terrorized. In 
those days we 
knew nothing 
of permanga- 
nate of potash 
and _ whiskey 
was the only 


Holding it 
firmly in his 
right hand he 
began to stroke 
the snake with 
his left. “See,” he proudly exclaimed, “I stroke zee belly 
of zee snake and make him gentle.” 

Meantime the now thoroughly enraged snake writhed 
and twisted his rattles making a racket that was fairly 
blood curdling even to us accustomed to the sound. In 
its threshings the snake managed’ to get a coil or two 
about the man’s arm which undoubtedly gave it a most 
powerful leverage for suddenly we saw his body begin to 
slip through Bourgenon’s right hand until the head was 
fully eight inches from the hand, Just how it happened 
no one could say positively but as he was endeavoring to 
grasp the reptile closer up to the head with the other 
hand, the snake sank its fangs deep into the man’s right 
hand between the thumb and forefinger, the huge mouth 
spreading so wide that when closed on the hand the lower 


gerous when aroused. 
is quite harmless when swallowed. 


His bite carries the most deadly venom which, strangely enough, 


known remedy, 

The effect of, 
the tourniquet 
caused the man 
30 much pain 
that we placed another higher up on the arm and took off 
the one at the wrist. 

By this time he was a pitiable sight, and although two 
doctors did what they could to counteract the effect of 
the poison the man was dead at 2 P. M. the following 
day, September 30th, 1808. 

His arm began to turn a purplish blue inside of an 
hour and this condition spread rapidly to every part of 
his body until, when he died, there was hardly a white 
spot on him. He died in great pain and although he 
drank great quantities of whiskey was not by any means 
“dead drunk.” 

This sad incident led to the placing of a lock on the 
‘snake den” in order that no more would-be “snake 
might attempt to emulate the Hopi Indians. 


Photograph by J. F. Street. 


A POWERFUL DIAMOND BACK—FACE TO FACE 


This big fellow is a terrible enemy at all times, with a terrific temper and extremely dan- 


‘ 


’ 


charmers’ 


RATTLE 


ate 2 
e? 


Photograph by J. F. Street. 
AN UNUSUAL POSE 


A splendid specimen caught by the camera in a most unusual and 
striking pose—practically standing upright. 


On May 24th, 1899, a prominent citizen of Phoenix, 
Mr. M. H. Williams, a lawyer and at the time District 
Attorney for Maricopa County, Arizona, was at some 
well known Hot Springs, a short distance from Phoenix. 

The buildings at the Hot Springs were rather primi- 
tive and the one occupied by Mr. Williams was of adobe 
with the usual dirt floor of that class of house. Sleeping 
on a low cot Mr. Williams awoke one morning, threw 
back the bedding and swung his legs out of the cot and 
onto an angora goat skin lying on the floor. Coiled up 
on the rug was a rattler of the “side winder” kind, known 
to scientists as the “horned rattler” from small horn-like 
protruberances on each side of its head. 

Mr. Williams’ right foot landed squarely on the coiled 
snake which sank its fangs deep into the instep. Although 
everything possible was done to save his life Mr, Wil- 
liams died in great agony within eight hours from the 
time the snake struck him. 

In addition to these two deaths I have personally 


SNAKES 391 
known half a dozen men and one woman who were bitten 
but recovered. 

The last was a forest ranger named Blood, in the 
Sierras of California during the summer of 1919. He 
was hunting near the little hamlet of Northfork when a 
squirrel in a tree caught his eye. Gun in hand he was 
walking slowly around the tree looking for the little 
animal above him. He stepped fairly onto a big Dia- 
mond Back whose frantic rattling caused him to jump to 
one side. The Ranger was wearing a low shoe and as 
he raised his foot the snake lunged viciously at him, 
striking the leg just above the ankle bone, the fangs both 
penetrating the flesh through the sock and under drawers. 

His wife who was with him quickly made a tourni- 
quet and placed it above the knee, then helped her hus- 
band to a camp nearby where with a razor blade the 
wound, plainly visible, was deeply slashed, causing an 
excessive flow of blood. 

A phone message to the village brought a syringe and 
some permanganate solution which was plentifully. in- 
jected into the flesh in the vicinity of the wound, about 
thirty minutes after the bite was inflicted. 

The leg by this time was frightfully swollen and the 
man in great pain. 

The tourniquet was loosened about every thirty min- 
utes and the blood allowed to circulate for a few seconds 
in order to allow the poison to enter the venous system in 
small amounts, which was all done in strict accordance 
with the most modern methods of treating snake bites. 

The nearest doctor was at Fresno, sixty miles away. 
He could not leave home but after hearing what treat- 


Photograph by J. F. Street. 


THE SIDE WINDER RATTLER 
This rattler is known to scientists as the “horned rattler” from 


the small horn-like protuberances on each side of its head. Note 
the frog in the mouth of the snake, being quickly devoured, 


392 AMERICAN 


ment had been given said everything was being done that 
was possible and his presence was unnecessary. 

Inside of twenty-four hours the man’s whole leg was 
frightfully swollen, clear to the hip and had turned a 
dark ugly blue. He was in great pain and the feeling was 
as if the skin was being torn from his bones by red hot 
pincers. 

The maximum was reached about the third day and 
from that time the discolaration gradually subsided 
although at thirty days there were large blue blotches on 
the hip and upper leg. Mr. Blood was unable to bear his 
weight on the foot without pain for nearly six weeks, 
and was bedridden for three full weeks. 

One of the most interesting cases was that of the 
well known author, explorer and scientist, Mr. George 
Wharton James. 

In the summer of 1901 Mr. James attended the Hopi 
Snake Dance, a ceremony he had witnessed several 
times before during his many years in Arizona. 

Mr. James was deeply interested in rattlesnakes, had 
dissected many specimens, handled living ones ‘fre- 
quently and was at this time studying the problem of an 
antidote for their bite. 

Returning from the dance he visited Phoenix where 
he was anxious to secure a quantity of the poison from 
the rattlers in our possession. Fearful of the results he 
was urged not to undertake the job but he insisted he 
could handle them without any difficulty or danger. 

Rather reluctantly he was given the key to the cage. 
At that time we had an unusually large and active Dia- 
mond Back about five and a half feet long. Mr. James 
grabbed his snakeship in the usual manner, about the 
neck just back of the head. 

The snake showed fight from the first and the crowd 
about him watched the affair with intense interest. 

Mr. James, perfectly cool and collected, asked us all 
to observe the animal’s actions. Slowly the snake pre- 
pared to defend himself in his own way. 

His mouth was opened to its uttermost extent, the 
jaws almost at right angles to the body, the ugly fangs 
unhinged and erect, the enveloping sheath slowly reced- 
ing from them. Meantime he was apparently slipping 
slightly through the man’s thumb and finger, so much 
so that he gained considerably in length above the grasp. 
It was probably a muscular elongation and possibly to 
some extent the body of the snake slipped through the 
almost vise-like grip in which he was held by the mere 
muscular contraction and expansion of the struggling 
reptile. 

Suddenly with almost lightning-like rapidity the snake 
gave its head a peculiar twist which threw its upper jaw 
into such a position as to allow it to make what may be 
called a side swipe at the lower part of Mr. James’ 
thumb. 

Only one fang touched the flesh, but so strong was 
the stroke that the needle-like weapon sank deep into the 
fleshy part of the thumb and with a downward slash it 
tore a sliding gash across the member, an inch long and 
three-quarters of an inch deep, 


FORESTRY 


Never for a second did James lose his nerve and he was 
the coolest man in the party. Still hanging onto his 
snake he called on every one to note certain elements of 
the attack. 

His thumb and wrist were drenched with the poison, 
but he pointed to the fact that it had all come from the 
fang that made the wound. He pried the snake’s mouth 
open and pointed out to the almost breathless onlookers 
the empty gland or sac on one side and the full one on — 
the other. 

Wounded, though he was, the scientist in James was 
stronger than the fear of a fatal result. 


poison. 


The fact that in this instance only one sac had been 
emptied convinced James that the snake absolutely con- 
trolled the matter and that in his case at least, the snake 
only released the poison that found its way through ‘the 
fang which did the work. 

Still holding the snake Mr. James, wholly annie 
of his wounded thumb manipulated the head so that he 


secured over half a teaspoon of the poison from the full _ 


sac which was poured into a small vial he had provided 
for the purpose. 
Then, and not until then, did he throw the snake back 
into the cage and allow his wound to be looked after. 
A tourniquet above the elbow was the first thing, 
followed, by liberal injections of permanganate with 
continued applications of the hottest water he could stand. 
The usual discoloration set in with terrible pains and 
extreme soreness, especially in the abdomen, and- for 
several days he was a mighty sick man and it was about 
two months before the hand and arm could be used. 
I firmly believe the only thing that saved him from 
death was the fact that the point on the thumb where the 


that the poison did not quickly enter*the venous system. 


Otherwise nothing could have saved him for it was at — 


least three full minutes after the snake struck before 


James ceased his scientific investigations and made any — 


effort to save himself from a frightful death. 

Recently I wrote Mr. James about his experience and 
especially as to the after effects. 

“The after results were singular,” he writes. 
over eighteen months my stomach swelled and solidified 
every two or three months; was as sore all over as a boil, 
and suffered intense agony for several days and then 
would pass off. Some one advised me to go to the fa- 
mous Passo Robles mud springs in southern California. 
I did so and took a mud bath daily for ten days and 
have never had a recurrence of the attacks.” 

This aftermath of Mr. James’ incident recalls the 
well authenticated case of a man named Shindler, an 


employee of the National Museum at Washington, D, C. 


On June Ist, 1882, Shindler was bitten on the finger by 
a small coral snake. Violent pains followed, but in a 


> 


i= 


long, deep wound was made, was without large veins so 


There had 
always been the belief that the ejection of the poison was 
involuntary, that the very act of striking and sinking the — a: 
fangs into anything carried with it the expulsion of the 


“For am 


RATTLE SNAKES 


Photograph by Will C. Barnes. 
HIS PROTEST WAS HIS HIS UNDOING 


When his warning rattle was sounded, a piece of rope caught 
the noisy gentleman. 


few days the man was apparently fully recovered. Every 
year, however, for twelve succeeding years, on the date 
of the original bite, the pains returned, a sore formed, 
the sore would burst and the nail of the finger invari- 
ably came off. This process usually took about two 
weeks from beginning to end, 

Finally he learned of a Brazilian snake cure, an herb 
or vine “Micania Guacho,”’ the leaves and stem of which 
when made into an infusion and taken internally just 
before the annual visitation caused a cessation of the 
sore finger and the loss of the nail but up to last ac- 
counts obtainable the pains still continued on each anni- 
versary but not for so long, nor were they as intense. 

An equally interesting case is that of a Mexican boy 
in Phoenix, Arizona, named Teodoro Ruiz. My first 
knowledge of this case was in November, 1911, when 
the boy, then about twelve years of age, was found 
wandering alone on the desert, a few miles from the 
city, by a passing driver who, unable to get the lad to talk 
and realizing something was wrong, took him in his 
buggy and left him at the Sheriff’s office when he reached 
Phoenix. Attaches of the office knew him well as he had 
been brought to them before. 

Briefly, the boy had been bitten by a rattler about 
four years previous, from the effects of which he lost 
completely the power of speech. Before the accident 
he was a perfectly normal child in every way. Each 
year, however, since the day he was bitten, as the date 
nears on which he received the rattler’s venom into his 
system, his whole demeanor changes, he becomes restless 
and unless carefully watched leaves his father’s home and 
alone and on foot takes to the desert where he wanders 
aimlessly about picking up and playing with bugs, toads, 


393 


lizards and any such thing he sees. Unfortunately no 
one has ever followed the boy to note whether or not he 
finds and handles snakes while in this condition. 

Generally his distracted parents rescued him from the 
desert or some one finding him there brought him back to 
them for his story was known to every one. 

He seldom offered any objection to such action on 
their part the wanderlust evidently being soon satisfied. 

Always there are questions as to the fangs of rattlers. 
Briefly, they are sharp as needles and hollow, the poison 
being ejected from the sac behind or at-the base of each 
and through this thread-like opening that runs down the 
center of the fang. 


raat. 5, 2 
“lt pane 
Photograph by J. F. Street. 


THE RATTLER’S FANGS 


The fangs are as sharp as needles and hollow, the poison being 
ejected from the sac behind or just atthe base of. each, and 
through this thread-like opening that runs down the center of 
the fang. 


In repose the two foremost fangs lie close to the jaws 
encased in a fleshy covering or sheath. Under excite- 
ment they emerge from this sheath and quickly rise to 
the upright position in which they are always pictured, 
If a main fang is artificially removed or accidentally 
broken the next one gradually moves forward and takes 
its place. 

Dr. Weir Mitchell who spent many years of his most 
industrious and valuable life studying snakes and espec- 
ially rattlers, in discussing this matter says there are 

(Cont'd on Page 396) 


DEFORESTATION AND EROSION 


By S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia 


HE configuration of the earth’s surface as we see 
it today is due largely to the erosive action of 
The hills, the ridges, and the mountains, 
as well as the intervening valleys, owe their origin to this 


running water. 


destructive agent. 

falls on the surface of the earth is either 

evaporated, taken up by the soils, or runs off from the 

Only that part of the rain- 

fall last mentioned is discussed in this article as it alone 

has direct bearing on the subject under consideration. 
The amount of surface run-off of rainfall of any 


Rain as it 


surface to swell the streams. 


cipitated mostly in the form of hard showers, and steep 
hill slopes to accelerate the flow of water, thereby greatly 
augmenting its erosive effect. Illustrations of the erosive 
effect of rainfall are here seen in a most striking manner 
on every hand. Thousands of acres in this region within 
the last few years have been made worthless for agricul- 
tural purposes by the destructive agent of rain wash, as 
a result of the removal of forests. 

Some idea of the destructive effect of rain wash may 
be had by the study of the individual streams which drain 
that region. The Savannah River, for instance, is a good 


IMMENSE ERODED GULLEY IN THE MOUNTAINOUS SECTION OF 
THE EROSIVE ACTION BY 


given region depends chiefly on three conditions, namely, 
the rate at which the rain falls, the porosity of.the soil, 
and the slope of the surface. In other words, the 
maximum erosive effect will take place when the rainfall 
is in hard showers on steep hill slopes with only mod- 
erately porous soils. On the other hand, in the case of 
a long continuous, slowly, falling rain, extending through 
iny hours, the total amount of rainfall may, be quite 
rge but the run-off will be small or negligible. 
\pplying the principles above enumerated to Georgia, 
hat surface erosion is most active in the north- 
ern part of the state. Here we find a heavy rainfall pre- 


NORTH GEORGIA SHOWING HOW THE VEGETATION STOPS 
CHOKING THE GULLEY 


illustration. This river, together with its tributaries, 
drain much of the mountain area of that part of the 
state. The data which has been collected in the last 
twenty years by the State Geological Survey and the 
Federal Survey on the Savannah River shows that at 
present it is carrying to the Atlantic Ocean annually 
more than 2,50,000 tons of suspended matter. This 
means, interpreted in car loads (fifty tons each) that 
the river is carrying to the sea‘more than 135 car loads 
of soil wash daily. 

This enormous wash from the drainage basin of the 
Savannah River is now probably several times greater 


DEFORESTATION AND EROSION 395 


HUGE GULLIES, “BAD LANDS OF GEORGIA,” NEAR LUMPKIN, STEWART COUNTY, SOUTH GEORGIA. ONLY A FEW YEARS AGO 
THE POSITION OF THESE GULLIES WAS OCCUPIED BY A FERTILE COTTON FIELD 


than it was originally before the lands were cleared for deep plowing and the protection of the forests. The 


agricultural purposes. forest, including vegetation in general, is a great pro- 
_ There appear to be only three practical methods open tector of soils from the erosive action of rain wash. 


to man to retard the wash of the soil, namely, terracing, The vegetable matter accumulating upon the surface 


a] 


HUGE GULLEY IN MIDDLE GEORGIA SHOWING IN THE DISTANCE A CORN FIELD BEING ENGULFED, THIS LAND IS RAPIDLY 
ON THE WAY TO THE CONDITION OF THAT SHOWN ABOVE 


306 AMERICAN 


not only protects the soil from the beating action of the 
rain drops, but by retarding the run-off, it causes much 
of the water to disappear under ground or a it to 
evaporate from the surface. 

While the most widespread land wash of the state is 
to be seen in the mountainous section where the forests 
have been removed, it is not by any means confined to 
that section alone. We have remarkable instances of 
soil erosion in the Wilmot gulleys near Thomaston in 
middle Georgia, and in the noted gulleys near Lumpkin 
in the Coastal Plain. The huge gulleys here referred to 
attain a depth in places of sixty feet or more, and are 
seen traversing fields which less than fifty years ago 
were cultivated in cotton. The primary cause of these 
huge gulleys is the cutting away of the forests from the 
steep hill slopes which border the valleys of the small 


FORESTRY 


streams. 
It is interesting to study the life history of a gulley — 
in the uplands of the Coastal Plain. They have their — 
beginnings in small washes that make their appearance 
soon after the forests are removed from the hill slopes. 
From year to year the gulley increases its length and 
depth, The downward cutting continues until it approxi- 
mates the base level of the valley below. Here the water — 
ceases to deepen the gulley but spends its energies in — 
widening its lower end, At this stage of its life history 
vegetation in the form of old field pine, blackberries, e 
begin to grow in the lower reaches of the gulley. Ero- 
sion now ceases and a soil is formed. 7 
Here we have a life history of a gulley produced 
the cutting away of the forest on the hillside and arr 
by the same agency. A case of nature healing its o 
wound. 


RATTLE SNAKES 


(Cont'd from Page 393) 


generally from eight to ten reserve fanys aad that fre- 
quently this replacement process takes several weeks. 


Dr. Mitchell also refers to the popular idea of a “hiss” 
which every snake is believed to possess. In the case 
of rattlers he says that repeated experiments satisfied him 
that with this class of snakes this hissing sound is the 
air expelled from the reptile’s body by the violence of 
its muscular effort in casting itself forward to strike its 
victim and not a method or process of its protective or 
combative system. 


As for the famous caudal appendage of the rattler, 
both Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Stejneger of the Smithsonian 
Institution agree that a button requires about two or three 
months to grow to its maximum size, the summer growth 
being more rapid than in winter, that the first button, 
or rattle, is present when the snake is born and at six- 
teen months a caged rattler in Dr. Mitchell’s collec- 
tion had six rattles. One or two come off with each 
shedding of the skin—an annual occurrence—and are 
frequently broken or injured or come off naturally so 
that they bear no possible relation to the age of the 
wearer, The rattles are an indication of the snake’s condi- 
tion; well fed they are large and grow fast, but under 
starvation the rattles are small and grow very slowly. 


Occasionally in our snake cages we would discover 
some morning all the way from five to a dozen little 
snakelets. There always followed a vast atmount of dis- 
cussion as to their mode of birth. 

“From eggs just like a bird,” declared some who quot- 
ed various experience to prove it. “From their motner 
just as puppies are” vowed others. who offered equally 
convincing proof as to their claims: 


A study of the authorities, Drs. Ditmars, Mitchell, 


~mits the poison, if in the veins, to enter the rest of 


Sieinenes and others, proved each to be right—witt 
certain limitations. ' 
The facts are that as with some flies so some snake 
such as water snakes, garter snakes, and rattlers, 
viviparous, i. e, they bring forth their young ali 
while bull, black and gopher snakes and others of 
class are oviparous and their offspring comes into 
world via an egg, just as birds and turtles do. ; 
If bitten by a rattler do not lose your head. Fi 
place a ligature on the limb between the wound and 
heart. If onethe body where such a thing is not possible 
your chances for recovery are greatly lessened. 
Second, scarify the wound with a keen knife, knead 
the flesh so as to encourage bleeding which really wa 
the poison from the wound, suck it vigorously, if y. 
lips and mouth have no broken places. : 
Don’t leave the ligature in one place or closed down 
for more than ten or fifteen minutes without loosening — 
it for a moment to allow the blood to flow. This p 


body in smail amounts and minimizes its effect. 

Do everything to produce profuse sweating in 
patient. Give alcohol only in small doses, a teaspoon 
at the most, avoid ammonia as a stimulant and n 
give doses of whiskey except as alcohol. “People 
not recover from snake bite,” agree all these authoriti 
“because of the whiskey used, but in spite of it.” 

And, finally, don’t undertake to emulate the - 
Indian. He and his ancestors for a thousand years b 
—for four hundred of which we have authentic reco’ 
—have been handling and “worshiping” these rept 
and even they are not infrequently the victims of mis-— 
placed confidence and are bitten and seek refuge it 
their mysterious and so far unknown cure, 


[) HE time for talking in support of forest experiment 
= stations ought to be long: past, as it is in the case 
agricultural experiment stations. Unfortunately, such 
is not the case. “A gt of talking remains to be done, and 
if foresters and those interested in forestry do not do it, 
who will? 
_ The fact that the need for forest experiment sta- 
s is obvious to the forester does not mean that it is 
ually obvious to other people. The present status of 
st experiment stations is proof thereof. As a mat- 
of fact, the conception of a forest experiment station 
by the man in the street is about as clear as a foggy 
t, Appreciation of the need for experiment stations 
imperative because they are as necessary to the pro- 
ess of forestry as agricultural experiment stations are 
the progress of farming. Without adequate and 
properly equipped experiment stations, we can not hope 
0 handle the forest problem efficiently and economically. 
__ There has been much talk pro and con about forest 
fires, taxation, legislation, the need for this, and the 
‘need for that, but relatively little has been said for 
_ forest experiment stations. Perhaps it is because the 
is so obvious. We hope so but are inclined to be 
_ skeptical in view of the present status of forest experi- 
_ ment stations in this country. We have to deal with some 
_ 463,000,000 acres of forest land. Some of it is well 
forested, a large part of it is poorly forested and over 


EDITORIAL 


SPEAK A WORD FOR FOREST EXPERIMENT STATIONS 


80,000,000 acres is an idle waste. We have got to learn 
how to make this land most productive in producing 
timber. To do that we have, among other things, got 
to attract private capital to it. The surest way to do 
that is to demonstrate what these lands are capable of 
doing in the way of forest production. We could, to 
be sure, go ahead on a guess and try plan and make 
some very costly mistakes and encounter many delays 
in solving the many problems involved. One may search 
all night in the dark for a penny which he could have - 
found in a few seconds with a tiny light. 

Foresters are quite often criticized because they can 
not make definite statements or predictions with respect 
to forest growth and forest practice under many con- 
ditions. They would be foolish in attempting to do so 
where definite knowledge is lacking. Forestry and the 
utilization of forest lands in this country must be worked 
out through the forest experiment stations in exactly 
the same way that agriculture is being developed through 
the agricultural experiment stations. The area of im- 
proved farm lands in the United States is only slightly 
in excess of the area of forest lands. The farm lands 
are producing annually products ten times greater in 
value than the forest lands, but the Government is 
spending for agricultural experiment stations and for 
agricultural research one hundred times the amount it 
is spending for forest experiment stations. 


_'PYHE recent decision of the Supreme Court of the 
United States, declaring the Child Labor Tax Law 
_ to be unconstitutional, is now the subject of much specu- 
lation among foresters because of the possible appli- 
cation of the court’s decision to certain forestry legis- 
- lation which has been proposed. That which seems 
_ most likely to fall within the scope of the court’s decision 
; is embraced in the Capper bill, the constitutionality of 
which has been challenged by some ever since it was 
BA Se eeriact of the principles of the Capper bill and 
_ the Child Labor Tax Law indicate that in essential 
points they are much alike. 
_ The title of the Capper Bill is “A bill to control forest 
_ devastation to raise a revenue from forest products, and 
for other purposes.” It includes within its provisions 
4 “all private land within the United States which is now 
=) or hereafter in forest ;” and it defines forest devastation 
as “the harvesting of a forest crop otherwise than in 
e Beemtance with standards established by regional and 


FEDERAL TAXATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS 


local regulations,” which are to be made by the Secretary 
of Agriculture from time to time “to secure a continuous 
succession of forest crops of reasonable quantity and 
quality.” 

It requires every operator to classify as standard 
products, or as products below standard, all products 
produced by him during each year, and to make return 
thereof. It imposes upon every operator an excise tax 
on the privilege of harvesting forest crops of 5 cents per 
thousand board feet in respect of standard products, 
and of $5 per thousand board feet in respect to products 
below standard. It authorizes the Secretary of Agri- 
culture and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, to 
cause any officer or agent designated by either of them 
to examine records, accounts, books, papers, or memo- 
randa. And for untrue classification or false record or 
evasion of tax it prescribes a fine of not more than $5,000 
or imprisonment for not more than one year or both. 

The Child Labor Tax Law provides that every person 
operating any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manu- 
facturing establishment in which children under fourteen 


308 AMERICAN 


years have been employed shall pay an excise tax equiva- 
lent to 10 per centum of the net profits. It authorizes the 
Secretary of Labor and Commissioner of Internal Reve- 
nue, or any other person authorized by either of them, 
“to enter and inspect at any time any mill, cannery, work- 
shop, factory or manufacturing establishment.” The 
law is held to be invalid by the Supreme Court of the 
United States, in J. W. Bailey vs. The Drexel Furniture 
Company, May 15, 1922. The Court holds that the law 

regulates business “by the use of the so-called tax as a 
penalty,” and “is imposed to stop the employment of 
children within the age limits prescribed.” 

_In its decision the court uses this language: “Grant 
the validity of this law, and all that Congress would need 
to do, hereafter, in seeking to take over to its control 
any one of the great number of subjects of public in- 
terest, jurisdiction of which the States have never 
parted with, and which are reserved to them by the Tenth 
Amendment, would be to enact a detailed measure of com- 
plete regulation of the subject and enforce it by a so- 
called tax upon departures from it. To give such magic 
to the word tax would be to break down all constitu- 


FORESTRY 


tional limitation of the powers of Congress and com- 
pletely wipe out the sovereignty of the States. 

“The necessary effect of this act is to regulate the 
hours of labor of children in factories and mines within _ 
the states, a purely state authority. The so-called tax 
is a penalty to coerce people of a State to act as Con- 
gress wishes them to act in respect of a matter com 
pletely the business of the state government under the: ’ 
Federal Constitution.” 

Lawyers are, of course, most competent to interg p 
this decision in relation to the principles of the Cap 
bill. If it casts a clear doubt upon the constitution: 
validity of the tax feature of the Capper bill, the soo 
that issue is eliminated the better, because the need 
forestry legislation is too urgent to admit of fight 
over a form of legislation which has little chance 
being upheld by the Supreme Court. It would serve 
clarify issues in the fight for national forestry legi: 
tion if the advocates of the Capper bill would select 
committee of five or seven lawyers of national stand 
to pass upon the constitutionality of the Capper_ bill 
the light of the decision in the Child Labor Tax’ Law 
then accept the judgment of these legal authorities. 


GIFFORD PINCHOT, 


‘NIFFORD PINCHOT?’S record as conservationist and 
administrator is so well known, particularly to the 
readers of American Forestry, that they will appreciate 
the impetus to conservation signalized by his nomination 
as the Republican candidate for Governor of Penn- 
sylvania. Unless the unexpected happens, Mr. Pinchot 
will become the next Governor of Pennsylvania, be- 
cause of the normal Republican majority in that state. 
Mr. Pinchot is so well informed in conservation 
matters in Pennsylvania, that he is exceptionally well 
equipped to assume active leadership in them. It was 
upon the urgent call of Governor William C. Sproul that 
he accepted the appointment of Commissioner of For- 
estry on March 10, 1920, in order that forestry in 
Pennsylvania cou!d be raised to a standard to meet the 
State’s needs. He took hold of the work aggressively, 


and in two years of service with the Department of For- - 


estry so aroused public interest and: accomplished such 
far-reaching results in forestry, that the impress has 
been felt throughout the country. 

In his enthusiastic and able manner he obtained’ pub- 
lic interest and support in forest protection and forest 
practice unparalleled in any state in such a short time. 
Stressing the vital need of forest protection from fire, 
he secured an appropriation of $1,000,000 for forest pro- 
tection, an unprecedented record for State work, for the 


Department of Forestry along highly constructive lines. — 


FORESTER-GOVERNOR 


biennial period June 1, 1921 to May 31, 1923. He also 
secured legislation authorizing a reorganization of the — 


An important and significant provision of the Act is 
that the Commissioner of Forestry and his Deputy, and 
the heads of bureaus and offices handling technical ‘form 
est work, must be men. of technical training and 
perience in forestry. 


The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry made won- 7 
derful progress under Mr. Pinchot’s administration whi ch 
was marked by efficient conduct of business, intelligent — 
leadership, close cooperation with the public, and ¥. 
spirit of public service. There was no drastic over-_ 
turn in personnel in the accomplishment of it. : 
member of the Department was put to the task for whi 
he was best fitted, and a fine esprit de corps develo 
A standard of public service was thus created in th 
Pennsylvania service of the type which has characteri ed 
the United States Forest Service since its inception. ~_ 


af@ 
~~ 


In the larger field now open to him, Mr. Pinchot 
will demonstrate without question the high standards — 
efficiency, conduct and accomplishment which have 
marked his entire career. He is amply fitted by — 
and experience in public service to meet the problems — 
of the Keystone State. 


Photograph copyrighted. by P. J. Thompson 


CRATER ON LASSEN PEAK 


Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. 


Here alone within the borders of the United States may be seen and studied the phe- 


nomena of volcanic activity. 


YOUR NATIONAL PARKS 


By A. E. Demaray 
Editor, National Park Service 


4 aa National Parks, set aside by Acts of Congress 
because of extraordinary scenic beauty, remarkable 

phenomena or other unusual qualification for “the bene- 
fit and enjoyment of the people,” are truly the play- 
grounds of the American people. And it is the policy 
of the National Park Service of the Department of the 
Interior, which is the Government Bureau having control 
of the National Parks, to permit their general use by the 
public in the manner that best satisfies the individual 
taste. To that end mountain climbing, horseback riding, 
hiking trips, motoring, camping, swimming, boating and 
fishing are actively encouraged. Hotels and permanent 
camps are available giving a choice of accommodations 
at rates which are strictly regulated. Excellent roads for 
motoring, choice camp sites for camping and alluring 
trails for hiking among scenes of inspiring beauty are 
awaiting the visitor. 

Have you seen God in His splendors, 

Heard the text that Nature renders? 

(You'll never hear it in the family pew) 

The simple things, the true things, the silent men to 

do things, , 
Then listen to the Wild; it’s calling you. 


At the request of AMERICAN Forestry a number of 
Park Superintendents have been asked to tell of their 
Park’s attractions, and their messages to you follow on 
succeeding pages. 

There are in addition to those described nine other 
National Parks and it is the purpose of this article to 
tell briefly of these. 

The Hawaii National Park, Territory of Hawaii, in- 
cludes the summits of three volcanoes of world celebrity 
—Haleakala on.the Island of Maui, and Mauna Loa and 
Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii. Of the three -areas 
the Kilauea section is the most accessible, being reached 
directly by automobile from Hilo, the second city of the 
Territory. The lake of churning fiery lava within the 
crater of Kilauea forms one of the most spectacular 
exhibits in the world. The Park is open-all the year. 

The Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska, is the 
second largest National Park, containing in its 2,645 
square miles the most sensational section of the great 
Alaska range culminating in Mount McKinley, altitude 
20,300 feet, the highest peak in North America,. Con 
gress created this National: Park, principally to protect 
its wild herds of caribou, moose and mountain sheep. 


400 AMERICAN 
The park area is the fountainhead of the game supply 
of this part of Alaska, The newly completed Govern- 
ment Alaska Railroad closely approaches the northeast 
corner of the park. McKinley Station is the point of 
entrance, but travel into the park as yet is only for the 
most hardy traveler, as there are no roads or accommo- 
dations. 

The Hot Springs reservation in the Ozark Mountains 
of Arkansas is really National Park in one 
sense, having been reserved in 1832, 40 years before the 
wonders of the Yellowstone first inspired Congress with 
the idea that scenery was a national asset deserving of 


ly the oldest 


FORESTRY 


Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, offers in 
Lassen Peak, altitude 10,465 feet, the only active volcano 
in the United States. While its last violent eruption oc- 
curred May 22, 1915, steaming mud pots may be observed 
in its crater. The climb of the cindery summit trail is 
more than rewarded by the superb view to be obtained. 
In the far distance Mount Shasta rears its snow-crowned 
head; occasionally Mount Hood in Oregon may be seen. 
Within the Park camp accommodations are to be had at 
Drakesbad reached by road from Chester which in turn 
is reached from Paxton, California, on the Western Pa- 
cific Railroad and from Red B'uff on the Southern Pacific 


Photograph copyrighted by E. M. Newman 


THE KILAUEA LAKE OF FIRE 


One of the most spectacular exhibits in the world is this crater in Hawaii, now visited by many tourists. Photographed at night 
by the light of its flaming lavas. 


preservation for the use and enjoyment of succeeding 
generations. The City of Hot Springs bordering the 
park is visited annually by thousands of persons seeking 
health from the beneficent waters of the hot springs and 
pleasure in the high and beautiful country with its excel- 
lent drives and woodland paths, its mountain and river 
views, and its exceptional golf. The park is readily ac- 
cessible by train and by automobile and is open the year 
around. 

Our newest National Park, Zion, in southwest Utah 
has for its principal exhibit a deep canyon between sand- 
stone cliffs of great height and vivid color. It is reached 


om either Salt Lake City or Los Angeles, train tourists 


ing the railroad at Lund, Utah, for the 100-mile auto 
the park. 


From Zion other notable scenic ex- 
section can be visited including Bryce Can- 
Breaks and a trip may be extended to the 


north rim of the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. 


Railroad. 
tember I. 

Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, in the Black 
Tiills not far from one of Custer’s famous battle fields, 
exhibits a remarkable limestone cavern. The Park has 
a surface area of 16 square miles a part of which is main- 
tained as a National Game Preserve for bison, elk and 
antelope. The Park is best reached from Hot Springs, 
South Dakota, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 
and the Chicago and Northwestern Railroads. While 
the Park is open all the year, the tourist season is from 
June 1 to September 30. 

Platt National Park in southern Oklahoma contains 
sulphur and other health-giving springs, hot and cold, 
which gush plentifully from its area of 114 square miles. 
It lies in a high country of great beauty and delightful 
Its entrance 
point is Sulphur, Oklahoma, which is reached by several 


The Park season is from June 15 to Sep- 
5 


climate and is locally extremely popular. 


LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK 


401 


Photograph by courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey 
MOUNT McKINLEY, ALTITUDE 20,300 FEET 


Mount McKinley rises higher above its surrounding country than any other mountain in the world and offers untold opportu- 
nities to the daring mountain climber. 


railroads and by a number of good automobile roads. 
Sullys Hill National Park, North Dakota, is a Park 
of picturesque forested hills bordering a lake. It is a 


wild animal preserve and has historic associations, It 
is on the main line of the Great Northern Railroad and 
is accessible during the summer. 


.. LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK 


By George B. Dorr, Superintendent 


AFAYETTE National Park is the single eastern 

representative of our National Park System. It is 
also the only National Park that borders on the sea and 
includes ocean waters on a harbored coast among its 
recreational resources. 

With many of us, sprung from sea-faring ancestry, 
the call of the sea is in the blood and it is to the sea 
we turn for our completest holiday. 

One of the greatest recreational assets of the Nation 
is the New England coast. The health and happiness it 
brings each summer to an unnumbered multitude are vital 
elements in our national well-being and of infinite value. 
Every year that multitude increases, as towns and cities 
grow and transportation becomes easier. 

The coast is limited, and its western portion, from 
New York to Portland, is already crowded in the sum- 
mer period. Its eastern portion, from Portland to the 
Canadian boundary and the Maritime Provinces, is wild- 
er, more picturesque, and of far greater actual length, 
owing to the way in which the sea penetrates it in great 
arms and reaches. 

_ At its center from Penobscot Bay to Frenchman’s 
Bay, the two most beautiful sheets of water on our 
eastern shore, there is an archipelago of islands and rocky 
islets, great and small, and the greatest of these, domi- 


nating the coast for forty miles with its mountainous 
uplift, is the Island of Mount Desert, whereon the Na- 
tional Park is placed. 

Discovered by Champlain in 1604, Mount Desert Island 
belonged for a century to the Crown of France as a por- 
tion of Acadia; then passed to England by the right of 
conquest and presently to Massachusetts, the Province 
first and then the Commonwealth, of which Maine was 
a part until a century ago. Settled by lumbermen and 
fishermen, resort to it began in the middle of last century, 
when the establishment of the Boston and Bangor steam- 
ship line first gave access to it. On it, alone on our At- 
lantic coast, mountains meet the sea, fronting it in a 
splendid, baretopped granite range—Champlain‘s Monts 
deserts—that was a noted landmark to mariners in old 
sailing days. 

Lakes lie among the mountains, deep and clear and 
forested to the water’s edge; and at the Island’s midst 
the range is penetrated by a glacial fiord—Somes Sound 
—whose passage through the mountains is magnificent. 

These mountains form the nucleus of the National 
Park. Two hundred miles of trails lead over them, 


-marked with cairns, affording views of land and ocean 


to a far horizon that for sheer beauty and inspiring qual- 
iay are in their kind without an equal. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK, MAINE 


Stepping stones across the outflow from the Tarn, an ice-eroded lake basin at the foot of Champlain Mountain in the most 
eastern of our National Parks. 


The National Park Office is at Bar Harbor, on the 
A dozen miles away, a 
steel and concrete drawbridge, lately built, connects the 
Island at the and State 
highway system, over which two principal routes are 
marked for Portland to Bar Harbor 
and the National Park—the one along the coast, with its 
old seaport towns; the other, by the Kennebec and the 
State Capital at Augusta, 


shore of Frenchman’s Bay. 


the Narrows with mainland 


motorists from 


Coming by rail, the journey ends in a swift ferry to 
Bar Harbor across Frenchman’s Bay, facing the moun- 
tains and protected by a range of rocky islets from the 
open sea—in favorable weather a superb approach. 

Mount Desert and its resorts have long been famous, 
and the travel to them Nation-wide; Lafayette National 
Park, a gift to the Nation for the people’s benefit, is 
still in its beginning, but it is rich in beauty by the gift 
of Nature and rich in opportunity for the future. 


YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 


By Horace M. Albright, Superintendent 


Nationai Park’s Golden Anni- 


Fifty years ago, March Ist, it was 


HIS is Yellowstone 
versary year. 
established by Congress “for the benefit and enjoyment 
of the people.” A pioneer Montanan, Judge Cornelius 
Hedges, in seeking a way to preserve the wonders and 
beauties of the Yellowstone region, gave to the na- 
Earth the National Park idea, and today 
a conservation principle of first importance 


in many countries. Thus, Yellowstone Park in 1922, 
as it celebrates its semi-centennial anniversary, deserves 
to have the intelligent and progressive people of the 
world consider in their moments of reflection on civic 
affiairs, what this great playground, and the altruistic 
idea upon which it is founded, means to them and to 
posterity. 

There will be tens of thousands of visitors to Yel- 


YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 403 


lowstone National Park this year, coming by rail or by 


automobile, planning to use their own equipment and 
camp out in the forests, or to tarry a while at the hotels 
or permanent camps. Never has the great Park been 
better prepared to receive its friends. Its three hun- 
dred miles of road are in excellent condition, there are 
more and better trails than ever before—a thousand 
miles of them, the public camp grounds have been exten- 
sively improved, the permanent camps have largely aug- 
mented their facilities, and Hikewise the hotels are equip- 
ped to accommodate more guests than at any time in 
the past. Railroad rates are very reasonable this year. 

Plan a horseback tour of the Yellowstone and see 
the wild life at close range, the buffalo, elk, deer, ante- 
lope, moose and beaver; go into the recently explored 
“Cascade Corner” of the Park, or to Grasshopper Glacier 
where millions of grasshoppers of ancient species lie im- 
bedded in a body of ice of enormous proportions ; or ride 
to the moose country at the headwaters of the Yellow- 
stone. Saddle horses and guides are available in the 
Park or at nearby “dude ranches.” 


For the fisherman, the Yellowstone offers great sport. 
Here the native cutthroat trout abounds, also the native 
grayling, but Brook, Rainbow, Loch Leven, Mackinaw 
and other trouts planted in Yellowstone waters also . 
furnish snappy recreation for the angler. 

From the standpoint of opportunities to study Na- 
ture’s handiwork, the Yellowstone has no equal or close 
competitor. Geysers, hot spring terraces, the Grand 
Canyon, petrified forests, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, -un- 
broken forest wilderness, wild animals, 202 varieties of 
birds, exquisite wild flower displays, glaciated valleys 
and lava flows, are all easily accessible. Here Nature 
is still working vigorously while exhibiting a wide range 
of wonderful achievements. The Park has a museum, 
a lecturer on its history and natural features, and na- 
ture guides to explain in popular language the meaning 
of the phenomena that are to be observed on every hand. 

Whether one visits Yellowstone National Park to find 
seclusion in the fastness of our last great wilderness, 
or to ride horseback over its thrilling trails, or to study 


A 
’ 


ak fi ee ou 


ba 


Photograph copyrighted by Haynes, St. Paul 


HORSEBACK PARTY IN THE HOODOOS, NEAR MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS 


A horseback tour of the Yellowstone National Park, with its high, dry, pine-laden air will pay big dividends in improved health, 
appetite and sleep. The mecca of many summer excursionists. 


404 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


he may be sure that in our oldest and largest Park he 
may find all that he has hoped for, and more thrown in 
for good measure. 


its exhibits of natural history, or to fish its crystal clear 
waters, or to motor over its scenic roads, or simply to 
rest in the peaceful atmosphere of the high mountains, 


TERRACE AT MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS 


Beautiful yet fantastic terrace built up by deposits of lime from the marvelously colored hot springs at this point. 
most novel scenic effects in the world. 


YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK 


By W. B. Lewis, Superintendent 


One of the 


OSEMITE Valley is familiar to most citizens of the 

United States at least by picture if not by personal 
visit. Never a month passes but that one sees in several 
magazines photographs of El Capitan or Half Dome, 
and Vernal, Nevada and Yosemite Falls are as well 
known to Easterners as to native Californians. Yosem- 
ite Valley, however, is but a small part of Yosemite 
National Park, 

With the passing of the stage coach has come the 
influx of hordes of visitors, and the Valley has lost 
much of its former romantic and dreamy atmosphere. 
A few lovers of the Old Yosemite deplore the so-called 
“popularization” of the Valley—the admission of auto- 
mobiles. The opening of roads to privately owned ma- 
chines merely means that thousands are enjoying Yosem- 
ite who could not have done so under the old conditions 
and that the frontier has moved farther back. 

Leave the Floor of Yosemite Valley and you are in 
the wilderness; there are a thousand square miles of 
wild High Sierra country in the Park. It is this virgin 
highland region, much of it almost unexplored, that is 
ig hundreds of the more adventuresome tour- 
ists to the trails of the back country. 


t we calli 
NOW Calli 


There are many ways of seeing the High Sierra, — 


some of them costly but with all the comforts one could 
desire and others requiring more physical exertion but 


less of a money outlay than for an equal period at home. — 


A recently developed and most convenient means of 
seeing the upper regions is for one to make his head- 


quarters at the chalets or lodges that are maintained in ~ 


the heart of the-mountains. These are but one or two 
days by foot or horseback from Yosemite Valley and 
serve as excellent bases from which to explore the 
neighboring regions. But by camping out one is free to. 


roam the trails of the Big Country at will, stopping 


as his fancy wills beside a trouty stream or climbing 
to sandy timberline benches on glacier-polished heights. 
A camping outfit, guide, packers, cook, and pack animals 


may be hired in Yosemite for trips to any part of the 
This offers the maximum degree of comfort and 


Park. 
the minimum of worry and responsibility ; for the ma- 
jority of visitors, however, it is too expensive. 

The trails of the Park are becoming so well marked 
that a guide and packer are not necessary, and even the 


most inexperienced of mountaineers need have no fear 


of pioneering in the back country. 


YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK 


405 


— —= MP 
See eS oe MEE PATS 


La oar, 


Photograph by Ansel E. Adams 


CATHEDRAL PEAK 


Where the sunrise trail crosses the divide it passes one of the many fine fishing lakes in Yosemite National Park and fishing 


is one of the attractions 


Hundreds of persons are now climbing eastward to 
peaks and canyons that were known but a few years ago 
only to members of the Sierra Club and a few other 
mountaineers. It is gratifying to the few of us who 
administer this vast playground of the people to ride 
through the High Sierra and find how many persons 


GRAND CANYON 


to many of the visitors. 


have discovered the charm of “The Home of the Red 
Gods.” Some of them are knapsacking; others walking 
beside the burro or mule that bears their burdens; many 
riding and leading a pack train; and a few following 
packers and guides with all the appurtenances of a 
“dude” outfit. All are happy. 


NATIONAL PARK 


By W. W. Crosby, Superintendent 


VERY Aimerican, at least, should make as soon after 

maturity as possible, for his benefit as a citizen and 
as an individaul, two pilgrimages—one to Washington’s 
home at Mount Vernon, Virginia, and the other to the 
Grand Canyon of Arizona. Sentimental journeys they 
must be; the first to the place most closely associated 
with our Nation’s greatest hero; the second to Nature’s 
greatest wonder. 

Grand Canyon National Park is not a “playground” 
in the same sense that the term is applied to many 
other Parks. There are ample facilities for amusement 
or recreation, but the Canyon belittles them all. 

Its infinite magnitude, majesty, coloration, and fasci- 
nation, so affect its visitors that indelible impressions 
are left in the minds of all as to the incomparability of 
the Canyon with any other natural or artificial wonders 
of the world. 


Several other localities have their wonder-units of 
scenery. The catastrophe of the destruction of any one 
of them would be mitigated by the fact that there still 
would remain elsewhere similar scenery, though one 
might have to journey farther to see it. But to lose 
the Grand Canyon would mean the annihilajtion of 
something that can not be found elsewhere on earth. 

To every visitor it is something different from any- 
thing else, something unheard, unread and unimagined. 
Even the single experience of watching from the rim 
the immense kaleidoscope presented daily in the rays 
of the sun on his journey over and along the length of 
it—to say nothing of the motor trips along the rim roads 
or the muleback trips down into its depths—leaves im- 
pressions which will be carried in the mind through all 
other experiences ot life-time. 

The Grand Canyon is an ideal place for the intelli- 


406 AMERICAN 


Photograph copyrighted by Fred Harvey Company 


COLORADO RIVER IN THE GRANITE 
GORGE 

View taken from the mouth of Bright Angel Creek near where 

is located the new Phantom Ranch. At the lower end of the 

left-hand gully, in the shadow, may be seen the trail beginning 

to zigzag its way up to the Tonto Plateau, 1,500 feet above the 

river. 


ACROSS THE 


gent person to spend a vacation. The trails are always 
apen, and, even when the snow does lie on the rim, 
some motor trips may be made for the views. Foot, 
saddle-horse, and muleback trips into the Canyon always 
offer the enjoyment of glorious scenery, inspiring sur- 
roundings, and novel situations under comfortable cir- 
cumstances. 

The climate as a whole is unexcelled. In the winter 
there are but few days when it is disagreeable to be 
outdoors If necessary, by shifting 
one’s abiding place (from the rim to the unique Fred 
Harvey Ranch at the mouth of Bright Angel Creek down 


even on the rim. 


4,500 feet lower than the rim—for 


in the river gorge 
instance) one can bask in the sunshine (of Palm Beach 
or of Coronado) and contemplate in comfort the snows 


of Quebec above. 


our southwest wonderland. 


FORESTRY 


In midsummer the temperature on 


the rim seldom exceeds 85 degrees F. The moisture con- 


‘ 


tent of the air is so low that the “sensible” temperature 
seems much less than this figure among the big pines, 
ihe cedars, and pinons whiza cover the rim. 

The Grand Canyon National Park is in the heart of 
The reservations of a “Van- 
ishing Race” the Hopi, Supai, Navajo and other Indian 
tribes may be visited from it. “Cliff Dwellers” ruins are 


Photograph copyrighted by Fred Harvey Company 


HAVASU FALLS IN THE CANYON OF THAT NAME 


It drops over a background wall plastered with dark red traver- 
tine festoons and is one of the most picturesque waterfalls 
in the parks. Havasu is the Indian name for Sky Blue Waters. 


found in the Park itself and the ancient pictographs 
of a forgotten race, in and nearby the Park, await trans- 
The Petrified Forest National Monument may 
be easily reached from here by automobile and by train. 


lation. 


There is, in Grand Canyon National Park, at least one 
For a 
multitude there are several forms of this invitation. 


natural invitation for every American to visit it. 


GLACIER NATIONAL PARK 


By J. R. Eakin, Superintendent 


Park, with its 60 glaciers, 250 
and hundreds of waterfalls, serrated peaks and 
scenery 
automo- 


ein IER National 
0 re : 


ipices, contains the noblest mountain 


Here one ‘may ride in an 


bile, a launch, ride horseback and visit a glacier all in one 
day and never be more than a'few miles from a modern 
luxurious hotel. Or one may climb to the very crest of 
the Continental Divide and spend the night at a com- 


GLACIER NATIONAL PARK 407 


fortable chalet, amidst scenery that beggars description, 
and view a sunrise and stinset that only Nature could 
paint. 

Glacier’s maximum north and south dimension is about 
50 miles and its maximum east and west dimension is 
about 40 miles. Within the boundary of the park is lo- 
cated the intersection of the north and south and east 
and west continental divides. At the junction of these 
divides is Triple Divide Peak and from its summit one 
can toss a pebble ifito streams flowing into the Hudson 
Bay, the Gulf of Mexico and into the Pacific Ocean. 
This is a distinction that no other section of North 
America can claim. 

It is doubtful if any other area contains so much of 
interest to scientists and naturalists. Due to the Lewis 
Overthrust, incredible as it may seem, in many !ocalities 
the younger rocks are found on top, in the reverse order 
that Nature formed them, Glacier National Park is the 
one place where the flowers of the Pacific Coast, the 
Alaska Region, the: Northern Plains and the Rocky 
Mountain Region meet. Another feature that lends 
variety is the contrast between the relative humidity of 
the west slopes of the Continental Divide and the aridity 
of the east slopes. Consequently, no other area has such 
a great variety of flowers, trees and shrubs. 

Several of the National Parks attract more visitors 
annually than Glacier, yet if actual tourist days were 
considered Glacier would rank with the leaders. Its 


charm is proven by the thousands who return year after 
year for visits of increasing length, 

More saddle horses are used at Glacier than all other 
Parks combined. The road system is at present unde- 
veloped though most points of interest in the valleys can 
be reached by automobile, and good camping grounds are 
provided. The Trans-mountain Road now under con- 
struction, when completed, will be by far the most scenic 
highway in Almerica, if not in the world. The trail 
system comprises 669 miles, of which 371 miles are class- 
ed as tourist trails, the remainder being boundary and 
fire trails. Tourist trails cross the Continental Divide 
in five places. In addition, seven other divides, practi- 
cally as high and as interesting are crossed. 

Signs are distributed along tourist trails in such a 
manner that pedestrians cannot get lost. It is believed 
that no other section of the country contains such in- 
terest for rugged hikers. Walking tours of the Park are 
rapidly increasing in popularity. 

Through an arrangement with the University of 
Montana the Free Nature Guide Service conducts short 
daily walks, during which flowers, trees, animals and 
other things of interest are pointed out and explained, 
and popular talks will be given in the evenings at principal 
tourist centers on the flora, fauna and geology of the 
Park. 

Fishing is excellent and visitors should bring fishing 
tackle. The principal varieties of fish are Cutthroat, 
Dolly Varden, Rainbow and Eastern Brook Trout, 


Photograph by R. E. Marble 


AFTER THE STORM 


Lake McDonald on the west side of the Continental Divide is Glacier’s largest lake. Nine and one-half miles long by a mile 
wide it is fringed with magnificent forests. 


408 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Photograph by R. E. Marble 
LAKE McDONALD, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK 


The new Transmountain Highway will cross the Continental Divide through Logan Pass to connect Glacier’s east and west side 
road systems. The section along the east shore of Lake McDonald is open to automobile travel. 


MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 


By Jesse L. Nusbaum, Superintendent 


A MERICAN tourists by the hundred thousand yearly or decadent, a few thousand only are sufficiently inter- 
spend millions of dollars in visiting foreign lands and_ ested in their own pre-Columbian America to inves- 
viewing the achievements of civilizations long since past tigate the archaeological wonderland of the Southwest. 


Photograph by George L. Beam 


> FAR VIEW: HOUSE 


pueblo, one of the-Mummy Lake group of ruins, was ecavated in 1916 by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, chief of the bureau of 
\merican Ethnology. Dr. Fewkes’. campfire talks in the park are looked forward to each year by visitors. 


MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 


Mesa Verde (Green table or table-land, named from 
the dense forest of pinyon and juniper cedar covering it) 
was made a National Park in 1906, in order that the 
finest, largest and best-preserved cliff-dwellings in this 
country, if not in the world, “might be protected and 
preserved for the enlightenment and education of the 
present and future generations,” 

This great detached table-land, rising boldly and ab- 
ruptly from one thousand to twenty-five hundred feet 
above the valleys stfrrounding it, and, undoubtedly, com- 
manding the greatest expanse of mountain, valley, plain 
and desert country to be seen from any accessible point 
in the Southwest, was further protected by many deep, 
narrow, parallel canyons heading at the north rim, and 
separated by small tongue-like mesas. 


409 


iously arranged under the protecting roof of the cave, 
that it means that not a single foot of usable space was 
wasted, and so well constructed by the cliff-dweller ma- 
sons that structures of four stories in height still remain 
nearly intact. Deserted centuries ago, for what reason 
no one can say, they stand today the finest examples 
extant of primitive architecture in this country. 

Far View House, the only excavated unit in the 
Mummy Lake group of sixteen great mounds, occupying 
level ground on the Chapin Mesa, presents a totally differ- 
ent or “unit type of pueblo construction,” large living 
rooms surrounded by the kivas, and forming a compact, 
rectangular shaped building. 

This is a later development of the cliff-dwelling cul- 
ture, whereas Earth Lodge A, a pit dwelling of a semi- 
subterranean type, near Square Tower House, shows 


Photograph by George L. Beam 


This ruin, excavated in 1920, was devoted to fire worship by the cliff dwellers. It is a connecting link between the people of 


the mystic past and the present. 


Great caves in the vertical side-walls of the smaller 
canyons offered a maximum of natural protection, both 
from enemies and the elements, and ideal home-sites and 
storage spaces adjacent to the rich, red soil of the mesas 
above, to these peaceful, home-loving agriculturists. 

Because of their thrift and foresight in storing away 
corn and other vegetable products to carry them over 
years of periodic drought and crop failure, they were 
constantly subject to raids of the non-agriculturist In- 
dians, who depended largely upon game for subsistence. 
The many ruins and circular watch-towers, which dot 
the mesa at points of vantage, indicate the seriousness 
of these raids. 

Cliff and cave ruins are found, literally, by the hun- 
dred within the Park area, ranging from the small one- 
room, apparently inaccessible ruins to a great communal 
development as represented by Cliff Palace with over 
two hundred secular rooms and twenty-three circular, 
Subterraneous kivas, or ceremonial rooms, so ingen- 


Dr. Fewkes is the figure in the photograph. 


the earliest type of home so far found on Mesa Verde. 
In every direction, over the mesa top, mounds, indicating 
either great settlements or isolated rooms, are found, 
awaiting the investigation of scientific men, who alone 
are permitted to conduct excavations, and then only for 
the benefit of reputable museums or scientific societies. 
The wanton destruction of archaeological sites, at the 
hands of the commercial pot-hunter, is now a thing of 
the past. 

Protective measures are intimately associated with the 
problem of excavation in this Park in order that exposed 


“ruins may last indefinitely, and to Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, 


Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, under whom all the work has 
been accomplished with the single exception of Balcony 
House (the work of the author), belongs the credit 
of making Mesa Verde live again in the light of the 
past. His evening camp-fire talks explain the problems 
of the day. 


THE SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK 


By John R. White, Superintendent 


S TUDENTS of any subject are always intensely inter- 

ested in the finest examples to be found in their par-' 
ticular line of work. The architect dreams of the day when 
he can see the Parthenon or the Taj Mahal; the volcano- 


Photograph by George F. Belden 


THE PILLARS OF HERCULES 

The Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, contains in an area 
of 3,200 acres 5,000 sequoia trees, over 400 of which exceed 10 
feet in diameter. The General Sherman Tree, 36.5 feet in diam- 
eter, is the largest and oldest living thing in the world. 
logist turns his steps toward Vesuvius or Mauna Loa; the 
lover of waterfalls seeks the Yosemite; the big game 
hunter goes to East Africa or the Canadian Rockies. 

The forester, or even he who merely loves trees, fol- 
lows therefore a natural instinct when he turns longingly 
towards the Sequoia National Park for it is there that 
the mightiest forest in the world has been preserved ; it 
is in that Park that the largest trees in the world are to 
be found. Sequoia gigantea or Washingtoniana is best 
studied at Giant Forest where the Big Tree of California 
is found not only in many groves but in true forest 
growth. Elsewhere in California the Big Trees occur in 


solated groves as at Calaveras, Mariposa and Tuolumne. 


But in the Sequoia National Park they are spread over 
nany miles so that the forest lover may wander among 
them and find mammoth trees rarely if ever visited and 
may study them “far from the maddening crowd.” 


It is conceded by dendrologists and travelers that the 
forests of this Park surpass any other of their kind in the 
size and beauty of trees and in the number of species 
represented, As well as the Big Trees, almost limitless 
in number, size and age, there are not less than 10 species 
of pine, two of true firs, the cedar, and the so-called 
nutmeg, 6 species of oak, 2 each of alder, cherry, maple 
and dogwood, and many others. 

Another feature which commends this Park to the 
forest lover is the possibility of reaching the Big Trees 
at any season of the year. Only in the region of the 
Sequoia National Park is it possible to actually see the 


a 


=a ee. a 
= eee SY 


Photograph by George F. Belden 
THE “ABE” LINCOLN TREE 


Height, 270 feet; diameter, 31 feet. The Sequoia tree is the 
crowning achievement of the vegetable kingdom in size and ma- 
jesty and age. 3 


3 THE SEQUOIA 


Big Trees from the valley, thousands of feet below them. 
At Three Rivers one may sit on the porch of a ranch 
house at an elevation of some goo feet, surrounded by 
citrus trees and the flowers of the lowlands, and gaze at 
the skyline of the Giant Forest plateau, 6000 feet above 
and 9 or 10 miles air line distant. On that skyline, 
thrusting their heads above the lesser trees, the sugar 
pines, the yellow pines and the silver firs may be seen 
the Mammoth Trees. With a field glass it is even possible 
from Three Rivers to distinguish individual sequoias on 
the rim of the plateatt between Moro Rock and Hanging 
Rock. 

A new road is now being constructed by the National 
Park Service up the warm south slopes which lead to the 
Giant Forest plateau from the Middle Fork of the Ka- 
weah River. When, in about a year’s time, this road is 
completed it will be possible to motor from the valley 
to the Big Trees at any season of the year. Meanwhile 
they are accessible by automobile from May to October 


NATIONAL PARK 411 


by the Giant Forest Road, a mountain road better than 
the average. And during the winter they may be reached 
by automobile to Hospital Rock and thence by an 8-mile 
trail into Giant Forest. 

About 30,00 visitors have annually entered the Sequoia © 
National Park during the past two or three years. The 
number increases each year and this practically without 
advertising. Each visitor has gone away as a living ad- 
vertisement to the attractions of this region; to its acces- 
sibility; its delightful camping places among the Big 
Trees and to its excellent fishing in streams and lakes. 

But it is, after all, the true lover of trees who here 
finds complete contentment; who finds in the forests of 
the Sequoia National Park the supreme examples of 
nature’s architecture and who year after year, in increas- 
ing numbers comes to the well named Giant Forest to 
wonder and compare, to enjoy that uplifting thrill which 
the Mammoth Trees can give, to turn away with reluct- 
ance and to count the days until he may again return, 


CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK 


By Alex Sparrow, Superintendent 


E principal attraction of this National Park, as its 

name suggests, is a lake. This may sound disap- 
pointing, but Crater Lake has never disappointed. Im- 
agine standing on the edge of a giant bowl six miles in 
diameter and looking down a thousand feet on a body of 
water of the deepest Prussian blue and you have gained 
some conception of Crater Lake. 

And when you have actually stood on the rim of its 
crater and have gazed down into its fascinating depths 
then if you are not overwhelmed with the sense of your 
Own puny insignificance your journey will have been in 
vain. But Crater Lake has never failed to exercise its 
spell. 

Congressman Sinnott in describing Crater Lake in the 
House of Representatives in 1918 said: 


“To the scientists, a mighty volcano collapsed within itself 
Mount Mazama, 15,000 feet high, telescoped. 
“To the poet, ‘the sea of sapphire, ‘the sea of silence, 
‘a lake of mystery, 
“To me, a shell hole of a war of worlds—who knows? 
“Could the great blind poet have seen this marvel ere his 
pen had Lucifer and his host of rebel angels— 
Hurled headlong flaming from the etheral sky, 
With hideous ruin and combustion down—in Mil- 
tonic imagery here he'd have found the impact.” 


Now if you have come this far you are about ready to 
ask—where is Crater Lake? It is in southern Oregon in 
the very heart of the Cascade Range at about 7,000 feet 
above the level of the sea. It is reached by auto stage 
from either Medford or Klamath Falls, Oregon, stations 
on the Southern Pacific Railroad. 
tell you how to get here. If you drive the family “Fliv- 
ver” or a Packard Twin Six the way is just as easy and 


Any ticket agent will 


the Oregon tourist and Information Bureau, Portland, 
Oregon, will send you a road map if you will but write. 


Photograph copyrighted by Scenic American Company 
BLUE WATERS, CRATER LAKE, OREGON 
There are crater lakes in other lands, but the one lake of its kind 


in the United States exceeds all others in beauty and in mag- 
nificence of setting. 


BLUEST OF 


412 AMERICAN 


There is comfortable lodge on the rim and free public 
camp grounds for the camper. An automobile road, 35 
miles in length, completely encircles the rim. There is an 
easy trail to the lakeside and launches for the ride around 


FORESTRY 


the lake. There are rowboats for the fishermen, and 
that reminds me, don‘t forget to bring along your rod 
and tackle for Crater Lake’s trout are as gamey as they 
are delectable. 


MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK 


By W. H. Peters, Superintendent 


OUNT Rainier-National Park is the greatest single 
attraction in the Pacific Northwest. The prin- 
cipal features that entitle Rainier to its place of distinc- 


tion are its virgin forests, its variety of beautiful wild 


and 6 miles long and vie in magnitude and in splendor 
with the most boasted glaciers of the Alps. Cascading 
from the summit in all directions, they radiate like the 
arms of a giant octopus. 


Photograph by Frank Jacobs 


A HUMAN TOBOGGAN 


Nature sliding” on the snow slopes below the glaciers in Paradise Valley. Winter sports in the summer may be indulged in by 


the visitor to Mount Rainier National Park. 


flowers, its mighty system of glaciers, and last but not 
least the mountain itself. This massive peak after which 
the Park is named looms 14,408 feet above sea level and 
10,000 feet The total area of 
amounts to no less than 48 square miles, 
ing 28 glaciers, many of which are between 4 


above its immediate base. 


J 


The National Park is a place of diversified attractions. 
One can come prepared to stay a day, a week, or a 
month, and find new interest for every day. Situated 
only 56 and 96 miles, respectively, from Tacoma and 
Seattle, it-can readily be reached in a few hours by — 
automobile or train. One can breakfast in Seattle or 


Tacoma and lunch among the flowers and glaciers in 
the Park. 

At Longmire Springs the visitor gets his first real 
“close-up” of Washington’s wonderous inheritance— 
Mount Rainier. Snow-clad, gleaming bright, and over- 
looking like a mighty monarch of ancient Rome, all 
the dark heavily forested hills and valleys surrounding 
it, it is to the beholder an awe-inspiring spectacle. One 
never tires looking at it. But whenever the eye chances 
to stray from its mighty snow and ice-covered dome there 
may be seen other attractions in and around Longmire 
Springs, the first stopping place in the Park. Here 
the comfortable National Park Inn is located. The hotel 
and camp accommodations are strictly modern, efficient, 
and conducive to the comfort and enjoyment of the 
visitor. Each year added improvements make Long- 
mire Springs more desirable as a place to stay rather 
than just a stop-over. From here radiate several of the 
trails and footpaths to the many interesting sections of 
the Park on the southwest side of the mountain. Directly 
in front of National Park Inn is a large open area, grass 
covered, and containing many interesting and health- 


E Rocky Mountain National Park was created in 

1915, and includes within its boundary lines a region 
that is typical of the best of Colorado mountain scenery. 
The park has an area of 39714 square miles, or a quarter 
of a million acres. 

The Park encloses about 29 miles of the Continental 
Divide and has 46 peaks of an elevation of 11,000 feet 
or more. The highest of all is Longs Peak, whose eleva- 
ton is 14,255 feet. More than a thousand people climbed 
this peak last summer, 

Rocky Mountain National Park is 75 miles from Den- 
yer, by good automobile roads, There are several ap- 
proach roads and all of them are scenic though different 
in character. Because of its accessibility, Rocky Moun- 
tain National Park draws many visitors, who come from 
the central and eastern states to escape the hot weather, 
and to spend their vacation in healthful and bracing out- 
door exercise. One may ride horseback, fish, climb moun- 
tains and be as strenuous as possible, or one may rest at 
‘any of the thirty hotels in the neighborhood, and play 
golf or tennis. 

During the ice age, great glaciers streamed down the 
valleys from both sides of the Continental Divide, These 
glaciers have now disappeared, except for small ice 
ficids at heads of the valleys, but the work that they did 
in scooping out valleys, building up moraines, and goug- 
ing out glacial cirques, is still plainly visible and adds 
much interest to the landscape, 

The Fall River Road has recently been completed be- 
tween Estes Park and Grand Lake. This crosses the 
Continental Divide, and reaches an altitude of 11,797 
feet above sea level. Part of the road is above timber- 


MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK 


413 


giving mineral springs, chief among them being sulphur, 
iron and soda. 

Leaving Longmire Springs the visitor starts on the 
final lap of his journey to Paradise Valley, which is. 
nestled at the foot of the great mountain, surrounded 
on all sides by precipitous peaks. The highway to Para- 
dise is unsurpassed in beauty and thrills, for on this 
stretch of the road the traveler ascends from an alti- 
tude of 2,761 feet to 5,557 feet.. At the journey’s end 
(for everybody goes to Paradise Valley) a beautiful 
scene is presented. Here, standing on the lovely veranda 
of the homelike Paradise Inn, one can see in every direc- 
tion myriads of gorgeous mountain flowers, in every 
hue and color. And the flowers grow to the very edges 
of the mountain’s glaciers. 

Paradise Inn is the starting point for the strenuous 
Summit Climb and the delightful Sky Line Trail saddle 
horse trip. Skiing, tobogganing, and various other snow 
sports are indulged in in Paradise Valley all summer 
long. In short everything to contribute to an exceed- 
ingly interesting, health-giving and wonder-filled trip is 
to be found in Rainier National Park. 


THE HEART OF THE ROCKIES 


By Roger W. Toll 
Superintendent, Rocky Mountain National Park 


Photograph by Frank W. Byerly 
LAKE HAIYAHA—LONG’S PEAK IN THE DISTANCE 


Nestled close under the Continental Divide this beautiful lake 
is easily reached by hikers from the valley hotels and camps. 


414 AMERICAN 


line, and offers the visitor a wonderful panorama, with 
the great plains on the east, and range after range of 
snow dotted mountains in other directions. The snow 
lies deep on this road, but is opened as soon as possible 
after June 15, and the early visitor drives past drifts of 
snow in places higher than his automobile. 

The circle trip from Denver to Estes Park, then over 
the Fall River Road to Grand Lake, and then recrossing 


FORESTRY 


the Continental Divide at Berthoud Pass, and returning 
to Denver by way of the Denver Mountain Parks, makes 
a remarkably fine automobile trip. This trip is 235 miles 
in length and can be made in two days, but one should 
allow at least a week for the trip in order to stop for a few 
days in Estes Park, and again in Grand Lake. This — 
gives time to enjoy the beauties of the park, instead of 
hurrying past them. : 


DR. JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK DEAD 


D* JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK, of Pennsyl- 
vania, a vice president of the American Forestry As- 
sociation and one of the most noted foresters in America, 
died on June 2, aged 84 years. Dr. Rothrock was known 
as the “Father of Pennsylvania Forestry.” For many 
years he devoted himself to advocating and practicing 
forestry in his state and secured many beneficial forestry 
laws. A short time ago he resigned after many years’ 
service as a member of the Board of Forestry Commis- 
sioners. He had served the state in other positions and 
was considered one of the leaders in botany, not only in 
the United States, but in Canada and other countries. 
He wrote many books and magazine articles on botany, 
having made researches and explorations. : 

He was educated at Freeland Seminary, Montgomery 
County, and the University of Pennsylvania, graduating 
from the Medical Department of the latter institution 
after his return from service in the Civil War. In the 
war he served as a member of Company E, Twentieth 
Cavalry, participating in many battles. He was badly 
wounded in the battle of Fredericksburg. 

After graduating from the University he was made 
professor of botany in that institution. He had also 
graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School at Har- 
vard University in 1864. He remained at the University 
of Pensylvania until 1868, afterward conducting 
the North Mountain School of Physical Culture and was 
lecturer for the American Philosophical Society. 

Under the direction of the United States Government 
he led an expedition to explore British Columbia. He 
was afterwards appointed botanist of the United States 
Geological Survey. 

He was noted as a big game hunter and made annual 
trips into the wilds of Canada. On his last trip, last 
autumn, he killed five deer and a caribou. 

Dr. Rothrock was noted as the inventor of pemmican, a 
food composed of beef and apples which grew in great 


favor with explorers in the frigid country and was’ 


claimed to be a preventive of many diseases, including 
scurvy, the most fatal ailment facing the Arctic explore: 
or hunters. 
Dr. Rothrock’s most known work on botany was 
“Medical Botany of North America,” a work which is 
considered an authority on many matters. He was a mem- 


ber of McCall Post, G. A. R.; ; Chester County Historical ’ 
Society, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia — 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Society of Naturalists of — 
United States, Canada Botanical Society, Academy ot — 
Political and Social Science, Pennsylvania Historical So- 
ciety, National Geographic Society, the Masonic Lodge at 
McVeytown and the Pennsylvania State Forestry Asso- — 
ciation. < : 
He was a life member and a vice president of the Ames 
can Forestry Association. When his death was announced | < 
President Charles Lathrop Pack suggested to Governor 
Sproul, of Pennsylvania, the advisability of the state — 
providing a large memorial forest for Dr. Rothrock, and sf 
in reply received the following letter: 


“T am pleased to inform you that the State Forest — 
Commission at my request considered at its meeting of — 
June 12 your thoughtful suggestion that Pennsylvania 
set aside a memorial forest in honor of Dr. Joseph T. _ 
Rothrock. After earnest consideration, the Commission * 
decided that the previous designation by it of a State For- _ 
est District comprising 474,880 acres of forest land, of 
which 33,187 acres is State Forest, is as lasting a forest — 
memorial as could well be made to Dr. Rothrock. The — 
Commission desires, however, and in this I fully concur, . 
to do honor to Dr. Rothrock’s memory in some substan-_ 
tial way, and it has appointed Col. Henry W. Shoemaker, — 
of the Commission, to suggest the most fitting type of 
memorial. I might say that Col. Shoemaker is now con-_ 
sidering a medallion in the Department of Forestry of — 
fices, a bust in the State Forest Academy, and a monu- 
ment in the public square at McVeytown, the bixthplag - 


of Dr. Rothrock. 
“Personally, and on behalf of the State Forest Com- 
mission, I wish to express my deep appreciation of the 
interest the American Forestry Association has taken | 
in Dr. Rothrock and his work. Pennsylvania is exceed-_ 
ingly proud of him and his wonderful accomplishment ; 
“Sincerely yours, 
“WM. C. SPROUL. = 


Dr. Rothrock attended forestry meetings whenever 
possible and was always an interesting and forceful 
speaker on forestry. His loss will be deeply regretted — 
by forest conservationists. . 


ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE 


By G. A. Whipple 


| Meee American Expeditionary Forces received many 
impressions in Europe unrelated to war. One of 
the most permanent and important of such impressions 
was the striking beauty of French highways. Wherever 
the American doughboy traveled in France, and he 
traveled extensively by foot, army truck, and freight 
car, he almost, always found the highways lined with 
trees—trees that adorned the landscape and added a 
pleasing diversity to the endless kilometers that spread 
their network over the land. The American brought 
back the. picture of this feature of the French country- 
side and it will never fade from his mind. 
Our soldiers learned that trees mean a great deal to 
Europeans, to the 


fended, and to America’s oldest and most honored friend 
among nations. 

During the past two years there have been endeavors 
in various parts of the United States to build Roads of 
Remembrance. The movement received impetus in the 
West through the advocacy of the Chicago Tribune last 
year. In Louisiana a tree memorial along the Jefferson 
Highway is being promoted. Patriotic and civic bodies 
have given their moral endorsement and have offered 
material assistance from time to time. The Lincoln 
Highway Association is considering a trans-continental 
planting plan and numerous municipalities and civic or- 
ganizations have made substantial plantings. The 
American Forestry 


individual and the 
commonwealth, to 
the educated and 
the illiterate, the 
rich and the poor 
alike, that they are 
held universally in 
high economic and 
aesthetic regard by 
all the people. The 
Roads of Remem- 
brance movement 
in this country is 
te a considerable 
extent, a reflection 
of this gratuitous 
education in the art 
of landscape 
provement, of the 
American — soldier 
in the world war. 

A large propor- 
tion of the. trees 
that flank the roads 
in France have 
been planted many 
years and for the most part are in full vigor and beauty 
of maturity. This system of landscape beautification is 
systematically maintained. Replacements are -supplied 
from conveniently located nurseries. In some sections, 
even the crowns of the trees along the highways are 
artistically trimmed and in all cases the lower branches 
for a considerable distance up the trunk are cut off and 
utilized for firewood. This pruning permits a clear view 
of the surrounding country from every point as the trav- 
eler passes along the highway. 

The Road of Remembrance as a memorial in this coun- 
try is an idea well adapted to its purpose because along 
such roads the A. E. F. lived and worked and suffered the 
hardships of war. Moreover, the adoption of such an 
idea is a sincere compliment to the soil our warriors de- 


im- 


This fine road, shaded by noble poplars, indicates the kind of Road of Remem- 
brance along which trees may be dedicated to the memory of soldiers of a large 
community. Such plantings are being made in many sections. 


Association, under 
the leadership of 
Charles Lathrop 
Pack, started the 
Roads of Remem- 
brance idea in 1919 
and has encour- 
aged it vigorously 
ever since, with 
the result that it is 
now evident that 
the thought has 
been so well plant- 
ed that the coming 
years. will find 
many of these 
memorial roads in 
every section of 
the country. 

Probably the 
nearest approach 
to large, construc- 
tive and systematic 
planting has been 
achieved by the 
New York State 
College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Prof. 
Henry R. Francis, landscape engineer and head of the 
Recreation Department at the college, has. surveyed and 
carefully mapped the main automobile route between 
Syracuse and Utica. The survey was finished two years 
ago as part of a contemplated plan to line this main 
artery of travel between New York and Buffalo with 
trees. 

It would be a great mistake to attempt such an im- 
provement unless it is done properly. According to the 
best scientific opinion the work involves an accurate 
study of soil conditions, topography of the country, ob- 
structions, and a due regard for the rights and desires of 
the owners of property along the route. In fact, it is 
impossible to put down in black and white any hard and 


Photograph by A. R. Shattuck 
TYPE OF ROAD OF REMEMBRANCE 


AMERICAN 


Photograph by A. R. Shattuck 


CURVES NOT OBSCURED BY TREES 


By this style of planting along Roads of Remembrance the view may be kept as 
clear and open as it is on a stretch of straight highway. 


fast rule of treatment that would apply to all these va- 
rious conditions which will have to be met as they occur. 
It was ascertained that on every highway there are 
many trees already in varying stages of growth and de- 
cline that would have to be considered, that some soils 
would accept one kind of tree and another soil demand 
a different kind, that telephone wires, 
curves in the roadway, embankments 
and swampy sections present their in- 
dividual problems. Views of striking 
beauty should by no means be obscured. 


dis- 


eases and destructive insects—require the 


The question, too, of tree enemies 


attention of specialists, as the subject 
relates to the variety of localities along 
the route. The Road of Remembrance, 
therefore, is no simple development that 
can be called into being by a trick of 
magic. It will entail time and labor on 
the part of a competent staff if it receives 
what it deserves, the best possible treat- 
ment. 

Practically every organized agency in 
New York State that would be at all in- 
terested in the project is in favor of the 


<oad of Remembrance, if anything can 
lyed by the letters received from 

ls of such agencies. Moreover, 
through the pulpit and the 
ced its approval. This uni- 
versal desire to see the Roads of Remem- 


brance become an act uality is due largely 


FORESTRY 


to the following reasons: The first is 
the increased value that would accrue 
to property by the planting of trees. 

Second-—There is a growing convic- 
tion in the United States that this na- 
tion is old enough to eradicate the traces 
of primitive crudeness and ugliness em- 
phasized in the appearance of our high- 
ways, that it is time our country partook 
of the same beauty and charm that is so 
evident along the roads of Europe. We 
make our homes attractive, but not our 
highways. 

Third—The inspiration to make of 
this landscape improvement a memoriai 
to the soldiers who responded to the 
call of the country in the country’s hour 
of need. This really is the moving 
spirit. The feeling that the unstinted 
service of our soldiers and their great 
sacrifice cannot be recalled too fre- 
quently and that the expression of grati- 
tude of the people can in no other way 
be more popularly and handsomely em- 
bodied than by establishing these living 
monuments to sanctify their memory 
has found lodgment in the hearts of the people. 

Last November representatives of the New York 
State College of Forestry, the State Conservation Com- 
mission and the Commissioner of Highways of the State 
met at Albany and agreed to cooperate in the planting 
of the Road of Remembrance and this culminated in the 


Photograph by A. R. Shattuck 
MEMORIAL ROAD IN FLAT COUNTRY 


Only a glance at the scenic effect of this Road of Remembrance is necessary to 
show how effective such planting can be in a flat, uninteresting farming country. 


wv 


up awl 


big forestry meeting at Syracuse in April, as reported 
in the May number of American Forestry. The pre- 
scribed activities of the three departments will permit 
_ of the erection of this memorial as long as the Con- 
servation Commission and the New York State Col- 
lege of Forestry can supply trees. The College of For- 
estry has 10,000 elms in its nursery at Syracuse. These 
range from four feet to eight feet in height and can 
be appropriated for this purpose. The planting began 
near Syracuse on“theymain road between that city ana 
‘Utica because of the short haul from the College Tree 


PEST LF 


_ 
i 


3 
= 


this section. 


YANKEE TREES IN FRANCE 
Republished from San Francisco Chronicle, April 18, 1920. 


(The American Forestry ASsociation has undertaken the plant- 
ing of native American trees as memorials to our soldiers who are 
buried on Frerich soil.) 


No futile wreaths that fade and die, 
Whose life is but a day, 
Can truly honor those who lie 
So many leagues away; 
_ Nor fainting blossoms represent 
The hope, the strength, the urge 
Of Youth incarnate—why, it sent 
Them laughing, to the verge. 


For those who perished overseas, 
Our glorious host that lies 

In France, let hosts of living trees 
Gloriously arise. 

Rise where charred limbs of older trees, 
-Flung mute against the sky, 

To countless wanton cruelties - 
In silence testify. 


And at some distant future day 
When we, who mourn them now, 
Because they died—the self same way 
Have followed them, oh how 
Shall we deserve so fine a thing 
For our memorial, 
As trees lit with the green of spring, 


ROADS OF REMEMBRANCE 


Nursery and the fact that the perfected plans covered - 


THE DOUGLASS MEMORIAL | 
This is a reproduction of the memorial tablet erected by 
the 1916 Alumni Class of the New York State College ot 
Forestry at Syracuse in honor of Lieut. Harold C. W. 
Douglass, who was killed June 11, 1918, when his plane 


fell behind the German lines. He was one of the first 
forestry college graduates to enter the service, joining 
the aviation corps. His daring and courage as a mem- 
ber of the Royal Flying Corps won the admiration of his 
British and French comrades, On June 11, 1918, he left 
his base on a scouting trip over “No man’s land.” He 
soared over the German lines while both sides engaged in 
fierce battle and he never returned. Th career and life 
of this boy who gave his life unflinchingly for his country 
is well characterized by the tablet, which was designed by 
Hollis J. Howe, one of his classmates. It has been placed 
in the rotunda of the College of Forestry at Syracuse. 


" Or scarlet fires of fall? 


A The movement has gained headway steadily since its 
inception and the latest indication of this is the fact that 
_ Senator Medill McCormick, of Illinois, has sponsored a 
_ bill which provides for federal assistance in establishing 
_ Roads of Remembrance and which has been made a 
_ provision of the Snell Bill. 
The Road of Remembrance has had an actual be- 
_ ginning in New York this spring on a large scale. The 
‘planting will be pushed as far as possible which means 
as long as weather conditions and the supply of trees per- 
mit. The work will be carried on by competent hands, 
as befits the splendid purpose to which the trees will 
be consecrated. In this way the upkeep and replace- 
“ments will be reduced to a minimum and the health and 
longevity of the trees will be insured. Prof. Alan F. 


Arnold represents the Forestry College in cooperating 
with the Highways Department and the Conservation 
Commission. The planting when completed in accord- 
ance with present plans will be more than 400 miles in 
length. Some years may be required to plant the entire 
route between New York and Buffalo, but in the end the 
Road of Remembrance will become a thing of beauty 
and a noble monument commemorating the high pa- 
triotism that has always distinguished the American 
citizen-soldier. Such a monument will be particularly 
fitting because it will be a work of love for those who 
loved their country more than their life, as the New 
York Tribune has said, “It was through some tree-lined 
road in France that every man who played a man’s part 
had to march to keep tryst with his destiny.” 

There are many beautiful roadways in New England 
where elms form a canopy over the road, but these are 
sporadic groups. Massachusetts has planted some of her 
roads and California boasts of stretches of tree-lined 


418 AMERICAN 


highways ; New York also has many indifferently adorned 
roads where the so-called shade trees have been planted 


A CALIFORNIA WHITE OAK 
Trees are a noble and inspiring feature of almost any landscape 
and the planting of such memorials to our soldier dead is 
strongly advocated by the American Forestry Association. 
along lot fronts, but the extensive planting of trees on 
both sides of the arteries of vehicular travel is new in 
this country. 


Underwood & Underwood 
THE PLANTING OF THE GRANT TREE 

On the 100th anniversary of his birth, the American Forestry As- 

iation planted an elm from the Grant farm near St. Louis 

the tomb of General Grant on Riverside Drive. The picture 

left to right) W. V. Hayden, president of the Grant 

\ssociation; Gen. Isadore Isaacs, Deputy Commis- 

he G. A. R.; W. B. Boyce, of the American Legion, 

les Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry 
Association. 


FORESTRY 


Psa | 


National Phot 
WASHINGTON’S OFFICIAL MARKER 


The tree marker being placed in the public parks of Washington 
at the direction of Lieut. Col. C. O. Sherrill, who is carrying out 
the American Forestry Association’s suggestion that the capitol 
of the country be in reality a National Arboretum. Miss Blanche 
Howlett has long been an enthusiastic advocate of the plan of 
marking the trees and earnestly urged that it be carried out. 


PLANT ME A TREE 


By Mary Alicia Owen 


I am Fame. 
Withered are my laurels and my bays, 
Faded the glories of my yesterdays, 
Crumbled my arches, my columns down, 
Roofless my temples that the hilltops crown. 
O men, for enduring memory 
Plant me a tree. 


I am Grief. 
Mossy are my marbles mid the weeds, 
Blackened the scroll that for remembrance pleads, 
Sunken the mound that was flower-bedecked. 
If you would save me from this wan neglect, 
Giving a pledge of your constancy, 
Plant me a tree. 


I am Hope. 
Though rooted is existence in the mire, 
My arms yearn heavenward in desire, 
Yearn heavenward and slowly, surely grow. 
Forgotten is the mud that lies below. 
If you can understand the spirit thus kept free, 
Piant me a tree. 


I am Faith. 
Groves were my cathedrals long ago, 
Sunshine and starshine kept them aglow, 
Young trees were altars, old trees the roof. 
Growth and strength, of God’s presence were proof. 
Recalling the Presence that there used to be, 
Plant me a tree. 


————— 


MEMORIAL DAY--THE NATION'S TREE DAY 


EMORIAL DAY has become the national tree day. 

The nation turns to the memorial trees it has plant- 
ed and dedicates them on that day of reverence. In the 
years to come the nation will gather about its memorial 
trees as about no other memorials. This was shown in 
York County, Pennsylvania, on Memorial Day, when 
twenty-five miles of the Lincoln Highway was dedicated 
as a Road of Remembrance. This stretch of the famous 


road had been planted on both sides with memorial trees 


National Photo 


MRS. HARDING’S TROWEL IN DEMAND 


Even now requests are coming in from women’s organizations 
for the tree-planting trowel first used by Mrs. Warren G. Hard- 
ing at a tree planting by the American Forestry Association. 
It was again used at the planting of the International Tree ar 
the Pan-American Conference of Women. Since then it has been 
in many places throughout the country, the first request coming 
from Iowa from the Federation of Women’s Clubs of West 
Union, Iowa, for fall planting. 


from Wrightsville to Abbottstown. The Women’s Club 
did the preliminary work and the trees have been turned 
over to the care of the Lincoln Highway Memorial and 
Tribute Tree Association. 

The speakers at the unveiling of the tablets were 
Major R. Y. Stuart, Pennsylvania Commissioner of For- 
estry, and Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association. Mr. Pack opened his address 
by reading a letter to the Women’s Club of York from 
Mrs. Warren G. Harding, a vice president of the Asso- 


This letter follows: 
THE WHITE HOUSE 
The Women’s Club, York, 
Please allow me to congratulate you on the 
wonderful work you have brought to conclusion 
in the dedication on Memorial Day of the Road 
of Remembrance along the Lincoln Highway. 
In the planting of twenty-five miles of that fa- 
mous highway you have erected a memorial that 
the entire country can enjoy in the years to 
come. May long life attend the trees you have 
placed in the care of the Lincoln Highway Mem- 
orial and Tribute Tree Association. 
Sincerely yours, 
FLORENCE KLING HARDING. 
Following the invocation by Rev. Samuel H. Bell, chap- 
lain of the American Legion, H. C. Ulmer introduced the 
Major Stuart paid glowing tribute to the 
Road of Remembrance idea and said his department was 


ciation. 


Pas 


speakers. 


ready to co-operate with all organizations in the state in 
memorial tree planting. Mr. Pack told of the nation- 
wide spread of memorial tree planting and how other 
links of the Lincoln Highway had been planted. In 


COU 
FOREVER A 


» THEIR SO} 
HO SERVE 


ONE OF THE MEMORIAL ROAD MARKERS 


Two tablets were placed at either end of the twenty-five mile 
Road of Remembrance in York County, which was dedicated 
with impressive ceremonies on May 30, 1922. 


420 AMERICAN 
conclusion he pointed out how whole communities could 
be brought together as in no other way by memorial 
tree planting and said. 

“Such dedications as this on Memorial Day bring me 
to the thought that the Memorial Days of the future 
will be tree days. I believe that around these trees on fu- 
ture Memorial Days there will be renewed consecration 
by the people. A greater number of trees will be planted 
each year and a stronger current tend to make this na- 
tion a tree-planting nation. From trees the nation gets 
its strength. From trees ‘that look at God all day and 
lift their leafy arms to pray’ there will come a new life 
to the Union when the nation comes to know what trees 


FORESTRY 


western terminus of the Road of Remembrance another 
tablet was unveiled. Here the invocation was said by the 
Rev. J. H. Nicely, of Hanover. Miss Mildred Elizabeth 
Lowe unveiled the tablet. The Rev. Abner S. DeChant 
presented the tablet to the American Legion, Lieut. Neill 
making the acceptance speech. 

For two years the women have been at work on this 
Road of Remembrance and it is a fine example to the rest 
of the country of what can be accomplished. Leaders 
in the movement are Mrs. J. B. Hamme, Mrs. Ralph S. 
Cannon, Mrs. A. H. Hayward, Mrs. Carlton Hoff, Asso- 
ciated with them in the Tribute Tree Association are 
H. C. Ulmer, A. B. Farquhar, Mrs. Charles Moul, W. D. 


de 


CaaS ee. 


ok 


2) 
Bek: 


AT THE UNVEILING CEREMONIES AT YORK 
Some of those present at the unveiling of the tablet marking York’s now famous Road of Remembrance. Right to left: H. C. 


Ulmer, Mrs. A. H. Hayward, Major R. Y. Stuart, Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania; Mrs. J. B. 


Hamme, President 


Lincoln Highway Memorial and Tribute Tree Association; Charles Lathrop Pack, President American Forestry Association; 
Mrs. Ralph S. Cannon, Hon. A, B. Farquhar, Mrs. James G, Glessner, President Woman’s Club of York. It was under the super- 
vision of the club that the Highway was planted. The next man, with the hat off, is Ralph S. Cannon, and the little girl in 


front of the tablet is Miss Betty Cannon, 


mean. Trees, like this highway, are for the people just 
as was the man for whom the highway is named. May 
these highways in their windings over the country bind 
its citizens more closely together and may every Mem- 
orial Day find us ready to consecrate them and ourselves 
anew to the memory of those for whom the trees live. 

“Memorial trees are living monuments of memory 
for they lived gloriously just as did those for whom they 
are planted.” 

The Hon. A. B. Farquhar, who Heard Lincoln make the 
famous Gettysburg address, recited that speech. At the 


Broughe, R. S. Cannon, }. C. Schmidt, Robert McPher- 
son, Samuel Small, Jr., while at Hanover the Women’s 
Club, under the direction of Mrs. T. J. Little, Mrs. Emma 
Shirk and Miss Bertha Zeibel, greatly aided the project. 
York County is one of the pioneers in memorial tree 
planting on such a scale. More and more Memorial Day 
comes to be the nation’s tree day. In Washington the 
American Legion dedicated anew the Memorial Avenue 
on Sixteenth street reaching to Walter Reed Hospital 
From every section of the country come reports of mem- 
orial tree dedications and new plantings. 


THE MEMORIAL TREE 


The living monument is Light, 

True emblem of our Liberty; 

Tis Faith and Hope and Charity; 

’Tis ever Youth, gay, strong and bright; 
Tis heartbeats, Death’s decree despite; 
O’er Death it is a Victory; 

The life of man is called a tree 


In Holy Writ; and when its flight 

A soul has taken to its rest, 

And when a form is but a clod, 

That monumental tree is best 

Whose great limbs shower on the sod 
Its fruit, as would good deeds attest, 


To feed the little lambs of God. 
—Marta Scott Conser. 


THE “FOREST OF STATES” 


BY L. G. McDOWELL 


It is in the west apparently that people give the great- 
est attention to the beautification of their private and 
public grounds and highways through the planting of 
trees. Perhaps the reason for this is found in the ad- 
mirable adaptation of the soil and climatic conditions tc 
their growth. Another reason may be in the awakening 
of the public conscience to the appalling waste in that 
section through forest fires and extravagant lumbering 
methods. “Interesting people in shade trees is one of the 


Union, but all our colonial possessions as well have been 
asked to contribute. Enthusiastic co-operation from these 
have been shown from the first, it being deemed partic- 
ularly apppropriate that Los Angeles should thus pay 
tribute to all the states in the Union, since 96% of its 
population is made up of residents formerly living in 
states other than California. There are numerous state 
societies and organizations in the city and it is fitting 
that through this movement it should be made possible 


PLANTING THE MICHIGAN PINE IN THE “FOREST OF STATES” 


This was the first tree dedicated in the Los Angeles Grove of State Trees, at Exposition Park, March 5, 1921. 


Left to right: W. M. 


Bowen, President of Park Board; Mrs. Martha N. McCann, Member. of Park Board; W. E. Tipton, President South Dakota State 
Society; Frank H. True, President Federated State Societies; Sam Young, President Michigan State Society; G. F. Amberger, 


Treasurer Canadian Maple Leaf Club, and George E. Platt. 


first steps toward making them receptive to tree conserva- 
tion.” 

This is one of the ideas Los Angeles had in 
mind when it launched its unique “Forest of States” 
project. Through its Chamber of Commerce, in co- 
operation with the City Park Commission, it is planting 
a grove in Exposition Park to be known as the “For- 
est of States.” To this grove not only every state in the 


for these societies to meet in future days under the 
beneficient shade of trees from their “home states.” Be- 
side this sentiment attached to the “Forest,” it will offer 
wide educational possibilities, since, due to climatic con- 
ditions in Southern California, trees from all states will 
flourish in the Los Angeles grove. Many of these will 
be of odd and unusual types, sure to attract the attention 
of arboriculturists, who can here study specimens from 


422 AMERICAN 


the Philippines and Alaska, as well as from temperate 
climes. In addition, of course, the park grove will pro- 
vide an appealing beauty spot for sightseers in years 
to come. This is the first such collection of trees in ex- 
istence accessible to the public. In this grove children 
may play, students may learn and state traditions be ex- 
emplified and cherished. 


Some of the contributions to the Los Angeles grove 
were most appealing and throw an interesting sidelight 
upon the history and traditions of the states contribut- 
ing. Trees and states as well as trees and human beings, 
do hold certain traits in common. So it seems that it 
was with a sort of instinct that each state selected the 
tree best setting forth its particular qualities and worth. 
Thus: Colorado sent a Blue Spruce, the mountain giant, 
a tree of great beauty and native of that state alone. 
Vermont, of course, sent the Sugar Maple—two of them. 
South Dakota, a Spruce, a hardy species of great vigor. 
Massachusetts two Oaks, red and white, the oak being 
the strongest of all trees, able to hold its own in more 
kinds of soil than any other. Connecticut contributed a 
“seedling from a seedling” from the original Charter 
Oak. Missouri sent a Walnut to represent vigor and 
fruition. Indiana a Sugar Maple, Tennessee a Maple 
and an American Elm, significant of this southern state’s 
loyalty. Idaho a Pine. New York a Red Pine, for 
which species this state is justly celebrated. Nevada a 
Yellow Pine. Pennsylvania a White Ash, Arizona a 
Palo Verde, also a Silver Cypress, a vigorous tree, known 
for its gigantic bulk and long life. Utah contributed a 
Box Elder, Nebraska a White Cedar, a species of hardy 
growth, able to hold its own under the most adverse 
conditions. Maryland sent a Bald Cypress, Ohio a Buck- 
eye, South Dakota a Black Hills Pine. Louisiana for- 
warded twin Magnolias, in honor of the twin grand- 
children of the governor of the state. Alaska sent a 
Sitka Spruce and an Alaska Cedar, while seeds for 
propagating the famous Ausubo tree were received from 
faraway Porto Rico. 


Perhaps the most interesting contribution of all, es- 
pecially to the literary inclined, is that of an oak from 
the famous “Captain’s Hill,” in the town of Duxbury, 
Massachusetts. This hill was the site of the home and 
farm of Captain Miles Standish, and this oak, now 
transplanted to the lovely tropical setting in the Los 
Angeles grove is probably the direct descendant of oaks 
that grew on “Captain’s Hill” in the days of the doughty 
Miles Standish. 


Considerable interest has been shown and much dif- 
ference of opinion came to the surface in the -selection 
of trees. Many states found that they did not have a 
state tree, whereupon heated legislative debates followed. 
Some of the states, as did Kansas, held beautiful dedica- 
tory ceremonies of blessing the tree in the legislative 
halls before starting it upon its journey. 
tree, a fine young White Elm, chosen to represent the 
survival of the fittest, was one of the first to arrive. 
and was planted with fitting ceremonies by resident 


The Kansas- 


FORESTRY 


Kansans in Los Angeles, on March fifth. In this Pa 
dedication many notables took part, among them Mr. — 
W. E. Tipton, President South Dakota State Society; 
Mr. Sam Young, President Michigan State Society; — 
Mr. G. F. Amberger, Treasurer Canadian Maple Leaf 
Club; Mr. Frank H. True, President Federated State — 
Societies. ~ 
Final and more elaborate ceremonies will follow after — 
all the trees are set, and a marked tablet will be placed” 
at the foot of each tree, giving the name of the state 
whence it came, the kind of tree and its history. 


Gettysburg Trees--Allies of the Union 


LANTING memorial trees is an excellent idea. 
visit of the Boy Scouts under the leadership of Pro- 
fessor F. C. Copp, of Pittsburgh, and setting such a tre 
on the Battlefield of Gettysburg was a fine demonstrati 
of Memorial Tree planting. 

It is the aim of the Battlefield Commission to preserve 
the scene of the decisive battle of the war of the State 
as nearly as possible as it was in 1863. Before the field 
was taken under government control, some groves, in 
which severe engagements occurred had been cut down. — 
These have been replanted and replaced with close like- : 
ness to those in which the fighting was done. A 

Trees in the Battlefield Park are dying yearly, many of 
them being scarred veterans, bearing heavy loads of — 
shrapnel and lead. The years in most cases have covered 
up their wounds, but when these witnesses of the bitter — 
three days of battle are cut up, the bullets and other 
missiles come to light. About these the grain of the — 
tree is torn and jammed; several of these mementoes of © 
the past lie near the heart of oak or hickory, and ere 
the number is great doubtless they cause the early death ts 
of many trees. 

There are several springs on the battlefield. Howeve 
little the trees on the drier heights and the inhospita 
rock masses thrive, by these springs and bordering 
famous Rock Creek and Willoughby’s Run are trees that 
have grown great. Rooted by the waters their leaf does 
not wither, and they bear their fruit regularly | with the 
seasons. i 

Trees played a large part in the Gettysburg battle es. 
McPherson’s Woods, Ziegler’s Grove, densely wool 
Culp’s Hill and Big and Little Round Top and practicalh 
every wooded spot, large or small, sheltered the fighters S 
and enabled victories. They were faithful allies in the 
cause of the Union. 

Trees gave then and continue to give their aid and 
blessing to the world. They helped to preserve th “ 
Union, and so America became peerless among the na- 
tions. It was this great America, unhampered by the — 
problem of competing nations at home, mighty in man .¥ 
power and wealth, that struck a terrific blow at the 
throat of the despotic foe of freedom, shattered his — 
forces and gave emancipation to the world. So the — 
fruitage of these trees is borne month by month and their — 
leaves are still for the healing of the nations. Zz 


ba 


EXPLORING THE GARDEN 


By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, R. A. O. U., Etc. 


(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


ANY years ago, when Louis Agas- 
siz was a member of the faculty of 
Harvard University and lectured to 
his students on Natural History, 
he. once stated that a competent 
naturalist might spend an entire 
year on any average square mile in 
the valley of the Amazon, industriously collecting and 
describing what he found there; and that in that space of 
time he would hardly have more than commenced to 
exhaust what the area contained in the way of living 
forms and plants. From what I know of 
methods in biology, I would most emphatically very 
much reduce the extent of the area; multiply the time at 
least by five or more, and allow ten hours a day for the 
work, with Sundays thrown in. Now, in any semi-culti- 
vated half-acre garden in this country—especially should 
it contain a small pond and a little brook—an all-round 
naturalist might undertake to figure and fully describe 
its animal and plant life, and several years would be re-. 
quired to handle the task with any thoroughness what- 
ever; indeed, a long lifetime might be needed to com- 
plete the undertaking, 
manded to publish the report. 


modern 


and many, many big volumes de- 


MYRTLE OR YELLOW-RUMP WARBLER 


Fig. 1—This well-known bird is among the very first to arrive 
in the North at the time of the vernal migration. In posing the 
little fellow, one of the secondary wing-feathers was displaced 
as shown; otherwise it is a new and unusual capture of the 
living bird. 


Between water and earth plants, some fifty or sixty 
species could easily occur in such a place, not to mention 
several different kinds of trees and shrubs; among the 
fungi there would likely be various toadstools and their 
allies. There would be a long list of water and earth in- 
sects and larve. Add to these the millipeds and their 
relatives, near and remote; worms of several species; 
perhaps fish in the pond, also frogs, newts, turtles, and 


—_, 
a 


, A 


WILD STRAWBERRY IN BLOSSOM 


Fig, 2—In its normal habitat this favorite little plant blossoms 
early in the spring. In some meadows hundreds of them are 
found, and it also flourishes along roadsides and in waste places. 


so on; toads, tree frogs, salamanders; with possibly one 
or two species of snakes. By observing the visiting birds, 
quite a long list would result in the space of a lifetime— 
not to mention such mammals as moles, field mice, mink, 
or maybe a weasel, and, perhaps, a stray skunk. 

Think of working’ out the life histories, the anatomy, 
the physiology, and the rest, of all these different plants 
and animals! Surely one would have to be industrious 
to achieve the undertaking in a lifetime. I have applied 
myself continuously to such work for considerably more 


424 AMERICAN 


THE MYRTLE WARBLER 


Fig. 3—The female of this species is not as brightly colored as 
the male bird here shown; that is to say, the yellows and blacks 
in the plumage are markedly duller. 


than half a century, having published a number of books 
and more than a thousand memoirs and papers devoted 
to such topics, illustrated by many thousand figures— 
yet all this would not begin to describe the animal and 
plant life that we would meet with in our half-acre 
garden; indeed, it would not even adequately describe 
one thousandth part of it. Huxley devotes an entire 
volume to the Crayfish; Mivart gave us a still bigger one 
on the Cat; and my own work on the muscles of a single 
bird—the Raven—was equally extensive, carrying nearly 
a hundred figures. So, it would require fully five hun- 
dred big volumes to thoroughly describe the material 
referred to in the last paragraph. 

In this country there are thousands of gardens of the 
kind I have in mind, as there are thousands of others of 
a different sort—among the latter a class of garden so 
trimmed up, so to speak, that all animal life and all 
wild plant life has been completely eliminated from 
them. Personally I prefer the wild variety, with just 
a dash of modern cultivation in evidence; one in which 
it is no rare thing to see a chipmunk running across one of 
the paths, or a red-headed woodpecker hammering away 
on the side of the trunk of a tree—with all else in keep- 
ing. For the nonce we will call this garden our garden, 
and in it we may—indeed, we cdn—often compare the 
highly cultivated flowers with the wild varieties from 
which they were, in time and through careful selection, 
derived. ‘Much of this floral breeding or artificial se- 
lection was, long ago, done in the Old World; but later 
on American horticulturists have paid not a little atten- 
tion to it. In this connection it is interesting to compare 
the elegant cultivated strawberries at hand with their 
wild re 


atives 


—the latter being seen yonder in the un- 


FORESTRY 


touched corner of our garden (Figure 2), where, too, 
some lovely wild violets grow (Figure 12), the latter, in 
the estimation of many, quite outclass in beauty not a 
few of their cultivated descendants. 

As we know, a large number of these cultivated plants 
found in our gardens throughout the country manage, 
through various kinds of seed-dispersion or otherwise, — 
to find their way back to nature. They are then gen- 
erally called “escapes ;” and it is not long, a few genera- 
tions perhaps, before their descendants have reverted 
to the wild forms. Some, like the blackberry lily, change — 
not at all, its escapes closely resembling the plant as we 
find it growing in our gardens. Upon the other hand, 
the highly cultivated blackberry will, in a few genera- 
tions, revert to the wild type as found growing in un- 
cultivated fields and along roadsides everywhere (Fig- 


ure 4). 

Plants of the genus Narcissus, of which there are some 
twenty species, chiefly European, are also found in na- 
ture as well as under cultivation. The lovely and highly 
fragrant paper-white Narcissus is an excellent example, 
and this kind is especially widely known for the reason 
that many thousands of its bulbs are sold in flower stores” 
from one end of the country to the other. Most of thesé 


he a re AP SEM CLAN io 


4 


i ms 

ips 

; YT a 
td 

THE WILD BLACKBERRY 


Fig. 4—A favorite plant which with its fruit, its pure, white 
blossoms, and pretty leaves, is beautiful to behold at all seasons 


of the year. However, its thorns and its being a harbor for 
chiggers are two of its drawbacks. 


EXPLORING 


are grown as house-plants by placing from one to half 
a dozen of them in a suitable receptacle filled with small 
stones and water, the latter just covering the upper layer 
of stones. In order to start them well, they should be 
kept in a dark and cool place for at least a fortnight, or 
until the roots are largely in evidence, and then brought 
gradually to the light. 

One of the shade trees in our garden, the leaves of 
which appear to be in a very dilapidated condition, has 
‘suspended from ifs many twigs curious little elongate 
‘bags, each about an inch or an inch and a half long, 
pointed at either end and stuck over the greater part 
of its outer surface with many small sticks. These are 
the cocoons of the common “Bag-worm’’—a creature with 
‘a very remarkable history. The insect that makes these 
little bags is the larva of a moth, which is very injurious 
to our shade trees, especially in certain city streets in the 
eastern half of the United States. Every season or so, 
the shade trees that line the avenues and streets of 
Washington are special sufferers from this “bag-worm” 
and the only remedy is to collect the “bags” in the 
autumn and winter months, pile them up somewhere and 
build a fire over them; or, if convenient, consign them to 
a furnace fire. A year or so ago a prize was offered to the 
children of that Public School of Washington which 
could collect the greatest number of bag-worms from 
her shade trees. An enormous pile of them was shown 


ECE gy or ees 


THE MODE OF TREES IN BUDDING 


. Fig. 5—We have here represented the opening buds of one of the 
hickory trees, as they first appear in the spring. This is a 
D. C., specimen, and collected by the author early 


Washington, 
a April. 


a 


THE GARDEN 425 


EXAMPLE OF TREE BUDDING 


Fig. 6—Here is also one of our hickories in early spring; it 
should be carefully compared with the one in Figure 5, 


me at one of the schools, the children of which had en- 
tered this contest. Much to the disgust of the exhibitor, 
I quickly demonstrated that more than four-fifths of the 
bags were empty—the insects having left them. They 
had been collected at the wrong season, and so no benefit 
followed. When the task is undertaken at the proper 
time and thoroughly done, marked benefit to the tree 
often follows, as was the case in the parks of St. Louis 
a few years ago. My illustration in a previous issue well 
shows a typical “bag” of one of these pests. Uninformed 
people often wonder what they are, as they notice them 
swinging in the breeze suspended from the twigs of some 
favorite shrub or tree in their garden. 


In such a garden as I here describe, a great many 
species of insects will readily be found during the sea- 
sons when they occur, Often several kinds of lovely 
butterflies will hover over the flowers or alight about 
the little wet places in the pathways, or, perhaps, on the 
muddy margin of the pond. Then, too, if one goes out 
into the garden at night carrying a bright light, fine 
examples of our moths may also be seen flitting about, 
to be, perhaps, collected and studied. Often, during the 
day, a handsome Luna moth or a Cecropia may be found 
resting in some place, having just emerged from its 
cocoon, which latter you may chance to find not far 
away. Wasps, hornets and various bees, too, are fre- 
quent visitors, and their names and habits are well worthy 
of study. Quite a volume might be written on the wasps 


AMERICAN 


» FLORIDAN WASPS AND THEIR NESTS 


Fig. 7—Most people are familiar with what this picture shows; 
and as a photographic result it is a very good one. Note the 
open, unused cells—the closed ones contain larvae. Note, too, 
the various poses of the owners of the establishment. 


alone, especially such a “social wasp” as I show. in my 
Figure 7, and the same may be said of the white-faced 
hornet here shown, in Figure 1o. 


In some respects, the habits of the wasps are like 
those of certain bumble bees, while they construct the 
well known, flat, gray paper nests for their young, 
which are familiar to all observers living in the country. 
These nests are often found even in very small city 
gardens, should the insects happen to take a notion to 
build there—or, perhaps, under the roof of the kit- 
chen porch or in the shadow of some convenient part of 
the under side of the fence rail, They are peaceful 
neighbors enough if left severely to themselves, but 
very combative if interfered with to even a very slight 
degree. 

These wasps construct their paper nests from wood- 
pulp; and it is quite likely that ages ago, when the human 
race was in a far more primitive state than it is at present, 
it gained its idea in paper manufacture from the social 
wasps, which had the same habits then as now. Most 
of these social wasps obtain the material from which 
they make their paper from the looser parts of the sur- 
face of old, unpainted fence boards, rails, house-shingles 
and so on, and it is formed into the necessary pulp by 
being chewed up with their saliva as a mixer. 

But, as I say, one having the requisite knowledge might 
readily write a book—and a good-sized volume at that— 
on our wasps alone; and to tell the truth, a great many 
So that the 
owner of such a garden as is here described would find 
it a matter of the greatest possible interest to obtain 
some of these books, and compare the statements made 
in them, and the cuts given, with the living insects and 


volumes have been published about them. 


FORESTRY 


the structure of their nests as he meets with them on 
his preserves in the summer time. It is very profitable 
to compare such histories with the corresponding ones 
as they refer to our many species of ants, bees and: hor- 
nets—relatives of the wasps. The white-faced hornet, 
shown in Figure 10, is the insect that builds the big paper 
community nest, with which we are all so familiar. 

It is truly wonderful how many birds will visit our 
modest garden during the course of a year; they will, 
during the spring migration, be most in evidence from 
early daylight till breakfast time, and then again as eve= 
ning comes on. When autumn approaches, the migra= 
tion that takes place is equally interesting ; but then, we'll” 
see more or fewer birds in our garden during all the™ 
months that make up the seasons. In winter we may 
iook for various finches, sparrows, crossbills, hawks, 
owls and not a few other species that come to us during 
that time of the year. Should your garden be fortunately 
situated with respect to seclusion and quiet, it is not un= 
likely that a number of birds may nest within its pre=~ 
cincts. A lovely pair of Kingbirds may make their home 
in your apple tree (Figure 11), or, should you understa 1 
how to invite them with food and nesting-places, quite 
a host will reward you as tenants and neighbors. Espec= 
ially do I refer to the robins and the wrens, the blue- 
birds and the summer warblers, and, indeed, not a few 
other species. Occasionally some birds will nest in such” 


BEAUTIFUL TREE BLOSSOMS 


Fig, 8—The way the Ash-leaved Maple or Box Elder wakes” 
up early in April» in the District of Columbia; it may grow” 
to be seventy feet high, flourishing best in swamp-lands and 
along rivers and streams where the soil is rich. 


a convenient place that your camera may get 1n its work ; 
and you may, during the season, be led to take some 
notes really worth the while, making bird histories that 
others will be glad to read should they ever appear in 
print. Notwithstanding that so much has been written 
about our birds, coming, as it has, from many, many 
pens, there still remains ample material for the genera- 
tions of young ornithologists in the years to come. 

Then there are the warblers which have been men- 
tioned in a former pabagraph—and what a wonderful 
“group they represent! Among the first arrivals of them 
in the spring is the Myrtle or Yellow-rump Warbler, an 
elegant little fellow here shown in Figures 1 and 3—a 
male bird, from life, as he appears on two sorts of 
“perches. As is the rule in this group, the male possesses 
more lively 


EXPLORING THE GARDEN 


427 


the songster itself. Recently there has been. placed on 
exhibition in the lower hall of the United States National 
Museum, at Washington, cases containing mounted 
specimens of nearly all of our true warblers; so that 
those interested in our birds, and in this group in par- 
ticular, may study their forms and plumages at their 
leisure. We have over fifty species of these little birds 
in our avifauna; some are western types and never occur 
in the Middle or Atlantic States—and vice versa. 

Then, should there be some old trees on the place, 
we are sure of visits from the noisy little White-breasted 
Nuthatches (Fig. 9). This little gray, black and white 
fellow was, years ago, known to me as the Black-capped 
Nuthatch; while Wilson, to make sure of the species, 
called it by both names, giving the first the preference. 

Pennant, an or- 


coloration of 
plumage than 
the female, al- 
‘though its pat- 
tern is about 
the same. A 
conspicuous 
median _ stripe 
_ of brilliant yel- 
low ornaments 
the crown; the 
‘lower back or 
rump is the 
same, and there 
is some yellow 
on the sides— 
bs otherwise the 
plumage is 
4, black, gray and 
white, as indi- 
cated in the 

_ figures. Among 
the warblers 
generally the 
chief colors are 
various shades 
of olive, gray, 
orange, yellow, 
rarely red, black and white, blue, and the dull greens of 
various depths. The manner in which these colors are 
' distributed and contrasted accounts for the great beauty 
of these little birds, while in the matter of song they are 

_ far behind the real songsters of our avifauna. Their 
little twittering notes are charming nevertheless, espec- 
jally when we come to know them, and can, without seeing 
the bird, recognize the species by its notes or simple 
song. It requires several springs of careful attention 
and study to master this, and it truly is remarkable how 

" proficient some of our ornithologists have become in this 
accomplishment. Not only are the notes recognized 
when any particular warbler gives vent to them, but the 
listener can imitate them to such perfection as to deceive 


oot ie 


LITTLE WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH 


Fig. 9—A very familiar species of Eastern United States, representing a male specimen, 
taken natural size and in a characteristic pose. 


nithologist of 


the last cen- 
tury, consider- 
ed that well- 


known bird of 
ours merely a 
variety of the 
European Nut- 
hatch—a_ very 
patent error. It 
was, however, 
a very common 
notion of the 
continental 
naturalists o f 
his time to 
make the claim 
that all the 
plants and ani- 
mals of this 
country were 
but mere “vari- 
eties” of those 
of the Old 
World. Here, in 
the Middle 
States, this little 
fellow nests 
early in April, generally selecting a hollow in some tree 
where a hole leads into it. Sometimes they have been 
known to select a hollow fence-rail for the same purpose. 
The female lays, as a rule, five pretty litte white eggs, ra- 
ther dull, and speckled with some shade of brown at the 
larger end. She is the recipient of the closest attention 
from the male during the period of incubation; he keeps 
her supplied with food, and constantly visits the entrance 
to the nest, peeping in to see that all is well with his 
much beloved mate, Should she come out for food or 
for a little exercise, the male redoubles his attentions, 
keeping up a perfect string of quaint love-notes to assure 
her of his affection and guardianship. 

Far back in ornithological lore we were told that the 


428 AMERICAN 


THE WHITE-FACED HORNET 


Fig. 10—A handsome black and white insect and one of the 
most conspicuous representatives of its genus, which is capable 
of giving a sting of great severity. 


nuthatch, or a nuthatch, was in the habit of cracking the 
various kinds of nuts it came across, in search for-the 
maggots or other worms that might be found in them; 
further, the bird gathered quantities of worm-eaten nuts 
for a winter’s supply, hiding the same in hollows of trees. 


All this is not entirely true, as no nuthatch that ever 
lived could crack a hickory nut or an American walnut. 
On the contrary, these birds feed largely on various 
species of small bugs, larve, ants and seeds; they search 
for such food incessantly during the day, thus render- 
ing signal service to our forest trees and timber. A 
writer at hand says of this favorite little bird that it 
“gets its living from the trunks and branches of trees, 
over which it creeps from daylight to dark. Insects 
and spiders constitute a little more than 50 per cent of 
its food. The largest item of these are beetles, moths 
ind caterpillars, with ants and wasps. The animal food 

all in the bird’s favor except a few ladybird beetles. 

ore than half of the vegetable food consists of mast— 


acorns and nuts and large seeds. One-tenth of the food 


FORESTRY 


is grain, mostly waste corn. The Nuthatch does no 
known injury but much good.” 

Personally I have studied and collected the White- 
breasted Nuthatch from Long Island Sound, and south- 
ward through the Middle States, and I am free to con- 
fess that I have yet to see one of them having anything to 
do with what in any way resembled a nut. Wilson, who — 
was a close observer of the species when it was far more 
abundant than it is now, tells us that “it is, however, said, 
that they lay up a large store of nuts for winter, but, as 
I have never either found any of their magazines, or seen 
them collecting them, I am inclined to doubt the fact. 
From the great numbers I have opened at all seasons. 
of the year, I have every reason to believe that ants, 
bugs, small seeds, insects and their larve, form their 
chief subsistence, such matters alone being uniformly 
found in their stomachs, Neither can I see what neces- 
sity they could have to circumambulate the trunks of 
trees with such indefatigable and restless diligence, 
while bushels of nuts lay scattered round their roots.” 

Apart from its great abundance, Wilson’s observations” 
on the habits of the White-breasted Nuthatch are fully 
in agreement with my own. He says it “is common 
almost everywhere in the woods of North America, 
and may be known, at a distance, by its notes, quank, 


KINGBIRD, OR TYRANT FLYCATCHER 


Fig. 11—A brave little species which in defense of its nest and 
young, does not hesitate to attack any eagle or hawk that flies 
within its neighborhood. 


EXPLORING 


quank, frequently repeated, as he moves, upward and 
down, in spiral circles, around the body and larger 
branches of the tree, probing behind the thin, scaly bark 
of the white oak, and shelling off considerable pieces 
of it, in search after spiders, ants, insects, and their 
larve. He rests and roosts with his head downwards, 
and appears to possess a degree of curiosity not common 
to many birds; frequently descending, very silently, 
within a few feet of the root of the tree where you 
happen to stand,-stopping, head downward, stretching 
out his neck in a horizontal position, as if to reconnoitre 
your appearance; and, after several minutes of silent 
observation, wheeling round, he again mounts, with 
fresh activity, piping his unisons as before. Strongly 


THE GARDEN 429 


The cut of the White-breasted Nuthatch illustrating 
the present article is of one I had alive for a time, which 
I captured near my home in Washington. I made several 
photographs of it, it being a male, and the best of 
these is here shown. The female of this species is not as 
brightly colored as the male, the black being rather 
dingy, especially on the crown of the head and often 
elsewhere in the plumage. We have a number of in- 
teresting nuthatches in our United States avifauna, and 
some of these will receive my attention in future issues 
of American Forestry. 

One may often study in a garden, in the early spring, 
the budding of various trees, and this study is a most 
interesting as well as important one. Our space here 


BLUE AND CROWFOOT VIOLETS IN BLOOM 


Fig. 12—All of our American violets, under proper conditions, thrive well when transplanted into our gardens. 


attached to his native forests, he seldom forsakes them; 
and, amidst the rigors of the severest winter weather, 
his note is still heard in the bleak and leafless woods, 
and among the howling branches. Sometimes the rain, 
freezing as it falls, encloses every twig, and even the 
trunk of the tree, in a hard, transparent coat or shell of 
ice. On these occasions I have observed his anxiety 
and dissatisfaction at being, with difficulty, able to make 
his way along the smooth surface; at these times gen- 
erally abandoning the trees, gleaning about the stables, 
around the house, mixing with the fowls, entering the 
barn, and examining the beams and rafters, and every 
place where he may pick up a subsistence.” 


will admit of giving but a few examples of the trees, 
and I have selected, as illustrations, three very beautiful 
ones, which are shown in Figures 5, 6 and 8—the first 
two showing the opening buds of the hickories, and the 
third is the ash-leaved maple, also known as the box 
elder. These tell their own stories; and, as I have 
frequently pointed out, foresters and other students of 
trees can make no better use of their cameras than to 
secure a full collection of such studies, arranging the 
photographs with full and accurate notes in an album 
suitable for their permanent preservation, 

Hornets, bees and wasps are constant visitors to 
gardens in the country, and sometimes to those found in 


430 AMERICAN 


the hearts of our cities. The study of their habits in 
nature is brimful of interest, and there is a large Amer- 
can literature upon the subject which may be examined 
with great advantage. In order to appreciate their 
forms, characters and coloration, one should capture 
specimens of the various species, and this is readily ac- 
complished with a wide-mouthed bottle and a piece of 
stiff cardboard two or three inches square—or enough 
to cover the mouth of the bottle, with some to spare. 
If the bottle is brought very gradually and silently to 
one side of the insect, with the mouth towards the 
specimen, the cardboard being handled in the same way 
in the left hand, it is generally an easy matter to secure 
your specimen from the flower by skilfully closing the 
two together. Be sure the bottle is clean and of very 
clear glass, for then you can examine your captive 
through it to the best advantage. 

In Figure 7 we have a wasp and its nest sent me by a 
friend in Florida; it is one of the reddish kind that 
builds the form of nest shown; while in Figure to I 
have given a fine cut of the common White-faced Hornet 
of the East—the one that builds the big paper nest with 
tiers of paper cells inside. As we are all aware, the 
sting of these insects is very severe, especially that of 
the hornet shown in Figure 10. If the victim be a 
man, and a sufficient number of these insects sting him 
during an attack by them, he may die from the amount 
of poison injected, which has happened although in rare 
instances. 

In New England, many years ago, I came across one 
of these paper nests of the White-faced Hornets in an 
extensive pasture field, and it was situated in an angle 
of the surrounding stone-fence.. Evidently it had been 
attacked as it was considerably battered through stones 
having been thrown at it. Believing the owners to have 
been completely used up, I also incautiously threw a stone 
at it, and this caused the inmates, of which there were 
many, to issue for a fresh attack. One wasp promptly 
stung me between the eyes, and the lids of both soon 
swelled so that I was, to all intents and purposes, blind. 
Fortunately, I knew the country well; and so, by feeling 
my way along by the fences, home was reached in the 
course of an hour or more; but it was several days 
before my physiognomy resumed its normal appearance, 
and the family ceased asking me whether the hornet 
had been a male or a female; or whether it made any 
curves when it came my way; or “did it fly backwards in 
in the way it did,’ together with 
inquiries. 


order to sting me 
similar sympathetic 

Few insects have such interesting habits as the bees, 
hornets and their immediate allies; and what has been 
written about them furnishes reading that even a layman 
will take to and enjoy. 

The old clock has just announced 5 A. M. 
those “peepers” down in the marshy end of your little 
and the rich notes of the first brown thrasher 


f the year, as he pours them forth from the topmost 


Hear 
acite 


pona ¢ 


twig of the lone birch tree close to your window? Ah, 


FORESTRY 


spring is indeed here again; and now is the time for a 
morning stroll in your garden, in that you may hear and 
see things as you breathe the glorious air of this most 
lovely season of the year—laden as it is with the fra- 
grance of flowers that carry such a volume of happy 
thoughts to your mind. 


HE teacher had been reading to the class about the 
great forests of America. 

“And now, boys,” she announced, “which one of you 
can tell me of the pine that has the longest and sharpest 
needles ?” 

Up went a hand in the front row. 

“Well, Tommy ?” 


“The porcupine.” —Tit-Bits. 


Photograph by A. Sargent 


THE KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE 
Claimed to be the largest and handsomest one of its kind, this 
tree has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for 
Trees by Cora June Sheppard, of Shiloh, New Jersey. It stands 
75 feet high and was planted in 1804 directly in front of the 
historical Verplanck mansion at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, occu- 
pied for some time by Baron Steuben during the Revolution and 
the scene of the first meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati. 
The property on which the tree was planted came into the Ver- 
planck family from the Indians, in the reign of James II., King 
of England in 1863, and it has remained in the family ever since. 


AS July 20th of this year is the centennial anniversary 
of the birth of Dr. Franklin B. Hough, the ac- 
knowledged “Father of American Forestry,” it is be- 
fitting that we note in this issue something of his. per- 
sonality and the thoughts which started him in a ca- 
reer which resulted in interesting the United States gov- 
ernment in the care of its forests. For his unselfish de- 
‘yotion to this catise qptil accomplished the American 
nation will always owe him a debt of gratitude. 

We learn from his biographer that as a young man he 
was of a studious nature, and that he acquired an ad- 
vanced education in spite of the hardships which young 
“men have to ‘encounter who work their way to a college 
egree. 

He graduated from Union College in 1843, and from 
‘the Western Reserve Medical 


: 


FRANKLIN B. HOUGH--A TRIBUTE 


graphical record shows so many, so varied, so extended 
and so valuable a contribution to the literature of the 
state.” 

In referring to Dr. Hough’s characteristics this biog- 
rapher, after a long personal acquaintance, writes: 

“He had a very remarkable power of concentrating his 
mental energies on one subject, and therefore made him- 
self master of it with unusual rapidity. He made him- 
self, in this way, successively, a good botanist, a good 
mineralogist, a good compiler of history, a good statisti- 
cian, a good forester. 

“He had a good working memory, so that new facts 
with him fell easily into place with others he had gained. 

“He was conscientiously thorough in his work. He 
spared no labor himself to bring his statements down to 

the last degree of certainty.” 


College in 1848. 

His enthusiasm in scientific 
research from boyhood up was 
‘boundless. It was of the kind 


he came in contact, and while he 
“appreciated enthusiasm in others 
in all branches of science, his 
‘special interest lay in the fields 
of geology and botany. 

His extensive journeys afield 
in pursuit of these studies doubt- 
less did much to build up the ex- 
-ceptionally good physique with 
which he was endowed, for he 
was wont to refer to his jour- 
neys afoot of twenty or more 
miles in a day, and carrying, 
_ perhaps, as many pounds of pre- 
cious mineral specimens, as 
merely incidents. 

He amassed considerable col- 
lections, and his articles in the 
press on his early observations 
‘im various fields of natural 
science were full of enlighten- 


FRANKLIN B. HOUGH 


Such was the make-up of the 
man who was destined, in the 
self-imposed task, to effectually 
stem the tide of public  senti- 
ment regarding the use of our 
forests, and to formulate and 
carry into execution plans which 
resulted in the commencement of 
their management by the gov- 
ernment—the establishment of 
the United States Division of 
Forestry (now called the Forest 
Service) of the Department of 
Agriculture, 

To understand some of the 
obstacles he had to contend with 
we must appreciate that from 
the commencement of settle- 
ment by white man the policy 
had been to destroy all the for- 
ests possible and make ready for 
agriculture. That became a 
maxim which governed gener- 
ations and was still being blind- 
ly followed by the masses of 


ment and interest. 

They naturally came to the attention of others of kin- 
_ dred interest elsewhere, and acquaintance would result 

‘which sometimes ripened into friendships waxing 
stronger and of more mutual interest as time went on. 
Among the strong personal friendships thus formed in 
early days were those with Louis Agassiz, John S. New- 
_ berry, Spencer F. Baird and others who have left last- 
_ ing influence in their respective fields of science. 

After his return from service in the Civil War as a 
surgeon he devoted himself entirely to scientific and lit- 
erary work, and in the years which followed wrote 
many books and articles of importance. His biographer 
in referring to them states: 

“There is probably no son of New York whose biblio- 


Tr 


ay err 


yes pera 


landowners; but thinking men 
had begun to reason that such measures should not be 
continued indefinitely. 

In those days Dr. Hough was twice Superintendent 
of the New York State Census, for the years 1855 and 
1865, and while comparing these two census reports he 
noticed a great falling off of timber supplies in certain 
localities during the period of ten years. “It did not 
take much reasoning,” quoting his own words, “to reach 
the inquiry, ‘How long will the supplies last—and what 
then?’ ” 

He was convinced that wanton destruction of the for- 
ests must stop as soon as possible, and provision be made 
for the proper use and perpetuation of those that are 
left. He reasoned that it was a matter in which the gov- 


432 AMERICAN 


ernment should act, and he lost no opportunity to im- 
press upon others of influence the importance of his 
subject. 

But what could a private individual do to change a 
deeply rooted belief on the part of the public that the 
forests should be destroyed? 

A plan finally occurred to him which proved true to his 
hopes. He was a member of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, and he reasoned that if 
he could secure action by that august body recommend- 
ing that the government take steps in the management 
and preservation of its forests it would be sure to have 
weight with the authorities at Washington. 

He accordingly prepared a forceful paper entitled 
“The Duty of Government in the Preservation of For- 
ests,” and read it before the A. A. A. S. at its meeting 
in August, 1873. In it he suggested that a committee be 
appointed to memorialize Congress and the state legisla- 
tures on the importance of the subject. This was done, 
and he was made chairman of the committee. 

We cannot here review the many months of anxious 
labor, interviews, rebuffs, disappointments, and only oc- 
casional encouragements with which Dr. Hough and the 
few that were with him met before final action by Con- 
gress was taken. (See “The Incipiency of the Forestry 


FORESTRY 


Movement in America,” American Forestry, August, 
1913.) 

At the last moment before the close of the second ses- 
sion of Congress in which the subject had been brought 
up, final favorable action was taken, and the law was 
passed establishing the Forestry Division of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. It was a victory won 
by Dr. Hough and his small band of adherents, which 
has been of ever-increasing value and importance to 
nation. : 

As illustrative of the general lack of appreciation of 
this subject in those days only a paltry appropriation of 
$3,000 was made for the first year’s expenditures of th 
new division. 

Dr. Hough was appointed the first Chief of the nev 
division in 1876, and prepared the first reports issued. 
They have been looked upon as “the foundation upon 
which our forestry system has been building since,” 
using the words of one of his successors in office. 

In a review of the first report, by an officer of the 
Wurtemburg forest service the following statement was 
made: 

“It awakens our surprise that a man not a speciali: 
should have so mastered the whole body of American an 
European forestry and legislation.” 


THE FAXON WHITE 


TWENTY-EIGHT-YEAR-OLD plantation of white 

pine is shown in the foreground of the picture, on 
the side. Mr. Faxon, the owner of this plantation, began 
planting white pine 36 years ago. He has the honor of 
having set out the oldest white pine plantation in New 
York State, al- 


PINE PLANTATION 


years ago is still plainly in evidence. A dense stand of 
natural growth white pine is just as profitable as planted 
pine. This fact is illustrated by a statement contained 


in a bulletin of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture as follows: 


“Two acres of white pine, near 
Keene, New 


though he is 
still a compar- 
atively y oung 
man. For the 
portion of the 
plantation 
which is now 
36 years old, 
Mr. Faxon has 
been offered 
$500 per acre 
for the timber 
“on the stump.” 
As the trees are 
making their 
vigorous 
and _ profitable 
growth at this 
Mr. Fax- 
on has refused 

cll. In the background is shown a white pine stand 
which occupies land that was cultivated when Mr. Faxon 
was The pit where potatoes were stored 50 


most 


Photograph by A. B. Brooks. 


age, 


a boy. 


THE FAXON PINE PLANTATION AT CHESTERTOWN, NEW YORK 


Hampshire, 
were sold three 
or four years 
ago, before the 
war prices, for 
$2,000, on the 


total stand was 
254 cords, 
which equals 
170,000 board 
feet, or an av- 
erage of 85,000 
feet per acre. 
The trees were 
from 80 to 85 
years old; so 
the growth on 
each acre was 
about 1,000 
feet per annum and the gross returns about $12.20 per 
acre per annum.” So Mr. Faxon has a property of high 
actual as well as potential value. 


[| DEEPLY appreciate this opportunity to address you 
- on forestry as related to Southern commerce. It is 
ubject which any organization of business men, and 
st particularly one representing commercial leader- 
cannot long escape. Forestry is a business. Its 
ect is to grow timber crops on lands chiefly valuable 
or timber crops. I believe that within ten years the 
st problem will be recognized as the most pressing 
problem confronting the South. 
statement, it may be charged, is verbal extrav- 
gance. Let us, therefore, briefly take stock of what 
as Reopened, what is happening, and where the South 
tands today in the competitive lumber markets of the 
ed States. For two decades this south land has 
the world in lumber production. For three genera- 
s it has led the world in the production of naval stores. 
ce 1900, the southern pineries have contributed more 
han 50 per cent of the softwood lumber consumed in 
ica. From the beginning of the naval stores indus- 
try, they have contributed practically 100 per cent of the 
a pentine and rosin used in this country. In addition, 
ey have supplied for export an amount greater than 
1 fearai store exports of all other nations combined. 
: ia the possible exception of cotton, southern forests 
been the South’s greatest producer of wealth for 
e than a quarter of a century. They have brought 
Beront States 20,000 sawmills, representing an invest- 
of more than half a billion dollars. They have 
created an industry which stands first among industries 
in six southern States, second in four and third in three. 
Phey supply employment to almost half a million people. 
In the last 20 years, they have brought into the South 
fi om the sale of lumber and other forest products alone, 
spwards of to billion dollars. 
In view of these impressive facts, it is unnecessary 
0 dwell upon the extent to which southern commerce 
upon a continuous supply of raw wood. It 
1 Evel to bear in mind, however, the ramifying character 
f this preensency- From your great furniture industry, 
: at High Point, North Carolina, to the oil 
stry of Texas, the products of the forest are essen- 
elements of business. Wood for boxes is as neces- 
ary to the citrus industry of the South almost as the 
fruit itself. Experience has long ago proven that the ease 
and price at which an industry can obtain its wood re- 
quirements often determines its ability to meet compe- 
tition in the world’s markets. 
_Aimerican business, let us remember, is built upon 
mpetition. The South today occupies the most dom- 
inant competitive position of any region with respect to 
the lumber trade. It is a common saying that southern 
jime sets the price of softwood lumber. The reason 
lies not in the fact that the South contains more than 


> 


-VCTIICS 


erin: 


WHAT FORESTRY MEANS TO SOUTHERN COMMERCE 


By Ovid M. Butler, Forester, American Forestry Association. 


- Before the Commercial Secretaries Association, Nashville, Tennessee 


one-sixth of the nation’s remaining softwood, although 
that is a contributing factor, but in the fact that forest 
exhaustion has eliminated other eastern regions as effec- 
tive competitors. In that situation the South, by chance, 
profits today merely because her forest capital is not 
yet wholly spent. 

What has happened to place the South in this commer- 
cially advantageous position? American lumbering, as 
an industry, began with the early settlements in New 
England. It spread slowly into New York and then 
following 1850, in order to keep pace with the rapid 
sweep westward of land settlement and commercial de- 
velopment, it moved swiftly into Pennsylvania and on 
into the Lake States. By 1880, the center of lumber 
production had shifted to the Great Lakes region. Twelve 
years later this region reached the peak of its lumber 
production. In the meantime, the lumber-jack, followed 
by the sawmill, had pushed into the great hardwood 
forests of the Ohio Valley, the mixed forests of the 
Appalachians and the rich pineries of the South Atlantic 
and Gulf Coast States. In small numbers, they had begun 
pushing across the Prairie States into the Rocky Moun- 
tains and into the heavy forests of the Pacific Coast. 
Following 1900, the Southern States rapidly took the lead 
in lumber production. 

Step by step, the industry has moved westward, as 
one region after another has been cut out—first New 
England, then New York, next Pennsylvania, following 
that, the Lake States and finally the central hardwood 
region. Today, the greatest lumber markets in the 
whole world lie at the very doors of these regions, but 
by reason of exhaustion of their forests, they are help- 
less victims of their own harvests. Their forest cup- 
boards are virtually bare and their own industries must 
compete one against another and with adjoining regions 
for imported lumber transported from distant parts 
at high freight rates. 

Of the original stand of saw timber in the United 
States, only about two-fifths remain, 61 per cent of 
which lies west of the great plains and 23 per cent in the 
Southern States. Only 16 per cent in scattered frag- 
ments remains in all the rest of the country, including 
New England, the Middle Atlantic, the Central and the 
Lake States. This great territory not only contains 60 
per cent of the nation’s population, but it is the richest 
and most highly developed area in the country. It is 
the hub of the world’s greatest lumber markets. The 
South’s proximity to those great markets, coupled with 
the absence of a strong competing region closer than 
the Pacific Coast, 3,000 miles distant, give it a commercial 
advantage unequalled in the history of American lum- 
bering, if not in American business. 


But what is happening in the South? It is an old 


AMERICAN 


saying that history repeats itself. There can be no doubt 
but that the history of lumbering in New York, Penn- 
sylvania and the Lake States is now repeating itself 
in the South. The industry has passed its crest and is 
breaking camp, so to speak. There are ample evidences. 
The fact that in the South the cut of saw timber is now 
more than five times the annual growth carries some idea 
of the rate at which virgin stumpage is disappearing. Your 
original pine forests covered some 125 million acres 
and contained close to 650 billion feet. 

Four-fifths of the original yellow pine forests of the 
South have now been cut. The remaining fifth is going 
rapidly. 

It has been the history of other timbered regions that, 
beginning with small and scattered exploitation, the 
lumber cut increased steadily to a point where the in- 
dutry was fully developed and then-as exhaustion of 
stumpage set in, decreased gradually until production 
became a small factor in the industrial life of the region. 
For example, the State of Michigan, which led all States 
in lumber production from 1870 to 1895, today supplies 
a lumber cut less than one-half that of the State of Massa- 
chusetts. The South is now passing through such an 
era, The production curves of the Southern States are 
falling rapidly. Since 1909, the cut of southern pine 
has declined 31 per cent. 

Census figures for 1920 show that in that year the 
South yielded its lead in lumber production to the West. 
They show that the number of southern mills cutting 
over one million feet a year decreased by 490 or 20 per 
cent in 1920 as compared with 1919. It is highly signifi 
cant that during that same period the number of mills 
on the Pacific Coast showed a gain of 27 per cent. These 
figures go to confirm testimony given before a Congress- 
ional committee by a representative of the Southern Pine 
Association to the effect that a survey of 5,400 southern 
mills, representing over 50 per cent of southern pine pro- 
duction indicated that by the end of December, 1923, 
81 per cent of these mills will have exhausted their timber 
and ceased production. 

Let us examine for a moment into what the lumber 
business means in the commercial life of a southern 
State. Take Mississippi, as an example. According to 
the last census, the forest industries of that State rank 
first in importance; they employ 70 per cent of the 
State’s wage earners and the manufactured value of 
their products amounts to $300,000,000 annually or 60 
per cent of the value of all manufactures in the State. 
Will it be asserted that the decline of that industry is 
of no moment in the commercial welfare of the State? 

These things are mentioned merely to emphasize that 
you are today face to face with a great industrial problem 
nere in the South. That problem is to make permanent 
your forest industries. You have before you as examples 
of inaction the north central group of States which have 
passed from lumber exporting to lumber importing 
States. They are paying a tribute ot $300,000,000 an- 
nually to import lumber from the South and the West, 


434 


FORESTRY 


and the freight haul is adding from 50 to 150 per cent to 
the prices. q 

Contrast with that situation the South with its remai 
ing forest reserve. Instead of $300,000,000 leaving y: 
States every year in exchange for imported wood, 
forests are bringing into your southland a third o 
billion dollars annually. But, gentlemen, if you 1 
preserve that balance in your favor the time for a 
is at hand. A further shrinkage in your pine ind 
is inevitable. It has been estimated that within 15 
the South will not be producing enough lumber to 
its own local demands and will, therefore, be fore 
import lumber from the Pacific Coast. There is nowt 
else for it to come from. Imported lumber means hig! 
priced lumber for the home builder no less than for 
citrus grower or the furniture manufacturer. s 

But, it will be asked, what can the South do about i 9 
With four-fifths of its virgin timber gone, how cai 
provide permanency for its forest industries? The 
swer to that question is by the application of forest man 
agement to its forest lands. Here in the South yor 
maintain a cotton industry by keeping a certain ar 
seeded to cotton, growing cotton, producing cotton, 

Apply that same principle to your forests and 
forest lands, and the permanency of your forest indu § 
will, before many years, be as solid and as deeply roote 
as your cotton industry. = 

It is idle and unproductive forest land that todaye i 
undermining your forest industries. So long as 
area of vacant cut-over land continues to increase 
your area of growing forests to decrease, there can be 
but one answer to the existence of your forest industi 
It is a significant thing—first because it shows the 
ductive power of your cut-over lands and second be 
it indicates the shrinkage of your old growth stump 
that a quarter of the pine cut of the South today 
from second growth forests, which Nature has bro 
back on some of these cut-over lands, despite their 
use and neglect. Your second growth pine is to 
being cut at the rate of 114 million acres a year, and 
Forest Service is authority for the assertion that 
present methods of cutting and protection, large 
of this new growth land will not come back to pine. 

The question will probably arise in some minds as t 
the value of this cut-over pine land for other uses. 
is true that much of it is agricultural land but much o i 
is not. The forester does not advocate raising for 
on good farm lands. His dictum is, raise forests 
lands chiefly valuable for forest growth. If the 
will do that, it will maintain in perpetuity its pre 
forest industries and in the course of time grad 
expand them. According to the land classification 
the United -States Department of Agriculture, th 
are in the pine belt of the southern coastal plain reg 
alone, 36 million acres better suited to growing fo: ests 
than to farming.. For the entire South, the area is mud 
larger. Stripped of their timber, these lands have b 
abandoned to unrestricted fires, confiscatory taxation 


WHAT FORESTRY MEANS 


nd general human neglect, all of which are fast dispos- 
ing Nature in her efforts to reforest them. It is 
ely adding yearly to your 35 million acres of denuded 
and unproductive land. 

_ On the other hand, the commercial possibilities of re- 
growth on these southern forest lands are unequalled 
in any other region in this country. Nature has endowed 
the South with some of the most remarkable trees in the 
ted States. Your long leaf ind slash pines, for exam- 
>, not only rank first for structural lumber, but they are 
source of your naval stores industry, which yield an- 
products valued at more than $40,000,000. Their 
is convertible into a great variety of by-products, in- 
ing industrial alcohol of highest quality, pulp and pa- 
pine oils; etc. Natural reproduction of the southern 
is simple and easy. Their growth is exceedingly 
d—5o0 to 1,000 board feet per acre per year, depend- 
zy upon the quality of the scil. They will yield pulp 
wood, firewood, railway. ties or turpentine crops in 20 
to 25 years and merchantable lumber in 30 to 40 years. 
ply a conservative growth rate of 400 feet an acre a 
r to the 36 million acres of pine land in the coastal 
1 region and you will gain some idea of the productive 
power of these lands when put under forest management 
—14% billion feet of timber growth each year, or more 
than enough to maintain the lumber industry at its present 
acity for all time, to expand your declining naval 
s indistry and to build up a permanent pulp and 
Pape industry on the forest waste. At present prices, 
that means an inflow of wealth to the South aggregating 
- 350 million dollars annually and indefinitely. It 
ins the South’s continued dominance of the great 
aber markets to the north. It means stability and 
wth to your local wood using industries, because as- 
ance of a permanent timber crop here in the South 
inevitably draw wood using factories from all parts 
the North. It may be of.interest to you to know 
in the seven years following 1912, the lumber cut of 
State of New York declined 65 per cent and coinci- 
t therewith, 35 per cent of the wood using industries 
the Stace went out of business. And finally, forestry 
the South means a very decided commercial advantage 
all your industries using wood, in the competitive 
arkets of the world: Whether a Florida orange or a 
California orange will be served on the breakfast tables 
Des Moines, Iowa, a few years hence, may depend 
whether your fruit growers can obtain the box lumber 
locally or must import it from Oregon and Washington. 
4 Because of favorable growth conditions forestry in 
the South is an exceedingly simple and practicable thing. 
it involves primarily the protection of cut-over and 
_ growth areas from fire and other destructive agents, 
the taxing of growing timber as a periodic soil crop 
instead of an annual crop, which it is not, and finally, 
cutting methods which assure the leaving of sufficient 
seed trees or young timber to keep the land continuously 
‘producing growing forests. Methods of applying these 
principles will naturally have to vary to meet local prob- 
s and local conditions. Restrictive measures, for ex- 
ple, should be imposed upon the promiscuous turpen- 
ning of young trees. The naval stores industry, it is 


TO SOUTHERN COMMERCE 435 — 


generally dmitted, I believe, should be conducted on the 
principle of getting the maximum yield of gum from 
the tree at the right time and in the right way instead 
of on the principle of getting the least out of the tree 
as soon as possible. Turpentining, correctly done, is a 
perfectly proper and desirable step in the harvesting 
of the forest crop. One other point, the grazing of 
cattle on forest land is not antagonistic to forestry if 
sanely regulated. 


Thus far, my references have been largely to your 
piney woods but the broader aspects of the situation 
apply with equal force to your hardwood forests. As 
to them, it is only necessary to add that the South today 
contains 61 per cent of the remaining hardwood supply 
in the United States and in many respects the country 
is more dependent on the South for hardwoods than for 
softwoods. There is no great reserve of hardwoods in 
the West. Today furniture in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 
is be‘. made from trees which grew near the mouth of 
ths Mississippi River. Keep your hardwood lands which 
are not more valuable for agriculture, growing timber 
and the balance of trade in the hardwood market will 
be with the South. 


Whether we talk hardwoods or softwoods, the South’s 
opportunity is equally great. It may be summed up as 
follows: First, the exhaustion of other forests readily 
accessible to the great lumber markets of America; sec- 
ond, the strategic geographical position of southern forest 
lands in relation to those markets; third, your transpor- 
tation advantages by rail and water over the West Coast, 
the last great forest reserve in this country; fourth, your 
long coast line and its favorable shipping routes into the 
lumber markets of the whole world; fifth, the cheap 
logging made possible by the easy topography of much of 
your timber land; sixth, the increasing value of forest 
stumpage in the eastern United States; seventh, the pro- 
ductive power of southern forest soils and the rapidity 
with which timber crops may be produced; and finally, 
a great variety of species of highly commercial value. 


But how is forest management in the South to be 
brought about? There is only one way and that is 
through leadership and public enlightenment. When the 
people awaken to an appreciation of the value of perma- 
nent forests as they have, although too late, in such States 
as New York and Pennsylvania, when they are made 
to realize that the exhaustion of their forests and their 
forest lands means loss of industries, loss of population, 
loss of taxes, and loss of wealth, they will provide fire 
protection, fair taxation, regulatory cutting and other 
necessary measures. Education is the first forward step. 
Already much has been accomplished in some of the 
Southern States, notably in Louisiana. The commercial 
clubs of the South can render great service to their com- 
munities and to their states in bringing home to their 
people the meaning of forestry and the need for it. Edu- 
cate your members, educate your neighbors, and above 
all, educate your legislators. If your State has not a 
forest department, help. crystallize a public sentiment 
which will create it. It is a cause worthy of your leader- 
ship. 


MINOR PRODUCTS OF THE MOUNTAINS 


By Anna Ross 


kK AR up in the heights of the Blue Ridge lies a wonder- 

land—a land of mountain peak and deep valley, for- 
est and stream and cataract, mist and cloud and light and 
The 


shadow—the fairest “that e’er the sun shone on.” 


poet, the artist, the botanist and the nature lover find 
happy hunting-grounds in the delectable hills and the 


summer time brings its throngs of visitors, some of them 
gay pleasure-seekers but many more in search of rest 
and quiet and the life-giving atmosphere of these high 
altitudes. 

The mountaineer is busy at this time in the kitchen, 
the laundry, the livery stable or garage. But September 
sees the crowd depart and the mountaineer comes into 


BED OF GALAX LEAVES IN JUNE 


Note the thick luxuriant growth and flowers in the shape of 
white spikes. 


his own again. He has time to pick up the chestnuts 
that are falling from the trees, and when October comes 
with its soft haze and its magical, witching atmosphere, 
sallies forth in search of the 


then he—or mostly she 
Galax leaf which grows in great abundance in these 
high altitudes and is much in demand by northern florists. 

It is a beautiful, glossy green, about three inches in 
diameter. It seems to love the society of the graceful 


laurel and the stately rhododendron. It has other charm- 


ing neighbors which display their beauty in the spring 
time—the dogwood with its lovely white blossom and 
he azalea with its bright yellow or orange flowers, and 

far away are oaks, chestnuts and hickory trees, 


xS, 
d, sassafras and the tulip, generally known as the 


Mountaineer does not always glean in such 
pleasant places as she goes “galackin.” She scrambles 


up and down rocky cliffs, over old logs and fallen trees, 
across creeks and through thickets of rhododendron, in 
search of her harvest. An expert picker will gather from 
eight to ten thousand leaves per day, for which she gets 
twenty to twenty-five cents per thousand. At night they 
are bunched, twenty-five in a bunch, and tied with a 
stout string. Frequently whole families go to a distant 
Galax ground and camp for a week or more in little 
shacks made of boards, picking leaves during the day 
and bunching them at night, to the accompaniment, per- 
haps, of the banjo or guitar, which has been brought 
along. 

The leaves are taken to a local dealer who packs 
them between layers of damp moss in wooden boxes. 
They are then loaded on a wagon drawn by a pair of 
horses or mules and carried twenty miles or more down 
the mountain. If night overtakes them the driver halts 
in a wide space in the turnpike, builds a fire, produces 
his frying-pan and coffee pot and some provisions and 
after the inner man is refreshed the outer man lays him 
down to sleep in the wagon for the night. Arriving at 
the railway station, the leaves are shipped to wholesale 
dealers in the north to be distributed to various points 


NATIVE CHERRY OR BLACK BIRCH FOREST 


The owner of the oil still stands with his hand on the tree in 
a jungle of rhododendron, kalmia, hemlock and chestnut oak. 


MINOR PRODUCTS 


in the United States and Canada. Before the war they 
were even sent to Europe. They may serve to lighten 
the gloom at the funeral of some departed New Englander 
or to heighten the festive appearance of some gay Christ- 
mas scene in Philadelphia, besides providing corn bread 
and coffee and perhaps gingham aprons and tobacco for 
the inmates of some mountain cabin. 

In the higher altitudes grows a tree known as the 
cherry birch but which the mountain people call mahog- 
any. From this comes,a product which many of our 
readers have tasted, probably never guessing the source 
of the flavoring in their favorite lozenge. The bark 
is stripped from this birch when the sap is up and dis- 
tilled in a wooden still with a metal bottom. This “sure 
‘nough” birch oil brings two dollars a pound and is used 
as a substitute for wintergreen. As a rule no attempt 
is made to utilize the wood of the denuded tree, so this 
is rather a wasteful method of acquiring a few extra 
dollars. 

Large quantities of tan bark obtained from the hem- 
lock and chestnut oak are also shipped from the moun- 
tain country. 

I wonder whether folks ever feel any curiosity as to 
where the materials come from for drugs and medicines. 
Many of these, of course, are imported, but large quan- 
tities of medicinal herbs are gathered in the mountain 
lands of the south. The area producing these herbs has a 
much lower altitude than the birch tree heights, varying 


BIRCH OIL STILL WITH 


“PROPRIETOR” 


The shed covers the bark just stripped from trees and also the 
vat from which a trough and pipe conduct the heavy oil to 
the half gallon glass jar towards right of picture. 


from one thousand to three thousand feet in height. Here 
many varieties of medicinal plants are found. They are 
gathered mostly by women and children and carefully 
prepared and taken to the local merchant and exchanged 
for merchandise. They are passed on to larger dealers 
in botanical drugs who dispose of them to the manu- 


OF THE MOUNTAINS 437 


facturers. McGuire and Company, of John City, Tennes- 
see, have a price list of nearly two hundred medicinal 
roots and herbs, covering a territory that reaches as far 


NEARER VIEW OF BIRCH OIL STILL AND OWNER 


This shows waste bark at the foot of the tree and a jar of oil at 
the right. 


south as Florida and as far west as lowa and Michigan. 
These vary in price from cherry bark at two cents a 
pound to wild ginseng at eighteen dollars a pound. 

It may be added that Mrs. Mountaineer does not forget 
the home needs when she is preparing her herbs, but in’ 
many localities keeps a generous supply on hand for 
cases of sickness. Butterfly root, or pleurisy root, as it is 
sometimes called, is one of her favorite remedies. ‘What 
is it good for?” I asked an old woman, a fellow passenger 
on a mail coach, and she told me of its virtues. ‘Good for 
a heap of things,” was the answer, and went on to tell 
me it had a “powerful purty” blossom and she had made 
“many a dollar” gathering it. 


I know a grandmother of the highlands who moves 
softly down the declining years, gently dispensing healing 
medicines among her own people. She knows the healing 
powers of the black snake root and sassafras bark, and it 
is well she does for she is many miles of rocky road from 
the nearest physician. If her little grandson has an attack 
of the “whelky hives,” she straightway prepares a healing 
draught that may have as much potency as many of the 
powders and pills in the pharmacopoeia helping at the 


same time, to save the pocketbook from a state of collapse. 

Still another tree product made by the thrifty moun- 
tain housewife is the willow basket. She gathers and 
peels the willow withes in the springtime when the bark 
is easily removed and weaves them at her leisure into 
baskets that are both useful and ornamental. Many of 
these are eagerly bought by tourists. In some places 
this industry is encouraged by welfare workers and the 
baskets are purchased from the makers in the mountains 
and sent to the cities in the north and middle west for sale. 


438 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NORWAY EXPORTS LUMBER FOR AGES AND 


E DITORIAL opinion of the country is 
a unit in demanding action on a na- 
tional forest policy. Here are editorials 
on the need of a National Forest policy. 
One is from Senator Arthur Capper’s pa- 
per, the Topeka Daily Capital, and the other 
from the Nashville Banner. They both 
point to conditions in Europe. The ques- 
tion should be answered: if little Norway 
can export lumber for a thousand years, 
what about the United States? 

Topeka Daily Capital: Newspapers gen- 
erally are strong for “saving our forests” 
and reforestation, and ought to be. They 
consume annually in the United States 
wood pulp equal to 300,000 forest acres. 
Stretched on a single line the 
width of an ordinary newspa- 


white pine to the South and West, are 
now paying heavy freight charges for lum- 
ber from Texas and Oregon to Michigan. 
Under the French or German system 
Michigan‘s forests would be intact today. 
The waste of American primeval forests 
has been an example of American pride 
in immediate and temporary “prosperity,” 
which shows big for the time being, but 
an example also of its carelessness of gen- 
erations to come after. 


Nashville Banner: The United States 
Department of Commerce has recently is- 
sued a report on “Norway’s Forests and 
Lumber Trade,” in which it is shown that 


THE ETERNAL FEMININE 


throughout the year, are some of the, 
reasons for its important place among 
lumber export countries, according 
Trade Commissioner Axel Oxholm of 
the department of commerce, in his 
latest special report. : 
The lumber problems of Norway 
the United States are much the sa 
says the trade commissioner in adv. 
ing the opinion that American lumb 
men can learn much of interest fro 
study of what the Norwegians — 
done and are doing to “squeeze 
waste out of the business and to m 
every effort count. He says 
scientific utilization of so-called 
products is largely 

sible for the greater 


espo 


per the paper consumed would 


make a streamer reaching 
about half way from the earth 
to the sun. 


There are some 2 million 
Americans, however, who are 
educated in behalf of refor- 
estation and who are heedful 
how they destroy — timber. 
These are the boys who got 
to the front in France. A 
good many of them have paid 
fines for injury done to trees 
‘n the war zone. And they all 
observed the French foresta- 
tion system and witnessed the 
French method of conserva- 
tion. A French forest, or a 
German, consists of alternat- 
ing rows of trees in every 
stage of growth from the 
youngest seedling up to the 
mature trees. The latter are 


~ NEEDING 
ay 


fit realized by the lumb 
men of that country 
international trade. 
This shows in concrete for 
what is the result of scienti 
prosecution of the lumber b 
iness, and scientific con 
tion of the forests where 
lumber grows. vw 
‘With the continuation 
present methods of 
destruction in America, y 
foolish enough to suppo: 
single sawlog will be foun 
the United States outsid 
museum one thousand yeai 
hence. - 


* 


Providence Journal: 
cans are no less _ intelli 
than the people of Europe; ; 
that is necessary is to 
upon them the fact that m1 


constantly being hewn down 
for. lumber, but for every 
tree taken out a seedling is put in the 
ground, and as fast as the large timber is 
cut the next stage of timber becomes ready 
for the ax and saw. Witnessing this in- 
telligent process of preserving French tim- 
ber while using it, the average American 
service man obtained such a sense of con- 
servation that he will be careful about 
wasting growing timber at home and will 
be strong for the program of the» gov- 
ernment and the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation for reforestation in the United 
States. 

Michigan’s white pine forests, once 
among the most splendid on the globe, 
have been ruthlessly destroyed, with no re- 
forestation and consequently Michigan and 
jer states about the Great Lakes which a 
ago shipped millions of tons of 


for 


Tatior 


—McGill, in the Atlanta Georgian. 


Norway has been extensively engaged in 
the export lumber trade for over 1,000 
years; that this is at present one of the 
country’s most important industries, with 
nothing to indicate that the forests are 
about to be exhausted. 
Two paragraphs from the report follow: 
Norway started in the lumber export 
trade 600 years before Columbus land- 
ed in America. The industry has de- 
veloped until today it is one of the 
country’s most important sources of in- 
come. Adequate shipping facilities, 
careful attention to waste elimination 
and development of the planing mill in- 
dustry to a remarkable degree of 
efficiency, supplemented by the coun- 
try’s position close to the principal mar- 
kets of the world, with ice-free ports 


something is done at once th 
country in a few years W 
be unable to get lumber except at pr 
tive prices and eventually cannot find 
at any price. 5 

The American Forestry Associati 
doing praiseworthy work in broad 
the facts on our timber supply. But 
thing more than publicity campaig 
needed. There must be action. The 
to plant trees is now. The longer refe 
tation is postponed the greater will be 
public loss. Too long we have been payit 
the penalty of waste and neglect. 


Rochester Democrat Chronicle: Wh 
$1o bill is counterfeited the government 
pends prodigious effort and unlimited mon 
ey to run down the counterfeiter, and | 
caught he is given a long sentence in prisd 
If he has had exceptional luck he may hai 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


439 


IS STILL AT IT; WHAT ABOUT UNITED STATES? 


d the government out of a few 
nd dollars. A man maliciously or 
carelessness starts a forest fire 
h destroys a million dollars worth of 
, but not a thousandth part of the 
yrt and expense, is devotell to capturing 
id punishing him that was given to the 
gnificant counterfeiter. That is just 
instance in which a mighty improve- 
‘could be made. One who starts a 
rest fire. through malice or carelessness— 
gr there should be no difference, recog- 
zed in these crimes—ought to receive far 
eate: punishment than a counterfeiter. 


en 


Lansing Capital News: The American 
tiblic’s duty to protect and 


jentifically develop forests 


ed States is generally admitted. It requires 
no argumentative support. What it does 
require is financial support. Men who 
own or control forests are eager to sell 
them or their product to enjoy the advan- 
tages which the money would bring. Men 
who do not own them do not care to plant 
them because a forest is a crop which re- 
quires fifty years or more ‘to develop suf- 
ficiently to assure a profit and in this day 
we do not want to wait so long for our 
money. 

That being the case, the business of es- 
tablishing “town forests” which is advo- 
cated by the American Forestry Associa- 
tion, is of interest. A man grows old, 


GOING, GOING— 


in better and more productive condition 
than it is today. 

Some European cities have had town 
forests for centuries and are still enjoying 
a regular profit from them. Fitchburg, 


Mass., is said to have the first legally 
established town forest in the United 
States. Petersham follows. Still others 


will follow. The more the merrier. The 
plan takes away from forestry its chief 
objection—that the man who plants may 
never live to reap. The town which plants 
will live to reap. If enough towns plant 
they will save to the country one essential 
natural resource which is now in imminent 
danger of being totally destroyed. ; 
The American Forestry As- 
sociation wants to help every 


nd plant lands most suitable 
or tree growing is so evident, 
ing to the American For- 
Association, that it seems 
shame conservationists should 
ye compelled to use the tre- 
r efforts they are com- 
elled to employ for arousing 
EDLC action. 
The need of reforestation is 
ot all talk. It is real, and 
nore and more as the cost of 
ooden construction goes up, 
realize the harm our for- 
rs did in wanton waste in 
the cutting of our timber sup- 
ply and their neglect to take 
means to replace this supply 
for the, benefit of the genera- 
tions which followed them. 
It would seem that now is 
time for the American peo- 
to quit worrying over 
the flapper is going to 
he eternal bow-wows and 
thether our neighbor is mak- 


ndou 


‘hetn 


(ll Be al 


town get a start. Cook coun- 
ty, in a way, has a start in 
its forest preserves, though 
they are not designed primarily 
for timber producing purposes. 
We believe it will pay towns 
throughout the country, par- 
ticularly those near barren soil, 
especially adapted to forestry, 
to look into the subject. It 
might even pay the govern- 
ment to help them. 


Dallas News: Fires make 
unburned forests more prec- 
ious to their owners, and there- 
fore more costly to those of 
us who use ‘their products. 
Ethically, it is probably the 
duty of the owners of the pri- 
vate forests to protect them 
from fires, but it is evident 
that they are ander a smaller 
economic inducement to do so 
than are the buyers of lumber. 
It is the buyers of lumber who 


ens 


ng booze in his cellar and set- 
: some of the big questions 
confront us. And the matter of re- 
estation is one of the biggest, if not 
lly the biggest, with which we are 
led to wrestle. 


Nic! 


‘Atlanta Constitution: By our procrasti- 
lation we, are not only hazarding an im- 
industry, but we are blindly ig- 
ig nature’s ability and willingness to 
eclothe millions of acres, valuable chiefly 
for their timber production capabilities, 
forests that would be a perpetual 
ce of revenue through the years to 


tan 


_ Chicago Tribune: The need of timber 
vation and reforestation in the Unit- 


—Smith, for the Newspaper Enterprise Association. 


perhaps dies, in fifty years. He cannot 
plant a tree or a grove with any probabil- 
ity of living to enjoy the timber which it 
will produce. A town, on the other hand, 
is young at 50 years and perhaps even at 
100 or 200 years. A town can plant for- 
ests, tend them, and profit by them. 
Petersham, a New England village, is 
trying the experiment. It has turned its 
250 acre poor farm into a town forest. 
The pine stumpage of thirteen acres al- 
ready has been sold for $5,200. One hun- 
dred acres, now bare and unprofitable are 
to be planted to trees which will be ready 
to cut for timber in fifty or sixty years. 
It is estimated that $50,000 can be taken 
from. this forest in that time and leave it 


foot the damage done by tor- 
est fires. 


New York Herald: The Southern States 
are leading the country in teaching forestry 
in the public schools. The Tennessee law, 
which is described in American Forestry 
for May, is very explicit and comprehen- 
sive in its provisions covering thi3 subject. 

It requires the curriculum of every pub- 
lic school in the State to provide for the 
study of forestry and plant life. The 
American people have long needed forestry 
education. Their country has suffered se- 
verely and is still suffering, from the lack 
of it. Education on the subject of the 
preservation of our timber resources is 
needed from the, ground up, and the bed- 
rock on which to lay the foundation of 
that education is in the public schools, 


440 


15337-13839 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,DC. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


aND 
[ILLUSTRATORS 


3 CoLor Process WorK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


SELL YOUR SNAP SHOTS 
AT $5.00 EACH 


Kodak Prints needed by 25,000 publishers. 
Make vacations pay. We teach you how 
and where to sell. Write 


WALHAMORE INSTITUTE, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. | 


ILLINOIS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
The Illinois Forestry Association was 


organized on April 28th at the club rooms 
of the Lumbermen’s Association of Chi- 
cago. Mr. Bolling Arthur Johnson, editor 
of the Lumber World Review, and Mr. 


William L. Hall were the moving spirits 
in bringing about this organization. <A 
constitution similar to that drafted by 
Missouri was adopted and the, following 
officers were elected: President, Dr. 
Henry C. Cowles, University of Chicago; 
First Vice President, Bolling Arthur John- 
son editor Lumber World Review, Chicago; 
Second Vice President, Prof. J. C. Blair, 
Department of Horticulture, Urbana, IIli- 
nois; Secretary, Mr. S. F. D. Meffley, Sec- 
retary-Manager, Chicago Lumbermen’s 
Association of Chicago; Treasurer, Mr. 
George A. Pope, of Chicago. The Associ- 
1 started with thirty-five charter mem- 
d this number will be increased as 
rapidly as possible 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LIGHTNING CAUSES MANY FOREST 
FIRES 

Lightning may not strike twice in the 
same place although it strikes with surpris- 
ing regularity, as shown by forest fire 
statistics just compiled by the Forest Serv- 
ice. The figures show that during three 
of the past five years there were 201, Ig! 
and 197 forest fires on the National For- 
ests of Arizona and New Mexico due to 
lightning, although during the other two 
years, which were unusually dry, there were 
considerably more. This small variation 
of only 10 fires during the three years, 
indicates, according to Forest Officers, that 
lightning presents a fairly constant forest 
fire risk. 

Forest Officers point out the fact that 
lightning does not always start forest fires 
since a great deal of it occurs during heavy 
showers, especially in July and August. 
Heavy electrical displays during such 
storms are responsible for many lightning- 
struck and often shattered trees. Fires 
rarely start at such times because of the 
heavy downpour of rain. During June and 
often the early part of July, however, there 
are dry electrical storms. The skies cloud 
up and there is a great deal of lightning 
and terrific thunder, although little or no 
rain falls. During such storms, many trees 
are struck by lightning and forest fires 
often result. It is not at all uncommon for 
three or four fires to start in one locality 
from storms of this kind and as high as 
10 fires have been known to start. 

Fortunate for the protection of the for- 
ests, the Forest Service fire organization 
always has sufficient warning of the coming 
of such fires. At the first clap of thunder, 
the entire organization is on its toes and 
horses are saddled and packed with provi- 
sions and tools. In fact, the rangers are 
ready to go as soon as fires are reported 
by the fire lookouts. 

Experience has shown also that light- 
ning fires do not at first spread as rapidly 
as those caused by man. Ordinarily they 
smolder for some time at the base of the 
tree struck, although when once the grass 
and debris under the tree catches fire, the 
spread is rapid. This is why the rangers 
are so anxious to get to the lightning fires 
quickly. Getting them while small not only 
saves a lot of forest from destruction but 
it also saves the rangers a good deal of 
work. 

Man-caused forest fires, on the other 
hand, ordinarily spread more rapidly from 
the start and no warning as to when they 
will happen is given the rangers. These 
fires are, therefore more difficult to get 
to as quickly as lightning fires and often 
harder to control after arrival. On the 
other hand man-caused fires are generally 
in accessible country, along roads and trails 
where they can be easily reached, whereas 
lightning may strike anywhere, often in 
country difficult of access. 

Studies have shown also that lightning 


fires occur most frequently in certain zone 
Parts of the National Forests of the 
west have practically never had lightn 
fires while other localities have rep 
fires from this cause. Such areas are 
ing definitely located as quickly as 
cient information is gathered and the 
est Service fire organization is being 
stantly modified to take care of these en 
gencies. : 


NORTH IDAHO’S FIRE HAZARD 
HE fire hazard in the forests of Nort 


~~ 


Idaho is worse than in any other 90 
tion of the United States, says C. C. 
van, Fire Assistant on the Coeur d’ 


National Forest, in a lecture on fore: 
protection which he recently gave to 
students of the School of Forestry of tt 
University of Idaho, at Moscow, Idaho. © 

Mr. Delavan has made a _ det 
investigation of the climatic factors | 
fecting the fire hazard of this region 
conjunction with Mr. J. A. Larsen, U. 
Forest Examiner in charge of the 
River Experiment Station, at Priest 
Idaho. This study showed that al 
North Idaho’s annual rainfall is 
more abundant than that of many 


very uneven and there is practically 
during the hot summer months of July a 
August. At the season when the rai 
is least, the wind movement is g 
and westerly in direction. These weste 
winds, having lost their moisture in 
ersing the Cascades, and having 
warmed up without reabsorbing moi 
in crossing the deserts of central Wa: 
ington, strike North Idaho forests wi 
powerful drying effect and obse ation 
actually show that the relative hum dit 
in summer at Spokane is less than thi 
of the Sahara desert. Thus we have 
minimum of rainfall and humidity occt 
ring when the wind movement, air 
perature, sunshine and evaporation a 
greatest, a combination of factors 
put the forests in a most inflammable 
dition. : 
Southern California has equally s 
summer climatic conditions, but there t 
fire problem is not so serious because 
spring rainfall is much less, the fo} 
more open in character and the amount o 
inflammable material on the ground mucl 
less. In North Idaho, the abundant sp 
and fall rains give rise to a very d 
type of forest which creates an abunc 
of irflammable material and enables thi 
fires which occur to burn fiercely ant 
spread rapidly. 4 
In dealing with this most serious p 
lem, Mr. Delavan pointed out the neces- 
sity for care and active co-operation ot 
the part of the public to prevent fires 
starting, to extinguish all fires discovered 
no matter how small, and to enforce the 
state and federal fire laws. 


5 


cussed in “‘Good 
builders interested in good design, efficient plan- 
ning and thorough construction. 
interprets those architectural styles which are the 
foundation of American building traditions, 
and which are adaptable to wood construction 
today. Send for your copy today. 


