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THE AMERICAN |
MIDLAND NATURALIST
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, PRIMARILY
THAT OF THE PRAIRIE STATES
JULIUS A. NIEUWLAND, C. S. C., PH. D., Sc. D.
EDITOR
VOLUME VI. 1919-1920
EVA SS
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME
NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
CONTENTS
Birds of a Washington City Dooryard.—Harry C. Oberholser_.............-.-... rk
Insect Migration in Floyd and Adjoining Counties of Iowa.—Carroll
Land Fenton :
crete SE TT IRL ENE Se ie MDA Yr Sales ete a ee eet ne ee et 13
My Favorite Song Bird.— Brother Alphonsus, C. S. C...._.--.----------------------—- 16
The Missouri Muhlenbergias.—Benjamin Franklin Bush_.........17, 33, 57, 81
DE Cy Les ER Wa TV ee ee oe a Ee ES Sane Sere 29
Panicum Lineare, Linn.—Olkver A. Farwell. ..-2.._-2--222-2cetec-cecnnwnnen nee Ba
Guar Sparrows.— Brother Alphonsus, C. S.C ono avant w astern dcnnep neeeceenee 51
ieeelyeatchers:— Brother-Alphonsus, C. S.C. o-oo nosed heer ece cece 78
‘irds Observed at Notre Dame, Indiana, in the Spring of 1919.—Brother
SST oO CR CRD apa: Seip ee In Rie See Oe sean | ee eee ee eC or 98
An All-Day Bird Trip at Washington, D. C_—Harry C. Oberholser........... 103
Household Insects and their Remedies.—B. W. Schetb___...............----2---------~ IIl
Aquatic Life; With Special Reference to Entomostraca.—Joseph Stack........ 128
Our Birds in November.—Brother Alphonsus, C. S. C......2-222-..---.222222-2----------- 145
Notes on Variation in Chicory.—N. M. Grier, Ph. D.g-.------------------000----------- 148
Our Birds in December.—Brother Alphonsus, C. S. C.......222-2---------2--------------- 149
Wotesion Alabama Plants: W«-Wolf,,O S. Buco On 1 ee I51
The Biological Significance of Selective Adsorption.—Jean Dufrenoy........ 159
Sexual Dimorphism and Some of Its Correlations in the Shells of Certain
Speties a: Naladesi- NW, IM. Griet ps2. Di fo OO ee ee 165
Prairie -Mirace:— Howard Ci Browns st eet 172
erry Stage of the Upper Devonian. (Plate 1.)—Carroll
Birds Observed at Notre Dame, Indiana, in the Fall of 1919.—Brother
Alphonsys, ee SiC
_
Dr; Joel. Lunell (Frontispiece)... 252.2 2 ee 243
Waterfowl in Nebraska—Brother Alphonsus, C.1S. C.o...222---2ceseeecee--eeeeneenes 245
; ‘
Variation in Epidermal Color of Certain Species of Najades Inhabiting
the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in L. Erie.
=— Ni Me Grier, Phy: Decco ee ee ee a 247
Observations on Some Marine Plants of the Iowa Devonian, With De-
scriptions of New Genera and Species —Clement L. Webster, M. Sc....286
Birds Observed at Brookland, D. C. from Aug. 19 to Sept. 7, 1920.—
Brother Alphonsus, C. S. C..........- SOF Pema eld (Yeerks a OO 290
JANUARY, 1919
yh. No. 1
ndtv MIDLAND
AMERICAN
Ee |
3 NATURALIST
‘ Devoted to Natural History, Primarily
Be. that of the Prairie States
Published by the University of Notre Dame,
‘sa Notre Dame, Indiana
.. J. A. NIEUWLAND, C.S.G., Ph. D., Sc. D.,. Editor Me
ity
CONTENTS
Birds of a Washington City Dooryard = Harry C. Oberholser 1
: Insect Migration in Floyd and Adjoining Counties
# of Iowa Carroll Lane Fenton 13
My Favorite Song Bird Broiher Alphonsus, C. S.C. 16
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The American Midland Naturalist
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY
OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VOL. VI. JANUARY, roro. NO. 1.