NEW ENGLAND COLONIAL STYLE 
Illustrating the symmetry and stateliness of New 
England town houses of the period when Colonial 
architecture was at its height. This is another of 
the 17 architectural styles illustrated ae dis- 


Houses, 
“Good Houses” 


* a book for honze- 


Illustrating Good and Bad 
Bearing Post Footings 
F bearing posts under the girders in 


the basement of a house settle un- 
duly the effect is apparent throughout 


the house. Cracks appear on plastered 
svalls; doors becometroublesome; floors 
become uneven. The bearing posts sup- 
portaconsiderable amount of the weight 
of the house. Obviously they must be 
wen ny ported or “rooted.” 
‘ooting shown on the right i is too 

sat in all its dimensions and is lim- 
ited in its bearing power by its shape as 
well. Note how the post is set down 
into the concrete, a material which is 
always somewhat damp, thus needlessly 
subjecting the post to decay. 

¢ greater sustaining power of the 
footing on the left is evident at a glance. 
Note its generous dimensions, its flat 
bearing surface, and note, too, how it 
extends above the cellar floor line, thus 
pooping the bearing post off the damp 

floor. 

The success of concrete footings is 
dependent, too, upon the use of good 
materials inthe right proportions, prop- 
erly mixed. 

Bearing post footings are just one of 
the many vital points in successful 
house building discussed in the booklet 
_ “The High Cost of Cheap Construc- 
tion,”’ sent free on request to prospec- 
tive home builders. 


AMERICAN 


SK any one of the better 
class of building contrac- 
tors why so many people are dis- 
satisfied with their houses a few 
years after they are built. He 
will tell you poor construction. 
Constant repair bills, exces- 
sive heating costs and the end- 
less annoyances that so often 
rob home-owners of the satis- 
faction they are entitled to, are 
the results of construction short 
cuts—mistaken for economy 
—behind plastered walls, be- 
neath the floors and even under 
the very foundations of many 
houses that are being built to- 
day of all materials. 

Yet at no greater cost than 
the prices that are being paid 
for compromise houses, the ap- 
plication of the right principles 
of building construction can 
make your house a substantial, 
economical, satisfactory home. 


HE key to successful house 
building lies in right mate- 
rials properly applied. 

Lumber for house building is 
of the same good quality as ever. 
Developments in manufacture 
are constantly improving it. 

Good workmen and the bet- 
ter class ofcontractors still want 
to do an honest job; in fact they 
have been preaching the value 
of right construction in house 
building for years. 

But conditions, largely be- 
yond their control, today are 
forcing legitimate contractors 
—the men who know good ma- 
terials and how to use them, 
who understand fire-stopping 
and other modern construction 
practices, and who see house 
construction in terms of dura- 


Sere SAINT PAD FOREST PRODUCTS 
SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA 


Producers of Douglas Fir, Pacific Coast Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles on 
the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland Empire; 
Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States 


FORESTRY 


What Will You Say 
About Your New Home 
Three Years From Now? 


bility and efficiency —to bid 
against construction practices 
that every honest craftsman 
condemns. 

That is why we say, go to a 
legitimate contractor—one who 
takes pride in his craft and 
would rather deliver a good job 
at a fair profit than a poor job at 
an unfair profit. 

You will find these men 
more and more using lumber 
of the Weyerhaeuser standard 
of quality—trade-marked with 
the manufacturer’s pledge of 
personal responsibility. 


N “The High Cost of Cheap 

Construction,” a book which 
will be mailed you on request, 
you will find the essentials of 
good construction necessary to 
successful house building; the 
basis for judging the manner in 
which your house is built; and 
the means of making the jum- 
ber you use in the construction 
of your house of even greater 
service. Ask also for ‘Good 
Houses.” 

Weyerhaeuser Forest Prod- 
ucts are distributed through the 
established trade channels (to 
contractors and home builders 
throughthe retaillumber yards) 
by the Weyerhaeuser Sales 
Company, Spokane, Washing- 
ton, with branch offices and 
representatives thoughout the 
country. 


ACH year you will find an in- 

creasing number of retail lumber 
dealers recommending Weyerhaeuser 
lumber for house building—men who 
know the relation to correct building 
practice of properly dried lumber, of 
uniform grades and of the kinds best 
suited to your needs. 


441 


442 


West ! 


colorado 
alifornia 


A whole vacation empire 
of mountains, lakes, sea~ 
shore, National Parks, For- 
est Preserves—yours, at the 


Lowest Fares in Years 


Choice of routes; liberal 
stopover privileges; and 
the luxurious 


Rocky Mouniain limited 


direct to either Denver or 
Colorado Springs. 


Golden State Limited 


to Los Angeles, Santa Bar- 
bara and, through thescenic 
wonders of Carriso Gorge, 
the short line to San Diego. 


Rock 
Island 
Lines 


Mail the coupon and letus plan 
your Summer holiday journey- 
ing. Colorado book or Cal- 
ifornia folder. both profusely 
illustrated, will be sent you 
without charge. 


Comfort and courtesy are 
your fellow travelers on the 
Rock Island. 


Mr, L, M. ALLEN, Dice President 
Rock Island Lines 
155 La Salle Station, Chicago, lll. 


Please mail me without charge vour(Eo1 rtd) book 


Check the book or books you desire 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
PENNSYLVANIA’S FIRE OBSERVERS 

Forest fire observers employed by the 
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry are 
now on duty, day and night, in small glass- 
enclosed cabins on the sixty-eight steel 
towers that have been erected on mountain 
tops in various parts of the State. They 
are guarding the State’s timberlands, both 
privately-owned and State controlled, from 
destruction by fire. 

The observers have been equipped with 
the most approved appliances and instru- 
ments for the location of fires. Maps have 
been prepared showing all the mountain 
peaks, streams, valleys, ravines, towns and 
other features that lie within the range 
of the watchmen’s vision. In some cases 
all the territory within twenty miles of 
the tower is shown on the map, and it is 
under the constant observation of the for- 
est guardians. 

The maps are mounted on revolving ta- 
bles in the cabins, and in the center of the 
map is an alidade, an instrument set on a 
pivot so that it may be swung in any ri- 
rection and sighted on a fire. This in- 
strument shows the exact location of the 
fire, with reference to topographic features 
on the map. Arrows indicate the direction 
and distance to principal cities in the East. 

Towers, as far as practicable, have been 
placed so that they cover virtually all the 
forested area within a given region. Some- 
times the outlying territories visible from 
nearby towers overlap, thereby providing 
increased protection against fires. 


x) [x 
Can You Afford To Buy 


Books? 


The American Forestry Asso- 
ciation will give Books on 


Forestry, Trees, etc., or on 
any subject, for a little of 


your spare time. 


Details on request. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ASSOCIATION 


1214 Sixteenth Street 
Washington, D. C. 


NEW JERSEY NEWS NOTES — 
Alfred Gaskill, State Forester and di 
rector of the State Department of Con 
servation and Development of New Jer 
sey, tendered his resignation to take e 
fect July 1, Charles P. Wilber, of Tres 
ton, Fire Warden, will probably becon 
State Forester. Gaskill’s retirement is di 
to ill health. 

Gaskill studied forestry at Harvard Un 
versity, the University of Munich and— 
He enter 
the United States Forest Service in 19 
and on February 1, 1907, was engaged | 
State Forester. He was a director of ff 
American Forestry Association for a nui 


organized forests of Europe. 


ber of years. 


Practical forestry has been adopted b 
the East Orange Water Department i 
its 2,000-acre watershed in Essex Count 
Approximately 1,400 acres of the land > 
covered with natural timber and is bein 
systematically cleaned of undesira bl 
growth. Of the remaining area, 400 
will be planted with forest trees at the ra 
of about 50 acres a year until all the idl 
land has been put to work. This sprin 
38,000 young trees of pine, spruce and blac 
locust were, set out. Over 50 acres we 
planted about Io years ago and now hay 
become fine stands of pine and sprue 
some of the trees being more than 25 fee 
tall and 4 to 6 inches in diameter. A 4¢ 
acre tract on the watershed has been lease 
to the Boy Scouts of East Orange for ; 
permanent camp. - 


A course in forestry, with special 
erence to the farm woddlot, is being g 
this year for the first time to agricultut 
students at Rutgers College, New Bruns 
wick, N. J., by foresters from the St 
Department of Conservation and Develog 
ment. This course will consist of 
lectures and a field trip. 

“There is no need of a forestry s 
in New Jersey,” said C. P. Wilber, t 
forester, “but forestry is fast being recog 
nized as a part of present day farming. 


A new 60-foot steel lookout tower, whic 
will guard one of the largest wildernes 
areas in New Jersey, was recently erect 
by the State Forest Fire Service near Milk 
ville. Two more towers, one at Lakewoot 
and one near Blairstown, will soon bt 
opened. 


Plant Memorial Trees 


PULPWOOD IN PENNSYLVANIA 
The Department of Forestry has just 
completed a survey of the pulpwood situ- 
tion in Pennsylvania. This study shows 
h used 320,076 cords of wood during 
there are 13 pulp mills in the State, 
This was a decrease of almost 35 
sr cent from the 1920 consumption, when 
Ir cords were consumed. 
pulp and paper business is one of 
most important of Pennsylvania in- 
ries that depends upon the forest for 
; raw material. More than $50,000,000 
e inyested in the pulp mills. Last year 
ey employed 7,000 people, paid out $10,- 
0,000 in wages and turned out products 
Iued at $20,000;000. 
principal kinds of wood sed by 
mills are 99,559 cords of spruce, 63,355 
s of yellow pine, 40,263 cords of pop- 
r, 38,753 cords of beech, birch and maple. 
ie remainder was made up of Balsam fir, 
poplar, hemlock, gum and sycamore. 


most striking feature of the pulp- 
situation is the fact that more than 
of the wood used in the pulp mills 
from outside of the State and less 
28% comes from within the State. 
e of the pulp companies import every 
of wood they use, 8 of the 13 com- 
import over 60% of their wood, 
not a single company relies entirely 
home-grown wood. This makes the 
‘ood situation serious, for the Penn- 
ylvania mills cannot depend indefinitely 
‘on Canada and other neighboring states 
for pulpwood. These outside supplies are 
yeing depleted. There is only one practical 
ay to bring relief, and that is to grow 
‘the wood on the hills of Pennsylvania. 


_ The Department’s investigation shows 
“that one of the most promising signs of 
, Pennsylvania pulpwood situation is 
use of mill waste. Wood that was 
merly discarded is now used on an in- 
easing scale. Mill waste, slabwood and 
‘Mountain wood are finding their way into 
he mills. During 1921 a total of almost 
jo cords of this kind of material was 
It made up more than 13% of the 
Stal wood consumption of all the mills. 
mong the material used were old logs 
that had been lying in the woods for 
twenty years. 
of the Department of Forestry 
that 500,000 acres of well-managed 
r land will be required to maintain 
; 1e pulp mills of Pennsylvania, and sup- 
ly them continuousiy with wood. The 
p companies now own 86,000 acres of 
land in Pennsylvania. If this area 
is handled properly it will produce a large 
intity of pulpwood. The, State Forests, 
hich now exceed 1,126,000 acres, will 
30 supply considerable material and the 
priv y owned forest land will make up 
the rest. These three sources of supply 
y il go a long way toward supplying wood 


Experts 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


needs of the Pennsylvania pulp mills and 
help maintain this important wood-using 
industry. 


ORNAMENTAL TREES 

Evergreen trees form one of the most 
effective classes of ornamental plants. They 
can not be used as extensively as deciduous 
trees a3 they are more exacting in their 
requirements of soil, exposure, etc., and 
their very individuality is often a reason 
for planting them sparingly, according to 
Prof. Alan F. Arnold, of the New York 
State College of Forestry. For many pur- 
poses, however, they are invaluable, but 
the owners of homes generally know little 
of their ornamental possibilities. A great 
deal of the planting of evergreens that is 
done on small lots particularly, is attended 
with unfortunate results. This is due largely 


to a lack of knowledge as to what trees are 


most likely to do well. 


SAVING THE TREES OF BROOKLYN 


OW to save the trees of Brooklyn by 

careful forestry practice is a problem 
which has been submitted to the New York 
State College of Forestry at Syracuse by 
prominent Brooklyn men as the result of 
a street tree investigation made by the head 
of the department of City Forestry at the 
State College. 

It is suggested that an area of Brooklyn 
streets be taken, planted and maintained 
as a joint experimental problem for the 
period cf at least ten years by the State 
College of Forestry and the Brooklyn 
Botanic Garden, carried out by funds sup- 
plied by interested citizens of Brooklyn. It 
is said that the trees of Central Park have 
been in danger of dying out entirely and 
the Brooklyn proposition is the result 
partly of the College’s forestry work on 
these trees. 


SLASH PINE REVENUE 


Slash pine grows rapidly and yields reve- 
hue in turpentine gum at an early age 
while, it is growing into timber, says the 
United States Department of Agriculture 
in Farmers’ Bulletin 1256. Slash Pine, 
prepared by Wilbur R. Mattoon, forest 
examiner, and now ready for distribution. 
Well-stocked stands of young growth, after 
making liberal deductions for the cost of 
taxes and fire-protection during the period 
of growth, show profits of 6 to 12 per cent 
compound interest on an investment of $5 
an acre. A large number of owners in the 
South are deriving good profits from low- 
priced lands by using them for the produc- 
tion of timber and grazing of stock. If 
fire is excluded, the range, yields more of 
the tender annual grasses and legumes 
which are more nutritious than the hardy 
perennials like wire and broom-sedge 
grasses, and the influence of the protective 
soil cover stimulates tree growth to a 
marked degree. 


443 


Aisin 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Ete., for memorial planting. 
Trees from *5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


Orchids. x rates 


Orchids; we collect, im- 


ray seN and export this class of plants 
illustrated and descripti tal f 
mae be had on application. Pg 
cial fr 

Orchids. 


eshly imported tinestablished 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Growers 


Orchid and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 


Send for Catalogue. 
CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price lst 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, XN. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on juest 
Special Quantity ices 
OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 


Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


6 Different Business Publications 


Covering Accounting, Advertising, Admin- 
istration, Leap rnd 6 Salesmanship 
and Taxation all prepaid only 25c. Value 
$1.50. Instructive, educational, 

WALHAMORE CO., 


Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


practical. 


444 AMERICAN FORESTRY 
BOORASREVIEWs 
“Timber,” by Harold Titus (Small-May- ports, convention proceedings and profes- and disease. The Forest Service also c 


nard), Boston, Price $1.75. 

In Michigan the need for forestry is 
very great but the task of getting people 
sufficiently interested to do anything about 
it is an exceedingly discouraging one. There 
has recently appeared, however, a book 
which carries a big forestry message to 
the people of Michigan and which should 
be tremendously helpful in advancing the 
cause of forestry in that State. 

The name of the book is “Timber.” It 
is a novel and the story is laid in Mich- 
igan’s great “cut-overs.” The author has 
distinguished himself by writing an intense- 
ly interesting and human story and by 
“weaving into it the true essentials of for- 
estry in a simple and understandable way. 

“Timber” is a distinct contribution to 
the cause of forestry in the United States. 
The fact that the story is woven into con- 
ditions in Michigan does not detract from 
the broad application of its lesson. It will 
carry the gospel of forestry wherever it 
is read and needless to say, it will be read 
by the public. The same cannot be said 
of much of our other forestry literature 
which unfortunately is in government re- 


sional journals, We need more novels like, 


“Timber.” 


Government Forest Work, United States 
Department of Agriculture. Department 
Circular: arr. 

This illustrated pamphlet of 47 pages is 
a convenient pocket reference book, cover- 
ing, as the name implies, the forest work 
of the Federal Government. It is prepared 
for free distribution and will supply the 
ever increasing demand of those who wish 
to be furnished with authentic information 
in regard to the promotion of scientific 
forestry which is coming to be recog- 
nized as a matter of vital concern to every 
American. Scientific forestry was first 
begun in the United States in the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and this work has 
ever since been carried on by the Forest 
Service, of the Department of Agriculture, 
in co-operation with other bureaus of the 
Department. The Bureau of Public Roads 
assists. in opening up ways for more 
efficient fire protection, and the Bureaus of 
Entomology and Plant Industry aid in pro- 


tecting the forests against insect enemies 


operates with the Bureau of Animal It 
dustry, the Weather Bureau, Biologic 
Survey and other federal agricultur 
agencies. : 
Efficient administration of the 156 
lion acres included in the National Fore 
for the greatest benefit and service to 1 
people involves many activities besides t 
growing of trees. The keynote of the N 
tional Forest administration is service, 
the demands of the persons who 
seek rest and recreation within the 
boundaries are recognized as well as 
demands of the lumberman, the 
and the stockman. These various de 
on National Forest resources are ofte 
times conflicting and difficult to settle, bi 
the guiding principle of the highest u 
followed. For the campers, recreation 
are set aside, and those who wish to 
summer homes and return to the | 
place each year may lease sites for a 
reasonable sum. “~ 
The Booklet is for free distribution 
may be obtained from any forest supervis 
and the District Forester’s office in P. 
land, Oregon. 


We 


EDUCATIONAL EDITION 


MIRRORS OF WASHINGTON. Anonymous 


AUCTION METHODS UP TO DATE. M. 
PUBLIC OPINION. Walter Lippmann 


PAINTED WINDOWS. Anonymous n aneshenene 
OUTWITTING OUR NERVES. Jackson and siiakers 
AMERICANIZATION OF EDWARD BOK.... ; 
MIND IN THE MAKING. James Harvey Robinson............... 
PARODY OUTLINE OF HISTORY. Donald Ogden Stewart .... 
MY MEMORIES OF EIGHTY YEARS. Chauncey M. Depew.... 
QUEEN VICTORIA. Lytton Strachey ......... 


HOME RADIO. Hyatt Verrill................. 
HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Frederick Hamilton. 
THE GLASS OF FASHION. Anonymous...... 
WILSON AS I KNOW HIM. Joseph Tumulty. 
CONQUEST OF FEAR. Basil King ........... 
THE CRUISE OF THE KAWA. Walter E. Traprock.. 
WHEN DAY IS DONE. Edgar A. Guest..... 
YOUNG BOSWELL. Chauncey Brewster Tinker... 
GARDENING WITH BRAINS. Henry T. Finck 
WHAT NEXT IN EUROPE. Frank V. Vanderlip... 
RADIO FOR EVERYBODY. A. C. Lescarboura 
LITTLE GARDEN. Mrs. Francis King....... 
SO CALLED HUMAN RACE. B. L. Taylor 


OUR UNCONSCIOUS MIND. Harold*E. Stearns... 
MEMOIRS OF MARGOT ASQUITH............. 


American Forestry Association, 


WW Wy 


BEST SELLERS LAST MONTH—GENERAL LITERATURE 


THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY. H. G. Wells (2 vols).............. 


nett 


CYTHEREA. 
ar DR ie Tap Suen 
2.50 RASS. Char a a 
sal pecdenreaaereteee 5 


(2 vols.) 14 


Don’t Bother to spend good time and 10% more When under your 
membership You Save 10% on all above books---and, in fact, on all 
books published---educational or fiction 


1214 Sixteenth Street, | Washington, D. C. 


IF WINTER COMES. A. S. M. Hutchinson..............+.+s0s00e+ 00 
HEAD OF THE HOUSE OF COOMBE. Frances Hodgson Bur- ; 


SAINT TERESA. Henry Sydnor Harrison 
THE GREAT PRINCE SHAN. E. Phillips Oppenheim..... 
MARIA CHAPDELAINE. Louis Hemon ...............+.000++ 
THE BEAUTIFUL AND DAMNED. F. Scott Fitzgerald........ 

2D. hh Hergesheliner <0 i<125ssens en cvaseageeneee 
soe CALL atk Me Hen Keable . es 


orris 
LUCRETIA LOMBARD. Kathleen Norris 
VANISHING POINT. Coningsby Dawson 
4.00 VANDEMARK’S FOLLY. Herbert Quick ... 


“O.” Katharine Newlin Burt 
THE FORSYTHE SAGA. 


NIGHT. Frank 
BEST SHORT STORIES OF 1921. 


ON SALE IN OUR BOOK DEPARTMENT. 


Wy 


ay . 2.50 TO THE LAST MAN. Zane Grey ........... 
5.00 DANCERS IN THE DARK. Dorottiy Sp 
etn re 2.00 MR. PROHACK. oe Bennett .. 
2.00 KIMONO. John Paris ............/.. 
1.25 HER FATHER’S DAUGHTE 
sacvagveevscnsies sags 330 0. HENRY MEMORIAL PRIZE STORIES OF 1921 
seseeneeng BIG PETER. Archibald Marshall ...............0..05+ 
vee eete eee eneeees 2.50 MEMOIRS OF A MIDGET. Walter 
te 2.00 THE PRIDE OF PALOMAR. Peter 
satin gun eae ance 1.50 HELEN OF THE OLD HOUSE. Harold 
EE ere SS 1.75 AN ORDEAL OF HONOR. Anthony 
i ee ee eee ee 2.50 HIs SOUL GOES MARCHING ON. Mary R. S. Andrews 
C. Work. 3.22205 7 A_ SON OF THE SAHARA. Louise Gerard 


LUCIUS Pac ard 
Edward J. 


O’Brien............ 


AMERICAN 


STATE NOTES 


FOREST PRODUCTS IN TEXAS 

After house construction the most important user of forest 
oducts in Texas is the oil industry, according to a table just 
ied by the State Department of Forestry and the Texas For- 
y Association. For dwellings the annual consumption of 
; products in this state is estimated at 325,000,000 feet; 
m1 r the oil industry it is 315,000,000 feet. There are said to be 
13,060 producing wells in Texas and about 30,000 feet of lumber 
re required for each well. 

t is estimated that the annual consumption of forest products 
all purposes in the state is 1,900,000,000 feet. 


rs $165,000 FOR NEVADA ROADS 

_ Expenditures totaling $166,000 of National Forest Highway 
inds for the construction and repair of 24 miles of roads in 
Nevada have just received the approval of Secretary of Agricul- 
Wallace. This money was made available for roads serving 
National Forests and for roads within or adjacent to the 
which are of primary importance to States, counties and 
communities. The amount approved by the Secretary will be 
allotted to two roads in the Toiyabe National Forest in Lan- 
County and one in the Nevada National Forest in White 
Pine County. 


INSECT ATTACKS BIRCHES 

~ Birch trees in certain sections of Maine are being attacked 
by an insect which defoliates them, and it has been identified as 
buccalatrix, an insect about a quarter of an inch long, which 
feeds with the utmost abandon on the leaves of the birch. The 
remedy for this pest is announced as arsenate of lead spray, 
_to be done in the spring or by the first of July. 

Deputy Forest Commissioner Neil L. Violette, asked about 
the damage, if any done by this pest, said that the presence 
‘of the insect in certain sections had been reported to the de- 
‘partment, but that the only damage so far known to have been 
done by it was the defoliation of the trees. That, of course, 
makes an unsightly appearance, but has not, so far as known, in- 
jured the trees themselves. It is understood that a parasite is 
‘making great inroads on the ranks of the insect and it is 
hoped that the pest will be thus exterminated. 


PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BREAKS RECORD 
_ The 1920 consumption of pulpwood in California, Oregon and 
N hington exceeded by 23,000 cords, or 7.4 per cent the 
greatest previous record, which was in 1919. Similarly the 
“1919 consumption of pulpwood exceeded by 18.6 per cent that of 
1917, the previous record. The 1919 production of wood pulp 
fell short of the 1917 production by nearly 3 per cent, while the 
1920 production exceeded the 1917 record by 14 per cent. 

This statement is based upon complete figures published 
jointly by the Bureau of the Census for 1919, and the Forest 
Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, in co- 
_ operation with the American Paper and Pulp Association, for 


990) 
J. 


, $61,000 FOR BLACK HILLS ROAD 
_ Secretary of Agriculture Wallace has approved the ex- 


' penditure of $61,000 of National Forest Highway Funds for road 
J | building on the Deadwood Hot Springs Highway in Penning- 
ton County, South Dakota. This money was made available 
_ for roads serving the National Forests and for roads within and 
adjacent to the forests, which are of primary importance to 
States, counties and communities. The section to be constructea 

lies between Pactola and Merritt in the Black Hills Nationa? 
_ Forest and will cover a distance of 6.6 miles. 


4 


FORESTRY 445 


Who Says 
[I’m Tired? 


T’S only since I began to use Disston cross-cuts that I could 
say that after a hard day’s work: 


I didn’t want to change from the old saw, but Jack Daly and 
his gang raved so much about Disstons, and they had such a lot 
of pep at night, that I thought I would take a Brodie and try one. 


And Oh, Boy—the difference! 


The Disston people say the difference is in the steel and 
workmanship. I guess they’re right, for it has it all over the 
old saw, and some old timers around the camp who are still 
using Disston saws that they bought years ago say that the 
temper and the cutting edges are as good as new. 


From now on, it’s Disston for me. 


Henry Disston & Sons, Inc. 
Philadelphia, U. S. A. 


DISSTON 


CROSS-CUTSAWS 


446 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Books on Forestry, Lumber, Trees, Birds, Ete. 


ADVENTURES AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hudson 
ADVENTURES OF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos A. Mills............-- 
——, BOYS BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODCRAFT— 


ART AND CRAFT OF GARDEN MAKING........... 
ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ee Vicat boosie Seees 
AMERICAN. WOODS—R. B. Hough (14 parts), per 
BEAUTIFUL RARE TREES AND PLANTS—the Earl rot Racin 
BIRD BOOK FOR CHILDREN—Thornton W. B 
BIRDS—N. Blanchan .........0ssecceceseccesscecccesces 
BIRDS IN THEIR RELATION TO mee emeee 
BIRDS IN TOWN AND VILLAGE—W. Hudson 

BIRDS OF FIELD, pac —36g AND PARE Alert Field Gilmore. - 
BIRDS OF LA PLATA—W. H. Hudson (2 vols.)........-..-+-sessesee0s 
BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES AND. CANADA—Thos. Nuttall 
BLEACHING AND RELATED is gece J. Merritt Matthews 


CAMP FIRES IN THE YUK' arry Aye 
wage gg OF PULP AND PAPER MAKING — Edwin Suter- 
CLEARING AND CRUSEING remaioere P. Gillette 
COUNTRY HOUSE—Charles E. Hoope 
CITY HOMES ON COUNTRY LANES— Win. Ellsworth agile = 
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN ppp ete 
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—Brown and Moo 
ENGLISH ESTATE FORESTRY—A. C. Forbes Bl Sah aceekek 
ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW-J. P. 
FAMILIAR STUDIES OF WILD BIRDS—F. N. Whitman. 
FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR_LEAVES—Schuyler ae 
FARM FORESTRY—John Arden Ferguson.... 
FARM WOOD LOT—Cheyney and Wentling. 
FEATHERS, FURS AND FINS—Emma wees 
FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM-—G. ool 
FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES any SHRUBS—Schuyler 
WERURGUE ip sccccvccccncsccscesesdsahtenesecnsenes sur epnendenennestteunee 
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth ... 
FLOWERS—N. Blanchan 
FOREST LAND—Allen Chambers 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—A. B. Recknagel........... 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Caeaiaae 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah Bowma 
FORSeT PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE—N. C. 
FOREST oT RANGER—John D. Guthrie 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth 
FORESTRY FOR: WOODMEN-—C. 0. Hi 
FORESTS OF eee INDIA AND THEIR. INHABITANTS—Frank- 


PNA wrens widaitpe newer Nowe 
Bsee suepeveedesrsseeseureecs 


2. 
. Kinney.. 2.50 


Do ee 9 ce co Go GO 


S333 Sssksss kaaszssss 


MUNN te 


pyre 


Bim WeBDOT .....ccccccccracccccccscecsscntenssocctess  sonccgacsesseees 5.00 
FORESTS, WooDs AND TREES—A. Henry...........-+-++- 7.50 
FOREST VALUATION—Herman Haupt Chapman. sees 3.00 
FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth ............ss.sseeeeeees 1.50 
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY—T. S. hal gee 84 Je... 3.00 
FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager ...............-.-.. 2.00 


GARDENETTE OR CITY BACK-YARD GARDENING— Sandwich i 
SYGCOM voc ccnccscccccccccccccccccccscccceescsenncccesenoresesscessseseet 

GoD’ % WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb. 

HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN y L. y’ 

HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 
MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark 2. 

HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. 
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—R. B. Hough 


HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS—C. Stuart Seas waeves 1.25 

HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—J. R. Simmons.......... 4.00 

ee OF ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE vu. s.—s. os 
CCOTA ccc cee ccc ccccnccccccesseserescess esses ssessseseeeseareseesesseee 5 


IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U. S.—S. B. Elliott........ 2.50 
INJURIOUS INSECTS AND USEFUL BIRDS—F. T. Washburn...... 
INSECT BEHAVIOR—P. G. Howe........-:scccccsceecsscenceesscessess 
INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD -E. D. San- 
Gerson and L. M. Peairs........cccccscscsccccsccsoccrsoncsreesceseave 
INTERESTING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins..............++-+0005 1,50 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Coues (2 vols.)....... 15.00 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston 
KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tiem 
LABORATORY GUIDE FOR a BOTANY_C. Stuart Gager 1.15 


THE LAND WE LIVE IN—O. W. Prices.......cssseseseseserseseees 1.90 
LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THEM-— Leonard Barron............ 1.25 
LOG OF A TIMBER CRUISER—W. P. Lawson............. 2.25 
LOGGING—Ralph C. Bryant..............cecseeeees . 4.50 
LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellogg................- 2.25 
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—A. F. Jones............ 2.25 


LUMBERMEN’S BUILDING ESTIMATOR—Joseph Holt.. 
LUMBER RECKONER—Neil Chapin 


MODERN PULP & PAPER MAKING—Paul Witham.............. 
MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger..... 
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANTS— 
Cc. M. Skinner 
NATURAL STYLE IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING—Frank A, Waugh 
NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. Bruncken..... 
ORGANIZATION OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—Wilson Compton 
OUR COMMON BIRDS—John B. Grant..............:sececeeeeeeeeee o 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—Maud Going .. coh 
OUR GARDEN FLOWERS—Harriet L. Keeler..... 
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—R. H. D. Boerker 
OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir ... 
OUR NATIVE TREES—Harriet Keeler ... 
OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS—Harriet Keele: 
OUR TREES AND HOW TO KNOW TH 
PAPER AND ITS USES—Edward Dawe ..... 
PAPER MAKING, THE ART OF—Alexander Watt. 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burnap... 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL eb gah San W. Harshberger 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R. Warington 
PIGEON RAISING—Alice MacLeod 
PLANE SURVEYING—John Tracy ...... 
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—V. I. Palladin... 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford . 
PRACTICAL NATURE STUDY AND ELEMENTARY ARI 
TURE—Stanley Cotilter ......csessvsocsccsnevocertvesscssousseeese 
PRACTICAL ORCHARDING ON ROUGH LANDS—S. W. Moore. 
PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE-R. C. Hawley..................- 
seg aly TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY_D. T. Mac- 
OUGEL ou.vk sae duu Kasei snch Wen eee is oeppads eee tana ewan a 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—Elbert Peets ..............+---+sseee+ 
PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. 
pet bea AND PRACTICE OF ae Sa Hosmer.... 
RINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY- B. Green..... 05.008 
PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—H. S. Graves.. 
PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING—F, C. Sears ...............ssees-seee 
shea tia he ce AND PRUNING OF HARDY TREES, SHRUBS, 
TC.—J. C. Newahattd 65.35. 00cdccnsssvensoseseesep ee aanacecemens ian 
ROMANCE OF BIRD LIFE—John Lea .............. 
ROMANCE OF OUR TREES—Ernest H. Wilson.... 
ROSE GARDENING—Mary 
SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY—D. ge patna ten ovaa: 
SCOTT BURTON, FORESTER—E. G. Cheyney........................ 
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— 
James W. Toumey 
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff... 
SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES (3 vols.) 
SEEING NATURE FIRST—Clarence M. Weed 
SOILS—E. W. Hilgatd . i oicsv.tvcccsscsss veesese cansctneeeeententaee 
SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL—Howard E. Parkhurst.......... 
SPORTSMAN’S WORKSHOP—Warren H. Miller............... ; 5 
STORY OF THE FOREST, THE—Gordon Dorrance. 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, 
STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison .... 
STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. — 
TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—G. 
beeen AND PRACTICE OF WORKING 
nage 
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF writin. B yeoman 
TIMBER—By J. R. Baterden .. 
TIMBER—P. Charpentier .... 
TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES—H. M. 
THER: ITs STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—H. S. 
LL TE re ee Se 
TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Winn...........-0+.-cceesseeeee 
ae OF COMMERCE AND THEIR. IDENTIFICATION—H. 
‘one 
TOWN GARDENING—Mary Hampden ............ 
TRAINING OF A FORESTER Gifford Pinchot 
THE TREE BOOK-—J. E. Rogers 
TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars 
TREES—J. E. Rogers ............ 
TREES—Marshall Ward ..........cscsssesscssececcnccecse 
TREES AND SHRUBS—Prof. Chas. Sprague Sargent a 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING~J. S. r 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW-J. E. Rogers... 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and JarviS............++seess0s 
TREES OF NORTHERN ‘UNITED STATES—A. Angar.............. 
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF NORTHEASTERN U. S.—How- 
ard EB, Parkharat  ). csc scctececaiwe*Weneneens saevsyanense iene nnn 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS "PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES~J. bg a 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN THMBERLANDS-K. W. Woodward 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell..........-:.csseeeues 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, niin Francis King....... 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman..............+..- 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME_ Victor Kutchin.. 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed 
WOOD—G. 8. Bowlger oo icsveascalissscaccgudvecagncvenssaceenens alae 
wos? ae fd Sided ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— 
wooD TURNING _J, Cc. S. Brough west 
WOODWORKING MACHINERY—M. Powers Bal 
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Gen. H. M. Chi 


eee eens . 


Members of the Association are entitled to a discount of 10 per cent from the above prices. 


All books published can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


SURVEY IN ILLINOIS 
State Natural History Survey of 
. a Division of the Department of 
tration and Education has now in ac- 
gress a systematic survey of the 
areas of the state, carried on by 
of trained foresters, who are mak- 
reful counts and measurements of 
rent kinds of trees on sample 
’s or plots to get the data for a com- 
tion, for each kind of‘trees, of the num- 
hoard feet of merchatvtable timber 
and the number of cubic feet per 
itable for railroad ties, mine props, 
od, etc. The information obtained 
published together with general 
riptions illustrated by photographs and 
;, of the kinds and condition of the 
forest areas,—in the bulletin of the 
tural History Survey. Other stud- 
being made of the rate of growth 
he different species of trees on differ- 
ils and under different conditions as 
il, slope, and drainage, the whole 
tion being in the nature of.a stock- 
Illinois woodlands for a deter- 
of their value as public and pri- 
urces. 
s are also being collected of the 
tion of timber by the different 
ng industries of the state, the 
supplies available for each, and the 
hich these will last at present rates 


he forest survey will also report upon 
kinds of management necessary to 
tain production, the most important 
h is evidently protection against 
re by fire. These studies will pres- 
F be extended to deforested areas in 
er that normal agricultural lands may 
distinguished from those which 
be kept in forest or restocked with 
; the most profitable use to which 
1 be put. The survey party is now 
: in the forested area of extreme 
Illinois, but will later extend its 
along the Mississippi bluffs and 
broken lands bordering the more 
streams within the state. 


IT OR Pe > 


_ PLAYGROUND FOR BUTTE 

The first law authorizing the Secretary 
‘ culture to co-operate, with a munici- 
ty in the development of playground 
‘Was enacted on April 28, when 
lent Harding signed a bill recently 
; by Congress empowering the Secre- 
9 set aside for the recreational devel- 
of Butte, Montana, a tract within 
te eerlodge National Forest. According 
tatement issued by the Forest Service 
= United States Department of Agri- 
e the area is desired by the City of 
te for a playground. The city has been 
tant to construct improvements be- 
se National Forest lands are freely 
1 to mineral prospecting and the, loca- 
n of claims on the proposed area would 
its yalue for outdoor enjoyment. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


American Forest 
Regulation 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


A thoroughly Americanized di 


447 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, : 


e the regulation of oo , Introduction 
ge . E. Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 

H. Chapman, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 


LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


500 THINGS TO SELL BY 
MAIL 


Remarkable new publication. Workable 
plans and methods. Loose-leaf, cloth bin- 
der. Prepaid $1.00. 

WALHAMORE COMPANY, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, "Pa. 


——————— 


POSITIONS WANTED 


WANTED—Positions by three High School Grad- 
uates for forestry work or woods work for the 
summer. Salary or location no object. Ex- 
perience wante Box 3085, care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, Oe 

-6-22) 


GRADUATE LANDSCAPE FORESTER, expe- 
rienced in both municipal and private forestry 
and landscape engineering desires position with 
a municipality or private concern. Address 
Box 3095, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of getting 
an income from them or turning them into cash 
than has. yet occurred to you. It will cost 
you cee, to talk your troubles over with 
a LAND SP. CIALIST, temporarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and agricultural organization in 
es Northwest. Write description of location, 

oper aphy. soil, etc., in reply.” Box 4010, care 
RICAN ‘FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D 


GLACED GRASSHOPPERS 
“Very much unheard of before,’ one of 


the glacier experts of the Geological Survey 
said skeptically when recently shown re- 
ports and photographs of the Grasshopper 
Glacier which lies just outside of the north- 
east corner of the Yellowstone National 
Park. 

However, the glacier is there for any one 
to see. Imbedded in its ice there are thou- 
sands of strata of grasshoppers of an ex- 
tinct species, which must have been flying 
over the mountains in living clouds when 
they were caught in snowstorms and killed, 
later to be preserved for countless years in 
solid ice. 

The Glacier which lies in great cirques 
at the head of Rosebud River is compar- 
able to any of the big glaciers of the 
Rockies. It is a safe glacier, having few 
crevices. The view from the glacier is 
sensational due to the towering sawtooth 
mountains about it, and the yawning can- 
yons of the Rosebud below. The trip to 
this glacier is worth while in every respect 
and is best reached from the Yellowstone 
Park as a side trip from Tower Falls 
Junction. Motorists can drive to Cooke 
City from which point horses and guides 
for the glacier trip can be secured. 


$367,000 FOR STATE ROADS 
Expenditures totaling $367,000 of Na- 


tional Forest Highway funds for the 
construction of 64 miles of highway in New 
Mexico have just been approved by Sec- 
retary of Agriculture Wallace. This money 
was made available for roads serving the 
National Forests and for roads within or 
adjacent to the forests, which are of pri- 
mary importance to States, counties and 
communities. 


FORESTRY COLLEGE GRADUATE, 22, single, 
willing and capable, wants work with a forest 
products company or a research party. Not par- 
ticular which part of world duties will lead to. 
Address Box 4000, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (5-7-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER— Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm or individual interested in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes. 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C.  (6-8-22) 


POSITION WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. Address Box 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (6-9-22) 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 
age; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
experience, desires position. Best references. 
Address Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


YOUNG MAN, 82 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University; B. S., 1914; M. F., 1915, with 
five years’ experience in the United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as farester 
with a lumber company or private estate. The 
best of references. Address Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


WANTED 


WANTED—A graduate forester of four or five 
years’ experience. Eastern preliminary educa- 
tion preferred. Good salesman, excellent talker. 
To do educational extension work. dress 
Box X-22, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, ‘Washington, DiC, (4-6-22) 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY ri 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED OR EMPLOYED, 
havin executive ability and posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). mfidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this. Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. DAG 


448 


School of Forestry 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 


year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 


University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


FORESTRY TRAINING | 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 
Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 


Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 


cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestr 


teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY > 


MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COL- 
LEGE FORESTRY SUMMER CAMP 


The Forestry Department at Michigan 
Agricultural College announces that its 
annual summer camp for junior foresters 
will be held on the forest lands of the 
Antrim Iron Company, a company operat- 
ing a large saw mill and chemical wood 
plant in Kalkaska County, Michigan, start- 
ing the 26th of June and lasting for four 
weeks. This camp is an annual institu- 
tion of the Forestry Department. The 
students live in a logging camp and put in 
old fashion lumberjack hours in the, woods 
learning the business of timber cruising, 
land surveying and logging from the 
ground up. A lumber camp cook pro- 
vides them with simple but abundant fare 
of the quality that is provided for lumber- 
jacks. 


A CONSERVATION COUNCIL 

A State Conservation Council for Penn- 
sylvania was organized March 30-31, at 
State College, Pennsylvania, by twenty-one 
State and nine county organizations inter- 
ested in conservation, representing over 
275,00 people. The object of this Conserva- 
tion Council is to outline a conservation 
policy for the State, to correlate the efforts 
of the many State and county wide organi- 
zations interested in various phases of con- 
servation and to secure uniformity of action 
for the support of such measures as are 
deemed important for the advancement of 
conservation. 

Among the organizations represented at 
the meeting were: The Pennsylvania 
Branch of the Wild Flower Preservation 
Society, Pennsylvania Forestry Associa- 
tion, United Sportsmen of Pennsylvania, 
State Chamber of Commerce, Wild Life 
League, Pennsylvania State Conservation 
Association, Pennsylvania State Sportsmen 
Association, Pennsylvania Alpine Club, 
State Grange, State Federation of Pennsyl- 
vania Women, Society of Farm Women of 
Pennsylvania, the Kiwanis Clubs, Boy 
Scouts of America, Botanical Society of 
Western Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania 
State Fish and Game Protective Associa- 
tion, Pennsylvania Branch, Society of 
American Foresters, Rotary Clubs, Centre 
County Conservation Association, Colum- 
bia County Conservation Association, 
Berks County Conservation Association, 
York County Conservation Association, 
Union and Snyder County Game, Fish and 
Forestry Association, Anthracite Forest 
Protective Association, Huntingdon County 


' Prichard, Scranton, Pa., president of 


each county one representative. The coun 
representative is to be elected by a Coun 
Conservation Federation of all organiza- 
tions in a county interested in conserva 
tion. The Conservation Council will thus 
be composed of about 130 representatives. 
The organization members are to retain 
their own individuality and traditions, but 
to combine their efforts through the Con- 
servation Council for developing conserva- 
tion along the lines of hunting, fishing, for- 
estry, wild flowers, song birds, recreation 
and education in conservation. 4 

Officers were elected as follows: Presi 
dent, Dean R. L. Watts, of the School of 
Agriculture, State College, Pa.; vice presi- 
dents, Miss Florence Dibert, Johnstown. 
Pa., chairman of the Conservation Se 
of the State Federation of Women; R. L. 
Brown, Ellwood City, Pa., president of the 
Wild Life League of Pennsylvania; Da 


United Sportsmen of Pennsylvania; secre- 
tary, Prof. J. A. Ferguson, State College, 
Pa., secretary Pennsylvania Branch, So- 
ciety of American Foresters; treasurer, M. 
I. McCreight, Dubois, Pennsylvania Con- 
servation Association. 

The meetings were addressed by A. B. 
Farquhar, of York, Pa.; Dr. J. T. Roth- 
rock, West Chester, Pa. Hon. R. Y. Stuar 
State Forestry Commissioner; Hon. N. R. 
Buller, State Commissioner of Fisheries, 
and Hon. Seth Gordon, Secretary of the 
Board of State Game Commissioners, out- 
lined the future policies of their depa 
ments, which were adopted by the Conser 
vation Council. 


Resolutions were adopted in favor of the 
purchase of land by the United States 
Government for the creation of National 
Forests in the East; bonding tue State for 
$25,000,000 for the purchase of wild land of 
the State; appropriation of $1,000,000 for 
fire protection in the State; against the pro- 
posal to unite the Department of Forestry, 
Fish, Game and Water under one commis- 
sion; against the proposal to turn license 
money from hunters and fishermen into the 
general treasury of the State, and in favor 
of the United States Government in co- 
operation with the States carrying on im: 
vestigations to stop pollution of our rivers 
and streams. 


DECAY OF BUILDING TIMBERS 
Fungi that attacks timbers in buildings 
cause enormous losses every year, partic 
larly in textile mills, paper mills and can- 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 
Operation in the United States: By 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
ufacturers’ Association, Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth... net, $4.50 


ning factories, here moisture and temper- 
ature conditions are unusually favorable to 
their growth. The problem has become 
more serious with the increasing use of 
woods of poorer quality, and the United 
States Department of Agriculture has tak- 
en it up with a view to reducing the losses. 
Department Bulletin 1053, Studies of Cer- 
tain Fungi of Economic Importance in the 


Conservation Association, Lycoming 
County Forest Protective Association, Po- 
cono Forestry Association, Blair County 
Game, Fish and Forestry Association, Clin- 
ton County Fishing and Hunting Associa- 
tion, Bucks County Fish, Game and For- 
estry Association, and Montgomery County 
Fish, Game and Forestry Association. 

A Constitution was adopted which gives 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
ties and methods for the movement of the 
tir stump to manufacturing plant, 


imbe 


vecially logging railroads. 


each State-wide organization three repre- 
sentatives on the Conservation Council and 


Decay of Building Timbers, by Walter H. 
Snell, has just been issued. : 


AMERICAN FORESTRY... 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
AUGUST, 1922 - CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 344 
HALL OF FAME FOR TREES—FAMOUS TREES AT GEORGETOWN CONVEDT..................... 450 
NEAGSKA’S INTERIOR FORESTS—John W. Guthrie... 25 0... coe e lovee cee cccccccecceee ele 451 


. With seven illustrations. 


FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN GEORGIA-—J. G. Peters .........0 0... le cece cence ceues 456 
With five illustrations. 
SUMMER IN CALIFORNIA—Poem by Fannie K. Lyle.... 2. 22... occ le ccna ev cnccuctcscecdenes 459 
MEN ae Seema MRC EIU ICS at FETC INORUIG ED pig ciocs cs ss «+... seinen esc sc Sees bac lee dvic gd dep unee weeceneen: 460 
With one illustration. 
THE EYES OF THE FOREST—Wallace Hutchinson SPREE: 5 SOTA ae eg ae aa RAL ENE: OPES Se yr at weeds 461 
With fifteen illustrations. 
pat TRAGEDY OF CARELESSNESS—Orville Leonard 4%... 052.0... ccc ccc nc ccc cevuccewedecdueeecus 468 
IU Roy oA Sg ae clas <5 os RNG Ta cles oil G Poin ewes SoM Ned o Fitelecdiae woey loateden s 468 
FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT—Arthur H. Carhart, Editor... .......... 000.0 c ccc cee cee eee 469 
With six illustrations. 
The Fool and the Demon—Arthur H. Carhart.............. 0... ccc cele cc cee een 469 
Answering the Call—John McLaren......... 0.0... 0... cece ccc teense eeteees 471 
The Ranger Tells the Judge a Few—Edward P. Ancona.................... cece eee 472 
EE ST No Users. ya's ies TERMI Pele" 0-3: cine ais ace 6 db oles ev w¥ oh biliwwlog gee eee 474 
mentee a oir Oi Tey VA OE L POIW ss 5 bas cles cw sic vec cca ced dic ned vlc nels swalevulevereceebs 476 
AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY AT FORESTDALE, VERMONT—Austin F. Hawes..................... A417 
With five illustrations. 
Peat PROTECTION PARADE—W. G, Weigle. :.. .. Rinieccsen cock Meenas vecs we vealecuipets devotees 479 
With two illustrations. 
MRR Er Er EO UENIO MS EC CEC ONY Le ages aia ic acs coca os = a -. algae Aaotles Slo eioce kobe bec n 5 0b 1p bub ou dlacd Ga Boia ele ado 480 
With one illustration. 
NOVEL TREES AND FOREST PRODUCTS—S, J. Record 2.0.0.2... occ ccc tect eteeneecivneaes 481 
With seven illustrations. 
PARASITIC ENEMIES OF TREES AND PLANTS—R. W. Shufeldt.. ..........0.0.... 0.0... cee eee 485 
With twelve illustrations. 
PAs Tah is AL GEORGELOWN CONVENT. 2... 6. debccccievbesecces Seecstestceuvedswesdenueebe 495 
With two illustrations. 
Mons REFORESTATION CLUBS—V. H. Sonderegger .. 50 i122... ccc cc eee p eee cbewaccvuesveaees 496 
With four illustrations. 
RRR ONEGe EE TOL Re ESC PERE ey iii a. «s,s a Settaese 6 toons hie F vleceWvierg Fd Se wok g siield bia bebe te le’be wee 499 
Perry ROM HE PLDC Pil — MG. EMO0Ly.. 5. cee k coc ces ese ect eds ceed gales tee cusceeuene 500 
With one illustration. 
TREES TO TAKE THE PLACE OF THOSE DESTROYED BY BLIGHT—C. H. Thomas... ............ 500 
EESTI EMIS ODT re eres, . so osu eMe vin isis o's 6 80k plaice bcc lsialedse'n nw sia sue pbbontew nee 501 
TREE STORIES FOR CHILDREN—WHY THE ALMOND TREE BLOSSOMED—Mary Isabel Curtis.... 502 
ee D CRS RCW SE EGR SPITE Mos, 5, 5. sss va igdie/eiera. sys sd tale cov grasto ele euvwelie su veweeecaauue 503 
Sapa rice Ane Bei P——IWOOG-WIISOM,.".... 2... cscne ccc cae sores ete ce eceetingncvecustevsecweds 504 
a ee gy weiss «o/s e PURE he dso o'sisis oa bolelncealel led bcgue-sevpedeediead cad 507 
NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL ERROR cs, 5 < MERE woos hee BA Gr eee Le et Ne be iers raced al Eee 508 
er eee eee eee ee ee Nd. 5., , . . s Mere Mae ae Fat 6 dod Sieve 2 viele o0e s bielae ob be lee wtee sess 509 
 Reate EITM TRIG O—Albert StOll, Jiri... 5 eee ewe ese ee ete tere rete etaee eas teeeceveetas 509 
ras vr n Semeiew MA LTIONAL PORES. ..... aisvcce codet ace cob eb dt ee ees eceepeecteees cee iistue 511 
ee en SE li aiuy wid ooeaieteie Sere ve WM PEM oe oo age peste eels beans Bglede ebwed 512 
SE UO RE 69 5 07 0) Rao 512 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


—..THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES "= 


THE TWIN COPPER BEECHES IN GEORGETOWN CONVENT GROUNDS r 


Magnificent specimens of one of our most beautiful trees, and looking like one large tree with a 
crown like an immense copper dome. They must have been in their prime during Civil War 
days and bear many marks, dates and initials. Their respective circumferences are 13 and 11 
feet. They stand in the grounds of Georgetown Convent at Washington, D. C., and have been 
nominated for the Hall of Fame by Mrs. Mary A. Easby-Smith, historian of the convent 
alumnae. (See page 495.) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


AUGUST, 1922 


VOL. 28 NO. 344 


ALASKA'S INTERIOR FORESTS 


By John D. Guthrie 


HE forests of interior Alaska are enormous in ex- 

tent. Their total area has been estimated all the 
way from 80 millions up to 150 million acres. They are 
on the unreserved, public domain of the United States, 
and so far have been given little or no administration, or 
_ any protection from fire. Although the present commer- 
cial value of this large area of Government timberland 
is comparatively small, the value of these forests in the 
future development of this immense region is hardiy 
possible to measure. Alaska as yet has not even the 
full status of a territory, and thus the title to approxi- 
mately 99 per cent of its immense area still remains in 
Federal ownership. She has not yet been the recipient of 
large grants of Government land as was the case with a!l 
the public-land States and Territories. In the considera- 
tion of a for- 


have been interested mostly in the mineral wealth of the 
country, what was in the ground, and not with what grew 
on the surface. Men have gone into the heart of Alaska 
primarily for fur and for gold, not for timber. The 
records they have made do not deal with the acreages of 
forest land, the geographic range of tree growth, the to- 
tal stand of timber, the loss by forest fires, or the area 
burned over—things which a forester would be most in- 
terested in; these therefore must be approximations. 
There are, however, certain broad statements that may 
be made concerning the interior forests of Alaska which 
may not be disputed. These are that there is a very ex- 
tensive area bearing forest, much of which is of saw tim- 
ber size; that the tree species have been pretty accurately 
identified ; that the forest area has been very extensively 
burned - over; 


est policy for 
the nation this 
immense 
Govern- 
ment- - owned 
forest area 
stould not be 
overlooked. It 
is the Govern- 
ment’s business 
to protect these 


—_ 


that the forest 
has played a 
very important 
part in the de- 
of 


country ; 


velopment 


the 
and lastly, that 
apparently it 
has not been 
of very much 


interest to any- 


lands from un- one whethei 
controlled for- t h e_ forests 
est fi tes were burned 
against the or not. 

time when they Of Alaska’s 
will be vitally coast forests 
needed, not for approxi- 
use in the mately 90 per 
Eos. put san BIRCH AND ASPEN FOREST NEAR EAGLE, ON THE YUKON peng as influded 
ue Me The interior f ts for th st t of the woodland type and comparable to the for- RR eg ee 
ment of both ; ages Ge hierthern Maine audiessiern Canaan both as e pea ae mixture. tional Forests 
mineral and and these have 


agricultural lands of the interior, which development 
is sure to come. 

The interior of Alaska is still largely an undiscovered 
country. Exact data concerning the forests of the great 
interior basins are not yet available. Here is an area 
comprising not less than 300,000 square miles, or 192,- 
000,000 acres, of which only a few townships have been 
surveyed. From the time of the Russians many men have 
passed over portions of this immense area, but they all 


1902. Her two Na- 
tional Forests have been self-supporting practically from 
the date of their transfer to the Forest Service in 1905. 
These coast forests will undoubtedly become within a 
comparatively short time an important factor in exports 
of pulp and paper to the United States. It is not believed 
however that the interior forests will furnish products 
that will ever prove feasible or practicable for export 
outside of the Territory of Alaska, nor would such a 


been under administration since 


452 AMERICAN 
movement be advisable, for it is believed that every acre 
of the interior timber will be needed for internal develop- 
ment which must come to the interior basins of Alaska’s 
great river systems. ] 

The forests of interior Alaska are practically con- 
fined to the great basins of the Yukon and Kuskokwim 
Rivers. Some idea of the size of these areas may be 
judged when it is stated that the drainage basin of the 
Yukon, the fifth river in size in North America, em- 
braces 330,000 square miles 

[ae 


FORESTRY 


the exposure and the elevation above sea level. Broadly 
speaking, the valley floors of the Yukon and its main 
tributaries, as well as the Kuskokwim, the Copper, the 
Chulitna and the Susitna Rivers are timbered with 
fairly heavy stands of white spruce, white birch, and 
cottonwood. As one leaves the valley floor and begins 
to go up the slopes, the forest becomes scattered and the 
trees become shorter and more limby, until an average 
elevation of some 2,000 feet above sea level is reached 
when tree growth ceases. 


(of which slightly less : 
than one-half is within 
the Territory), while that 
of the Kuskokwim covers 
50,000 square miles. It is 
probably not generally 
known that the United 
States owns forests with- 
in the Arctic Circle, yet 
the range of tree growth 
in central Alaska extends 
up the Chandlar and trib- 
utaries of the Porcupine 
Rivers, or 2 degrees inside 
the Arctic Circle. 

The interior forests are 


for the most part of the 
woodland type and are 
fairly comparable to the 
forests of northern Maine 
and eastern Canada, both 
as to species and mixture, 
though inferior as to qual- | »vsaaeas 
ity. Of the estimated 150,- 
000,000 acres of interior 
forests, there are probably 
75,000,000 acres’ which 
bear timber of sufficient 
size and quality to make it 
of extreme value for cord- 
wood, sawlogs, boat build- 
ing, mining operations, 
farm use, and other needs 
of a pioneer region. 

The principal tree spe- 
cies represented in the in- 
terior forests are white 


The forests along the valleys run out as the slopes are ascended, 


There is forest practically 


Government railroad from 
Anchorage to Fairbanks 
(353 miles), except imme- 
diately in Broad Pass and 
except where the timber 
has been entirely destroyed 
by extensive fires. One au- 
thority on Alaska condi- 
tions estimates that there 
are 8,600 square miles or 
5,504,000 acres of mer- 
chantable saw timber in in- 
terior Alaska, and that this 
would average not less 
than 5,000 board feet per 
acre. On this estimate there 
would therefore be a total 
of 27,520,000,000 feet board 
measure of merchantable 
saw-timber; the above es- 
timates do not include tim- 
ber suitable only for fuel 
and mining purposes, such 
as stulls and lagging. 


Timber line in the Yukon 
basin is placed about 2,500 
feet above sea level. There 
is a scarcity of vegetation 
on the high ridges while in 
some of the larger val 
leys of tributaries to Ta- 
nana River the heaviest 


stands of timber are founc. 


THEY GRADUALLY DISAPPEAR 


A striking feature of the 
range of tree growth is 


along the entire line of the 


spruce, white birch, bal- 
sam poplar, black cotton- 


the heavy stands of white spruce, white birch and cottonwood 
becoming scattered and the trees shorter and more limby until at 
an average of 2000 feet above sea level, tree growth practically 
ceases. These mountains are a part of the Wrangell Range. 


found in the contrast be- 
tween the upper reaches of 


wood, aspen, black spruce, 


and tamarack or larch. Of the above species the white . 


spruce is by far the most important tree. White birch 
is widely scattered and comprises a large percentage of 
practically all stands. Black spruce, while fairly abun- 
dant is confined largely to muskegs and swampy areas 
and is of little value. Poplar and cottonwood are abun- 
dant along streams while aspen with white birch usually 
forms the tree cover at timber line. 

The stand of the interior forests varies greatly with 


tributaries of the Yukon 
and those of the Tanana. Those of the Yukon, for the 
most part, are relatively bare, while those of the Tanana 
are well timbered from their heads. 

The climate is characterized by long, cold winters 
and short, hot summers with almost continuous sunlight, 
and with a rainfall averaging less than 15 inches. As is 
to be expected from a region in this latitude all tree 
growth is slow. A maximum temperature of 95 degrees 
Fahrenheit has been recorded in the Yukon basin, and 


ALASKA’S INTERIOR FORESTS 


on specially favored sites annual 


plant life becomes almost trop!- 
cal during the long days of the 
Arctic summer. Actual meas- 
urements of tree growth, how- 
ever, show a far more rapid 
rate of growth than one would 
expect, a growth that compares 
very favorably with similar tree 
species in the northeastern por- 
tions of the United States. 

The bulk of the timber cut in 
interior Alaska is for firewood, 
probably several times as much 
timber being used each year for 
fuel as is used for lumber. Wood 
has furnished the country with 
heat, light and power, though 
now native coal (largely lig- 
nite) is coming to be used. The 
completion of the Government 
railroad which traverses a coun- 
try rich in coal deposits is re- 


sponsible for this. The interior forests have 
supplied several sawmills with logs. Spruce has 
been sawed for many years at the several small 


mills in the interior. The chief uses of lumber from 
these mills has been for flume and sluice boxes, boat 
building, and houses and business buildings in the towns. 
The portion of the Government railroad from Anchorage 
to Fairbanks, a distance of some 353 miles, has been 
laid on ties cut from the forests along the right of way. 
The local timber has also been used almost entirely for 
camps and general construction work on the railroad, 
most of the heavy timber for temporary bridges, how- 
ever, having been shipped in from Puget Sound. 

Even with the most careful handling the forests of in- 


SPRUCE FLAT ALONG 


This is north of Healy, near the line of the Government railroad, now completed. There 
is forest along nearly the entire line of this road from Anchorage to Fairbanks—353 miles. 


NENANA RIVER 


terior Alaska will probably not fully supply the future 
needs of the country. Alaska is a country of vast dis- 
tances and a scanty population, and wood, always an es- 
sential product everywhere in a new country, will be 
needed in enormous quantities. The availability of a 
timber supply close at hand will make sure the establish- 
ment and building up of the chief industries of the in- 
terior country, mining and agriculture. Interior Alaska 
has a climate not dissimilar to that of the Dakotas and 
with its agricultural possibilities, already proven at Fair- 
banks and in the Mantanuska Valley, there will come a 
population commensurate with her resources. In the 
Tanana Valley alone there are estimated to be 1,000 
square miles of land suitable for agriculture. 

Owing largely to uncontrolled 


TYPICAL OF FOREST CONDITIONS 


Open forest of white spruce in the Broad Pass region, Small lakes, of crystal clearness and 


beauty are found in this region. 


portant a part in her commercial and economic development. 


It is a vital necessity that the Government take measures 
to protect—first from fire—the interior forests of Alaska which are destined to play so im- 


forest fires, the pinch for timber 
that is readily accessible is being 
felt already in the Fairbanks re- 
gion. Timber suitable for boat 
and building purposes has to be 
rafted from 25 to 60 miles, cord- 


wood of -second-growth birch 
being more accessible. The eco- 


nomic importance of Alaska’s 
interior forests must grow with 
the development of her mining 
and agricultural industries. 


Even if it were never to be 
needed for local development, 
owing to its smaller size and 
relatively inferior quality, the 
timber of the interior forests 
can never compete as_ lumber 
with either the large timber of 
Alaska’s coast forests or with 


that from the Pacific Coast 


453 


AMERICAN 


PAXSON’S ROAD HOUSE 


Comfortable road houses are found along the Richardson Trail, 
which is the road of 320 miles from Chitina, on the Copper River 
railroad. to Fairbanks. 


States. 
ests present great opportunities for an export trade in the 


It has been seriously urged that the interior for- 


manufacture of pulp, or for the location of wood-using 
industries, furniture plants, or other minor forest prod- 
ucts. The species composing the interior forests are ad- 
mirably suited for pulp, and are the same species that 
have been used by eastern pulp and paper makers for 
However, the cost of transportation, the 
enormous area of forest land involved, and the absence 


many years. 


of very large stands of timber in compact bodies, would 
make the plan of utilization of these forests for pulp ex- 
port entirely too chimerical. 

Alaska’s interior forests are found along her stream 
the mineral 
(quartz) development in her hills and mountains and 
handy for use in bringing under cultivation her potentiai 
farming lands. 


valleys where they will be accessible to 


A large area of forest along the valleys 
will undoubtedly be either destroyed by placer mining 
operations or be cleared for agriculture, since the best 
This 
will reduce very materially the total forest area, thus nec- 
essitating the safeguarding and protection from needless 
burning of the remaining 


tree growth occurs on the best agricultural soil. 


forest lands. 

It is believed that the interior forests of Alaska are 
hardly holding their own against the annual loss in 
volume due to uncontrolled fires. Phat 25. million acres 
of these forests have been burned over seems a not un- 
reasonable estimate. Millions of acres have been burned 
It has 
been said that ten times as much timber has been burned 


over two or three times leaving an utter waste. 


the Fairbanks region as has been cut for fuel or 
Chief estimated in 
5, after a trip through central Alaska, that in the pre- 


oo 


20 years forest fires had burned over an average of 


Former Forester Graves 


es per year in interior Alaska, and that in 


FORESTRY 


Travelers 
through the interior during the summer months are cer- 
tain to see numerous forest fires burning and find no at- 
tempt being made to control or extinguish them. 

As typical of the situation, the writer saw a forest fire 
north of Copper Center on September 3, 1920, that had 
covered several hundred acres and that was said to have 
been burning since June; between Chitina and Fairbanks, 
a distance of some 320 miles, he saw on this same trip not 
less than eight forest fires burning along the Richard- 
son Trail. Passengers on the new Government railroad 
during the dry season report a string of fires starting 
from sparks from the locomotives. 

There is no agency, governmental, territorial or ‘pri- 
vate, that realizes its responsibility for the protection of 
the interior forests from fire. Fires are not fought unless 
they threaten someone’s private property. In a region 
with less than 15 inches of rainfall and under practicaliy 
20 hours of sunlight each day for four months each 
summer, the interior forests become very inflammabie, 


1915 alone several million acres were burned. 


CONSTRUCTION WORK UNDER WAY 


This is a clearing along the Government railroad right of way, 
showing one of the construction camps. 


> Atire y 


ALASKA’S INTERIOR FORESTS 


and a spark in the dry moss may start a fire that may 
cover thousands of acres, before burning itself out on the 
edge of a muskeg or being put out by the fall rains. 

To meet the future demand for wood and in order to 
remedy the damage done by fire it has been seriously 
suggested that the Government should undertake re- 
planting of the burned areas Artificial reforestation of 
denuded areas is an expensive undertaking in the States 
where labor costs are lower, transportation available and 
climatic factors m¢st favorable for tree growth. In the 
interior of Alaska, with short, hot summer seasons and 
long, cold winters, and with labor scarce and high, arti- 
ficial reforestation is entirely impracticable. 

The sure way to provide a fuel and lumber supply for 
interior Alaska’s present and future needs is to keep fire 
out of the forests that nature has already grown there. 
Under Alaskan conditions the best way to grow forests 1s 
by preventing forest fires. 

As a national duty it is imperative for the Federal Gov- 
ernment, the 


455 


criminal neglect and waste a natural resource without 
which prosperity can not long remain in any country. 

3. In short, the prevention of forest fires must be 
driven home. As a practical problem the suppression 
of fires after they are started is secondary for the in- 
terior population is insufficient or too widely scattered to 
provide an absolutely effective suppression force in the 
ordinary case. 

4. To remedy the situation and to fix clearly the re- 
sponsibility there should be on the ground a small pro- 
tective organization; this to consist of a forest super- 
visor or fire warden with a force of forest rangers and 
patrolmen, in touch with public sentiment, to the end that 
the need for forest protection may be brought home. The 
mere presence of such an organization in the country wili 
help tremendously in the prevention of fire. 

5. The duties of this organization should be essentially 
fire prevention and fire patrol, rather than fire suppres- 
sion, though they should extinguish all fires in their re- 


spective dis- 


owner of the 
lands involved, 
in cooperation 
with the Ter- 
ritory of Alas- 
ka and _ its —_ 
residents, not 
only to stop 
forest fires 
but to keep 
fire out of the 
interior forests 
in the future 
The prevention 
of forest fires 
is therefore es- 
sential as weli 
as the suppres- 
sion of fires 
that start. 
With a sparse 
population, immense distances to cover, with trails and 
roads few and far between, the fighting of forest fires 
after they start is an extremely difficult matter, and in 
maty cases impossible; the best way to fight forest fires 
in interior Alaska is not to let them start. 

In suggesting any plan for the protection from fire 
of the forests of interior Alaska certain fundamental 
facts of Alaskan conditions and human nature must be 
recognized. Briefly, these are: 

1. The interior of Alaska has a sparse and scattered 
population, living largely under pioneer conditions and 
with the pioneer’s point of view regarding natural re- 
sources. 

2. Such being the case the protection of the forests 
from fire must come through an awakened public senti- 
ment. The pioneer population must be brought to re- 
alize that it is to their immediate interest, as well as to 
succeeding generations, to use but also to protect from 


the distance. 


AT THE NORTH END OF BROAD PASS 


Smoke from a forest fire burning along the Government railroad right of way is seen in 


i It is believed that the interior forests of Alaska are hardly holding their own 
against the annual loss due to uncontrolled fires. 


tricts wherever 
it is 
to do so. Under 
interior Alaska 
conditions it 
is not believed 
that it is pos- 
sible to secure 
a sufficient 
force of men to 
put out all for- 
est fires that 
start; it is be- 
lieved entireiy 
possible and 
feasible to 
arouse public 
sentiment to 
the point 
the 

large majority 
of the population will do their utmost to prevent forest 


possible 


where 


fires. No plan of protection can succeed without the 


support of the local people. 


6. Full and hearty cooperation in the work of bring- 
ing forest fire prevention before the public by all exist- 
ing Government agencies in the interior of Alaska is 
imperative; until this is brought about all efforts to se- 
cure public support for the prevention of forest fires are 
futile. 


7. The interior forests should not be withdrawn from 
entry for National Forest purposes, nor included within 
a National Forest, nor should their existing status be 
changed in any way, other than that it would appear 
logical that their protection from fire should be deie- 
gated to the Government service, whose special func- 
tion is the protection and administration of Federal for- 
est lands. 


FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN GEORGIA 


By J. G. Peters, United States Forest Service 


[An address by J. G. Peters, Chief of the Branch of Forest Management, United States Forest Service, before the Georgia For- 


estry Convention, at Macon, Georgia, June 9, 1922.] 

NE of the urgent matters demanding the attention of 

all Georgians at this time is to what extent the lack 
of forest protection affects the economic life of the Com- 
monwealth. Your forests are among your great natural 
resources. They have supplied a variety of products not 
only for use in the upbuilding of Georgia, but they have 
as well been the means of bringing wealth into the State 
from the outside. Yet Georgia is fast reaching the point 
where it will have to go outside for some of its wood ma- 
terials, because the State has not yet taken steps to make 
sure that all of its needs of this nature should be sup- 


FIRE ON LONG-LEAF PINE LAND 


Note how the undergrowth, which is full of pine seedlings, is 
furnishing the best fuel for the flames. 


plied within and a tidy balance left for distribution else- 
where. We are a wood-using people. We have become 
accustomed to using wood wherever it will serve our pur- 
pose, to using it lavishly, and to using the better grades, 
and we simply cannot get along without it. Therefore, 
when Georgia ceases to be self-sustaining in lumber and 
other forest products, as will certainly be the case unless 
timber depletion in the State is chécked, you will have to 
go outside, and you will go outside, to other forest re- 
gions, very probably to the Pacific Coast, for that is 
where the last big supply of timber remains. And you 
will accordingly pay the freight. Under present lax 
methods of caring for our forest lands, the day of cheap 
lumber and cheap forest products has gone.. The price is 
increasing as the supply dwindles. 

What about the dependence of your farms upon the 


forests? The farmers are our greatest users of wood. As 
you go through this Southern country, how many dilapi- 
dated farm buildings do you see, buildings unpainted, 
rotting, falling to pieces. How are you going to house 
and equip the hundred-thousand settlers you are urging 
to come to Georgia, if you cannot house and equip the 
farmers already here? I have heard the industrial agents 
of some of yuur railroads tell of the difficulties of divert- 
ing the stream of immigration from the West and North 
to the South. And this is in spite of your wonderful 
attractions. Would not cheaper lumber be a tempting 
bait? 

The number of farms in this State, according to the 
1920 census, is about 311,000. It has been estimated that 
the lumber requirements of the average efficiently run 
farm for upkeep and improvements is 2,000 board feet 
yearly. This would mean, therefore, 622,000,000 board 
feet yearly for this State, which exceeds your present 
yearly consumption of lumber for all purposes and is 
more than 80 per cent of your present yearly lumber pro- 
duction. Bear-in mind that these 622 millions would 
represent your requirements for the upkeep and improve- 
ments of farms alone, and that.this estimate is based on 


ONCE SWEPT BY FIRE 


While many of the long-leaf pine on the fire swept area survive 
their growth will be seriously checked. 


the average farm for the entire country. But will 
Georgia be content merely with the average farm? I 
think not. The South is on the eve of a great agricul- 
tural awakening. Surely you are not going to let Georgia 
sleep by the wayside for want of a fundamental necessity 
in the economic life of the farm. 

What about the moving of your peach crop? The fruit 
grower must have wooden containers. It was estimated 


thom 


pore: 


FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN GEORGIA 


that last year five million of 


457 


velopment are unlimited. 


these containers were used 
in this state. With young 
orchards coming constantly 
into bearing, your needs in 
this respect are bound to 
increase. Where is the 
lumber coming from fo 
make these containers? 
From Georgia~ or from 
somewhere else? It is for 
you to choose. 

And what about your 
ever-increasing crops of 
vegetables? Why, _ this 
State is a veritable burst- 
ing land of plenty. But 
what’s the use of raising 
all these good things if you 


Some day you will use sev- 
eral times the quantity of 
lumber you are now using. 
Are you going to anticipate 
this and provide for a sup- 
ply at home, or will you 
follow the example of the 
States 
timber depletion 


Lake and permit 
to 
and 

supply has 
be forced to 


bring lumber from the Pa- 


con- 


tinue unchecked then 
after 


dwindled, 


your 


cific Coast or perhaps from 
Siberia? 

Georgia’s lumber 
duction declined from 
and one-third billion feet 


pro- 
one 


are going to be curtailed in 
shipping them to the mar- 
kets ? 

Do you know that the 
per capita lumber consumption of Georgia is among the 
lowest of the States? This is indicated by preliminary 
computations lately prepared in the Forest Service. It 
is far below that of the big agricultural States of the 
West and is even below that of the small, manufacturing 
States of New England. It is nearly in a class with the 
per capita consumption of those European countries 
where wood is a luxury. Surely this cannot continue 
in Georgia where the possibilities for growth and de- 


PROTECTED FROM FIRE 


Showing how quickly the long-leaf pine progresses when the 
young growth is protected from fire. 


in 1909 to less than 900 
million feet in 1919, or 33 
per cent. A very signifi- 
cant thing about this de- 
crease in production is that it took place in the face of 
an increase in population which one might expect ordi- 
narily to be accompanied by an increase in demand. A 
further decline from the 1919 figure occurred in 1920 
amounting to 15 per cent. Your naval-stores industry 
has been waning in the past 20 years to the extent of 
approximately 75 per cent, and from the leading State 
in this great industry, which is confined exclusively to the 
South, Georgia is dropping to a place of insignificance. 


AFTER A FIRE ON LONG-LEAF PINE LAND 


Note the burnt stubs of young pines, showing how the fire not only kills the well grown trees, but destroys new growth so 
that the land unless artificially reseeded is no longer productive, 


458 AMERICAN 


All this in face of the tact that the forest industries of 
Georgia rank third in importance among the manufac- 
turing industries of the State. They represent an in- 
vested capital of some $41,000,000; they employ 31,000 
people; and they turn out $66,000,000 worth of products 
annually. Are you going to let your forest industries 
decline still further for want of a supply of raw material ? 
Are you going to forego the tax revenue which they 
bring into your State 
and local treasuries? 

The only satisfac- 
tory answer to these 
questions is to grow 
more wood. Of all the 
regions in this country 
there is none that can 
compare with the 
South in the climatic 
and soil conditions for 
producing readily and 
quickly timber supplies 
of great value. This is 
not realized in this 
State by many. You 
do not appreciate the 
possibilities and value 
of the young, fast- 
growing trees with 
which this region is 
favored. If you did, 
you would not permit 
fires to run through the 
State from one end to 
the other and burn up 
millions of these little 
trees every year. 

In this State in the 
six years from 1916 to 
1921, inclusive, there 
were reported to the 
Forest Service 23,000 
forest fires, nearly 
double the number re- 
ported in any other 
State. Ninety-two per 
cent of these fires re- 
sulted from careless- 
ness or from design; 8 
per cent from light- 


ee 


i 
| 


SECOND GROWTH LONG-LEAF PINE 


This was reproduced naturally and protected from fire. 

: Diameter (breast high): 10-14 inches. 

ning, the only agency About 15,000 board feet of lumber, or about 50 cords of pulpwood, in addition 

con- : ; . This illustrates what young growth will 
do if protected. Its value is steadily increasing. 


Height: 70-80 ft. 


thst carineh he to from 100 to 200 turpentine cups. 


trolled. 

per cent were of incendiary origin, 21 per cent from 

causes unknown, 16 per cent from brush burning, and 

the remainder were caused chiefly by campers, lumbering 
and railroads. 

These fires burned over about 6,000,000 acres, or al- 

t a third of the State’s forest land area, and caused 

a money loss to timber and improvements alone of $5,- 


Twenty - six 


FORESTRY 


500,000. These figures are conservative; they are in- 
complete, because of the difficulty of securing statistics 
of this character where no protective organization ex- 
ists in the State which could collect them. If to these 
direct losses are added the losses which cannot very well 
be measured in dollars and cents, such for example as the 
destruction of small trees, the killing of game, the dry- 
ing up of fishing streams, the burning up of soil fertility, 
the removing of the 
ground cover from 
mountain lands, which 
makes it possible for 
erosion to follow and 
silt to be deposited in 
your river channels. 
and the rendering and 
keeping idle an area es- 
timated to be 5,000,000 
acres of forest land in 
this State, you can 
readily see that the to- 
tal damage reaches a 
staggering figure. 
Rome is _ burning, 
ladies and gentlemen, 
as you of this State sit 
by and fiddle. 
Obviously the thing 
to do, the thing which 
a number of other 
States have done, is to 
put a stop to the prac- 
tice of promiscuous 
and broadcast burning 
of the woods. Some 
people say that it can- 
not be done, that it is 
a part of the very 
life of the people, is 
in fact regarded by 
many as an inalienable 
right, and that it is 
inevitable. But it can 
be done, because it is 
already being done. I 
would hate to think 
that the situation in 
Georgia is any worse 
than it used to be in 
East Texas and in 
Louisiana. Yet a big 
gain.is being made in 
the progress of stopping forest fires in those States. Let 
Georgia take its cue not only from these two States, but 
as well from North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West 
Virginia, Maryland and others, from the no less than 27 
States all told which have seen the practical value of 
stamping out the forest fire menace. All of these have 
recognized their responsibility to aid in providing tim- 


oe \ | 
Z | 


Pe ae 
<a POE 


~ Ra Car 


Sen rer ee 
———— 
——_— 


na eee 


Age: 40 years. 
Yield per acre: 


er supplies for their citizens for all time. The Federal 
t also has recognized its responsibility in the 
ter. Eleven years ago Congress passed a law author- 


eebich had established a forest fire protection system 
d would expend for the purpose at least as much as the 
8 ederal Government would expend. The best indica- 
of the effectiveness of this cooperation has been its 
vth. The first year less than a dozen States could 
ify under the > laws today the number has increased 
The State appropriations made yearly for forest 
protection have increased in the meantime from $250,- 
to $1,750,000. The Federal government spent the first 
- less than $40,000 ; today it is spending $400,000 and 
ng for $1,000,000. This Federal fund is allotted to 
States on the basis of the greatest good to the great- 
ber. States which have the most difficulty in 
themselves are given relatively the most assist- 
; they are stimulated to further effort. This is gen- 
> the case with beginners, and in many instances 
ir appropriations have been duplicated with Federal 
. The combined State and Federal fund is used 
the maintenance of a protective system operating un- 
State laws and on private and State lands on the 
sted watersheds of navigable streams. 
) ‘Many of these systems are developed to a high de- 
of effectiveness which results in the accurate loca- 
of fires and their prompt control. The backbone 
the system is the local warden or patrolman who 
sls the wooded districts preaching and warning 
nst promiscuous burning. Their activities are co- 
nated and directed by a chief warden who is usually 
State Forester. As you can readily see, the organiza- 
of such work is along simple lines; it is not com- 
cated. Still, it requires initiative, and therefore much 
ds for effectiveness upon the individual members. 
1e big job of a protective system is to educate the pub- 
5 , to create a sentiment against forest fires. This 
would be particularly the case in Georgia as it has been, 
and still is to a considerable degree, in other southern 
s. To teach the people that promiscuous burning 
‘the woods is a menace to the welfare of this State 
is the big problem. 
, Forest fire protection is a business proposition. It 
_ requires the expenditure of money to be undertaken suc- 
“cessfully. It requires the participation of the public as 
_Tepresented by the State and Federal governments, be- 
ca it is a public problem. Will not Georgia make it 
- possible at this time for the Federal Government to join 
hands with her in helping to solve the forest fire prob- 
em in this State? 


omar 


_ ft forester should stand the life in the woods like a tree, 
“== and should stand the knocks in the mill like a log, 
it he go to waste like the culls —LaSal Salvo. 


FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN GEORGIA 


the Forest Service to cooperate with any State 


459 


SUMMER IN CALIFORNIA 
By Fannie K. Lyle 


When the summer days are lengthening 
And the hills are turning brown, 

When the harvest wealth is strengthening 
And the air seems golden down, 


Come where our sunkissed mother 
To the blue lifts up her hills; 
O, the beauty of no other 
Land so satisfies and thrills. 


O, the freshness of the morning! 
The radiant, happy noon! 

The flowers the fields adorning! 
The wild bee’s dreamy tune! 


The blood-red boled madrona 
Flaunts gaily by the streams, 

And upon the rounded hilltops 
The live-oak glints and gleams. 


Hark! A medley of bird voices, 
Then all is hushed and mute; 
Now a meadow lark rejoices, 
Its throat a mellow flute. 


And when evening’s shadowy fingers 
Scatter dusk the vales adown, 
The golden sunlight lingers 
Upon the hilltops brown. 


O, hear the quail’s quick calling, 
“Come home, come home to rest,” 

When the shades of night are falling 
Over her hillside nest. 


Lo! Through a canyon narrow, 


Bright glows the twilight star, 
And the notes of a song sparrow 
Sound softly from afar. 


A HOUSE CUT TO SAVE A TREE 

N order to save the trees surrounding the Scanlan 

home on Main Street, between Calhoun and Pierce 
Avenues, it was necessary to divide a house being moved 
from the old B. F. Bonner home at Main and Calhoun, 
says the Houston Post. . 

The case went into court before Judge Charles E. 
Ashe, when the Scanlan estate sought an injunction to 
prevent damage to the trees because of moving the 
house. The only means of accomplishing this was to 
divide the building. 


DR. HENRY S. DRINKER HONORED 


HENRY S. DRINKER has been appointed a. estry requirements, to advance forest conservation, to 


D' 
member of the Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, 


succeeding the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock. Dr. Drinker who 


was sworn in on June 26 was urged by Governor Sproul 
to accept the appointment and did so in the same spirit of 


} 


heipfulness which 


has marked his 
many years’ inter- 
est in the cause of 
forestry to which 
he has: given so 
much of his time 
and ability. 


Dr. Drinker is 


a former presi- 
dent and for some 
been 


years has 


a director of the 
American Forest- 
try Association. 
He is president of 
the Pennsylvania 
State 
Association, and a 
the 
Forestry Commit- 
tee of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce 


Forestry 


member of 


of the United 
States. 
Besides filling 


the duties of these 
several offices Dr, 
Drinker has been 
a hard worker on 
forestry commit- 
tees, has made an 
exhaustive study 
of forest taxation, 
and has been nvo- 
active in 


furthering forest- 


tably 


ry in every way he 
could. As a mem- 


ber of the Forest 


© 


Commission of 


Pennsylvania he 


EE eS a eee 
DR. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER 


Appointed by Governor Sproul, of Pennsylvania, a member of the Forest Commission 
of that state to succeed the late Dr. J. T. Rothrock. 


will be adding to 


his many duties 
} ‘-% 7 
but he 


does so in 


the spirit which 
; 


acteristic 


he spirit of willingness to do whatever he can to 
restry legislation, to broaden the public appre- 


forestry needs and a knowledge of our for- forestry and for his State. 


provide for the perpetuation of remaining forests and to 
promote forestry for the benefit of the people. 

In his official capacity he will be able to do much to aid 
in carrying on the already well advanced and excellent 


program of fores- 
try in P ennsyl- 
vania, His approy- 
al of appropria- 
tions have 
great weight with 
the state legislature 
and his endorse- 
ment of forestry 
legislation for the 
state will warrant 
the support of 
both the upper and 
lower house. The 
fact, too, that his 
appointment was 
heartily approved 
by Gifford Pinchot, 
whom it is gener- 
ally conceded will 
be elected Govern- 
or of the state this 
fall, means that he 
will be in a posi- 
tion to accomplish 
a very great deal 
for forestry. The 
appointment of Dr. 
Drinker was greet- 
ed with particular 
commendation by 
the newspapers of 
the state and by 
the friends of for- 
estry, and it is 
certain that he will 
have the earnest 
and energetic sup- 
port of the press in 
advancing any for- 
estry development 
which he_ believes 
will be to the bene- 
fit of the great 
Commonwealth of 
which he now is an 
official. The mem- 


will 


bers of the American Forestry Association wish him 
every success possible in this, his new undertaking for 


VER since the time when the descendants of Noah 
undertook to build a tower reaching unto heaven on 
the plains of Shinar, the people of this world have in- 
stinctively sought high elevations from which to look 
out over the earth. Thus in the olden days kings viewed 
_ great battles from the crests of hills, and watchmen 
_ were set in high towefs to guard cities from the menace 
of flood or fire. Even in our own time the lure of height, 
as exemplified by the Eiffel tower, Woolworth building, 
Washington monument, and numberless high mountain 
_ peaks, annually attracts thousands of visitors. 

It is but natural, therefore, that the United States For- 
est Service, charged with the administration and protec- 
tion of more 


THE EYES OF THE FOREST 


By Wallace Hutchinson 


ment of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture, 
and the creation of the Forest Service, a new era was in- 
augurated. Since that time, fire control has been given 
precedence over all other work by Uncle Sam’s foresters, 
and an efficient system of detection and suppression de- 
veloped which has materially reduced the annual fire Ioss 
in all Government forests. In 1920, for example, out of a 
total of 6,078 fires on the National Forests, 80 per cent 
were discovered and extinguished before they had cov- 
ered 10 acres each. Fire lookout stations played a large 

part in these results. 
In its early efforts to check the ravages of fire, the 
Forest Service established an extensive system of 
ground - patrol 


“than 156 mil- 
lion acres of 
National For- 
ests, located 
for the most 
part in the 
rough and in- 
accessible 
mountain re- 
gions of the 
West, should 
early develop a 
system of for- 
est fire detec- 
tion based 
upon looxouts 
placed on high 
elevations. 
More than 500 
such eyes of 
the forest now 
dot these great 
Federal reser- 
vations—in the 
White Moun- 
tains of New 
Hampshire; 
the Appala- 
_ chians and Ozarks of the South; the Lake States; the 
Rocky Mountains and the Cascade, Sierra Nevada and 
Coast Ranges of the Pacific. 

The evolution of the fire lookout forms an interesting 
chapter in the history of the development of our Na- 
tional Forests. When a number of these public areas, 

- containing vast timber, water, and forage resources, 
were first set aside two decades or more ago for the per- 
petual use of the American people, little thought was 
given to their protection. This was due largely to the 
lack of adequate funds and trained personnel to combat 
fires. But in 1905, following the transfer of the Na- 
tional Forests by President Roosevelt from the Depart- 


r 
a 


A PRIMITIVE LOOKOUT 


This is the most primitive style of fire lookout—a rocky point on the Olympic National For- 
est in Washington, from which large areas of forest are visible. 


of the forests. 
Definite routes 
of travel were 
laid out and 
men called 
“smoke - chas- 
ers” employed 
to patrol these 
beats. In the 
course of their 
duties, these 
men _ found 
that by visiting 
prominent eie- 
vations it was 
possible to 
view large 
areas of forest, 
which would 
otherwise be 
unprotect- 
ed, and detect 
smokes which 
could not, ordi- 
narily, be 
“spotted” 
from the trails 
running 
through the dense timber. This led in time to the build- 
ing’ of rough ladders to the tops of high trees, the con- 
struction of rude log towers, and the selection of isolated 
peaks as observation posts. Thus the idea of lookouts 
for fire detection gradually developed. 

It is not such a far cry from the days when smoke- 
chasers climbed to the top of some hill to sweep the 
mountains with their glasses, to the highly developed 
lookout stations of the present day. A period of less 
than 10 years covers the marked progress that has been 
made in this method of fire detection. During this time 
it was found that the highest mountains did not always 
make the best lookouts ; that observatories must be pro- 


462 AMERICAN FORESTRY 

being discovered. This led to the 
establishment of semi-permanent 
lookouts, where the observer 
usually. lived at the foot of the 
mountain and spent a part of each 


day on the summit watching for 
fires. Under such conditions, 
when a fire was discovered, it 
was necessary for him to ride or 
walk to the nearest telephone, per- 
haps miles away, to report, thus 
consuming hours of valuable 
time. 

The cold and storms common 
to high elevations even in mid- 
summer caused great discomfort 
to these observers, with the re- 
sult that steps had to be taken 
to provide them with shelter. 
Stone or log houses were, there- 
fore, built on the tops of peaks, 
awnings were put up over rocky 
points to protect the men from 
the sun, and where wooden tow- 


ers were used a rough shelter was 
built on top, with board shutters 

EE ees gee, Oe for windows. Much needed tele- 
This is the next step in the evolution of a lookout; a temporary station equipped with wooden phone connections with the near- 


table, map, and crude instrument (alidade) for sighting “smokes,” but unprotected from the f 
elements. est ranger station were also in- 


tected from lightning; that an ef- — 
ficient system of communication 
with the outside world was of 
first importance; that instru- 
ments of precision and good maps 
were necessary for the accurate 
locating of fires, and that care 
should be taken in selecting offi- 
cers well qualified to fill the exact- 
ing position of observer. 

The most elementary form of 
fire lookout was an observation 


point on the summit of a hill, or 
in the top of a high tree reached 


by ladders.. Next in order came 
a rocky peak or a roughly con- 
structed log tower, equipped with 
a table on which could be placed 
a map of the forest and a crude 
alidade used for locating smokes, 
These were all classed as tem- 
porary stations, unprotected from 
the elements, and visited only oc- 
casionally by patrolmen or rang- 
ers. It was soon discovered, how- 
ever, that such lookouts did not 


rd the forest any great degree 


tion, since between the 


THE LOOKOUT BECOMES ESTABLISHED 


rvation it was pos- 
to start and gain ‘Severe weather conditions at high altitudes later made it necessary to build rough log 
é g : : 
; : : shelters for the observers and to erect awnings to protect them from the heat of the sun. 
ee adway before From such crude equipment the efficient lookout station of today has evolved. 


a ial 


‘curing men 


THE EYES OF 


stalled, so that prompt reports on the discovery of fires 
could be made. 

In those days it was the common practice for the look- 
out man to live in his observatory, either going out- 
doors or up on the roof to make observations. It was not 
long, however, before it was found that high peaks and 
lofty towers and trees were very prone to attract light- 
ning during storms. A number of lookout stations were 
struck by heavy bolts, the interior of the buildings 


wrecked, 


THE FOREST 463 


day,*is a square one-room structure with hip-roof, vary- 
ing in size from 10x10 to 14x14 feet, set on a stone or 
concrete foundation or bolted to the rocks, and held in 
position by stout guys-wires. The four sides of the 
house, including the door, are made up of large glass 
windows set with the lower sash three feet above the 
floor, which allows an unobstructed view in all direc- 
tions. Lightning protection is afforded by an “electric 
screen” overhead, or by heavy wires running from the 

peak of the 


and the observ- 
ers rendered 
un c onscious. 
Though no 
serious acc i- 
dents resulted, 
forest officers 
were quick to 
recognize the 
fact that look- 
outs must be 
protected from 
lightning, 
and that it was 
much safer to 
have the ob- 
server live else- 
where than on 
top of a peak. 

Errors re- 
sulting from 
rough maps 
and crude in- 
struments used 
in locating 
fires, the neces- 
sity of going 
outside t he 
lookout house 
to make obser- 
vations, the 
difficulty of se- 


properly quali- okey 
fied for the job a 
o f observer 
and many 
other factors 
detrimental to 
the success of 
this method of 
fire detection, finally led the Forest Service to make a 
careful investigation of all phases of the lookout prob- 
lem. The results of these investigations, which cov- 
ered a period of several years, finally caused the adop- 
tion of uniform standards for lookout stations in va- 
rious parts of the country, and form the basis on which 
all new National Forest lookouts are now established. 
The standard forest fire lookout of the West, to- 


The observatory is in the top of a giant tree. 
ing by the flag. 


HERE AN ENORMOUS TREE IS UTILIZED AS A LOOKOUT STATION 


This is another of the early types of lookout, on the Shasta National Forest in California. 


roof down all 
four corners 
into the 
ground. A tele- 
phone line con- 
nects the look- 
out with the 
Sup ervisor’s 
headquar- 
ters and the 
various ranger 
stations of the 
forest and also 
with the near- 
est commercial 
exchange. 
Heavy wooden 
shutters pro- 
tect the glass 
windows dur 
ing storms; 
and the build- 
ing is attrac- 
tively painted 
inside and out. 

The furnish- 
ings of such an 
observatory, or 
“crow’s - nest” 
as it is usually 
called, consist 
of a_ heavy 
wooden _ table 
oriented by 
transit survey 
ana securely 
bolted to the 
floor, on which 
rests the fire 
finder; a high 
revolving office 
chair which permits the observer to view the entire circle 
of the horizon without getting up; a desk telephone with 
a head-piece receiver ; low cupboards under the windows 
for maps and forms; a bench for visitors, and a wood or 
oil stove with which to heat the room during cold 
weather. A drawer in the table holds paper, ink, pen, 
and pencils and the official diary, while a pair of high- 
powered field glasses are kept on top of the table ready 


For comparative purposes note the man stand- 


464 AMERICAN 


instant use. The most important piece of equipment 


tor 


is the Osborne fire finder, the invention of a Forest Ser- 


ils 


NOW A PERMANENT STATION 


First just a temporary lookout, this was converted into a perma- 
nent station by the construction of a stone house which serves 
as living quarters for the observer. You can see him up in the 
“crow’s nest” looking for “smokes” on the Bridger National For- 
est, Wyoming. 


vice officer by that name, with which the location of 


smokes is determined. It is in such an observatory that the 


FORESTRY 


THE “LADY LOOKOUT” 


The inside of an up-to-date fire lookout observatory on a Na- 
tional Forest, equipped with the latest: scientific instrument for 
the locating of “smokes”’—the Osborne Fire Finder, and 
“manned” by one of Uncle Sam’s lady lookouts. The Devil’s 
Head Lookout on the Pike National Forest. 


A FIRE 


LOOKOUT 


est, where the ( 
plantation of pine trees on the right. 


IN AN 


st unique forest fire lookout tower in the country, for 


UNUSUAL LOCATION 


it is located in the treeless sand hills region of the Nebraska 


sovernment has reforested 5,000 acres of rolling grass lands. Note the fire line—the white streak— 


THE EYES OF 


lookout spends all his daylight hours, but he lives in a 
log cabin located in a sheltered spot a short distance 
below the summit of the peak. 


In the National Forests of the Eastern and Lake 
States, where the country is flat or rolling in character 
and there are few mountains, a different type of lookout 
is used for fire detection. 
is to get a sufficient distance above the tops of the trees 
to be able to see out over the country. Wooden towers 
built of logs and “bolted together were first used for this 
purpose, but have been supplanted in recent years by 
specially constructed steel towers. This new type of 
lookout may vary in height from 30 to 80 feet or more, 
depending on the flatness of the surrounding country, 
and be equipped with a glassed-in observatory connected 
with the ground by stairs, or may have only a small 6x6 
screened-in observation platform on top, to reach which 


In these regions the problem 


the lookout must climb an almost perpendicular iron lad- 
der. Although securely guyed by wires, lookout work 
on top of one of these “steel spiders” is anything but 
pleasant, because of the constant swaying of the tower 
in the wind. The most unique fire lookout tower in the 


THE FOREST 465 


THE OLD WOODEN TOWER TYPE 


| Wooden towers were much used in the early days of forest 
\fire lookouts. Usually they were built by Forest Service officers. 


A STATION OF THE EARLIER TYPE 


This is one of the early Forest Service standard fire lookouts. 


Here the living quarters and observatory are combined in one 


building—the observatory being reached by a ladder from inside. Glass windows were also coming into use just about then. 
This is Sourdough Lookout on the Washington National Forest in Washington. 


466 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ter educated class of officer, 
versed in topography and sur- 
veying, who can handle com- 
plicated instruments and set 
down concise observations on 
meteorological conditions, 
areas of visibility, and other 
important data that all look- 
outs are now required to keep. 
Young women have also en- | 
tered this field of outdoor 
work, and are now to be 
found handling lookout jobs 
in an efficient manner in the 
National Forests of Colo- 
rado, Minnesota, Oregon and 
California. 

Within the past few years 
the airplane has vied with the 
lookout as an effective means 
of detecting incipient forest 
fires. 1921 marked the third 
season during which an elab- 
orate aerial patrol was main- 


THE RED TERROR OF THE FOREST — FIRE tained by the Forest Service 


re x So a ere 2 in cooperation with the U. S. 
Th “emt iy” fr si nko: Aad cornea cl oe ee 
men of the Forest Service, who see to it that the regulations are rigidly enforced, and who forest regions of the Pacific 
are untiringly “on the job,” are we often spared the terrific price of carelessness. Coast’ States. The airplane, 

although an important ad- 
country is that of the Nebraska National Forest, in the junct to the detection and fire fighting systems now in 
vast sand-hills region of that State. Here an observatory use, will probably never replace the lookout station. One | 
has been built on a high hill from which a constant of the reasons for this is that any given part of a forest 
watch is kept over a vast area of rolling grass lands. located along an aerial patrol route is only under obser- 


wees 


oar 


- 


There are no natural forests 
in this region to be devastated 


by fire, for trees grow only 
along the river banks in the 
sand hills. But the Govern- 
ment has here undertaken the 
largest tree-planting project 
in the United States, and it is 

to protect some 5,000 acres of ir 
pine forest, set out by hand 
and ranging from 3 to 18 
years of age, that this fire 
lookout is maintained. 


she eee 


asc 5) 


With the evolution of the 
lookout station there has also 


Th, thine ean af 
EG eee one 


come a change in the char- 


ne 


acter of its personnel. Rarely 


2. we 


now is the old “mossback” 


type of observer, who knew 
well the country he was 
guarding, but was too ignor- 


ant to keep anything but a 
igh diary, found -on Na- 
nal Forest lookouts. His 


place has been taken by a bet- A careful watch is kept during the fire season by regular air patrol. This one goes out 
: : from Mt. Elwell, on the Plumas National Forest in California. ll 


THE CLOUD PATROL 


THE EYES OF THE FOREST 


467 


airy l\ | 


THE AIRPLANE FOREST PATROL 


This patrol is maintained by the Forest Service in cooperation w ith the Air Service of the United States Army in the Pacific 


Coast States. 


THE HIGH TYPE OF STANDARD FIRE LOOKOUT 


This is the sort of tower used in the level forested regions of the 


An 80-foot tower with screened-in 


Eastern and Lake States. 
Penn- 


observation platform on top, reached by an iron ladder. 
sylvania has 68 towers of this type and 80% of her fires de- 
tected last year were located by the use of these towers. 


The airplane is an important adjunct to the ground system of fire lookouts maintained on the National Forests. 


Vd 


; fo bs £. he x te 
THE LATEST MODEL STANDARD FIRE LOOKOUT 


This is the one now in use in the West—a glassed-in crow’s 
nest, guyed to the rocks with wires, connected with the outside 
world by telephone, and equipped with the latest scientific in- 
struments for weather observations and smoke detection. Harney 
Peak Lookout—in the wonderful Black Hills of South Dakota. 


468 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


veil of gray. The little flames creep steadily through 
the carpet of dead leaves, the brush-clad hills are a giant’s 
bonfire, the boles of the noble forest trees are torches of 
living flame. 

The partridge scuttles beneath the brush; the rabbit 
darts to cover ahead of the roaring menace. With the 
thick smoke billowing ahead and covering the woods, a 
steady wall of flame roars on, licking up in its rapid run, 
every twig and bush and tree—every living blade of 
green. 

Then the partridge and the rabbit are outrun and 
swallowed in the fire—nay, more, their very species are 
nearer extinction, for all the young of every living thing 
have been seared to a crisp by that fierce fiery breath. 

And when the fire demon has swept his course, he 
leaves a blackened swath of stark, dead desolation that 
cannot grow into the fair green forest that it was within 
the life span of this generation. For years to come, 
the twisted arms of fire killed forest trees will writhe in 
dead, black protest to the sky. 

For tragedy may be the result of thoughtlessness, even 
through such a tiny instrument as a carelessly flung 
match, or a campfire abandoned while still burning. 


Our Fire Problem--1922 


A Campaign is At Hand 
The Enemy is Fire 
His Opponent is: You. 


A TYPE OF STANDARD FIRE LOOKOUT 
This is another one of the Forest Service fire lookouts, and a 


type which is rapidly coming into favor and use. It is a steel The Dispute is over Forest Resources. 
tower, 40 feet high, with glassed-in observatory reached by iron The Final Outcome is Unquestioned. But 
stairs, located in Arizona, 


What Shall the Losses be 


vation from an airplane for a few minutes each day, on 4, pimp er, Range, Scenic Beauty, Buildings, Human Life? 


account of the short duration of flights, ae of Tid: Anewer. Us 
the ships, and the great distances covered. e lookout The Losses will be-Snoallae 
observer, on the other hand, maintains a constant watch 


. 2 Reed You and Other Veterans of Former Battles 
from daylight to dark, and though his field of vision is ‘And GotGer’ Em: Resniits 


limited by distance and weather conditions the territory 
over which he stands guard is under observation for the 
maximum period each day, and he is thus able to dis- 
cover many fires which the airplanes miss. 

The forest fire lookout is here to stay. It has been 
thoroughly tried out and proven a success. The very 
fact that one eastern State, Pennsylvania, with its new 
and elaborate system of fire control, erected 68 lookout 
towers during the past year itself speaks for the perma- 
nence and effectiveness of these eyes of the forest. 


Are Aggressively and Everlastingly on the Job. 
With Head and Hand and Weapons, 
Planning, Preparing and Anticipating 
Where and When the Enemy will Strike 
And How You Can be Right There 

To Gas Him in the Zero Hour 
Before He has Time to Dig in 
And Throw Up a Smoke Screen. 
Slackers, Slumberers, Blunderers and Shade Hounds 
Will March Over 


To the Forever Inactive List 
The Tragedy Of Carelessness Which has no Pay Roll Attached. 
By Orville Leonard 3 High Voltage, High Pressure 
HE air is breathless in the woods. The dried leaves * High Power and High Speed 
—brown and red and yellow—rustle under foot. Broadcasted by Contact and by Radio 
The nobly rounded breasts of distant hills, the brush- During the Campaign of 1922 
clad nearer slopes, the shadowy forest depths between Will Keep the Enemy 
the big tree boles, are veiled in warm blue mist... . Where He Belongs 
Suddenly another mist comes stealing through the In the Final Review 
trees. It is not soft blue mist, but sinister gray smoke. The Forest Service will Stand Supreme 
Then billowing black clouds, hot and choking and shot For Duty Well Done. 


ith 


flame, follow swiftly after that stealthily spreading (District Forester, D-6, Circular Letter.) 


4 


ne 


FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT 


Arthur H. Carhart, Editor 


The Fool and the Demon 


; HY do they do‘it?” almost wailed Corey. 
I admitted I did not know. 

Corey is not the name of one of the best landscape 
architects in the west, but it will suffice to designate the 
man who left his work last year and paid the San Isabel 
Forest the compliment of directing some of the recrea- 
tional work there. He is one of my best friends, an 
artist of the highest ability and a newly developed lover 
of the great landscapes of 


than anyone in the whole fabric of Forest organization. 
For, he it is who fits land surfaces for human use and 
by thus bringing the human family to the forests, produces 
greater beauty return to the Nation, a greater appreciation 
of nature and greater health in mind, body and spirit. 
And the greatest destroyer of natural beauty values in 
the Forest is fire. In order to preserve this beauty to 
give to the people the landscape man must join hands 
with all against this common 


the Rockies. 

Night as black as that 
darkness found in an un- 
lighted cavern had settled 
down on the camp as we 
talked. In the next tent 
some of our crew who were 
building the Cascade Trail 
played cards, In the far dis- 
tance the lights of Pueblo 
twinkled, and from up the 
canon came the treble roar 
of the small falls of Squirrel 
Creek. Talk had swung idly 
from one subject to another. 
A mutual friend’s views on 
parallelism in musical and 
landscape compositions, the 
economic situation, law in 
city plan, and color blending 
were a few subjects that set 
our tongues going. 

Then fire and forest land- 
scape became the theme of the discourse. It developed 
that the landscape architect in charge of great natural 
landscapes is if anything more an enemy of the fire demon 


THE FIRE DEMON’S BANNER 


It was in such a country as this that the Woodrock Fire raged. 
Much of the gruelling heart-breaking work of stopping these gre almost wholly educated 
fires will be eliminated when more people are careful with fire. 


enemy. 

The majority, the greater 
majority, of campers are 
good forest residents. They 
know the rules of the game 
and they play them. They 
leave a clean camp. They 
are clean in their whole 
makeup, physical and mental. 
And they are careful with 
fire. This attitude comes 
from being in close contact 
with the outdoors for several 
seasons and in that way be- 
coming so respectful of nat- 
ural beauty and loving it so 
intensely they treat it prop- 
erly. 

The great family of trans- 
state tourists who bring their 
camping outfit with them 


to be careful with fire. They 
know what it is to leave the Fire Demon loose in the 
timber of the hills. They have either seen the flames 
licking up the timber and with it the beauty of the hill- 


each year. 


him into the forests each year. 


Fire in forest lands does much damage that is directly computed in board feet of lumber and then reduced at once to a 
cash basis founded on current lumber prices. Or it can be shown that so much watershed protection is destroyed by fire 


But there is a great value which cannot so readily be put in figures which is just as surely destroyed by a forest fire. And 
that value is the beauty which is present in any tree-clothed section of the country. 

The recreationist is justly blamed for many fires being unleashed in forests. wh f 
head. It is none the less true that in the aggregate he does no insignificant amount of damage to the very qualities which call 


It is possible to almost wholly eliminate all man-caused fires if sufficient care is exercised. 
seriousness of the offence of leaving a fire unquenched or a cigar butt still alive these stories are offered. They represent 
three views and are based on facts. Mr. Ancona has presented the outlook of the field administrative man. Mr. McLaren 
outlines a vivid story of one fire he helped kill while on the job of fire suppression in one of the western districts of the 
Forest Service. The third represents a landscape architect’s thoughts relative to the destroying of beauty by fire. 
make you use care with fire they have done their duty——Arthur H. Carhart, Editor, Recreation Department. 


Perhaps too much blame is heaped on his 


To bring home the 


If they 


470 AMERICAN 


side, they have from afar witnessed the smoke columns 
towering over an orgy of the Demon, or they have trav- 
eled sufficienty to see in old fire scars that, once turned 
loose, fire will ruin, not alone economic values, but 
scenic values as well, 

It is another fellow that does the damage. And so I 
told Corey that night we talked. It is the man insensible 
to beauty who lives with it all the time and never reacts 
to its stimulus that cannot see more in a green timbered 
hillside than in a row of charred stubs. He is of two 
types. The first of which is the man who has no sense 
of the beautiful whatever and the second is the man who 
has so often beheld beauty that he is surfeited. with it all. 
Either are to be pitied, but pity will not excuse their many 
crimes against beauty through not being careful with fire. 

Then there is another recreation man who is much 
more innocently dangerous 
than the man who does not 
care for beauty. He is the 
fellow who loves all out- 
doors—for he is out in it for 
the first time. But he does 
not yet know how to handle 
himself in the hills and has 
not yet come to know the 
work of the Demon. He is 
“the man who doesn’t know 
it is loaded.” He is always 
warned before he gets on the 
camp areas but he goes se- 
renely along with the idea 
somewhere in his mind that 
while it happened to others 
it will never happen to him, 
for he is a “regular whizz” 
as an outdoor man. He will 
sooner or later learn not to 


FORESTRY 


landscape man sees the whole loss from the human use 
side of the problem, The landscape is no longer habi- 
table and it no longer can serve human beings and for 
that reason he most swiftly condemns the man who 
comes to the forest and through the grossest careless- 
ness turns loose the fire fiend. 

Beauty is one thing of great value which cannot be 
dissipated through proper use. The pleasurable reac- 
tions experienced from an outiook when viewed by one 
person detracts from that scenic panorama not a whit 
more than when the same is looked upon by thousands. 
The laughing gurgle of the stream may be heard by five 
or fifty and still have the same cheery or mysterious 
quality about it. In fact the one big commodity which 
can be used time after time without taking anything off 
of or out of the ground is scenery. Scenic qualities have 
been said to be the only 
things which one could sell 
time after time and still keep. 

But misuse will soon dis- 
sipate scenic beauty and its 
values. Poorly constructed 
developments, ill-advised 
panning, grotesque and de- 
formed structures all soon 
dispel beauty in a scene and 
supplant it with unsightli- 
ness. But greatest of all de- 
stroyers is fire. -For while 
one person can make one 


no more beautiful by putting 
up a cast iron or other inap- 
propriate structure, it spoils 


In contrast, one foolish, 
thoughtless, careless individ- 


little park a thing which is — 


only that one small section. — 


FOREST SERVICE CAMP FIREPLACE 


fool with fire but it may i a 
y A few dollars invested in one of these simple structures may ual by HOt PUCue ta the 


cost much in labor, materials, save thousands of dollars worth of lumber and great beauty little glow left in a match 
supplies and last, but not values. They are always located so no fire can get away from when he throws it away 


least, beauty. ie is % iba them if at all properly handled and thus help protect the Forests. 


ace equal to the man who never will care. 

Can you conceive of the fierceness of the loathing 
which the painter of a beautiful canvas might entertain 
against a thoughtless amateur dabbler who considered 
himself a judge of art and who in pointing out some 
point of technique smeared the fresh paint which after 
many days of work had just taken final form under the 
master hand? If you can you may have: some idea of 
the real personal feeling the landscape man might enter- 
tain against the thoughtless lout who ruins a whole natu- 
ral beauty composition with a cigarette stub not extin- 
guished before he throws it away. The whole loss from 
all standpoints affects the artist makeup of the landscape 
architect, but he reacts more than anyone else to the loss 
in beauty. 

The entire loss in beauty may be sensed by many, the 


different factors may be reckoned by a few, but the 


turns loose a mighty evil 
power which at aimost one breath sweeps everything of 
beauty out of existence in hundreds, often thousands, of 


_acres of ground.’ 


Aind so we talked of this that night. Of the coming 
of the people to the forests, of the many, many good 
campers and woodsmen, of the great values which the 
whole population receives from coming into forest lands, 
but most of all we talked of the risk some take in utterly 
ruining through carelessness the very thing which at- 
tracts them to the spot. The fallacy of the thing is 
appalling. It is like killing this beauty because it is so 
dearly loved. Almost in wondering amazement that peo- 
ple would do such a thing as risk that beauty, the question 
came, “Why do they do it?” And as I answered my very 
dear friend that night, I must say I cannot for the life of — 
me see why the recreation seeker will ever take the slight- 
est chance of placing his own playground in jeopardy of 
the holocaust. 


~ 


— 


Answering the Call 


By John McLaren 


E day had been a hard one at the District Office. 

Fire season was on. Every ring of the phone bell 
threatened to send some man into the field to take charge 
of a big fire. But no cal] had come to me and my family 
and I were happy_in the thought. 

“Well, John,” said #he wife, “glad you are home for 
Supper tonight. I’ve been afraid all day you would 
telephone that you must start for a fire somewhere. I 
wish it would rain so that the fire danger would be re- 
duced. I’ve packed your field clothes so that every- 
thing woud be in readiness if you did have to leave in 
a hurry.” 

The evening meal finished, we were having a delightful 
romp with the kiddies, when “Ting-a-ling. Ting-a-ling” 
came the summons. 

“Hello,” came the call over the wire. “This is West- 
ern Union. Telegram for the District Forester signed 
by the Super- 


mation to the reporters and routing autos and trucks. 

The situation looked extremely serious. More trouble 
might develop. All the fire fighting equipment on this 
Morest was in service. As a precautionary measure, the 
District Office was wired to ship by express tools (from 
the central cache) sufficient to equip one hundred men 
and to detail five Rangers from other Forests to this 
point for fire duty. 


A fast twenty mile ride by auto and Dayton was 
reached, at which point men were being mobilized and 
forwarded to the fires. 

Fisher, the wide-a-wake, energetic Secretary of the 
Sheridan Commercial Club, was in full charge of re- 
cruiting. His efforts were tireless and his competence 
so evident that it was unnecessary to detail a Forest 
Officer at this point. 

Another twenty miles travel and the main fire camp 


was_ reached. 


visor of the 
Bighorn Forest 
‘Pire near 
Woodrock for- 
est cover very 
dry, strong 
southwest wind 
one hundred 
men on way to 
fire Ranger 
Austin on the 
job. Estimated 
cost not less 
than $1000.’ ” 

A glance at 
the clock show- 
ed 6:55. Just 
twenty minutes 
to make the 
train. Thanks 
to the wife’s 
thoughtfulness it could be done. With a hurried goodbye 
I was on the road again to another conflagration, ponder- 
ing the while the possibilities of an unusually hard fire 
Suppression job. That section of the Bighorn is heavily 
timbered and several old “slashings” are in the vicinity. 

After a night’s ride the Supervisor’s headquarters at 
Sheridan were reached. The Clerk, with a welcoming 
smile and a hearty handshake, explained that the “big” 
fire had spread rapidly and that, for greater troubles 
there were several other fires reported. 

Every Ranger on the Forest was handling a fire job 
and the Supervisor and Deputy had left for the field 
yesterday. More men, more supplies and more equip- 
ment were needed. The Clerk was as busy as a man on 
the firing line receiving and filling orders, giving infor- 


PINES IN THE SAN ISABEL 


Not only will many board feet of lumber be destroyed if fires burn up these trees but a 
beauty value of even greater magnitude will be lost. 


The Supervis- 
or, saying sim- 
ply, “I’m glad 
to see you.” 
briefly outlin- 
ed the situa- 
tion. The other 
fires were all 
manned and 
were being 
held and 200 
men would be 
in the big fire 
by night fall. 
Asked for the 
cause of the big 
fire he stated 
that conclusive 
evidence had 
been obtained 
and that the man responsible for it was at work with 
the fire fighters and could be interviewed at any time. 

An inspection of the fire developed that it had reached 
the old slashings and, driven by the wind, was an ap- 
palling, raging inferno which apparently no human agency 
could hope to conquer. 

Two hundred men on the job, ten days of gruelling, 
exhaustive labor and the fire was under control. Twenty- 
seven hundred acres of green valleys and mountainsides 
were made black and desolate and the cost of keeping 
it from other and more valuable timber was over $6000. 

Needless and wholly unnecessary because it came as 
a result of one man’s egotism and carelessness. This 
man had been clearing land on some patented mining 
claims, not because it was essential but to provide some- 


472 AMERICAN 


ise 5H ia — 
| # 


thing to occupy his 
while he remained as 
watchman for the property. 
During the summer the ob- 
server from the Lookout had 
called on this man and the 
District Ranger had twice 
visited him and each time he 
was asked to desist from 
burning brush because of the 
severe drought. In each in- 
stance he indignantly pro- 
tested against being “pester- 
ed”, pointing out that he was 
a pioneer, had handled fire 
all his life and knew more 
about fires and their habits 
than all the Rangers on the 
Forest combined. 

‘On a certain Friday he 
burned three small brush 
piles, said he looked at them 
on Saturday morning, con- 
cluding the fire was all out, 
and, as a matter of precau- 
tion, he looked at them again Sunday and there was no 
evidence of fire. Then he went berry picking. 

The wind came up, the blackened embers were fanned 
into flames and the evidence on the ground pictured 
perfectly what had happened. Burned strips led from 
each old fire until they joined. Spreading in width as 
the fire advanced it had considerable front when the 
slashings were reached. 

This man said he knew the responsibility was his, that 
he was mighty sorry and he was sincerely contrite. He 
stated that he had learned his lesson and that if he were 
allowed to go without prosecution he “would never do it 


again.” 
The Ranger Tells 


By Edward 


CP ILL HAWKINS!” I cried. “Greetings to you, old 

man! You sure look good to me against that 
yellow pine background. And the Canyon Station the 
same as ever! Never mind, Bill, some fine day I’m going 
to slip down and plant a few tin cans in that foreground 
and ruin you forever with the Super.” 

“Very well, Judge, the same to you. Back to the same 
old spot on the Middle Fork? The big one is still waiting 
for you up in that pool below the log jam. However,” 
a twinkle crept into Bill’s gray eyes, “this is the fifth 
year, you know, and he will soon know you by that care- 
less way you have of dropping a gray hackle into a pool.” 

This was plain slander. Ranger Bill knew that I could 
fish with the best and except when matched against his 
own peerless skill, I was rarely bested. However, I usu- 
ally came out a close second on those rare days in the sea- 
son that he dropped into camp and challenged me to a 
match round of an hour in the pools and white water of 


PACK TRAIN LOAD OF FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT 


No small part of the hard work.of fighting a fire when it gets 
started is to supply the crews with food and equipment. 
this costs money and effort which might go into constructive 
work——f fires can be eliminated. 


FORESTRY 


His attitude and sincerity 
were not questioned, but it 
was pointed out there were 
other pioneers who were 
just as competent and just as 
cock-sure as he and that in- 
dividual lessons at $6,000.00 
cash could not be tolerated. 
He therefore had occasion 
to tell the court all about it 
and the passing of sentence 
had a salutary effect that 
probably could have been at- 
tained in no other way, 
The day has almost passed 
when fires are maliciously 
set, but we still have the 
criminally careless, the class 
“who didn’t know it was 
loaded,” and this includes 
many campers who, by lack 
of absolutely extinguishing 
camp fires, jeopardize the 
beauty of the very region 
‘they have come to enjoy. 

It will be many moons before the fire alarm will remain 
silent through the season but care and concerted effort 
on the part of those who come to the forested areas will 
materially reduce the necessity for sounding it often. 

The time is not yet when I may cease to hustle for a 
train which will take me to the scene of a large fire, and 
the men in the field must continue to devote their time 
and energy to suppressing fires when they are so urgently 
needed on construction work. 

Meanwhile all Forest men “preach and practice care 
with fire,” and when that fails the hand of the law falls 
heavily on those who unloose the fire menace. 


the Judge a Few 


P. Ancona 


the Middle Fork. I let the matter drop and changed the 
subject. We were on our way up from the distant city 
in the desert to the joyous retreat of pine and mountain 
and water in the Pinto National Forest, in the high moun- 
tains far above swelter and heat. Year after year our 
party returned for refreshment and recreation, dragging 
our camp outfit in the trailer back of our sturdy gas 
wagon; and not the least of the pleasure of the return 
was the greeting we received from the genial Bill Haw- 
kins, Forest Ranger, who ruled) ‘over this particuhar 
section with a firm but judicious hand. 

“How are the fires this year, Bill?” 

A shadow passed over Biil’s bronzed face. 

“Judge, I tell you I’m worried. I’ve never seen so 
many strangers up here in the Cristos as this year. It 
seems as if the last inhabitant of this State has acquired 
an auto and that about half of them are bent on camping 
up here. It’s dry—deadly dry—and while I warn most 


All 


ANSWERING 


REPLANTING 


Years ago a fire stripped the hills shown in this picture. Three 


decades have passed and no forest cover has returned. This 
crew is planting seedling trees in an effort to bring back greenery 
to the hills where once great fir and pine trees towered. 


of them, some get by. I keep two guards riding the West 
Fork and the Canyon Largo and spend the daylight hours 
on the Middle Fork myself and so far we’ve kept her in 
hand. But, Judge, would you believe it, I must relocate 
the camp fires of half of those I have warned but the 
day before. Then every day the three of us turn in from 
six to a dozen small fires, in the daily fire report to the 
Supervisor, that we put out along the roads—cigarette 
butts, pipe ashes, the cigar stub of some opulent citizen, 
a blazing match—all from passing cars and only one 
chance in a hundred of catching the party that did it.” 

“Any arrests, Bill?” 

“Yes, I’m sorry to say I had to take one individual over 
to Pineville and have the Justice of the Peace read him the 
fire law and charge him $50 for the reading. He departed 
a wiser citizen. And three parties have been escorted 
out of the hills for needing a second warning from me 
regarding leaving their camp fires unattended—and a 
windy day at that. I do hate to break up a happy family 
party like that, and the last one, Judge, had in it a little 
chap who cried because their week up here was cut to 
two days. I offered to take him over to the Station to 
spend a week with my little ranger and do you know the 
lady in the party—well, the lady she wasn’t exactly nice 
in her display of temper over the whole affair. That’s 


THE CALL 473 


one of the hard things one runs up against in this game 
of trying to save the big timber for the very people who 
would thoughtlessly destroy it and who would lose most 
through its destruction.” 

“Have the other campers heard of these sudden de-° 
partures? Oh, yes, and there is much improvement as a 
result of the discussion. I’m hoping you will spread the 
good news up the Middle Fork. There goes my tele- 
phone, excuse me a minute, Judge.” 

A moment later he returned. 

“Casualties—one brand-new six cylinder auto, a three 
hundred dollar camping outfit and a happy party turned 
to despair. Two hundred miles from home. Well, so 
long, Judge. Guess I'll toddle over the divide and look 
into it. Jim said he had it under control and that the 
two men in the party had been on the handles of Forest 
Service shovels for over two hours and were sore both 
ways. Guess they’ve fined themselves about to the limit 
of the law and I aim to attach the remains of the car. 
Got a sign for it all figured out and I think most of our 
troubles with the campers will be over with for some 
time. Object lesson is a great thing. Hope you hook 
the big one, Judge. Adios.” 


ae 


LOOKOUT HOUSE 


One of the important fire prevention units is the lookout. With 
millions of acres of forest spread out below the first feather 
of smoke in-any part can be sighted and fighters dispatched to 
the scene of the fire. 


EDITORIAL 


FORWARD STEPS IN FEDERAL FORESTRY LEGISLATION 


iF OOKING back upon the efforts of the past two years 
to secure federal forestry legislation, advocates of 
the cause can well give thoughtful consideration to the 
extent to which differences of opinion among them- 
selves on certain points have served to delay the move- 
ment as a whole. Unquestionably, the four most im- 
portant planks in any forestry program for this country 
are (1) the regulation of the cutting of privately owned 
timber, (2) the control of forest fires, (3) the expansion 
of research, both in forest production and in forest utili- 
zation, and (4) the extension of state and federal forest 
holdings. 

There is substantial unanimity of opinion on all these 
planks except the first. But there is a very. clear-cut 
divergence of views as to whether the state or the fed- 
eral government should have authority to control or 
prescribe the methods of cutting private stumpage. It 
is around that point that the fight among the advocates 
of a national forest policy has centered—and it is right 
there that the supporters of different views can give 
‘common thought to the extent to which their disagree- 
ment on that one plank threatens to postpone indefinitety 
legislation embodying the other planks. 

The forest situation in the United States is urgent at 
too many points to justify a policy of doing nothing 
until all can agree on every principle involved. There is 
no sense in delaying action on fire protection because 
there is*division as to methods of cutting, or in restrict- 


-public opinion? Legislation embodying any one of the 


ing research because opinions differ on some other policy. 
The critical period in our forest history will be the period 
between the exhaustion of our old growth, virgin timber 
and the harvest of our man-grown timber. That period — 
is close upon us and the most immediate protection 
against it is fire protection and the development, through 
research, of more complete utilization of our present an- — 
nual cut. Every year’s delay in conserving our present 
timber reserve brings the day of shortage that —— 
closer. 

Going forward with principles with hich. we are all 
in harmony involves the surrender of no convictions. 
Is it not, as a matter of fact, the clearest evidence of wis- 
dom and the highest expression of service to achieve — 
those urgent principles which seem nearest achievement 
by virtue of common support and to leave disputed — 
principles to separate or subsequent consideration, or if 
need be, to the development of a more fully informed 


four planks or principles mentioned is susceptible of 
being handled separately and largely on its own merits; 
or all those principles upon which there is unanimity of © 
support, could be grouped in one bill and presented to 
Congress as the common advocacy of all. Congress would 
then have no excuse to delay action on fire protection, 
enlarged research and extension of federal forests pend- 
ing settlement of the question of control of cutting on pri 

vate timberlands. - 7 


FOREST DEPLETION IN GEORGIA - 


<n Georgia Forestry Association has come into 
being at an opportune time. It has a large and 
urgent field of endeavor before it. In no state in the 
South proper does forest depletion appear to be proceed- 
ing at a more rapid rate than in Georgia. Two of its 
most important industries are at stake, lumbering and 
naval stores. These are industries which for years have 
played an important part in the economic life of the state, 
Until recent years, they furnished employment to more 
wage earners than any other manufacturing industry in 
Georgia. 
It is unfortunate for the prosperity and development 
of the state that the waning of these two ranking indus- 


tries is taking place at a time when the state’s leading - 


industry, the manufacture of cotton goods, is threatened 
by the ravages of the boll weevil. The decline ‘of these 
three industries simultaneously unless guarded against 
by prompt remedial action, will be a set back to the 
state which will take years to overcome. Already un- 
healthy conditions are in evidence and while the forests 
are rapidly being exhausted, they are nevertheless ‘res- 
cuing cotton growers from bankruptcy in some sections 


stress in other industries of the state. 


of the state. The farmer, dependent upon his cotton crop 
and finding it devastated by the boll weevil, is turning to 
his woodlot as his main means of support. — 

The situation is one of impending economic menace 
to the state, because its forest resources are being so 
rapidly spent. They cannot longer be depended upon Oo 
exert a stabilizing influence industrially during periods of 
As a matter of 
fact, conditions are quite the reverse. The forest indus- 
tries of Georgia are dwindling and not growing indus- 
tries. From industries of first importance they are slip- 
ping back year by year as any industry whose’ supeaa 
of raw material is vanishing, must do. . ; 

During a period of less than.a Tecsiia and a half, 
the production of lumber-in Georgia has declined prac- 
tically 50 per cent, a loss to the state of over $13,000,000 | 
annually in the sale of lumber alone. During the same 
period, the state has lost 1300 sawmills, or 65 per cent of 
thenumber operating in 1909. It is impossible to arrive 
at the aggregate investment represented by these mills, © 
but it must run well into eight figures. In addition, 
there is the loss of labor, taxes and markets. In the 


AMERICAN 


naval stores industry the shrinkage has been still more 


_ vigor 75 per cent in the last twenty years. 
Forest depletion, of course, is at the bottom of this 
> ituation. There are twenty million acres of forest land 
_in the state, all of which has been cut over with the ex- 
ception of about one million acres. -The extent to which 
‘these conditions have affected the wage earners of the 
state is indicated by the fact that in 1900 the primary 
+ industries oftthe state supplied employment to 
38 wage earners and in 1920 to only 23,141, a decrease 
£40 per cent. In both 1900 and 1910, the forest indus- 
of Georgia supplied employment to more persons 
all other industries combined, excluding the manu- 
ture of cotton goods. 

Much more might be said about the inroads of forest 
‘depletion upon the economic progress of this great 
thern state. It is much more serious than the people 
the state appreciate. If its nineteen million acres of 
over land were being developed agriculturally tne 
ire would hold out greater promise, but the area of 
in farms has actually declined in the past ten years. 
greatest enemy of the future of these cut-over lands 
the widespread public apathy and ignorance in re- 
ect to the evil progress of forest depletion within the 


But there are signs of a public awakening. The 
Governor of the state is fully alive to the seriousness of 
the situation, as is Dr. Soule, president of the State Agri- 


marked, that industry having declined in productive © 


FORESTRY 475 


cultural College, and a number of other prominent men. 
They are whole-heartedly supporting the forestry move- 
ment in Georgia and with their help the Georgia Forestry 
Association will do well to center its efforts on breaking 
down the wall of public apathy which permits forest: 
fires and other forms of forest depletion to proceed un- 
restricted and uncontrolled. Opportunities for state de- 
velopment and progress by enlightened utilization of 
forest land are unexcelled in Georgia. Its wood pro- 
ducing power is tremendous if only put to. use instead 
of being abandoned as an old mine. 

Speaking before the forestry meeting at Macon in 
June, Mr. Austin Cary said: 

“My own belief is, and that has thirty years experience 
behind it, during which I have worked in every timber 
region of the United States and seen the forests in sev- 
eral European countries, that no region in the world 
probably has greater natural facilities for producing tim- 
ber values than the district centering on the Oketinoke 
swamp... . Longleaf and particularly slash pine charac- 
terize this region, the latter in my opinion a species 
which will be recognized in the future for the combina- 
tion of utility in its products, for its readiness of repro- 
duction and rapidity of growth, as one of the most 
valuable trees on the earth’s surface.” 

If the Georgia Forestry Association can inspire in the 
citizens of the state some such appreciation and con- 
fidence of the value of their forest soils and their native 
species, it will have more than half solved the task be- 
fore it. 


‘ July 1st Alfred Gaskill was compelled to give up 
_™— his position as State Forester of New Jersey on ac- 
count of poor health, after serving in that office for more 
_ than 15 years. His retirement from the forestry work 
__ in New Jersey marks the end of a career of public service 
_ which has been rich in value not only to the State but in 
_ larger national fields. His quick perception, clear fore- 
_ sight and fearless championship of his convictions have 
justly entitled him to the leading place he has often been 
called on to take in forestry. 
_ Unlike most of the American professional foresters, 
_ Mr. Gaskill entered the profession not as a fledgling fresh 
» from school, but with a previous considerable experience 
_ ™ business as a background. In August, 1898, he re- 
tired team the glass manufacturing business in Southern 
New Jersey a4 took up the study of forestry with Dr. 
_ Schenck at his Biltimare School. After completing this 
‘study in June, 1899, he was tailed by the United States 
= _ Forest Service to special studies and propaganda on the 
_ Pacific Coast. Returning in November he spent the win- 
ter at Harvard University in special scientific<+ydy, In 
May, 1900, he left for Europe, where he remained, ».dy- 
ng continental forestry and forest conditions and pursu- 
ing special courses at the University of Munich, until 
the fall of 1901. 


; OT 


THE RETIREMENT OF ALFRED GASKILL 


In January, 1902, he again entered the federal forest 
service and did a great variety of work, including forest 
fire, silvicultural, editorial and propaganda assignments. 
He returned to New Jersey in February, 1907, in the in- 
fancy of the forestry movement in the State. From then 
until his retirement he has been the guiding genius of 


‘forestry in New Jersey, first as State Forester and since 


1915 as Director of the Department of Conservation and 
Development, building up an organization and work 
which ranks high among State Forestry Departments in 
achievement and stability. 

Mr. Gaskill was a pioneer among American foresters 
in his insistence that adequate fire control was the basis 
of all forestry. From his earlier work in the Federal 
service until the present, he has led in the movement to 
put fire protection first, Likewise he has steadfastly 
worked to check the widespread belief that all forestry 
is summed up in tree planting and to urge clear thinking 
about the questions of lumber needs, forest taxation, and 
the relations between the public and forest owners. 

His work in. New. Jersey has typified his complete con- 
viction that forestry must have the support of public 


opinion to succeed, that- without it progress would be 


at“sest slow and continually subject to serious setbacks. 
The umsterrupted and marked progress made in the 


476 AMERICAN 


State under his leadership is ample testimony to his suc- 
cess in the practice of what he has so continuously 
preached in this respect. 

He served for many years as a director of the American 
Forestry Association and has been an active member of 
the Society of American Foresters. He was one of the 
originators and for a long time actively at the head of 
the Northeastern Forester’s Association and has taken 


_cently organized Association of State Foresters, 


FORESTRY 
an active part in the organization and work of the re- 


The hearty good will of his host of friends and ad- 
mirers, both within and without the profession which he 
served, go with him as he lays aside the responsibility 
of public service. Their hope is that.his voice may still 
be heard around the council table when forestry plans 
and problems are considered. 


SUB-COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY 


forward step toward the adoption through legislation 

of a national forestry policy following the hearings 
on the Snell bill last January was taken just as the 
House adjourned in June for six weeks. Chairman G. N, 
Haugen of the House Committee on Agriculture then an- 
nounced the appointment of a sub-committee on forestry, 
consisting of Representatives G. N. Haugen, Iowa; J. C. 
McLaughlin, Michigan; J. D. Clarke, New York; J. W. 
Rainey, Illinois, and M. Jones, Texas. This action was 
taken after conference with Representative Bertrand H. 
Snell, of New York, the forestry specialist of the House, 


members of the Agricultural Committee, representatives — 
of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, the 5 
American Forestry Association, the pulp and paper mak- — 
ers, the newspapers and others industrially interested in — 
the conservative utilization of the forests of the country. 
It represents an effort to get away from the differences of — 
opinion that have hitherto blocked progress toward the — 
adoption of a public forestry policy, and to attempt to 
find common ground on which all advocates of such a 
policy can agree, 


GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


S a result of the activities of the Georgia Forestry 

Committee appointed a year and a half ago by the 
Southern Forestry Congress, the state of Georgia has 
recently joined the list of some twenty-eight other states 
in which forestry associations are working to perpetuate 
our forests. At a meeting held in Macon, Georgia, on 
June 6 and 7, a permanent Georgia Forestry Association 
was organized and began work at once.to organize the 
state in support of a constructive forest policy. The new 
association hopes that by gathering together the wide- 
spread forestry sentiment which exists throughout the 
state, it will be able to obtain this summer, legislation 
which will form the first and basic essentials of a strong 
state forestry department. 

In point of accomplishment, the Macon meeting was 
one of the most important forestry meetings held in the 
south during the past year. It not only resulted in the 
formation of a strong forestry association, but it awak- 
ened the state to the seriousness of forest depletion as, an 
economic menace to its future prosperity and develop- 
ment. Governor Thomas W. Hardwick has become fully 
alive to the situation and in a direct and clear-cut ad- 
dress at the Macon meeting, sounded the keynote of the 
movement to perpetuate the forests and the forest indus- 
tries of Georgia. He declared that the time has come 
when the state can no longer shirk its responsibility to 
protect one of its most vital natural resources from 
wastage and depletion. He expressed himself strongly 
in favor of fair and reasonable regulations applicable 


-out, 


,its forester, who spent six weeks in +e State prior to 


“on conditions within the state. 


to the cutting of timber and to the turpentining of under- 
sized trees and advocated a state forestry department, — 
supported by special taxation, to be responsible for fire 
protection and the general promotion of forestry 
throughout the state. 
Among other speakers who strongly supported the 
movement were Dr. Andrew M. Soule, president of the 
State College of Agriculture ; J. J. Brown, Commissioner — 
of Agriculture of the State of Georgia; Thomas W. 
Gamble, of Savannah, editor of the Naval Stores Review, 
and Dr. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist. The meeting, 
which was attended by about one hundred_people from 
different parts of the state, brought out a surprisingly 
strong sentiment for immediate action, and while there 
was some division of opinion on the question of taxa- 
tion, a spirit of earnest cooperation prevailed through- 


The American Forestry Association cooperated with 
the Georgia Forestry Committee in organizing the meet- . 
ing and in calling public attention to the need of be 
action in the state. The Association was repreented by 
‘the meeting. The immediate oat of the new associa-— 
tion is to obtain forestry #¢gislation at once, the Georgia — 
legislature now veing in session, The forest question — 
is due to cos€ up in the legislature as a result of that 
body’s,«ction a year ago in providing for a State Board 
of forestry to make a special investigation and report — 
The legislature, how- — 
(Continued on Page 499) 2 


AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY AT FORESTDALE, VERMONT 


By Austin F. Hawes 


[State Forester of Connecticut and Formerly Field Secretary and Forester, National Association of Wood Turners] 


O one has tramped in any of the forest regions of the 
United States without stumbling onto deserted lum- 
ber camps, mute evidence of an industry which sprang 
up and flourished for a brief period and as quickly with- 
ered away. Such agamp, half gnawed to pieces by hedge- 
hogs, with its evil smell of tar paper, old shoes and other 
refuse, might be taken as a symbol of prodigal America, 
which has taken its immense material resources as a mat- 
ter of course and squandered them without thought of the 
generations yet to come. 

To one who has traveled in Europe and seen the com- 
fortable little industries nestled in the center of a forest 
region which is managed with a view to the permanent 
maintenance of the industry, our American methods seem 
crude and wasteful. Most of our large wood using in- 
dustries are located hundreds of miles from the source 
of supply. Grand Rapids, for example, became the cen- 
ter of the furniture industry when the city was sur- 
rounded by forests. Today the purchaser of Grand 
Rapids furniture pays a high freight rate not only on 
the finished product, but in addition probably $10.00 to 
$20.00 freight per thousand feet of lumber used. Only 
a small part of the lumber which enters a factory comes 
out as a part of the finished product; most of it comes 
out as waste, but the man who buys a chair pays the 
freight on this waste. 


It is an unusual satisfaction to find a locality in one of 
our own forest regions where the forest has been main- 
tained to supply a particular industry. Such a condition 
exists in Brandon, Vermont, and is well worth a trip up 
from Rutland for anyone who is interested. The New- 
ton and Thompson Manufacturing Company has been 
making wood turnings in the little village of Forestdale 
since 1846, and has gradually built up a forest property 
of 8000 acres to support the industry. It is said that in 
their early days they practically supplied New York City 
with button molds and other wood turnings, used in the 
clothing industry. This plant has been much enlarged 
under the able management of Mr. Louis Bump, who is 
now president of the National Association of Wood 
Turners, and is making a wide variety of wood turnings. 
It would probably be a revelation even to a small boy to 
know how many toy balloon mouth pieces this company 
makes in the course of a year. If one goes into a Chinese 
laundry he will see a counting board with colored beads 
strung on wires. Similar devices are used in many 
schools. It probably never occurs to anyone to ask 
where these are made, but if anyone is interested he will 
find one of the large sources of supply at Forestdale. 

The newest addition to this plant is the toy depart- 
ment which is not wholly a turning proposition. Here 
white pine logs are converted with great speed into 


neat little lock cornered boxes and each box is filled 
with an attractive set of toys, all on a miniature scale. 
These include such things as a wash tub and scrubbing 
board, cups, saucers, and other useful utensils such as 


GENERAL VIEW OF THE NEWTON AND THOMPSON PLANT, 
FORESTDALE, VERMONT, WITH TOY DEPARTMENT ON 
LEFT AND TURNING PLANT ON RIGHT 


INTERIOR VIEW, SHOWING TUMBLER IN FOREGROUND. TURN. 
INGS ARE POLISHED BY TUMBLING AGAINST EACH OTHER 


STACKS OF FOUR-FOOT WHITE BIRCH SQUARES LEFT IN THE 
OPEN SEVERAL MONTHS TO DRY BEFORE TURNING 


478 AMERICAN 


any well regulated doll’s home should have. A child who 
goes to the five and ten cent store and exchanges a dime 
for one of these sets might well pause to think of the 
years that have gone into the growing of the material and 
the labor which has gone into fashioning the material 
into its finished form. 

While Newton and Thompson Company have not al- 
ways cut their lumber under the most approved methods, 
they have followed a general policy of building-up a 


THE ASSEMBLY ROOM IN WHICH TOY BOXES ARE USUALLY 
FILLED ; 


timber reserve and have done much forest planting. The 
annual growth on their 8000 acres may safely be esti- 
mated at between three and four thousand cords, and as 
they are not cutting from their own lands more than 
1500 cords annually, it is easy to see that the forest 
capital is now increasing. If this policy is continued, the 
company will have what is called a normal forest, which 
is a very rare thing in this country. In other words the 
forest will have all ages of trees in the right proportion 
to yield the greatest possible returns. When this result 
is achieved the company will be practically self support- 
ing as to timber. An effort is being made to increase 
the proportion of white birch since that is the best wood 
for turning purposes. 

A few of the lots have now been under scientific for- 
est management for nearly a decade and are producing 
results very satisfactory to the owners. A five acre lot 
of white pine may be mentioned as an example. In 1912 
the State Forestry Department marked the trees which 
ought to be removed for the betterment of the remaining 
stand. 15334 cords valued at $3.00 per cord on the 
stump were cut, thus yielding a net profit of $92.25 per 
acre. In the fall of 1921 the crowns of the remaining 
trees had come together in many places. Furthermore 
the trees had just dropped an unusually heavy crop of 
seed, pointing to the advisability of making a reproduc- 
tion cutting. The writer had the opportunity of marking 
as Association Forester the lot which he had marked 
eight years previously as State Forester. About 13,000 
feet of pine and 3,000 feet of hardwoods or a total of a 
little over 3,000 feet per acre besides some cordwood 
marked. It is therefore estimated that this area 
will yield from the two cuttings about $128.00 per acre. 
No accurate estimate of the remaining stand was made 
but the trees are tall and straight, and a rough guess is 


were 


FORESTRY 


$300.00 per acre. The present cutting should result in a 
healthy stand of small pines which will eventually take 
the place of the old t.ees. The policy pursued by the 
Company of cutting all logs into two foot lengths before 
sawing enables them to use crooked logs, even including 


large limbs. 
What has all this to do with a forest community, it 


may be asked. Simply this: Here is an industry which 
has existed near its base of supplies for three quarters 
of a century. It now has 200 employees, and can look 
forward to continued business for an indefinite period 
without any serious shortage of raw material. There are 
no labor difficulties here for there is the old time feeling 
of interest between employer and employee. Many of 
the men and women jin the plant are of the second and 
third generation of families who have worked with the 
same company. Most of them own their homes; many 
of them have money in the banks or in Liberty Bonds, 
besidés owning cars. A system of profit sharing has been 
introduced by the management which will benefit the 
men in the more responsible positions. 

One of the best features about this thriving industry 
is the opportunity it gives for home work. Women and 
older children can put in their spare time filling the little 
boxes with toys while they are still in the home atmos- 
phere. This is done by taking to each home a barrel of 
wash tubs, a barrel of scrubbing boards, etc. and a case 
of boxes. In a day or so the boxes are collected, each 
one full of a complete set of doll house equipment. 


ANOTHER HIGHLY DEVELOPED COMMERCIAL PRODUCT OF 
THE VERMONT FORESTS 


To one visiting this attractive little community at For- 
estdale there must come visions of the large industrial 
centers of the country with their rows of uniform gray 
houses, smoke covered and dingy. It would not be 
strange if he departed with the feeling that perhaps our 
¥igantic industrial plants amid their-squalid surroundings 
may not, after all, be the .highest product of man’s in- 
genuity. Possibly he will see in this comfortable and sat- 
isfied community an answer to the industrial unrest which 
is abroad, and will understand the difference between 
the contentment which comes from the development of 
homes under liveable conditions, and the inevitable grow- 
ing hatred that is fostered by the contrasts of a great 
city, such as are afforded by the lights of Broadway and 
the shades of the East Side. 


- 


FOREST PROTECTION PARADE 


N account of the increased use of the automobile 
during the last few years many thousands of people 
are now going out into the mountains to spend their 


week ends who used to be 
content to stroll in the park. 
This increased travel into 
the forests has materially 
increased the number of 
forest fires. On account of 
this unfortunate condition 
the President of the United 
States issued a proclama- 
tion declaring April 16 to 
22, inclusive, “Forest Pro- 
tection Week,” and April 
22 “Golden Arbor Day.” 
During the week April 16 
to 22 every person and or- 
ganization interested in 
keeping the forests green 
was supposed to do every- 
thing they possibly could to 
educate the people along 
the line of being careful 
with fire while in the 
woods. 

The United States For- 
est Service office at Seattle 
staged a big parade on 
April 22. The following 


By W. G. Weigle 


with the parade: 


“SMOKES” REPRESENTED IN THE FOREST PROTECTION PA- 


RADE. ALL RIGHT WHEN USED WITH CARE, BUT A MENACE 
IN THE HANDS OF THE CARELESS. 


oN YOUR 
LEAVE IT. -_ 


organizations came out very strong in helping along 


Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Mountaineers, United 


States Forest Service, Col- 
lege of Forestry, Univer- 
sity of Washington, Seattle 
Chamber of Commerce, Au- 
tomobile Club of Western 
Washington, Natural Parks 


Association, Washington 
Forest Fire Association, 


and the Washington State 


Forester. 


The parade was made up 
of flag bearer mounted, fol- 
lowed by numerous floats, 
one of which, made up by 
the United States Forest 
Service, represented a large 
mountain with snow capped 
peaks, timbered slopes, a 
village in the distance, and 
a large forest fire repre- 
sented by an area actually 
burned over and still smok- 
ing. Another, by the For- 
est Club, carried a fire look- 
out mounted on a truck 
with the lookout man tak- 


ing observations. Another 


| i Gren ies 


ANOTHER SECTION OF THE PARADE IN SEATTLE SHOWING THE GIRL SCOUTS CARRYING THEIR ATTRACTIVE AND VERY 


MUCH TO THE POINT SIGNS 


480 AMERICAN 


by the same club had a real miniature logging outfit ; an- 
other the right and wrong way to build camp fires, etc. 
After these came the Mountaineers with a large pack 
train of mules, followed by the Fort Worden band; then 
the Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, College of Forestry, 
etc. Throughout the parade numerous signs were car- 
ried bearing the slogans: “Keep the Forests Green,” 
“Help Prevent Forest Fires,” etc. Many suggestions 
along the line of fire protection of a comic nature werg 
carried out throughout the parade, such as a Mountaineer 
walking inside of a pasteboard match and cigarette, a 
large pipe carried on the shoulders of two men; four Boy 
Scouts on bicycles carrying a stretcher containing the 


FORESTRY 


prostrate body of “Old Man Carelessness” and a band of 
black, tattered and torn fire fighters returning from a 
forest fire in a terribly dilapidated condition, accompanied 
by two Red Cross nurses. 

The Boy Scouts came out 1200 strong and the Camp 
Fire Girls were a close second. Several cash prizes were 
offered for the best suggestion illustrating fire prevention. 
The first prize of $20 was awarded the Forest Club of the 
College of Forestry, University of Washington; other 
prizes amounting to $40, were awarded to the Boy Scouts, 
Camp Fire Girls and Mountaineers. 

A moving picture was taken of the parade and shown 
in a local theatre during the week following the parade. 


THE CUTTER PIONEER GROVE 


B. MILLER, State Forester, Urbana, Illinois, 
* finds a growing interest even in the smaller towns 
for areas which are suitable for parks and breathing 
places. One very much out of the ordinary was found 
at Princeville, Illinois, in Peoria County, a small town 
not far from Peoria. The State Forester learned of this 
through correspondence with Charles Forrest Cutter, 
Yale University, class of 1875, now residing at Low Fell, 
near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, and is able through 
the kindness of Mr. Peter Auten, a banker of Prince~ 
ville, and a relative of Mr. Cutter,to secure the photo- 
graph of Mr, Cutter’s pioneer log cabin which is here re- 
produced just as it stood a few years ago. 

This cabin was built by each of Mr. Cutter’s friends 
bringing in a log and was for two years used as a meet- 
ing place for the Old Settler’s Union of Peoria and vi- 
cinity. Everything was made just as primitive as it was 
in pioneer days, even to the eave troughs made out of 
round poles, hollowed out enough to carry off the water 
to a primitive cistern. Here Mr. Cutter brought his books 
and curios and used to spend hours there in reading and 
receiving his friends. i 

His idea in retaining this property for so many years 
was to show a bit of virgin woods in a state where tim- 
ber was being rapidly cut off, as well as honoring the 
memory of his parents. His father was Dr. Charles 
Cutter and the old Cutter homestead which stood in the 
northwest corner of the town was one of the first frame 
buildings in Princeville, lumber for its construction being 
carted from Chicago. 

Mr. Cutter wishes to do something for forestry in the 
disposal of this small tract but there are many difficulties, 
as it is too small for forest school purposes or for making 
into a forest preserve under the Illinois law. It is sub- 
ject to damage at the hands of prowlers at the present 
time as there is no regular caretaker who can look after 
the property. It might go to Princeville as a memorial 
park if the town would provide funds for its improve- 
ment and upkeep, but Mr. Cutter is such an ardent con- 
servationist that he has never allowed any cutting, so that 
landscaping might not correspond with his ideas. The 
tract is ideal for a small town park if these difficulties 
could be properly adjusted. 


A FRIEND OF FORESTRY 


Mr. Charles F. Cutter (Yale 1875), and his pioneer log cabin at 
Princeville, Illinois. 

Princeville is in Princeville township and until 1837 
was called Prince’s Grove, there being two other good 
tracts of timber in Peoria County at that time, White’s 
Grove and French Grove. The general surface of the 
township is rolling. It had considerable timber originally 
and is well watered by small streams. Mr. S. S. Slane, 
a pioneer resident of Princeville, 85 years of age, has a 
tract of 160 acres on the edge of town along the Sante 
Fe Railroad track, mostly white and black oak. He 
states that in 1848 the stand was mostly rock maple, the 
oak having come in since that time. 

Another interesting township in Peoria is Jubilee, 
which was once heavily timbered through the center, 
and contains in the southeast corner a tributary of 
Kickapoo Creek. In this part there was a tract of 
several hundred acres belonging to Jubilee Episcopal 
College, founded in 1839, by the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, and this tract is shown on some of the older maps. 


Novel Trees And Forest Products 


By S$. J. Record 


Professor of Forest Products, Yale University 


THE,ROYAL PALM 

The cocoanut palm is said to be the one tree able tu 
supply everything man needs for his existence—food, 
clothing, and shelter—a rather primitive existence, to be 
sure. Not far 
behind is the 
royal palm or 
palma real as 
the Spanish 
speaking peo- 
ple call it. It 
does not fur- 
nish food for 
man, though 
it does for his 
pigs, but it 
meets so 
many impor- 
tant needs 
that the na- 
tives hold the 
tree in the 
highest —_es- 
teemand rare- 
ly destroy 
one, 


To. the 
traveler in 
Cuba they 


are one of the 
most conspic- 
uous and 
beautiful fea- 
tures of the 
landscape. The trunks look like tall pillars of cement, 
usually swollen at the middle, and bearing at the top a 
giant tuft of plume-like foliage attached to the shaft with 
a long bright green cap. The trees grow in all kinds of 
soil from swamps to hill tops, though naturally they make 
their best development in rich ground. They are wind- 
firm and stable and stately avenues of them all unpro- 
tected have endured the storms for generations without 
a loss. Woodpeckers drill through the outer layer to 
build their nests inside but the trees seem none the worse 
for the damage. 


A ROYAL PALM 
This fine tree, which: is comparatively young, 
overlooks the harbor of Marvel, in Cuba. 


The royal palm is almost indispensable to the natives, 
and every portion of the tree finds a use. The leaves 
are especially useful, and cutting them from the top of 
the lofty trunk calls for skill and daring. The climber 


seems to think nothing of it, however, and by means of 
two loops of rope makes his way quickly to the crown 
and harvests his crop. 

The giant leaves consist of three parts, the basal sheath, 
the thick flattened stems, and the plume-like blade. The 
latter supply the roofing material with which the poorer 
classes in country and small villages thatch their houses 
and barns. The leaves are also made into fences, and 
serve as shade over the tobacco fields. Large quantities 
are used in closing the ends of the bags filled with char- 
coal, the all-important domestic fuel in the cities. 

The leaf stems make good fire wood. The sheath or 
yagua, in the vernacular, is large and flexible like leather, 
and fills many uses. It is the universal siding for the 
thatched hut—set on end and held in place by means of 
horizontal wooden cleats or poles tied to the house posts. 
The yagua is the farmer’s wrapping paper and tobacco 
is bundled in it. It can be folded up like birch bark 
into receptacles for washing clothes, boiling water and 
cooking. The inner surface is covered with a thin white 
tayer like parchment which can be peeled off in large 


flakes and used for writing paper or for rolling 
cigarettes. 
The fruit is a small hard nut borne in clusters. There 


are three stages from the flower to the ripe fruit on the 
tree ata time. The clusters of mature fruit are gathered, 


re 


Photograph by S. J., Record 
A CUBAN FARM HOUSE 


This home of a small farmer in Cuba is built entirely from ma- 
terial supplied by the big Royal Palm Tree in the background. 


482 AMERICAN 


the nuts. fed to the hogs, and the finely divided tough 
stalks tied into bunches for brooms. The native doesn’t 
go to the trouble to pick off the nuts—he hangs the 
bunches on the pig-sty and lets them fall gradually of 
their own accord or hastens the process by a daily vig- 
orous shake. 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
ROYAL PALM THATCH 


The roof covering of this Cuban shack is made of Royal Palm 
leaves sided with the leaf sheathes which are held in place with 
strips of the trunk. 


The palm trunks are not like ordinary wood but they 
produce vaiuable material for buildings and bridges. The 
inside of the trunks are loosely fibrous or hollow but there 
is a thick outer casing that is very hard and strong. It 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
A ROYAL PALM BRIDGE 


This small bridge in Cuba is made of the hard outer casing of a 
trunk’ of a Royal Palm tree. 


is also made into walking sticks and fancy articles and 


takes a beautiful polish. The hard strands which run 


FORESTRY 


through it, in the familiar manner of a cornstalk, show 
on the surface like the quills of a porcupine. End sec- 
tions show these strands as conspicuous dark dots and 
thin layers are much used for special designs in 
marquetry. 


OYSTER WOOD 


The writer does not remember ever having seen the 
name “oyster wood” in print, certainly not in the com- 
mon reference books, but it is nothing new to some of the 
dealers and cabinet makers. 

The name oyster wood was originally applied to the 
European laburnum from small logs of which thin end 
sections were cut and used for veneers in cabinet work. 
Owing to the difficulty of getting laburnum other woods 
were substituted. The writer recently examined an old 
table top which had a central portion of laburnum and 
the remainder of locust. 

The Cuban oyster wood is what is commonly -known 
there as yaiti or aite (Excoecaria lucida). The tree is 
small, rather rare, of poor timber form but has a very 
fine-textured wood that lends itself readily to carving. 
The heartwood is a sort of olive brown with peculiar 
eccentric layers of darker shade that give a very peculiar 
and pleasing appearance. The sapwood is white and 
rather thick. 

The wood as prepared for use is sawed into layers 
about one-sixteenth of an inch thick. The best effect is 
produced by cutting at a slant instead of straight across 
the end of the log. Very striking effects can be produced — 
by using such material for borders and special designs. 


KIRI-GAMI OR JAPANESE VENEER PAPER 


The Japanese manufacture a decorative material by 
gluing very thin veneers of wood onto a paper backing. 
Since the wood commonly used is Paulownia or Kiri, 
they call this product Kiri-gami (Paulownia paper) 
though some of it is put on the market under the name 
of Kiri-kyogi-gami, kyogi meaning veneer. 

The thin veneers used are nothing more than shavings 
made by hand with a big plane, such as carpenters use, 
only larger. The blade is about six inches wide. A long 
bamboo spring pole may be used to supply an even pres- 
sure, in which about all the workman has to do is to push 
the plane back and forth over the block and gather up and 
bundle the shavings. x 

Paulownia or Kiri is a very rapid-growing tree, some- 
times planted in this country for decorative purposes, and 
has a light, soft and easily worked wood that is much in 
demand in Japan for a wide range of uses. For the — 
purpose of veneers the trees are cut in winter and the logs 
stored in cellars where they will not dry out before 
needed. They are then cut into bolts 2 or 3 feet long, 
split into quarters, and the bark and defective parts re- 
moved. A quarter is then placed in a clamp and shaved 
along a split side. a 

After the shavings come off whole they are bundled 50 — 
or 60 together and boiled for about 20 minutes in dilute 


NOVEL TREES AND 


caustic soda, after which they are immersed for a few 
minutes in a dilute bleaching solution and washed in fresh 
water. Then, in order to neutralize any alkali and pre- 
' yent discoloration, they are thoroughly wetted with acid 
water, one part of sulphuric acid to a thousand. 

The wet shavings are then spread on a smooth laquered 
board or glass, and the edges lapped slightly to make up a 
_ panel. The water is wiped off, glue put on, and the paper 
_ backing applied. The sheets are then hung up to dry 
_ and are later smoothed with a hot iron. 


Fancy figured paper in colors may be used for the 


, also be printed on readily. 
4 | The manufacture of Kiri-gami is confined to Yamagata 
S 


_ 300 employes. Seven million sheets, each two by three 
_ feet in size, were made in 1920. The value of a sheet 
_ is from I 1-4 to 3 cents, depending upon quality. The 
_ Principal use is in the domestic trade for surfacing de- 
corative boxes and fancy containers; very little is ex- 
ported. If it could be had in strips of sufficient length 
it might be used to good effect for wall paper and interior 
» decoration in this country. 


TREE FERN COLUMNS 


Shown in the accompanying cut are two columns, each 
of which was manufactured from the trunk of a tree fern 
from 10 to 16 feet high and about 10 years old. They 
came from the heights of Fort de France, from the place 
called “Balata,” near 
the Pitons du Carbet, 
Martinique, French 
West Indies. They 
s ho wash -colored 
marks from volcanic 
cinders which have 
penetrated under the 
action of the rain into 
the fibrous tissue of 
the tree. The columns 
have also been pierced 
with vines, the exposed 
light-colored wood of 
which shows in con- 
trast with the dark 
brown of the fern. 

The tree fern grows 
in great quantities in 
the forests of the 
island of Martinique. 
especially in damp 
places and at a consid- 
TREE FERN COLUMNS FROM erable altitude, where 

MARTINIQUE it attains a height of 
40 to 50 feet and sometimes more. The trunks of these 
trees, when old and fully seasoned are cut square and 
used as posts for arbors, or as piles, or as beams for 


.- 


Photograph by S. J. Record 


FOREST PRODUCTS 483 


houses in the country. When fully matured it is a very 
durable wood and is considered incorruptible when ex- 
posed to humidity. 

Some artisans fashion from the roots flower pots and 
various novelties which are more or less artistic, and 
have, as a rule, an original style of their own. 


CROTCH MAHOGANY 


Some of the most beautifully figured mahogany comes 
from crotches of big branches. Such material is in much 
demand for use in the form of veneers for panels in 
doors, furniture and cabinets and for picture molding. 
Very often the veneers are matched end to end to make 
long panels for bedsteads, pianos and tall doors. 


Photograph by S. J. Record 
FANCY FIGURE 


Long, narrow crotch producing A wide crotch without much 
plume mottle or feather curls. distortion of the wood. 


The figure of the wood is largely influenced by the 
width and shape of the crotch, whether U-shaped or V- 
shaped. The effect in either case is to distort the growth 
but the closer the branches are together the more the 
woody layers are kinked and folded. Examination of 
such wood under a microscope shows that the fibers are 
buckled and folded from the enormous pressure ex- 
erted upon them. This pressure is the result of crowding 
—too many cells trying to reach their normal develop- 
ment in cramped quarters. 

Material of this kind is useless for most of the pur- 
poses to which wood is put for in positions of strength 
there is a premium on straightness of grain. A serious 
defect under one standard becomes a high merit under 


484 AMERICAN 
another. Beauty and utility are often wide apart in their 
demands. 


Along with the distortion of the structure in the wood 
of acrotch there is usually a very pronounced deepening 
of the color due to excess deposits of pigments and infil- 
trates. This shows in marked contrast to the adjacent 
wood and adds greatly to the decorative quality. A long 
narrow crotch may give the effect of a fountain or tufts 
of beautiful plumes. 

Often the wood of crotches is defective and where the 
branches grow too closely together there is danger of the 
bark being caught and covered by later growth. This 
is what dealers in logs call “in-barking”, a general term 
applying to all cases where bark is caught in the wood, 
as in healed-over wounds and fluted trunks. 


HEART BREAK IN WOODS 


It is not at all unusual to find in certain woods that 
cross-breaks have occurred in the heart of the logs. This 
defect is very common in African mahogany and during 
the war the writer saw hundreds of boards, otherwise 
perfect, culled because of these breaks. They vary in 
length or depth from a few inches to a foot or more, and 
there may be several of them close together. They are 
variously referred to as heart breaks, cross breaks and 
compression failures. 


A CROSS, OR HEARTBREAK 


Heartbreak or compression failure in a piece of mahogany. 


The cause of this damage has never been positively de- 
termined. Some believe that it occurs in the standing tree 
as the result of heavy wind storms. Others are of the 
opinion that the breakage results when the tree crashes 
to the ground when felled for lumber. The latter cite 
the fact that the breaks are usually fresh looking and 
show no’ pronounced discoloration or deposits such as 
one would expect to find in old injuries, particularly 
in a wood that contains as much gum as mahogany does. 

Whatever the cause the defect is very serious and may 
The 
writer has a section of an airplane wing beam of Sitka 


be overlooked until the later stages of manufacture. 


- three-quarters of an inch wide and rolled up tightly. 


' then become -very pliable and withstand almost 


FORESTRY 


spruce which shows two of these breaks. In the case of 
mahogany a break which is scarcely noticeable in the 
lumber before it is finished will show up badly when | 
filler and stain are applied. ; 

These breaks are the sign of rather soft and brash 
wood and it seems the trees in which they are. found 
are always large. Some of the old Sitka spruces which 
produced clear light-weight lumber were found to be un- 
fitted for airplane construction because their wood was 
lacking in the essential toughness and resilience. 


ASH-SPLINT PACK BASKETS 


The most serviceable pack baskets used in the North 
Woods are made by the woodsmen during their sg 
time. They weave them from splints from a slow-g 
ing ash tree. ; 

The basket-maker selects a straight clear-bo!ed brown 
ash tree growing in the forest, fells it and peels off 
bark. Any season of the year will do, but the bark p ; 
easiest in late spring or early summer. 

The wood of the ash-tree is made up of aterae 
layers of soft porous material of the spring growth 
tough fibrous material of the summer growth. By han 
mering hard all over the peeled log the layers can be 
arated. So the woodsman proceeds to pound the t 
with the back of his ax until the growth layers loosen 
A single hammering will loosen from two or three to 
many as ten layers, depending upon the vigor of 

lows. After all the loosened layers are removed the p 
cess can be repeated. Ss 

The layers are torn off in long narrow strips about 


this form they can’ be stored indefinitely. All that 
necessary to render them pliable and fit for weaving 
to soak them in coid water for an hour or so. They wi 


amount of bending and twisting without cracking 
breaking. In fact before wire came into use -for the p 
pose it was common practice in some parts of the coun 
to use ash splints for tying hay bales. 


UNTREATED SPOTS ON PILING 


Users of creosoted piling have occasionally been great. 
ly puzzled on observing shipworms boring through he 
ity creosoted wood. Experiments. with sheathing er 
soted timbers with untreated planks have demonstrat 
that if the microscopic larva can get a start in the - 
treated wood the worm which develops becomes resis- 
tant to creosote poison and can bore into the heav y 
impregnated wood. If there are any spots left untreated 
on piling and wharf timbers they will permit the young 
shipworms to obtain a foothold and eventually destroy 
the whole timber. 7 


4 


PARASITIC ENEMIES OF TREES AND PLANTS 


By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, C. M. Z. S., etc. 


(WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


F all the various lines of study and research in nat- 
ural history none is mone interesting than that 
branch of general botany dealing with abnormal plant 


_~ growths that are the result of injuries caused by insects. 


Many are more or lesssfamiliar with them as they occur 


GALLS DESTROYING A FLOWER 


Fig. 1—This quite unique illustration shows a specimen of 
Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) in its last stages of de- 
Struction by masses of dark green galls, each as big as a horse 
chestnut. 


on the twigs, leaves and other parts of trees and plants, 
for they are conspicuous objects when seen in the forest 
and elsewhere at various seasons of the year, from early 
Spring to late autumn. They have long been known to for- 
esters and students of plant pathology as galls. Even as 
far back as the days when Pliny wrote, that is, along in 
50 to 60 A. D., that famous naturalist of antiquity had 
paid some attention to them; and when his Natural 


History came to be published his readers found it stated 
therein that a gall on a tree was produced at night, and 
by some kind of a fly, the larva of which subsequently 
ate up the gall. Others of those times believed this, 
while still others claimed that tree galls were the home 
of certain worms or spiders. Prophesies of what the en- 
suing year would have for people of the times and of 
events that would come to pass, were based upon such 
data—that is, whether worms, spiders or flies were to be 
The 
matter did not rest here, however, although for a long 


the more numerous during that particular year. 


time some very ridiculous notions about galls on trees 
and plants were rife. For instance, a poet, who was 
also a doctor of medicine—one Redi of the 17th century, 
held that all trees and plants were endowed with a soul— 
a vegetable soul—and that that phytological phantom was 


not only responsible for flowers and fruits and all their 


TICK TREFOIL SHOWING HYPERTROPHY 


Fig. 2-—Hypertrophy in plants is not a common disease, and 
the case here shown is one of extreme rarity. It is the only 
specimen discovered by the, author after rambling through North 
American woods and fields for more than half a century. 


486 AMERICAN 


STRANGE DISEASE OR PLANTS 


Fig. 3—Another view of the manner in’ which hypertrophy at- 
tacks a tick trefoil showing the seeds distinctly. Note how eyr_ 
iously the stem is enlarged. 


parts coming into existence, but that galls, with every- 
thing that was to be found in them, were produced in a 
similar way, that is, through the agency of the “vegetable 
soul.” The fact will be appreciated that these early stu- 
dents and observers had never noticed the female insect 
deposit her eggs in such places on plants and trees as 
where the galls subsequently appeared; so it was con- 
tended by many that she deposited her eggs in the ground 
about the roots of trees and plants, and that, later on, the 
eggs thus lain were carried by the sap of the plant or 
tree up into the leaves, twigs and small limbs; passing 
along as far as they could, they finally lodged, and galls 
formed in those places as a consequence, 

Along in 1760 a closer observer and more intelligent 
writer appeared in the field. Ivrefer to the Italian natur- 
alist, Filippo Arena, who had given to the world some 
useful facts on the cross-pollination by insects in the 
case of plants; but he carried the discovery too far when 
he claimed that trees and plants produced galls, in that 
the insects that came from them might be sufficiently 
numerous so that cross-pollination should not fail during 
any particular year for the lack of a supply of those 
insects responsible for it. 


FORESTRY 


Finally the true cause of a plant gall was announced, 
and this by the Italian anatomist and microscopist, Mar- 
cello Malpighi, who, towards the close of the 17th cen- 
tury, pointed out that galls on plants and trees were 
caused through the punctures made by certain insects; 
and that-as swellings they were due to those punctures, 
just as swellings on our own bodies result from the sting 
of bees or other insects capable of inflicting a venomous 
wound, Here the matter now stands, little having been — 
added to Malpighi’s theory during recent years, although 
the subject has been investigated and extensively con- 
tributed to by not a few able writers, At this writing, 
hundreds upon hundreds of plant galls are known, and 
have been more or less fully described by the various 
investigators of the subject. They are now known to 
occur on plant growths of every description, even many 
fungi coming in for a share of them. Few are aware 
of the fact that potatoes are merely fungus galls on the 
roots of that plant; and others of them on our legumi- 
nous plants are chiefly responsible in producing the 
nitrogen of the air, in that it may be utilized by 
growing plants. 


A LEAF-CROWNED STEM OF A GOLDENROD 


Fig. 4—Not only does goldenrod exhibit the. curious condition 
here shown, but it likewise often presents elongate galls on 
the stem of the plant, as illustrated in another figure. 


PARASITIC ENEMIES 


Few, very few, of the galls caused by insects on 
plants are of any use to us—indeed, those occurring on 
oak trees are practically the only kind that possess any 
economic value, they being used commercially in enor- 
mous quantities in the making of various inks, and in 
the processes of dyeing and tanning. 

The study of these varied and curious excrescences 


especially ap- 


OF TREES AND PLANTS 487 


about fifteen other genera, those of the genus Cynips 
having been most exhaustively studied. 

Dr. Frarik E. Lutz, in his excellent little work, the 
“Field Book of Insects,” states that “if the galls are 
inhabited, a clue to the makers may be gained by a 
study of the inhabitants. Mites have four pairs of legs, 
at least when full grown; no wings; and are very small. 
Aphids have 


peals to forest- 
ers, to zoolo- 
gists, and to 
botanists, and 
for the very 
good reason 
that the field 
contains so 
much that has, 
as yet, in no 
way been work- 
ed out; it ac- 
tually bristles 
with problems 
unsolved. Then 
too, we are 
compelled to 
study them, in 
that we may 
derive the nec- 
essary knowl- 
edge to proper- 
ly care for and 
protect our use- 
ful as well as 
ornamental 
plants. Again, 
a knowledge of 
them is essen- 
tial to the stu-,.} 
dent of food 
products in the 
plant world and 
their cultiva- 
tion, as not a 
few of them 


threz pairs of 
iegs, aut they 
sometimes have 
no wings. Galls 
made by both 
of these groups 
usually 
open, Saw-flies 
have thoracic, 
and usually dis- 
tinct abdominal 
legs ; their galls 
usually have a 
large hollow on 
the inside, Gall- 
lepi- 


lar- 


are 


making 

dopterous 
vae have thor- - 
acic but no ab- 
dominal legs. It 
is not so easy 
to distinguish 
Hy me no pt er- 
ous and Dip- 
terous larvae; 
and it should 
always be re- 
membered that 
galls may be 
inhabited . by 
creatures which 
did not make 
them--parasites 
of the makers 
and also inqui- 
lines, ‘guests’ 


are nothing 
more than fun- 
gus root-galls, 
those of the 
legumes being 
of bacterial or- 
igin. 

Galls are produced by insects belonging to very differ- 
ent orders, in so far as their classification goes. Various 
genera of mites produce some of them, as do beetles, 
scores of flies representing upwards of twenty genera, 
not to mention the Hymenoptera or Saw-flies, espec- 
ially those of the family Cynipidae, in which we have 


close to the gall healthy stems are to be seen. 


D., Natural size of B. E,, Larva. 


BLACKBERRY GALLS GREATLY DISFIGURE THE PLANT 
Fig. 5—All parts of a blackberry bush beyond: the site of the gall invariably die, while, 


was present, as shown in this particular specimen. 
species of Cecidomyia, about natural size; it makes galls on some of our annual plants. 
B., The Misnamed Gall-moth (Paedisca saligneana). 
This species makes galls on the goldenrods. 


which avail 
themselves. of 
the abundant 
food, but do 
not directly in- 
jure the maker 
of the gall. 
Some galls are complicated communities. We speak of 
creatures ‘making’ the galls; the plants really do this, 
acting on some (not understood) stimulus furnished by 
the animals. It is exceedingly curious that insects which 
are so similar that they may be distinguished only with 
difficulty cause such: different. and distinctive galls. In 


One of these, bearing buds and a blossom, 
Insert cuts: A., Gall-gnat (female), a 


C., The, same with closed wings. 


488 


addition to the unknown chemics of the process, the gall- 
causing instinct is one of the most mysterious things in 


entomology,” 


Galls of various forms and sizes are gathered from 
many different kinds of trees indigenous to many coun- 
Thus in commerce we have the Chinese galls, the 


tries. 
Bokhara galls, 
and so on. The 
best galls yield 
sixty to 
per 


from 
seventy 
cent of gallo- 
tannic acid, and 
are known as 
the white, the 
green, and the 
blue galls, and 
the oaks are 
great producers 
of them. Some- 
times the irri- 
tation caused 
by the pres- 
ence of the lar- 
va is responsi- 
ble for their ex- 
istence, while, 
as a rule, they 
are. produced 
by a virus de- 
posited by the 
female when 
she places her 
egg. In Asia 
Minor, Syria, 
Persia and in 
adjacent coun- 
tries, a special 
species of oak 
(Quercus in- 
fectoria) 
grows abund- 
antly and furn- 
ishes the great- 
est number of 
galls for the 
trade A species 
of Cynips is 
responsible for 
produc- 
and this 


their 
tion, 


insect deposits its eggs in the tender shoots of the tree. 


We are informed by an authority at hand that “galls 
are inodorous, and have a nauseously bitter and astring- 


ent taste, 


size of a pea to that of a hazelnut. When good, they are 


f 5 Ee | 
of a blue, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


termed nutgalls or gallnuts.” According to some British 
authorities, one of whom is cited in the Encyclopedia 


Britannica (XII., 574), “in the autumn (also on oak 


They are nearly spherical, and vary from the 


black or deep-olive color. 


LEAVES OF MAPLES SHOWING RED AND YELLOW SPOTS 


Fig 6—So thick are these ocellated gall-spots on the leaves of some maples that they 
destroy the leafage of the entire tree; a tree so affected may be recognized at a consider- 
able distance. Insert cuts: F and G, Gall on goldenrod made by Solidago gall-moth. a, open- 
ing; c, larva; d, burrow. C on G opening seen from in front. Redrawn by the author 
from Riley. 


They are also 


leaves) are found those curious flat brownish galls com- 
monly called ‘oak spangles,’ which by many are taken 
for fungi and have indeed been described as such.” And 


it was Tenny- 

son who said, 

in his poem on 

“The Talking 

Oak :” 

“T swear (and 
else may _ in- 
sects prick 
Each leaf into 
a gall) 

This girl, for 
whom your 
heart is sick, 

Is three times 
worth them all.” 

Lutz, in his 
useful little 
work - referred 
to above, pre- 
sents us with — 
some eighty- 
six cuts, giving 
various exam- — 
ples of those 
galls we find 
on such trees 
and plants as 
the conifers, 
the poplar and 
cottonwood, the 
willow, hickory — 
alder, oak, elm, — 


hackberry, the 


w itch - hazel, 
tulip-tree, ma- 
ple, sumac, rose 
raspberry and 
blackberry, 
crategus, cin- 
quefoil, wild 
cherry, grape, 
touch - me - not 
linden and 
basswood, 
h u ckleberry, 
wild lettuce, 
goldenrod and 
ash. They are 


extremely characteristic and instructive, and as arranged 
on the plates, not readily mistaken for another, 
Further on I will give some of these growths, repro- 
duced by my camera from the actual specimens; but only 
a few can be thus presented, for the fact must ever be 
borne in mind that simply hundreds of these curious 


PARASITIC ENEMIES 


_ gfowths are now known to the students of them, have 
“ been described, and a very large number of them figured. 
For instance, over fifty different galls occur on the 
willow alone, and more than three hundred have been 
listed for the oak. All these have received their techni- 
cal, scientific names, and have been duly classified in 
works on the subject 

__ In none of the several works before me do I find any 
_ description of the galls that occasionally occur on our 
well-known “black-eyed Susan” or cone-flower (Rud- 
beckia hirta), an example of which I came across some 
_ three years ago, in a meadow a few miles west of the 
National Capital. Upon returning to my home I at 
once made a life-size negative of the specimen, and a 
print from it is reproduced in Figure 1. The galls were 
large, of a dark green color, shaped something like young 
_ tomatoes, being bunched in groups of from two to four 
_ on the extremities of the stems of the plant, where they 
destroyed both flowers and leaves. 

While botanizing in the same city during the summer 
of 1920, I discovered a remarkable specimen of trefoil. 
_ The plant had a height of some four feet, and was in no 
way crowded by the surrounding vegetation. Its remark- 
_ able stem at once attracted my attention; and I should 
_ not have recognized its genus had I not observed that it 
_ bore the well-known seed-pods of some species of tick 
_ trefoil (Figs. 2 and 3). On the lower part of the plant 
in Figure 2, quite a number of the leaves show very 
well; and their lanceloate form, taken in connection 
‘with the form and structure of the seed-pods, the locality 
and so on, it is quite possible that the species is Desmo- 
dium bracteosum. Recognizing the very unusual condi- 
tion of the plant, I collected it, or nearly as much of it as 
would fully exhibit the pathology it presented, and made 
the two photographs here shown. The specimen was 
then taken to Prof. Paul D. Standley, the botanist of the 
Smithsonian Institution, who pronounced the case to be 
“one of “hypertrophy;’ but he had never before seen 
_ anything of the same character in tick-trefoil. He was 
mot quite certain as to the species, and declined to com- 
mit himself on that point. The specimen was accepted for 


_ the collection representing plant pathology in the United 


States National Museum. The superior extremity of this 
Specimen is shown in the reproduction of my photograph 
in Fig. 2; while in Fig. 3, we have the upper third of 
the plant, almost down to a point where the disease com- 
menced. This cut exhibits quite a number of the leaves 
—their form, number and arrangement—to be taken into 
account and considered. Gray points out in his botany 
that in Desmodium bracteosum the character of the 
Species is that it is “very smooth except the pannicle; 
stem straight ; leaflets Janceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, 
green and glabrous on both sides, longer than the petiole, 
the conspicuous bracts and stipules 1 1.5 cms. long; joints 
of pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish.” He figures the 
pods, and they agree, as does the form of the leaves, 


OF TREES AND PLANTS 489 


with the corresponding parts in the specimen under con- 
sideration, 

How this condition came about in a specimen of tick 
trefoil would be difficult to say; and surely it would ap- | 
pear, from what we know of such things, that it was 
not from the puncture made by any parasitic insect. 
That such happenings are worthy of record there can be 
no question; for knowledge of fact is knowledge, quite 
irrespective of kind, and no one can predict as to when 
it may prove of value. 


Doctor Howard presents us with two or three valu- 
able and interesting chapters on the Gall-Flies; the 


CURIOUS GALL ON OAK TREES 


Fig. 7—Several of these galls may sometimes be found on 
the twigs of the same limb, and they vary considerably in size. 
The ones here shown are above the average in point of size. 
Sometimes, as in the specimen here shown, this gall does not 
seem to destroy the twig to which it is attached. 


Gall-Gnats, and the life history of a Gall-Gnat in his work 
“The Insect Book.” In speaking of those Cynipoids 
known as Gall-flies, he says that “those which make galls 
lay their eggs in the tissues of the growing plant and the 
larve, when hatched, feed upon the plant cells and their 
contents, A very slight gall deformation may result; 
but in the majority of cases there is a rapid growth of 
plant-cells and a curious enlargement of variable shapes 
which is called a gall. 

“The nature of a gall has long been a disputed point. 


490 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LARGE “APPLE GALLS” ON LEAVES OF AN OAK 


Fig. 8—These beautiful green galls are also called “oak galls’ and “oak apples;” they 
are made by a gall-fly called Amphibolips coccinae, here shown ‘at a in the insert, with 
a cross giving its actual size. The interior of one of these galls is fibrous, Other oak 
apples are spongy inside, as seen in Fig. 11. Such oak apples occur on the red-oak or 
black-oak leaves, while the fibrous ones are confined to the scarlet oaks. The insect shown 


at b is Amphibolips spongifica, and it produces the spongy oak apples.. c (mat. size), an- 
other species of gall moth (Gelechia gallae-solidaginis), the moth that produces the galls 
on some of the goldenrods. 


It was at first thought that it 
was-a purely vegetable growth 
and that the little grubs with- 
in it were the result of spon- 
taneous generation. Later it 
was supposed that galls were 
caused by the punctures of 
insects and the injection of a 
poisonous liquid. With the 
true gall-flies, however, the 
gall apparently does not com- 
mence to form until after the 
egg hatches. It is supposed 
that the larva secretes a liquid 
which causes the abnormal 
growth of the plant, the plant — 
cells which are most active in 
growth and subdivision being 
directly affected. 

“The egg of the gall-fly is 
slender, and has a very long 
petiole which is six to ten 
times the length of the egg- 
body, and this is inserted by 
means of a very long, curious- _ 
ly formed ovipositor. A good 
account of the method of ovi-, 
position reported by Riley 
from observations made by 
Pergande will be found in the 
Proceedings of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Washington 
(Vol. iii., pp. 260-263).” 

Doctor Howard tells us that 
“about fifteen hundred species — 
of this super-family have been’ 
described,” and it must be re- 
membered that that was fully 
twenty years ago, at which 
time he further remarked that 
“the full development of none 
of the American gall-making 
Cynipods has been studied 
with the care which this sub- 
ject should have, and doubt- 
less there are many interest- 
ing and important facts yet to 
be discovered.” Be this as it 
may, Doctor Howard has 
given us a deal of informa- 
tion about these extremely 
curious little insects and their 
ways, especially in regard to 
the time of their appearance 
during the year; on the par- 
thenogenetic generation which 


4s to be sometimes observed 
among them ; that a particular 
part of the plant attacked is 
always affected by the same 
“species of fly; and that “the 
parasitic gall-flies live as true 
internal parasites in other in- 
“sects, mainly plant lice and the 
larve of dipterous insects” — 
ogether with many other 
“facts. His “Life History of 
a Gall-Gnat” is brimful of in- 
terest, and a well illustrated 
co tribution to the subject, 
‘most worthy of careful study. 


‘that “the most famous mem- 
ber of this group is the so- 
called Hessian Fly (Cecido- 
_myia destructor Say.). This 
species lives, in the larval 
state, in stems of wheat, and 
annually damages the wheat 
‘crop of the United States to 
the extent of many millions of 
' dollars. It is supposed to have 
been introduced into the 
“United States in the straw 
brought over for bedding by 
_ the Hessian troops during the 
_ War of the Revolution. Hence 
the popular name.” 

We have often observed 
_ those peculiar little whitish 
galls on the willow trees ; they 
are terminal on the twigs and 
“shaped like small cones—in- 
deed they are known as wil- 
low cone-galls. It is said that 
a minute gnat deposits her 
eggs on the very tip of the 
) twig she selects for the pur- 
; ‘pose. Very soon it hatches, 
_ and the gnat at once com- 
__mences to feed upon the ma- 
_ terial at hand. This causes 
___ the growth-arrest of the twig 


- 


rightful occupant. 


PARASITIC ENEMIES OF TREES AND PLANTS 491 


DESTRUCTIVE GALL FOUND ON OAK LEAVES 


Fig. 9—This is possibly the gall known as Callirhytis capulus, and is here shown natural 
size. The specimen was collected by the author in the District of Columbia, within the 
city limits of Washington; it is not of frequent occurrence. The insert cut is of a drawing 
made by the author of an “oak apple” that shows the internal radiating fibrous structure. 
Compare this with Figure 10 on the next page. 


and the stunting of the leaves involved, which latter shrink ~ wild rose bushes; it appears to be a compound affair— 
up to small, scale-like affairs that overlap each other. that is, the larve occupying it are living in community- 
= The grub lives within this snug habitation, occupying it style. These galls possess a mossy appearance externally, 
all winter. In the spring it emerges as a minute two- 244 are known to the student of them as mossy rose- 

_ winged fly, a very beautiful little creature when seen 
_ through the aid of a high-power microscope. Other in- 
_ sects of small size resort to this gall of the willow to 
live in it; but they do not seem to interfere with its 


galls. Some curious ones are also found on hazel bushes 
and they are well worth attention and study. 

During the summer of 1922, while collecting flowers 
and insects in the woods and fields in the District of 


2 There is a gall which I noticed only on garden and Columbia, 1 ran into many specimens of galls on dit- 


492 AMERICAN 


ferent trees and plants of which I collected a number and 
later photographed ; several of these are reproduced here 
as illustrations. One would be surprised to see how 
many kinds of galls can be discovered and collected in 
a few hours in such a locality as I have just mentioned. 
They will be found on various species of trees, especially 


FORESTRY 


“Field Book,” on page 472, gives us quite a list of the 
insect galls found on various parts of the goldenrod, 
illustrating three of them by pen-sketches on Plate CLI.; 
he makes the statement that “about 150 kinds of galls 
have been recorded from American Compositae.” 
Doctor Holland, in his well-known “Moth Book,” 


on the oaks, presents us 
maples, wil- with many val- 
lows, conifers, -| uable and in- 
and others; teresting ac- 
, . Pe 

while wild counts of such 
roses, _ black- moths as attack 
berry bushes, goldenrod and 
goldenrod, and illustrates them 
other plants with instruc- 
will furnish a tive cuts of 
large number the insects and 


All 


such specimens 


of others. 
I have taken 
home 
and _ studied 
very carefully ; 
through 


to my 


and, 
the aid of my 
microscope and 
many books on 
the subject, I 
have learned a 
good deal 
about them. 


Goldenrod is 
an especially 
interesting 
plant to exam- 
ine for such 
purposes, and it 
has long been 
known that the 
plant is subject 
to the attacks 
of several spe- 
cies of parasitic 
insects. One 
form appears 
to devote itself 
to that part ot 
its victim from 
which the flow- 
er stalks spring 
and the leaves culminate. 


passer-by. 


As a result nearly all of the 
former drop off, while a most remarkable proliferation 
of the leaves at the superior end of the “rod” follows— 
and we have the condition here shown in Figure 4. An- 
other species attacks the stem of this plant, causing an 
elongate, ellipsoidal swelling to appear, of which authors 
have presented illustrations in their works. Lutz, in his 


THIS CURIOUS OAK GALL IS ONE OF GREAT BEAUTY 


their larvee, to- 
gethey with 
specimens of 
their ravages. 
Special refer- 
ence is made to 
the so-called 
“Misnamed 
Moth” (p. 418) 
the Solidago 
Gall-moth, and 
others (p. 425). 
I have fre- 
quently collect- 
ed the remark- 
able galls we 
so often find 
on the low and 
high vine black- 
berries; and 
figures of them 
“from specimens 
in my own col- 
lection, are 
shown here on 
Plate 5. In the 
case of the low- 
vine blackberry 
we often find 
a roundish gall 
on the stem as 
it emerges 
above ground. 
This is at first of a dusky green, but subsequently is 
shaded with a dull red. In the center it is filled with a 
pith-like substance containing many little rounded cells. 
On the high-vine blackberry there is often found a very 
conspicuous gall that has the form of an irregular, 
nodular mass like wood—tough and hard. At first this 
is of a deep green color; but as time goes on it gradually 


Fig.-10—So conspicuous is this form in oak woods that it attracts the attention of every 
It is woolly, pure white, and speckled with small pink dots. 


they may 
and bear 
flowers and 
fruit below 
them; this is 
well shown in 
2 big middle 
in the plate. 
| cross sec- 
either 


solid, 
perfora- 
here and 
that lodge 
larve of 
the parasitic in- 
sect responsible 
To the forma- 
tion of the gall. 
t infrequent- 
one of these 
sses is com- 
sed of some 
or six long- 
inal parts, 
roughly subcyl- 

ndrical in form 
with rounded 
more or less 
: extre- 
They 
are closely 
packed togeth- 
er and sur- 
round the stem, 
_as illustrated in 
not a few 
works on the 
subject. Still 
others of these 
galls are round- 
ed and nodular, 
as shown in 
‘Figure s. 
moe Next 


itud 


. 
poimn+>¢ed 


we 
ty} = come ~to the 
beautiful little 


galls so fre- 
quently seen on 
the upper side 


‘changes to a warm mahogany red, and is not altogether 
an unpleasing object. 
stems of the plant invariably die distad to these masses, 


PARASITIC ENEMIES OF TREES AND PLANTS 


(Fig. 5). I have found that the 


say how they came there. 


a 


ie 


fp BR Comstecd ad. B 


INSECT THAT MAKES THE OCELLATED RINGS ON MAPLE LEAVES 


Fig. 11—Copied by the author from a plate in one of Packard’s Reports. The original 
drawing by Mrs. A.B. Comstock, of ‘Cornell University. (Much * enlarged). Sciara 
ocellaris. 1. Leaf of maple (Acer rubrum) with galls; 2. adult, male; 2a., tibial spurs and 
brushes of same; 2b, claspers of same; 3, larvae; 3a, head of larva; 3b, caudal end of 
larva; 4, cocoon and pupa skin. 


of the leaves in the red maple (Acer 


AQ3 


pass through the maple woods during the spring and 
summer months, yet not one person in an hundred can 
They are well shown in my 


reproduced 
photograph of 
them in Figure 
6, where two 
leaves of a red 
maple present 
the infection. 
Each of these 
ocellated spots 
has a diameter 
of something 
like three 
eighths of an 
inch and is bril- 
liantly colored, 
the center and 
outer ring be- 
ing of a bright 
red, with the 
included ring a 
deep, rich yel- 
low. Sometimes 
nearly every 
leaf on a red 
maple may be 
thug affected 
and the tree be 
terribly dam- 


aged by the 
condition while 
in some _ in- 


stances only a 
fewowort thie 
leaves present 
these galls and 
the tree does 
not suffer in 
any way. In 
the red maple 
woods about 
Washington 
one frequently 
finds examples 
of this condi- 
tion of the 
leaves, now 
known to be 
caused by a mi- 
nute insect. 
Sometimes the 
spots are of 
but one color, 
that is, of a 


: pale green, or, in others, a light yellow. As many as 
___tubrum). No end of people see these every day as they fifty may occur on any single leaf, in some cases being 


404 AMERICAN 
so abundant as to overlap each other and cover the 
leaf all over. 

In 1881 Professor Comstock very fully described the 
insect that caused these spots, his account appearing in 
the U. S. Entomologist for that year. Mrs. Comstock 
drew the plate for him and this is herewith reproduced in 
Figure 7. “At the center of each leaf,” says Professor 
Comstock, “may be seen, on the other side of the leaf, 
an elevated portion. Corresponding to this, on the 
lower surface of the leaf, there is a pit, within which the 
larva lives. Larve that were partially grown were found 
to be held in place in the pit in the leaf by what appeared 
to be a larval skin. This pellicle covers the body entirely, 
and is with difficulty removed from it; the edges of the 
pellicle adhere quite tightly to the leaf. Where the larva 


GALLS ON OAK TREES AND BLACKBERRY BUSHES 


Fig. 12—Shows vertical, median sections of a spongy oak gall 
(upper) and the blackberry gall (lower). The latter is the 
specimen shown in Figure 5 above, It is nearly solid in struc- 
ture, and riddled with cavities for larvae. Both figures natural 
size. 


is full grown, it forces itself from under this skin, which 
then falls back into the cavity or is pushed to one side, 
where frequently it may be seen adhereing to the leaf. 
The larva at this time drops to the gorund, into which 
it enters to undergo its transformation.” Following this 
description occurs a very full account of the insect, its 


FORESTRY 


larva, and other important points, all of which is too ex-_ 
tensive for quoting in this place, while many of the 
points described are pretty well illustrated in the plate. 

Of all the trees that are attacked by parasitic insects 
giving rise to galls of one kind or another, probably the 
greatest sufferers are the various species of our oaks. 
No part of the tree, be the species what it may, seems to 
be immune from such conditions—even the leaves devel- 
oping galls of more kinds than one. We find them not 
only on the leaves, however ; they also occur on the limbs, 
branches, twigs and fruit. The nature of some of these 
excresences are well shown in the figures illustrating 
the present article (Figs. 8, 9 and others). More than 
three hundred different galls have been described as 
occurring on the oaks, and many of these have been 
ilustrated. Very familiar to many are the beautiful green — 
spheres we so often see attached to the leaves. Up toa 
certain time, one of these will be of the same fine shade 
of green as the leaf to which it is attached ; subsequently 
it becomes a pale tan color at its distal pole, and this 
color, in a uniform way, gradually spreads toward the 
stem, until the entire outer skin of the gall is of the same 
shade. A gall of this kind is of extremely light weight, 
and when thrown into water it will float like a cork. 
Cutting one of them open, passing the incision through 
its center,the plane of it making any angle with its polar — 
diameter, exposes its internal structure. In some species 
of oaks the entire interior is found to be occupied by a 
soft, spongy material, fine in texture, and of scarcely 
any weight. In the center of this there is a small cavity 
for the larva, the tissue surrounding it being much dark- 
er than the rest. Now, cutting open other galls of this 
kind from still other species of oaks, we find, instead of — 
this spongy material, a great number of very fine radi- 
ating threads, the center from which they spring being 
the cavity containing the larva. Only a certain propor- 
tion of these threads are sufficiently long to reach the 
inner surface of the gall. Without giving their scien- 
tific names, it should be known that these two galls, 
although having externally the same appearance, have 
really very different fillings, as just pointed out, and 
they are produced by insects of quite different species. 

Another curious oak gall is scientifically known as 
Biorhiza forticornis, here shown in Figure 7. It looks 
very much like a wad of raisins squeezed around a twig. 
Usually it is of a tan color, rather light, while Lutz 
describes it as being “pale yellow with reddish tinge 
when fresh. Kernel of each division held by radiating 
fibers.” 


In Figure 9 we see still another most destructive gall, 
found on the leaves of an oak. These have the appear- 
ance of green marbles, and are as hard as stones. They 
completely consume the leaves upon which they are 
attached—or the larve do after they appear. This gall 
is probably the Callirhytis palustris of Lutz, judging 
from his drawing of a specimen that closely resembles 
the one here shown in Figure 9. 


By far one of the most striking as well as beautiful 


oak galls is the C. seminator shown in Figure 10; it 
looks like a little ball of white wool, dotted all over, 
a rather sparingly, with small pink dots. As contrasted 
_ with the green leaves, it has the appearance of some 
fruit or other, and it is sure to attract the attention of 
the passer-by in the oak woods where it occurs, Often 
three or four of them are to be seen on some sapling oak 
only a few feet above the ground. 

From what I have endeavored to bring out in the 
"present article, it-will be seen that the study of galls is 
not only a very int@resting one but one of decided 
importance. Most of them can be easily preserved in 
one way or another in the herbarium, or for exhibition 
in the public school museum. School children should be 
encouraged to collect all the different kinds of gall they 
“come across in the woods and fields; to make good 
photographs of them, and to properly prepare all the 
insects, moths and larve responsible for their appear- 
‘ance. Ina very few years such a collection comes to be 
of value—especially if scientifically and tastefully ar- 
' tanged with all the data relating to it. 


*Tis always morning somewhere, and above 

The awakening continents, from shore to shore, 

Somewhere the birds are singing evermore. 
—Longfellow. 


Famous Trees at 
Georgetown Convent 


edited fair graduate of the Georgetown Convent 
knows these trees, nominated for the Hall of Fame 
for trees with a history by Mary A. Easby-Smith, his- 
torian of the convent alumnae. Mrs. Smith informs the 
American Forestry Association that this aged Jefferson 
pecan on the Convent grounds grew from 4 nut given 
by President Jefferson, more than a century ago, to Mir. 
Threlkeld, who formerly owned a part of the Convent 
grounds. In a letter to Mr. Threlkeld, dated March 26, 
_ 1807, Jefferson says: 


“Presuming you are devoted to the culture of trees, I 
take the liberty of sending you some pecan nuts which, 
being of the last year’s growth, received from New Or- 
leans, will probably grow.” 

The tree is now 65 feet high and measures seven feet 
in circumference. Two copper beeches which Mrs. 
Smith also nominates for the Hall of Fame are a land- 
mark in that part of the city. They may be seen from 
the front lawn of Georgetown College, and from there 
have the appearance of one big tree with a crown like an 
immense copper dome. 

It is impossible to guess the age of these venerable 
trees, which have stood as silent guardians of the play- 
grounds of several generations of Georgetown’s fair 
‘alumnae. They were in the prime of their strength and 
beauty during the Civil War, as several of us can attest, 
‘says Mrs. Smith, but during the past fifty years they 


FAMOUS TREES AT GEORGETOWN CONVENT 


‘no means round. 


495 


have suffered from violent storms and the effects of ex- 
treme old age. Had it not been for the good work of 
the tree surgeon they would probably have been de- 
stroyed before now. The gnarled trunks are full of old 


THE JEFFERSON PECAN IN THE CONVENT GROUNDS 


initials and dates, the only one of which we can now de- 
cipher is “44,” The circumference of the beeches (five 
feet from the ground) are 13 feet and 11 feet, respec- 
tively. One cannot give a real diameter, as they are by 
The height is very close to 90 feet, 
and the combined crown of both is sixty feet. (See page 


450. ) 


THE WOODS 


How good it is to ramble where the winds and water roll 
And the harbingers of Nature with their gladness fill the soul. 


A hag woods at first convey the impression of profound 
repose, and yet, if you watch their ways with open 
ear, you find the life which is in them is restless and 
nervous as that of a woman; the little twigs are crossing 
and twining and separating like slender fingers that 
cannot be still, the stray leaf is to be flattened into its 
place like a truant curl; the limbs sway and twist, im- 
patient of their constrained attitude; and the rounded 
masses of foliage swell upward and subside from time to 
time with soft long sighs, and, it may be, the falling of a 
few raindrops which had lain hidden among the deeper 
shadows.—Oliver Wendell Holmes. 


BOYS’ REFORESTATION CLUBS 


By V. H. Sonderegger 


Superintendent of Forestry, Louisiana Department of Conservation 


HEN the Conservation Department of Louisiana 
began the establishment of Boys’ Reforestation 
Clubs in the fall of 1921, it started a work that promises 
to do more for forestry in Louisiana than any of the other 
agencies it has inaugurated to that end. 

The idea of these clubs originated with Col. W. H. 
Sullivan, of the Great Southern Company, and was the 
outgrowth of the success of the boys’ corn and hog clubs, 
which have been operated with eminent success in Louist- 
ana for several years. To make a success of the work 


the Great Southern Lumber Company donated $500 to be 


MILLARD PARKS, WINNER OF THE SWEEP- 
OF EIGHTY DOLLARS FOR THE BEST PLOT IN 


THE 
STAKE 


PLOT OF 
PRIZE 
THE STATE, ALL CLASSES—AT FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE. 


given in prizes, and this sum was placed at the disposal 
of Commissioner Alexander, of the Conservation Depart- 
ment of Louisiana, who was given complete charge of the 
work. Mr. Alexander placed the matter in the hands of 
the forestry division of the department, and the work of 
forming the clubs was at once begun. 

Though the movement was started late in the fall, 
classes aggregating 664 boys were formed before tne 
close of the year, and in the closing months of 1921 all 
of these boys received practical lessons in forestry. Each 
of the boys secured a plot of land between one and three 
acres, some of the plots being barren, while others bore a 
second growth. The clubs were organized on much the 
same lines as the boys’ corn and hog clubs had been, 
and the work has been as successful thus far as the clubs 
yrganized along agricultural lines have been. Not only 

‘ the boys received practical instruction in forestry, 
he clubs have proved an effective way of arousing 


general interest in the subject, for in reaching the boy the 
department has also reached his parents and other male 
relatives and friends, and the neighborhood has received 
an object lesson in forestry, the effect of which must be 
far-reaching. 

The enrollment of 664 boys in the latter half of the 
first year of the work was extremely gratifying to Com- 
missioner Alexander and his agents have assured him 
that during the present year much larger classes will be 
organized. It was not until August, 1921, that H. J. Stahl 
was selected by V. H. Sonderegger, superintendent of the 
forestry division of the department, to take supervisory . 
charge of the clubs, and he at once got in touch with 
the forest rangers and began the work of enrollment of 
the boys. The clubs being organized, the forest rangers 
assisted them in securing plots of ground and the lesson 
that was stressed in the instruction was fire prevention 
and fire control. To impress the importance of this factor 
in the protection of timber in the minds of the boys, they 
were told that in the distribution of prizes 50 per cent 
of the points in judging would be allowed for excellence 


PLOT OF ROBERT MAGEE, AGED THIRTEEN YEARS. WINNER 
OF THE FIRST PRIZE OF THIRTY-FIVE DOLLARS, 6 TO 10 YEARS 
OLD, LOBLOLLY IN AN OLD. FIELD. 


in this work. The lads were taught to construct fire 
lines around their plots as the first lesson|in their work, 
and they were next instructed in the proper thinning out 
and cleaning of their plots. Some of the boys were quite 
successful in this work, and the judges who examined 
each of the plots at the beginning of this year pre- 
liminary to the distribution of prizes, declared that some 
of the plots they examined resembled United States For- 


Each of the boys kept a complete 
_ record of the work he performed on his plot during the 
a period of the session. Most of the boys had charge of 
| from one to three acres of second growth pine or second 
growth hardwood. Others took plots that were partially 
seeded or barren and either transplanted seedlings in 
‘their areas or planted the seed, thus performing real re- 
forestation. It is the intention of the representatives of 
‘the Conservation Department to give more attention in 
the classes of the present year to this feature of forestry 
instruction, it being cotsidered more important to make 
ands lying idle productive than to work on second 
growth areas. 

It may be stated at this point that the Great Southern 
umber Company has again donated to this work, 


perience gained in the first year, for it is to be under- 
‘stood that the department in inaugurating the work in 
‘Louisiana had no precedent to govern its activities. These 


work was necessarily along original lines, so far as the 
instruction of the youth was concerned. As stated, the 
‘plots of the boys the past year ranged from one to three 


~ 


“PLOT OF JOHN GRAVES—WINNER OF THE SECOND PRIZE OF 
TEN DOLLARS FOR 21 TO 25 YEAR OLD PINE. THIS IS SECOND 
GROWTH LONGLEAF PINE ON AN OLD FIELD. 


- acres. The department plans for the present year con- 
template placing equal areas under the direction of boys 
who seed or transplant areas, while the boys who take 
"charge of second growth plots will have larger areas. 
This will give the Conservation Deparment in its work 
. Of advancing the cause of forestry around 1000 forestry 
) ‘demonstration plots in the state, and between 2000 and 
| 3000 acres under tree cultivation. 
Louisiana has for some years been regarded as one of 


e 


BOYS’ REFORESTATION CLUBS 


497 


the leaders in forestry work in the United States, and, 
as said, the establishment of these clubs is the first edu- 
cational work of the sort in the country. The establish- 
ment of the clubs has enabled the Conservation Depart- 
ment to go before the public schools of the state, and to 
give the faculties and student bodies of these schools an 
idea of what the department is endeavoring to accom- 
plish in forestry work in Louisiana. Moreover, there is 
scarcely a public school in the rural districts of the state 
that is not within reaching distance of one of the plots 
of the boys’ clubs, and school children generally can be 
expected to take an active interest in the work of their 
fellows. The first season of this new form of education 


THE PLOT OF KARL SCHEXNAYDER, A BOY OF FIFTEEN YEARS, 
AND WINNER OF PINE SEEDLING CLASS, A THIRTY-FIVE DOL- 
LAR PRIZE. 


has proven so successful it can be accepted as an assured 
fact that forestry is on a permanent basis in Louisiana. 
The judging of the work of the boys was done by V. H. 
Sonderegger, superintendent of the forestry division of 
the Department of Conservation,, and H. J. Stahl, who 
supervised the instruction of the boys. The classes were 
under the immediate direction of the forest rangers in 
the several districts of the State. The sweepstake prize 
of $80 was won by Millard Parks, a youth of 14 years, 
of Washington parish. There were a number of other 
prizes in different divisions of the work, and to ‘encour- 
age the work, parishes in a few nistances apprepriated 
money for prizes for the clubs within their boundaries. 
By those concerned with the work of conservation the 
disposition to be made of the 125,000,000 acres of cut- 
over forest land in the Southern States is considered one 
of the most serious problems confronting the people. 
Some of this land can be brought under cultivation, an- 
other part can be used for grazing and stock raising, but 
there will remain a large percentage that can only be 


498 AMERICAN 


utilized by reforestation, There is a considerable acre- 
age of land in the coastal plain which in the judgment 
of the United States Department of Agriculture is abso- 
lutely unfitted for agricultural purposes, and this land 
must be reforested or remain a burden on the hands of 
the owners or of the State, should it revert to the sover- 
eign through seizure for taxes. In the meantime there is 
a growing demand for lumber and an alarming falling 
off in the potential supply. Forests have been razed by 
lumbermen and others without regard to replacement, in 
many instances not a seed tree being left standing to start 
new growth. It has been said that the transient lumber- 
man of the flush days now drawing to a close was like 
the carpet-bagger of an earlier period, out for what he 
could take away, and took no heed to the welfare of the 
community in which he operated. There are indications 
that this carpetbag policy has undergone a change. 
When Henry Hardtner, of Urania, some years ago fig- 
ured that the vast tract of standing timber of his com- 
pany would only feed the sawmill for twenty-five years 
longer, he set himself to the solution of the problem of 
making the business a permanent one. He reached the 
conclusion that by intelligent cultivation he could re- 
place his forests as fast as the sawmill could consume 
them. Col. W. H. Sullivan, of the Great Southern Lum- 
ber Company, of Bogalusa, after a study of the Hardt- 
ner project determined to follow his intelligent lead. 
Hence the town of Bogalusa, built up by the business of 
the Great Southern Company’s mill, which in a few years 
reached a population of 10,000, and is still rapidly grow- 
ing, has been constructed as a permanent settlement, not 
a temporary sawmill town, such as have sprung up and 
disappeared in the South in the past thirty years. 

Soon after the activities of the northern lumbermen 
began, 300,000 acres of Louisiana forests were being de- 
nuded each year, the lumbermen mutilating trees they 
could not use and leaving no seed trees standing to se- 
cure regrowth. As the more valuable timber became ex- 
hausted the lumbermen installed plants to utilize as by- 
products that which should have been permitted to grow 
and re-establish the forest. Henry Hardtner demon- 
strated in his experiment at Urania that if a tree or two 
were left on each acre the land would be reforested by 
nature, the only needed aid being the prevention of fires, 
and, in the case of long-leaf pine, the keeping of the 
razor-back hog away from the seedlings. The bark of 
the root of these seedlings is sweet and the hog is very 
fond of it, and roots up every seedling within his reach. 
On the other hand the root of loblolly and short leaf pine 
has a bitter taste and hog leave it alone. Hence new 


growth on cut-over lands has generally been confined to 


less valuable timber. 

Contemporary with the destruction of the forests there 
has grown up in Louisiana a lumber business the invest- 
ment in which, as shown by the assessments rolls, is 
$20,000,000, employing approximately 57 per cent of 


the State’s industrial labor. Within a few years this 
great business will be entirely wiped out, unless refores- 
tation goes hand in hand with destruction. Louisiana 


FORESTRY 


has not been entirely remiss in the protection of her 
forests. As early as 1904 an act was passed to provide 
for the protection of the forests of the State, the sup- 
pression and prevention of forest fires, and to provide for 
the reforestation of denuded lands, and for proper in- 
struction in forestry in the public schools, ete. This was 
an excellent beginning, but unfortunately there were no 
funds available to carry on the work. In 1920, through 
the efforts of M. L. Alexander, Commissioner of the Con-— 
servation Department, the Legislature passed another — 
law providing funds sufficient to enable the forestry di- 
vision of the department to employ men in the field, and 
placing a severance tax on lumber to provide funds for 
the prosecution of the work. Previous to the passage 
of this act, Mr. Alexander, by virtue of the broad scope 
of the law establishing the department, had set aside 
funds received from hunting licenses, oyster leases, etc., 
to start the work. The act of 1920, however, made the. 
division self-supporting and has enabled it to place 
thirty forest rangers in the field to protect standing tim-_ 
ber against forest fires. These rangers also spread the 
gospel of conservation among the people and warn of the 
danger of recklessly building fires in the woods and grass 
lands. They warn the people that when -the forests go — 
they must pay a higher tax rate to support the govern- 
ment and provide for public improvements, Railroads 
lines are regularly inspected by the rangers to see that 
the right of way is kept free of inflammable material, 
and sawmills are similarly inspected to diminish fire haz- 
ards. The people are instructed to aid in the protection 
of the forests. Owing to the nature of tue climate and — 
the quality of the soil, the State Forester believes, if 
fires can be prevented, the forests will reproduce them- — 
selves whenever seed trees have been left standing. In 
absolutely bare areas replanting will be necessary. 


Fires are universally recognized as the great danger 
and the worst foe of forest conservation. Prevent them, 
and the standing trees will soon reseed the cut-over area. 
A healthy pine tree will produce large quantities of seed, — 
each seed germ being provided with a sail, and an ordi- 
nary wind will carry the seed a considerable distance, 
covering the ground around the tree with an average c 
250,000 to 300,000 seeds to the acre. In a few months 
these seed sprout and little trees about an inch high ap- 
pear. These seedlings will replenish the forest if pro- 
tected, but they cannot stand fire. Recognizing these facts 
the Legislature has penalized the starting of fires, either 
through carelessness or intent, that endanger’ forest 
growth, and has required lumbermen to leave uncut and 
“unbled” for turpentine at least one healthy young tree 
per acre to reseed the land. It has also passed laws en-_ 
couraging reforestation, limiting the taxing of lands 
whose owners enter into contract with the State to set 
aside the cut-over land for a term of years for the growth 
of trees. i 

A few large tracts of cut-over forest have already been 
so set aside, and other owners are desirous of entering 
into the contract. That the business of reforestation 
can be made profitable has been demonstrated. If eight 


es are left on each acre for reforestation and the land 
s assessed at $2 an acre, the stumpage value of the seed 
ses at the end of a 15 year period, at $5 per thousand 
will return 5 per cent compound interest on the $2 
westment, and will pay back an annual expense of ten 
nts an acre with compound interest on each year’s cost. 
time the land has been brought to a vigorous young 
and, leaving a period of twenty years before maturity. 


BOYS’ REFORESTATION CLUBS 


- > . 


499 


In these twenty years there should be a regular revenue 
through the collection of firewood in thinning out the 
growth, dependent on the thickness of the growth of 
the young trees. There are instances were loblolly has 
cut 10,000 feet per acre after a growth of twenty years. 
If the present price of lumber is maintained (and the in- 
dications are that it will be increased), this would give a 
return of about $100 an acre in stumpage. 


NY tn Ee, 8 Se, a a | a gee a a, ee, 


er, failed to provide appropriations for the work and 
e the committee was therefore not able to make as 
austive an investigation as the situation justifies, it 
submitted a report recommending specifically the 
establishment of a permanent state forestry department. 
_ The Georgia Forestry Association is actively support- 
ing the recommendation of the board and has organized 
state ina very effective way. The officers of the new 
ociation are Bonnell H. Stone, president ; A. B. Wood, 
Brunswick, first vice-president ; Mrs. W. W. Stark, of 
commerce, second vice-president; Senator E. E. Snow, 
Quitman, third vice-president; W. B. Lemon, of At- 
a, secretary, and C. B. Harman, of Atlanta, treasurer. 
executive committee was immediately appointed by 
sident Stone as follows: H. G. Spahr, of the Georgia 
te Highway Commission; C. B. Harman, secretary 
‘of the Southern Sash, Door and Millwork Association; 
i. S. Ucker, of the Southern Seaboard Airline Railway ; 
Miss Alice Baxter, chairman of the Committee on Natu- 


THE GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


(Continued from Page 476) 


ral Resources of the State Federation of Woman’s Clubs; 
W. B. Lemon, of the Western Electric Company, and 
Senator Robert C. Ellis, of Tifton. 

An advisory board was later appointed and comprises 
the following: H. C. Fowler, Mrs. Orville A. Park and 
R. C. Berckmans, of Macon; G. C. Smith, Brunswick ; 
Prof. T. D. Burleigh, of Athens; W. B. Hunter, of Cor- 
nelia; Miss Lois P. Bowdle, of Athens; W. H. Beck- 
man, of Albany; Homer Williams, of Albany; W. L. 
Roebuck, of Cordele; Miss Etta Colcough, of Augusta ; 
Mrs. Max E. Land, of Cordele; Mrs. Albert E. Horton, 
of Atlanta; Mrs. Lollie Belle Wylie, of Atlanta; William 
A. Candler, of Atlanta; Alex Sessions, Waycross; Sena- 
tor E. M. Tharpe, of Townsend; John Riis, of Milledge- 
ville; Max Jasspon, of Savannah; James W. Morton, of 
Athens; Mrs. C. R. Orr, of Athens; Mrs. Ira C. Farmer, 
of Thomson; Mrs. J. E. Hays, of Montezuma; Morton 
Turner, of Quitman; Mrs. M. E. Judd, of Dalton, and 
Major John Cohen, of Atlanta. 


Allan P. Child) 


NATURE PAINTED THIS SCENE ON A CYPRESS BOARD 


_ In the lumber yard of the National Lumber Company, in St. Louis an interesting piece of Nature’s etching was recently found. 
4 The board which has the woodland scene on its surface was found in a pile of lumber while orders were being filled and 
| had been at various heights in the pile for at least two years. The board has every appearance of an etching and shows 
-} 4 typical cut-over forest scene so characteristic of many parts of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. 
‘ Vai} of the wood with a slight discoloration gives a hint of twilight hours to add to the effectiveness of the scene.— 


(Note:—This Board was found in the yard of the National Lumber Company, Jefferson and Lucas avenues, St. Louis, Missouri.) 


The natural 


AMERICAN 


A Word for the Pitch Pine 


By J. M. G. Emory 


ET us presume that we are on an express train, west- 

bound from Jersey City and are swiftly flying 
through the rolling fields of New Jersey. Scattered 
wood-lots and occasional timbered swamps are rapidly 
being replaced by a more general forest cover as the 
train rushes westward. Tall tulip trees, magnificent oaks 
and other hardwoods crowd to the very track, while 
deeper in the forest giades dark hemlocks and blue-green 
pines give the woodland scene a more sombre hue. But 
as the train 
twists out into 
a cleared farm- 
ing settlement, 
a new tree, of 
very pictur- 
esque develop- 
ment and of a 
warm. green 
foliage, stands 
sentinel - like 
alone in a 


500 


rocky. pasture. 
It is a_ pitch 
pine, most gen- 
erally disliked 
of our eastern 
evergreens, and 
yet when al- 


lowed to grow 
unmolested by 


fire and the 
human hand, 
develops into 


an exceedingly 
picturesqueand 
interesting tree. 
Many very 
beautiful pho- 
tographs have been made using this pine in the composi- 
tion, often in silhoutte against a setting sun. 


A HANDSOME 


OLD PITCH PINE IN NEW 
JERSEY 


The pitch pine for real beauty and value can not com- 
pare, of course, with our eastern white pine or the red 
pine, yet there is no other tree which will exist in quite 
the barren soils and exposed sites that this tree will, and 
still be of value commercially and esthetically, for the 
wood of the pitch pine, although coarse and extremely 
resinous, is very useful. It is very durable in the soil 
and consequently valuable for posts and poies, and sawed 
into rough lumber, makes flooring of a very durable 
nature. The pitch pine also yields crude turpentine of 
very fair quality, and before the great pineries of the 
South were exploited, this pine supplied. the turpentine, 
pitch and tar of the country. In the olden days pitch 
pine was used to some extent as fuel, and torches were 
made from the resinous knots. 
ce pitch pine occurs on the most sandy and sterile 


FORESTRY 


of soils where few other trees can exist, it is of great 
economic importance. It fixes the sands and prevents © 
them from shifting and over-running more valuable farm- 
ing land. Moreover, as the years go on, great quantities 
of needles and debris accumulate on the forest floor, 
forming a rich humus which makes the production of 
more valuable trees possible. For these reasons, it seems 
that the pitch pine fills a position in the production of 
forest resources which very few other trees could, and 
therefore is deserving of more careful protection than it 
has previously been afforded. It should be looked upon 
as a useful member of the forest family and not a mere, 
troublesome weed to be eradicated as quickly as possible. 


Trees to Take the Place of Those 
Destroyed by Blight 


By C. H. Thomas 
HESTNUT replacements, the trees which will fill the 
gaps in Pennsylvania forests caused by the ravages 
of the chestnut blight, will not be so hard to find as was 
first anticipated, says Professor Illick, of the State For- 
estry Department, at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Many 
of the denuded forest areas which were laid bare when 
the blight finished its deadly work are once more grow- 
ing new timber producing species. 

Not only have students of forestry been encouraged 
by the number of species which can be substituted for 
the once numerous chestnut trees in Pennsylvania, but — 
they have a ray of hope that eventually the chestnut trees — 
may be brought back. This hope is based upon the belief 
held by some foresters that the blight will generate its 
own antitoxin and that the ultimate result will be chest- — 
nut trees with greater power of resistance than those 
which fell victims to the blight. Until this hope is 
realized foresters are studying the various substitutes for 
chestnut trees. 

Of the several species found suitable to the soil and 
climate of Pennsylvania the rock oak or commonly known 
chestnut oak, because of its close resemblance to the 
chestnut tree, is destined to play a big part in the refor- 
esting of the areas denuded by the blight. It is now being 
grown to some extent in Pennsylvania. As a common 
species of the chestnut, the rock oak has been discovered 
to grow much more rapidly than was at first supposed. 
Foresters formerly reckoned its apparent growth upon 
the rings on the trunk and the growth demarcations on 
the twigs. Formerly it was supposed that each ring and 
each demarcation marked a years growth, but Professor 
Illick discovered, upon close observation of specimens 
under cultivation on State Forest lands that two or even 
three growth periods. occur frequently in a single growing 
season. The chestnut oak was found to reach a height 
of 17.8 feet in a period of 17 years. It showed amazing 


development in experiments conducted on the State plan- 


tation at Mont Alto, although it was in competition with 
the rapidly growing chestnut tree. The fact developed 
some years ago that its growth was retarded by the close 
proximity of the chestnut, was confirmed when the chest- 
nuts were killed by the blight, the rock oak showing an 


acceleration in growth afterward. The chestnut oak will 
“replace the blight killed chestnut to a greater degree 
n any other single species in Pennsylvania for in most 
it is the principal companion of the chestnut. 

ng the base of the mountain slopes in southern Penn- 
lyania chestnut oak frequently comprises 20 per cent 
the stands, while along the middle slope it comprises 
30 to 40 per cent, and toward the top of the slopes 
upon the ridges it frequently comprises 60 per cent. 
itch pine, another sclose associate of the chestnut, is 
ted to play a big part in reforesting dry, gravelly 
sandy mountain slopes, upon which some of the 
exacting trees do not thrive. Like the chestnut 
the pitch pine grows more rapidly than the apparent 
indicates. The pitch pine has a wide range and is 


In the southwestern United States on the edge of 
e desert are to be found certain areas of scattered trees 
low stature—cedars, pinyons, Junipers, oaks, etc. 
ese stands are known as “woodlands”. 
_ Because of the small size of the trees and the com- 
itively small number per acre, with the resulting low 
elds, there has always been some difference of opinion 
‘to whether or not they ought properly to be included 

hin the National Forests. Recently this debate has 
1 actively revived, two articles on the subject hav- 
appeared in the “Journal of Forestry” for May, 192r. 
following is submitted as a contribution to the dis- 


“They’re not proper forests”, 
“Dear at any price”, 
“Ruthlessly eliminate’”— 
That’s the sage advice. 


ce in the:o!d Carboniferous basins, 

ged by the tall Sigillaria trees, 

ing and dying, the myriad corals 

down their limestones in warm shallow seas. 


wash rushing down from the neighboring highlands 
Buried them deep under mud, silt, and sand, 
en an upheava: and unclouded sunshine 


¢ 
Gave us a new, barren, desolate land. 


Up on the Wingate and Shinarump sandstones, 
Up on the Zuni and Moencopie shales, 
Creeping, possessing, the great stately pine trees 
Offered defiance to lightning and gales. 


‘Th en in the course of the following ages, 

_Bared by the tumult of torrents of rain, 

+ Sle vly once more came those oid pristine limestones 
Up to the surface; a wide-spreading plain. 


Cherish, then, the woodlands ; 
Bring them to the fold, 

Tree and bush and grass clump; 
Though the critics scold; 


WOODLANDS 


501 


the most fire resistant forest tree native in Pennsylvania. 

Black locust, another associate of the chestnut, is more 
local than either the chestnut oak and the pitch pine, 
but is becoming more numerous in the State. Light 
sandy soil favors the growth of the black locust and it 
is one of the most thriving species among the mountains 
of Bedford County. Black oak, pignut hickory, black 
birch, table mountain pine and Jersey or scrub pine also 
are helping to fill the gaps left by the chestnut blight. 
Where the soil is moist, the chestnut replacements will 
be more complete and satisfactory, nature aiding largely 
in the work. Companion species of the chestnut found 
in such soil are more desirable, among them being the 
tulip, white. ash, red and white oak, red maple and 
white pine. 


WOODLANDS 


By Ferdinand W. Haasis 


cussion by one to whom it is most familiar. 

Bear in mind that these areas have at present con- 
siderable value for grazing and as a source of fence posts 
and fuel, to say nothing of pinyon nuts, and that without 
administration there is as much danger of destructive 
exploitation of these resources as there is of the more 
impressive saw timber stands. Furthermore, many of 
them are so situated as to have a significance in watershed 
protection; and no one can predict what enhanced value 
they may have in the future as sources of wood fibre, etc. 

The nomenclature refers to the geologic features of 
Arizona and New Mexico. 


WOODLANDS 


Harken to my story, 

Sons of Mother Earth, 
Narrow not your vision, 
Learn the Woodlands’ worth. 


The stately, exclusive, particular pine trees 
Looked at the orange white barren expanse, 
Slowly and daintily tried to invade it; 

But failing, rains checked their attempted advance. 


Now to the foreground came pinyons and cedars. 
Took up the work that had vanquished the pines, 
Covered with verdure the Kaibab formations, 
Soft’ning their glare and their angular lines, 


Sending their armies far out on the desert, 
Wresting the land from the cactus and sage, 
Growing the wood for the fuel and house beams 
Used by the folks of that far-distant age. 


Pinyon and cedar still border our pine lands, 
Flanking the forests of sawtimber trees ; 

Fence posts and cordwood and pencil stock billets 
Make up a sixth of our wood sales with ease. 


Stretching out the bound’ries ; 
Keeping clear our goal: 
National resources 

For the Nation as a whole! 


Tree Stories For Children 


Why the Almond-Tree Blossomed 


By Mary Isabel Curtis 


OU like to crack and eat nuts, don’t you? Yes, of course you do; and 

if you and I agree, then you think the almond kernel is the sweetest 

nut of all. But when you're crunching the firm, white nut-meats do you 
ever think about the tree from which the almonds. come? 

If you live in the northern states you very seldom see an almond tree. 

These trees are timid things and dreadfully afraid of cold, dark winters. 

They prefer a smiling, sunny country like Italy or California; and there, 


ss 


fe on every hand, you can see almond trees which flower out in springtime 
> = into wonderful pink blossoms, and in the autumn throw down these best 
hy; a of nuts for your enjoyment. 

JES ; 


A) 
\\ 
= 


ZA 


At one time, though, so long ago that no one can remember just when 
that time was, the almond was quite an ordinary tree. It had no blossoms 
and no fruit, but just a few green leaves that dropped off in the fall and 
left it bare. At that time there lived in Greece two children who were 
the dearest friends and playmates that you can imagine. Phyllis was 
a slender, dark-eyed little maiden, but though she was a girl, she was 
as fleet of foot and agile as was young Demophoon, and could play all 
the games that he liked best. He thought there never had been anyone 
so nice as Phyllis, and she adored Demophoon. They had such merry 
times together that they never longed for.any other play-fellows, but 
were as happy as the day was long. 

Once, however, Demophoon had to go away for a short time, to see an 
aunt or cousin who lived a day’s journey distant ; and while he was gone 
some most unkind and mischief-making person went to Phyllis and told 
her that Demophoon was never coming back. Now though poor Phyl- 
lis had been lonely without the comrade whom she dearly loved; she had 
comforted herself by thinking of the happy times in store for her when 
he came home again. But when she heard this sad news she was over- 
come with sorrow and dismay. The more she thought about it, the more 


la 


C2ZAL 


NY AP 


7) 
a% 

poe 

las 


SS 

son 
yey 
ia 


\ 


> Ni 
y 


aS 

ty 

= 
em, 


MW & 
: NN 
Ve 


PAL 


ah WS she felt that she could never live without Demophoon. At last, in an 
GET excess of grief, she tried to kill herself, but the gods, in pity, would not 


let her really die. They changed her into an almond-tree beside the 


>s 


= Samet 
%) 
eo. 
= 


y em brook where she had often played. 

YS, About this time Demophoon, having finished his visit, came home and 
| ; a learned with horror what had happened while he was away. He hur- 
G AVN ried to the almond-tree that had been Phyllis and, flinging his arms 
Ye = around the tree, he shed bitter tears and called to his dear playmate: 


“Oh, Phyllis, how could you believe that I had gone away forever? 
You know I loved you far too well to even think of such a thing!” 


VANS 
SNS 
v 


And Phyllis heard and answered him. For as he spoke, the tree burst E Ke N 
iy forth into a thousand blossoms which at first were white but, as he S = 
(yr watched them, turned to a most beautiful and joyful pink. = LN 

\ 


Demophoon had made her happy again; and she has remained so ever 


SS 


since. 
If you have ever seen an almond-tree in blossom you know that it is 
one of the happiest sights upon this whole, round earth. 


“0 


ESS TD 
LSM EAN ENS ee (VAN ZS 
cn ) SWAP 


‘ \ 
brek pry 


_ PEACE-TIME USES OF SITKA 
SPRUCE 
Although Sitka spruce may never again 
= so eagerly sought and so extensively cut 
$ during the war, it has so many superior 
alities in the opinion of foresters and 
men that it will always play an im- 
nt part in the lumber industry of the 
fic coast region. It grows rapidly, 
kes a large yield to the acre, lends itself 
y well to forest management, and pro- 
a wood which has h yvaiue for 
- special purposes, prominent amicng 
is the manufacture of paper. 
greater part of the virgin forest in 
Sitka spruce occurs has not been 
d by lumbering operations, accord- 
_to Department Bulletin 1060, Sitka 
uce: Its Uses, Growth and Management, 
ew publication of the United States De- 
nt of Agriculture, prepared by N. 
Cary, forest examiner. Until re- 
the cut was relatively small. Sitka 
was not well known in the world or 
markets until an extraordinary 
for it arose during the war be- 
of its superiority for airplane con- 


total stand of Sitka Spruce in 
a is estimated at 40 to 44 billion 
More than one-third occurs in Alaska, 
d in British Columbia and the re- 
in Washington, Oregon and Cali- 
Tt does not ordinarily grow in pure 
but must be logged in conjunction 
h other timbers—with Douglas fir, west- 
n hemlock, and western red cedar in 
f ton and Oregon, and with western 
ck in Alaska. 
spruce forms only 1.5 per cent by 
- of the total merchantable stand of 
west of the Cascades in Oregon and 
In British Columbia it com- 
s 6.7 per cent of the timber along the 
Of the coastal forests of south- 
1 Alaska it forms about 15 per cent. 
proximately 50 per cent of the entire 
id of Sitka spruce is in private owner- 


ngton. 


ae tinaton and Oregon, the cut of 
increased more than 50 per cent in 
3, practically all this was Sitka spruce. 
: cut in the United States increased very 
ttle, and in general is declining. For a 
yer of years Maine was the leading 
oducing state, cutting chiefly red 
ce; but the pressing need for spruce 
aft lumber for war uses stimulated 
roduction in the Pacific Northwest to 
ich an extent that in 1918 Washington 
ok first place with a cut of more than 
0,000 board feet. Oregon was sec- 
with a cut of more than 215,000,000, 
Maine dropped to third place. 

varied qualities of Sitka spruce fit 
for a wide variety of uses. It is the 
Mier wood for the manufacture of air- 
It is unsurpassed for pulp and is 
pecially adapted for musical instruments. 


La ETL ET a TT ET I I a SST SET 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


It is also a desirable wood for boxes, 
crates, barrels, veneer and woodenware. 

Copies of the new bulletin may be had 
free upon application to the department at 
Washington, D. C. 


A GOOD FIRE RECORD 

Major R. Y. Stuart, the State’s Chief 
Forester, presented a detailed report on the 
spring forest fire season to the State For- 
est Commission at its June meeting. He 
reported Pennsylvania’s situation as follows. 

“The record shows fewer fires reported 
than in the spring of 1921 and substantial 
progress made in other respects under the 
system of protection put into effect by it 
last fall. 

“One of the remarkable but expected de- 
velopments from the Department’s new sys- 
tem was the service rendered in detection 
from the steel fire tower, of which fifty 
were erected last summer and fall. Over 
80% of all fires reported were detected and 
reported from the Department’s towers. 
When the increased number of towers 
contemplated are constructed it will be 
possible to thus detect promptly practically 
all fires. 

“Another striking feature of the spring 
fire season was the promptness with which 
fires were reported and reached by the 
crews. This was possible through the 


close and efficient cooperation rendered the, 


Department men by local individuals and 
organizations, and by members of other 
Departments.” 


GYPSY MOTH ESTABLISHED IN 
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT 
Winter and spring scouting by the Bu- 
reau of Entomology of the United States 
Department of Agriculture and State ento- 
mological forces shows that the gipsy 
moth is established over the entire central 
part of Connecticut. The new territory is 
as large as all the known infested area in 
the State up to this time. The area affected 
is that through which the main railroad 
lines run from New England into New 
York City, and the spread of the pest to- 
ward the great port is closely watched. 
It has now reached the New York State 

line in northwestern Connecticut. 


WOOD IMPERVIOUS TO DECAY 

HE wood of the mangrove tree which 

grows abundantly in French Guiana, is 
said to be impervious to rot; at least, it 
has not rotted under the severest tests 
given it for four years by a French rail- 
way company. The grain of the wood is 
so close that it practically excludes mois- 
ture and it has the further protection of 
a large amount of tannin in its composi- 
tion that prevents the invasion of insects 
and protects it from mold, damp, etc. Its 
discovery is important, especially to users 
of railway ties and telegraph and telephone 
poles. 


503 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,D. 


ENGRAVERS 


DESIGNERS 
AND 


[ILLUSTRATORS 


3 CoLor Process WorK 
RLECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


SELL YOUR SNAP SHOTS 
AT $5.00 EACH 


Kodak Prints needed by 25,000 publishers. 
Make vacations.pay. We teach you how 
and where to sell. Write 


WALHAMORE INSTITUTE, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


American Forest 
Regulation 


By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


A thoroughly Americanized discussion 
3 the regula tion of forests. Introduction 

Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 
Pes H. Clanmae, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 


LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


On the 28th of May the flying boat of 
the Laurentide Air Service, accompanying 
a sister ship on its way to northern Ontario, 
discovered several serious forest fires. On 
returning to Grand Mere, these were report- 
ed to the writer. On the morning of May 
31st a flight was made to locate. the fires, 
ascertain the damage done, and to plan for 
the control of the fires. Almost immedi- 
ately the plane was in the air, smoke could 
be seen in heavy clouds to the north, and 
within an hour the scene of the first fire 
was reached. It seemed literally to be eat- 
ing up the stands of conifers, and flames 
could be seen rushing up the trunks of the, 
trees and rushing on before the wind. The 
fire was seen to have a front of about six 
miles, then there was a gap and to the 
west another fire with a front of fourteen 
miles was burning and sending up a barrier 
of smoke so dense that one could not see 
across it. The smell of smoke was dis- 
tinct at five thousand feet. The areas al- 
ready burned were noted and the plane 
pushed on to the nearest point where fire- 
fighters could be obtained and landed. The 
boat used for landing during the previous 
season had been taken away so that it was 
necessary for one of the crew of the plane 
to swim ashore with a line for mooring. 
The plane was refueled and the Company 
Depots were notified to send men by canoe, 
immediately to the scene of the fire. We 
heard that the Manager of the Fire Pro- 
tective Association was on his way to take 
charge of the work, having left about ten 
in the morning by automobile. The plane 
had left at 12:30 and had arrived at the 
district headquarters, after looking over 
the fires at about two. The Manager 
hove in sight about four. He was immedi- 
ately taken up in the plane to look over 
the situation and at eight that evening the 
plane started back to the base. About nine 
it was becoming too dark to land com- 
fortably at the base so we dropped down at 
a Club and spent the night. The, situation 
as seen from the air was so serious that a 
meeting of the Fire Protective Association 
was held and immediate steps taken to 
improve the service. All the fires but one 
seemed to have been set by men hunting, 
fishing and trapping in the woods, of »whom 
there were many owing to the scarcity of 
work. The Fire Protective Association di- 
rectors went to Quebec and met the Execu- 
Council of the Government and the 
asked that the law, passed 
at the last session of the legislature, em- 
powering the Minister of Lands to forbid 
entering the 
first iring a permit, be immediately put 
in force. The Cabinet, after the hearing, 
immediately issued an order-in-council re- 
quiring everyone going into the woods to 


tive 


Premier and 


al persons 


forests without. 


obtain a permit and the priests in all the 
parish churches were asked to give out 
the notice at the following Sunday service 


and the order was published in the news- . 


papers. Men were appointed in all the towns 
and villages near the forest to issue the 
permits. The Government of Quebec is 
much to be commended for passing such 
important legislation and for the prompt- 
ness with which the situation was met and 
the law enforced. From the 31st of May 
until the roth of June the plane patrol 
was continued. Messages were® dropped, 
ordering men on the drive to go and fight 
fire. The Fire Inspector in charge of the 
district was flown over the fire daily so 
that he might see how best to fight it, all 
the men fighting one fire were kept in pro- 
visions which the plane carried in, and men 
to take charge of the fire-fighting crews 
were taken to and from the fire by air. The 
fires this season have demonstrated that 
men traveling in the woods as patrolmen in 
canoes do not discover fires soon enough 
and are not able to visit their territory 
often enough. Also that fires can only be 
controlled by men who understand how to 
fight them, and who are willing to put 
their whole hearts and souls into the work. 
The idea that a fire once started cannot 
be extinguished is wholly erroneous and is 
but a confession of weakness on the part 
of the man holding it. Lookout stations, 
supplemented by air patrol, with planes to 
carry men, provisions and fire fighting 
equipment and to direct the fire-fighting 
will very soon make disastrous forest fires 
things of the past IF the personnel is right. 


The first plantation of Norway spruce 
made by the Laurentide Company in 1914 
has begun to seed and the seeds will be col- 
lected and planted to ascertain if they are 
fertile. A plantation of Scots Pine made in 
1908 seeded in 1917 and trees from that 
first seeding are now about three feet high 
and growing nicely. Much white pine 
growing in easiern Quebee is subject to 
attacks of the white pine weevil and this 
has spread to plantations of Norway spruce 
and Scots pine, but has been controlled ef- 
fectively by cutting off the infected shoots 
and burning them, and also by breeding 
the parasites. On the white pine and Nor- 
way spruce the insect commonly attacks 
only the leaders or terminal shoots, but on 
the Scots pine the shoots at the ends of 
the branches are also attacked. 

The experience of planting Norway spruce 
so far, goes to show that it makes good 
and rapid growth on good soils, particularly 
if they are moist, but that it is a poor 
tree for poor dry soils. If the soil is too 
wet, as in swampy ground, it will not grow 
at all. White spruce on the other hand 


seems to thrive in almost any si 
particularly the variety with need! 
bluish-green color. In planting N 
spruce great care must be taken 
that the main root is not bent, ot 
the tree will thrive for a time an 
suddenly die off. 


The first number of a very good 
journal in French has just been is 
the Societe generale de Publication Lt 
Quebec. Its object is to popularize | 
estry, to encourage reforestation and 
protection, to develop local indus 
pendent on the forest, to encouraj 
proper use of the forest and the p! 
of trees along the highways. 
road maintenance, ornamental tre 
of wood, court decisions and legisl 
interest to owners of woodlands, 
eases of trees make up the first ni 
The magazine is illustrated and very | 
gotten up. Its subscription price is $ 
in the United States and $2.00 in C 


The Dominion Forest Service is € 
ing its experimental cooperative forest ) 
and many sample plots are being laid ¢ 
this season to determine the results of d 
ferent methods of cutting in both con 
ous and hardwood stands. The res 
both clear and selection cutting on tl 
production will be studied and also 
much of the overwood in mixed and 
stands should be removed to get t 
reproduction. Experiments will a 
tried by removing undesirable specie 
trying to foster the growth of the © 
desirable ones. Plots have also been 
out in natural reproduction where * 
young trees are thinned out to differen 
tances apart to see what results can be 
tained. iS 


The purchase by the Hollingsworth a 
Whitney Company of timber land: 
New Brunswick shows that Americe 
terests are looking to the future and b 
ing lands in Canada to provide for th 


when their American holdings shall be 
exhausted. . 


The Government Commission which h 
been investigating the management of t 
Department of Lands and Forests of O 
tario, has recommended a reorganizatio 
the Department on a. business basis i 
Premier Drury is reported to haye 
that such a reorganization would be 


The forest fire situation in British © 
lumbia is the worst in years and the F 
estry Service is having a very difficult: 
to get the fires under control. 


HE longevity of lumber and 

the service it renders are 
largely dependent on correct sea- 
soning. Weyerhaeuser mills have 
long recognized the importance 
of this. In the selection of their 
drying yards and in the building 
of dry kilns every factor that en- 
ters into the science of wood sea- 
soning has been considered. 


Take, for instance, the season- 
ing of Idaho White Pine thick finish 
at the drying yard of the Edward 
Rutledge mill. This stock is used 
for pattern making and other high 
class products. A special drying 
process is necessary to secure a 
superior product. 


As the thick selects come from the 
green chain, the ends are sealed with 
Parowax, applied by an electric blower. 
This prevents too rapid drying which is 
often the cause of end checking. 


The picture above shows the method 
of piling 10/4 and thicker selects in the 
seasoning yard. A one-inch cedar board, 
varying in width from eight to ten inches, 
is placed on top and on bottom of every 
piece of White Pine. This is termed 
“wrapping” and is done for the purpose 
of retarding the drying and thus pre- 
venting the formation of defects. Cedar 
is used because it will not stain. 


Between each layer of wrapped selects 
are placed stickers to permit the circula- 
tion of air in the pile. In the center of the 
pileachimney is left which helps to secure 
equal ventilation throughout the stack. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ie 


Panorama of part of Weyerhaeuser operations at Cloquet, Minnesota 


Are You Looking for 


Boards or Lumber Service? 


URCHASING agents for 

industrial plants will tell you 
that their chief difficulty lies in 
finding concerns they can de- 
pend upon year in and year out. 
That what they want is prompt- 
ness, precision, a uniform prod- 
uct and a continuous service. 


The Weyerhaeuser organiza- 
tion years ago discovered that 
meeting the present-day needs 
of American industry efficiently 
meant a more advanced kind of 
lumber merchandising—broad 
policies, specialized service, dis- 
tributing yards nearer the mar- 
ket from which emergency 
shipments could be made, and 
an organization tuned to giving 
its customers exactly what 
they wanted, when they needed 
it, and in the shape they re- 
quired it. 


O DAY the Weyerhaeuser 

Sales Company makes pos- 
sible a new service in lumber to 
industrial buyers. 


Available through this organ- 
ization are: 


Seventeen immense stocks of 
lumber, including fifteen different 
kinds of wood. 


The combined resources of 
fifteen complete lumber manu- 
facturing units and two great 
distributing plants. 


Structural timbers for indus- 
trial building. 


Lumber for boxing and crating. 


Factory grades for remanufac- 
turing purposes. 


A corps of salesmen trained 
to think as purchasing agents and 
buyers have wished for lumber 
sellers to think. 


iG IS not the aim of the Wey- 
erhaeuser Sales Company to 
furnish a car of lumber now 
and then to every industrial 
concernin America. But rather 
to deliver a complete service 
—something more than mere 
boards—to a smaller number of 
permanent customers. 


The Weyerhaeuser Sales 
Company distributes Weyer- 
haeuser Forest Products 
through the established trade 
channels. Its principal office is 
in Spokane, Washington, with 
branch offices at 208 So. La Salle 
St., Chicago; 1015 Lexington 
Bldg., Baltimore; and 4th and 
Roberts Sts., St. Paul; and with 


representatives throughout the 
country. 


_ WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS 


SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA 


Producers of Douglas Fir, Pacific Coast Hemlock, Washington Red Cedar and Cedar Shingles 
on the Pacific Coast; Idaho White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Red Fir and Larch in the Inland 
Empire; Northern White Pine and Norway Pine in the Lake States 


Price 
ADVENTURES AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hudson..............seseeeee 
ADVENTURES OF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos i WEES. 35 20000 000s 
AMERICAN BOYS BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODCRAFT— 
DE . WGOTE © cecescnccnasatccacssbctenstddivansaeherekwannsbeasoues dws + sae 3.00 
AMERICAN FOOD AND GAME FISHES—Jordan and Evermann.. 4.40 
AMERICAN FOREST REGULATION—T. S. Woolsey, Jr 3.50 
AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson .......... 6. 
AMERICAN NATURAL HISTORY—William T. Hornaday 1 vol 
edition, $7.50; 4 vol. edition 10,00 
AMERICAN SILVICULTURE—C. A. Schenck .--.... =a 


ANIMAL INGENUITY OF TODAY—C. A. Ealand. 
AKING 


AMERICAN WOODS—R. B. Hough (14 parts), per part............. 10. 
BEAUTIFUL RARE TREES AND PLANTS—the Earl of Annesley. 12: 
BIRD BOOK FOR CHILDREN—Thornton W. Burgess.............- 
BIRDS—H. BIAMCRAR  coccacccccevescccveccvescscccsnccndiedeseWaocoes ee 
BIRDS IN THEIR RELATION TO ee ee M. Weed.. 
BIRDS IN TOWN AND VILLAGE—W. H. 
BIRDS OF FIELD, FOREST AND PARE_Albert. Field Gilmore. 
BIRDS OF LA PLATA—W. H. Hudson (2 vols.) 
BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA—Thos. iattaii “6 
BLEACHING AND RELATED i gree J. Merritt Matthews 
BOOK OF FORESTRY—Fred F. Moo 
BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS Robt. S. Yard. 
BOTANY OF CROP PLANTS—Wilfred W. Robbins 
BULB GARDENING—Mary Hampden 
BUSINESS OF FARMING—Wm. C. Smith 
CAMP-FIRES IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES—William T. Hornaday 
CAMP-FIRES ON DESERT AND Ca a as T. Hornaday..... 
CAMP FIRES IN THE YUKON—Harry A. Ayer.............--. 
CHEMISTRY OF PULP AND PAPER MAKING — Edwin Sw 
MHOMBCEL oso vccdcccscccescvesevevestovbsseecepevogescenessaebavce 
CLEARING AND GRUBBING—Halbert P. Gillette 
COUNTRY HOUSE—Charles E, Hooper 
CITY HOMFS ON COUNTRY LANES—Wm. Ellsworth Smyth 
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA-~J. P. Kinney.. 
ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—Brown and Moon . 
ENGLISH ESTATE FORESTRY—A. C. Forbes............ 
ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW-J. P. Kinney. 
FAMILIAR STUDIES OF WILD BIRDS—F. N. Whitman..... 
FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES—Schuyler Mathew 
FARM FORESTRY—John Arden Ferguson....... 
FARM WOOD TOT—Cheyney and Wentling.. 
FEATHERS, FURS AND FINS—Emma Cheney.......... 
FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM-—G. A. Woolson................ 
mane Pook OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—Schuyler 
athews 
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth 
FLOWERS—N. Blanchan 
FOREST LAND—Allen Chambers 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—A. B. Recknage 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah Bowman 
FOREST PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE 


hed 
a 


aakssesszss 


wa STAN NNwNoah Nm 


n 
3 


TS) 
3 


ss 


bt DS Fs bo 00 00 00 00 oo 
kasaszss 


ss 


CUO here 


Brown 
FOREST RANGER—John D. Guthrie 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Rot 
FORESTRY FOR WOODMEN—C. O. Ha 
FORESTS OF UPPER INDIA AND THEIR INHABITAN 
lin Webber 
FORESTS, WOODS AND TREES—A. Henry. 
FOREST VALUATION—Herman Haupt 
FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth 
FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, 
FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager 
ee OR CITY BACK-YARD GARDENING—Sandwich 
cops. ‘WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb.. 
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN. B. 
HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 
MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark ...........+..0s0000s 
HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. AND CANADA 
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—R. B. Hough 
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS—C. Stuart Gager...... 
HISTORIC TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS-—J. R. Simmons.......... 
SPE SAC ATION OF ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE U. S.—S. J. 


NN 


Bo go go nag 


err 
S SkS Ssyses sszs sess 


PS 


MOCONG 5 es sis scvnrnacates ac ceendivediccenveskiiccs 
IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U. S.—S. B. Elliott........ 2.50 
INJURIOUS INSECTS AND USEFUL BIRDS—F. T. Washburn...... 2.50 
INSECT BEHAVIOR—P. G. Howes................5 6.00 

INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN D ORCH 
GQteon (anG L. 'M.  Peaires. 25 c2 os cesses accesses - 450 
INTERESTING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins. - 1.50 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Co 15.00 
KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston .. - 1,50 
KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tiemann. 4.50 
LABORATORY GUIDE FOR GENERAL BOTAN 1.15 
THE LAND WE LIVE IN—O. W. Price...... 1.90 
LAWNS AND HOW TO MAKE THEM—Leonard 1.25 
1.0G OF A TIMBER CRUISER—W. P. Lawson 2.25 
LOGGING—Ralph C. Bryant..................... 4.50 
LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellog 2.25 
2.25 
6.50 
4.00 
2.12 
MANUAL OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA—C. S. Sargent 12.50 
MANUAL OF FORESTRY, vol 1—Hawley and Hawes... 3.50 
MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard ManklG  icecsecess 2.50 


MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger 
siete a LEGENDS OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANTS— 

- nner 
NATURAL STYLE IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING—Frank A. Waugh 
NORTH AMERICAN Ag ng vot lg FORESTRY—E, Bruncken..... 
NUT GROWING—Robert T. Morris 
ORGANIZATION OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—Wiilson Compton 
OUR COMMON BIRDS—John B. Grant..............ccceeeeecceeeecees 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—Maud Going ....... 
OUR GARDEN FLOWERS—Harriet L. Keeler............ 
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—R. H. D. Boerker.. 


OUR TREES AND HOW TO KNOW THEM—Emerson-Weed... 
PAPER AND ITS USES—Edward Dawe ..........-sseceseeeeeereeeeees 
PAPER MAKING, THE ART OF—Alexander Watt.................. 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burnap.. 

PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL BOTANY—John W. Harshberger 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R. Warington 
PIGEON RAISING—Alice MacLeod 


PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford 
PRACTICAL NATURE STUDY AND ELEMENTARY AGRICUL- 

TURE-Stanley Coulter 
PRACTICAL ORCHARDING ON ROUGH ets ce W. Moore.. 
PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE—R. 


Dou 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—Elbert Peets .............00:-+seseeeees 
PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER Howard F. Weiss.. 
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING—Breed-Hosmer.... 


PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING—F. C. Sears ..................+..000- 
Peer meen PRUNING OF HARDY TREES, SHRUBS, 
ROMANCE OF BIRD LIFE—John Lea ............... 

ROMANCE OF OUR TREES—Ernest H. Wilson 

ROSE GARDENING—Mary Hampden ............... 

SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY—D. Pierce 
SCOTT BURTON, FORESTER—E. G. 


Cheyn 
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— ‘ 


James W. Toumey 


SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff...... po 


SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES (3 vols.) 
SEEING NATURE FIRST—Clarence M. Weed .... 
SOILS—E. (W. Hilgard.....c......00s0s00stneab hale) Cop beeewaaeinae nnn 
SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL—Howard E. Parkhurst.......... 
SPORTSMAN’S WORKSHOP—Warren H. Miller..............0.4 ss0+ 
STORY OF THE FOREST, THE—Gordon Dorrance.................+ 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, Jr.............. 
STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison 
STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. ata eo aS 
TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—G. J. Pier 
pour AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS—A. B. Reck- 
nage’ 
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING—J. B. Johnson 
TIMBER—By J. R. Baterden 
TIMBER—P. Charpentier 
TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES—H. M. Ward 
Tene ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING—H. S. 
TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Win 
Gi an OF COMMERCE AND THEIR. IDENTIFICATION—H. 
TOWN GARDENING—Mary Hampden ............ 
TRAINING OF A FORESTER— Gifford Pinchot 
THE TREE BOOK-—J. E. Rogers 
TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars 
TREES—J. E. Rogers 
TREES—Marshall Ward 
TREES AND SHRUBS—Prof. Chas. Sprague Sargent 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING—J. S. 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW-J. E. Rogers.. 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and Jarvi an 
TREES OF NORTHERN ‘UNITED STATES—A. Angar.............. 
Seog Meg abe Bs AND VINES OF NORTHEASTERN U. S.—How- 
a 2 Bee oe 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES~J. Webster.. 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John Ise 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLANDS—K. W. Woodward 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell............-seseeeees 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, THE—Francis King.. wet 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME—Victor Kutchin 
WILD FLOWER So espe ana ae eine 1 -M. Weed 
WOOD-—G. S. Boulg 
bhai aay tee OTHER ORGANIC 
WOOD TURNING~J. C. S. Brough 
WOODWORKING MACHINERY—M. Powers Bale 
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Gen. H. M. Chittenden........ 


STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— on 


Members of the Association are entitled to a discount of 10 per cent from the above prices. 


All books published can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BOOK REVIEWS 


it Growing, by Robert T. Morris, (Mac- 
jillan), New York. Price $2.50. 
_yaluable guide, full of practical in- 
mation both for the experimenter and 
inner in nut tree culture and for the 
jonal and commercial nut culturist, 
it embodies the preserttation of a sim- 
“new method of grafting, overcoming 
ly of the obstacles attending nut cul- 
under the older, more difficult methods. 
ts. having been established now as a 
le article of diet, anything pertaining 
he extension of this line of food sup- 

ould be a welcome contribution to our 
rature and Dr. Morris certainly offers 
‘in his book. It is most interestingly 
well as authoritatively written and is 
1 worth reading. 


'Minds and Manners of Wild Animals, 
§y William T. Hornaday (Scribner’s), 
lew York. Price $2.50. 

it has been well said that no naturalist 
the rank of Dr. Hornaday thas ever 
jught together in a systematic and logi- 
relation such an extraordinary mass of 
ormation on his subject as this volume 
udes and, best of all, it is based on his 
actual personal observation during a 
of hunting and collecting in all quar- 
of the world. It has commanded the 
fention of naturalists the world over and 
ffords the lay reader a clear understanding 
fimal intelligence in a way which will 
im and hold his interest. 


Trudy and Timothy and the Trees, by 
Bertha ‘Currier Porter. (Penn), Philadel- 
phia. Price $1.50. 

story full of interest for girls and boys 
gm seven to twelve years. Trudy and 
fothy tell of their trip to Washington 
d the big trees—how they met the forest- 
ger, what tales he told them, how the 
Sident of the United States bowed to 
m and how the We-Four-No-More club 
d Aunt Theresy’s old trees is all de- 
htfully described. You'll like it—there 
iO question about that. 


Shade and Ornamental Trees of California, 
by Merritt B. Pratt, State Forester, Cal- 
fornia. ‘ 
"Dedicated to the memory of the late 
ate Forester of California, G. Morris 
Mans, a pioneer of forestry in the State, 
Faison d'etre being the stimulation of tree 
lanting in California, a more perfect 
Mbute would have been difficult to find. 
» Pratt tells of the trees of California 
id pictures them so beautifully that pride 
“the publication cannot be confined to 
Hifornians—it must be shared by every 
zen of the United States. The infor- 
ion the book contains is clearly and in- 
festingly written and the pictures tell 
T own story. 


A BOOK ON DECAY 

Thirty-five of the more common wood- 
destroying fungi are illustrated in “The 
Decay of Ties,” by ‘C. J. Humphrey of the 
Forest Products Laboratory. This book 
contains eight full page plates, three of 
them in natural colors, fifty-eight illustra- 
tions in all and gives descriptions of all 
the fungi presented. A simple key for 
field use in their identification is given as 
well as information concerning their rela- 
tive decay producing power. This is a valu- 
able book for wood preservers, tie pro- 
ducers, lumbermen, inspectors, forestry 
students and anyone else at: all interested 
in the decay of wood. It. gives a great 
deal of specific information not likely to 
be found elsewhere. It is bound in flexible 
covers and contains 35 pages. 


MEMORIAL TREE PLANTED FOR 
MAJOR REED 

As part of Memorial Day observance, in 
Pocatello, Idaho, a tree was planted at the 
entrance to the beautiful campus of the 
Idaho Technical Institute in memory of 
the late Major Fred R. Reed, the “father of 
reclamation in Idaho.” 

The dedicatory remarks were made, by 
Guy Flenner, who succeeded Major Reed 
as head of the Idaho Reclamation Associ- 
ation. 


507 


SNM 


= Don't Bother : 


(HMUII 
ALUN, 


IAL 


TANINNUNA 


to spend good time and 
10% more 


WHEN 


under your membership 


YOU SAVE 10% 


on all books published—educa- 
tional or fiction. 


Buy Books From 
American Forestry Association 
1214 Sixteenth Street 
Washington, D. C. 
SiMUMUIIIIUIUAIIINVIGHIUULV LULU TAILS ATLA 


IIUHUULVUUUUUUUUUULLVUUN ULV A 


i} 


Subscribe for Bewt Bas 
oh Sa IN 
The Ee © = 8 


aA —a ie * 
CAT REVIEW aes Rao 
Devoted to Cats, Cat Shows and ihe 
Cat Fancier 
Tssed MONthly cescecmmnmn $1.00 a Year 
Order From 
AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ASSOCIATION 
Washington, D. C. 


500 THINGS TO SELL BY 
MAIL 


Remarkable new publication. Workable 
plans and methods. Loose-leaf, cloth bin- 
der. Prepaid $1.00. 

WALHAMORE COMPANY, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, 


Pa. 


one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates 
papers to find the paper you want. 


way but immediately at hand when needed. 


Pays for Itself 


desks, from president to office boy. 

The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction, 


Ross-Gould Company 
232 N. 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 


Philadelphia 
Chicago 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 


A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holding reference papers where they will be out of the 


Built of Steel Sections 
Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 


A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 
without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all to whom mail is distributed. 


It has sep- 


$129 Per SecTion 


REO.U.S. PAT. OFR 


endless shuffling of 


| 4 CompartTMent*6@ 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus~ 
trated folder, 

“How to Get 

Greater 

Desk 


any” TTT | 


7CompartMent’9 oo 


10 Compartment 13 22 


NATIONAL HONOR ROLL, MEMORIAL TREES 


Trees have been planted for the following and registered with the American Forestry Association, which r 
desires to register each Memorial Tree planted in the United States. A certificate of registration will be sent to 
each person, corporation, club or community reporting the planting of a Memorial Tree to the Association. 


EUFAULA, ALA. 

By Hinton Holleman Post, American Legion: 
John Asbury Boswell, Robert W. Brannon, Porter 
R. Doughtie, Hinton W. Holleman, Daniel 
Thomas Tully. 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

By Mr. H. T. Domer: Rev. Samuel Domer, D. 
D., Mrs. Lydia Louisa Domer, By Mrs. Mary M. 
North, Henry Norman North. 

BROOKS, GA. 

By Civics Committee, Woman’s Club: Mr. Al- 
bert Posey. 

BURLEY, IDAHO 

By Woman’s Club: Henry Fenstermaker, Willis 
W. Bray, Earl Galliher, Earl Sims, Orville Snod- 
grass, Ralph Gouchner, Oscar Pierce, George Chat- 
burn, Loren Ward, Irvin Belkman. 


ALEXIS, ILLINOIS 
By Woman's Club: James Harvey Scott. 
AURORA, ILL. 

By East High School: Henry Bogar, Raymond 
DeHart, Joseph Denney, Jefferson Hassett, Her- 
bert Klink, Earl Muladore, Louis Weilandt, Ed- 
ward McCormick, Fred Ries. 

BISHOP HILL, ILL. 

By F. R. Peterson: Erniel Johnson, Rudolph M. 
Nordeen, Wilbur L. Hagberg, Fred Chester Pet- 
erson. 

CHICAGO, ILL. 

By Mr. Ernest C. Nagel: An Illinois Boy. By 
Charlotte Senkpiel: Richard Stange. By Oakland 
Methodist Episcopal Church: Edwin R. Franz, 
Walter H. Walter. 

‘\DELAVAN, ILL. 

By Delavan Lodge, No. 319, Knights of Pythias: 
Tim R. Mitchell, Joseph Franklin Devore, Ottis 
Herbert Kirchert. 

GIBSON CITY, ILL. 

By Teachers and Graduates: William E. Broth- 
erton, Arthur W. Neidermayer, E. J. Leilac, Ar- 
thur Kessler, for Those who Returned. By Post 
568, American Legion: Those Who Died in Service. 
By Knights of Pythias Lodge: Those Who Died 
in Service. 

GILMAN, ILL. 
By Knights of Pythias Lodge: Fallen Heroes ot 
World War. 
GRAYS LAKE, ILL. 
By Mrs. Anna Binckley: Herbert Binckley. 
HAVANA, ILL. 

By Woman’s Utility and Interest Club: Julius 
Trimpe, Raymond H. Pfetzing, Paul Markley, 
Carl A. L. Koch, Horace S. Marshall, Harry A. 
Sargent, Harry L. Atwater. 

JOLIET, ILL. 

By Louis Joliet Chapter, Daughters of American 
Revolution: Dr. William E. Harwood. By Wom- 
an’s Club: Unknown American Soldier. 

NEOGA, ILL. 

By Neoga Civic Club; Guy Wilson, Horace 
Lindley, Leonard McAllister, Max Pugsley, Hed- 
ric Rhodes, Leon Latimer, Ralph Swank, Howard 
Votaw, Don Colbert, Carl Bell, Ray Wilson, 
James Douglas, Tony Miller. 

OAK PARK, ILL. 

By Daughters of American Revolution: 

Havens Ghislin, Edwards Hall Berry. 
PLANO, ILL. 

By Plano Women’s Club: John Fletcher Stew- 

ard. 


Lloya 


RARITAN, ILL. 
By Mrs. Jennie M. Melvin: To Our Boys. 
STRONGHURST, ILL. 


By Community Club: Stronghurst Soldiers. 


WILMETTE, ILL. 

By Post 46, American Legion, Allyn T. Ander- 
son, Franklin B. Bellows, Louis M. Bruch, Alfred 
J. Francisco, Henry C. Herbon, Douglas T. Hoff- 
man, Robert P. Irvine, Eugene B. Jones, John P. 
McArdle, William C. Pope, George V. Seibold, 
Cedric A. Smith, Rev. Edward J. Vattman, 

WYOMING, ILL. 

By Wyoming Cemetery Association: Harry B. 
Dixon, Harley J. Gilfillan, Clarence Gridley, 
William J. Ault, W. Henry Townsend, Benjamin 
McDaniel. 

KNOX, IND. 

By Perry McCain: Roy E. Newell, Columbus 
H. Shilling, John E. Good. 

LA GRANGE, IND. 

By Tuesday Club: Soldier Boys of La Grange 
County who gave their lives. 

WHITING, IND. 

By Whiting Junior High School: 

Kleiber. 


Walter John 


GLADBROOK, IOWA 

By Alpha Study Club: Don Holden, William 

McTurk, John Ehrig. 
KNOXVILLE, IOWA 

By Service Star Legion: Boyd Tucker, Sherman 
Baty. 

MAPLETON, IOWA 

By Mapleton Consolidated Schools: Elvin Reed, 
Henry Richtermeier, Uhl Hansen, Willet Has- 
brouck, Forrest Johns, Loren Hollister, Harry 
Otto. 

RENWICK, IOWA 

By Harvey McPeak Post, 289; Lowell Carter, 
George Britt. 

WELLMAN, IOWA 

By American Legion Auxiliary: Vernon Pal- 
mer, Galen Sitler, Charles Polton, Merton Top- 
ping, Albert Miller, Ray Lash, Cloyce Adams, 
Spanish-American War Veterans, Civil War Vet- 
erans. 

FAIRFIELD, MAINE 
By Past and Present Club: Miss Frances Cate. 
ALPENA, MICH. 

By Alpena County: Revolution Soldiers, Civil 
War Veterans, Spanish-American War Veterans, 
World War Veterans. 

PHILADELPHIA. PA. 

By Civic Club: Francis X. Comley, William 
M. “omley, Arthur Triol Eissing, Lt. Joseph 
Simpson Ferguson, Lt. Carl C. Glantz, Sgt. 
Harry Ireland, Sgt. Edward W. Baird, Jr., 
Lt. W. C. Rock, Lt. J. Russell Rock, Bartlett 
Armbruster, James Barnes Arnott, Harold 
Dewey Atkins, Alfred Lowe Bailey, John T. 
Baker, Jr., Joseph B. Baltz, Malcolm Weir 
Bartlett, Col. H. I. Bearss, Corp. Archibald 
Wight Benners, Norman Paul Boggs, Thomas 
C. Boston, Lt. George Bower, Jr., Harold S. 
Boyd, Corp. Horace Super Breining, Norman 
Branson Brown, George Butterworth, Jr., 
Charles Y. Butterworth, Charles. H. Button, 
Ellis P. Clark, Jr., Harold B. Clift, Greer 
Cromley, Corp. Harry Davis, Bernard J. Dev- 
lin, Charles Edwin DeVoe, Edward Dorsay, 
Corp. Howard Dorsay, William F. Driscoll, Lt. 
Joseph F. Driscoll, Leon F. Driscoll, Corp. 
Edward T. Dyer, Elmer Joseph Eggert, Wald- 
tron R. Farrell, Capt. John H. Fay. Harry 
James White Field, Hamilton Maxwell, H. 
Fleming, Neill Fredericks, William J. Given, 
Sydney Gest, Russell Gonaver, Lt. Henry L. 
Geyelin, Jr., Loyal Young Grahm, 3d, Abiel 
J. Groves, Jr., Lt. Percy Glendinning, Robert 
C. Hackney, Orville Hansen, Paul Hanson 


> 
Hartley, Harry C. Haslett, Corp. Walter 
Hausler, Edward Howard Haws, Joseph 
frey Haywood, Corp. Charles W. He 
Franklin N. Hewson, Frederick J. Hibb 
Edward Eugene Hickey, Edward J. Hig; 
Jr., Albert Mason Hoffer, John T. Erwin, Clye 
Dalton Johnson, Philip A. Josberger, Con 
Jervis, Jr., Sgt. Clement Kite, Jone 
Kite, Sgt. J. C. Garrett Lewis, Corp. 
B. Lilley, Corp. Daniel J. Littley, Ne 
Sydney Lomas, Ulysses E. Lutz, Wayne 
Lyster, Frank S. Morgan, Gerome Marks, 
Emile P. Moses, Corp. F. D. Mueller, 
J. McCarthy, Corp. Charles P. McM 
Corp. William O’Brien, Lt. Charles 
Paul Parker Plessner, Corp. John Hare Po 
Sgt. N. Anderson Prichard, Joseph F 
Quinn, John Harrison Quinn, Theodore 
Rausch, Richard J. Reardon, Sgt. Thomas B 
erts Reath, William Reid, Russell L. Ri 
George Clayton Rogers, Corp. Howard C. Rus 
derow, Joseph Young Sanderson, R 
Schreck, Joseph W. Schwab, Sgt. Joseph 
Shuman, Jr., William J. Spang, Jacob 
Ernest G. Saunders, Elmer C. Tarves, 
Robert L. Tatem, Corp. Clarence Taunt, 
Corwin B. Taylor, Lt. Sydney Thayer, 
Cherles W. Titus, William Ross Torres 
Walter M. Trout, Thomas A. Vahey, 
L. Watkin, Corp. Frank Weir, Lt. 
White, George A. Whitely, Edward 
Willis, Corp. Frank E. Wolfkill, George 
Woolston, Sydney Grier Gest, Brig. Gen. 
tleton W. T. Waller, Maj. Littleton W. 
Waller, Jr. By Caroline Earle White: 1 
orial of Humane Sunday and Kindness — 
Animals’ Week. By Mrs. M. W. Hal 
Mrs. Caroline Earle White. By Mrs. Sa 
Hinds Thomas: Miss Adele Biddle. By 
O. W. Kulling: Mrs. Anna L. Lowry. 
Miss Leta L. Sullivan: For Third Li 
Loan. By Miss Katherine Bregy: Sgt. Jo: 
Kilmer. By Dr. John P. Garber: Dr. Ni 
C. Schaeffer, Miss Sydney Biddle, Miss 
arine Biddle. By Mrs. A. O. J. Kelley: } 
Emmeline Reed Bedell. By Miss Elaine 
livan: Mrs, Albert L. Hoffman. 


FOND DU LAC, WIS. 
By Kiwanis Club: Major~A. M. Trier. 


MILWAUKEE, WIS. 

By Milwaukee County Chapter, American | 
Mothers: Those Who Died on Land, Tho Wi 
Died on Water. . 


OGDEN, UTAH. 
By Memorial Committee of Service Star I 
gion: Herman Baker, Alexander L. Brewer, 
T. Cannon, Delbert Clark, Earl L. Cobb, 
Doles, George H. Draper, Oliver R. Dry: 
Arthur Duffin, Leonard Guy Farley, John S. 
guson, Anderson J. Fredson, Herbert E. Fowet 
William B. Fowles, Albert W. Goddard, Fred } 
Grant, Clayton B, Griswold, Ralph Hall, 1 
mond M. Holmes, Frank A. Isaakson, Davi 
Jesperson, Guy Johnston, Joseph Leo Jones, 
vin L. Jones, Bert Jorgensen, Demetrios 
varites, Henry R. Kramer, George Lid 
Harry F. Malone, Frank W. Medell, Bert 
Miller, Walter A. Monson, Joseph C. Muir, Jol 
Mulder, Hugh Neville Parkes, Alvin L. Pai 
William Price, Jr., David J. Rankin, Arthur Re 
gan, Edward J. Rice, Orville J. Ruby, Fred 
Schmaltz, James Shaw, Glen O. Stallings, 
P. Thomson, Thomas Lewis, P. Alonzo Tho 
Don Crandall Wade, J. Blane Wall, Merle 
right, Joseph C. White. 


TOWN AND CITY STREET TREES 


ks are considered by the United States 
tment of Agriculture to be the best 
for street planting. It is probable 
hat oaks have not been more widely plant- 
d because of the prevalent belief that 
ney are slow growers, and because in the 
forth they are rather difficult to transplant. 
white oak, however, which is one of the 
ow-growing varieties, will reach the same 
ht as a sugar maple in the same period 
and maples have been used much 
widely than oaks for et ornamen- 
m, despite many unsatisfactory cnar- 
teristics. 

‘armers’ Bulletin, No. 1208, Trees for 
n and City Streets, by F. L. Mulford, 
ulturist, issued by the United States 
partment of Agriculture, describes in 
ail the various oaks for street use in dif- 
regions, as well as about 100 other 
es or varieties. Elms are given second 
ce in desirability for city streets and 
camores third. Maples are considered 
ss desirable than has been generally sup- 
sed. Except the Lombardy poplar most 
arieties of poplar are not recommended. 
T bulletin, which is available upon ap- 
lication to the United States Department 
| Agriculture, contains a regional map of 
he United States and indioates which 
flourish best under the climatic con- 
itions of each region. 


BEAUTIES OF WHITE PINE 
How the white pine, at one time 
America’s premier lumber tree, combines 
he faculty of being ornamental as well as 
iseful is demonstrated in a new United 
States Department of Agriculture single 
reel motion picture, “White Pine, Beauti- 
and Useful.” 
he new white pine film is replete with 
icturesque woodland scenes and contains 
h material of historical importance. 
famed colonial homes, which have 
hered the elements for more than a 
, tribute to their construction, be- 
ime subjects for the camera in the filming 
f the white pine story. Among them are 
ngfellow’s home at Cambridge; Haw- 
lorne’s famous “House ‘of the Seven 
fables,” the “Witch’s’ House” at Salem, 
round which a chapter of American his- 
is written; the oldest wooden house 
America at Dedham, Massachusetts, built 
1 1636; Christ’s Church, Cambridge; the 
eautiful Lake George region and the pines 
f Kittery, Maine. Historic Mount Ver- 
on and scenes about the Nation’s Capitol 
t Washington add to the educational and 
ictorial value of the new Government 

ema production. A warning of the dan- 
rs of the ever lurking blister rust, dead- 

enemy of the pine, is sounded. 
The United States Department of Agri- 
ul will lend the film to exhibitors, 
€, for short periods, and will authorize 
© purchase of copies at the production 
ost of approximately $37 each. 


# 


AMERICIAN FORESTRY 


THE PLANTING OF TREES 
By Albert Stoll, Jr. 


The planting of a tree is an act of faith. 
Faith embodied in a work of this kind 
is an exemplification of a most simple and 
genuine belief in the fertility and pro- 
ductiveness of nature; a belief based upon 
the inexorable example and mute evidence 
uncovered along the by-ways and_path- 
ways of the out of doors; that nature will 
rear to healthy maturity any living thing 


that finds comfort, contentment and exist- 
ence in her domain. 


This is the same faith that laid the 
foundation of all agricultural development 
the world over. 

In forestry, as in no other endeavor, this 
faith is often sorely tried. With a con- 
stant fear of the merciless, devouring for- 
est fire; the unrelentless efforts of the in- 
vading army of millions of injurious in- 
sects; the terrific devastation of fungus 
growth and diseases; all arrayed against 
the growing things of the open and faced 
by the realization that a timber harvest 
comes but once in a generation; the incen- 
tive for the individual to put into practice 
reforestation or the planting of a tree, is 
invariably to be found at a low ebb. 

However, the planting of trees on a 
great scale in America and in Michigan 
particularly, is an economic necessity. 
Trees give shelter to man and beast. They 
protect and preserve our water supply. 
They prevent soil erosion. They provide 
food and clothing for millions of Ameri- 
cans, by providing them with work. They 
build all our homes, our ships our fac- 
tories. They protect our crops and keep 
fertile our lands that without their aid 
would soon become desert areas. They 
beautify the out of doors, ever inducing 
you and I to play in their domain. Trees 
are the very foundation of our progress and 
our lives; without them, the broad expanse 
of this much cherished country of ours 
would be a land of desolation and barrens. 

The planting of a tree is an act of faith. 
Reforestation is the amplification of this 
faith. May it take deeper root in the being 
of every patriotic citizen of this State. 


ENGLISH WALNUT THRIVES IN 
WISCONSIN 
OHN AHLE, melon grower and resort 
keeper of Lake Noquebay, Marinette 
County, Wisconsin, planted an English 
walnut. on his place in 1903. While the 
walnut is an unknown tree in upper Wis- 
consin, Mr. Ahle was satisfied it would 
grow. His friends were skeptical, declar- 
ing that even if it did grow he would never 
live to pick nuts from it. As he was at 
the time about 40 years of age, he was 
somewhat in-doubt himself. But the nut 
germinated and a green shoot appeared 
and thrived, and Mr. Ahle is now reaping 
the reward of patience. He picked nuts 
from the tree in 1917, just 14 years after 
he planted the nut, and this fall he expects 
to harvest a quantity of nuts. 


ANiSaanK 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 
Trees from <5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Associaiiun to perpetuate 
its memory, 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


Orchid eee _ipecialiste in 


e collect, im- 
port, grow, sell and export this class of plants 
exclusively. 

Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 
Irchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
ieee of freshly imported unestablished 
chids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS Le FLED, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price lst 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
‘ Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 
Price List on Request 
Special Quantity Prices 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


6 Different Business Publications 


Covering Accounting, Advertising, Admin- 
istration, Merchandising, Salesmanship 
and Taxation all prepaid only 25c. Value 
$1.50. Instructive, educational, practical. 
WALHAMORE CO., 


Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


Pleasant Things Taken from Letters to the Editor. 


“Permit me to state that I feel that there 
is no greater work of conservation being 
carried on today than that of the American 


Forestry Association.”—J. M. Paige. 


“IT am glad of this opportunity to ex- 
press to you my keen appreciation of the 
splendid work which the American Forestry 
Association is doing.”"—Andrew J. Peters. 


“The Forestry Club at the University of 
California wishes to continue its subscrip- 
tion to AMERICAN Forestry for 1921. We 
find it of invaluable service and interest.” 
—University of California Forestry Ciub. 


“I love trees too well not to renew my 
subscription to AMERICAN Forestry.’’—Eliza 
G. Clarke. 


“T think the December 1921 Number of 
AMERICAN FORESTRY the best that 


you have produced.”—H. F. Kean. 


“T don’t see how I could do without 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. I look anx- 
iously for each number.”—Laura Lively. 


“Cannot do without AMERICAN ForeEsTRY.” 
Elizabeth T. Owen. 


“The May issue of AMERICAN ForESTRY 
has just been received and certainly has a 
wealth of interesting material in it.”—Hor- 
acé M. Albright, Supt., Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park. 


“AMERICAN FORESTRY is excellent 
propaganda, and we are glad that it is ac- 
cessible to the hundreds of young wood- 
crafters who come to Culver for our sum- 
mer schools.”—A. R. Phinney, Librarian. 


“You are making a beautiful and helpful 
magazine.’—Miss J. E. Hussey 


“Let me take this opportunity to tell you 
how highly I value AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY. It is always so well gotten up and 
your text matter is always so up-to-date 
and so interesting that I never fail to look 
forward to each issue."—H. A. Lamb, Editor 
Agricultural Digest. 


“We thoroughly enjoy American Fores- 
tryj for it is full of interesting informa- 
tion, has many suggestions and brings the 
refreshment of the great out-doors into 
our home.”—(Mrs.) F. G. Van Kirk. 


We subscribe to your magazine and fin 
it most valuable in our work in t 
ny and I personally enjoy the whole mai 
azine very much.”—E. R. Viault. ' 

Instructor of Bote 


“I cannot too forcibly express my ¢ 
preciation for the splendid interest ; 
active assistance you are giving us in 6 
attempt to bring about, through educe: 
a real public sentiment in favor of a f 
estry policy for Georgia.”—Wm. J, Rudlaw 


“American Forestry is in all respec 
a splendid periodical and our forests cou! 
not wish a more beautiful and. efficie 
champion. The magazine passes from n 
hands to the McClellan Hospital at Ca 
bridge, where its wholesome outdoor 4 
mosphere and its realistic illustration 
exert a quieting and healing influen 
Also, the patients, having read the n 
zine, when they recover their health, 
be disposed to conserve our trees and fe 
ests.”—Chas. A, Ingraham. 


. ‘I greatly appreciate the value of yoi 
work.”—Leonce M.. Soniat. 


BECOME A MEMBER 


Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association 
upon application and payment of dues. : 


PLANT TREES 
PROTECT FORESTS 
USE FORESTS 


This is the only Popular 

National Magazine de- 

voted to trees and forests 
and the use of wood. 


FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— 


American Forestry Association 
1214 SIXTEENTH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D.C 


I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- 


ciation and enclose check for $.. .......cccccccssesseececs 


INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP 


Subscribing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. $ 4.00 A 
Contributing Membership, per year, including Magazine....... TE Te 
Sustaining Membership, per year, including Magazine............... 25.00 
Life Membership: (no other dues) including Magazine............. 100.00 
Annual Membership without Magazine....... Keclivel sceeslecelseer ey 1.00 


NQi0icss000s 60 cocs'ee PTeUTERICEEETENERE LTT 


. 


WY URGES CARE WITH FIRE 


one of the largest American to- 
‘companies and is the first example of 
in the United States. 
ry of Agriculture Wallace, in 
department the Forest Service ad- 
rs its 156 million acres of National 
wrote the tobacco company, expres- 
gratification over their action. 
fire danger incident to the use of 
and tobacco,” writes Secretary 
e,” is usually given little consid- 
by the vast army of smokers. 
:s compiled by the National Board 
Underwriters show that the an- 
from fires caused by matches 
ing tobacco in the United States 
the impressive total of more than 
)0 during the five-year period 1915 
inclusive. To this total must be 
considerable percentage of the un- 
fire destruction in the forests of 
try, where each year fires destroy 
e sufficient timber to build homes 
= entire population of a city the size 
ington, New Orleans, Denver or 
cisco. 


BURNED FORESTS BUILD NO 
, HOMES 

ry year forest fires in the United 
destroy or damage sufficient timber 
b houses for the entire population 

a city the size of Washington, D. C.; 

Orleans, Louisiana; Denver, Co!o- 

or San Francisco, California, accorc- 

9 a statement just issued by the For- 

vice, United States Department of 
ure, through “Safeguarding Amer- 

inst Fire,” the official bulletin of 
jonal Board of Fire Underwriters. 
rea burned over each year, it is saic, 
to a strip ten miles wide reaching 
York City to Denver, Colorado. 
publication directs attention to the 
fifteen years ago the bulk of pub- 
iment against forest fires was in 
ast. Today it is in the West, where 
er cent of the remaining timber supply 
€ country is located. Over 81,000,00 
res of forest land that were formerly 
sd with timber are logged off or 
and completely denuded of tree 

_ The solution of forestry problems, 

say, lies largely in fire prevention 

eforestation. 

The National Forests, which contain 498 
lion board feet of merchantable timber, 
25 per cent of the remaining timber in 

imtry, are said to bear an important 

ition to an adequate future wood supply 
ie nation. These forests are today re- 

protection from forest fires and 
cut to a limited extent so as to 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


maintain a continuous production of new 
forests. 

The fire loss in the National Forests 
was limited in 1921 to 376,208 acres. A 
total of 5,851 fires occurred, 75 per cent of 
which were due to human agencies and 
could have been prevented by care on the 
part of forest users. The direct loss 
amounted to $212,182 worth of timber and 
forage destroyed, and $512,106 was spent 
by the Forest Service in fire fighting. 

Fires in the National Forests of Mon- 
tana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Cali- 
fornia numbered 3,843, or 65 per cent of the 
total. In the National Forests of Arkansas 
and Florida, 354 fires burned over 118.500 


acres. 


PENNSYLVANIA’S NEW NATIONAL 
FOREST 

The purchase of 74,025 acres of land to 
form the nucleus of the new Allegheny 
National Forest in Pennsylvania has just 
been authorized by the National Forest 
Reservation Commission. Twenty-seven 
tracts of cut-over and burned lands, on the 
headwaters of the Allegheny River in War- 
ren, Elk, Forest and McKean counties, 
were contracted for at an average price of 
$2.75 per acre. 

“Tt is less than a year,” stated W. W. 
Ashe, secretary of the Commission, “since 
authority was given the Federal Govern- 
ment to acquire land for National’ Forest 
purposes in Pennsylvania. By protection 
and systematic management, tke cut-over 
lands so acquired will again be made to 
contribute to the timber supply of the state 
and nation, supplementing in this way the 
forests which the state itself is acquiring 
and putting under management. Because 
of its enormous industrial needs Pennsyl- 
vania ranks among the first in its timber re- 
quirements. Four-fifths of the lumber used 
by its industries and people is now pro- 
duced outside its borders. For this reason 
the people of Pennsylvania are vitally con- 
cerned in the upbuilding of productive for- 
ests both in their own and jn other states. 

“There are in the United States 80,000,000 
acres of at-one-time forest land now cut- 
over, badly burned, unproductive and con- 
tributing nothing to the timber supply of 
the country. In addition to being idle these 
lands tend to augmenteseriously the flood 
situation of our great rivers. This condition 
makes it important for the Government to 
acquire as soon as possible such portions of 
this land as most urgently require protec- 
tion and are valuable as sources of future 
timber supply. With a view to meeting 
this, condition the Commission has recently 
recommended an appropriation of $2,000,- 
ooo for the fiscal year 1924 for further pur- 
chases.” 


511 


ATTENTION, FORESTSER 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men. 


POSITIONS WANTED 


WANTED—Positions by three High School Grad- 
uates for forestry work or woods work for the 
summer. seury ZS Laer J no object. Ex- 
perience wanted. Ox , care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, 2 c. 

4-6-22) 


GRADUATE LANDSCAPE FORESTER, expe- 
rienced in both municipal and private forestry 
and landscape engineering desires position with 
a municipality or private concern. Address 
Box 3095, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAG- 
AZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of getting 
an income from them or turning them into cash 
than has yet occurred to you. It will cost 
you nothing to talk your troubles. over with 
a LAND SPECIALIST, temporarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and agricultural organization in 
the Northwest, Write description of location, 
topography, soil. etc.. in a A Box 4010, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. -C. ‘ 


FORESTRY COLLEGE GRADUATE, 22, single, 
willing and capable, wants work with a forest 
Products company or a research party. Not par- 
ticular which part of world duties will lead to. 
Address Box 4000, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (5-7-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER — Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm or individual interested in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes, 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C.  (6-8-22) 


POSITION’ WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. Address Box 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, (6-9-22) 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 
age; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
experience, desires position. Best references. 
Address. Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


YOUNG MAN, 32 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University; B. S., 1914; M. F., 1915. with 
five years’ experience in the United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as forester 
with a lumber company or private estate. The 
best of references. dress Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C, (7-9-22) 


FOREST ENGINEER, a_ graduate with eight 
years experience as chief of timberland depart- 
ment of large Eastern paper manufacturing 
company is open for position with company 
operating Eastern spruce lands. Address Box 
4055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (8-10-22) 


WANTED 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED CR EMPLOYED, 
havin: executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 
—reference—(2) if employed. School graduated 
from (years). Confidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this, Address Box 66-66, AMERICAN 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


512 


School of Forestry 


UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 
year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 


University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


<= ~=4 


i 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 


Operation 
ufacturers’ Association, 


6 by 9. 133 figures. 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
tes and methods for the movement of the 


tart 
timber 


from 
especially logging railroads. 


stump to manufacturing plant, 


in the United States. By 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
Cloth... net, $4.50 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A PECULIAR GROWTH 
This curious formation in a common Eu- 


ropean oak, better known as “English” 
oak on an estate at Newport, Rhode Island, 
is aptly called “The Little Old Man in the 
Tree.” Photograph by Guy C. Caldwell. 


BIG TIMBER SALE 

The Forest Service of the United States 
Department of Agriculture announces the 
sale of 235,000,000 board feet along the up- 
per Sauk River, Snoqualmie National Forest 
Washington, to the Sauk River Lumber Co., 
N. C. Jamison, president, of Everett, Wash. 
Areas adjacent to this tract, which are re- 
served for future sale, contain approximate- 
ly 1,200,000,000 feet of timber. Under the 
proposed plan of forest management, the 
average yearly cut will be limited to 40,- 
000,000 board feet. Forty years will be re- 
quired to cut out the existing merchantable 
timber, by which time the present imma- 
ture timber will be ready for the ax. By 
the practice of scientific forestry, logging 
operations can thus be carried on without 
end. The forests of the sale area consist chief 
ly of mature Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar 
and white fir in mixture. The contract 
price paid for the timber, which is subject 
to readjustment. at three year intervals, 
was $2.75 per 1,000 board feet for cedar, 
$2 for Douglas fir, and 50 cents for white 
fir and hemlock. 


LOUISIANA’S SUMMER FOREST 
SCHOOL 

The second annual summer forestry camp 
of Louisiana started a six weeks’ session 
June 19. with an enrollment of 56 students. 
Of these, sixteen were high school students, 
six high school graduates, twelve university 
students, eight public school teachers and 
fifteen division of forestry employes of the 
Department of Conservation. This school 
has the distinction of being the only prac- 
tical summer forest school in the South. 
The Department of Conservation originated 
and maintains the summer school annually, 
cooperating with the Louisiana State Uni- 
versity for the selection of the proper facul- 
ty in teaching the various technical subjects 
that are necessary to forestry education. 

Each Wednesday afternoon lectures are 
given by prominent State and government 
officials and business men on various for- 
estry subjects, lumbering and other indus- 
tries connected with the forestry movement. 
One feature of the school is that all the 
employes of the forestry division of the 
Conservation Department are required to 
attend this school and take instruction on 
such forestry subjects as will lead to the 
betterment of their work in the various dis- 
tricts of the State. Forestry, as a rule, is 
taught under roofs, and the department’s 
‘purpose is to teach the science in the open 
that the student can prepare his work in 
accordance with the actual conditions that 
exist in the woods around him. 

Though Louisiana has been forging ahead 
in forestry work for some years, this type 
of education has pushed the State to the 
front as the pioneer in the South, and one 
of the leaders in the national movement. 

The camp is situated in the famous re- 
serve of H. E. Hardtner, Urania, Louisiana, 
the students living in properly constructed 
and well-floored tents, a commodious mess 
hall being situated nearby where the stu- 
dents are given substantial food needed by 
those living in the open; the rations con- 
sisting of good camp food, and vegetables 
secured from the farmers of the neighbor- 
hood. The students are divided into two 
classes—first and second year. In both 
classes are taught elementary surveying, 
timber cruising, mensuration, silviculture, 
and dendrology . It is the desire of the de- 
partment to acquaint each student with the 
general elementary knowledge of what fores- 
try really means and thus disseminate this 
knowledge among the neighborhoods and in 
the schools from which the students come. 

Members of the faculty who have charge 
of the maintenance and instruction are: 
Prof. J. G. Lee, department of forestry, 
Louisiana Sate University, who is director 
of the camp; V. H. Sonderegger, superin- 
tendent of forestry, Department of Conser- 
vation, assistant director; H. J. Stahl, farm 
forester of the Department of Conserva- 
tion, instructor; Prof. R. L. Read, formerly 
of Louisiana State University, instructor. 


A =.= en . ~~ are 


SS * FD ee oe ee ON a ee ae 


S & 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
SEPTEMBER, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 345 
EO GSES ECO DAD CTS C6) “RE ARO. = ean a Frontispiece 
PoRiotky AS A-BUSINESS—George H. Rhodes.. 255-2... oe cee bie cee ee ceases eceuen eb awls 515 


With five illustrations. 


THE CREATION OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS—W. Wee RIE Nn oa eC eee ER re res 521 
With four illustrations. 
THE AIRPLANE—“WATCH-DOG OF CANADA’S FOREST RESOURCES”—Stuart Moir... .. ........ 526 
With seven illustrations. 
a ge Ber cS IR rT elie pe. - Soe ate Sl a a a 529 
rrr Use tt Y AUPON—C. D. Melia, oo... cb ce ce cee cnneuascccbicucecteeeevnes 531 
| THE KUDZU VINE AND OTHER CLIMBERS—R. W. Shufeldt ............. ce cic chee eee eee 532 
With thirteen illustrations. 
nt a cee MC RMIer TORN, SW ICARS: | .2% 1 titles vce voc act vc coupe cdbnvdlesecebeceedbetvc@emevee 540 
A HOT TIP—Poem by John Lewis......................55 OT I SE Cott Petr cg ee we tae PAPI OREO Ny 541 
iene Or tit CMH ROKRERS—Ovid M. Bitler... 0. eee ecw cece cede pevecee setews 542 
With four illustrations. 
EE Ee SE SIRC ART chalgis 5, fa 0) < visrc ies eitags es vie = olay calc. costes hika ew e,s'4 ithe oe. o0d blajark shoe wpe oleate 546 
With seven illustrations. 
REE RCOS PUTER TE LOS ee lene, cca ns. o! oidig Nag b eco seeds Gave vawdlgopernecaciaeecs 551 
With five illustrations. 
DEMON ON CALIFORNIA—A_ FE, Demaray >... scree his siete ce secre nedeeuanbeesduesbdedietebas 554 
‘ With four illustrations. 
CABINWARD—CABINS OF NECESSITY—Robert Sparks Walker ...... 2.0... eee cee ees 557 
‘With five illustrations. 
TREE STORIES FOR CHILDREN—A TREE WITH STRANGE APPLES—Mary Isabel Curtis ......... 560 
OD ErESEETCD CCIE BAIN LEINGS goccfhccgeicwintits ec a fas cc ac hws eared divide trae ce vcseasen@eeeetegeeees 56i 
With three illustrations. 
ener ra ANC OF OUR HARDWOODS, «5 icin oe sede sic cws vies tine eedeeescunepecugesvebes 563 
rr nen aT eREECE TOSS SCs Sc. rc te eine oie so alstevndcbla so vie.c) co v scaie sc aeveibaleiale.g bie bivstles e's 564 
NS) SD OA Eh Big te om Ae RA BD Se et ge ee Se 566 
With one illustration. 
aE UC MERE Se. .'. 5... ; scsalehPMEMN Cons edn wie vie dG ecdiab Dele sige evened ceedeegsahas 566 
AIRPLANES TO LOCATE ALASKA’S LOST EE no? OMB rate Titers tl ve ochre a ote sos bab ewes 569 
Me SERIOUS FIRE MENACE .... 2-0... ccc ec eee eb ecw see ceveeeens PMR C ee Me G caitens > 6 warner e ele ed 570 
Pau avIAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson. . ooo. oo. ee ttt eter eee e cence teat etens 572 
ER ee Pe EGC yas nielz a 9 ech s ov oie-- «jolie aiepetieln’s tle pig cade ee Fee e cece te ena eaer 573 
ER SRC NUE e iar ee o's MIME ie sis! 6 ciereres) ditlelevias dei vaedvsreeccsbesaceoeede 575 
CET SE eS, iui lore <a GOMER B OY 0) coco Ud 6S bildg sod Dee ccle Sele cve tee dee fete lans 576 
PTD 5g 2 ts PE ee aso. sie clelvcd Cp 'o)'s Melelecaiove ule vl gies oped duel pe ewes 576 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. Cc. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879, Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


__“THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES"= 


The Old Red Oak at Lloyd's Neck 


This beautiful old tree has been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for Trees with a History by 
Col. William E. Rogers, of Washington, D. C. It is located on the property of Mr. Walter Jennings, at 
Lloyd’s Neck, on the North Shore of Long Island, and Colonel Rogers, whose old home is at Huntington, 
has known the tree well since he was a boy. In Revolutionary days the British occupied two strongholds on 
Lloyd’s Neck—East Fort and West Fort—from which they levied tribute on all the surrounding country and 
which were for a long time their bases of supply. The oak is located about midway between the two forts, 
facing Halesite, a spot of historic fame because it was here that Nathan Hale, who only regretted that he 
had “but one life to lose” for his country, was finally captured. If the old oak could talk, it could doubtless 
tell many a thrilling tale—first of the earliest possessors of the land, the Indian braves; then of its settlement 
by the whites and of its later occupation by the British military forces and finally, years later, of the calm 
and peaceful days during the administration of President Martin Van Buren, who with his close friend, C. C. 
Cambreleng, the then minister to Russia, and Washington Irving, spent a great deal of time.in the vicinity 
enjoying the fishing, than which there was none better. The old giant is 16 feet 8 inches in circumference 
three feet above the ground, by measurements taken three years ago, and the spread of its branches is 150 feet. 
It has been pronounced by experts to be at least 400 years old and Dr. Britton, of the New York Botanical 
Gardens, considers it the largest and finest specimen tree in the East. For a tree of its unquestioned age, its 
symmetry and beautiful form are remarkable. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


SEPTEMBER, 1922 


No. 345 


EFORE the advent of man, land produces in accord- 
ance with natural conditions. 


gradually 
comes wnder 
cultivated or 


controlled pro- 


duction. 

The contin- 
ued prosperity 
and progress 
of a people de- 
pend very 
much on the 
use they make 
of the land. 
That on which 
annual crops 
will grow 
comes first un- 
der controlled 
production and 
c ulti vation. 
The areas 
which will not 
produce annual 
crops or which 
cannot be cul- 
tivated are the 
last to come 
under con- 
trolled produc- 
tion. 

Forest and 
grazing lands 
form the great- 
est part of the 
latter areas, 
and, as natural 
conditions dis- 
appear, both 
require in- 
creasing atten- 
tion to insure 
their continu- 
ous production 
under a cer- 


tain necessary amount of control. 
from all other lands in the period of time necessary to 


FORESTRY AS A BUSINESS 


By George H. Rhodes 


Secretary, California Forest Protective Association 


grow~a crop. 
After his advent, it 


VIRGIN PINE, FIR AND CEDAR IN CALIFORNIA 


There are taxation units in which the stand of virgin timber is inaccessible and will not be 
operated for years, hence a yield tax on timber would deprive the 
county of necessary annual revenue. 


Forest lands differ 


This makes necessary an adjustment of 
economic conditions to meet that peculiar fact. -The first 


economic con- 
dition to be 
dealt with is 
the area of for- 
est land neces- 
sary to meet 
the continuous 
needs of the 
people for for- 
est products. If 
the time re- 
quired for a 
crop to grow 
is 100 years it 

require 
times as 


will 
100 
much land as 
is necessary 
for an annual 
crop, since only 
one - hund- 
redth of the 
crop can be 
harvested each 
year. 

If 60 billion 
board feet of 
lumber are 
needed and an 
acre will yield 
15 thousand 


feet average, 
then 4,000,000 


acres must be 
cut over. With 
an annual crop 
this 4,000,000 
acres could be 
harvested 
again the next 
year, but with 

imber 
4,000,000 


acres cannot be 


this 


harvested again until 100 years or more hence; therefore, 
100 times this area or at least 400,000,000 acres of forest 


16 AMERICAN 


on 


tand will be necessary. Having the necessary area of 
land the next economic adjustments are those covering 
carrying costs—taxes, interest, protection, planting, ad- 
ministration, etc., all of which must go on every year 
until the crop of timber is harvested and must finally be 
Unless 


they can pay those costs the crop will not be produced 


paid by those who consume or use that crop. 
because it will not pay. Herein lies the essential eco- 
nomic difference between virgin timber and grown tim- 
ber which inevitably causes the latter to cost more and 
to decrease in per capita consumption. 

Since these carrying costs will be paid by the ultimate 
consumer, the important question is, who shall assume 
them during the long-growing period? 

Since the future users of forest products will pay the 
costs of growing the trees, in addition to the costs of 
manufacturing and distributing the lumber or whatever 
it is they need, there is no doubt that these costs will be 


paid in the end. During the long growing period*they 
can be assumed by either private or public interests»or 
by both. Knowing that they will ultimately be paid, we 
can assume that neither private or public interests will 
lose on account of the carrying costs to provide forests 
for the future. In other words, it will be done ona 
paying basis, or at a profit. 

Therefore it is not a matter of sentiment but a business 
proposition. Being a business proposition it must have 
all the elements of successful business, and this must 
apply to government as well as to private forestry. 

This means that, from the beginning, every item of 


FORESTRY 


cost necessary in the growing of timber must be taken 
into consideration as accurately as possible. And it means 
also that all the relationships and interests involved in 
the distribution of these costs must be given their proper 
place . 

The items of these carrying costs are: Reforestation, 
either natural or by planting or seeding; protection, 
administration, taxes and interest. It is apparent that the 
first three will be the same to public or private interests, 
since either the government or a private owner will have 
to provide a stand of timber, if necessary, protect it from 
fire and other loss or damage, and carry on the business 
necessary to do these things. Administration includes 
also such studies and experiments as must be carried on 
to secure better methods of forest management and 
closer utilization of products. As to these items there 
will be only slight variations between public and private 
They will differ in different forest 
regions, but will be about the same for all in any given 
region, and will become standardized and quite reliable 
with the passing of time, so that their bearing on profit- 
able forestry will become less and less uncertain. 

The remaining two items, taxes and interest, have ele- 
ments of uncertainty as to their amount and their inci- 
dence as between private and public forestry practice. 

It is good business to understand these uncertainties 
as much as possible and to establish conditions that are 
essentially equitable among all interests and relation- 
Since taxes and interest cannot be extinguished 
it follows that, if they can be avoided by one party by a 


forest management. 


ships. 


A CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN RANCH 


: a 
e conti 


nued prosperity and progress of a people depend very much on the use they make of the land.” This California 


ranch has been cleared and will be used for farming, while the other cut-over land is reforesting and is used for tim- 


Originally this was a dense redwood forest. 


FORESTRY AS 


A BUSINESS 517 


THE DEEP, COOL SHADOWS OF A REDWOOD GROVE 


Among the incidental public benefits of forests are health and recreational advantages that justify all the people in sharing the 
costs of protection and perpetuation, 


process of shifting the burden, it will fall on the other 
party so heavily as to tend to put him out of business. 
This phase of forestry, in its bearing on the question 
whether it can be carried on by both private and public 
interests must be discussed frankly and fully. 

As to interest, there is no question that private for- 
estry must take it into consideration, The same money 
could be deposited in a savings bank at 4 per cent, com- 
pounded semi-annually, without risk or attention. Or, 
it could be invested in productive industry, involving 
some risk and attention, which would justify a rate of at 
least 6 per cent, compounded annually. 
ing, being a productive industry carrying the same con- 


Timber grow- 


ditions, would be entitled to the same interest. 

This interest would accrue on the investment in the 
land, the initial cost of securing a full stand of timber, 
and the annual costs of administration, protection and 
taxation. 

Here arises a consideration bearing on private forestry 
that must not be overlooked. It can be carried on in con- 
nection with a manufacturing business or separately. If 
carried on in connection with an established lumber 
manufacturing and distributing business, private forestry 
might be practiced at a less rate of interest than when 


practiced separately. Unquestionably forest renewal in 


connection with an established manufacturing and dis- 
tributing plant will operate to make that plant and busi- 
ness permanent instead of temporary, to make it con- 
tinuous instead of vanishing. On this account a value 
wilf accrue to the plant and business that will absorb 
some of the interest rate. Under certain favorable con- 
ditions this absorption might reach nearly 100 per cent. 
In other words, the value incident to making an industry 
permanent might offset the interest charges. But private 
forestry separate from the conversion and distribution 
of forest products is another thing. It must show a 
profit on merely growing the timber, just as the grow- 
ing of agricultural crops must show a profit on produc- 
tion separately from manufacturing. In this interest on 
every dollar invested or expended must be allowed, if 
loss is to be avoided. 
or other forest land not owned in connection with and 
If this can be 


This will apply to all cut-over 


as-a part of a manufacturing business. 
done with reasonable assurance and some prospects of 
profits besides, it will be practical. If not, then private 
forestry on such lands cannot be carried on. 

As to public forestry, whether practiced by the Fed- 
eral or State government, it is a common fallacy to say 
that there will be no interest to pay. To prove that 
this is a fallagy it is only necessary to remember that 


518 AMERICAN 
capital is always worth something, whether used by 
public or private interests. If the government did not 
use the money for forestry it could use it for some- 
thing else. If it did not need the money it could de- 
crease taxes and leave it for the people to use. This is 
clearly true of the expenses involved, but how about 
the land? Will the government have an investment on 
which to pay interest? 

The government can acquire forest land in three 
ways—by purchase, by forfeiture and by reversion. 
Under purchase there is no doubt about the invest- 
ment and interest must be calculated from the begin- 
ning, and unless it is desirable or advantageous to. dis- 


FORESTRY | 


tion from taxation will be fatal to the interests not ex- 
empt. 

This brings up the question again, whether it is 
desirable or not to encourage private forestry, If there 
is a certain area of forest land in a taxation unit, all 
privately owned and taxed at a certain amount per 
acre, and the government, state or national, acquires 
half of it, then the taxes on that remaining in private 
ownership will be doubled. In this way the government 
can cause the forfeiture of much privately owned forest 
land and almost prevent the practice of private forestry. 
On the other hand, if the government will pay its just 
and equitable share of the annual taxes it will encourage 

the practice of private for- 


courage private forestry, 
the rate of interest for the 
government must be the 


same, Land acquired 
through reversion or for- 
feiture, if it can be used 
for forest growing, has a 
value for that purpose, and 
interest must be allowed on 
that value, If it is worth- 
less for that purpose it has 
no value as forest land. 
hence does not come within 
the pervieu of this discus- 
sion. 

Forest land reserved by 
the U. S. Government has 
the same value it would 
have had if not reserved 
The government simply 
takes the place of a private 
owner, which makes no 
difference in the use or 
value of the land. Hence 
interest must accrue on 
that value which it would 
have had under private 
ownership. 


The government cannot 
escape interest on invest- 
ment because it will al- 
ways be using land with- 
held from the people, or 
money taken from the people by taxation, for forest” 
production. And there is no reason why the rate of 
interest should not be the same, unless private forestry 
is to be discouraged. 

While the government, national or state, cannot es- 
cape interest as going into the stumpage value of grown 
timber to be paid eventually by the consumers, it can 
escape taxation by simply refusing to pay. Unlike a 
private owner, it cannot be compelled to do so. With 
all other financial considerations almost equal, it is 
clear that such discrimination in taxation will operate 
to prevent forestry by private interests. The margin 
en profitable and unprofitable forestry, in all but 
especially favorable sections, is so narrow that exemp- 


those who use that crop. 


NATURAL REFORESTATION OF PINE TIMBER 
CALIFORNIA 


Costs of taxes, interest, protection, etc., must go on every year 
until the crop of timber is harvested, and must finally be paid by 


estry. In other words, if 
both private and public 
forestry are to go along 
hand in hand, the burden 
of taxation must be shared 
as nearly equally as possi- 
ble. In order to secure 
this it might be claimed 
that all growing timber and 
the land on which it stands 
should be exempt from an- 
nual taxation, but subject 
to a yield tax at the time 
the timber is cut. This 
must be considered, how: 
ever, from the standpoint 
of the taxation unit in 
which the. forest-growing 
land is situated. That tax- 
ation unit, be it state, coun- 
ty, parish, district or mu 
nicipality, must have an- 
nual revenue and that rev- 
enue must be certain. A 
yield tax alone will not 
supply certain annual reye- 
nue, If in a taxation unit 
there is an area of timber- 
land subject to a yield tax 
ind another area subject tc 
in annual tax, the former 
can exist only because the — 
The latter carries practically 


IN 


latter is taxed every year. 
the whole burden. 

Now, if it were all placed under a yield tax then the 
burden of annual taxation on the other taxable property 
in the taxation unit would be correspondingly increased, 
which would be more inequitable and unjust than if 
only a part of the forest-growing land had been exempt 
from annual taxation under the yield tax. 

It comes back to the proposition that all forest-grow- 
ing land, whether publicly or privately owned must pay 
a certain annual revenue to the taxation unit in which 
it is located. In no other way can the carrying of an 
unfair share of the expense of supplying forests for the 
future by local taxation units be avoided. Of course 


FORESTRY AS 


it timber were being cut in every local taxation unit 
under such conditions that the annual production would 
be uniformily certain and continuous, then a yield tax 
on both public and privately owned timber might be 
arranged, But there are such variations from this 
condition that a yield tax alone cannot possibly fill the re- 
quirements of certainty in annual revenue. There are 
taxation units in which the stand of virgin timber is 
inaccessible and will not be operated for years, hence a 
yield tax would practically exempt that timber from 
annual taxation and cause a corresponding increase in 
the burden on other classes of property. On the other 
hand, there are taxation units in which practically all 
the virgin timber has been cut and the young timber on 
these cut-over lands will not reach maturity in years, 
hence under. a yield tax would pay no annual revenues. 
Between these two extremes are varying conditions and 
once in a while a taxation unit in which a yield tax on 
ail timber would not make any serious difference, as 
compared to present conditions, but even there it would 
be only temporarily adequate and certain, and for that 
reason not practical. 

It follows that the only solution is such an adjust- 
ment between a yield tax and an annual tax in such a 
way as to meet, as nearly as possible, the necessities of 
local taxation units and the economic conditions under 
which forests must be grown. 

The first consideration in regard to a yield tax on 
timber is the part of the stumpage value of the timber 
that should be paid to the local taxation unit. Or, to 


A BUSINESS 519 


what part of the stumpage value of timber at the time 
it is cut is the local taxation unit justly entitled? 

In a state where there are no National Forests this 
is a simple problem because all timber can be taxed the 
same. Although there are no National Forests there 
might be state forests, but the taxation on these and the 
privately owned forests could be made uniform under 
state laws. It would all be under state control and 
there would be no problem of adjustment as between 
state and national interests. 

In such a state let us suppose that 10 per cent of 
the stumpage value of timber at the time of sale is to 
be paid in taxes, or that the rate of taxation on timber 
is 10 per cent of the stumpage value, to be apportioned 
to the state and local taxation units as provided. This 
should apply to both state and privately owned forest 
land so that both will be under the same financial bur- 
dens and contribute equally to state and local revenue. 
It might be claimed that the state is growing timber for 
the public benefit, but it is not. It is growing timber for 
the use and benefit of those who will need it in the 
future, and they will have to pay for it, including taxes 
with other costs. Certainly there will be incidental 
public benefits, such as protection of watersheds, health 
and recreational advantages and contributions to gen- 
eral living conditions, which will be the same from state 
and privately owned forests. 

With state and private interests paying a yield tax of 
10 per cent, each will have 90 per cent of the stumpage 
value remaining, out of which must be paid the interest 


or 


NEAR YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 


There are certain incidental public benefits from forests, whether publicly or privately owned, such as protection of watersheds 
and contributions to general living conditions. 


AMERICAN 


on investment and all the carrying costs from the be- 
ginning. Suppose this leaves a profit. The private 
owner, of course, can use his as he sees fit, just as the 
growers of grain or corn can use theirs. The’ state 
can do the same, using its profits to buy more forest 
land or to build highways, or make other improvements. 

There will be no trouble about using the profits of tim- 
ber growing either by state or private interests. The 
important thing is that both be under the same system of 
taxation, if both state and private forestry are to be 
carried on. 

While there might not be a profit when the timber is 
sold in the future, there must be entire liquidation of 
the carrying costs, taxes and interest. Nobody, neither 
the state nor private interest, is going to furnish forests 
for the future at a loss. Whatever the costs, they will 
have to pay. For this reason a yield tax of Io per 
cent of the stumpage value of timber may be too high. 
I am inclined to think it is, because it is greater than 
the percentage of gross value of other crops taken for 
taxes, and it simply adds to the price that must be paid 
for lumber in the future. 

This yield tax, whether it is 5 or 10 per cent, must be 
considered from the standpoint of the taxation units. 
They must have certain annual revenue. Under a yield 
tax on timber a taxation unit may have no annual reve- 
nue for many years, and it surely will never be certain. 
To remedy this there should be a flat annual acreage 
tax on the land, to be deducted from the amount of the 
yield tax when it is paid. In other words, there should 
be an advance payment on the land to meet the require- 
ments for certain annual revenue, the final yield tax to be 
decreased by the total amount previously paid. Gradu- 
ally, as the area of forest-growing land becomes stabil- 
ized and the annual cut of timber approaches uniformity, 
these two features of such a taxation system will be ad- 
justed to meet conditions. , 

Let us try to visualize an example to show just how 
such a combination acreage and yield tax would work. 
Take a county (as a taxation unit), in a state in which 
there are no national forests, but where the state has 
adopted laws providing for state acquisition of forest 
lands and their reforestation and protection. 

In this county there are 100,000 acres of land, of 
which 30,000 acres are forest land. Of this forest land 
15,000 acres, privately owned, carry virgin timber, and- 
500 acres are being cut over every year, yielding 15,- 
000,000 board feet of lumber, with a stumpage value of 
$3 per thousand feet, or $45,000. This timber and the 
land has been privately owned for 40 years, and the an- 
nual taxes paid up to this time amount to $5 an acre. 
The average stand per acre is 30,000 board feet, worth 
$90. A yield tax of 10 per cent would be $9, from which 
the $5 previously paid should be deducted, leaving $4 an 
acre, or $2,000 on the 500 acres cut, to be paid as the 
balance due in taxes on that 500 acres. If the amount 


520 


FORESTRY 


previously paid in taxes were $7 an acre, then the re- 
mainder to be paid would be $2 an acre; if the previous 
payments amounted to $3, then the remainder due would 
be $6 an acre, etc. In some cases the previous pay- 
ments might be more than the 10 per cent yield tax, and 
so nothing would be due the county. The figures for 
no two taxation units would be the same, and yet it — 
would work out equitably except in those few cases 
where the previous tax payments were greater than the 
yield tax. i 
The other 15,000 acres of forest land in this county 
carry young timber, 10,000 acres being owned by the — 
State and 5,000 acres by private parties. All of it is — 
protected from fire and is being brought up to full forest 
production as rapidly as possible. In addition to the — 
yield tax there is a flat acreage tax of 10 cents an acre 
on all the forest land, which would yield an annual reve-_ 
nue of $3,000 on the 30,000 acres, this annual acreage tax 
to be deducted from the amount of the yield tax at the — 
time when the timber, either original or grown, is cut. 
It is to be noted also that all this forest land is under 
the same system of taxation, both the State and privately _ 
owned. And why should there be any difference? _s 
Both the state and the private owner are using land 
for the production of a necessity. That product is — 
growing under the same natural conditions, whether 
on state or private lands, requires the same care and 
protection, and will be marketed finally under the same 
economic conditions as to use and value. In other 
words, it will be sold under the laws of supply and de- 
mand, which will not vary whether the products come 
from public or private lands. The lands on which these 
forest products grow, both public and private, are located _ 
within the boundaries of a county and both receive equal 
benefits of the county government, such as the protec- 
tion of property, the administration of justice, the educa- 


ment, etc. In every conceivable way these benefits will 
be equal to both the public and private forest land, so 


funds for the county, or other taxation unit? 


Both the state and the private owner are working ut 
der the same natural conditions to do the same thing 
grow timber—and there is no reason why they should not 
work under the same economic or financial conditions. If 
the state forest land is to be exempt from annual taxa- 
tion, then the annual tax on the privately owned forest 
land will be doubly heavy. If both are exempt then the 
other taxable property in the county will have to carry 
the burden, which will be absolutely unjust. As the ulti- 
mate consumers will have to pay the costs of growin 
the timber, whether on public or private lands, let these — 
costs include the taxes on all these forest lands necessary — 
to pay their just share of the expenses of maintaining 
the local government under which the timber was grown. — 


THE CREATION OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS 


By W. W. Ashe 


Secretary, National Forest Reservation Commission 


LEVEN years ago the great area between northern 

Alabama and Maine, including the most accessible 
and heaviest stands of hardwoods in the United States, 
was without a National Forest. Today within this area 
the purchase of..2,148,000 acres is being consummated 
’ under ‘the authorization of the National Forest Reserva- 
tion Commission. The Act under which purchases are 
being made was passed after more than ten years of 
agitation on the subject and after numerous bills had 
been introduced, only to be turned down by committees. 
As finally passed on March 1, 1911, the so-called “Weeks 
Law” restricts purchase to 


sisting of the Secretary of War, who is president; the 
Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of the Interior, 
two members of the Senate and two members of the 
House of Represéntatives, and it is necessary for this 
commission to authorize the acquisition of any lands 
before they can be purchased. This commission began 
functioning in 1911 and it is fortunate that two members 
of the original body still serve and are acquainted in 
detail, through personal inspection, with much of the 
land which has been acquired. 

It is further necessary that the states within which 
purchases are to be made 


such forest lands as are in- 
fluential in protecting navi- 
gable streams. It consists of 
two parts. One provides for 
cooperation in forest protec- 
tion between the Federal 
government and such states 
as meet certain conditions; 
while the second authorizes 
the purchase of lands which 
have an influence upon 
maintaining the navigability 
of streams. It is thus seen 
that the measure is compre- 
hensive. It was realized that 
it would not be possible or 
even practicab‘e for the Fed- 
eral government to acquire 
all forest lands which might 
be influential in the protec- 
tion of our many navigable 
streams. For this reason 
the feature embodying co- 
operation between the Fed- 
eral government and_ the 
States in the protection of 
lands against fire was in- 
corporated with a view to 
extending the beneficial in- 
fluences of the forest in this 
respect. This has proved a 
wise provision and has undoubted!y led many states 
which otherwise would not have acted to make the re- 


rain removes from their 


for its removal. 


quired appropriations to secure the benefit of Federal 
aid. The provisions for purchase were well hedged with 
Safeguards. It is required that the Geological Survey 
shall first determine that the areas selected for purchase 
are of such a character that the navigability of streams 
will be promoted through the protection or maintenance 


of forests thereon. The law creates a commission con- 


HILLSIDES ONCE HEAVILY FORESTED 


Now denuded, gullied and unprofitable. 
not even afford scant pasturage for sheep. 
slopes fills 
streams, and necessitates the constant expenditure for dredging These areas are called “Pur- 
The eastern National Forests are designed to 
correct and prevent such conditions as this. 


shall give their assent there- 
to by appropriate legislation. 
Although the commission 
under the general Federal 
statutes and the Acts of con- 
sent passed by the several 
states has ample authority 
to acquire lands by condem- 
nation, it has as a rule been 
its policy to resort to con- 
demnation only in cases 
where the title situation was 
such that it was not possible 
to acquire a clear title fron 
the proponent, and. seeming- 
ly the ostensible owner of 
the property, without resort- 
ing to the courts. The lands 
consequently have been ac- 
quired and prices fixed as a 
result of direct negotiations 
with the owners. Lands are 
acquired only within defi- 
nitely located areas with a 
view to assembling a mini- 
mum area of I00,000 acres, 
So sterile that they do G+ one which will admit of 


The soil that each : ge : 
the channels of our eCONoOmic administration. 


chase Units,” but when suf- 
ficient land is purchased the 
President proclaims them National Forests and they are 
then administered in the same manner as other. Na- 
tional Forests. 

The total area of the forest lands now acquired and 
being acquired under the authorization of the commis- 
sion is 2,148,648 acres. These lands are located in eleven 
states. In ten states the forests are being built up en- 
tirely by purchase unless exception be taken to the Ala- 
bama National Forest, within which there was a meager 
nucleus of 18,000-acres of public domain around which 


22 AMERICAN 


ur 


FORESTRY 


THE COLUMN OF SMOKE BY DAY HERALDS DESTRUCTION AND WASTE 


It may be the accumulated growth of a century which is disappearing. 
have left behind, with young trees and all possibilities of a fu ure forest. 


have now been assembled an area of five-fold extent, In 
one state, Arkansas, purchases have been designed merely 
to consolidate the Government holdings on the Ozark 
and National which were created 
from the public domain. Until recently purchases have 
been restricted to the White Mountains in New Hamp- 
shire and Maine, the Appalachians south of Pennsyl- 
vania, and the Ozarks of Arkansas, but the commission 
has recently authorized the purchase of 74,000 acres in 
Pennsylvania. 

The original program called for the purchase of 6,- 
000,000 one-third of which has now been ac- 
In the White Mountains the purchase program 
is. about .one-half completed, there having been acquired 
about 450,000 acres out of a total designated area of 
950,000 acres, 


Arkansas Forests 


acres, 
quired, 


The larger portion of the lands which have been ac- 
quired have had the timber-.cut off, or at least some of 


best timber has been cut, but:a number of fine 
stands have been secured within which there has never 
b the sound of the’ lumberman’s ax; and there is 


timber on much of the other lands in addition 


It may be the waste and lappage which the lumbermen 
In either case it is economic loss. 


to much timber of low grade. There are some large 
tracts which have been badly injured by repeated fires. 
Their value for watershed protection had been greatly 
impaired through the destruction of the absorbent forest 
humus and the resulting erosion; and likewise their ca- 
pacity for growing timber had been reduced. In places 
the protection which has been given by the government 
has already resulted in a wonderful change in some of 
these burned over lands. There are also small areas of 
open land which at one time were fields on farms. The 
owners found such lands were too steep for permanent 
and profitable cultivation. Many of these little moun- 
tain clearings are so deeply gullied that it will be years 
before the gullies will fill up and the surface again be- 
come smooth and the original fertility of the soil restor- 
ed. Most of these open lands are gradually restocking 
in trees by seed from the nearby forests. There are also 
small and relatively insignificant areas of barren lands, 
iargely mountain tops and sub-Alpine lands, which were 
acquired in purchasing larger tracts of which they form- 
ed a part. But on the whole, 95 per cent of the more 
than two million acres is productive forest land or is 


THE CREATION OF THE EASTERN 


potentially productive requiring merely protection from 
fire for a reasonable time. On the recently established 
Allegheny Purchase Unit in Pennsylvania there are con- 
siderable areas of badly burned land, but it is believed 
that even these areas can eventually be made to con- 
tribute to the needs of the higiiy developed industrial 
region within which this purchase unit is situated. 
The government began purchases in the White Moun- 
tains just in time to assure the preservation of their for- 
est cover, for, “fol- 


NATIONAL FORESTS 523 


fill their highest utility. But for the inauguration of the 
government's policy of purchase and protection in the 
White Mountains it is probable that a large portion of 
the lands there would have been closely stripped of 
timber on account of the high prices which prevailed. 
for wood, even of small size, for the manufacture of 
paper. Once these lands were rendered unproductive, 
on account of their closely cut condition, they would 
have been neglected, if not abandoned; would have been 
fire, 


ravaged by 


lowing the exaniple 
of the government 
in protection, sev- 
eral owners of 
large holdings in 
these mountains 
are likewise care- 
fully protecting 
their lands from 
fire as the timber 
is cut off; thus 
permanency of for- 
est cover has been 
assured, Some con- 
cerns are even em- 
ploying, at least in 
part, the govern- 
ment’s methods of 
conservative cut- 
ting, It is not in- 
tended to imply 
that the fine stands 
of old spruce have 
been preserved 
throughout the 
White Mountains. 
although this has 
been done in part 
within some of the 
highly scenic areas 


and left in a deso- 
late condition, such 
as actually has 
been the case with- 
in restricted areas. 
There are certain 
lands, especially at 
high altitudes, on 
which it 
be desirable to cut 
any timber, 
the 


must be conserva- 


may not 


or, if 
cut, fellings 
tive, since the pro- 
tective function of 
the forest is of 
paramount 
eration 


consid: 

such 
The general 
policy, however 


on 
sites. 


will be to cut. the 
timber in such 
manner as to sta- 
bilize the yield and 
thus the 
establishment of 
permanent wood- 
working industries 
the 
transient operations 


promote 


in place of 


such as Tucker- which have here- 
man’s ravine, on tofore characteriz- 
the slopes of Mt. ed the region. The 
Chocorua and with- |@sa¥izzgeseen result of protection 
in the Great Gulf. [f oe % to the _ cut-over 
3ut these moun- — lands is finely 
tains have been THE ABUNDANT GENEROSITY OF NATURE shown in many 
saved for the use On land which has been cut over under the Government’s directions the pointed places~ in the 
of the people be- fir still maintains its verdure. These young stands have followed mature White Mountains 


fore they were 

stripped of their trees and before their surface was burn- 
ed over and made a dreary waste such as has been the 
fate of much of the once fir and spruce clad slopes of 
the Black Mountains in North Carolina and of por- 
tions of West Virginia. The pointed fir still maintains 
its verdure and although much of it is in young stands, 
these have followed mature forests which supplied nat- 
ural and economic needs. In due time they too must 


forests which supplied natural and economic needs. 


In no place, how- 
ever, is it better exemplified taro Phubbard Bicntun! 

the-town of Woodstock, Grafton County, Here a won- 
derfufy thick and most beautiful stand of young spruce 
é It is already a solid mass of 
Within a few years as 


trees haS established itself. 
green 10 to 5 feet in height. 
the trees becortie larger the moss will again form a 
velvety rug and thé.dense thicket. of saplings will open 
up into the mature forest with its dense shade ever 


524 AMERICAN 


alluring the tramper to further explore its cool and 
refreshing recesses, 

The White Mountain National Forest is designed to 
protect the headwaters of the Connecticut, Saco, Merri- 
mac and Androscoggin Rivers. Although the Merrimac 
is navigable and has important water traffic in coal and 
petroleum, it is chiefly noteworthy as having its water 
powers highly developed and for the large number of 
textile mills which line its banks. The total possibilities 
of the stream developed and undeveloped, in New Hamp- 
shire and Massachusetts, exceed 100,000 horsepower ; 
while those of the Androscoggin in Maine and New 
Hampshire amount to 260,000 horsepower.* 

One of the most important streams heading in the 
southern Appalachians is the Tennessee River, on which 
is located the. Muscle Shoals which with other nearby 
power sites has around 1,000,000 latent horsepower 
possibilities.** The main channel of the Tennessee River 
is navigable for a distance of 650 miles above its mouth 
where it joins the Ohio. The annual traffic upon it 
amounts to three quarters of a million tons. Its head- 
waters are in southwestern Virginia, western North 
Carolina, northern Georgia, and southwestern Kentucky, 
and are in part protected by five National Forests—the 
White Top, Pisgah, Savannah, Georgia and Alabama. 
All of these forests are within the field of heavy rain- 
fall as much as twenty inches having fallen within two 
days’ time at certain points. There is relatively little 
snow and consequently the soil where unprotected by 


FORESTRY 


forest is subject to the devastating influence of con- 
centrated precipitation practically throughout the entire 
year. The result of this is that erosion is here excessive 
and sedimentation in the channels of streams is a serious 
problem. This condition is not limited to the Tennessee 
River but also applies to other streams which have their 
source in this region. Some of these like the Black 
Warrior, one of the important rivers of Alabama whose 
headwaters are in part protected by the Alabama Na- 
tional Forest, are important power streams as well as 
having been developed for navigation by a costly system 
of locks. 

The flood situation on the Ohio River has long been a 
matter of serious concern to the National Forest Reser- — 
vation Commission, Special consideration has been given 
to the situation at Pittsburgh. This led the commission 
to authorize the establishment of a purchase unit in — 
Pennsylvania on the headwaters of the Allegheny river, 
since it seemed desirable that the watershed of the Ans ; 
gheny be protected as well as the Monongahela River, — 
the southern headstream of the Ohio. Thus it inaugu- 
rated the principle of protecting on the Ohio River — 
both of its head streams which unite at Pittsburgh. The — 
plans for the control of flood waters on these streams 
called for the establishment of a series of storage reser- 
voirs and in order to secure permanently full benefits — 
from such reservoirs it is essential that erosion be re- 
duced to a minimum to prevent the loss in storage 
through silting. It was not until 1921 that the legisla- 


ME 
---"* meee i Ugg 
)) aes 6 
| ye 
NT. : 
a { 7K) 
m 
NYY i N 
A = --- 
j MASS 
H a 
Po 


ee \ 
Mow?" 
NV Mig) I iitiin © = 


LFEN | 


PURCHASE UNITS WITHIN WHICH 
LANDSARE BEING ACQUIRED 
FOR EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS 


(CCIPURCHASE UNITS 
(GRYMS LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN PURCHASED 


(THE ARKANSAS AND OZARK FORESTS 
WERE IN LARGE PART GREATED FROM 
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN) 


MILES 
° 200 


THE CREATION 


ture of Pennsylvania authorized purchases in that state 
for National Forests by the Federal government. The 
establishment of the Allegheny Purchase Unit was the 
result. This unit has a gross area of more than 400,000 
acres, within which the purchase of 74,000 acres has 
just been authorized by the commission. This unit, 
_ which in time will become a National Forest, will very 
largely protect the drainage basins tributary to two of 
these proposed reservoirs on the upper waters of the 
Allegheny River. en its borders is the seat of the 
last white pine operation of magnitude in Pennsylvania. 
Neither should the recreational advantages of the east- 
ern National Forests be overlooked. While the purchase 
of scenery and trout streams has not been an objective, 
it is nevertheless true that there is much on the pur- 
chased forests to lure the vacationist. Mr. Thomas H. 
Gill" has recently considered their recreational features 
in the May issue of American Forestry, He particularty 
- calls attention to the accessibility of the eastern National 
Forests to the massed population of the Atlantic Sea- 
board. They are located from Maine to the mountains 
of northern Alabama and Arkansas and are within easy 
reach of four-fifths of our population; and offer varied 
_ conditions and sports to the vacationist. 
While the underlying function which has paided the 
4 "selection of the areas within which lands are being ac- 
quired is the protection of navigable streams, and for 
that reason it has been necessary to restrict purchases to 
_ the rougher and mountainous lands or such as are a 
_ menace through erosion, their value for timber produc- 
tion has not been lost sight of. Since the enactment of 
_ the Act there have been radical changes in the economic 
_ timber supply situation in the eastern states. Ten years 
ago southern yellow pine controlled the eastern market 
for structural wood. Today it is realized that the zenith 
of yellow pine production has passed, that its cut is 
weil on the wane and the field which it has lost has 
been taken by woods from the northwest coast. This 
condition leads to the realization of the impending crisis 
which must soon be faced in the East when the greater 


OF THE EASTERN NATIONAL FORESTS 


525 


part of the timber required for its industries must be 
brought from a great distance with the accompanying 
high freights. Pennsylvania, at one time producing 
timber for export, now manufactures only one-fifth of 
the lumber required by the state. Ohio, another leading, 
industrial state, produces within its borders only one- 
eighth of that required. Illinois, formerly dependent 
entirely on timber from the nearby states to the north, 
now pays a freight tax of more than twenty-five million 
dollars a year to supply its needs by bringing timber 
from a distance. Still further changes are imminent. 
With a further reduction in the supply of yellow pine 
timber it will become necessary to fill its place with 
material from a greater distance. To assist in meeting 
this situation, the eastern National Forests should be 
greatly expanded. It is necessary that this enormous 
area of cut-over land, now largely unproductive, should 
be placed on a productive basis as soon as possible that 
it may be adequately protected and managed with a view 
to meeting this impending timber shortage, 

The adequate expansion of the eastern National For- 
ests and the maintenance of the forest lands of the East 
on a producing basis is as essential to Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, New York, and Illinois, which are large consum- 
ing states, as it is to the states within which the large 
forest areas are located. As a matter of fact these are 
the states which will profit most, since the regenerated 
forests will assist in supplying timber for their indus- 
tries and domestic needs. It means not only the main- 
tenance of their wood-using industries but an enormous 
saving in freight. 

Looking toward the continued growth of these forests 
the National Forest Reservation Commission at its last 
meeting went on record without a dissenting vote of 
those present, in favor of a yearly appropriation of $2,- 
000,000 for the purchase work. This would be a return 


to the prewar basis, the original appropriations being at 


the rate of $2,000,000 a year. 


*Report Commission of Water Conservation of New Hamp- 


shire, 1911, 1918. 
**7, C. Welliver in Am. Rev. of Rev., April, 1922. 


From the United States Forest Service, Intermountain 


Daily News, comes this cheerful bit of philosophy: 


BE THE BEST OF WHATEVER YOU ARE 


“Tf you can’t be a pine on the top of the hill, 


Be a scrub in the valley—but be 


The best little scrub at the side of the rill; 
Be a bush if you can’t be a tree. 


“If you can’t be a bush be a bit of the grass, 
Some highway to happier make, 

If you can’t be a muskie then just be a bass— 
But the liveliest bass in the lake! 


“We can’t all be captains, we’ve got to be crew, 
There’s something for all of us here; 

There’s big work to do and there’s lesser to do, 
And the task we must do is the near.“ ~ 


“If you can’t be a highway, then just be a trail, 
If you can’t be the sun, be a star; 

It isn’t by size that you win or you fail— 
Be the best of whatever you are.” 


Wah 
rn 


nae THE AIRPLANE--“WATCH-DOG ¢ 
By Stuart Moir, Assistant Forest 


XPERIENCE with the airplane during the recent its value as the fire-fighter’s aid. Just as airplanes 
fires in the St. Maurice Valley of Quebec proves were used during the war to reconnoitre enemy positions 
so they have demonstrated their worth as a 
means of scouting forest fires. A daily aerial 
reconnaissance of the forest fires, which the 
writer was fighting with the aid of 60 men, 
supplied the information which enabled him 
to get it under control. The type of machine 
used was an H. S. 2. L. flying boat equipped 
with a 330 H. P. motor. 

On May 30th word was brought in by the 
patrol of the Laurentide Air Service, con- 
tractors for aerial work to the Laurentide 
Company, Limited, that a serious fire was 
burning along a six mile front north of Lakes 
Grand Chienne and Big Eagle. Men were 
immediately ordered to go to the fire by land 
route and to take two weeks’ provisions. The 
following day a flight was made to recon- 
noitre the burning area north of Lake Chienne 
and to determine the best means of combat. 
As soon as the plane had reached its altitude 
huge columns of smoke were seen rolling sky- 
ward to the west and north, and when within 
50 miles of the fire, the air was pungent with 
the odor of burning Spruce and Balsam. 

Flying at 3,000 feet it was possible to see 
the outline of the fire in detail and to decide 
exactly where the fighting gangs should be 
placed to do most effective work. Although 
only 70-80 minutes were required to fly from 
the base to the fire, two days were consumed’ 
by the first gang of 22 men taken from the 
nearest drive camp to arrive upon the scene 7 
of action. Travel by canoe and portage 
through rough country transporting equipment 
and provisions is slow and tedious work. Ar- 
riving late in the afternoon the men pitched 
their tents, made the camp, and prepared the 
fireplace for the cook. In any woods organi- 
zation the cook is the king-pin in maintaining 
the morale of the gang. 

At daybreak the following morning the 
men were attacking the fire at its most dan- 
gerous point. Trees were chopped, fire lines 
cut through the leaf litter to mineral soil, sand 
thrown on burning stumps, and logs to smoth- 
er the fire and water used wherever available. 
It is hot gruelling labor, for fires must be 
strenuously fought to be mastered, The first 
break comes at g A. M., when one-half the 


FOREST FIRE AND ITS WORK 


gang is given a rest % 
Upper—Hopping off again after landing the daily supply of provisions and meanwhile the rest of the gang stick to the 
reporting on the .progress of ‘the fire- fighting. 4 : 
As the aerial observer sees it. Note how well the lakes and job and are relieved as soon as the others re- 
treams show up in respect to the direction of the fire. turn to the fire line. Fighting continues un- 
Ae nom 


ty-five year old Balsam Fir stand after it was swept by : 3 
Not a single young tree remains alive. : til 2 P. M., when a halt is called. At 6 P. M. 


ADA’S FOREST RESOURCES” ma 


| rentide Company, Limited 


tnt nn 


[no 


the struggle is resumed and lasts until dark. Most of ber of false rumors and conflicting reports are brought 
the fires in this part of the country die down consider- to camp as to the location of the fire. A change of wind 
ably during the night and in the early morn- 
ing present only a smouldering line to the fire- 
fighter. The most effective work is done be- 
tween dawn and 10 o’clock in the morning; 
as at that time the flames are fanned up with 
increasing fierceness. 


An aerial observation of the fire was made 
each afternoon to determine the results of the 
morning’s work, to note any new outbreaks, 
and to see what part of the line required 
immediate attention. Daily during the pro- 
gress of the fire the airplane brought in 
supplies and equipment. Without its serv- 
ices the fire crews wou'd have been hard 
pressed for grub, for the first gang was aug- 
mented by the arrival of drive gang Number 
Two, including 32 men and also several 
rangers and guides, making a total force of 
60 men, The last party had purposely trav- 
elled light in order to make the trip as speed- 
ily as possible. Complete reliance had been 
placed in the airplane to bring up the nec- 
essary supplies and equipment. It never 
failed in its duty, weathering smoke, wind 
and rain, and all adverse flying conditions. 

Many of the fire-fighters had never seen an 
airplane prior to the arrival of the patrol 
machine on Lake Chienne. ‘Their exclama- 
tions of awe and admiration were amusing; 
they marveiled at its size, the rapidity of its 
descent to the water, and the ease and grace 
with which it alighted on the lake. The mem- 
bers of the gang who were fortunate enough 
to touch the body or wings of the machine 
were regarded as heroes by their comrades. 
In the future they will frequently see an air- 
plane flying over the country, for the air 
patrol has come to stay as the watch-dog of 
Canada’s forest resources, 

The ability of an observer in an airplane to 
detect a small trace of smoke at a long dis- 
tance has been strikingly illustrated. In a 
recent instance the observer saw smoke rising 
from a lake shore some twenty miles off the 
machine’s course, and the plane was diverted 
to this. Examination proved it to be a case 
of brush-burning behind a camp. Knowing 
that men were present and that there was no 
hazard, the plane was continued on _ its 
oo etl THE FORCES AT WORK TO CHECK DESTRUCTION 

The experience gained in the use of the 


airplane in fighting this fire proved it to be Upper—A natural heritage being consumed by the demon fire because 
‘ Naa ; “somebody was careless.” 

the most effective auxiliary available to learn jyiddle—No stove is needed by this cook in a woods camp. Bread and 
the exact condition of the fire. Anyone who beans are baked in the sand, and other food over the fire. 


Lower—Ui i ovisions for fire-fighting forces at work on Big Lake 
has fought forest fires knows what a num- i: ne ei ahi i 23 s 


28 AMERICAN 


ul 


may deceive the experienced woodsman into believing 
that the fire is burning in a locality other than its exact 
location, The ground patrol system, when it follows 
only stream courses and beaten portages, is essentially 
weak, for it is 
impossible to 
detect a small 
fire until very 
close to it, and 
difficult to defi- 
nitely locate a 

fire un- 
certain 


large 
der 
wind condi- 
tions. 

When the 
supervisor of 
a fire-fighting 
force uses an 
airplane in 
scouting burn- 
ing he 


obtains definite 


areas, 


information as 
to recent de- 
velopments and 
seriousness of 
the fire. Fur- 
thermore, he is 
able to grasp 
the demands of 


the situation  j¢. 
and _strategi- 


7 est management. 
cally fight the “ . 


fire by taking full advantage of the topographic condi- 
tions which will assist in controlling the fire. 

All persons connected with the timber industry fully 
realize the need of stopping our present annual devasta- 
tion of forest resources by fire. It is useless for for- 
esters to make plans for sustained yield until the stands 


THE TELL-TALE SMOKE COLUMN 


This column of smoke was seen by the men in the airplane while yet twenty miles away from 


The character of the forest, which is a mixed hardwood-coniferous stand, is easily dis- 
cerned. Adequate fire protection is a paramount need and must precede any system of for- 


FORESTRY 


to be put on such a basis are protected from fire. Un- 
derlying the whole problem of fire protection is the 
necessity of a public sentiment supporting the system. 
The present false idea of many people employed by 
the forest in- 
dustries as 
well as those 
using the for- 
est for sport- 
ing purposes, 
regarding fires, 
is deplorable. 
Until the for- 
est is esteemed 
by all as a 
source of indi- 
vidual prosper- 
ity and happi- 
ness, no system 
of protection, 
however well 
developed, will 
be entirely suc- 
cessful. Pre- 
vention of for- 
est fires is es- 
sential. 

The role of 
the airplane as 
a fire-fighting 
auxiliary is 
permanent- 
ly established, 
for it is the 
means of detecting fires and reconnoitering burning areas. 
The value of its services in recent fires is inestimable, 
for in addition to serving as a scout, it transported the 
men, equipment and food demanded by the emergency of 
the situation. The airplane as the eyes of the fire-fighter 


f Mga most widely distributed commercial tree on the 

Tongass National Forest, southeastern Alaska, is 
western hemlock. It is a rapidly growing tree and is 
suitable for either mechanical or chemical wood pulp, 
either alone or in mixture with other species. It is 
conservatively estimated by the Forest Service that it 
forms 60 per cent of the merchantable stand. This 
species is being extensively used for paper pulp at a 
number of plants in British Columbia. 


HE forest problem is in many ways the most vital 


internal problem before the American people today. 
Theodore Roosevelt. 


vood pulp and 540 pounds of sulphite, and 7,500 
es of pulpwood are required to furnish the paper for 
| the Sunday papers in the United States. 


Bi bes ton of newsprint requires 1,600 pounds of ground 
V 


and watch-dog of our forest resources is unbeatable. 
It is claimed to have been discovered that out 
of 6,600 species of flowers cultivated in Europe 
only 420 possess an agreeable perfume. Flowers with 
white or cream-colored petals are frequently more odor- 
iferous than others. Next in order come the yellow 
flowers, then the red, after them the blue and finally 
the violet, of which only thirteen out of 308 give off 
a pleasing perfume. In the whole list 3,880 varieties 


are offensive in odor and 2,300 have no perceptible 
smell, either pleasant or unpleasant. 


HE following is an excerpt from an article appearing 
in the May Cosmopolitan by Irvin Cobb entitled “The 
Bear That Hunted Me.” 

“Or deeper still in the woods you may meet the ranger 
himself, a gallant figure in his greenish drab uniform. 
Usually he is young; always he is competent; nearly 
always he is deeply in love with the work he is doing.” 


J 4 aM 


— 
a 


an 


> 


: 'F only one bushel of wheat out of every four grown 
in the fields reached the consumer, the American pub- 
lic c would have something to say the minute the price 
of wheat began seriously to affect the customary size of 
ves in the Nation’sbread boxes. It is safe to say that 
e would be an i 
waste, and despite political and economic doctri- 
res, the effort would obtain a large degree of success. 
during the war, each of us, as demand outran supply, 
d feel a personal responsibility to aid in conserving 
supply, and our individual and united efforts would 
omplish wonders. 

a The Soap Box Test of the Public Mind 

One may stand on a soap box at a street corner and 
‘ith a few fiery and rhetorical sentences, punctuated by 
brandishing of a loaf of bread made from grain 


substitute for the loaf of bread a section of a board 
from a tree which it has taken 200 wheat harvests 
to grow, and he will have difficulty in drawing an audi- 


bed 


to bread and boards. 
bread riots are actualities, whereas board riots are as yet 
unheard of in this fair country. 


The Fatal Figure Four 


Atl of which does not alter the situation in regard to 
_ forest waste or the needed assumption of public responsi- 
_~bili which it demands. It merely accentuates the seri- 
-ousness of it. We are told by no less an authority than 
‘the Forest Service, that only 30 per cent of the wood in 
“the forest gets into the form of seasoned, unplaned lum- 
ber, and that of this amount an additional 10 to 25 per 
cent is lost in the process of further manufacture. In 
_ other words, 4000 feet of forest growth is sacrificed to 
_ American wood-using customs and demand for every 
thousand feet of wood placed in the consumers’ hands. 
We not only destroy four times what we use, but we are 
“using what is left of our forest heritage four times faster 
in it is being replaced by new growth. 