Birds of a Washington City Dooryard.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
Attention has on a number of occasions been called to the fact
that even in the midst of a large city numerous opportunities for
out-of-door bird study exist. Many more birds than one might
think venture into the closely built-up portions of the city, par-
ticularly wherever any trees or shrubbery are to be found. The
writer has for a long time been interested in this phase of orni-
thology, especially to see what species come into our city of
Washington, D. C., and at what seasons of the year.
From May 5 1911, to May 1, 1918, we lived at No. 1444 Fair-
mont Street, N. W., and there, with a number of interruptions,
but, as opportunity permitted, more or less continuously, especially
during the past four years, made observations on birds. These
notes were taken of necessity incidentally, chiefly in the mornings
before 8 o’clock and in the evenings after 6, except on Sundays
and holidays, when, of course, more hours were available.
The house in which we lived stands between 14th Street and
University Place, in a solid row; and the entire street on both
sides east to the next corner at 14th Street is entirely occupied by
dwellings. In front of the house there were two rows of small
trees, one along each side of the street. At the western end of the
block are two or three large silver poplar trees, inside a yard.
The back yard of our house, together with those of several adjoin-
ing dwellings on the same street, and the large double yard of the
house just back of ours, which faces on Euclid Street (the first
street south), form a considerable open space divided only by low
fenees. In this area there is considerable shrubbery, a few small
trees, and several large silver poplars, one of the latter being in
our own yard. This place is, consequently, a decided attraction
2 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
for birds, as the number of species which frequent it indicates.
The total number of different kinds of birds observed during
the seven years amounts to 100, including those observed flying
over but not actually alighting. On some occasions during spring
and autumn many birds were identified from their notes as they
passed low over the city on their migration at night. Our list,
while not so large as some lists from other cities, includes, never-
theless, not a few rare or unexpected birds, though it is almost as
remarkable for specics that it does not contain. There is, of course,
more or less of chance in desultory observations of this character,
and the missing birds may well have occurred during the period
of observation, but accidentally escaped being seen. Some species
have, apparently, their regular times for coming into the city,
not necessarily coextensive with their period of occurrence in this
general region, and this applies even to transients. Naturally
spring and autumn are in general the best seasons, but it seems
that the latter is even better in some respects than spring, for
we have observed more species during a single day here in fall
than ever in spring. The very best time, at least for a variety of
birds, is the last week in September, especially if the weather is
fine. As an indication of what may be seen at this time, the two
following lists from observations made about an hour before 8 a. m.
and during the evening after 6 o’clock may be found of interest:
September 26, 1916.—American Sparrow Hawk, Northern
Flicker, Brown Thrasher, Bluebird, Southern Robin, Gray-
cheeked Thrush, Olive-backed Thrush, Red-breasted Nuthatch,
Blue Jay, Fish Crow, Cedar Waxwing, American Redstart, Cape
May Warbler, Black and White Warbler, Purple Grackle, Car-
dinal, English Sparrow, Purple Finch. Total, 18 species.
September 21, 1917.—Sora Rail, Northern Flicker, Chimney
Swift, Bluebird, Southern Robin, Hermit Thrush, Gray-cheeked
Thrush, Olive-backed Thrush, Blue jay, Cedar Waxwing,
American Redstart, Black-poll Warbler, Magnolia Warbler,
Bobolink Purple Grackle, Cardinal, English Sparrow, American
Goldfinch. Total, 18 species.
A complete catalogue of all the species observed during our -
period of observation, with brief notes on their occurrence, will
be found in the succeeding pages. We are indebted to Miss May
T. Cooke of 1450 Fairmont St. N. W., for several records additional
to our own.
ee ee ee Pe Se ee ee ee
BIRDS OF A WASHINGTON CITY DOORYARD 3
1. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. Black-crowned Night Heron.
This species was observed on_three occasions flying over—May
18, 1914; September 1, 1917; and January 17, 1918.
2. Butorides virescens virescens. Green Heror.
Noted on four occasions—May 13, 1912; May 18, 1917; August
21, 1916; and August 24, 1914.
3. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Turkey Vulture.
Although the Turkey Buzzard is of common occurrence about
Washington, we have actually seen it at this place in the city only
three times—February 28, 1915; September 24, 1916; and Septem-
ber 23, 1917; on each occasion sailing over high in the air.