The Public Has Its Faults 


The fatal inevitableness of the course is apparent, but 
the public refuses to be concerned despite repeated warn- 
ings that four-fifths of our original forests have gone, 
_ that 60 per cent of that left is west of the great plains 
__and that decade by decade the price of lumber is pushing 

‘upward. It persists in clinging to old demands and old 
_ customs handed down from days when forests were em- 
 barrassingly plentiful and forest waste was an economic 
_ order of the time. It adheres to a rigid position of wood 
particularity, regardless of its effect upon waste in the 


s 


mediate and united effort to save for 


EDITORIAL 


LOAVES AND LUMBER 


forest, and it recedes from that position only when eco 
nomic changes force it to do so. 
Watchful Waiting and Forest Waste 
_ There are men, who, measuring the future by the past, 
assert that the development of better utilization of our 
orests is meshed in an economic gear. They maintain 
that when a market for material now wasted is available, 
this waste will be saved. They slur over the utilization 
phase of our forest problem with a taken-for-granted 
attitude that economic pressure is the only effective rec- 
tifier. They overlook the fact that this economic pres- 
sure must spring from a serious off-balance of supply 
and demand—the very situation we are trying to guard 
gainst. 
This i is a do-nothing attitude masked in affectation of 
economic learning. It is the quickest way of exhausting 
our forests, next:to burning them up, and of accelerating 


in a few short months, incite a bread riot, but let. the timber pinch. It can be justified only by admitting 


that our system is a one-gear machine, or that we have 
not the intelligence to change gears when a change is 
clearly necessary. It is an attitude which will never en- 


Such is the state of the public mind with respect lighten the public to the possibilities of relieving the 
Perhaps one explanation is that drain upon our forests by developing a national con- 


science for wood economy. 
The Octopus of Forest Depletion 

Anyone who has gone very deeply into the situation 
with respect to forest waste in this country knows that 
it is the he-octopus of forest depletion. Its arms reach 
out into every industry and its suckers permeate the 
whole American wood-using public. Millions upon mil- 
lions of feet of fallen timber are left to rot in the woods 
every year. Why? It may be one of many remedial rea- 
sons. It may be because the public continues to stand, 
year in and year out, for railroad tariffs which permits 
the railroads to charge the same rate for hauling low 
grade lumber valued, let us say, at $15.00 a thousand 
feet at the mill, as for higher grade lumber valued at 
$100.00 or more a thousand feet. When it does not pay 
to log and manufacture lumber, industry will not do it. 
More economics wrapped up in a flimsy tariff sheet. 

Custom.a Finicky Customer 

Or, good timber will be left in the woods, burned, or 
degraded at the mill, or sold for fuel at the wood- 
using plant, because custom has so ordained. It has 
always been so, therefore it must be an economic rock 
which only the forces of dire necessity can alter. The 
public has been miseducated to finicky wood tastes, which 
often are at the root of forest waste. Old line industries 
have “educated their trade” and new line industries are 
out to “please the public,” and all the time the public 
does not realize the folly of its way. 

The Case of Grandmother’s Spools 
An example will serve to illustrate; A mill in the 


530 AMERICAN 


course of a season manufactures five million feet of birch 
for spool stock. Thirty per cent of the lumber proves 
to be so-called red-heart, but sound and perfectly suit- 
able for spools. The spool factory refuses to accept it. 
The wood is off-color. Our grandmothers were edu- 
cated to white wood spools and white wood spools our 
women folks must continue to have until there is no more 
white wood left. So the million feet of otherwise good 
spool stock goes into a burner or is sold to a pulp mill 
at fuel wood prices, while foresters, lumbermen, con- 
gressmen and statesmen disagree as to who will spend 
50 to 100 years growing a new forest to make good ae 
loss. Fine economics! 
False Gods and Lack of a National Conscience 

That example is not extreme. It is a modest conserva- 
tive one. Others of similar tenor might be cited ad in- 
finitum. In the aggregate, we are sacrificing one and 
perhaps two years’ supply of wood every four years to 
false Gods of forest utilization. No single industry or 
set of individuals are to blame. The problem is a com- 
mon one of research, education, and the determination to 
remove senseless obstacles. Forest utilization begins 
with the lumbermen and ends with the consumer, but 
back of it all there must be a public conscience against 
wood extravagance. If we wait for timber shortage to 
develop that conscience, it will be too late. The great 
need is now. The public must be brought to a new con- 
ception of the use of our forests. It must be enlightened 
as to the evil consequences of its present disregard for 


THE RED DRAGON OF NEW JERSEY’S FORESTS 


HERE are two million acres of forest land in New 
Jersey which, as transportation goes today, are 
almost within trucking distance of the greatest lumber 
market in the world. Sooner or later the people of the 
state will awaken to the economic significance of that 
fact, but unless they hasten their steps, the awakening 
may be too late. New Jersey’s forests are being burned 
at the rate of 70,000 acres a year, all of which is tending 
to reduce the area of growing forests and to convert 
land which naturally would become a public asset of 
great value into a public liability of unsightly and em- 
barrassing proportions. 
No Lack of Forest Land 
The state has never ranked as a great lumber produc- 
ing state but this may be attributed to its size and and 
not to its lack of forests and forest lands. Approxi- 
mately forty per cent of the land area of the state today 
is forest land and the soils and climate of New Jersey 
are such that timber grows rapidly wherever it is given 
a chance. But more than that, these good forest grow- 
ing lands are about as close to great diversified markets 
as it is possible for wild land to be. Lumber prices in 
these markets are every year more and more being set 
by the cost of importing lumber from the extreme south 
and the far west. The raiser of timber in New Jersey 
has no $25 freight bill to pay on every thousand feet 
of lumber he manufactures, but in years to come his 


FORESTRY 


forest waste. Instead of complacency and ignorance, 
there must be a national sentiment to husband our re- 
maining forests and to make them go as far as possible. 


Removing Public Ignorance 


For years, the Forest Service has been studying forest 
utilization and seeking to educate the wood conversion _ 
industries to needed and possible economies. Progress 
has been made, but it has been slow. Within recent ; 
years, there has been a marked awakening among lum- ~ 
bermen and wood manufacturers to the opportunities for 
saving wood and money through better utilization prac- — 
tices. Their biggest handicap, in many cases, is lack of — 
public understanding and cooperation, and a public fail- 
ure to show any interest or responsibility for wood ex- — 
travagance or forest waste. So far as the public goes, 
ignorance is probably at the bottom of it all. Take the — 
case of spools. It is inconceivable that the women of 
this country, if they realized the waste incidental to — 
white spool traditions, would continue to demand that 
their thread be wound upon white wood spools. 

In many of the larger utilization problems, the indus-_ 
tries can get just so far and no further without the pub- — 
lic’s cooperation. There is a loud call and a great oppor- 
tunity for the government and the states to expand their 
utilization work with a more extensive, aggressive and — 
definite program to educate the public to the situation © 
and to make different classes of consumers see and feel 
their responsibilities. 


selling price will be based upon these long haul costs. 
He will reap the advantage and his state will be en- — 
riched. 
Fire—The Red Dragon 
The people of New Jersey need lumber the same as the 
people of New York, Pennsylvania or any other state. 
They are today economically dependent upon the forests — 
of the south and the far west, while at their very door- 
steps they have two million acres of excellent forest 
growing land which with proper fire protection 
largely take care of the state’s future timber needs. 
Already the state is paying a five million dollar bill an- 
nually on lumber imported from the south and the west. 
This bill is increasing year by year while the area of 
growing timber within the state grows smaller with 
every fire season, for fire is the Red Dragon of New 
Jersey’s forests. The State Department of Conservation — 
and Development is authority for the statement that, 
“Each year we cut timber worth about ten million — 
dollars on the stump. Under present forest fire con- — 
ditions this production will continually decrease to- 
ward zero and our freight bill will correspondingly 
increase. With fire protection we could, as we ought 
to, cut timber annually with a fifty million dollar 
market value at pre-war prices and not overcut in 
doing so, but do it year after year indefinitely.” 


AMERICAN 


Forest Values and Public Sentiment 

lf the citizens of New Jersey, or any other state for 
that matter, could foresee the values which will attach 
to timber crops in future years, the whole public atti- 
tude toward forest fire and forest perpetuation would 
change over night. Every good citizen stands for the 
_upbuilding of his state. He wants to see it prosper. He 
wants to see it developed and enriched for the benefit 
_ of his children and his children’s children. He wants 
to see it, as a commonwealth, seize its opportunities and 
_ go forward shoulder to shoulder with other states. And, 
_ above all, he wants to see it conducted in a business-like 
and fore-sighted way. 


The Family Skeleton of the Commonwealth 


_ The average citizen feels pride in the sight of richly 
_ producing farms, developed waterways, thriving indus- 
tries within his state. But he never boasts of or calls at- 
_ tention to barren and burnt over forest lands. They are 
the family skeleton of the commonwealth. And yet it is 
_ within his power to clear the closet of those bones by 
_ merely demanding that the state spend enough money for 
fire protection to permit nature to grow timber on the 
4 lands chiefly valuable for timber production. The want 
of that sentiment in New Jersey is yearly adding black, 
barren acres to the New Jersey landscape. About one- 
third of the state’s forest area now contains merchantable 
timber. The other two-thirds have been wrecked by 
“fire. 


HOSE familiar with the use of the leaves of yerba 
mate (Jlex paraguayensis) will not be surprised to 
learn that a closely related species native to the United 
_ States possesses almost similar properties and uses. The 
leaves of the yaupon (/lex vomitoria) were used more or 
__ less extensively as a substitute for tea in the pioneer days. 
While the tea prepared from this native plant rarely ap- 
peared on the table of fashionable society, the extent 
to which it formed a part and parcel of the daily food 
of the great majority of the people along the South 
_ Atlantic seaboard, seems to point to the existence of 
salubrious qualities in the leaves of yaupon when proper- 
ly collected and prepared. 

The plant yielding this once important product belongs 
to the holly family of plants. It is a shrub or low tree 
5 growing plentifully along the Atlantic coast from Vir- 
ginia southward to Florida, and attaining its best devel- 
opment on the edges of sand dunes and fringing the 
swamps along the coast, where it is easily accessible. 
_ The leaves are quite small and dark glossy green; the 
- flowers, which are white and conspicuous, are succeeded 
by numerous small bright red berries which persist on 
the bushes for several months, 


J 
a 
a 


FORESTRY 531 


More Money—Less Fire 

The Department of Conservation and Development has 
long called attention to the need of more effective fire 
protection. ‘lhe state is spending only about $35,000 for 
the purpose and while the department has rendered very. 
distinguished service in reducing fire losses, the amount 
is only about one-half of the minimum required for 
effective fire protection. Both the legislature and the 
governor of the state recognize the need of more funds. 
A year ago, the former passed a bill, which was signed 
by the governor, providing for a material increase in the 
state’s fire-fighting organization, but the appropriations 
committee failed to make the necessary money available. 

A Penny Wise and Pound Foolish Policy 

It is mighty poor statecraft which persists in burning 
up the state’s growing crop of timber, knowing that by 
so doing the people will have to haul lumber three thou- 
sand miles from the west coast to make good the loss. 
That soon becomes a far heavier tax upon the public and 
the industries of the state than a few cents an acre 
spent in protecting growing timber right at home. It is 
a policy which in order to save a few pennies today, 
would pauperize the state for a hundred years to come. 
The husbanding of its forest resources on the other hand 
enriches the state and renders it independent as a home- 
building, wood-using commonwealth. The people of 
New Jersey will have an opportunity to express their sen- 
timent at the primaries this fall. Surely, they will not 
stand longer for the “penny wise and pound foolish” 


policy. 


THE EARLY USES OF THE YAUPON 


By C. D. Mell 


The Indian tribes taught the early white settlers the 


use of the yaupon leaves for making a tea, which they 


called black drink, and which was said to enliven them. 
The white people soon became accustomed to it and many 
preferred it to the imported tea. A number of the early 
travellers and writers in America eulogized it and recom- 
mended it as a most agreeable beverage. The Creeks em- 
ployed it at the opening of their solemn councils, sending 
regularly to the seaboard for supplies. They prepared 
a very strong tea and during certain periods of the year, 
they drank it to excess so as to cause vomiting, which 
they regarded necessary in order to purify their bodies. 

The plant possesses emetic properties when taken in 
sufficient quantities, and has tonic and digestive qualities, 
free from the sleepless effects. Although the aroma is 
different from that of tea, it has stimulating properties 
depending upon the quantity used. According to recent 
chemical investigations the leaves contain caffein which is 
the same active principle found in coffee. They con- 
tain also another principle which is said to act as a 
powerful diuretic and which is employed in nephritic 
diseases, diabetis, gout and smallpox. 


THE KUDZU VINE AND OTHER CLIMBERS 


By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, R. A. O. U. 
Photographs by Dr. W. E, Safford, Mr, Freeman and the author 


N the flora of any country, the num- 
ber of vines represented is invyari- 
ably far less than that of all other 
kinds of plants taken together, and 
this is the case with respect to our 
own flora here in the United States. 
Usually, only a few vines grow in 
the open country—such as the low 
vine blackberry, the bindweed, and 
dodder—as their opportunities to climb are limited. 
Along stone walls and rail fences the case is different, 
and there we will meet with a greater number; for in 
such places poison ivy, bitter-sweet, and many others 
flourish in abundance. How- 
ever, there is no hard and 
fast rule in regard to this, 
as we frequently meet with 
vines growing in the most 
unexpected places. 
There are not a few points 
interest associated with 
the word vine. It bears a 
close relation to the word 
wine; and the Century Dic- 
tionary has it that a vine is 
“a climbing plant with a 
woody stem, the fruit of 
which is known as the grape, 
a grape-vine; often called 
specifically the vine” * * * 
“Any plant with a long stem 
that trails on the ground, or 
climbs and supports itself by 
winding round a fixed ob- 
ject, or by seizing any fixed 
thing in its tendrils or clasp- 
ers; as the hop-vine; the 
vines of melons.” In other 
words, we have wine made 
from the fruit of the vine, 
and through acetous fermen- 
tation of several 
wines we obtain vinegar. 

All through fabulous and 
romantic history, vines have often*been introduced in one 
way or another—we read of immense vines that in some 
instances grew to astounding proportions in the course 
of a single night or day. Then there is the famous 
“Bean-stalk” that Jack climbed, in the old nursery tale, 
which many associate with the Kudzu vine, so often 
observed in southern cities and elsewhere. The latter 
vine is now seen growing in many places in Washing- 

; yet but few people in that city seem to know any- 
thing at all about the plant or even its name. 


of 


and Japan. 


ROOT OF THE KUDZU VINE 


A most wonderful example of the growth of the 
Kudzu vine is to be observed opposite the east entrance 
to the National Zoological Park, back of the little 
refreshment stand, where three plants have spread 


to such an extent that they have filled in the entire 


valley—an area of at least an acre and a quarter 
(Fig. 4); while in many other places in the city this 
luxuriant vine runs over high walls, buildings, and other 
structures. Again, west of my home on 18th Street, 
we have the boundary wall of the old Ingleside estate, 
and over this climbs an unusually fine plant-of this 
species, which bears, towards early autumn, its beau- 
tiful racemes of purplish, papilionaceous flowers, ex- 


hibiting at the same time — 
bunches of hirsute pods. Not — 


long ago I photographed 
specimens of this particular 
plant, giving the leaves, 


Many of these vines in 
the city do not seem to 
bear flowers, and __ strike 
one as consisting of a great 
mass of leaves and nothing 
more, 
vine is often so dense that 
the stem of the vine is quite 
obscured by it as it runs 
over tall fences, up the sides 
of adjoining houses 
chimneys in one dense, green 
mass, Sometimes the Kudzu 
vine will be found growing 
among much scattered trees, 
at the edge of some timber- 
land, where, too, may flour- 
ish an undergrowth of su- 
mach, elderberry, and other 
scrubs; and, if not obstruct- 
ed in any direction, it is a 


its extraordinary spreading 
growth, 


short time it spreads a 


dense, leafy mat of several layers of leaves over all the © 
shrubbery and open spaces, running up upon trees that — 


have a height of 30 or 40 feet, and completely putting 
them out of sight. One may see an excellent example 
of this on the farther side of the long, straight road 
that bounds the National Zoological Park on its east 
side, in Washington. (Fig. 6.) 

Dr. W. E. Safford, Economic Botanist of the Bureau 


of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agri- — 


culture, tells me that the botanical name of the Kudzu 


flowers and pods (Fig. 2). — 


and — 


sight worth seeing to observe — 


inferior Fig. 1—This large starchy root of the Kudzu Vine (Pueraria 


it) 3 i ic importance in China . Petr 
thunbergii) is an article of much economic impo ei In an incredibly 


The leafage of the © 


‘ 


THE KUDZU VINE AND 


FLOWERS OF 


KUDZU VINE 


Fig. 2—These flowers bear a general resemblance to those ¢ 


the locust tree. They are purplish in color. Note the seed pods 


and leaves. (Reduced one-half.) 


vine is Pueraria thunbergii; and in his letter of Septem- 
ber 1, 1920, he says that “It is of Oriental origin and its 
_ large, farinaceous roots are used by the Chinese and 
Japanese as a source of a starch or arrow-root of ex- 
cellent quality, much used by invalids and for making 
sweetmeats. Although biooming freely in this country, 
it seldom forms perfect seeds or very large roots . The 
plant grows with such rapidity that it soon covers 
windmill towers, and has by some jocose botanists been 
identified as the magic beanstalk by means of which Jack 
climbed to the sky, 

“T am sending you, under separate cover, a photo- 
graph of a root from China, which is at your disposi- 
tion, and I should be very glad to receive a copy of 
your own photograph.” 

The elegant photograph of the root of the Kudzu 
vine sent me by Doctor Safford is here reproduced in 
Figure 1; it was taken by him and Freeman on No- 
vember 7, 1919, at the United States Botanic Garden, 
the specimen being, as he says, a “large root from 
China.” Later I sent Doctor Safford the photograph he 
desired, a duplicate of which is here reproduced in 
Figure 2, and he wrote me on the 26th of September, 
1921, thanking me for my “beautiful picture of Pueraria 
thunbergii, which is absolutely perfect. I hope you will 
publish it and call attention to the economic value of 


OTHER CLIMBERS 533 


its large starchy roots. Dr. Tanaka tells me that the 
starch derived from it is of great importance in Japan 
and China.” 

I am not informed as to whether the root of the 
Kudzu vine has been used for any purpose in this 
country; if not, the subject is worthy of investigation. 

Taking the country at large, there is a very long list 
of vines in our flora, and not a few of them have in- 
teresting life-histories. We have also many intro- 
duced vines, while the list of cultivated species is surely 
a long one. 

Vines in nature fulfill many purposes in addition to 
the ends met by wild plants in general, while we culti- 
vate others to meet various ends—economic, esthetic, 
practical, and otherwise. Some of the species are small, 
delicate in structure, with small flowers; and, unless 
growing in masses, they might never attract the atten- 
tion of the casual rambler in woods and fields, while 
others may grow to become giants of their kind. They 
may have rough, bark-covered trunks as big as an 
average tree; while, spreading far and wide, they domi- 
nate all and cover all that they, in time, overspread. 
Some of this class may possess wonderful flowers in 
the season of their florescence; and I remember a pas- 


TRUMPET FLOWERS 


Fig. 3—Trumpet-creeper is another name for this well-known 
climber, a conspicuous vine of the southern states, where it 
blooms in August and September. Photograph by the author. 


sion-flower vine that grew on our place in Havana, Cuba, 
that held the attention of nearly every one who passed 
that way. It grew all over a tall fence between our 
home and that of our next door neighbor, running up 
so high as to cover the side of a big building nearby, 
and actually putting out of sight much else besides. 
Its flowers, as big as those of our tulip-tree, were won- 
derful to behold, the parts of one of them being likened, 
by people of that country, to three nails, a cross, and 


so on. But rich and handsome as passion-flowers are, 


AMERICAN 


534 


they are West Antillean and not found in our flora; 
so they do not appeal to us in the way that some of our 
own vines do—as, for instance, that grand aerial climber, 


the trumpet-vine or trumpet-creeper of the South (Fig. 


3). This splendid vine has long been introduced into 
the North, where it is much in demand to run up over 


porches, arbor-screens, and similar structures of the 


The flowers are of brilliant orange and scarlet, 
quite a 


home, 
so that a bunch of them may be recognized at 
distance, especially when the bunches, as is usually the 
case, hang in front of the dark leaves of the vine, which 


latter are pointed, toothed, and of ovate outline. As 


FORESTRY 


their cars. Dogwood and many other lovely wild flowers 
suffer in a similar way. 

There is a great number of fairly well-known vines 
growing wild in the eastern part of this country besides 
the few already mentioned; among them we may name 
the poison ivy, the Virginia creeper, the wild morning 
lory or bindweed, the curious leather-vine, the deadly 


o 
D> 


nightshade, dodder, clematis, honeysuckle, and others. 
Then, under cultivation we find the hop-vine, clematis, 
coral honeysuckle, various peas and beans, moon-vine, 
rambling roses, gourds of different species and many 
garden vines, as pumpkin, squash and cucumber. 


In- 


WHAT A FEW KUDZU 


Fig. 4—Three Kudzu vines covering an area of about an acre anda quarter. 


from only three roots planted in the rear of the building. 


left in the picture. Photograph by the author. 


will be noted from the figure, the flowers are funnel- 
shaped, little trumpets—-hence 
The aerial rootlets by means of which this 
vine climbs, hold on with great tenacity to whatever they 
take to; 


reminding one of red 


their name. 


while the flowers, when fully open, readily fall 
off their stems, rendering them unsatisfactory to carry 
home and use for photographic purposes. (Fig. 3.) As 
a rule, automobilists are ignorant of this fact, and the 
sequence is that many a bunch of trumpet flowers are 
to be seen lying by the wayside in midsummer, having 
picked by these people for no other reason than 
gratification, and to attract the attention of 
itomobilists as they shoot past each other in 


VINES CAN ACCOMPLISH 


This vine is about three years old, and started 


Note how it has run over the latter and over the trees to the 


deed, taking the combined list, the species would run up 
into the hundreds. Not a few of those now regularly 
cultivated are also found growing wild, as Virginia 
creeper and trumpet-vine; while, as we may readily 
surmise, all of the cultivated species have been derived 
from those still found wild in the flora of one country 
or another—either here or in the Old World. 

As vines and creepers were bred from wild ones and 
passed through various stages of cultivation, such as 
modification of form and flower and other matters, the 
cultivator ever had it in mind to improve the plant to 
meet the end he had in view. For instance, the hop- 
vine was cultivated in such a way as to yield more and 


THE KUDZU VINE AND OTHER CLIMBERS 535 


EL Upper—THREE YEARS’ GROWTH FROM THREE ROOTS OF THE KUDZU VINE 
Fig. 5—This is an extraordinary example, spreading over the great hollow to the eastward of the refreshment. booth just 
outside the “Zoo” gate (Washington, D. C.). Photograph by the author, summer of 1920. 


Lower—A PART OF A KUDZU VINE OVERLYING UNDERGROWTH AND TREES 


Fig. 6—About 200 feet of a vine growing on the farther side of the automobile road bounding the National Zoological Park 
at Washington, D. C., on the east. Note how it has run over all the shrubbery and the tall trees to the right. 


iia 


AMERICAN 


ur 

Ww 

~ 
> 


LEAVES OF THE WILD GRAPE-VINE 


Fig. 7—All the parts here shown are from the same vine, and 
the variations are apparent. Note the black aphids on the shoot 
partly hidden by the incised leaf to the left. Collected and 
photographed by the author. Much reduced. 


better hops; the garden vines, as peas, beans and many 
others, to produce vegetables of greater size and richer 
in food qualities; for shade, bigger leaves, and power 
to extend over greater surfaces; for beautiful and 
curious flowers; to enhance the characters for medicinal 
products, to insure greater quantities and strength; tor 
products ‘used in the arts and industries, various im- 
provements in them, and so on. 

- There are various means inherent in any particular 
vine or climber that ensures its being able to climb of 
to creep. This may be done by sheer extension “of 
growth, the plant simply rambling over anything and 
everything that chances to be in its way as it grows. In 
others, as in tear-thumb, the four-angled, reclining stems 
beset with fine, sharp prickles (at the angles only), 
admits of its stems hanging onto, more or less tenacious- 
ly, any ordinary thing it comes in contact with as it 
extends through growth, 

Some plants, as in the strawberry group, possess 
runners from which other plants are produced; but 
these runners must not be confused with such strtc- 
tures as allow other plants to creep or climb; the func- 
case is entirely different. 

It is a well-known fact that many plants climb by 
tendrils—curious little twisted affairs developed on the 
stems and on other parts of the plant. These vary 
Some are extremely 
delicate and weak; others are wiry and very strong, as 


tion in either 


greatly in form and _ structure. 
n the grape-vine series; some develop little terminal 
kers, which, sticking onto anything in the vine’s line 


th, hold on with remarkable tenacity, 


7 


FORESTRY 


In plants of the cow-vetch order, the paired tendrils 
are found at the terminus of any of the leaf-stalks; they 
are fine and hair-like, but allow of the plant being a 
most successful climber. Our common ground-nut is an 
excellent example of a species that climbs to a height of 
several feet with no developed structure to assist it. Wild 
beans and hog peanuts are in the same case and we 
find an equally good example in our bitter-sweet, a 
climbing vine of great beauty, often seen running over 
stone walls or old wooden rail fences. In the woods it 
may sometimes take to a tree, climbing to a height of 
some fifteen or twenty feet or more, In these efforts 
its stem becomes much twisted, causing its exquisite 
fruit or flowers to assume regular positions with re- 
spect to the stem—a fact still more apparent in the pale 
green ovate leaves which come out alternately or in 
ranks, as it were, as the vine twists about its support. 

The peculiarities of wild grape vines have already been 
alluded to elsewhere, while an additional character will 
be mentioned here, one that must not be overlooked, 


BUNCH OF UNRIPE WILD GRAPES 


Fig. 8—This specimen is from a vine growing in the woods 
near Washington, D. C. ‘Collected and photographed by the 
author. Slightly reduced. 


THE KUDZU VINE AND 


namely the great variations to be seen in the outline of 
the leaves found upon the same vine at the same time ; 
these are well shown in Figure 7. Some grape-vines 
possess truly woody tendrils that are, when fully ma- 
tured, as strong as medium heavy wire, and twist about 
what they take hold of in the closest and most efficient 
Other vines possess similar structures, 


manner. 


OTHER CLIMBERS 537 


Our Virginia creeper, already mentioned, is a vine 
that possesses not only disc-bearing tendrils but aerial 
rootlets as well, which doubles its means of climbing 
over extensive surfaces. One of these vines now flourish- 
ing on the south pebble-dashed wall of my home here - 
in Washington thas almost entirely covered that part of 
the house, whichis three stories high; it is still growing, 


A JAPANESE MORNING GLORY OF GREAT BEAUTY 


Big. 9—The flowers of this vine are of a deep purple, emarginated with white. Photograph natural size, by the author, Note 
the curious little beetle on the central leaf. 


538 AMERICAN 


THE WILD HONEYSUCKLE 


Fig. 10—One of the most delicate and fragrant of all our wild 


flowers. It often grows in great masses, its yellow-veined 
leaves being wonderfully striking. Photograph by the author. 


and bids fair to run up on the roof and cover the 
chimneys soon. When in flower, or when. bearing its 
lovely bunches of dark purple berries upon scarlet stems 
in the autumn, there being hundreds of them, and with 
its green or scarlet leaves, depending upon the time of 
the year, it is truly a beautiful sight. .Our English 
starlings are extremely fond of the berries, and as many 
as a dozen of these birds sometimes flock to this big 
climber to feed upon them. 


Plants of the moss-pink and trailing arbutus order are 
great favorites; they are mere creepers—crawlers, really 
—that possess no claim entitling them to rank among the 
true vines or climbers. 


Every lover of flowers knows the wonderfully *attrac- 
tive clematis, referred to by Schuyler Mathews as a 
“most beautiful trailing vine, commonly found draped 
over the bushes in copses and by moist roadsides. The 
leaves are dark green, veiny, with three coarsely toothed 
leaflets; the flat clusters of small flowers with four green- 
ish white sepals and no petals, polygamously staminate 
pistillate on different plants; cross-fertilized- by 

Further along he adds: “In October the flowers 


FORESTRY 


are succeeded by the gray plumy clusters of withered 
styles (still adherent to the seed-vessels), which appear 
under the glass like many tiny twisted tails. The 
plants presenting this hoary appearance gave rise to the 
popular name Old Man’s Beard. The vine supports it- 
self by a twist in the leaf-stem, the latter revolving a 
number of times in the course of growth.” This 
plant may be seen in many of our southern cities, a single 
specimen growing to a length of a dozen feet or more. 
Another name for the clematis is Virgin’s Bower, and 
we also have a species known as the Purple Clematis. 

Most of us are familiar with the little trailing vine of 
the woods known as the partridge-berry or twinberry. 
Its dark green, evergreen leaves, veined with green- 
ish white, are small and oval in shape. In the autumn its 
bright red or scarlet berries, growing in pairs, attract the 
attention of any one passing the place where it grows 
which is often in the deepest shadows of the forest, and 
this renders them all the more conspicuous. 

Two more familiar plants are seen in the trailing bind- 
weed and the common dodder, the first-named being 
related to that grand group of wonderful cultivated 


eh a ee 


° ne de 0 tf 


FLOWERS AND LEAVES OF THE WILD YAM 


Fig. 11—The roots of this well-known vine are used in phar- 
macy, and the plant is readily recognized by its rather pale and 
very beautiful heart-shaped leaves, which are conspicuously 
veined. Photograph by the author. 


THE KUDZU VINE AND OTHER CLIMBERS 539 


climbers well known as morning glories, of which is 
here presented a beautiful photograph of a species intro- 
duced from Japan (Fig. 9). There is an almost end- 
less variety to the flowers of this familiar climber, and 
they run all the way from pure white to a rich, deep pur- 
pie, or some of the crimsons and deep blues. The flow- 
ers of the wild trailing bindweed, however, are pure 
white, though they may be pink-tinged sometimes. In 
open meadows, over old fences along the roadside, and 
sometimes in the woods, this vine climbs over. every- 
thing in its way;*and when it bears many flowers, it 
is by no means an “unattractive plant. There are several 
species of it in the family to which it belongs, as the 
Upright Bindweed, the Hedge Bindweed, the White, 
the Trailing, the Small, and perhaps others. 

Mathews speaks of the common dodder as “a miser- 
able parasite often troublesome in gardens, but found in 
low, damp, shady situations. It climbs high upon other 


‘ 


—— 


w 


SEED PODS OF THE WILD YAM 


‘Fig. 13—Note that the tendrils of the plant are not very abun- 
dant, nor of marked clinging capacity. Often the small, green- 
ish-yellow flowers are present with the 3-valved seed capsules, 
as is the case in the cut. 


splants by tyyipiitig ‘closely about their stalks and-exhaust- 

ing their juices through "a THousaner’ tiny-sickexs., Its 
thread-like, twisting stem varies in color from duil ‘yél!“1,,, 
low to dull orange, it is crowded with bunches of tiny 

dull white bell-shaped flowers having five lobes.. The 
calyx is greenish white. All the dodders start at first 

from the ground, but: finally securing a convenient 
plant upon which to climb, the root in the earth dies 

and, they become parasite.” 


A. few years ago I ran across a mass of these plants 
along the old Georgetown Canal, at’ Washington. None 
of them had any hold upon the ground, while their 
|mtirderous, twisting stems were everywhere twined about 

; ithe upright stalks of a big group of artichokes, then in 
EEAVES AND) SEEDS OF THE WILD YAM full flower. Some of these latter already exhibited the 


Fig. 12—These seed pods, of a very pale tan color, are notably effects of the juice-sucking plants that were clinging te 


conspicuous objects in the woods where the vine grows. Photo- ‘ oe . Se 
graph by the author, reduced. them, and all wére probably doomed to perish as vic 


540 AMERICAN 


tims of this thief of the Convolvolus family, which ev- 
erybody abhors, although the plant is doing nothing 
more than it was created to do, and what its ancestors 
had done before it, long ages ago. 

Many elegant vines are known as gourds, and they 
constitute a separate family, our common Climbing 
Wild Cucumber being an American example of them. 
It possesses fine, curling tendrils and leaves that remind 
one of those of the ivy. The ivies, by the way, are still 
other vines with most interesting histories; and the facts 
that make up their natural history and characters have 
been woven into prose and poetry since the days of yore.’ 


FOREST FIRES WORST IN SIX YEARS 


(A EHOUGH the forest fire situation in the Northern 
Rocky Mountains and North Pacific Coast region is 
far worse than it has been for six years, there is little’ 
general appreciation of the fact throughout the country,, 
reports the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- , 
tion. So many hundreds of fires have there been and 
so many brief reports of them that they have come to 
be accepted as part of the routine of daily life, just as 
bloody battles were during the World War. It requires 
a survey of the voluminous reports collected by the 
Association at its offices at Washington to get an ade-. 
quate impression of the damage that has been done and 
the extent of the menace that existed, and to some 
degree, still exists, It is calculated that the losses have 
aggregated about $5,000,000. __ 

Possibly the greatest actual dathage to virgin standing 
timber has been outside the boundaries of the United 
States and on the Canadian side, in the Pacific Coast 
region. One fire in British Columbia destroyed sixty 
million feet of the finest timber. So numerous have 
been the fires in that province that the Lieutenant-Goy- 
ernor of British Columbia ordered the cessation of log-» 
ging operations.on Vancouver Island in order to release 
the employes for fire-fighting. 

While there has been no such single case of damage on 


the American side, the fires have been even more nu- 


merous and haye covered a larger area, including much 
of the timber region of eastern and western Washing- 
ton, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, One hundred and 
fifty thousand acres have been burned over in Washing- 
ton, and the property loss in Idaho is placed at $1,500,- 
ooo. Some virgin forest and tens of thousands of acres 
of cut-over lands have been burned and large 
quantities of second-growth timber have been de- 
stroyed, as well as great quantities of logs, many 
camps and much equipment. While cut-over fire damage 
does not measure into relatively large sums in terms of 
present value, it must be remembered that destructive 
fires on the cut-over lands mean loss of mature timber 
for the next generation and, sometimes, destruction of 
the soil, One calculation has it that actual or potential 
timber sufficient for 300,000 homes has been burned in 
the last ninety days. 


FORESTRY 


We have: 
“Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy green 
That creepeth o’er the ruins old! 
Of right choice food are his meals I ween, 
In his cell so lone and cold.” 


and the rest; and it was Gray who left the lines: 
“From yonder ivy-mantled tower 
The moping Owl doth to the Moon complain.” 


We have a great many more vines that might be de- 
scribed or at least referred to here; but their histories 
must be reserved for some other time. 


The season has been exceptionally dry throughout the | 
Pacific Northwest, with the result that fires are very 
easily started. In one instance a spark from a donkey 
engine used in logging operations, started a fire which 
covered 20,000 acres of land, destroyed 15,000,000 feet 
of saw timber, four logging camps, fifteen donkey en- 
gines, one locomotive, 35 flat cars, 20 houses and three 
automobiles. Occasional small showers have sometimes 
aggravated the situation because of the accompanying 
lightning and resulting new fires. 4 

From almost every small section of the Northwestern — 
timber belt come tales of fire after fire and endless ac- 
counts of the struggles of forest rangers and patrols, . 
loggers, sawmill employes and citizens in general, exert- — 
ing themselves to exhaustion to check the flames. Here 
are a few recent reports taken at random : 

At Newport, Washington, there were two separate 
fires, At Potlatch, Idaho, a great fire along Floodwood 
Creek spread for many days and was fought by 500 
men. One phase of this and other battles with the fires — 
in northern Idaho was that the fire-fighters went on 
strike. Two fires east of St. Maries in Idaho, burned 
over 5000 acres, menaced great white pine holdings and 
required the heroic efforts of 300 fire-fighters to check it. — 

In the Blue River country of the Cascades in Ore-_ 
gon, a-fire threatened some of the finest timber in that 
section and was only checked after a desperate effort 
by a large number of men. There were numerous fires” 
in various other parts of Oregon; one of them for a_ 
time threatening the rich, agricultural Hood River 
Valley. Many fires were reported in Columbia and Tilla- 
mook counties. ; 

In western Cowlitz County, Washington, the Eastern 
and Western Lumber Company had to suspend all oper- 
ations and concentrate on fire fighting for many days. 

A fire in the Cascade Mountains, believed to have 
been started by berry pickers, endangered the Seattle 
City light and power lines. A bridge was destroyed on 
the Eatonville Branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee and — 
St. Paul Railway. There were many fires in the Sno- 
qualmie National Forest, but the worst of them was 
brought under control after it had burned over 300 
acres. A fire west of Darrington blackened 25,000 acres. 


AMERICAN 


The fire in the Marble Creek district in Idaho, spread 
to 15,000 acres before it was checked, At Marcus, 
Washington, two days of continuous fire-fighting ex- 
hausted the fighters and they had to give up the strug- 
gle. 


The timber on the Bull Run water reserve and Port- 
land, Oregon, water supply system, was only checked 
after 160 men had labored to the point of exhaustion. 
There was no rainfall in the Portland district for a 
whole month and very little rain in the preceding month. 


_ The United States War Department came to the 
_ rescue in Oregon by detailing a number of army flyers 
to patrol the forests and watch the fires. 


Fires in the Chelan National Forest on the east side 
of the Cascades in Washington inflicted extensive 
damage. 

Literally hundreds of similar reports might be 
“quoted from the Northwest. While at present no serious 
fires are reported in the Lake states or in the Northeast, 
fires earlier in the season destroyed one million dollars 
worth of timber in Pennsylvania alone. 


When the great number of different fires is considered 
it is not surprising that statistics show that the area 
of forest land annually burned over is about twice that 
_ cleared by the ax for lumber and other purposes. 


United States foresters. lumbermen and timber own- 
_ ers agree that the present costly experiences demonstrate 
that the primary step in solving the problem of the 
supply of forest products in the future, is adequate pro- 
tection of the remaining stands of virgin timber and the 
cut-over lands on which nature is attending to reforest- 
ing. It is hoped by all of them that the disasters of 
this season will,lead to early action by Congress and 
State legislatures, looking to vastly improved provisions 
and arrangements for preventing and suppressing for- 
est fires. It is pointed out that there is small chance 
for natural reforesting to succeed and no encouragement 
for afforestation when the probabilities are that fires 
will sooner or later undo the work of both nature and 
man. 


“When winds go organing through the pines, 
On hill and headland, darkly gleaming, 
Meseems I hear sonorous lines 
Of Iliads that the woods are dreaming.” 


—Madison Cawein- 


py not rob or mar a tree unless you really need what 

it has to give you. Let it stand and grow in virgin: 
majesty, ungirdled and unscarred, while the trunk be-* 
comes a firm pillar of the forest temple and the branches 
spread abroad a refuge of bright green leaves for the 
birds of the air—Henry Van Dyke. 


FORESTRY 541 


cA HOT TIP 
By~ John Lewis 


In Northern Minnesota, just a month before the date 
When the Hohenzollern Kaiser got the celebrated ‘gate’— 
While each railway 
Was being cared for tenderly by McAdoo and Hines 
Some engines using red-hot coal dropped sparks along the lines, 
In their frail way. 


Said Quincy Adams Jefferson, a settler on the land: 

“To burn a bit of brush round here would help to beat the band 
With my clearing.” 

And likewise on that selfsame day a farmer, Angvik Mork, 

Said: “Tenk, by yee, a leetle fire vill save me plenty vork,” 
(Never fearing); 


And Victor Hokkonen and Como Muzzio 
And Heinie Pflugendorfer got the notion, 
And Mike Podopoulos and Vladimir Czecho 
And Sandy Inverary and Joe Rochon. 


Thus, scattered all about, it shortly came to pass 
That scores of hand-made fires started glowing; 
And doubtless sev’ral more were kindled in the grass 
By locomotives careless in their going. 


It was, of course, unfortunate, but rain had not been seen 
Around these parts for seven weeks; and that could only mean 
They lit tinder. 
So, when a gale roared from the West, the obvious befell, 
For Northern Minnesita looked a proper piece of—well, 
Call it cinder. 


And nobody will ever know how many lives were cost— 

Since flu attacked the homeless ones, that reckoning is lost. 
Circumspectly, 

I'll place the dead by smoke and flame at nigh four hundred souls, 

While full two thousand more were left in casualty roles. 
(Please correct me). 


The lawyers had a hunch. They played it pretty fast 
And, swiftly signing settlers up for vengeance, 

Made Government the goat and lashed it to the mast 
For operating spark-ejecting engines. 


So Government must hand, in squaring for its crime, 
Some twenty-seven millions to the claimants, 

(Whose lawyers get one-fifth, to compensate for time)..... 
Now, none will grudge his taxes for the payments, 


But—lest you think I only plead ’gainst Federal control 
Of railroads, which has eased us of this tidy little roll— 
My contention 
Is that countless folks have land to clear, so there’ll be fires again 
Unless the Forest Service gets the necessary yen 
For prevention; 


And twenty-seven millions would have worked for many years 
Protecting life and property and saving bitter tears 
Through the nation. 
So any legislature (in any timbered state) 
Which cramps the style of ‘Forestry’ deserves, for final fate, 
Just cremation! 


THE LAND OF THE CHEROKEES 


By Ovid M. Butler 


Forester, American 


AN expedition, unique in the history of American for- 
left Atlanta, Georgia, on the morning of May 
29, 1922, and moved swiftly northward in the direction 
of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It was a caravan, not of 
canvas-covered, mfile-drawn wagons with bearded driv- 
ers, but of glistening, high-powered automobiles bearing 
a party of more than half a hundred white collared men, 
bent upon seeing with their own eyes what manner of 
country Ernest Neal had in mind when he wrote: 
“Have you heard of the land of the Cherokees, 
With its wonderful streams and beautiful trees? 
Of its flowers abloom and the wild perfume, . 
That floats like a bloom on the evening breeze?” 
The expedition had been organized by the Atlanta 


estry, 


Constitution, one of the leading Southern newspapers,) 


with the object of unfolding the vast possibilities of the 
Cherokee and Natahala National Forests in north Georgia 
as summer recreational areas for the people of Georgia 
and the nation. Among the party were Congressman 
Gordon Lee and Thomas Bell; Thos. H. McDonald, Chief 
of the United States Bureau of Public Roads, James A. 
Holloman, Washington correspondent of the Constitution, 
Col. F. C. Boggs and Col. G. C. Howell, of the War De- 
partment, F. W. Reed, District Forester, United States 
Forest Service, W. R. Neal, Georgia State Highway 
Engineer, and other representatives of federal .and state 
departments. In addition, there were representatives 
of the public, a number of foresters who knew the coun- 
try, a car of boy scouts, a radio unit, moving picture op- 
erators and a fully equipped repair truck. 

Leaving Atlanta at seven o’clock in the. morning, under 


clear skies and on dry roads, the party. was soon in the, 


Forestry Association 


beautiful historical village of Roswell, where it made 
a brief stop to visit the charming old colonial home of 
Martha Bullock, set upon a hill among the cedars and 
the crowding hardwoods. It was here that the mother of 
President Roosevelt was born.  Comitinuing 
northward, the expedition sped on through rolling coun- 
try, the road flanked by cotton fields, some long ago 
abandoned and now covered by dense young forests of 
pine. 

Through the villages and the countryside and into the 
log cabins of the mountaineers for back in the hills, 
the news of the coming of the party, which would “tell 
the world” about the beauty and possibilities of the forests 
o6f-north Georgia, seemed to have swept in advance. At 
every town and village the populace was assembled on the 
main squares. _ Schools. were adjourned and healthy, 
bright-eyed children, intense expectation written on their 
tanned faces, hung over the fences along the road and 
waved their greetings; or gathered at the town square 
with flags and sang “America.” 

It was necessary to stop at all these villages to partake 
of the receptions extended. There were brief speeches 
of welcome and refreshments were invariably served. 
At Cummings, long tables covered with snow-white table 
cloths, had been set under the trees of the Court House 
yard. These the women of the town had bountifully 
loaded with ice-cream, lemonade and a variety of delicious 
cakes which threatened for a time seriously to delay the 
expedition. At the home of a Southern planter, whose 
acres stretched for miles in every direction, the party 
was stopped and served buttermilk and ginger bread while 
a band played behind the tall columns of his spacious 


former 


1 OF THE 


FIRST DAY BROUGHT THE FOREST TRAVELERS THROUGH A COUNTRY RICH IN BEAUTY, INTO THE SHADOW 


OF YONAH MOUNTAIN 


aa 


THE LAND OF 


porch. At the little town of Cleveland, the exploring 
tourists were ushered into the drug store and billiard 
hall where a spread of soda pop, peanuts, cigars and 
bananas awaited them. 

Such was the nature of the hospitality accorded the 
party as it moved up through the foothills toward the 
undulating skyline of the Blue Ridge, bathed in a sott 
haze of restful colors. By evening of the first day, the 
forest travelers drew up in the shadow of Yonah Moun- 
tain, the trysting place of the beautiful Indian maid, 
Nacoochee, and 
young Laceola, 
son of a_ hostile 
chieftain. The good 
roads of the lower 
foothills and the 
stretches of rolling 
and terraced fields 
had been left be- 
hind. Instead, the 
route more and 
more wound in 
and out, up and 
down, across 
bridgeless _ creeks 
and over ungraded 
and often washed 
out roads, into the 
steep and wooded 
hills of the Chero- 
kees. But the sky 
was clear and the 
increasing jolts and 
discomforts of the 
road were absorbed 
by the beauty and 
restfulness of a 
perfect evening 
amid mountains 
which seemed the 
untarnished _heri- 
tage of gentle 
spirits of ages long 
ago before there 
were noisy, crowd- 
ed cities filled with 
greed, hypocracy, 
heart - aches and 
jaded souls. 

After spending the night in Nachoochee Valley, just 
outside the purchase area of the Cherokee National For- 
est, the expedition swung eastward, crossing the beau- 
tiful Chattahoochee River just above Tullulah Falls. It 
then turned northward and began the ascent of the 
Tallulah mountains. The weather was:still clear and al- 
though the road was very rough with many hairpin 
curves and hazardous pitches, progress was seriously 
impeded at but one point where several machines balked 
on swimming a swift running mountain stream. All 


THIS POINT ON YONAH MOUNTAIN- MIGHT WELL HAVE BEEN THE TRYSTING 
PLACE OF THE. INDIAN MAID, NACOOCHE, AND HER LOVER, LACEOLA 


THE CHEROKEES 543 
along-the way, young forests crowded the road, seemingly 
cutting it off here and turning it in there, much like a 
crowd of boys driving a skittish calf. Blooming laurel 
and rhododendron brightened the dense shade of the 
hardwoods while in the valleys and ravines where the: 
mountaineers have built their log cabins and cleared 
small patches of ground, thin columns of blue smoke 
drifting lazily upward, stood out against the green 
mountain sides. 

As darkness fell on the evening of this second day, 
the- caravan of au- 
their 
radiators. steaming 
hot, crested the di- 
vide and _ stopped 
for the night at 
the hamlet and 
summer resort of 
Highlands, North 
Carolina, almost 4,- 
000 feet above the 
sea. Coming up the 
mountain, every 
turn of the road 
around a _ project- 
ing shoulder threw 
into relief a moun- 
tain view of 
pressive beauty and 
the spell of the 
Blue Ridge was 
therefore: aglow: in 
the breasts of the 
travelers as they 
retired for the night 
after a supper of 
fried chicken and 
hot biscuits at the 
village inn, 

But on the fol- 
lowing morning the 
skies dark 
with low hanging 
clouds*and~a-steady 
rain was falling. 
The day’s plan was 
to go to ‘Franklin 


tomobiles, 


im- 


were 


the headquarters of 
the Natahala ~ Na- 
The first lap was one of eighteen miles 
Those eighteen miles 
The-road 


tional Forest. 
down the mountain to Dillard. 
proved almost the undoing of the expedition. 
at best is a bad one, but soaked with rain, it was almost 
impassable, First one car and then another settled in 
the yellow mud until its body rested upon the ground, 
defying the efforts of the car in front to pull it out or 
of the one behind to push it through. A mountaineer 
with a team of diminutive mules, who chanced to over- 
take the caravan saved the day. Seven hours were re- 


544 AMERICAN 
quired to cover the eighteen miles to Dillard and it was 
a wet, mud covered and starving band which sought food 
at the country store there at four o’clock in the afternoon, 

Before nightfall seven more miles were made and the 
night was spent at Clayton. Rain had fallen throughout 
the day. Stories of impassable roads in the direction of 
Franklin necessitated the elimination of that part of the 
tor, so on the following morning, with the mountains 
still being drenched with rain, the expedition turned 
westward and cruised slowly- and cautiously along the 
rough and watery road which coiled up Tullulah river, 
over the mountain and down Hightower Creek, whose 
waters flow into the Mississippi river, to the beautiful 
little mountain valley and settlement of Hiawassee. Then 
onward through the rain, the machines camouflaged 
with yellow mud and resembling huge beetles emerging 


DIGGING OUT WAS A COMMON 
AFTER 


THE 
from a cataclysm, chugged and strained and bumped ther 
way up another mountain road, through Brasstown Gap 
and into another charming valled which the waters flow- 
ing down from Brasstown mountain, lost now in low- 
hung, drifting clouds, seemed to have fashioned out as a 
special haven of rest and peace for men sick of the mad- 
dening crowds. 

Passing through a low gap to*the west, an hour’s ride 
down Butternut Creek brought the expedition to the 
town of Blairsville, set in a mountain valley no less en- 
chanting than those which the party had regretfully left 


behind. Except for rare moments when the sun sought 


) break through the low clouds, a fine rain had fallen 


shout the day and had made the proposed trip to 


Conse- 


he top of Blood Mountain out of the question. 
next day, with rain still falling, witnessed 


FORESTRY 


the demobilization of the party. A small party attempted 
a side trip into the Blood Mountain country but the 
remainder of the expedition still harassed by rain and 
mud and swollen streams, filtered out over the Blue 
Ridge divide through Tesnatee Gap and thence down 
through the foothills and back to Atlanta. 

The trip out through Tesnatee Gap, however, re- 
vealed some of the most attractive mountain country 
encountered during the tour—a country cut by many 
ravines, heavily wooded with a virgin forest and watered 
by innumerable mountain streams with frequent water- 
falls. The road was arched with the branches of great 
hardwoods and its’ winding in and out among their 
trunks seemed to breathe the spirit of an old Cherokee 
trail, 

Despite the fact that the full beauty and charm of 


. 


~ hag 


EXPERIENCE ON THESE FOREST ROADS THROUGH THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS OF GEORGIA 
PARTY ENCOUNTERED THE HEAVY RAINS 


this section of the Blue Ridge mountains could not be 
realized because’ of unfavorable weather, the members 
of the expedition were without exception, won over to it 
heart and soul. For the land of the Cherokees is a land 
of gentle mountains, softened by an almost continuous 
cover of forest growth. It abounds in mountain streams, 
inviting camp sites, rest inspiring little valleys. It lacks 
the harsh and over-powering ruggedness which so often 
characterizes the Rocky Mountains and inspires in many 
a feeling of unfriendliness. It is a land sparsely peopled 
by a kindly and hospitable people who live a simple life 
out-of-doors, and whose blood, it is said, still flows one 
hundred per cent Anglo-Saxon. Its possibilities as a 
summer playground for the south and the east are un- 
limited and the value of its potential and applied water 
power will run into many figures. 


THE LAND OF 


And first and last, it is a forest country. A relatively 
small portion of its total land area will ever be devoted 


THE CHEROKEES 545 


With them gone, its beauty and charm will be gone. 
{ts recreational possibilities will vanish like sumshine 


to agriculture. The remainder is chiefly valuable for before the storm. Its waterpower will have been scuttled 
and its soil will 


forests, the natural richness and variety of which stand 
as the source of all its charm 
and wealth. The mountains 
and valleys are densely 
wooded with a luxuriant 
growth of hardwoods, inter- 
spersed with .the sombre 
green of pine, spruce 
and hemlock. Almost 
every species of forest tree 
native to the eastern United 
States seems to be striving to 
claim these mountains for it- 
self. Nature is enacting here 
a warfare among the trees 
not unlike that of the Indian 
tribes of years ago. Trailing 
the Appalachian Mountains 
southward from Canada, the 
spruce is making its southern 
stand on the highest moun- 
tains of the Blue Ridge while 
on the slopes and in the 
coves the beech, birch, sugar 
maple, hemlock and white 
pine of the northern forests 
are battling for possession 
with the southern horde of 
hardwoods, including the 
oaks, poplars, hickories, 
gums, maples and magnolias. 

But luxuriant as is the 


ERNMENT. 


forest growth, these forests are not in the best of condi- * 


tion because so much of the region has been violently 


lumbered and burned by recurrent fires. The area of 


original virgin forests remaining is small and while the 
cut-over lands today are dense and green with young 
timber, much of it is being reclaimed by inferior species. 
But some of these species, while called inferior at the 
present time, may in years to come acquire, like the once 
despised gum, high commercial value. Nevertheless this 
second growth timber and particularly the forest grow- 
ing power of this mountain soil, represent a great poten- 
tial wealth for the region. All that seems necessary to 
keep these mountains dense with timber is fire protection, 
regulation of grazing after cutting and an ever-conscious 
appreciation of the fact that the forest growth is the 
source from which all its wonderful possibilities take 
life and permanence. 

For none can deny that the secret of the bounty and 
beauty of this land, rich in Cherokee lore, is its forests. 


erode and wash until it will become a 
no man’s land of gullied . 
hills and flood infested 
valleys. Today, it is a re- 
mote country abounding in 
nature’s riches and laden 
with man’s redeemable 
possibilities. Almost in the 
center of the greatest civil- 
ization in the world and sur- 
rounded by millions of peo- 
ple, this land of the Chero- 
kees, so serenely pleasing, so 
full of the things that are 
clean and big and inspiring 
in life, is for all practical 
purposes, in another world. 

It needs the magic touch 
of good roads to lift the cur- 
tain and reveal the splendor 
and beauty of its proximity. 
It needs a conscious awaken- 
ing to the value of its forest-! 
growing power and the mean- 
ing of timbered mountain- 
sides and wooded coves in 
the building of promised 
lands. Ag a scenic area for 


A STRETCH OF GOOD MOUNTAIN ROAD BUILT BY THE Goy- automobile touring, it would, 
NATHALA NATIONAL FOREST 


with good roads, be unsur- 
passable but back of its rec- 
creational, water-power and agricultural opportunities, 
stand its forests, the source and shelter of all and a 


~wealth producing opportunity unexcelled by all others 


The land of the Cherokees needs a vision. 
It needs to have ever before it the vision of a 
country, moulded in God’s crucible as it has been 
moulded, but with well cared for and productive forests; 
happy and thriving communities supported by the wood 
using trades; dotting farms and orchards resplendant 
with prosperity because of the markets and employ- 
ment furnished by the forest industries ; developed water 
power operating its wood using factories and lighting its 
mountain homes ; telephones ringing in the mountain cab- 
ins; hard surfaced roads built with the aid of forest 
revenue; automobiles bringing the message of common 
progress and prosperity from north and south, east and 
west; and finally modern schools where the tinusual in- 
telligence of these mountain children can be developed 
to the fullest. 


combined. 


MAN-CAUSED FOREST FIRES ARE PREVENTABLE.-- 
DO YOUR PART 


THE BEECHES 


By Joseph S. Illick 


HERE are only five different kinds of beech in the 

world. Three of them are native to Asia, one to 
Europe, and one to North America. They belong to the 
beech family, which also includes the Chestnuts, the 
Oaks, and a few other tree groups. 

The beech family contains some of the most important 
timber trees of North America and has representatives 
in nearly all parts of the world. About 600 different 
kinds of trees and shrubs belong to it. Of this large 
number 60 are native to North America and usually are 
classified in the following five groups: 

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 


1. The Beeches Fagus. 

2. The Chestnuts. Castanea. 
3. The Oaks Quercus. 

4. The Tan-bark Oaks. Pasania. 

5. The Western Chinquapins. Castanopsis. 


The distribution of the Beeches is restricted to thé 
Northern 
H e mi sphere, 
where they 
form some of 

at- 
and 


the most 
tractive 

valuable natu- 
ral and cul- 
tural forests 
known to man. 
Only two of 
the five spe- 
cies. found in 
the world are 
of commercial 
importance. 
One of 'these is 
the European 
3eech. It is 
one of the most 
important for- 
est trees of 
continental 


Beech is unquestionably the greatest fuelwood of con- 
tinental Europe. It is not only valuable because of its 
wood-producing capacity, but also because of its cieanli- 
ness. It has no equal as a fuelwood. In continental Eu- 
rope it is prized so highly that no other fuelwood is used 
if Beech is available. The peasants eagerly collect the 
twigs and small branches, and after bundling them carry 
the bundles to their homes, where the faggots are used 
for general fuel purposes. Such an extensive and com- 
plete utilization of all parts of the tree is responsible in 
a large measure for the attractive and clean forests so 
common in continental Europe. They stand in strong 
contrast with some of our American, debris-laden, fire- 
scarred and devastated forest areas. 

A number of ornamental varieties of the European 
Beech have been developed, and are being introduced 
extensively in- 
to the United 
States. Among 
them are the 
Weeping 
Beech, the 
Purple Beech, 
and Cut-leaf 
Beech. These 
three varieties 
are common in 
our gardens, 
lawns, and 
parks, and will 
unquestionably 
continue to 
hold a promi- 
nent place in 
ornamental 
plantings 
and_ general 
landscape 
| . work, - 


Europe. Its sci- 
entific name. is 
sylvat- 
It is rather widely distributed in Europe. Pure 
stands of it are common in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, 
and parts of Switzerland. It is also found in northern 
France, where thousands of acres*were destroyed by the 
contending armies during the recent World War. 


BEECH IS THE FOREMOST FUEL 


Fagus 
ica. 


The European Beech makes up about 70 or 75 per cent 
of the forest stand in the famous town forest of Sihlwald, 
which belongs to the city of Zurich, Switzerland. As 
early as 1422 the City Council of Zurich decided that not 
more than 20,000 pieces of timber could be cut annually 
in the Sihlwald. This is probably the oldest record of 
‘gulation of the forest cut in any public-owned forest. 


WOOD OF EUROPE. 


The Beech 
produces nuts 
that are a nu- 
tritious human. food. ‘In ancient times they were used 
extensively by man for food. They were also a big fae- 
tor in the pannage industry.. Thousands of hogs were 
formerly fattened upon the Beech nuts, and it is said that 
the resultant pork was exceptionally delicious. to the 
taste. 

Next to hunting, pannage was, in the early days of 
forestry, the chief usage of beech forests in Europe. The 
records of the pannage industry in Germany date to the 
Twelfth Century. During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth 
Centuries the people living near the forest divided the 
pannage areas among their herds and swine, for at that 


PEASANTS EAGERLY COLLECT EVEN 
THE TWIGS AND CARRY THEM HOME IN BUNDLES FOR GENERAL FUEL PURPOSES 


ry 


547 


FLOOR IS CLEAN 


It has no equal as a conserver 
In many localities it is used for 


SWITZERLAND, WHERE BEECH COMPRISES 


The forests of. Europe regard the Beech as the 


mother of the forest soil. 
of forest soil fertility 


r 


EST OF ZURICH IN 


THE BEECHES 


Si inh 


THERE IS NO WASTE IN THE BEECH FORESTS OF EUROPE. “THE STUMPS ARE LOW AND THE FOREST 


A 


Sk 7 


time the rearing of swine had attained great importance 
HAULING BEECH BRANCHWOOD FROM THE FAMOUS CITY FOR 


and produced considerable wealth. Even today hogs are 
pastured extensively in Serbia, Hungary and Galicia. 


75 PER CENT OF THE FOREST LAND 


548 AMERICAN 


under-planting other forest trees which rob the soil of its 
ity. It is a shade-enduring tree and will grow un- 
der the canopy of other trees. It produces enormous 
quantities of leaves which, upon falling to the ground, 
form 


into humus and becomes available as tree food for sub- 


a leaf-mulch on the forest floor that in time develops 
sequent forest 

No other tree is prized so highly as a soil builder and 
soil conserver as the European Beech. It is not found 
part of continental Europe, but locally it is a 
Just as it is the 


crops. 


in every 
big factor in forest crop production. 


lay” 


FORESTRY 


all been developed from the European Beech, They can 
readily be identified either by their copper color, by their 
weeping habit, or deep-cut leaves. 

There is only one kind of Beech native to the United 
States. It is, therefore, a simple matter to deal with the 
Beech tree in this country, for it stands alone. It has no 
nearer relatives than the Chestnuts, Chinquapins, and 
the Oaks. 

Our native Beech prefers rich, moist, bottom lands, 


but it also thrives on the rich, gravelly, and moist up- 
lands. It is found from Nova Scotia to Ontario, and 


EUROPEAN FORESTERS TELL US 


leading species in the Sihlwald of Switzerland, so it is 
the foremost tree in the Odenwald of Germany. There 
It has character- 
istics peculiar only to itself, and suppliés products of a 


is no other tree that can take its*place. 


kind and quality not produced by any other tree. 

The European Beech may be distinguished quite read- 
ly from our common American Beech. Its head is more 
val than our native tree, and its bark is darker gray. 

leaf is glossy, dark-green above, paler beneath; and 

| The 


ller than the leaf of our American Beech. 
| ornamental varieties of Beech have practically 


THAT BEECH IS THE MOTEHE 
PLANT OLD STANDS OF SCOTCH PINE, EU 


R OF FOREST SOILS. IT IS USED EXTENSIVELY 
ROPEAN LARCH AND NORWAY SPRUCE 


TO UNDER- 


Wisconsin, and south to Florida and Texas. It often 
attains a height of 90 to 100 feet, and it is not unusual 
to find specimens with a diameter of from two to four 
feet. 

The name “beech” has come down from ancient times. 
It is one of the oldest tree names in use. It is said that 
the word originated among the old Aryan tribes of Asia, 
who were among the oldest inhabitants upon the face of 
the earth that used the written language. For the want 
of better material, they cut letters on beech bark, and a 
piece of such writing was called “boc.” It was but a step 


THE BEECHES 


to the word “book,” which meant a collection of written 
material or “bocs.” Both the words “beech” and “book” 
come from the same word “boc,” and the connection be- 
tween them is very evident. It is said that in ancient 
times, probably five thousand years before the building 
of Solomon’s Temple, any library beyond the Euphrates 
River was made up of several cords of trimmed and let- 
tered beech bark. Since this bark was perishable, it has 
wholly disappeared, and nothing now remains of these 
early libraries of beech bark. 

The distinctive features of our native Beech are so 
striking and so different from other trees that it may be 
recognized very easily at any time of the year, and when 
once known the tree cannot be forgotten. One distinc- 
tive feature that is present throughout the entire year, 
and may always be relied upon, is the Quaker-gray, close- 
fitting, smooth 
bark upon 
which the Am- 
erican youth 
has been cut- 
ting his initials 
and other out- 
line carvings. 
The practice 
of cutting ini- 
tiais upon the 
bark is not to 
be commended 
for it only de- 
faces the ap- 
pearance of the 
trunk, and per- 
mits the col- 
lection of large 
quantities of 
filth and for- 
eign materia] 
in the cut de- 
pressions that 
are placed in 
the bark. The 
Beech is with- 
out question the best-groomed of all the trees native to 
North America. It always appears clean and attractive, 
and any practice which tends to deface the beauty of this 
clean tree should be stamped out completely. 

It is not necessary to rely on a single distinguishing 
characteristic to identify this tree, for even in the midst 
of winter one can find striking features. The slender, 
sharp-pointed, conical winter bud, about three-quarters 
of an inch long, and covered with ten to twenty reddish- 
brown scales, cannot be confused with those of any other 
native forest tree. The opening of these unusual buds in 
spring time is a process which is worth while watching, 
for there is no phenomenon in all Nature that is more 
interesting and instructive. At first one notices only a 
slight swelling of the bud. Then there appears to be 
a period of rest, but in reality it is a period of prepara- 


A WELL-MANAGED BEECH FOREST. THE FOREST SOIL IS FURROWED TO PREVENT ERO- 
SION AND HELP THE GERMINATION OF TREE SEEDS 


549 


tion, for all at once the bud opens up and the new growth 
shoots forth at a rapid rate, and in the course of a few 
weeks the entire growth of the season is completed. The 
belief is prevalent that our forest trees grow from early 
spring to late in fall, but this is not correct. For one 
year the writer selected one hundred trees and measured 
their growth daily. He found that most of our common 
trees make about 90 per cent of their height growth in 
less than forty days in early spring, and usually rest for 
the remainder of the year. 

Through the long summer months there is no tree in 
our forest that is more beautifully clad than the Beech. 
Its leaves are ovate, stiff, and marked with straight 
veins, and bordered with wavy margins. A close exami- 
nation of a Beech tree will show that the leaves are pro- 
duced in large numbers and arranged closely on the 
ei its 


close arrange- 


twigs. 


ment of the 
leaves forms a 
dense _ shade. 
and in autumn 
upon falling to 
the ground 
forms a dense 
leaf- -cover on 
the forest 
floor. There is 
no forest tree 
that produces 
a more 
pious crop of 
leaves than the 
Beech. This 
accounts for 
the fact that it 
is regarded as 
the mother of 
the forest soil, 
for it does 
not only main- 
tain, bit 2t 
even improves 
the fertility of the forest soil. From early to late in 
the fall the Beech, next to the Chestnut, is the most fre- 
quented of the native trees. It produces a triangular, 
brown nut that is edible. It is prized by man, squirrels, 
blue jays, and many other domestic and wild animals. A 
trip to a Beech tree in fall will always be rewarded by 
finding the ground beneath it covered with prickly burs. 
Upon opening one of these burs, two triangular, brown- 
ish, thin-shelled nuts are usually uncovered, which con- 
tain a sweet and edible kernel. The nuts are produced 
in such large numbers that in spite of their edible quali- 
ties, many remain hidden in the leaf cover and germinate 
the following spring. 

One of the most impressive sights in the forest is to 
see a broad-spreading Beech tree with thousands of small 
The writer has 


co- 


seedlings growing beneath its shelter. 


\ 


550 AMERICAN 


found as many as 143,000 small Beech seedlings on one- 
quarter of an acre of forest land in the northwoods. One 
of the strongest weapons that this tree possesses is its 
power to produce a large number of strong and vigor- 
ous offspring. This heavy production of seed insures 
the continuation of this tree. The young seedlings en- 
dure a dense shade for many years. It seems as if they 
patiently awaited the day when the forest canopy above 
them will be opened up sufficiently to permit them to be- 
gin their height growth and take their place in the for- 
est stand. 

The Beech is one of the most clannish trees of the for- 
est. Occasionally one finds solitary specimens, some- 
times it occurs in groups, and it is not unusual to find 
extensive pure stands that are made up almost entirely 
of Beech. This is attested by the fact that one fre- 
quently finds such names as “Beech Flat,” 
Ridge,” “Beech Woods,” and “Beech Bottom” in local 
use. 

For many years the wood of the Beech was used littie 


QUAKER-GRAY, 


CLOSE-FITTING, AND SMOOTH BARK OF 
OUR NATIVE DISTINGUISHES IT FROM ALL OTHER 


TREES. 


BEECH 


FORES 


“Beech . 


FORESTRY 


THE BEECH HAS MANY DISTINCTIVE FEATURES 


1. The pollen-bearing flowers occur in small drooping balls and appear 
when the leaves are one-third developed. j | 
An enlarged pollen-bearing flower. 
An enlarged seed-producing flower. 
A branch with mature leaves and ripe fruit burr. “tt 
A beech seed. at yey 
A twig with typical winter buds... ‘2 
No other tree has .winter bids) that can be confused with the long, 


- slenderand pointed buds of the beech. 


reg bee 


I 54 ate 


N@aeper 


for lumber, but long ago it was given an important place 
as firewood and furnished much of the raw material i 

the manufacture of charcoal. In recent years methods 
have been developed by which Beech wood may be sea- 
soned and treated in such a way that it is now a rather 
popular wood upon the market. Many million feet of 
it are now manufactured into flooring and it is being sub- 
stituted in many places for purposes for which Mapie 
was formerly used almost exclusively. Its modern uses 
are many. There is scarcely a manufacturing establish 7 
ment east of the Rocky Mountains that manufactures 
hardwood commodities, especially those used in the 
household, that does not use Beech. In Michigan alone 
there are about 30,000,000 board feet used each year im) 
the manufacture of boxes. It is widely employed in the 4 
manufacture of furniture, vehicles, agricultural ‘imple- iy 
ments, wooden ware, and musical instruments. Approx 
mately 75 per cent of all the wooden household articles) 
that are sold in 5, 10 and 25-cent stores are made of © 


“HALL OF FAME” 


Beech. It is also used in the manufacture of chairs, 
brush handles and shoe lasts. 

Beech may be regarded strictly as a forest tree. This 
does not mean that it will not grow in the open, but when 
it develops in the open it produces poor lumber, and is 
rather short and limby. It appears that the small Beech 
seedlings must have shade if they are to develop well, 


FOR TREES 551 
but after the trees have reached middle age they will 
endure considerable light. 

The Ancients loved the Beech and praised it in song 
and story. Today we regard it highly as a forest tree, 
for it conserves the fertility of the forest soil and prod- 
ucts, and produces large quantities of valuable forest 


products. 


r-—__. HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 


Tht old state of Massachusetts is the banner state for interesting trees. There are several 
reasons for this distinction. Massachusetts was the chief theatre of the Colonial Wars, and 
of the Revolution—that great history-making epoch; it is the second oldest settlement; its 
soil is well adapted to the growth of trees; tt was the first. state to organize a Horticultural 
Society whose duty is to give publicity to trees where it is due, as well as to care for them. 
Thirty years ago this Society issued a call throughout New England for minute records of 
all “Large, Old or otherwise Interesting Trees.’ In a few weeks there were two hundred 
and forty-four responses; giving the variety of the tree, exact location, height, girth, spread 


Courtesy U.S. Forest Service. 


THE WAVERLY OAK 


of branches, age, and particularly the history connected with it. One hundred and ninety- 
eight of these trees were in Massachusetts! Massachusetts stands foremost of the forty-eight 
states in her regard for trees. Just a trip through that beautiful, picturesque, park-like 
state and one will see evidences of this activity on every hand. At Waverly is a group 
of oaks, recognized by the Forest Service tobe more: than four centuries old. They 
must have been quite sizable trees when the Norsemen and the Indians were rivals for 
dominion in this section of the country. These oaks stand along the bank of Beaver Brook, 
and show evidences of many a long fierce battle with the summer storms. 


____"HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 


THE WASHINGTON WILLOW 

This Washington Willow at Constantine, Michigan, is 
nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame for trees with 
a history by Paul R. Westerville who records with the 
Association these facts: 

In the fall of 1876 the Hon. Franklin Wells and Mr. 
John Jones of Constantine, Michigan, together with their 
wives, visited the Centennial Celebration at Philadelphia, 
returning by way of Washington, D. C. 

While in the capital they went to the tomb of George 
Washington over whose grave weeping willows had been 
slipped from those over the tomb of the great Napoleon 
at St. Helena. The ladies desired to take a branch home 
with them, so Mr. Jones severed a few twigs with his 
knife and gave them to the ladies. 

Mrs. Wells succeeded in keeping one alive by carrying 
All others failed to 
survive. Upon reaching her home on Washington Street, 
Constantine, Michigan, Mrs. Wells placed the slip in a 
wide necked bottle of water and allowed it a place on a 
window sill of the house shown in the picture, 
where with sunlight, air and water it flourished and took 


it in a well-moistened handkerchief. 


south 


root. 


THE FAMOUS WILLOW, SLIPPED FROM ONE 

{T THE TOMB OF THE FATHER OF HIS COUN- 

A SCION OF THE ORIGINAL NAPOLEON 
WILLOW AT ST. HELENA. 


In the following spring of 1877 it was planted at the 
north end of an old-fashioned English garden, where it 
stood as a sentinel for 40 years. Early in the summer of 
1915 on a very quiet Sunday morning at church time, as 
the minister pronounced benediction this wonderfully 
well-balanced tree, after a half hour’s cracking fell to 
earth. Its loss was greatly mourned, but after all it ts 
not dead for Paul R. Westerville having admired this 
tree from childhood, had taken branches to his new home 
in Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he planted them in parks, 
cemeteries and other public places. 


BATTLE GROUND OAK 


To mark the 140th anniversary of the Battle of Guil- 
ford Court House, North Carolina, March 15, 1781, the 
American Forestry Association announced that “The Bat- 
tle Ground Oak” had been given a place in the Hall of 


Fame for Trees with a history which the Association is 
compiling. The nomination was made by Mrs. Dorian H. 
Blair of Greensboro, North Carolina, who is the North 
Carolina State Historian of the National Society of the 
Daughters of the American Revolution and a member 
of the Guilford Battle Chapter. 

Although the surrender of Lord Cornwallis was at 
Yorktown, many historians claim the decisive battle of 
the Revolution was fought at Guilford Court House. 
General Nathanael Greene directed the battle from be- 
neath this tree, which is now 21 feet in circumference 
at the base and fifteen feet in circumference at its smallest 
part. The tree is about 75 feet high and has a spread of 
more than 100 feet, Mrs. Blair informs the Association. 
The battle ground is now a National Park, 


THE PARENT NAVEL ORANGE TREE 


President Theodore Roosevelt officiated at the replant- 
ing of this famous tree at Riverside in May, 1903. At 
the ceremony, Mr. John G. North, President of the His- 
torical Society, addressed the President as follows: “This 
little tree is the progenitor of that great industry which 
has done most to make Southern California famous. 
Two trees, of which this is one, were brought from Bahia, 
in Brazil and sent to Riverside by the Agricultural De- 
partment at Washington in the year 1874. From these 
two trees, by the process of budding into seedling stock, 


worm neg? 


ini Mill 


PARENT NAVEL ORANGE TREE IN COURT OF 
MISSION INN, RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 


all of the navel orange trees of California have sprung. 
The fruit of this tree is so perfect, its descendants so num- 
erous, its posterity so great, its family so enormous that 
we believe it merits your unqualified approval.” 
President Roosevelt commented that the tree showed 
no signs of race suicide. Mr. North then said, “We 
ask you to plant it in its new home in order that we may 
cherish and care for it here and that in our thoughts it 
may ever be linked with the President who planted it for 
us. We shall protect and care for it, but whatever may 
happen to it, its life has been so useful, its work so benefi- 
cent, its influence so far-reaching that nothing can de- 
Stroy these. And for yourself, Mr. President, after we 
have looked into your face and grasped your hand, and 
your work calls you from us, the great and good things 


THE “HALL OF FAME” FOR TREES 


you have done and are doing, the story of your career, 
the influence and inspiration of your life will remain 
long with us and continue to bear fruit among us.” 
Prophetic words, as they are recalled today. The tree has 
recently been nominated for a place in the Hall of Fame 
by Mr, Frank Miller, of Riverside, California. 


FAMOUS BLACK WALNUT 


A walnut tree planted at Salem, Oregon, fifty-three 
years ago by Mrs. Eugene Breyman, a pioneer in the 
Oregon country, has been nominated for a place in the Hall 
of Fame of the American Forestry Association at Wash- 
ington by Senator Charles L. McNary of that state. The 
tree is a California Black Walnut and stands on the 
property of Mrs. R. P. Boise, a daughter of Mrs. Brey- 
man. Senator McNary who is in the picture has the 
measurements of Prof. C. A. Reed of the Department of 
Agriculture, which show the tree to be ten feet eleven 
inches in circumference where Senator McNary’s head 
touches the trunk. Several tons of nuts are harvested 
from this tree every year, Senator McNary: informs the 


THE OLD WALNUT GIANT THAT WAS PLANTED IN 
THE PIONEER DAYS OF THE OREGON COUNTRY. 


Association. Mr. McNary and Mrs. Boise are brother 
and sister and the senator makes his home when in Ore- 
gon, at Salem. 


PALM CANYON, CALIFORNIA 


By A. E. Demaray 


YING fifty-five miles south and east of Riverside, 
California, is the village of Palm Springs, a bit of 
Here a 
unique winter colony has been established with buildings 


Arabia transplanted to the western hemisphere. 


partaking of near-eastern architecture and with date 
palms abounding in great profusion. Two or three cam- 
els bringing mail and passengers from the Southern Pa- 


Photograph by the National Park Service 


AN OASIS IN THE DESERT 


The palm tree are tall and graceful, and the native life lends 
picturesqueness to what might be a bit of Arabia transplanted to 
the western hemisphere. 


cific Railroad, five miles distant, are all that are needed 
to complete the picture. 

With this artificial setting to enhance the region there 
is probably no more intercsting motor trip to be taken 
First, 
here is the change from the humid atmosphere of the 
reached by the winds from the sea to the 


than the ride from Riverside to Palm Springs. 


warmer, drier air of the desert region, a transition not 
gradual but abrupt, as the State highway is traveled 
through the pass north of the San Jacinto Mountains. 
Next, there is the wonderful panorama of the desert with 
numerous man-made oases of irrigated lands and always 
with the towering mountain range above, then the village 
nestled on the edge of the desert at the base of Mt. San 
Jacinto. 

But a few miles to the south is the supreme climax 
in this land of climaxes. “Here in several canyons are 
growing scores of the beautiful Washington palms, the 
only native palms in California. There are many other 
varieties of plants, including several interesting cacti, 


ie 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


; 
SeR > 2. 


4 


Photograph by the National Park Service 
NATIVE WASHINGTON PALMS 


A bit of the little village of Palm Springs, nestled on the edge 
of the desert at the base of Mt. San Jacinto. 


PALM CANYON, 
and the whole forms a most extraordinary botanical col- 
lection. There are three canyons—Palm, Andreas and 
Murray—all in comparatively close proximity to each 
other. Palm Canyon is the largest, and for a distance of 
10 miles the native palms grow along the shores of the lit- 
tle stream that flows through it. Most of the trees, 
however, are concentrated in relatively small areas in 
each of the canyons near the point where their streams 


CALIFORNIA 555 


leave the hills. As the streams leave by tortuous routes 
it is impossible to see into the canyons from along the 
highway and it is necessary to ascend to points consid- 
erably above their floors in order to look into them and 
reach their palm groves. 

Hence the supreme surprise of the visitor making his 
first trip. 
the ride through the desert south of the village nor dur- 


No palms or indication of palms are seen on 


‘ — @ a 
} en he iN 


nN 


Nai 
‘s 


Photograph by Mode Wineman, Courtesy National Park Service 


MAGNIFICENT PALM CANYON IN CALIFORNIA 


It is a gripping scene, and the surprise of the beholder is complete and overwhelming—leaving the desert to come suddenly on a 


canyon filled with palms centuries old. 


AMERICAN 


ing the ascent of the foot hills of the San Jacinto Range 
through vast areas of desert flora. Leaving the car and 
$b: 

a canyon filled with palms centuries old. It is a gripping 
scene, and the surprise of the beholder is complete and 
overwhelming. It requires but a moment to descend to 
the water’s edge. 

Again the situation is superb! Mt. San Jacinto towers 
directly above and the views up the canyon are closed by 
tremendous buttresses of tinted rock. Looking down Palm 
Canyon the desert is disclosed and beyond are other 


FORESTRY 


biggest and oldest trees have been burned numerous 
times by the Indians of the Agua Caliente Reservation, 
to whom the lands belong, in connection with certain 
ceremonies performed with the burning of the palm 
” while still on the living tree. Fortunately, the 
ceremonial fires do not apparently seriously injure them. 
But many of the trees are being cut down and carried 
away for various purposes and there is a great necessity 


“skirts 


for taking steps to save the unique growth, 
A bill has been introduced into Congress to preserve 
the area as a national monument. As the lands belong- 


AD 


yi AN: 


. 


Wide World Photograpn 


A BEAUTIFUL PALM FOUND IN AFRICA 


A remarkable palm tree, which grows into the shape of a palm fan in Forcadas, Nigeria, West Africa. 
eler’s palm, on account of the fact that one branch broken off would provide a good drink for a thirsty traveler, 


It is known as the tray- 
A remarkable 


feature of the tree is that the branches grow separately from East to West. 


ranges of mountains. In form, in color and in proportion 
it is a scene hard to surpass. 

The palm trees are tall and graceful, but most of them 
present an unkempt appearance with their “skirts” hang- 
ing dry 


and lifeless about their trunks. Many of the 


ed to the Indians it was necessary to secure their con- 
sent. The bill has been passed by the House and the 
Senate and now only awaits the signature of the Pres- 
ident to become a law—‘‘a consummation devoutly to 


be wished.” 


CABINWARD--CABINS OF NECESSITY 


N THIS subject, one who has lived in a cabin of 
necessity ought to be able to write fully and con- 
vincingly. Having a number of years’ experience 

of cabin-life from the fact that necessity compelled my 


father to utilize the trees 
of the virgin land in a Sort 
of primitive fashion, I hope 
I may be pardoned for 
making the statement that 
this much of “Cabinward,” 
is a mere reflection on the 
_ past. The first thing that 
comes to our mind is, 
what really is a cabin, 
anyway? We hasten to 
ascertain what the old 
lexicographer says, and we 
turn with curious interest 
to the dictionary to find 
that he defines the word 
as meaning “a small home, 
cottage or hut.” In the 
minds of the American 
people from custom and 
usage there has been estab- 
lished a definition which is 


‘a little bit different and which stands out more distinctly 
than the one left by Webster, for it is generally under- 
stood that a cabin is a small, rustic house built of logs. It 


is of no lit- 


By Robert Sparks Walker 


THE HUMBLE COT OF A LOVER OF FLOWERS 
This cabin of necessity has been made beautiful by the profuse 


planting of blossoming flowers. 


In the real cabin of necessity, however, there was not 
an intimation of sentiment and no such thoughts were 
ever associated with it, because it was the dwelling 
place of our ancestors who were pioneer settlers. The 


thought of being com- 
pelled to dwell in a cabin 
was sharply if not bitterly 
spurned by proud young 
Americans for a century 
or more. This unfavorable 
consideration of the homes 
of American pioneers came 
naturally. Our early set- 
tlers were a proud and 
ambitious people. They 
yearned for something bet- 
ter than a mere log hut— 
a house of more dignity, 
more spacious and more 
expressive of their ambi- 
tion to call home. So we 
cannot blame their descend- 
ants from cherishing the 
thoughts of a mansion. 
But despite the fact that 
proud ambition went lurk- 


ing within the hewn logs of our ancestors, something 
greater had its birth there. Life in these cabins produced 
the only quality and the necessary quality to temper 


proud ambition. 


tle interest to 
note how the 
meanings of 
words of this 
kind sometimes 
change. Forex- 
ample, the word 
cottage former- 
ly referred to a 
small house of 
the poor, but 
now reference 
to a home by 
the use of the 
word immedi- 
ately suggests 
a charming 
sentiment 
that carries 
with it no 
thoughts of pov- 


A TYPICAL MOUNTAIN CABIN 


Well sheltered from the rains, this cabin of necessity—the home of an old bear hunter in the 
erty whatever. Smoky Mountains of North Carolina—illustrates one great use of forest trees. 


That quality 
and great level- 
ing power was 
humility. It is 
quite impossi- 
ble to surround 
a cabin—just a 
plain, log hut 
—withany oth- 
er kind of at- 
mosphere than 
humility. This 
alone has made 
more American 
statesmen and 
other great 
men than any 
other influence 
in this country. 
The thing that 
made Abraham 
Lincoln great, 


58 AMERICAN 


ut 


and indirectly his name immortal, was simply a log 
and humility. Cabin-rearing means 

for the individual, the tempering of a proud spirit. It 
was the cabin life that helped Abraham Lincoln appre- 
ciate the old, old poem, “O Why Should the Spirit of 
Mortal Be Proud?” To me today every cabin I observe 
bears a close likeness to that poem. To store all posses- 
sions and rear a family in a small cabin was to bow the 
knee in humility and this too meant industry. The sign 
of industry is a closed cabin door. Toil calls the occu- 
pants, both young and old to the fields of growing crops. 
But it is interesting to study how sentiment changes. 
The cabins of necessity have not disappeared, but they 


cabin of necessity 


A TWIN CABIN 


This little cabin of necessity 
was enlarged as the pioneer’s 
family grew in size. 
are on the wane. Though 
vanishing, some families of 
the present generation are 
still being nurtured in these 
charming houses built of 
logs and dirt, and particu- 
larly is this true in the 


South. It is doubtful 


FORESTRY 


expensive mansions where not many years ago there 
stood on the same site a cabin of necessity. 

In addition to steeping the occupants’ souls in humility, 
the cabins of necessity blessed them otherwise. They 
brought no worry over house-painting, of fire insurance 
policies or house furnishings and the periodic house- 
cleaning time. During the cabin age of our ancestors, 
disease germs were practically unknown. The cabin of 
necessity is a bitter enemy to germ life. This is not at 
all strange, for fresh air and sunlight permeates the cracks 
and crevices of the cabins of necessity, and so disease 
germs are never bred or harbored within their walls. 
This, I think, in itself answers the familiar question, 

“Why were our an- 


cestors so_ healthy 
and free from dis- 
ease ?” 

The popularity of 
the automobile will 
lead “cabinward,” 
but not towards the 
cabin of necessity. 
A man who can af- 
ford an automobile, 
will not possess such 


however whether the last 
cabins of necessity will dis- 
appear until the American 
That will 
Not .tintil then will they be 
doomed and so little fear is felt for extinction of the 


honorable mud-besplattered buildings. 


forests have been depleted of cabin timber. 
be many years to come. 


The cabins of necessity have been melting under the 
heat of ambition forcibly moved by prosperity. Pros- 
perity and ambition are sworn enemies to the cabins of 
necessity. Necessity cuts through the epidermis, and 

advancement is a series of successive moults. To- 
day we look thousands of handsome and 


on many 


Happily located, this cabin of necessity has a leanto—a step forward in 


ATTRACTIVELY SURROUNDED BY TREES 


the evolution of home 
building in the forest. 


In driving out one pike road in a country 
where educational facilities are excellent, with high 


a building. 


schools as well as grammar schools dotting every locality, 
in a twelve mile drive on a single thoroughfare, five 
cabins of necessity are passed. The pictures are all 
shown here. They are not pioneer Americans who live 
in them, but the occupants are tillers of the soil. They 
are not colored people either who have been thus tucked 
away cheaply by some aristocrat, but white families, who 
regard the Sabbath and believe in the principles of sani- 


CABINWARD—CABINS OF 


tanion, and who go to their meals with pure hearts and 
clean hands as well as good appetites. This is main- 
taining the old pioneer standard of living, and the same 
atmosphere imbued with humility still pervades these 


PLAIN AND SEVERE IN LINE 


This cabin was built in a country where necessity compels the 
use of shingles instead of boards for roofs, and brick instead of 
rocks or sticks for a chimney. 


humble dwellings of people not extremely poor, but 
merely with limited means. 

As the long train of automobiles glides past these hum- 
ble cabins, sincere appreciation of their beauty and sim- 
ple and rustic architecture is expressed. The large, 
commodious mansions that stand near the cabins 
go begging for warm words of admiration, while the 


JUST A CABIN OF NECESSITY 


The closed door indicates no lack of hospitality on the part of 
the owner, but simply denotes his absence in the fields. 


cabins of necessity are claiming the attention of the close 
observer. And then, if a halt is made, it must be made 
at a cabin. To do otherwise would reflect on the 
fancy of the stranger. The camera man passes all else 
by, yet finds it difficult to slip past an humble cabin a 
second time without again halting. He who passed is 
truly sorry that he has no business that will justify or 


warrant his making another exposure! 
’ 


NECESSITY 559 

The twentieth century occupant of a cabin of necessity 
finds no life of sentiment in his home, due to the par- 
ticular structure. He may have peace, contentment, 
flowers, and a few dogs and cats, and feel the charm of 
living within a wall made of nature’s limbs, but he did 
not choose this type of building for a home simply be- 
cause he liked it more than any other. The cabin of 
necessity was all that was open to him. It was the only 
solution to the housing problem—the owner of the land 
had the muscle and brain, his land had the timber. Like 
a chemical action, the combination resulted in a cabin, 
and he steps “cabinward” with a proud ambition of 
some day being able to convert his into a modern manse, 
like the insect that must moult and thus change a skin 
each time physical growth takes place. 


LONE TREE OF 1849 


HERE was an immense cottonwood tree four feet 
; in diameter and very tall, which stood in Nebraska 
almost in the center of the continent, between New York 
and San Francisco, which was within one mile of that 
center. Under its 
branches rested 
thousands of 
49’ers en route 
to the Eldorado 
of the Pacific 
coast. It was the 
best known 
camping ground 
on the old Cali- 
fornia trail. 
From 1849, when 
the gold seekers 
rushed across 
the great plains 
down to the 
completion of 
the Union Pa- 
cific Railroad, 
the great tree 
was a guide post 
to the wagon 
trains going 
West. After the 
railway was completed there was no further use for the 
old tree and it eventually rotted away and died. A 
monument has been erected on this spot, representing 
a trunk of a cottonwood tree, and bearing the inscrip- 
tion: “On this spot stood the original Lone Tree on 
the old California trail.”—H. E. Zimmerman. 


MONUMENT TO THE LONE TREE 


H AWTHORNE particularly enjoyed planting trees 

on his estate. In the romancer’s declining years 
he spent much time seated under the shade of his trees. 
It was here that he received his many distinguished visi- 
tors. And it is said that he never failed to call attention 
to his wonderful trees. 


Tree Stories For Children 


A Tree With Strange Apples 


By Mary Isabel Curtis 


yY OU have never seen a tree with golden apples, have you? Neith- 

er have I. But there was such a tree, so I’ve heard, that grew 
in the garden of the Hesperides in those far cff days when many 
things happened that seem strange to us now. 

The garden where this wonderful apple-tree grew was so far away 
from where everybody lived and so hard to find that very few people 
saw the tree, even in those days. Besides, if anyone did find the 
garden it was next to impossible to pick any of the apples because 
a horrivle dragon with a hundred hissing heads guarded the golden 
apple-tree, and this dragon never slept. 

Now Hercules wanted some of these apples. Hercules was the 
strongest man that ever lived. Why, he was so strong that he could 
grasp a big tree with one hand,and uproot it as easily as you could 
pick a dandelion! So he started out to find the way to the garden, 
and after walking many days he came to where a huge giant stood 
in a deep forest, holding up the sky on his great shoulders. _ 

“Can you tell me how to find the garden of the Hesperides?” 
shouted Hercules with all his might in ordér that the giant, far up 
in the clouds, could hear him. 

“To be sure I can,” thundered the giant whose name was Atlas. 
“But who are you and what do you want in the garden?” 

“T am Hercules,” replied the other, “and I am after some of the 
golden apples growing there.” 

“I’ve heard you are a strong man, Hercules,” said Atlas. “Do 
you think that you are strong enough to hold the sky upon your 
shoulders?” Hercules theught what a great thing it would be if he 
could boast that he had had the strength to bear the burden of the 
sky; and the upshot of the matter was that Atlas agreed to go for 
Hercules and gather the golden apples if Hercules would hold the 
sky till he returned. So Hercules climbed a mountain nearby, to 
make himself as tall as possible, and received the sky upon his 
shoulders, and the giant strodé away. 

To tell the truth, the sky was very heavy, and Hercules was glad 
enough when he saw Atlas coming back again carrying a branch 
from which hung three great, golden apples. But the giant had 
enjoyed his little vacation, not to mention the pleasure he had had 
in killing the hundred-headed dragon, and he was in no hurry to take 
back the burden of the sky. “You keep it a while longer,” said he, 
“and [ll take the apples for you anywhere you say.” 

Hercules was dismayed at this suggestion, but he didn’t dare to 
show it. After hesitating for a moment he agreed, only he asked 
Atlas before he went to hold the sky for a moment—“Just while 
I make my coat into a pad for my shoulders,” he explained. 

“Certainly, P’ll do that.” said the stunid giant; and throwing down 
the apples, he took back the sky. Then Hercules picked up the 
three golden apples and marched off while Atlas shouted after him 
in vain. Now. when vou hear the thunder rumbling you can fancy 
it is Atlas calling to Hercules to come back again. 


pre-eminent over all other 


“ 


‘and in India it thrives equal- 


PRACTICAL MAHOGANY PLANTING 


ROFESSIONAL foresters who are familiar with 

tropical forests and forestry are occasionally called 
upon to furnish practical information in reference 
to planting and cultivating mahogany trees, says the 
Hardwood Record. The demand for mahogany lumber, 
especially in the American markets, and the extensive 
tracts of unused land_ suit- 
able for growing the Anieri- 
can mahoganies, serve as an 
inducement to intelligent 
landowners and corporations 
to turn their attention to 
these trees. For the produc- 
tion of artificial groves, tim- 
ber belts, and shade for 
public roads mahogany is 


varieties of tropical Ameri- 
can timber trees. It is with- 
out doubt among the most 
profitable kind for forestry 
purposes and is at the same 
time one of the most widely 
distributed of all tropical 
evergreen trees. In its natu- 
rai range it grows more or 
less sparingly from Tampico 
iu Mexico southward 
through Central America 
into South America and 
through the principal islands 
of the West Indies, includ- 
ing the extreme southern 
portion of the state of 
Florida. 

Its natural range, however, 
has been increased to the 
south by planting. In the 
Guianas, northern and east- 
ern Brazil, the tree has been 
planted in a small way, 
chiefly for shade, and grows 
remarkably well. In East 
and West Africa small ex- 
perimental plantations of the 


GETTING 


also been successfully made, 


ly well and makes phenome- 

nal height growth during the first two decades of its 
existence. A great many fine trees are now growing in 
parts of India, Ceylon, and the Sunda Islands. In fact, 
plantations have been made in the Philippines and also 
in the Fiji Islands with evident success. Thus far in 
tropical America mahogany has been planted to a very 
limited extent for the timber, to a greater extent for 


MAHOGANY OUT OF THE GUATEMALA 
JUNGLE FOR AMERICAN CONSUMPTION 


: Cutting down a big mahogany tree in the jungle of Guatemala. 
American mahogany have The lumberjacks were employed by an American, running a saw- 
mill at Obispo, near the West Coast. Within a year over 200,000 
feet of mahogany were shipped to the United States via Puerto 
Barrios on the east coast, and New Orleans. 


shade and ornamental uses. There are two distinct spe 
cies of commercial mahoganies growing naturally in 
tropical America, One is the Spanish or small-leafed 
mahogany (Swietenia mahogni Jacq.) and the other is 
the Mexican or large-leafed mahogany (Swietenia macro- 
phylla King). There isa third kind which some boatnists 
recognize as a distinct spe- 
cies (Swietenia humilis), but 
this is a small tree and 
grows only in the elevated 
parts of Mexico. It has been 
reported from Venezuela, 
but its presence there seems 
doubtful. The Spanish ma- 
hogany is usually found 
growing on the uplands and 
well-drained areas. It has 
small leaflets of a dull-green 
color and an open crown. 
The wood is hard, heavy, 
compact, dark-colored, and 
many of the logs exhibit 
considerable figure. The 
Mexican mahogany general- 
ly grows in the lowlands 
where the soil is not always 
It has large 
leaflets of a  glossy-green 
and a dense broad 
crown. The wood is com- 
paratively soft, light in 
weight, and in color some- 
what. resembling Spanish 
cedar. Only a small per- 
centage of the logs show 
figure, but the wood works 
well and darkens with age 
similar to the Spanish ma- 
hogany. The Mexican ma- 
hogany has the advantage 
over Spanish mahogany be- 
cause it grows nearly twice 
as fast during the first 
twenty years. For this rea- 
son nearly all the plantations 
consist of the Mexican ma- 
hogany, which grows up in 
a uniform stand and de- 
velops long, clear boles. 
The Mexican variety is by far better adapted to widely 
varying conditions and gives very good results. It will 
grow in many localities outside of its natural range of 
growth without appreciably affecting its form and rate 
of growth. The most favorable range for economic 
planting is in the fertile valleys and moist slopes of hills 
and mountains in any part of tropical America. On 


well-drained. 


color 


562 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


vidual trees have made a diame- 
ter growth of nearly an inch a 
year, but under average condi- 
tions an increase of three-eighths 
to one-half is all that can be ex- 
pected and lumber of good 
merchantable quality will be 
procured in from forty to sixty 
years. 

The trees are very easily 
planted. Seeds may be gathered 
or purchased in southern Mexico 
or British Honduras and plant 
ed in beds during June and July. 
When ‘the young trees are one, 
two, or three years old, they are 
set out in rows ten by twenty 
feet. They grow readily and . 
need very little care and no cul- 
tivation. While success is possi- 
ble without any further attention 
in many cases it is far safer 
to keep down tall weeds and 
any other plants immediately 
— surrounding the young trees for 
“THE LITTLE SAWMILI, OF BIG ACHIEVEMENT =the first two or three years $6 
The lite, Wallace, sawmill which, cut over, 200000 fest of the finest mahogany, umber for as t9 give them a good sill 
season, at a time when all other mills 
in that land of manana take a long 
rest. Wallace went into the Guate- 
mala jungle with only two or three 
white men to help him set up a little 
sawmill, hired a crew of natives and 
got to work. 


upland soils, especially toward 
the northern limits of its natu- 
ral range, Mexican mahogany 
makes a slow growth. In good 
soil it grows rapidly into trees 
of noble proportions. Its pres- 
ence is usually an evidence of 
good soil, and in Mexico it is 


often referred to as a “witness 
tree,” being regarded as a “wit- 
ness” to good soil. The ideal 
conditions for its growth are 
found in the rich, moist soil of 
bottom lands or on fertile hill- 
sides. A calcareous soil or a 
sandy loam, containing a large 
quantity of humus, overlying a 
deep subsoil of gravel and.a 


water table in which the long 


tap-roots can find a normal sup- 
ply of moisture, furnishes the 
best conditions for mahogany 


growth. Under such conditions j SS ~ : bf) 


rate of growth is fairly rapid 


2 Underwood and Underwood Bee 3 Seen Ee - 
continued up to a mature A HUGE LOG ON THE WAY TO THE MILL 
Py In good situations indi- Logging in Guatemala for mahogany lumber. The crew had to work two days with a team 
Ai a Dae ees oe of twelve oxen to get this big load to the mills. 


and suitable for growing mahogany trees can be bought 
almost any section of the West Indies and the Spanish 
Main for less than two dollars an acre. In fact, free 
concessions can be procured from some of the govern- 
ents in Central and South American countries for estab- 
¢ mahogany plantations. 

It is difficult to show just how profitable it will * to 
grow mahogany trees on a commercial scale. The ques- 
will naturally be asked when returns may be expected 
how great these returns will be. The first trees 
be ready for felling in twenty or twenty-five 
but by that time the market price of mahogany 
1 undoubtedly be much higher than today, since there 
0 danger of over-production. The advantage of 


PRACTICAL MAHOGANY PLANTING 


these trees on a comparatively small area re-— 


563 


duces the expense of getting the logs to market and 
increases the profit over that in getting the logs from 
the natural forest. The initial cost of establishing the 


Expenditures: 
Clearing 100 acres for planting.................. $ 1,275 


Nugserymatoéhkir.... lox anectn tnt cal seek Oe ete tie 600 
Preparing holes and planting................... 1,125 

Fptal Cost Arse year, -aavnrccs oar Geeta s T 3,000 
Cleaning and supplying first and second year.. 1,500 
Care and maintenance up to sixtieth year........ 11,400 
Interest on the money’ invested...............-. 14,100 

OLAUA CORES corbin the Vs, Hasty wees ecaneeeted $30,000 


plantation is not very high. An estimate of the cost of 
farming a mahogany plantation of one hundred acres 
and the probable financial results are given above, labor 


costing fifty cents a day. 


4 GOOD deal is said from time to time about the 
* lessening supply of timber in this country, due to 
rmen, land clearing, and fire; but there is reason 


fore men had anything to do with the matter and that 
qore kinds of trees had disappeared than now remain. 
fin compiled by Frank Hall Knowlton and pub- 
by the Department of the Interior at Washington, 
Hardwood Record, indicates, if it does not prove, 
forests were richer in trees, particularly hard- 
$, a great many thousands of years ago than they 
at the time of the discovery of America. The 
is found in the records of geology, where im- 
of leaves have been preserved in the rocks, telling 
s which were living at the time the clays were 
ed which later changed into rock. 
examination of the lists of leaves thus preserved 
s that many species once growing in America are no 
- found here. For example, there are now two 
ss of persimmon in the United States. There were 
seventeen species. Fifteen have disappeared. The 
goes back to Cretaceous time, some hundreds of 
ds of years ago. 
were eighteen species of yellow poplar. Only 
Some of the most ancient had leaves 
2d auch like those of willows, except that the apex 
off, with the telltale notch which identifies 
ipopla: to this day. 
e is now a single species of red gum, but twenty- 
cies once grew in the American forests. 
were twenty-three kinds of elm then, and five 
ngle species of sassafras is all that remains of 
enty-five species which once grew on this continent. 
still have three sycamores, one in California, one 


that the American forests were losing out ° 


DISAPPEARANCE OF BUR HARDWOODS 


mr here are now four kinds Be walnut in this country, 
but thirty-five kinds grew here in the past. 

Our forests are still well supplied with magnolias, there 
being seven; but thirty-nine species grew in America at 
‘former periods. 

Cottonwoods, including the aspens and balm of Gilead, 
still number ten species in the United States, and it is a 
generous number; but no fewer than eighty-three species 
left records in the rocks during past ages. 

Two fig trees survive, both in Florida; but these are 
the lone survivors of ninety-nine species which once grew 
wild in the American woods. 

But the most interesting of all the record of oak. 
This is now the most abundant hardwood of the United 
States. It is most abundant in actual amount of wood 
and also in number of species. There are now fifty-two 
in this country ; but these are no more than the respectable 
fepresentatives of 126 kinds of oak which once grew here. 

-*The foregoing figures should be qualified in one par-: 
ticular. In most instances the past records are pre- 
served by leaf prints in stone or clay, and the print ofa 
leaf does not tell how large was the tree from which it 
came. Some of those enumerated above may have been 
only shrubs, or small plants. There is no way of 
certainly determining that fact when the tree itself was 
never seen, and no part of the trunk has been preserved. 
"The leaf is the most perishable part of a tree, next to 
the flower; yet all we know of scores of tree species 
which once grew in this country is derived from leaf 
impressions in mud—and mud itself is not usually re- 
garded very durable. Yet, how much valuable knowledge 
has been obtained from such perishable things as leaves 
and mud! Some of them have come down to us through 
a million years. By the aid of such records it is possi- 
ble to understand pretty accurately what our ancient 
forests contained and what they would have looked like, 
if a human being could have been there to see them. 


564 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


WOMEN CALLED TO ENLIST IN. FIGHT TO 


New York Telegram—“Westward the 
course of empire took her way some time 
ago, and the history of the lumber in- 
dustry shows it followed the same trail. 
The movement has been from the East 
to the Lake States, to the South and thence 
to the Pacific Coast,” says the Boston 
Post. “This is the last stronghold. All 
this has come to pass in two generations. 
At present we have enough remaining tim- 
ber to last perhaps two generations more, 
according to the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation. Thereafter we will have to depend 
for supplies upon home grown products. 

“We have the forest land, we can keep 
it producing trees, we can re- 
plant such areas as are denuded. 
There are about eighty-one mil- 


storation of forests in the devastated war 
areas of France and the tracts of forests 
cut down in England for war purposes. 
Unless we in America stop destroying our 
forests, our country in another generation 
may be as lacking in forests as France. 
The area of forest land swept by fire each 
year is about twice the area cut over an- 
nually by logging crews. With a little 
common sense, Americans would raise a 
yearly crop of trees, just as they raise 
wheat, corn, cotton, etc. 


New Rochelle Standard—The planting of 
memorial trees is not an uncommon thing 


Looks Like No Forest Policy Means No Lumber 


the name Hough, Franklin B. Hough? Mo 
likely you do not for he was born 100 ear 
ago, July 20, at Martinsburgh, Lewis county 
N. Y. Few will remember the name y 
he has as unique a monument as any mz 
born in the last century, for Hough is t 
man who, after years of struggle, got th 
government to start a forestry bureau. 

His centennial year is also the semi ce 
tennial of the first Arbor Day, J. Sterl 
Morton having started that in Nebraska 
1872. Rothrock, the dean of forestry 
just died and now Charles Lathrop Pat 
president of the American Forestry A 
ation is carrying on a campaign of educ 
on a scale such as those thr 
old timers never dreamed of, Ti 
portance of forestry between fl 


lion acres of suitable land idle, 
Charles Lathrop Pack, president 
of the Association says. If we 
do not delay in adopting a pro- 
per forest policy, we can assure 
by the practice of forestry the 
future of the American lumber 
supply. There is no other way. 

“A treeless United States 
would eventually mean a sterile 
United States through the grad- 
ual drying up of rivers and oth- 


Aber TR 


WHEN THE TIMBER OWNER BUYS THE 
LAND AND PLANTS THE TREES — 


AND PAYS TAKES EVERY 


er water ways, the arteries of 
fertility.” 

Isn’t this something for us, 
everyone of us, to think about? 
Woman with her vote can make 
it count in the preservation of 
our forests. And every woman 
who has ground can dedicate 
a corner to the planting of a tree. 


Grand Rapids Herald —The 
American Forestry Association 
has presented fir seeds to the 


aN 


AND Ht 


INTEREST FOR ANOTHER TWENTY FIVE YEARS 


THE TREES SLOWLY GROW 


AND IN THE END ALL IS WIPED out 
BECAUSE OF INADEQUATE FIRE PREVENT: 


time of Hough and Pack is se 
in the fact that Congress 
propriated $3,000 for Houg! 5 
start with. That would not pi 
the annual postage of the An 
ican Forestry Association todé 
If you do not think the we 
Hough started and Pack is ¢ 
rying on to interest the peop 
forest protection is far-reachi1 
try to name something into wh 
the cost of forest products dé 
not enter. This paper you a 
reading, the chair you are si 
in, the house you would li 
build, the desk your child 
in school, your pencil, your g 
club, the box in which came 
peas the wife bought this mor 
ing—but why continue? 
We must begin producing tr 
on a wholesale scale. Hough § 
the trees were dwindling wh 
he handled the census of © 
state of New York away b 


AE As 


French government to aid in 
the reforestation of territory de- 
nuded by battle. This will plant 30,000 acres 
and will go a long way toward providing 
a future supply of fir timber for France. 
France lost some of her timber because of 
attack by German shells, but the United 
States lost much more through inroads of 
the ax. France has an excuse for her pres- 
ent plight. The United States has no excuse. 
France has had her denuded battlefields only 
four years. Michigan has had thousands 
upon thousands of waste acres for a gen- 
eration. It’s about time we started on a 
serious basis. 


Pottstown News—Millions of tree seeds 
have been given to France and Great Britain 
by Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
American Forestry Association, for the re- 


—Tampa 


since the war. There are parks and boutle- 
vards in many cities which have been thus 
graced in memory.of some of America’s 
war dead. There js little need to go into 
the advantages of such a memorial. There 
are vast areas of unimproved land suitable 
only for tree planting. There are miles of 
shadeless highways which cry aloud for 
road-side beautification. If every county in 
the United States could, some day, have a 
memorial forest, the problem of forest con- 
servation would practically cease to exist, 
and the nation would possess a chain of 
noble monuments of lasting and perfect 
beauty. 


Washington Herald—Do you remember 


1855. If something is not 
we may find ourselves w' 
said we, would be in 1955. A national 
est policy is one thing this country neec 


Tribune. 


Florida Farm and Live Stock Recora 
Forests are wealth. Four-fifths of # 
South’s virgin timber is gone, accordin 
Ovid M. Butler, forester of the Americ 
Forestry Association. Southern mills do 
inated the great northern lumber mark 
for a score of years, by reason of th 
proximity to those markets and of the | 
sirability of our yellow pine lumber, 
naval stores industry must vanish if t 
pine forests disappear. And Florida fur 
ishes the greater part of the naval stor 
of the country. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


565 


SAVE THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


New York Mail—As matters now are, it 
will only be a comparatively few years un- 
il the Canadians completely control the 
yaper-making industry. But that condition 
; not inevitable if this country wakens up 
) the fact that it still has tremendous pos- 
ilities of forest development and that 
forest asset must be develdped not only 
‘save our paper-making industry, but to 
the price of all wood, which is an 
lin practically every industry, at a 
ble level. 


Dispatch—Measures are now 
the senate looking towards the es- 
hment of a forestry experi- 
station in the upper lakes 


for reforestation is making great headway 
and vast tracts throughout the country are 
being restored as it were to a condition of 
forestation and incidentally of game pre- 
serves. For a hundred years there has been 
ruthless destruction of timber in the United 
States, and the necessary diminishing of it 
in Europe, and the movement now for re- 
forestation on extensive scales will afford 
a boon to coming generations, and _ inci- 
dentally this restoration will mean the re- 
vival of so much natural beauty which has 
been rapidly destroyed by this deforesta- 
tion ruthiess or necessary. 


The Story the Bor cst Fire Tells 


n. Charles Lathrop Pack, 
dent of the American For- 
Association, urges the busi- 
s men of the upper lake states 
ly Michigan, Wisconsin, 
Minnesota, to get behind 
bills if they wish to see 
0,000 acres of idle land with- 
their borders again put to 
c in growing timber trees. 
he three states named led the 
tir country jn lumber produc- 
mn for about 40 years. But 
cut their wealth of trees 
almost without thought of 
ervation or reforestation and 
’ they are relatively unim- 
nt factors in lumber pro- 


on 


Vewark, O., Tribune—We read 
tt the American Forestry As- 
‘$0ciation is now engaged in giv- 

i~ free seeds to Great Britain 
id France. It is to be esti- 
ited that the gift to France will 
est one hundred thousand 
res of destroyed forest lands. 
itil we read this we had no notion that 
is Association was engaged in this busi- 
is On such a gigantic scale. It will be 
d however, that the value to France 
‘such a gift would be difficult to estimate 
th its tremendous areas of land devastated 
th the French people so occupied with 
absolutely essential pursuits, as to 
vent them procuring at once, the neces- 
seeds, the value of this gift will be 
ily seen. Then too, the need of wood 
purposes of war, the extra amount cut 
fuel in a land where the supply is all 
yO Scarce, has made a dearth of timber 
roughout the whole of the country, where 
was untouched by the direct ravages of 
> war. A movement in the United States 


mands that Georgia take due steps, by way 
of cooperation with the national government 
in guarding her ever more valuable forests 
against fire. The example has been set by 
a number of southern states, notably Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana 
and Texas, all of whom receive allotments 
of government funds supplementary to ap- 
propriations of their own for this import- 
ant purpose. Georgia took a good stride for- 
ward in creating, last year, a state board of 
forestry whose primary business is to inves- 
tigate and to recommend needful measures. 


Clinton, Ill., Ledger—Congress next year 
will undertake to formulate a 
national forestry policy to save 
a remnant of our disappearing 
timber supply. The move comes 
about a century late. 


Illinois State Journal—It is 
quite well understood that for- 
estry is one of our national prob- 
lems. Its seriousness is pretty 
well recognized throughout the 
land. Definite movements are on 
foot to develop public opinion for 
a practical, sane and productive 
program to restore timber devas- 
tation and to insure to the fu- 
ture a reasonable supply of lum- 
ber. The other necessities for 
forestation are not being lost 
sight of, as the damages from 
floods and soil erosion make 
themselves clear to the naked 
eye. A timber denuded land is 
a lost land, unfit for habitation, 
cultivation or the sustenance of 
animal life. The problem must 
be attacked on a national scale. 


—Portland Oregonian. 


Boston Herald—The chief trouble is that 
the trees are not being renewed fast enough 
to provide adequately for the country’s fu- 
ture requirements. Much was done to im- 
prove the situation when, largely as a re- 
sult of work by the American Forestry 
Association, our national government com- 
mitted itself to the policy of forest reser- 
vation. The country-wide problem now is 
that of reforestation; it is to the country 
as a whole that the Federated Engineering 
Societies look for help. And they have 
done well in their appeal for forest re- 
newal to stress its recreative and esthetic 
sides. 


Atlanta Journal—Merest prudence de- 


Huntington, W. Va., Herald- 
Dispatch—Hundreds of hilltops 
through the south, hundreds of denuded 
mountain sides in the west, thousands of 
acres of swamp lands, boggy river bottoms 
and cutover areas throughout the country 
are merely awaiting seeding and care to 
grow again into forests. It is a vital, 
practical measure. It needs the interest and 
support of every citizen of the United 
States who has imagination and love of 
country sufficient to make him look even 


‘ten years ahead. We have an American 


Forestry Association and a Forestry Bureau 
in the government. Neither has the public 
interest nor support it needs. It is the task 
of the layman to render that interest and 
support. 


AMERICAN 


Giant Elm Falls 


O the record of losses caused by the terrific storm of 

Sunday afternoon, June 11, must be added the fall- 
ing of the giant elm at Middletown, Connecticut. The 
picture and facts regarding the tree have been sent 
American Forestry by Mr. C, K. Dechard, of Meriden, 
who informs us that as the tree had been showing signs 
of instability for some time, the owner had arranged 
to have it taken down on Monday, June 12th, the day 
after the wind did the job. It was one of the largest 
elms in the country and located in the Westfield district, 
Middletown, Connecticut. The trunk measured 18 feet 
in circumference six feet above the ground and 23 feet 
2 inches where the first limbs commenced to branch out. 


THE 


FALLEN GIANT 


The tree fell to the east, completely across the highway, effec- 
tively blocking it, and it was several days before the town au- 
thorities succeeded in clearing the road. 


An examination of the root masses shows the roots to 
have entirely disintegrated with the exception of one cor- 
ner, and it really seems a wonder the tree stood as long 
as it did. 
While there are no records showing the exact date 
f the building of the house near which it stood, it is 


FORESTRY 


said by the older people of Middletown that it was proba- 
bly built about the year 1766, as it was customary at 
the time for a young man to provide a house upon taking 
a wife. 

The house near which it stood was built by John Wil- 
cox, who was born in Middletown January 15, 1740, 
and who married Eunice Norton October 16, 1766. 

It is said in the neighborhood that when the site was 
being cleared and the house had been staked out some- 
one said “don’t cut down that young elm (which was_ 
growing about twenty-five or thirty feet from the pros- 
pective house), that will make a fine shade tree.” So the 
tree was left undisturbed. In later years, when the 
house had passed into other hands after the death of 
the original owner, the tree was fenced about to protect 
it’ It is regrettable that a photograph of the standing 
tree in its greatest state of perfection was not made, as 
a matter of record. 


HE Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Servy- 

ice, United States Department of Agriculture, was 
recently called upon to test wooden crates that would 
be satisfactory for carrying Army aircraft bombs. 
Seven types of crate were tried in the experiment and 
one type was evolved that would not only carry 300- 
pound bombs, but also 1300-pound bombs. 


fay 


SONG OF THE TREE DOCTOR 


Mary planted a little tree, 
It flourished like a weed, 

And she became quite Poplar 
For her noble deed. 


One day the tree began to Pine— 
Kept Mary up all night, 
Applying Balm of Gilead, 
To save it from the blight. 


And when her Dogwood bark, 
She would Balsam and cry: 
“Spruce up! Spruce up! Beech Cherry, 
Sweet Apple of my eye!” 


But the tree was Plum discouraged ; 
A Gum had checked its heart, 
So with a rustling of the leaves 
Its spirit did depart. 


Then Mary drank the Hemlock— 
She could not bear the blow— 

And now the Pear are sleeping 
Under the sad Willow. 


Though this tale may be a Chestnut 
There’s a lesson here Fir Yew; 
When you go to raising timber, 
First learn just what to do. 
(Reprinted.) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 567 
‘hlessness, /‘er 
foresigh} 8 ,. "a 
oresig: 40, 7 e 
« , OKS ON oresiry, Lumber, irees, birds, Etc 
Nl 
? ’ 9 ’ ° 
te, 
ic Price MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-S. J. Record 
AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hudson...................... 00 ALS Williaa I. Horae. he 
YF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos A. Milis.11..1.77"" ‘io paar sSrests iene seco ee ee 2.50 
S BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODCRAFT_— MODERN PULP & PAPER MAKING—Paul Witham...........00.)0" 6.00 
CRY ae OLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger.... 400 
OD AND GAME FISHES—Jordan and E ; este 
FOREST REGULATION—T. Sweety, ie YG. Me. Skinner nes OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANTS— 
Mo ie et Oe Rg eee NATURAL STYLE IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING—Frank A. Waugh 250 
See tL liam 7. Horm NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. Bruncken..... 2.00 
1 RS aera GROWING--Robert T. Morris 2.50 
ANIi2/ p INGENUITY OF AY—C. A. Ealand ae 
CR. F GARDEN MAKING.............. 15 
‘IC ANATOMY OF TREES—Rex Vicat Cole 4 
‘CAN WOODS—R. B. Hough (14 parts), per part 2.00 
TIFUL RARE TREES AND PLANTS—the Earl of Annesle 2.58 
BIRD BOOK FOR CHILDREN—Thornton wW. ap 
S—N. Blanchan ps 


at N. 
IRDS IN THEIR RE 
BIRDS IN TOWN AND VILLAGE—W. H. Hudson 


Fred F. Moo: 
BOOK OF THE NATIONAL PARKS—Robt. S. Yard. 
BOTANY ilfred W. Robbins.. 
BULB GARDENING—M: 
BUSIN: 


YUKON—Harry 
APER 


ENO YHONNNENOOT NEES Samus wane 
B38 S8Ssekssssszszaessssees SSS 


nN 
33 


ME 
ENGLISH ESTATE FORESTRY—A. C. 
ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW-J. P. Kinney........ 
AMILIAR STUDIES OF WILD BIRDS—F. N. Whitman............ 


be DS Ps bo 99 00 09 G8 Co BS 


FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM-—G. A. Woolson 
ee OOk OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—Schuyler 
ETO U RU ening RSM oop Pies cade vs'ssle vss nseabdarecdcenooecnedy eve 
FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth 
FLOWERS—N. Blanchan 
FOREST LAND—Allen Chambers ............. 
FOREST MANAGEMENT—A. B. Recknagel 
FOREST MENSURATION—Herman Haupt Chapman.. 
FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah Bowman 
FOREST PRODUCTS, T 
Brown .......... 
FOREST RANGER— D. Guthrie 
FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth 
FORESTRY FOR: WOODMEN-—C. O. Ha 
tt gy ral hae INDIA AND THEIR INHABITANTS—F: 
PEARCE IN SCE Sue riensasainiecedeveseccscove. oeusictonds 


33 kasszssss 


RPeERWAT PNR corte 


GOD’S WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb.............cs0eeee0e 
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN-—Jay L. B. Taylor 
HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 

MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark 00 
settee OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. AND CANADA wis 


SkS ssyses sszs ssyxse 


ger 


IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE U. S.—S. B. Elliott. 2.50 
eteer ee INSECTS AND USEFUL BIRDS—F. T. re 
INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN 
Gerson and L. M. Peairs..................--..+.. z 4.50 
INTERESTING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins 1.50 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Coues (2 vols.)....... 15.00 
Y TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston ............0.cecceeeeeee 1,50 
LN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tiemann...................045 4. 


1—Hawl 


MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES—How: Rankin ... 


PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burnap... 
W. Harshberger 
Warington 


Hat nd ball ad pd a od pl md od od ol od Doel do odd 
SSk&S SAS Soezusssszs 


sxsss see 


SuSnwe 


v 


SCOTT BURTON, FORESTER—E. G. Cheyne seer es 
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— 
Ag 


- 


NO, Memo m » 
SRSsaasseskss & 


00 

50 

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING-~J. B. Johnson........ 4.00 
TIMBER—By J. R. Baterden 00 
00 


URES inc aside eevee acd epeeyscodcOvapaderedassaege lr kedsevetesicveerevconl 3.00 
TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Winn...............ccecceeeceues 5.00 
hg ole OF COMMERCE AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION—H.. i 

OME Nei vaNs bac oN a vivse shiva yds Ka wiiaas RDU PN? Uceks ced gees ctugnonsdsseveneee 3. 
TOWN GARDENING—Mary Hampden 2.25 
TRAINING OF A FORESTER—G: . 1.50 
THE TREE BOOK~—J. E. Rogers . 5.00 
TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars -15 
TREES—J. E. Rogers .. 1.75 
TREES—Marshall Ward re 2.00 
TREES AND SHRUBS—Pr as. e 5 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING—J. S. Brisbin 1. 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW-J. E. R 1, 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and Jarvis................. os Be 
TREES OF NORTHERN UNITED STATES—A. Angar.............. 1, 


TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF NORTHEASTERN U. S.—How- 
Ord PALMONSGL Mss cceca sec cthccoucntslpcascsespacaces 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES—J. Webster.... Rhee ATE 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John Ise .............0ecccseeeee 5. 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLANDS—K. W. Woodward a 
2. 


pp $ 
33 S SesssE 


- 
e 


00 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell.............ccsccsees 15 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, THE—Francis King... seet® 2.00 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman................seeeeseees 1.35 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME—Victor Kutchin........... 2.50 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed..............ceseues bn 


WOOD-G. S. Boulger 

WOOD AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— 
c. H. S 

WwooD T J. C. S. gh +s 

WOODWORKING MACHINERY—M. Powe le . 

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK-—Gen. H. M. C 


Members of the Association are entitled to a discount of 10 per cent from the above prices. 


All books pablished can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


568 


Mla LAMA ULL eS UN eS 


Don't Bother 


to spend good time and 
10% more 


WHEN 


under your membership 


YOU SAVE 10% 
on all books published—educa- 
tional or fiction. 

Buy Books From 
American Forestry Association 
1214 Sixteenth Street 
Washington, D. C. 


Subscribe for Bee's A 
An . Ny 
The oe: 


CAT REVIEW @7* 7a" 


‘tint 
Devoted to Cats, Cat Shows and the 
Cat Fancier 
Issued monthly nncccmmcnunn$1.00 a Year 
Order From 
AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ASSOCIATION 
Washington, D. C. 


500 THINGS TO SELL BY 
MAIL 


Remarkable new publication. Workable 
plans and methods. Loose-leaf, cloth bin- 
der. Prepaid $1.00. 

WALHAMORE COMPANY, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


SERVICE EMPLOYS NOTED LAND- 


SCAPE ENGINEER 
Dr. Frank A. Waugh, professor of land- 


scape engineering at the Massachusetts Ag- 
ricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 
has been appointed recreation engineer in 
the Forest Service, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. Dr. Waugh, a noted 
author, and one of the leading landscape 
architects of this country, will spend the 
summer formulating plans for the devel- 
opment of public camp grounds and sum- 
mer-home sites in the, National Forests of 
Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho and other 
western states. This study is a part of 
the established plan of the Forest Service 
toward providing adequate camp and sani- 
tation facilities for the 5,500,000 persons 
who yearly seek rest, health and enjoy- 
ment in our National Forests. 


PENNSYLVANIA’S TREE PLANTERS 


Water companies, owners of mining 
properties, and clubs of sportsmen in 
Pennsylvania planted more than 1,200,000 
young forest trees on their holdings dur- 
ing the spring of 1922, according to an an- 
nouncement made by Major R. Y. Stuart, 
the state’s chief forester. During the last 
eight years the same groups have set 
out about 5,217,000 secdlings. 

Last spring, the mining companies’ plant- 
ings exceeded those of. water companies 
and outing clubs by a wide margin. The 
former planted 840,000 young trees to pro- 
vide a future timber supply for the opera- 


Mail, Memos, Orders, 


one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates 
papers to find the paper you want. 


way but immediately at hand when needed. 
Built of Steel Sections 


Pays for Itself 


efficiency, personal convenience and the refined 
desks, from president to office boy. 
The prices under illustratiors 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 
Being sectional, you may later 
add to or alter it. We guaran- 
tee complete satisfaction, 
Ross-Gould Company 
232,N, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 


Philadelphia 
Chicago 


without changing your present system; 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all to whom mail is distributed. 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 


A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holding reference papers where they will be out of the 


Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sectioms for 3, 6 and 10-inch compart- 
ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 


A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 


Etc. 


Kleradesk sorts 
It has sep- 


$129 Per Secrion 


REO. US. PAT. OFF 


endless shuffling of 


4 Compa 00 


appearance of orderly 


Write at once for tree, 
instructive, tllus~ 
trated folder, 

“How to Get 

Greater 

Desk 

Effict- 

ency.”” 


7 ComPartMent?9 ee 


10 Compartment *13 22 


-the fact that Governor Hart of Wash- 


tion of their mines. The w 
set out 320,600 and the clubs 

The largest individual pla 
spring of 1922 by a water c 
made by the Pennsylvania and 
Power Company, of Holtwoodphn -h set 
out 70,000 trees. Ten thousan 
planted by the Williamsport 
pany. Four other companies Sette more: 
than 25,000 each. \ 

: : st 

Of the mining corporations th” Tlear- 
field Bituminous Corporation If with 
130,000. Nine other companies \janted 
over 50,000 trees each, 


\ 


CAMP FIRE PERMITS REQURED 

Federal permits to build camp fires are 
now required within the Nationa. Forests 
of the Pacific Coast States, amounces 
the Forest Service of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. These pc¢mits 
are free and may be secured fron all 
forest officers and other authorized igen- 
cies. Serious forest fires and unfavorable 
weather conditions have caused gceyern- 
ment officials to take this step as a 
matter of precaution. 

Five hundred men are, now fighting un-_ 
controlled fires in the Rainier, Wenatchee 
and Snoqualmie National Forests of 
Washington. The Herman Creek fire in 
Oregon now covers 3,000 acres and is 
burning close to the Columbia River high-— 
way. In spite of the efforts of 165 fire- 
fighters, the conflagration has destroyed 
valuable timber and a sawmill; it now 
threatens a Forest Service ranger sta- 
tion. 

High winds and low humidity, say dis- 
patches, have caused the fires to leap re- 
peatedly into the tops of trees and jump 
fire-line after fire-line as if they did not 
exist. Fire lookouts on their mountain 
peak observation stations have been in- 
effective for many days because of the ~ 
dense blanket of smoke that hides the 
forests. The seriousness of the situa-— 
tion, say forest officers, can be gauged by 


ington recently issued an appeal to all 
persons engaged in logging throughout 
the state to suspend operations until rain 
comes. He, also urged tourists and others 
to limit all fires to those of urgent neces- 
sity, and to extinguish every smouldering 
ember before leaving camp. 


MICHIGAN PAYS THE PIPER © 
Commenting on forest destruction by fire, 
District Forester George H. Cecil, of Port- 
land, Oregon, cites the situation in which 
Michigan now finds herself. From a state 
whose forest wealth was considered inex- 
haustible she is reduced largely to a pro- — 
ducer of fuel wood and other minor for- 
est products—all because of indifference 
to fires, wasteful cutting and lack of re- 
forestation. In other words, Michigan is 
now paying the piper for twenty-five years 


4 


ruthlessness, indifference and lack of for- 
est foresight. 

The building trades and the automobile 
and furniture industries of Michigan must 
largely import their supply of high-grade 
lumber from other states instead of growing 
it at home. 

For the most costly classes of woods, 
such as those used for automobiles, furni- 
ture and building, Michigan goes as far 
south as the Guif and as far west as the 
Pacific; she imports all told a little more 
than a billion board” feetsof lumber and 
timber annually, of which 400 million come 

. from the Gulf Coast region and nearly 180 
million feet from the Pacific Northwest. 
For these amounts the, state pays not only 
an enormous freight bill but also the high 
prices incident to constantly dwindling for- 
ests. 

The reforestation of Michigan’s denuded 
lands would after a few decades, say for- 
est experts not merely stop these costly 
importations but go far toward reestablish- 
ing the state’s lost leadership in her once 
greatest industry—lumbering—and put it 
upon a permanent basis. 


AIRPLANE TO LOCATE ALASKA’S 
LOST LAKES 

Locating and photographing undiscovered 

lakes in the National Forests of Alaska are 

the latest uses to which the airplane has 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


been put, says the Forest Service, United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

It has long been known that there are 
many lakes on the headlands and islands 
traversed by the inside passage between 
Seattle and Skagway that do not appear 
on any map. During the New York-Nome 
flight made by Army aviators, lakes were 
frequently sighted which could not be found 
on the latest and most authentic maps of 
the territory. Tales of unknown water 
bodies are constantly being brought in by 
trapper and prospectors. Less than a year 
ago a lake 4% miles long and % mile 
wide was discovered at the head of Short 
Bay. This lake has over 1000 acres of sur- 
face area and is less than 1%4 miles from 
tidewater, yet because of the surrounding 
territory’s rough topography has remained 
unknown and unnamed. 

Recognizing that many other of these 
“lost lakes” may be sources of valuable 
water power, the Forest Service has laid 
plans to map this no man’s land of the 
north by means of aerial photographs. A 
few days’ flight, it is said, will be sufficient 
to cover the area with a degree of accuracy 
that would require many years and great 
expense to accomplish by ordinary methods. 

The work, which has been approved by 
the Federal Power Commission, will be 
done by seaplane, flying from Ketchikan as 
a base. 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,D.. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


AND 


[LLUSTRATORS 


3 COLor Process Work 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


kind of service. Here’s why: 


Furthermore, 


W HAT you require of a cross-cut saw is fast, 
clean cutting day in and day out. Disston 
high-grade Cross-cut Saws will give you this 


Disston Cross-cut Saws are made from Diss- 
ton Crucible Steel—the same fine steel that has 


made the Disston hand saw the world’s standard. 
Disston Cross-cut Saws are 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC. 
PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 


For Fast Work 


USE DISSTON 
CROSS-CUT SAWS | 


made from a special grade of Disston Steel hard- 
ened and tempered to meet the rugged require- 
ments of this type of saw. They have an extra 
thin back for clearance and are ground on lines 
of uniform thickness from end to end. 

That’s why a Disston Cross-cut Saw makes 
sawing easy—why it takes hold readily, cuts fast 
and clean, holds it set in the hardest cutting, and 
lasts the full limit of a saw’s life. 


a 


570 


SOUTHERN PINE STRONG AS DOUG- 
LAS FIR 


HERE is little difference between the 

strength of the southern pines and that 
of Douglas fir from the Pacific Northwest, 
tests made at the United States Forest 
Products Laboratory show. True longleaf 
yellow pine averages heavier, stronger, and 
tougher than Douglar fir. True shortleaf 
pine averages heavier and tougher than the 
fir, but is,about equal to it in strength as 
a beam or post. Loblolly pine, though 
averaging heavier than the fir, is somewhat 
weaker. The difference in strength between 
any of these pines and Douglas fir, how- 
ever, is not so great but that low density 
pieces of the one species are weaker than 
the average for other species. 

As far as strength properties are con- 
cerned, the choice between any two lots of 
southern pine and Douglas fir will depend 
upon the grade and density of the timber 
The Rocky Mountain 
type of Douglas fir averages considerably 
weaker than the Pacific Coast type. 


composing each lot. 


THE SERIOUS FIRE MENACE 


“This is the most serious forest fire 
season we have had for several years, 
and unless the public who are using the 
forests are more careful even more serious 
fires than we have had are apt to accur,” 
said George H. Cecil, District Forester at 
Portland. 

“We have 
had few if any 
lightning fires 
to date, but we 
are very apt te 
have many of 
these during 
the early part 
of this month. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
ONE SPARK 

The weather was hot and dry. No rain 
for a month. The east wind moaned through 
the trees. Pine needles snapped underfoot. 
July in the forest. 

The crash of falling trees. The ring of 
axes. The s-w-i-s-h of saws. Logs, logs, 
everywhere. Dry tops, branches, and slash- 


ing. And amidst all these a puffing donkey 
engine. 
A glowing spark from the stack. A 


wisp of smoke. The hiss of burning pine. 
Crackling flames sweeping onward, sky- 
ward. A living wall of vivid fire. Black 
death and destruction. 

ONE LITTLE SPARK—and in its wake 
20,000 acres of fire-swept land; 15,000,000 
feet of burned timber; four logging camps, 
15 donkey engines, one locomotive, 35 flat 
cars, 20 houses and three, automobiles in 
ashes, and $90,000 worth of property gone 
up in smoke. 

It all happened this summer in the state 
of Washington. It could happen any sum- 
mer in any forest. 


“Tf only the people who go into the for- 
ests would follow a few simple rules what 
a saving in valuable timber and expense to 
the government, states and forest fire as- 
sociations would result,” said Mr. Cecil. 

“What we call the six rules for pre- 
ventIng forest fires are short and simple, 


WAKE UP! 


ALCOHOL MADE FROM WOOD 
People do not generally think of wood 


as a source of alcohol; that is the grain or 
ethyl alcohol formerly used for beverage 
purposes and still of use in perfumes, in 
manufacturing ether and as a solvent. It 
is quite possible, however, to make grain 
alcohol from wood waste through a process 
described by F. W. Kressman of the Forest 
Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. 

This process is outlined in Department of © 
Agriculture Bulletin 983, “The Manufac- 
ture of Ethyl Alcohol from Wood Waste,” 
just issued. The making of ethyl alcohol 
from such things as straw, cotton, wood, 
and many other plant fibres is not at all 
new, but previously, except in very few 
instances, it was not possible to use these 
materials profitably. 

There is wasted annually, Government 
experts estimate some 15 to 20 million tons 
of wood suitable for the manufacture of 
ethyl alcohol and capable of yielding 
about 15 gallons of alcohol to the ton. 


before leaving them. Don’t throw them into 
brush, leaves or needles. 

(3) MAKING CAMP. Build a small 
campfire. Build it in the open, not against 
a tree or log or near brush. Scrape away 
the trash from all around it. 

(4) LEAVING CAMP. Never leave a 
campfire, even 
for a_ short 
time, without 
quenching it 

_ with water and 
then covering 
it with earth. 

(5) BON- 

FIRES—Never 

build bonfires” 


No one can 
prevent the in windy wea- 
lightning fires, ther or where 
but if people Ss ~ there is 
who go _ into THe WIND'S =< Z ~y slightest 
the woods, for », YOUR way ! EXRAUSTIOR & ger of 
business or SP iy . s escaping fro: 
pleasure, would control. Don’t 
only realize the make them 
constant dan- larger than you 
ger from fires need. 
spreading (6) FIGHT- 
we would have ING FIRES. 
far fewer loss- If you find a 
es of valuable fire try to put it 
timber. out. If you 
“The U. S. can’t, get word 
Air Service is Chapin—in “America at Work.” of it to the 
assisting in the patrol again. As a pre- easy to understand and easy to follow,” nearest United States forest ranger or 
cautionary measure, we have been com- _ said Mr. Cecil. “Here they are: State fire warden at once.” 
pelled to require all campers, fishermen (1) MATCHES. Be sure your match is When the great number of fires is con- 
1 hikers on the National Forests of out. Pinch it before you throw it away. 


ron to secure camp fire permits as is 


in the National Forests of 


(2) TOBACCO. Throw pipe ashes and 
cigar or cigarette stumps in the dust of 
the road and stamp or pinch out the fire 


sidered, it is not surprising that statistics 
show that the area of forest land annually 
burned over is about twice that cleared by 
the ax for lumber and other purposes, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 571 
AAT 
BOGALUSA’S HISTORY-MAKING REFORESTATION OPERATIONS ASSURE A PERPETUAL SUPPLY TO OUR TRADE. = 

| “‘BOGALUSA’ STENCILED ON YOUR SOUTHERN PINE IS LIKE A CERTIFICATION ON A CHECK.” | = 
“IN THE DAY’S WORK.” [| 
— 

° = 

= 


20 pieces, 13% x 144—59 feet, square-edged and sound, trom 


BOGAWSA 


Trade-Mark Reg. U, 8S. Pat. Office 
“where the finest SOUTHERN PINE in the World’s Markets comes from.” 
“Bogalusa” can fill any order of ANY SIZE ANY TIME with promptness and exactness. 


Big Timbers for Railroad or Marine demands— or humble everyday crating, or box 
lumber (as well as a Complete Line of the usual yard and shed stock). 


25 YEARS of CAPACITY PRODUCTION ahead of us in our own unequaled stands of 
THE FINEST VIRGIN TIMBER EXTANT; plus the knowledge of “BOGALUSA” 
products assured to you IN PERPETUITY by our far-reaching reforestation operations. 
You are thus protected, in the most practical way, in the complete satisfaction of your 
trade during the life of your business. 


Superior standards of manufacturing technique, with strict grading per Factory 
Mutuals, A.S.T.M. and A.R.E.A., accuracy of count and a simple “good-will policy” 
are a few among the other factors that have made the name “BOGALUSA” indeed 


“A WORD TO BUILD ON.” 


Write us for full particulars as to detailed special service on special 
items. Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 


SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 
GREAT SOUTHERN LUMBER: 1628 4th Avenue, BOGALUSA, LA. 


“FROM A LATH TO BRIDGE TIMBERS, SPECIFY BOGALUSA TRADE-MARKED PINE AND REST EASY.” 


®D 
AAA 


mA 


aD Pan Ca NA FN, Cet NS Neel NN ah 


CRD OLYOL OTN NOL A ILS 


Moon's Douglas Spruce on grounds of 
Graduate School, Princeton Univer- 
sity, planted in 1914, when two feet 
high. Photographed in June, 1922. Bea- 
trix Farrand, Landscape Architect. 

«"]’ HE Douglas Spruce is a 

tree for the million. It 
would be difficult to overrate 
its beauty. It probably grows 
faster than any other conifer.” 

Thus Bailey’s Encyclopaedia 

expresses the enthusiasm we 

also feel for this splendid tree. 

There is a softness of texture 

and color tone and a sym- 

metry of growth that adapts 
it purely for ornament in 
groups and as_ specimens 
about the borders of the lawn. 

Its dense and rapid growth 

makes it ertremely desirable 

for tall screen planting, effec- 
tive in winter as well as in 
summer. 

Douglas Spruce are reason- 
ably priced: 


Each Per 10 Per 100 
2 to 3 ft. .........$3.00 $25 $200 
3 to 4 ft. . 4.00 35 300 
4 to 5 ft. ....... . 6.00 50 450 


Plant Douglas Spruce dur- 
ing September and enjoy their 
“winter cheer” this very win- 
ter. Send us your order now, 
and ask for our Catalog F, 


Moons Nurseries 
MORRISVILLE » PENNSYLVANIA 


which is 1 any from Frenion, 


a WOR 


mY 


WD a 


CAUSES 


ce 


SELL YOUR UR SNAP SHOTS 
AT $5.00 EACH 


Kodak Prints needed by 25,000 publishers. 
Make vacations pay We teach you how 
and where to sell. Write 


WALHAMORE INSTITUTE, 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


WANTED 


Man with car to sell cord tires to 
consumers and dealers. Lowest prices 
and best guarantee. 30x3%"” Cord 
sells for $7.90—other sizes in propor- 
tion. Easy to earn your $100.00 a 
week salary. 


Hydro-Vulcan Tire Company 
South Michigan Avenue, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


The Canadian Society of Forest Engi- 
neers has suffered a great loss in the death 
of Mr. R. R. Bradley, Consulting Forester 
of Montreal. Mr. Bradley was one of the 
original members of the Society, and one 
of the best woodsmen in the province. Mr. 
Bradley was a graduate in law, and later 
took up forestry, goiig through Biltmore 
Forest School, after which he did consid- 
erable work in New Brunswick. He then 
became a consulting forester and did very 
good work during 1921 for the commission 
engaged in the investigation of the De- 
partment of Lands and Forests in Ontario. 


The Canadian Air Board has done very 
valuable work during the past summer at 
Victoria Beach in the Leke Winnipeg dis- 
trict as main base, and subsidiary stations 
at Las Pas and Norway House. Fire de- 
tection work has been most successful, and 
in addition to this the Inspector of Sur- 
veys was able to visit all his parties in 
the district by plane in about one-third of 
the time ordinarily required. In British 
Columbia, unfortunately, the Forestry 
Service did not ask for help from the Air 
Board until the forest fires had gained 
considerable headway, but after taking the 
Deputy Minister for a flight, he became 
convinced of the value of the planes in 
fire detection and fighting. About a month 
ago the Air Board commenced work at 
the Roberval Station on Lake St. John, 
Quebec, for the Quebec Government, and 
considerable work is under way in ex- 
ploration of that section. 

Price Brothers & Company have been 
very successful with their airplane service 
in locating forest fires, and also in locating 
budworm-killed timber, and they have been 
engaged in taking strips of photographs 
usually along the water courses within 
their limits. The Spanish River, using 
a Dayton Wright two-engine plane, have 
at last report finished photographing 100 
square miles of territory, and expected 
with proper weather to finish 1000 square 
miles by the 15th of August. The Fair- 
child Aerial Surveys Company (of Canada) 
have finished 250 square miles of aerial 
photography for the Laurentide Company, 
and have made river and power line sur- 
veys for the Shawinigan Water & Power 
Company. They also have a contract for 
200 square miles of photography for the 
Ontario Government. 

The airplane is more and more proving 
itself to be not only practical but a neces- 
sity in all kinds of woods work. Estimates 
of timber made directly from the photo- 
graphs have turned out to be extraordi- 
narily accurate, 


. real difficulty. 


Dr. Judson F. Clark has been asked by 
Premier Drury, of Ontario, to reorgar / 
the forest service of that province. 
Clark was at one time with the On‘ 
Government before organizing the firm | 
Clark & Lyford, in Vancouver, and no bet- 
ter man could possibly have been chosen t 
take charge of this job. It is a tremendou 
piece of work and will mean a great d 
to the Province if properly handled. — 
Ontario Government’s publicity work by 
advertisements in the newspaper and 
ing matter furnished to _various dailie 
and journals is a splendid, step toward in- 
teresting the people of that Province in one 
of its most important natura] resources. 


Some very interesting experiments h 
1ecently been carried out in Australia 
an effort to substitute Australian ti 
in the manufacture of aircraft for sp 
and fir from British Columbia. The ma 
jority of Australian timbers are classed a 
hardwoods, and one of these nearly : 
thirds are of the Eucalyptus family. 
though classified as hardwoods, how 
these timbers vary enormously in we 
and physical equalities, and timber sui 
for almost any purpose is to be fo 
among them. First of all a list of all tim, 
bers weighing less than 50 pounds per abi 
foot was compiled and specimens were the 
examined to ascertain the nature of th 
break and quality of the timber; steps ¥ 
then taken to ascertain which were obt 
able commercially and whether they 
plentiful or otherwise. This, coupled 
questions of straightness of grain, 
formity of strength, etc., led to the re 
tion of the list to six species—S 
Bark, Giant Gum, Sydney Blue 
Mountain Ash, White Ash and Long J 
The Forestry Association of New S 
Wales was asked for samples of these 
bers, which were not available immedi 
ly. Inquiry among timber merchan 
showed the indiscriminate use of the sar 
common name for quite distinct species” 
the timber trade, there being at ea 
seven distinct species sold under the nan 
of “Mountain Ash.” As some of the speci 
included under the same trade name va 
from 38 to 56 pounds per cubic foot a 
have moduli of elasticity of from 1,500, 
to 3,000,000, the question of selection w 
However, these trou 
were finally overcome and an order wi 
received from the Australian Gover mer 
to build six Avro 504K training mach 
to be constructed from the native tim 
those to be used. being Mountain 
White Ash, Cudgerie, Blue Fig 
Queensland Maple. The three first w 
be used for the main structural member: 


and are heavier than spruce and ash which 
‘they would replace, but their greater 
strength will allow some reduction in sec- 
tion. Queensland Maple has been used 
for airscrews or propellors, and several of 
these have been in use for a number of 
months with satisfactory results. The 
weight of the machines built with these 
timbers will not differ by more than 1 per 
_ cent from that of machines built from Ore- 
gon Pine, and the strength will be appre- 
ciably greater. All estimates of strength 
and weight were based on tests to de- 
struction of actual components. As Aus- 
tralia is doing quite a good deal of flying 
and is continually extending its aerial mail 
service, the use of the native woods will 
be of great benefit. 


Dr. W. E. Hiley, of Oxford University, 
has spent several months in Canada ad- 
‘yising Price Brothers & Company in re- 
gard to fungus diseases and silviculture, 
and also paid a visit of inspection to the 
-Laurentide Company. Dr. Hiley is also a 
Specialist in silviculture methods, and his 
Opinions in regard to conditions in Canada 
were very interesting, and his recommenda- 
tions will be most helpful. 
Sir Claude Hill, who was Director of the 
Indian Forest Service, and who is also a 
member of the Governing Council of the 
Empire Forestry Association, will be in 
Canada in October next. He is very much 
interested in extending the activities of the 
‘Empire Forstry Association, and will look 
_ over the forestry situation in Canada. At 
the last meeting of the Empire Forestry 
Conference held in London in 1920, it was 
-yoted to hold the next meeting in Canada 
in 1923. The members of the Conference 
‘in England were the guests of the British 
Government, and it would be necessary for 
the Canadian Government to act as hosts 
‘at the coming conference. However, as 
‘yet nothing definite has been announced, 
but it is hoped that the money will be 
fo: ing, as a conference meeting in 
> country would be of the greatest pos- 
ible benefit, as the men who would at- 
id it all stand at the top of their pro- 
jon and their opinions on our local 
‘oblems would be of great value. It 
‘would also help to advertise Canadian 
_ woods and help to extend their use in 
Empire markets. 


FOREST EXPERT IN ALASKA 
At the request of Secretary of Agri- 
culture Wallace, Associate Forester E. A. 


Sherman of the Forest Service, left July 
10 for a two months’ trip through Alaska 
make a field study of departmental 
; . This will be Mr. Sherman’s 
hird inspection trip to the Territory. 

Mr. Sherman was joined at Juneau by 
A. Flory, district forester in charge 
the 20,000,000 acres of National Forests 
Alaska. They go from Juneau to Val- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


dez and ‘travel by automobile to Fairbanks, 
where they will inspect the agricultural 
experiment station located nearby, and 
also the one at Matanuska. From Fair- 
banks they will travel over the new gov- 
ernment railroad to Seward, and thence 
by steamer to Cordova, the headquarters of 
the Chugach National Forest. From there 
side trips will be made to the Prince Wil- 
liam Sound region and to Katalla. An 
inspection trip will also be made from 
Ketchikan over the Tongass National 
Forest in southeastern Alaska. 

Mr. Sherman will make a special study 
of the program of road construction in 
the National Forests of Alaska for which 
Congress has appropriated $1,000,000, the 
possibilities of organized forest protec- 
tion for the unreserved timberlands of in- 
terior Alaska, which have suffered severely 
from uncontrolled fires, and the relation- 
ship of the National Forests to the general 
industrial development of the territory. 


BARNJUM PRIZES AWARDED 

Prizes have been awarded in the $1,000 
Prize Essay contest on Practical Forestry 
offered by F. J. D. Barnjum as follows: 

First prize: $500 to P. Swanson, Tim- 
mins, Ontario. 

Second prize: $250 to M. Currie, Grand 
Mira South, Cape Breton. 

Third prize: $150 to Donald C. Oxley, 
Annidale, Queens County, New Bruns- 
wick. 

Fourth prize: $100 to R. M. Brown, 
Pincher Creek, Alberta. 

“So many of these essays were of high 
order,” writes Mr. Barnjum, “that the 
judges had a very difficult task in award- 
ing these prizes, but inasmuch as the 
names and locations were detached from 
all essays before being submitted to the 
judges, the contestants have the assur- 
ance that no bias or favoritism entered 
into their decisions. 

“All these, prize essays will be published 
in the press from time to time so that 
the public may have the benefit of the 
suggestions and recommendations contain- 
ed in these valuable contributions to the, 
cause of forestry. 

“The unsuccessful contestants can feel 
happy in the thought that even if they did 
not win a prize this time they have con- 
tributed to the welfare of their country 
by the valuable suggestions contained in 
their essays, and as: our forests are our 
most valuable asset (for without trees 
civilization could not exist), they are 
helping to solve Canada’s greatest iprob- 
lem. 

“The success of this prize offering has 
been so pronounced that it is my inten- 
tion to repeat this series of prizes in 
the immediate future and from time to 
time, also increasing the amount or value 
of the same.” 


573 


WA, IL 
MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 
Trees from ‘5 to-30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 


Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 
are specialists in 
collect, im- 


Orchidsy.,5= « 


pert, w, sell and export this class of plants 
exclusively. 


Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue 
Orchids may be had on yaad roth ey Also — 


cial list of freshly imported unestablished 
Orchids. : 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 


Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. 8. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 


Forestry Compa 
NURSERIES ty ell prick 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seed: 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


6 Different Business Publications 


Covering Accounting, Advertising, Admin- 
istration, Merchandising, Salesmanship 
and Taxation all prepaid only 25c. Value 
$1.50. Instructive, educational, practical. 


WALHAMORE CO., 
Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 


574 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Pleasant Things Taken from Letters to the Editor 


“I have enjoyed Mr. Cheney’s article in 
‘An Epic of the Great 
American Forest,’ I feel that 
every American child ought to be made 
that story."—R. H. H. 


the July number, 
very much, 
familiar with 
Blome. 


“With reference to the Book Service 
Department, I think the Association is to 
be congratulated on the many ways and 
the broad way in which it is making it- 
self of service to its members and to the 
people at large.”—Darwin B. Buell. 


“American Forestry is a splendid maga- 
zine and much enjoyed.”—Mrs. J. B. Sor- 
beer. 


“Though we had to give up many of 
our long list of magazines, I have no in- 
tention of giving up American Forestry, 
for it is invaluable to all citizens. As 
long as I am able I want to help you to 
keep up the good work.”—W. A. Putnam. 


“T have seen several copies of your 
wonderful magazine and I feel that I need 
its counsel in connection with my Boy 
Scout work here.”—Rev. John J. H. 
Wilcock, 


“I enjoy the magazine and I receive lots 
of help from it in my studies at the Uni- 
versity."—George L. Dally. 


American Forestry is one of the great- 
est publications in America.”—Prof. High- 
saw, 


“Your magazine is doing a great work, 
We enjoy every single copy of it.””— 
William J. Baxley, California. 


“Your magazine is well put up and is 
a good ornament for the Library, be- 
sides being most jnstructive.”—Walter J. 
Selle. 

“I am very much interested in the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association and would like 
the best in the world to see a forestry 
association formed in Argansas, as we 
are greatly in need of one.”—Charles M. 
Connor, 


“I expect to take a great deal of enjoy- 
ment in your magazine and will send you 
members whenever possible.”—Norman T. 
Bourland, 


“There are too many good things in 
American Forestry to miss a single issue.” 
—Clement W. Baker. 


fective."—Richard N. Johnson. 


“The March issue is. absolutely a treat 
to me, as it contains the best thing on 
logging mahogany I have seen. Only one 
who has seen the conditions in the tropi- 
cal countries can appreciate this article 
in its real value."—Joseph P. Smith. 


Cannot do without American Forestry?” 
—Elizabeth T, Owen. 


“The cover design of the magazine is 
beautiful that I should like to congra 
the Editor on having found an artist whi 
combines so much taste and skill with ; 
keen appreciation of the characteristic 
features of his subject."—Mary Woodm 


“Am well pleased with your mag 3 
and believe you do much good.”—William 
S. Kalbach, 7 


“I wish your charming magazine contin- 
ued success and all good wishes for 1922 
—Mrs. J. F. Waggaman. 


“The magazine is unquestionably one of 
the most valuable published, and I want 
to see its work become more and more ef- 


BECOME A MEMBER 


Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association 
upon application and payment of dues. 


PLANT TREES 
PROTECT FORESTS 
USE FORESTS 


FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— 


American Forestry Association 
1214 SIXTEENTH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C 


I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation and enclose check for $: eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 


INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP 


Subscribing Membership, per year, including Magazine..............$ 
Contributing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. 
Sustaining Membership, per year, including Magazine............... 


Life Membership (no other dues) including Magazine............... 
Annual Membership without Magazine.............cccceeeesceeees 


INGINC. «oc as ses co genie 000 en's 0.0en Reon een cva tes ssn eaNyep ery eane 
Street....ccecesce SOSR PET HT ECHR Meee eee eee eee ee eeeee 


te SPOS HHEEH EET EEE E EHR HEHEHE EEE ETE EEE 


4.00 
10.00 
25.00 

100.00 

1.00 


NEW JERSEY NEWS NOTES 
The resignation of Alfred Gaskill as 
_ state forester of New Jersey on July 1 
has caused a reorganization of the For- 
 estry Division of the Department of Con- 
servation and Development. C. P. Wilber, 
state firewarden, succeeds Mr. Gaskill as 
state forester and also retains his position 
as head of the Forest Fire Service. W. 
M. Baker has been appointed Associate 
State Forester; William Lindsay and Leon- 
idas Coyle become deputy state fireward- 
‘ens; and A. D. LaMonte, assistant forester. 


rs 
: 


The report of a strike of forest fire 
- fighters at Woodbine, New Jersey, which 
was given wide publicity in the daily press 
was found to be entirely groundless upon 
‘inyestigation by the state forester. It was 
‘apparent, however, that the local fire- 
warden had been satisfied with too small 
a crew and as a result, the fire developed 
‘into a serious one. 

- Tke citizens of Woodbine are now con- 
sidering organizing a forest fire com- 
_ pany to extinguish woods and: brush fires. 
If such a company is formed it will be 
the first of the kind in New Jersey so 
tar as the Fire Service knows. 


_ Two new lookout towers have been open- 
ed by the Forest Fire Service. One is on 
top of the huge naval airdome at Lake- 
hurst, 212 feet above the ground, made 
possible through the cooperation of the 
-U. S. Naval Air Service, and the other 
at the southern end of Kittatinny Moun- 
tain in North Jersey near Blairstown. 


The spring forest fire season in New 
Jersey was so severe this year that the 
‘regular appropriation of $10,000 for pay- 
ing citizen fire fighters has proved inade- 
_ quate. An additional sum of $7,000 has 
_ been granted the Department of Conser- 
‘vation and Development by the State 
House Commission from the Emergency 
ind to meet the deficit. 

_ The department asked the legislature last 
year to give it an increased appropriation 
so that it could stop forest fires. The 
e from these fires runs into many 
thousands of dollars and this, with the 
money spent for fighting them will far 
exceed the amount asked by the Depart- 
ment for the prevention or curtailing of 


fires. 


DESTROY BLACK CURRANTS 

To help combat the spread of white pine 
blister rust, which now menaces western 
forests of five needle pine valued at $228,- 
000,000, the United States Department of 
Agriculture has just issued Department 
Circular 226, White-Pine Blister Rust in 
the Western United States. The circular 
describes the disease, its method of spread 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The Gilliams Service. 


THE GRASS TREE. EVER HEAR 
OF IT? 


You’d expect this chock-headed, tinker- 
looking tree to be a native, of Ireland and 
rustle in brogue to the wind, but it is one 
of the tropical vegetation freaks scientifi- 
cally known as Xanthorphoea Treissu 
Tjibodas Preauger, but better and more 
descriptively known as the Grass Tree. 
It seems to be a cross between the palm 
tree and the pine, but in reality it is a 
member of: the palm family. 


American Forest 


Regulation 
By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


Limited edition, paper cover, $2.75 net, 
$3.00 postage prepaid (cloth, $3.50); about 
230 pages (6x9 inches). 


on" fhotonsy. Americanized discussion 
of the regulation of aa Introduction 
by B. E. Fernow, LL. D.; 4 chapters by 
H. H. Chapman, Professor, Yale School of 
Forestry. 


Of Interest to 


LUMBERMEN, FORESTERS 
and ESTATE OWNERS 


Order Direct From 
T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 242 Prospect Street, 
New Haven, Connecticut. 


575 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, 


POSITIONS WANTED 


“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of gettin 
an income from them or turning them into cas 
than has yet occurred to you. It- will cost 
you nothing to talk your troubles over with 
a LAND SPECIALIST, temporarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and agricultural organization in 
the Northwest. Write description of location, 
pps hy, soil, etc., in Box 4010, care 

ERICAN FORESTRY — TAGARINE, Wash- 
facie D. C. 


GRADUATE FORESTER — Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm or individual interested in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes. 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. (6-8-22) 


POSITION WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager ‘on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. betes Rae 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (6-9-22) 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 


age; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
xperience, desires position. Best references. 
Address Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


YOUNG MAN, 32 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University ; B.S., 1914; M. FE, 1915, with 
five years’ experience in the United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as forester 
with a lumber company = private estate. The 
best of references. Address Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash. 
ington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


FOREST ENGINEER, a graduate with eight 
years eoperiense as chief of timberland depart- 
ment of large Eastern paper manufacturing 
company is open for position with company 
operating Eastern spruce lands. Address Box 
4055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (8-10-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, at present employed 
by a Timber and Land Development Company. 
desires position as Forester or Superintendent 
on Private Estate, or in Park work. Experi- 
enced in Tree planting and Pruning, the hand- 
ling of Shrubbery, Fire Protection and Log- 
ging operations. A willing worker as well as 
equipped to direct others. Box 4060, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE. Wash- 
ington, D. C. (9-11-22) 


FORESTER, with ten years’ experience as tech- 
nical assistant and forest supervisor, now in 
charge of western National Forest, desires to 
make connection with ‘commercial organization 
with opportunity of.improving present position. 
Address Box 4065, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


WANTED 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C (4-6-22) 


FORESTERS, UNEMPLOYED CR EMPLOYED, 


having executive ability and  posesssing 
the gift to lead others, to write us. Great 
opportunity for those that qualify. State age, 


—reference—(2) if employed. 
from (years). Confidential. Rangers also an- 
swer this. Address Box 66-66, a ee 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D eo 


School graduated 


576 


School of Forestry 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in General 
Forestry, Logging Engineer- 
ing and Forest Grazing. 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 


year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, covering 
twelve weeks designed for 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. A 
course in Lumber and Its 
Uses is given by correspon- 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Paiiipiior Address 
Dean, School of Forestry 


University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in ning fall at 


Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. 


Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 
Operation in the United States» By 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
ufacturers’ Association, Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth...net, $4.50 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
ties and methods for the movement of the 
timt from stump to manufacturing plant, 
y logging railroads. 


especial 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


and tell how the people in that region 
can help safeguard the forests. 

This pest was brought over from Europe 
about 20 years ago and is now established 
beyond hope of eradication in New Eng- 
land, New York and the Lake States. 
Lately it was discovered in western Brit- 
ish Columbia and the Puget Sound region 
of Washington. 

The disease attacks all white pines, i. e., 
those that bear their needles in bundles of 
five, but it can do so only after it has 
grown on the leaves of wild or cultivated 
currants or gooseberries. It cannot go 
directly from pine to pine. The rust can 
be controlled by destroying the currant 
and gooseberry bushes growing near white 
pines. The cultivated black currant is the 
most dangerous because it takes the dis- 
ease more severely than the others and 
spreads it more rapidly. Its immediate 
destruction js the most effective means of 
preventing the blister rust from gaining 
a foothold in the western pine forests. 

Federal quarantines have been established 
supplementing state quarantines, to prevent 
the introduction and spread of the blister 
rust in uninfected regions. They prohibit 
the movement of five-needle pine, currant 
and gooseberry plants into the United 
States from any foreign country, includ- 
ing Canada; prohibit their movement from 
all states east of and including Minnesota, 
Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, 
to points outside the quarantined area; 
and prohibit their movement out of that 
part of Washington west of the summit of 
the Cascade Mountains. 

The colored illustrations in the circular 
show the natural appearance of the dis- 
ease. Persons who live in five-needle pine 
regions are urged to get the circular from 
the Department of Agriculture, Washing- 
ton, D. C., and become familiar with the 
principal characteristics of the blister rust. 
Everyone can materially aid in the fight 
against this disease by examining the under 
side of the leaves of all currants and 
gooseberries in gardens, especially culti- 
vated black currants and any native or 
planted white pines in your community. 
If the plants appear to be diseased in a 
manner similar to the colored: illustrations 
in the circular, send the diseased material 
to the State Nursery Inspector or the Ag- 
ricultural Experiment Station in your 
state, together with your name and ad- 
dress and particulars as to the location 
of the plants. 

Each person has some responsibility in 
protecting the extensive forest resources of 
the west which contain about ‘three-fourths 
of the white pine in the country, approxi- 
mately 57 billion board feet. Nearly 25 
per cent of the western white pine stump- 
age and 4o per cent of the sugar pine 
stumpage belongs to the Federal govern- 
ment. These pines are the most valuable 
forest trees in the west. 


NELSON BROWN DECORATED — 
Word has been received at the New 
York State College of Forestry that Nel- 
son C. Brown, head-of the Utilization D 
partment has been decorated by the 
of Italy for his services in connecti 
with forestry work during the war. 

Professor Brown left the college faculty 
in 1917 to investigate the effects of rhe 
war upon the lumber trade in Europe for 
the Department of Commerce. After ; 
tour of all the principal lumber producing 
sections of the United States and Canad: 
he spent approximately two years in 
rope along the fighting fronts. He investi. 
gated forestry practice and the lumbe 
industry in Great Britain, France, Belgi 
Spain, Italy, Greece, Serbia and por' 
of northern Africa, and later Po! 
Russia, Austria and Hungary. He alse 
purchased lumber, railroad ties and other 
supplies in Spain for the United State: 
army. 

He then engaged in the domestic 
foreign lumber trade for the Amer 
Woods Export Association. He has 
been closely affiliated with the Ame 
Lumber Sales Company which took 
the contract for the disposal of 135,00 
feet of the surplus sto¢k of the Unite 
States Shipping Board. 

Professor Brown spent the winter 
1920 as consulting adviser to the Republi 
of Czecho Slovakia on the managemen 
and exploitation of the Hapsburg ci ow 
forests and returned as head of the Utili 
zation department on the Forestry f. 
last year. Professor Brown was grad 
from the Yale Forest School in 1908. H 
is a director of the American Forests 
Association. 


FORESTRY AT PENNSYLVANL 
STATE COLLEGE 


A large number of courses in fo 
and lumbering will be given at the Pi 
sylvania State College during the comin 
school year, according to an announcemeé! 
made recently at that institution. Unde 
the Department of Forestry in the Schot 
of Agriculture, special courses will 
given in silviculture, the care and protet 
tion of forests, making of timber to secut 
reproduction and to improve the grow! 
and condition of the forest, logging 
milling, forest law, forest economics an 
history, forest surveying, mensuratiot 
seeding and planting, wood technology, ad 
ministration, forest products, uses of lut 
ber, marketing, tree identification and se 
soning of wood. 3 

During the last quarter of the senior 
the lumber class will camp on a large tif 
ber tract in the South for the purpose 
making plans. The freshman class will a 
attend a summer camp in The State For 
Preserves. j 


~ AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


———_ 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 


‘OCTOBER, 1922- CONTENTS Vol. 28, No, 346 
—— 


IEE REGAROB A... coos oe Soca cist cic vain chsnswscinedasecuvacesscedeas Frontispiece 


WEST PERSIA—THE WOOD FAMINE COUNTRY—Edward C. M. Richards...........0..ccccceccuceuee 579 
With sixteen illustration. 


Sr 8g ae eee rll cyte Median Dra Byeokin basen a ov odd Seal acboa Sep e Ow beees 585 
With one illustration. 


COVA Tanophy'S: Tilick....5. << 5.725 cc. cc scc.esccccdsssecucvsescccschasaevatersesvengs 586 
With thirteen illustrations. 
STATE FORESTERS IN MINNESOTA—Ovid M. Butler .... 0.0.0.0... cc ccccccccusccucecusteneeesueenaes 593 


With six illustrations. 


ae LHe CROW—Edward Howe Forbush... 2.23.05... 0. ccc cee cect cee tee spe ee ee beseseeeneneres 598 


With seven illustrations. 
_ PUBLICITY IN STATE FORESTRY WORK—Henry CnC AM PDE ascke MeN ok hci this) a Spe cbs sp ease Ae 603 
% With two illustrations. 
ed een oe a as 5-8 ac, Cac tvshate Chace ole buys Sg BAIT Se NOE CE TUNE EES ese d ease apn 606 
Swit TREES AND NATURAL GRAFTS—B. F. Andrews .........65.cccceccccccccevcctevcuccenecunecs 609 
With eight illustrations. 
THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN LUMBER INDUSTRY—A. B. Recknagel......................0005. 611 
GROWTH OF SOUND IDEAS IN GAME MANAGEMENT—Ward Shepard ............ 0. cece cece eeees 613 
With seven illustrations. 
POEM—AN UNWRITTEN TOMBSTONE—Otto L. Anderson ............ 0. cece cece eect e ence eee ees 616 
i? PIGEONS AND DOVES—R. W. Shufeldt... 00.10. e en tence beeeecencneeees 617 
With fourteen illustrations. 
s SPADINnG THE FORESTRY IDEA—Philip W.. Ayres: oc... lec ie eee e ceca tec ee sectors suneens 624 
FORESTRY IN THE NEWSPAPERGS................ Bey h Mnntrs Mens Os tiple aie Bias ic Lass oeott dues 9 626 
+ T INSECTS IN THE NORTHWESTI—H. B. Pierson ... 1... ccc tcc cette nee e ene e cc ceenees 628 
| With five illustrations. 
SOANADIAN DEPARTMENT—Ellwood Wilson........:..... 2.0 0c0cceceseccec sue gs este ene eneeeeseneeeees 635 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1932 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 1214 Sixteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 3, 1879, Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The American Forestry Association. 


| 
| 
| 


a 


Here is the first algaroba tree ever planted in the 
Hawaiian Islands and it is nominated fora place 
in the Hall of Fame by M. J. Riordan, of the 
Arizona Lumber and Timber Company, of Flag- 


staff, Arizona, The tree is on Fort Street, im 


=" THE HALL OF FAME FOR TREES "=> 


is a sign which reads: “First Algaroba Tree of the 
Hawaiian Islands, imported and planted in 1837 
by Father Bachelot, founder of the R. C. Mission.” 

At the request of the Right Reverand Bishop 
Libert, the Rev. H. Valentine informed Mr. Riordan 


er ri EF 
, Pe oy 


THE HAWAIIAN 


Honolulu, in front of the cathedral. Mr. Riordan 
informs the Association there is a@ move on to 
destroy the tree to make way for a new building 
and he enters protest against this move because of 


the history connected with the tree. On the tree 


ALGAROBA 


that Father Bachelot brought a few of the seeds 
with him from southern California. From this tree 
the thousands in the Islands have their origin. Six 
of the original trees have been destroyed to make 


way for buildings and this is the only one remaining. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY” 


VOL. 28 


OCTOBER, 1922 


No. 346 


WEST PERSIA--THE WOOD-FAMINE COUNTRY 


By Edward C. M. Richards 


EST PERSIA is*now a land of famine, both food 

famine and timber famine, although the food fam- 
ine attracts the most attention. Nevertheless the fact 
remains that the food famine is paralleled by a timber 
famine which is much more permanent and much harder 
to overcome. The news from West Persia for the past 
few years has been largely filled with the food needs of 
this ancient land, but for hundreds of years the fuel, 
timber and forest products famine has been always pres- 
ent and always a crying need to those who had eyes to 
see and ears to hear. But because West Persia is one 


foot mountain range of Kurdistan which follows—on its 
eastern edge—an irregular line from Mount Ararat 
down to the Persian Gulf and which marks the boundry 
between Persia and Turkey. To the east the Caspian 
Sea lies several thousand feet below the level of the 
great plateau on which all of Persia stands. The prov- 
ince extends some two hundred miles south from the 
Persian-Caucasian boundry and is the most fertile and 
beautiful part of Persia. 

To us here in America where there is such an abun- 
dance of wood and such a large variety of species of trees 


SACRED ELM TREES OUTSIDE A MOSQUE. 


CAREFULLY GUARDED, THESE MAGNIFICHNT TREES ARE A REMINDER OF THE 


LUXURY OF TREE GROWTH PREVALENT IN PERSIA IN THE DAYS OF HER GLOR¥ BEFORE RECKLESS WASTE OF A FORMER 
GENERATION MADE HER PEOPLE OF TODAY SUFFER A WOOD FAMINE. 


of the most out of the way places on earth little has 
been heard of it and practically nothing has come to us 
here in the way of information regarding the wood fam- 
ine existing there. 