4. Tinnunculus columbarius columbarius. Pigeon Hawk.
One seen flying over on February 20, 1916. ;
5. Cerchnets sparveria sparveria. American Spasrow Hawk.
This bird breeds in the cornices of buildings in our section of
the city, and we have frequently seen it at our place, either flying
over or perching on the very top of the large silver poplar tree
ir the yard. It has been noticed most often in April, May, Septem-
ber, and October, the earliest date being April 11, 1915, and the
latest, November 9, 1915.
6. Colinus virginianus virginianus. Bob-white.
This was one of our most interesting and most unexpected
visitors. Once a single bird, on a date not recorded, came into the
back yard and perched on one of the fences for a considerable
time. On September 21, 1913, two birds were heard calling from
the trees in the street in front of the house; and on May 6, 1914, one
was heard in the area back of the house. There seems to be little
attraction for a Bob-white in the city, a place so very different
from its native heath.
7. Porzana carolina. Sora Rail.
One individual heard calling in flight over the house on the
night of September 21, 1917.
8. Tringa solitaria solitaria. Solitary Sandpiper.
Noted on two occasions flying over—May 13, 1912, and May
21, 1917. It is of interest to mention that the latter date equals the
latest previous spring record for the species in the vicinity of
Washington.
9, Bartramia longicauda. Upland Plover.
The Upland Plover is now one of the rare birds about Wash-
4 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
ington. Its mellow, characteristic note was several times heard on
the night of August 21, 1916, coming from two birds flying over
our place, evidently on their migration.
10. Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper.
Heard on three occasions, flying over at night—April 28, 1915;
and May 13 and 14, 1914.
11. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. Killdeer.
Heard flying over at night on three dates—May 15, 1918:
May 13, 1912; and September 10, 1915.
12. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. Mourning Dove.
Seen on only one occasion—July 4, 1915.
13. Coccyzus americanus americanus. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Observed only in June, July and August, and not since 1915.
The earliest date is June 23, 1914, the latest, August 23, 1914.
14. Coccyzus erythropthalmus. Black-billed Cuckoo.
Noted only once—on September 19, 1915.
15. Colaptes auratus luteus. Northern Flicker.
One of the commonest birds from March to September, and up
to October 3 (1916). We observed it also on January 17 and 23,
1916. In the spring of 1915 and of 1916 a pair had a nest in the
dead portion of the trunk of one of the high silver poplar trees in
the large yard back of ours. We could watch the birds from the
windows of the house and found their behavior of great interest.
The birds could be heard calling at almost any time of the day
during the early spring.
16. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Red-headed Woodpecker.
Of nothing like as common occurrence as the Flicker, and very
irregular. Seen from May 25 to 30, 1916; on June 2, 1916; June
29, 1914; August 18, 1914; September 8, 1915; and September
24, 1916.
17. Dryobates pubescens medianus. Downy Woodpecker.
A more or less frequent visitor during August, September, and
October, but strange to say, not observed in any other month of
the year. Its earliest date is August 14, 1915, and its latest, October
tA; 1917.
18. Dryobates villosus villosus. Hairy Woodpecker.
Once observed, but the date was not recorded.
19. Sphyrapicus varius varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
:
BIRDS OF A WASHINGTON CITY DOORYARD 5
One seen by Miss May T. Cooke, among the trees in the yard
at the west erd of our block, but we have no other record.
20. Otus asio naevius. Screech Owl.
Heard calling on the evenings of September 25, 1917, and October
4, 1914.
21. Chordeiles minor minor. Night Hawk.
Seen on only one occasion, and then flying over. This was on
May 21, 114.
22. Archilochus colubris. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
This species occasionally came to the flowers in the yards during
August and September. Our latest record is September 21, 1916.
It was only once noted at any other time of the year—this on
May 10, 1917. |
23. Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift.
Of frequent occurrence, of course on the wing, from May 9
(1915) to September 22 (1917).
24. Horizopus virens. Wood Pewee.
For this species we have only two records: May 24, 1914, and
September 3, I9g14.
25. Myiarchus crinitus crinitus. Crested Flycatcher.
Observed, May 13, 1912; May 30, 1916; September 19; 10175
and on one other occasion.
26. Tyrannus tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird.
Three records: April 27, 1915; May 21, 1915; and August
18, 1914.
27. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. European Starling.
The dead top of the tall silver poplar tree in our back yard
seemed to form the special attraction for this species. One was seen
perched on the summit, December 24, 1916; two others on January
6, 1918; and a flock of six on January 28, 1917. We have no other
records.