By West Persia this article means the extreme north- 
west portion of Persia and includes that portion of the 
country known as the Province of Azerbijan. This 
province lies directly south of the former Russian Prov- 
ince of Trans-Caucasia, or what is better known as the 
Southern Caucasus. To the West rises the great 13,000 


it will be interesting and helpful to consider briefly some 
of the results of a timber famine so that the seriousness 
of forest devastation in a country may be better ap- 
preciated, 

Take first the matter of fuel as one of the first ne- 
cessities of all.men. There are some low grade coal 
measures in West Persia but they have not been devel- 
oped beyond the point where a man with a pick and 
shovel digs what he can out of a shallow hole in thé 
grounds, and as the coal is full of sulphur and is very 


AMERICAN 


A PERSIAN COBBLER “SAVING SOLES.” PERSIAN SHOES ARE 
EITHER SEWED OR NAILED WITH WOODEN PEGS. 


poor, this source of fuel does not enter into the fuel 
situation to any great extent. Crude petroleum and 
kerosene are available along the one line of railroad 
which runs from the Russian boundary to Tabriz, or 
when transported from the Caspian Sea ports by pack- 
train. The oil comes from the great Baku oil fields, but 
although the railroad engines are oil burners there is 
practically no oil used for fuel. Kerosene for lighting 
purposes is very common, the oil being carried many 
miles into the interior of the country on the backs of 
animals. The result of the lack of coal and the expense 
of oil is to throw the burden of furnishing heat for 
heating rooms, cooking and for industries, upon the for- 
est products of the country, and owing to the destruc- 
tion of the forests this burden is very heavy. This prob- 


my 


A PERSIAN 


“FLIVVER” LOADED WITH NATIVE FUEL—MOULDED 
MANURE CAKES, 


FORESTRY 


lem is solved—or an attempt is made to solve it—by 
two methods. These two methods of securing heat are 
practically universal; the exception being in the case of 
the very few foreigners and the few wealthy people 
who have wood burning stoves and who are buying 
fruit wood for fuel, and both of these are of real in- 
terest so that some account of each method will not be 
amiss: 

Charcoal is used by everybody to make his or her tea 
with—for everybody drinks tea several times a day, 
when they can get it. The Russian samovars in all sizes, 
shapes and materials are used in making them, the 
spherical brass type being the most common. 

Practically everybody has some form of a samovar— 
as tea is looked upon as a necessity, and the consump- 
tion of charcoal for this purpose is large. Another use 
for charcoal is in cooking “kibobs” which are little 
pieces of meat broiled over a little brazier of hot char- 


A PERSIAN THRESHING MACHINE IN ACTION. AS THE “SLED” 
IS PULLED FORWARD, THE CROSS STICKS WITH THE PROTRUD- 
ING KNIVES REVOLVE, CUTTING UP THE STRAW, 


coal. This is a very popular dish and, in the streets and 
in the bazaar these kibobs may be bought at any time 
during the day. In the private homes also a good deal 
of cooking is done over charcoal. Then in cold weather 
charcoal is used in the “kursies.” A kursie is about 
the cheapest arrangement for keeping the whole fam- 
ily warm. First of all a low tabie, perhaps two feet 
high and two feet or more square—is placed in the mid- 
dle of the room. An earthen or iron pan or vessel with © 
dirt in the bottom on which is a hot fire of charcoal is 
placed on the floor under the table. Then the entire 
family gathers around and sitting on the floor stick 
their feet under the table close to the panful of hot 
coals. A big quilt is put over the top of the table and 
falling down around the sides covers the entire family. 
In most of the houses there is no general system of 
heating and the houses are cold, so that the people are 
forced to sleep and practically live under “kursies” in 


WEST PERSIA—THE WOOD-FAMINE COUNTRY 581 
j cold weather. | = ; eee ee of the bake- 
L The consump- oven of the 
tion of char- country. In the 
- coal for fuel fall the poor 


therefore is 


women go out 
very great. In- 


into the fields 


: dustrially also and orchards 

7 much charcoal] and get per- 

ee is used. The mission to pick 
: I 

‘ bl ack smiths, up the dead 

» silver smiths, twigs, leaves, 

2 and other met- etc., and car- 


al workers use 
jt and taking it 
all in all char- 


ry them away 
in bags. Then 
most of the 


r 


nen 


i coal is a most manure is 
important for- moulded into 
: est product in cakes, left to 
» West Persia. dry in the 

me it is made in summer sun 

- the villages until firm 

an d brought enough, and 

into towns and then stacked 


cit‘es on don- 
key back. 

To an Amer- 
ican the use of charcoal as a fuel does not seem very 
primitive and one soon gets used to it. But it comes 
rather as a shock to see how almost anything and ev- 
erything that will burn is “cast into the oven’”—for 
that is the right term to use in describing the stoking 


LOOKING DOWN ON AN UNPROTECTED PERSIAN VALLEY. THE EROSION HERE, FOLLOW- 
ING COMPLETE DENUDATION, IS VERY GREAT. 


carefully in 
big piles so 
: plastered over 
as to shed water, and so kept until the time comes to 
burn them. This practice of burning up all of the ma- 
nure means a steady robbing of the soil and a steady 
deterioration of the quality of the agricultural land. 
This is a good illustration of direct effect of forest 


2 
a aS 


A TYPICAL PERSIAN LANDSCAPE WITH A VILLAGE IN THE MIDDLE BACKGROUND. 


THE OUTLYING COUNTRY HAS BEEN 


STRIPPED BARE OF VEGETATION TO FURNISH THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE TO A WOOD-STARVED PEOPLE. 


FORESTRY 


AMERICAN 


EVERYDAY LIFE 


IN PERSIA 


Upper—The distribution of flour. Note the wooden bar to the scales and the wooden 
shovel. Close attention is given to the weigher. 
Middle—A street scene. The donkey is loaded with thorn-bushes to be used for fuel. 


Lower—Close-up of a threshing machine. The revolving cross-shaft holds the chisel- 
shaped iron knives that cut up the straw. 


devastation upon agriculture and 
so upon the prosperity of a coun- 
try. And this “native fuel” as 
manure cakes are called, is one of 
the chief fuels used in the bak- 
eries, both pubtic and private. 

There is one great lesson to be 
learned from the fuel situation in 
West Persia, and that is the ex- 
treme to which the people of a 
country are forced to go when 
their forests have been destroyed. 
Everything in the way of fuel is 
burned up. The powdered char- 
coal in the bottom of the bags or 
containers is dampened and press- 
ed together and used for fuel. The 
trees scarcely begin to shed their 
leaves before small boys shake 
them to hasten their fall or even 
climb up into the trees and pull 
the leaves off with their hands. 
Out in the country not a thing is 
left, in the way of fuel, except in 
very out of the way sections and 
in places where constant guardian- 
ship is exerted over the trees—or 
where some religious element pro- 
tects trees from the wood-hungry 
people. And it is there that the 
absence of wood strikes one most. 
There are no fences, no woodlots 
worthy of the name, and the fact 
that the country is in a state of 
wood famine is constantly borne 
in upon the visitor. If the people 
of America could only spend a 
week traveling through West Per- 
sia there would be an entirely dif- 
ferent degree of interest in the 
maintenance and enlargement of 
our forest resources here in this 
country. 

Another use that wood is put to 
is in the construction of houses. 
But here again the wood famine 
stares us in the face. In the 
United States all of the cheap 
houses are made of wood of some 
sort, and in almost every type of 
building wood is used in some way. 
But in West Persia common adobe 
mud—used in bricks or in the 
mass—makes up most of the build- 
ing material, wood being used only 
in the doors, windows and the 
framework of the roof. The cov- 
ering of the roof is a thick layer 
of well pounded mud. In the win- 
ter, however, every fall of snow 
must be shoveled off at once, for 


ahd ateetined 


- 


WEST PERSIA—THE WOOD-FAMINE COUNTRY 583 


otherwise it would melt and ruin 
the roof. And every year, or at 
least once in two years, the roof 
has to be gone over, perhaps re- 
surfaced and pounded. How much 
better it would be and how much 
safer and with how much of a 
saving in work every year, if the 
mountain cedar—one or two scat- 
tered specimens of which the 
writer found up in thie wilder por- 
tions of the country—were syste- 
maticalty grown for shingle stock. 
This could be done and the hous- 
ing conditions of the whole coun- 
try could be revolutionized, And 
what a short-sighted policy on the 
part of the country—or of any 
country for that matter—to de- 
stroy the forests and then have to 
adopt some such clumsy, inefficient 
and dangerous method to use as a 
substitute for the wooden articles. 
Yet that is just what America is 
doing today, just as rapidly as it 
very well can be done. 

The presence of wood famine is 
noticeable in the furnishing of the 
houses as well as in the houses 
themselves. For instance the 
floors are never of wood, not sel- 
dom, but never. In the poor houses 
the floor is just mud and in the 
better houses rough flat brick or a 
poor sort of mixture of mud, clay 
and lime, called “native cement” 
takes its place. The result is that 
the floors are cold, hard and damp. 
The doors are usually made of 
poplar lumber which has been bad- 
ly sawn and badly seasoned. All 
_ of the sawing is done by hand in 
“pit saws” where one man stands 
on top of the log and one man 
stands in a pit underneath it, as 
they saw the planks out of the tim- 
ber. The result is that the doors are 
apt to warp, check and crack so 
that in a short time seams open 
up and the door is spoiled. As 
for the furniture fully 99/100 of 
the population never sleep in any 
kind of a bedstead during their 
lives. Instead, rugs are spread 
on the floor and then with thin 
mattresses and wool quilts and pil- 
lows the bed is made up. In fact 
it is only in the large cities and in 
the homes of the very wealthy 
people and among those few who 
have been out of the country and 


7 


Bl hea 


PERSIAN INDUSTRIES 


Upper—A Persian flour mill. Note the tree trunk set in the pile of staves to the 
right. This is hollow and carries the water down to the waterwheel below. 
Middle—Ripsawing poplar lumber in a Persian carpentershop. 
Lower—A Persian rug loom. The boys si ng as they work. Note the wooden thread 
winder in the right background. 


AMERICAN 


WOODEN SHUTTERS ON THE SHOP OF A PERSIAN BAKER. THE 
MAN ON THE EXTREME RIGHT IS LEAVING THE SHOP WITH A 
LARGE PIECE OF BREAD IN HIS HAND AND A PILE OF THORN- 
BUSH—TYPICAL FUEL—IS ON THE GROUND OUTSIDE. 


have seen western methods that any sort of furniture 


is) used at all, The people sit on the floor, eat off the 


floor, put their things in bags, or if they have seen 
something of western ways, in some sort of cheap chests, 
or perhaps some poor European trunk. Sometimes there 
will be a large grain box to keep their grain in, and per- 
haps a small box to keep their weekly supply of baked 
bread in, and these will be the only articles of furniture 
in the homes of literally thousands of people. And the 
reason is that wood is so expensive, and of such poor 


TEEN 


es 


ener eee: AKXENTE 


SIAN STREET IN A LARGE CITY. NOTE 


I THE 
L AMOUNT OF WOOD USED IN THE HOUSES. 


FORESTRY 


quality and of such small size that the people have to 
get along without using it. To an American a home 
without any closets, any bureaus, any cupboards, any 
tables, any chairs, beds, lounges or desks seems im- 
possible. But this is not exaggeration. It is a cold fact, 
And 


forest devastation brought this wood scarcity upon West 


And the cause behind the fact is wood scarcity. 


Persia. 
Fuel, house construction, house furnishings—these are 


the chief uses that wood is put to in West Persia. Toa 


person interested in the problem, however, other uses 
are made of wood as well, but on a much smaller scale. 


PRESENT DAY PERSIA—A REFUGEE KURD. 
PIPE STEM IS MADE OF CHERRY WOOD. 


A TYPE OF 


HIS 


The looms on which the native cloth is woven and on 
which the famous Persian rugs are made are mostly 
made of wood, but these looms last a lifetime so that 
there is little consumption there. Straight sticks of 
cherry are used for pipe stems and cigarette holders, 
the holes being bored for you while you wait by the 
keeper of the little shop in the bazaar, The upright 
stem and the mouth pieces of the “hubble bubble” wa- 
ter pipes are of turned wood. The cobblers use wood- 
en shoepegs, and the saddlers use wood for their trees. 


a ee 


WEST 


A TILLER OF THE SOIL PAUSES TO PERMIT THE MAKING OF 
A PICTURE OF A TYPICAL PERSIAN PLOUGH. 


Out in the country the trunks of the willows are some- 
times hollowed out and used as chutes to guide the lit- 
tle streams down to the paddles of the water wheels 
which grind the flour for the region. The water wheels 
are of wood also. The snow shovels used to clear off 
the roofs with, and the shovels and forks used in handl- 
ing the grain upon the threshing floor are of wood. The 
ploughs and harrows, and the machine used to thresh 
out the grain—being dragged about over the threshing 
floor by oxen or horses, a small boy being used as a 
weight—these are other minor ways in which wood is 
used. Then in the shops and in the bazaar the shutters 
which are folded and locked up every night are of pop- 
lar lumber, as are the frameworks supporting them. 
The conditions of life in West Persia stated in this 
article are not the conditions of fifty years ago. They 
are as they exist today, in 1922. To an American it 
seems as if these people must have been lost in the 
ignorance and backwardness of the men of the stone 
age until early in this century. But when our ancestors 
were running about in skins with stone hatchets and 
spears, Darius, the Persian, was the Great King of the 
then known world, and the Persian civilization was 
“the” thing, and the Persian people of that time had 
excellent reasons to expect that the world would al- 
Ways see Persia and Persian civilization at the head of 
it. The United States has existed now for less than 
150 years. During that time we have taken the example 
of Persia in regard to the treatment of our forest re- 
sources for the most part, and are using them up now 
just as rapidly as we can do so, regardless of every- 
thing but the immediate present and the immediate 
profit. Three thousand years from today—no, three 
hundred years from now—what will be the judgment 


PERSIA—THE WOOD-FAMINE 


COUNTRY 585 


of our children’s children and of that generation? To- 
day America is a great and rich and powerful nation. 
So were the countries of Assyria, Babylonia and Per- 
sia in their prime. And today they do not exist at all 
or are “backward” in every way. It is important for 
us to consider these things if we truly love our coun- 
try. And what we do now with our forests-has a tre- 
mendous effect.on what America will be in the days 
to come, 


HOW BIG IS A BIG TREE? 

Park Naturalist Ansel F. Hall, of Yosemite Na- 
tional Park, has prepared this section of a giant se- 
quoia, which was felled by a storm in 1919, to show 
visitors how huge and how old Yosemite’s trees are. 
This tree was comparatively small—only 14 feet in 


diameter at the base and nine feet at a point sixty 


feet above the base, where this section was cut; Yose- 
mite has one tree that is 29.6 feet in diameter and many 
that are more than 20 feet. This tree also was. com- 
paratively young, only 996 years old, as compared to 
4,000 years, the estimated age of Grizzly Giant, largest 
tree in Yosemite. 

The chalk rings on the tree indicate the years in 
which important historical events took place—Battle 
of Hastings, Discovery of America, Declaration of 
Independence, etc. The space between the Natural- 
ist’s forefinger and thumb measures the span of a long 
human life to compare with the span of this tree’s 
life. 


THE WHITE OAKS 


By Joseph 

HE oaks are world famous. For many centuries they 
helped civilized man in his conquests and industrial 
enterprises. The ancients worshipped the mighty oak 
and Socrates looked upon it as the “tree of knowledge.” 
The history and literature of England is closely asso- 
ciated with the oak tree. The early Britons and later 
In America, the 
Charter Oak holds a prominent place in our colonial 


conquerors held it in high regard. 


history. 

There are many majestic memorial oaks in the eastern 
states under whose sturdy branches took place some of 
the great historic events of our early national history. 
Among them is the “Witness Tree” still standing before 
the Donegal Presbyterian church, in Lancaster county, 
Pennsylvania, under whose spreading branches the mem- 
bers swore allegiance to our country in June, 1777. 

Every woodsman and forester loves the Oaks. They 
are admired for their physical sturdiness, great age, and 
the high value of their wood. 
seasons of the year, whether in the first pale dress of 
spring tinged with delicate pink, the deeper tones of 
summer, the rich purple, scarlet or red of autumn, or 
the dull brown of Indian summer. Perhaps the oaks are 
most impressive and picturesque in winter when their 


They are attractive at all 


S. Illick 


mighty branches stand out boldly against the sky. No 
other group of trees have such a commanding appear- 
ance. 

Most of the oaks attain a-great age and reach a large 
size. Some European oaks are believed to be 1,000 years 
old, and a few American specimens are known to exceed 
500 years. The real merit of the oaks is in the excellent 
wood that they produce. It has a wide range of com- 
mercial uses, and holds a prominent place in almost every 
American wood-using industry. 

The nuts and the bark of some oaks also have consid- 
erable commercial value. The Indians, and the early 
white settlers, used the white oak acorns for food. Dur- 
ing the world war all the seeds produced by the oaks, 
beech and chestnut of continental Europe and Great Bri- 
tain were used by man. They furnished much-needed 
food for man and domestic animals. In the olden days 
the fattening of hogs on fallen acorns and beech nuts 
was an established practice. In some forests as many 
as 20,000 hogs were fattened every year. 

The bark of some oaks is rich in tannin while that of 
others yields valuable dye material. The bark of the 
Rock or Chestnut Oak is harvested annually in large 
quantities. It is rich in tannin, which is manufactured 


WHITE OAK STANDS ALONG THE BRANDYWINE CREEK IN 
AT THE GROUND, 80 FEET HIGH, AND HAS A BRANCH SPREAD OF 107 FEET. 


PENNSYLVANIA. IT IS 25 FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE 


oe 


° 

. 

” 

a 

ed 
wa 


THE BARK OF THE WHITE OAK BREAKS 
UP INTO LONG PLATE-LIKE SCALES. 


into tannic acid and used in the prepa- 
ration of leather. The inner bark of 
the black oak contains a yellow dye 
material that is used locally in the 
preparation of various cloths, particu- 
larly khaki. Large quantities of this 
bark were harvested during the world 
war, and helped to relieve the great 
shortage in domestic raw dye mate- 
tials felt so keenly in many indus- 
tries. 

The oaks satisfy many of man’s es- 
sential needs. They have been a big 
factor in our national gorwth, and 
worth while efforts should be put 
forth to maintain a worthy place for 
them in our future forests. A large 
part of man’s high regard for the oaks 
is due to their great number and wide 
distribution. There are more than 
300 different kinds of oak trees in the 
world. The center of their distribu- 
tion is in Central America and Mexico, 
but they are widely distributed in 
temperate regions. Of the 300 spe- 


THE WHITE OAKS 


cies of oak that are known in the 
world, 55 are native to North America, 
and as many as 20 different oaks are 
known to occur in a single eastern 
state. In addition to the 300 recog- 
nized species of oak, there exist an 
almost endless number of hybrids and 
varieties. The different oak trees 
show such a wide range of charac- 
teristics that the following three 
groups are now recognized: 
I. WHITE OAKS 
They mature their acorns in one 
season and have leaves with rounded 
lobes. The kernels of the nuts are 
usually sweet. They are sometimes 
called Annual Oaks, because they ma- 
ture their acorns in a single season. 
II. BLACK OAKS 
They mature their acorns in two 
seasons, and have bristle-pointed leaf 
lobes. The kernel of the nuts is usu- 


_ture. 


THE LARGE, LEATHERY, SQUARISH LOBED 
LEAVES OF THE POST OAK ARE DISTINC- 
TIVE. THE THREE TERMINAL LOBES ARE 
THE LARGEST. THE TWIGS AND LOWER 
LEAF-SURFACES ARE COVERED WITH 
RUSTY HAIRS. 


ally bitter. They. are sometimes 
called Biennial Oaks, because it takes 
two seasons for their acorns to ma- 
ture. 

III. LIVE OAKS 


They retain their leaves two or 
three seasons, while all other oaks 
shed their leaves annually. Evergreen 
Oaks is another name for this group. 

Some of the most important timber 
trees of the world belong to the 
white oaks. Representatives of this 
group are found in every part of the 
United States, and among them are 


587 


some of the best forest trees of con- 
tinental Europe and Great Britain, 
The most important American mem- 
bers are: 

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME: 


1. White Oak Quercus alba 

2. Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor 

8. Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa 
4. Post Oak Quercus minor 

5. Chestnut Oak Quercus Prinus 

6. Yellow Oak Quercus Muhlenbergii 
7. Valley Oak Quercus lobata 

8. Garry Oak Quercus garryana 


The White Oak is the most impor- 
tant hardwood tree in eastern North 
America. It usually has a tall, broad 
and round-top crown. It may reach 
a height of 150 feet and occasional 
trees attain an age of 500 years. It 
prefers rich and moist situations, but 
will grow on almost every kind of 
soil found within its natural range 
fram Maine to Minnesota and south 
to Florida. 


In summer the White Oak can be 
distinguished by its loose scaly, gray- 
ish bark and by its deeply rounded- 
lobed leaves. The leaves of all mem- 
bers of the Black Oak group are 
bristle-tipped and the other members 
of the White Oak group have leaves 
with shallow indentations on the 
margin or else they differ from the 
true White Oak in outline and tex- 
In winter the White Oak can 
be distinguished by its slender, small 
reddish brown pointed buds. These 
characteristics should enable any one 
to recognize this important forest 
tree which is so common in our for- 


IMMATURE AND MATURE WHITE OAK 
LEAVES ARE DISTINCTIVE. IT IS NOT UN- 
USUAL FOR THE WHITE. OAK TO PLACE 
ITS SEASON’S GROWTH IN TWO INSTALL- 
MENTS. 


AMERICAN 


THE SWAMP WHITE OAK HAS A DEEPLY AND REGULARLY FUR- 
_. ROWED BARK. 


ests and woodlot, and promises to play a big role in the 
forests of the future. 


The wood of white oak holds first place among our 
native oaks. It is ashy-gray in color, closely grained, 
hard, tough, durable, and weighs about 46 pounds per 
cubic foot. No other wood has so wide a range of uses 
and satisfies so many human wants. 


The Swamp White Oak has an appropriate common 
name, for it is truly a white oak and usually occurs in 
swamps or other wet places. It is an average-sized tree, 
usually attaining a height of 60 to 70 feet, but an occa- 
sional specimen may reach a height of 100 feet and a 
diameter of 3 feet. The famous “Wadsworth Oak” was 
a Swamp White Oak. It took its name from the estate 
upon which it grew and reached a circumference of 27 
feet. For many years it stood on the bank of the Gen- 
essee River, about one mile from the village of Genesee, 
New York. A large number of people traveled many 
miles to see this natural wonder which finally was de- 
stroyed by the washing away of the river bank. 

The Swamp White Oak can ‘be distinguished from 
other oaks at any season of the year by the bark on the 
younger branches which peels off in thin large flakes. 
This characteristic is also common to the Buttonwood or 
Sycamore. In summer it can be recognized by the leaves 
which have very shallow indentations between the lobes, 
giving the leaves a rather broad appearance. In fall the 
long-stalked acorns with their cuns enclosing about one- 
hird of the nut, are also characteristic. In winter the 


thir 
third 


FORESTRY 


rather stout-yellowish to reddish-brown twigs and the 
small blunt-pointed buds, covered with chestnut brown 
scales, are distinctive. The irregular, often drooping 
position of the lower branches is quite peculiar to this 
tree, and may often help to recognize it. 

The Swamp White Oak occurs naturally from Maine 
and Quebec to Michigan and south to Georgia and 
Arkansas. It may be classified as an important timber 
tree, but does not rank so high as the true white oak. 
Its lateral branches have a tendency to persist for many 
years. This results in an inferior grade of lumber. It 
possesses no special ornamental qualities which recom- 
mend it for landscape work, but it will continue to be an 
important member of the future forest structure in wet 
places. : 

The Post Oak is a well-known and widely distributed 
member of the white oak group. It reaches its best de- 
velopment in the Mississippi Valley, but it is also of com- 
mercial importance in other parts of its natural range ~ 
from Massachusetts and Central Pennsylvania to Kan- 
sas, Florida and Texas. It usually occurs on dry, rocky 
soil, but it is not unusual to find it on gravelly uplands, 
sandy plains and limestone hills. 

It is easy to recognize the Post Oak in summer by its 


Sb NE 
: 


\ 


THE BUR OR MOSSY CUP OAK HAS MOSSY FRINGED ACORN CUPS, 
CORKY-WINGED TWIGS, AND LARGE, ROUND-LOBED LEAVES. 


THE WHITE 


peculiar leaf form, the lobes of which are rounded or 
square. The three terminal lobes of the leaves are the 
largest and the basal lobes taken together are wedge- 
shaped. These unusual features give the leaves a dis- 
tinctive appearance. The rigid leathery texture of the 
leaves and their shiny green upper surface and their 
rusty lower surface, are also helpful in recognizing the 
Post Oak. If one examines the lower leaf surface with 
a magnifying glass it will show star-shaped rusty hairs 
over the entire surface. 

In winter the Post Oak may be recognized by its short 
blunt-pointed buds and its stout, rusty and hairy twigs. 
The buds are about the same size as those of the white 
oak, but they are bright-reddish in color. 

In the northern part of its range the Post Oak is 
usually a small tree, but in the lower Mississippi Valley, 
where it reaches its best development, it sometimes be- 
comes 90 feet high and 4 feet in diameter. . Locally in 
the Mississippi Valley it is the commonest member in 
the oak forests. The wood is firm and very hard, which 
may have given it the name “iron oak.” It decays slowly 
when placed in contact with soil which accounts for its 
extensive use for fence posts, and presumably this is the 
reason why it has the common name “Post Oak.” 

No oak has more striking distinguishing characteris- 
tics than the Bur Oak, which is one of the largest of 


THE CHESTNUT OAK MAY BE RECOGNIZED BY ITS DISTINCTIVE 
CHESTNUT-LIKE LEAVES, LONG-POINTED BUDS, AND LARGE 
ACORNS. 


OAKS 


A BIG BUR OAK WHICH IS 24 FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE AT THE 


GROUND, AND OVER 200 YEARS OLD. 


our native oaks. It is also called “Mossy Cup Oak,” for 
the acorns are fringed along the margin to such an ex- 
tent that they give an appearance of moss. The acorn 
cups are unquestionably the most unique of all oak 
acorn cups. Some of the thrifty bur oak trees in the 
Mississippi Valley develop such large acorn cups that 
they are called “bird nest” cups. This appropriate name 
was given to them for they resemble bird nests in size, 
form and general appearance. 

The leaves of the Bur Oak are usually as distinctive 
and unique as the acorn cups. On each side and near the 
middle of the leaves occurs a deep-rounded cleft which 
extends almost to the mid-rib, and practically divides 
the leaves in two parts. The terminal part of the leaves 
has large square lobes and the basal part resembles a 
triangle. The twigs are fully as distinctive as the acorn 
cups and the leaves. Upon them are found corky 
winged projections which stand out from the twigs for an 
inch or more. This characteristic is found in only a few 
such as cork elm and sweet gum. 


other trees, 


590 


The Bur Oak is one of the largest 
of the American oaks. It is usually 
from 70 to 80 feet high, but a few 
specimens have been reported that 
reached 170 feet in height and 6 to 7 
feet in diameter. It usually occurs in 
low, rich bottom lands from Nova 


THE SHARP-POINTED LEAVES AND THE 
SMALL STALKLESS ACORNS ARE HELPFUL 
IN RECOGNIZING THE YELLOW OAK. 


Scotia to Manitoba, south to Penn- 
sylvania, Kansas and Texas. This 
tree has not only a wide distribution 
and attains a large size, but it also 
produces very valuable wood, and is 
planted rather extensively for orna- 
mental and shade purposes. It is easy 
to transplant, grows fast, develops an 
attractive form, has few insect ene- 
mies, and withstands smoke better 
than most of the oaks. 

The Chestnut Oak or Rock Oak is 
an important member of the White 
Oak group. The name Chestnut Oak 
was given to this tree because its 
leaves resemble those of the common 
chestnut, which enables one to recog- 
nize it with little difficulty. This tree 
is also called Rock Oak. This name 
refers to the hardness of the wood, 
and is confined to this tree alone for 
the adjective “rock” is a part of the 
common names of a number of trees 
that produce hard wood. Sometimes 
the adjective “iron” is substituted for 
as in the case of Ironwood. 
Che name Tanbark Oak is also locally 
applied to this tree because its bark 
is harvested in large quantities for 


“rock” 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


tanning purposes. Ldcally it is also 
called Mountain Oak, because it is 
usually found on mountain sides and 
hilltops. 

The Chestnut Oak may be distin- 
guished at any season of the year by 
its bark. On young stems it is smooth, 
thin and yellowish-brown. On old 
trunks it is thick, brown to black and 
very deeply furrowed. The bark 
ridges are solid, not scaly, and are 
separated by deep and sharp-angled 
furrows. The bottom of the furrows 


is often cinnamon red in color, which 
enables one to distinguish it from any 
other oak. 


In winter the Chestnut 


THE BARK OF THE CHESTNUT OR ROCK 
OAK IS DEEPLY FURROWED. 


Oak can be distinguished by its slen- 
der, angular, orange-brown twigs and 
by its sharp-pointed buds about one- 
fourth to one-half inch long, which 
are clustered at the ends of the twigs. 


The Chestnut Oak occurs on dry 
hillsides and moist fertile foot hills 
from Maine to Ontario and south to 


Alabama and Tennessee. It is an im- 
portant forest tree, for it grows rap- 
idly, produces valuable wood, and 


yields bark which is rich in tannin. 
It usually grows to a height of 60 to 


70 feet and sometimes reaches 100 


feet with a diameter of 2 to 5 feet. 


This tree is a big factor in replacing 
the chestnut that has been killed on so 
large a scale by the blight. The kill- 
ing of the chestnut left large vacan- 


is a beautiful tree and 


cies which have since been filled up 
by thrifty clumps of rock oak. Given 
a chance, the Rock Oak will grow 
rapidly and produce valuable wood. 


As soon as the real merits of this tree 


become known it will be given a 
prominent place in the forest practice 
of the eastern states. 


An oak closely related to the Chest- 
nut Oak is the Yellow Oak. It is 
also called Chinquapin Oak, Scrub 


Oak, Dwarf Chestnut Oak, and Pin 
Oak. It should not be confused with 
the true Chestnut Oak, for it has dis- 
tinctive features, grows on different 
soil, and is of less commercial im- 
portance. It can be distinguished 
from the true Chestnut Oak by its 
small acorns, which are usually ses- 
sile. 
leaves more sharp-pointed than those 
of the true Chestnut Oak. The flaky 
gray bark is also distinctive. The 
Yellow Oak occurs commonly on lime- 
stone soil, but is often found on dry 
ridges from Vermont to Minnesota 
and south to Florida and Texas. It 
should be 
and 


planted extensively in parks 


THE SWAMP WHITE OAK CAN ALWAYS BE 
RECOGNIZED BY ITS LONG-STALKED 
ACORNS, AND ITS LARGE, SHALLOW- 
LOBED LEAVES. , 


lawns on account of its handsome 
form and attractive foliage. 

Of the more than 55 oaks found 
in the United States, 14 inhabit the 


Pacific Coast region. Some of them are 


The buds are smaller and the — 


‘ 


THE WHITE OAKS 501 


pena so a ie FRO \ 


A BIG WHITE OAK WHICH AT THE GROUND HAS A CIRCUMFER ENCE OF 31 FEET. IT STANDS NEAR KUTZTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA, 
AND IT IS REPORTED THAT AN AMMUNITION TRAIN OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY CAMPED UNDER THIS TREE ABOUT THE 


TIME OF THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. 


representatives of the White Oak group, while others be- 

long to the Black Oak and Live Oak groups. The two 

principal members of the White Oak group are; 
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 

1. Valley Oak Quercus lobata 

2. Garry Oak Quercus garryana 

The Valley Oak is so called because it grows chiefly 
in valleys. It is the largest of all the western oaks and 
usually reaches a height of 60 to 75 feet, but occasional 
specimens become 100 feet high and 30 to 40 inches in 
diameter. The leaves are deep green, minutely hairy on 
top and round-lobed, the latter being a characteristic of 
white oaks. The acorns mature in one season, and are 
produced in large quantities. In some localities they are 
fed to swine in lieu of grain. 

It is not unusual to find specimens of Valley Oak with 
huge trunks bearing large, round, and broad crowns, the 
lower branches of which are often drooping. Its wood is 
prized highly, for native hardwood timber is scarce on 
the Pacific Coast. 

Next to the Valley Oak, the Garry Oak, commonly 
known as White Oak, is the largest oak of the Pacific 
Coast region. The name “Garry Oak” was given to the 
tree by David Douglas in honor of Nicholas Garry, of 
the Hudson Bay Company, who furnished valuable as- 
sistance to the botanists and other explorers of early 


times in northwestern America. 

This tree reaches its best development in the neighbor- 
hood of Puget Sound, where it becomes 50 to 90 feet 
high, and 18 to 30 inches in diameter. It is sometimes 
called Western White Oak in contrast with the well- 
known eastern White Oak. This tree, however, bears 
more resemblance to our eastern Post Oak than to the 
white oak, and for this reason has also been named Pa- 
cific Post Oak. It may be recognized by its mature leaves 
which are thick, deep green and shiny. They are from 
3% to 6 inches long and distinctively round-lobed. The 
twigs are also conspicuously hairy. 

This oak is one of the most important hardwoods of 
the far northwest. The wood is not so good in quality 
as the eastern white oak, but it is in great demand in the 
northwest, where few hardwood trees grow. The scarc- 
ity of wood suitable for tight cooperage along the Pacific 
Coast makes this wood in great demand, and the tree will 
unquestionably be given a prominent place in the future 
forests of Oregon and adjoining states. 

The oak plays a more important part in European 
history than any other group of trees. The most im- 
portant of them belong to the White Oak group. In 
England the oak is looked upon as the monarch of the 


forest. It is the boast and glory of the whole nation. 


AMERICAN 


A TRIO OF BIG WHITE OAKS STANDING BEFORE THE BRANDY 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. EACH OF THE GIANT TREES 


The Cowthorp Oak in Yorkshire, when measured in 
1768, was found to be 40 feet and 6 inches in circumfer- 
The Oak, 


measured in 1759 was 34 feet in circumference 7 feet 


ence at 4 feet from the ground. Bentley 


from the ground. The Boddington Oak that grew in the 


vale of Glouchester, measured 42 feet in circumference 


FORESTRY 


WINE BAPTIST 
IS OV ER 13 FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE AT BREAST-HIGH. 


CHURCH NEAR CHADD’S FORD, DELAWARE 


at 3 feet from the ground. Today the oaks of the Wind- 
sor forest are famous all over the world. The Spessart 
oaks of Bavaria in Continental Europe are famous among 
all the foresters of every civilized land. Some of the 
trees still standing are estimated to be more than 350 
years old and the wood cut from a number of these syl- 
van giants sold for $575.00 per thousand board feet. 


SUBMIT YOUR 


The By-laws of the American Forestry Association 
give ‘all of its members the right to participate in the 
nomination of officers. The Committee on Elections is 
anxious that this privilege be fully exercised in the forth- 
coming election. It invites recommendations from the 
members of the Association in every state as to men well 
qualified for leadership in the work of the Association, 
for its guidance in drafting its own nominations, And 
any nominee endorsed by 25 members of the Association 
goes on the ballot automatically. The officers of the As- 
sociation are not to be selected behind closed doors but by 
the fullest possible participation of all the members of the 
Association which the Committee on Elections can secure. 

We are to elect this winter three Directors for five- 
year terms, vice Messrs. Drinker, Quincy and Lyman, 


NOMINATIONS 


and another Director for one year to complete the unex- 
pired term of Mr. John Hays Hammond. 

We also elect a President, Treasurer, and twenty-one 
Vice-Presidents. for a term of one year. 

The Association is facing a period of special responsi- 
bility and opportunity, and needs the best thought and 
active help of its own membership in the election of these 
officers. 

Take a part init. Send your nominations, either indi- 
vidual nominations or group endorsements, to me or to 
the Secretary of the Association not later than November 
first. 

W. B. GREELEY, 


Chairman, 


THE COMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS 


The Board of Directors of the American Forestry 
Association at a meeting in New York City on September 
19, appointed the following Committee on Elections: Col. 


W. B. Greeley, United States Forest Service, Washington, 
D. C.; Philip W. Ayres, 4 Joy street, Boston, Massachu- 
setts, and R. S. Kellogg, 342 Madison avenue, New York. 


BS STATE FORESTERS IN MINNESOTA 


By Ovid M. Butler 


Forester, The American Forestry Association 


ORESTERS from different parts of the United 
States and Canada invaded the state of Minnesota 
in August. The occasion was the third annual gathering 
of the Association of State Foresters. During practically 
every daylight hour ftom August 8 to August 14, the 
members of the party, which numbered about thirty, were 
on the move, covering in all some five hundred miles by 
land and water routes through the northern section of the 
state. The object of the trip was to acquaint the visit- 
ing foresters with some of Minnesota’s larger forest 
problems and to show them 
on the ground the manner 
in which the state is con- 
ducting its forest work. 
Assembling at Bemidji, 
the party was taken by au- 
tos to Itasca State Park 
and Forest, “the source of 
the father of waters,” for 
it is there in the small but 
beautiful Lake Itasca, 
which the early Indians 
knew as Lake La Biche 
(Elk), that our mightiest 
of rivers has its beginning. 
Itasca State Park and For- 
est embraces 32,000 acres, 
of which 6,000 are water. 
It was established in 1891 
by Congress and the Min- 
nesota legislature to pro- 
tect the source of the Mis- 
sissippi River and to pre- 
serve a portion of the prim- 
eval forest along with its 
game. Although most of 
the foresters on the preced- 
ing day had traveled from 
Duluth westward half way 
across the state, their first 
view of a real virgin forest 
was when they came to the 
protected shores of Lake 
Itasca. This wooded spot, 
which is both a game refuge and a protected forest, was 
the source of diversified interest to the foresters. Here 
they beheld the Norway pine in its virgin growth and on 
other portions of the tract, they were able to observe 
the luxuriant regrowth which under adequate fire pro- 
tection is following the cutting of the older timber. For, 
some of the area has been cut over. It appears that when 
the legislature “grudgingly and only after a bitter strug- 
gle,” passed the law, creating the park, it refused to ap- 


THE WOODS, ITASCA STATE FOREST, OWNED BY THE PEOPLE 
OF MINNESOTA. 


propriate money with which to buy the primeval forest. 
As a result some of the hills around Lake Itasca itself 
were stripped of their timber before public sentiment be- 
came sufficiently aroused to force the legislature to make 
adequate provisions for the protection and management 
of the forests. 

After traveling mile after mile through barren cut- 
over and burned-over pine land—a prairie of scrub 
growth and charred snags, to which the traveler sought 
to close his eyes—the effects of forest management and 
fire protection are most 
striking as one enters 
Itasca Forest. It is a tract 
of wild forest, dotted with 
more than a hundred lakes. 
Its: every acre of land is 
producing a crop of timber 
while at the same time it is 
the haven and breeding 
place of deer, mink, musk- 
rat, beaver, porcupine, loon 
and wild duck. In addi- 
tion to that, it is rapidy be- 
coming the chief recrea- 
tional point of the state for 
summer tourists, being vis- 
ited every summer by thou- 
sands.of people, who. stay 
at the great log lodge. at 
the head of Lake Itasca, 
or camp along the eastern 
shore where the state has 
provided camp . grounds. 
Toward the lower end of 
the lake, the School of 
Forestry of the state uni- 
versity has its summer 
camp and nursery. All in 
all, it is an object lesson 
in forest protection which 
any one whose eye has be- 
held the seemingly limit- 
less stretches of cut-over 
and fire-pocked land. which 
characterizes. much © of 
northern Minnesota, can not fail to take to heart. 

From Itasca Forest, the band of foresters, on the 
following day, visited the Minnesota National Forest, 
traveling some fifty miles within its boundaries and ob- 
serving the extent to which the early cuttings made here 
under Government regulations have been, successful. 
Where fire has been kept out and seed trees left, luxuriant 
regrowth was everywhere apparent, the Norway pine re- 
producing itself, with hardwoods coming in prolifically 


594 AMERICAN 


on the white pine lands. The foresters were especially 
interested in these cut-over lands for two reasons, first, 
here were made some of the earliest cuttings on an exten- 
sive scale where the lumbermen were required to leave 
seed trees as natural replanters of the forest, and sec- 
ondly, it has recently been charged by certain opponents 
of the forest, who are seeking to have it abolished 
through political pressure and otherwise, that the gov- 
ernment’s efforts and methods to bring about natural re- 
generation has failed. It has also been charged that the 
artificial planting done by the Government has been a 
failure. Such representations have been made to mem- 
bers of Congress. After seeing conditions on the ground, 


there appeared to be no 


doubt in the minds of 
the visiting foresters as to 
the falseness of these 


charges. The accompany- 
ing photographs are typ- 
ical of what the Forest 
Service is accomplishing 
in the way of keeping these 
sandy lands growing for- 
ests. 

It was not until the com- 
pletion of their trip, how- 
ever, and after they had 
gained some idea of the 
extent of cut-over and de- 
vastated forest land in 
northern Minnesota, that 
the foresters grasped in its 
full significance the value 
of the Minnesota National 
Forest to the state and the 
entire Mississippi valley. 
With millions of acres of 
as good and usually much 
better agricultural land ad- 
jacent to the forest going 
begging, the claim that the 
land is needed for agricul- 


ture appeals to the fair 
mind as both specious 
and preposterous in the 


face of the overwhelming 
and ever increasing accu- 
mulation of cut-over and 


THE 


unimproved land and the 

rapid and serious. shrink- 

age of forest and recreational areas in Minnesota. The 

opinion of the state foresters was expressed in a special 

resolution, which is printed in full in the editorial section 
f this issue of American Forestry. 

> night of the second day was spent at Lake Winni 


hish and on the third day the party moved north- 
tos and a “special” logging train provided by 


the Int tional Lumber Company, arriving at Interna- 


tional 1 the evening. An opportunity was thus 


WONDERLAND TRAIL, MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST, 
WINDS IN AND OUT AMONG THE GIANT NORWAY PINES IN 
WHAT IS FINE FOREST LAND. 


FORESTRY 


afforded to pass through the muskeg country of spruce 
and tamarack, much of which likewise bore the pock- 
The strik- 
ing observation of the day, however, was the fact that 


marks of a cut-over and burned-over waste. 


where these great stretches of inhospitable land, after 
being cut over, have escaped fire, a green carpet of 
spruce, balsam and tamarack is well established. 

After a trip through the paper mills of the Ontario 
and Minnesota Paper Company at International Falls, the 


foresters left the following day, traveling by boat 
through the beautiful Rainy Lakes. Arriving at Hard- 
ing about five o’clock, automobiles transported them the 
remaining eighty miles to Hibbing, where a midnight 
banquet, given under the 
auspices of the Hibbing 
Commercial Club, awaited 
them. The next morning 
a visit was made to the 
greatest open pit mining 
district in the world, which 
only a few years ago was 
a solid belt of pine timber, 
much of which was bar- 
tered away for fifty cents 
and a-dollar an acre. By 
noon of the same day the 
party was in Cloquet, eat- 
ing dinner under the pines 
of the state forest experi- 
ment station. The after- 
noon was devoted to ob- 
serving the work of this 
station and to visiting the 
wood-conversion plants of 
the town. That evening 
the meeting adjourned at 
Duluth. 

Of the many definite im- 
pressions left upon the 
minds of the visiting for- 
esters, probably the most 
common was the small 
amount of merchantable 
timber and the large ex- 
tent of cut-over and fire- 
wrecked land in this north- 
ern region of ten thousand 
lakes. Given back its for- 
ests, it will be a land of ten 
thousand charms—a _pro- 
ductive empire yielding lumber, pulp and paper, the labor 
for many hands, recreation and an abundance of small 
and large game. But without fire protection, the task of ~ 
regeneration must continue to grow more and more dis- 
couraging. Speaking of the situation in Minnesota, Com- 
missioner William A. L. Bazeley, of the Massachusetts 
Department of Conservation, and retiring president of 
the Association of State Foresters, said at the conclu- 
sion of the trip: 


ie 


. jack pine 


STATE FORESTERS IN MINNESOTA 595 


IT HAS BEEN CHARGED THAT PLANTING ON THE MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST IS A 
FAILURE. THIS AREA WAS PLANTED IN 1990 TO RED AND NORWAY PINE AND IS NOW A 


FORMIDABLE YOUNG FOREST. 


“The forest problems of Minnesota, especially fire 
protection, are so large as to seem almost appalling to a 
state forester who comes from Massachusetts. In Massa- 
chusetts we can get only a partial forest fire protection 
by the expenditure of $60,000 on an area of 8,000 square 
miles, while the State of Minnesota is expecting Forester 
Cox to protect more than five times that area with an 
appropriation of $175,000, There are favorable aspects 
to the forest problem in Min- 7 


“The last impression is that 
forestry in northern Minne- 
sota is a task for the state 
national 
large timberland owners. The 
private owners are too few 
and too poor to be any fac- 
tor in the situation. Their 
chief use will be to serve as 
laborers for the larger inter- 
ests.” 

State Forester Edmund Se- 
crest, of Ohio, summed up 
his observations as follows: 

“One who travels through 
Minnesota’s forests for the 
first time is practically be- 
wildered by the conditions 
encountered. Three facts are 
impressive: First, the exces- 
sive devastation by fire. Sec- 
ond, the succession of infer- 
ior growth following fire and 
logging, and the absence of 
reproduction of the white and 
red pine, which species con- 


’ 


government and 


stituted such a considerable portion of the State’s for- 
est wealth. Third, the tremendous responsibility Minne- 
sota faces not only in protection, but in renewal. 
“Minnesota has a land classification problem of con- 
siderable magnitude, and one which it would seem will 
call for careful study. One cannot escape the convic- 
tion, however, that she will always remain a timber 


producing state of considerable rank. She is fortunate 


nesota, however, chief of 


which is the ease with which 
they can get natural repro- 
duction of coniferous trees, 


especially of Norway and 


where’ circum- 


stances permit, said circum- 
stances being protection from 
fire and a source for the 
seed. Except in certain lo- 
calities there is not that rush 
to_ hardwood reproduction on 
cut-over lands that has to be 
met in most sections of New 
England. Where | natura: 
seeding is not possible, the 
conditions for artificial plant- 
ing are ideal. I was also im- 
pressed with the future pos- 
sibilifies of jack pine, espec- 
ially if allowed to grow on 
soil site one grade better than 
that to which it is now large- 
Jy confined. 


FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THRIFTY REPRODUCTION IN AN OPEN STAND OF NORWAY PINE 
ON THE MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST. 


596 AMERICAN 
in having well established and apparently permanent 
wood-using industries, and she is in a position geograph- 
ically to supply highly developed agricultural and in- 
dustrial states near at hand. This combined with her 
remarkable scenic and fish and game resources, would 
make her future seem bright with respect to her forests. 

“Minnesota however, must face the problem of forest 
protection and renewal. She must meet them by giving 
better support to an efficient Forest Service, under the 
leadership of Mr. Cox. 

“She should convert the state lands into state forests 
under the administration of the state forest service. 

“The State Forester is handicapped in not being pro- 
vided with forest nurseries. Minnesota needs to do a 
lot of forest planting, and judging from the successful 
seed tree experiments observed, regulatory measures in 
this respect are well worthy of trial. 

“But above all Minnesota should prevent forest fires.” 

The state foresters were a unit in believing that Min- 
nesota should place all of its state forest land under the 
supervision of the State Board of Forestry and passed 
a resolution strongly recommending “that the remaining 
state-owned land be placed under the control of the 
State Board of Forestry, believing this to be the best 
land policy not only for Minnesota but for the country 
as a whole.” Minnesota has thus far set aside some 400- 
000 acres in State Forests which are under the super- 
vision of the 
state. forest 


FORESTRY 


idea of getting rid of the land as quickly as possible 
and putting a paltry sum of money into the state treas- 
ury. A great many people, with the very best of 
motives and intentions, acquired some of these lands 
to build baronial estates, etc., and the history of the 
country is a series of wrecks of life and finance. 

“About 1820, a law was passed which provided that 
these lands which had been patented could be taxed, 
This placed a burden upon many of these landowners 
with little income, and on account of the inaccessibility 
of the timber they were unable to obtain from the 
property revenue to make it supporting. This led to a 
kind of lumbering where only at first the white pine 
was taken off. In those days of much cheap lumber 
probably this was all they could afford to take out, 
and then only the choicest parts of the tree which 
was taken down were removed. After such lumbering 
oftentimes the lands reverted to the state because no 
one would pay the taxes on the property. 

“The state held these lands as security for the taxes 
which they had advanced. If the land did not burn 
over in later years when timber became valuable, some 
of the lumbermen could go to the state comptroller 
and pay up the back taxes and get a deed for the land, 
and they would go in and lumber off the cream of the 
spruce and then let the land go for taxes again. 

“This sort of process continued and was extensively 
worked until 
the year 1883 


service but 
there remains 
about 700,000 
acres, under 
control of: a 
board of tim- 
ber  commis- 
sioners, from 
which the state 
is currently 
selling off tim- 
ber and dis- 
posing of the 
land or hold- 
ing it as cut- 
over property. 
Com menting 
on this policy, 


ins Ay 


C, =Re-v Pettis; 

superintendent 

of state for- CONGRESS BELIEVE? 

ests, Ne w LVEF? FOR SEED TREES. NOTE ABUNDANT REPRODUCTION. 
York, said: 


“Minnesota seems to be a country where by process 
of elimination and classification lands will be eventually 
turned into their proper use and held for that purpose. 
In the meantime, I think their policy is radically wrong. 

“We went through very much the same system 
A century ago the state was the owner 

ireas of wild mountain and forest land, and 
they were patented in large and small tracts with the 


in New York. 


DOES THIS LOOK LIKE NATURAL REGENERATION OF NORWAY PINE ON THE MINNESOTA 
NATIONAL FOREST IS A FAILURE, AS CERTAIN OPPONENTS OF THE FOREST WOULD HAVE of 
AREA CUT OVER IN 1908-1909, TEN PER CENT OF ORIGINAL STAND 


when laws 
were enacted 
prohibiting the 
further sale or 
redemption of 


any lands 
owned by the 
state in the 


twelve Adiron- 
dack and the 
four Catskill 
counties. This 
1 a w immedi- 
ately made a 
forest preserve 
of substantially 
800,000 acres. 
The land was 
in the custody 
the _ state 
comptroller 
and he did not 
know what to 
do with it. In 1884, the legislature made an appro- 
priation of about $5,000 for the use of the state comp- 
troller in appointing a commission to investigate. the 
matter and make a report as to the policy of the state 
in the handling of these lands. Dr. Charles S. Sargent, 
of the Arnold Arboritum, was made chairman of this 
commission and they made a report to the legislature 
in 1885, and as a result the care and custody of these 


esa A a 


STATE FORESTERS IN MINNESOTA 


lands, together with fire prevention measures, etc., 
was entrusted to this new department. 

“In Minnesota, it would seem to me that the same 
policy would be pursued as was done by Roosevelt 
and Pinchot in 


597 


one declaring that the cuttings under the 5 and 10 
per cent seed provisions on the Minnesota National 
Forest are a success and urging the government to 
complete its payments to the Indians in order that “the 
public may be 


the National 
Forests, by 


setting aside 
all of the land 
which the 


state owns in 
the forest sec- 
tions of Min- 
nesota, stop- 
ping the sale 
of their land 
and timber and 
waiting for a 
clas sification 
of the area |e 


protected and 
the area per- 
manently es- 
tablished as a 


National For- 
est and a rec- 
reational cen- 


ter for the 
middle west.” 


Another~ reso- 
lution com- 
mended .the 


Milwaukee 
Journal “for 
the great and 


into agricul- 
tural or forest 
types, and then 
eliminate the larger agricultural areas and set aside 
permanently the forest areas for forest purposes and 
have this under the administration of the Forest Service 
and let the lumbering be pursued under proper silvi- 
cultural methods by the state forester.” 

Among other resolutions passed by the association was 


A SCENE IN THE RAINY LAKES, THE OLD CANOE HIGHWAY OF THE HARDY HUDSON BAY 
TRAPPERS, AND STILL THE CANOEISTS PARADISE. 


conspicuous 
public service 
which it is 
performing in bringing the subject of forestry before 
the public. New officers elected by the association for 
the ensuing year are: President, R. Y. Stuart, forest 
commissioner of Pennsylvania; vice president, F. A. 
Elliott, state forester of Oregon; secretary-treasurer, 
Chapin Jones, state forester of Virginia. 


AN ANTEDELUVIAN STEED (?) 


Wide World Photograph 


Wrong again. This is simply one of the freaks of nature that we read so much about but see so little of. It is really a tree 


grown into the approximate shape of a horse. 


It is located in the woodyard of the Huntington estate at Santa Barbara, Cali- 


fornia. Mr. Huntington, purchaser of the famous “Blue Boy” painting at $480,000 and which had just arrived at the time this 


photograph was taken, March 27, 1922. 


CORVUS THE CROW 


By Edward Howe Forbush 


State Ornithologist of Massachusetts 


ye so all, much as we may dislike to admit it, the 
abused and anathematized Crow is the great Ameri- 
can bird. Who sees the American Eagte, and who does 
not see or hear the Crow? We may find him in the prime- 
val forest or in the heart of the city. In Boston he builds 
his nest on a street tree in the Back Bay and feeds his 
young with eggs and fledglings from the nests of pigeons 
on the State House. You may even see him perched on 
the gilded dome, cawing raucously to his beloved mate. 


Allen 


Photograph by Arthur A, 
THE HUNGRY HORDE 


Young Crows are nearly always hungry. Their stomachs re- 


semble a bottomless pit. 


*Tis true the Crow has a bad name, and not without 
To begin with he is black, and that is held 
against him, although he may not be so black as he is 
As Dr. Cobb says, he 
knows how to keep out of the way of many a blunderer 


reason. 


painted. Then he is too smart. 
with a gun, and he is very likely to commit some abomi- 
nable mischief in the back yard early in the morning 
before we are up. It irritates us to have this disreputable 
fowl take such a mean advantage of us, especially as we 
know that it would not have happened had we been up 
imes. The creature is unpopular because he exposes 
linquencies, Then again, according to our stan- 

is a thief, for he will take anything edible that 


he can get his bill or claws on. He immediately reduces 
it to possession, making it his own, without regard to 
any prior claim of ownership on our part, and it is ex- 
tremely difficult to arrest such a cautious and elusive 
culprit. When it comes to sterner measures, he takes 
good care of his precious skin. But the Crow has his 
He destroys many a pest, including the destruc- 
tive gypsy moth, and, like the red fox, he will be with 
us always, or so long as any predatory wild creature 
can survive under the inimical influences of civilization. 

The Crow take a prominent part in maintaining the 
balance of nature. He feeds on the eggs and young of 
song birds, and even on the parents when he can catch 
one, but he also destroys mice—the enemies of song birds. 
He eats white grubs and cutworms and other insect ene- 
mies of our crops, but he also takes a part of some of 
these same crops, and eats some of the other birds that 


uses. 


Photograph by Cordelia J. Stanwood 
THE PIRATE 


A young Crow just starting out on his piratical career. 
shining black coat is the flag he flies. 


His 


feed on cutworms, grubs and other crop enemies. If we 
pursue this subject farther we shall find that it will read 
a good deal like the story of “The House that Jack 
Built.” 

Robins and Crows feed on many of the same insects, 


CORVUS 


and an increase of Crows is quite sure to be followed by 
a decrease of Robins, or vice versa. Mr. Harrison F. 
Lewis furnishes some figures which may signify such 
fluctuations. From May 17 to June 5, 1920, he counted 
the number of Crows and Robins that he saw daily in 
_ the Province of Quebec, and from June 7 to June 27 he 
_ did the same in Nova Scotia. The average numbers seen 
_ daily were: In Quebec, 18.5 Crows and 12.4 Robins; in 
Nova Scotia, 12.9 Crows and 41.1 Robins. Here it would 
seem that a moderate decrease in the number of Crows 
had resulted in a considerable increase in Robins. Of 
course, this one example is hardly sufficient to establish 
_a fact, but such a proportion would not be unexpected. 
When the behavior of Crows is looked at from our 
standpoint they appear to do considerable harm. The 
good that they do is neither seen nor appreciated. It is 
_ well to shoot Crows (if we can) when they are doing 
_ injury to our property, but it is quite possible to overdo 
_ the shooting. To cite but one instance: Some years ago 
one of my friends who had 
a large sheep farm found 
that Crows were killing his 
young lambs, first pecking 
out their eyes and then eat- 
ing more or less of their 
carcasses. When he had 
lost about two hundred | 
lambs he offered a bounty 
of fifty cents a head on any 
and all crows, although | 
had advised against it. The 
neighboring gunners soon 
very nearly extirpated the 
Crows from that immediate | 
region. About three years | 
later my friend found that 
the grass in his pastures 


after the Crows were extirpated. Possibly some of the 
dead lambs on which the Crows were seen feeding may 
have died of disease; others may have been killed by 
foxes. Probably only a few Crows had contracted the 
habit of killing lambs, and if my friend had set one good 
man to watch and kill these few culprits, he might have 
saved both lambs and pastures. 

In the fourth decade of the Eighteenth century the 
people of all the New England colonies enacted laws for 
the destruction of Crows and Blackbirds. Heads of 
these birds were accepted in lieu of taxes in some towns. 
A bounty on the heads was paid in many. In Truro, 
on Cape Cod, every married man was required yearly to 
kill a certain number, and no single man could marry 
legally until he had turned in his quota of heads. As 
a result of all this the birds were nearly exterminated, 
and in 1749 the grass crop was practically destroyed by 
grubs, grasshoppers, cutworms, etc., so that the farmers 


THE CROW 599 


had to send to England and the Middle States for hay to 
feed their cattle and carry them through the winter. The 
Crow is a tremendous destroyer of grubs and grasshop- 
pers, and while we may have too many Crows, it is pos- 
sible to have too few. 

The Crow has some good qualities. He is an enter- 
taining rascal. To begin with, he is a great mimic. I 
have heard the most remarkable notes from wild Crows, 
seeming imitations of Cuckoos and Owls, and a perfect 
mimicry of the whining of a puppy. A correspondent 
from New Hampshire reports Crows making sounds like 
the distant barking of dogs, the squawking of hens, the 
efforts of a young cockerel trying to crow. Another 
correspondent saw a Crow hold its head well up, curve 
the back of the neck and say, Oh, oh, oh, slowly, in a 
tone which might have been given by a “soft-voiced 
young woman.” Another believes that he heard a Crow 
emit a sound like the “laugh of a loon;” another heard 
a Crow produce a rattling sound, like the drumming of a 
Woodpecker, accompanied 
by violent movements of its 
head, body and tail. An 
imitative Crow was seen 
and heard to “honk like a 
goose.” Last summer I 
heard one repeating inter- 
mittently for an hour in the 
early morning the syllables 
clock’ity clock, « élock’ity 
clock. All the above calls 
seem rather unusual, but 
Crows normally utter a va- 
riety of cries. 

In the love season some 
rather melodious notes are 
given, which perhaps rep- 
Photograph by Arthur A. Allen resent the song of the sable 


was dead, destroyed at the CROWS HAVE THE "NAME,” SO THEY GET THE “GAME” bird. Often his antics at 


roots by white grubs which Known as a thief, he lives up to his name, for the crow will this season are ludicrous. 
had increased rapidly soon steal and eat almost anything that it can get its bill or claws on. The genuflexions and awk- 


ward caresses with which he greets his dark inamorata 
must be seen to be appreciated. 

I am not sure that his family ties are always all that 
they should be, for how can we account for the fact that 
sometimes three Crows are seen about one nest? This is 
not an uncommon occurrence in southern New England, 
and Mr. Frank Novak, of Fairfield, Connecticut, tells me 
that in 1920 three Crows there were feeding young in 
one nest. Only last summer the classic shades of the 
Back Bay in Boston were scandalized by a spectacle of 
this “eternal triangle.” Mr. Harry V. Long, who lives 
in the neighborhood, says that three birds played up 
and down Commonwealth avenue with sticks in their 
beaks for a week or more before they decided just where 
to build. Often during the building there were two birds 
in the nest arranging sticks, while the third was an in- 
terested spectator on a branch just above it. After the 
two left, the third dropped into the nest to fix things to 


600 AMERICAN 


its own satistaction. All these arrangements went on 
amicably enough. When short of nesting material two 
of the Crows pecked tar off a nearby roof and pasted that 
on the nest, while the other cawed encouragement from 
the chimney top. When the eggs were deposited one of 
the birds took up the duties of incubation while the other 
two came and went. Whether this was bigamy, poly- 
gamy or polyandry, deponent saith not. 

Young Crows make exceedingly interesting but often 
troublesome pets. The Indian boys knew this and kept 
them in their villages. When we adopt an infant Crow 
into the family we may ex- 


FORESTRY 


long periods at a gap in a board fence waiting for a 
little fox terrier to come through the opening. Then the 
expectant bird pecked that frisky pup on the nose, send- 
ing it yelping home, and immediately flapped to the top 
of a grape arbor, where it went into ecstacies over the 
joke. Sometimes the dog was too quick and got away 
untouched. On such occasions the ecstacies were omit- 
ted. This Crow followed its master while he was dig- 
ging in the garden. It picked up all the worms that were 
unearthed and when its mouth was filled it dug a hole 
and buried the worms, but could not seem to understand 
why the worms were not 


pect that there will be “some- 
thing doing” most of the 
time. To begin with the 
youngster will clamor for 
food during the daylight 
hours unless its wants are 
supplied immediately. A 
young Crow’s stomach 
seems to be something like 
a bottomless pit, and if not 
continually filled with a 
great variety of food there 
is sure to be trouble. In the 
brief intervals between the 
“eats,” the young Crow is 
like a child with nothing to 
do and is almost certain to 
get into mischief. As soon 
as it is able to fly well, it is 
likely to carry off and hide 
small tools, trinkets or jew- 
els, or to lay them down 
carefully on the roof or the 
chimney top. Its depreda- 
tions are by no means con- 
fined to the household of its 
owner but often extend to 
neighboring houses, and it 
may concern itself particu- 
larly with the property of 
visitors. 

A country grocer making 
his regular rounds was sur- 
prised to find every paper 


open and all the 
broken. This occurred sev- 

eral times at a particular place., Later he learned that 
two tame Crows were the culprits. A Crow seemed to 
delight in stealing its master’s pipes and hiding them in 
the woodpile. Having nothing better to do, it pulled up 
young plants in the garden beds and laid them all out 
carefully in order along the rows. Another delighted to 
peck at the bare legs of the “kiddies.” Another frequent- 
ly could be seen backing a frightened, screaming tot up 
against a wall while it pecked at the buttons on the child’s 
shoe or at the feet if they were bare. Another stood for 


there when it returned to 
the hole with another mouth- 
ful. Still another tame 
Crow, fond of eggs, learned 
that when a hen cackled she 
was advertising her wares, 
and the egg was soon on its 
travels, with a busy Crow 
lending it wings. 

I find among my notes 
records of ten tame Crows 
that have learned to pro- 
nounce words, but in each 
case only a few words were 
enunciated distinctly. The 
first one learned to say 
“Fred” (his master’s name), 
“father, mother,” and to 
call the cows, “Boss, boss, 
boss, boss.” He also learned 
to drop corn on the ground 
and then imitate the cock’s 
call to the members of the 
harem, but when the hens 
arrived in response to his 
well-imitated call he picked 
up the corn and flew away, 
apparently enjoying the 
joke. According to Mr. 
Henry Oldys, the late Nel- 
son R. Wood, taxidermist at 
the National Museum at 
Washington, D. C., had two 
or more Crows at different 


Photograph by Dr. Arthur Parcher 
A CROW MAKES AN INTERESTING PET 


package in his wagon torn Many instances of record prove that he has a decided sense OF ties which could repeat 


humor, and he can be taught to talk and mimic with apparent 
€ggs intelligence and, at times, startling effectiveness. 


phrases, one of which was 
“Come on, Jack.” Another 
Crow at Roxbury, Massachusetts, could cry “Hello, Joe” 
and could call the cat. During an election-he heard the 
boys cheering their candidate, and soon could “Hurrah 
for Robinson” with the best of them. This bird learned 
to laugh “like folks”—“especially after he had done some 
trick.” 

A New Hampshire Crow which had learned but one 
word was accustomed to roost near a sidewalk. It was 


rather startling to have “Hello” shouted in one’s ear, 


apparently from the empty air, when passing along the 


mower al 


———— 


—y wn onto, 


CORVUS 


sidewalk in the evening. A New Bedford Crow was be- 


_ ginning to display some conversational ability and had 
learned to chase the cats off the back fence when he 


died from eating flies from flypaper. A young Crow 
that was captured in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, de- 
veloped a violent and unaccountable antipathy to any- 
thing of its own color. While coming home on the train 
this bird raised an unusual rumpus every time the colored 
porter came in sight, much to the amusement of the pas- 
sengers. If a piece of black cloth was dropped in the 
yard the Crow would make off, scolding as long as the 
cloth was in sight. This bird learned several phrases 
such as ”Oh, go on!” “Now you did it!” etc. Another 
Crow, at Hopkinton, made friends with all human com- 
panions excepting a boy who 
clipped its wing. After that 
the bird would have noth- 
ing more to do with that 
boy. lf any one threw water 
on this bird it made sounds 
like the profanity of an 
angry man. Mr. Adelbert 
Temple writes, however, 
that it delights in bathing 
and will pull the plug out of 
a water pipe to spray water 
over its feathers. Mr. 
James Knight, of Ames- 
bury, had a tame Crow. He 
says that brother Tom some- 
times overslept. At such 
times his honored sire, 
standing beneath the win- 
dow, shouted most emphat- 
ically, “Tom, get up!” The 
Crow noticed this and 
learned to rouse Tom and 
everyone else in the house 
at daylight each morning by 
flapping to the boy’s window 


THE CROW 601 


mollusks, such as sea clams and scallops. They seize 
the clams in their claws and flying high drop them on 
the rocks or the hard ground. If the first fall fails to 
break the shell the clam is taken higher, and again 
dropped, until the shell gives way. Sometimes the strong * 
shell resists until it has been dropped four or five times. 

This recalls an old tale of my school days regarding a 
Crow which chose the bald head of an ancient philos- 
opher as a suitable object onwhich to drop its hard-shelled 
tidbit. The mollusk landed on the right spot but proved 
harder than the skull of the philosopher. The funeral 
was well attended. 

Our black imitator shows considerable intelligence in 
taking advantage of other creatures. It is not easy for 
Crows to get shellfish, as 
clams usually keep well 
buried in the mud. Years 
ago, about Puget Sound, 
hogs were allowed to run at 
large, and at low tide they 
worked out upon the flats, 
where they rooted out com- 
mon clams, razor clams and 
other marine animals. Often 
a Crow might be seen 
perched between a_ hog’s 
ears, from which point of 
vantage it sometimes was 
able to snatch clam or razor 
fish from the hog’s champ- 
ing jaws. The Crows there 
at that time were rarely 
troubled by the inhabitants, 
white or red, and were as 
tame as street sparrows. At 
times one was seen to alight 
on the highest point of the 
“rear elevation” of a bent- 
over, clam-digging klootch- 
man or squaw, in the hope 


and repeating the call with 
great emphasis. One day 
the boys had a bonfire in 
the field: Jack, as the Crow 


ing the exciting scene and 
listening to wild hurrahs; he soon surprised them by 
hurrahing with the rest. After that, whenever he no- 
ticed a cloud of smoke rising from the chimney he sa- 
luted it with rousing cheers. 

When we observe the talent for mimicry and imitation 
exhibited by young Crows in domestication we cease to 
wonder that now and then a wild Crow is seen or heard 
to imitate some unusual sound or to reproduce some 
noticeable action of another creature. Some Crows have 
learned to catch fish, possibly from watching sea gulls, 
as they fly down and snatch the fish from the water 
in exactly the sea-gull manner. Others resort to gull tac- 
tics in order to break open the shells of hard-shelled 


Photograph by Edward Howe Forbush Of seizing some of the re- 
TAME CROW LOOKING FOR TROUBLE 


These birds take peculiar dislikes to certain things. 
fellow has a particular antipathy for dogs, one of which he sees 


was calied, had been watch- in the near distance, so he is preparing for trouble. 


sults of the digger’s patient 
toil. 

A treeless island on the 
northwestern boundary of 
the United States was oc- 
cupied by a colony of gulls and guillemots. There was no 
wooded island within a mile. Therefore, whenever the 
natives disturbed the sea birds and drove them from 
their nests the Crows, which always came from other 
islands to feast on the eggs of the sea birds at such 
times, must fly a mile or more to reach the spot. Those 
on the nearest islands arrived first, followed by those 
from more distant points. One pair of Crows stole a 
march on their brethren by digging a hole in the ground 
on top of the gull island and building a nest in this hole, 
like that of a song sparrow in a ditch bank. Whenever 
any disturbance arose thése Crows and their young al- 
ways had first chance at the éggs and young of the sea 


This 


602 AMERICAN 
birds until I arrived on the scene and stopped their ne- 
farious operations. This is almost the only instance 
on record of Crows nesting on the ground. The reason 
for such nesting in this case was plain. 

Crows are clannish creatures. They will help each 
other, but that is as far as their altruism extends. To 
the rest of the world they are Ishmaelites. Every man’s 
hand is against them, and many wild creatures seem to 
fear them, but they are kind to each other. Not long ago 
a Crow, perhaps too enthusiastic in his fishing, fell into 
the Merrimack River. His plumage was soon soaked, 
and he was carried along in the flood, unable to rise from 
the chilling waters, but his cries brought assistance. A 
flock gathered cawing overhead. Suddenly one flapped 
down to the surface, seized the drowning comrade and 
laboriously bore him a short distance toward the shore. 
As the strength of the first rescuer failed, the soggy bird 
was relinquished to another, and so one after another 
seized and carried landward their unfortunate comrade 
until he reached the shore. There he spread out his 
soaked pinions in a sunny spot and dried them, when all 
flew happily away to the woods. How rarely does 
similarly effective and speedy human aid reach a drown- 
ing person. The well-known propensity of the Crow to 
come to the aid of a stricken comrade seems to be recog- 
nized by Eagles, Hawks and Owls, and so active, healthy 
Crows rarely are attacked, even by Owls, except at night, 


Photograph by Arthur A. Allen 
THE STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE 


In winter the crows take what they can get. Nothing edible 
comes amiss during this lean season. 


when sight seems to fail them and they cannot combine 
in defense. Crows in winter gather from far and near to 
roost at night in some favorite wood. Such roosting 
places sometimes are visited by many thousands. . In the 
darkness of night the Horned Owl comes to these roosts 
nd takes his pick of the slumbering inmates. Noiselessly 
he swoops and strikes, there is a brief chorus of startled 
and the great Owl bears his bloody victim-to some 


FORESTRY 


snowbank and picks its bones. Its companions then are 
helpless to avenge its fall, but woe to that midnight 
assassin if they catch him out after daylight. His cue 
now is to hunt some deep, dark cavity in a hollow tree 
and “pull the hole in after him,” else those Crows may 
make life miserable for him for the rest of the day. They 
will surround and envelop him in harsh and almost in- 
cessant clamor. Hundreds of his noisy bodyguard will 
escort him wherever he goes, and some of the bolder ones 
may even come to blows with him. There is no more 
sleep for the evil one that day unless he can find some 
secure hiding place. 

Crows do not hesitate when in numbers to attack the 
boldest Hawks, and even the lordly Eagle is persecuted 


Photograph by Arthur A. Allen 
A STUDY IN BLACK AND WHITE 


The first sign of food on the newly fallen snow attracts a 
hungry flock of shiny, black crows. 


by them. Sometimes, however, a lone Crow, becoming 
unduly impudent, attacks a Hawk single-handed, and 
right there he makes a great mistake. Once I saw a 
Crow badgering a little Sharp-shinned Hawk. The 
Hawk fled for a short distance, then turned on the Crow, 
and that Crow was fortunate to escape. Crows will mob 
and follow a fox for hours, giving him no peace, until 
at last, tired of “fuss and feathers,” he retires to some 
secluded retreat. Mobs of Crows sometimes attack and 
kill birds or animals too large for a single Crow to cope 
with. Thus full-grown rabbits, grouse and pheasants 
are sometimes killed. 

A wounded or dead Crow often becomes the focus for 
a gathering of all the Crows in the immediate region. 
To the Crow wake they come from near and far in noisy 
convocation, and after a long time, having made noise 
enough to “wake the dead,” they disperse more or less 
quietly. 

When the fall migrations begin there are certain gath- 
ering places where thousands come together in noisy 
conclave. The farmers call these gatherings Crow con- 
ventions, “Cawcusses” would be a more descriptive word. 

(Continued on Page 612) 


PUBLICITY IN STATE FORESTRY WORK 


By Henry C. Campbell 


Assistant Editor of the Milwaukee Journal and Chairman of the Wisconsin Forestry Association. 


ee chief foe of forestry is ignorance. Hardly any- 
* body is opposed in principle to forestry. Progress 
is retarded not by direct opposition, but by the indiffer- 
ence of the many whe, do not know, do not understand. 
Our improvidence, which resulted in laying waste our 
great forests without any plan or policy looking to the 
creation of new forests, arose very largely from ignor- 
ance. Even today, when the economic shoe pinches pain- 
fully, ignorance of forestry, ignorance of the need for 
forestry, ignorance of the achievements of forestry in 
other countries, is still all too widespread. 

There is only one way to dissipate widespread ignor- 
ance, and that is by widespread publicity. It is impera- 
tive that the truth be dinned into the minds of the people. 
The practica- 
bility of fores- 
try, the urgent, 
absolute duty 
of creating 
new forests 
and the danger 
to our civiliza- 
tion of neglect- 
ing forestry, 
all these are 
things that the 
public must be 
made to under- 
stand. 


We must re- 
alize that no 
adequate for- 
estry _ policy 
can be adopt- 
ed and main- 
tained in our 
country or in 
any of our 
states unless it 
is supported 
by a_ strong 
and _— enlight- 
ened public 
sentiment. To 
arouse this 
sentiment to a 
point where it will be irresistible we must depend upon 
publicity—that is, the printed word. In short, publicity 
of the right kind must be the basis of all efforts to make 
the practice of forestry no less persistent and systematic 
and continuous than the growing of wheat or the grow- 
ing of potatoes. 

No man can write effectively in the cause of forestry 


PELICAN LAKE 


The campaign carried on in Wisconsin by the author has created state-wide interest in the 
great outdoors. 


unless he possesses reasonable knowledge of the subject, 
good judgment, some imagination, no little force, ability 
to state things clearly and the gift of making pictures out 
of facts. 
his average fellow-citizen can render real service to the 


No writer who cannot interest and convince 


cause of forestry. He may write countless articles, even 
large tomes, and yet not make the slightest dent in the 
popular mind. Briefly stated, the prime requisites are 
reasonable knowledge of the principles of forestry and 
a trenchant, graphic pen. I feel that I am within the 
truth when I say that foresters who possess the power of 
writing in a way that appeals to the popular mind are 
not many. Certainly, I am within the truth when I say 
that professional writers who do possess the power of 
appealing to 
the 
mind and pos- 


popular 


sess, in addi- 
tion, a work- 
ing knowledge 
of forestry, are 
s till. fewer 
in number. 


Without the 
slightest desire 
or intention to 
criticise _ for- 
esters for not 
being able to 
write more ef- 
fectively, or to 
criticise publi- 
cists for not 
knowing much 
more than they 
do about for- 
estry, it never- 
theless 
very plain to 
me that the 
one great rea- 


seems 


son why the 
cause of for- 
estry_ has 
lagged is that 
this power 
that comes from knowledge combined with effective writ- 
ing has been limited to a very small number of indi- 
viduals. 

The methods of publicity which The Milwaukee Jour- 
nal, a consistent advocate of forestry for twelve years 
and longer, has adopted in order to arouse proper interest 
in state forestry are somewhat different from any other 


604 AMERICAN 
plan that has come to my attention and perhaps it is for 
this reason that it has attracted considerable attention in 
forestry circles, especially in forestry schools. An out- 
line of these may be timely. The Journal’s plan is based 
largely on man’s natural love of trees. It aims to 


strengthen and crystallize 


this feeling. It advocates 
close care of shade trees in 
cities and the planting of 
native trees along the coun- 
try highways. It urges 
the establishment of com- 
munity and county and 
state parks in regions of 
timber and lakes 
and streams. It preaches 
the doctrine of community 
forests. It emphasizes the 
necessity of planting trees 
along the shores of Wis- 
consin’s lakes and rivers, 
shores now bare to the ex- 
tent of hundreds of miles. 
More than all else, how- 
ever, it points out the need 
for a broad, comprehen- 
sive system of state for- 


virgin 


estry. It does not hesitate 
to assert that there are 
fully three million acres of 
non-farming land in Wis- 
consin and that the state 
should buy this land and 
reforest it. It steadily calls 
attention to the relation of 
these enterprises to one 
another and of all of them 
to the development of the 
tourist trade, to drawing 
dividends from a_ state 
highways system that has cost the taxpayers many mil- 
lions of dollars, and to the importance of forest growth 
in fostering fishing and hunting. The chief goal in view 
is always the practice of state forestry on an adequate 
scale. All these other things are urged, not only because 
they are valuable in themselves, but because they are es- 
sential to the progress of forestry. It is forestry, state 
forestry, that constitutes the backbone of the program. 
To this program, which is nothing more nor less than 
a plan for the utmost development of the natural re- 
sources of Wisconsin; The Journal devotes considerably 
more than a column a day, on an average. Once a week 
all these articles ate printed in a bulletin the size of an 
eight-column newspaper page and these bulletins are 
sent to every newspaper in the state, to all the women’s 
‘lubs, to community advancement associations and cham- 
of commerce, to Rotary and Kiwanis clubs and the 
nd to the rod and gun clubs of the state. This 
means that forestry literature reaches every community 


WOLF RIVER DELLS 


FORESTRY 


in the state every week. Among organizations of men 
and among women’s clubs it has stimulated interest in 
forestry and in other features of what may be called a 
constructive out-of-door program. 

After everything is said and considered, however, the 
chief feature of this plan, 


It is for the preservation of such beauty spots as this that the 
author is so ably arousing sentiment in Wisconsin. 


the chief value of it, is in 
arousing the interest of the 
state press, and _ thus 
spreading the gospel of 
forestry in every nook and 
corner. For going, as it 
does from one newspaper 
to other newspapers, it re- 
ceives a warm welcome 
from the average editor. 
This is the new idea that 
the plan embodies. Speak- 
ing generally, the editors 
of Wisconsin realize that 
The Journal is working in 
an earnest and _ unselfish 
manner to advance the in- 
terests of the state. They 
are asked to cooperate in 
this work, not only in the 
interest of the state, but in 
the interest of their com- 
munity and of themselves, 
and the result is that to the 
extent of many columns 
The Journal’s articles on 
forestry and allied subjects 
are reprinted in the state 
papers every week. There 
is being built up in Wis- 
consin, as a consequence, a 
sentiment in favor of state 
forestry which, in my 
opinion, will be irresistible. 
It was this sentiment, already partly aroused, which in- 
duced the last state legislature to initiate a constitutional 
amendment designed to give the state full power to en- 
gage in growing timber as a business. It will be neces- 
sary for the next legislature to approve the measure, I 
have no doubt that it will do this. Nor is there any 
doubt in my mind that the people will ratify the amend- 
ment when it is submitted to them at the polls. Then the 
decks will have been cleared for definite action. 

In several other ways which have proven effective The 
Journal is engaged in promoting the cause of forestry in 
particular and its out-of-door program in general. Some 
eighteen months ago it prepared, printed and distributed 
in widespread fashion, free of charge, a booklet entitled 
“Put Idle Acres to Work.” This contained a state forestry 
program which it formulated, articles advocating fores- 
try and written for it by Col. W. B. Greeley, chief of 
the United States forestry service; Charles Lathrop 
Pack, president of the American Forestry Association; 


P. S. Lovejoy, Enos A. Mills, William T. Cox, state for- 
ester of Minnesota; Marcus Schaaf, state forester of 
_ Michigan; C. L. Harrington, forestery member of the 
- Wisconsin Conservaion Commission; P. S. Ridsdale, 
_ editor of the American Forestry magazine, and others. 
A notable feature of the booklet consisted in the recom- 
mendations in favor of forestry which Carl Schurz made 
while he was secretary of the interior during 1877-80, 
_ messages which at that early period sounded a clear 
warning that if an adequate policy of protecting our tim- 
ber, as older countries were doing, were not adopted in 
_time, the result would be the deplorable conditions that 
we face today. Another noteworthy article in the book- 
’ let consisted of quotations from an article written in 1855 
_by Increase Allen Lapham, father of the federal weather 
_ bureau, in which he set forth cogent arguments in favor 
the adoption of a sound forestry policy. In 1867 Mr. 
ipham was made chairman of a state forestry com- 
ission, created by the Legislature of Wisconsin, with 
the result that a report of 100 pages “On the Disastrous 
‘Effects of the Destruction of Forest Trees Now Going 
on so Rapidly in Wisconsin,” was submitted to the law- 
_ makers. A synopsis of a survey of Wisconsin’s forests 
made in 1898 by Dr. Filibert Roth, dean of western for- 
_ esters, found a conspicuous place in the booklet. Thus 
_ this publication pointed out the lessons of the past and 
_ outlined the policies that should be carried out in the 
future. 
_ The Journal has used the cinema to promote the cause 
of forestry. During 1921 it engaged a high-class pho- 
_ tographer, who is a lover of Nature as well, to take 
‘motion pictures of the most striking and beautiful spots 
in the state. These constitute two reels. They have 
_ been shown in scores and scores of communities. As a 
tule, some member of the staff, conversant with the sub- 
_ ject, explains these pictures and their relation to the chief 
_ features of the Wisconsin program. A printed folder 
_ describing the pictures is distributed and two pages of 
this are devoted to the presentation in clear, simple lan- 
_ guage, of Wisconsin’s great opportunities in regard to 
_ things that lie out of doors and of the reasons and ad- 
vantages of working actively and earnestly to these ends. 
_ Of course, state forestry is emphasized. 

For years the Journal has maintained a bureau de- 
signed to aid motor tourists and this has won the repu- 
tation throughout the country of being a model of its 
‘kind. It inspects 8,000 miles of Wisconsin highways 
_ very year and constantly collects the latest and most 
reliable information regarding the condition of the prin- 
_ cipal state and county roads. Motorists get all this in- 
_ formation by merely asking for it and not only tours 
_ through the state by residents and by visitors from far 
_ away points are directed by the bureau, but tours through 
Michigan, Minnesota and every other section of our 
country and of Canada. This bureau publishes The Call 
of the Open Road, a guide book fot motorists in Wis- 


PUBLICITY IN STATE FORESTRY WORK 


605 


consin, with a general road map and many sectional road 
maps, with road indexes and directions for going from 
any important point in the state to any other. One page 
of this guide book is devoted to setting forth both in 
brief and in detail the Wisconsin out-of-doors program, © 
particularly state forestry. Although a small charge is 
made for this guide book, 60,000 copies of it have been 
printed this year and nearly all of them are in the hands 
of tourists—are, in fact, their constant companions. This 
means intensive forestry publicity spread quite far. 

In connection with this motor travel bureau there has 
been organized this year, with 10,000 members already in 
Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan and other states, The 
Journal Tour Club. Every member of the club possesses 
a copy of The Call of the Open Road, with its urgent 
appeal in the interest of state forestry, and, in addition, 
pledges himself, in his membership card, to these things 
among others: 

“I will do all in my power to preserve and perpetuate 
our scenic and natural beauties and to promote state for- 
estry. 

“I pledge myself to be careful about starting and 
extinguishing camp fires and to induce others to help 
protect our forests against fire.” ; 

I earnestly hope that the spirit in which I have set 
forth The Journal’s plans and efforts in the interest of 
forestry will not be misunderstood. It is impossible for 
me to express specific views on the subject of forestry 
publicity without citing these examples and in doing this 
my purpose is merely to be as helpful as possible. Some 
of the ideas which we are carrying out are original and 
they have worked out so well in Wisconsin that they may 
prove of value in other states, We who believe in for- 
estry cannot be too alert, too enterprising, too quick to 
profit by one another’s experiences. 


On one point, apart from publicity, but vital to state 
forestry, pray let me presume to make a suggestion. I 
realize, perhaps as clearly as almost any other layman, 
the trials and tribulations which state foresters have 
suffered from the beginning. Just as I believe in their 
ideals, so I sympathize with them in their disappoint- 
ments, setbacks and heart-burnings of the past and pres- 
ent. In view of their unfortunate experiences, it is little 
wonder that they have felt depressed and discouraged. 
But if I am in any way a judge of the public mind, times 
have changed greatly for the better; there is a new, fine 
spirit in the land and a better day and a real opportunity 
for achievement are at hand. In every state, however, 
the cause needs leadership, forceful, determined, con- 
structive leadership. In each state the state forester is 
the logical leader. I hope that he, forgetting the gloomy 
past, will realize that the present is cheering and the 
future bright indeed. Let him take heart and “buck up.” 
The time to do big things is near. The glory of doing 
them—shall it pass from him and go to another? ‘ 


EDITORIAL | 


A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESS 


PEAKING at a banquet in honor of the Associa- 

tion of State Foresters by the commercial club of 

Hibbing, Minnesota, a few weeks. ago, Henry C. Camp- 
bell, Assistant Editor of the Milwaukee Journal, said: 
“If I am in any way a judge of the public mind, 
times have changed greatly for the better. There 
is a new fine spirit in the land, and a better day 
and a real opportunity for achievement are at hand. 

In every state, however, the cause of forestry needs 

leadership—forceful, determined, constructive lead- 

ership. In every state, the state forester is the 
logical leader. I hope that he, forgetting the gloomy 
past, will realize that the present is cheering, and 
the future is bright indeed. Let him take heart 
and buck up. The time to do big things is near. 

The glory of doing them! Shall it pass from one 

and go to another?” 

These words convey a timely and heartening message 
not only to state foresters but to foresters generally. 
Disappointed and often discouraged at the seeming slow- 
ness with which the pub‘ic embraces forestry, the 
average forester has had to struggle against a natural 
drift towards passiveness—a state of mind which holds 
him se!f-centered upon his own particular tasks and 
not only satisfied but preferring to be thus restricted in 
his efforts. He has had to fight against an influence 
which tends to dull his vision and to dampen his en- 
thusiasm. Too often he has retired into a sort of tech- 
nical shell and falleri apart from the slow current in- 
stead of persistently doing his shift at the front to 
help widen the channel for a larger, stronger and swift- 
er current of public opinion. 

It is a dull forester, indeed, who does not recognize 
that the success of his profession depends upon public 
understanding, public sympathy, public confidence. Ig- 
norance, as Mr. Campbell says, is the chief foe of for- 
estry. No longer is the need of forestry a disreputable 
issue, The great obstacle is public ignorance of that 
need. The great task is to enlighten the public, Even 
now, it means years of hard and persistent work on the 
part of those competent to present forest subjects in 


‘writing in a way that appeals to the popular mind are 


their true importance and in their true perspective. 
Road side planting, tree surgery and the like are legiti- 
mate pursuits but unless wisely handled in an educa- — 
tional way, they are apt to give the public a misconcep- 
tion of the real economic vitality of forestry. And 
misconceptions are usualiy more difficult to correct than 
plain ignorance. , 

After all, it is the foresters who, having studied our — 
forest problems in their entirety, have the knowledge — 
which the public needs and wants. The press is the first 
to feel the public pulse. Mr. Campbell knows whereof — 
he speaks when he says there is a new spirit in the 
land. It is the almost universal spirit of interest in — 
forestry which one encounters nowadays wherever he 
goes, The call is for leadership—the leadership of — 
those who understand the country’s forest needs. Do — 
foresters fully recognize their opportunity—yes, their — 
responsibility. Every forester can be a leader in tell- — 
ing the public the story of his work and he can do it — 
without interfering one whit with his technical pursuits. — 

Mr. Campbell says that one difficulty about forest — 
publicity is that the foresters who possess the power of 


too few while professional writers with the art of pop- 
ular appeal and in addition a working knowledge of for- 4 
estry are still fewer in number. So far as foresters are — 
concerned, the explanation probably is that they have — 
not made an effort to develop the art of writing for the | 
public. There is no good reason why they should. not — 
be interesting writers. They are engaged in a work 
which, for its public appeal and diversity of inter- 
ests is unexcelled. The actual and potential sentiment — 
for constructive forest action in the country today rep-— 
resents an unlimited force. It invites leadership. With 
a pen and a camera, every forester can, and should, be a 
leader. And he will find that with few exceptions, the — 
press is his ally and his medium. % . 
~ But the forester who waits on public sentiment is a — 
follower. He is not giving his cause or his profession — 
the best that is in him. He is letting the other fellows 
blaze the way. v 


REFORESTATION IN THE MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST A 
SUCCESS — 


(CHARGES that reforestation by the Government of 

pine lands in the Minnesota National Forest has 
been a failure, are clearly discredited by the Association 
of State Foresters, whose members recently met at 
Itasca Park, and, as a part of their meeting, visited the 


Minnesota Forest to examine conditions on the ground. 
The party numbered some twenty-five or thirty forest- 
ers from different parts of the United States and Can-— 
ada, and upon completion of their trip they passed the — 
following resolution : , 4 


' “WHEREAS, the members of the Association of 
// State Foresters, on their recent trip through north- 
ern Minnesota, traversed over fifty miles within the 
_ Minnesota National Forest and are agreed that 
upon the lands cut over under the five and ten per 
cent seed tree provisions of the laws of 1902 and 
1908 the reproduction of Norway pine is abundant, 
a second growth is assured, and the experiment is a 
success, and _ 
_ “WHEREAS, tlie reservation of the ten sections 
~ and the islands in Cass Lake .and the protection - 
_ from fire by proper burning of the slash and by the 
maintenance of fire-patrol by the U. S. Forest Ser- 
“vice have resulted in establishing the reputation of 
7 the Minnesota National Forest as a recreational 
area of national importance, serving a vast popu!a- 
tion in the Mississippi valley and adjoining states, 


a ‘ 

“WHEREAS, the permanent status of this great 
_ public reservation and park still awaits a final set- 
_ tlement under which the Indians whose lands and 


i“ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


607 


timber were ceded to the United States, are to be 
paid for these lands and for the timber. reserved as 
seed trees and as park areas, 


“BE IT RESOLVED, That the Association of 
State Foresters considers that the early completion 
of outstanding timber. contracts and the valuation 
of and payment for this property by the Federal 
Government is a mattter of utmost public import-~ 
ance in order that the welfare and interests of both 
the Indians and the public may be protected and the 

area permanentty established as a National Forest 
and a recreational center for the middle west.” 

When a group of thirty experienced foresters come to 
the conclusions contained in the resolution just quoted, 
one cannot refrain from wondering if the foundations 
for many of the other charges which have been brought 
against this forest, are equally fallacious. All in all, 
the evidence brought forth ought to be abundantly ade- 
quate to put the fair minded citizen on his guard against 
the representation which opponents of the forest are 
making to Congress, in their efforts to abolish the Forest 
and thus open it up for real estate barter, 


J UMBER, it has been said, is simply lumber. It is 
=~ not sold; it is just bought and no one who buys it 
ows much about it anyway. The ordinary house- 
er, when it comes to the question of grades and 
es of lumber is lost. 
‘0 all of which the average American will heartily 
ugree. ‘The situation is unfortunate. It is not good for 
‘th consumer, it is bad for the industry and it is a heavy 
_ handicap to economical utilization of our declining sup- 
by of standing timber. For years, much has been said 
d-much written about the need of clarifying the lum- 
trade, but it has been during only the last year that 
lumbermen have made a definite move of real con- 
structive promise in that direction. 
_ Under the rather lugubriously sounding term of “sim- 
plification and equalization of lumber and lumber 
grades,” the lumber industry has taken the task upon 
its own shoulders and has assumed the responsibility of 
ing it through to a successful conciusion. As a 
ninent lumberman recently said: “The lumber in- 
is on trial here and we have got to make good.” 
public should not only follow this movement with 
interest; it should lend to it the heartiest support 
and cooperation because it goes directly to the elimina- 
_ tion of waste in wood and money and to the more com- 
plete utilization of our raw wood supply. 
Briefly and simply stated, the immediate object ‘is to 
_ weld the present multiplicity of lumber grades, sizes and 
_ standards into a more or less common code, based upon 
ae ‘more scientific conversion of the standing tree into 
which will best adapt themselves to consumers’ 
— Setcinements in short, to standardize lumber and the 
“ “ing trade. The ultimate possibilities of the move- 


ee | THE MOVE TO STANDARDIZE LUMBER 


ment are not known. If successfully carried out, there 
can be no doubt but that it will be a large factor in con- 
serving our raw wood supply and thus putting off the day 
of a timber shortage; in simplifying the lumber trade 
and stabilizing the industry as a. whole; in protecting 
the consumer against lumber jugglery and other sharp 
practices; in eliminating some of the wastes incidental 
to lumber distribution and in arousing the wood user to 
the urgency of more economical utilization. 

Alth6ugh invo!ving simplification, the problem is any- 
thing but a simple one. There are lumber grades, lum- 
ber sizes, lumber patterns ad infinitum. Among the 
softwoods, almost every species has its own set of 
grade and manufacturing standards. The variety of 
uses to which the more important woods are put is 
staggering. Custom is of long standing and tenacious. 
To bring simple and definite standards out of the pres- 
ent diversity of form and use will tax the sincerity and 
ability of the industry to the limit. Unfortunately, the 
industry, itse!f, is not wholly united on the project. 
There are lumbermen who oppose it in one respect or 
another on this or that ground. These are some of the 
obstacles which will make accomplishment a stronger 
force than otherwise in winning public confidence. 

Neither is the project one which may be accomplished 
in a day or a week. It can never be solved properly 
merely by representatives of the industries or experts 
in their particular lines getting around a table and com- 
promising on standards because they think there will be 
some improvement. Meetings and conferences are, of 
course; essential, but the stability of business is too im- 
portant to make fundamental changes unless it is well 
established that the changes will be beneficial. Stand- 


608 AMERICAN 


ardization of lumber and conversion practice must be 
based upon scientific studies of the ditterent woods and 
their conversion and application to different uses. Here 
is a great field of almost limitless possibilities. But 
such studies will cost money. They must be done by un- 
biased investigators. And they must be sufficiently 
thorough clearry to indicate the advantages of the 
changes proposed. From the publicity emanating from 


FORESTRY 


lumber sources, it is assumed that the lumbermen are 
prepared to measure up to the job, 

Certainly, it is only on the basis indicated above that 
the pubiic interests will be fully and fairly served, while 
failure on the part of the lumber industry to thus 
carry through the project will injure the industry in its 
public esteem quite as much as it will set back the pro- — 
gress of the whole movement. 


NATIONAL FORESTS AND SURPLUS MILITARY RESERVATIONS 


HAT should be done with the one hundred or more 

army training areas which the Federal Govern- 
ment acquired during the war in the central and east- 
ern states? These reservations range in size from a 
few hundred acres to more than one hundred thousand 
acres. With our armed forces now reduced to five per 
cent of their wartime strength, we have on our hands 
a large area, in the aggregate, of surplus military res- 
ervations, in which every citizen has a direct interest 
but of which few have much knowledge. It is well to 
bear in mind, therefore, that in time of war, these res- 
ervations are chiefly valuable for military purposes and 
that in times of peace, many—and perhaps most—of 
them are chiefly valuable for growing forests. 

These areas were bought under war pressure and at 
war prices. In some cases the Government paid $60 
and more an acre for land which today or in the rea- 
sonably near future will not bring anything like that 
price. They are not well situated or well adapted to 
private. agriculture, industrial development or for 
homes. This is a statement of fact and not a 
criticism. Their importance in preparing the armies of 
America for service abroad and at home could not then 
and cannot now be expressed in dollars and conts. But 
put upon the block today and knocked down to thé high- 
est bidder, there is no chance for the tax payer to get 
even a fraction of his money back. 

Many of these reservations are not immediately need- 
ed for military purposes. All may hope that never again 
will America be called upon to raise and train great 
armies for war. But hope blind to possibilities is foolish 
and dangerous. If, in ten, twenty or thirty years we 
should be brought sharply up against a crisis such as 
that of 1917, again might we need one hundred or more 
suitable areas where men from the fields and factories 


coud be quickly and properly trained to national de-— 
fense. If again we should have to buy these areas in 
the open market, the expense of the previous operation 
would be duplicated—and probably doubled. Now that — 
we have them, instead of sacrificing them at a great 
financial loss, the wisest course appears to be to de- 
clare them National Forests, subject to military needs. 

For ao offers the solution. 


and others by military and forest officers have discos 
that the dual use of the areas for military and fot 
Protected from fire aes trespass, and put under sound 
forest management, these reservations will contribute to’ 
local development and progress and should in time pf 
the Government a return on the investment. a 

This is particularly true of the areas in the southern — 
pine belt where the rapid growing loblolly can be 
brought to early maturity for saw-timber, and where 
slash and long-leaf pine forests can be turpentined at 
25 to 30 years. The realization of an income from these 


to devote 35 per cent of gross receipts to local road and 
trail construction. Furthermore, the local population 
would find new opportunities for profitable employment. 

Properly handled as National Forests, they will serve 
their most useful and profitable peace-time purposes— 
as timber producing properties, as demonstration forests 
where the most approved methods of forest practice can 
be seen, as public recreation areas, and as upbuilders of >. 
local communities. More than that, they will pay their 
way, and, in years to come, they will return to the peo- 
ple of the United States their wartime cost. 


DIRECTORS RESIGN 


At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association at New York City September 
19, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, who has been a director for 
twelve years, resigned as director. The resignation was 


accepted with regret, as were the resignations of Mr. 
Charles F. Quincy, who has also served for many years, 
and of Mr. John Hays Hammond, who has been a direc- — 
tor for three years. 


TWIN TREES AND NATURAL GRAFTS 


HE twin oak and elm tree of which a picture was 
given in the November, 1921, number of AMERICAN 
Such 


FORESTRY, attracted a great deal of interest. 


~ <0 a RARER Rb 


Fig. 1—Twin white oak and 
pine, near Rome, Georgia. 


natural grafts are much more common than is generally 


supposed. In fact, woody 
stems of almost any kind, 
if kept in close and con- 
tinuous contact while 
young, will coalesce and 
form a twin, or composite 
stem. Altogether, I have 
observed unions more or 
less complete between the 
following species: Willow 
oak and loblolly pine, white 
oak and tulip tree, white 
oak and shortleaf pine, red 
oak and hickory, red oak 
and maple, river birch and 
hackberry, beech and white 
pine, sweet gum and lob- 
lolly pine, sycamore and 
hackberry, hackberry and 
black locust, elm and haw 
(C. spathulata), sweet gum 


By E. F. Andrews 


(WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


and tulip tree, and the loblolly and shortleaf pine. 
Twins of this kind can be produced only when the 
germinating seeds are in such close proximity that the 


haw (Right) near Rome, Georgia. 


Fig. 4.—Stump of twin tulip tree and white oak, Ashland Farm, 
Walker county, Georgia. 


short-leaf Fig. 2—Rootgraft between elm (Left) and Fig. 3—Root and stem graft, sycamore and 
hackberry, Dayton, Tennessee. 


stems of the seedlings, as they increase in size, are forced 


by mutual pressure to grow 
together on their contigu- 
ous sides. Unions less per- 
fect, occur as 
root seeds 
dropped by birds or by the 


sometimes 
grafts, when 
wind lodge in crevices of 
the root of a growing tree 
and germinate there. Haws 
and pines, the seeds of 
which furnish so large a 
part of the food of birds 
in winter are of frequent 
occurrence as root grafts. 
And when we consider the 
vast number of seeds scat- 
tered over the ground by 
trees of all kinds, and 
tumbled about by wind and 
water, buried by rodents, or 
dropped by birds and other 


610 


anima!s, the chance that 


those of different species 
may happen to be brought 
together is not so remote 
as might be supposed. 

The most remarkable in- 
stance of this kind that | 
have met with was that of 
a white oak and a tulip 
tree at the foot of Lookout 


Walker, 
It stood 


Mountain, in 
County, Georgia. 
beside a public road that 
passed through Ashland 
Farm, the beautiful coun- 
try home of Mr. Z. C. Pat- 
ten, of Chattanooga, and 
was widely known through- 
out the neighborhood as the 
Twin Tree. The stems 
were completely amalgama- 
ted to the height of 9 feet 
and their girth measured 
17 feet, breast high. The 
portion of the circumfer- 
ence occupied by the oak 
was II feet and the tulip 
tree filled out the remain- 


ing 6 feet. Unfortunately 


FORESTRY 


AMERICAN 


Fig. 5—Root colony of swamp post oak (Q. lyrata), Washing- 
ton, Georgia. The diameter of the individuals composing it 
averages about 2 feet. 


are 


Pa a 


ae 
< 5 Ae a 
- er - 


I was not prepared for tak- 
ing a photograph when this 
interesting specimen first 
came under my notice, and 
on my next visit, ten years 
later, found that it had been 
blown down by a storm 
some years before, and the 
trunk cut to pieces and 
carted Only the 
stump reduced 
now to the hollow ring of 
wood and bark shown in 
the photograph (Fig. 4). It 
was easily recognized by 
the shape and size of the 
stump, and the line of un- 
ion between the two stems 
was distinctly shown by the 
difference in the bark and 
the graining of the dead 
wood. 

Twins of the same spe- 
cies are more common than 
those of alien stocks, since 
seeds of the same kind are 
more likely to be deposited 
together, but they attract 
less attention, being mis- 


away. 
remained, 


twin,” Spar 
digitata) 9 feet in girth jus 
fork. Near Rome, Georgia. 
the line of union. 


diaiiata) 


nish oak (Q Fig. 7.—Another view of 5, at right 

t below the angles to the line of union, showing the 

View facing protrusion or bulge on opposite sides o 
the common trunk. 


Fig. 8—A vertical fork. 
sence of the suture, and the round cylin- 
drical trunk, while that of the true twins 
is more or less oval in outline. 


Notice the ab- 


TWIN TREES AND 


taken by inexperienced observers for upright forks, These 
“identical twins,” to borrow a term from the medical 
‘profession, for the sake of distinction, differ from those 
X just described in being of the same age and parentage, 
and the two forks into which they sooner or later diverge 
are generally of the same size and vigor, while in the 
“mixed twins” of different stocks, they vary according 
to the relative ages and growth rate of the parent spe- 
Twin and composite’ stems of various kinds arealso 
often produced by the union of root sprouts that spring 
up around the stumps of dead trees, or if the stump is too 


NATURAL GRAFTS 611 
large for the growing sprouts to be brought into con 
stact, a root colony, such as that shown in the illustra- 
tion, (Fig 5), may resuit. And sometimes, when the main 
axis of a seedling is broken at an early stage of growth, 
the two strongest branches remaining are apt to take an 
upright. direction, thus simulating a twin or a double 
stem so closely that it is not easy to distinguish between 
them. In general, the true twins are distinguished by a 
suture which follows their line of union down to or near 
to the ground (Fig. 1), or in some cases, by a protrusion 
on opposite sides of the common trunk (Fig. 7), as if the 
coalescing stems had been forced by their increasing size 
to bulge out at right angles to the line of pressure, 


cf 


uj 


MPYHE subject of the future of the American Lumber 
> Supply is a large subject and can best be approached 
a study of the past developments of the industry, its 
‘present resources and then, predicated upon these two. 
a look into the future may be ventured. 

In 1850 the United States produced five billion board 
feet of lumber with New York leading, Pennsylvania 
Maine third, Ohio fourth, Indiana fifth and 
Mi sixth. 

_ In 1860 the total production was eight billion feet. 
Pennsylvania led with New York, Michigan, Maine, 
, Indiana and Wisconsin following in the order 


Re: =cond 
4 


. 
ichiga 


_ In 1870 the production had risen to 12,755,000,000 
feet and Michigan topped the list with Pennsylvania, 
York, Wisconsin, Indiana, Maine, Ohio and Mis- 
iri next in rank. The center of production definitely 
ed in this decade to the Lake States where it. re- 
d for thirty years. Michigan led the other states 
of the Union from 1870 till 1900 when Wisconsin took 
the lead till 1905. 
_ About 1895 began the rise of Louisiana, Mississippi 
and the other Southern States in the list of lumber pro- 
ducers. Thus Louisiana was third in 1895, second in 
‘rgto and first in 1914. The Southern Pine region over- 
topped the Lake States in 1900 and was pre-eminent until 
920 when for the first time the State of Oregon dis- 
_ placed Louisiana from second rank. Southern pine may 
ob expected to recover part of the lost ground in the 
__ next few years, but the indications are that the suprem- 
__ acy in lumber production is moving to the West. 
The shifting of the lumber production center from the 
south to the west coast began with the rise of the State 
_ of Washington to a leading place. Since 1905, with the 
single exception of tlie year 1914, the State of Wash- 
P ington has held stipremacy as a lumber producer. Today 
7 (1920) out of a total cut of 33.798,800,000 board feet, the 


4 
yt 


_ THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN LUMBER SUPPLY 
_s,. | By A.B. Recknagel 


[Professor of Forest Management and. Utilization, Cornell University ] 


order of the first twelve states is: Washington, Oregon, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, California, Arkansas, Alabama, 
Texas, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Virginia and Flor- 
ida. All the rest produce less than a billion feet yearly. 


The curve of lumber production from 1904 on 
indicates a steady diminution since 1912 and a high point 
in 1906 and 1907. In 1919 the cut was 34,552,076,000 
board feet and in 1920 the cut was 33,798,800,000 board 
feet. The cut for 1921 has not yet been computed. 


The statistics compiled by the United States Forest 
Service in 1920 show that the standing saw-timber in 
the United States aggregates 2,214,893,000,000 board feet 
of which nearly half or 1,141,031,000,000 board feet are 
on the Pacific Coast and of this half nearly one half or 
558,571,000,000 feet is Douglas fir. 


In all the Eastern States there are only 850,721,000,000 
board feet and in the Rocky Mountains 223,141,000,000 
board feet, 


The Pacific Coast in the saddle and Douglas fir alone 
could support the present cut of 7,000,000,000 feet of that 
species for 80 years were it not for the inevitable in- 
crease of the amount cut due to failing supplies of other 
species. A drop in the production since 1919 of 15 per 
cent in yellow pine, 13 per cent in white pine, and 16 per 
cent in spruce, indicates the drain there will be on the 
remaining supply of Douglas fir. 


Ultimately the question is not—where is the most of the 
remaining virgin timber—but where is the most produc- 
tive forest area? as the American Forestry Association 
points out. When our virgin timber is gone we will 
have to “grow our own” since it is obviously out of the 
question to depend upon foreign sources of supply. The 
situation in this respect reveals a present forest area of 
463,461,000 acres in the United States (excluding Alas- 
ka) which figures out 4.32 acres of forest land for each 
inhabitant. 


612 AMERICAN 


Of the present forest area the South Atlantic and 
East Gulf States have 99,000,000 acres; the lower Mis- 
sissippi States 78,865,000 acres, and the Pacific Coast 
States 62,586,000 acres. Not all of this is productive 
now, in fact little more than half now bears saw-timber, 
but it is reasonable to expect that at least half of it can 
be made productive in the future. 

If, then, 250,000,000 acres of forest were producing 200 
board feet yearly we would have fifty billion feet an- 
nually, enough to meet our prospective requirements for 
both domestic use and export. 

This is the thing to do—now, while we still have 
2,200 billion board feet of merchantable timber, suf- 
ficient to support a yearly cut of 40 billion feet for 55 
years, make effective a national forest policy which will 
safeguard the future of the American Lumber Supply. 

To go into the details of such a forest policy would 
carry one far afield. Various measures have been pro- 
posed and fully discussed in the various lumber trade 
journals. The essential thing to do is to keep a forest 
on the land and to reforest areas which are better suited 


FORESTRY 


to growing trees than for any other purpose. 
The history of the lumber industry in this country 
shows a migratory movement from the East to the Lake 
States, to th South and thence to the Pacific Coast. This 
is its last stronghold. All this has come to pass in two 
generations. At present we have enough remaining tim-— 
ber to last perhaps two generations more. Thereafter 
we will have to depend for future supplies upon homers 
grown products. Meanwhile we will pay for our past 
laxity by heavy freight charges on every thousand fe 
of lumber shipped across the continent. Since the 
of our people live in the East and half of our remaining 
timber supply is in the West, this freight charge is today 
in excess of what it costs to manufacture lumber on the 
Pacific Coast and offers a substantial margin of profit fo r 
home grown timber of equal quality. 
We have the forest land, we can keep it produci : z 
trees, we can replant such areas as are denuded. If 
do not delay in adopting a proper forest policy, we 
assure by the practice of forestry the future of the 
American lumber supply. There is no other way. 


CORVUS THE CROW 
(Continued from Page 602) 


When in their movements southward or toward the sea- 
coast they cross a mountain range, they choose a certain 
gap through which the great flock pours. This seems to 
be good evidence that Crows travel by well-known land 
marks. Solitary Crows are exceedingly rare. Wherever 
we find one Crow that is a good place to look for more. 
A lone Crow perched on a tree is usually a sentinel keep- 
ing watch and ready to give warning to his companions 
who may be engaged in some nefarious business, but 
occasionally in late autumn or in.winter a single Crow 
seems to have been left behind. Whether he has been 
ostracised and driven out by his companions for some 
violation of Crow ethics, if indeed Crows have any eth- 
ics, or whether he has merely lost his way, no one can 
say, but in some such cases the gregarious instinct asserts 
itself and he joins a flock of his smaller kin, Grackles, 
Blackbirds or Starlings, flies with them, alights with 
them, feeds with them, and, for aught I know, roosts 
with them, seeming to find companionship in this insig- 
nificant company, while they usually ignore him, al- 
though they sometimes follow where he leads. 


Sometimes in the spring, when Crow food is scarce and 
the youngsters in the nest are clamoring, the parents 
visit the farmyard in search of young chicks. Working 
together they soon outwit the old hen. One attracts 
her attention in front and she rushes to the attack, while 
the other slips up quietly behind and makes off with one 
of the callow brood. This maneuver, frequently repeat- 
ed, continually deceives the simple, distracted mother 
until the brood is much depleted or the farmer shuts 
them up. Sometimes when a Crow on a nest-robbing 
expedition is mobbed by small birds he flaps slowly 


q 
+ 


away, followed by the excited songsters, while his m ate” 
steals in from behind and appropriates the eggs or you 
from the unwatched nest. A correspondent writes that 
in one case the Crow flew heavily away, with nest, young 
and all clutched in its claws. All these depredations of 
the Crow are evident. Every one knows that it pulls 
sprouting corn, and many farmers have suffered from 
its attacks on melons and small fruits. Game preservers 
well know its liking for the eggs of ducks and pheasants, 
but its benefactions to the human race usually pass un- 
noticed. It is a militant slayer of many of the worst in- 
sect pests known to man. Locusts, grasshoppers, potato 
beetles, weevils, caterpillars, army worms, cutworms, 
white grubs and many other first-class pests are de- 
stroyed in myriads by the Crow. He spends far mo 
time in this beneficial work than in all his injurious ac- 
tivities put together. Crows in normal numbers are 
benefit to the land, but when too abundant their i 
jurious habits multiply. It behooves us not to exte 
nate the Crow but to see that its numbers do not undu 
increase. 

The Crow is proscribed in every country, and nowh: 
is protected by law so far as I know, yet he persists a 
increases in numbers in spite of man’s persecution. In the 
midst of civilization his cry is the one dominant note 0 
the wilderness that still remains. This morning as 
crossed Boston Common the caw of a Crow came over 
the rumble of the city street, and the sable bird flapped 
down to the top of a tall tree by the frog pond, calling 
loudly to another in a tree near by. ‘ 

Thoreau says of the Crow: “This bird sees the white Sy 
man come and the Indian withdraw, but it withdraw: 
not. Its untamed voice is still heard above the tinklir , 
of the forge. It sees a race pass away but it passes n¢ a 
away. It remains to remind us of aboriginal nature.” 


. 


, 


GROWTH OF SOUND IDEAS IN GAME MANAGEMENT 


By Ward Shepard 


<i primary purpose of game protection is to save 
from destruction species of harmless wild animals 
that we have no moral right to exterminate. It is the 
species that we protect and seek to perpetuate. The sec- 
ondary purpose of game protection is to produce game 
for hunting, and it so happens that in the world of today 
this is the object that appeals most strongly to most men 
who have sufficient interest to act. The two fundamental 
branches of the subject then are wild life preservation 
-and game production. This article will deal chiefly with 
game production—and with game production in the wild 
State rather than with game farming, which is an en- 
tirely different subject. 
The relation between 
forestry and game produc- 
tion is intimate; in truth, 
game production is a part 
of forestry. Forestry is 
more than tree culture; it 
is forest culture. It séeks 
to perpetuate the forest as 
an integral unit, so that 
game production takes its 
rightful place alongside 
the other branches of for- 
estry. Foresters must 
therefore decipher the prin- 
ciples of game management 
as they decipher the prin- 
ciples of silviculture. Both 
activities have this in com- 
mon, also, that each deals 
with a wild stock that is 
never in reality domesti- 
cated, but that still yields 
a manifold increase under 
intelligent care. There is 


no more need that game 
should be exterminated 


VALUABLE LAND FOR GAME REFUGES 


exceptions of comparatively recent date, which will be 
noted later, traditional game protection in America has 
revolved round three ideas: the bag limit, the length of 
the open season, and the closed season of several years’ 
duration. The bag limit was supposed to limit the num- 
ber of animals that each person could kill; but it never 
limited the number of persons that could kill, or the 
region in which they could kill. Consequently, as popu- 
lation increased, as firearms were perfected, and as 
means of travel were vastly improved, the bag limit be- 
came almost a negligible factor as a means of preserving 
the breeding stock of gme. Likewise, the gradual re- 
duction in the length of the 
open season has not appre- 
ciably offset the effects of 
the ever-increasing army of 
hunters and the ever-in- 
creasing ease of killing. To 
the waning power of these 
two methods was added the 
closed season extending 
through several seasons, an 
expedient usually invoked, 
only when a species had 
become alarmingly scarce, 

I do not wish to depre- 
ciate either the bag limit, 
the short open season, or 
the universal closed season 
as useful means of game 
protection; but as the sole 
means they were doomed to 
failure once America had 
passed out of the pioneer 
stage. 

Fortunately, more prom- 
ising principles are coming 
into play here and there— 
principles that aim con- 


than there is that forests 
should be. 


Country. like this will not raise crops or hardly even live-stock, 
but it will raise deer and other game. Millions of acres of wild, 
rough land throughout the country ought to be devoted to raising 


sciously at the heart of the 
problem, at the questions 


Granted a proper system 
of game administration, 
there are two essentials to game production; first, the 
breeding stock, and, second, game range. This is so 
obvious as to need no comment; yet, in America some 
Species of animals have been exterminated, some are peril- 
ously near extermination, and others lead a precarious 
life in remote parts of their former wide ranges. The 
preservation and upbuilding of the breeding stock and 
the safeguarding of the game ranges are the two vital 
problems of American game management. 

The ominous reduction of the breeding stock of game 
is a perfectly natural result of the methods of game 
protection practiced for the last century. With a few 


game. 


of breeding-stock and game 
range. Among these, one 
of the most prominent is the breeding refuge—a com- 
paratively small sanctuary in the heart of a game range 
where animals can live and breed unmolested, replenish- 
ing the adjacent hunting grounds. This principle is ex- 
tremely flexible, for the number of refuges and conse- 
quently the amount of the breeding stock can be ad- 
justed to the intensity of hunting on the adjoining 
ranges. Its purpose is the production of game for use. 
Pennsylvania has made notable progress in this direc- 
tion, and only recently New Mexico has embarked on 
a thoroughgoing policy of developing a great system 
of small refuges throughout her magnificent game ranges. 


614 AMERICAN 

But where game has reached a precarious stage, a more 
drastic means of preserving the breeding stock is needed ; 
and here again some of the western States are experi- 
menting with local closed seasons. The local closed sea- 
son may apply for one or more years to any species of 
For example, a mountain range or 
The 


local closed season, as compared with the game refuge, 


animal in any region. 
a certain valley might be closed to deer hunting. 


ought to be particularly useful for such game as quail or 
grouse and also for game fishes; for game birds in par- 
ticular are often subject to wide fluctuations in numbers 
from season to season, so that the closed season may be a 
more flexible means of protection than the permanent, 
posted refuge. 

The details of administration for these types of protec- 
tion will be discussed later. 

Another principle for safeguarding the breeding-stock 
—as yet hardly tried—is the quantitative limit of kill. 
This presupposes a roughly accurate census of game and 
the determination of how many animals of a given species 
can be spared each year without impairing the breeding 
stock. Then only enough licenses to insure the killing of 
this number would be issued. The obvious criticism of 
this method is that, as respects most species of game, no 
game management yet in sight in this country is likely 
to be intensive enough to insure the detailed game census 
required. Yet it might be successfully applied even now 


ELK AT LARGE 


These elk are a part of the remnant of a once abundant and wide- 
ranging species. The first duty of game protection is to save the 
various species of game from extinction. 


to such gregarious species as elk or to fur-bearing ani- 

mals of such restricted habitat as beavers. 

In contrast with quantitative or volume regulation, the 

hod of refuges and closed seasons may be called regu- 
by area. Quantitative regulation would obviously 


absolute determination of the animals on a 


FORESTRY 


MOUNTAIN SHEEP NEAR OURAY, COLORADO 


Protection has made them very tame. Only by closed seasons 
and refuges will it be possible in the long run to preserve the 
breeding stock of game. 


given range (even though the determination were only 
roughly correct). Regulation by area, on the other 
hand, requires first an arbitrary setting aside of a certain 
proportion of the game range as refuges. Then by an 
annual check on the number of animals. killed in propor- 
tion to the number of men engaged in hunting on that 
range, it would be possible to. determine whether the 
game were increasing or decreasinge—in other words, 
whether too much or too little of the range were included 
in the refuges. 

This discussion of the breeding stock of game has 
necessarily brought in the equally important question of 
game range—particularly the game refuge. It is now 
necessary to make a careful distinction between the wild 
life preserve and the game refuge. At the outset of this 
article, attention was called to the difference between 
wild life preservation and game production. The same 
difference marks off the wild life preserve from the 
game refuge. The preserve seeks to perpetuate wild life 
in its natural state over a comparatively large area—an 
entirely justifiable and laudble object. It has no eco- 
nomic motive, but appeals solely to the instinctive ad- 
miration that all men feel for the grace and beauty of 
wild animals, and recognizes that they too have claims 
on existence. In recognizing this claim man performs a 
moral act. 

The game refuge, on the other harid, is economic in 


= 


= 


GROWTH OF SOUND IDEAS 


MOOSE ON THE SUPERIOR NATIONAL FOREST 


The National Forests, enormous in extent and containing the 
choicest range for big game in America, offer an unexampled 
opportunity for rational game management. But before such 
management can be put into effect, the Federal Government 
must have the power of creating game refuges on the National 
Forests. 

motive; its purpose is production for use. The small 
refuge not only preserves the breeding-stock in a hunt- 
ing country, but by providing a surplus for hunting 
it meets an insistent public demand and at the same time 
wins public support by its practical economic usefulness. 
Between the preserve and the refuge there is the same 
distinction as that between the National Forest, whose 
purpose is economic and the National Park, whose 
purpose is to gratify man’s instinct for natural beauty. 
Just as it would be futile to attempt to set aside the 
great bulk of our forests as parks, so it would be unwise 
to throw the bulk of the game range into game pre- 
serves. In choosing between the preserve and the refuge, 
the object in view is of the utmost importance; yet their 
wide contrast of purpose has rarely been clearly per- 
ceived and acted on. 

But game refuges and game preserves do not answer 
the whole problem of game range. As the private owner- 
ship of game range restricts the public regulation of the 
game on that range, it is essential both in the interest of 
public and scientific game management and of the pres- 
ervation of democracy in sport to maintain public shoot- 
ing grounds. These in the future will be confined more 
and more to public forests, a fact which overwhelmingly 
emphasizes the need not only of greater interest in game 
by foresters, but of sound game management by public 
agencies. 


IN GAME MANAGEMENT 615 

These new tools of game management, however, will 
be ineffective without a radical reform in the machinery 
of administration. Almost without exception, the Ameri- 
can States have attempted to regulate game by detailed 
statutes, fixing open and closed seasons, bag limits, etc. 
This is a clumsy method, for legislatures are not fitted 
for administration. They are slow to act, have ineffective 
means of gathering information, and are usually unable 
to follow a consistent administrative policy. The State 
game wardens and commissions have usually been merely 
police agents, empowered to prosecute poachers. What is 
needed is the delegation of full administrative power to 
competent wardens or commissions—power to deal 
promptly and effectively with the multitudinous prob- 
lems met in managing a great natural resource. 


How far is modern legislation meeting these prin- 
ciples of sound management—the safeguarding of the 
breeding stock, the preservation of game range, and a 
sane, flexible system of administration? The Federal 
migratory bird law is one of the best of the modern laws, 
and points the right way. It delegates to the Secretary 
of Agriculture the business of preserving migratory 
birds. He accomplishes this end by fixing the seasons 
and bag limits, by prohibiting shooting in the breeding 
season, by closing certain species against hunting, by 
prosecuting poachers, and by other means. This law, 
therefore, meets two of the three essential requirements 


oe 


DUCKS UNDER PROTECTION 

These ducks are on the Wichita Game Preserve in the Wichita 
National Forest. The migratory bird law protects the breeding 
stock. The urgent need now is protection of breeding grounds, 
which are being rapidly drained. 


616 AMERICAN 
in suund game management: it provides a flexible method 
of administration, and it succeeds in preserving the 
breeding stock. But it fails in the third requirement of 
providing the breeding ground and the range. Until 
steps are taken to preserve swamps and lakes as breed- 
ing and feeding grounds, migratory waterfowl are not 
safe. Here again, public ownership is necessary; and 
this ownership the public shooting ground bill now before 
Congress aims to assure. 

The recently adopted State game law of New Mexico 
is another example of modern legislation. It secures 
a flexible administration by creating a game commission 


endowed with broad regulatory powers. It assures the 


A THREATENED SPORT 


Where will the sons of these duck-hunters find their hunting? 
This question the Public Shooting Ground-Game Refuge Bill 
is trying to solve by authorizing the Government to buy breed- 
ing and shooting grounds now threatened with extinction by 
drainage, 


preservation of the breeding-stock by authorizing the 
commission to establish refuges, local closed seasons, 
and feeding grounds. It permits the purchase or leas- 
ing of refuges and public shooting grounds. In addition, 
the best game ranges of New Mexico are within the Na- 
tional Forests, in which State game refuges may be es- 
tablished by the Commission. This law, therefore, com- 


FORESTRY 


Sa TS ean | 
5 i : . i¢ : & 
: | 


HIGH NESTING GROUNDS 


The ptarmigan nests on the higher peaks of thhe Rocky Moun- 
tains as far south as New Mexico. The wild game of the United 
States ranges from these Arctic birds to such semi-tropical ani- 
mals as the peccary and the jaguar—a marvelous varied heritage 
of which we are merely the trustees. 


prehensively attacks the three great problems of game 
production: the land, the stock and the administration. 

The big game ranges of the West are chiefly within the 
National Forests. Year after year legislation has been 
attempted that wouid authorize the President to create 
game refuges in the National Forests, but without suc- 
cess. Yet the National Forest game refuge is highly im- 
portant for the protection of big game. 

The next great legislative problem will be in the in- 
dividual states, to modernize obsolete laws and to vitalize 
impotent state game departments by giving them power. 
The future of game in America depends on the degree 
to which the underlying principles of game management 
are clarified and put into effect. Foresters, because they 
are trained in the exact regulation of a great organic re- 
source, are peculiarly fitted to clarify the principles of 
game regulation; and this peculiar advantage places on 
them a moral duty to take an active part in perpetuating 
our diminishing wild life. 


AN UNWRITTEN TOMBSTONE 


This is the spot, 

Where once there stood, 
A stand of pine, 

Both straight and good, 
A stand that smiled, 

Then laughed out loud, 
And brightened the world, 
Every time it bowed. 


This is the spot, 
Where once there stood, 
A careless man, 
Camped out in the wood, 
Who threw a match, 
That burnt the pine, 
That flooded the world, 
With its bright sunshine. 
—Otto L. Anderson. 


WILD PIGEONS AND DOVES 


By R. W. Shufeldt, M. D., C.M.Z.S., F.A.0. U., etc. 


(PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR) 


AKEN in their entirety— 
that is, as a list of species 
and subspecies —we have 
some seventeen different 
kinds of wild pigeons and 
doves in this country, and 
each and all are contained in 
one group designated as the 
i family Columbidae. This 
‘number represents but a small part of the total list of 
pigeons ‘and doves found wild in various quarters of 
‘the world, as several hundred different kinds have been 
described by ornithologists, and new species or sub- 
Species are being discovered every year. 

Here in this country, our typical Wild Pigeons are 


BAND-TAILED PIGEON (Columba f. faciata). 
Fig. 1—This bird ranges through western North America, 


southward to Nicaragua, and east to western Texas. It is the 
form that has been so frequently mistaken for our extinct 
Passenger Pigeon (Fig. 4). 


contained in the genus Colwmba, and, aside from the 
Band-tailed Pigeon, all have their habitats in southern 
latitudes. From time to time, the Band-tailed Pigeon, 
which is a large and handsome form, is mistaken for 
the now extinct Passenger Pigeon by inexperienced ob- 
servers. It ranges from southwestern British Columbia 
as far south as Central America, being quite abundant 


in some parts of its range over western North America. 
The species has been known since 1823, specimens of it 
having been collected in Colorado by the expedition 
under Long. It is a big, stout species, and gets its 
name Band-tailed from the black band that crosses the 
tail feathers, which latter is square and not long and 
pointed as it was in the Wild Pigeon and in our ex- 
isting Mourning Dove. The plumage is beautifully 
irridescent or bronzy in several places, particularly on 
the sides of the neck. Then, too, as a white demi-collar 
is found on the nape of the neck, the bird is known to 
many as the White-collared Pigeon. (Fig. 1.) 

Sometimes this Band-tailed Pigeon occurs in enor- 
mous flocks, especially in western oak forests where 
acorns are abundant, upon which this species princi- 
pally feeds. 

As in the case of other wild pigeons, this form builds 
a frail, shiftless nest, which may be placed upon the 
ground in rarer instances, though more frequently in 
bushes or trees. It is said to lay but one egg when 
nesting within our southern boundaries, though most 
wild pigeons and doves commonly lay two—white, 
shiny eggs, of an ellipsoidal form, as is the case with 
the eggs of all our wild pigeons. 

The late Dr. Elliott Coues states in his description of 
this species that it lays “almost every month of the 


THE RED-BILLED PIGEON (C. flavirostris). 


Fig. 2—This is another form which has occasionally been mis- 


taken for the Passenger Pigeon. It occurs in the Lower Rio 
Grande Valley, and ranges as far south as Costa Rica. 


AMERICAN 


THE WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON (C. 


Fig. 3—It is a large species, first described in 1792 by Bonna- 
terre from specimens taken on Guadeloupe Island, West In- 
dies. The bird is very striking in appearance on account of its 
white crown and the wonderful irridescent colors on the sides 
of the neck. 


leucocephala). 


year ;” and when but one egg is laid, he has heard it 
said that it is “sometimes carried about by the fe- 
male.” But in what way it is “carried about,” this 
authority does not commit himself, 

In Lower California we have another wild pigeon 
known as Viosca’s Pigeon, which is a good deal like 
the species just described, but the band on the tail may 
either be absent or only slightly in evidence; in fact, 
this pigeon is but a subspecies of the true Band-tailed 
form. 

In the same region with these, with its range extend- 
ed to New Mexico, Arizona, and, perhaps, to the ex- 
treme southern part of Texas, one may meet with the 
Red-billed Pigeon—a beautiful species that lays but 
a single egg and in a nest of a more substantial char- 
acter than birds of this family usually build. (Fig. 2.) 

Passing to Florida—more especially to the Florida 
Keys—one may meet with two other elegant forms of 
these birds, the White-crowned and the Squamous 
Pigeons, which are also found on certain islands of the 
West Indies—the last-named bird being only a casual 
visitor on the islands of Key West. (Fig. 3.) 

No longer is the genus Ectopistes—the genus next 
following Columba—represented anywhere in the world. 
It contained but the one species, the famous Wild or 
Passenger Pigeon (E£. migratorius), which is now ut- 
Last spring (1921) The Scientific Month- 
ly reproduced an article of mine devoted to the “Pub- 
lished Figures and Plates of the Extinct Passenger 

i ” which was illustrated by fifteen fine figures, 

from the works of various authors who had 


terly extinct. 


FORESTRY 


given pictorial records of the species in their writings. 
(Fig. 4.) 

As many of us are aware, the Passenger Pigeon is a 
species having a most remarkable history—a_ history 
which has been told by many authors in many places. 
In my above cited article I said: “No species of bird 
known to man, in all time, can in any way rival the 
extraordinary series of chapters that go to make up the 
history of the life-span of this now totally extinct pig- 
eon. As a story filled with romance, prodigality, cruel- 
ty and short-sightedness, it outranks the most unbe- 
lievable fables of the ancients. As one who, among 
many, witnessed the marvelous flight of these birds in 
the early seventies, I never for a moment thought how 
soon the species wou'd be in the same category with 
those other birds of which the world will never again 
see living specimens. We can now only regretfully look 
back on the picture, and systematize the data at hand 
with respect to the literary part of this; and not a little 
has been accomplished by those competent to under- 
take it.” 

In the days of Wilson and Audubon, flocks of Wild 


CASE OF WILD PIGEONS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


Fig. 4—This is the now extinct pigeon of North America. It 
will be noted that there are nine in the flock, the birds having 
been mounted by the late Nelson R. Wood. 


WILD PIGEONS AND 


Pigeons, in many cases numbering several billions of 


birds, was no unusual thing; some of the flocks I saw 
in southern Connecticut possibly contained as many as 
a million, but no more. In certain localities they were 
being shot down without mercy, and only a small pro- 
portion of the victims gathered up for the markets, 


The last of ail this great host consisted of some 
twenty odd birds that lived in the Cincinnati Zoo; but 
one after anotherof these passed away, leaving, finally, 
but a single female specimen, which likewise died in 
September, 1914. This specimen was sent to the 
United States National Museum, being promptly turned 
over to me for a record. I first had three life-size 
photographs made of it at the photographic rooms of 
the Museum, and then I took it to my home, accom- 
panied by the late William Palmer, who made a skin of 
the bird in my workroom, while I photographed its 
anatomy at different stages of the operation. A full 
history of all this I have published in The Auk, the of- 
ficial organ of the American Ornithologists’ Union, and 
in other places. 

Eventually the specimen was mounted by the late 
Nelson R. Wood, and it is now on exhibition in the 
Division of Birds of the United States National Mu- 
seum, where I was permitted to make a photograph of 
it; a reproduction of that picture was published some 
time ago in American Forestry. It was only in fairly 
perfect plumage—the usually beautiful tail of the 


MOURNING DOVE 


Fig. 5—This is a female specimen of the species, and is a re- 
production of a photograph from life made by the author 
when it was kept by him as a pet; it is widely known as the 
Long-tailed Dove. 


DOVES 619 


NEST AND YOUNG OF MOURNING DOVE 


Fig. 6—From a photograph made by the author just after dis- 
covering the nest in a grove of pine trees. At this age the 
young have a plumage of soft, fluffy white down. Note the 
white “nib” on the end of the bill, just like that seen on 
newly hatched chickens and other birds. 


species being in a very ragged condition, which was 
plainly shown in the cut. 

Artists of many countries have given us illustrations 
of this bird, and to this Japan forms no exception. In 
Dr. C. O. Whitman’s great volume on domesticated 
pigeons, with extensive references to the wild forms, 
Mr. Hayashi, the well-known Japanese painter of birds, 
gave figures of both sexes of our extinct Wild Pigeon, 
and these were published in my above-referred to 
article in Scientific Monthly. 


In our bird fauna we have some very beautiful wild 
doves—some eight species arrayed in as many genera. 
Of these I give a portrait of our well-known Mourning 
Dove, together with a figure showing the nest and young 
of this favorite species; these are both from life 
and taken by myself a few years ago. This species has 
a number of vernacular names in addition to the one 
given above—as the Turtle Dove, the California, and 
the Wild Dove. 
spring, and its lovely cooing is familiar to hundreds of 


nature lovers in this country. (Figs. 5 and 6.) 


It is one of the earliest comers in the 


Many years ago, when I was serving as Post Surgeon 
at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, a wonderful flight of these 


620 AMERICAN 


ZENAIDA DOVE (Z. senaida) 


Fig. 7—Another name for these birds is the Love Dove, and 
the species here shown was named for the cousin and wife of 
Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte (Zenaide). It is a beauti- 
ful species in life. 


birds took place in that part of the country. It re- 
minded me very much of the flights of the Wild Pig- 
eon which I saw in the early seventies, though the mul- 
Nevertheless it was 
a marvelous sight to see thousands of these gentle birds 
pass through the timber, and to hear the tremendous 
roar that arose from the use of so many pairs of 


titude was not quite so extensive. 


wings. In some places they rested on the naked prairie 
in hundreds, where rattlers, hawks, and foxes got away 


with no end of 


FORESTRY 


rado. It requires keen observation to distinguish the 
sexes in this species—the female being almost as hand- 
some as the male in the matter of plumage. (Fig. 7.) 
Finally, we find in our faunal lists the cunning little 
Dwarf Doves that are ground-loving species and resi- 
dents of the Southern States. They make very attrac- 
tive pets and many breed in captivity. (Fig. 9.) Then 


WHITE-FRONTED DOVE 


Fig. 8—This dove occurs nearly all the year round on its 
range, and it has been known to breed there. In agreement 
with most pigeons and doves, it lays two eggs of a pale 
buffy-white color. It usually builds its big nest in a bush of 
twigs and “weed-strips.” 


we have the Inca 


them and _ their 
helpless young. 
This species is the 
nearest living rela- 
we have of 


tive 
our extinct Wild 
Pigeon—the ~ only 


species having the 
same form of tail. 

The lovely Ze- 
naida Dove is list- 
ed among our 
birds; but it only 
occasionally breeds 
on the Florida 
Keys, while the 
White-winged or 
Singing Dove oc- 
regularly in 
Florida and 
throughout a large 
area of the South- 


west it 


curs 


also 
Colo- 


has 


; on the ground. 
occurred in ground 


A PYGMY OF THE FAMILY—THE COMMON GROUND DOVE 


Fig. 9—lIts scientific name expresses both its 
passerina terrestris or a dove of sparrow-like proportions that spends its life 
It is a southern form and rather a common one. 
have been seen in Washington, D. C., and New York. 


or Scaled Dove, 
here shown in 
Figure 13. We are 
to note that it pos- 
sessés a long tail, 
and thus reminds 
one of our Mourn- 
ing Dove and the 
Passenger Pigeon. 
All these very 
small species of 
the family are 
found only in the 


extreme southern 
sections of our 
country, as the 


Florida Keys, the 
Gulf States, 
only rarely further 
north. This beau- 
tiful little Inca or 
Scaled Dove which 
as just said, re- 
sembles a small 


size and habits—that is C. 


Stragglers 


and — 


| 
4 
i 
e 
4 
| 
{ 
} 
{ 


WILD 


PIGEONS AND DOVES 


621 


edition of our 
Mourning Dove, 
occurs in the 
southern regions 
of our great south- 
west, in some 
parts of which 
territory it is a 
not uncommon 
species. 

Our elegant 
Blue-headed -Quail 
Dove is found only 
on the Florida 
Keys, where it is a 
fare species; the 
top of its head is 
of a brilliant blue, 
bounded by a black 
stripe running 


through either eye 
and bounded be- 
low the eye by a 
stripe of glistening 
white. Its general 
plumage is of a 


ure. 
tador given it by the Mexicans. 


MEXICAN GROUND DOVE 


Fig. 11—Mexican Ground Doves (C. p. pallescens) are found 
in Lower California, southern Arizona and lower Texas regions. 


rich olive chocolate, changing to a reddish purple on the 
under parts, paling out near the median line of the 
body. These Quail Doves are distinctly American birds, 
With no near relatives in any other part of the world; 
and they are called Quail Doves for the reason that in 
their plumage markings they resemble certain species of 
Partridges, but there the resemblance ceases. 

I may say that in no respect can we draw very sharp 
distinctions between the true wild pigeon on the one 
hand and the doves upon the other; the groups practi- 
cally merge into each other. Either group offers much 
of interest in the matters of structure, habits, nesting, 


WHITE-WINGED DOVE (Melopelia asiatica) 


Fig. 10—It has received its name from the extensive white area on either wing as shown in the fig- 
It has an incessant cooing note in the spring and early summer—hence the name Paloma can- 


and geographical distribution, while there is much to 
be learned about them yet—at least sufficient to induce 
our young naturalists to employ their observational 
powers with the view of obtaining unrecorded facts in 
their life histories. 

More than a century ago, Alexander Wilson, who so 
truthfully portrayed the lives and habits of many of 


THE KEY WEST QUAIL DOVE 


Fig. 12—A rather highly colored species with respect to plum- 
age (Geotrygon chrysia), inhabiting the Florida Keys, Baha- 
mas, Cuba and Haiti. The Ruddy Quail-Dove is the only other 
form of the genus, while the Blue-headed Quail-Dove (Star- 
nognas cyanocephala) is another beautiful form and the only 
one not pictorially illustrated in the present article. 


622 AMERICAN 


our native birds, says of this Carolina Pigeon that 
“their flight is quick, vigorous, and always accompa- 
nied by a peculiar whistling of the wings, by which they 
can easily be distinguished from the Wild Pigeon. 
They fly with great swiftness, alight on trees, fences, 
or on the ground indiscriminately ; are exceedingly fond 
of berries, partridge berries, and the small acorns of the 
berries of the holly, the dogwood, and poke, huckle- 
berries, partridge berries, and the small acorns of the 
live oak and scrub oak. They devour large quantities of 
gravel, and sometimes pay a visit to the kitchen garden 
for peas, for which they have a particular regard, 

“In this part of Pennsylvania, they commence build- 
ing about the beginning of May. The nest is very rudely 
constructed, generally in an evergreen, among the thick 
foliage of the vine, in an orchard, on the horizontal 
branches of an apple tree, and, in some cases, on the 


ground. It is com- 


FORESTRY 


with no limbs to obstruct the view, one may easily see 
through a structure of this kind, readily observing the 
eggs or young, should either be in it—this I know from 
personal observation. 

Like all pigeons and doves, the almost naked squabs 
are by no means noted for their beauty or attractive-— 
ness, and not until they gain their full plumage are 
they in any way engaging. On one or two occasions, 
while serving as surgeon at some army post in Wyo- 
ming, I have reared these doves, taking them about the 
time when their feathers are first in evidence, They 
make lovely pets, possessing many traits" that appeal 
to the lover of birds, although many are unable to en- 
dure their constant cooing during the breeding season. 

Carolina doves get along well with other species of 
birds in a large cage, an excellent example of which may 
be seenany day at the National Zoological Park, 
at Washington, 


posed of a handful 
of small _ twigs, 
laid with little art, 
on which are scat- 
tered dry, fibrous 
roots of plants; 
and in this almost 
flat bed are de- 
posited two eggs of 
a snowy white- 
ness. The male 
and female unite 
in feeding the 
young, and they 
have rarely more 
than two broods 
to the season. 
“The flesh of 
this bird is consid- 


——-- 
Mae Sa ae 


where a number 
of them are thus 
associated with 
various birds from 
different parts of 
the world, such as 
the widdah birds, 
Java _ sparrows, 
ground doves, car- 
dinals, several 
sorts of finches, 
canaries, and so 
on. 

Once, when out 
shooting near old 
Fort Laramie, in 
the territory of 
Wyoming, a wild 
Carolina dove 


ered much super- 
ior to that of the 
Wild Pigeon; but 
its seeming confi- 
dence in man, the 
tenderness of its 
notes, and the innocency attached to its character, are, 
with many, its security and protection; with others, how- 
ever, the tenderness of its flesh, and the sport of shoot- 
ing, overcome all other considerations. About the com- 
mencement of frost, they begin to move off to the 
south; numbers, however, remain in Pennsylvania dur- 
ing the whole winter.” 


ranges over our southwestern border. 
are small. 
“remarkable genus.” 


Referring to the nest and young again, it will be 
appreciated by a glance at the accompanying cut how 
accurately Wilson described the nest of this dove (Fig. 
6), and, although the bird did not select a cedar for 
its home, it did build in a pine tree, which is the next 
It is probable that the Carolina Dove has 

ilt, as has not a few of its congeners, this same kind 
f flat, poorly constructed and shiftless nest for cen- 
turies, and when it is placed high enough in the tree, 


hing to it. 


SHELL OR SCALED DOVE 
Fig. 13—The species here shown is the Inca Dove (Scardafella inca), which 


Two species are known, and one writer refers to them as a 


flew past me at a 
tremendous rate. It 
had not gone over 
five hundred yards, 
when I saw it 
suddenly double up 
and fall to the ground. At first I did not realize what 
had happened to it, as the bird was evidently in the best 
of health and no shot had been fired in my neighbor- 
hood. Upon picking the bird up, I found its head near- 
ly twisted off its body, and the solution of the casualty 
was in plain view directly over my head where I stood. 
At its high rate of speed, the poor bird had flown against 
the telegraph wire that led from Cheyenne into the Post. 
Evidently the poor thing had not noticed it—at least not 
until it was too late. Whether this would have hap- 
pened to a hawk of rapid flight, such as a Duck Hawk, 
with its wonderful sight, it is hard to say. I am in- 
clined to think, however, that the sight of a dove is not 
as quick or as keen as that of the representatives of 
the falconine birds—nor need it be when one remem- 
bers the habits and requirements of the species in. the 
two groups. 


The sexes look alike and the birds 


In Audubon’s account of this dove we find several 
slips, in the text as well as on his plate of the species. 
- Our space will not admit of noticing them; but upon 
the other hand he invites attention to an often over- 
poked fact when he says: “When shot, or taken alive 
the hand, this and our other species of Pigeon, lose 
e feathers on the slightest touch, a circumstance pecul- 
jar to the genus, and to certain gallinaceous birds.” 

_ When both species of birds were more than abundant 
in this country, Audubon noticed that “a few individ- 
mix with the Wild Pigeons, as do the latter some- 
s with the Doves.” 

| connection with the ease with which the Carolina 
2 parts with its feathers, I am reminded of an in- 
that occurred many years ago—or along about 
In those days I was living in Washington, and 
ed with the Army Medical Museum in a civil 
ty. I was considered, since I was thirteen years 
age, to be unusually expert in the making of bird 
for collections. This was well known to many of 
friends in Washington, the reputation having fol- 
ed me down from New England where I lived as a 
and where I had made a collection of some three 
dred bird skins of the species occurring in Fairfield 
nty before I was thirteen years of age. While living 
Washington about the above mentioned time, it was 
good fortune to have as friends many of the scien- 
people whose homes were in the city, among them 
‘of. Lester F. Ward, one of the country’s best known 
nists, who, later on, through his work in various 
came to be classed with the philosophers of the 
Western world. Professor Ward was possessed with 


WILD PIGEONS AND DOVES 


623 


the desire to learn how to make a scientific bird-skin, as 
he expected to do some exploratory work, He came to 
me for instruction, which I told him I would be pleased 
to give; so, upon one very warm evening in the late 
spring, he put in an appearance at the room where I 
lived as a medical student, bringing with him a recently 
shot specimen of the Carolina Turtle Dove. As we were 
seated at a little table, it did not occur to me to first 
inform him that that species of bird invariably parted 
with its feathers upon the slightest provocation, and no 
sooner had I made the ventral incision—the initial step 
in removing the skin—than the feathers began to come 
away in the most provoking manner. Professor Ward 
begged to know if we “always lost that many feathers 
in making up a skin;” to which I replied that it was 
only in the case of the wild pigeon tribe and in some 
tropical species. I saw that the statement did not quite 
satisfy him—a fact that in no way lessened the trouble 
or my embarrassment. However, I made up the skin, 
and when it was dry presented him with it; but I al- 
ways felt that it was hard for the Professor to believe 
my tale about the feathers of wild doves and pigeons 
coming out so easily, and I am strongly of the opinion 
that he never made any use of the information I had 
arven him that evening, nor do I recall that he ever, 
during the rest of his life, referred to the experience 
again. Since then nearly half a century has passed. 
Professor Ward died many years ago, and I am again 
residing in Washington. It was only the other day that 
I made up a fine skin of a male starling that had been 


found on one of the city streets, having been frozen to 
death. 


a) New Jersey's Forester 


{“‘HARLES P. WILBER, who has been State Fire- 
“4 warden and Assistant State Forester of New Jersey 
for the past twelve years, has recently been appointed 
‘0 the position of State Forester of New Jersey follow- 
ing the resignation of Alfred Gaskill, Mr. Wilber is a 
nati ve of New Jersey. He was a graduate of Rutgers 
‘College in the class of 1905 and of the Yale Forest 


School in 1907. 

During 1907 and 1908 he was interested in lumbering, 
and from 1908 to 1910 he was with the United States 
Fore 
Forests in Idaho, Montana, and Utah. In 1910 he was 
appointed State Firewarden and Assistant Forester for 
New Jersey and since then has built up a wide-awake 
forest fire service with a splendid record of achieve- 
“ment and public support. He initiated a division organi- 
zation in 1911, which provides for a trained state em- 
_ploye as firewarden in each of the three divisions of the 
_ state, to supplement and supervise the local firewarden 
force. In 1913 the first lookout tower was built in New 
. y; there are now 13 covering about half of the 
_ state. Mr. Wilber comes to his new position while yet 
a man and no doubt will carry forward New 


st Service in District 4, working on the National - 


Jersey’s forestry policy in the same progressive and 
constructive fashion which has characterized his work 
in the past. 


A Ship's Knees 


i ae of the minor and yet exceedingly important arti- 
cles entering into the construction of a wooden ship 
is the “knee.” A ship knee is a right angled wooden 
brace used to give strength to the framing, and is fash- 
ioned from the natural crook of a tree formed by a 
heavy, shallow horizontal root and a section of the trunk. 
Knees when finished are some times as much as six or 
seven feet high and many of them are four feet high. 
The tremendous impetus to wooden shipbuilding brought 
about by the war, has resulted in the establishment of a 
sawmill at Portland, Oregon, designed exclusively for 
the finishing of ship knees. The timber preferred is sec- 
ond-growth Douglas fir, found growing in shallow soil 
so that the roots turn off at right angles to the trunk 
and thus give the proper shape. The standardized 
wooden ship requires some 200 knees of all sizes, while 
another type of wooden ship, also under construction, 
requires more than 160 knees. 


SPREADING THE FORESTRY IDEA 


By Philip W. Ayres a 


Forester for the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests 


~~ Forestry movement has entered upon a new 
phase in the United States. Returning from France, 
Col. Henry S. Graves, while Chief of the United States 
Forest Service, called together the foresters and lumber- 
men of the country in a series of conferences throughout 
the land, pointed out to them the serious depletion in 
our timber supply, its unequal distribution, and asked 
their advice and cooperation in finding adequate remedies. 
This was followed by the publication in June, 1920, of 
Col. Wm. B. Greeley’s illuminating report to the United 
States Senate on the timber supply. These efforts, taken 
together, separate the new forestry from the old. They 


gave us the facts about the standing timber in this coun-- 


try, its location, the amount of idle forest land in the 
midst of a great population, and the enormous freight 
rates that the Eastern states and cities are paying to 
bring wood material from the West. 


Prior to these statements and publications, the for- 
estry movement was based upon less definite knowledge 
and made a less definite appeal to all citizens. Many 
thoughtful people were interested in it; all were proud 
of the achievernents of the Forest Service on the great 
forest reserves at the West; it was realized by few that 
these reserves will hardly meet the growing needs of the 
West, and that in the five or six eastern states that still 
export timber in excess of imports, the amount pro- 
duced by all of them is not enough in a single year to 
meet the needs in a state like New York or, Pennsylvania. 
Now the facts have been clearly stated for the whole 
country. The inevitable timber shortage is clearly be- 
fore us affecting our whole economic structure. The 
situation is brought home to every business man and to 
every citizen. There is a new patriotic appeal to the 
whole country to arouse itself. 


Many new problems appear. What is the Government’s 
duty in providing timber for the people of the country ? 
What must the states do? Has the time arrived when 
the private owner has new obligations and responsibili- 
ties to the public? Who is to bear the burden of the 
new systems and methods that are proposed? How shall 
we reforest 81,000,000 acres of waste and idle land in our 
midst equal in area to all of New York and Pennsylvania, 
or to the Kingdom of England, Scotland and Wales? The 
time has come to change from the old destructive lum- 
bering, and where shall the burden fall? 


These problems and relationships give a new oppor- 
tunity and a new importance to the several forestry as- 
sociations. It is not surprising that states hitherto un- 
organized, like Georgia, are starting new popular move- 
ments to educate the people and to secure immediate leg- 
We welcome the new Georgia Forestry Asso- 
The new forestry association in Maine has had 


islation. 


ciation. 


two successful meetings at which thoughtful men have 
emphasized the need for a wide awakening. The older 
associations, like that in Pennsylvania which was the 
first in the field, are organizing new branches. The call 
for forestry associations as an educational force in 
spreading the forestry idea has never been more clearly 
apparent. An association is needed in every state, with 
the American Forestry Association leading and inspiring 
them all. The entire nation must be aroused to co- 
operative action. 
. It was in this spirit that the recent meeting of the So- 
ciety for Protection of New Hampshire Forests occurred 
at Keene, N. H., August 29 to 31. It brought together 
a group of people equipped with the facts and acute in 
suggestion and criticism of the methods to be adopted. © 
The State and National programs were considered. Col. 
Greeley spoke in no uncertain terms of the need for a 
National forest policy that will bring the Federal Gov- 
ernment, the several states, and the individual land own- 
ers and lumbermen all into close cooperation to meet the — 
ever-present demand for wood material. Dr. Henry S.— 
Drinker, newly appointed Forestry Commissioner in 
Pennsylvania, and President of the Pennsylvania For- 
estry Association, brought a statement of the situation — 
in the Middle Atlantic States. Mr. R. S. Kellogg, of © 
New York, spoke for the National Forestry Program — 
Committee on the Snell bill that is pending in Congress. — 
Mr. O. M. Porter, of New York, represented the Ameri- — 
can Paper & Pulp Association. Mr. D. L. Goodwillie, 
of Chicago, Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of — 
the United States, sent a message urging a great popu-— 
lar movement for the planting of trees. Elwood Wilson, 
accomplished forester of the Laurentide Company, in 
Quesbec, showed how the timber areas in Canada are — 
being mapped by airplane photographs and utilized by — 
Canadian manufacturers. He stated that there is no great 
hope for the States in the definitely limited Canadian — 
supply. ‘ 
At this meeting the New England states were well rep- — 
resented. Philip P. Wells, president of the Connecticut — 
Forestry Association, spoke of the attack that certain 
interests in New York State are making through the leg- 
islature upon the National Waterpower Law. Professor 
Terry, of Middlebury College, who has charge of 30,000 
acres in the college forest, represented Vermont. Pro- 
fessor Grose represented the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College and the goodly college forest under his direction. — 
The new forest taxation law in Massachusetts was tersely 
set forth by Harris A. Reynolds, the vigorous Secre- — 
tary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, which 
precipitated a very active discussion, for in New Hamp- 
shire timber is still taxed under the old General Property 
taxes of one hundred and fifty years ago. The Gov- 


| aie 
ernor of New Hampshire, Albert O. Brown, who was for 
ten years President of the State Tax Commission, pointed 
out the serious situation when the taxes on timber be- 
ne a factor in the early removal of forests before they 
mature. Ex-Governor Robert P. Bass and S. F. 
ngdell, President of the New Hampshire Pine Lum- 
nen’s Association, both spoke for the principle of a 
erred tax on timber, or a yield tax, to be paid when the 
ber is cut and the owner has the wherewithal to pay. 
pointed out that not infrequently it is unprofitable 
growing timber” in New Hampshire except for 
tive purposes, because the annual tax rate is some- 
greater in value than the annual growth on the tim- 
most notable single contribution was that from 
_R. Brown, of the Brown Company, Berlin, N. H., 
of the State Forestry Commission, on the re- 
of a very careful experiment in the costs of brush 
¢ in spruce woods that his company made in co- 
ion with the United States Forest Service. This 
will be printed in full in the Journal of the Society 
American Foresters and will undoubtedly receive very 
reading. The point in general is that the cost of 
burning in the woods in spruce operations is ap- 
5 tely $1.05 a cord, which is prohibitive. Another 
contribution was that of Mr. Allen Chamberlain, 
on, upon the traditions and history of Monadnock 
tain, which we hope will find expression later in 
form. 
marked feature of the meeting, that lasted three 
was the hospitality of the City of Keene. At the 
ing session the Chamber of Commerce and citizens 
ded a public dinner, to which were invited not only 
members of the Society and the State Forestry Com- 
ission, but also by special invitation through the 
Farm Bureau the leading farmers and land own- 
f Cheshire County, who were present to the number 
early two hundred. These were addressed by Pro- 
essor Richard Fisher, Director of the Harvard Forest 
shool and of the College Forest at Petersham, and by 
essor James W. Toumey, Dean of the Yale Forest 
school. Both used lantern pictures showing in detail 
ow a woodlot may best be managed for profit. The 
res of thinning and conditions before and after- 
were clear and convincing. At this dinner the 
ayor of Keene, Major Orville E. Cain, presided, and 
ented two deeds of land, one to the State Forestry 
mission, being a gift from Mr. Joel E. Poole, of 
frey, N. H., of a road in finished condition from the 


SE 


eo 


. 


J 


~via 


SPREADING THE FORESTRY IDEA 


625 


nock Mountain, and the other a gift to the Society for 
Protection of Forests from Mr. William Pearson, of 
Keene, and his associates, of a new forest reservation of 
eleven acres in extent, at the summit of City Hill in the 
town of Nelson, N. H. Read Admiral J. B. Murdock re- 
sponded for the State Forestry Commission, of which he 
is a member, and Allen Hollis, Esq., responded for the 
Society as its President. 

There was an excursion led by Professor Toumey to 
the one thousand acre tract of the Yale Forest School 
located three miles southwest of Keene. A visit was 


“made to the extensive nurseries of seedling forest trees 


of the Keene Forestry Association. About forty persons 
visited the famous Pisgah Forest of five thousand acres 
in the southwestern corner of New Hampshire, twenty- 
five miles from Keene, and saw the largest groves of 
primeval pines and hemlocks that remain standing in 
New England. A visit was made to the valuable pine 
and hardwood forests on the Five Mile Drive around 
Keene that have been so long preserved and held for 
public enjoyment by Miss: Mary B. Dinsmoor, and a 


* visit was made to the famous pine plantation in West- 


moreland, a tract of three acres planted forty-five years 
ago at a cost of $35 for land and planting, for which 
the present owner paid $1,000. It is estimated that each 
acre now carries from fifty to sixty thousand feet board 
measure. Other visits were made to the reservations of 
the State and of the Society for Protection of Forests on 
Monadnock Mountain, and to the interesting pot holes 
near Keene on the tract of one hundred acres that the 
city will acquire as a Municipal Forest. 

The meeting was attractively housed at the Keene 
State Normal School, through the courtesy of the State 
Board of Educaion and the principal of the school, Mr. 
Wallace E. Mason. The guests were lodged in the dormi- 
tories, and a general school holiday atmosphere pre- 
vailed. 

Among the topics for consideration were larger ap- 
propriations by the State for the purchase of forest land, 
new forest taxation laws, the extension of purchases in 
the White Mountains and Southern Appalacians under 
the Weeks law, larger appropriations throughout the 
land for the suppression of forest fires, a renewed and 
vigorous effort to control the white pine blister rust, 
which is advancing throughout New Hampshire, except 
where currant and gooseberry bushes have been removed, 
and a pledge to Colonel Greeley to support him heartily 
in his efforts to secure through Congressional and State 
action the establishment of a National forest policy that 
will provide a timber supply for a great people. 


626 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TREES THE MOST NEEDED OF ALL CROPS 


OINTING out that Nature does not 
“give” trees to man any more than 
she gives corn or wheat but merely lends 
these things to man who must take care 
of them, the Philadelphia North American 
carried a forceful editorial on “The Crop 
That Must Not Fail.” In part it follows: 
“How seldom any one considers the 
crop that primarily controls all other crops 
—the tree crop! 

“Tt is a fact—terribly proved by most 
of the deserts which pockmark this sphere 
—that lack of care for the tree crop has 
cost more lives and been responsible for 
more material loss than all wars 
combined. For all soil fertility 
is primarily a matter of water— 


forest, and since the fields productivity 
depends on the vigor of the forest, it is 
not unreasonable to rank the latter as the 
decisive crop. At any rate, Time has shown 
us that nations which desire to stand and 
prosper cannot permit their tree crops 
to fail. 


Nogales Herald—More forest fires oc- 
curred in 1921 than during any previous 
year of record, but, owing to improved 
methods of detection and extinguishment 
the area burned over was below the av- 
erage in extent. Notwithstanding abnor- 


Forest Protection 


not only the moisture precipi- 
tated through rain, but that 
stored beneath the surface—and 
when land is denuded of trees, 
this latter water supply, which is 
the more vital of the two, gradu- 
ally sinks to a point beyond reach 
of the roots of food-bearing 
plants. 

Men do not seem to learn 
through force of example, how- 
ever, and even experience is an 
over-rated teacher. So, starting 
as a nation in 1776 with an esti- 
mated 900,000,000 acres of virgin 
forest, we have in the 146 years 


of our national existence proper 


WHICH SHALL IT BE? 


THIS - 


ly used one-fifth of this; negii- 
gently permitted another fifth to 
be destroyed by fire, and crimi- 
nally wasted a third fifth in what 
can only be called slaughter. 

Is it to be wondered that men 
like Pinchot and Pack have felt 
it a first duty to their country 
to cry out against such waste! 
Yet one cannot wonder at the 
attitude of the average person, 
for this average person never has 
thought of trees as a crop—the 
most necessary of all crops, in 
fact. 

Nature doesn’t give trees, any 
more than she gives corn, wheat, 
potatoes or cotton. She lends 


=. 
% 


began to denude our forests years agi 
there were many people who warned wu: 
against this practice. They told us 
the day would come when we shi 
deeply feel the loss of the timber we 
wasting so shamefully. 

Today we are confronted by a 
tion which is the outcome of our eam 
recklessness. Very wisely we are ad 
vised by Charles Lathrop Pack, presiden 
of the American Forestry Association: “I 
the business men of the Lake States 
a forest experiment station, and want t 
get a start to put 20,000,000 acres of lan 
to work growing trees, now 
the time to speak.” This 
sound a little bit like belated 
vice, but it is, in view of 
prodigality, the best advice to b 
had. a 

The only question is whethe; 
we are going to give heed to i 
any more than we gave it to th 
men who years ago advised us te 
be saving of our timber. 


Boston Herald—The presiden 
of the American Forestry 
ciation says coal strikes will 
no terrors when municipalitie 
own woodland from which 
can cut fuel. 

Tampa Times—A_ timber 
nuded land is a lost land, u 
for habitation, cultivation or thi 
sustenance of animal life. The 
problem must be attacked on % 
national scale. It is not a f 
gional or a sectional subject 
Every part of the country mus 
do its share. The first impo: 
need is an intelligent conc 
of the magnitude of the pro 
blem. The second is the realize 
tion that labor, time and mone 
must be expended. 


Geneva, N. Y., Times—Cha 
Lathrop Pack, president of 
American Forestry Associati 
admits that the rail and 


these riches, and man is to live 
on the interest earned through 
his care and labor. , 

Those who neglect or misuse these loans 
fail. Nation after nation thus has failed. 
Whole civilizations have crumbled from 
such causes. We do not pretend to any 
knowledge of the decrees of destiny, but 
any one with eyes to read can gain 
definite knowledge of the undermining 
factors. 

Foremost among these, in every instance, 
has been lack or neglect of field and 


—Fox—In the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. 


mal drought, public carelessness was 
chiefly to blame. Clearly the American 
public still lacks appreciation of its great 
natural heritage. As a people priding 
ourselves upon our practical outlook, the 
market value of our timberlands in yield- 
ing lumber for building and other pur- 
poses must be apparent. 


Detroit News—Undoubtedly when we 


strikes are bad things, but ‘ 
in the condition which they cre: 
ate an added impetus for 
planting and maintaining of forests, pub 
lic and private. 

The municipality which has a 
conducted forest preserve is less at 
mercy of a shortage in other fuel 
plies than other communities. The private 
property owner who systematically culti- 
vates and utilizes his wood lot need hav 
no great anxiety over diminishing coa 
piles or gas depletion. It is true tha 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


627 


’ 


SAYS THE PHILADELPHIA NORTH AMERICAN 


other fuels are more convenient and more 
in most cases than the trusty 
gots from the old wood pile, but when 
is needed, the man or town with 
to burn need not go cold. 
ingham, Ala., Ledgem—Forest fires 
West have been the factor which 
the increase above the av- 
Still, when the total for the year 
templated, the loss in values abso- 
destroyed—gone, wiped out—is 
ng. And this sort of thing has been 
on for years and years and will 
ue to go on until building materials 
so dear people will then begin to 
ay more attention to constructing of less 
mmable materials, and of proper 
ards. 


ER 
ctica 


RE ee 


ntributed 


d Rapids Herald—For more than 
ecade Michigan has been talking about 
tation. First the talk was a mere 
er. Theorists saw the end of the 
white pine cut and pointed to the 
for replanting. But nobody listened. 
the jpine finally disappeared, or near- 
so, and reforestation commenced mak- 
ing converts. Still there was no action 
orthy of the name. But now there is a 


Bring Back the Woods 


chance with the field open. Charles La- 
throp Pack, president of the American 
Forestry Association, says: “If the busi- 
ness men of the Lake States want a 
forest experiment station, and want to 
get a start toward putting 20,000,000 acres 
of land to work growing trees, now is the 
time to speak.” There is an opportunity 
for Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota 
to have such a station under federal grant. 
All that is required is an evidence of 
interest. 


Hattiesburg, Miss., American—Ohio is 
planning to develop 200,000 acres of state 
forest and 100,000 acres of municipal for- 
est, starting with an appropriation of 
$100,000. That is certainly a modest 
enough beginning, when it is considered 
that Ohio had originally 24,000,000 acres 
of forests. 


Harrisburg Patriot—There will be general 
agreement that arrest and punishment is not 
inappropriate for persons responsible for 
disastrous forest fires whether the act was 
deliberate or negligent. 


Forest and Stream—Man has flourished 
from time to time without one or more of 
all the other soil 
products, but he has 
never prospered with- 


~~ 


out wood. The de- 


I'vE Cut Down Agour EVERYTHING 
£ IN SIGHT, So GUESS TD BETTER 
, PLANT A Few TREES Now! 


; ay 
4 
—Siebel—In the Knickerbocker Press. 


mand for wood is 
growing notwith- 
standing the discov- 
ery of _ substitutes, 
while wood is dimin- 
ishing rapidly. For- 
ests of the future 
must be provided by 
the people of today. 
Failure to do this 
will place upon pres- 
ent generations the 
guilt of adding a 
great burden to the 
cost of living and of 
shirking our behold- 
en duty to civiliza- 
tion. 


Milwaukee Journal 
—The cause of pub- 
lic forestry is mak- 
ing great headway in 
Wisconsin. The jpub- 
lic is sensing, as nev- 
er before, the oppor- 
tunity to create stu- 
pendous wealth, to 
give a great impetus 
to industry and pro- 
vide employment for 


Tree” 


eae 


Fee te 
—McGill—In the Atlanta Georgian. 


many thousands in woods and mills and 
factories, as well as to rebeautify the 
state and increase exceedingly the tour- 
ist trade. The demand for forestry will 
continue to grow, for more and more the 
economic shoe will pinch and arouse people 
to the need for action. 


Livingston, Mont., Enterprise—In Sweden 
the school teacher takes the youngsters once 
a week into the forests near the town and 
shows them how important the trees are. 
Sweden is a great exporter of lumber. 
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the 
American Forestry Association, draws at- 
tention to the seriousness of the problem 
confronting us in the matter of future tim- 
ber supplies. The lumber cut in the state 
of New York alone has dropped almost 60 
per cent since 1910. In addition to teach- 
ing the children, the business men of the 
country are being taken by the hand by the 
American Forestry Association, which is 
constantly preaching on this subject. There 
should be no question of the need of putting 
millions of acres of idle lands to work 
millions of acres of idle lands to work. 


McGregor, Ia., Times—In considering a 
national forest policy we must consider a 
disease. That disease is forest devastation, 
the American Forestry Association points 
out. Its effect is a slow sapping of na- 
tional strength—through the steady exhaus- 
tion of the national timber supply. 


Clinton, Ia., Advertiser—Many towns in 
Europe own a forest. Switzerland has 67 
per cent of all her forests under town or 
communal ownership. These forests sup- 
port the town and pay the taxes, the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association of Washington 


FOREST INSECTS IN THE NORTHEAST 


By H. B. Peirson 


State Forest Entomologist of Maine 


HIE subject of forest insects and their control is an 

extremely broad one in that it covers a multitudinous 
number of conditions and insects, each of which has its 
array of successors. Too little attention has been given 
to the destructiveness of these insect pests and few peo- 
ple realize that the yearly damage to our forests by these 
insects is greater than the loss caused by fire. Neverthe- 
less this is true. Over 8,000,000 acres of timberland are 
destroyed yearly by insects. Reports based on actual 
cruises show that California, between 1910-1915, lost an- 
nually 155,000,000 feet in yellow pine alone. During a 
period of ten years bark-beetles destroyed 1,000,000,000 
feet of timber in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Prob- 
ably nowhere on the continent has the damage from in- 
sects been so great as in the forests of the northeast, 
particularly in the spruce 


east is found in a letter quoted by Packard. ‘This letter 
written in 1818, mentions great destruction of spruce 
east of the Penobscot. Very little was written on this 
oubreak due to the fact that at this time very little 
spruce was. being cut, white pine being the principal 
timber tree lumbered. The next outbreak occurred 
about 1880. The destruction wrought at this time 
brought forth much more attention, for spruce was being 
cut in large quantities. Such reports as “One billion 
feet of spruce killed along Allagash and tributaries of 
the St. John River,” “great destruction of spruce in 
North Somerset County,’ and that “the slump in the 
amount of spruce coming down the rivers after the out- 
break was very noticeable,” are common. 

There is no question in the writer’s mind but that each 
of these past outbreaks 


forests of Maine. 

Years ago it was be- 
lieved that trees commonly 
died of old age and there 
are many people today who 
still hold to this belief. In- 
vestigations have shown 
that trees seldom if ever 
die of old age—they never 
get the chance, the one 
great exception being the 
world famed Sequoias of 
the Pacific slope, which 
for some unknown reason 
have been able to with- 
stand insect attack. Nearly 
every conifer which dies 
will, if examined, show 
evidence of the attack of 
either insects or fungi, and 
at least ninety per cent of 
the loss is due to insects. 
This statement refers to 
the ever constant dying of 
trees which yearly amounts 
to approximately one per cent of the stand and does not 
refer to widespread disasters as caused by fire, wind or 
epidemics. When conditions become favorable these in- 
sects which are ever present in the forest become numer- 
ous enough to start an epidemic such as Maine has re- 
cently experienced in the wholesale destruction of spruce 
and fir by the spruce budworm and is now experiencing 
in the destruction of spruce by bark-beetles. 

The history of past outbreaks of insects in the North- 
east, particularly in Maine, is of especial interest in that 
t throws much light on what may be expected in the 
present and in future outbreaks. The earliest records in 
regard to the dying of spruce in the forests of the North- 


th 


tn here Deal 


eH 


ete 
AD | 


ope 
ores ste 

<< OY NR dy 9 
‘ae Senay 


Owing to the vast amount of dry wood and tops left after a 
budworm epidemic, serious fires very often follow. 


2 


started with a widespread 
budworm epidemic _ fol- 
lowed by bark-beetle out- 
breaks. The last outbreak 
of the budworm started 
about 1910 and lasted un- 
til 1919. This is being fol- 
lowed by swarms of bark- 
beetles which in many lo- 
calities are attacking the 
green spruce, and proving 
a serious menace to the re- 
maining timber. 