28. Toxostoma rufum rufum. Brown Thrasher.
Not of regular occurrence, but it occasionally wandered into the
yards during September and October, though we did not see it
at any other time; in fact, the only records are two individuals on
September 26, 1916; and one each on September 23, 1914, and
October 1 and 3, 1916.
29. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. Mockingbird.
6 : THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Occasionally visited the area back of our hoise, but we have
no definite dates.
30. Lucar carolinensis. Catbird.
Seen only during April and May, and very irregular during even
these months. It was earliest noted on April 24, 1917, and latest,
May 31, 1914.
31. Svzalia sialis sialis. Bluebird.
Of occasional occurrence from September to May, but most
frequently seen during the months of September, October, and
March. Our only other records are for May 13, 1912, and Febrvary
a7 I19I7.
32. Planesticus migratorius achrusterus. Southern Robin.
Common from March to October, and perhaps once in a while
nested within the area. Observed on February 14, 1915, and as
late as October 27, 1917, but never in November, December, or
January. Some of the autumn records probably refer to the
Northern Robin, Planesticus migratorius migratorius.
33. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. Wilson Thrush.
One seen in the tall tree in our yard, May 13, 1912, but on no
other occasion.
34. Hylocichla guttata pallasit. Hermit Thrush.
Our only record is one individual seen on September 21, 1917.
This, however, is an unusually early date for the species in the
vicinity of Washington, as its average arrival here is October 17,
and the very earliest previously recorded date is September 18,
1900.
35. Hylocichla aliciae aliciae. Gray-cheeked Thrush.
This species was seen on September 18, 1917; September 21,
1917; and October 4, 1917. Five individuals, also, were noted in
our large silver poplar tree on September 26, 1916. The records
for September 18 and 21 are unusually early for the vicinity of
Washington, as the average autumn arrival of this species is Septem-
ber 25, and its earliest date, September 15, 1897.
36. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Olive-backed ‘Thrush.
This species is of much more frequent occurrence than the Gray-
cheeked Thrush. It has been noted from May 13 (1912) to May
25 (1916); and from September 15 (1915) to October 4 (1917).
It was heard on May 21, 1915, singing almost as well as in summer.
BIRDS OF A WASHINGTON CITY DOORYARD 7.
37. Hylocichla mustelina. Wood Thrush.
Rather strangely of not at all frequent occurrence. There are
only three positive records—May 17 and 20, 1917, and one other
for which we have no definite date. -
38. Polioptila caerulea caerulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.
Once observed, but date not recorded.
39. Regulus calendula calendula. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Seen, October 11, 1917, and November 4, 1916.
40. Orchilus regulus satrapa. Golden-crowned Kinglet.
Of much more frequent occurrence than the Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, but still not very common. Noted on only the following
dates: October 5 and 15, 1913; October 7 and 8, 1916; October
31, 1915; and November 7, 1915. For the vicinity of Washington,
the average arrival at this season is October 6.
41. Nannus troglodytes hiemalis. Winter Wren.
One was reported in autumn by Miss May T. Cooke, but date
not recorded.
42. Troglodytes aedon aedon. House Wren.
Strange to say, of very infrequent occurrence, and observed
only in May. Our records are May 2, 1915, May 4, 1914, and May
BE EOE].
43. TIhryothorus ludovictanus ludovicianus. Carolina Wren.
Also of very infrequent occurrence. The only dates are May
8, 1914; August 22, 1915; and October 26, 1916.
44. Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Creeper.
Observed on but one occasion, of which the date was not noted.
45. Szttta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Observed occasionally in September and October, but in no
other month of the year. Our records are: September 18, 1914;
september -26 and 27, 1916; October -3,-.6;°7, 8, ‘and. 15, .1916;
and October 5, 1913.
46. Szitta carolinensis cooket. White-breasted Nuthatch.
This bird seems to be much less frequent than the Red-breasted
Nuthatch, for we have only two definite records—October 5 and
23, 1913,:and one other without date.
47. Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis. Carolina Chickadee.
Once noted, but date unknown.
8 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
48. Baeolophus bicolor. ‘Tufted ‘Titmouse.
Two records—May 18, 1914, and May 26, 1916. ‘This seems to
be, in a way, rather remarkable, because one would expect the
species in such a place during the winter rather than during the
breeding season.