It is well worth while to 
review in a few words an 
active outbreak. In the 
first place the budworm is 
present at all times in the 
spruce and fir stands of 
northern Maine. It is 
present in such small num- 
bers that little or no at- 
tention is called by its 
feeding, which is limited 
almost entirely to the tops 
of the taller firs. When conditions become fayorable— 
which in this case means the maturing of the fir—the 
budworm again finds an abundance of food in the sun- 
light, and eggs are laid by the moths on the needles at 
the tops of the fir trees that are in the sunlight. These 
eggs, which are laid from the first to the fifteenth of 
July, hatch in about ten days and the small caterpillars 
crawl into crevices in the bark beneath lichens or even 
into the small cones where they spin a small cocoon and 
thus pass the winter. They come out in the spring just 
before the balsam buds open and feed for three weeks 
or more on the foliage. An abundance of food and a 
favorable season means that most of the caterpillars will 


oe. 


Kx 

NS . 
e att = 
: 


BURN FOLLOWING BUDWORM OUTBREAK 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A general view of the seasoning and storage facilities of the Snoqualmie Falls Lumber Company, one of the fifteen complete Weyerhaeuser manufacturing units 


LUMBER— 


That Actually Meets the Requirements 


HE growing success of 

Weyerhaeuser lumber for in- 
dustrial use is due largely to the 
thorough and exact seasoning 
process to which the lumber is 
subjected—not one process for 
the entire lumber output, but a 
distinct method of seasoning for 
each species, type and size of 
wood. 


The Weyerhaeuser mills have kept 
apace with the progress made in practical 
wood seasoning by dry kilns. They have 
done extensive research work, adapted 
old processes and developed new ones. 
They have long realized that the science 
of wood seasoning properly applied is a 
saving to the purchaser. It gives a wood 
easy to work, with little wastage and 
with a prolonged life. 

The illustration above shows loaded 
cars at the entrance to the kilns of the 
Snoqualmie Falls Lumber Company. 
Note the even stacking and the precau- 
tion to secure the load to prevent twisting 
and warping during processing. Stickers 
are inserted between courses of boards 
to allow even circulation and drying. 


Each charge is tested in the kiln labo- 
ratory many times during the processing 
which forestalls over drying and other 
faults. When the lumber leaves the kiln 
it meets with the high standards set by 
the Weyerhaeuser organization for all 
its products. 


ANY concerns have for 
years been looking for an 
organization that could and 
would relieve them of their 
lumber buying worries; an or- 
ganization that could look at 
lumber from fheir point of view. 
That is just what the Weyer- 
haeuser organization is doing 
for a great many industrial con- 
cerns today. It is prepared to 
deliver to industrial buyers a 
dependable lumber service, which 
means far more thanthe routine 
of shipping an occasional car of 
boards. 

The Weyerhaeuser organi- 
zation has for years studied in- 
dustrial lumber needs. It has 
found that the best way to serve 
American Industry is to have 
ready at all times for a group of 
permanent customers the exact 
type of lumber in the correct 
grade, size and quantity they 
desire. 

Such a service has its begin- 
ning way back in the forests, 
where trees that yield particular 
types of lumber that fit specific 
requirements, are marked for 
special cutting. Close grained, 
slow growth, even textured, 
cork-like White Pine logs, for 
example, are set aside for pat- 
tern stock. The same careful 
selection is practiced for all of 
the varied softwood require- 
ments of industry. 


WEYERHAEUSER FOREST PRODUCTS 
SAINT PAUL* MINNESOTA 


Producers for industry of pattern and flask lumber, factory grades for remanufacturing, lumber 
for boxing and crating, structural timbers for industrial building. And each of these items in the 
species and type of wood best suited for the purpose. 


Such painstaking efforts to 
serve industry are made possi- 
ble through utilization of the 
vast resources and specialized 
equipmentofthe Weyerhaeuser 
organization. 


A large timber supply of fifteen 
different species, and many types 
within these species, sufficient for 
decades of cutting. 

Scores of logging camps guaran- 
teeing a steady stream of suitable 
raw material. 

Fifteen complete modern manu- 
facturing units. 

Seasoning processes that pre- 
pare lumber scientifically foreach 
exacting need. 

Distributing facilities backed by 
fifteen immense mill stocks and 
two great strategically located dis- 
tributing plants. 

A corps of salesmen trained to 
think as purchasing agents and 
buyers have wished for lumber 
sellers to think. 


ACH year more and more 
concerns realize what this 
type of lumber service means. 
The Weyerhaeuser Sales 
Company distributes Weyer- 
haeuser Forest Products 
through the established trade- 
channels. Its principal office is 
in Spokane, Washington, with 
branch offices at208 So. LaSalle 
St., Chicago; 220 Broadway, 
New York; Lexington Bldg., 
Baltimore; and 4th and Robert 
Sts., St. Paul; and with repre- 
sentatives throughout the 
country. 


630 AMERICAN 


mature and later turn into moths which in turn lay large 
numbers of eggs. Thus it is that an epidemic starts. 
The moths in flying over the forest seek out and alight 
on the tops of fir trees. The first year feeding is almost 
exclusively on fir, spruce being almost free from injury. 
The second season again finds the moths in flight, 
some of which, however, remain and lay their eggs on 
This accounts for the fact that the greatest 
injury is to the fir. Counts made on hundreds of thou- 
sands of trees show that the relation between dead spruce 
and dead fir is seldom greater than two to three. This 
emphasizes the fact that the intensity of an outbreak 
depends largely upon the amount of fir that is present in 


the spruce. 


AREA OVER WHICH INSECT HAS SWEPT 


Spruce flat showing some typical budworm killed trees. The 
hairy moss which clings to the branches often gives the appear- 
ance of foliage in photographs. 


a stand. This habit of the moths seeking fir that is 
growing in the sunlight accounts for the fact that spruce 
and fir found in mixture with hardwoods is fairly im- 
mune from budworm attack. It also accounts for the 
fact that spruce and fir coming up under the protection 
of hardwoods or budworm killed timber, is seldom dam- 
aged. ; 

Many reasons have been given, all in good faith, for 
the periodic appearance of the budworm, but few of 
these take into account the fact that during an active 
outbreak the caterpillars are present in such swarms and 
over such a great territory that it is utterly inconceivable 
that either birds or parasites could check their advance. 
The one great factor is lack of suitable food. When the 
fir is gone the outbreak soon dwindles down to nothing. 
I do not want to detract from the great good that para- 
sites and birds do in holding insects in check, but there 


FORESTRY 


comes a time when even these agencies are like a reed 
before a hurricane. 


This brings us to the aftermath of a budworm out- 
break. Conifers, unlike hardwoods, have very little re- 
serve food, so that a single defoliation is a very serious 
matter and so weakens the tree that it is easily subject 
to attack by bark-beetles, other insects, and fungi. The 
yearly dying of trees following an outbreak has been 
found by the Canadian authorities to be comparable “to 
a greatly accelerated natural thinning that takes place 
in the normal forest.” In other words, it is the sup- 
pressed, over-mature or weakened trees that go first. 
The greatest loss to the forest comes not from the defo- 
liation by the budworm itself, but from these secondary 
enemies which swarm into areas where there are large 
numbers of weakened trees. Most of the field reports 
mention these bark-beetles and borers as being present 
in large numbers in the remaining timber. Trees de- 
foliated and thus weakened by the budworm are also 
made very subject to winter killing and fungi. In sample 
plots taken in Canada over 75% of the dying fir was 


ae Ge ee 
atl 


en oe 


SALVAGING THE DEAD AND DYING TIMBER 


The increased demand for pulpwood during the war caused 
much of the then dead timber to be salvaged. This problem of 
salvaging dead timber is still a big factor in Maine. 


found to be affected by a root fungus which itself easily 
kills weak trees. 

An insect outbreak is very much like a fire in that if 
found in its early stages it is easily stamped out, but if 
allowed to run and assume great proportions the chances 
of stopping it under present forest conditions, are very 
slight. The control of the budworm must take the form 
of prevention rather than control. Knowing the habits 
and life history of the insect which are so set that strong 


°F el 8 cylin al NU ati 


interference at any point will upset their development it — 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ST ee ee rT TTT 


“surING BOGALUSA rrvpe marKeD PINE JS LIKE GETTING A CERTIFIED CHECK.” 


THe OBLIGATIONS 
THAT GO WITH PRE-EMINENCE. (1) 


“A great reputation is a great pack, to carry which with a proud 
gait requires a straight eye and strong shoulders.” 


Thus runs the ancient Arabian proverb. 


 & 


This historic truth is alive today in modern industry. 


As true leadership precedes supremacy, so also supremacy is mains 
tained only by unfla ging leadership —in ideals, in methods and in 
products, fSdemhi che that thinks always in terms of “tomorrow.” 


BDOGALKOA 


Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Office 


UOQUQUUUUTOOUOAQOCUOOUUUOOOUAOGOOGAOUOOUOOOOGOQUUOOUOOOOOGOOGGOOOUOONOOOOOOOOUO ELE 


is not only the world’s LARGEST lumbering operation but also 
its GREATEST, for reasons far more significant than mere size. 


Unequalled stands of unequalled Virgin Timber: 
Advanced standards of manufacturing technique: 
Strict grading per Factory Mutuals, A.S.T.M. & A.R.E.A.: 
Precision of count—and a very superior organization morale: 


All these are vital, and yet are subordinate to a sane and healthy 
pride in our achievements and a will to DESERVE our pre-eminence. 


ONOUNNONOTONAAOAEO AGA 


So, too, the present greatness, and much greater future greatness, of 


: 

= 

= 

‘rade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Office a 

‘4 h’s ¥ Ci fD d f ] & 
theNew South’s oung Cityo estiny,’ ’are due to vigoro practica = 
performance as surely as tothe forward sweep of economic vision. = 
UUUNIUSTEEUTILN i 


Will you write us freely? Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 
SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 


GREAT SOUTHERN tims: 1628 4th Ave., BOGALUSA, LA. 


“FROM A ATH TO BRIDGE TIMBERS, SPECIFY BOGALUSA TRADE MARKED PINE —AND REST EASY.* 


Minin 


@ 


STUUIAUUIUONUAUENUNAUUOONGNOUUONGGQUUEOTOOOUONOOGUOOOOGUOONESOOOOEQOOUOOOSOOUOOOGOOUOOOQOUOOGOOUOOOGOOOOOGNOOOUOOOGOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOUOOOOSOOUOGOOOOONOOOUOOOOOOUOOGOOUNE 


SUYUUD NUVI VGUUUANANGUUUAAUU GUO AUUOOGUUAAOU ERAT AAU OAAU AUDA TEAT EAT 


632 AMERICAN 
is possible to direct the control measures against the 
weakest point. In the case of the budworm this point 
seems to be the habit of passing the winter as first stage 
caterpillars that have just hatched from the eggs and 
that are so weak that unless suitable food is present when 
they emerge in the spring the caterpillars will soon die. 
How can this condition be brought about? Knowing that 
budworm outbreaks start up in isolated spots in the for- 
est, and that it takes several seasons to gain headway 
enough to be a real menace to the forest, the most logical 
control would be for the timberland owner to send a 
small jobber into this area and clear out the infected 
stand during the winter. In the spring the young cater- 
pillars coming out would find nothing but dry tops ané 
would be unable to survive, their food supply having 
been cut off. Under ordinary conditions this method of 
control, which is at present being tried out in Maine, 
would not only be feasible but should pay for itself many 
fold. In the first place the infestation being located 
during its early stages would probably allow two seasons 
leeway to get into the area. The operation should, if 


A TYPICAL 


FIRE TRAP 


Type of spruce slope over which the budworm has swept, greatly 
increasing the fire hazard. 


properly planned, practically, if not entirely, pay for it- 

self. The protection to the surrounding timber would 

more than offset any financial loss due to the operation. 
As to the bark-beetles 


never attack green, healthy trees—this is a complete fal- 


it is a common belief that these 


lacy. 
beetles to attack the healthy green trees which are not 
particularly suited to their wants, owing to the fact that 


In the normal forest it is not necessary for the 


there are usually enough sickly trees or green windfalls 
to supply suitable feeding and breeding places. Large 
reas of sickly trees due to defoliation, or areas of green 
indfalls or even green slash mean that the bark-beetles 


| multiply rapidly. Ordinarily the outflow of sap or 


FORESTRY 


resin caused by the feeding of the bark-beetle drowns 
them, thus preventing their increase. In sickly or weak 
trees the flow of sap is much lessened and is not a seri- 
ous detriment to the development of the beetles. It can 
readily be seen, however, that any great outflow of sap 
caused by the attack of the bark-beetles would so weaken 
the trees that they would become suitable breeding and 
feeding grounds. This is exactly what takes place dur- 
ing a bark-beetle epidemic and the trees are killed just 


THE FOOD OF THE BUDWORM 


Type of spruce and fir growth in which the spruce budworm and 
bark-beetles create great havoc. 


as surely as if they were felled, the galleries made by the 
bark-beetles cutting off the flow of sap. There are two 
main reasons for the bark-beetle outbreaks. First in im- 
portance is the weakening of vast numbers of trees by 
the budworm in which the bark-beetles find favorable 
conditions for feeding and increasing. The second cause 
is the large amount of fresh slash left after cuttings. 
The time has apparently not come when slash disposal 
is practicable here in Northern Maine although it is 
being carried on on a large scale in Canada. 

Outbreaks of bark-beetles can usually be controlled 
without great difficulty. The habits of the bark-beetles 
render them vulnerable by the only method that lum- 
bermen could economically employ. The removal and 
utilization or burning of the trees is the most satisfae- 
tory control and an infestation can be checked in a single 
season. Floating the logs early in the spring, as is the 
usual custom, destroys the beetles. When only a portion 
of an infestation can be treated, control measures should 
be concentrated against the centers of infestation. Re- 
markable work is being carried on in the West in the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 633 


What you must have 
in a good band saw 


Disston band saws are made from Diss- 
ton-made steel---the very best material that 
can be produced for this purpose. A special 
mix of this famous steel is the foundation of 
every Disston band saw. 


Uniformity is the keynote of Disston 
band saws. They are uniform in quality, 
material and workmanship. They are uni- 
form as to gauge. You alwayscan count upon 
this same uniform quality in Disston band 
saws. 


The temper is secured by special temp- 
ering devices of Disston development. This 
exclusive process insures an even temper 
throughout the entire saw. 


Disston band saws hold their tension be- 
cause of the special Dissson temper and the 
quality of the famous Disston-made steel. 


Teeth of Disston band saws do not 
crumble. Disston-made steel and temper 
give proper edge and swage holding quality. 


Disston band saws are a good invest- 
ment because they last longer. They have 
all the points you look for in a good band 
saw. 


HENRY DISSTON SONS, INC. 
Philadelphia, U. S. A. 


634 AMERICAN 


prevention of bark-beetle outbreaks. Particular empha- 
sis is placed upon trap trees to which the beetles are at- 
tracted and then destroyed. This method of control 
would not, however, be applicable in most of the forest 
region of Maine due to the vast amount of green slash 
and trees weakened by the budworm, The Canadian en- 
tomologists are also obtaining remarkable results in 
control of bark-beetles. 

The control of both budworm and bark-beetles neces- 
sitates the locating of infestations in their infancy, and 
in order to do this it is essential that a considerable 
amount of the wild lands be patrolled, and that a forest 
entomologist be on hand to decide upon the necessary 
measures to meet the many varying conditions. In Maine 
the forests are admirably patrolled by a system of fire 
wardens and their assistants who for the most part are 
woodsmen acquainted with the budworm and its ravages. 
These men with the help of foresters and lumbermen 
who are constantly travelling through the forests should 
prove fairly efficient in locating insect outbreaks. Noti- 
fying the office it will be possible in most cases to get 
into the area and map out the control measures neces- 
sary. In this connection a general type map of the so- 
called Maine Forest District is in process of making. 
This map will show the danger areas in the State so that 
it will be possible in most cases to decide whether a small 
infestation is likely to spread over a wide area or not. 
For example, an infestation located in an area that is typ- 
ically hardwood or mixed softwood, is not likely to prove 
serious, whereas an infestation located in an area where 
there are vast stands of spruce and fir is likely to prove 
very serious. 

There is serious need of more research work along 
the lines of control and prevention here in the Northeast. 
The time is fast coming, if it is not already here, when 
a timberland owner will think twice before he will sit 
still and watch a third of his timber crop wiped out. 
The loss in many areas is absolutely inconceivable to 
those who have not seen it, and reports coming into the 
office from timberland owners who have made cruises 
on their lands for the damage are astounding. James W. 
Sewall, a Forest Engineer of Oldtown, Maine, who is 
probably as well acquainted with conditions in the Maine 
forests as any man in the State, estimates, from a large 
number of cruises he and his then have made through- 
out the State, that one-third of the total spruce and fir 
crop of the State was destroyed by the last outbreak of 
the budworm. The damage in Quebec and New Bruns- 
wick is beyond all belief. One of the most unfortunate 
results of the budworm damage is that the reproduction 
following an outbreak is largely fir. Owing to this ever- 
increasing percentage of balsam in the forest the next 
outbreak of the budworm is going to be far more severe 
than the last and it is essential that control or preven- 


FORESTRY 
¥ 

tive measures be undertaken before an epidemic starts. 
Unfortunately, it is the usual custom to wait until the 
damage is done and then regret. f 
Other forest insects yearly take heavy tolls from the 
forests in the Northeast. The larch sawfly has so thor- 
oughly killed off the larch or hackmatack that in most 
sections of the State it is a tree of the past. Poplar, 
birch, and maple are seriously injured by borers. The 
white pine weevil reduces the value of our pine crop by 
fully fifteen per cent, it being the direct cause of the so- 
called “cabbage pine” in which the tree becomes forked” 
and much crooked. : 


A WOODLAND GARROTER 

N the August number of AMERICAN FORESTRY 
appeared an account of a duel to death between a 
strangling fig-tree and a swamp-bay. The picture of the 
struggle attracted widespread attention. From Miami, 
Florida, comes an unsigned letter enclosing a picture of 
a strangler described by the writer as the largest of its 
kind which he. has ever seen in Florida. This picture is 
reproduced herewith. The strangler has reached the top 
of an oak 50 feet in height. Its binding limbs are 22 
inches wide and nine inches thick. The grip on its victim 
is declared to be as tight as a steel bridge buckle and the 
picture makes this easily believable. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


635 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


‘There is much interest in the Ontario 
tion in regard to an appointee as 
nissioner of Conservation, ‘the Pre- 
having decided to_put the care of all 
tt lands under this C ission. The 
ition was offered to Dr. Judson Clark 
t $10,000 per year, but he declined it. He 
as made several important recommenda- 
s, among them being that a technical 
ter should be the head of the com- 
nission, and that the logging scale should 
changed from the Doyle rule and all 
food sold by the Government on cubic 
ure. The timber resources of On- 
9 are so important that it is hoped that 
be possible to obtain a good prac- 
forester to handle the job. No one 
have any success unless it is possible to 
appointments free from political in- 
ce and unless politics can be elimi- 
in the management of the Depart- 
It is regrettable that Doctor Clark 
id not see his way to accept this po- 
as he would have been an ideal 
having already been in the Depart- 
of Lands & Forests of Ontario, be- 
= going to the West. 
. R. G. Broadwood, late of the In- 
n Forest Service, and now attached to 
Forestry Staff of the University of 
gh, is making a trip through Can- 
d the United States to study condi- 
Mere. .He has been very much inter- 
zd in our problems, especially along the 
f utilization, but he feels that we 
to pay a great deal more attention to 
re and to getting our forests on 
d yield basis than we have ever 
usly. 
hale $5,600. | prize for the best 
ay the Control of ++=- Spruce Bud 
is about to be awarded; 229 essays 
€ Smite, only four of which were 
d enough to even consider for the prize. 
these four, one stood out very much 
d of the others in a great many re- 
and to this the prize will be award- 
The methods of control suggested are 
very interesting and will prove of a 
deal of value to the forestry depart- 
s of large limit holders and the Gov- 
ts Practically nothing new was 
out, although one new method 
1 has been used for the control of 
insect pests was suggested for the 
worm. The prize essay will be pub- 
ed as soon as possible, and will be of 
‘practical interest. 
. Barnjum’s work for the perpetua- 
on and management on a sustained yield 
sis of our forests is beginning to bear 
it, and the public of Canada are be- 
ng aroused to the necessity of taking 
steps to stop forest fires and to 


45. 


~ 


cut our timber 
scientific way. 
Mr. Barnjum is determined that his 
work for conservation shall not cease in 
his own lifetime, and is training his son 
in proper methods of propaganda to as- 
sist him and to carry on his work in the 
future. Mr. Barnjum is continually trav- 
eling through the forests of Canada in an 
effort to get first hand information and 
he has offered to take a committee of 
members of Parliament for a two months’ 
trip in the woods at his own expense, so 
that they may decide for themselves as to 
the reasonableness of his fears for the 
future. The Government has, however, 
unfortunately declined his offer. 


in a more sensible and 


All of the conifers are seeding heavily 


‘in Eastern Canada this fall, and an effort 


is being made to collect sufficient seed to 
carry over until the next seed year shall 
arrive. The Laurentide Company will col- 
lect from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds of white 
spruce seed, together with small amounts 
of white and red pine. 


Generally speaking, seed years occur 
periodicaliy, the white spruce seeding about 
every three years. In certain sections, 
however, trees have been known to seed 
annually, and one white spruce tree has 
been steadily growing on the bank of a 
smail river, which has seeded continually 
every year for five years. It might be 
possible, by seed selection, to develop a 
strain in which the seeding will be annual. 

At the request of the Quebec Forest 
Protective Association, the Quebec Gov- 
ernment has decided to extend the time 
during which permits to travel in the 
woods will be required, from the 15th of 
August to the 15th of November. This 
is a step in the right direction, and al- 
ready the value of the permit system has 
been shown during the jpresent season. 


The Ontario Government is doing splen- 
did work in the reconnaissance. of the 
timber areas in Northern Ontario. Two 
hundred hours of flying and sketching 
have already been used and large areas 
covered. Recently the Laurentide Air 
Service has taken a strip of photographs 
from Remi Lake, Ontario, to Moose Fac- 
tory, for engineers of the Temiskaming & 
Northern Ontario Railway. The distance 
to Hudson Bay has now shrunk very con- 
siderably, as planes are traveling back and 
forth, taking only about 21% to three hours 
for the trip, and a knowledge of this 
vast and hitherto unexplored northern 
country is being increased by leaps and 
bounds, and one of the most important 
steps in the management of its forests 
will have been taken, and Ontario knows 


just where its timber is located and how 
much there is. 

Another very interesting piece of work 
has been done by the Fairchild Aerial 
Surveys Company (of Canada) Limited, in 
connection with the Laurentide Air Servy- 
ice, in photographing and making a com- 
plete report on a pulp mill plant and 450 
square miles of timber limits. It was 
found that estimates made from the air 
by observation checked up within half a 
cord to the acre with those carefully made 
on the ground. The field work in com- 
piling this report has taken six weeks; 
the field work alone by the old method 
would have taken six to eight months, and 
the information obtained would not have 
been anything like so complete or accu- 
rate. The Ontario Government, in their 
operations last year, found that in every 
case estimates made from the air checked 
up very closely for amounts per acre and 
character of timber with those made on 
the ground. 


A Bad Fire Season 


That after much anxiety until the end 
of August the backbone of one of the 
West’s most dangerous fire seasons was 
broken, is the consensus of the reports 
received by the Western Forestry and 
Conservation Association from public and 
private fire-fighting agencies throughout 
the five Pacific Coast states. 
few localities the season was one of tre- 
mendous expense and taxed all protective 


Except in a 


organizations to their utmost to prevent 
sweeping loss of life and property. 
Although light rains relieved the tension 
in many places early in August, there were 
The dam- 
age has not yet been accurately reported 


2000 fires during the month. 


but is comparatively small, considering the 
great number of fires handled, because of 
the prompt action and extensive forces 
employed by the several protective agen- 
cies. Prosecutions for carelessness and 
incendiarism were numerous, over 50 con- 
being 
Lightning was also a prolific cause of 


victions secured during August. 
fires, while in no previous season has there 
been so much complaint of those caused 
by cigarettes. In a number of instances 
moonshiners have added to the troubles of 
patrolmen and lookouts who have investi- 
gated distant smokes to find them arising 


from concealed stills. 


636 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


grt 


mi 


Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) 


The most wonderful of all forest trees in the State of 
Washington. 

We supply the seed of this famous tree. For 45 years 
we have made a speciality of all forest tree seed of the 
Pacific Coast of Ameriea. 


Write for catalogs and prices. 


The Manning Seed Company 
Roy, Washington U.S. A. 


VAST TIMBER AREA OPENED © 

The largest compact body of yellow pine 
timber owned by the government is to 
opened for sale and development, acco 
ing to an announcement by the Fores 
Service. This is in line with the Fed 
eral policy of putting the forests of Ou 
country to their highest use, instead Of 
locking up valuable timber resources $0 
that they are of no benefit to the Ame 
can people. 


shed of the Silvies River, in the Malheur 
National Forest of eastern Oregon. Tf) 
covers an area of 550,000 acres and com 
tains nearly seven billion feet of matt 
sawtimber. 

Government foresters have worked 
a plan of management for this stand Of 
timber that provides a continuous pe 


pable of using from 50 to 60 million feet 
of logs annually. . 

The first block of this timber to f 
placed on the market is located on | 
Bear Valley watershed of the Sily 
River, Malheur National Forest, near 
Burns, Oregon. The stand is estimated to 
contain 890 million feet of western yellow 
pine, Douglas fir, and lodgepole pine, 
which will be opened for logging develé 
ment under Government regulations. 

Tributary. to the Bear Valley area 
virgin forests containing over six bi 
feet of merchantable timber which 
be available for future cutting. 
timber units contain the finest and 
extensive forests of yellow pine ow. 
by the Government. They will be so 
veloped, Federal experts say, that um 
the plan of management proposed 
forests will produce an _ inexhaustibl 
supply of timber. 


INSECTS MENACE FORESTS 
Although forest fires are considered, and: 
undoubtedly’ are, the- greatest menace 
the timberéd and cut over area of 
State, says a report from Michigan, 
must not lose sight of the fact that the 4 


fungi growth and disease constitute a m 
ace of great proportions. 

One eminent authority has stated, 
“Within the next ten years, 


rack,” giving as his reason the destru 
instincts of the saw fly. Thousands 
acres are now infested with this destri 
tive pest attacking maturer growth. 
white pine blister and the pine weevil ha 
invaded even the reforestated area, gi 
over to young growth of white pine. It 
been well established that every tree na 
to this State has its enemies, whether it 
in the form of an insect or a _ diseé 
growth and so far, other than the burn 
of infected areas, all measures for contr 
have been left entirely with our inse 
orous birds. 


(SIE SIZE NY AES YS Taia a) 


€ 


AT TIN LZ a TN PN TTL Na 


SHADE! 


‘CHE burning heat which 

glimmers over sunbaked 
lawns and walks robs a home 
of its rightful attributes of 
comfort and restfulness dur- 
ing half the year.”—Grace 
Taylor, The Landscape Gar- 
dening Book. 

As you look back upon the 
past summer, does this quota- 
tion apply to any portion of 
your lawn? Has the lack of 
trees deprived you of half the 
pleasure that home should 
give you? 

Now is the time to set the matter 
right—the time to plant those trees that 
will effect the remedy. We suggest 
Sugar Maples. They will do more than 
ive you comfort, they will frame your 

ome in a festoon of green, ripening 


in the autumn to the orange, gold and 
red of Nature’s tapestry. 


Moon’s have long been special- 
ists in Shade. Send for our Cata- 
logue F. It lists Sugar Maples and 
many other trees for this purpose. 
Ask us especially about your own 
particular problem. 


Moons Nurseries 


THE WM. H. MOON 


‘ : VANIA 
) MORRISVILLE » PENNSYLV 


ey TN ee fe 


CAQKAWAIRY TS UN OTN LPT a TA eS 


ANNAN AT 


Don't Bother 


to spend good time and 
10% more 


WHEN 


under your membership 


YOU SAVE 10% 
on all books published—educa- 
; tional or fiction. 
American Forestry Association 
1214 Sixteenth Street 
= Washington, D. C. 
SR UL 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FEDERAL FUNDS AID STATES 


Allotments of $400,000 of Federal funds 
to states cooperating with the Government 
in protecting forest lands from fire have 
just been completed by the Forest Service, 
United States Department of Agriculture. 


This sum, together with at least an 
equal amount which must be supplied by 
the states cooperating, is expended jointly 
by Federal and state agencies in protecting 
from fire forest lands at the headwaters 
of navigable streams. The allotment is 
made on the basis of timbered area and 
cost of adequate protection. The Federal 
expenditure in any state is restricted to 
not over $24,000. 

According to the Forest Service, al- 
though the money is insufficient to insure 
adequate forest fire protection, it has in 
connect’on with state funds enabled sub- 
stantial progress to be made in that di- 
rection. 

Allotments to the various states are: 
Maine, $24,000; New Hampshire, $8,425; 
Vermont, $4,200; Massachusetts, $8,400; 
Rhode Island, $625; Connecticut, $3,150; 
New York, $24,000; New Jersey, $5,050; 
Pennsylvania, $24,000; Maryland, $3.850; 
Virginia, $18,200; West Virginia, $10,500; 
North Carolina, $12,000; Tennessee, $11,- 
700; Louisiana, $21,000; Texas, $14,000; 
Ohio, $1,050; Michigan, $24,000; Wiscon- 
sin, $15,000; Minnesota, $24,000; South 
Dakota, $100; Montana, $13,725; Idaho, 
north, $21,000; Idaho, south, $2,300; Wash- 
ington, $24,000; Oregon, $24,000, and Cali- 
fornia, $22,750. 


GIANT TREE CENTURIES OLD 
The “Great Tree of Tule” in the state 
of Oaxaca, after some 800 years of re- 


corded existence, is beginning to show 
signs of wear and tear, says the Newark 
Evening News. This giant cypress, with 
a trunk so huge that thirty persons with 
outstretched arms can scarcely span it, is 


known to have been a fair-sized tree when 
Columbus discovered America, and history 
recounts that Cortes and his Spanish sol- 
diers slept beneath its branches four cen- 
turies ago when en route to Honduras fol- 
lowing their conquest of Mexico. 

But although time has dealt kindly with 
the monarch, the correspondent during a 
recent visit to the tiny village of Santa 
Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, noticed that the 
wrinkles of age are beginning to show. 
There is no immediate cause for worry, 
however, that Tule, as the Indians affec- 
tionately call the tree, will wither away 
before the present generation has passed 
on. And even if it should, Tule has a son 
some fifty yards away from the parental 
boughs that is showing healthy signs of 
maintaining: the family honor in the mat- 

The Great Tree of Tule rises about 175 
feet, and is said to be one of the largest 
specimens in the world. The spread of its 


637 


p, MAWAL 
»— NURSERY 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etce., for memorial Bienting: 
Trees from <5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 


Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 
e are specialists in 


Orchids Orehidss we collect, im- 


pert, grow, sell and export this class of plants 
eaginetrely. ere 
r illustrated an escriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also, ape- 
cat et of freshly imported unestablished 
chids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEJ, Jr. 


6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price list 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, NW. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 
Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


branches is almost 150 feet. It stands in 
the court yard of a tiny church and is the 
only bid for popular. interest made by the 
village of Santa Maria del Tule, whose 
population reveres the tree almost as much 
as one of its saints. 


638 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men. 


POSITIONS WANTED 


“LAND OWNERS, are your holdings burden- 
some? Perhaps there is a better way of getting 
an income from them or turning them into cas! 
than has yet occurred to you. It will cost 
you nothing to talk your troubles over with 
a LAND SPECIALIST, porarily unemployed, 
with 25 years’ experience at lumbering, fores- 
try, farming and agricultural organization. in 
the pectiweet,, Write description. Bh, Kecetloe. 
topogra soil, etc., in reply. ox , care 

RPERICAN’ FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 


ington, 


GRADUATE FORESTER — Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm or individual interested in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes. 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C.  (6-8-22) 


POSITION WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. Address Box _ 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, (6-9-22) 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 
ge; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
experience, desires position. Best references. 
Address Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


YOUNG MAN, 32 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University; B. S., 1914; M. F, 1915, with 
five years’ experience in the. United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as forester 
with a lumber company or private estate. The 
best of references. Address Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, (7-9-22) 


FOREST ENGINEER, a graduate with eight 
years experience as chief of timberland depart- 
ment of large Eastern paper manufacturing 
company is open for position with company 


operating Eastern spruce lands. Address Box 
4055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (8-10-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, at present employed 
by a Timber and Land Development Company. 
desires position as Forester or Superintendent 
on Private Estate, or in Park work. Experi- 
enced in Tree planting and Pruning, the hand- 
ling of Shrubbery, Fire Protection and Log- 
ging operations. A willing worker as well as 
equipped to direct others. Box 4060, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (9-11-22) 


FORESTER, with ten years’ experience as tech- 
nical assistant and forest supervisor, now in 
charge of western National Forest, desires to 
make connection with commercial organization 
with opportunity of improving present position. 
Address Box 4065, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


FORESTER—Experienced graduate, eight years 
state forest management, five years’ nlrsery 
and landscape practice. Agricultural and hor- 
ticultural training on farm and orchard. Pre- 
pore to eet results ag stock, fruit or forest. 
an teach or practice. ox 4070, care AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY, Washington, D. C. (10-12-22) 


WANTED 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, evergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C (4-6-22) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


HOW TO KNOW TRUE MAHOGANY 
Under the name of “mahogany” the wood 


of more than 60 different kinds of trees has 
at one time or another been marketed, ac- 
cording to the Forest Service, United 
States Department of Agriculture. Most 
of these woods come from the tropics, but 
sometimes even American birch and red 
gum are used in furniture and sold as 
genuine mahogany. For the benefit of those 
who wish to be able to identify the various 
kinds of woods likely to be called mahogany 
the United States Department of Agricul- 


ture has issued a bulletin which tells how 


each kind may be distinguished. 

Botanists class as “true mahogany” only 
trees of a single genus, called “Swietenia,” 
of which five, species are now known. True 
mahogany in this sense grows only in trop- 
ical America, from southern Florida and 
northern Mexico to northern South Amer- 
ica, including the West Indies. But the 
same region furnishes other woods which 
may take the trade name of mahogany, as 
may also various woods from Africa and 
the Philippines, some of which are rather 
near relatives of true mahogany. 

The question, “What is mahogany?” is 
therefore decidedly complex. Trade usage 
gives the name, with various degrees of 
property, to many kinds of imported woods, 
differing materially in cost and intrinsic 
quality, while the uncritical buyer may now 
be led to purchase as “genuine mahogany” 
articles manufactured from American woods 
of much lower value. Obviously such con- 
ditions raise difficult questions of trade 
ethics. ; 

Those who wish to tell for themselves 
what kind of tree a piece of “mahogany” 
actually came from will find in Bulletin 
No. 1050 of the United States Department 
of Agriculture, The Identification of True 
Mahogany—Certain So-Called Mahoganies, 
and Some Common Substitutes, by Arthur 
Koehler, specialist in wood structure of 
the Forest Service, a carefully constructed 
key and detailed descriptions of the prop- 
erties and structure of a considerable num- 
ber of species of woods which reach the 
American markets under this name. A 
hand magnifying glass and a piece of the 
wood which can be cut to show structure 
and color are all the equipment needed to 
apply the key. 


FERNOW HALL 

The trustees of Cornell University, at 
a meeting held in June, decided to officially 
name the Forestry Building at Cornell 
“Fernow Hall.” This action followed a 
recommendation made to Dean Mann of 
the College of Agriculture by the For- 
estry Department staff and subsequently 
approved by the Agricultural Council. It 
is, of course, a well-merited recognition of 
Dr. Fernow’s lifetime activity in forestry 
and it is particularly appropriate that the 
Forestry Building at Cornell should bear 
the name of the director of the first for- 
est school in the United States. 


School of Forestry. 


Four Year Course, with oppor- 
tunity to specialize in 
Forestry, ing Engineer- — 
ing and Forest Grazing. * 

Forest Ranger Course, of high 
school grade, covering one 
year of eight months. 


Special Short Course, coverin; 
twelve weeks designed fo: 
those who cannot take the time 
for the fuller courses. 7 


No tuition is charged for any 
of the above courses, and other- 
wise expenses are the lowest. 


Correspondence Course. 
course in Lumber and Its” 
Uses is given by correspon-— 
dence for which a nominal 
charge is made. 


For Further Particulars Address 

Dean, School of Forestry 

University of Idaho 
Moscow, Idaho 


4 
oa 


FORESTRY TRAINING © 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorade School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 4 


Colorado Springs, Colorado — 


* * * 
Four and five-year undergraduate c 
and a two-year graduaté course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of © 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and : 
ter of stk ‘ 5 ee —) 
Forestry te g in spring an at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre Toreet elon 
ing to the School) and the winter term at 
Colorado Springs. ‘ 
Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


« 
~ 


Bryant’s Loggin; 


The Principles and General Methods 0 
Operation in the United States. 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Mat 


ufacturers’ Association, Professor 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pa 
6 by 9. 188 figures. Cloth.......net, 


—e 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
ties and methods for the movement of 
timber from stump to manufacturing plant, 
especially logging railroads. Es 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 639 


Books on Forestry, Lumber, Trees, Birds, Etc. 


ey 


ite ie ole owme wie 


ADVENTURES AMONG BIRDS—W. H. Hudson........ 
ADVENTURES OF A NATURE GUIDE—Enos re Mil 
[ERICAN BOYS BOOK OF CAMP-LORE AND WOODGRATE 


Dan Beard 

[ERICAN FOOD AND GAME FISHES—Jordan and Evermann 

[ERICAN FOREST REGULATION —T. S. Woolsey, Jr 

MERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry ibson 

‘AMERICAN NATURAL HISTORY—William T. Hornaday 1 vol. 
edition, on 4 vol. edition 

[ERICAN SILVICULT A. Schenck . <a 

INGENUITY OF ee eae A. Ealand. 


HEIR RE ON T 
CD: 5 IN TOWN BND’ VILLAGE—W. H. Hudso: 
DS OF FIELD, FOREST AND PARK—Albert Field Gilmore.. 
DS 5 OF LA PLATA—W. H. Hudson (2 vols.).........-...-s0eeeeeess 
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANAD Athos. Nuttall 5.00 


SSSznSsseskks Suse Bs 


SOY SA CAS Bre Eee Oe 2.00 

3.00 

pasta 2.25 

2.75 

N mi 3 2.75 
FIRES IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES—William 7. Hornaday 5.00 
P-FTRES ON DESERT AND | lr eg T. Hornaday..... 5.00 
FIRES IN THE fe SS ee ee 3.00 
meister 6.00 
EARING AND ai chee og gh —presmy P. Gillette. 2.50 
RY HOUSE—Charles E. Hoope: 3.50 
(OMES ON COUNTRY LANES— Win, Ellsworth Smythe...... 2.50 
PMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA-~J. P. ecoapsins ar 

3.50 

3.00 

3.00 

‘AR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES—Schuyler M 3.50 
FORESTRY—John Arden Ferguson... a 2.00 
WOOD LOT—Cheyney and Wentli - 15 
THERS, FURS AND FINS—Emma Ny ba - 2.35 
RNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM-—G. Woolson..... 1.25 
[ELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES ano SHRUBS—Schuyler ee 
aad . 2.00 

LAND—Allen Chambers .... af oe * 
MANAGEMENT—A. B. Recknagel.... 2.50 

ST MENSURATION—Herman aa auapman 5.00 
REST PHYSIOGRAPHY—Isaiah : 5.00 
EST PRODUCTS, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE—N. C. = 
ST RANGER—John D. Guthrie . ay 1.50 
STRY FOR WOODMEN—C. O. Hanso: 2.00 


TS UPPER INDIA AND THEIR INHABITANTS Frank: 


I STS, eons AND TREES—A. Henry 
; : VALUATION—Herman Haupt Chapman 
'ENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY-T. S. Woolsey, Ir. 
AMENTALS OF BOTANY—C. Stuart Gager .......... 
RDENETTE OR CITY BACK-YARD GARDENING—Sandwich 


5 WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb..................+-++- 
DBOOK — arn ae AND WOODSMEN—Jay L. B. Taylor 
DBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE fo Cane IN FOREST 


TREES OF MASSACHUSETTS—J. R. Simmons.......... 
Asem OF ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE v. s.—s. J. 


nhs a F 
RERSsszs Ss 


odeese 2.25 
webiebdcccrbccteresescs 50 


FORESTRY, vol 1— 
TREE DISEASES—How 
‘AL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-S. J. Record.........-....- 


ers AND MANNERS OF WILD ANIMALS—William T. Horna- 


MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY—John W. Harshberger..... 
MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF FLOWERS, TREES AND PLANTS— 

C. M. Skinner 
NATURAL STYLE IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING—Frank A. Waugh 
NORTH AMERICAN seg tah TY AND FORESTRY—E. Bruncken..... 2.00 


NUT GROWING—Robert T. Morris..............ccccceccceeesecscevesess 2.50 
ORGANIZATION OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—Wilson Compton 2.00 
OUR COMMON BIRDS—John B. Grant.............ccccceeeeeeeeeeeees 1.15 
OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—Maud Going 1.50 
OUR GARDEN Peers L. Keeler. 2.00 
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—R. D. Boerker. 2.50 
OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Birnie eabeseos 1.85 
OUR NATIVE TREES—Harriet Keeler ........ 3.00 


PAPER MAKING, THE ART OF—Alexander Watt.................. 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burnap.. 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL BOTANY—John W. Harshberger 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R. Warington 
PIGEON RAISING—Alice MacLeod 
PLANE SURVEYING—John Tracy .. 
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—V. I. Pailadin. 
PRACTICAL FORESTRY—John Gifford 
PRACTICAL NATURE STUDY AND ELE 
TURE-—Stanley Coulter ...........cccseccccceeeceeee 
PRACTICAL ORCHARDING ON ROUGH pee Te 
PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE-—R. C. Hawley 
aor 2 pa TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOG 
DREN 5 5.05 nko stase Khan vonicnsan das ose sipcdsVasesees 
PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—Elbert Peets .............:ccecceceeeeee 
PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss.. 
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING—Breed-Hosmer.... 
PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY-S. B. Green............ 
PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING ie S. Graves a 
PRODUCTIVE ORCHARDING—F. 


PN ote mire Bette mee te 
SSSSSRrs SHS SSssnssssys 


ROSE GARDENING—Mary Hampden .............. 
SANITARY ENTOMOLOGY_D. Pierce 
SCOTT BURTON, FORESTER—E. G. Cheyn 15 
SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— 
James W. Toumey 4 
SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff...... 


r) 
) 
5 
> 
a 
Qa 
a 
° 
=) 
° 
q 
F* 
a 
Be 
5 
ae 
rs 
3 
iJ 
4 
is-) 
4 
_ 
S 

ssasss 


SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES (3 vols.) 47.25 
SEEING NATURE FIRST—Clarence M. Weed ... » 2.00 
SOILS—E. W. Hilgard .............ciecsccceessevsees . 400 
SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL—Howard E. . 1.50 
SPORTSMAN’S WORKSHOP—Warren H. Miller.... 1.15 
STORY OF THE FOREST, THE—Gordon Dorrance.. 15 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY—T. S. Woolsey, jr 6.00 
STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison ................0.45 2.25 
STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. Huntington 3.50 
TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—G. J. Pierce... 2.00 
nmeOne. AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS—A. B. Reck- oh 
EEE Pe de DIE PS PoP ee eer ee eee 
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING~—J. B. Johnson 4.00 
TIME R— DY, LJ. RY MROTUON 6 io cis dec cnc este cosncg yes ces secaceces 2.00 
REM’. CHALDORTIOL psec vasedcsecsrssssitsteie chee eNe ees csebuctectee 6.00 
TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES—H. M. Ward............. 1.50 
Biles, veal ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AND GRADING LH. Ss. een 
TIMBERS AND THEIR USES—Wren Winn.........:..:scceeesccseeene 5.00 
— OF COMMERCE AND THEIR. IDENTIFICATION—H. oe, 
TOWN. ‘GARDENING—_Mary TAMDUOR Oy. car cere ai cksssied sseeavkcerves 2.25 
TRAINING OF A FORESTER — Gifford WIMCHOE vie cseusesvessvaccens 1.50 
PH Tee BOOK—Je We ROGELE .o. oo corscncveveivesecccccbecescascedces 5.00 


TREE PRUNING—A. Des Cars 
TREES—J. E. Rogers ...........0.+ 
TREES—Marshall Ward 
TREES AND SHRUBS—Prof. Chas. opreese Sargent . 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING~—J. S. Brisbin. aay 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW-J. E 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and Jarvis.. 
TREES OF NORTHERN UNITED STATES—A. Angar 
TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF NORTHEASTERN U. S.—How- 
BTC EB, ParEhurse so vecicecessccect*hecsescvoseccctescuce 1. 
TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS— 
John Kirkegaard 2. 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES~—J. Webster... 
UNITED STATES eats POLICY—John Ise 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLANDS—K. W. Woodward 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell..............sseceees 4.15 


WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, THE—Francis King. vivecees* BOO 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman................-seceeeee 1.35 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME—Victor Kutchin........... 2.50 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed............:ssseeees 1.50 
WOOD =, G5 BOWLMNE” 5. cechcarieles coasvevertccebbepereatcccssavirecanc 4.50 
het af — en ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— she 
woop TURNING—J; Brough Etvertene 1.50 
WOODWORKING WAGHINERY <M. alps pT A er en e 4.75 
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK—Gen. H. M. Chittenden........ 3.00 


Members of the Association are entitled to a discount of 10 per cent from the above prices. 


| All books published can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 1214 16th St., Washington, D. C. 


640 


BLIGHT-INFECTED CHESTNUT AS 
DURABLE AS SOUND CHESTNUT 
Service records collected by the United 

States Forest Service indicate that chest- 

nut posts, poles, and ties cut from blight- 

infected trees are as durable in service 
as similar timber cut from healthy trees. 

Inspections on posts in one locality during 

eight years of service showed that decay 

progresses about as rapidly in undiseased 
posts as in blight-infected posts. 

The blight fungus attacks living trees 
and grows in the bark, particularly in the 
cambium layer, but it does not penetrate 
deeply into the wood itself. The blight 
finally kills the tree, effectively girdling it 
by separating the bark from the wood. 

Blight-killed chestnut should be cut and 
utilized as soon as possible. Allowing 
dead trees to check and become infected 
with decay in the woods shortens the 
service life of timbers cut from the tree. 


A “LITTLE SISTER” TO CRATER 


LAKE 

“In the July issue of American Forestry, 
under a pretty picture of a little section 
of Crater Lake, Oregon,” writes Mr. J. E. 
Pemberton, of San Francisco, “I find the 
following: ‘There are crater lakes in other 
lands, but the one lake of its kind in the 
United States exceeds all others in beauty 
and magnificence of setting.’ 

“Now I do not wish to depreciate in the 
least Crater Lake for ‘beauty and magnifi- 
cence of setting.’ Maybe the Creator could 
make something more beautiful and give it a 
more beautiful setting if He wished; but I 
have no reason to suspect that He ever 
did; and know no reason why He should. 
But there is another crater lake in this big, 
beautiful country of ours; and, in the eyes 
of many, it is quite the equal of Crater 
Lake, Oregon. 

“Tt is known as Crystal Lake, and is 
near Quincy, in Plumas County, California. 
It is of much smaller size than Crater Lake 


WINTON 


Don't Bother 


to spend good time and 
10% more 


WHEN 


under your membership 


YOU SAVE 10% 
on all books published 
= tional or fiction. 

Take full advantage of your = 
membership and write for books : 
you want for yourself or for = 
gifts to your friends. 
American Forestry Association — 

1214 Sixteenth Street Ee 
Washington, D. C. = 


HAUTSVOOTOADAEYATIMCHOUHUO AOA 


edyucta~ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


but, otherwise, is almost a dwplicate of it; 
has a strikingly similar ‘setting’ and I 
cannot recall any feature of either lake or 
its surroundings which could make it more 
beautiful, splendid or magnificent than the 
other. And adjectives are all too weak to 
describe either. Crater Lake is more gi- 


gantic, but that is the only advantage it has | 


over Crystal Lake, and the advantage of 
mere size is a matter of opinion only. 
The fact that Crater Lake is so well known 
and its little sister crater lake, called 
Crystal Lake, so little known, well illus- 
trates the maxim—‘It pays to advertise.’” 


KILN DRYING DOUGLAS FIR 
A study of the kiln drying of Douglas 
fir common lumber has been begun in the 
Albert 
from the Forest Products Laboratory of 


Northwest by Hermann, expert 


the Forest Service. This work is being 
carried on under a cooperative agreement 
between the Forest Service and the West 
Coast Up to 
the present time lumbermen of this re- 


Lumbermen’s Association. 


gion ‘have found it impossible to kiln dry 
common grades of Douglas fir lumber. 
The object of the study is to develop 
suitable different 
thicknesses of Douglas fir common and 


drying methods for 


to determine the loss in grade in drying 
which may be expected by these methods. 


1357-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,D<. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


AND 
[ILLUSTRATORS 


3 CoLor Process WorK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICE 


Phone Main 8274 


fa. MARCH ESB O 


Holds for Reference or Distributes 
It saves time—keeps desks clean—avoids confusion—occupies but 


Save Time in Sorting and Routing 
Mail, Memos, Orders, Etc. 
without changing your present system; Kleradesk sorts 
and routes papers automatically—instantly. 
arate compartments for all to whom mail is distributed. 


It has sep- 


122 Per Secrion 


REO. US. PAT. OR 


one-tenth space of wire baskets—eliminates endless shuffling of 
papers to find the paper you want. A Kleradesk provides a conveni- 
ent place for holdimg reference papers where they will be out of the 
way but immediately at hand when needed. 
Built of Steel Sections 

Each compartment is adjustable from one inch to 1% inches in 
width. Any number of compartments can be added as required. In- 
dexed front and back. Prices quoted under illustrations are for stand- 
ard olive green finish. Floor sections for 3, 6 and 10-inch rt- 


4 Comi 20 


ments supplied at extra cost, as well as mahogany and oak finishes, 
Pays for Itself 
A Kleradesk guarantees time saved in locating papers, increased 
efficiency, personal convenience and the refined appearance of orderly 
desks, from president to office boy. 
The prices under illustrations 
are for standard Kleradesk models 
in Olive Green. Order one today. 


Write at once for free, 
instructive, tllus~ 
trated folder, 


Being sectional, you may later sie koe! 
add to or alter it. We guaran- Desk 
tee complete satisfaction, Effict- 
Ross-Gould Company ency.” 


232.N, 10th St., St. Louis 
New York, Cleveland 
Philadelphia 

Chicago 


7 Compartment? 9ee 


10 Compartment 13 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


VOL. 28 


NOVEMBER, 1922 


No. 347 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 


By Woodbridge Metcalf 


Associate Professor of Forestry, University of California 


HEN the average person is asked to think about 

California and what he has heard or read about 
the wonders of the golden state, I presume that nine 
out of ten will mention the redwood tree among the 
first three things. So famous have those great trees 
become because of their age and massive proportions 
that most people would not consider a trip to California 
complete unless they had 


characteristics from the Sierra big-tree (Sequoia gi- 
gantea). 

When after the gold rush of ’49 there came a demand 
for lumber the great stands of redwood stretching from 
San Francisco Bay north along the coast a few miles 
across the Oregon line, and south to Monterey County, 
soon attracted attention, and logying began with the 

crude implements available 


seen a grove of either the 
big-tree of the Sierras or 
the redwood of the coast, 
and many people have trav- 
elled from the ends of the 
earth in order to walk 
amid the great trunks while 
they strove to comprehend 
the marvels of these most 
ancient of living things. 
All of the other important 
Western timber trees are 
found in several states but 
to California alone has been 
given the coast redwood 
and the giant big-tree. So 
indelibly has the image o. 
the redwood tree become 
interwoven with the name 
California in history, song 
and story that it might well 
be emblazoned on the state 
flag instead of the grizzly 
bear. That ferocious mon- 
arch of the bear family has 
not been seen in California 
in a generation while King 
Sequoia will probably con- 
tinue to rule over the syl- 
van slopes of the west 
coast, exacting homage 
from men and trees alike, 
for untold future genera- 
tions. And it is not only 
the old patriarchs that will ®Y 
thus rule, but millions of 

their descendents will arise to uphold the honor of their 
ancient lineage and have a part in moulding the forest 
destiny of the ultimate west. The following discussion 
has to do only with the coast redwood (Sequoia sem- 
pervirens) which is entirely distinct both in range and 


COUNTY. 
WOODS NOW STANDING. 


ACTUAL SCALE. 


AMONG THE GIANTS IN BULL 
THIS IS SAID TO BE THE FINEST GROVE OF RED- 
SINGLE 
AS THIS HAVE YIELDED OVER 


in that early day. Recent 
estimates lead us to believe 
that .-at- “that 
were about a million four 


time there 
hundred thousand acres of 
redwood — timberland 
taining in the neighborhood 
of one hundred billion 
board feet of timber. No 
one in those early days had 
any definite idea how much 
redwood timber there was. 
That there was enough was 
evident and the matter of 
ownership being a_ trivial 
matter, several small mills 
started cutting along the 
accessible river bottom flats 
in Sonoma and Mendocino 
counties. When Uncle Sam 
got around to it many 
years later he collected a 
tidy sum for timber cut on 
his lands in trespass—but 
that, of course, is another 
story. 


con- 


‘i 
be OK 


i 


The days of early logging 
and settlement in the red- 
wood region were full of 
action and many stirring 
tales of those days have 
been handed down concern- 


CREEK FLAT, HUMBOLDT 


ACRES OF TIMBER SUCH 


eSILLION BOARD FEET ing them, One of these has 


to do with the origin of the 

name of Bull Creek, in 
Humboldt County, which has become famous in recent 
years because the flats adjacent to its banks are said 
to contain the finest stand of redwoods now extant. 
The story as told to me by the son of one of the chief 
actors in the episode begins with the importation by one 


644 AMERICAN 


of the settlers living on the Eel River of a small herd 
of cattle. These were secured at great expense from 
San Francisco and driven with difficulty over rough 
mountain trails to the settlement. Presiding over the 
herd was a bu!l of generous proportions and lengthy an- 
cestry which soon became the pride of the settlement. 
The coast Indians in the vicinity were not very friendly 
to the new settlers and, regarding the bull as a fit sub- 
ject for a grand feast, a band of about thirty of them 
stole a march on the settlement: one dark night and 
made off with the bull which they killed without cere- 
mony and carried to the depths of the big woods. The 
settlers on discovering the loss armed themselves and 
took up the trail with their hearts thirsting for ven- 
geance. They came upon the barbecue while the feast 
was at its height, the place selected by the Indians 
being the banks of the little creek under the shade of 
the mighty trees. The whites attacked without waiting 
for the end of the feast and the Indians, being taken 
by surprise, 


FORESTRY 


rent became too much for the boom to hold and the 
logs, representing years of labor and millions of feet 
of timber, would be swept out into the ocean. This 
occurred at least once on each of the rivers running 
through the redwood region and the battered remnantts 
of logs lying half buried in the sand along hundreds 
of miles of ocean beach are mute evidence to this day 
of such catastrophes. 

The bull teams could not handle the butt logs of the 
largest trees so it was common practice to build a 
staging ten to fifteen feet high around the trees for 
the fallers to stand on. So high were some of these 
stumps left that I recently saw two of them used as 
platforms for summer cottage water tanks. The cot- 
tage stood beside the stump and the top of the tank 
was well over the peak of the cottage roof. Even after 
leaving such high stumps, butt logs would often offer 
too big a problem for the bull teams so that a section, 
twenty or more feet long, had to be left where it fell. 

It is said that 


and naturally 
at a disadvan- 


tage ‘because 
of the hearti- 
ness of their 
meal, were 
slain to the 
Last: «man: 


Henceforth the 
creek was 
known by its 
present name, 


some of the 
early logging 
on the Rus- 
sian River 
was done be- 
fore double 
bitted axes or 
crosscut saws 
of sufficient 
length were 
available, the 
trees being 


but it is hard chopped clear 
for one walk- through with 
ing . through pole axes. I 
this magnifi- have seen 
cent grove in stumps over 
these peaceful ten feet in 
days to think REDWooD SECOND GROWTH FORMS A DELIGHTFUL SETTING FOR SUMMER COTTAGES diameter with 
f it as the AND HOTELS ALONG THE RUSSIAN RIVER WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR 4x6 marks 
or WU as RECREATION AREAS IN CALIFORNIA. ; 
setting for clear across 


such a bloody tragedy. Although this grove is privately 
owned and in close proximity to logging operations, it 
is possible that it may yet be purchased and preserved 
in its present state through the efforts of the “Save the 
Redwoods League.” 

The logging and milling along the coast in the 70’s 
and 80’s was very crude compared with present day 
machinery and methods, The slow plodding bull teams 
furnished the power for hauling the logs a short dis- 
tance to the bank of the stream into which they were 
rolled, to lie, sometimes, for several years until a flood 
of high water would come. Then there would be a 
period of feverish activity until all the logs were safely 
floated down to the mill. A pocket boom of logs chain- 
ed together spanned the river near its mouth in order 
to catch and hold the logs as they came down with the 
current. Sometimes during a year of extra high water 
the pressure of the mass of logs and the swirling cur- 


and could not help marvelling at the patience and ap- 
parent dexterity of these woodsmen of an earlier day. 
Many of the logs which reached the mill pond were 
too large for the machinery and had to be split open 
with powder before they could be handled. 


The size of these logs brings to mind the matter of 
maximum size of trees and the maximum yields per 
acre on record. There are many stories current about 
the size of this or that tree and it seems probable that 
there have been trees over 25 feet in diameter and about 
375 feet in height, but at the present time trees over 16 
feet in diameter are very scarce and hard to find. 1€ 
largest tree in Bull Creek Flat is just over 16 feet 
4% feet from the ground, but there must have been 
larger trees along the lower Eel River and on the flats 
adjacent to Humboldt Bay. Mr. Ivon Clar, of Guerne- 
ville, Sonoma County, tells me that there is a stump 
near that town which measures over 24 feet across and 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 


that he knows of at least two 


645 


other trees cut in that vicin- 
ity which were between 21 
and 22 feet in diameter. Ac- 
cording to Mr. Clar the larg- 
est tree now standing in So- 
noma County is located on 


what is known as_ Eagle 
Nest Flat, about four miles 
from Guerneville. He says 


that about twenty yearS ago 
he assisted a member of the 
faculty of the University of 
California to measure the 
tree. According to those 
measurements, of which he 
kept a copy, the tree was 357 
feet high and 20 feet in di- 
ameter. The bole is not sym- 
metrical but measured 22 
feet in one direction and 18 
feet in the other, The tree 
was at that time perfectly healthy but started to die at 
the top about 1910. It is still alive except for the upper 
half of the crown and will probably live for many years. 
Adjacent to it is another old tree from which the flat 
takes its name. The earliest settlers on the Russian 
River remarked a large nest in its top in which a pair 
of ospreys, or fish eagles, annually reared their brood. 
About 1890 during logging operations a neighboring 
tree struck it in falling, demolishing the nest and break- 
ing off thirty feet of the top of the tree. The eagles 
built the nest up again the following year and used it 
undisturbed until April, 1906, when the earthquake shook 
the tree so hard that the nest was shaken to pieces. Again 
the eagles built it up and today the Eagle nest tree and 
its stag-headed companion are familiar landmarks to all 
who go up and down the Russian River. 


THE AREA SHOWN. 


REDWOOD CUT-OVER LAND ABOUT A YEAR AFTER THE 
OF SPROUTS ARE COMING UP AROUND THE OLD STUMPS BUT ARE TOO FAR APART TO 
PRODUCE CLEAR LUMBER. PLANTING EXPERIMENTS ARE BEING CARRIED ON WITHIN 


REMOVAL OF LOGS. CLUMPS 


Stories of remarkable yields per acre are told about 
various sections of the redwood region and records close 
to or slightly in excess of one million board feet are 
quoted. The Pacific Lumber Company scaled an acre 
near Dyarville about a year ago which exceeded a mil- 
lion feet and there were probably many similar acres 
cut in the early days. One of the most interesting rec- 
ords of this kind is vouched for by John Armstrong, of 
Guerneviile who scaled timber at various points along 
the coast in the eighties. I have the story through Mr. 
I. M. Clar, mentioned above. It seems that about 1885 
Armstrong was scaling for Mr. George Guerne who 
owned and was logging a particularly fine redwood flat 
about a mile from what is now Guerneville. Mr. Guerne 
had an argument with one of his friends as to whether 
the timber would run more or less than 750,000 feet 
Finally a wager was made, the loser to pay 
for a champagne supper at 


per acre. 


DOUGLAS FIR SEED TREES LEFT ALONG THE TOP OF A RIDGE IN MENDOCINO COUNTY 


IN AN ATTEMPT TO GET NATURAL 
CLUMPS OF REDWOOD SPROUTS. 


REPRODUCTION 


THEIR FIRST WINTER OF ISOLATION. 


OF THIS SPECIES BETWEEN THE 
THESE TREES AVERAGE OVER 2 FEET IN DIAMETER 
AND HAVE SUCCESSFULLY SURVIVED THE LOGGING FIRE AND SEVERE WINDS OF 


the famous old Poodle Dog 
Restaurant in San Francisco, 
and Armstrong was instruct- 
ed to carefully measure off 
an acre and scale the logs 
which were cut from it. This 
he did, following the practice 
in those days of scaling each 
log inside the sap wood 
which was not considered of 
any value. He says that the 
total scale for this acre was 
1,287,000 board feet and he 
believes it to have been the- 
heaviest stand of timber any- 
where on the Pacific Coast. 
The record is apparently au- 
thentic and when one consid- 
ers that this is a log scale 
and nota stump scale the: fig- 
ure is still more astonishing. 


646 AMERICAN 

Mr. T. W. Hine, of the Holmes Eureka Lumber Com- 
pany, has a unique record which shows the log scale 
for a tree which they cut some years ago on Happy 
Camp flat near Eureka. 
This tree was about fifteen 
feet in diameter, very tall, 


perfectly sound and the 
completed log scale was 
118,000 board feet. Mr. 


Hine recalls another tree on 
this flat which was 22 feet 
in diameter at the stump 
and says that the first four 
logs were so heavy that 
they were split in quarters, 
each quarter making a car 
load. Another tree in the 
vicinity yielded 252 feet in 
length of logs before get- 
ting into the crown where 
it was too knotty to make 
lumber. Mr.. Hine 
says that the Hammond 
Lumber Company cut a 
tree some years ago which 
scaled much more than his 
big one mentioned above. 
He is under the impression 
that the scale was about 
160,000 board feet but the 
figures are not available. 
A section of the 22 foot 
tree was sent to the Chica- 
go World’s Fair where it 
created a great sensation. 
If any of my readers have . 
difficulty in visualizing the size of these logs and trees 
I suggest that they lay off a 22 foot distance across 
the front of an ordinary cottage and compare the height 
with some tall city building with which they are~fa- 
miliar. Then if they doubt the evidence of their senses 
[ must ask them to remember that we are talking about 
Sequoia, the King of trees. 


good 


Logging in the redwood region did not long remain 
in the primitive condition mentioned above. Bull teams 
gave way by gradual stages to the Dolbeer donkey 
engine and the narrow gauge railroad, while band saw 
mills of large capacity replaced the small circular out- 
fits. More and more people attracted by the size and 
accessibility of the timber filed on the land so that the 
entire acreage soon passed from the public domain to 
private ownership. With the increasing demand for 
lumber the companies have enlarged the scope of ,their 
operations and have installed the most up-to-date log- 
ging, transportation and mill machinery, while the zone 
of operations has moved north from San Francisco bay 
until it now centers in Mendocino and Humboldt coun- 
tic The annual output of the region is now about six 
hundred million board feet and with widening markets 


A_ CIRCLE .OF REDWOOD SPROUTS ON EAGLE NEST FLAT, 
RUSSIAN RIVER, 45 YEARS OLD. THE CIRCLE ABOUT THE 
OLD STUMP CONTAINS EIGHT FINE TREES. 


FORESTRY 


the demand is ever more insistent that the product of 
the whirring saws be increased. A vast area of cut- 
over land in all stages of growth, or lack of growth, 
stretches to the south and 
along the coast. Fully a 
third of the original forest 
area has been combed with 
ax and saw and as one 
travels through these cut- 
over areas he is struck by 
the fact that with the in- 
troduction of high speed 
machinery and modern 
methods of utilization, it is 
becoming increasingly diffi- 
cult if not impossible for 
nature, unaided, to reforest 
them with an adequate 
stand of second growth, 
About seventy billion 
board feet of virgin red- 
wood on some nine hun- 
dred thousand acres 
remain to be cut and con- 
servative estimates lead us 
to believe that this will last 
about seventy-five years. 
And I think I can hear you 
ask: “After that, what?” 


seeing vast stretches of des- 
olate, fire-swept, unproduc- 
tive cut-over lands and a 
dead lumber industry in the 
land of the giants?” “Will 
fertile farm and grazing 
lands be developed where once the redwoods towered 
or will these lands always produce under wise manage- 
ment the timber crop for which they are now so justly 
famous?’ A good many serious minded and far seeing 
men both in and out of the lumber business have been 
asking those questions for several years; the Forestry 
Division of the University of California has been work- 
ing on the problem and a majority of the redwood ope- 
rating companies have joined forces and retained no 
less an authority on forest management and economics 
than Major D. T. Mason of’ Portland, Oregon, to 


draw up tentative plans for the future management of — 


these lands. The problem is a large one and acquires 
added interest and significance because the land is all 
in private ownership, which means that aside from the 
rather remote possibility of extensive acquirement of cut- 


over lands by the state, measures to insure the perpetu-- 


ation of the industry must be worked out by the ope- 
rating companies. One of ‘these has already adopted 
the principle of permanent timber production on its 
lands and if the others do likewise, as at present ap- 
pears probable, the redwood resion will in a short time 
present to the world the largest demonstration of forest 
management by private individuals. 


still, 


“Are we to look forward to | 


aaa ei iin arene ne i 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 


Many phases of the problem are still to be investi- 
gated but enough observations have been made to war- 
rant the belief that intensive forest management on 
redwood lands will probably yield larger and quicker re- 
turns than is possible with any other coniferous tree. 
It is in order to present a few of the salient facts lead- 
ing to this conclusion that the fotlowing pages have been 
written. These will be presented as briefly and enter- 
tainingly as possible with no apology for the few nec- 
essary figures. ss 

The story of redwood reproduction reads like a fairy 
tale because among all the softwood timbers of the 
world this species alone has the ability to sprout con- 
sistently and profusely from the stump. In fact so 
' well developed is this tendency and so vigorous are the 


_ Sprouts that probably eighty per cent of the trees in 


virgin redwood stands got their start in life in this 
manner, Stumps retain the sprouting capacity to a 
surprising age and a goodly proportion of even the 
oldest trees will sprout vigorously after being cut. 
The stumps moreover are wonderfully tenacious of life 
and will continue to send up vigorous green shoots in 
spite of repeated discouraging setbacks from successive 
fires or clearings with the ax. So serious a problem 
are these sprouts in the attempt to clear redwood lands 
for agriculture 
or grazing, 
that many a 
man has given 
up in despair 
after waging 
a losing battle 
for 10 years or 
more against 
these _ persist- 
ent and rapid- 
ly growing 
sprouts. Even 
the hottest fire 
used in ciear- 
ing logging 
slash kills but 
a fraction of 
the stumps 
and a newly 
logged area 
which appears 
to the uninitiated to be hopelessly devastated will with- 
in a very few months be thickly dotted with bright 
green clumps of sprouts encircling nearly every stump. 
Usually several hundred and sometimes more than a 
thousand of these suckers push up in a circle from the 
root collar of the stump and engage immediately in a 
battle royal to determine which eight or ten will be the 
ultimate survivors of all this group of starters. Some 
suckers also arise from surface roots at a distance 
from the stumps and in very exceptional cases a few 
seedlings may start immediately and so result in a 
complete stand of young trees. Such fully stocked 


DAL. £ 


Nt 


= ae 
fs eho! | ats taal 


— 


Hy 


~~ 


AS THE “WONDER SAMPLE PLOT.” 


REDWOOD IN FULLY STOCKED STANDS GROWS MORE RAPIDLY IN VOLUME THAN ANY 
OTHER SOFTWOOD TREE IN THE WORLD. THE TREES IN THIS 48-YEAR-OLD STAND 
AVERAGED 2% INCHES IN DIAMETER AND 125 FEET IN HEIGHT. AN 
HERE CONTAINS OVER 137,000 BOARD FEET OF LUMBER AND HAS COME TO BE KNOWN 


647 


stands of reproduction are of exceedingly rare occur- 
rence because of the prevalence of fires in cut-over 
areas in past years, but enough have been ferreted out 
and measured during the past year to indicate that 
where given adequate protection they grow with aston- 
ishing rapidity. The writer had the pleasure of laying 
out and measuring, with the assistance of E. Fritz, a 
full acre sample plot in such a stand on the banks of 
Big River, Mendocino County, last July. We walked 
down the bank of the stream from the Mendocino 
Lumber Company camp, where we were stopping, a 
distance of about three or four miles, across deserted 
ciearings where old lumber camps or homestead cabins 
had once stood, and through patches of second growth 
in different stages of development and density, Some 
of these stands showed severe damage by fire; others 
were very open in character owing to the distance apart 
that the old trees had stood and the lack of reproduc- 
tion between the circles of sprouts, but finally we entered 
a stand the density of which was in startling contrast 
to the brilliant sunshine outside. It was like going 
from a sunny street into the door of a dimly lighted 
cathedral. When our eyes became accustomed to the 
dim light we could scarcely believe that they were not 
playing us false, for the trees about us were so large 
and beautiful- 
ly formed it 


here and there 
amid unmis- 
takable circles 
were the mas- 
sive stumps 
cha ra cteristic 
of the early 
day logging 
and we knew 
that we had 
reached the 
spot we were 
looking for. 
As we ran out 
lines around 
the sample 
acre and then sat down to eat our lunch first 
one and then another would exclaim over the den- 
sity and wonderful beauty of this stand of young trees, 
but dt was not until we had finished measuring diameters 
and heights and determined the age to be 48 years, that 
the full wonder of it was impressed upon us. The 
tally sheets at the end of the afternoon showed that we 
had measured 263 trees on that acre which averaged 
125 feet in height and 24 inches in diameter breast 
high. The tallest trees were over 150 feet in height and 
a few were just over three feet in diameter breast high. 
In addition to the above there were also recorded five 


: L seemed __ that 
a1 3 they must be 
ya more than 
‘ mere second 
i growth. But 
| 

7 

1} 


+ 


ACRE MEASURED 


648 


old growth redwoods, about four feet in diameter, which 
had been left during the old logging operations, and 10 
red alders varying from 10 to 18 inches d.b.h. I shall 
never forget the afternoon among those trees for com- 
putations have since shown them to ‘have made the 
fastest growth in volume of any stand. of softwood 
timber in the world. Since then a number of other 
plots have been measured which confirm the above fig- 
ures and dem- 


onstrate the 
remarkable ra- 
pidity of 
growth of 
young red- 


wood but none 
of these quite 
came up to 
the above rec- 
ord. As I had 
the pleasure of 
“ disco vering ” 
the Big River 
plot I hope it 
shall continue 
to, They the 
greatest, but I 
would not be 
surprised to 
hear that 
someone had 
measured a plot within the region which slightly ex- 
ceeded this one in yield. It has come to be known 
among California foresters as the “Wonder Sample 
Plot” and with good reason, for calculations of its 
volume based on future utilization to a five inch top, 
show a total of 137,416 board feet by the International 
Log Rule, or approximately 22,000 cubic feet of wood 
inside bark. Please remember that this includes only 
the second growth trees and that they were only 48 
years old which means an average annual growth. of 
2660 board feet per acre. In other words the volume 
growth per acre per year was 460 cubic feet, or a little 
over five standard cords without bark. 

Some readers who are familiar only with tree 
growth in less favored regions may exclaim, “What 
rubbish,” or put this down as “Just another one of 
those California exaggerations,” and I will confess that 
when I think of the days I spent in the north woods 
among the black-spruce, tamarack and jack-pine, I find 
the figures doubly hard to believe. 

A few days ago I was looking over, with Professor 
Bruce, a recent Swedish publication which gave figures 
on yields per acre in some of their splendid and in- 
tensivély managed stands. We both had to rub our 
eyes a bit in wonder when we found the best of these 
to be only slightly higher in yield than the poorest fully 
stocked stand of second growth redwood we have so 
far been able to find. 

The table on the following page gives a summary of 
the Big River sample plot for those who may be inter- 


REDWOOD SECOND GROWTH IS COMING TO BE USED IN A VARIETY OF WAYS, AMONG 
WHICH THIS FENCE IS RATHER A BIZARRE EXAMPLE. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ested in more detailed figures. Photographs made at 
the time indicate the density of the stand but do small 
justice to the beauty and symmetry of the trees. Care- 
ful examination of the photograph will reveal a large 
stump in the left foreground and a “mud-line” about 
seven feet from the ground on all the trees. The spring 
of 1921 was a period of exceptionally high water and 
this flat was innundated for a period of about ten days. 
Redwood 
seedlings are 
exceedingly — 
rare and hard 
to find either 
in mature 
stands of tim- 
ber or on cut 
over lands. 

_ Many people 
claim to have 
travelled 
through _red- 
wood areas for 
years without 

ever finding a 

tree that they 

could be sure 
originated 
from seed, 
which has giv- 

en rise to a 
rather wide-spread popular belief that the trees never 
reproduce in this way. It does take a lot of careful 
searching to find seedling redwoods in most parts of the 
region, but where conditions are favorable they may 
occasionally be found in considerable numbers. I haye 
found areas of several hundred square feet where there 
were two or more seedlings per square foot but soil 
and moisture conditions must apparently be just right 
at the time seeds are cast and for some months there- 
after. Bare mineral soil of sandy loam-texture appar- 
ently furnishes ideal conditions for germination and 
growth of the little trees and they can often be found 
on the sides of railroad cuts and fills where seed trees 
are near. A little patch of seedlings can occasionally 
be found under an old stand on the mound of earth 
left heaped up by an old wind-thrown tree, and I have 
seen them growing in loam which had collected on top 
of stumps or in old rotting logs. 

Nevertheless redwood seedlings are rare and the 
writer became interested some years ago in determining 
why they were so scarce in natural stands and also if — 
they could be grown successfully in quantity in the 
nursery. Experiments with various lots of seed have 
been carried on in the laboratory and forest nursery at — 
Berkeley and in spite of early failures, it has been dem- 
onstrated that under the proper conditions redwood can 
be grown from seed as quickly and easily as can any 
other forest tree. The early failures resulted, I believe, 
because the seed was collected from very old trees (ring 
counts showed them to be 1000 years and over) while 


t 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 649 


BIG RIVER 


Age 48 years. Mendocino Co. Calif. 
Measured June, 1921 
Site Quality I—river flat with deep alluvial soil. 


Area, I acre. 


Tree classes based Number of Board ft. volume 
on d.b.h. inches trees per acre International rule 
2-9 48 556 
10-19 « 115 30,432 
20-29 83 75,914 
30-37 17 30,514 
Total 263 137,416 


REDWOOD 


SAMPLE PLOT 


Basal area outside bark at d.b.h. 515 square feet. 

Basal area inside bark at d.b.h. 400 square feet. 

Total height of average tree, 125 feet. 

Average height of dominant trees, total, 140 feet. 
Cubic feet of wood inside bark using form factor 0.44—22,000. 
460 cu. ft. or 2,660 board ft. 


The following trees recorded but not included in calculations 


Five older redwoods — — — ~—~ — 40”—s52” d.b.h. 
Aven: bpedy Sedetew en Nae ee ho ol Os Tore SO db he 


Mean annual growth for 48 years, 


most of the more recent tests on seed from younger 
trees have given reasonably good results. Viable seed 
is produced by very young trees—tests last year on seed 
from sprouts 7 and Io years old, germinated 2% and 
16% respectively—and present indications are that the 
best seed comes from trees between the ages of 30 
and 100 years. 

Redwood cones seem to be produced in great profu- 
sion by trees of all ages. They are small (usually less 
than 34” jong) bright green in color and require but 
one season to mature. They should be collected when 
they are just about to open to expel the tiny red-brown 
seeds, the time varying with locality and climatic con- 
ditions from late August to early December. When 
coliected it takes four hundred to eight hundred cones 
to weigh a pound; about 15% of this weight being seed. 
Each cone may contain a hundred or more seeds which 
are surrounded by tiny glistening specks of dark red 
resin which, with other chaff, sometimes makes up over 
25% of the weight of the material extracted from the 
cones. The seeds are very small, the number per 
pound varying with different samples from less than 100,- 
000 to more than 300,000 and it is very hard for one 
to realize that such mighty forest trees are able to 
develop from the atom of life contained in one of the 


there are from 18,750 to 45,000 seed capable of germi- 
mating, and it might appear that we could expect to get 
this number of trees from planting it in the nursery. 
In actual practice, however, there is a very large loss 
after germination, of trees which are too weak to be- 
come established and those which die during the first 
few months from a variety of causes. In order to 
arrive at the probable number surviving at the end of 
the season from -this pound we must divide the above 
figures by from 3 to 5 depending on the germination 
percent, which will leave from 4,000 to 15,000 seedlings. 


Seed can be sown in out of door seedbeds at Berkeley 
any time from November to April. There are, however, 
decided advantages in fall or winter over spring sowing 
as seedlings from the fotmer develop rapidly and, 
with average weather conditions, most of them should 
be large enough for field planting when one year 
old. Seed sown in the late spring produces trees 
which are mostly less than three inches high the next 
rainy season. About 10% can be used in field planting 
but the rest must be set out in transplant rows for an- 
other season, After this many of them will be 12” 
or over in height and therefore more expensive to 
handle in field planting. Stock from April sown seed 

is so small at 


tiny packages. 
A good aver- |°2. £) yy 
age pound of 
redwood seed 
if carefully 
extracted 
should con- 
tain not over 
5% chaff or 
resin and 
about 125,000 
to 150,000 
clean _ seeds 
with a germi- 
native capacity 
of 15 to 30% 
as indicated by 
cutting or ov- 
en tests. This 
means that in 
this pound 


AN EXPERIMENTAL PLANTATION ON THE SITE OF AN OLD LOGGING CAMP. A NUMBER OF 
NATIVE AND INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE BEING TRIED OUT BY THE UNION LUMBER 
COMPANY. 


the time of 
transplanting 
that it is nec- 
essary to fig- 
ure on a I5 
to 20% loss 
during this 
operation. 

An _ interest- 
ing and very 
significant 
c har acter istic 
of young red- 
wood trees 
was discovered 
last December 
when a lot of 
two year old 
transplants 
were taken up 


650 AMERICAN 


for field planting. A majority of these were found 
with a pronounced swelling below the ground level 
from which projected ten to fifteen fully developed 
buds capable of growing immediately into sprouts 
should anything happen to the leader. It is thus 
demonstrated that sprouting capacity is inherent even 
in seediings less than two years old, to be drawn on 
immeditaely in case of emergency. Because of this 
trait a light surface fire in a young plantation would 
probably not result in total loss as with most species. 
Also because of this it may be possible to severely 
prune transplants which have become too large for 
convenient handling in the field. Both of these points 
will be of considerable importance in future forestry 
work in the redwood region. 

It is quite simple under greenhouse conditions to re- 
produce redwood by means of cuttings from the tops 
of branches or large sprouts, Such cuttings four to 
eight inches long if made in the fall and placed in 


REDWOOD PLANTATION 
Age 30 Years 


Chico Forestry Station, Butte County, California. 


Spacing 16x16 feet—17o trees per acre. 
Area .223 acres—86% survival. 
Average D. B. H.—15.3 inches. 
Average height—68 feet. 

Maximum D. B. H.—28.9 inches. 
Maximum Height—o8 feet. 

Basal area per acre—219 cubic feet. 

Cubic ft. vol. per acre—5270 cubic feet equals 175.6 
cubic feet per acre per year. ; 
Board ft. vol. per acre—31,400 equals 1046 board feet 

per acre per year. 


coarse bench sand will show about 25% survival ‘in 
seven months. Most of these survivors show a heavy 
callous at the lower end of the cutting, with roots two 
to six inches in length, and well deveioped buds or new 
green growth. 
class of stock can be grown cheaply enough in quantity 
to compete with seedlings or, what is more problematical 
if they will develop into well formed and rapid grow- 
ing trees. Another characteristic of these remarkable 
trees which may prove to be of great importance was 
discovered last December by C. O. Gerhardy, U. C., ’21. 
In digging up a number of suckers for experimental 
planting he found it not uncommon for some of these 
to show well developed fibrous roots of their own. In 
many cases, especially where they*arise from a long 
surface root, these “suckers” can be detached with the 
new roots intact, furnishing what I have playfully called 
“automatic planting stock.” A number of these are 
being tested out this year by the Union Lumber.Com- 
pany on several different planting sites, Tests with a 
small number of these at Berkeley show 25 to 30% 
alive and making some new growth after six months 
in the ground. 

Of all these possibilities for use in reforestation work 
probably only one or two will prove feasible after ex- 


It is not known as yet whether this _ 


FORESTRY 


tensive trial. The number of promising leads seem§ to 
give promise that one or more will be developed on a 
large scale to supply the demand for planting stock that 
will be very pronounced, according to my way of 
thinking, within a few years. 

Only a limited number of redwoods have been plant- 
ed in the past and most of these have been single speci- 
mens or groups on lawns or in parks. It does not seem 
reasonable to suppose that the growth of seedlings 
when once established will be materially different from 
that of a fully stocked stand of sprouts on a similar 
site. The two examples which are given seem to bear 
out this statement and they are about the only groups — 
of redwoods, the history of which is known, that are 
old enough to be of interest. 

This piantation is located in the north Sacramento 
valley where hot dry summers and absence of fogs 
make the climate very different from that found in 
the redwood belt. It is therefore significant of the wide 
range of climatic conditions under which these trees 
will thrive and grow rapidly in volume. It should 
be noted that the soil was a moderately fertile gravelly 
loam, with good sub irrigation all the year from Big 
Chico Creek which flows past the plantation about 50 
yards distant. All calculations in the above were made 
exactly the same as in the Big River plot. 

There are three small groups of redwoods on the 
University campus at Berkeley which were raised from 
seed collected near Willits in 1904 and planted in 1906. 
Two of the groups are on good bottom land soil, the 
other on observatory knoll where the soil is shallow 
and stony, The difference in site has more than been 
made up in irrigation which the trees on the knoll re- 
ceived more frequently than the others. There are in 
all 44 trees which averaged at 15 years from date of 
planting 10.7 inches D. B. H. and 37 feet high. No 
calculations of volume per acre would be- significant 
but it will be noted from the following comparison of 
annual growth that these trees have been doing rea- 


sonably well. of 
Mean annual growth 
D.B.H. — Height 
Plot Age inches feet 
Big River ~ 48 0.50 2.60 
Chico Station ... 30 0.51 2.26 
Berkeley 15 0.71 2.46 


Planting experiments in the Berkeley hills, which 
have ‘been carried on for several years, show about 
50% survival for seedling stock and 75-80% for trans- 
plant stock under conditions including heavy adobe 
soil with a dense grass cover which could be considered 
as typical of only the most unfavorable planting sites 
within the redwood belt. From the examples quoted it 
seems reasonable to conclude that growing and planting 


redwood should be at least as cheap and successful as 


it has been with any other important coniferous tree. 
Having demonstrated the feasibility of raising and 

planting redwood someone will be sure to ask, “But 

why all this talk about planting? With the number of 


a 


erg Gags CA 


with timber production. 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 


651 


sprouts which come up 
naturally after logging, is 
it necessary, and is any- 
one going to be interested 
in doing any?” And 
someone else may inquire 
“How about agricultural 
or other uses for some of 
this land?” 


fields -- - 


In order to give a*prop- duction - - - 
er perspective to the first 
question I will try to an- Total Coes 


swer the second one first. 


Probable Future Use of Redwood Lands 


Agricuiure of all kinds - ~— - 
Barrens, rocky areas and _ brush- 


Recreational areas including state 
and national parks, pubtic play- 
grounds and summei home sites 

Land suited only for timber pro- 


In order that we may 
have some general notion 
of what land in the red- 
wood region will be used. 
for, I have set down the 
appended figures. These 
are believed to be con- 
servative and although 
necessarily only approxi- 
900,000 acres mations they do bring out 
= the overwhelming impor- 
tance of timber produc- 
tion. 


140,000 acres 


280,000 acres 


80,000 acres 


1,400,000 acres 


Redwood stump land is 
difficult and very expensive to clear. Most of the 
land lies on steep hillsides from which the coarse 
textured soil erodes rapidly under cultivation.  Cli- 
matic and soil conditions are not conducive to a high 
yield per acre of agricultural products. Only 18 per 
cent of the land cut over to date has been devoted 
to farm purposes. Professor W. T. Clark, who has 
given much thought to the agricultural possibilities 
of redwood lands, points out such serious obstacles 
to successful fruit growing as oak root fungus and flat 
headed borer (both of which are ever present on 
tan bark oak) and emphasizes the lack of transpor- 
tation facilities resulting 
from the broken character 
of the topography. Some 
of the best dairy land in 
the world is to be found 
on the flats along the lower 
Eel River but most of this 
was not redwood but spruce 
land and practically all of 
it is already improved. 
Grazing on hill lands is 
largely an unknown quan- 
tity as yet but judging 
from the experience of one 
or two companies who have 
tried it rather extensively 
the returns do not look 
promising as compared 


Conservative estimates 
place 10% of the total area 
as the absolute maximum 
that will ever be used for 
agriculture. Even this will 
be dependent on permanent 
timber production on forest 
lands in order to make a 
profitable market for agri- 
cultural products. Forestry 
and agriculture must go 
hand in hand to develop 
the resources of the region 


most extensively. orien ae 


DURING JULY. 


LOOKING ACROSS THE ROWS OF REDWOOD LOGS USED FOR 
SEATS TOWARDS THE STAGE IN THE OPEN-AIR THEATRE, 
BOHEMIAN GROVE, RUSSIAN RIVER. THE TREES IN THIS 
FINE OLD GROVE ARE MAINTAINED AS A SETTING FOR 


GROVE PLAY GIVEN HERE EACH YEAR 


These figures allow for 
over 50% increase in the present agricultural area 
and contemplate extensive future recreational develop- 
ment. The barren area is made so large because of 
much of the older cut-over land. Reforestation on part 
of this may be feasible at some time in the future. 

And now we come to. the answer to that first ques- 
tion. Here are nearly a million acres of land so fa- 
vorably situated as regards mildness of climate and ade- 
quacy of moisture, that it will grow softwood timber 
more quickly than any area of similar size in the world. 
Because of high humidity fire protection is less of a 
problem here than anywhere in the west. This means a 
high degree of security for 
investments in growing tim- 
ber. Natural reproduction 
of sprouts comes up after 
logging in such a manner 
as to take care of 1/3 to 
1/2 of each acre, but under 
present methods of logging 
this must be supplemented 
in order to obtain a fully 
stocked stand. Unless 
stands are fully stocked 
they will have nothing like 
the quantity or quality of 
timber that is possible when 
enough trees aie present. 
These supplementary trees 
must be provided for in one 
of two ways. Either log- 
ging methods must be mod- 
ified so as to leave a suffi- 
cient number of seed trees 
per acre which is at best a 
doubtful silvicultural meas- 
ure and well nigh impossi- 
ble when high speed log- 
ging machinery is used, or 
the trees must be raised ar- 
tificially and planted. The 
latter seems to me by far 
the most reasonable course 
to pursue. After logging, 
the land is in ideal condi- 


AMERICAN 


tion for setting out the trees which can _ be 
spaced exactly where they are desired and at a very 
reasonable cost. Because the planting is supplemental 
to natural reproduction, only five or six hundred trees 
per acre will be needed instead of double that number 
and the cost will be correspondingly low. If the area 
cut over each year is from now on completely reforested 
in this manner, there need never be any diminution in 
the annual output of redwood lumber. In seventy-five 
years when the last virgin stand is cut, the older second 
growth areas will be ready for the ax and so the pro- 
cess will repeat itself indefinitely. There is good rea- 
son to believe that under the intensive forest manage- 
ment which will be the rule in fifty to seventy-five years 
th present annual cut of redwood can be increased 
about 50% and maintained at that figure, 

If fires had not swept over the cut-over lands at in- 
tervals since they were logged, most of them would 
now be supporting a fairly good second growth forest. 
Associated with the redwood are usually to be found 
Douglas fir, tanbark oak, California laurel, madrone, 
and towards the north, lowland white fir, Sitka spruce, 
western hemlock, and scattered trees of several other 
species. All of the hardwoods sprout vigorously~ and 
in most cases can ibe depended upon to produce a very 
fair secondary stand between the clumps of redwood 
sprouts if It seems that there must always be an 
“Gf” and in this case it can be spelled backward, which, 
with the addition of re gives the answer. It is only 
within the last five years that the state has. set seriously 
to work to 


652 


FORESTRY 


of value can get a start. Such is the history of most 
of the redwood cut-over lands; the whole mountain 
side immediately adjacent to the wonderful flat on Big 
River was of this depressing character and the only 
reason for the difference on the flat was that the mois- 
ture conditions there made it literally too wet to burn. 
There are fortunately a few notable exceptions to the 
rule whereby some fortunate chance or design has been 
kept out. The Union Lumber Company has for years 
been able to keep most of its cut-over lands on the 
Noyo River free from fire and the splendid stands of 
mixed second growth are a cheerful augury for the 
future. Smaller areas of similar character may be found 
along the Russian River, in Marin County and in the 
Santa Cruz mountains, as a demonstration of what 
will be possible with increasing vigilance by state and 
land owners in the prevention of fires. 


There is good reason to believe that the day of un- 
controlled fires is about over. The companies are com- 
ing to realize the potential value of logged lands for 
future timber production and are forming cooperative 
associations to protect them. The first of these associa- 
tions, organized some years ago in Mendocino County, 
has this year increased its membership until a very 
large part of the virgin timber and cut-over lands in 
the county is being protected by its rangers, The com- 
panies in Humboldt County will probably take similar 
action in the near future as all have agreed to assist 
the State Board of Forestry in its campaign of fire 
prevention and 


+ 


combat the |i o-% # 
forest fire evil jj 
and while 
mature timber 
has been pro- 
tected for sev- 
eral years by 
cooperative ef- 
fort the cut- 
over lands 
were always 
considered un- 
til recently, of 
too little value 


suppression. 
This campaign 
involves _ the 
appointment 
of a district 
ranger in each 
county to com- 
pel the clear- 
ing up of 
dangerous 
areas of slash 
and to organ- 
ize crews for 
rapid and effic- 


for anyone to ient handling 
care whether of fires. Care- 
fire swept less campers, 
them or not. = 2 eA, fishermen and 
“ otograp y E. Fritz. “4: 
Con sequently REDWOOD AREAS"DURING AND JUST AFTER LOGGING LOOK AS IF THEY HAD BEEN # Utom obili pe: 
it did, and DEVASTATED BEYOND REDEMPTION TO ONE WHO IS NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE REMARK- are stil] the 
: . ABLE CAPACITY OF THESE TREES FOR REPRODUCTION. ; 
each time it chief cause of 


killed practically all of the sprouts, weakened or de- 
stroyed the vitality of the redwood stumps and favored 
the spread of the oak root fungus, a serious enemy 
of the hardwood species. Any seed trees which were 
left under old logging conditions were soon killed off 
together with their young progeny and, as the more 
valuable tree species disappeared, the chaparral or 
dwarf species, mostly ceanothus, took their places and 
formed dense, impenetrable thickets in which no tree 


anxiety during the dry season, but many of these are 
being brought to justice with a stiff fine that teaches 
them more careful ways and furnishes a wholesome 
example to others that the California fire law has a 
kick in it which cannot be violated with impunity. Un- 
der modern methods of logging and close utilization of 
refuse material for firewood, there is very little in- 
flammable matter left after logging is completed. These 
lands are therefore much easier to protect than they 


a pee ee a: 


—— SI 


Se Te oS 


ee 


ert 


FORESTRY AMONG THE GIANTS 


were when logging was not so clean. The value of 
natural reproduction is becoming increasingly appreci- 
ated and the day when it will be supplemented with 
nursery grown seedlings is not far off. Truly all of 
these things are working together for the good of the 
cut-over lands and we may confidently look forward to 
seeing a large proportion of 


653 


whole is surrounded by a neat white picket fence. 
Though but a few months old it looks the essence of 
stability, and residents of Fort Bragg are already point- 
ing with pride to “our nursery.” It is indeed a symbol * 
of progress and permanence. The company is making 
experiments in the leaving of seed trees along ridge tops 
as may be noted in the il- 


the 900,000 acres of virgin 
timber, still to: be logged, 
grow rapidly again ifto tim- 
ber under adequate safe- 
guards from the worst de- 
spoiler of the forest—fire. 
The older areas are a more 
difficult problem, many of 
which will require long con- 
tinued, painstaking and ex- 
pensive effort before they 
can be adequately restocked 
with trees. This will come 
in time but we are for the 
present mainly interested in 
seeing successful efforts 
made to prevent any of the 
freshly cut area getting -in- 
to this forlorn condition. 

A number of companies, 
representing over 60% of 
the annual output of red- 
wood, have retained Major 
D, T. Mason to study the 
problem of their individual 
lands and make recommen- 
dations for future forest 
management. The suppo- 
sition is that a majority of 
these will proceed in the 
immediate future to act on 
these recommendations. 
One, the Union Lumber 
Company, of Fort Bragg, has adopted the principle 
of permanent timber production and is proceeding on 
this basis. They have planned what they hope will be 
nearly “air tight” fire protection on all their lands as 
the necessary first step and a number of rangers are in 
the field this summer to carry it out. V. B. Davis (U. 
of Cal., ’21) has been placed in charge of the reforesta- 
tion program and is developing on the outskirts of Fort 
Bragg a gem of a forest nursery. Here on an area of 
about ten acres, within sound of the busy saw mill is 
growing this summer the first big crop of redwood 
seedlings ever raised for reforestation purposes. There 
are fifty seed beds of redwood seedlings and others 
with experimental lots of Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. 
He is planning to use about a half a million trees a 
year which will give you an idea that this spot will be 
a busy place in the future. The nursery is situated on 
a fine piece of level sandy loam soil, has a business-like 
little building for storage of seed and tools and the 


REDWOOD CUT-OVER LAND ON ‘THE NOYO RIVER SEVEN 
YEARS AFTER LOGGING. THE SPROUTS ARE DEVELOPING 
SPLENDIDLY BUT THE STAND IS TOO OPEN AND SUBJECT 
TO THE INVASION OF CHAPARRAL SPECIES. THIS CONDI- 
TION HAS INDUCED THE EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTS IN 
ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION NOW. BEING CARRIED ON. 


lustration, and in coopera- 
tion with the Forestry Di- 
vision of the University of 
California is carrying on 
extensive planting tests of 
trees not native to the red- 
wood region, which may 
prove to be well suited to 
the conditions. A number 
of the more valuable hard- 
wood species such as red 
and white oak, black wal- 
nut, and sugar maple are 
being tried in the hope that 
some of these valuable fin- 
ishing woods may be pro- 
duced in the west. 

The University of Cali- 
fornia through the Forestry 
Division is carrying on a 
detailed study of redwood 
yield on different _ sites. 
Studies of redwood seed 
production and germination 
and ~ other reproduction 
methods are also in prog- 
ress. Redwood second 
growth is in extensive use 
for piling, poles, and for all 
kinds of rustic construction. 
Very little has as yet been 
sawn into lumber so a 
study is also being carried 
on.\by Professor Fritz to determine its usefulness for 
that and for other purposes. The United States Forest 
Service at the request of the California Redwood Asso- 
ciation began last year a study of wastes which occur 
in redwood logging and milling as they are carried on at 
present in the hope that these can be largely eliminated 
in the future. In these and other ways the foresters 
and forest agencies of California are doing everything 
in their power to discover important facts which may 
assist operators to a realization of the innate possibili- 
ties of these lands. 

From what has been said I think it is evident that 
forestry among the giants has alluring possibilities. 
The past year has seen the idea of permanent timber 
production firmly implanted in the minds of at least one 
group of men who are doing big things in a big way 
among the redwoods. With such a favorable beginning 
there can be little doubt that the idea will spread, take 
root elsewhere in the region and grow vigorously to the 


654 AMERICAN 


end, that before long the maximum acreage shall have 
been placed under permanent forest management. And 
what, after all, could be more natural, when all people 
are feeling concern over vanishing timber supplies, 
than for far seeing men to make immediate plans to 
meet part of that future lumber shortage by taking ad- 
vantage of conditions in this favored region and grow- 
ing new giants to take the place of old ones. Here is 
another chance for the west coast to profit by the ex- 
ample of some older parts of the country and take ac- 
tion while there iis yet time, to insure permanent maxi- 
mum production at least on all redwood lands. The 
stage is set, ‘the properties are ready and the first act 
in this forest drama is drawing the interested and sym- 
pathetic attention of a large audience. They, the 
American people, are hoping and expecting that it will 
prove to be a problem play with a happier ending than 
the forest tragedies of the past and I, for one have 
faith enough to believe that, in the land of the giants 
at least, they are going to see things turn out to their 
entire satisfaction. 


In closing I would like to say just a word about an- 
other very important aspect of the redwood region. 
California has long been known as the play-ground of 
the nation and among all of lits beauty spots and won- 
ders the redwoods probably take first rank, Their size 
and beauty; the coolness of the summer climate in the 
region, and above all, its great accessibility, have com- 
bined to make the redwood country a mecca for tourists 
and pleasure seekers. The two best known groves, 
Muir Woods National Monument, and California State 
Redwood Park are so close to San Francisco that 
thousands of thikers and automobilists visit them each 
week. Through the efforts of the Save the Redwoods 
League, backed by private gifts and a $300,000 appro- 


FORESTRY 


priation from the legislature, a considerable acreage of 
Humboldt’s finest redwoods has been added to the pub- 
lic playground area during the past year. These last 
purchases were made to include a strip of considerable 
width bordering the new state highway along the south 
fork of the Eel River; a drive which is already famous 
for its great beauty. One particularly noble grove has 
been dedicated to the memory of a gallant American 
officer who fell in France, and undoubtedly others will 
be given to the public in a like manner, Many people 


hope that Congress will provide money for the pur- — 


chase of a National Redwood Park of several thousand 
acres but whether this much desired end is accomplished 
there is no danger that all of the old redwoods will be 
wiped out by logging. 

Important as these old groves are, the second growth 
areas are destined to be of even greater importance from 
a recreational point of view. Already hundreds of sum- 
mer resorts are being developed in cut-over areas and 
this is just a beginning. Mount Herman, Brookdale 
and other famous beauty spots in the Santa.Cruz moun- 


tains; Mill Valley and the other towns clustering at the © 


foot of Mt. Tamalpais; all of the crowded resorts along 


the Russian River and other places too numerous to 


mention have as their chief charm the beauty of red- 


woods among which they are built—and all these are — 
second growth stands, though many people do not — 


realize this fact because of the size and beauty of the 
trees. More and more people are each year looking to 


the redwoods to supply that contact with the quiet — 


force of nature so indispensable to a perfect vacation 
and we may confidently look forward to a wide exten- 


sion of this important use of the land of the giants. — 


(Photographs by the author.) 


The friends of Dr. Rothrock are arranging to 
place a memorial tablet to his memory in the De- 
partment of Forestry of Pennsylvania, in the Cap- 
itol Building at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 

The State Commissioner of Forestry, Major R. 
Y. Stuart, has appointed the following committee 
to take this matter in hand: Dr. Henry S. Drinker 
and Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, members of the 
State Forest Commission; Mr. George H.. Wirt, 
Chief Forest Fire Warden; Professor Joseph S. 
Illick, Chief, Office of Research; and Major Stuart, 
ex-officio. 


It is hoped and expected that sufficiently large 


Proposed Memorial Tablet to Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock 


contributions to this fund will be received to en- 
able the committee to procure a large bronze tablet 
containing a medallion portrait of Dr. Rothrock, 
executed with artistic taste, and including an in- 
scription giving a succinct record of Dr. Rothrock’s 
great and valuable services to the cause of forestry 
and to humanity. 

Friends desiring to contribute will please do so 
by mailing check or postoffice money order to Dr. 
Henry S. Drinker, chairman, Merion Station, 
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 

It is estimated that the cost of the memorial 
tablet will be about $1500. 


FOREST TAXATION 


Report of the Committee on Forest Taxation of the National Tax Association. 


_ For a generation and more there have been com- 
_ plaints from those interested in forestry of the unfor- 
% The Mradent tunate eitects of the American tax 
ie system. upon forests and the enter- 
Probiem _ prise. .of forestry. * * * Suffice it 
to say that the eariien, study of this problem succeeded 
vin 1 establishing certain conclusions which may be sum- 
om rized briefly as follows: 
(1) That as a rule forests were assessed far below 
true value, and that, owing to this circumstance 


had not generally been subject to excessive tax- 
Et) That barring certain localities and some individ 
“ual cases, taxation had not been responsible for de- 
‘struction of the forests or for failure to reforest cut 
q lands or to practice forestry. These results have 
- been due to other causes more potent than taxation ; 
(3) That the property tax is fundamentally defective 
- when applied to the total value of land and trees of a 
growing forest, resulting, if strictly administered, in 
_ grossly excessive taxation of forests as compared with 
sei forms of property yielding annual incomes ; 
_ (4) That, if at any time other conditions should 
favorabie to the practice of forestry as a private 
iness enterprise, continuance of the prevailing prop- 
“erty tax upon growing forests would prove an insuf- 
ferable obstacle; 
(5) That the remedy lay in the relief of growing 
forests from the rigors of the property tax through the 
‘more or less complete application of the yield tax; 
_ (6) That the attempt to promote forestry by tax 
_ exemptions as embodied in earlier legislation, was 
- quite futile ; 
(7) That the mature or virgin forest presented a dis- 
“tinct problem, toward the solution of which little had 
yet been accomplished. 
Our first task now is to take stock of what progress 


| -COmMle 


been made during the past decade. We note first 
of all that the 
Se seress in Forest Taxation tiicigal ~ sepictts 


During Past Decade Gions of your’ pre- 


‘vious committee, as just summarized, have stood the 
test of time and gained very general acceptance by 
who have given attention to this subject, a re- 
sult in which this Association may take justifiable 
On the practical side of legislative achievement, 
_ the result is less gratifying. A few states have passed 
laws aimed to relieve the forests from the worst hard- 
ships of the general property tax and in these laws 
there has been a timid application of the yield tax 

gah (Note details of state laws since 1913.) 
_ But these laws have not gone to the root of the mat- 
_ ter and they have failed to produce any important prac- 
- tical results. They ‘have usually been optional and 


bined with lax administration of the tax laws, for- 


for one reason or another have generally been ignored 
by forest owners. 
In spite of the general acceptance of the principle 
of the yield tax as a theoretical proposition, there can 
: be no doubt that the plan of the 
om ee Tax pure yield tax, as recommended 
= xtreme in the Report of the National 
Conservation Commission of 1909, has been generally 
regarded as too extreme and involving too many prac- 
tical difficulties from the view point of the public reve- 
nue. There has developed an unmistakabie public opin- 
ion to the effect that all forests must continue subject 
to the propenty tax at least upon the land and that the 
application of the yield tax must be limited to the trees. 
This position was accepted by your former committee, 
which in 1913 recommended for “new forests’ a com- 
bination tax consisting of an annual tax on the land, 
valued as bare land and taxed at a rate equal to haif 
the prevailing rate of the general property tax, to- 
gether with a ro per cent yield tax upon forest pro- 
ducts. It is safe to say that the fundamental idea of 
this pian has gained general acceptance among the advo- 
cates of forest tax reform. And yet there has been a 
disappointing lack of legislation along this line. 
On the other hand, the need of reform has increased 
alarmingly and is more widely recognized than ever 


before. The d d f 
Forest Tax Reform ~~ Oe tg er oe 


; the nation upon timber and 
Alarmingly Urgent other forest products, the 


rapid decline of our forest resources, and the mmpend- 
ing future famine are subjects which this Committee 
feels it need not enter into in view of the presentation 
made by Professor Chapman at the last Conference 
(1921). These matters are of vital interest to the na- 
tion; attention has been given them by such bodies as 
the United States Forest Service, the Chamber of 
Commerce of the United States, the American Forestry 
Association, etc, The present crisis is not due primarily 
to taxation, But the burden of taxation has grievously 
increased in the past ten years and the necessity of re- 
form, to clear the way for the practice of private for- 
estry, was never so urgent or so well recognized as 
today. 
The Committee has therefore set itself the task of 
answering these questions: Why has the progress of 
forest tax legislation been so 
Why Has Tax slow? Is the plan proposed 
Legislation Lagged? by. the Committee: of 1913 
still worthy of our recommendation? Is the lack of 
results ‘to be ascribed to weakness in that plan? If 
so, how may the plan be so modified as to bring, not 
merely recognition of its theoretical correctness, but 
adoption by the legislatures of the states? In all of its 
inquiry the Committee has had in view the same ob- 
jects as were before the former committee, stated thus 
in its report: 


656 AMERICAN 


“(1) It is proposed to place upon forest owners their 
fair burden of taxation as compared with other tax- 
payers. No subsidy or special favor to forest owners is 
contemplated. The legitimate objects of correct forest 
taxation may be obtained by a change in the method of 
taxation without generally involving any reduction in 
the taxes paid at present. 


“(2) The forest owner should be guaranteed that his 
burden of taxation will be reasonable and that its 
amount will bear a fairly definite ratio to the income 
from his forest and be fairly predictable in advance. 


“(3) The various political bodies involved (States, 
counties, towns, etc.) should be guaranteed against any 
serious irregularity of income resulting from the chang- 
ed method of taxing forests. 


“(4) The method of taxing forests should be such 
as will impose no obstacle in the way of the best use of 
existing forests and the investment of capital in new 
forests. So far as consistent with the other objects 
stated, the tax plan should be a direct inducement to 
these ends.” 


It has become evident that the taxation of forests 
involves two distinct problems, relating respectively to 
growing forests and to native or 
virgin forests. (We shall divide our 
following discussion into two parts 


Two Distinct 
Problems 


accordingly. ) 


The idea of the former committee was to find a 
method of taxation that should take the place of all 
existing taxation upon forests. 
This meant practically to find 
an equitable substitute for the 
general property tax. It was recognized that theoreti- 
cally such a substitute might be either (1) an annual 
tax on the original capital value of the forest, what 
the foresters call the “expectation value,” which prac- 
tically amounts to the value of the bare land, or (2) a 
tax on the yield of forest products whenever obtained. 


In the first alternative the rate of the tax should be 
the prevailing rate of the property tax on wea:th in 
general. The yield tax in order to impose a burden 
equivalent to the tax on other wealth, should be at a 
rate determined by dividing the prevailing rate of the 
property tax by the rate of interest. Thus, if the rate 
of interest were 5%, an annual tax on original capital 
value at 1% is equivalent to a yield tax of 20%. 


The Taxation of 
Growing Forests 


Recognizing the practical obstacles to both of these 
alternatives, the former committee proposed a com- 
promise involving an annual tax on the land at half 
the rate of the prevailing property tax and a Io per 
cent yield tax on forest products. This recognized the 
principle that a combination of the capital tax and the 
yield tax should impose the same total burden as wou'd 
result from either of these taxes alone; hence the 
rates recommended. 


(Cf. Fairchild, “Suggestions for a Practical Plan of Forest Taxation,” 
Proceedings of the National Tax Association, Vol. VI, 1912.) 


FORESTRY : 


In the opinion of your Committee analysis of this 
pian brings to light two features to which may be 
‘ ascribed its failure to gain more gen- — 

Defects of eral acceptance. In the first ose 
Former Plan the yield tax under American forest — 
conditions would necessarily be irregular as a revenue — 
producer. In spite of practicable devices for correcting — 
this irregularity which were suggested,* the public and — 
the legislatures have been extremely cautious about ac- — 
cepting any plan which even remotely threatened to — 
introduce an element of uncertainty or irregularity into — 
the local revenue system. This is undoubtedly the © 
chief obstacle to the practical acceptance of the yield — 
tax, 
The other feature which appears as an obstacle to the — 
adoption of the former plan is this. The plan, as — 
proposed, was a compromise between the annual land 
tax and the yield tax. As such, it gave a reduced land — 
tax, at half the rate paid by other property, to be made — 
up later by the yield tax. This was, at the start, a con- 
cession to the forest land owner. It could be granted © 
only where there was reason to expect the future yield — 
tax. It was essential to make careful provision to pre-— 
vent resort to the law as a means of escaping taxation © 
on agricultural or other non-forest land. 
The plan therefore involved complicated provisions — 
seeking to restrict its application to true forest lands, 
limiting it to lands not exceeding a certain value, re-— 
quiring that the lands be properly planted or otherwise — 
stocked with suitable species of trees and that the 
young forests be properly maintained. The special — 
forest tax was optional, to come into force only afiter 
application by the owner and inspection and approval — 
by the state forester and to terminate whenever the — 
owner should desire to withdraw or the state forester 
should decide that the forest was not being properly — 
maintained. All of this meant complicated procedure 
and red tape and has doubtless gone far to cool the in- 
terest of the forest owners in the plan. ‘A 
Of course any arrangement which involves a conces- — 
sion in the way of reduced taxation must be safe- 
guarded in some such way 
= ? as this, Some of the earlier 
For Growing Timber plans. of | forestsgaik Cane 
Not Successful = involved special favors to 
the forest owner in return for certain specified man- 
agement of his forest under a contract with the state. 
Forest owners have been very reluctant to bind them-_ 
selves by stich contracts, and the laws containing this 
feature have everywhere failed to produce results. 
But even where there is no intention to give any ulti- 
mate favor to the forest owner, the presence of an in- 
itial concession requires some safeguard against abuse. — 
Hence nearly every plan of forest taxation that has — 
appeared in the past ten years thas involved restrictions — 
upon its application similar to those contained in the — 
plan of the former committee. This is believed to — 
have been the chief reason for the failure of all these 
plans to obtain more general acceptance. Your com- 


Tax Concessions 


~ 


ar Ae 


_ lem of forest taxation. 
was intolerable in its application to growing forests. 


| _ Principle the Right Basis 


is itself destined to rest more and more on the yield 
or income basis. 
cs ‘mittee proposes a system of state and local taxation 


. FOREST TAXATION 


ie mittee believes it is of the utmost importance to devel- 


op a plan which shall be of universal application, which 
shall be compulsory and not optional, and which shall 
not be hedged about with the red tape of applications, 
inspections and official sanctions. 


This goal which seemed quite unattainable to those of 
us who were working on the problem ten years ago, 


h a 
Recent Developments as, we believe, been 


_ Simplify the brought within our reach 


oblem ‘ 
e by certain developments of 
: of Forest Taxation the past decade in the gen- 
eral field of taxation. 


Two things have happened. One 


_ has been the unexpectedly rapid disintegration of the 


general property tax with the corresponding rise of 
_ taxes upon incomes and earnings. The other is the 


> Bislevelopment of new ideas, regarding the whole system 
q of state and local taxation, under the inspiration and 

_ guidance of the Model Tax Committee of the National 
_ Tax Association. 


These developments have greatly simplified the prob- 
The old general property tax 


The task was to find some substitute, assuming that 
the general property tax would long continue for other 
property in general. The one great achievement of our 
_ earlier efforts was to develop the idea of the yield tax. 


Yet, rather curiously, the practical outcome has been, 
_ not the adoption of a special yield tax for forests, but 
_ the remarkable spread of the income, earnings, or 


a basis for taxation in general. While we have 
- been struggling to secure the yield principle as a special 
concession to the forests, the general tax reform has 
caught up with us. 

The problem today is no Jonger to find a special 
method for taxing forests in lieu of all other taxation, 


i but to fit the taxation 
The Yield or Income oF forests into a gen- 


eral tax system which 
For example, the Model Tax Com- 


resting on three foundation stones: (1) the. individual 


g income tax, (2) The property tax, upon tangible prop- 


erty only, and (3) the business tax. The individual 


income tax would of course treat forest incomes like 
any other income. 


The forest owner can have no 
grievance here. So far as the peculiarities of his busi- 
ness are concerned this is the most favorable kind. of 
tax for him. There is no special problem for us here. 
Likewise the business tax, where such a tax is in ef- 
fect, will rest upon the income or yield basis, the one 
best suited to the peculiarities of forest enterprise. 


_ Some special adaptations to the business of forestry 


may be desirable, but at any rate the yield principle is 
secure, 

The only problem remaining is to find a modification 
of the property tax which shall be suited to the peculi- 
arities of forest enterprise. * * * * 


657 


As has been pointed out, the annual tax on the land 
at the rate of the ordinary property tax is all the bur- 


den that can fairly be 
Tax the Land Annually _, y 
and the Timber When 2°%¢ upon the grow: 


ing forest. To impose 
Cut or Mature an additional yield tax 


is excessive. Those who have proposed this have ap- 
parently had the feeling that to grant entire exemptio1 
of growing timber without any compensation was too 
great a concession or else have had in mind the mature 
forests, which as we shall show must be called upon 
for more than the land tax. As regards growing for- 
ests there is no principle either to justify a yield tax 
Or to measure its amount, if the land is already sub- 
ject to annual taxation like other property. Such an 
additional yield tax is justified only in consideration of 
a reduced rate of the land tax, as proposed by the 
Committee of 1913. 

When we were seeking a special forest tax in lieu 
of all other taxes, it was felt that the annual land tax 
at the regular rate, paid for many years in advance of 
an income from the forest, was a serious hardship. 
Now we are assuming that forests are to be subject 
to the individual income tax and the business tax, and 
we are seeking only an adaptation of the property tax. 
This is not the whole tax on forests but only a part 
of the system. The simple solution becomes practi- 
cable and not unduly burdensome; i. e., the annual tax 
on the land only at the regular rate of the property 
tax, with entire exemption of growing trees. No ad- 
ditional yield tax is required so far as the property 
tax is concerned. With such a tax, there remains no 
necessity for any optional feature, for applications or 
inspections, for contracts or official interference with 
the owner’s management of his forest. The law would 
apply to all lands and would simply have to provide 
that in assessing real estate no account should be taken 
of the value of growing trees. 

The yield tax would appear, not as an additional tax 
in dieu of the property tax, but in the place of the busi- 


ness tax. The forestry 
Yield Tax Takes Place business is fairly sim- 


of Business Tax ple. It is doubtful if 


the complicated system that has been worked out for 
manufacturing.and mercantile business is necessary or 
desirable for forests. The simple tax on the stumpage 
value of. forest products corresponds fairly well to a 
tax on net income and -would probably be the best 
means of applying the business tax principle to the 
forests. The rate of the yield tax should correspond 
to the rate of the business tax on other enterprises. 
Five per cent is suggested as a reasonable rate where 
circumstances do not indicate the proper rate, 


658 AMERICAN 


We summarize our plan for the taxation of grow- 
ing forests as follows: 

L : (1) The law shall provide 
Committee's Plan criteria for determining what 

Summarized is “mature timber.” 

(2) All trees other than mature timber shall be ex- 
empt from taxation, and in assessing land no account 
should be taken of the value of any trees except ma- 
ture timber. Forest lands shall be assessed no higher 
than similar bare lands in the neighborhood. 

(3) All forest products (with the exception of cer- 
tain small quantities taken by the owner or the tenant 
for his own use) shall be subject to a yield tax at a 
rate corresponding to the business tax on other busi- 
nesses. The rate would perhaps ordinarily be in the 
neighborhood of 5 per cent. The yield tax should be 
administered by state officers, and the proceeds dis- 
tributed to the town or counties. 

(4) It is assumed that if there is an individual in- 
come tax, forest incomes will be treated exactly like 
other incomes. 

(5) Certain administrative problems will arise, par- 
ticularly in connection with the yield tax. Since this 
matter has been fully treated in previous reports and 
addresses, already referred to, the Committee regards 
further discussion unnecessary. No serious obstacle 
is to be anticipated. : 

At two points this plan may require further defense. 
(1) The old general property tax was defective because 
(a) by taxing the total 


bl d value of land and trees it 
Reasonable an imposed an excessive bur- 


Definite Taxation den upon the growing for- 


est and (b) it placed on -the owner the inconvenient 
obligation to pay annual taxes for years before any 
income was realized. The first of these defects is 
avoided by exempting the trees. The second remains, 
though greatly reduced. Under all the circumstances 
it is felt that this inconvenience must be accepted by 
the forest owner. In return he is guaranteed a reason- 
able tax burden made up of a small and fairly certain 
annual tax on his land and a yield tax at a definite rate. 

(2) The chief objection to the yield tax, as already 
stated, is the irregularity of the resulting revenue. 


° . This difficulty is present 
Irregularity of Public 5. the Gommittee’s plan. 


Revenue Less Marked It should be noted, how- 


ever, that the irregularity resulting from a moderate 
yield tax (in the neighborhood of 5 per cent) combined 
with a steady annual tax on the-land is quite different 
from the result of an exclusive yield tax (at the rate 
of 20 per cent or thereabouts). If nevertheless this 
difficulty appears serious, there are ways by which it 
may be avoided. Six possible methods were suggested 
by the Chairman in his address before the Sixth Con- 
ference in 1912. It is not necessary. to rehearse them 
here. One of these suggested’ methods, involving ad- 
annual payments by the owner to be later de- 
ducted with interest from the yield tax, has recently 


Plan Assures Owners 


vance 


FORESTRY 


been taken up and skillfully developed by Mr. Murphy 
of the Forest Service. The Committee believes that in 
most states the irregularity resulting from the yield tax 
as recommended will not be serious, whereas for any 
state which finds this a serious matter there are ade- 
quate remedies. 


Our discussion thus far has related to the growing 


forest only, with the purpose of devising a method of © 
taxation which shall be equit- 


te ig ee of able to all parties concerned and 
ature Timber shall not be an obstacle to the 
reforestation of cut-over lands or the development of new 
forests. The mature forest presents quite another prob- 
lem. We are here dealing with a full-grown product. 
Two cases appear, depending primarily on whether the 
timber is actually marketable or not. By marketable 
timber we mean mature timber which is accessible and 
so located with respect to market and transportation 
facilities that its immediate marketing is possible. 
Whether it actually is being marketed depends upon the 
owner’s judgment as to the most favorable time. There 


versely marketable mature timber. A property tax 


fairly drawn and administered with even-handed justice _ 


upon all owners of taxable property would give the owner 


9 


of such mature timber no ground for complaint. 


Of 


course, the obvious rejoinder is that this ideally perfect — 
The real. 


property tax exists only in the imagination. 
property tax, as we know it, is badly drawn and more. 
badly administered. Its application is unequal and © 
unjust. If forests of marketable mature timber are 
taxed more heavily in proportion to their true value than 
other classes of wealth, the forest owners have a griev- 


ance, but it is in no way different from the grievance — 


of any other property owner under similar treatment. 


On the other hand, when timber is so located that its 
present marketing is not possible, the situation is in 


Tax Burdens on Virgin 
Stumpage Growing Heavier 


distant future. It is true that the timber is mature. 


But if other causes beyond the owner’s control defer its’ 


marketing, the result is the same. It is the fact of the 
necessarily deferred income, rather than the particular 


cause of that fact, which makes the annual tax on cap-_ 


ital value work injustice. * * * 


Careful investigation made ten to fifteen years ago, 
to which reference has been made, showed that on the 


whole forests had not, up to that time, been taxed ex-— 
cessively. Probably they had on the whole been assessed — 
more leniently than other classes of wealth. But it was 


pointed out at that time that the epoch of lenient taxa- 
tion was drawing to a close and that heavier and even 
excessive taxation might be expected in the near future. 
The past decade has fully justified this prophecy. Tax 
burdens in general have become enormously heavier, 
and there is plenty of evidence to show that, in the great 


~~ 


is nothing in the theory of the property tax to affect ad- — 


theory similar to that ; 
of the growing forest. — 
We have here a form — 
of capital whose income is deferred to the more or less ~ 


FOREST TAXATION 


virgin timber states, at least, the burden has been in- 
creasing more rapidly on timber than on other wealth. 
The owners of large tracts of mature or virgin timber 
have reason to be alarmed. 


What makes the matter of public interest is this: 
The mature forests represent a national resource of vital 
2 importance to the wellbeing of the 
Where Public people. This store of wealth has 
Interest Enters been gradually built up by nature 
during many past years. Its utilization has for some 
time been proceeding more rapidly than its restoration 
by natural growth and plantation. The store is dimin- 
ishing and virtual exhaustion may be foreseen in the not 
distant future. It must be repeated that taxation is not 
the cause of this condition and that no change in tax 
_ methods will materially alter the situation. This is not 
primarily a tax problem. Taxation becomes a considera- 
_ tion in one way only. If through the faulty tdministration 
_ of the property tax mature timber is subjected to an 
_ excessive burden of taxes, the owner, already burdened 
with heavy carrying charges, may find himself forced 
to market timber before the economical time, suffering 
less himself and hastening unduly the depletion of the 
nation’s forest resources. 
Of course, by this same token, the forest owner would 
benefit and the exhaustion of the forests be perhaps 
retarded by special favors in the way of reduced taxes 
or entire tax exemption. But this is a program which 
your committee has refused to consider, standing firmly 
on its purpose to find a tax system which shall place on 
forest owners their fair burden of taxation, no more, but 
also no less, as compared with other tax payers. It is 
not believed that the public interest as a whole has any- 
thing to gain through the granting of special tax favors 
to this class of tax payers. 
On the other hand, the forest owner is entitled to 


fair treatment. He has the right to ask two things: 

: 1) that his total tax 

Forest Owner Entitled Sn shall not be ex- 
To Fair Treatment 


cessive as compared 
with other tax payers and (2) that the amounts exacted 
from him shall not be arbitrary and uncertain. The lat- 
ter consideration is possibly even more important than 
the former. It is especially vital to the forest owner, 
whose income may be long deferred while interest and 
other expenses run steadily on. There is danger that the 
just taxation to which the forest owner is entitled may be 
denied him, either through the inherent defects of the 
property tax as applied to forests whose cutting is neces- 
sarily deferred, or through the assessment of market- 
able timber at values relatively higher than are placed 
upon other taxable wealth. 

The problem of taxing mature timber has not received 
the study which has been devoted to the taxation of 
_ growing forests, and the solution is not so obvious. The 
former committee(in 1913) made certain tentative recom- 
‘mendations, while admitting frankly that it was not pre- 
pared to say that its plan would fit the conditions in 


659 


those states of the Pacific Coast, the south, and the ex- 
treme northeast where the most extensive areas of virgin 
forest are found and where the problem is most serious. 
The sub-committee of the National Conservation Con- . 
gress also made suggestions, likewise somewhat tentative. 


In seeking a solution, your committee starts with 
these principles: (1) that mature timber should be taxed 


so far as possible, on 
Tax Forests on Even at pak | with ot Wee 


Terms With Other Wealth wealth and Baanesk 


(2) if there is an individual income tax, it should relate 
to forest income the same as any other income; (3) where 
there is a special business tax, it should take the form of 
a yield tax for forest enterprise. These principles are the 
same as have been recommended for growing forests 
and their discussion in that section applies generally 
here; (4) the property tax as applied to marketable 
mature forests should be the equivalent of an annual tax 
upon the land and trees, assessed in the same ratio to 
true value as prevails for other taxable property in 
general, and at the same rates as are applied to other 
wealth; (5) the property tax when applied to forests of 
mature timber which will not be marketable till some 
time in the future should take account of the fact of 
deferred income. 


It is the practical application of the last two principles 
which presents the difficult problem: As has been pointed 
out, the owner of marketable mature timber has no rea- 
son to complain if the property tax is applied to his 
forest on even terms with other kinds of property. But 
this is not enough for the owner of unmarketable mature 
timber. Yet the legal separation for taxation of these 
two classes of mature timber is probably impracticable. 
There would be too much of personal judgment involved, 
and disputes and unequal treatment would almost cer- 
tainly follow. What we must seek is an equitable method 
of applying the property tax or its equivalent to all 
mature forests. 

From the point of view of the forest owner, the most 
favorable solution would probably be the pure yield tax. 


. But th ield t ‘Tl 
Why the Pure Yield =" Pure meee me 


; not do, for two reasons at 
Tax Won't Work least: (1) the owner of mar- 


ketable mature timber, who chooses to hold it uncut for 
sale in the distant future or as a pleasure park or hunting 
ground, must not be permitted thus to postpone his tax 
contribution indefinitely or avoid it altogether; (2) the 
resulting irregularity of public revenue would be a seri- 
ous matter, especially in those localities where virgin 
timber composed a large part of the taxable wealth, 
these being the very communities where the problem of 
the taxation of mature timber is most acute. As has 
been observed heretofore in this report, there are ways 
of adjusting this irregularity of revenue, but nevertheless 
the public appears unwilling to take the chance. There 
are other serious difficulties, both theoretical and prac- 
tical. We are quite safe in concluding that the pure 
yield tax is not the solution. 


660 AMERICAN 


The combination of an annual land tax and a yield 
tax meets about the same objection. The principal value 
of a mature forest is in the timber rather than the land. 
Introduction of the annual land tax, therefore, fails to 
meet the objections to the pure yield tax. At best it 


mitigates them slightly. 


Taking everything into consideration, your Committee 
is of the opinion that the only practicable solution of 
this problem is to seek to 
make the property tax as 
equitable and convenient as 
may be. In particular every 
effort should be made to insure a fair assessment of 
forest property, This means not only an accurate valu- 
ation. It requires also that the assessed value of forest 
property shall not bear a higher ratio to its true value 
than the prevailing ratio of assessed valuations to the 
true value of all taxable property. Assessment at the 
hands of a State officer or board would doubtless assure 
uniformity and certainty in the assessments. There is 


Property Tax Offers 
Best Solution for 
Mature Forests 


FORESTRY 


always the danger, however, that such efficient assess- 
ment by arriving at the true value of forest property 
will unjustly burden such property as compared with 
other property not so efficiently assessed. Equality in 
taxation must be real equality, not merely formal. 

It is admitted that this solution is more favorable to 
the forest of marketable timber than to that which is 
for the present not marketable. But the committee has 
thus far been unable to discover a practicable means of 
reconciling this discrepancy. As a matter of fact the 
inequality would probably exist more in theory than in 
practice. It is hardly to be supposed that the assessors 
would take pains to raise the assessment of unmarketable 
timber each year to take account of the approach of the 
date of cutting, the possibility of this being what makes 
the property tax unjust to such forests. If the assessors 
seek honestly to value all mature forests on the same 
basis as other taxable wealth it is probable that little 
injustice will be done. If such treatment could be guar- 
anteed, the owners of mature timber would probably have 
little reason to complain. 


BUSINESS SEES TIMBER SHORTAGE 


4 theo years ago, I took no stock in this talk of a timber 
shortage,” said W. DuB. Brookings, Manager of the 
National Resources Production Department of the United 
States Chamber of Commerce, in addressing a meet- 
ing of the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers Asso- 
ciation in Washington. “Today I can see the clouds gath- 
ering on the horizon. We are using timber much faster 
than it grows. Substitutes may lower the per capita con- 
sumption, but the total consumption for the nation will 
not decrease. And what is important to note is that low 
per capita consumption results from high prices and in- 
ability to get lumber, and not as is generally believed, 
from preference for substitutes. Norway and Sweden, 
lumber countries, use as much lumber per capita as the 
United States. Italy and Spain would use as much also 
if they could get it at a reasonable price. 

“The United States has had the cheapest lumber in the 
world and the free use of our forests has been a factor 
in our unparalleled economic growth—but was it wise to 
have permitted the great supplies near our eastern and 
middie western industrial centers to become exhausted ? 
Picture those magnificent 12-foot fir trees of Oregon and 
Washington being cut into one-by-four and two-by-four 
and brought through the canal for use on the Atlantic 
Coast, while almost at our doors, are the Southern States, 
the greatest hothouse for growing timber in the world, 
with millions of acres suitable ohly for growing timber, 
lying idle. 

“Have these changes been of benefit to the lumber man- 
ufacturers and distributors, taking an average_over a 
period of years and considering these industries a$ per- 
manent factors in American business life? It has kept 
the manufacturers on the move, and brought many prob- 
lems to the wholesaler. Thelonger the freight haul 
the higher the cost of freight;'the higher the price the 
greater the investment in doing business; the higher the 


price to the consumer the quicker. he turns to substitutes. 
The increase in freight charges on lumber over former 
yeais for the city of Chicago alone is said to be $22,000,- 
000, a basis for judging the total burden on the country 
as a whole for not having timber supplies growing near- 
er the great industrial centers. 

“Lumbermen may differ as to how to insure a steady 
and ample supply of timber but they agree that the mil- 
lions of acres of former timber lands unsuitable for agri- 
culture, now lying idle in every state that has ever pro- 
duced timber in large amounts, should in some way be 
put to work.” , 


Photograph by U. S. Forest Servicel 
THE ECONOMY OF WOOD PRESERVATION 


The broken post above was weakened by decay to the point of 


failure after one year’s service in the mine. It was sound 
when installed, but was not treated with a preservative. The 
post next to it, which was treated with a preservative and 
placed ‘at the same time, remains sound and uninfected by 
decay. Two other untreated timbers in the foreground show 
fungus attack. 


TREE FELLING AS A SPORT 


By W. Gilman Thompson, M. D. 


FORM of labor which from the stone age to the 
present time has attracted many of the world’s 
great men surely possesses something more than mere 
drudgery, such as the compelling of interest, of obser- 
vation and skill. All this and more is to be found in tree 
felling, which, regarded as a sport, has much analogy 
with golf. The swing of the ax and the swing of the 
club call into play similar muscles; one must plan care- 
fully the direction of the stroke and keep the eye un- 
varyingly upon the objective point of the blow, or it is 
easy to “slice” in the one case the ball, in the other the 
toes! A firm stand upon good footing, a straight knee 
and a full swing are equally essential. The direction of 
the drive must be carefully planned, for the tree, like 
the ball, which does not lie where it should best be 
placed, may involve much vain effort in extricating it. 
“If the tree falleth toward the south or toward the 
north, in the place where the tree falleth there shall it be.” 
(Ecclesiastes I1.3.) 
But as there are analogies there are differences and 
the chief divergence between these sports lies in the im- 
portant fact that in the case of the tree, once having hit 


the blooming thing it is still there and one does not have 
to hunt over a ten-acre lot to find it. 

Probably no single stroke of the ax ever resulted in 
such lasting fame, as in the storied case of George Wash- 
ington and his cherry tree. Certainly no such contro- 
versy has arisen over the efforts of other “regular 
fellers.” Did the youthful George merely wish to try a 
new ax, or did he wish easier access to the cherries? 
Was it the ethical question involved when he exclaimed, 
“T cannot tell a lie, father,” meaning that he had already 
gone the limit in this direction? And where was he 
going so suddenly when he “took a hack at the tree?” 

These and similar controversial matters have puzzled 
youthful Americans for so many generations that it 
would seem futile to attempt to solve them now. Let us 
rather look upon the bright side of the picture, that of a 
boy acquiring at an early age a taste for an exercise 
which is healthful, entertaining and productive, which 
begets skill, determination and vigor and which, from 
its effect upon the development of his character, doubt- 
less contributed in no small measure to the greatness of 
the man. The fact that after all it was a phantom cherry 


ABRAHAM LINCOLN SPLITTING FENCE RAILS 


662 AMERICAN 


tree, rooted only in the mind of the historian, should not 
be permitted to detract from the usefulness of so valuabie 
a legend for mankind. 

As a sport, tree felling presents every gradation, for 
the beginner may choose a sapling and work up to 
trees of the largest growth, and he may, as he acquires 
the true art of the game, select trees of increasing hard- 
ness, until the experienced chopper can almost tell with 
his eyes closed upon what manner of wood his ax strikes. 
Into the basswood, for instance, the blade sinks as read- 
ily almost as a knife into a hardened cheese, and the 
broad-leaved poplar is al- 


FORESTRY 


The wood is more fragrant in the summer and no small 
part of the pleasure of the sport is in developing the 
resinous, aromatic odors of such trees as freshly cut pine 
or cedar or the fragrance of the chips from birch and 
other trees. The color, too, of the fresh chips presents 
great variety, from the almost pure white of the bass- 
wood and faint yellow white of the canoe birch through 
the brown shades of chestnut and oak to the red of the 
cedar and fascinating shades of green and orange in a 
giant. sumac. 

The tree sportsman learns to be as critical of his axes 
as the golfer of his clubs, 


most as soft. But let the 
novice beware of the iron- 
wood and yellow birch, 
and stand well from under, 
for a glancing blow may 
easily recoil upon the chop- 
per. There is interest, too, 
in making progress with 
the size of the chips and 
keeping the advancing cut 
smooth and even. What 
a pleasure it is to watch 
the experienced woodsmen 
attack a large chestnut 
with unerring precision, 
sending chips six or eight 
inches long flying many 
feet off from the stem. Not 
a stroke of the ringing 
blows is wasted and the 
incision is kept as clean as 
if made by a saw, until the 
giant begins to quiver, then 
to sway, and with gather- 
ing momentum finally goes 
down between its fellows, 
cracking and crashing un- 
til it strikes the earth with 
a mighty thud, the butt 
bounding up again in final 
protest at its fate. To do 
this gives one an exciting 
sense of power and achieve- 
ment well worth the energy 
which it costs. 

Most of the professional 
or commercial tree felling is done in winter when the 
felling of the tree is not hamperéd by leaves; the wood 
is dry and hard, being free from sap, and the covering of 
snow makes it easier to haul out the timber. But for 
the amateur sportsman vacation time is usually immid- 
summer when the flow of sap makes conditions quite 
different and more skill is required to prevent the leafy 
branches from becoming entangled and preventing a 
clear fall. In thickly studded growths a dislodged but 
still standing tall tree may have to be recut part way 
along the butt, a process often difficult. and hazardous. 


PRESIDENT HARDING 


for a poor selection of im- 
plements readily spoils the 
game and dullness or 
breaking may be a source 
of real danger. The weight 
and balance of the haft, 
and the length, curve and 
tension of the handle must 
all be carefully considered 
to yield the best results. 
Where may the amateur 
obtain the trees for his 
sport? In a true arcadia of 
course everyone should 
have his own “back wood 
lot” where he can enjoy 
the pride of cutting his 
own trees and doing as he 
will with them. But any 
farmer will readily grant 
the privilege to an enthu- 
siast of cutting in his woods 
under direction. He is al- 
ways glad of more firewood 
and every wood lot can be 
benefitted by “improve- 
ment cuttings,” to use the 
forester’s term. There are 
always dead trees to be re- 
moved, and always crooked 
or deformed trees, or trees 
which are crowding others 
and interfering with their 
growth, and it decidedly 
enhances the value of the 
property to have them cut 
down. It would be an interesting experiment to have 
the members of a golf club adjourn en toutes some fine 
Sunday morning into a nearby wood lot and measure the 
equivalent of the strokes for 36 holes as applied to pro- 
ducing cordwood! The caddies could be released for 
Sunday School and the woods would re-echo with “fore” 
as a warning to get out from under when the trees fell! 
Although somewhat different vocabulary otherwise would 
be required, prowess might still be the subject of boast- 
ing and the results in exercise would be quite similar in 
forest and in fair green. Thirty-six well directed 


CAN WIELD AN AX 


00 


ee ae To wf {ows 


TREE FELLING AS A SPORT 


strokes of the ax may fell a fair-sized tree, so even Bogie 
might have several trees to his score! 

One of the earliest references in literature to the eth- 
ical lessons to be derived from skillful tree felling occurs 
in the recital of one of Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams. “In 
the visions of mine head upon my bed,” quoth he, it was 
commanded “to hew down the tree and cut off his 
branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit; let 
the beasts get away from under it and the fowls 
from his branches. "Nevertheless leave the stump of his 
roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass.” 
Which Daniel interpreted, as whereas it was ‘“command- 
ed to leave the stump of the tree roots, thy Kingdom 
shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known 
that the héavens do rule.” (Daniel IV. 10-26.) 

This may be sound theological doctrine but it exhibits 
a meagre knowledge of forestry. Job fell into a similar 
error when he said: “For there is hope of a tree if it be 
cut down that it will sprout again and that the tender 
branch thereof will not cease.” (Job XIV. 7.) In the 
limited flora of Palestine this may apply to the olive and 


” 


663 


the fig tree, although it certainly does not to the cedar. 
In our forests are many hardwood trees like the bass- 
wood and oak, which it is true, send up vigorous sprouts 
when the parent stem has been cut away, but they usu-. 
ally do not thrive long and practically never reproduce 
trees of any symmetry or value. The sprouts are vigor- 
ous because they already possess an extensive root sys- 
tem, but the processes of decay soon enter the unpro- 
tected surface of the stump (not bound with “bands of 
iron and brass,”) travel down into the earth and work 
up into the stems of the ground shoots or “sprouts.” 
Apparent exceptions are found in the willow and chest- 
nut, but the willow is so hardy that it appears to thrive 
on abuse, and sprouts may reach a height of 30 or 40 
feet, springing from old trunks which are so split and de- 
cayed that wide holes let the daylight pass through them. 
But the sprouts are never so strong as the parent tree. 
The chestnut is perhaps the most vigorous sprouter of 
all, particularly in its dying effort to resist the fungus 
which so lately has proved its mortal enemy. New Eng- 
land forests, until recently, were full of tall chestnut 


Photograph by Brown Bros. 


GLADSTONE, ENDGLAND’S GREAT STATESMAN, WITH HIS FAMILY AT HAWARDEN, ENGLAND, ENGAGED 
IN HIS FAVORITE EXERCISE. 


664 AMERICAN 
sprouts, in groups of three or four or more, springing 
from the roots of an old stump, cut perhaps in making a 
clearing, forty years before. They look like excellent 
telephone poles, but when cut it is found that their stems 
often are hollow with decay to a height of eight or ten 
feet above the ground. All this has a lesson for those 
who for sentimental reasons would preserve the stump of 
a favorite tree in the front yard or upon the lawn, camou- 
flaging the sordidness of its decay with woodbine or 
trumpet creeper. Such a stump will never thrive again 
and with due respect to Job, “the tender branch thereof” 
will “cease.” More than that, it harbors many varieties 
of fungi and pestiferous insects which latter are a menace 
to other vegetation, although the species of fungi of 
dead trees do not attack the living. It follows that in 
scientific tree felling it is not necessary to consider the 
stump provided it is cut near enough to the ground to 
prevent waste of wood. 

Horace Greeley must have acquired his fondness for 
wielding the ax in the five years which he spent as a 
youth working upon his father’s farm at Westhaven, Ver- 
mont, and that he continued it in advanced life as a 


HORACE GREELEY AS A TREE 


CHOPPER 


FORESTRY 


COLONEL ROOSEVELT MAKING THE CHIPS FLY 


means of exercise and recreation is attested by the picture 
which represents him in shirt sleeves with a large ax 
over his shoulder ready to cope with any giant of the 
forest. His biographer states that much of his early 
reading was done by the light of pine knots after the 
day’s farm work was done, and he doubtless contributed 
to their cutting. 

It is only fair to state that tree felling, like the sport 
of boxing, may at times be used as an appeal to the baser 
passions of mankind. Thus the former Kaiser is re- 
ported to have turned to it as a vent for his emotions 
at a time of life when checkers or backgammon might 
seem more alluring. There is, however, no fixed age 


limit to the sport of tree cutting, covering as it does, the 
seven ages of man, from the youth of Washington to the 
old age of Gladstone. One may picture the whilom 
Kaiser going forth with eager strides, battle-ax in hand, 
to slay the oncoming cohorts of the Allies as represented 
to his distorted mind by the serried ranks of the Dutch 
beeches, he being arrayed erewhile in the majesty of 
Dutch breeches, and as he “strafs” and “strafs” one 
may almost hear him mutter between clenched teeth, 
“take that and that and THAT,” very much as one might 
chastise a most obstreperous boy in the woodshed ! 

But it is a poor tree that does not grow both ways and 
in Jonathan’s parable, (Judges IX, 8), we read: “The 
trees went forth on a time to annoint a King over 
them.” One after another, however, all declined as being 
otherwise more usefully employed in growing roots and 
branches and so they finally 
were reduced to electing a 
bramble! 

A fondness for the sport 
of tree felling leads one 
naturally to an interest in 
forestry. and to observa- 
tion of the habits, forms 
and varieties of individual 
trees, their rate of growth, 
their relations to each other 
in their struggle upward 
to the hght and air in 
densely covered areas, and 
further to their economic 
value and the specializa- 
tion in the uses of the 
different kinds of 
wood. 

_ Each species of tree in 
addition to general uses 
such as those of firewood, 
boarding, etc., has one or 
several special uses for 
which it is peculiarly fitted. 
These oftentimes are sug- 
gested on cutting down the 
tree through noting its 
relative hardness, its graining, mode and degree of split- 
ting, etc. Thus the chestnut is selected for the frame- 
work of pianos and coffins to be veneered afterward with 
other woods which take a better polish. The willow is 
used in manufacturing black powder and artificial legs. 


TREE FELLING AS A SPORT 


Photograph by Underwood & Underwood 
HENRY FORD CHOPPING FIREWOOD 


665 


the poplar for fruit boxes, spools, etc. Moreover, each 
tree is its own biographer, and the cross section of even 
a long-time cut and decaying stump presents an open 
page to one who has learned to read it. From the bark 
and grain of the wood is to be told the species and front 
the number of concentric rings the age, for the growing 
tree must form a new ring each year. More than this, 
the thickness of the rings varies with the seasonal con- 
ditions of light, air currents and moisture, so that under 
exceptionally favorable conditions the rings may be two 
or three times the average width. In illustration of this 
is the following incident: One day while crossing a re- 
cent clearing in a New England forest I noticed an ex- 
ceptionally large stump cut quite close to the ground. 
Its bark and graining, porosity, etc., showed it to be 
the remains of a giant tulip tree with 119 rings, indi- 
cating an unusual age for a 
forest tree of that species 
in that locality. But count- 
ing back thirty rings from 
the margin was one which 
was more than double the 
width of the others. This 
meant that in some manner 
in that year the tree had 
had access to more than 
its usual share of light, air 
currents and moisture, and 
it was easy to guess that 
30 years before the lot had 
previously been cut over. 
Coming down the moun- 
tainside I met the son of 
the old man that, orig- 
inally owned the forest. 
“Jim,” said I, “when was 
that lot cleared?” “Oh, a 
couple of years ago.” 
“Anyone could see that,” I 
said, “but when before 
then?” for, like almost. all 
New England forests, it 
had been cut over several 
times. At first he could 
not recall, but suddenly he 
said “it was the year my father bought the farm 
and the first thing he did was to clear that lot.” 
“But when was that?” “Thirty years ago.” And thus 
came the proof that the old giant had written its biog- 
raphy correctly. 


ANNOUNCEMENT 


The American Forestry Association has moved from 1214 Sixteenth Street to 914 Fourteenth 
Street, Washington, D. C., from which office all business will be transacted. 
Members of the Association are invited to visit the new headquarters of their Association. 


LARCH IN MAINE THREATENED BY INSECT DEPREDATION 


By H. B. Peirson 


ONSIDERABLE attention has been called to the 

browning of the larch or tamarack in eastern Maine. 

In many localities large stands of larch appeared as if a 

fire had swept through, whereas a few weeks previous 

they had been green. In places where the larch occurs 

in large stands, making up a high percentage of the 
forest, whole hill-sides and valleys looked brown. 

The first thought was that the larch sawfly was again 
sweeping over the state. This insect destroyed practi- 
cally all of the larch in the state in 1882 and has nearly 
made the larch tree extinct in some of the Eastern states. 
Within the last few years, however, large quantities of 
larch have again begun to seed in on old pastures. The 
larch is an extremely valuable tree, the wood being 
very durable, so that it is used for the upper knees of 
small vessels, telegraph poles, fence posts, and railroad 
ties, besides being used in cabinet work and for interior 
finishing. 

Examination of the stands of larch have shown that 
the trees are being attacked by a comparatively new 
insect to this region. It is known as the “Larch Case 
Bearer” and is very common throughout Europe where 
it is a serious pest. It was first recorded in this country 
in 1886 where it had probably been brought on European 
Larch, a tree that is quite widely planted in the North- 
eastern United States. At this time it caused consider- 
able injury to a thirty-year-old stand of larch in North- 
ampton, Massachusetts. It has been known for a good 
many years at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, and 
has also been observed in Albany, New York. At no 
time, however, was it found in sufficient numbers to 
cause any grave apprehension, as it apparently did not 
multiply rapidly. At the present time very little is 
known as to the life history of the insect and observa- 
tions are now being carried on by the Maine Forestry 
Department in an effort to determine whether the insect 


Big Buffalo Bull Goes to Uruguay 


Be is unhappy! 
He is to be deported, thrust from the land of his 


birth, torn from his wives and children and doomed to 
live in exile for the rest of his days. 


Secretary of Agriculture Wallace has decreed that 
he must go; the Forest Service has arranged his trans- 
ports and Biso is inconsolable. 


Biso is the buffalo bull that for fifteen years has 
been the admiration of visitors to the Wichita National 
Forest and Game Refuge in Oklahoma, The city, of 
Montevideo, Uruguay, has asked that its zoological 
garden be supplied with an American bison and the 
Forest Service men who have charge of the buffalo on 
the Wichita say that Biso will be an excellent represen- 
tative of this typical North American species whose 


is likely to prove serious or not. 

There is apparently but one generation of the insect 
a year. The delicate gray moths started to emerge 
from the small cigar-shaped cocoons about June twen- 
tieth. The moths, which are only about three-sixteenths 
of an inch in length, lay their eggs onthe new needles 
and the young larvae hatching out immediately begin 
to tunnel or mine within the needle, causing it to turn 
yellow and then brown, starting from the tips. When 
very numerous, practically all of the needles on a tree 
may be injured and in many cases destroyed, as in the 
present outbfeak. As soon as the mine is long enough 
to form a case, a portion of the needle is cut off and the 
larvae proceeds with this protection to another leaf. 
When attacking a needle the larvae first cuts a circular 
hole through which its head and later its body may ex- 
tend for feeding purposes. The case, which at first is 
whitish, gradually becomes gray with age, and is lined 
by the larvae with silk upon the approach of cold 
weather, when the larva, carrying its case, retires to a 
sheltered place on the branches or beneath bark and 
lichens. It becomes active early in the spring and con- 
tinues feeding. Owing to the fact that nearly all of 
the feeding is done within the leaf, it will probably 
prove a difficult insect to check. There is at present 
every indication that considerable damage may be done 
to the larch, for the insect is becoming extremely nu- 
merous. 

Our native larch, known scientifically as Larix laricina, 
is called by a large number of common or local names. 
In Maine it is commonly referred to as Hackmatack or 
frequently as Juniper, but this name is very misleading 
as two real species of Juniper occur in this state. West 
of Vermont it is most frequently called Tamarack, 


so that both this name and larch are recognized as the 


proper names for the species. 


once mighty herds roamed the great plains from Mex- 
ico to northern Canada. 
In 1907 fifteen bison were “planted” in the Wichita 


National Forest and have since increased to over 150 


head. This herd promises to maintain the type and 
stamina of the original bison, since the animals are kept — 
at all times under natural conditions. They subsist en- 


tirely on wild grasses and live within so large an in- 


closure that they are under practically no restraint. 
So Biso has been well content and is reluctant to 
leave. Yet many of the younger buffalo bulls are cast- 


ing envious glances at the old fellow. It would be very 

pleasant, they think, to doze idly beneath a palm tree 

and be served with fresh cut grasses or have their 

wrinkled noses patted by some dark haired senorita. 
But Biso has his doubts, 


EDITORIAL 


A NOTABLE REPORT ON FOREST TAXATION 


_ FOREST taxation is rated by many second to forest 
fire as a deterring hazard to the enterprise of grow- 


ing timber. The present state of our tax laws relating to 


forests is indeed a sad commentary upon American prog- 
ress during thé past two and a half decades. Failure 


of our state sala, i to recognize that tax laws, as 
now generally drawn, tend to tax our remaining forests 
out of existence and to prevent private individuals 


from growing new forests, stands today as one of the 
foremost obstacles to the private practice of forestry in 


_ this country. 


Because tthe subject is of such vital importance, Amer- 


_ ican Forestry prints in this issue the report of the Com- 


mittee on Forest Taxation of the National Tax Associa- 


_ tion, which was read by Fred R. Fairchild, Professor of 
Political Economy, Yale University, at the annual meet- 
_ ing of the Association in Minneapolis on September 109. 
_ The report was prepared by Professor Fairchild, Chair- 


man of the Committee, after consultation with other 
members of the Committee. It unquestionably is one of 


_ the most important contributions to the cause of forest 


taxation in this country yet to. appear and. will be read 


_ with great interest and profit. by. all interested in the 
_ subjects of forestry, lumbering and taxation. 


Tn the opening pages, the report reviews briefly some 


of the earlier efforts at forest tax reform and points out 


the reasons why so little progress has resulted from the 
movements. Out of the experience of the past and the 
progress of taxation in general, the Committee views 
forest \taxation today as involving two distinct problems, 
one relating to young, growing forests and the other to 
virgin or mature forests. Under the plan proposed for 


_ growing forests, by which is meant immature trees, all 

forest growth, excepting that which had reached ma- 
_ turity under the criteria of the law, would be exempt 
_ from taxation. 


The land on which the young forest is growing, 
however, would be assessed—no account being taken of 


any forest growth other than mature timber—and 


taxed annually on a parity with similar bare lands in 
the neighborhood. The tax upon the growing timber 
would come whenever any forest products are har- 
vested, or in the event there is no cutting, when the 
timber reaches a growth which places it in the class 
of mature timber. All timber cut before maturity, 


_ excepting small amounts taken by the owner or tenant 


for his own use, would be subject to a yield tax at a 
rate corresponding to the business tax on other busi- 
nesses. The Committee suggests a rate in the neigh- 
horhood of five per cent, the tax to be administered by 
state officials and distributed to the towns or counties. 

But should there be no cutting prior to the time 
when the young forests reach the mature class, it be- 
comes atitomatically taxable property under the law 
proposed for mature timber. For mature timber. 


the Committee recommends the general property tax, 
based on principles that 

(1) Mature timber should be taxed as nearly 
as possible on equal terms with other wealth and 
business, 

(2) The individual income tax, where it exists, 
should apply to forest income the same as other 
incomes, 

(3) Where there is a special business tax it 
should take the form of a yield tax in the case of 
forests, 

(4) The property tax as applied to marketable 
mature forests should be the equivalent of an 
annual tax upon the land and trees, assessed in 
the same ratio to true value as prevails for other 
taxable property and at the same rates, and 

(5) Where the mature forest is inaccessible and 
therefore not marketable until some time in the 
future, the property tax should take that fact 

“into account. 

“Taking everything into consideration,” the report 
concludes, “your Committee is of the opinion that the 
only practicable solution of this problem is to seek to 
make the property tax as equitable and convenient as 
may be. In particular, every effort should be made 
to insure a fair assessment of forest property.” That 
the Committee did not think it feasible to distinguish 
between marketable and unmarketable mature timber, 
we believe, was a wise conclusion. To attempt such a 
distinction would at once establish a danger line of con- 
troversy and abuse. The property tax applied to un- 
marketable tracts, if fairly done, will naturally meet 
the idea of deferred income by a lower stumpage valu- 
ation. 

The Committee’s plan does not fully meet all the 
difficult and entangling features of the forest tax situ- 
ation. Such a plan would be too refined to work under 
present conditions of American taxation. In the recog- 
nition of that fact, the Committee rendered its greatest 
service. It has brought forth a plan which is sane, 
practicable and simple, and which at the same time 
strikes the great need in forest taxation, namely, as- 
suring the owner of young growing forests a fair, 
definite »nd reasonable method of taxation. 

Possibly the main criticism of the plan will be on 
the grounds that, involving as it does the income tax 
feature, it will not be applicable in a great majority of 
the states without first obtaining ‘the necessary consti- 
tutional amendments. But as forest depletion advances 
and’ the public becomes more enlightened on and more 
insistent for forest legislation, that obstacle will con- 
stantly become of less and less moment. And with the 
way cleared. the Committee’s plan fits in- easily with 
the going scheme of ‘taxation, is uniformly compulsory 
and is free of red tape and intricate features, 


668 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


THE RAILROADS AND THE NATIONAL FORESTS 


URING 1921 over five million people visited the 

National Forests. Year by year the number has 
been increasing. ‘There is a reason. The National 
Forests of the west embrace a large proportion of the 
best remaining game and fishing grounds of the nation. 
Within their boundaries are some of the highest peaks, 
a majority of the glaciers and some of the highest wa- 
terfalis of the country. By the construction of roads 
and trails, the establishment of delightful camp sites 
on wooded mountain streams and the opening up of 
summer home areas, the United States Forest Service 
is making these attractions readily accessible. 

The National Forests are the greatest pleasure 
grounds of the American people and to them the 
American people are coming more and more to seek 
that invigorating recreation which is now considered 
a necessity of modern life. And the public is not alone 
in coming to regard these National Forests as a great 
recreational asset to be seen, used and enjoyed. The 
great railroad systems of the country are slowly awak- 
ening to the fact that these great areas of wonderful 
forests and majestic mountains are growing feeders 
to their permanent prosperity. 

Covering most of the important mountain ranges of 
the west, these Forests with their 156 million acres, 
contain scenic resources alone which make them an im- 
mense asset to the great transcontinental railroad sys- 
tems of the United States. The newer National Forests 
of the northeast and the southern Appalachian range 
will in time become as great an asset to the railroads 
of the Atlantic seaboard. 

Within the nineteen National Parks are the superla- 
tively grand and stupendous effects of Nature, and 


while they will always remain objectives for the trav- 
eler and the tourist, the National Forests—in no sense 
the rivals of the Parks—because of their greater num- 
ber, wider extent, and accessibility, will always attract 
a much larger number of visitors. From a recreation 
standpoint the National Forests should supplement the 
National Parks, each attracting visitors to the other, 
each helping the American to a fuller appreciation of 
what life in the outdoors can mean and what America 
has to offer in scenic beauty and grandeur. 

Most of the transcontinental lines cross or touch 
many of the National Forests. Some day the railroad 
literature, voluminous and for the most part well plan- 
ned and most attractive, will play up the beauty spots, 
the free camp grounds, the summer home sites, the 
mountain peaks and other summer delights of the Na- 
tional Forests, for the good reason that it will be good 
business to do this. Good roads, automobiles and an 
increasing number of camp grounds, both municipal and 
forest, make this necessary on the part of the railroads. 


Already several of the Pacific Coast lines are begin- — 


ning to do this. One road has issued a special hunt- 


ing, camping and fishing guide for a group of National 


Forests in Oregon. An edition of ten thousand copies 
was published in the spring of 1922; this was soon ex- 
hausted, and a second edition of ten thousands copies 
was issued within three months, which shows that the 
public wants to know more about recreational delights 


of the National Forests, from first hand contact. Gen- — 


eral passenger agents and publicity experts of the rail- 
roads would do well to consider the National Forests’ 
and what they offer. 


THE DAWN OF THE APPALACHIANS 


MOTOR road was recently completed to the top 

of Mount Mitchell, the highest point in eastern 
America. This road opened up to tourists an alpine 
climate, a vegetation strongly suggestive of Canada, a 
magnificent distant view over chain after chain of hazy 
mountains—and alas, as desolate a waste of destroyed 
forest as can be found anywhere in the East. Slopes, 
on which there remain only the gray wrecks of dense 
spruce and fir forest, disfigure the nearer view from the 
peak, a veritable blot on the escutcheon. Tentative re- 
sults of studies now being conducted by the Appala- 
chian Forest Experiment Station indicate that the only 
effective way to restore these forests is by planting—a 
slow and time-consuming process.” 

Untess conservative methods are soon introduced, 
what is true of Mount Mitchell will be true of mile after 
mile of spruce covered ridges at high altitudes through- 
out the Southern Appalachians ; and these, as the sotirces 
of its waterpower and the crown of its mountain beauty, 
are figuratively as well as literally, among the highest 
assets of the South. 

In respects—potential waterpower, scenery, 
recreational facilities, timber producing capacity, and 


many 


incidental values—the Southern Appalachians may with- — 
out too much exaggeration, be compared with Switzer-— 
The mountain resources stand in much 


land or Italy. 
the same relation to the industrial prosperity, but in — 


the Appalachians the development of these resources — 


still lies largely in the future. As in the older countries, — 
forestry will be an underlying essential of all these lines 
of development, To reclothe cut-over, burned, and un- 
sightly slopes with a cover of thrifty timber is a pre- 
requisite not only of continuous timber production but 
also of scenic improvement, waterpower conservation, — 
and iin fact all the uses to which forest lands are put. 


One of the greatest industries of the Southern Appa- — 


lachians—a steadily growing one—is the tourist industry. 
As rapidly as the by-ways and secluded places of the 
mountains are made accessible to tourist traffic, exam- 
ples of the need of forestry are increasing both in num- 
ber and variety. Another first line industry is lumber 
production. A third great group is comprised of the 
industries which will develop around waterpower. A 
three-fold requirement is hereby placed upon forestry. 
The duty and the opportunity of meeting this demand 
rest with the public. The federal government, through — 


AMERICAN 


the Forest Service, and the States, through their for- 
' estry departments, are trying as best they can to meet 
the situation, but the available resources are only a drop 
in the bucket compared with what they must be to pre- 
serve the forests, with their three-fold values, and to 
start the bare and denuded slopes on the road to 
recovery. 

To keep pace with the requirements which are being 
placed upon it, the Southern Appalachian region must 


~ 
» 


“ 


FORESTRY 669 


undergo a deep-seated development along diverse and 
important lines. Unless all signs fail, this many-sided 
development is to be a thing of the near future, Under- 
lying it and fundamental to the success of the whole 
scheme is the practice of forestry. Attempting to meet 
impending opportunities for permanent growth and 
development, without recognition of this fact, will be 
as expensive and shortsighted as trying to build a 
great dam on a leaky foundation. 


tifully illustrated articles: 


by Henry C. Campbell 


by D. Lange 


(State Forester of Minnesota) 


would like a copy sent. 


Important Announcement 


The next issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE (December, 1922) will 
be called the “Lake States Number.” Among others it will include the following beau- 


A PICTURE THAT WALKED by Harold Titus 
(Author of “Timber’—the most widely read novel on conservation) 


HENRY FORD’S FOREST by Ovid M. Butler 


(Forester of the American Forestry Association) 


MICHIGAN’S FIGHT FOR FORESTS by P. S. Lovejoy 
(Nationally known author of forest and woodland articles) 


THE ROAD TO WISCONSIN’S GREATER OUTDOORS 
(Assistant Editor of the Milwaukee Journal) 

THE FOREST WHERE THE MISSISSIPPI BEGINS 
(Author of “The Lure of the Mississippi”) 


IMPORTING REINDEER TO MICHIGAN by Albert Stoll 
(Popular writer and Secretary Michigan Conservation Commission) 


A BIT OF OLD WISCONSIN by Judge Asa K. Owen 
(President Northern Lakes Park Association) 


THE FIRE CALL OF THE NORTH WOODS by William T. Cox 


Governors of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota in personal statements 
on forestry in their States 


Several Other Splendid Articles 


DON’T MISS THIS ISSUE. Send us a list of your friends to whom you 
Extra copies 40c postpaid. 
ship in the American Forestry Association, including Magazine, $4.00 a year. 


American Forestry 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


(Largest Circulation and Most Widely Quoted Magazine 
on Forestry, Wood Uses, Lumber and Trees in the World) 


Subscribing member- 


FERNOW 


HALL 


By Ralph S. Hosmer 


Professor of Forestry, Cornell University 


O everyone interested in forestry in America the 

honor recently conferred on Dr. Bernhard E. Fer- 
now by the trustees of Cornell University will seem a 
fitting recognition of real and substantial accomplish- 
ment. 

On the afternoon of October 5, 1922, there was un- 
veiled at Ithaca, New York, over the entrance of the 
Forestry Building on the Cornell University campus, 
a tablet bearing the words “FERNOW HALL.” The 
naming in Dr. Fernow’s honor of the building where 
is taught the subject that he organized for instruction 
in this country was authorized by the trustees of Cornell 
University on June 20, 1922. The unveiling of the tab- 
let on October 5 was marked by addresses by Dr. Liv- 
ingston Farrand, president of Cornell University, Dean 
A. R. Mann, of the New York State College of Agricul- 
ture, and Professor Ralph S. Hosmer, head of the De- 
partment of Forestry. 

By an interesting coincidence two of Dr. Fernow’s 
sons are now connected with Cornell, one as an instruc- 
tor in the College of Engineering, Mr. B. E. Fernow, 
Jr.; the other as a graduate student in Plant Pathology. 


CORNELL HONORS DISTINGUISHED FORESTER 


Entrance to the Forestry Building at Cornell University dedi- 
cated to Dr. B. E. Fernow. 


To the latter, Mr. Karl H. Fernow, fell the pleasant duty 
of pulling the cord that raised the flag covering the 
tablet bearing his father’s name. 

The building hereafter to be called FERNOW HALL 
was erected through a special appropriation made by 
the legislature of the State of New York in 1911. It 
was dedicated in May, 1914, and since then has been the 
home of the Department of Forestry of the New York 
State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. 


It seems peculiarly appropriate that Cornell Univer- 
sity should thus honor Dr. Fernow, for it was at this 
institution that there was established under his direction, 
in 1898, the first school of forestry on the American 
continent, the old New York State College of Forestry 
at Cornell University. Although suspended in 1903 as 
the result of an unfortunate controversy that arose in 
connection with the college forest in the Adirondacks, 
the old New York State College of Forestry has a 
notable record. There was never the least criticism of 
the instruction given at the college. On the contrary, 
the best evidence of the value of the work that Dr. Fer- 
now did in organizing a professional forestry curricu- 
lum is to be found in the fact that the general program 
of study that he established at Cornell has become the 
basis for the standardized curriculum of instruction in 
forestry that is now followed by all the leading forest 
schools in the United States. 

In this connection it may be interesting to note that 
of the seventeen men who were graduated from the old 
New York State College of Forestry and received from 
Cornell University the degree of Forest Engineer, the 
fourteen now living are all actively engaged in the 
practice of forestry as a profession. A number of these 
men bear names that are well known both in the United 
States and Canada. 

While at Cornell Dr. Fernow made another contribu- 
tion to forestry in America that is of far-reaching im- 
portance, the founding of a technical forestry journal, 
the “Forestry Quarterly.” In 1917 this magazine was 
merged with the Proceedings of the Society of American 
Foresters and given the name “Journal of Forestry.” 
Dr. Fernow still remains its editor-in-chief. One of Dr. 
Fernow’s most important books, “The Economics of 
Forestry,” also appeared during the years he was teach- 
ing at Cornell. It is one of the most valuable books in 
American forestry literature and is as vital today as 
when it came from the press twenty years ago. Other 
of Dr. Fernow’s books, outside of numerous government 
publications, are his History of Forestry, 1907, (3rd 
revised edition, 1913), and his Care of Trees, 1910. 

But the achievements of Dr. Fernow do not rest alone 
on what he accomplished while at Cornell. His con- 


FERNOW HALL 


tributions to the cause of forestry in America began 
much earlier than that. From 1886 to 1898 Dr. Fernow 
was chief of the Division of Forestry of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, the branch of the 
government that in later years developed into the Forest 
Service. 

Dr. Fernow was the first technically trained forester 
to be employed by the government. Indeed, when he 
took that position he was literally the only man in the 
United States-whose training entitled him to be called 
a professional forester. In one of his books Dr. Fernow 
says that the term forestry was then not even to be 
found in the dictionaries. He was indeed a pioneer in 
what in this country was a new field. 

For twelve years Dr. Fernow labored hard, against 
many odds, to bring to the people of the United States 
a realization of what forestry is and what forestry 
practice seeks to accomplish. Hampered by meager 
appropriations and assisted by only a small staff, he 
nevertheless did a very great deal to lay surely and well 
the foundation of public sentiment in favor of forestry 
that at least in part made possible the rapid development 
that followed in later years. 

Perhaps the most noteworthy event with which Dr. 
Fernow was connected during this period was the pas- 
sage by Congress in 1891 of the law authorizing the 
President of the United States to set apart as forest 
reserves portions of the Public Domain. This is the 
fundamental law on which rest the National Forests 
of today. But during that twelve-year period there was 
hardly a project related to the development of forestry 
in which Dr, Fernow did not have a hand. 

The readers of this magazine will particularly like to 
recall that Dr. Fernow was one of the founders of the 
American Forestry Association, at meetings held in 
Cincinnati and at Montreal in 1882, and that for fifteen 
years he acted as secretary of the Association and 
chairman of its Executive Committee. From 1885 to 
1898 he was editor of the Proceedings of the American 
Forestry Association and of its journal, The Forester. 

Dr. Fernow’s ability as a forceful speaker and writer 
makes the list of his contributions to popular education 
in forestry a long one. It is out of place here to try to 
enumerate them. Enough to say that Dr. Fernow played 
a leading role in bringing to the attention of the people 
of this country the fact that forestry is a wholly practical 
subject and that it involved problems that have a vital 
bearing on our wellbeing as a nation. 

In 1907 Dr. Fernow again broke new ground in estab- 
lishing the first forest school in the Dominion of Canada. 
From that year until his retirement on account of age 
in 1919, he was Dean of the Faculty of Forestry of the 
University of Toronto, where he built up a forest school 
of high grade. Dr. Fernow has further served the Do- 
minion by membership on the Canadian Commission of 
Conservation, where he has done active and valuable 
work, 

At the time of Dr. Fernow’s retirement from the Uni- 
versity of Toronto, in 1919, as Professor of Forestry, 


671 


Emeritus, American Forestry published a comprehen- 
sive article by Prof. Filibert Roth, dealing with his life 
work. It may be found in the issue of April, 1920, It 
seems unnecessary here to add further details. But one 
who has known something of Dr. Fernow’s home life 
cannot refrain from mentioning in passing that it was a 
never-to-be-forgotten experience to be bidden as a guest 
to enter that delightful circle. 


DR. B. E. FERNOW 


Identified with forestry in America since its inception and the 
founder of the first forestry school on the American continent. 


It had been greatly hoped that Dr. Fernow could be 
present in Ithaca at the unveiling of the tablet bearing 
his name, but continued ill health made that impossible. 
Dr. and Mrs. Fernow are now residing at 16 Admiral 
Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 

The action of the trustees of Cornell University in 
giving Dr. Fernow’s name to one of the important 
buildings of the university was taken in recognition of 
Dr. Fernow’s many and varied services to the cause of 
forestry in America. It is an honor that is merited by 
sterling achievement. To all American foresters it is 
a.cause of rejoicing that this honor comes while Dr. Fer- 
now himself can have the satisfaction of knowing that 
the work of his life is appreciated. 

Dr. Fernow, in writing to Prof. Ralph Hosmer, of 
Cornell, in acknowledgement of the dedication, said: 

“Once more allow me to express my great regret at 


672 AMERICAN 
not being able to attend in person the ceremony of 
the dedication of your building and to return my grate- 
ful acknowledgements for the honor, to you and those 
instrumental in having my name connected with the 
stately building devoted to the teaching of forestry. 
This recognition of my services is particularly grateful 
in that it comes from the institution where my work 
as teacher began and which has always commanded my 
loyal interest. 

“Had I been present I would have pointed out that 
my desserts are more than duly recognized by the 
handsome compliment of naming the building after 
me, and that it was only the accident of my being the 
first in the field and my persistence therein that gave 
me the proud position in which my friends have in- 
sisted on placing me. 

“T would also have elaborated the fact that a teacher 
lives in his students and that the honor heaped on the 
former is earned by the doings of the latter and would 
have enumerated the graduates of the earlier years 
now occupying prominent positions. My pride is cen- 
tered in them. 

“To your students I would have recommended the 
adoption of my motto, borrowed from Horace, Carpe 
diem—do the duty of the day—with confidence in the 
due development of the future. 

“The future for forestry seems full of promise and 
I would have congratulated all who are working in 
that profession.” 