49. Cyanocitta cristata cristata. Blue Jay.
Tolerably common from September to early May, but most
frequently observed in September. We have not noted it in the
fall earlier than September 5 (1915), nor in spring later than May
2 (1915).
50. Corvus osstfragus. Fish Crow. -
Another very common species, of regular occurrence from August
to May, but not noted in June or July.
51. Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus. Southern Crow.
One of the most frequent birds from October to May, but not
noticed in summer. Doubtless some of the individuals seen during
the winter months belong to the common American Crow, Corvus
brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, but as no specimens were taken
it is, of course, impossisle to verify this probability.
52. Lanivireo flavifrons. Yellow-throated Vireo.
A tolerably common summer resident, noted from May 1 (1914)
to September 2 (1917). It was heard singing on August 23, 1914.
53. Vireosylva gilva gilua. Warbling Vireo.
For this uncommon species in the city of Washington we have
but a single record—May 19, 1914.
54. Vzireosylva olivacea. Red-eyed Vireo.
For so common a bird we have surprisingly few dates. They
are: May ri-and 21, 71016;.. May 23,°1915;" May:28,%1914, vane
September 24, 1914. It was also heard singing on August 23, 1914.
55- Bombycilla cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing.
Noticed occasionally from March 18 (1916) to June 2 (1916),
and from August 19 (1917) to September 26 (1917). Rather
strangely not seen at any other time of the year.
56. Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree Swallow.
A flock of 10 was seen flying over high in the air on August 23,
1916, but no others have been observed.
57. Huirundo rustica erythrogastris. Barn Swallow.
Seen once—on May 10, 1917.
a Se ee a
BIRDS OF A WASHINGTON CITY DOORYARD - 9:
58. Stelgidopteryx serripennis serripennis. Rough-winged
Swallow.
For this swallow, also, we have but a single date—May 10, 1917.
59. Progne subis subis. Purple Martin.
Occasionally seen from May to September. Our earliest date
is May 13, 1915, and the latest, September 3, 1917. It is of most
frequent occurrence during the period of roosting; that is, during
August and early September.
60. Setophaga ruticilla. American Redstart.
Rather frequent from May 3 (1914) to September 26 (1916),
and apparently the commonest warbler. September 26, it is of
interest to state, is an unusually late date for this species in the
vicinity of Washington, since the average date of autumn departure
is September 19, and the latest date is September 30, 1906.
61. Waulsonia canadensis. Canadian Warbler.
Observed on May 20 and 21, 1916, and May 27, 1917, but on no
other occasions.
62. Wilsonia citrina.. Hooded Warbler.
For this beautiful species we have but a single record—May 24,
IQI4.
63. Geothlypis trichas trichas. Maryland Yellowthroat.
One seen on April 24, 1917; and another, in spring, date un-
known, was reported by Miss May T. Cooke.
64. Seturus aurocapillus aurocapillus. Ovenbird.
We have no exact date for this species, but once in spring Miss
May T. Cooke observed an individual that remained for two days
about her yard.
65. Seturus motacilla. Louisiana Water-Thrush.
We noted a single individual on September 20, 1914, a date
considerably later than the latest previously known for the
species anywhere in the vicinity of Washington, which is September
12, 1895.
66. Dendroica striata. Black-poll Warbler.
Sometimes common in May, and noted occasionally in Septem-
ber and October. The earliest spring date is May 14, 1916; the
latest, May 31, 1917. Our autumn records are, rather remarkably,
only September 21, 1917; October 4, 1914; and October 8, 1916.
67. Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler.
10 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
There is but a single record for this species, and that on May
30, 1917, which, with a single exception, June 5, 1917, is the latest
for the vicinity of Washington.
68. Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Of this warbler we saw but one, on an unknown date.
69. Dendroica fusca. Blackburnian Warbler.
Our single record is October 6, 1916, which is uncommonly late
for the species in the region about Washington, since its latest
date is October 7, 1889.
70. Dendroica virens. Black-throated Green Warbler.
For this pretty little warbler we have only a few records, which
are as follows: April 30, 1914; September 17, 21, and 26, 1916.
71. Dendroica coronata coronata. Myrtle Warbler.
For so common a species we have surprisingly few notes, as
follows: May 1 and 2, 1915; May 25, 1917; and October 4, 1914.
That for May 25 is later than any published date for the species
about Washington, the previous latest being May 23, 1903, although
there is an unpublished record for May 30, 1917.
72. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens. Black-throated Blue
Warbler.
Three instances: May 25 and 27, 1915, and another without
specific date.
73. Dendroica tigrina. Cape May Warbler.
This is one of the warblers that-has recently much increased in
numbers in the vicinity of Washington. It was not noted in our
yard until September 21, 1916, and was more or less common
until October 9 of that year; as many as five sometimes being seen
within a few minutes. We have only two suksequent records,
May 24, 1917, and October 8, 1917. It frequented both the trees
along the street and those in the back yards.
74. Dendroica magnolia. Magnolia Warbler.
Identified on only three occasions: September 21, 1916; Septem-
ber 21, 1917; and October 8, 1916.
75. Dendroica aestiva aestiva. Yellow Warbler.
For so common a bird it was rather remarkably seldom seen;
but it apparently does not come into the city so numerous as
some other warblers. Our only records are: May 16 and 21,
1915; May 24, 1914; and June 11, 1916.
z
-~
= i in i
PARE a %¥ e tee
BIRDS OF A WASHINGTON CITY DOORYARD Il
76. Compsothlypis americana americana. Parula Warbler.
We have but a single note on this species—a bird seen in the
trees just in front of the house on October 3, 1916.
77. Compsothlypis americana pusilla. Northern Parula Warbler.
We have likewise but one record for this bird—a single fully
plumaged, typical adult male seen on October 11, 1914.
78. Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla. Nashville Warbler.
One seen in our back yard on May 6, 1915.
79. Vermivora peregrina. ‘Tennessee Warbler.
In 1916 the Tennessee Warbler was unusually numerous in
spring about Washington, and on May 21 of this year we saw one
in the large silver poplar tree in our back yard. We noted the
species also on October 6, 1916, which is rather late, since the
average time of its departure from this region is October 4.
80. Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler.
Only twice observed—on September 26, 1916, and on another
occasion for which we have no definite date. ‘The former record
' was unusually late for this species, since its average fall departure
about Washington is September 15.
81. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Bobolink.
Of common occurrence during both spring and fall, but most
frequently heard migrating at night. We have records from May
13 (1912) to May 23 (1915); and from August 22 (1916) to Septem-
er 21<(1017).
82. Agelaius phoenitceus predatorius. Red-winged Blackbird
A flock of niné seen flying over on October 11, 1917. Noted
also, on one or two other occasions for which no date is available.
83. Icterus galbula. Baltimore Oriole
One seen on May 18, 1915, but on no other day.
84. Icterus spurius. Orchard Oriole.
Seen once, but no record was made of the date.
85. Qutscalus quiscula quiscula. Purple Grackle.
This is, with the exception of the English Sparrow, the most
numerous and frequent visitor to our city yards. Apparently,
however, it does not breed in this area. It was noted from Feb-
ruary 25 (1918) to November 5 (1916).
86. Piranga erythromelas. Scarlet Tanager.
Noted on May 17, 1915, and on one other occasion,
rz THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
87. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis. Cardinal.
With the exception of the English Sparrow and the Purple
Grackle, our most regular and frequent visitor, and seen in every
month of the year except July. It seems to be most numerous
during February, March, April, May, September, and October.
It is one of the most persistent singers of the city yards.
88. Hedymeles ludovicianus. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
We have only two records—one for September 13, 1913, and
another for which no date was noted.
89. Linaria cyanea. Indigo Bunting.
One seen on May 14, 1916, and another on May 18, 1917.
90. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus. . Chewink;
Towhee.
Two records: May 13, 1912, and another without date.
gt. Melospiza melodia melodia. Song Sparrow.
This bird was remarkably infrequent for a species so common in
this vicinity. We have but three definite instances—March 31,
1917; May 30, 1916; and October 21, 1917.
92. Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Sparrow.
Our few dates are as follows: April 21, 1916; October 11 and
19, 1916; and November 15, 1916.
93. Spizella pusilla pusilla. Field Sparrow.
One heard singing on April 28, 1917.
94. Spizella passerina passerina. Chipping Sparrow.
Noted on April 15, 1915, and on another occasion.
95. Spizella monticola monticola. ‘Tree Sparrow.
For this species we have three definite records: March 20 and
24, 1914, and April 13, 1914. The last is a remarkably late date
for the District of Columbia; in fact, with the single exception of
two other records, April 14, 1917, and May 11, 1917, it is the very
latest.