Farm Forestry at the Berry 
Schools 


NNOUNCEMENT has been made by the Principal 

of Berry Schools at Mount Berry, Georgia, that 
the institution will offer a course in Farm Forestry. 
To all foresters and lovers of forests this comes as an 
important and interesting announcement, largely be- 
cause of the character, reputation and plan of Berry 
Schools. Situated in the foot hills of Georgia, this 
School has for twenty years served in a unique way, the 
boys and girls of our Southern Piedmont Region. 
Early in 1900 Miss Berry, a young Southern woman, 
saw the need of an industrial and country life school, 
where the unfortunate but proud and very promising 
sons and daughters of our Southern highlanders could 
secure an education fitting them for constructive life 
and citizenship. The birthplace of Berry Schools was 
a cabin in a grove near Martha Berry’s home. In 1902 
a small schoo! house was built on property given her 
by her father, and the Martha Berry Boys’ Industrial 
School began its term of service. Today there are 
three schools; one serving the boys, another for the 
girls and another which is the Mountain Farm School, 
where foundation training is given to those boys who 
have never had a chance. The campus, farms and wood 
lots cover approximately six thousand acres and there 
A remarkable growth from 
a small log cabin on one’s home estate. 


are nearly ninety buildings. 


FORESTRY 


To these schools come young people from all over 
our rural and mountain South, each seeking a knowl- 
edge of life and character. From these schools back to 
their home communities, go young men and women 
who have learned how to live and be useful. With 
the ideal of service foremost, they return to their homes 
to give the best they have that others might live. 

Each student is required to work and thereby earn a 
portion of his expenses; others by working earn all of 
their fees. This work takes them into the farm, the 
wood shop, in the kitchen and on construction jobs. 
Now some will find employment in the woodlots and 


THIS TREE ON THE BERRY SCHOOL CAMPUS HOLDS A TABLET 
ON WHICH: IS WRITTEN JOYCE KILMER’S EXQUISITE POEM 
ENTITLED “TREES.” 


learn by doing how best to establish and perpetuate 
such lands. On the campus everything has been done 
to help the students understand the beauty of trees and 
to love them for their great lesson of life. This work 
has been carried on and supported financially entirely 
through the efforts of Miss Berry, who is untiring in 
the struggle to raise money so that some might have the 
advantage which has been denied many. Unfortunately, 
funds are sometimes a little slow in coming, and a 
great many must be refused entrance to these remark- 
able schools. 

Miss Berry is to be congratulated on this last move 
towards helping our people to a better understanding of 
the value and use of our forest lands. 


——— 


FOREST PROBLEMS OF GEORGIA’S HARDWOOD REGION 


By E. H. Frothingham 


Acting Director, Appalachian Forest Experiment Station* 


ECAUSE of the remarkable extent and value of 

the original pine forests and their spectacular de- 
cline, forestry in Georgia has quite properly become 
associated very largely with pine and _ turpentine. 
Georgia pine lands undoubtedly command first atten- 
tion; but no forest program for Georgia can afford to 
neglect the great resources which the State possesses 
in its millions of acres primarily adapted for the grow- 
ing of hardwood forests. 

Hardwoods are important elements in most of 
Georgia’s forest regions, with the exception of portions 
of the great pine land areas in the southern part of 
the State. They are an item of value in the river swamp 
forests of the Coastal Plain, and play a part in the 
farm woodlands of the Piedmont Plateau. The true 
home of Georgia hardwood forestry, however, is in the 
mountain region, occupying about the northern one- 
tenth of the State. 

This region is a notable part of Georgia. It is un- 
excelled in the State for scenic beauty, climatic attrac- 


tiveness and recreational possibilities. It is unique in 
the value of its potential and applied waterpower and 
the richness and variety of its forest vegetation which 
stands at the source of this power. Its highest moun- 
tains bear the southern extremity of the spruce forest 
which follows down the Southern Appalachian Moun- 
tains from Canada. The white pine and hemlock, 
sugar maple, beech, and birch of the northern fores. 
meet and mingle in its coves and slopes with a wealth 
of oaks, hickories, and southern hardwoods such as 
yellow poplar, cucumber and the gums. The upland 
pines—pitch, shortleaf and Jersey scrub—still further 
increase the variety of mixture and the number of for- 
est types with which forestry in this region must deal. 
The great number of commercial species thus brought 
together present a complicated series of problems as to 
both utilization and silviculture. In the future forest 
management of the region, the harvesting of the maxi- 
mum values in quality and quantity from these lands 
will demand an intimate knowledge of the life habits, 


a) 


“AN 


Ae 


THE PRESENT FORESTS ARE IRREGULAR AND POORLY STOCKED, AND ONLY PRODUCE A FRACTION OF WHAT THEY MIGHT 
[F THEY WERE PROPERLY CARED FOR, 


*Read before the Georgia Forestry Association at Macon, Georgia, June 7, 1922. 


674 AMERICAN 


growth, and requirements of the different kinds, and the 
relative value of their products. 
Rich as these forests are in valuable species, they 


have been left in bad condition as a result of lumber- 


ing and recurrent fires. Very few remnants of the 
original forest remain. Over large areas the forest has 


been successively culled of its better species, and the 
poorer species left behind have often closed their crowns 
together and shut out the light needed for successful 


reproduction, Stands which, from a distance, have the 
appearance of luxuriant virgin forest may be found to 
consist chiefly of more or less defective trees of the 
less valuable species, with here and there a crippled and 


unmerchantable representative of a better kind. Of 
late years, with the increase in value of lumber and 
other wood products, cuttings have been heavier, 


amounting, in prosperous seasons, practically to clean 
cutting. Provisions for the. reproduction of valuable 
species have been generally lacking and the way has 
been clear for the development of a second growth of 
Forest fires. have burned 
peatedly over large areas, damaging timber and second- 


less desirable species. re- 
growth, implanting seeds of decay and impairing the 
fertility of the forest soil. 

We are at present at a low ebb in the history of 


FORESTRY 


our forests. Lhe original stands are practically gone, 
their place is occupied very largely by decrepit culled 
forest, and inferior second- 


growth, and fires are still frequent and destructive, 


burned-over  slashings, 
Before we can think of practicing intensive silviculture 
or management in the hardwoods a transitional or in- 
The 
problems of this introductory stage are mainly eco- 
nomic, legislative and educational. 


troductory stage of forestry must be traversed. 


Colonel Greeley, in 
his address before the Third Southern Forestry Con- 
gress at Atlanta last year, pointed out what these fun- 
damental preliminary steps must be. In their larger 
features they are much the same for all forest regions. 
They 
equitable tax laws, and other means to promote the 
holding and improvement of forest lands for future 
yields, and they also include simple and inexpensive 
silvicultural processes in lumbering, aimed to establish 
the beginnings of commercially useful stands of second- 
growth, These are the much discussed “minimum re-/ 
quirements,” now the subject of study by the Forest 
Service throughout the country. In the southern Appa- 
lachian hardwood region, of which the mountain hard= 
wood lands of Georgia are a part, these simple “first 
aid” measures consist only of such things as the ample 


consist of measures to ensure fire protection, 


LOOK OVER 


THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTS. 


UN 
RICHNESS AND VARIETY OF 


CELLED, AND THE REGION IS UNIQUE IN THE VALUE OF 


THE SCENERY IN THE MOUNTAINOUS SECTION OF GEORGIA IS 
ITS POTENTIAL AND APPLIED WATERPOWER AND THE 


FOREST WHICH GUARDS THE SOURCE OF THIS POWER. 


FOREST 


PROBLEMS OF GEORGIA’S HARDWOOD 


REGION 675 


THESE FORESTS WILL NOT ONLY GROW TIMBER, BUT THEY ARE 


safeguarding of cut-over areas against fire and grazing, 
coupled with the leaving, in logging operations, of a 
few seed trees and the elimination of at least a part of 
the defective trees and inferior species which are some- 
times left in considerable numbers on lands from which 
the cream of the timber has been removed. 

These measures, if effectively carried out, will un- 
doubtedly yield good results on the lands which still 
remain to be logged, but the restoration of the badly 
depleted hardwood stands is another matter. Only’ time 
and careful treatment in the preservation of all avail- 
able seed supplies of the better species, and the pro- 
vision of favorable light conditions for the best ele- 
ments of the reproduction, will avail to replace the 
crippled and burned second-growth with an active, 
healthy, growing stand. The proportion of weed-trees 
and low-grade products must be diminished, in such 
ways as become available, for the benefit of the value- 
producing species. Gradually, the forest will reassert 
itself, if protected, and under proper guidance a new 
forest of superior quality will ultimately develop. 

Assurance of healthy second-growth of commercial 
value is the foundation of the second step in forestry 


ALLURING 
POPULATION OF THE EASTERN SEABOARD. THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE ; 
FOREST REGION DURING VACATION TIME OF THE SUMMER JUST PAST. 


PLAYGROUNDS 
POURED INTO THE 


FOR THE EVER-INCREASING 
NEWLY ESTABLISHED NATIONAL 


in the mountain hardwoods. This step will consist in 
the organization of the forest as a factory for turning 
out the greatest quantity of the most useful forest pro- 
duets. It will provide for a perpetual annual or per- 
iodic yield from unit areas, such as individual water- 
sheds or groups of watersheds. To carry out such a 
program successfully, there can be no failures due to 
ighorance of the behavior of the species under manage- 
ment, The problems involved in this second stage of 
hardwood forestry in Georgia are accordingly highly 
technical. They involve studies of the life histories of 
the many different species which make up the stand— 
their reproductive capacities, soil requirements, rate of 
growth, toleration of shade, and behavior in competition 
with trees of the same or other species in the forest. 
Economic factors are introduced, as in determining the 
period of rotation needed to produce specified products, 
and the times at which thinnings can profitably be made 
for the benefit of the forest. Such studies are in- 
dispensable to the placing of the proper trees on the 
proper soils, so that each acre can produce its maxi- 


mum. 


676 AMERICAN 

To summarize, the first step in forestry in Georgia’s 
mountain harawoods is largely economic and legisla- 
tive, and its purpose is to give us a growing stock to 
work with. The second step is the regulation of the 
yield of this growing stock in unit areas, coupled with 
more intensive silviculture than can be practiced under 
present limitations. The second step will follow hard 
upon the first—in fact, on our National Forests, of which 
Georgia claims a share in her mountain region, we are 
already entering upon the stage of forest regulation, 
and are beginning at the Appalachian Forest Experi- 
ment Station, the studies of the reproduction and the 


FORESTRY 


phases, the opportunity thus offered, and analyses are 
being made of the results of some of the early en- 
deavors. In addition, however, the program of the Sta- 
tion for the current year carries a number of projects 
dealing with the management of the mountain hard- 
wood forests, It is significant that with but one ex- 
ception these projects deal with the two subjects of 
hardwood reproduction following cutting, and forest 
protection, These subjects are related properly to the 
introductory phase of forestry, and reflect the need for 
immediate information upon the preliminaries of forest 
practice. This, however, is in the nature of preparatory 


YELLOW POPLAR IS EAGERLY SOUGHT BY THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. ™T SHOULD NOT BE EXTERMINATED FROM THE FOREST 
BY CONSTANTLY CULLING IT OUT FROM AMONG OTHER SPECIES. 


growth of the forest in relation to logging which must 
underlie a sound and successful program of timber 
raising. 

The Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, which 
was established at Asheville, North Carolina, last July, 
will work primarily on the problems which are arising 
in connection with the mountain and Piedmont forests. 
Asheville, situated in the heart of the Southern Appa- 
lachian hardwood region, less than 60 miles from the 
Georgia line, has been called the “cradle of American 
for it was there that some of the earliest 
work in forestry on this continent was done. The work 
at the station has naturally followed, in its opening 


forestry,” 


work, and as rapidly as it is cleared away the Station 
will concern itself with the maze of technical problems 
which relate to the intensive phase of forestry which is 
inevitably approaching and may not be so very far in 
the future. 

Georgia is now, it is to be hoped, at the threshold 
of a forestry career. Before proceeding further it 
would be well to consider the relative timeliness of the 
two classes of problems which have been touched upon 
in this paper, and the emphasis which each should re- 
ceive at the present stage in forest work in Georgia. 
There is just a bare chance that a forestry program 
just hatched might suddenly discover itself, to its de- 


‘Smee ag Sy he 


= 


ite and a et mash eK or, on the other 
, to have inherited a controlling mental complex in 
favor of always remaining a mere chick. There is a 
course of development which a rightly initiated 
st program will necessarily follow, because it will 
inherited a proper sense of proportion. A program 
id be properly balanced to take full account of fu- 
needs, but it must not start off too far in advance 
the times to Keep,its feet squarely under it, There 
ist be adequate for technical studies from 
outset ; that is essential. But what must be stressed 
‘the beginning are the problems which surround the 
stage in forestry, which must be solved before re- 
work in forestry can be assured of its ground. 
nsive silviculture must grow up with the second- 
th. The pervading influence of our late lamented 
forests, the present deep-seated and in-grown 
ds of large-scale exploitation, the prevailing con- 
; of demand and supply of wood products and, 
all, the great forest land areas that demand atten- 
do not form a combination favorable to intensive 
. There is something much more immediately 
nt for the as yet totally uncared for portions of 
’s hardwood land, and that is to get results, no 
how modest, on all this land. No matter 
‘much we may resent the present competi- 
Q methods with their disregard for anything 
; immediate income, we are forced to take them 
If they are to be modified in the near 
we may be sure it will not be by an abrupt 
1 to intensive forest practice. 
second-growth period of forestry is at hand all 
the earey. following the lead of New England. 
bvious thing to do is to establish second-growth on 
iis We shall get a proportion of tree weeds, 
ibt, and the new forest will be very far from per- 
It will be for the silviculture of the future to 
it an efficient and smoothly running means of 
s supply. What we are after is a new forest 
in whict forestry of our own devising and adapted to 
he needs of each forest type and each local community 
with i its peculiar industrial demands, may be practiced. 
Bek requirements on forest lands, which are 
pete formulated, will give us definite means for 
securing this workable new forest of second-growth. 
The eatitions established by the minimum require- 
ments may be taken as the balanced judgment of nearly 
ion of foresters, or at least such as have writ- 
n records of their findings. The requirements fixed 
n as the minimum have come into being after a 
‘ culling from a large group of possible meth- 
ods, some of them more desirable but too advanced for 
present practice, so that the regulations established are 
t empirical in their origin, If we are ready to accept 
2 premise that to bring our wild lands into some pro- 
condition is but a preliminary step in more 
ive silviculture practice, we have made a great 
ide. New methods can then be tried. as they should 
on experimental areas by specially equipped inves- 


s 
FO 1T19 


-count. 


= aelibera 


FOREST PROBLEMS OF GEORGIA’S HARDWOOD REGION 


677 


tigators, and the general application of theories to 
large areas will cease, pending proof by actual trial. 
With a knowledge of minimum requirements we shall 
have something definite to work with, which we know 
will, if effectively carried out, produce the broad re- 
sults that are our immediate need. 


A Tribute to Loyal Service 


Roy H. Goodell, a Forest officer employed by the 
Forest Service on the Washington Forest, was killed 
on the evening of July 6, 1922, by a large boulder while 
he was in the act of putting out a fire with a shovel and 
by the use of soil. Shortly after the fatality Mr. L. H. 
Pederson, a welfare worker at the City of Seattle power 
camp, learned of the occurrence, inspected the con- 
ditions surrounding the death, and on account of the deep 
impression that he received at that time wrote the fol- 
lowing memoir which is a grand tribute to the loyal 
service rendered by a humble Forest officer. 

“With Shovel in Hand.” 
Killed—with shovel in hand— 
A Forest Officer. 


Worn with sleepless nights and days of care, 

Just back from the towering peak, 

Where he searched over canyon and glen for a 
“smolder,” 

Down a thousand steps, o’er the dizzy cliff, 

To trample it out with scorched feet— 

Then up again to challenge the eagle 

In searching the smoky haze. 


Where the cooling shade and tumbling brook 
Refreshed laden beast and man; 

Where the songsters of heaven and their furry friends 
Played fearlessly hide and seek; 

Where the boulders were softened with lichens and moss 
And shielded the blossom and fern; 

Where the Gardener Divine for age upon age 

Had labored and planted and grown, 

A blast as from hell in a moment of time, 

Has spewed its flame-scarred wreck, 

There he worked, there he fought, 

There the boulder shot like the lightning bolt 

And struck him down, with shovel in hand. 


Like him would I go. 
Whether I work with shovel or ax, 
With square, with lathe, or with hoe, 
May my body be soiled with the grime of its toil, 
And my hands be scarred with its flame; 
Though my face be so marred that they know me not, 
And the conflict my body has torn, 
May stranger and friend say of me as of him— 
“He fell with his shovel in hand.” 
—L. H. Pederson (Parson Pete). 

May we all redeem our every responsibility that the 
Service may receive such unsolicited praise from the 
public whom we serve. 


GARDEN LORE 


BY CLIFFORD ALBION TINKER 


NGLISH landscape architecture, so natural in its con- 
ception, so generally perfect in its execution, is a 
delightful adjunct to the semi-formal British civie cen- 
ter; a glorifying feature of the vast and ancient baronial 
estates ; and a harmonious addition to the rustic country- 
side. Framed in by skilfully arranged trees and shrubs, 
or sweeping away in undulating richness, are the be- 
guiling lawns, forever inviting a romp, or suggesting a 
Maypole and happy, beribboned children. 

Each lawn has its own peculiar beauty; but the grass 
of all is the greenest, the clover is the most deliciously 
crisp, and the wayward, dotting little blooms are the 
sweetest of any in the world. The only rival of this 
verdant loveliness is found in the green swards of the 
fog-bedewed New England Coast. 

There is a climatic similitude which is the heritage of 
Old and New England alike, for Dame Nature, pe- 
culiarly generous, by her handmaiden, the Gulf Stream, 
dispenses with a grand and misty flourish her loving 
favors equally on both the Briton and his Yankee cousin. 
This similarity of climate finds its most impressive ex- 
pression in a similarity of verdure which is most strong- 
ly marked among the deciduous shrubs and trees, giving 
New England and the British Isles their characteristic 


and beautiful natural landscapes, and the indigenous 
herbaceous annuals and perennials so dear to the New 
Englander have been at home in England for centuries. 


While the English landscape architect has an abundance 
of deciduous trees at his disposal, which he uses with 
telling effect, he finds himself more or less handicapped 
by lack of native conifers. The Scots’ pine and the 
juniper, together with the yew, which last is possibly not 
a conifer at all, make up the list of natives, the list, how- 
ever, being somewhat expanded by importation of coni- 
fers from other lands. 


In the language of the botanist, the yew is a dioecious 
tree or one having the peculiarity of bearing male and 
female blossoms on separate trees, although sometimes a 
yew is found which has one or several branches whose 
flowers are of the sex opposite to those which cover the 
greater part of the tree, while added to this are other 
peculiarities which make yew trees one of the most char- 
acteristic of all the trees of Britain. 

The yew attains great size and unconscionable age; 
one in the church-yard of Fortingal, Perthshire, is over 
two thousand five hundred years old, while another in 
Hedsor, Buclas, measures twenty-seven feet around and 


A COTTAGE HOME, SET LIKE A JEWEL IN A LOVELY GARDEN 


The English landscape architect by accepting nature as his guide has made a bower of his “tight little isle” and given to the 
world the most perfect example of intimate little gardens for the cottager. 


‘ 


GARDEN 


Photograph by Judge, London 
A VISTA AT HAMPTON COURT 


Hampton Court Palace is surrounded by entrancing gardens, embellished with art objects 
of priceless value, but the glory of the historic old place is its oak trees, ancient and tow- 
ering, and expressive of England, old and new. Under the springing arch of this noble old 
oak is glimpsed a vista of that part of Hampton Court designed by Sir Christopher Wren. 


is said to be three thousand two hundred and fifty years 
of age; still another, not in England, however, but some- 
times called “the oldest living thing on earth,” is the 
giant yew at Chapultepec, Mexico, measuring 120 
feet around the bole, and boasting the hoary age of six 
thousand two hundred and seventy years! 

The yew is far from graceful in proportions, but it is 
a robust, strong-limbed tree with a devil-may-care angle 
to every branch, an air of ob- 
vious independence, and gives 
the impression of strength 
and endurance. Although not 
poisonous, the yew is credited 
by many with that dangerous 
and disagreeable quality, and 
thus its name in the form of 
toxicum is used to designate 
all poisons. 

This peculiar tree is famous 
in song and story, but is more 
at home in legend and history ; 


for, indeed, its tough old 
branches furnished the re- 
markable long-bows of the 


valiant English archers and 
cross-bowmen who fought 
with grim success at Agin- 


LORE 


679 


as far as England is con- 
cerned, and the British 
legends would be a very dif- 
ferent article had the yew tree 
not found Britain a friendly 
soil. 

The Sherwood Forest yews 
provided Robin Hood and his 
rollicking band of woodsmen 
with their thrice-dreaded long- 
bows, and when the gallant 
outlaw leader was about to die 
he shot an arrow from a win- 
dow of Kirkley Hall with the 
injunction to his faithful lieu- 
tenant, Little John, “Bury me 
where the arrow falls.” A 
swift flight and the shaft fell 
at the foot of a yew in the 
churchyard, and there, as he 
had entreated, the romantic 
hero of the “Forest Tales” 
lies buried. 

As the yew grows, it is con- 
tinually sending up _ shoots 
from the lower part of its 
bole, and as these shoots enlarge they take an upright 
position, finally adhering and coalescing with the older 
growth, until the tree presents the appearance of having 
several trunks more or less grown together, and one, 
standing before a giant yew, may readily see whence 
came the popular idea that the yew trunk served medie- 
val builders as a model for the clustered columns of theit 
cathedral aisles. 


court, Crecy, Orleans, Pales- 
tine, and on many other for- 
eign fields and domestic bat- 
tle grounds. History without 
the stout yew-bow would lose 
much of its engaging romance 


Photograph by Judge, London 


TREES ARE USED BY THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT WITH 


TELLING EFFECT 


Yew, oak and plane are combined in vista effects around about old Canterbury, and 
close to the ivy-covered walls are those old-fashioned flowers of age-long appeal, which 
shed a brilliancy all their own in nook and corner, imparting that delightful touch so 
familiar in English landscape work. 


680 


Religious 
s igni ficance 
at- 
the 


has always 
tached to 
sombre yew, it 
is a tree for 
the 


ground and 


burial 
was _ planted 


therein as far 


back as Egypt 


of the Ptole- 
mies, from 
whence its 
funeral ‘use 
spread to 
Greece and 
Rome. Yew 


was carried at 
funeral pro- 
cessions, was 
the wood used 
in the cinerary 
fires, and was 


placed in the graves before the body was committed ; this 


last ceremonial 


of spreading basil over tombs, in the Masonic service 


where acacia is 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Photograph by Judge, London 


THE VINES OF OLD ENGLAND ARE PROFUSE AND GORGEOUS IN THEIR 
BRILLIANCY 


The little countryside chapels and churches seem to grow out of the ground, so won- 
derfully have the landscape designers handled the-mass of verdure indigenous to the 
British Isles. 


rite still exists in the Egyptian custom like the English yew. 


cast into a grave, and in the almost uni- 


versal usage of 
lining graves 
with green 
boughs to re- 
lieve the harsh- 
ness and chill 
of the fresh 
dug earth. 
The yew of 
the present- 
day landscape 
architect is an 
ornamental va- 
riety, the Irish 
yew, which dif- 
fers from the 
old type and 
grows more 
erect like the 
Lombardy 
poplar, with a 
slight bole and 
scattering 
leaves, instead 


of two rows of leaves on each bough and a built-up bole 
The Irish tree is used for new 
planting, but when a rugged, striking specimen is needed, 
the architect hunts out a reddish, thin-barked old bow- 


Photograph by Judge, London 


REMINISCENT OF THE BOLD AND GALLANT DAYS OF RUPERT OF HENTZAU 


But no matter how rugged the castle, how bold and bleak its sides, or how forbidding its moat, it cannot express more 
strength and dignity than the famous oaks of England. Around Bodiam Castle, here pictured, are huge oak trees cen- 
turies old, which frame the famous structure from every angle of approach. 


GARDEN 


yew and plants something worth while. While the yew 
is supreme among the Briton’s evergreens, the king of 
decidious trees is the English oak, a proud and sturdy 
tree, supposed to typify, by its time and storm-weathering 
qualities, the very essence of British character. It does. 
Its solitary and individualistic tendencies, often living 
alone, here and there, in the fields and forests, with its 
mates at a distance; with dignified, symmetrical outlines 
and with utter disregard of storm or circumstance. In 
these matters it surely» portrays, graphically, the true 
Englishman. “Heart of Oak’—the song—the story— 
that is England. Not that England is alone in this; for 
we have our oak trees, too. And they are every whit 


LORE 681 


the conjuring names of the mighty sea-kings of long ago; 
Raleigh, Hawkes, Drake, Nelson, and hundreds of lesser 
lights have inspired many a volume, and the strength of 
glorious and heroic tradition therewith associated has 
as strong an appeal today as ever—the battered and 
sunken hulks at the moles of Zeebrugge and Ostend gives 
abundant proof. 

Universally the oak is a symbol of strength, for Jove 
called it his own; the tribes of the North dedicated it to 
Thor, and early and primitive peoples worshipped it as 
a sanctified expression of diety. We can hardly wonder 
at this worship when it is considered what importance 
the oak assumed in the economic affairs of the ancients ; 


A VILLAGE STREET IN, OLD ENGLAND 


Such architecture, so natural in its conception, so generally perfect in its execution, is a delightful adjunct to the semi-formal 
British civic center. One can almost see the lovely color scheme here—the brilliance of the hardy annual flowers against the 


soft neutral tones of the building groups and background, 


as sturdy, every whit as symmetrical, every whit as sym- 
bolic of national character as their English brethren; 
they only lack appropriate recognition; and more atten- 
tion at the hands of artists and authors will place the 
American oak where it belongs, at the head of the list 
of America’s deciduous trees. 

The English oak, even more than the yew, is part and 
parcel of the romantic history of the Island Empire, and 
has been the theme of as much grandeloquent speech and 
landatory composition as any other one thing produced 
in Great Britain. The oaken hulls of the ceaseless fleets 
of merchantmen, the oak-timbered line-of-battle ships, 
the backbone of British sea power of earlier days, recalls 


furnishing the people with dwellings, tools, arms, ships. 
fuel, and food. 

The Classics are filled with references to the oak; the 
prow of the Argo was fashioned from a speaking oak of 
Dordona, and it retained the power of speech even when 
at sea, directing the Argonauts and telling Jason the 
need of purging himself of the blood of the murdered 
Absyrtus. Erysichthon was condemned to lasting hunger 
by Ceres for cutting down an oak in her garden and 
killing the nymph who lived in its, giant trunk; and be- 
cause of the regal strength and appearance of the oak 
it was singled out by Jupiter when he cast his thunder- 
bolts of displeasure at the human race, originating the 


682 AMERICAN FORESTRY 
fiction that Can you 
oaks are more wonder that 


often struck by 
lightning than 
other trees. 


The Bible 
and many He 


braic and 
Christian 
legends g ive 
the oak a 


prominent 
place in the 
chronicles and 


early history 


of the Jews 
and the fol- 
lowers of the 


Nazarene. It 
was under the 
shade of an 
oak that Abra- 
ham met the 
angels; an oak 
covered the suicidal body of Saul and his dead sons; 
Jacob used a friendly oak as the hiding place of She- 
cheml’s idols, and David’s rebellious son Absalom was 
caught by his flowing hair in the branches of an oak. 
From the oak was fashioned the Cross of Golgotha, and, 
thus accursed, by dying with the Savior, was forgiven by 
Him, accepted by the Disciples, and finally became 
sacred as the Tree of Mary. 

Beneath the oak the Druids carried on their mystic 
rites. The name Druid is from the Greek, drus, a tree; 
first the name Dryad was derived, later changed to Druid, 
and from the dryads sprang the belief in fairies, who 
lived in hollow oak trees. Druide is the Gaelic name for 
oak. In Ireland, the two famous Saints, Bridget of Kil- 
dare and Columba of Kenmare, lived-in hollow oak trees; 
while by the credulous children of Erin the oak was held 
to be a sure cure for many ills, and this belief was car- 
ried to the extent that it was said if the guilty could but 
secure a fragment of the “Oak of Saint Colman” to hold 
in his mouth he was safeguarded against hanging. 

In all lands are legends inspired by the oak and in all 
lands are famous specimens which are interwoven with 
local or national history; in England the Parliament Oak 
and the great Oak of Robin Hood; across the turbulent 
Channel is the Volkenrode Oak of Gotha, and the Oak 
of Saintes; France; in America is the Charter Oak at our 
own Hartford, and the old Natick Oak which sheltered 
John Eliot while translating the Bible into Algonquin. 

The idea culminating in the giant wooden statue. of 
Hindenburg, into which nails were driven by the Ger- 
mans in an effort to raise war funds, came from a Teuton 
custom carried out in Vienna, where the famous oak, 
“Stock am Eisen,” stands and into which apprentices, 
when starting on their careers as journeymen, thrust 
a nail for luck. 


Framed in by oak and yew trees, the beautiful stone work of Canterbury Cathedral serves 
as a foil for the multi-colored green verdure, and is a delight to the eye. 


the British 
landscape 
architect, 
knowing the 
wealth of tra- 
dition and in- 
timate history 
connected with 
the oak, and 
with its great 
beauty and 
strength, dotes 
on its use as 
he plans and 
works into 
shape the gar- 
dens and parks 
of his beauti- 
ful isle? Many 
varieties are 
found in Eng- 
land, some of 
them importations, and the architect is not limited in the 
use of this tree, but may select innumerable types of 
leaf, coloring, and size to carry out the simplest or most 
ambitious effects which his talents dictate. 


Photograph by Judge, London 
A MAGNIFICENT SETTING 


Among the flowers in England, the rose is queen. 
Gorgeous example of the Rosaceae family, cultivated, 
dignified, over-poweringly sweet, and everywhere pres- 
ent, are used with brilliant effect by the architect and 
florist. Of course, England has no monopoly when it 
comes to the rose; originating in Persia, it has spread 
wherever beauty has meaning and appeal. 
roses of Japan, of India, Italy, Spain, France, America, 
far-away Iceland, and the Islands of the Sea; to-day all 
the world is its habitat. 


And does not the rose recall the barges of the ancients, 
and the galleys of old Venice? Attar of roses, candied 
petals, cologne, sachet perfumes, and a thousand and one 
delights of the boudoir come to mind with memories of 
the rose in those ages of silks and satins, and cloth-of- 
gold, when Venice ruled the waves. For the rose is the 
theme of poets, the test of the painter’s artistry, the hand- 
maiden of the .romanticist. Did not old Ben Johnson 
sing: 


“T sent thee late a rosy wreath, 

Not so much honoring thee, 
As giving me a hope, that there 

It could not withered be. 

But thou thereon didst only breathe, 
And sendst it back to me, 

Which since it grows and smells I swear, 
Not of itself, but thee!” 


Think of the 


Pn +> 


waar hah 5% 


a, 


ey ee oe net 


GARDEN 


But the crotchety old chap was really stealing his song 
from the Greek poet Philostratus, who, twenty cen- 
_ turies before the bucolic Ben was born, wrote this: 


~ “Although I send a perfume rare, 
*Tis not of grace to you I send it; 
The—gain is to the gift I swear, 
Although I send a perfume rare; 
Soa earn a sweeter fragrance there, 
power but yours could lend it; 
Althou = a perfume rare, 
q ’Tis not of grace to you I send it.” 


_ Ancients and moderns—all peoples—when wishing to 
laud their wives, sweethearts, and mistresses compared 
them to or exalted them above the loveliness of the rose. 


a ionysius, in the year 190 B. C., waxed Se and 
wrote his beloved the following: 


“Which roses do you offer me, 

Those on your cheek, or those beside you? 
Since both are passing fair to see, 

Which roses do you offer me? 


Did not Meleager the Greek, in his “Garland,” liken 
the beautiful lines of Sappho’s lyrics to the “Rose petals 
of song”? And many appreciative musicians have given 
“us sweet songs of roses; recall the melting, plaintive 
melody and the haunting words of “The Last Rose of 
Summer”; and the quick-witted composer who wrote 
the ballad of the “Wild Irish Rose” gave us no mean 
pleasure; history, romance, song, the deepest sentiments 
of religion and life, are all affected by the rose, and to 
it we pay homage. Legends in untold numbers crowd 
the folklore of all lands in which the rose is always the 
_ symbol of beauty, goodness, and gracious loveliness. 

_ But enough of particularization; one can multiply ad 
_ infinitum references of the rose’s beauty, and of the sweet- 
ness of the violet, too, and the idyllic purity of the lily, 
and the countless virtues of one’s favorite flower; all 
“flowers have their appeal, as the Creator intended. 

_ And other trees than the oak and yew possess much 
beauty and find a worthy place in the English landscape ; 
the beech, the plane, the glossy-leaved red-berried holly, 
the dignified elm, maples, pine, birch, thorn, chestnut, 
time, locust, many varieties of willow, and other trees 
common to our own hillsides and valleys thrive in foggy 
England. The shrubs are many and of singular beauty, 
_ they correspond very closely to our own species, and 


The oaks afford an excellent illustration of the need 
of a system of nomenclature of plants and animals uni- 
form throughout the world. In Germany the oak is 
known as Eiche, in France as Chene, in Spain as Roble, 
in Denmark as Eg; but throughout scientific literature 
whether written in New Zealand or Scandinavia, the 
genus is designated as “Quercus.” On the other hand 
some South American and Australian woods not classed 
_ by botanists under the genus “Quercus” have had the 
common name of “oak” applied to them because they 


LORE 683 
great is the variety of coloring, both leaf and flower, and 
the British architect has cunningly used their various 
differences for brilliant and alluring effects in his mass 
plantings and his borders and covers. Annuals and per- 
ennials, such as the bronzy-leaved hollyhocks and old- 
fashioned plants of striking color and proven hardiness, 
are used prodigally, and aquatics are plentifully indulged 
in, especially in the more formal work of the large estates. 

With all the wealth of naturally grown herbage and 
hot-house hybrids at his disposal, it is small wonder that 
the. English landscape architect, by accepting Nature as 
his guide, has made a bower of his “tight little isle” and 
given to the world the most perfect example of intimate 
little gardens for the cottager, as well as the glorified 
creations of his art which surround the huge manor 
houses and estates. 

Again, in the architectural and sculptural embellish- 
ments of the garden, the Briton has surpassed most of 
his competitors; the stone walls which give privacy and 
dignity, the immense gates which invite hospitality, the 
fountains, the statuary, the pools, the dials, the hedges 
sheltering the garden seats, the inviting arbors, the tea 
houses, the bird shelters, and all the ingenious schemes for 
entertaining and resting the host and his guests are found 
in abundance and beauty in the English garden; those 
quiet nooks where lovers find seclusion, where the student 
may pore over his books without interruption, and 
where the bird lover may seek his feathery friends. 

The landscape architecture of England is entirely 
suited to our own country, and many portions of the 
United States have even more favorable landscapes and 
climate for the English style of natural planting and for 
formal architectural treatment and embellishment than 
England herself. Can we not have more of this beautiful 
work? It is as natural for us as for the Briton, just as 
natural for us to use. and profit by the work of the Eng- 
lish landscape artists as for us to speak the English 
language. Certain portions of the West and South are 
more suited to French and Italian gardening than that 
ofthe English, but the greater part of our country, 
with its varied flora and diversified countryside, is ripe 
for the gardens of Old England; and when we plant, 
let it be tree or shrub or flower, we will derive a more 
intimate pleasure from our finished park or garden if 
we, like the Briton, make an effort to know the his- 
tory and romance of the species used, for the plant, 
like a good Samaritan, gives more than it receives. 


Why Scientists Use Latin Names 


are heavy and strong. 

The confusion among common names is still further 
increased when designating individual species. About 
259 species of oak are known throughout the world. The 
name black oak is applied to at least six different spe- 
cies, yellow oak to two, and tanbark oak to three dis- 
tinctly different oaks. Among scientists Quercus velu- 
tina Lam. (the last word referring to Lamrack who 
first named and described it) means but one species and 
obviates any confusion that might result by referring 
to the species as black oak.—The Log. 


THE WOODPECKERS: BIRD FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 


By R. W. Shufeldt, M. D., R. A. O. U. 


Fellow American Ornithologists’ Union, Etc. 


HERE are no woodpeckers in order Pict or of the main family of 
Madagascar, nor do any oc- 
cur in the avifauna of any 
part of the great Australian 
continent. . Upon the other 
hand, we meet with repre- 
sentatives of this most inter- 
esting group of birds in all 
those areas of the world 


ested in a general way in our birds. 


who first called them woodpeckers. 


sufficient extent to attract them—places where they can 


obtain 
food as_ they 
customarily 
live upon. 

In the pres- 
ent article it 
will be shown 
many 
kinds of these 
truly beautiful 
forms we have 
in the United 
States, for al- 
together there 
ure no fewer 
than forty-six 
species and 
subspecies of 
them in the 
“Check List” of 
North Ameri- 
Birds, is- 
sued in 1910. 
Still others 
may have been 
described since 
that date, and 
a few more 
may be discov- 
ered in the fu- 
ture as inhab- 
iting the least 
known parts of 


how 


can 


our country. 


For genera- 
tions past, 
many biogra- 


phers of birds 
throughout the 


world have 
published fig- 
ures and ac- 


counts of this 


such’ 


where we find forests of 


OUR LARGEST WOODPECKER, THE IVORY-BILL 


This magnificent species, over twenty inches long, is on the road to complete 


Fig. 1. 
extermination. It now occurs only in certain localities in the Gulf States. 
(to the left) has a splendid red crest, lacking in the female. 
painting by the author. 


The male 
Copied from a life-size oil 


it—the Picidae. 
Their various plumages; their habits; the appearance 
and growth of their young; their nest and eggs—in 
short, all about them is more or less known to profes- 
sional ornithologists, and, to some extent, to those inter- 


Personally I have never traced the vernacular name 
applied to the members of this group, nor do I know 
It must be a term 
of very early origin, for these birds constitute an ancient 
assemblage ; and, as their habits have not changed within 


the recollection 
of man, the 
name, or. its 
equivalent in 
several lan- 
guages, has 
long been ap- 
plied to them. 
Indeed, their 
most conspicu- 
ous habit is to 
“peck” away 
at the bark and 
inner wood of 
a great variety 
of trees, and 
this they do 
for two very 
different pur- 
poses. When 
the wood is 
dead and de- 
caying, these 
birds attack it 
with their 
strong and in 
some species 
powerful bills 
in their quest 
of insects and 
grubs that 
hide in it, as it 
is upon these 
that woodpeck- 
erssubsist. 
Less often they 
obtain similar 
food from 
trees that are 
sound and 
healthy, with, 
doubtless, 
more or less 
benefit to 


few whe 


o 


Daly Baw 


THE WOODPECKERS: BIRD 


Se a ee 


BLACK AND WHITE WOODPECKER 


Fig. 2. An adult male specimen of Harris’s Woodpecke:, col- 
lected by Mr. Robert Ridgway at Truckee Keservation in 
Nevada (December 25, 1867), and now in the mounted collec- 
tion of the United States National Museum. Photograph by 
the author, somewhat reduced. ; 


them. Then, it is a well known fact that in sound trees, 
occasionally in dead ones, woodpeckers excavate deep, 
cylindrical cavities with circular entrances, at the bottom 
of which their eggs are laid, and which subsequently 
shelter their featherless young. For this purpose the 
trunk of the tree is sometimes selected; while in not a 
few instances, one of the larger branches seem to suit 
the bird better. It is on record that woodpeckers have 
occasionally made their nests in other ways and in other 
places; for instance, flickers have been known to hollow 
out a nest on the ground, or to occupy a box fitted up 
for them. 

Birds of other groups have nesting habits similar to 
those of our woodpeckers; but in no family are these 


habits so general for all the species. The reader may 


FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 685 


readily find examples of this sort in any good work on 
American birds, of which our natural history libraries 
possess a generous supply. 

In the matter of bodily structure, woodpeckers offer , 
us some remarkably interesting characters, and these, 
as in all living creatures, pertain to the needs and habits 
of the forms possessing them. Some of the larger spe- 
cies have beaks that are veritable chisels, being strong 
and stout, with distal end well adapted for cutting into 
wood or other substances of a like density. Such bills 
are best seen in our big Ivory-bill Woodpecker or in the 
Pileated Woodpecker; while in the smaller forms, as 
in the Downy and the like, the beak may be weaker, 
but still fully meeting the demands of the bird possess- 
ing it. 

The skull is strong and of a characteristic type; while 
the tongue, in the majority of species, is of a unique 
sort. In order to quickly secure many of the insects 
that the bird discovers through persistent search and 
bill-rapping, instant and unusual protrusion is called 
for. This is effected in two somewhat similar ways, 
both of which are shown in Fig. 7. Various, very 
slender bones constitute the framework of all birds’ 


ae 


SMALLER BLACK AND WHITE WOODPECKER 


Fig. 3. A familiar species is the Downy Woodpecker of the 
East (Dryobates p. pubescens), and the specimen here shown 
was photographed. from life by the author. The adult’ male 
bird has a scarlet crescent on the back of its head. 


686 AMERICAN 


THE WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER 


Fig. 4. Confined to the Pacific Coast region and westward to 
Nevada, this Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus) is a singu- 
larly conspicuous bird. This male specimen is reproduced from 
a water-color by the author (nat. size). (Henshaw, coll., Kern- 
ville, California, October, 1875.) 


tongues, and this is especially required’in the case of 
woodpeckers. In front, the tongue has a single, median 
bone; but further back it presents two branches, also 
containing very ‘slender bones, as shown in the cut. 
The whole is under the control of a series of muscles, 
delicate in form and structure, which regulate its pro- 
trusion and retraction when not in use. In some species 
(Picus) the innner, free extremities curve around the 
right orbit as a place to harbor these muscles when 
not being protruded; in other species, as in our Golden- 
winged Woodpecker, these ends run forwards in a groove 
on the top of the cranium, to be stowed away in the right 
nostril. Quite a chapter would be required to fully de- 
scribe all that pertains to the anatomy and physiology 
of this most remarkable contrivance, for which space 
is not available in the present connection. 


The skeleton and muscular structure of the neck of a 
woodpecker is very strong—indeed, the entire anatomy 
of the bigger species is by no means lacking in such 
matters. Further, their clinging to the trunks and limbs 
of trees demands other modifications in their build, and 
we find it exemplified principally in the tail and feet 
of the majority of the species. With but few exceptions, 


FORESTRY 


the feathers in the tail are unusually stiff and strong, 
with distally pointed ends. This arrangement allows the 
bird to sustain its most unusual position, or its various 
attitudes when alighting on or ascending the more or 
less vertical trunks and limbs of trees. Then, too, the 
feet are structurally different from the vast majority of 
perching and other birds; for they have, as a rule, two 
strong toes in front and two behind—the exception being 
two in front and only one behind, as in our three-toed 
woodpeckers. This arrangement assures the best of 
seizing and holding-on capacities so essential to a wood- 
pecker’s peculiar requirements. Again, the entire mus- 
cular system of an average woodpecker makes for the 
best carry-out of its particular needs, and the study 
of the anatomy of these birds is a chapter of great in- 
terest, one to which I have contributed not a few pages 
and plates. Several of the characters referred to in the 
foregoing paragraph are exemplified in the figures of 


AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER 


Fig. 5. Differing from other forms of the family, the American 
Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides a. americanus) has, as _ its 
name indicates, but three toes instead of four upon either foot. 
Photographically copied by the author from a plate by Mr. 
Fuertes. : 


THE: WOODPECKERS: BIRD 


the present article, and particularly the various forms 
of beaks, tails, and ‘feet. 

An authority at hand truly remarks that “with the 
possible exception of the Crow, no birds have been sub- 

jected to so much criticism as the Woodpeckers. When 
_ they are seen scrambling over fruit trees and their 
holes are found in the bark, it is concluded that they 
must be doing harm. The 


FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 687 


home; and if for any reason trees are undesirable or 
scarce, as in burnt-over districts for instance, some of 
the birds of this family, as the Golden-winged Wood- 
pecker, will, without hesitation, burrow into some con- 
venient bank, and use the further end of the excavation 
as a safe place to rear its young. 

Through their flight, most woodpeckers can be recog- 
nized at a distance as being 


_ Woodpeckers, except a few 
' species, rarely disfigure a 
healthy tree. But when they 
find a tree infested by wood- 
boring larvae, they locate 
the insects accurately, draw 
them out and devour them. 
If, in the years that follow, 
the borings formerly occu- 
pied by these insects are 
used by a colony of ants, 
they in their turn are dug 
out and destroyed.” 
All the year round — 
_ spring, summer, autumn and 
“winter — woodpeckers are 
thus doing the farmer an in- 
calculable service, not to 
mention the thousands of 
barrels of insects, pupae, 5 
grubs, and the rest that they 
utterly destroy, in the way 
of food, these preying upon 
the best class of trees that 
constitute our forests from 
one end of the country to the 
_other— from east to west 
and from north to south. 
Owing to the fact that the 
food of these birds may be 
obtained by them at all sea- 
sons of the year, the sever- 
est winters notwithstanding, 
woodpeckers are less in- 
clined to be migratory as 
compared with the regular 
_ migrants, and their insect- 
_ destroying propensities are 
rendered all the more exten- 
_ sive and valuable. 


to as many as eight in num- 
_ ber, no attempt being made 
_ to constrect a nest. At the best they allow a handful 
_ or so of the chips they make in excavating the nesting 
_ cavity in the selected tree to remain in the bottom, and 
upon these the clutch rests during the period of incuba- 
tion. No particular species of tree seems to be preferred 
Po by any of the various kinds of woodpeckers for a future 
—'. 


Ae 


birds of that family ; for the 
majority of them progress 
flying in an  undulatory 
line, much after the fashion 
of our familiar little gold- 
finch. This mode of flight 
is well seen in all of the 
black and white woodpeck- 
ers, and still better in the 
flicker, as that species is so 
often observed at long dis- 
§| tances from the forests. 

Of all the woodpeckers of 
the bird fauna of this coun- 
try, no species can in any 
way compare with the Ivory- 
bill; it outclasses each and 
all of them in size, beauty, 
and economic importance, in 
so far as its habits affect 
man’s interests. (Fig. 1.) 
It is a bird of great natural 
vigor, and has a length of 
some twenty-one inches or 
slightly more. Either sex 
has a glossy, blue - black 
plumage, only the male pos- 
sessing a conspicuous scarlet 
crest faced in front with 
black. A zig-zag white 
stripe, pointed at either end, 
runs from just below the 
eye, on either side, to the 
middle of the back between 
the shoulders. The feathers 
of the distal parts of the 
wings are also white, while 
its powerful, chisel-like bill 
is of an ivory tint, as the 
common name of the bird 


All of our woodpeckers . THE SAPSUCKERS implies. Unfortunately, 


7 lay pare white, glossy eggs Fig. 6. A specimen of Williamson’s Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus though BoRauny nat espe 
, ranging from three or four thyroideus) in the exhibition series of the United States cially through man’s agency, 

National Museum. Photographed by the author, with tree- the species is for some rea- 
trunk substituted for museum stand. Courtesy of the Museum. 


son gradually disappearing, 
and is, at this writing, to be met with, with any certainty, 
only in the trackless cypress forests and swamps of the 
southeastern parts of the United States, from ‘south- 
eastern North Carolina, westward to Texas, in the kind 
of country it prefers in the area thus included. Most 


- frequently it is found in certain parts of Florida. Per- 


688 


sonally, I have met with this 
bird only once on its range, 
and that was in southern 
Alabama many years ago. 
I failed to collect it as it 
flew too high above me to 
be brought down by the 
simultaneous shots I fired at 
it of No. 13’s from a double- 
barreled shotgun. Several 
years later I had the satis- 
faction of publishing a full 
illustrated account of its 
skeleton, to the best of my 
recollection using a speci- 
men collected by Chapman 
in Florida. 

Ivory-bills usually nest 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


at 


WOODPECKERS’ TONGUES 


Fig. 7. Upper figure represents the superior view of the 


and noisy notes made by this 
grand bird may be heard ai 
long distances as they re- 
sound through the dense cy- 
press swamps, where it re- 
sides in comparative safety. 
It is one of the most useful 
of all the woodpeckers, in~ 
so far as it destroys millions 
of grubs and borers that in- 
fest the trees of the forests 
throughout its range. And 
why the species is becoming 
scarcer and scarcer every 
year is hard to tell, as they 
are seldom shot by gunners, 
for they keep well out of 
the way of all the usual 


high up in cypress trees, skull of our Golden-winged Woodpecker, in which species bird destroyers. It is a 
= 3 the tongue passes forwards in a median groove on the surface + on Snrranve ee 

making a deep excavation of the cranium, to enter the right nostril and extends forwards $teat pity, OF. it 18: CRESe 

with an oval entrance, and to end of bill. In still another genera (Picus, lower figure) the most magnificent inhab- 

3 the tongue curves around the top of the skull and surrounds tant foal f 

its clutch of eggs rarely ex- the orbit in front, as shown. Only the bones are represented tants of the great forest 

ceeds five in number. here, the muscles and other structures having been removed. areas of the Southern states, 


PB di i d i- . 
The constant loud calls Ste eee erie raw Dy ther Stes Der ora Sous and the bird lovers of that 


WILLIAMSON’S SAPSUCKER 


Fig. 8. This curious species occurs in the forest districts of the mountains of western North America and southern British 


Columbia. Southward, it extends to New Mexico, southern Arizona, and California. 


During the winter months it may be found 


in the timbered districts of Mexico, western Texas, and lower California. Photographed by the author. Courtesy of the United 


States National Museum. 


= = = 


euypie 


v 


- 


| 


THE WOODPECKERS: BIRD 


THE PILEATED WOODPECKER 


Fig. 9. An adult male of this species has a length of nearly 
twenty inches, and is a wonderfully handsome bird with its 
black and white plumage and brilliant crest of red. Photograph 
by the author. Courtesy of the United States National Museum. 


region are not few by any means. It has but one rival 
in our avifauna, namely the Pileated Woodpecker—a 


much smaller species and not so brilliantly plumaged, 


which will be described further along. 

Audubon gives us a very unusual account of the 
Ivory-bill, stating that it “confines its rambles to a 
comparatively small portion of the United States, it 
never having been observed in the Middle States within 
the memory of any person now living there.” Yet he 
tells us in the next paragraph that “the species may be 
accidentally seen in Maryland,” and that it occurs all 
over the South, westward to Texas, and northward to the 
Ohio River! 

He apparently gives us at least one excellent reason 
for its gradual disappearance when he says: “Travelers 


FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 689 


of all nations are also fond of possessing the upper part 
of the head and bill of the male, and I have frequently 
remarked, that on a steamboat’s reaching what we call 
a wooding-place, the strangers were very apt to pay a 
quarter of a dollar for two or three heads of this wood- 
pecker. I have seen entire belts of Indian chiefs closely 
ornamented with the tufts and bills of this species, and 
have observed that a great value is frequently put upon 
them.” 

Wilson, who gave us some very amusing accounts of 
his experiences with a captive Ivory-bill he once had, 
emphatically states that the species is a most powerful 
protector of our forests, in that it consumes as food no 
end of destructive insects and their larvae. 

From the famous Ivory-bill we pass to rather a long 
list of woodpeckers that exhibit certain patterns of black 
and white in their plumages, while the males may have 
a patch or small patches of bright red at the back of the 
head. The black and white is generously arranged in 
longitudinal bars on the head with transverse ones on the 
wings, while the lower parts are entirely white, with the 
upper one centrally white and black on either side. 


THE RED-HEADED WOODPECKER 


Fig 10. The one here shown is a full-plumaged male, and was 
photographed from life, natura] size, by the author. The young 
have a plumage entirely different from their parents, the latter 
being very conspicuously marked, as set forth in the article. 


690 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ae 


55 


’ 
—— 


ar 
De = 


ay 


THE RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER 
Fig. 11. In certain localities Red-bellied Woodpeckers occur tiroughout the United States, ranging into central Texas. The 


specimen here shown is in the exhibition series of the United States National Museum. Photographed by the author. 


in full plumage. 


The Hairy Woodpecker and its near congeners, as well 
as the species and subspecies of the Downy Woodpeckers 
possess plumage patterns after this order, with several 
distinct variations. Audubon got the black and white 
series of woodpeckers all mixed up, while Wilson ap- 
peared to have known only the Downy and the Hairy— 
indeed, the latter author described but ten species of 
woodpeckers for the United States, and these included 
only the most abundant forms. Audubon remarks that 
“Wilson, it appears, did not believe in the existence of 
the Canada Woodpecker (Picus canadensis); yet his 
figure of the Hairy Woodpecker seems to me to be a 
representation of that species, while his description 
belongs in part to both,” Audubon figured the “Cana- 
dian Woodpecker,” and yet we have no bird bearing 
that vernacular name in our official list of woodpeckers. 
Quite possibly it was the bird now called the Northern 
Hairy Woodpecker (D. villosus leucomelas) ; but to un- 
tangle all such questions in a list of birds now numbering 
over forty forms would be quite out of place in the 
present connection. However, for the benefit of those 


Male, 


commencing the study of these birds of our avifauna, 
it may be as well to state that such species of Audubon 
describes and figures as the “Canadian Woodpecker,” 
Phillips’ Woodpecker (“Massachusetts. Very rare.’’); 
Maria’s Woodpecker; Redbreasted Woodpecker; Band- — 
ed Three-toed Woodpecker, and so on, do not occur in 
our official list. : 

Every species of our Hairy and Downy woodpeckers ~ 
are useful in destroying a great number of different 
kinds of parasitic insects, their larvae, and grubs, in- 


festing every variety of forest tree, as well as those of 


our orchards and gardens. These birds should be pro- 
tected and encouraged at all times, and teachers of Amer- ~ 
ican ornithology should make every effort to instruct 
our school children in the matter of recognizing them in 
the woods ‘and fields, to the end that they may not b 
targets for the merciless air gun or the more effective 
weapons of the boy scouts. Good figures of these black 
and white woodpeckers are here given in Figures 2 and 3. ~ 

Our Red-cockaded Woodpecker is a blacker bird — 
than either the Hairy or Downy, and about between the 


= 


ra hm = FF B® FF BM 


+) ogi 


THE WOODPECKERS: BIRD 


two in the matter of size. The male has a fine scarlet 
stripe over either eye, and this character serves well 
for identification. Sometimes, in the forests, it is mis- 
taken for the Downy; but a good student of birds is not 
likely to confuse the two. 

T. Gilbert Pearson has given us a most interesting 
account of this species, and he says among other things: 
“And now comes the most curious habit of this inter- 
esting bird. Before a single egg is laid each spring the 
birds peck hundreds of small holes through the bark 
about the nest from which the turpentine begins to flow. 
This soon makes a shiny, 


FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 691 


shiny black, the only exception being the large feathers 
of the wings, which for the most part are white. They 
live principally upon ants and the seeds of the pines in 
about equal parts. It is said that the female may lay 
as many as seven eggs, the hole of the nest rarely being 
more than fifteen feet above the ground and cut in a pine 
or fir tree. The late Dr. J. C. Merrill, of the Medical 
Corps of the United States Army, left us an interesting 
account of its habits as he observed them at the time 
he was stationed at Fort Klamath. Among other things 
he tells us that “on most of the pines in his vicinity 
there are many short stubs 


sticky surface all around the 
tree for two or three feet 
above the nest and for sev- 
eral feet below it. Why this 
is done we can only con- 
jecture, although the birds 
doubtless have a very good 
reason. It is certainly true 
that none of the ants that 
sometimes attack young 
birds could crawl across this 
no-man’s-land, and it is 
equally true that the nest 
will not be troubled by the 
flying squirrels that are ev- 
erywhere abundant in the 
pine forests of the South.” 
Equally interesting spe- 
cies are the Texas Wood- 
pecker, the San Lucas and 
Nuttall’s, and the Arizona 
Woodpecker, but space will 
not admit of my referring 
to their histories here. Apart 
from the Ivory-bill, all the 
species thus far mentioned 
belong to the genus Dryo- 
bates—a word from the 
Greek meaning “treaders of 
oaks,” which, to an extent, 
is true, as all these birds 
prefer the oaks to the ex- 
clusion of the pine trees— 
a very interesting fact. No 
fewer than nineteen 
different kinds of wood- 
peckers in our country have 
been referred to the above genus; and between it and 
Picoides (created to contain the Three-toed wood- 
peckers) we have a very curious type of this family, 
namely the White-headed Woodpecker, Xenopicus albo- 
larvatus, a bird of the forests of the Northwest, from 
southern British Columbia to southern California, east 
to Idaho and Nevada (Fig. 4). This bird has a most 
Striking plumage, as the head and foreneck are pure 
white, the male only having the back of the head and 
Mape a rich red. All the rest of the plumage is of a 


in the text of the article. 


YOUNG FLICKERS 


Fig. 12. We have here a most remarkable photograph made 
by the author, of a Golden-winged Woodpecker’s nest con- 
taining newly hatched young. A full description of it occurs 


of small broken branches, 
projecting an inch or two 
from the main trunk. When 
the sun is shining, these pro- 
jections are lighted up in 
such a manner as to appear 
quite white at a little dis- 
tance, and they often cast a 
shadow resembling the black 
body of the bird. In winter 
when a little snow is lodged 
on these stubs, the resem- 
blance is even greater, and 
almost daily I was misled 
by this deceptive appear- 
ance, either mistaking a 
stub for a bird or the re- 
verse.” 


For two years I made con- 
tinuous efforts to obtain a 
skeleton of the bird just re- 
ferred to, in that I might de- 
scribe its osteology; and 
when one was finally sent 
me for that purpose, I was 
enabled to include it in my 
work upon that subject. 

We have some four spe- 
cies of Three-toed wood- 
peckers, and they are chief- 
ly northern birds with inter- 
esting habits. Mr. Fuertes 
has given us a good repre- 
sentation of the American 
Three-toed species, and this 
I have reproduced in Figure 
5, though not as large as the 
original. The male is the lower bird, and the top of its 
head is a rich yellow, while for the rest the plumage 
is black and white as indicated. To some, these birds 
are known as “ladder-backs” from the transverse black 
and white bars of that part of their plumage. As a 
rule our Three-toed woodpeckers do not migrate, but 
remain in their hhabitats throughout the bitter northern 
winters, living upon hibernating insects and grubs be- 
neath the bark of various trees. They are very silent 
birds, and the hunter often passes one without noticing it. 


692 AMERICAN 


Fuertes, who stands, in my estimation, far and away 
of Audubon as a painter of woodpeckers, not to mention 
a few other birds, has given us some wonderful portraits 
of them, and his plate portraying the Red-headed Wood- 
pecker (adu‘t and immature) with a pair of yellow-bel- 
lied Sapsuckers is certainly a picture of great beauty 
and very true to life. I once had alive a specimen of the 
first-named bird, and I succeeded in obtaining a fine pho- 
tograph of it which is here seen in Figure ro, It ds one 
of the handsomest birds of our country, with its brilliant 
crimson head and black and 


FORESTRY 


timber that lined the streams in central Wyoming. There 
is so much black in the plumage of one of them that many 
know the bird as the “Black Woodpecker” or the “Crow 
Woodpecker.” It is of a rich red and gray beneath, 
and an adult specimen has a length of somewhat exceed- 
ing ten inches. It has some very unusual habits, such as 
leaving its perch (upon which it sits cross-wise like a 
robin) and flying out like a flycatcher after insects. 
It also resorts to the ground to capture ants and various 
other insects upon which it feeds. It breeds in cavities 
prepared by other birds; and 


white plumage, as shown in 
the figure. Immature birds, 
which I have likewise pho- 
tographed, are entirely dif- 
ferent in plumage as com- 
pared with the adult ones, 
the upper parts, including 
the head, being brownish, 
streaked with darker tints, 
the body being otherwise 
marked with black, gray, 
and so on. 

Preceding the Red-head in 
our official list of birds, we 
have five different kinds of 
woodpeckers known as Sap- 
suckers (Fig. 6) and the 
Pileated Woodpecker with 
the northern species of it 
(Fig. 9). The. former are 
birds with wonderfully 
beautiful plumage — black, 
white, crimson, red, yellow, 
and other colors, arranged 
in most attractive patterns. 
Space will not admit of my 
describing any of these in 
detail; and to appreciate 
their beauty the various 
species must be seen and 
compared. Their habits are 
extremely interesting and 
good accounts of them have 
been given us by a number 
of our descriptive ornitholo- 
gists. These birds puncture 
various trees and lap up the 
exuding sap with their 
brush-like, short tongues; and to this extent they are 
often a harmful factor in our forests, inflicting serious 
damage to the timber in the Southern States. However, 
this is offset by the good they do in insect destruction. 

In the same genus with our Red-headed Woodpecker 
we have the Ant-eating, the California, and the Narrow- 
fronted woodpeckers. Then, in the next genus there is 
that splendid species, Lewis’ Woodpecker—a bird that 
I had abundant opportunity to study, many years ago, 
in the Big Horn Mountains, as well as in the scantier 


country. 


GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER 


Fig. 13. Young male Flicker shortly after leaving the nest. 
Photographed from life by the author. 
extending down from the bill. This is red in certain western 
species, and entirely wanting in the females of the various 


forms of the genus. A species widely known throughout the 


at certain times the species 
is gregarious, during which 
they are noisy. Being so 
many in one flock, they can 
be heard for some distance. 
As a matter of fact, consid- 
erable space would be re- 
quired to give an adequate 
history of this remarkable 
bird. 

' Three handsome wood-~ 
peckers, namely the Red- 
bellied, the Golden-fronted, 
and the Gila Woodpecker, 
form the genus Centurus, 
the first being an eastern 
species well known to our 
student of birds (Fig. 11). 
The other two are western 
forms, or, in the case of the 
Golden-fronted, southwest- 
ern, as its range is in Texas 
south in to the Valley of 
Mexico. 

Next in size to the mag- 
nificent Ivory-bill, we have, 
throughout eastern United 
States, another big, black 
woodpecker, the widel y 
known Pileated, which may — 
attain a length of nearly — 
twenty inches (Fig. 9). | 
It is said that it requires as 
much as a month for a pair 
of these birds to excavate 
their nest in a solid tree, the 
excavation often going to — 
the depth of more than a 
yard. A writer at hand says that “the food of the 
Pileated Woodpecker does not interest the farmer or 
horticulturist, for it is obtained entirely from the forest. 
The bird does not visit the orchard or the grain field, _ 
but all of its work in the forest helps to conserve timber. 
Its animal food consists probably of beetles and ants 
and its vegetable food of wild fruits.” 


Note the black band 


Finally, the list of United States woodpeckers is com- 
pleted by three species and three subspecies of birds 
generally known by the name of Flickers, although 


THE WOODPECKERS: BIRD 


they have a great many vernacular ones applied to them. 
As a group, they constitute the genus Colaptes, our 
common Flicker of the East, widely known as the 
Golden-winged Woodpecker, being C. a. auratus (Figs. 
12 and 13). This bird has had many historians since 
the first days of the Republic. 

Flickers consume no end of insect pests, a few ground 
beetles, and a very small amount of grain and fruit; 
so that, as far as man is concerned, the bird is a friend, 
and should be protected to the limit. It has but one 
unfortunate trait—in common with other species— 
namely, that of sowing poison ivy seeds broadcast. 
This is a trick we have no means at our command to 
break him of—at least none has thus. far been proposed. 
This bird has a bill quite different from the average 
woodpecker, being rounded 22d somewhat curved 
downwards. 

In cities the Flicker seems to have no dread of man; 


FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS 693 


and last summer I passed within a yard of a fine male 
on the Smithsonian grounds, it being engaged at the 
time in pulling out some worm or other hidden in the 
sod. The bird looked at me inquisitively once or twice, 
but kept steadily at the task upon which it was so busily 
engaged. 

One of the most absurd accounts of this bird was 
left us by the Count de Buffon, and one of the best 
accounts by Wilson—the latter, by the way, well raps 
the Count for his untruthful history of the species. But 
this is a side of ornithological literature which, though 
intensely instructive, can in no way be entered upon in 
the present article. On the other hand, perhaps 
enough has been set forth to convince those who may 
previously have had their doubts, that, taken as a family, 
the woodpeckers are among the best of our bird friends, 
in so far as forest protection goes—and that is a very 
important item. 


International Newsreel Photo. 


FORESTRY STUDENTS PLANT TREES 


Students of the New York State School of Forestry are pictured here planting trees on abandoned farm lands. 
forest trees have been used to aid in the national plan of reforestation, as in : 
The economic welfare of the nation depends a great deal upon 


85.000,000 acres that will undergo this natural treatment. 


Young 


the entire country there is a total of 


the forests, and the United States Forest Service has been instrumental in urging and aiding in reforestation in many parts of 


the country. 


“CUT CLEAN AND KEEP OUT FIRE” 


By R. S. Kellogg 


I N a nutshell, this sums up the opinion of many forest- 
ers in New York State as to the least expensive and 
most practical means of securing continuous production 
of a forest crop of value in the Adirondack region, 
This does not mean that leaving nature to take her 
course after cutting will bring back a new stand of the 
same kind of timber as the old one, nor that intensive 
silviculture will not produce a more valuable crop than 


NATURAL GROWTH OF HARDWOOD SAPLINGS FOLLOWING 
CLEAN CUTTING AND PROTECTION FROM FIRE 


no silviculture at all, but forestry must pay its way and 
methods must be used whose cost will not be prohibitive 
when carried over the period of timber growth. 


The clean cutting of spruce or of mixed spruce and 
hardwood may be followed by a forest consisting entirely 
of poplar, birch, maple and other hardwoods, but who 
can say that such a forest fifty years hence may not be 
as valuable as one of spruce? It does not require a 
long memory to recall that forests in the Adirondacks 
were originally cut over for pine, then for pulpwood, 
next for hardwoods with oftentimes a large amount of 
cordwood still left after the last cutting, and that in 
each successive cutting the value per acre was greater 
than in the preceding one despite the elimination of what 
was previously considered the*only valuable species. 

Considerations such as these were the subject of lively 
discussion and interested observatiortat the recent meet- 
ing of the New York Section of the Society of American 
Foresters, near Tupper Lake, participated in by repre- 
sentatives of the forest schools, foresters of the Conser- 
vation Commission and foresters in a wide variety of 
private undertakings. It was a meeting in the woods 
and about the woods and a nearby lumber operation 
which exhibited all the stages of cutting and growth 
from pine to cordwood was a most instructive example 


of the methods used by nature in restoring and main- 
taining a forest when unhampered by fire. . 

On the site of the first photograph, for instance, the ~ 
timber was cut entirely clean 28 years ago for camp wood ~ 
over a considerable area. Today there is on this same 
ground a beautiful young stand of yellow birch, maple 
and other hardwood saplings, straight, tall and in good 
density. In fact, measurements made in 1920 by Pro- 
fessor Recknagel, of the Cornell Department of Forestry, 
showed at that time a stand of 22% cords per acre, a 
growth of nearly nine-tenths cord per acre per year of 
wood fibre, produced entirely through the unaided efforts 
of nature to maintain te forest. 

The second photograph shows a cutting made two 
years ago within a short distance of the first for the 
purpose of hardwood lumber, there being left behind 
trees too small or too defective to utilize profitably — 
There are now coming up on the ground a large number 
of hardwood seedlings, which if fire does not get in, 
will ultimately result in a forest of very uneven age | 
and one containing many older trees, which in addition ~ 
to being of little value themselves will have been a 


iT.) 


. 


te emanate 


CONDITION OF THE FOREST TWO YEARS AFTER THE USUAL 
HARDWOOD CUTTING 


practical utilization which forbid the taking out of any 
tree that will not pay its way. Had there been | 
market for the remaining firewood, a better forest © 


result. 
By the way of contrast with these examples of natural 
reforestation, a snapshot is shown taken in the noted”) 


coniferous plantation at Axton, established by Dr. Fer- 
now twenty years ago on land which was old pasture 
‘at that time. This land is now covered with a thrifty 
growth of Scotch and white pine, Norway spruce and 


—- eae 


£ 


He ie es 


EW YORK FORESTERS VISIT THE CONIFEROUS PLANTATION 
MADE AT AXTON IN 1902 BY DR. FERNOW 

Euro pean larch. The larger specimens run up to 8 
. in diameter and 25 ft. in height. It will be inter- 
& to note which will give the greater return upon the 


“CUT CLEAN AND KEEP OUT FIRE” 


ee ee eee ec ce ee ee TTT LL LLLLU LLL ooo oLLLCLLLcLLLALLC CLL LOCLODO eRe CLC eC 


= 


695 


investment twenty-five to fifty years hence, taking all 
costs into consideration and subjecting them to the 
rigid formulae of compound interest — the even-aged 
stand of hardwood reproduced by nature after clean 
cutting or the coniferous forest planted by man upon 
clean soil? 

The New York Conservation Commission is also do- 
ing a splendid work in making the Forest Preserve 
usable through the construction of typical Adirondack 
camps with conctete fireplaces for cooking. 


Forestry Meeting in South 


Carolina 


Upon invitation from the Governor of South Caro- 
lina, a number of representative citizens of that State 
met at the Capitol to discuss the forestry needs of the 
State. Representatives from the Forest Service attended 
the meeting and explained the character and extent of 
co-operation, particularly that in forest fire protection, 
which the Federal Government could offer. The con- 
crete result of the meeting was the passage of a reso- 
lution recommending that the Governor appoint a for- 
estry committee to prepare a bill for introduction in the 
coming session of the legislature, which would provide 
primarily for a State forestry organization, State For- 
ester, fire protective system, and funds to carry on the 
work. 


iz 


You can save 10% on all books published 
this Christmas by ordering 
from the 


BOOK DEPARTMENT 
“AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


vdeo NH VENA NNNAULNEOSOAUUNOUNNEUNONONONNONSOGOOASOONNgAOTAUSUAONSOOOANUOSAUOSEOOSOOTOONUEUOTOAOSOOOOOGUUONO USANA nts 


A 68-page catalog of recent books will be sent to you on request (ready December 1st) 


MLM 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By ELLWOOD WILSON 


Last year was a very bad year for for- 
est fires and the early part of this season 
also, and after a strenuous time of fire- 
fighting, everyone was breathing a sigh 
of reef that the fall had come and all 
our troubles were over. After an exceed- 
ingly cold spell, the weather became very 
warm and dry and no rain fell. Day by 
day passed and the woods grew dryer 
and ryer, the brooks dried up and the wa- 
ter in the rivers and lakes got very low. 
Suddenly fires began to spring up as if 
by magic, especially in the neighborhood 
of towns and villages. Hunters were go- 
ing out after partridges, the weather was 
so fine that people were going off for 
picnics in their cars and everything in 
the way of slash and stumps was so dry 
that it seemed an ideal time for the farm- 
er to clean up his land. Then high winds 
came and the fires began to spread. Then 
forest fires began to break out and we 
woke one morning to hear of the terrible 
disasters in Northern Ontario where 
whote towns and villages have been 
burnt up and many lives lost. Then rain 
came and every one breathed more freely 
only to hear that the fire fiend had _ visit- 
ed northern Quebec and burnt two towns, 
but without any loss of life. The de- 
struction has been appalling, in Ontario 
. 48 lives and eight million dollars worth 
of property, not counting timber de- 
stroyed. Haileybury, a town of 3000 in- 
habitants was wiped out, also Cobalt and 
several other towns, 700 square miles 
in all. In northwestern Quebec the towns 
of North Temiskaming and Nedelec were 
destroyed. ‘Fires in the St. Maurice Val- 
ley and at Lac Frontier also took their 
toll of timber. Whole families have been 
destroyed, one family was found suffo- 
cated in a root cellar and from the at- 
titude in which the bodies were found it 
was evident that they had given up hope, 
had taken leave of eache other and re- 
signed themselves to die. 

The whole thing is heartrendingly pa- 
thetic and so unnecessary that one could 
weep in impotent rage over the situation. 
Every fire (except those caused by light- 
ning, less than a fraction of one pet cent) 
is set by a human being, is actually light- 
ed by a match, a cigarette butt, ashes 
from a pipe, a neglected camp fire or a 
spark from a railway train or steamboat. 
No fire ever starts from spontaneous 
combustion. Therefore every person who 
lives near or who has occasion to go into 

the woods must be educated to be careful 
and to have a sense of responsibility. At 
least a dozen times during the past sum- 
mer I have seen fires started along the 
highways by people driving by in motor 


or other vehicles. Probably the greatest 
menace is the cigarette, because so many 
are smoked and there is danger from the 
match used in lighting them and in the 
butt which is always thrown away. 


Fires occur every year, every so often 
we have a dry season when holocausts 
occur, like the Mirimichi fire, the, Cobalt 
fire, the Cloquette fire and now the 
Haileybury fire. Why as intelligent be- 
ings shoulld we not learn from the ex- 
perience of the past? Why do we let 
such a situation continue. I have never 
found a man who was willing to admit 
that a forest fire was a good thing, but I 
have met men who pass for intelligent 
men of common sense who say that we 
will always have bad fires. The Man- 
ager of the Woods Department of a large 
company years ago told me that God 
sent the fires just as he sent the rain. 
Only last week the woods superintendent 
of an operation told me that there was 
no use in putting out a fire because it 
would only burn again next year. A man 
whose job is to extinguish fires said that 
once a fire was started nothing but pro- 
longed rain would put it out. Others 
say you cannot stop smoking in the woods. 
Price Brothers and Company stopped their 
men from smoking except in camp by 
taking away their matches and by a heavy 
fine or imprisonment for smoking. An- 
other difficulty is the attitude of some of 
the magistrates who will not fine a man 
for setting fires or will let him off with 
a fine of a few dollars. A settler, this 
summer, applied for a permit to burn a 
few acres of poor land and was refused. 
He set his fire in spite of this and burned 
up 150 square miles of timber land. 


Fires have been set by gangs operating 
in the woods and no action taken in the 
way of dismissal, fine or reprimand. . 

The whole trouble is lack of apprecia- 
tion of the desperate situation. We can- 
not afford to have, the timber burnt up. 
Wood is of such basic importance that 
our forests must be saved from fire. The 
public must be made to realize the situa- 
tion, they must understand that it is just 
as bad to burn young timber as it is to 
burn trees which are already merchant- 
able. When the latter is burnt the loss 
is heavy right at the moment. but without 
the young growth there will be no future 
forest. Then too, in a country like Que- 
bec and northern Ontario, the country is 
absolutely unfitted for anything else but 
the growing of timber. except in relatively 
small areas. One forest fire sometimes 
burns away all the soil and two or three 
invariably do so. I traveled through a 


section this summer, where ten years 2 
there was virgin timber. Today, 
repeated fires, the tops of the hills al 
burnt down to the rock and rid 
stretches of country are so burned th 
for over a hundred years there will 
no timber of any sort or kind. 
What can be done about it all? 
practical means can be taken to stop t 
terrible devastation, which if 
will wipe out our wood-using indu 
and leave us a desert? Can we not 
the lesson from the fate of China, 
Africa, Spain and Persia? Are we 
blind to our own interests, to our ri 
sponsibilities, so silly that we are g 
to let this thing continue? Canada 
good fire laws and the, governments 
ample authority and can have 
means to stop fires. The lands belo 
most part to the governments and th 
have absolute control of them. There 
no escape from the responsibility, no 
cuse for not having proper fire preventio 
It requires intelligence and firm 
Children in the schools must be — 
that a forest fire is worse than the 
of hell. Railroads must be forced to 
adequate prevention measures. 
must be watched during all dan 
periods. Men working in the woods 
be absolutely prevented from smo 
Hunters and fishermen and campers 
be careful or must be barred from 
woods. As far as lumber and paper | 
panies are concerned, the responsibil 
for fires set by their own employe 
squarely up the the managers. If the 
working in the woods know that the 
pany will not stand for fires, that if th 
are careless or set a fire it is cause { 
immediate dismissal and prosecution th 
will at once become interested and 
ful. 1f in a district a man who 
forest fire is blacklisted others will so 
stop being careless. I have seen a 
where the manager of a company 
very anxious not to have fires, but 
woods superintendent held ‘the 
that men could not be prevented fr 
smoking and that fires were bound to— 
cur, so his chief’s efforts were complet 
nullified. 2 
It seems to me that the danger has 
come so great that about the only me 
for checking fires is to have a fo 
fire rangers who at the same time 
police powers and can arrest and 
out any man caught contravening 
law, either in or out of the forest. M: 
istrates must then be educated up to- 
point where they will consider s ting 
forest fire or burning slash without a { 
mit in the same category as arson. 


cont 


oe 
opin 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


HATA 


“THE OBLIGATIONS THAT GO WITH PRE-EMINENCE.” 


| BOGALUSA’S HISTORY-MAKING REFORESTATION OPERATIONS ASSURE A PERPETUAL SUPPLY TO OUR TRADE. | 


BUYING LUMBER ON FAITH — 
FROM “A SAW-MILL WITH A CONSCIENCE.” 


It is higher-grade practice to avoid errors than to have to correct 
them. The morale of a truly great organization is more potent 
in averting errors than are all the rules in the rule-book. The 
united slogan at 


EXTRA EXTRA 
DENSE DENSE 
Southern : Southern 
PINE PINE 


Trade Mark Reg. U.S. Pat. Office 


is—‘‘Correct all mistakes BEFORE THEY HAPPEN.” 


With a shipping capacity of over 40 cars a day, which is much the 
largest of any saw-mill operation in the sont we are told that our 
day by day record year after year, of customers’ complete satisfaction 
is eda a comparison in the annals of the most critical buyers. 


This means superb manufacturing (from our own great stands of 
Virgin Timber which we believe is without an equal today). It 
means rigidly true grading, strictly per Factory Mutuals, A. S.T. M. 
and A.R.E.A. It means scrupulous count (“every foot a foot”) 
and it means loading of the most skillful kind. 


SONA 


The world’s largest saw-mill is not the only notable feature of 


BOGALVSA 


Trade Mark Reg. U. S..Pat. Office 


¢ P F . A 
‘the New South’s Young City of Destiny.” It leads in many lines. 
Ea 


al HNNNNNN0 100000 TTT 


What are your lumber requirements? Have you any special problems? 
Will you write us freely? Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 
SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 


GREAT SOUTHERN EomMaAn: 1628 4th Ave., BOGALUSA, LA. 


“BUYING BOGALUSA TRADE-MARKED PINE Is LIKE GETTING A CERTIFIED CHECK.” 


UU TTUN TTI UMUM OUTIL UMUC 


8 


is 


IU 


aN 


= 


7 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BECOME A MEMBER 


Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association 
apon application and payment of dues. 


PLANT TREES 
PROTECT FORESTS 
USE FORESTS 


This is the only Popular 

National Magazine de- 

voted to trees and forests 
and the use of wood. 


FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— 


American Forestry Association 
914 FOURTEENTH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D.C 


I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation and enclose check for $.. ................eeceecees 


INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP 


Subscribing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. $ 400 
Contributing Membership, per year, including Magazine............. « 10.00 
Sustaining Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. . 25.00 
Life Membership (no other dues) including Magazine.............. . 100.00. 
Annual Membership without Magazine..... c SRC RAS A tteie ee Ramee : 1.00 


NGGN8. oc cacy ces. odge de baeewanecneeenesecwuaed danny aT cate 


CHI cv eicnes OOo eeeeereseeere jeeceeknan vos eseped Coenen 


cendiarism should be punished with a long 
term in prison. Every effort through the 
churches, the schools, forestry associa- 
tions and the like, must be made to de- 
velop a public sentiment which will de- 
mand that no fires be set. 

No one seems to realize the terrible 
inroads made by fire on the forest’ wealth 
of eastern Canada. It appears only in all 
its appalling significance when one flys 
over ‘the country in an airplane and sees 
the burns stretching for miles and miles. 
When one sees, in this way too, the rela- 
tively small areas of softwood timber the 
outlook for the future is pretty gloomy. 


The government of Ontario through its’ 


Forestry Department has made excellent 
progress with its aerial reconnaissance of 
the country north to Moose Factory and 
Fort Albany on James Bay. Three hun-- 
dred and fifty hours have been spent in 
the air sketching in types of timber and 
making eye estimates. A few pictures 
have been taken. Due to lack of maps 
some, system of control for sketching 
operations and aerial photography has to 
be worked out. The country is not very 
well watered with lakes and most of the 
timber is in the river valleys. The tim- 
ber js mostly black spruce and white birch 
and there are very large muskeg or 
swamp areas. This is the most extensive 
use of the airplane for forestry work and 
been carried out by the 
Service, Ltd., with sig- 


the flying has 
Laurentide Air 
nal success. 


The Barnjum prize for the best essay 
on the control of the spruce bud worm 
has been awarded to Mr. Otto Schierbeck 
of Price Bros. and Company, Ltd. The 
essay was excellent and showed hard and 
careful work. Owing to the fact that all 
of the information in regard ‘to the bud 
worm had been collected and published 
by the entomologists of the Dominion 
Entomological Branch, the judges decided 
to divide the prize of $5,000 between 
the successful essayist and the entomolo- 
gists. 


The Province of Nova Scotia has made 
a notabie stride and has withdrawn from 
settlement all forest land. This is what 
should be done everywhere and is a vital 
step in the whole ~-program of conserva- 
tion, because when land which is only 
good for forests is thrown open for set- 
tlement ithe forest is destroyed and the 
settler has no opportunity to make a de- 
cent living on such poor soil and sooner 
or later moves off leaving a burnt forest 
and a few abandoned shacks as the re- 
sult of years of grinding toil, 

The Institute of Industrial and Domes- 
tic Arts, Gardenvale, Quebec, now con- 
ducts correspondénce courses in pulp and 
paper making and expects soon to have 
a course in elementary forestry for woods 
and fire rangers, inspectors and scalers. 


FOREST POLICY REPORT 
The Chamber of Commerce of the 
United States issues the following state- 


ment with regard to the work of its 
Committee on Forestry Policy: 

“The report of the committee has been 
received by the Board of Directors of 
the Chamber, but as yet no action : 
been taken. Postponement of action until 
the November meeting of the Board wi 
afford an opportunity for any members 
ot the committee who may not agree with 
the report, to submit minority reports. 

“Pending consideration of the repe 
by the Board in November, the report 
not being released for publication. Und 
the Chamber’s procedure a committee — 
port is released galy when sent outys 
referendum vote.” 


HOW TO INTEREST THE PUBLIC II 
FORESTRY , 

The following extract from the Outlook 
may be of interest on the question as t 
whether the organ of the American For- 
estry Association should be edited from a 
purely technical standpoint, or so as 
appeal also to the non-technical public. 
The Outlook, September 20 

John Morley, when editor of the Pal 
Mall Gazette had for an assistant another 
distinguished journalist, W. T. Stead 
Morley, according to a recently pub 
lished book had the scholar’s predilection 
for experts, while Stead questioned theif 
availability in. journalism. “Suppose you 
had to have an article on sun-spots,” said 
Morley, “would you get an astronome 
to write it who knows everything abe 


~ ol 


® 


, 
t 
x 
s 


the subject, or a journalist who knows 
nothing?” “The journalist, most assured- 
ly,” Stead replied; “if you get an astrono- 
mer to write the article he will write it 
for astronomers and use terms which 
your readers will not understand. The 
net effect will be that your reader will 
not learn what you want him to.” “But,” 
queried Morley, “is that not setting igno- 
rance to instruct ignorance?” “By no 
means. It is setting a man who is in- 
telligent to tap the brains of a specialist 
and then to serve up his knowledge so 
that it can be understood by the ordinary 
reader.” Apparently the debate ended 
here. 


PERPETUAL TIMBER SUPPLY FOR 
LUMBERMEN 

Sooner or later the timber accessible to 
a sawmill becomes exhausted, says the 
Forest Service, United States Department 
of Agriculture. The operators are forced 
to junk a ijarge part of their equipment, 
tear up their railroad tracks, abandon 
their roads and move to other sources of 
supply. To the lumberman this means a 
loss of money and time; to the workers 
in mill and woods it means either seeking 
other employment or new fields of activ- 
ity; to the community it means a serious 
and sometimes a fatal setback. 

Relief from these conditions, forest ex- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 
perts state, marks a recently proposed 
sale of National Forest timber as the most 
unique ofter ever made by the Government 
to lumbermen. The timber to be placed 
on the market is within the Malheur Na- 
tional Forest, Oregon, and the Govern- 
ment proposes to open up the region on 
the basis of a perpetual supply of forest 
products. Forest Service estimates show 
that 60 million feet of yellow pine saw 
timber may be cut yearly for all time, 
thus insuring to the local industries the 
opportunity to have a continuous stream 
of raw material, permanent bases of oper- 
ation and staple employment for woods 
and mill workers. 

The area which totals 550,000 acres and 
contains 6700 million board feet of saw 
timber is, according to. foresters, one of 
the last great timbered regions in the 
United States to be opened up for in- 
dustrial development. 

The first unit to be put on the market 
is now being offered to the highest bidder 
and includes 890 million feet to be cut 
under a 20-year contract. 


CAMPS IN STATE FORESTS 
To encourage use of the recreational fa- 
cilities of the State Forests, the Depart- 
ment of Forestry has authorized the con- 
struction of seven additional public camp 
grounds in Pennsylvania this fall: These 


699 


new camp grounds, and the eleven similar 
recreational areas which were developed 
last spring, will provide headquarters for 
hunters who go into the woods this fall. . 

Several camp grounds will be equipped 
with log lean-tos, stone fireplaces, walled- 
up springs, garbage cans, comfort stations, 
and in. some instances, public telephones. 
Use of the camp grounds will be free to 
the public, but permits, which will be issued 
by the local forest officers, will be required 
when campers desire to occupy a site for 
more than two days. 

Three of the new camps will be equipped 
and situated particularly for the use of 
automobile tourists who carry camping 
outfits with them. These camp grounds, 
however, are not restricted to their use. 
They may be occupied also by sportsmen 
and picnickers. Four other new camp 
grounds will be prepared by the depart- 
ment for the convenience of sportsmen and 
campers. 


1923 BIRD CALENDAR 
ANDUBON SOCIETY OF BUFFALO 


Beautiful photo reproductions of living wild 


birds, choice bits of verse and information. 
Excellent gifts for everyone. Help the birds. 
Price, 60c each, postpaid. Ready Nov, 15. 


MRS. CHARLES M. WILSON, Secretary, 
503 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. 


EXPERIENCE 


has perfected the Disston Chisel Tooth Circular Saw 


THE experience of more than eighty years of the 
most famous saw-making organization in the world 


frozen. 


DISSTON No. 33 
Chisel Tooth Saw 


~ Adapted for all general saw- 


ge and widths of 
to suit ‘various kinds 


lumber. 


Canadian Works, Toronto 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. 
PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 


Branch, Vancouver, B. C. 


is responsible for the perfection of the Disston Chisel 
Too h Circular Saw. 

In addition to this extensive general saw-making 
experience there are skilled circular-saw experts in the 
Disston organization whose personal experience alone 
is broader than that of any other saw makers in the 
industry. 

Disston Chisel Tooth Circular Saws stand up to 
their work in all seasons,fon all woods— hard, soft or 
Made from the famous Disston-made steel 
with specially designed teeth they turn out the best 
sawed lumber.with the least horse-power. 

Tell us;the*definite problems of your plant—the 
experience of our saw,experts is at your service. 


DISSTON No. 6 
Chisel Tooth Saw 


A “heavy duty” saw for mills 
of ample power and large ca- 
pacity. ill. carry heaviest 
feed. Adapted for gang edg- 
ers, Bolter and Rift Saws. 


DISSTON 
SAWS TOOLS FILES 


700 


Dignified, Exclusive 


Profession notoverrun 
with Sam DeATEOEe. 
Crowded with opportun- 
ity for money-making and 
big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 in- 
comes attained by experts. 
to master under our correspondence methods, 
Diploma awarded. We assist students and grad- 
uates in getting ‘Started and developing their 
d 1916. Write for infor- 
mation; it ‘will open your eyes. Do it today. 


American Landscape School, 52 F Newark, New York 


WWD OLN 


The Shady Corner 


SHADY corner—what a problem 

it presents! Nothing seems to 

want to grow there, not even 
grass. In consequence, the spot is 
usually left to care for itself and be- 
comes the one unsightly place on an 
otherwise attractive lawn. Such a 
problem existed on the property pic- 
tured. Then Moon’s came along and 
made up an assortment of shrubs that 
solved the difficulty. Now a luxuriant 
mass of foliage takes the place of the 
sickly, unsatisfactory plants that pre- 
ceded. 


MIS 


To help you solve the shady corner 
problem, we offer the following ‘Shady 
Corner Collection” for autumn planting: 


Viburnum Lantana (Wayfaring 
ge et | ee 
Acanthopanax pentaphyllum, 
4 to 5 ft. 1.10 


Ibota Privet, 3 to 4 ft... 
Viburnum dentatum (Arrowwood) 
4 to 5 ft 


<BR ER be a 1, 
Oak-leaved Hydrangea, 2 to 3 ft... 125 


Two each of the above shrubs will be 
supplied f. 0. b. our Nurseries for 
$8.50. Five of each for $15.00. 


Send in your order now and ask for 
Catalogue F. Its “What to Plant and 
Where” chapter may help you with 
other planting questions, 


Moons’ Nurseries 


WM. H. MOON CO. 


MORRISVILLE PENNSYLVANIA 
2 which is 1 mile from Trenton,N. 
[aD 


ROW anS eaoe 


PSA 


ee as) 


TOS DIS Oe 


TAA a 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE RED SCOURGE 

“On the tenth day of July a man set 
fire to more than a score of homes. Every 
home was entirely consumed and_ there 
was no insurance. The man went on his 
way, if not rejoicing, at least without vis- 
ible evidence of regret. He had no fear 
of punishment because the homes he had 
destroyed were not yet built; they were 
still in the tree trunks awaiting the magic 
wand of industry to give them habitable 
form. But economically these homes were 
destroyed as surely as though. the trees 
had been made into lumber and the lum- 
ber into structures. And this is the way 
it happened: 

“Tt was the vacation season and an auto- 
mobile carrying a party of tourists stopped 
on. a road that wound through a magnifi- 
cent stand of Douglas fir, in Western 
Washington. The travelers sat in raptur- 
ous admiration of the quiet forest scene 


! and rhapsodized over the great trees that 


columned their majestic beauty as far as 
the eye could see. One of the men of 
the party lit a contemplative cigarette and 
tossed the match to the side of the road. 

“Half an hour later an airplane forest 
patrol flying high above the mountain 
range saw a yellowish smoke ballooning 
over the tree tops. He moved his contro! 
and turned in that direction. Upon the 
chart in the machine before him he lo- 
cated the fire approximately, then returned 


quickly to a mountain a station ten 
miles away. * * * 
“After what seemed an interminable 


wait, the patrol noted various gangs of 
men at work. They were combating that 
most terrifying, most ungovernable and 
dangerous of all rebellious elements—— 
the forest fire. For a day and night and 
another day the battle waged. Grimy 
men, black as the charred trunks around 
them, worn to the last stages of exhaus- 
tion, fought on—cutting away underbrush, 
dynamiting logs and trees, beating out the 
slinking fringes of advancing ground fire, 
shouting one to another above the crack- 
ling inferno of heat and smoke, panting 
like hunted animals around the water 
barrels where they slaked their thirst with 
the luke-warm liquid, but gaining, almost 
imperceptibly at first, yet gradually with 
greater certainty as the weary hours drag- 
ged on. And amid the confusion and 
crash of falling timber the ranger and 
foremen generalled the battle. 

“Several days later a wide, barren scar 
lay upon the mountainside, still smoulder- 
ing in places where the black splinters of 
the charred stumps pointed like accusing 
fingers, and still sent out masses of yel- 
lowish white smoke. The scar covered 


| hundreds of acres and it would continue 


to smoulder and smoke for weeks, while 
all about in the adjacent woods were fire 
guards constantly vigilant to see that the 
enemy did not creep out and strike again. 

“And far away the automobile tourists 


journeyed carefree and utterly uncon- 
cerned. At a sawmill they stopped for a 
few minutes to watch the logs in slow 
procession from the pond to the b 
saws. ‘What a shame,’ exclaimed the man 
with the cigarette, in a burst of senti- 
mental revolt, ‘What a shame to cut down 
those beautiful trees,’” 


nd 


FOREST FIRE FIGHTING COMP. 
Through the effort of leading citi 
foresters and fire wardens, Mt. Carn 
Pennsylvania, now claims distinction f 
having in jts midst a fully organized f 
est fire fighting company. The first 
far as is known in the United States. 
The company was organized to satisfy 
a pressing need for better forest fire pro- 
tection in the vicinity of Mt. Carm 
This being realized by the progressive 
people of the town it only remained for 
a leader in the person of W. W. Smith 
District Forest Warden of the Philadel 
phia and Reading Coal & Iron Company, 
to make effective the desire of the 
munity for improved forest conditions. 
The organization was effected by firs t 
securing contributions from individuals i 
the locality. This done a building of th 
bungalow type was planned and started 
on the mountain side south of and ad 
jacent to Mt. Carmel. This building i 
now complete and is 20x20 feet in s 
with a porch ‘on three sides. It overloc 
the town of Mt. Carmel and the lands 
the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, Madeir: 
Hill & Company, Susquehanna Collierie: 
Company and the Philadelphia & R 
ing Coal & Iron Company. The cost 
building and improvements to date 
about $2,000. 
In addition to the building provided 
the use of members it is planned to 
struct a swimming pool, tennis court 2 
trap-shooting grounds. The primary pur- 
pose of the company is to “organize nd 
keep in readiness an efficient corps of fot 
est fire fighters and to further the work 
of forest fire prevention.” To this em 
the State Forestry Department will 
ply all needed fire fighting tools, 
the coal companies affected will provi 
additional equipment such as fire fightin 
pumps, uniforms, etc. 
The actual fire fighting work will t 
done by active members, limited to 30 i 
number. These will be divided into thr 
crews of ten men each. 
The leadership will be vested in a Chie 
Forest Protector and three assistant ; 
est Protectors whose duties will be to o} 
ganize and train for quick response t 
and prompt suppression of all forest fire 
in the vicinity. ; 
It is the belief of many that this pionee 
work in forest protection will grow an 
spread from a mere local movement 
better forests to one that will rapidly ir 
clude all towns in the anthracite regi 
and eventually those in wooded 
throughout the state. 


com: 


- WOOD VS. THE COAL SHORTAGE 

That the forest land of New York 
might produce sufficient wood to relieve 
a restriction in coal distribution is one of 
the possibilities in supplying substitutes 
for coal in case of a coal shortage. 
_ Foresters at the New York State College 
of Forestry state that there are four 
‘million acres of woodlots on the farms in 
New York capable of producing vast 
quantities of fuel wood. Many farmers 
already obtain their own fuel from these 
forests and place considerable quantities 
‘on the market. 
But in the event of high prices for 
coal, according to the forestry experts, a 
new demand for fire wood in rural com- 
munities, towns and villages of up-state 
‘cities would be develored. 

A cord of hardwood is estimated to 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


contain about as many heating units as 
a ton of coal. Wood-fuel, however, is 
neither plentiful nor cheap, because none 
of the twelve million acres of forest land 
of New York, excepting a few infinitesi- 
mal parcels, is under a working forest 
management and never has been and is 
largely non-productive on that account. 

Owners everywhere are able to obtain 
high prices for wood.. Twelve to fourteen 
dollars a cord was paid for fuel wood 
last year. If twenty-five per cent of the 
forest land of New York was producing 
a maximum yield of timber as it would 
under proper forest management, and as 
they are doing in Europe, New. York 
would have an available supply at reason- 
able prices to home consumers, sufficient 
in quantity to materially relieve any 
temporary coal shortage. 


be stamped out. 


Buy Christmas Seals. When you see someone selling 
them, help the fight along by buying all 
you can. Your help, the help of every 
happy, healthy person, is needed; and 


~ it will count. 


Stamp Out Tuberculosis 
with Christmas Seals 


THE NATIONAL, STATE, AND LOCAL TUBERCULOSIS 
ASSOCIATIONS OF THE 


Help Her to Save 
More Lives 


\ eae year over 100,000 lives were saved with the 
aid of Tuberculosis Christmas Seals. Tubercu- 
losis is being controlled. The death rate has been 
cut in half. If you and others join the fight, it can 


UNITED STATES 


701 


AMINE K 


MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 
Trees from °5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 
372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


Or chids«. are specialists in 


Orchids; we collect, im- 
pert, grow, sell and export this class of plants 
eaginsively. ca neard init 

‘ur illustrated an escriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on applicatise: Ais C- 
sO of freshly imported unestablished 

chids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


CHINESE TREE SEEDS 


For Reforestation and Landscape Gardening 
Large collection of Evergreen and Deciduous 
tree seeds all native to The Chinese Republic. 
Species every forest nursery or home garden 
needs. Scientifically extracted. 
Send for Free Price List 
KIANGSU PROVINCIAL FOREST STATION 
NANKING, CHINA 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEQ, Jr. 
6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


TREES FOR FOREST PLANTING 
PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price lst 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 
We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
Domestic and Imported 
“QUALITY FIRST” 

Price List on Request 
Special Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


702 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men, 


POSITIONS WANTED 


GRADUATE FORESTER— Experienced; eight 
years state forest management, four years nur- 
sery, landscape and horticultural work, desires 
connection with firm * individual scracessoe in 
forests or nurseries for commercial purposes. 
Address Box 4020, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C.  (6-8-22) 


POSITION WANTED BY A TECHNICALLY 
TRAINED FORESTER at present employed as 
forest manager on one of the biggest private es- 
tates in Pennsylvania; 35 years experience. Can 
furnish the best reference. Address Box _ 4030, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, (6-9-22) 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 
age; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
experience, desires position. Best references. 
Address Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


YOUNG MAN, 32 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University; B. S., 1914; M. F., 1915, with 
five years’ experience in the United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as forester 
with a lumber company or private estate. The 
best of references. Address Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, (7-9-22) 


FOREST ENGINEER, a graduate with eight 
years experience as chief of timberland depart- 
ment of large Eastern paper manufacturing 
company is open for position with company 
operating Eastern spruce lands. Address Box 
4055, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE. 
Washington, D. C. (8-10-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, at present employed 
by a Timber and Land Development Company. 
desires position as Forester or Superintendent 
on Private Estate, or in Park work. Experi- 
enced in Tree planting and Pruning, the hand- 
ling of Shrubbery, Fire Protection and Log- 
ging operations. A willing worker as well as 
equipped to direct others. Box 4060, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, G (9-11-22) 


FORESTER, with ten years’ experience as tech- 
nical assistant and forest supervisor, now in 
charge of western National Forest, desires to 
make connection with commercial organization 
with opportunity of improving present position. 
Address Box 4065, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


FORESTER—Experienced graduate, eight years 
state forest management, five years’ nursery 
and landscape practice. Agricultural and hor- 
ticultural training on farm and orchard. Pre- 
pared to get results from stock, fruit or forest. 
Can teach or practice. Box 4070, care AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY, Washington, D. C. (10-12-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, with six years of both 
technical and practical experience in all phases 
of Forest work, is open to change of employ- 

ment. Best of references can be _ furnished. 

Address Box 4075, care AMERICAN FORESTRY 

MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


WANTED 


WANTED—FORESTERS AND RANGERS to act 
as District Superintendents and book orders for 
fruit and ornamental trees, cvergreens, shrubs, 
etc. Pay weekly. Complete equipment. State 
territory desired. Full or part time. Address 
Box 3090, care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGA- 
ZINE, Washington, D. C. (4-6-22) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BARNJUM $5,000 AWARD 

By the unanimous decision of the judges, 
Messrs. Gilbert, Howe, Piche and Wilson, 
the first prize of $2,000 offered by Frank 
J. D. Barnjum for a practical suggestion 
for the suppression of the spruce bud 
worm, bark beetle and borer, was awarded 
to Mr. O. Schierbeck, Forest Engineer for 
Price Bros., & Co., Limited, Quebec, whose 
paper on the subject was the best effort of 
the 230 presented. The balance of the 
prize, namely $3,000, was divided equally, 
or $1,000 each to Doctors Swaine, Craig- 
head and Tothill, of the Forest Insect 
Branch of the Entomological Department 
as a reward for the untiring efforts of a 
small band of loyal, conscientious, over- 
worked and underpaid government offi- 
cials, who are giving the best years of their 
life for the suppression of the forest in- 
sect peril in Canada, and from the fact 
that much of the information contained in 
papers presented was based on the results 
of their good work. As no one paper quali- 
fied fully for the prize, Mr. Barnjum, with 
the hearty approval of the judges, felt this 
would be a generous disposition of the prize 
money. Much valuable information on this 
important subject has been collected which 
will be given to the world free with full 
credit to the authors, who deserve and will 
be accorded the earnest appreciation of the 
people of the whole continent, which is so 
seriously menaced by these insect pests. 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
*x * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year. undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Forestry teaching in spring and fall at 
Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 
ing to the School) and the winter term at. 
Chlerais Springs. , 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 
Operation in the United States: By 
Ralph Clement Pryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
ufacturers’ Association, Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
6 by 9. 183 figures. Cloth........net, $4.50 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
ties and methods for the movement of the 
timber from stump to manufacturing plant, 
especially logging railroads. 


PERPETUAL SUPPLY OF TIMBER — 

Progressive southern lumbermen, who 
are looking westward for future stands — 
of timber as their own holdings ) 
cut out, are showing »reat interest in t 
biggest offering of government 
ever made, says the Forest Service, United 
States Department of Agriculture. Pe 

The timber unit offered lies within 
Malheur Naticnal Forest in Oregon 
contains 890,000,000 feet of timber, 
per cent of which is yellow pine. It is o 
of a group of logging units all tributary 
to Burns, Oregon, totaling 6,700,000,000 
board feet. This forest region, govern- 
ment foresters say, will produce an annual 
cut of 60,000,000 feet for all time, thus 
insuring a continuous supply of raw 
material for the local lumber industries” 
and steady employment for mills and 
woods workers. The opening up of the 
Malheur Forest’ presents an unusual 
chance for a new and permanent location 
for some company which is through in 
the South, say the foresters. 


FEDERAL FUNDS AID STATES IN 
FIRE FIGHTING 


Allotments of $400,000 of Federal funds 
to states coopérating with the government 
in protecting forest lands from fire have 
just been completed by the Forest Service, 
United States Department of Agriculture, ~ 
according to District Forester George H. 
Cecil, of Portland. 

This sum, together with not Jess than an 
equal amount to be supplied by the states 
cooperating, is expended jointly by the 
cooperating Federal and state foresters 
in protecting from fire forest lands at the 
headwaters of navigable streams. The 
allotment is made on a basis of timbered 
area and cost of adequate protection. The 
Federal expenditure in any state is re- 
stricted to not over $24,000. < 

This amount of money is insufficient to 
insure adequate forest fire protection, ac- 
cording to Mr. Cecil, but it has in con- 
nection with state funds, enabled substan-— 
tial progress to be made in that direc- 
tion. Due to the serious fire season this 
year in both Oregon and Washington, 
this cooperative fund has been drawn on 
heavily, foresters say. 

Allotments to the various states are as 
follows: , 

Oregon, $24,000; Washington, $24,000; 
California, $22,750; Idaho, north, $21,000; 

Idaho, south, $2,300; Montana, $13,725 
Maine, $24,000; New Hampshire, $8,425; 
Vermont, $4,200; Massachusetts, $8,400; 
Rhode Island, $625; Connecticut, $3,150 
New York, $24,000; New Jersey, $5,050: 


North Carolina, $12,000; Tennessee, $11,- 
700; Louisiana, $21,000; Texas, $13.000; 
Ohio, $1,050; Michigan, $24,000; Wiscon- 
sin, $15,000; Minnesota, $24,000; South 
Dakota, $100. 


103-70 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
WASHINGTON, D. C, 
PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor 
L. M. CROMELIN, Assistant Editor 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40c A COPY—$4.00 A YEAR 
DECEMBER, 1922 CONTENTS Vol. 28, No. 348 


LAKE STATES NUMBER 


THE FIRE CALL OF THE NORTH WOODS—William T. Cox................... ............ 2... 907 


With four illustrations. 
THE TRAIL HEAD—HOW TO PUT FORESTRY IN WISCONSIN ON A 


GEST OEE SR Pan aro a 712 
With four illustrations. 

terete Pa WATT PMarold Titus. <. 62. stickers bse be gee vacvi gaan e nebbneteresdens 715 
With five illustrations. 

TENGEN TO MEOS IS TAD © eo. te) os pera ep cose are wr Metedes cit cee ehohe hao eueba eke aan ve cuwucee 719 

TTS ISCON SIN—Asa, K) OW6l, sc... 05) ces eet be dg esc ues Sec cobb phe ceevecueede eas 720 
With five illustrations. 

EE ETT GT — Ovid Wa BUTIEL «52% vip diiare eels ie es oe os ace Meee eh babes bbs vulw ewe lhthe 725 
With seven illustrations. 

HARVESTING CHRISTMAS TREES BY TOPPING—C. R. Anderson......... ..... ........... 2... 731 
With two illustrations. 

THE ROAD TO WISCONSIN’S GREATER OUTDOORS—Henry C. Campbell...... .................. 732 
With two illustrations. 

rriie Titi COMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS: . 222.55... 0c ce cee cue e cals becideeveccedeaeneecs 734 

AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OFFICERS RESIGN ........................ Lente hav bees 735 

WHAT GOVERNORS OF THE LAKE STATES SAY OF FORESTRY THERE.................... 736 

THE FOREST WHERE THE MISSISSIPPI BEGINS—D. Lange ..................00.00 00.0.0... 005.. 738 

"With six illustrations. 

FOREST POSSIBILITIES OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA—T. Schantz Hansen............... ... ... 742 
With five illustrations. 

SE ew ira he soph sre ciara taar rs wid, bnotuie) Sores bas Vis[ Pires wGie(e Fe Bs wo des ee nce calla vss lace 746 

rtm os MIGHT FOR FORESTS—P. S. Lovejoy... .. i... cece cies sees etteeescueeeesesetacs 749 

With four illustrations. 

EE OE TUE ONIN GS oo. cats crs oes) fc wie se 8 Se dA wine bapa 0nd oe Ue eee oidlacaiieue avbie sly bee dace ae 754 
With one illustration. ‘ 

re tr Mere HIG Awe. Athert Stoll, Jr... 2 wah ee Se eh wt ale vale tes ewes treag ep bee ees 755 
With three illustrations. 

DMI ISMInG CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHOGANY «00.6. 00008 ee See eee eee 760 

I NET ECE EE 082 ooo 5) sss esa pai aan each ye eg alam Fngield dive oemUn'e bee eed 763 

ere ha ee eee Cy ind Lr ee a Wt Re bas cede oes ee tase Soe 766 

ICICI CPA Te OAK i os oiclacce ts vaca ka seaey pecs cde e Vente ysereavessctsetedde 768 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS 


A request for change of address must reach us at least thirty days before the date of the issue with which it is to take effect. 
Be sure to give your old address as well as the new one. 


Publication Office, 1918-1982 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. Editorial and Business Office, 914 Fourteenth Street, Wash., D. C. 
Entered as second-class mail matter December 2%, 1909, at the Postoffice at Baltimore, under the Act of March 8, 1879. Accepted for mailing at 
special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized February 27, 1920. 


Copyright, 1922, by The Amenican Forestry Association. 


“The most effective means 
of converting sunshine 
says 
Dr. J. H. Kellogg, head of the 
famous Battle Creek Sanitarium 


into foodstuffs,” 


PATRICIAN PECANS 


The Pinnacle of Pecan Production 

Patrician Pecans are the finest nuts I 
ever saw,” says Dr. J. H. Kellogg, head 
of the famous Battle Creek Sanitarium. 

The illustration below shows the large 
size of these deluxe pecans—the biggest 
of the very finest pecans, superior in 
size, quality and flavor. Their large, 
luscious kernels are easily removed whole. 


Send Me $1.50 Today and I will 
send you 
postpaid a beautiful 12 oz. Gift Box of 
Patrician Pecans, fresh from the orchard. 
GUARANTI EAT SIX AT MY 
RISK; if dissatisfied return balance 
within ten days and get your $1.50 back. 
{[ could not make this offer if these were 
not the biggest of the very finest pecans 
sure to please you in every way. 
Family Package, 10 lbs. delivered, $15. 
ELAM G. HESS, Box 422, Manheim, Pa. 


PATRICIAN PECANS 
“Pecan production is 
destined to become one 
of the most important 
lines of orchard devel- 
opment in the United 
States,” says page 1101, 
Vol. 54, of the Congres- 
sional Record of the 
United States. 


“We are building an 
industry, which for generations 
should yield its bountiful crop 
of delicious food and bring 
millions of dollars to our citi- 
zens,” says page 1478 of the 
same volume. 


“The longevity of the pecan 
orchard and its immense earn- 
ing power make it one of the 
most profitable and permanent 
of agricultural investments,” 
says Burbank, the Edison of 
Agriculture. 


Despite the fact that the pecan tree at maturity is a forest giant, yielding 
literally “barrels of nuts,” the demand for these finest of all nuts grows even 
more quickly than the increasing supply, year after year. Increasing public 
recognition of the pecan nut as the finest, purest, sweetest source of fat and 
protein—ideal as a staple year-round food—has brought about the condition 
where “we now have one pecan where we ought to have a million,” as 
Burbank well states it. 


To secure the nuts needed for their own tables and a balance to sell at a 
profit, about fifteen hundred far-sighted business and professional people 
in all parts of America have arranged for us to clear the land, plant it to the 
improved varieties of paper shell pecans, caring for and cultivating the trees 
and assuming all responsibility for turning over a thrifty, growing orchard. 


Our Free Book, “The Jewel Boxes of Dame Nature” 


explains the co-operative plan by which we establish your orchards for you 
on the fertile soil of our pecan plantations in Southwest Georgia—where 
pecans thrive best—even gathering and marketing your crops for you. A 
limited number of additional investors can share in this exceptional oppor- 
tunity by prompt action. ACT NOW —be among the fortunate ones who 
are planting their money where it grows. GET THAT BOOK TODAY. 


KEYSTONE 'PECAN CO. 


ANS 
MANHEIM & LANCASTER CO., PA. 


Reference, Keystone National Bank, Manheim, Pa. 


vs 


~ 


> 


= 
sa 


ee 


Hythe =) Peony wre 


ET RE RE SE SS . 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY, 


VOL. 28 


DECEMBER, 1922 


No. 348 


THE FIRE CALL OF THE NORTH WOODS 


By William T. Cox 


State Forester of Minnesota 


HERE is a tendency toward more fires in the 
woods. This is a fact which might as well be 
faced squarely. 

Years ago, when the old growth of timber covered 
the north country, fires were rather infrequent. But 
even then great areas were occasionally laid waste. 
The Indians were careful 
men had taken up their residence between the St. 
Croix and the Canadian boundary. That was then a 
land of dense forest, of swamp and marsh, lakes and 
winding streams. It seldom became dangerously > dry 
over large areas at the same time; and fires, when they 
did start, usually burned themselves out upon reaching 
moist ground, 

For a number of years past conditions have been 
changing. The fire danger is increasing. This is due 
to a number of causes. 
of the bulk of the virgin pine, often accompanied by 

XX 


First came the stripping off 


with fires and few white. 


small fires which killed the remaining mixed timber 
and left it to blow down and constitute further fuel 
for accidental fires. The opening of the forest gave 
freer play to the winds to dry the uplands. Settlers 
then came in, not in compact settlements, but widely 
scattered through the forest district; and wherever a 
settler’s clearing appeared* the danger of fire came with 
it. Roads were constructed, and the traveling public 
became a factor in the starting of fires, Hunters, 
fishermen, campers, berrypickers, all played a part. 


“All Seasons, Fire Seasons” 


There used to be two clearly defined fire seasons in 
Minnesota—spring and fall. The spring season came after 
the snow had gone and before fresh green vegetation had 
come out. The fall season occurred after frost had killed 
vegetation and the leaves had fallen. It lasted until snow 
came or until heavy rains had soaked the carpet of 
fallen leaves. Since the advent of dredges and ditch 


THE FIRE FIEND’S PATH—COMPLETE RUIN AND DESOLATION LIE IN THE WAKE OF THE UNLEASHED FURY OF 


THE RED SCOURGE. DESPPRATHE EFFORT TO CHECK THIS NEEDLESS WASTE 1S 


WHAT THE FIRE CALL FROM 


THE NORTH WOODS REALLY MEANS. 


708 AMERICAN 


bonds, however, there is but one fire season lasting 
from early spring until late fall. The green timber in 
the summer may be fairly safe from fire, but the 
deeply drained swamps and muskegs will burn when- 
ever ignited. Once afire, they will keep on burning 
unless thoroughly extinguished; here in an open area, 
there under a spruce or tamarack forest, now consum- 
ing only the mossy, surface peat, again perhaps under 
the ditch banks and not infrequently eating deeply into 
the over drained peat lands. Great burned holes and 
irregular shaped patches and winding caverns may 
replace what a week or two before was a splendid 
growth of timber or a huge meadow where a whole 
community cut hay. 


No Rest For The Rangers 


Only the men of the State Forest Service and the 
settlers affected, know in full what this long fire sea- 
son means. The strain, the uncertainty, the worry, 
the frantic. calls for help—hundreds and hundreds of 
them in ‘the course of a season; and most disturbing 
of all, a knowledge and appreciation of the country 
from which these calls come, and the dread of what, 
under certain conditions, might really happen. We 
know how fires act, what they can do, what they have 
done. Recall the tragedies of Hinckley, of Chisholm, 
of Baudette and the more recent ones of Moose Lake 
and Cloquet. 

No time is lost when fire calls come in. Sometimes 
they come in quick succession, from one place the re- 


FORESTRY 


port of a grass fire sweeping toward a settlement, 
from another word that a peat fire is spreading over a 
large bog and threatening ruin to many farms. Still 
other messages tellof brush and woodland fires spring- 
ing up in this township and that one, and over on 
Boulder Lake some cottages are in danger. Sometimes 
twenty calls reach a ranger’s office in a single day. 
When the drouth is unbroken, evaporation high, the 
hygrometer shows low humidity and the weather re- 
port mentions wind, there is no rest, no sleep, for the 
ranger and his men. 

‘Then, the fire plan for the district is a boon. The 
best emergency men are picked up and put in charge 
of the various fire crews so that the regular patrolmen 
can be used in a larger way on still other fires. From 
the plan also the best sources of equipment and sup- 
plies are ascertained. Rumors of the fires reach the 
press and newspapers begin calling up. Forest officers 
are trained to be conservative in their statements, but 
wild stories are almost sure to appear from some 
source. Then persons having relatives in the fire dis- 
tricts, or within fifty miles of the fires for that matter, 
become worried and begin wiring the Forester and the 
rangers. Tourists become alarmed and move out and 
a terrible suspense hangs over the whole state for 
fear a catastrophe is impending. 


How Drainage Increased the Hazard 


The greatest fire hazard of all came with the de- 
mand for drainage ditches. Starting in a small way a 


THE BITTER, GRUELLING WORK OF TRENCHING AHEAD OF A FOREST FIRE IN THE NORTH WOODS IN THE 


BATTLH AGAINST AN ONCOMING FIRB. 


ONLY THE MEN OF THE STATH FOREST SERVICH, AND THE SHTTLERS 


AFFECTED, KNOW WHAT THR STRAIN OF THE LONG FIRB SWASON RALLY MBANS. 


» 
. hy 
y 


@ 
y 
af 
i} 
i 


THE FIRE CALL OF THE NORTH WOODS 


709 


UTTER DESTRUCTION—GREAT, GAPING HOLES BURNED.IN THE LANDSCAPE REPLACE WHAT WAS, A WEEK OR 


TWO BEFORE, A BEAUTIFUL GROWTH OF FOREST. 


number of swamps were drained which helped to make 
available hay lands in territory where hay was not 
overly abundant. Soon other ditch projects were pro- 
moted, and then speculators and companies became in- 
terested for they had large areas of cheap swamp 
lands to sell. The presence of a ditch, whether of use 
or not, near these lands would help to sell them. The 
contractor who made money on one ditch was anxious 
to get further contracts; and other persons seeing 
what looked like quick, easy money circulated petitions 
for still more ditches until there developed what might 
well be called a “drainage orgy.” The craze has con- 
tinued up to the present time, and many millions of 
dollars have been sunk in the ground. As a result, 
some counties have become almost bankrupt and heavy 
taxes are making it hard for the bona fide settler. 

In some places drainage brought good results. In 
others, the good was balanced by harm done, and in 
still other large projects, apparently no good was ac- 
complished—while millions of dollars worth of pulp- 
wood and other timber were destroyed and township 
after township put in a most dangerous condition for 
fires. 


z The More People, the More Fires 


Incoming settlers are from the prairies, or from 
hardwood districts, and do not know the peculiar 
danger incident to the use of fire in pine or other pitch 
bearing forests. The splendid new roads are bringing 
thousands of tourists into the lake and forest country— 


THE URGENT CALL TO PREVENT THIS REPEATED SACRIFICE 
MUST AND WILL BE HEARD IN THE GREAT 


NORTH WOODS COUNTRY. 


and these visitors, ever so welcome, are at the same 
time an added danger to the woods for they drop 
burning cigarettes along peat road grades, and some- 
times leave camp fires unextinguished. Taking all 
these factors into consideration it is probable that con- 
ditions favor the starting of four or five times as 
many fires as used to occur ten or fifteen years ago. 
Moreover, since the drainage of so many swamps, the 
distance a fire will travel if left alone to burn itself 
out, has been increased several times. 

We are all familiar with the prompt response of the 
fire engines to a fire call in the city. Trained men and 
the best and most complete equipment, all maintained 
in the highest degree of efficiency, are demanded in a 
city fire department. Politics and inefficiency are not 
tolerated. Firemen are retained through long years of 
experience for human lives depend upon their work. 

The city of Minneapolis, with a few square miles of 
territory, spends over a million dollars a year for fire 
protection. The state of Minnesota, with 34,000 
square miles of forest hazard, appropriates but $125,000 
a year to protect hundreds of millions of dollars worth 
of standing timber, to preserve the lives and interests of 
its settlers, settlements, and the matchless scenic splendor 
of its lakes—the summer recreation ground of thousands 
of tourists: 

As but few members of the legislature live in, or near, 
the wooded area, it is not surprising that at legislative 
sessions the needs of this district are not properly under- 
stood and therefore not properly provided with the neces- 


710 AMERICAN 


sary appropriation for real protection. An appropriation 
of $125,000 looks large to the average legislator; and it 
is,—but it is woefully inadequate when the area to be 
covered and the immense values at stake are carefully 
considered. 


A Battle To Save Human Lives 


The great battle recently put up against forest fires 
has laid a heavy drain upon the Forestry Department’s 
resources. Already they face exhaustion, with the year 
not yet one-third gone. But the battle could not be 
stopped. It was a choice between letting Northern Min- 
nesota burn, or incurring these bills, and surely no one 
can conscientiously say that because we did not have suf- 
ficient available funds on 
hand that we should have 
refused to take proper steps 
to save not only property, 
but human lives. The mem- 
ary of the terrible 1918 
forest conflagrations is too 
fresh in our minds for even 
the most radical critics to 
take such a stand. 

Thus the State Service 
finds itself at the end of its 
rope, financially. It will main- 
tain the fight against fire as 
long as funds hold out, but 
it looks as though the first 
of the year will see us with- 
out money ; and, through the 
forced discharge of needed 
men, with a sorry force left 
to face an ever-threatening 
There being no 
funds, 


situation. 
additional available 
relief will have to await until 
the legislature meets in Janu- 
ary, when it is hoped that 
the present lamentable situa- 
tion, financially, will be re- 
lieved by speedy special ap- 
propriations. 


The Fire Department of the Forest 

The Forest Service with its rangers and patrolmen, 
paid from this limited fund, endeavors to maintain among 
the scattered settlements and villages and summer resorts 
and broad belts of wilderness, a*fire department of the 
forest. It is in general the same protective system as is 
followed i1 Sweden, Germany and other forest countries. 
It is the only system that has ever worked in forest pro- 
tection. The rangers and patrolmen have many duties in 
addition to fire prevention and control, but these other 
duties we shall pass over for the present. Thousands of 
fires, some along highways, some on the lake shores and 
many in remote parts of the forest have been fought and 
extinguished by rangers or under their direction. A 


A BIT OF THE OLD NORTH WOODS WHICH LUMBERING 
AND FIRE HAVE NOT REACHED. 


FORESTRY 


rather complete system of observation from lookout 
towers has been devised. (The air squadron of the Na- 
tional Guard is helping at the present time). Firebreaks 
have been constructed, slash disposal enforced, shelter 
cabins built, trails and portages cut out and other means 
of transportation developed. Rural fire brigades have 
been organized, fire fighting equipment obtained, im- 
proved and in some cases originated. 

Much educational work has been done among settlers, 
the majority of whom no longer look upon a running fire 
as beneficial, but view it in its true light as a danger, a 
menace, the most terrible curse of the north country. 
The railroads have been induced to organize little forest. 
services of their own under state supervision. Co-opera- 
tive fire protection .is ob- 
tained from the lumber com- 
panies and mining com- 
panies. Many townships 
and some counties have been 
persuaded to vote money to 
assist in fire control. What 
is of special importance an 
exceedingly competent force 
of men has been trained. 
Many convictions for viola- 
tions of the forest laws are 
obtained each year. All in 
all a thorough system of fire 
protection has been worked 
out. What it needs to make 
it more effective is more 
means. 


The Unheralded, Efficient 
Ranger 

Forest rangers go after 
any fire that starts, no mat- 
ter whether it is a smoulder- 
ing patch of peat only a 
yard across or a wide belt of 
flame sweeping the forest 
and threatening whole com- 
munities in its path. Even 
the worst fire can be fought 
with some degree of success ; 
if not in front at least at the edges to “narrow it in” or 
keep ‘it from spreading wider. Sometimes the rangers 
do heroic things, acts which in the army would bring 
decorations. But the rangers, patrolmen and other forest 
officers are quite content modestly to perform their some- 
times hazardous duties in saving life and property away 
back in the woods, on the edge of the wilderness. 

Many persons are of the opinion that forest fires are 
caused by some single agency, such as the railroads, * 
logging operators, fishermen, tourists or settlers burning 
brush. While as a matter of fact, all of these are re- 
sponsible—no one stands out as pre-eminently guilty. 
While the causes of forest fires vary somewhat from 
year to year, it has been found in Minnesota that about 


o~ 
ap 


4 
7 
-- 
~ 
; 


THE FIRE CALL OF 


thirty per cent of the fires are started by the railroads, 
twenty per cent by campers, tourists, fishermen and berry 
pickers, forty per cent by smokers, settlers and slash 


_burners and ten per cent by miscellaneous agencies. 


. Every year, hundreds and in some years thousands of 
fires spring up in Northern Minnesota from these causes 
and the fire call of the north woods goes out to the rest 
of the state. But it is the rangers and their fire-fighting 
organization which tells in the ensuing battles. During 
the two months* battle last summer, the forest service 
organization unaided extinguished 710 fires, the forest 
rangers aided by the National Guard, 30 fires, lumber 
company patrols and crew working under the direction of 
forest rangers, 50 fires and the National Guard unaided, 
8 fires. It was a bad season. Newspaper reports not- 
withstanding, the forest rangers were able to save all 
villages and all but six settler’s homes. Several thousand 
tons of hay, stacked in meadows were burned and the loss 
in standing timber, young and old, approximated a mil- 
lion to a million and a half dollars. Two hundred and 
fifty-two thousand acres are estimated to have been 
burned over, as follows: 


Acres 
St. Louis, Lake and Carleton Counties. 92,000 


PARTE COUNTY), ul. 25 oo 5.0% oe cies tree 20,000 
Cass, Crow Wing, Morrison and Mille 

At MCOMIMIOS 6. oo 0c x < estore ne 35,000 
iow Lake District... 2... os ess 70,000 
Koochiching County ...... ......... 15,000 
Mahnomen and Clearwater Counties.. 20,000 


This is classified as follows: 


Woodland and timber.......... 42,000 acres 
Brush and cut over land....... 42,000 “ 
Open dry bog and grass land....168,000 “ 


Meeting the Fire Call 


How is the yearly fire call from the north country to 
be met most effectually? Many and interesting are the 
suggestions made for doing away with the fire danger. 
Most of the measures proposed have been in effect for 
years, indicating that the parties making the suggestions 
have not been in touch with the work of the Forest 
Service. Some are unique, others simply preposterous. 
One man proposed to construct a series of firebreaks a 
quarter of a mile wide at intervals of every six miles, not 
realizing that this would require an initial expenditure of 


THE NORTH WOODS 711 


over one hundred million dollars to say nothing of the 
cost of keeping clear thereafter, or of the fact that such 
firebreaks would in nowise lessen the need for an efficient 
patrol force. Another idea frequently put forward is to 
clear a strip a mile wide around each village absolutely * 
clean of combustible material. This might be rather ef- 
fective, but it would be cheaper in most cases to move 
the villages. In other words, such an undertaking would 
be far beyond the means of the average village in the 
forest country. An asbestos screen has been proposed, 
which might be shifted like a drift fence and from which 
back-fires might be set! 

The turning over of fire control work to the commis- 
sioners of the various counties, to the National Guard or 
to a state constabulary, as well as other impracticable 
suggestions have been made by persons, no doubt in good 
faith, but with little if any knowledge of the complex 
problem that can be handled only by a highly trained and 
experienced force of real woodsmen. The training of a 
man for a city fire department requires much less time 
than to prepare one for fire work in the forest. 

There is only one way to prevent and control fires in 
the woods. That way has proved highly effective as far 
as means were provided to make it so. An adequate 
force of forest rangers and patrolmen selected and di- 
‘rected by'a trained forester, free from political influence, 
provided with proper equipment and actuated by a desire 
to preserve the forest with all its human habitations, its 
industries and its wild life is the answer. 


An appropriation of $415,000 for the fiscal year 1923 
is needed. This to employ a suitable force of men and 
to purchase necessary equipment. With the present ap- 
propriation of $125,000 the State has been able to obtain 
from co-operative agencies $300,000 more for fire control 
work. It is believed that by increasing the State appro- 
priation the co-operative agencies can be induced to -do 
still more. 

The Legislature will be asked to provide for control 
of the water level in existing ditches and to regulate the 
construction of ditches in new drainage projects, giving 
forestry as well as agriculture a voice in their approval. 

An amendment will be asked to the burning permit 
law, further restricting the issuance of permits. 

The educational campaign in forestry, and particularly 
in fire prevention, needs to be intensified and measures 
are contemplated with this object in view. 


Man -~ Caused Fires Are Preventable 
DO YOUR PART 


THE TRAIL AHEAD--HOW TO PUT FORESTRY 


By C. L. Harrington, Commissioner, 


VIRGIN PINE ON STATE LAND AT TROUL LAKE, WISCONSIN. THIS TIMBER IS 
WORTH $600 AN ACRE ON THE STUMP. 


IN THE NINETIES THE STATE OF WISCONSIN SOLD 32,000 ACRES OF ITS BEST PINE 
LAND, WITH TIMBER, FOR LESS THAN $10 AN ACRE, A FEW YEARS LATER THE 
TIMBER HAD BEEN CUT AND THE LAND LOOKED LIKE THIS. 


O understand the trail 

head in Wisconsin for- 
estry, one must have some 
knowledge of the trail be- 
hind. Forestry is not a new 
thing in this state. As early 
as 1867 a special commission 
was appointed under legisla- 
tive direction to inquire into 
the effects of forest destruc- 
tion on the watersheds of 
the streams of the state, and 
also on the effects of forest 
fires. This commission looked 
into these matters and left 
their impressions in a very 
interesting report,—interest- 
ing especially from present 
day development. Again in 
1898 a report was made on 
Wisconsin forest resources 
and problems. Not until 
1903, however, was there any 
materially important legisla- 
tion for forest protection en- 
acted, but in that year the 
State Board of Forestry was 
established and the first real 
efforts made to outline a 
forest policy. 


Supreme Court’s Fatal 


Decision 


From that time on until 
about 1913 a rather ambi- 
tious program was carried 
on, which included the pur- 
chase of lands for forest 
reserves, the establishment 
of a fire protective system, 
the construction of ranger 
stations, lookouts, trails, 
roads, nurseries, and the 
customary work of develop- 
ing a forest property. In 


1913, however, largely out of a series of misunderstandings and perhaps out of a too ambitious program 
on the part of the Forestry Board, difficulties began to arise and a very active opposition to the forestry plan 
arose. The whole matter was precipitated in an action before the Supreme Court, and in its opinion, handed 


IN WISCONSIN ON A SOUND BASIS 


Wisconsin Conservation Commission 


down in 1915, among other 
items of the greatest im- 
portance to the forestry 
cause, the court, declared 
that forestry as carried on 
by the state was a work of 
internal improvement, and 
as the state constitution pro- 
hibited such works it like- 
wise prohibited forestry 
practices by the state. 

It should be remembered 
in this connection that in 
1910 the State Constitution 
had been amended so as to 
authorize a state forest pro- 
gram, but in a review of this 
amendment the court de- 
clared that it had not been 
adopted legally and was con- 
sequently null and void. In 
this same decision declara- 
tion was made that the lands 
which had been purchased 
for forest reserve purposes 
could not be used primarily 
for such purposes, but or 
account of the fact that they 
had become confused with 
certain classes of government 
grant school lands they all 
had “the cast of school 
lands,” and were to be ad- 
ministered accordingly. Suf- 
fice it to say that there 
seemed little left of the for- 
estry program which had 
been started about 1903 after 
the matter had been thrashed 
out before the Supreme 
Court. 

At least 80% of the soil 
of Wisconsin is suitable for 
agricultural development. 
The southern portion of the 
State comprising abcut 15, 
000,000 acres, is a rich farm- 
ing region, practically sta- 
tionery as to cultivated areas 


m tit 
; re /s Be 
& 


a 29 


IN 1912 THE STATE BEGAN REFORESTIN G SOME OF ITS CUT-OVER LAND AROUND 
TROUT LAKE. THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN IN 1916, FOUR YEARS AFTER PLANTING, 


AND THIS, TAKEN IN 1922, TEN YEARS AFTER PLANTING, SHOWS THE TRANSFOR- 
MATION FROM PINE BARRENS TO PINE FOREST COMPLETE. 


from year to year. Northern Wisconsin, which embraces 20,000,000 acres, is undergoing the development of its 
agricultural lands. It has good roads, is well provided with railroad facilities, and is completely organized into 
town and county governmental units. There is no reason to believe that these northern counties will not follow, in 


714 AMERICAN 


the main, the same course of development as experienced 
by the Southern Wisconsin counties, which will make 
them in the near future a region primarily agricultural, 
but with a diversity of industrial and recreational activi- 
ties as well, for the opportunities furnished by the 
myriad of small lakes all through this region, the 
waterpower, facilities for shipping, etc., will be taken 
advantage of in an increasing way as the years go by. 


Pine That Ran Many Mills 

However, all the soil in the state is not of the high- 
est agricultural value. There are areas of sandy land 
of considerable extent that are not enjoying the posi- 
tive progress that is so noticeable on the heavier 
lands. In fact, many evidencés are at hand that on 
sandy jack pine plains an actual retrogression has 
taken place. Yet these same areas had once a stand 
of pine that ran many mills for many years, and their 
output of forest products now, dwindling as it is, still 
assists in turning the wheels of Wisconsin industries 
and provides bread and butter and some luxuries for 
Wisconsin citizens. And again, as we pass through 
our northern counties, we note areas that are rough 
and broken or stony, or lowlands along rivers. These 
areas, aggregating hundreds of thousands of acres, 
should also be devoted to producing timber for the 
state. 

There is an especial need for forestry in the devel- 
opment of Wisconsin, One can visualize the future 
development of the state as he thinks of the soils, the 
lakes, the rivers, the topography, the rocks and min- 
erals, transportation, and all other factors that go to 
form an economic whole. 
ily a land of fertile farms, with woodlands of varying 
sizes, producing the hardwoods for the state as a part 
of these farms; he sees the large areas of poorer soils 
managed as forest lands, and producing the softwoods 


needed by all farms and industries, and also serving. 


as great areas for the protection of all forms of wild 
life and for recreational purposes; he sees towns and 
cities surrounding “mills and factories; he sees the 
mineral resources, the water powers, the- recreational 
advantages developed; he sees the whole industrial, 
commercial and agricultural plan connected up with 
good road, railroad and water transportation, and at 
the door the great markets of the Middle West, and 
all the world for that matter, with the inevitable ad- 
vent of the deep waterways project. 

One of the first steps necessary to the permanent 
progress of forestry in Wisconsin, is to amend the 
State Constitution so that forestry: as carried on by 
the state may have legal: recognition.. This action is 
“naw .pending. A new constitutional amendment has 
been considered favorably by the last Legislature: It 
must be again’ submitted fo the next ‘Legislature, and 
_then to a popular referendum. ©The sentiment on the 
‘part of Wisconsin citizens should carry this amendment 
through to a successful conclusion. 

The trail ahead also shows us the vital need for 


He sees Wisconsin primar-. 


FORESTRY 


fire protection, particularly on those soils of low fer- 
tility upon which the bulk of our softwood supplies 
will eventually be grown. This part of the program 
is also under way and, thanks to the Weeks Law, we 
have been able to make considerable progress. On_ 
the heavier lands, where active settlement progresses, 
the need for intensive fire protection is not so pronounced. 
The northern counties have a diminishing forest fire 
tisk, as that region becomes broken up by cleared 
fields, roads and general settlement, but on the sandy — 


plains where, comparatively, no settlement is occurring, — 


the risk from fires is still pronounced. On these sandy 
jack and Norway pine plains, with early drying out in 
hot weather, a heavy ground cover of sweet fern and 
small plants, fires spring up most rapidly and burn 
most fiercely, and consequently added protection for 
them is most urgently needed. 

We also see the need on the trail ahead of bringing 
the present state lands, which were purchased specific- 
ally for forest reserve purposes, out from under “the 
cast of school lands,” in order that they may be man- 
aged entirely as state forests, game refuges, and rec- 
reational property. 


Where the Farmer Needs Help 


On the trail ahead we may also discern the farmer 
as the chief owner of forest producing Iand in the 
state. His holdings are in small lots. Each farm has 
some wood land. He is saying that the state furnishes 
experts for bees, tobacco, cranberries, and every other 
farm crop, to influct as to correct and up-to-the-minute 
cultural and eting practices, but as for his tim- 
berland, which in the aggregate e@mposes a greater 
acreage than any cultivated crop, but little is done. 
We see that there is a- distinct need for more activity 
in informing the farmer, as the greatest owner of 
forest producing land, present and future, that the 
state possesses, as to the fundamentals of woodlot 
management and the measuring and market, of 
‘woodlot products. : 

On the trail ahead are growing many millions of 
young trees, indicating that the state especially can 
well afford to become interested in stimulating the 
culture of desirable native forest trees on private es- 
tates, along the highways, and on the land owned by 
the state itself. This work is also under way and bids 
fair to fit in very effectively with efforts. to simulate 
the farmer to plant and protect forest trees for his 
own personal gain, and incidentally for the good of 
the community. 

Persistent educational efforts, legal recognition of 
forestry as a legitimate state activity, the disentangle- 
ment of the state land problem, carrying a knowledge 
of timberland management to the farmer, and the 
stimulation of tree ctlture on the part of land owning 
citizens, so that barren highways, estates, lake and 
river shores, etc., may be planted up, will gradually 
but inevitably put forestry and forest replacement on 
a sound and adequate basis in Wisconsin. 


THE PICTURE THAT WALKED 


A STORY OF A MICHIGAN LUMBER TOWN THAT WENT DEAD AND WHAT HAPPENED WHEN 
RUBE POTTLE GOT A VISION 


By Harold Titus 


Author of “Timber” 


ey BEN the Company finished its cut, junked the saw- 
mill and pulled out for the southern pineries, Blue- 
berry, Michigan, went completely to pot. 

No one had foreseen this calamity—unless it was Rube 
Pottle. No one had had any definite idea that the tim- 
ber would ever be exhausted and Michigan timber towns 
left stranded by the receding economic tide—unless it 
was Rube Pottle. Every man who had established a 
business in the community had done exceedingly well. 
Small capital started an enterprise; the boys were good 
spenders ; high profits ruled; the picking was good. . . 
until the last feather came off and left the business bird 
as bare as the once timbered hills which the Company 
had stripped. 

No one had saved a great deal, either. They were 
mostly young men, with the improvidence of the pioneer 


Of course, the scavengers were left. Cedar camps 
were established in the swamps; a shingle mill ran the 
year around down by the big sawdust pile; some Norway 
and sap pine remained; here and there tar paper farm 
houses and wire fences appeared in the back country and 
hopeful young farmers or hopeless old ones came to 
town to do their meager trading. It kept the breath of 
life in Blueberry. That was all. 

“Where there’s life there’s hope,” growled Art Bisbee, 
the clothing man as the boys sat in front of the station 
waiting for Number Nine one May evening. 

“And where there’s danged little life there’s danged 
little hope,” said Mel Corbin, the shoe man. 

“Movin’ any land, Rube?” asked McIntyre, the hard- 
ware dealer. 

They looked at Pottle who sat on the baggage truck, 


Bee rt Ot) 


“HE HAD BEEN WATCHING OTHER TOWNS THAT HAD HAD THE PROPS KNOCKED OUT FROM UNDER THEM.” 


generally characteristic. They had staked their all in 
Blueberry, encumbered themselves with families and 
taken root in the community. And then when the big 
burner went cold and the carriage stopped and the mill 
fell silent there was something funereal in the air and in 
the hearts of those men. 

Blueberry had boasted four thousand people once. A 
year after the mill shut down its population was cut in 
half; in two more, abandoned houses were commencing 
to warp and sag, just as the spirit of those who had been 
forced to hang on for lack of means to get out, was 
warping and sagging. Half the stores on Main street 
were empty of stocks and the rest were empty of cus- 
tomers too much of the time to keep alarming quantities 
of red ink out of the various ledger balances. 


squinting off at a red glow in the night where smoke had 
been rising for a day or two. 

“Two forties on twenty-seven last week,” said Rube. 
“Tt ain’t so bad. Them dudes that fished here ’re comin’ 
back in June an’ say they'll bring a big bunch with 
em. That fire, now, she’d ought to be put out.” 

Corbin raised his eyes toward the soft glow. 

“Tet her burn,” he mumbled. “Makes it easier to 
clear. Farmers, not dudes, is what this town needs.” 

Now, Rube Pottle, who had run the boarding house, 
was the last real representative of the Company left in 
Blueberry. He still ran the boarding house, but was 
designated as Land Agent and his real job was to take 
the prospective settlers, who were sent in by a coloniza- 
tion company, and sell off the cut-over land to them. It 


AMERICAN 


“THE 


FACT THAT EVERY 


INTO THEIR CONSIDERATION.” 


was on his activities that the low hopes of the little group 
of stranded men were hinged and Rube had become pecu- 
He started out on his 
new job with all the old vigor he had had when Blueberry 


liarly unsatisfactory in his actions. 


was a good town, but somehow he was losing his push. 
He failed to enthuse now over land sales as he had in the 
He spent a lot of time with the stray dudes 
who came to stay at the boarding house and fish-the 
Blueberry or shoot partridges or try for some. of the 
few deer left in the valley. He dealt in fur in the winter 
time. He seemed to be worried whenever a slash fire 
ran over the country, even when no settler’s buildings 
were in danger. 


beginning. 


Another two years, and it was five since the mill fell 
silent. Rube had sold a good many forties those first 
three years; in the fourth he sold fewer, in the fifth, 
scarcely any at all. It made the boys uneasy. 
were getting no better in a hurry. 


Things 
Hoskins, the grocer, 
had accounts that ran into thousands on his books from 
these new settlers and instead of blaming it on the early 
September frost of this year or 


INSOLVENT SETTLER WAS A LIABILITY DID 


FORESTRY 
a fighting a slash fire that was 
simply clearing the land. . And 


that spring, instead of staying 
on the job, he had been roam- 
ing around over the state look- 
ing at other sections, watching 
other lumber towns that had 
had the props knocked from 
under them. He had _ been 
caught reading books about 
fishing and hunting, too, when 
he should have been hustling. 

“He'll probably be buying 
one of these-here new gas 
wagons pretty soon, so’s he 
can travel more,” opined Mel. 

They made the letter pretty 
strong, trying to convince the Company that it owed the 
region something and them something and itself some- 
thing. Back came a three-line letter referring them to 
R. Pottle, their Land Agent, and stating that they were 
forwarding the complaint to Mr. Pottle. 

Of course, the boys didn’t feel-quite right about that. 
Rube was one of them, even if he was getting queer. 
They didn’t want to hurt him, they decided. But the 
next morning when they saw him spend two hours getting 
a party of six fishermen established and on their way up 
the stream for the day while three prospective settlers— 
one of them with his family, too—hung around, the boys 
didn’t feel quite so, guilty over that letter. . . . 

A week went On and Rube never batted an eye, but 
one night when the four, along with Hogan, the black- 
smith, and the station agent were gathered in Bisbee’s 
clothing store, Pottle came in. 

*°Lo, Rube.” 

“°Lo, boys.” 

“Drivin’ dudes today?” 


NOT ENTER 


the five rainless weeks of the 


summer before, he somehow 
blamed it on Rube. 

So, with Bisbee and Corbin 
and MclIntyre. . They could 
do a lot of agreeing in an 
evening by a stove, those four. 


If Rube would only get busy 


and ‘sell. more forties and 
bring in more families there 
would “be a better chance of 


making a go-of the town, they 
argued. The fact that every 
insolvent settler was a liability 
lid not enter their considera- 
tion. 
One night they framed a 
letter. to the Company, com- 
plaining about Rube, who was 
then off 


somewhere with a 


“A DEADLY 


few men and a team.or two 


LAND WITH LITTLE 


WILD LIFE AND NO BEAUTY.” 


THE PICTURE THAT WALKED 


“Yup. Fishin’s fallin’ off.” 

“Darned river’s fished to death.” 

Rube took a chew and nodded. He thought a moment. 

“Ye-s, she’s fished hard; fished to death. Mind 
that branch of Killdog back in the-elm stretch where we 
used to catch them big ones? Huh? By darn, if a fire 
didn’t run through there last fall and lick up everything 
clean: Makes it good fishin’ fine fishin’ ; them fly 
fishermen never gets hung up. Only, they ain’t any 
fish left in it, not to amount to anything. tan 

Everybody was bored. Here was Rube, the asander. 
and they wanted to talk settlers to him and he was only 
interested in fish and fire and tourists. 

And then he popped this at them: 

“Got a letter from th’ Company today.” The mood of 
the group tensed. “Yup, a real, long letter, th’ one I’ve 
been expectin’ for a year an’ more. They’re goin’ to 
stop sellin’ this cut-over land to settlers.” 

An instant of terrible silence. 


“THE TOWN HAD CHANGED. 


AN ICE-CREAM PARLOR RIGHT UNDER THE HOME BOYS’ 


“Stop?” exploded Mel Corbin. 

Rube nodded. “Stop. It’s worse’n sellin’ poisoned 
candy to kids, boys. The land growed pine and she won’t 
grow another darned thing! She dries out in summer, 
she frosts late in spring an’ early in fall. God didn’t 
mean it to be farmed.” 

Consternation ; discussion. 

A moan finally escaped McIntyre. 
berry,” he said and rose. 

Rube was whittling on a sliver, then, and he hadn’t 
appeared to hear all the hard things that were said about 
the Company and the innuendoes against him until Bisbee 
rose abruptly and started home. Then Pottle spoke. 

“Oh, Art!” 

“Well, what now ?”—irritably. 

“Don’t rush off. I got somethin’ to show you boys.” 
He folded his knife and rose, hitching up his pants. 
“Once, when I was in Saginaw, I seen a fella in a store 
window paintin’ pictures. Lightnin’ artist, they called 


“That finishes Blue- 


717 


him, an’ he sure was that! I watched him a long time 
an’ I’m goin’ to practice on you with what I learnt... . 
Now up here, you see,”—gesturing to the emptiness be- 
fore him—‘“I got a easel an’ a frame with cloth on it on 
the easel. Back here’s my paint pots;.in thjshand’s the. 
dingus with paint smeared onto,it, an’ in this hand I 
hold my brush. Now watch ae 
Of course, all the boys thought Rube had gone dotty. 

For days after that imaginary picture painting they 
would laugh at the absurdity of the thing despite the 
hopelessness which was in the heart of each man. Old 
Rube had gone off the handle, for sure! Painting pic- 
tures! And that kind! When everybody knew that 
towns like Blueberry lived on two things: forests and 
farms. The forests were gone, the farms didn’t amount 
to much, but Rube had-talked the Company into giving 
up any attempt to make them amount to enough to sup- 
port the town. And when they had tried to talk back to 
him and show him where he was wrong, he had said: 


SOMEBODY BOUGHT A TUMBLED DOWN HOUSE. A STRANGER CAME IN AND OPENED 
NOSES.” 


“Look at your bills payable and see how the settlers 
are makin’ it. Look at yourselves and see what chance 
you’ve got to move. You’re sunk, every one of you. 
I’m sunk, too. Blueberry’s sunk sunker than 
sunk ! Then look at my picture!” He had 
waved his arm at the imaginary easel before him and 
laughed. 

Well, Rube had been right about the land. It wouldn’t 
work up into farms.. One by one the settlers pulled out, 
leaving bills and hopes behind. A big outfit leased graz- 
ing rights for five years. One year their sheep and 
cattle did very well for a few weeks. At the 
end of five years they had sold off the stock and turned 
the ranch buildings into a private fishing and hunting 
club 

The buildings in Blueberry began to tumble down. 
The cedar was gone, by then. The stores: were smaller 
and dingier and less prosperous. Of course, the hard- 
ware store was keeping alive by its stock of tackle 


718 AMERICAN 


and ammunition; Bisbee did a little business with the 
tourists in sports clothing; the blacksmith shop had be- 
come a garage, but the roads were bad. 


But every now and then Rube Pottle, a little thinner, 
a trifle grayer, would pop in on one of his erstwhile 
cronies to put a little touch of paint on the picture, as he 
called it. They were too disgusted to chase him off, in 
the beginning ; after a while it was sort of funny, watch- 
ing his predictions go wrong. Of course, now 
and then he was right. About the automobiles, for 
instance. Pee 

“But you'll never make it a resort town,” McIntyre 
argued doggedly. “They'll go up the lake shore where 
it’s cool; they want this-here golf and tennis and fine 
hotels.” 


“Sure,” agreed Rube. “But here’s th’ Blueberry, an’ 


FORESTRY 


Oh, yes; about that road. First it was just a grade; 
then gravel and with the gravel more automobiles came, 
stringing along from May until snow. It made the 
garage a busy place. It made Old Rube tear down the 
boarding house and put up a new place, the Blueberry 
Inn. Crazy Old Rube built her of logs and stained 
shingles and to make it modern and up-to-date like city 
folks were used* to, he heated the downstairs with fire 
places and made the dining-room look like a cook 
shanty. «3.0. 

Now, why did they come? They came because the 
Blueberry drawing life now from a forested instead of a 
fire-swept land, offered what they wanted. It stayed cold, 
it kept an even flow and made a happy home for trout; 
the feeders ran back into green swamps where fire had 
not ravaged; it kept itself stocked because so many of 


there’s the those feeders 
swamps. . were unfish- 
By th’ way, able. Those 
th’ Company’s tourists came 


hired a_ fella 
who knows a 
lot about trees. 
Forester, they 
call him.” 

Mac simply 
grunted and 
stared into the 
street and 
wished that he 
could get out 
of Blueberry. 
Ten years, of 
just running 
behind ! But 
he couldn’t get 
out. 

“ Forester, ” 
repeated Rube. 
“Little more 
green, Mac!” 
And he made 
a gesture, as if 
wielding a brush. 


Indeed, a little more green. Down the line, out of the 
Company holdings, the country had become barren, its 
young growth was cut down annually by fire, its stream 
lay sluggish or rushing and roiled as bald ridges shed 
their rain; a deadly land with little wild life and no 
beauty. But up here for a dozen miles each 
way along the main line, Old Rube had kept her green. 
Nobody paid much attention to him. He had had himself 
appointed fire warden and used to spend some Company 
money for equipment and men and once they heard that 
he had even hired some boys to sit in tall trees and watch 
Still, she 
That second growth pine 


for smoke. Foolishness, of course. 
was getting green. 


Was coming along. 


for the fishing. 
And they put 
up grouse that 
had refuge in 
good cover as 
they went in 
and out of the 
stream, and the 
grouse— grow- 
ing fewer in 
other, burned- 


over parts — 
called them 
back in Octo- 


ber. They saw 
deer now and 
then, and the 
deer held them 
over until No- 
vember. Three 
years after the 
Blueberry | Inn 
was built, Rube 
had to put on two more wings and widened the cook 


shanty so he could seat thirty more people at a meal. 
The natural play grounds of the people in other parts of 
the state were burning up, settling up. Blueberry, green 
and filled with life, was unique, indeed! 

Other things happened. Everybody didn’t stay at the 
Inn. They camped. They bought lodge sites and put up 
cabins, and one day Rube ambled through Main street 
adding another dab to his picture. He’d sold a piece of 
land to a farmer. Yes, sir! That Dark Creek bottom. 
“Good soil, there,” said Rube. “Berries and milk and 
vegetables for the dudes!” In three years after thet first 
little truck farm was established a dozen were scattered 
along the creek bottoms where spots of good soil showed. 
They had a market at hand for their specialties, and the 


Photograph by the State Forester. 
THE TOURISTS CAME NOW BECAUSE THE BLUEBERRY, WITH FORESTED SHORES, 
OFFERED WHAT THEY WANTED. 


oni hati) DO J 


“4 


THE PICTURE THAT WALKED 


sons of the men who bought that low land stayed home 
in summer to help the old folks and stuck around in 
winter because the price of fur had gone away up and 
because the unburned swamps along the river were get- 
ting full of rats and mink and foxes. 

The town had changed. Somebody bought a tumble- 
down house and made a summer cottage of it. Others 
followed. A stranger came in and opened an ice cream 
store right under the home boys’ noses; another started 
a bakery. Mclatyre’s oldest boy went into the curio 
business and spent his winters rounding up squaws who 
had not forgotten their tribal arts. His place was a 
corker, the tourists said. The clothing store put in a 
big-town front. McIntyre was making more money out 
of tackle and ammunition than he ever had out of hard- 
ware. The grocery stocks—Haskins had lots of competi- 
tion by then—were filled with unheard-of stuff. There 
was a movie house and two doctors and a dentist and a 
bvok-store. . . . Well, Blueberry was a better town 
than it ever had been. 

Only now and then did it go dead. Absolutely, posi- 
tively dead. That was when the big bell over the fire 
house rang and the speed truck with its equipment ran 
out. Then store doors slammed and Fords trailed the 
truck out of town, into the cut-overs, and the banker— 
sure, there was a bank—and doctors and merchants 
sweat and swore and worked until the menace was de- 
stroyed. Why shouldn’t they? Their town was built 
on forest fire prevention. 

Rube Pottle was an old man. Tw 
the Company pulled out. Twenty yeat§ since he painted 
his picture. He carried a cane, then, sbecatise of those 
hard days fightingyslash fire alone, likely. A gold-headed 
cane, given to him by the Company, along with a lot of 
other things. He came out of the Company’s building— 
the three-story, brick one on the corner. He had just 
been talking with the Company’s chief forester. He 
walked three blocks past comfortable residences and 
thrifty stores. He stopped and looked down the hill to 
the river. There stood the shell of a mill, weather-beaten. 
Some men were working on it. He smiled and lifted his 
old eyes to the hills. They were blue-green that morn- 
ing oh, so green! the pine crowns waved 
gently in the autumn breeze. 

He went into Bisbee’s, where Art’s oldest boy was 
running the business and found Art. 

“Lo, Rube.” 

“Mornin’, Art.” Pause. Rube scratched his chin. 
“Jest come in to put on a little more paint.” Art was 
puzzled. He had not heard that phrase for years; then 


y-five years since 


he remembered and grinned. “Yup, paint,’ went on 
Rube. “Th’ Company’s comin’ back.” 

“Back! Rube, you’re crazy!” 

“So’s been said before, several times. But. they’ll 


open their camps this winter. 
now. They’re goin’ to start thinnin’ their pine out, Art. 
Pulp, excelsior, lath, mebby some little box lumber. . . 
They'll start her this fall an’ she’ll go on forever. 
Least, that’s what th’ forester tells me. . . .” 

Art scratched his head and grinned again. 


719 


“By gosh!” he said, under his breath. “By gosh! 
Company comin’ back to operate! We got the best town 
in the state to live in! We got our own kind of farms; 
we got jobs for the boys in winter; we got a bigger 
average population than we had in the old days; we got 
more money ’n we ever had; business is always good 
because that tourist crop never fails. By gosh, 
Rube, that darn-fool picture you painted that night outa 
nothin’ just naturally stepped right out of her frame and 
walked !” 


They’re rebuildin’ th’ mill ; 


THE ROTHROCK MEMORIAL 

In the November issue, AMERICAN FoRESTRY 
published a notice of the movement looking to the 
placing of a bronze Memorial Tablet in the Depart- 
ment of Forestry in the Pennsylvania State Capitol 
Building at Harrisburg, commemorating the services 
of Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock, who so faithfully 
and efficiently served and promoted the forestry 
interests of our, country throughout his lifetime. 
The project is in the hands of a Committee com- 
posed of representatives of the State Forestry De- 
partment of Pennsylvania,—Dr. H. S. Drinker, 
Major R. Y. Stuart, Colonel H. W. Shoemaker, 
Mr. George W. Wirt, and Prof. Joseph S. Illick. 

Ls ie and admirers of Dr. Rothrock, who de- 
sire aid in the’ erection of this memorial, which 
itis estimated will cost $1,500.00, should mail their 
contributions to Dr. H. S. Drinker, Chairman of 
Committee, Merion, Montgomery County, Pennsyl- 
vania. The following is the proposed tablet in- 
scription, which is to be headed by a medallion 
portrait of Dr. Rothrock to be modelled by the 
eminent sculptor, Dr. Robert Tait McKenzie, of 
the University of Pennsylvania. 


To 
JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK 
Born April 9, 1839; Died June 2, 1922. 
Patriot, Soldier, Pioneer, Forester, Botanist, Sports- 
man, Physician, Educator, Author, Public Servant, 
Distinguished Citizen, Loving™ Husband and 
Father. 

The Father of Forestry in Pennsylvania 
First Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania 
Active and Devoted Member of the Pennsylvania 
State Forest Commission from 1893 until his death 
M. D., University of Pennsylvania, 1867 
Professor of Botany at Pennsylvania State College 
and later at the University of Pennsylvania 
A leader in the Conservation of our Forests and 
Streams 
One of the Founders and a life-long Member and 
Officer of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association 
Vice President of the American Forestry Association 
Honorary Member of the Society of American 
Foresters 
Founder and Promoter of the State Forest Academy 
and of the Mont Alto Sanatorium 
In his life he exemplified the typical traits and vir- 
tues of American manhood, and in his death he left 
us the memory and example of one who embodied 
in his character and life, “Whatsoever things are 
true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things 
are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things 

are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report.” 


From His Friends 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BEFORE THE OPPORTUNITY IS GONE FOREVER, PUBLIC SPIRITED CITIZENS OF WISCONSIN ARE WORKING TO 
A SPACIOUS CORNER OF THE STATE, THE FINEST OF ITS NATURAL PLAYGROUNDS AND WHERE THE OLD 
JNSIN MAY STILL BE SEEN AND ENJOYED BY THE SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF THE NEW. THIS IS OND OF 

THE MANY BEAUTY SPOTS IN THE PROPOSED NORTHERN LAKES PARK. 


A BIT OF OLD WISCONSIN 


By Asa 


K. Owen 


President, Wisconsin Lakes and Parks Association 


ARD driven, in the distracting haste of modern 

development, we easily forget. We scarce can 
realize that, within the span of lives as yet unended, 
there spread across our Northern Stafes, for near a 
thousand miles,-a great, unbroken forest, one of the 
wonders of the world. Nowhere, through all this vast 
expanse, stood timber more majestic, or of finer qual- 
ity, than that within the borders of Wisconsin. 


The writer, not yet old, has talked with men who 
helped to blaze the early trails, avenues of our present 
commerce. Before them, our lakes and rivers were 
the pathways of the fur trade, of the Indian and the 
voyageur, our woodlands trodden only by the hunter 
and the trapper. Behind them came the lumbermen, 
imagining the supply would never end, slashing, burn- 
ing and wasting, taking only the choicest, in compe- 
tition on a glutted market, a market which meant, in 
fairness, not alone added employment, but cheap ma- 
terials for the building of the then new West. 


And the wonderful forests of old Wisconsin, like 
those of other states, went down before the needs of 
the people, and are today well nigh exhausted. Only 
a few scattered tracts, of comparatively meager extent, 
haunted by a harried wild life, now remain, and these 
last remnants unless something be dOhe to stay, in 


part, their destruction will, within a few more years, 
likewise have gone the way of the ax and gun. 


That is why, beginning a little less than two years 
ago, a movement has been growing here in Wisconsin, 
as similar movements have grown in New York, Minne- 
sota, South Dakota, California and other states, and 
in connection with the setting aside of our national 
parks, to save, intact, for ourselves and our children, 
some distinctive bits of our unspoiled best, to typify 
the land that was. 


Of recent years, about most of our surviving beauty 
spots, the more alert and fortunate have built their 
summer homes, and erected, almost too frequently, at 
each approach, the warning, 
Out.” And: so we are working to secure, first and 
foremost, before the opportunity be forever gone, one 
spacious corner of the State, the finest of our natural 
playgrounds, where creatures of the wild may still find 
sanctuary, where the old Wisconsin may still be seen 
and enjoyed by the sons and daughters of the new, and 
where the lame, and the halt, and all but the blind, 
may read, throughout the years to come, the welcome, 
“Public Preserve—Come In.” 


“Private Grounds—Keep 


This, in a few words, is the meaning of the cam- 
paign, which has attracted wide attention, to save the 


it aiie et 


DOWN THROUGH ONE SIDE OF THE NORTHERN LAKES PARK AREA WINDS THE HISTORIC FLAMBEAU, WHICH 
OPENED A NEW VISION TO THE HARLY EXPLORERS AND WHICH HAS CARRIED ON ITS BROAD BOSOM IN YEARS 


GONE BY UNTOLD MILLIONS OF WHITE PINE LOGS. 


IN THE FALL OF THE YEAR ITS FLAMING WALLS OF GOLD 


AND CRIMSON SUGGEST THE ORIGIN OF ITS NAME. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


yy 


STRUNG ALONG THE SHIFTING BED OF A GREAT PRE-GLACIAL RIVER AND SEPA- 
RATED HERE AND THERE BY ROLLING MORAINES LIES A CHAIN OF SPRING-FED 
LAKES, FOURTEEN IN- ALL, BACH A GEM IN ITS OWN--RIGHT. TRAILS, MANY OF 


THEM FIRST WORN BY THE RED MEN, RISE AND DIP AND WIND IN ALL DIRECTIONS. 


forested lake and river region, 
situated in central upper Wis- 
consin, and known as 
Northern Lakes Park. 

Of the details of that work 
it is not yet time to tell. It is 
a pioneer movement in our 
State, the entering wedge for 
better things to come. Once 
become the property of the 
State and opened up for use, 
the multitudes who pleasure 
there, healing the wounds of 
city strain and farm, will be 
quickened in their love for the 
forests—the real forests which 
the great majority have never 
seen—and, learning what for- 
ests mean to us, will be tight- 
ened in the determination that 
Wisconsin shall no longer lag 
behind her sisters to the east 
and west in tackling the forest 
renewal problem, and, knowing 
that the job ‘should and must 
be done, in doing it well. 

To date forestry in Wiscon- 
sin has been marking time. It 
took the automobile, and the 
highways it opened and im- 
proved, to bring to us from the 
lower states a first apprecia- 
tion of the value of our timb- 
ered shore lines. With thou- 
sands of lakes, whose frontage 
exceeds in total mileage our 
Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, 
we, of the Lake States, are 
awakening to the future, as 
well as present, value of our 
northland as the playground for 
half a nation. A realization of 
the occasional need of escape 
from the growing stress of 
modern life, to the health giv- 
ing freedom and recreation of 
the open, is unlocking the door, 
where the eye for the profits 
of the moment had left it 
closed, showing us the way to 
an annual, permanent return, en- 
tirely legitimate and to the 
larger profit of all concerned. 

And in this natural park this 
unmarred bit of the north our 
fathers won, age-old 
trees rank all horizons and 


the 


where 


A BIT OF OLD WISCONSIN 723 


peaceful waters gleam and 
glisten, we have a most im- 
portant asset, surely destined 
to be famous. 

Down through one side of 
the area for miles winds the 
historic Flambeau which opened 
a new vision to the early ex- 
plorers and which has carried 
on its broad bosom» in years 
gone by untold millions of 
white pine logs, fitly named, 
one would think, in the fall of 
the year, for its flaming walls 
of gold and crimson. Beside 
it, strung along the shifting 
bed of a great pre-glacial river 
and separated here and there 
by rolling moraines, lies a chain 
of spring-fed lakes, fourteen in 
all, each a gem in its own right. 
No black burned stumps offend 
the eye, no gash or scar. The 
sentinel pine, the soft fronded 
hemlock and all the sturdy 
northern hardwoods, the cedar. 
spruce and balsam, bend as of 
centuries ago above beaches of 
clean sand and waters clear as 
crystal. Springs and streams 
are everywhere. Trails, many 
of them first worn by the red 
men, rise and dip and wind in 
all directions. All this within 
boundaries compact yet wholly 
ample. 

Until recently inaccessible, 
well graded highways have at 
last entered its portals and, 
once acquired, a few miles of 
driveway and the laying out of 
public camp grounds, bathing 
beaches and other facilities, 
will open it to all. We are 
working against time to bring 
this about, for the loggers have 
reached its borders, and only 
the generous support of the 
press and a fast growing senti- 
ment that the thing must be 
accomplished, has kept it as it 
is. That it will be saved as an- 
other link in the chain of great 


public playgrounds, from East 


to West, seems certain. WHEN THE COLORINGS OF AUTUMN WERE BRIGHTEST, THE’ AUTHOR VACATIONED, 
Just a f ke hil FOR A PURE GOLD WEEK, IN THE PARK, CANOEING DOWN THE RIVER AND UP 
St a few weeks ago, WHUE mH LAKES, CARRYING THE FEW SHORT PORTAGHS, FISHING, PHOTOGRAPHING 


the colorings of autumn were AND SHELTERING AT NIGHT WITH ONLY THE STARS TO SEE. 


72 ; AMERICAN 


brightest, the author of this humble homily, with the 
patient one who shares his few ups and many downs, 
vacationed, for a pure gold week, in the park, canoeing 
down the river and up the lakes, carrying the few short 
portages, fishing, photographing and sheltering under a 
tent at night, “with only the stars to see.” It was an old 
story, in a way, and yet it was always a new pleasure 
to see the deer standing on the shores and in the shal- 


THE 
AND 
CEDAR, 
CENTURIES 


SENTINEL PINE, THE SOFT FRONDED HEMLOCK 
ALL THE STURDY NORTHERN HARDWOODS, THE 
SPRUCE AND BALSAM BEND AND SIGH, AS OF 
AGO, IN THIS UNMARRED BIT OF THE 
NORTH. NO BLACK STUMPS OFFEND THE EYE—NO 
GASH OR SCAR. 


lows, watch. us with inquisitive eyes, or startled beside 
the trails, retreat to stop and gaze; to step into the 
midst of a flock of partridges, strutting and unafraid: 
to listen, in the ghostly silence of the moonlit solitudes 
and sense the busy movements of the life about, the 
mink, the otter and the fox, the muskrat and the 
beaver: to hear the quavering call of. the loon, the 


FORESTRY 


splash of the fish and the squalling hoot of the great 
owl—all as in the days when the only habitation was 
a tepee, when the worn top of the desk upon which 
this is written was potent in a seed not yet dropped to 
the ground. 


Some day books may be big enough to tell what 
this wilderness unfolds to its intimates, but not until 
paper is made of something more common than wood 
pulp. 

Not long ago a lumberman told me that he believed 
in what he called the theory of forestry, but that, in 
America, conditions are not yet ripe for it—said that 
it pays in Europe because their timber is of greater 
value. And as he talked he pulled from his pocket 
a box of Swedish matches, which had come across the 
water to sell in competition with our product, to light 
his cigar. I wondered how their values could be higher, 
when the forests of this country are sharing their mar- 
ket and meeting with their competition here. I thought 
there must be something interesting about their system, 
there where they dream that forestry is an established 
fact, not alone a theory, and that practising horse sense 
thrift beats sudden exploitation. Of course, he knows 
his business,-and I, who only love the woods, do not. 


This was supposed to be the story of the Northern 
Lakes Park—and it is. You who are aware that, so 
far as concerns our timber, we have scooped almost to 
the bottom of the barrel, may wish us well, here in 
Wisconsin, where we have been fighting the desires 
and the misun@erstandings of some for the sake of all, 
blazing the way toward preservation of our shaded 
shorelines, and, so far as may be, return of beauties 
lost, the cloaking again, in God’s green mantle, of 
roadsides, plains and hills, stretching the hand of for- 
est husbandry to our barren acres, that once again that 
crop may grow unscathed. 


Those who would keep the enjoyment of the beau- 
tiful may well join hands with you who would perpet- 
uate a timber supply. Those who would cherish a hem 
of that garment are one in purpose with you who 
would stay from needless waste, and regain that most 
necessary resource. 


Thoreau said, “In wildness is the preservation of the 
world.” “He was right. We are at stake, as well as 
the trees. We must not permit ourselves to run to 
seed in plowing and merchandising, and pulling and 
hauling and mauling for the sake of dollar and penny 
profits. We must keep, as a safe anchor to windward, 
near to us, the inspiration of things unmarred, as a 
kind creator made them. Robert Louis Stevenson put 
it better, when he said that “It is not by any means 
certain that a man’s business is the most important 
thing he has to do.” Anyway, not the business that 
keeps us in a rut of selfishness. and chains us to the 
commonplace. 


HENRY FORD’S FOREST 


By Ovid M. Butler 


Forester, American Forestry Association 


ty THE upper peninsula of Michigan, where there are 
still some long stretches of wooded landscape, Henry 
Ford has acquired a forest of several hundred thousand 
acres. It is a good-game country, as game in that part 
of the state goes, but Mr. Ford did not buy those tim- 
bered acres as a hunting ground. Far from it. He had 
another purpose and that purpose forms one of the most 
interesting.stories in American forestry today. 

Already, Henry Ford’s 
forest has become an active 
unit in the Ford operations. 
At Iron Mountain, Michi- 
gan, Mr. Ford has built one 
of the most modern saw- 
mills in the world. Forest 
and mill are one hundred 
miles apart, more or less. Up 
in the woods, Ford tractors 
are building logging roads 
in the timber and when the 
snow flies, they will be busy 
from daylight to dawn haul- 
ing logs over iced roads to a 
railroad which will transport 
them to the Iron Mountain 
mill. There they ‘will be 
ripped and _ resawn — into 
boards which will pass on 
automatic conveyors out of 
the mill directly to the lum- 
ber piles in the yard and 
then to the dry kilns for 
final seasoning. 

At the rear of these dry 
kilns, great doors open into 
a body plant of steel and 
concrete construction 420 
feet long by 120 feet wide 
and the lumber, now manu- 
factured from logs pur- 
chased from contractors, 
moves on continuous tracks to a score or more of dif- 
ferent machines which convert it into a score or more of 
different wooden automobile parts. These in turn are 
shipped to assembling plants back in the Detroit district 
and in the course of a few weeks are part and parcel of 
the finished Ford car to be seen on every highway in 
every state in the whole United States. 

Why did Henry Ford buy this great tract of timber- 
land, which in the aggregate is almost equal to the total 
area of improved farm land in the whole northern penin- 
sula? 


ING CHARACTER OF THE 
FORD IS GOING TO USE HIS 
TO KEEP TREES ALWAYS 


HENRY FORD’S FOREST IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN, SHOW- 


A Million Cars! A Million Trees! 


If you will take the trouble to investigate, you will 
probably be surprised to find what a factor the forest is 
in the making of Ford cars. Weight for weight, wood is 
stronger than steel and Henry Ford’s eternal quest is to 
obtain the required strength and elasticity without having 
to lug useless weight. It requires on the average 250 
board feet of lumber for every car Ford manufactures. 
That is a pretty good lum- 
ber content for the average 
northern hardwood tree and 
when you consider that Ford 
is making around a million 
cars a year, a forest of a 
million trees a year begins 
to pass before your eyes. 
A sizable forest, indeed! 
Twenty-five thousand acres 
of timber annually to Ford 
the present generation from 
one years end to another! 
That will give some clue to 
why Mr. Ford has bought a 
big forest. 

“But is Henry Ford actu- 
ally practicing forestry?” 
Among foresters and lum- 
bermen—and a lot of other 
people, too, for that mattér— 
this question has been asked 
many times since announce- 
ment of Ford’s timberland 
purchase_was made. Some 
of the fumbermen were in- 
clined to shake their heads 
and smile wisely. Most of 
the foresters assumed a 
hopeful attitude and tried 
not to be skeptical. They 
have been fooled before on 
newspaper reports. But no 
one seemed to know exactly how Henry Ford was setting 
out to handle his newly acquired forest, so I went to Iron 
Mountain to see for myself. And I found that in a very 
serious minded way, he is harvesting his mature crop of 
trees, leaving his young, fast growing trees for an on- 
coming crop and ridding this young forest of the hazards 
of fire by cleaning it of all brush resulting from logging. 
If that isn’t forestry, what is? 

The first man I talked to in Iron Mountain was Mr. 
E. G. Kingsford, vice-president and general manager of 
the subsidiary company which is conducting Mr. Ford’s 


aA Aa 
Pat 


HARDWOOD. TIMBER. MR. 
FOREST, BUT HE IS GOING 
GROWING ON THE LAND. 


726 AMERICAN 
Mr. Kingsford knows timber. He 
knows the lumber business. Years ago, he started as a 
timber cruiser in the north woods. He has seen the 
northern forests recede and great areas of fire swept 
desolation take their place. He has studied these north- 
ern lands and he has lived long enough to see what they 
will do in the way of growing new crops of timber if 


forest operations. 


given half a chance. 
Mr. Ford’s Look Ahead 


When I expressed an interest to know what led the 
greatest of automobile manufacturers to embark upon a 
forestry program, he replied. 

“Mr. Ford is simply looking ahead. Like a great many 
other large manufacturers in this country, he needs lum- 
ber. His present requirements call for over two hundred 
million feet annually. He may need more. In any event, 
he needs lumber in very large amounts year in and year 
out. He doesn’t want his business to be in any way 
unsettled by sudden or periodic timber shortages. He 
doesn’t intend that the production of Ford cars will cease 
when he dies. He wants to assure the next generation a 
Ford car at a low price. 

“In the past, Mr. Ford has been buying his lumber in 
the general market. Following the war, circumstances 
arose which turned his attention to the timber situation in 
this country The lumber mills charged him $140-and 
$150 a thousand feet for some of his lumber. Anyone 
who knows anything about the cost of manufacturing 
lumber, knows that such prices at the mill are unfair. 
Why did the mills do it? Because the demand for logs 
and lumber was far in excess of the supply. 

“That was a temporary situation, to be sure, but with 
the supply of timber in this country disappearing at an 
alarming rate and the demand for wood gradually in- 
creasing, it is only a question of time until such situations 


FORESTRY 


become chronic. Mr. Ford does not desire to have his 
business in any Way dependent upon a disappearing sup- 
ply of raw wood. He has not taken up lumbering and 
timber growing as a hobby. It is strictly a business 
proposition. He is simply making permanent provision 
for his future lumber and wood requirements. 


Starting In A Small Way 


“In our woods work, which began last winter, we are 
starting in a small way. We logged only about a million 
feet. That is only a drop in the bucket for our mill 
which has a capacity of 115 million feet a year. But we 
are buying logs on the outside from jobbers and con- 
tractors while we can. That won’t be possible long, 
because the big lumber mills are grabbing up the remain- 
ing patches of stumpage as fast as they can get the 
money to buy with. And the lumber mills are not selling 
logs. This winter we will log about three million feet 
and then we expect gradually to expand our operations 
so as more nearly to meet our mill requirements.” 

The next day, I traveled a hundred miles northward to 
the little village of Sidnaw and then four miles beyond to 
the Ford logging camp, its line of freshly-painted port- 
able houses standing out bright against the forest back- 
ground. There I met Hermann Hartt, logging superin- 
tendent. Mr. Hartt is a timber man of long experience 
who admits that lumbering according to Ford’s program 
keeps him thinking in high gear and is opening his eyes 
to a lot of things he didn’t used to believe. 


A Modern Logging Camp 
He first took me through the camp. It is built to 
accommodate eighty men. Sixty were then employed, 
building logging roads, felling timber, burning brush and 
skidding logs. The camp is modern in every respect and 
is run in a modern way; but it is not overdone. There 
are other logging camps, particularly in the west which 


Wiser in 

MeeaS eae tna | 

PRET The 
! 


HENRY FORD'S SAWMILL OF STEEL AND CONCRETE 
WORLD, LOCATED AT IRON MOUNTAIN, MICHIGAN. 


CONSTRUCTION AND ONE OF THE MOST MODERN IN THE 
IT HAS A CAPACITY OF 115 MILLION FEET A YEAR. 


HENRY FORD’S FOREST 


727 


THE CHAIN CONVEYOR WHICH CARRIES THE LUMBER FROM THE MILL TO THE LUMBER PILES IN 
THUS SAVING MAN AND TEAM HANDLING. FROM THE YARD THE LUMBER GOES TO THE 
IT IS MADE INTO PARTS FOR THE FORD CAR. 


It is electrically lighted and steam 
heated throughout. The bunk houses are furnished with 
double-decked iron bunks. A flunky makes the men’s 
beds and cleans the houses daily. A wash-woman is 
provided who looks after the men’s washing for the 
small sum of $1.25 a month each, and there is a com- 
missary where new clothing, smoking and chewing to- 
bacco, etc., is sold at cost. Cleanliness looks out from 
every corner. One building is set aside as a club and 
reading room for the men and furnished with chairs, 
tables, and magazines. There is a rule here: “No spitting 
on the floor.” 

“The old-time lumberjack don’t like that rule,” said 
Mr. Hartt. “Some of them hit the trail rather than live 
up to it.” 

“It has been reported that the lumberjacks are fur- 
nished with bath tubs. Where are they?” Mr. Hartt 
was asked. “They are not in yet, but they are coming 
this winter,” he replied. 


are just as modern. 


Mr. Ford’s Personal Quarters 


“There are some bath tubs at the other end of camp, 
though,” he continued, and then he showed me the 
quarters set apart for the accommodation of Mr. Ford 
and his associates when they come to inspect operations. 
These quarters consist of several portable houses similar 
in exterior appearance to the others, but the interior tran- 
sports one back to the comforts of the modern city. In 
addition to electric lights and steam radiators, there are 
home-like fire places, comfortable willow furniture, shin- 
ing new, and rugs cover the floors. In one corner, a 
door leads into a small bath room as white as a snow- 
bank. Unconsciously, one garbed in woods clothes and 
hobnailed shoes found himself stepping about on tip-toe. 

From the camp, we went back in the woods and looked 


THE 
BODY PLANT, 


YARD, 
WHERE 


over the area which was logged last winter. Cutting toa 
twelve-inch diameter limit, they had removed some seven 
to ten thousand feet to the acre and yet here was a fair 
young forest remaining and clean of brush and debris. 
Ford’s forest is largely northern hardwoods and hemlock, 
the latter species making up about 25 per cent of the 
stand in volume. The hardwoods are mainly birch and 
maple with an understory which runs heavily to maple. 
On the area cut over, the understory appeared to have 
been lighter than in the adjoining stands. 

“This is where we started—sort of a try-out,” ex- 
plained Mr. Hartt. “We are not cutting and logging 
much differently from the ordinary lumberman, but we 
are looking out for our young trees and getting rid of 
the brush. We leave all thrifty trees twelve inches and 
under, excepting on these hemlock ridges where we cut 
the hemlock clean. It’s a bad fire trap there. In the 
swamps, we aim to leave as much young cedar and spruce 
as possible. I try to make my men use their heads about 
cutting low stumps and we insist that they be mighty 
careful about falling big timber so as not to break up the 
small trees. 


How Brush Is Burned 


“Brush piling and burning is done right along with the 
cutting. One good trimmer can keep eight or ten men 
busy piling and burning brush. Just as soon as the limbs 
are trimmed from the tree after it is cut, they go on the 
fire. I find that’s the most practical system. 
twenty-five piles to the acre. 


About 
That burns over only five 
or six per cent of the area and we try to keep these piles 
away from the young timber just as much as we can.” 
“There are men who claim that hardwood brush can’t 
be burned satisfactorily,” I suggested. 
“That’s just what I thought when I started,” replied 


728 AMERICAN 
Mr. Hartt, “I. was pretty skeptical, but now I know 
We can burn hardwood brush any time—during 
the summer or in a blinding snow storm in winter. All 


better. 


you’ve got to do is to start a small fire with birch bark 
and twigs and when it’s burning good, pile on your 
limbs. And I tell you 
this brush burning in the woods is a great thing. At 
first, I couldn’t see it, but now I’m enthusiastic about it. 
It makes logging a lot easier and then it’s the best sort 

I figure that our cost of. skidding is 
cheapened seventy-five cents a thousand by getting rid of 


You can burn it slick and clean. 


of fire protection. 


the brush before we begin moving logs.” 

The cost of handling the brush in the manner de- 
scribed, I was told, cost the company last winter about 
$2.50 a thousand feet. The net cost, Mr. Hartt figured 
after deducting the amount saved in skidding and other 


FORESTRY 


There was no doubt but that Mr. Hartt had burned his 
brush clean. Limb and top material under four or five 
inches in diameter was little in evidence on the cut over 
area. The company is cutting to an eight inch top limit 
and seven inches where the logs are straight. Some ma- 
terial below this size remained. I was told that the com- 
parly is endeavoring to work out a plan of utilizing this 
small waste in a distillation plant or otherwise. It has 
sold some for cordwood and mining timbers, but the local 
market is limited. Hemlock logs are being barked in the 
woods and the bark shipped to a tannery. The accom- 
panying photographs show how the woods look after 
lumbering is completed. 


Horses Persona Non Grata 


We then went over to where logging operations were 


‘ 
: 


ee 


4 


“WHERE LUMBER HAS GROWN ONCE IT WILL GROW 
AREA CUT OVER LAST WINTER, SHOWING 


work in the woods, would be from $1.50 to $1.75 cents 
a thousand feet. 

‘But however you look at it, I believe its a paying 
proposition,” declared Mr. Hartt. “If you are going to 
grow timber on the land, the young forest you’ve got left 
is worth the cost and if you are going to sell the land 
for farming, its worth just that much more for having 
the brush cleared off of it.” 


Out of the Old School Into the New 
Here was an old-time logging man talking like a 
forester. Less than a year before, he had been taken 
out of the old school of timber-faring men who look 
upon forestry as theoretical bunkum and he had been set 
up against the task of putting his own logging operation 


on a forestry basis and making it pay. It was apparent 
that he had done a lot of thinking and that he was mak- 


ing progress fast 


AGAIN,” SAID MR. KINGSFORD. 
ABSENCE OF BRUSH, AND YOUNG TIMBER LEFT FOR A SECOND CROP. 


THIS IS A SCENE IN THE 


in progress on another season’s cut. Ford tractors were 
at work pulling stumps and grading the logging roads. 
Brush was being burned as it was trimmed from the logs 
and tops. The only place that horses were in evidence 
was in the skidding and this was being done by contract. 
Apparently Mr. Ford does not believe in owning horses, 
but it hasn’t yet been established that a tractor can skid 
logs in the north woods as cheaply as horses. The logs 
were being decked along the roads, where during the 
winter they will be loaded on sleighs and hauled to Sid- 
naw for shipment to the mill at Iron Mountain. 

From the woods to Sidnaw is three and a half to 
four miles and all log hauling is done by tractors on snow 
roads. Last winter the company used nine foot sleigh 
bunks, and averaged 3,000 feet to the load, six loads a 
day to the tractor. The cost was given me as seventy- 


five cents a thousand feet. This winter the plan is to 


HENRY FORD’S FOREST 


729 


THE FORD LOGGING CAMP FOUR MILES FROM 


HEATED THROUGHOUT. 


use 12-foot bunks which are expected to about double the 
loads. The tractor runs inside the iced tracks and ac- 
cording to Mr. Hartt can attain a maximum speed of 
twenty miles an hour. 


Ford Wages to the Lumberjack 


The standard Ford wage is $5 a day for the first sixty 
days and then $6 a day is paid in the woods as well as in 
the Ford mill and factories. But he has to be a good 
lumberjack or he soon gets his time. This wage includes 
board, the company figuring board at)$2 a day, so that 
the wage scale is better stated at $3 and $4 a day and 


board. This stands out in marked contrast to the wage 


SIDNAW, MICHIGAN. 
NO BATH TUBS YET, BUT THEY ARE COMING THIS WINTER. 


IT IS ELECTRICALLY LIGHTED AND STEAM 


of $1 to $1.50 a day and board now being paid in other 
logging camps in the north woods. 

The next day I again spent several hours with Mr. 
Kingsford in Iron Mountain. There were a lot of ques- 
tions | wanted to ask. For example, how could the com- 
pany as a business proposition pay its lumberjacks three 
and four times the wage other lumbermen are paying 
and in addition $2.50 a thousand feet for disposing of 
the brush? 
point. 

“Last winter the logs we bought cost us $28 a thou- 
sand feet at the mill. We delivered our own logs at the 
mill for $26 a thousand feet and that included a freight 


Mr. Kingsford smiled when we got to that 


ALL BRUSH IS PILED AND BURNED BEFORE THE SKIDDING OF LOGS BEGINS 
FIRE PROTECTION,” 


THEN IT’S THE BEST SORT OF 


“IT MAKES LOGGING EASIER, AND 
SUPERINTENDENT. 


SAYS THE LOGGING 


730 AMERICAN 


charge on the haul from Sidnaw to Iron Mountain of 
$5.75 a thousand feet. Bear in mind, too, that last 
winter, we were just getting started, we logged a very 
small amount of timber and we charged off initial ex- 
penditures pretty heavily. As for the higher wages, we 
get more work out of the men. 


Preparing For the Bad Fire Year 


“The cost of the brush burning, we admit, seems high. 
We hope to get that down, but whatever the cost we are 
going to burn that brush. Fire is ninety per cent of the 
problem of growing timber here in the north and I be- 
lieve the forest fires can be definitely prevented only by 
getting rid of the brush menace. 
tem is a good thing and will help keep down forest fires, 
but during a dry windy summer such as we have up here 


A fire protective sys- 


FORESTRY 


not appeal to him for this reason and also because of the 
tax burden. Until timber taxation is put upon a fair basis, 
I doubt if the profitableness of protecting cut-over lands 
will appeal to the average business man, but it must be 
clear that if these northern lands which were cut over 
thirty and forty years ago and which today are burnt and 
barren for miles, had been protected, they would now 
bear a timber crop which would make them worth many 
times their present value. The holder of such cut-over 
lands would have a valuable property instead of a barren 
waste which he is glad to sell for $5 or $10 an acre or 
less. 


“Timber! That’s Our Crop” 


“Yes, lumbermen tell us that raising timber as a busi- 
g 
ness proposition won’t go. So far as Mr. Ford’s business 


HERMANN HARTT, LOGGING SUPERINTENDENT, AND AN AREA FROM WHICH THE 


AND THE BRUSH PILED AND BURNED. 


FOR BRUSH BURNING WHEN HB 
every five, six or seven years, it won’t stop the fires once 
they get started in old cut-over slashings. With the slash 
cleared up, I believe that our woods will be quite safe 
3y that time the sprout 
growth will be up and there won’t be much inflammable 
material to give trouble. Of course we will have to main- 
tain some protective system because our holdings are not 
all blocked up,—how much we haven’t worked out.” 

That was Mr. Kingsford’s explanation of why the 
company had adopted the policy of burning its slash 
rather than in leaving it in the woods and expending 
possibly a smaller amount of money in intensive fire pro- 
tection. 


from fire after about two years. 


“Mr. Ford is possibly able to practice more expensive 
and intensive methods of lumbering than the average 
lumberman, whois looking ahead only until he dies. The 
protection of*cut-over lands for timber production does 


MERCHANTABLE HARDWOOD YET 


HEMLOCK HAS BEEN REMOVED 


TO BE CUT. MR. HARTT WAS NOT 


STARTED IT, BUT HE IS BMPHATICALLY NOW. 


is concerned, we believe that it will. I have studied these 
northern lands for forty years and I think I know what 
they will doin the way of growing timber. Land which 
has grown timber once will grow timber again.” 

“How about the common cry that these northern cut- 
over lands are needed for agriculture,” I asked. 

“The trouble with the American farmer today,” re- 
plied Mr. Kingsford, “is that he is suffering from over 
production. Whenever there is demand for it, he can 
raise two years’ supply of farm produce in one year. 
Why weigh him down with more land, particularly up 
here in the north where the land must be classed as gen- 
erally poor. Of course, there are areas of good farm 
land here, but the sum total of land acreage which is poor 
for farming and good for timber growing is so large 
that the high grade farm land will naturally pass into 
farms on its economic merits. 


HARVESTING CHRISTMAS TREES BY TOPPING 


“So far as Mr. Ford’s holdings are concerned, we are 
not even distinguishing between so-called farm land and 
forest land. These holdings aggregate about 400,000 
acres, of which some 250,000 contain merchantable tim- 
ber. The remainder bears young growth and some of it 
is too rough and rocky to even grow timber. We don’t 


731 


know what we will do with that. But where timber will 
grow, we are going to grow it. The one essential crop 
that is suffering from under production almost 
total lack of renewal —is timber. That’s our crop.” 
And looking at it in that light, the Ford organization 
has adopted a definite forest program and is on its way. 


yes, 


Harvesting Christmas Trees By Topping 


By C. R. 


} natural way to cut Christmas trees is to first 
fell the whole tree. It is commonly followed not 
only by the head of the family who “flivvers” out to 
the woods the day before Christmas with his trusty 
hand ax, but also by the professional cutters who buy, 


METHOD. 


TOPPING 
VIGOROUS BRANCH, 
AND IN FOUR OR FIVE 


TREES BY 
A STRONG, 


PRODUCING CHRISTMAS 
TREE IS CUT JUST ABOVE 
WHICH THEN STRAIGHTENS UP 
YEARS MAKES ANOTHER TREE. EIGHT TREES HAVE 
BEEN TAKEN SUCCESSIVELY FROM THIS PARENT STUMP. 
cut, and ship, perhaps to distant markets. The cutting 
of the first tree ends. the matter for that tree. By 
contrast, the method of harvesting adopted by one 
grower is interesting, to say the least. This man. is 
George Wagner, of Monroe County, Pennsylvania. By 
his method one tree, and frequently two trees, may be 
cut at 3 to 5 year intervals from the same stump until 
finally a number have been obtained. The one pictured 
shows that 8 trees have been cut at various times. 
The idea is simplicity itself. It consists of topping 
above a prominent branch, and giving the latter a 


Anderson 


chance to take the place of the top which was taken 
out. Even though the branch may be poorly shaped 
at the time, it will commonly respond and make. as 
symmetrical a crown as was the original. Only one 
other point need be kept in mind by the cutter; that 
is, when topping to leave the other branches below 
the one expected to make the’ next tree yvemain on 
the tree so that there may be as much food-making 
surface as possible. 


Mr. Wagner claims no great originality for the 
use of the method. He has been following it, however, 
for years, and can show many stumps from which 
6 or more trees have been cut in the last 20 years. 
So far as I know, he is the only man in Pennsylvania 
using the idea. Readers of AMERICAN Foresrry who 
visit the Poconos will find it very interesting to call 
on Mr. Wagner and to see his work and results. Pic- 
tures can do no more than’give them a glimpse of it. 


TWO UPPERMOST 
PICTURE ABOVE. THIS FINE 
SUCH TREES AS THESE 

PER BUNDLE. OF TWO. 


FROM ONE OF THE 


A TREE JUST CUT 
POSITIONS SHOWN IN THE 
TREP WAS. ONCE A.. BRANCH. 
SELL FOR FROM $1.50 TO $1.75 


THE ROAD TO WISCONSIN'S GREATER OUTDOORS 


By Henry C. Campbell 


Assistant Editor of The Milwaukee Journal 


tae forest policy which aims to grow timber 
on all non-agricultural land that is adapted to 
the purpose forms the backbone of an outdoor pro- 
gram of construction and reconstruction that is win- 


ning general support in Wisconsin in a way that is 
most gratifying. 


The program is so sound, far-seeing and appealing 
that opposition to state forestry, which only a decade 
ago was very strong and bitter, has all but vanished. 
There now exists, in fact, a public sentiment that is 
proving to be a positive force in the political life of 
the State. Commendation of the cause of forestry is 


tunities for recreation and the increase in the summer 
tourist trade that result from public forestry, 
when practiced on an adequate scale, are an integral 
part of the program. 


will 


The organization of an ample 
and efficient system of fire protection is urged as a 
most essential to the the 
virgin forests that remain, which means the preserva- 
tion of some of Wisconsin’s old-time beauty and as an 
absolute prerequisite to reforestation. 

Hundreds of miles of the shores of many streams 
and lakes in Wisconsin are bare, and it is pointed out 
that the first work in the way of reforestation should 


measure conservation of 


A ROADSIDE LIABILITY 


abandoned to fire and disregard neither grow trees nor attract summer tourists. 


Forest lands 


expressed in all the political platforms this year, and 
there is every indication that the day of achievement 
is -drawing near. 


The Re-beautification of Wisconsin 


Its aims 
include the production of the timber that Wisconsin 
needs for all ordinary purposes and of a surplus for 
export. 


It is a varied and comprehensive program. 


The creation of community forests as well as 
state forests is contemplated. The re-beautification of 


Wisconsin, the conservation of wild life, the oppor- 


be done in these places in order to restore a natural 
setting to every lake and stream. This, it is made 
known, would conserve wild life by providing cover 
for deer and other game and would better fishing by 
providing food and shade along streams and around 
lakes. 


Natural Playgrounds in the Big Woods 
There still exist in Wisconsin considerable tracts of 


primeval forests dotted with lakes and criss-crossed 
with. creeks and rivers. The program seeks to pro- 


THE ROAD TO WISCONSIN’S GREATER OUTDOORS 


vide that in these regions there shall be established 
three or four state parks ranging in area from 6,000 
to 10,000 acres. These would contribute a charm of 
wild, natural playgrounds in the big woods. In ad- 
dition, appeals are being made to villages, cities and 
counties in all parts of the state to preserve spots pos- 
sessing real scenic interest, such as waterfalls, gorges, 
wooded river valleys and sections of inland lakes, as 
well as spots of historic interest, by transforming 
them into public parks. The idea is that the state 
shall acquire large parks only and that counties and 
municipalities shall provide the small parks that are 
desirable or necessary. 

As part of the work necessary to re-beautify Wis- 
consin, the program provides for planting native trees 
along both sides of the: many hundreds of miles of 


733 


lined highways. In several parts of the state this 
work has already been initiated. 


In the Interest of Anglers and Hunters 


Radical measures in interest of and 
hunters are advocated. It is proposed, for example, 
to require every resident adult male fisherman to pay 
a license of $1 a year, which would provide a fund of 
at least $300,000 annually, and to use this money ex- 
clusively for the propagation, planting and protection 
of fish. In this way the number of fish in Wisconsin 
waters could be multiplied and unsurpassed sport be 
insured in the future. It is proposed, moreover, to 
devote the large income derived from hunting licenses, 
which is now spent for a number of purposes, includ- 
ing the propagation and protection of fish, to the one 


the anglers 


Rey 


A ROADSIDE ASSET 
Forests provide the one way in many parts of the State to make highways, which have cost huge sums, pay dividends. 


concrete and other highways that have been constructed 
in the state during recent years. These roads, which 
represent an outlay of many millions of dollars, are 
hardly excelled anywhere from a utilitarian point of 
view, but long stretches of them run through open 
country and are devoid of shade and beauty. Much 
stress has systematically been laid upon the fact that 
tree planting, which would cost the merest fraction 
of the cost of constructing these roads, would make 
them as pleasing to the eye as they are to the body 
and would give Wisconsin thousands of miles of tree- 


To this 
end the program provides for the establishment of 


object of fostering the interests of hunters. 


wild life refuges, game preserves, breeding grounds for 
migratory fowl—to be used in season as public shoot- 
ing grounds—the propagation of game that can be 
advantageously raised in this way, Hungarian pheas- 
ants for instance, and more efficient protection of game. 
The Tourist Trade—Wisconsin’s Great Opportunity 

In sum, the out-door program which is being pressed 
in Wisconsin, with no little success and much promise, 

(Continued on Page 758) 


734 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


NOMINATIONS FOR OFFICERS 


Nominations for officers of the American Forestry Association made by the Committee on Elections, to serve 
for 1923 or as otherwise stated, are as follows. Members, however, may insert the names of other can 
dates for whom they desire to vote. Ballots will shortly be mailed to the members. The polls close Janu-— 


ary 8, 1923: 


For President 
4 HENRY S. GRAVES, Connecticut.* 
Dean Yale Forest School. . Former Chief U. S. Forest Service. 


*Col. Graves’ nomination was endorsed by the following in accordance with the terms of the By-Laws: e 


Faculty Forestry Department, University of Michigan (4); Staff Forestry Department, Cornell University (8); Board of Directo 
Colorado State Forestry Ass'n (10); Barrington Moore, Mrs. Charles Douglass, P. G. Redington, T. D. Woodbury, S. T. Dana, Arthur 
7: ne H. N. Wheeler, A. S. Peck, Mrs. Russell H. Opdyke, Harry H. French, T. R. Truax, George M. Hunt, BE. V. Jotter, Edw. P. 
Ivory, E. M. Davis, C. J. Humphrey, Ernest B. Hubert, E. M. P. Dennis, George N. Lamb, A. L, Richey, W. C. Ferguson, Richard T. 
Ely, D. Cc. Everest, G. B. Heinemann, R. Y. Stuart, A. E. Rupp, George H. Wirt, John W. Keller, J. S. Mlick, L. BE. Staley, Robert Ww. 
Hunt, A. S. Peabody, The Permanent Builder, William L. Hall, Philip W. Ayres, J. M. Pritchard, F. J. Schroeder. 4 


For Treasurer 
ROBERT V. FLEMING, District of Columbia. 
Vice-President Riggs National Bank, Washington, D. C. > 


FOR VICE-PRESIDENTS 
(21 to be elected) 


M. L. ALEXANDER—Louisiana. MRS. WARREN G. HARDING—Ohio. WILLIAM KENT—California. 
Chairman, Conservation (Comming. BOLLING ARTHUR JOHNSON—Ilinois. HARVEY N. SHEPHERD—Massachusetts. 
Publisher, Lumber World Review. President, Massachusetts Forestry Asso-— 


JOHN W. BLODGETT—Michigan. . ation: 


President, National Lumber Manufac- ads 
wae pe ate BONNELL H. STONE—Georgia. 


turers’ Association. 
President, Western Forestry and Con- ‘ “ 
servation Association. 7 Chairman, Georgia Forestry Committee. 


RICHARD F. BURGES—Texas. 


President, Texas Forestry Association. JESSE M. OVERTON—Tennessee. LOU D. SWEET—Colorado. f 
sata Tennessee Forestry Associa- President Colorado Forestry Associatitn. 
GEORGE M. CORNWALL—Oregon. tion. W. D. TYLER—Virginia. 
ep UsNer,. Tie Teo THOMAS H. OWEN—Oklahoma. President, Southern Forestry Congress. 
DR. HENRY S. DRINKER—Pennsylvania. nee Oklahoma Forestry Associa- HERMANN VON SCHRENK—Missouri. 


President, Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- 

ciation. 

Member Pennsylvania Forestry Com- FILIBERT ROTH—Michigan. 

mission, pee Bees een of Forestry, University of JOHN W. WEEKS—Massachusetts. 
Michigan Secretary of War. 


AS soar Missouri Forestry Associa-— 
on. 


D. L. GOODWILLIE—IInois. 


Chairman, Forestry Committee, U.S. B. N. SNELL—New York. MRS. MAUD G. WINTER—Minnesota. 
Chamber of Commerce. Member House of Representatives. President, Federation of Women’s Clubs. — 
FOR DIRECTORS f 
Serving 1 year (2 to be elected)—See note. Serving 5 years (3 to be elected)—See note. ~ 
W. A. BABBITT—Indiana. HENRY C. CAMPBELL—Wisconsin. GEORGE S. LONG—Washington. 


Secretary, American Wood Turners As- President, Wisconsin Forestry Associa- Chairman Forestry Committee National 

sociation. tion. Lumber Manufacturers’ Association. 

Member Executive Committee, Associa- Editor, Milwaukee Journal. Manager, Weyerhaeuser Timber Com- 

tion of Wood Using Industries. pany. ; 
JOSEPH H. PRATT—North Carolina. GEORGE D. PRATT—New York. _ 

Director, North Carolina Geological Sur- Former Commissioner of Conservation 

vey. State of New York, 


NOTE—Twenty-five or more endorsements were received for the following as Directors of the Association. In no in- 
stance, however, was the number of endorsements required for nomination on the ballot received prior to November Ist, 
date named in the By-Laws. The By-Laws are ‘specific on this point and consequently none of these gentlemen has bee 
legally nominated by petition. The Committee deems it desirable, however, and within its discretion to list herewith be 
candidates who received twenty-five’sor more endorsements, with the names of their endorsers. 


MR. HENRY C. CAMPBELL, of Wisconsin, L. Scovell, Willis Munro, Philip P. H. Hanly, E. L. Scovell, Willis Mun 
was aidereed iy! H. H. Chapman, Ar- Wells, Harold 0. Cook, W. G. Hastings, Phili P Wells, Harold ‘0. Cook, W. 
thur T Al T. R. Truax, George M. BE. I. Terry, Harris A.’ Reynolds. Hastings, H. I. Terry, Harris A. rete e 
Hunt, Jotter, Edw. P. Ivory, BE. olds, P. G. -Redington. 


M. Davis, C. J. Humphrey, Ernest T. MR. HENRY E. HARDTNER, of Louisiana, 


Hubert, M. P. Dennis, D. C. Everset, lumberman and member of - Louisiana MR. GEORGE 5S. agri ee Washin, 3, 
A. L. Osborn, G. B. Heinemann, Bid: Forestry Commission, was endorsed by was endorsed by A W.. Coo er, et 
Schroeder, R. T. Fisher, Filibert Roth, R. 'f.’ Fisher, Filibert Roth, E. A. Pritchard, William L. Hall; e tab 
BE. A. Ziegler, Carl P. Fatzinger, BE. Ziegler, Carl P. Fatzinger, B. Clyde nent Builder, Robert Ww. Hunt, 
ore Pyle. BE. Aughanbaugh, Blaine Pyle.. I; os ee ey ag Blaine §. Stark, A. S. Peabody, J. i 

Viles, Verne Rhoaues, C. P. Cronk, Viles, Verne Rhoades, C. P. Cronk, J. Frank J. Root, Newt 

J. Fritz, John ‘< i ago University J. Fritz, John M. Briscoe, University of ~ Moulton, Californ 

a Maine Library, R uy Hawley, J. W. Maine Library, R. C. aes H. ea ry, Rar’ a oe John C. 
Toumey, R. C. Bryant, Samuel J. Rec- Chapman, J. W. Toumey, a Be Bryant, T. Allen, John 
ord, T. S. Woolsey, Jr., - F. Hawes, Samuel J. Record, T. S. Woolsey, Jr. Biodiett, W, ey Ritter, Ernest Dolge, 
Harry H. Steidle, Donald H. Hanly, E. A. F. Hawes, Harry H. Steidle, Donald Junius Browne, L. C. Boyle, T! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


735 


~~ "Kneeland- ipeicw Company, North Caro- Hall, F. R. Gadd, Paepcke Leicht Lum-. -- -Carl P. Fatzinger, E. Clyde Pyle, J. 

‘ lina Pine sociation, Bolling Arthur ber Company, Henderson-Baker Lumber BE. Aughanbaugh pisiee 8. Viles, Verne 
Johnson, A. W. Laird, North Carolina Company, E. DeLaney, Rockcastle Rhoades, C. P. Cronk, J. J. Fritz, Uni- 
Pine Box and Shook Manufacturers As- Lumber Company, ‘Tschudy Lumber versity of Maine Library, John M. 
sociation, Northern Pine Manufacturers Company, Long-Bell Lumber Company, Briscoe, R. C, a Ne ci H. H. Chapman, 
Association, F. W. Pettibone, Shelvin- D. H. Moul Lumber Company, Miller J. W. Toumey, R. C. Br, rant, Samuel J. 
Hixon Company, Huntington Taylor, R. *Lumber Company, Holly Ridge Lumber Record, T. 8S. ‘Woolsey, A. F. Hawes, 
Ww. NEsOneRe Willipa Lumber Com- Company, Sam A. Cobb Lumber Com- en H. Steidle, Dosala: i. “Hanly, . 
pany, G. Merritt, Rudolph Dieffen- pany, The Permanent Builder, Robert covell, ils lis Munro, Phillip P. 
hach, aster H Oxholm, Annette D. Conk- W. Hunt, Lee Wilson & Company, Na- Wels Harold 0. Cook, W. G. Hastings, 
lin, J. M. Witherow, Earle H. Clapp, tional Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- I. Terry, Harris A. Reynolds, So- 
S. H. Thompson, Herbert McCherry, tion, Hardwood Manufacturers’ Institute, als for the Protection of New Hamp- 
Ida McCherry, Wilson Compton, R. Clif- A. §. Peabody, J. E. Bayrd, Frank J. shire Forests. 
ford Hall, Howard R. Krinbill, B. P. Root, W. R. Townsend, F. I. Moulton, 
Clark, E.’R. Hodson, W. R. Mattoon, S. P. Newton, H. H. Hettler, W. D. MR. WILLIAM P. WHARTON, of Massa- 
D. T. Mason, Tyler, John ron Gehant, A. L. Osborn, chusetts, Director of the Massachusetts 

: EH. T. Allen, John W. Blodgett, Ernest Forestry Association, was endorsed by 

MR. GEORGE D. PRATT, of New York, hea Junius H. Browne, L. C. Boyle, R. T. Fisher, Filibert Roth, BH. A. 
was endorsed by Staff of Department of The Kneeland-Bigelow Company, North Ziegler, Carl P. Fatzinger, HB. Clyde 
Forestry, Cornell University (8), R. T. Carolina Pine Association, Bolling Ar- Pyle, J. E. Aughanbaugh, Blaine S. 
Fisher, Fiiibent Roth, E. A. Ziegler, thur Johnson, A. W. Laird, North Caro- Viles, Verne Rhoades, C. P. Cronk, J. 
Carl P. Fatzinger, E. Clyde Pyle, J. B lina Pine Box and Shook Manufac- J. Fritz, University of Maine Library, 
Agbanbaugh, Blaine S. Viles, Verne turers’ Association, F. W. .Pettibone, John M. Briscoe, R. C: ewe H. H. 
Rhoades, C. Cronk, J. J. Fritz, Uni- Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Associa- Chapman, J. W. Toumey, R. C. Bryant, 
versity of Ataine Library, John M. Bris- tion, W. R. Mattoon, Shelvin-Hixon Samuel J. Record, T. S. Woolsey, Jr., 
coe, R. C. Hawley, H. H. Chapman, J. Lumber Company, William A. Dayton, A. F. Hawes, Harry H. Steidle, Donald 
W. Toumey, R. C. Br jant, SaniGel J. Huntington Taylor, R. W. Vinnedge, H. Hanly, ©. L. Scovell, Willis Munro, 
Record, T. S. Woolsey, ; Hawes, Willipa Lumber Company, Rudolph Mods P “Wells, Harold 0. Cook, W. G. 
Harry H. Steidle, Donald’ H. Han E. Dieffenbach, R. G. Merritt, Axel H. Ox- Hastings, HE. I.’Terry, Harris A. Reyn- 
L. Secovell, Willis Munro, Philip P. holm, Annette D. Conklin, J. M. With- olds, Society for Protection of New 
welts, Harold 0. Cook, W. G. Hastings, erow, S. H. Thompson, Herbert Mce- Hampshire Forests, Massachusetts For- 
E. I. Terry, Harris A. Reynolds. Cherry, Ida_MecCherry, Wilson Comp- esrty Association. 

ton, HE. R. Hodson. bmitted 

MR. M. W. STARK, of Ohio, lumberman Submitted, 
‘and leader in the Hardwood Manufac- MR. J. R. SWIFT, of Pennsylvania, leader a" M GREELEY, 
turers’ Institute, was endorsed by ;: in the Forestry Association of Western P. W. KELLOGG, 
M. Ritter, Landon C. Bell, James L. Pennsylvania, was endorsed by R. T. . . AYRES, 
Hamill, J. M. Pritchard, William L. Fisher, Filibert Roth, BH. A. Ziegler, Committee on Elections. 


ASSOCIATION OFFICERS RESIGN 


Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, who has been President of 
the American Forestry Association for seven years and 
a director for thirteen years, has tendered his resigna- 
tion. He becomes president of the American Nature 
Association. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, who was president 
of the Association for three years and a director for 


director for twelve years, have also fesigned. 

Mr. Percival Sheldon Ridsdale, who for twelve years 
has been Executiye Secretary of the Association and 
editor of AmericAN Forestry, leaves to become 
managing editor of Nature Magazine and manager of the 
American Nature Association, 

In acting upon these resignations the Board of Di- 
rectors appointed a committee to express appreciation of 
the services of these officers. The committee adopted the 
following resolutions: Resolutions of the Board of Di- 
rectors, pursuant to announced withdrawal of President 
Pack, Secretary-Editor Ridsdale and_Directors Drinker 
and Quincy from the work of the Association. 

Wuereas, President Charles Lathrop Pack has ex- 
pressed his wish not to be a candidate for the coming 
Annual Meeting in January: 

Be it therefore Resolved, That the Directors of the 
American Forestry Association take this occasion to ex- 
press their deepest appreciation of Mr. Pack’s eminent 
services in building up the Association from a small, 
almost defunct organization to a membership of over 
fourteen thousand. During the period of his incumbency 
a great advance has been made in educating the country 
to the need and the meaning of forestry. Mr. Pack’s 
efforts have contributed in a very large measure to the 
present wide interest in forestry on the part of the pub- 
lic. The results of his work will be of increasing im- 
portance from year to year. His retirement is a great 
loss to the Association. That he will continue his interest 


: * i hi 
ten years, and Mr. Charles F. Quincy, who has been a: SUNG Saneve 


in forestry directly and in a parallel field means still 
further service to the country. The Directors extend to 
him their grateful thanks for what he has done and their 
cordial good wishes for the future. 


Wuereas, Directors Henry S. Drinker and Charles F. 
signified their unwillingness to serve 
further as Directors of the American Forestry Associa- 
tion: 

Be it therefore Resolved, That the Board of Directors 
regard their resignations as a great loss to the cause of 
American forestry. They have given freely of their 
valuable time and ability in the work of the organization 
over a considerable period and their wise counsel and 
experienced judgment will be greatly missed in- the 
future. It is the sincere wish that the Association will 
continue to have the benefit of their advice and co-opera- 
tion in the future. 


Wuereas, Percival Sheldon Ridsdale, Secretary and 
Editor of the Association, has offered his resignation to 
take effect on December 1: 


Be it therefore Resolved, By the Directors of the 
American Forestry Association that his resignation is 
accepted with great reluctance. Largely through his 
efforts the Association has attained an eminent position 
ir. educating the American public to the necessity and 
importance of practicing forestry in our rapidly vanish- 
ing forests. We wish to take this occasion to thank him 
most heartily for his services and to wish him the best 
of success in any further ventures. 


NELSON C. BROWN, 
HENRY S. GRAVES, 
ROBERT P. BASS, 


For the Board of Directors of the 
American Forestry Association. 


- 


736 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


HON. J. O. PREUS 


Governor of Minnesota 


Ov’ first concern, in any attempt to conserve and develop our forests, must be 
that of finding some way of preventing, or at least reducing, the forest fires 
which recur at altogether too frequent intervals, above any money consideration 
involved, is our duty to prevent loss of human life and to protect the families 
and homes of those who are trying to develop these portions of our country. 
From a property standpoint, the potential value of young growing timber destroyed 
is undoubtedly much greater than the value of mature timber lost. 


The organization of our State Forestry departments demands the best thought 
of those interested in the State’s welfare. In so important a matter, we must cast 
aside both sentiment and politics. We must be sure we have just the right man 
at the head of these departments, and those fully qualified are scarce. A forestry 
official must not only have the technical training, but he must have executive abil- 
ity of a high order. He must be able to deal with the different classes of people 
who come into the forests, or who have interests there; railroad executives and 
employes, lumbermen, campers, hunters and settlers, some of the latter foreign born 
and ignorant. He must be something of a police executive, for he must enforce 
the fire laws firmly yet fairly. He must be a teacher, for fire prevention involves 
education of the public. And he must be ready and able, if emergencies come, to 
direct efficiently the large bodies of men needed for fire fighting and sometimes for 
rescue and relief work. \ 


Forest development is another large but distinct problem. Besides fire protec- 
tection it involves such questions as classification of lands and soil survey; super- 
vision of lumbering operations; draining swampy timber lands (for drainage may 
kill the timber and promote fires), and finally reforestation. Whether tree planting 
on a large scale can be better undertaken by the State or by private parties is a 
mooted question. Generally large undertakings of this kind can be done more effi- 
ciently by private enterprise. But there is little inducement to private capital to 
go into tree planting when taxes must be paid upon growing timber twenty-five to 
fifty years before there is any return upon the investment. The present tax system 
not only makes tree planting prohibitive, but it encourages the cutting of immature 
timber. A production tax would make it to the timber owner’s interest to let the 
trees grow as long as possible. 


HON. JOHN J. BLAINE 


Governor of Wisconsin 


Ve scores is, and has been for several generations, a large producer of 
forest products. The upper twenty million acres of this State was covered 
with a merchantable forest of pine, hemlock, cedar and varieties of hard woods, 
like birch, maple and elm. The southern fifteen million acres was a forest of hard 
woods, in which the oaks predominated. The presence of this great acreage of mer- 
chantable timber resulted-in the establishment of a wide diversity of wood-using 
industries, and many of our cities and towns owe their existence and prosperity 
to these industries. The sawmills, pulp and paper mills, furniture and sash door 
factories, and many smaller wood-using establishments have always offered, and 
still offer, a livelihood to thousands of Wisconsin citizens, and were these industries 
to cease to operate it would reduce the possibility of employment very materially 
in many of our cities, such as Sheboygan, Wausau, Oshkosh, and many others. Of 
equal importance is the fact that farms cannot be operated without lumber, posts, 


SF 


WHAT THE GOVERNORS OF THE LAKE STAI 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 737 


SAY OF THE FORESTRY SITUATION THERE 


and other products of the forest. It has been reliably stated that the average Wis- 
consin farm uses 2,000 board feet of lumber per year. As we have within our bord- 
ers over 200,000 farms, it would require at least 400 million board feet of lumber 
per year to take care of our agricultural needs alone. We are rapidly expanding 
in an agricultural way, so that our demands on the forest are not apt to decline, 
in spite of the many substitutes that are replacing the use of wood. 


Our forest supplies are steadily being depleted. We have in Wisconsin millions 
of acres of wild land, much of which is suited for fine farms, and which is being 
taken up rapidly for such purposes, but there are other large acreages which are 
better suited for the growth of our most valuable native timber trees. Every acre 
of Wisconsin land not farmed or being cleared for farms is well adapted for grow- 
ing the timber supplies that will be needed in the future for our industries, farms, and 
the comfort and well being of our population. It is particularly necessary to pro- 
tect from fire the thousands of acres now coming up to young timber, and to so man- 
age the cutting of our virgin and second growth forest areas as to insure a new 
stand of timber until such time, at least, as these lands are more urgently needed 
for other purposes. 


Wisconsin possesses many recreational advantages and it is well not to lose 
track of the value of trees and areas of forest lands in setting off our lakes and 
streams to the best advantage. Wooded shores are preferable to cut-over and 
desolate water frontages. Areas of woodland here and there offer added attractions 
to our summer visitors. Shelter and protection are also afforded all forms of wild 
life. Proper recognition of forest areas surrounding our inland lakes, along our 
streams, and flanking the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, will very materially 
assist us in increasing our importance as a great playground. 


We cannot expect to go.ahead cutting into our original timber supplies forever. 
Constructive methods and correct forestry practices must be brought into play, so 
that definite provision for renewal of supply may be assured. The forest in Wis- 
consin has always been of importance, and our location and logical development 
indicates that the forest will continue to be one of our major resources. The State 
must deal with this resource and with problems affecting it in some proper way. 


HON. A. J. GROESBECK 


Governor of Michigan 


O* paramount necessity to the State itself as well as of vital economic value 
to the nation, Michigan must formulate a definite forestry program. To me, 
as chief executive of this State, the accomplishment of such a program will be one 
of the most gratifying of my ambitions. 


Such a forestry program to be workable and practical must take into consid- 
eration the rights of our citizens. Such a program must be built upon a founda- 
tion that will insure the rehabilitation of the thousands of acres of devastated and 
idle lands now within our confines. It must be alike fair to the property owner, 
the timber operator, the community and to the citizens of this State. It must be a 
program that will encourage private reforestation as well as the community spirit. 
It must be a program that will grow trees that will bring back to the State and 
nation at least that part of its protective forest growth that will insure the perpetu- 
ity of the fertility of our lands, the conservation of our waters and the redemption of 
our wood-working industries. 


Michigan must and will have a comprehensive, workable, forestry program. I 
hope for this during my administration. 


THE FOREST WHERE THE MISSISSIPPI BEGINS 


A DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODED AND LAKE-DOTTED TRACT WHERE THE FATHER OF 
WATERS FIRST SHAPES ITS COURSE TO THE SEA 


By D. Lange 


Author of “The Lure of the Mississippi” 


\ 7HEN an old Spanish explorer, Panfilo de Nar- 

vaez, by name, in 1528 sailed past the wide spread 
estuary of the Mississippi River, what vague and mys- 
terious wonderment must have possessed him? Was 
it sea or river? If the latter, from whence did it 
come and what manner of country lay at its far-flung 
head? For almost three centuries the birthplace of the 
Father of Waters remained a mystery to the white 
man while along the winding reaches of its lower 
course and those of its larger tributaries, fearless ex- 
plorers, bold Indian fighters and hardy pioneers were 
pushing the American frontier westward and _ north- 
ward. 

There is no mystery today about the origin of the 
river, excepting the mystery of age-old Indian legends 
and of the unwritten adventures of the white men who 
sought out the river's head. The region of a few 
thousand acres where the Mississippi first gathers its 
waters and shapes its course toward the ocean is today 


a State Forest under the jurisdiction of the Minnesota 
Forest Service. It is known as Itasca State Park and 
Forest and is situated some thirty miles southwest of 
the town of Bemidji. It embraces 32,000 acres, of 
which 6,000 are water, and was created in 1891 by Con- 
gress and the Minnesota Legislature to protect the 
source of our greatest river. 

Here the Minnesota Forest Service has built roads 
and trails, preserved much of the virgin forest, pro- 
tected the wild life, made available camp sites and 
hotel accommodations, and here every summer come 
thousands of tourists to spend a few days or a few 
weeks amid the wild beauty of forest bound lakes, 
shrouded in the interest and charm of a traditional 
spot. Itasca State Forest is the jewel of Minnesota’s 
state-owned forests. On the shore of Lake Itasca one 
stands at the cradle of the mighty river, but here its 
waters are quiet. Its soul is at rest. That is the spirit 
which pervades. 


be 
A 
%. 
iS 


¥ 
nN 
es 
x 
¥ 
4 
> 


- 


= 


BEAUTIFUL LAKE ITASCA, THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, IN ITASCA STATE FOREST—ONE OF THE 
SUPERB VIEWS TO BE HAD FROM DOUGLAS LODGE, ERECTED BY THE STATE FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT AND 


COMFORT OF THE MANY TOURISTS 


AND VISITORS TO THE FOREST. 


THE FOREST WHERE THE MISSISSIPPI BEGINS 


A LARGE, DESERTED BEAVER HOUSE IN A DRAINED POND ON NICOLLET CREEK. THE POND WAS MADE ABOUT 


1906 AND WAS ABANDONED AND DRAINED ABOUT 1910. 
BUT ROUGH BEAVER MEADOW, 

It is a curious fact that the exact source of the 
Mississippi has been known for less than a century. 
The honor of haying discovered and described to the 
world the source belongs to Henry R. Schoolcraft, who 
first saw Lake Itasca in May, 1832. In Schoolcraft’s 
party was Rev. William T. Boutwell, who invented on 
the spot the name which has become accepted gener- 
ally for the source of the river. Rev. Boutwell made 
the name from the two Latin words, “Veritas caput,” 
the true head, by taking three syllables out of the 
two Latin words. 

The lake was, of course, well known to the French 
trappers and to the Chippewa Indians, who occupied 
the forest country of Northern Minnesota. The French 
called it Lac la Biche, and to the Indians it was known 
as Elk Lake. Lake Itasca has the shape of a wish- 
bone, with two arms pointing south and one pointing 
north. Its total length is about three miles and it 
varies in width from about an eighth of a mile to a 
little more than a mile. It is one of thousands of 
glacial lakes and it varies in depth from a few feet 
to about forty feet. 


Where Beavers Dam the Mississippi 


The river starts from the north arm, first flowing 
north and then east for about 150 miles, before it 
starts on its long course southward. It emerges from 
the lake as a small stream about twenty feet wide and 
deep enough to carry a canoe or rowboat at stages of 


THE PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN IN 1911. 
FROM WHICH HEAVY 


CROPS OF WILD HAY ARB CUT ANNUALLY. rey oy 
high water. But in midsummer it is often merely a 
small rambling creek, with too little water to float 
even a canoe or rowboat. It is small enough that from 
time to time, the beavers, who are- now agaifi very 
numerous in the Itasca forest, build a dam across the 
infant Mississippi. 

There have been many disputes as to’ whether Lake 
Itasca is the real source of the Mississippi. There is no 
use of reviving this old question. For all practical 
purposes Lake Itasca is the source of our great river, 
but it is true that there are several small streams and 
lakes which drain into Lake Itasca. But these streams 
are so small that in dry seasons they are either mere 
tiny brooklets, or run dry altogether. 

It may be of some interest to give an account of, at 
least, one of these so-called ultimate sources. The 
largest of them, going up stream, begins with Cham- 
bers Creek, which carries the overflow from ‘a more 
southerly lake, now known as Elk Lake, into Lake 
Itasca. Chambers Creek is only about a quarter of a 
mile long. In seasons of high water, I have several 
times pushed a rowboat up its course, from Lake 
Itasca into Elk Lake. In periods of low water the 
creek consists of a number of separate pools with 
very little running water connecting them, but it is 
never entirely dry. ‘ 

Elk ‘Lake itself is a fine lake of clear water, and 
deeper than Itasca. On its east side, it is bordered by 
high banks, which are covered with fine groves of 


740 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


THE FORESTER’S CABIN ON DE SOTO LAKE, NEAR WHICH THE BLAZED 


NORWAY PINE STANDS. 
Norway pine. Many large cold permanent springs 
empty into it, and the lake itself reaches a depth of 
eighty-five feet. It is a glacial lake like all the other 
numerous lakes and ponds in the Itasca Forest. It is 
the second lake in size in the park, being about a 
mile wide and a mile and a half long. 


From the Roots of a Fallen Tamarack Tree 


Into Elk Lake run several very small streams. One of 
them is known as Elk Creek. A few years ago a 
friend and I followed this creek to its ultimate source. 
After we had traced its winding course for a mile 
through alder brush, tall grass and weeds which formed 
just the kind of cover in which the doe likes to hide 
its fawn, the creek became entirely dry, although the 
channel remained well marked. In a short time the 
riddle was solved by our coming to a beaver dam 
about seven feet high. Above the dam extended a large 
beaver pond about a quarter of a mile in length. We 
picked up the stream again above the pond, but a few 
rods beyond it came to an end under the roots of a 
fallen tamarack tree. Here was at that time the end 
of the Mississippi as a distinct current. 

3ut through a marsh of sphagnum moss and scat- 
tered tamaracks, water seeped into the beaver pond 
from another small marshy lake still farther south. 
And this lake in turn is connected by*a ditch dug by 
beavers a long time ago with Little Elk Lake, quarter 
of a mile to the southwest. No brooks run into Little 
Elk Lake, which is therefore the absolute ultimate 
It is a little farther from 
the Gulf of Mexico, as the river runs, than any other 
lake or pond that drains into Lake Itasca. 

Many of the smaller lakes in the park have neither 
inlet nor outlet and their water level oscillates about 


source of the Mississippi. 


five feet or more within periods of 
twenty to twenty-five years. From 
about 1880 to 1900, these lakes were 
very low, and a growth of jack pine 
sprang up along the sandy beaches of 
some of them and on sandy ridges 
separating their bays. 
About 1906 these isolated lakes 
reached a high water stage and all the 
_ jack pines on their beaches and ridges 
were killed by drowning, because jack 
pines cannot live with their roots sub- 
merged. This condition was most 
marked on De Soto Lake. On a ridge 
separating the main body of the lake 
from a small bay I found in 1908 num- 
erous dead jack pines about twenty-five 
years old and large enough to be used 
in the building of a raft. At the time 
I cut them they were standing in a 
foot of water. The fact that they had 
grown there proves that the lake must 
have been very low for a period of 
some twenty-five years. These lakes 
seem to be approaching again a low water level, but 
they are not yet low enough to permit another growth 
of Jack pine on their beaches and sandy ridges. 


The Lost Explorers 


De Soto Lake is still given on some maps as the 
source of the Mississippi. The statement is false. The 
source of the Mississippi as a river is Lake Itasca, 
and its farthest ultimate source, if one may use the 
expression, is Little Elk Lake. De Soto Lake cannot 


YOUNG DEVOTEES OF THE ROD AND LINE BAITING SUN- 
FISH IN DE SOTO LAKE. 


—_— —— 


=” 


THE FOREST WHERE THE MISSISSIPPI BEGINS 


be the source of any river, be- 
cause it has neither inlet nor 
outlet. In this respect it re- 
sembles many other small lakes 
in the park, which lie isolated 
on the height of land between 
Hudson Bay and the Gulf of 
Mexico. In 1912 I cut out an 
overgrown blaze on a Norway 
pine near the De Soto Lake 
forester’s cabin, amd uncovered 
the following inscription: “A 
C. HALL’S LOST EXPLOR- 
ERS.” 

I have not been able to dis- 
cover who these men were. 
Presumably they were looking 
for the source of the Mississippi 
and found that the lake on 


which they were camping was 
not the source. 

These isolated lakes present 
some interesting problems in biology and change of 
climate, not yet been studied. In the 
water of one of them’I found. dead standing trees, 
which I estimated to be at least sixty years old. De 
Soto Lake and Morrison Lake, both from twenty to 
thirty-five feet deep, contained no bass and pickerel 
within the memory of white men. They have recently 


DOUGLAS LODGE IN 


which have 


Vv Veta) | binds 


YOGE PIC 


i 


. 


Ls 


NORWAY PINES IN ITASCA FOREST, SHOWING INJURY 
BY A SEVERE FOREST FIRE OF FORTY YHARS AGO. 


ITASCA STATE 
CONVENIENCE OF TOURISTS, IT IS BEAUTIFULLY LOCATED, COMMANDING A SUPERB 
VIEW OF LAKE ITASCA, THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPT. 


PARK. ERECTED FOR THE COMFORT AND 


been stocked with large mouthed black bass, which 
thrive and multiply very rapidly. Can it be that in 
years past these lakes have at times been so low that 
the larger fish were frozen out? Both lakes contain 
several kinds of minnows and sunfish. De Soto Lake, 
which has excellent sunfish spawning ground, was 
filled to capacity with sunfish. 


More Wild Life to the Square Mile 


Itasca Park, as the region is generally called, em- 
braces now a square of seven miles. It is, of course, 
no park at all, but an area of wild primitive forest. 
It is a refuge for many kinds of game and wild birds, 
and one can see more wild life in Itasca on a smaller 
area and with less exertion than in any other region 
as easily accessible, 

White-tail deer are very abundant, others are fairly 
common. Porcupines are almost too numerous for 
the good of the forest, and all the smaller northern 
animals»may be found there. Of late years raccoons 
have come into the park. In 1901 General Douglas 
liberated three beavers in the park, and the whole park 
is now so well stocked with them that the Forest 
Service has been obliged to trap about fifty of them 
annually, because their number has reached the limit 
of the food supply. 

A herd of about thirty elk is kept in a large en- 
closure between the two arms of the lake, and it is 
the plan to liberate some of them in the near future. 
In fact, two or three of them have escaped. There 
are no moose in the park, and they would probably not 
stay if they were introduced. There are a few black 
bears, although the region is not a very good bear 
country. Gray wolves occasionally stray into the park 
from the north, but coyotes have become quite plen- 
tiful and will have to be checked. 


742 AMERICAN 


A Colony of Blue Herons 


Loons and blue herons are the most conspicuous 
large water birds, and the herons have at least one 
large colony of sixty nests. It is the intention of the 
Forest Service to place a number of wood duck boxes 
around the lakes, because hollow trees’ are scarce in 
the park. One year a family of black ducks lived on 
a secluded beaver pond all summer. 

The greatest need of the park is adequate fire pro- 
tection. The region lies near to the western limit of 
forests, and is subject to occasional drouths in late 
summer and fall. The forest is of the mixed northern 


FORESTRY 


character, consisting of white pine, Norway pine, jack 
pine, balsam fir, spruce, tamarack, white cedar, paper 
birch, poplar, and a mixture of other broad-leafed 
species, 

Bradford Torrey might well have had Itasca State 
Park in mind when he wrote— 

“Ten thousand things we may have fretted ourselves 
about, uselessly or worse. But to have lived in the 
sun, to have loved natural beauty, to have felt the 
majesty of trees, to have enjoyed the sweetness of 
flowers and the music of birds—so much, at least, is 
not vanity or vexation of spirit.” 


FOREST POSSIBILITIES OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA 


AN INTERESTING ACCOUNT OF SOME STARTLING THINGS WHICH A FORESTER IS FINDING 
IN HIS STUDY OF CUT-OVER LANDS 


By T. Schantz Hansen, Cloquet Experiment Station 


cy evening as we sat eating our supper in front of 
our camp tents, a big touring car pulled up along 
A heavy-set man, whose 
eyes were hidden behind brown-colored glasses but whose 
fleshy face was highly colored from many days driving, 
climbed out and came over to us. He was from €hicago, 
he said, and was touring northern Minnesota with his 
family. He was puzzled about the country. He couldn’t 
seem to make it out. It was too big. There were too 
many great stretches of barren land. To his eye, un- 
accustomed to the northern cut-overs, it looked like 
something had stopped functioning somewhere. 


side the road and _ stopped. 


He had become so curious that he wanted to ask some 
questions. He asked many questions and we told him 
the story of the land. When we had finished and he 
could think of nothing more to ask, he took off his brown 
goggles and wiping them reflectively remarked: 


“Well, sir, I thought I ran a pretty big business down 
in Chicago, but this country up here! I'll say it’s a man- 
sized job.” 

Bigness of country! Barrenness of large areas of 
land! These two things above all others impress them- 


selves upon the traveler through northern Minnesota. 


‘> 
Saye 
u 


sre ow 


TO THE TRAVELER SPEEDING THROUGH BY AUTOMOBILE OR TRAIN THE COUNTRY LOOKED LIKE BRUSH. LAND, 
BUT AN EXAMINATION OF CUT-OVER AREAS SHOWED THAT WHERE FIRES HAVE BEEN KEPT OUT A VOLUNTEER | 
FOREST IS SPRINGING UP. 


—- sa 


——s 


— 


N. 


MEAS- 


“Ai 


WHICH ARE 


OF 
THIS IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLBE. 


FROM TROUT LAKE TO SAND POINT 


THE BHAUTY 


= 
v] 


PINE WINDS THE PORTAGE 
WELL POSTED FOR FIRE PROTECTIO 


IN LAKES, 


URED LARGELY BY THE HXTENT TO WHICH THEIR SHORDS REMAIN WOODED. 


NORWAY 
THE REGION IS. MUCH USED AND 


VIRGIN 
ALMOST A HALF MILLION ACRES 


MINNESOTA. 


< 
= 
fe) 
WY) 
fa 
Z 
Z 
= 
Z 
oe 
ta 
an 
= 
pe 
fe) 
Se 
oy 
fe) 
WY 
fa 
= 
4 
joa 

e 

WY 
WN 
O 
= 

- 
YQ 
es 
pe 
fe) 
ay 


Tee REE ee = sry ances Pe es 


THROUGH THIS STRETCH OF 
NORTHERN 
ST. LOUIS COUNTY - HAS 


744 AMERICAN 


And yet, it is only a matter of a hundred years since 
the soldiers at Fort Snelling started the first saw mill in 
the state. It is less than half that long since the Lumber 
Industry as we know it began its inroads on the immense 
In that period of fifty years 
what appeared to be an almost inexhaustible mine of 


areas of pine in the state. 


timber has been depleted to such an extent that the few 
remaining stands of virgin timber cause comment. In 
fact, some few sections have been preserved that future 
generations may know what a wonderful resource this 


state once possessed. 


Cut-Over Areas Appear As Economic Millstone 


The areas once heavily timbered have been turned into 


an apparent waste. Comparatively little of it has been 


FORESTRY 


ness and on a dollar and cent basis. One of the most 
important things in any business is to know the stock on 
hand. In forestry the stock on hand is timber and land. 
The latter is easily secured, the former is more difficult, 
and almost impossible with respect to the younger age 
classes found on the cut-over areas. The proposition of 
studying the true condition of cut-over lands by an actual 
stock taking was started by the Cloquet Forest Experi- 
ment Station three years ago. After three years of field 
work, what seemed like a hopeless and baffling proposi- 
tion is beginning to show results which are more or less 
startling. The intensive examination of the cut-over area 
brings out the fact that things are not always as they 
seem. The situation is not hopeless, or is it beyond the 
limit of human endeavor to work out the solution. In 


THIS 
FOREST 


PICTURE SHOWS THAT WHERE 
BECOMES A REAL FOREST. 
OF ACRES OF 


FIRES HAVE 


developed into farm land and we have come to regard the 
remainder as a necessary evil. The vastness of the area 
involved and its appearance of barfenness makes it seem 
as though it were humanly impossible to remedy the 
situation. It might almost seem that we are doomed to 
have the cut-over areas around our necks forever as an 
economic millstone. 

It is never safe to base opinions on casual glances, 
especially in such large and important questions as this. 
[t is one of the functions of a Forest Experiment Station 


to foster forestry. We must consider forestry as a busi- 


BEEN 
PROPER PROTECTION FROM FIRE POINTS THE WAY TO REFOREST MILLIONS 
BARREN LAND WHICH IS NOW 


KEPT OUT FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS THE VOLUNTEER 
A LIABILITY TO THE LAKE STATES. 


fact, the outlook is unusually bright and the economic 
situation will soon be such that the use of our cut-over 
lands will be solved. 

It was necessary to confine the study to a limited area 
in order that the data could be better applied. St. Louis 
county was selected because it was typical of the northern 
vart of the state, and was easily accessible because of the 
wonderful road system. It contains vast areas of cut- 
yer lands and some virgin timber. The statistics given 
here apply to only St. Louis county, but serve to indicate 
the condition of the entire northern portion of the state. 


FOREST POSSIBILITIES OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA 


Statistics in themselves are dry but are necessary and 
useful tools in shaping ideas and proving facts. In using 
them we can often forget that they are mere figures. 


A Matter Of Mere Figures 


St. Louis county is the largest in the state, in fact, it 
has a larger area than some of our states; about 4,250,000 
acres of which 3,800,000 acres are land, the remainder 
being lakes and rivers. A rough classification divides 
this net land area»equally into land unfit for farming 
under present methods and conditions and land fit for 
farming, or 1,900,000 acres to each class. It would 
simplify matters considerably if these areas were in com- 
pact bodies, but they are scattered here and there with 
no rhyme or reason. The extent of forest land in this 
county alone cannot help but impress one with the fact 
that its very quantity makes it important enough to war- 
tant considerable thought. 

We have 1,900,000 acres of farm land in the county. 
Some of it is as good and rich land as can be found any- 
where, some of it is not so good. The census of 1920 
shows a total of 93,000 acres of land improved since the 
time they started improving land in 1855. The rate of 
improvement will increase, that is granted, but much of 
the area will raise one, two, or three crops of trees before 
it is needed for the plow and leave the soil in better condi- 
tion. This adds considerably to the 1,900,000 acres which 
we consider as forest land. Remember now we are deal- 
ing with one county of this great state and there are at 
least twelve that fall in this class. ust consider the 
economic importance of the area. i 

The method used in this study need not be described 
here. Altogether 163 sections were examined intensively. 
These were located in the various surface and soil con- 
ditions found in the county. Certain types of land were 
avoided because as soon as any cutting was done here the 
land was cleared for the plow. These areas were the old 
lake beds. 


Something More Than Brush Land 


The intensive examination showed the cut-over areas 
to be in a producing state and not just an area of brush 
land as a casual glance would indicate. Even in the rock 
regions where popular opinion has the hills as a rock 
waste, these hills were found to be in a producing state 
and not barren. A complete analysis of the data showed 
only 4 per cent of the cut-over lands to be barren and 
without second growth. Only 4 per cent of this vast and 
apparently hopelessly barren areas in urgent need of 
planting. An area small enough to lie entirely in the 
realm of financial and physical possibility. What then 
do we find on these cut-over areas? 

On half of the cut-over land we find a stand of hard- 
woods. Hardwoods in this section mean birch and pop- 
ple stands with probably a sprinkling of less than 10 per 
cent of pine, spruce, or balsam’ On a quarter of the 
area we find mixed stands. Mixed stands are those 
stands of birch and popple which contain more than 10 
per cent and less than 60 per cent of pine, spruce, or 


745 


balsam in mixture. On a tenth of the area, conifers are 
coming in. It is rather disappointing to find such a small 
percentage of the area coming back to the original species, 
but even that has its bright side. The remaining 13 per 
cent is swamp and muskeg which was not considered in: 
this study because of its uncertain status and the little 
that is known about tree growth and the perpetuation of 
the forest on this type of land. 


Repeated Fires Make Pigmy Forests 


It is unfortunate but true that the younger age classes 
predominate in the stands of second growth. It is 
rare that it takes more than a year or two after cutting 
for a stand of young growth to start. In spite of this, 
the areas cut thirty years ago are rarely ever occupied 
by stands about thirty years old. The proportion of 
seedling stage stands in the second growth was large, 78 


SOME SECTIONS OF VIRGIN FOREST HAVE BEEN PRE- 
SERVED THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS MAY KNOW WHAT 


A WONDER-RESOURCE MINNESOTA ONCE POSSESSED. 
IN THIS STAND OF NORWAY PINE THE STATE HAS 
BUILT COMFORTABLE CABINS FOR SUMMER TOURISTS. 


Trees in this stage averaged 
about 8 feet in height and seven years in age. Twelve 
percent of the stands were in the sapling stage. The 
trees in this stage averaged 15 feet in height and 12 
years of age. Ten per cent of the stands were in the 
pole stage, and averaged about 25 feet in height and 25 
years in age. 

This predominance of younger age classes is due to 
two factors. The first being that much of the area has 
been cut over more than once and brush disposal incident 
to logging has destroyed the young growth. The second 
factor is the repeated burning to which the areas have 
been subjected. The progress of fire protection has 
greatly lessened the danger of repeated burning. We are 
still far from a complete solution of the fire question. 


per cent being in this stage. 


(Continued on Page 757) 


EDITORIAL 


PROTECTING THE OUTDOORS 


A million and a half peo- 
ple, in round numbers, every 
year invade the States of 
Michigan, Wisconsin and 
Minnesota, seeking out-door recreation. There are two 
seasons for them. In July and August the north country 
is swarming with summer tourists. They are every- 
where—in the woods, on the highways, in, on and around 
the lakes. They are seeking the best the land has to 
offer,—fishing, boating, swimming, camping, hiking or 
just serenely resting in the cool forest. The car from 
New York is parked under kindly pines beside the car 
from Oregon along with half a dozen from Illinois and 
as many more from Iowa. But by the time the Septem- 
ber rains are well begun, this army of summer tourists is 
largely gone. 


THE SUMMER 
TOURIST 


When the Indian summer 
creeps down from the north 
and the ducks begin to fly 
overhead and the game sea- 
sons for fowl, deer and small fur-bearing animals open, 
another army of travelers—the gun sportsmen,—sweep 
up from the south and in from the east and west. The 
woods resound with the bang of the shotgun and the bing 
of the rifle. The game becomes restless, wary and on 
the move. By Christmas, the season’s bag is well filled 
and the second army of invasion has retreated. 

These recreational visitors 
leave annually upwards of 
seventy-five million dollars in 
the three States. The amount 
The tourist trade has become a lead- 
ing industry in the north country. It is upbuilding the 
railroads and the highways of the back country. It is 
dotting the lake shores with hotels and summer lodges. 
It is pulling many a farmer through lean years pending 
the development of new land. It is saving many a mer- 
chant and many a county from bankruptcy. It is remak- 
ing the north country. 


ENTER THE GUN 
SPORTSMAN 


A FORTUNE FROM 
TOURIST TRADE 


is on the increase. 


No need to ask why this 
army of a million and a half 
Americans from distant 
States, with money in their 
pockets and buoyant anticipation in their hearts, seeks 
the north woods country. The traveler in search of 
recreation is attracted by what nature has to offer—by its 
woods, its lakes, its fishing, its game, its roads, its camp- 
ing spots. Rich in the historic glory of vast forests and 
innumerable lakes, this north country has long been 
famous as a tourist land. The States are now capitaliz- 
ing as they have never done before what is left of their 
natural resources. They are advertising them throughout 
the nation, forming tourist and summer resort organiza- 
tions, building wonderful roads, seeking to conserve the 


CAPITALIZING 
NATURE 


game and fish by man-made laws. Between States a 
lively competition has developed. 


In view of what is taking 


TIME FOR SERI- 


OUS THINKING of making this north country 


attractive as a pleasure land, we think it is time to give a 
little serious consideration to a few fundamental elements 
in the undertaking. Seventy-five million dollars annually 
from tourist trade! Figured as a six per cent return, the 


valuation of the capital investment amounts to $1,250,- — 


000,000. Add the value of the game and fish taken each 
year, the internal recreational trade created, the returns 
from lumber, pulpwood, poles, posts and firewood, the 
capital investment assumes a value of over five billion 
dollars. An investment surely worth thinking about! 


manence? Ordinarily we think of land as something 
permanent and without land there can be no forests and 
no lakes. But land alone, barren and unwatered, is a 
desert. Spot the barren land with twenty thousand lakes 
with barren shores and it still remains a barren, shade- 


less, monotonous country, lean in game, fish and natural 


scenery. It has no voice to call the tourist or the sports- 
man from distant lands. 

But to the land with its 
twenty thousand lakes, add a 
fair proportion of forests and 
the country at once becomes 


FORESTS—THE 
PILLAR OF 
PERMANENCE 


transformed as completely as 
dull rock is transformed by the glitter of traces of gold. 
The heart leaps at the sight of it, even at the telling of 
it. In the mind of the recreationist, the forest mirrors 
game, birds, flowers, trails, cool shade, restful places, 
beautiful roads, wooded lake shores, and shadowed waters 
where the fish gather on hot days. Of the three—land, 
forest and water—the forest is the pillar of permanence 
and stability, upon which recreational development in the 
lake States rests today and in the future. There is no 
theory or argument about it. 

Years ago, nature loaned 
the lake States a magnificent 
forest—-one of the finest in 

‘the world. That the States 
felt no obligation to use the borrowed capital with wise 
foresight is common knowledge, written large across the 
face of the north country. With it, they built a large 
lumber industry and Hastened the development of their 
commonwealths and of those to the south, west and east. 
That was right and inevitable, but the manner of doing 
it left the debt but half paid. There remains outstanding 


A LOAN FROM 
NATURE 


many times larger and more — 


Land, forest and water 
LAND, FOREST constitute this investment 
AND WATER principal. What is the guar- 


place and of the possibilities — 


* 


anty of its stability’and per- 


forty million acres of treeless barrens and here and there 
a small balance of old virgin forests. 

The lumber industry now 
is nearly gone and on the de- 
pleted remains of that original 
forest capital the lake States 
are seeking to build a great national playground. The 
‘time has come for them to consider what has happened 
in the past in terms of what may happen in the future. 
The forest is. their limiting factor. Sooner or later, 
they must face the fact that their depleted forest capital 
still is shrinking and the foundation gradually is slipping 
from under the rising temple of their greater outdoors. 

What is being done to 
check the forest loss? In 
each of the three States, 
forest protection and forest 
reconstruction has been booted about politically for years, 
choked here, throttled there and fanned alive when neces- 
sity arose. As a result they trail far behind other public 
work. Fires—the curse of the north country—continue 
to consume thousands of acres of growing timber, fur- 
nishing flaring headlines of exaggeration in the news- 
papers and frightening tourists from the country; lakes 
continue to be drained, increasing the fires and routing 


THE LIMITING 
FACTOR 


THE CURSE OF 
THE NORTH 


Some people still have the 


FOOLISH idea that foresters want to 
IDEAS make every piece of raw land 
they clap their eyes upon into 

a forest. A foolish idea, of course, but not uncommon 


in the land clearing States of Michigan, Minnesota and 
Wisconsin, where agricultural propagandists have boomed 
every likely crop but timber—the one crop the States are 
now most in need of. Public understanding of what 
forestry actually contemplates is surprisingly at loose 
ends in many minds. There are those who are against 
forestry because they believe forestry and agriculture are 
enemies. There are those who still believe that a state 
or national forest having been set apart, a high fence 
would be built around it and the public kept out. There 
are those who are for forestry in principle but who have 
been led to believe that it is impracticable to fit it into the 


scheme of progress. And so on. 
The effect is the effect of 
: : h 
THE MISSING ignorance, reflected in the 
CROP small amount of progress 


which these States have made 
in forestry during the past decade. Agricultural develop- 
ment has been the cry, but it has been an agricultural 
program without a timber crop. Propaganda started 
years ago by conscienceless land speculators whose stock 
in trade is cheap cut-over lands, has been a large factor 
in stifling forestry and in confusing the public mind as 
to its proper place in State development. Fortunately, 
the States have made much progress in throttling this 
type of operator, but in advancing the use of land for 


; EDITORIAL 


WHERE EDUCATION 


747 


the game; reforestation proceeds at a slow pace although 
the success of planting has been repeatedly demonstrated. 

Minnesota, which leads the 
States in actual forest pro- 
gress, grudgingly appropriates 
$125,000 for its Forest De- 
partment, of which eighty per cent is spent for fire pro- 
tection, when it should provide a sum three or four times 
greater. In Wisconsin, forestry is practically at a stand- 
still. The State is spending $15,000 for fire protection 
and trusting to luck that it will not awaken some hot, 
windy summer to a great conflagation and another great 
blackened blot on its northern landscape. Michigan with 
less than a hundred thousand dollars has thus far failed 
to lift the mortgage from its forest land counties. 

Thus inadequate action con- 
tinues to eat away the forest 
balance while the States has- 
ten to capitalize the vanish- 
ing remains with large programs of road building, game 
propagation and recreational development. A great in- 
dustry—lumbering—rose and thrived in the Lake States 
and then it collapsed because men had ignored the de- 
cisive factor—the forest—in the capital investment with 
which the industry had been built. 

Are the Lake States going to repeat the mistake ? 


IS NEEDED 


specially adapted crops they have made relatively little 
progress, so far as land suitable only for growing forests 
is concerned. 


STATE 
APATHY 


EXPERIENCE AND 
ITS LESSON 


Both Michigan and Min- 
nesota give forestry courses 
at their agricultural colleges 
and excellent work is being 
done with the small amount of money provided. But the 
departments are inadequately supported financially to 
permit the State wide extension work needed to give the 
forest its economic place on the land. In Wisconsin, at 
the State University at Madison, forestry is tucked away 
in one little course of two lectures twice a week for one 
semestre. And this is in spite of the fact that, according 
to the last census, the farm woodlots in Wisconsin, 
yielded $16,500,000 worth of forest products in 1919, a 
crop value exceeding only by that of corn, oats, hay and 
clover, and potatoes and that on Wisconsin farms timber 
ranks first in acreage. 


LAKE STATES 
FORESTRY 


In a recent speech, Secre- 
tar Wallace of the United 
States Department of Agri- 
culture, said: “Timber is a 
crop; one of our most important crops. It grows, ripens 
and becomes ready for the harvest just as other agricul- 
tural crops. It should be harvested in season and another 
crop grown for the use of future generations. It must 
be protected from fire, from plant diseases, from insect 
pests, just as other agricultural crops are protected. 
That requires the services of the horticulturist, of the 
entomologist, of the plant pathologist and of the forest 


GIVE THE FOR- 
EST ITS PLACE 


748 AMERICAN 


specialist, all of these men being specially trained in their 
own lines, working together in closest co-operation.” 
Coming from so eminent an authority, does not that 


THE COMMON 


Forest destruction breeds 
forest fires. In a dense for- 
est the coolness, the shade, 
the surface litter of decaying 
vegetation, all hold the native moisture. The hot sun 
filters through the leafy canopy in slender shafts that 
scarcely temper the humidity; the drying winds are 
checked. Only a prolonged drought can make the forest 
highly inflammable. With the timber cut, all this is 
changed, the canopy is gone, the sun now reaches the 
surface litter and dries it out. The debris from cutting 
seasons quickly, each resinous branch a potential torch. 
Days or weeks elapse without rain and the kindling is 
ready for the first chance spark. Once ignited, it burns 
fiercely and fast. Scattered vegetation in its path is 
killed but not consumed, and remains to dry out and pro- 
vide fuel for another fire. Repeated fires reduce the 
vegetation to the poorest of weeds or brush, and an area 
has been laid waste, with only charred stumps to show 
what nature once produced there. 

If a waiting settler could 
turn this clearing to account, 
and build in the ashes a pro- 
ductive farm home, the man- 
ner of clearing would be less important. All honor to 
those hardy farmers, who in our modern times, typify the 
pioneers. But in nine cases out of ten, there is no wait- 


THE MAKER OF 
IDLE LAND 


WHY BURNS RE- 
MAIN BURNS 


FORESTRY 


put it upto the agricultural colleges to give forestry the 
piace in their educational activities which the interests 
of their State demand? 


ENEMY 


ing settler. The land which has escaped clearing for 
generations is often fit for no crop except timber, And 
so, almost always, the burned area remains only a burn, 
to be added to that desolate region of blackened stumps 
and tangled briers which forms the idle land problem in 
the Lake States. 

It is unthinkable that an area which in the aggregate 
is as large as the State of New York should remain idle, 
or even in a condition of low productivity. Exper- 
ience more and more points to the fact that much of it 
will reach its highest usefulness in growing again the 


forests it formerly supported. And since fire is chiefly j 


responsible for the idle land problem the greatest step in 
the solution of that problem will be the control of fire. 
As long as a region is sub- 
ject to inordinate fire hazards, 
there is little chance that a 
timber crop requiring fifty 
years or more to mature will 


HELP NATURE 
AND NATURE 
WILL HELP US 


long survive. 
We must reduce the fire loss before forestry can find the 
business basis which will make it successful. Yet curi- 
ously enough, if we had well stocked forests in place of 
slashings and old burns the forest fire menace would be- 
come relatively small, for the dense green forest pro- 
tects itself. If we help nature to establish forests nature 
will help us in fighting the common enemy, fire. 


MICHIGAN’S LAND SURVEY . 


One of the most encourag- 
ing and at the same time 
most progressive steps yet 
undertaken in land manage- 
ment is that contemplated by the State of Michigan. It 
is a Land Economic Survey, the object of. which is to 
gather for each county the information needed to direct 
the development of land and other natural resources 
along sound economic lines. The survey is to be in the 
nature of an inventory of resources and a determination 
in so far as may be possible of how land and water may 
be put to its highest use. 

The project is already under way, having been started 
during the past summer by co-operative financing on the 
part of the State Departments of Conservation and Agri- 
culture, the Michigan Agricultural College and the Uni- 
versity of Michigan. The executive direction of the 
work has been assigned the State Geologist. Field crews 
completed Charlevoix County this summer, studying and 
recording information on land types, soil values, land 
uses, forest conditions, recreational development and pos- 
sibilities, fish and game, water power, forest fires, taxa- 
tion problems, etc. In order to continue the work to 
include other counties of the State, the Legislature will 
be asked for an annual appropriation of $200,000. 


A PROGRESSIVE 
UNDERTAKING 


There is probably no State 
in the union more in need of 
such a survey than Michigan. 
Many parts of the State have 


THE STRENGTH 
OF THE SOIL 


‘been for years and still are going backward because of 


misuse of land. Many counties, it is said, are bankrupt 
or nearly so and land is reverting to the State at the 


rate of 100,000 acres a year for non-payment of taxes. 


Yet all of this land has value if put to its proper use. 
What is it best suited for? If not for agriculture now 
or in the near future, what is its value for forestry, 
recreation, wild life or some other economic use? And. 
how can its proper utilization be brought about? The 
survey, it is expected, will answer these questions and 


thus provide an intelligent and comprehensive basis for 


Michigan’s development. 
“Any policy which does not 


THE INCENTIVE 


tion of all land is inade- 


TO PRIVATE 3 
REFORESTATION quate,” says Michigan’s di- 
rector of Agricultural De- 

velopment. “It would be fortunate if it could be shown 


to the owner that he might expect a fair return from 
growing trees as a crop. It would permanently prevent 


(Continued on Page 758) 


No grower of timber can take the chance. — 


provide for economic utiliza- — 


t 


MICHIGAN'S FIGHT FOR FORESTS 


By P. S. Lovejoy 


Secretary Michigan Forestry Association 


ere CULAR historian would have to begin at the 

other end, but the fact is that Michigan is setting 
the pace for thenation in matters of land economics. That 
is curious, too, for®*decade after decade Michigan has 
been the favorite hangout for the sand-land swindlers, 
the boomer and the forest fire. But perhaps economic 
diseases develop their own anti-toxins. If so, perhaps 
Michigan’s sudden change may be explained. A third 
of Michigan is virtually or actually bankrupt. Many 
other states are in like shape; but Michigan admits it. 


“No Hokum At All,” Says Governor 


In any case, having listened to the heads of State 
Departments and Bureau Chiefs, and having checked 
through their detailed and interlocking plan for the 


stopping at every house to find out whether it was 
occupied, and if so, how the occupants happened to be 
there and how they were getting along; and how far 
it was to school and water; and asking what had be- 
come of the people who used to live in the empty 
houses ; and how long since fire had been on the hill: 
and kicking old stumps to find out what sort of forest 
had originally been on that land, and marking in on 
the tally sheets what sort of forest. was there now—if 
any at all, and what sort of forest was apt to be there 
in fifty years; and comparing what they found on the 
land with the records in the courthouse; taking in- 
ventory of land affairs—from deer sign and trout to 
the area of farms in alfalfa and the assessed value of 
virgin basswood. Perfectly real; in Michigan; just 


w 
‘ 
" 


WHAT HAS BECOME OF THE FAMILIES WHO ONCE LIVED ON THESE FARMS, NOW DESERTED? 


THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF ABANDONED AND BANKRUPT LAND AND WITHIN TEN YEARS THE 


THERE WERE 
STATE HAD LOST 


10,500 FARMS AND A BILLION FEET OF LUMBER WAS BEING IMPORTED EVERY YEAR. 


reclamation of Michigan’s idle lands, now amounting 
to some 12,000,000 acres, it seemed too good to be true. 
So I went in and asked Governor Groesbeck about it. 
This was a campaign year, I said. And how much of 
all this program stuff was real and bona fide adminis- 
tration policy and how much of it was campaign 
hokum? 

No hokum at all, the Governor told me. And, yes, 
it would be correct to state that the Governor would 
take the essentials of the big idea out on the stump 
this fall: Inventory-survey, fire control, farm and for- 
est development. And, yes, the facts were uncomfort- 
able—but not to be denied. Time to go straight. 

Up in Charlevoix county I saw the crews of the 
official Soil and Economic Survey quartering the 
country, mapping soil and topography and cover; 


as the professors of the Michigan Academy of Science 
had recommended in 1920. Astonishing. 

On the oldest State Forest where, in 1905, we stu- 
dents had dragged our clothesline surveyor’s chains 
through the scattering brush for $20 a month, I saw 
whole forests of popple and oak: and pine, almost 
merchantable already; saw a hundred miles of rod- 
wide, tractor-made fire lines blocking the quarter and 
forty lines, and lookout towers sticking up every few 
miles; thousands of acres of hand-set pine, doing 
nicely; one of the biggest forest nurseries in America, 
with a seed-extracting house in one corner and a con- 
crete reservoir, under ground, as big as a church and 
filled by a hydraulic ram. 

In Lansing the Secretary of the Conservation De- 
partment spread out a chart bigger than his desk and 


750 AMERICAN 


argued with me as to the stumpage increment reason- 
ably to be expected during 60 years, and. whether the 
planting of 100,000 acres of pine a year would be 
enough. 


The Commissioner Stands Up In Meeting 


The Commissioner of Agriculture stood up in meet- 
ing to demand that the lumbermen, foresters and tax 
experts fix up the timberland tax laws so that a land- 


WHERE FOREST SCHOOL STUDENTS IN 1905 DRAGGED 


A SURVEYOR’S CHAIN IS NOW A FOREST OF POPPLE 
AND OAK AND PINE, 


owner might have a decent chance to grow a crop of 
timber on lands not yet profitably available for farm 
crops. And the head of the Conservation Department 
stood up in meeting to say that the fires must be 
stopped, and the fire chief said that half a million dol- 
lars a year would not be too much to do the job. 

Then the lumbermen and farm-bureau and develop- 
ment men, and the foresters and colonization agents 
and professors all said “Amen” and the ayes had it, 
and it was so ordered. In Michigan, June, 1922. As- 
tonishing. 

How all that happened to happen is the history of 
it, I suppose. But the regular historians like to handle 
it cold and this is hot stuff; so it has to be handled 
irregularly and all that it proves is that the Automatic 
Fool Killer is still working. 

Charles W. Garfield, of Grand Rapids, went broke 
in the nursery business, but remained interested in 
growing trees while becoming a big banker, State Sen- 
ator and so forth. Way back in the nineties he tried 
to persuade the Agricultural College to teach some 
forestry, but he couldn’t sell the idea. So he tried it 
on the University, but without much chance of success. 


FORESTRY 


The Cowpuncher From Texas 


It happened, however, that Professor Spaulding of 
the University’s botany department had promised Dr. 
Fernow to write a monograph on the white pine, Michi- 
gan being that pine’s favorite state. But in trying to 
write a monograph for Dr. Fernow the professor bit 
off more than he could chew. Luckily he was able 
to wish off part of the work on one of his advanced 
students, named Roth, recently a cowpuncher in Texas 
who had pointed north. So Dr. Fernow met young 
Mr. Roth and presently took him to Washington to 
get him properly indurated. Leaving Washington for 
the young Mr. Pinchot to untangle, Dr. Fernow and 
the now Professor Roth started the new school of 
forestry at Cornell. 

Senator Garfield and his associates somehow found 
a way to reach the University authorities, and, when 
the New York legislature in 1902 ditched the Cornell 
school, Professor Roth came back to Ann Arbor to 
open a department of forestry; his equipment in 1903 
consisting of some warped calipers, a set of Schlich 
and a part-time botanist. 

Attendance at the school grew distressingly fast, 
even though the Agricultural College soon opened an- 
other school of forestry. Besides running his depart- 
ment and teaching a dozen courses, Professor Roth was 
traveling the state, winter and summer—for many 
years wholly at his own expense—addressing any au- 
dience which would give him a hearing. Practical 
business men and their organizations were not much 
interested, but the Women’s Clubs were all jazzed up 
by the new conservation gospels. : 

As Professor Roth camped on the trail a lumberman 
would now and then approach, nibble a little, snort, 
and disappear into the dense political brush. 

By this time many isolated individuals and organi- 
zations had begun to affiliate to promote forestry, and 
the Pinchot-Roosevelt period was opening. By 1905 
the Michigan Forestry Association was organized and 
the Women’s Clubs had badgered the legislature into 
creating a Forestry Commission and into designating 
two ragged little chunks of devastated and tax-reverted 
land as “Forest Reserves.” 


Six Hundred Dollars and a Title 


As Forest Warden with a salary of $1,000 a year, 
Professor Roth and his student crews found enough 
down cedar in the old burned swamps to make the 
“Reserves” almost pay their way. As head of the 
University’s forest department he was meanwhile really 
quite up against it for help with the teaching. The 
regents having finally allowed $600 and a title, the 
head of the department assigned his salary as State 
Forest Warden and Assistant Professor Mulford ap- 
pears on the scene. . 

The Forestry Association was now active and im- 
portunate. Its resolutions year after year dealt with 
fire, taxation, devastation, land policy, deficit in forest 


vw oes 


MICHIGAN’S FIGHT FOR FORESTS 751 


products, woodlots, and the exploitation of alleged 
farm lands, in phrasing still pertinent for most states 
and for the nation. The Association’s efforts concen- 
trated on fire and the state’s methods of handling the 
tax-reverted lands thrown overboard by the lumber- 
men. The resolutions of 1907 recite that within five 
years over 800,000 acres of such tax-reverted lands 
have been sold by the state for about a dollar an acre, 
have been bought for the little timber left on them, 
skinned and thrown back to the fires and the re- 
peddling agencies of the State Land Office. 


“Let Them Theorists Rave!” 


In 1908, at Battle Creek, the Association staged a 
protest méeting against the Game, Fish and Fire War- 
den, alleging incompetence and negligence. Such im- 
putations were stoutly denied by the Lansing worthies 
who promptly pointed out that the legislature had al- 
Ways regarded game and fish policing as more im- 
portant than fire and that the appropriations were 
wholly inadequate for either line of work. Why blame 
the officials when the system was at fault ? 


They got away with it. They continued to get away 
with it until about 1919. First they pretended that they 
were doing “everything possible with the funds avail- 
able”; then they wrote fire reports which preposter- 
ously minimized the damages done by fire. Having 
killed their case in advance, the fire appropriations re- 
mained inadequate and the old alibi was good for an- 
other year. There was much mean work in fighting 
fire, but in the game and fish organization was con- 
siderable pie: “Let them theorists rave on!” 


The 1908 fire season was very bad and the losses 
were tremendous and included the town of Metz. The 
Fire Warden’s report for that year is a curiosity even 
among Michigan fire documents. Over 2,000,000 acres 
are acknowledged’ to have been burned over. Total 
damages are put at about a dollar an acre. “Benefits” 
from the fires are solemnly listed, county by county 
and total a quarter million dollars. The land has been 
made easier for settlers to clear! A chapter on “Ex- 
travagant Estimates of Damages” attends to Professor 
Roth and the Forestry Association campaigners by 
suggesting that such reports were written “from a 
parlor car on a fast train or a first-class hotel.” Any- 
way, the Fire Warden notes, the fires of 1871, 1881 
and 1894 were a whole lot worse than those of 1908— 
so there! A single well hidden paragraph vaguely 
suggests that perhaps a better fire-fighting organiza- 
tion will sometime become available. 

With all its drums beating, the Forestry Association 
attacked the next legislature and succeeded in getting 
appointed an official “Inquiry Into Tax Lands and 
Forestry.” The report is a queer hodge-podge of un- 
supported allegation and poignant fact. The state’s 
land affairs are rotten, it is charged; graft and the 
exploitation of agriculturally worthless lands and tim- 
ber-skinning have become notorious and intolerable. 


Insiders Spike the Forestry Bill 


The Forestry Association put in and urged a bill. 
The old-line insiders spiked that bill and let it go 
through. The Public Domain Commission, consisting . 
of Secretary of State, Auditor General, Superintendent 
of Education and representatives from the governing 
boards of the. University, Agricultural College and 
School of Mines, is created and given jurisdiction over 
state tax lands, state forests, waters and immigration. 
Game, fish and fire administration remains in the hands 
of a Governor-appointed warden. The law required 
that the Commission maintain at least 200,000 acres 
of state forests. 


The Forestry Association was inclined to regard the 
Public Domain Commission as its legitimate child and 
seems quite to have expected to take it by the hand 
and lead it into pleasant places. But the event was 
quite otherwise. Having absorbed the functions of the 
old Forestry Commission, about the first thing the new 
Commission did was to lay off the State Forest War- 
den and all his works. A crisis was precipitated in 
the affairs of the University’s forestry department. 
Professor Mulford resigned to accept the chair of 
forestry at the new Cornell school. Professor Roth 
was left to teach a hundred students single-handed. 
The Forestry Association became disgusted and let 
that be known abroad, but nobody of any importance 
seems to have cared a bit. 

Then Professor Roth resigned to return to Cornell. 
The regents calmly attempted to find a successor, dis- 
covered something as to the standing of their forestry 


THE GAME AND FIRE WARDEN HAD DISCOVERED THAT 
THE GAME AND FUR ANIMALS ABSOLUTELY REQUIRE 
GREEN FOREST COVERT. 


752 AMERICAN 


department and hired back the man who created it, 
giving him facilities for enlarging his staff and equip- 
ment. This was in 1912. 

Lansing and Ann Arbor were now hardly on speaking 


FORESTRY 


Finally the deadlock having become about complete, 
in 1915, after delicate negotiations between Ann Arbor 
and Lansing, the Commission and the Association came 
into tentatively amicable contact. As the price of 


terms. After having been well slapped by its thank- burying the hammer the Association demanded that 
less progeny, the Commis- 
the Associa- sion promul- 


tion decided to 
wait watchful- 
ly. Besides, it | 
had _ strained 
itself in its 
attack on the 
legislature and 
a secretary 
had been care- 
less in ac- 
k no wledging 
receipts. Ann 
Arbor was 
writing books 
and _ teaching. 
Grand Rapids 
was_ banking. 
Detroit was 
practicing law. 
The Associa- 
tion flag re ™ 
mained at 
half-mast. 
Things seemed to have gone to pot. To the conster- 
nation of the regulars, the Commission employed a 
Biltmore graduate, called him State Forester, set him 
well out in the Roscommon sands and pretty much 
forgot him. To the horror of the faithful the Com- 
mission had taken as its secretary and active executive 
an ex-State Land Commissioner, the law setting up no 
specifications as to this officer, save that he should 
have “a good general knowledge of Michigan land 
laws.” 


Fie bak ee oe ey ears. 


¥ . 
a a 
. v4 


The Dark Age In Michigan Forestry 


The dark age of Michigan forestry lies between 1910 
and 1915. Of it little is to be recorded, save that the 
Public Domain Commission appears to have given 
adequate attention to the leasing of the St. Claire flats, 
and discharged its obligation in re agricultural de- 
velopment by printing an ornate bulletin called “Michi- 
gan—The Land of Plenty.” Whenever the Commission 
tried to get a little more money dut of the legislature, 
the Association started its hammer again, and with 
some effect. Once officers of the Association having 
sent the legislators personal communications entitled 
“Friends of Forestry Take Notice,’ Lansing moved 
mysteriously and a University President requested a 
Professor of Forestry to kindly lay off a spell—at 
least until the appropriation for the new science build- 
ing might be safe. 


THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF HANDSET PINE SUCH AS THIS, AND DOING NICELY, ON 
THE OLDEST STATE FOREST IN MICHIGAN. 


gate something 
in the nature 
of a_ general 
plan or policy. 

Hesitatingly 
the Commis- 
sion permitted 
its State For- 
ester to blue- 
print a 60-year 
planting plan 
for the State 
Forests, now 
grown to some 
400,000 acres. 
This plan was 
given the Uni- 
versity forest- 
ers for consid- 
eration. Other 
careful nego- 
tiations having 
i been — success- 
ful, Lansing ‘exchanges party calls with Ann Arbor 
and presently dares invite Ann Arbor to inspect the 
State Forests. The inspection disclosed a large and 
excellent nursery, great blocks of successful plantations, 
and the first real system of permanent fire-lines in 
America. To all this Ann Arbor joyfully certified. 
Thenceforth Ann Arbor was permitted mild suggestions 
as to the conduct of state forest affairs. The Com- 
mission presently did a radical thing and set a minimum 
price on tax-reverted lands and refused to dispose of 
them unless of somewhat agricultural character. 


The Fire Warden Makes Some Discoveries 


The legislature of 1914 had inadvertently advanced 
the cause. of land economics very materially. The 
term of the Game, Fish and Fire Warden being about 
to expire and the legislature being Republican, whereas 
the Governor was a Democrat, there was great jeop- 
ardy. By fast and clever work the Wardens had got- 
ten themselves transferred to the jurisdiction of the 
Public Domain Commission, thus getting land and 
forest affairs into much sharper focus than before, 
By 1916 the Game and Fire Warden had made and 
published three discoveries: 1—That “brush” if un- 
burned, often turned out to be young forest, and young 
forest, if unburned, might become merchantable; 2— 
That game and fur animals absolutely required green 
forest covert; 3—That a lookout tower had _ been 
erected. 


By camouflaging the Ann Arbor elements involved 
_ in 19138, the state fire authorities had been coaxed into 
accepting federal fire funds under the Weeks Law, 
but for a number of years the Forest Service inspector’s 
_ feports had been delicately calibrated to the compre- 
_hension of the local officials. But by 1919 the local 
incompetence had become too hard to overlook—and 
_ the fires had been very severe. The inspector’s report 
_ for 1919 was unusually candid. The Michigan fire or- 
ganization was aerather sad affair. Lansing hag failed 
or refused to back up its own field chief. 

Lansing was very irate over such treatment at the 
hand of rank and theoretical outsiders and was quoted 
to the effect that the only new fire law needed would 
be one to “keep that government . inspector. out 
of the state.” But it was too late. Suddenly the old 
Beschinery and the old-timers found themselves “in 
wrong,” and didn’t at all know why or what to do 
_ about it. 

_ From Washington was coming a great new campaign 
for an adequate national forest policy. 


Enter The Detroit News 


The Detroit News, disturbed over the prices of pulp, 
had learned that with ten million acres of the state in 
idle forest land fit to grow pulp, even a great news- 
paper organization might not date undertake growing 
its own raw material on its own lands in its own state. 
Fires and unjust timberland tax laws would make it 
too hazardous. A third of the state was skidding into 
bankruptcy. A sixth of the state was owned. by some 
30 land concerns. Within ten years the state had lost 
10,500 farms. A billion feet of lumber was being im- 
“ported every year, with freight bills alone as great as 
the cost of growing local timber. Thousands of acres 
_of abandoned and bankrupt land were coming back to 
_ the state every month and at increasing rates. These 
Things the News broadcasted in a great campaign. 
‘Lansing was uncomfortably aware that the News had 
‘not published all it might. 

Development bureau and chamber of commerce sec- 
_retaries were beginning to note the fire damaged soil, 
2 that range stock could suffocate in smoke and that 
‘tourists did not spend cash for foul air and roads 
blocked with burning snags. 


CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS 


753 


A national farm journal of great circulation was 
commenting at length on north Lake State affairs; a 
lecturer of the State Grange was listing the articles 
for assigned reading. 


Lansing Casts Overboard A Jonah 


To all of this official Lansing reacted uneasily, hope- 
fully casting overboard, from time to time, first a 
Jonah and then a piece of pie. What the dickens? 
What’s got into ’em, anyway? 

With the advent of Governor Groesbeck, in 1920, 
came a great shakeup and consolidation of. offices. 
Departments of Conservation and Agriculture were 
created, the head of each directly responsible for all 
the activities under him and directly responsible to the 
Governor. A Conservation Commission, presumably 
to act in advisory capacity to the Director of Con- 
servation, and successor to the Public Domain Commis- 
sion, was provided. Its Chairman hailed from the Sag- 
inaw district. Its Secretary hailed from the Saginaw 
district. The Director of Conservation, ex-Game, 
Fire and Fish Warden, was chairman of the Republican 
committee of the Saginaw district. All Game, Fur, 
Fish, Fire, state land and State Forest affairs now be- 
came concentrated where responsibility for their admin- 
istration could not be escaped. Everything began to co- 
ordinate most harmoniously. 

But only began. Like a comet flaming among the 
old and drowsy constellations of Michigan conserva- 
tionists, came James Oliver Curwood, of Owosso, 
author and playwright, urging the sportsmen of the 
state to arise and assert their rights. Protest meetings 
were held, headlines flared in half the front pages of the 
state, threats of libel suits reverberated through the 
press and the Governor’s personal attention was invited 
to the matters in issue. And just as election campaign 
was about to open, too. 

On the heels of all this unprecedented motion came 
Harold Titus’ novel, “Timber,” with official Lansing 
pictured true to life and fire and tax affairs made 
real and understandable. 

Now, drat these professors and writers, anyway! 

Well, if you can’t lick the opposition, next best 
thing’s to absorb ’em. Savonarola had no typewriter. 


0° a subject of intense, pererinial interest—Christmas 
) trees—the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion has issued a bulletin by A. K. Chittenden, from 
vhich the following excerpts are ‘taken. 

_ In order to determine the practicability of growing 
istmas trees as a farm crop, the Department | of For- 


erimental Christmas tree plantation at East Lansing 
1 1909. Sufficient time has now elapsed to warrant 


CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS 


The area devoted to the experiment was 0.28 of an 
acre. 

Four-year- ay Norway spruce transplants were used. 
These trees at the time of planting were about 1.4 feet 
high, good, strong, sturdy stock. They were planted with 
a triangular spacing of 3 feet, at the rate of 5,584 to the 
acre. The marking was done by a horse marker. 

The plantation was cultivated three times during the 
first season. No hand work has been done since the 
planting. Two cultivations were given the plantation 


754 AMERICAN 
during the summer of 1910. Since that time the area 
has received no cultivation of any kind. The time re- 
quired to cultivate the area once over was about 2% 
hours for one man with single horse. 

Thinnings were first made along the south and west 
sides where the soil, being much deeper and of better 
tilth, enabled the trees to grow more rapidly. The two 
outside rows along these sides were thinned to about 
every other tree in 1913. The largest trees were taken 
out and consequently the removal was not entirely uni- 
form. In 1914 further thinning was made generally over 
the area. Wherever a large tree appeared to be crowd- 
ing the ones around it, it was removed. About 350 trees 
were removed in 1913 and 100 in 1914. In 1915 three 
hundred trees were taken out. All of these trees taken 


out in thinnings were trees that could be disposed of to 
good advantage. 


THE CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATION. 


The trees grew rapidly for the first three years, until 
the roots reached the clay subsoil, when a decided falling 
off in growth took place. This falling off in height 
growth at such an early age is not characteristic of the 
Norway spruce which is one of the fast growing trees. 
Norway spruce in nearby locations where the surface soil 
is deeper have maintained a uniform height growth of 
about one foot per year. It-may safely be said that the 
slackening in growth in this plantation was due to the 
clay subsoil near the surface. 3 

For Christmas tree purposes too rapid growth is not 
desirable. If the trees grow faster than one foot a year 
they become spindly. The best Christmas trees are those 
which have grown rather slowly. They are bushier and 
better shaped than very rapidly grown trees. 

For a land owner who is located near a good market, 
the growing of Christmas trees promises to be a profit- 
able industry. There is a steady although limited de- 
mand for such trees. Christmas trees are now obtained 


FORESTRY 


principally from the forests, usually at a considerable 
distance from the cities. They are shipped by the car- 
load from the spruce and fir forests of Michigan, New 
York and Vermont, and with the depletion of the forests 
of the country the supply of small trees for this purpose 
will probably decrease. 

Christmas trees can be grown on any farm in Michigan. 
Norway spruce is the best tree to plant for this purpose. 
It will do well on almost any soil of good tilth. It grows 
rapidly, the branches stand out well from the main stem 
and it makes a beautiful tree. The best size for Christ- 
mas trees, the size for which there is the greatest de- 
mand, is from four to eight feet tall. Such trees can be 
grown in five to six years if good strong transplants are 
used. : 

In setting out a Christmas tree plantation it is best to 
use good strong transplants, such as may be obtained 
from forest nurseries. There is considerable difficulty 
attached to raising the trees from seed, but if transplants 
are used this difficulty is avoided. The seedlings grow 
very slowly for the first two or three years and need 
considerable attention, but after they have been once or 
twice transplanted, as would be the case in good nursery 
stock, they grow rapidly. 

Four or five year old transplants are best. Such stock 
should be from ten to eighteen inches tall. The trees 
should be planted with a triangular spacing of three feet 
each way, requiring 5,584 trees to the acre. : 

The best time for planting is int the spring as soon as 
the snow is gone and the frost is out of the ground. A 
regular spacing should be used as it makes cultivation 
easier and the trees will have uniform growing space and 
will be more shapely. In planting, two men work to- 
gether to best advantage, one man to dig’ the holes and 
the other to carry the trees and plant them. .The holes 
should be slightly deeper than is necessary to take the 
roots when spread in a natural position. Fine moist 
earth should be sprinkled over the roots and the coarser 
soil drawn in next and packed firmly with the foot. A 
layer of loose soil should be scraped around the tree in 
order to retain the moisture. Great care must be taken 
in handling the stock in the field to see that the roots do 
not dry out. They should not be exposed to the sun or 
wind. It is a good plan to keep a piece of wet burlap 
over the roots when moving the plants. The roots should be 
thoroughly puddled just before planting, that is,dipped ina 
thick mud of such consistency as will stick to the roots. 

The plantation should be cultivated occasionally for the 
first two years, to keep down the weeds and prevent early 
surface rotting and evaporation. Such cultivation will 
pay for itself in increased growth. After the first year 
the trees should grow about one foot a year. When the 
trees are about four feet high, which, if four-year trans- 
plants are used, will be in four years, they may be thinned 
out in order to prevent their crowding each other. By 
thinning them out the remaining trees will have more 
room to develop side branches and intermediate returns 
may be obtained from the trees taken out. This thinning 
is not necessary, however, as the trees will not crowd 
badly for some years. 


| 


—— 


“REINDEER IN MICHIGAN” 


By Albert Stoll, Jr., 


Secretary, Conservation Commission of Michigan 


ee for Michigan?” “Another good man 

gone wrong.” “It can’t be done; they'll starve 
to death; wrong kind of food, no reindeer moss in 
that State and then the hot summers will wipe them 
out.” “Just a waste of money and another fool experi- 
ment.” “We don’t want to discourage you, but rein- 
deer will not live and thrive in a temperate climate. 
Their’s is a home of snows, hills and mountains. A 
land covered with moss. The Federal Government’s 
experiments and those of Stefansson in the barren 
ground ought to convince you of this.” 


When the Norwegian steamer Bergensfjord tied up 
at her wharf in New York City, March 10th of this 
year, the rather skeptical crowd of interested reindeer 
experts were there to greet her, for on board were 60 
Norwegian reindeer consigned to the Department of 
Conservation of Michigan and forming the nucleus of 
an experiment in reindeer propagation in that State. 
Of course, one expected to hear such remarks as “it 
can’t be done”—for it never had been done. However, 
in the face of the most discouraging advice the De- 


\e eee eres 


THE HERD OF SIXTY REINDEER IMPORTED 


OF EBIGHTY-ONE, AND A FINER LOT OF ANIMALS CANNOT 


FROM NORWAY TO MICHIGAN 


partment of Conservation decided the experiment at 
least would be worth while. 


A Promising Lot Of Animals 


Here was the State with literally tens of thousands 
of acres of cutover land; land lying idle; land upon 
which agricultural experiments had proven a failure; 
land that in part had been used in attempting to 
raise sheep and fatten stock, but land that for six 
months of the year was snow-covered. Stock raising 
had not proven a success and winter feeding proved 
too expensive, so then here was an opportunity to in- 
troduce into these lands of Michigan, am animal semi- 
domesticated; hardy and fully capable of taking care 
of itself twelve months of the year. 


Quite true, no successful experiments had been con- 
ducted in propagating reindeer in a temperate climate, 
however, this was no reason why it should be doomed 
to failure before the attempt was made. It was no 
reason why the succulent grasses and wild forage crops 
of our Northern Peninsula would not raise to healthy 


IS TODAY 


A FAMILY 
SHOWS FIVE 


LAST MARCH 


BE FOUND ANYWHERE. THIS PICTURE 


YOUNG REINDEER BORN IN MICHIGAN AND THEIR FATHER, IMPORTED FROM NORWAY. 


AMERICAN 


maturity any food or game animal. We had been told 
that reindeer would not live unless they had an abund- 
ance of the so-called reindeer moss. This may be 
true, but the 60 reindeer that arrived from Norway on 
March 10th, today is a herd of 81 and a finer lot of 
animals will 


756 


be found no 
other place in 
the country. 
The Depart- 
ment of Con- 
servation of 
Michigan has 
every reason 
to believe that 
the propaga- 
tion of rein- 
deer in Michi- 
gan will be 
successful and 
we predict that 


within the having to 
coming ten with measu 
years a num- : a ments. “A 2 
ber of far- THIS MIGHT BE A WINTER SCENE IN MICHIGAN, BUT IT JUST HAPPENS TO BE pound rein-— 
S . PICTURE OF THE REINDEER COUNTRY IN NORWAY. 7 
sighted _ busi- deer when 


ness men will enter this industry in making use of the 
so-called idle acres of this State. 


Reindeer Industry Most Important In Norway 

The herd of 60 reindeer originally imported into 
this State from Norway were purchased at a price of 
$125.00 each. The herd consisted of 50 cows and 10 
bulls and were secured through Dr. Hafton Chris- 
tiansen, who is engaged in the reindeer industry in the 
Norwegian countries. Dr. Christiansen and two na- 
tive Laplander boys accompanied this herd from: Nor- 
way to their destination. Dr. Christiansen said, on his 
arrival in Michigan: 

“There is no reason to believe other than the rein- 
deer will do well in your State. You recognize that 
in our country they represent our most important in- 
dustry. This is particularly true in the northern sec- 


tions among the Laplanders and I believe the native _ 


Laplander has no superior as a reindeer herder and 
breeder. There seems to be something almost uncanny 
in their success and care of these animals. The rein- 
deer is food, clothing and life to these people. When 
a Lap has a herd numbering from 200 to 600 reindeer, 
he is considered a poor Lap because a herd of that 
size will take care of his own immediate needs and 
those of his family. However, when his herd reaches 
1,000 in number, he is then considered as being in the 
reindeer industry.” 

Reindeer breed about the middle of September, and 
as a rule produce but one calf, that in late May or 
early June and unlike other members of the deer fam- 
ily, both the male and female possess antlers which 
are shed annually during the months of March and 


FORESTRY 


April. It is not unusual to see a spread of horns on— 
the male reindeer of five feet from tip to tip, and in 
the Michigan herd today there is one magnificent bull 
with a spread of four feet ten inches. The average — 
weight of the reindeer is p shout 250 pounds, but, as Dr. 
Christiansen — 
remarked, “we , 
do not judge — 
these anim 
by weight, but — 
by what is. 
termed ‘Maale’ 
from all me 
urements 


—- 


Other 

used 
‘staalpe’ a: 
‘kvart, 


dressed will average about 190 pounds, and the fresh 
meat in Norway sells at the rate of two pounds for 
three crowns, or the equivalent at our present rate of 
exchange of 30 cents per pound. In Norway the cow 
is called “simle,” the bull, Ba ” and the calf, 
Scalvi *. 


How Reindeer Fight the Wolves . ; 


“The greatest enemy of the reindeer in our country, y 
and you will find this true in Michigan,” said Dr. 
Christiansen, “are the wolves. The shape of the rein-— 
deer hoof does not make it necessary for them to yard 
in winter like your wild deer, but they can travel all 
over regardless of the depth of the snow. They can 
range as freely in winter as they can in summer. In 
Norway when the Lap shepherds are tending their 
flocks in the mountainous country, they set up their 
tent near their flocks and build a big fire. If the 
reindeer are disturbed at night in their feeding and 
rest by wolves, or if they scent a wolf from afar, they 
immediately form a big circle with the fire in the cen-_ 
ter and keep traveling continuously around the fire 
until the wolves are either killed or chased off.” a 

“On such occasions,” said Dr. Christiansen, “it is 
impossible for the Lap caretakers or their shepherd 
dogs to penetrate outside of this circle. They would | 
be crushed to death by the hundreds of moving rein- 
deer. The shepherds therefore build platforms at the — 
top of their tents where Mey climb and with their rifles 
frighten away the wolves.” i 

“Oh! yes,” continued Dr. Christiansen, “I have heard — 
of your fighting deer, but let me tell you that two 
male reindeer during the breeding season could teach 


a 


“REINDEER IN MICHIGAN” 


even your white-tail deer how to fight. They have no 
mercy and oftimes they fight until death.” 

Dr. Christiansen stated that this is the first incident 
in the history of the reindeer industry where a shipment 


A MOTHHR REINDEER FROM 


NORWAY AND HER TWO 
CALVES, WHICH WERE BORN IN MICHIGAN THIS SUMMER, 


has been made to any foreign country from Norway 
that has reached its destination 100% intact. Not one 
reindeer that left Norway, February 14, until they 
reached the Mason State Game Farm, March 27, died. 
Out of a shipment of 700 reindeer shipped to the order 


Por. 


of Vilhjalmer Stefansson, 180 died en route to their 
destination. This may be explained by the fact that 
the reindeer coming to Michigan were each crated 
individually, while other shipments have been made by 
herding in the hold of the vessel. 


To Be Confined On Superior Forest 


Since the arrival of this herd of reindeer in Michi- 
gan, they have been confined to a 26,000 acre ranch 
belonging to Rasmon Hanson, of Grayling, Michigan, 
and lying quite close to the city of Grayling in Ros- 
common County. As soon as the breeding season is 
over these animals will be transported to the Lake 
Superior Forest Reserve, a tract of land bordering the 
north shore of Lake Superior of over 62,000 acres in 
extent. They will not be allowed during the coming 
winter season to range at will, but will be confined in 
an enclosure, four miles square, and be under the con- 
stant care of a Finnlander, well versed in the rearing 
of reindeer. The original herd of 60 was reduced by 
accident through shipment to 55, but was supplemented 
by the arrival of 26 calves in June and each one, as 
the photographs will show, are now quite near the size 
of their parents. i 

If the experiment of rearing reindeer in Michigan ac- 
complishes but one thing, and that of giving to this 
northern country a hardy and easily handled food ani- 
mal, the Department of Conservation will feel well 
repaid for its efforts. If, on the other hand, in years 
to come, the experiment should prove a failure, it will 
have established for all time to come the impractibility 
of attempting reindeer culture in the ‘temperate zone. 
However, our guess is that Michigan will make good 
and will be the first State successfully to establish this 
splendid food animal in the United States. 

Upon that. we await results. 


FOREST POSSIBILITIES OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA 


(Continued from Page 745) 


Over 80 per cent of the fires occur in cut-over or burned 
Over areas. People are more careless in these areas be- 
cause they do not realize that they are dealing with stands 
of young trees having considerable potential value. It is 
the setback caused by repeated burning not the rate of 
_ growth that keeps the stands in the seedling stage per- 


petually. Every fire that passes over reduces the num-. 


ber and quality of the trees and impoverishes the soil. 

It is also of interest to know how dense the stands are. 
The number of trees per acre influences both the amount 
of material produced and its character. The number per 
- acre required for a properly stocked stand diminishes as 
the stand grows older. The density of stocking is gen- 
erally quite satisfactory. Thirty-five per cent of the 
stands were found to be stocked satisfactorily, 45 per 
cent too lightly, and 20 percent too heavily stocked. The 
too heavily stocked areas are a greater problem than the 
_ lightly stocked.’ A too dense stand causes a slowing in 


rate of growth while the slightly understocked areas 
eventually become fully stocked with increasing age. 
Many of the stands in the seedling stage have an over- 
story of older trees that will soon become merchantable. 
These older trees are remnants left after logging, or 
second growth that has escaped repeated burning. This 
makes a very complete utilization of the soil and reduces 
the period during which no financial returns can be ex- 
pected from these areas. This considerably counteracts 
the effect of the large proportion of seedling age stands. 


The Dark Cloud Has A Silver Lining 


We have then discovered sufficient stock on hand with 
which to begin work. We are not going to be able to use 
the same species as originally, nor produce the same 
ptoduct; but that is unavoidable. Instead of large saw 
mills cutting pine we will have box mills, pulp mills, 
portable sawmills and specialty plants. We will have 


758 ‘AMERICAN 


more stable farming because growing timber on the tim- 
ber soils will hasten and stabilize the development of the 
farm soils. The timber industries will create local 
markets and will give the pioneer farmer employment 
during long winter months and in lean years. We will 
gain stability such as we have not had. The income will 
be continuous. The labor will be permanent and not 
itinerant. There will be no boom development of towns 
to be left as an economic waste when the timber is cut 
out. All this, provided we recognize what we have and 
give these timber lands the measure of care and fire pro- 
tection which the producing power of the soil and the 
present and future needs of the region warrant. 
Summing it up, we find that the cut-over areas are not 
a barren waste, but are really producing something of 
both actual and potential value. The factor causing the 
apparently slew growth is largely repeated burning which 


Pennsylvania Selects Forester For Governor 


G IFFORD PINCHOT, forester, is the newly elected 
Governor of Pennsylvania. By an overwhelming 
vote the people of the State bestowed the highest office 
of the Commonwealth upon their former Commissioner 
of Forestry and thus expressed their confidence in his 
abilities and his high ideals of public service. At the 
time this issue of American Forestry went to press, 
unofficial returns placed Mr. Pinchot’s majority at 
300,000. 
Mr. Pinchot’s career as a conservationist and public 
servant is too well known to need review. Ever since 
he reorganized the United States Forest Service during 


Michigan's Land Survey 


(Continued From Page 748) 


the trading of non-agricultural land if the land owner 
could see the value of timber as compared to unsuccessful 
settlers. He would also be much more likely to enter a 
plan for certification and State endorsement of the agri- 
cultural land if we had a practical plan for reforesting 
the non-agricultural land. The importance of this phase 
of the land settlement policy should not be underesti- 
mated. It may be the incentive toward private reforesta- 
tion which other States have lacked.” 

Michigan’s plan sets a standard of leadership which 
other States may well emulate. It is sound in principle. 
Its success will depend upon the manner in which the 
survey is carried through and the information used. So 


The Road To Wisconsin s Greater Outdoors 


(Continued from page 733) 


is quite inclusive. It is based upon consideration of 
things which are essential, not only in themselves, but 
in relation to one another. Forestry, natural parks, 
wild life refuges, game preserves and conservation of 
fishing, hunting and opportunities for recreation in the 
woods and on inland lakes are not separate and indi- 
vidual undertakings. They interlock and are an in- 
herent part of Wisconsin’s forest program. All of 
them, moreover, are necessary to building up the 


FORESTRY 


can and must be reduced to a minimum. Planting should 
be done to produce certain species and certain classes of 
material, but the amount needed is relatively small. Long — 
before most of these young stands have reached a mer- — 
chantable size, the depletion of timber in other parts of 
the country will have created a market for all raw ma- 
terials we are producing. The dark cloud is not so dark 
after all. It has a silver lining if the people of Minne- — 
sota will but lift up their eyes and look. For in this 
young timber—some of it so young that the eye of the 
average traveler fails to catch it—there are two great 
things. One is the utilization of poor land which would 
otherwise lie idle and barren. The second is a potential — 
harvest bringing with it permanent industries, stable em- 
ployment and general prosperity. Young timber today is 
our wood and paper of tomorrow. Let us protect it. 


Roosevelt’s administration and made it one of the most 
efficient and highly effective organizations in the govy- 
ernment, his name has been before the public eye as 
an independent and fearless fighter on the side of pub- 
lic interests. Like all strong leaders, Mr. Pinchot has 
enemies, but that they are in the small minority is 
definitely shown by the vote given him in the recent 
election in his own State, where during 1920 and 1921, 
as Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, he re- 
organized the State Department of Forestry and estab- — 
lished a record of accomplishment unparelleled in the 

history of State forestry in America. 


far as forest interests go, the mere designation of non- 
agricultural or true forest land will not suffice. The sur-_ 
vey must point the way to the utilization of those lands 
for the growing of timber by adequate fire protection, © 
fair taxation and a comprehensive State Forest policy. 
It must be a real economic classification of land with — 
provisions for re-examinations from time to time of 
present uncertain areas in order to meet changing eco- 
nomic conditions. On that basis, it will stand as an- 
enduring monument to those who conceived it and it 
should put forestry in proper relation with agriculture 
and other State interests. 


tourist trade, which constitutes one of Wisconsin’s great 
opportunities, and the tourist trade, in turn, is the one 
way to make highways which have cost huge sum 
pay dividends, indirect dividends of course, but never- 
theless very real dividends. < 
In the Wisconsin program the importance of all 
these things is recognized, but their relative importance 
is carefully considered. The supreme importance of 
state forestry must always be before the public eye. 


— ae 


+ emia: 


ee oes 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


759 


OUR FOREST HUNGER 


By Ovid M. Butler 


An article setting forth our national appetite for wood, appearing in the 
January, 1923, issue of the Magazine 


This will be the first of a series of special articles ap- 
pearing in 1923 issues of American Forestry Magazine 


Other articles of this series will be: 


“The Westward Ho of Lumbering,” by E. T. Allen 
“The Passing of the Piney Woods,” by R. D. Forbes 
“The Iron Horse of the West,” by Bert P. Kirkland 


“The Blazed Trail of Forest Depletion,” by Gifford 
Pinchot 


“The Long Haul from the Woods,” by Earl H. Clapp 
“The Farm and the Forest,” by Henry S. Graves 
“The Land Cry Against the Forest,” by P. S. Lovejoy 


“Wild Followers of the Forest,” by Aldo Leopold De 
“The Forests of the World,” by Raphael Zon ae 
“The Coming War for Wood,” by Howard F. Weiss wv) £ 

“Balancing the Forest Ledger,” by William B. Greeley f g f 


DON’T MISS THESE ARTICLES. BETTER ORDER 
SEVERAL EXTRA COPIES NOW TO SEND TO YOUR 
FRIENDS, 40c PER COPY, POSTPAID, OR $4.00 A YEAR. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


{ 


a> 
x inet ADD is = 


760 

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERIS- 
TICS OF MAHOGANY 

Only true mahogany from _ tropical 


America, “African mahogany,” and “Phil- 
ippine mahogany” are commonly sold as 
mahogany in this country, but at various 
times over 60 different species of timber 
have been sold under that name, says the 
Forest Products Laboratory. Although all of 
these species resemble each other in vary- 
ing degrees, tropical American mahogany 
and “African mahogany” possess one im- 
portant characteristic in common. This is 
the occurrence of dark amber-colored gum 
in many of the pores. The gum does not 
fill the pores, but is recognized as dark 
specks or streaks in the pores as seen on 
end or side grain. This gum is barely 
visible to the naked eye, but is easily seen 
through a hand lens with a magnification 
of 10-15 diameters. In preparing the end 
grain of the wood for examination, a very 
sharp knife should be used to make a 
smooth cut. 

Some other woods have similar. dark 
masses of gum in the pores, but none of 
these are commonly substituted for mahog- 
any. Among them are crabwood and sap- 
eli, species imported from South America 
in small quantities only, and the Cedrelas 
(Spanish cedar, etc.), which are rarely sold 
as mahoganies, and are easily recognized 
by their odor. 

True mahogany has fine, continuous, con- 
centric lines on the cross section usually 
from % to % inch apart, which distinguish 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


it from “African mahogany” in which these 
lines never occur. 

“Philippine mahogany,” although not 
marked by the black masses of gum, is dis- 
tinguished from true mahogany and other 
so-called mahoganies by the presence of 
fine white, tangential lines 4% inch to sev- 
eral inches apart, readily visible to the 
naked eye, and showing under a lens as 
rows of small openings filled with a white 
substance. 

A more complete key and description of 
mahogany and so-called. mahogany, which 
describes common species in detail, may 
be obtained from the Forest Products Lab- 
oratory. ——_——_—_——— 

LUMBER FOR THE MINES 

The annual underground consumption 
of timber by the mining industry of the 
United States amounts to 293,365,000 cubic 
feet, according to an estimate just made by 
the Bureau of Mines. Of this amount, 151,- 
140,000 cubic feet are used in the bitumin- 
ous -coal industry; 61,600,000 in the an- 
thracite mines ; 31,500,000 in iron ore mines, 
and 49,125,000 in mines producing other 
ores. The increase in the annual timber 
consumption in mines since 1905 amounts 
to nearly 46 per cent. 

A serious problem now confronting the 
mine operator in the important coal and 
metal mining regions in both the East 
and West is the noticeable decrease in the 
supply and quality of the timber in many 
mining regions, coupled with marked in- 
crease in cust 


LONGLEAF PINE—A PROFITABLE 
CROP 
That there are millions of acres in he 
Southern States that will become valua 
to the owner and the State only by 
growing of pine timber is the statement 
made in a publication just issued by the 
United States Department of Agricultur 
dealing with profits that may be obtaii 
from second growth longleaf pine. 
The protection and reforestation of these 
lands, it is pointed out, mean perman 
industries, permanent homes, good roads 
and good schools. Destructive lumb 
and destructive fires are every year creat- 
ing in the southern pine region millions o 
acres of waste and barren lands. In thes 
idle timber lands is an enormous potentia 
wealth and their productive power is no 
fully realized. te 
The bulletin explains how these, id 
slacker acres can again be made productive 
contributing their share toward the w: 
of the community and to the pock 
of their owner. It presents full info 
tion on the growth and value of Jong! 
pine, methods of producing timber ; 
turpentine, and outlines the cutting a 
protection systems best adapted to 
species. - 
Copies of the publication, which is th 
work of Wilbur R. Mattoon of the Fore 
Service, may be had free by applying t 
the Department of Agriculture, Washing: 
ton, D.C., for Department Bulletin 1061 


. entitled “Longleaf Pine.” 


$900,000 


of the 


Par Value $100 per Share 


PRICE 100 


Send for Detailed Cireular B-105, 


Pan-American Lumber & Manufacturing Company 


EXECUTIVE OFFICES 


347 FIFTH AVENUE. 
NEW YORK, N. Y. 


We offer, subject to prior sale and subject to advance in price without notice, the unsold portion of | } 


Seven Per Cent (7%) Cumulative Preferred Stock ; 


PAN-AMERICAN LUMBER & MFG. CO. 


together with the bonus rights of Common Stock 


The Company will resell its securities for stockholders at any time at par, less a nominal charge of 2%. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 761 


AAT 
= 

— 

BOGALUSA’S HISTORY-MAKING REFORESTATION OPERATIONS ASSURE A PERPETUAL SUPPLY TO OUR TRADE. = 
= 

| “"BOGALUSA’ STENCILED ON YOUR SOUTHERN PINE IS LIKE A CERTIFICATION ON A CHECK.” } = 
= 

“IN THE DAY’S WORK.” |. 
- = 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 

= 


20 pieces, 13% x 14%—59 feet, square-edged and sound, trom 


BOGAWSA 


Trade-Mark Reg. U.S. Pat. 


““where the finest SOUTHERN PINE in the World’s Markets comes from.” 


“Bogalusa” can fill any order of ANY SIZE ANY TIME with promptness and exactness. 


Big Timbers for Railroad or Marine demands — or humble everyday crating, or box 
lumber (as well as a Complete Line of the usual yard and shed stock). 


25 YEARS of CAPACITY PRODUCTION ahead of us in our own unequaled stands of 
THE FINEST VIRGIN TIMBER EXTANT, plus the knowledge of “BOGALUSA” 
products assured to you IN PERPETUITY by our far-reaching reforestation operations. 
You are thus protected, in the most practical way, in the complete satisfaction of your 
trade during the life of your business. 


Superior standards of manufacturing technique, with strict grading per Factory 
Mutuals, A.S.T.M. and A.R.E.A., accuracy of count and a simple “good-will policy” 
are a few among the other factors that have made the name “BOGALUSA” indeed 


“A WORD TO BUILD ON.” 


Write us for full particulars as to detailed special service on special 
items. Our response will be personal, candid and prompt. 


SALES SERVICE DEPARTMENT 
GREAT SOUTHERN EUMBES: 1628 4th Avenue, BOGALUSA, LA. 


“FROM A LATH TO BRIDGE TIMBERS, SPECIFY BOGALUSA TRADE-MARKED PINE AND REST EASY.” 


<a] 
AMA 


am 


Ea SEE St 


762 


Dignified, Exclusive 
Profession notoverrun 


— with competitors, 

Crowded with opportun- 
iy for money-making and 
big fees. $5,000 to $10,000 in- 

comes attained by experts. 

to master under our corresp d 
Diploma awarded. We assist students and a 
uates in getting started and developing their 
businesses, Established 1916. Write for infor- 

mation; it will open your eyes, Do it today. 


American Landscape School, 52 F Newark, New York 


FORESTRY TRAINING 


In the Heart of the Rockies 
* * * 


The Colorado School of Forestry 


A Department of Colorado 
College 


Colorado Springs, Colorado 


* * * 

Four and five-year undergraduate courses 
and a two-year graduate course in techni- 
cal forestry, leading to the degrees of 
Bachelor of Science in Forestry and Mas- 
ter of Forestry. 

Manitou ¥ packing. = spring and fall at 

Manitou Forest (a 7,000-acre forest belong- 

ing to the School) and the winter term at 

orado Springs. 

Write for announcement giving full in- 
formation. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


525 USES KNOWN FOR BASSWOOD 
Have you ever noticed the white, clean 
appearance of the wood used for butter 
and candy pails and for the boxes in which 
comb honey is sold? It’s basswood, one of 
the few species in the world that combines 
with its white color and light weight the 
qualities of being odorless and tasteless. 

Over 525 unique uses for which bass- 
wood is highly prized are enumerated in 
Department Bulletin. 1007, Utilization of 
Basswood, a professional paper just issued 
by the United States Department of Agri- 
culture and written by Warren D. Brush 
of the Forest Service, 

Basswood is used for agricultural imple- 
ments, shoe trees and lasts, boxes and 
crates, caskets, barrel staves, excelsior, fur- 
niture, handles for tools, interior finish, 
musical instruments, kitchen woodenware, 
laundry appliances, refrigerators, bobbins 
and spools; toys, trunks, veneer, pulpwood, 
and lumber. 

In New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, 
where basswood was formerly abundant, 
the supply is now very scarce due to the 
heavy demands of local wood-working in- 
dustries. The Great Lakes and Southern 
Appalachian regions are now the main 
sources of supply. Wisconsin and Michi- 
gan have furnished the largest quantities 
for the last 20 years. During the last 12 
years the quantity used has diminished 
nearly 50 per cent and it’s yearly consump- 
tion does not exceed 250,000,000 board feet. 


The total available stand is estimated at 
90,000,000,000 board feet. 

In addition to discussing the various 
uses of the wood, the bulletin treats of its 
distribution, properties, and marketing. 
Copies of the publication may be had free 
upon application to the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 


SUMMARIZES FORESTRY LAWS 

Numerous states are now turning out 
forestry legislation so rapidly that it is” 
impossible for the public to keep pace with 
the work along this line, says the Forest 
Service, United States Department of Agri- 
culture. 

In addition to covering new ground, the 
states are effecting radical and far-reaching 
changes in former laws, and the need for 
a handbook on this subject is making itself 
felt in the form of requests for informa- 
tion. Such a handbook has just been issued 
by the Forest Service entitled “State For-— 
estry Laws of 1921.” It is arranged as a 
ready reference manual for the use both 
of the general public and of the many in-— 
dustries that are vitally interested in exist- 
ing forestry laws. 

This publication, states the Forest 
Service, will serve the public in gathering 
up the sum and substance of recent legis- 
lation and measuring it against certain 
basic principles which are becoming more 
and more, generally recognized as essential 
to such legislation. ' 


BUTT MHL LLL LLL LUCCA COULD POUL ooo LLM LULULLCM OUELLETTE LLLP LITEM One DTH) 


DON’T FORGE®@ 


You can save 10%-on all books published 
this Christmas by ordering 


from the 


BOOK DEPARTMENT 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


<omUAU/AAUEDANNENULAELLAANSEL001000000 ULE AETALAUUSE OLENA ANNEAL 


A 68-page catalog of recent books will be sent to you on request (ready December Ist) 


= AMQLASUEUNYAASA SUSANNA UNAM ATUONONA A AA OAA A A EU 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 763 


Shingle and Heading Saws 
Backed by DISSTON Reputation 


HY not buy everything you can when you 
W purchase Shingle and Heading Saws? 
Saws that fit your needs, of course. Saws 
that do their work, naturally. But more—install 
DISSTON Shingle and Heading Saws. Disston 
Shingle and Heading Saws are made by Disston- 
trained saw-makers specializing in their work. 
These Saws are of the famous Disston-made Steel 
that is expressly prepared for Shingle Saws— 


f “We — 
Made of famous 


DISSTON 


Crucible Steel 


Canadian Works 
Toronto 


toughened and tempered by special processes. 
Eighty-two years of saw-making experience of 
the Disston organization are back of Disston 
Shingle and Heading Saws. 
Buy this Reputation when you buy your Saws. 
You can buy it in no other saws but Disston. 


HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. 
PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 


Branch 
Vancouver, B. C. 


IDAHO SCHOOL OF FORESTRY 
STARTS PROSPEROUS YEAR 
With the curricula well rounded and 
stabilized, a larger enrollment than ever 
before and no changes in the faculty, the, 
Idaho School of Forestry has commenced 
what promises to be the most prosperous 
year of its existence. The enrollment to 
date totals 67 resident students divided 
among the classes as follows: Seniors, 7; 
Juniors, 7; Sophomore, 13; Freshmen, 25, 
and unclassed (Federal Vocational and 
Ranger Course), 15. This enrollment is 
particularly encouraging because of the 
increase in the proportion of the men 
registered in the regular four-year curri- 

cula as compared to previous years. 


The Ranger Course 

The ranger course, as announced last 
spring, now covers only one year of 8 
months’ resident work, with the course 
divided into three terms. The course 
~ opened on October 16 and the work will 
end at the close of the college year, June 
10. The second term covers the 12 weeks’ 
period from January 3 to March 23, and 
the courses given in this term are arranged 
to constitute an independent unit, so that 
those desiring a shorter course may get a 
well-rounded body of work by registering 
for the second term only. 

The Associated Foresters 

The Associated Foresters, which is the 

title of the Forest Club, are planning to 


make this year one of much activity and 
value to the members. Committees are 
already at work maturing plans to make 
the special events of the year better than 
ever. The officers of the club for the year 
are: President, Arthur M. Sowder, ’24; 
Vice-President, Russell M. Parsons, ’23; 
Secretary-Treasurer, Leslie E. Eddy, ’24. 


School Forest Seems Assured. 

One of the first meetings of the year 
was addresed by Dean F. G. Miller, who 
outlined the prospects for the School of 
Forestry. He showed how in every way 
the school was in a better position for 
giving high-class instruction and rendering 
valuable service, to the state than ever be- 
fore and stated that negotiations were 
under way which practically assure the 
school of more than a section of forest 
land readily accessible from Moscow, for 
demonstration, instruction and investigative 
purposes. The land under advisement is 
cut-over and for the most part is well 
stocked with thrifty second growth yellow 
pine and red fir, up to 40 years in age, 
thus affording ample opportunity for in- 
struction and experiment in planting, thin- 
ning, silviculture, mensuration, etc. 

Students Hear District Forester 

On October 20, District Forester Fred 
Morrell, of Missoula, Montana, addressed 
the student body of the School of Forestry 
at a special meeting. He spoke of the 
development of policies in the U. S. Forest 


Service and gave his audience a forcible 
picture of the depth and magnitude of the 
problems with which the Forest Service 
has to deal. 


Dr. Schmitz Addresses Lumbermen 

Dr. Henry Schmitz, Associate Professor 
of Forest Products, was called upon by the 
North Idaho Forestry Association to pre- 
sent a paper upon the Pine Butterfly, the 
insect which was so abundant throughout 
the state this summer, at the regular meet- 
ing in Spokane during September. Dr. 
Schmitz minimized the seriousness of the 
butterfly epidemic, basing his optimistic 
view upon previous outbreaks of the pest 
and the character of the damage done to 
the trees. 


Xi Sigma Pi Scholarship Roll 
The hall of the School of Forestry now 
displays a scholarship roll, upon which will 
be entered each year, the name of the 
student in each class who attained the 
highest scholarship for the year. This roll 
is in the form of a well-designed bronze 
tablet and was presented to the school by 
the local chapter of Xi Sigma Pi, the 

National Forestry Honorary Society. 


Philippine Wood Specimens on Display 

The School of Forestry has recently ac- 
quired through the courtesy of the Bureau 
of Forestry of the Philippine Islands, a 
complete, well labeled set of specimens of 
the various native Philippine woods. Ar- 
rangements have also been made to secure 


764 


a collection of native woods from Java, in 
line with the effort to improve the equip- 
ment of the school in every way possible. 


Forestry Exhibit at State Fair 

A very interesting and striking display 
of publicity material was sent by the Idaho 
School of Forestry to the State Fair at 
Boise, and to the State Convention of the 
Federation of Women’s Clubs at Burley 
during October. The display consisted of 
a collection of unusual products made 
from wood such as fine socks, absorbent 
cotton, clothes line, etc.; another collection 
and diagram showing the great variety of 
the chemical products derived from wood; 
a large chart in the form of a tree, show- 
ing the activities of the Forest School and 
the opportunities open to trained foresters; 
a set of the publications of the School of 
Forestry; a wonderful assortment of 
photographs of the white pine forests of 
the state and a chart showing the import- 
ance of the forest industries to the state 
and the necessity of protecting the forests 
from fire. 

Practical Fire Fighting 

Late in September the School of For- 
estry was given an opportunity to prove its 
practical usefulness to the local community 
by taking charge of a large forest fire, 
burning on Moscow Mountain, and threat- 
ening to destroy several summer homes 
as well as reduce the recreational and 
scenic value of the mountains. This area 
lies entirely outside the jurisdiction of the 
protective associations and so there is no 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


organization to take care of fires which 
may occur. The persons, whose property 
was threatened, called upon the School of 
Forestry for aid and Prof. C. E. Behre 
undertook the direction of the work, aided 
by stydents of the Forest School. The 
Moscow Chamber of Commerce provided 
transportation and food and enlisted the 
services of volunteer fire fighters. It took 
five days and a light rain to put: the fire 
under control with the burned area esti- 
mated at 1,000 acres. The city of Moscow 
and the Idaho School of Forestry feel, 
however, that a very creditable piece of 
work was accomplished in handling suc- 
cessfully a fire of this size entirely with 
volunteer help. 


DEMAND FOR PENNSYLVANIA 
TREES 


Applications for trees for the spring 
planting season now coming into the De- 
partment of Forestry indicate that the 
movement for the reforestation of waste 
and denuded lands in Pennsylvania is 
growing steadily. 

Each succeeding year it is brought home 
to the people of the State, as well as all 
the country at large, with increasing force 
that the only hope of a timber supply in 
the future lies in new forests, produced 
either artifically or naturally. 

In order to make forests more attractive 
as an investment, the State is spending 
large sums to protect them fro.n fire. 

To date the number of applications for 


young forest trees is far more than for 
the corresponding period last year. Land 
owners in all parts of the State have ap- 
plied for trees in such large quantities that 
the entire supply, about 4,000,000 trees, of 
white pine, Norway spruce, Japanese red 
pine, European larch, red oak, catalpa and 
black walnut has been allotted. 


The Department of Forestry has, how- — 


ever, about 3,000,000 young trees of the 
following kinds available: Pitch pine, 


Scotch pine, Japanese black pine, white ash, 


green ash, rock oak and American elm. 
These trees are from five to twelve 


inches in height. They are distributed free 
to land-owners by the Department of For- 


estry, and they are to be planted for wood 
production. They are not suited in size 
and shape for shade or ornamental plant- 
ing. 


In addition to applications from indi- — 


viduals requests for trees have been re- 
ceived from cities for municipal parks and 
for watershed reforestation. More appli- 
cations have come from sportsmen’s clubs 
than ever before, indicating a wider inter- 


est.among outing organizations in co-oper- — 


ating to protect and preserve the natural 
resources of the State. 


Water companies and coal mining com- 
panies are prominent among the applicants. — 
The former are planting to conserve their 


water supplies, and the mining companies 
are planting their surface lands to provide 
a future supply of timber for their opera- 
tions. 


BECOME A MEMBER 


Any person may become a member of the American Forestry Association 
upon application and payment of dues. 


PLANT TREES 
PROTECT FORESTS 
USE FORESTS 


, 


This is the only Popular 
National Magazine de- 
voted to trees and forests 

and the use of wood, — 


FILL OUT THIS BLANK:— 


American Forestry Association 
914 FOURTEENTH STREET N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C 


I hereby request membership in the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation and enclose check for $.. .......0.ceeeeeeeeeeeeees 


INDICATE CLASS OF MEMBERSHIP 


Subscribing Membership, per year, including Magazine..............§ 
Contributing Membership, per year, including Magazine.............. 
Sustaining Membership, per year, including Magazine............... 
Life Membership (no other dues) including Magazine............... 
Annual Membership without Magazine...............0.seeeeeeeeee 


Name... oc os ccccmswe Ce Pee eee eee ee eee Pee eee eee eee eee 
Street.........00. ee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 


CUS. Jcskeanae OTOP EE HEE HHT EEE HEE EEE EE EET ERE Oe 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BARKBEETLES MENACE FORESTS 


Ravages of the barkbeetle which threat- 
en the destruction of the yellow pine 
forests about the Grand Canyon have 
been temporarily checked, announces the 
Forest Service, United States Department 
of Agriculture. 

Two thousand trees within the Grand 
Canyon National Park and nearly 4,000 on 
the Kaibab National Forest have been 
felled and peeled asa preventive measure 
against the spread of this destructive in- 
sect. 

At the request of the National Park 
Service and the Forest Service, field agents 
were sent by the Bureau of Entomology 
last summer to examine large patches of 
“red-top” trees on both sides of the Grand 
Canyon Highway running north from the 
park through the Kaibab National Forest. 


They reported that the trees were infest- 
ed with the Black Hills barkbeetle and ad- 
vised that immediate measures be taken to 
cut the required percentage of infested 
trees and peel the bark in order to de- 
stroy a sufficient amount of the eggs and 
larve of the insect which are found be- 
tween the inner and outer bark to stop 
the depredation. 

A total of $9,000 was spent in cutting 
6,000 of the larger and more heavily in- 
fested trees. 

It is estimated that by this method be- 
tween 50 and 60 per cent of the insects 
were killed within the patches thus treat- 
ed, but a much smaller percentage of the 
total infestation, so that an equal amount 
must be spent next spring in order to 
prevent effectively further depredations. 


Help Her to Save 


More Lives 


ee year over 100,009 lives were saved with the 


aid of Tuberculosis Christmas Seals. Tubercu- 


765 


WA TL 


= NURSERY 
MEMORIAL TREES 


Particularly fine sepcimens of Oak, 
Maple, Elm, Etc., for memorial planting. 
Trees from ‘5 to 30 feet are recommend- 
ed. Each tree is recorded with the Amer- 
ican. Forestry Associaciumn to perpetuate 
its memory. 


Amawalk, Westchester Co.,N. Y. 
Tel., Yorktown 128 
NEW YORK CITY OFFICE 


372 Lexington Avenue 
Tel. Vanderbilt 7691 


Or C h I d S A doa ue pecialiste _in 


¢ collect, im- 
pert, grow, sell and export this class of plants 
exclusively. 

Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of 
Orchids may be had on application. Also spe- 
uae of freshly imported unestablished 

chids 


LAGER & HURRELL 
Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT, N. J. 


CHINESE TREE SEEDS 
For Reforestation and Landscape Gardening 
Large collection of Evergreen and Deciduous 
tree seeds all native to The Chinese Republic. 
Species every forest nursery or home garden 
needs. Scientifically extracted. 
Send for Free Price List 
KIANGSU PROVINCIAL FOREST STATION 
NANKING, CHINA 


TREE SEEDS 


Large collection of Evergreen, Tree, Shrub 
and Hardy Perennial Seeds from all 
parts of the world. 

Send for Catalogue. 


CONYERS B. FLEU, Jr. 
6628-30-32 Ross Street 
GERMANTOWN - PHILADELPHIA 


PINE :-: SPRUCE 


CONIFERS ONLY 
Write us for price lst 
KEENE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
KEENE, N. H. 


losis is being controlled. The death rate has been 


cut in half. If you and others join the fight, it can 


SP a a a a 


EVERGREENS TREE SEEDS 


We specialize in growing trees 
for Forest Planting 


THE North-Eastern 
Forestry Company 


NURSERIES SEED HOUSE 
Cheshire, Conn. Willsboro, N. Y. 


be stamped out. 


Buy Christmas Seals. When you see someone selling 
them, help the fight along by buying all 
you can. Your help, the help of every 
happy, healthy person, is needed; and 
it will count. 


Stamp Out Tuberculosis 


- TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS 
with Christmas Seals 


Domestic and Im; ed 
“QUALITY FIRST” 
Price List on Request 

Special] Quantity ces 


OTTO KATZENSTEIN & CO. 
Tree Seedsmen 
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 
Established 1897 


THE NATIONAL, STATE, AND LOCAL TUBERCULOSIS 
ASSOCIATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 


766 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Gifford Pinchot says of 


“TIMBER” 


By Harold Titus 


“Not only a capital story, 
but it stands by itself 
among all the stories I 
have ever read about the 
forests of America. It 
is not only full of human 
nature and vivid action, 
but it is also full of for- 
estry and the true spirit 
of conservation. It tells 
the story and tells the 
truth. I hope it will 
have an immense circu- 
lation, for wherever it 
goes it will carry a mes- 
sage that our people 
greatly need to learn.” 

Net $1.75 
ON SALE 

American Forestry Association 

Book Service Department 


Bryant’s Logging 


The Principles and General Methods of 
Operation in the United States. By 
Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A., Man- 
ufacturers’ Association, Professor of 
Lumbering, Yale University, 590 pages, 
6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth......net, $4.50 


A discussion at length of the chief facili- 
ties and methods for the movement of the 
timber from stump to manufacturing plant. 
especially logging railroads. 


HILAL 


Don't Bother 


to spend -good time and 
10% more 


WHEN 


under your membership 


YOU SAVE 10% 


on all books published—educa- 
tional or fiction. 

Take full advantage of your 
membership and write for books 
you want for yourself or for 
gifts to your friends. 
= American Forestry Association 


914 Fourteenth Street 
Washington, D. C, 


lM 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Field Manual. of Trees—John H. Schaff- 
ner (Adams) Columbus. $1.25. 

This book is a revision of the author’s 
former Trees of Ohio and Surrounding 
Territory and carries out more definitely 
the idea of having a convenient guide by 
which it is possible to study our trees at 
any season of the year. The keys to iden- 
tification are complete and elaborate tech- 
nical descriptions have been eliminated for 
brief notes covering necessary points are 
included for each species. Most of our 
common, cultivated, exotic trees are in- 
cluded since these form an integral part of 
the landscape and in ‘some places more 
conspicuously than the native species. 
With the aid of this Manual the study of 
trees may be made a pleasant and profit- 
able pastime at any season of the year. 


Lumber—Its Manufacture and Distribu- 
tion—Ralph Clement Bryant (Wiley) 
New York. $4.50. 

A textbook for forest schools and a 
valuable reference book for those who de- 
sire a sound, general knowledge of the 
lumber industry. This is the only text- 
book on lumber manufacture and distri- 
bution now available in any language. 
While it is primarily a textbook for for- 
est schools, and will be of value to those 
who desire a general knowledge of thie 
lumber industry, it presents in book form, 
for the first time, a complete but concise 
discussion of the various phases of lum- 
ber manufacture in the United States. 

The subject matter is divided into three 
parts, the first dealing with plant location 
and the standard types of equipment used 
in the manufacture of lumber, with meth- 
ods of handling at sawmill plants. The 
second part treats primarily of the tech- 
nique of the industry, including the meth- 
ods of lumber manufacture, seasoning, etc., 
and the third part treats very fully the 
economic problems of lumber distribution. 


A copy of Trees of New York State, 
Native and Nanturalized, has been sent the 
editor and accepted as a most valuable 
contribution to the library of the Associa- 
tion. Written by Dr. H. P. Brown, of 
the faculty and issued by the New York 
State College of Forestry for the purpose 
of giving “information regarding the for- 
est resources of the state, chief among 
which are its trees” this book is sure to 
have an eager and appreciative reading. 


Impressions of European Forestry—Ralph 
S. Hosmer, Cornell University. $1.00. 
An interesting and informative book, 

describing in non-technical language, what 

European countries are doing in forestry. 

This book is a compilation of a series of 


letters, which Prof. Hosmer wrote to the 
editor of The Lumber World Review dur- 
ing a six months’ trip through Great 
Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Ger- 
many and France in 1921. The author in 
his “Foreword” makes no pretensions to 
having covered comprehensively the forest 
work of the countries visited, but states 
that his object was “to present in a non- 
technical way the personal reaction of one ~ 
American forester to certain European 
forest practices.” 

Mr. Hosmer’s book is a valuable contri- 
bution to American forestry literature. 
Because of the popular and _ interesting 
style in which it is written, it will serve 
to give the layman as well as the forest 
student a clearer conception of what these 
European countries are doing in forestry. 


ALBINO DEER 


Deep down in the heart of every hunt- 
er who has heard of or seen a white 
deer (an albino of the red species) is the 
hope that he may get one of these beau- 
tiful creatures. Eli Rand, of Ladysmith, 
Wisconsin, has been lucky enough to 
shoot such a deer. It is perfectly white 
with the exception of a few small mot- 
tled marks on its ears and back of its 
neck. This deer was with three others, 
one of which had white legs. The iris 
of its eyes are pure white. The Indians 
have always regarded the albino as sa- 
cred among animals. The intense glow 
of the white fur of this animal has 
caused a halo to appear above its body 
in the photograph—H. E. Zimmerman. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 767 


Books on Forestry, Lumber, Trees, Birds, Etc. 


» 
3 
5 
: 
E 
4 
w 
: 
4 
Hi 
a 

sf? 


Pw mw 
Ssss 


Satwws 
seskis 


wom trees & 
ssssssssass 


2.25 
BULB GARDENING—Mary Hampden ... 2.75 
BUSINESS OF FARMING—Wnm. 2.75 


5. 
3. 
6.00 
2.50 
3.50 
2.50 
2.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.00 
3.00 
3.50 
2.00 
1.75 
2.75 
1.25 
3.50 
- 2.00 
. 2.00 
. 2.25 
2.50 
5.00 
- 5,00 
4.00 
FOREST RANGER—John D. Guthrie . 1.50 
FORESTRY FOR WOODMEN-—C. O. H 2.00 
5.00 
7.50 
3.00 
3.00 
LTE a rere 2.00 
ARDENIN ‘he 
GOD’S WONDER WORLD—Cora Stanwood Cobb...............-..+-.-- 1.25 
HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN-—Jay L. B. ‘aylor 3.00 
HANDBOOK OF FIELD AND OFFICE PROBLEMS IN FOREST 
_ , MENSURATION—Winkenwerder and Clark ..............0se000. 2.00 
HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AN 
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—R. B. Ho 10.00 
ITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS—C. Stuart Ga i 
2.50 
2.50 
1,00 
2.50 


INSECT BEHAVIOR—P. G. Howes............20cececccccssesencessccee 6.00 
INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD-—E. D. San- 
MR IONE) Dog. oS SU cabse dda coisccccciuedacveccecss 4.50 
TE TING NEIGHBORS—Oliver P. Jenkins 1.50 
KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS—Elliot Coues (2 vols.)....... 15.00 
KEY S—Collins and Preston 1.50 
KILN DRYING OF LUMBER—H. D. Tiemann...................... 4.50 
LABORATORY GUIDE FOR GENERAL BOTANY—C, Stuart Gager 1.15 
THE LAND WE LIVE IN—O. W. Pric A 
2.25 
. 4.50 
« ello; . 2.25 
LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—A. F. Jones..... . 225 
LUMBERMEN’S BUILDING ESTIMATOR—Joseph Holt...... . 6.50 
LUMBER RECKONER—Neil Chapin ............-.ecessessceecee . 4.00 
MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary...... * 223 
MANUAL OF TREES OF NORTH AMERICA—C. S. Sargent. . 12.50 
MANUAL OF FORESTRY, vol i—Hawley and Hawes........ . 3.50 
AL OF TREE DISEASES—Howard Rankin .......... . 2.50 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-S. J. Record............... 2.50 


pasha AND MANNERS OF WILD ANIMALS—William T. Horna- 
ay 
MODER 


OUR FIELD AND FOREST TREES—M 1.560 
OUR GARDEN FLOWERS—Harriet L. 2.00 
OUR NATIONAL FORESTS—R. H. D. Boerker 2.50 
OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir 1.85 
OUR NATIVE TREES—Harriet Keeler .._. 3.00 
OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS—Harriet Keele 3.00 
OUR TREES AND HOW TO KNOW TH 3.50 
PAPER AND ITS USES—Edward Dawe 4.00 
PAPER MAKING, THE ART OF—Alex: 4.00 
PARKS, THEIR DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND USE—Geo. Burnap... 6.00 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL BOTANY—John W. Harshberger 2.00 
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL—R. Warington 4.75 
ae 1.50 

3.50 

3.50 

2.50 

1.60 

1.75 

4.00 

3.00 

2.35 

Howard F. Weiss.. 3.50 

‘Breed-Hosmer.... 5.50 

GOON. cassie hee 2.00 

isvsitren 2.60 

Devkioh dda tsseegunpeanee 1.50 


Ssasss 


00 
50 
15 
15 
STUDIES IN FRENCH FORESTRY-—T. S. Woolsey, 6.00 
STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison ................ 2.25 
STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER—A. O. Huntington 3.50 
TEXTBOOK OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY—G. J. Pierce 2.00 
ee AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS—A. B. Reck- 
MONE A URie eR Terns 4 pina Dated ve ceca Ni ceed wae dedeune can aeh eaeeeee 2.50 
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING~J. B Johnson 4.00 
TIMBER—By J. R. Baterden 2.00 
TIMBER—P. Charpentier .... 28 6.00 
TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DIS : 1.50 
TIMBER, ITS STRENGTH, SEASONING AN 
dL LSS ae Oona Set SProrht be Sip Tae anor am ae 3. 
+ 
3 
2. 
1 
5 
TREES—J. E. Rogers 1 
TREES—Marshall Ward 2. 
5. 
TREES AND TREE PLANTING~J. S. Brisbin 2 
TREES EVERY CHILD SHOULD KNOW-J. E. Rogers 1 
TREES IN WINTER—Blakeslee and Jarvis : 


FORE AREERCRREIE Occ scssrcestescsukhe sis Pay hy esRRGee Maines beans esos 
TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES—J. Webster. as 
UNITED STATES FOREST POLICY—John Ise ie 
VALUATION OF AMERICAN TIMBERLANDS—K. W. Woodwar 
VOCABULAIRE FORESTIER—Par J. Gerschell.......... 
WELL CONSIDERED GARDEN, THE—Francis King.. 
WHAT BIRD IS THAT?—Frank M. Chapman............... 
WHAT BIRDS HAVE DONE WITH ME—Victor Kutchin 
WILD FLOWER FAMILIES—Clarence M. Weed........... 
WOOD—G. S. Boulger 


SSSRSASSSS FS SSSSSSHHSSRE SE 


he ns ee no me G8 oT BD 


wee AND OTHER ORGANIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS— ee 


Members of the Association are entitled to a discount of 10 per cent from the above prices. 


All books published can be obtained from the American Forestry Association, 914 14th St., Washington, D. C. 


CHAIR MADE FROM CHARTER OAK 


The Charter Oak tree, so intimately 
connected with the early history of Con- 
necticut, formerly stood on the northern 
slope of the Wyllys Hill, in Hartford, a 
beautiful sight on the south side of Char- 
ter Oak Avenue, as it is now called, a 
few rods east from Main Street. The 
trunk was 25 feet in circumference near 
the roots. A large cavity about two feet 
from the ground was the place of conceal- 
ment of the original charter of Connecti- 
cut. from the summer of 1687 till the 
spring of 1689, when it was brought forth 
and under it Connecticut resumed its 
charter government. the tree was blown 
down by a gale August 21, 1856, and a 
white marble slab marks the spot where it 
stood. The chair shown here is made 
from the wood of this tree and is a 
cherished relic in the capitol building at 
Hartford—H. E. Zimmerman. 


“Before 
You Leave 
A Camp Fire 
Be Sure It’s Out.” 


Send for FREE story 


Interesting, 


illustrated folder “How to get 
Greater Desk Efficiency” shows how to keep 
your desk cleared for action, Thousands of 
Kleradesks are giving entire satisfaction. Saves 
time locating, distributing or sorting papers. 
Takes less space tharatray. Sent FREE trial. 


Steel Sections 


RASS-Gould 
232 N. 10th 
ST. LOUIS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MAKING WOOD FIRE RESISTANT 


| aoa retardent paints are the most prac- 
tical means so far discovered by the 
Forest Products Laboratory by which small 
amounts of wood can economically be made 
fire resistant. The only other known meth- 
ods of decreasing the inflammability of 
wood are to keep it wet, or to inject into 
it certain chemicals under pressure. These 
methods, though more effective than paint- 
ing, are usually either impracticable or too 
expensive to be considered. 

Ordinary calcimine or whitewash has 
proved in tests to be as fire resistant as any 
paint covering tried. It is cheap and con- 
venient to use. Although it will not pre- 
vent the burning of wood exposed con- 
tinuously to a high heat, a good coat of 
calcimine on wood will decrease the danger 
of a blaze spreading from burning cigar- 
ettes, sparks, matches, and similar small 
sources of fire. Calcimine is, of course, 
more effective for inside than for out- 
side use. 


For exterior use numerous patented fire 
retardent paints are available. An effec- 
tive outdoor paint which has been develop- 
ed at the Forest Products Laboratory con- 
sists of linseed oil, zinc borate, and chrome 
green. This paint has maintained its fire 
resisting properties through more than three 
years of exposure to the weather. 


1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. 
WASHINGTON,DC. 


ENGRAVERS 
DESIGNERS 


AND 
[LLUSTRATORS 


3 COLOR PROCESS WoRK 
ELECTROTYPES 


SUPERIOR QUALITY 
& SERVICES 


Phone Main 8274 


ATTENTION, FORESTERS! 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free 
of charge in this column, advertisements 
of foresters wanting positions, or of per- 
sons having employment to offer foresters. 
This privilege is also extended to foresters, 
lumbermen and woodsmen who want posi- 
tions, or to persons having employment to 
offer such foresters, lumbermen or woods- 
men. 


eee 
POSITIONS WANTED 


FORESTER, University Graduate; 28 years of 
age; ex-service man; several years’ experience 
in the paper industry as an executive, also sales 
experience, desires position. Best references. 
Address Box 4040, care AMERICAN FORES- 
TRY, Washington, D. C. (7-9-22), 


YOUNG MAN, 32 years old; married; graduate of 
Cornell University; B. S., 1914; M. F., 1915, with 
five years’ experience in the United States 
Forest Service. Desires position as forester 
with a lumber Reece or private estate. 
best of references. ddress Box 4050, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- 
ington, D. C. (7-9-22) 


FOREST ENGINEER, a graduate with eight 
years experience as chief of timberland depart- 
ment of large Eastern paper manufacturing 
company is open for position with company 
operating Eastern spruce lands. Address Box 
4055, care AMERI FORESTRY MAGAZINE, 
Washington, D. C. (8-10-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, at present employed 
by a Timber and Land Devel t C y 
desires position as Forester or Superintendent 
on Private Estate, or in Park work. Experi- 
enced in Tree planting and Pruning, the hand- 
ling of Shrubbery, Fire Protection and Log- 
ging operations. A willing worker as well as 
equipped to direct others. Box 4060, care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Wash- — 
ington, D. C. (9-11-22) 


FORESTER, with ten years’ experience as tech- 
nical assistant and forest supervisor, now in 
charge of western National Forest, desires to 
make connection with commercial organization 
with opportunity of improving present position. 
Address Box 4065, care AMER N FORESTRY 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


FORESTER—Experienced graduate, eight years” 
state forest management, five years’ nursery 
and landscape practice. Agricultural and hor- 
ticultural training on farm and orchard. Pre- 
pared to get results from stock, fruit or forest. 
Can teach or practice. Box 4070, care AMERI- — 
CAN FORESTRY, Washington, D. C. (10-12-22) 


GRADUATE FORESTER, with six years of both 

technical and practical experience in all phases 
of Forest work, is open to change of employ- 
ment. Best of references can be nian 
Address Box 4075, care AMERICAN FORESTR 
MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. 


GRADUATE FORESTER with 15 years’ ex- 
perience, at present os fa by a Timber 
and Land Development Company, desires 

osition on private estate or in park work. 

xperienced in tree planting and pruning, 
the handling of shrubbery and wild flowers, 
the opening of roads and trails, fire pro- 
tection and logging operations. A _ willi y 
worker. Address Box AMERIC. 
FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D.C. 


EXPERT TREE SURGEON, also some knowl- 
edge of Landscape, wishes position on pri- — 
vate estate steady year around. Can han- 
dle men. At present employed by a Land- — 
seape and Forester Co. Can furnish best 
references. Address Box 4085, care AMBR- 
TCAN FORESTRY. Washington, D. C. 


ae 
a 


American forests 


ISSUED TO 


feet 


r 
4. 


iy 
(teil 


I 


(it 


j 


Se art 
SS 


Seager rae ne On 


ee ee ee 
a Sana re a emir TO gerne Pea —— —- ao = pn a 
Fane aa ew a Oe ae Oe Oe nee SSS a 
<< So ee ees = Se nreo-2 oe err eae so nn eww aoe ~~ ager 
» J-tnh _ a - oo poner = ~ - 
ere enorme peor me arene nt = = icleasiicentcraie Se ne ng er Oe ae ee > * 5 
Sree . > = - ~ - _ ime - 
= SS wae 1 thane we. whee ee Lege, ~ a [een Mg eck ease | ae te Re ee A TS 1 OG OO Grey ae ao aer 
anno ¥ a a ——~ ees sienna ~~ - Fe pes al a On 7 re vow Ogee sone 
a noon th ie ene Ores oem ee eee eg eer at ae tw pea So ae a Bae ee ha NO at PNA cae Fine ee emi pmpsan neeene emp one pre fie 
aes pee ee ee ee AAO eT a ad eA eM an SOIT Loree, Treo se tar nearest Tt ide Meares poo naaed te 
So ee rinse I a Corp oe RD ON nO Sars a Ce ne eee nae TOUT Timea ne OO ECO O OS LEE 
ws = or “RiP dpa a et tind ota Nagham a oe may aah tng ermine Oe FH = twwre A ete 
~ - _—e Ke = ee my ie ie ddainetneiiee asta rienswe — roe al ~~ —_— - - ow ee Nn , 
a Om A Pom nh OS OE re POP ATO T eG OO De ee, Seba Pe nee ONE See eg STON oe Sa nn epee nee tates Fe en on oo 
CTT ITT rare an : ae OS ag STO ea ae AO OER OS ORT NTN en aN ie nt eatin 
=: a aor ~ eee ew ete ee) eerne ene ney pm 727 : a plats 7 eat Othman 9 Semen 
Srcet = Se ore eter Were eee eens enter ee Re ee purmmegee aman fTECAIS aubam ied ome 
ere a oe rn = < — es ON ree ae ps eae g eed wurde Aad Cee = AT ee ee SOIR ae Loe 
een gasqeg hk Oe ats PNe ete hae Wie SEAS OT — re oF we Nears Ae Pe re en ° ~~ =. rT: 3 eee ane ae at ee Snes = my asl ha eee ig eg 
ene Set enti ae re ew yee eee ee ne non we ow eo Poaryel ae == 
eS re RO GO Cn ne ae OO OPE ORY OTT AC ny ag pet . rar enens Cette eet pe OE Se se er — rman 5 renemeebe pee eee re 
Anew pa Ota oom — eee “ Tr eee i rem aepaaene a, 
= a a a a anne age o = pon ee ee eT SO Oren tet padres 
nes ren eer oa eewe. Penge aes - Me Serer we tn eee seat =. 
— Se a OO ap ge a AOE A gern ae ~ sewer tree heres ve 
a Oe OE ag a OL OI ee ged ew ee ob erties ha a OE rr 
ae a ee rrr eae — —_ oa ee ——~ 7 oe (peal Stile cama tind ey : 
ne aoe ar Tee OE on hanensaeaanoeel pesnay rer a rn eet Po ri OT a Prete gy 
ogous o ot ee ere * nr z nw . eek ee — 
ren ie ee a ern ee Oe OO <> pcerennine Seen eran Steel ESS et ee eal ~ i 
eS ee eee ——~ ae a re wee ee eee ee PO D Sh woe Oe Cee ae DID a Nang nate Sd ena were ee" n ape 
a OI ee ae ie a ere a ne OO a Ne nah ee eee e er er a breweu ve " = Lee nendaer naira Spt on eee ee 
- ese ap yee ome teen & , —. venmare ma c = ° ieee ew : Jaane eee eae 
PF ae Se Te ed Rae Rie OSE SORE LS OES TN eee oe * one eS =e ee RO ag Cte APO OTE Om rere 
> = nee n ewe rs < Serine nnteraete ange : ooeree ae — 
a ra ee ori an a mpeeocs ci So ee re: Fad x ay senor Te = pnian 
= ——2 oe Cee eet bs mete eee wn eT Son, 
CF Santina ogee deco hetrtnaee  ninn Lor mona ane Q ree ree 7 - Cad me we a 
- a ee —~ va Stem a 3 so =" ~~ mo 
a yp GONE OS cm OT _ eee eee or — - ee eet re baw ~ or + 74 Ss 
~* ager aaa = aw en oe tee st - “re en ~~. a 
a en ee ees — o— eee ces = Pee 
a ee epee spar ek Oe TOE —— ee obbre a ~ Kn ete rod oe eee te freee oP OOTY PE are nnn trd <n ws 
eee SUSE ETS bw c ee Fee ene FeO eT PTF > = De ee oe Seger eee eer eet d! oe : ~~ 
x oon — : . is vette eres was seo tl enn = cs 
os eA be Ee ew ee ace Te — . 
=e A Cerner arnt Fart en po won = 
we eueare Ney eae cet ao at het eee egies ore sae pote bun onde’ SE re aerennont neers. oo - sore eee: 
wera . tone areas 
Sooner eer ae : noe ence p eas neomes <= recon peveren a4 ee RS, 
.. : Acer ch at Spey Aes wei sweet = 5 pln eet 0 Ne PPI OE Cee et bem ere eww Been 
= Sede es ope aneeee ow as Be renal erie aaa e Po nae winrar 
rs aa “~~ fe $ ew -e were wore rr sais 
- ween ee hee pe Ane ns bteee Rae we ne aoe 2 oF Oe err — : = 
apa Sew eet pe an pa ee =. cam 
oe Ser ae 7 ee ee ee ry Seed OR 8 LEO Cee wee. — nalagumatl ~ 
a © * Senreacuse quae ee 
aes — re" 


2S Re ee 
ete ee Sree eet 
=: a SS 
= See 
= eet el aap’ — 
+ xm aioe 


~ A Ae ~ — 2 ean bee 
Sinewcoee Sloot = r= ol : +> dog mde 
= ej mtonts wl - wrt - 4. 


— yr Scaenmnce nye aetna ae eae 
a en eS —s ant op od had cat + 
ae Benne a Set a ng SS re 
Ra SF eh cy OR eet ae Siar oi 
ernst ty a . een