96. Junco hyemalis hyemalis. Slate-colored Junco.
Occasionally seen during the winter months. We have records
from October 7 (1916) to March 30 (1916).
97. Passer domesticus hostilis. English Sparrow.
This bird is, of course, the commonest and most permanent
inhabitant of our yards, and breeds both in the trees and about
INSECT MIGRATION 13
the cornices of the buildings. It has been noted during every
month of the year.
_ 98. Carpodacus . purpureus purpureus. Purple Finch.
This bird is more or less common during the autumn, winter,
and spring, though of rather irregular occurrence. We have records
from September 9 (1917) to May 20 (1917). Rather often heard
singing in spring.
99. Astragalinus tristis tristis. American Goldfinch.
Occasionally observed, but only in April, May, September, and
October.
100. Loxia curvirostra minor. American Crossbill.
One noted on January 14, 1917.
Insect Migration in Floyd and Adjoining Counties of lowa.
BY CARROLL LANE FENTON.
On September 17, 1915, I noted a flock of Monarch butterflies
(Anosia plexippus) resting in an oak grove west of Charles City,
Iowa. The flock contained many thousands of individuals, and
practically covered the trees for a considerable area. From time
to time small numbers of the insects arrived from the north, and
oceasionally fifty to one hundred would rise into the air and fly
to the southeast. In general, though, there was no movement of
the flock between the hours of one and five-thirty P. M. In order
to form an estimate of the density with which the insects were
crowded together I swept my net along a twig, and thirty-seven
Monarchs made up the capture.
Two days afterward I again visited the same locality, and found
considerable numbers of Monarchs flying about over a near-by
creek or resting on some willows or the lower branches of the oaks.
Above the trees were large numbers of these butterflies, steadily
flying to the southeast. With the Monarchs were a number of
Clover Sulphurs (Colias philodice), these latter being particularly
in evidence about the water. While I failed to make detailed
observations each day, this migration apparently lasted until
about the twenty-third of September. At no other time did I
observe such large numbers of butterflies as I had noted on the
14 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
first day, and after the twenty-third there was no noticeable evi-
dence of migration, though Monarchs were not uncommon.
In 1916 I saw large numbers of Monarchs on September 5, but
the true migration did not start until the eleventh, and two days
later I found thousands of the butterflies at the oak grove, with
constant flights to the southeast. I at once went to a little, sunny
valley some three and one-half miles to the southeast and there I
found conditions comparable to those at the oak grove on Septem-
ber 17 of the year before. The flock was almost entirely composed
of Monarchs, and from a short distance many of the trees had the
SWET CH-MAP
SHOWING INSECT
MIGRATION ROUTES
in FLOYD ann CERRO GORDO}
COUNTIES, lowa.
@>=KNOWN LINES OF FLIGHT e
PROBABLE LINES of FLIGHT|
appearance of being in autumn colors, the butterflies were so
thickly gathered. On and by the road over which I went to the
valley I had seen large flocks of Colias philodice, with considerable
numbers of Monarchs, but I was unable to determine whether or
not the former were in actual migration. On September 16, I
saw a large flock of Monarchs and Clover Sulphurs flying east and
south, and with it were numerous individuals of the European
Cabbage Butterfly (Pzeris rapae). I first saw this flock some two
miles from the oak grove, and I was curious to know whether or
not this flock, which was quite distinctly marked by the unusual
presence of P. rapae, would rest at the grove. As I was walking,
some forty minutes elapsed from the time when I first saw the
butterflies and the time when I arrived at the desired locality.
Here I found that there were numbers of Anosia plexippus, Colias
philodice and also Prerts rapae, so in all probability the flock that I
= AS rae cs phar
INSECT MIGRATION 15
had seen did stop at the grove. Apparently this is a regular and well
recognized resting point with the migrating insects.
I traced this course of flight several miles northwest and also
about seven miles to the southeast of Charles City. It is well
defined and as shown, is used by large numbers of insects. It
is, however merely a local element of a larger route that roughly
passes across almost the full widths of Floyd and Cerro Cordo
Counties.
In 1917 the Monarch migration began in the latter part of
August, although the Sulphur migration did not commence until
about the middle of September. On August 39, I observed a
large and continuous flight of Monarchs at a point in the east-
central portion of Cerro Gordo County. Here the butterflies
skirted the lower portion of a seventy-foot bluff and at that point
were flying almost due east but further investigation showed that
as soon as this chain of hills disappeared the flight turned to the
southeast. The next day I observed large numbers of Monarchs
and Clover Sulphurs at a point about eight miles to the southeast
of the point where I had noted the flight on the day before. It
is notable that while this line of flight is some miles to the west of
the one first described, it has the same general direction, both follow-
ing the general trend of stream flow.
At Charles City there were large numbers of migrating Monarchs
on September 5, but the migration reached its height from the
twelfth to the fifteenth, and on these latter days a considerable
percentage of Colias was found in the flocks studied. At no time
was Pieris rapae noted in any of the flocks, though the species
was fully as abundant as usual.
In none of the migrations have there been any indications that
the same routes were used by birds or other insects, as for instance
the dragonflies. Neither was any point noted where the path of
migration became extremely narrow. In the spring, usually about
the first of June, a few battered and weatherworn Monarchs appear,
but there is no return of the Sulphurs. The Mourning Cloaks
(Vanessa antiopa) often is found, in hibernated specimens, as early
as April 1, and thus appears to be the earliest of the butterflies
of that vicinity.
The accompanying sketch-map gives the two main routes of
butterfly migration in Floyd and Cerro Gordo Counties, as indi.
cated by these studies.
16 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
My Favorite Song Bird.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
The question is often asked, ‘‘ What is your favorite song bird?”’
To the bird lover there are so many songsters that are his favorites
that it is not always easy to answer this question. But if an answer
must be given he will probably single out one that is dear to him
for many reasons. Such a bird is the song sparrow.
When February is drawing to a close occasionally there are a
few fine days when the sun shines brightly, and- there is just a
hint of the approaching spring. On such days those who are
accustomed to take daily walks will surely hear what they may
call ‘‘the first spring notes”’ of a bird, and this songster is the song
sparrow. And when summer is losing its intense heat toward ,the
end of August, and nearly every other note has died away, the
sweet singer of late February will be true to his name and greet
us with his cheery strain.
It is probably the long song season of the song sparrow that
contributes most to make him a favorite song bird with many
nature lovers. And then his melody is one of the finest in the whole
gamut of song that comes from the throats of birds. Besides great
variety in the musical effort of this sparrow, there is an absence
of the plaintive quality that is so marked a feature in the per-
formances of many of our birds. These sad strains are especially
noticeable in such species as the rose-breasted grosbeak, vesper
sparrow, field sparrow and indigo bird.
The nesting habits of the song sparrow are interesting to the
student of bird life. It is possible that this species may have three
broods, for young birds are fledged early in May, and nests with
young in them may be found late in August. Many of the nests
are built in the grass, not far from walks where people pass fre-
quently. Last August I found a nest placed in a small sapling near
the pier in St. Joseph’s Lake, at Notre Dame, where bathers cer-
tainly made plenty of noise. The confiding character of the song
sparrow is a trait that increases our love for the bird.
When nearly all the birds of summer have departed, and the cold
days of late autumn and early winter send a chill through our
bodies, we can still find a few song sparrows on our walks. Now
they are no longer in song, yet the memory of their singing remains.
AN
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VoL. VI. MARCH, 1919 Ra
witty MIDLAND
‘NATURALIST
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VOL. VI. MARCH, 1919. NO. 2.
The Missouri Muhlenbergias. fo rn
aa JUN 7
BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUSH.
ee
Any one in recent years attempting to name speci
MUHLENBERGIA by the books, must have been struck by the wide
difference of opinion in the presentation of the species in the
Robinson and Fernald Gray’s New Manual, and the Britton and
Brown Illustrated Flora. This difference of cpinion in treating
the species of this genus in some cases is so marked as to cause one
to wonder if there is not something wrong with our understanding
of the species. This difference of opinion is most marked with the
members of the Mexicana group, a most perplexing and critical
one, the species of which present so many variations in culms,
leaves and floral characters.
It was formerly thought that the species of this, and those of the
Acroxis group, were either awned or awnless, this belief causing
much confusion in the treatment of the species and the naming of
specimens: but it began to be suspected that those species which
were habitually awnless sometimes presented awned forms, and
those species that were ordinarily awned, sometimes presented
awnless forms. This suspicion was first voiced by Scribner, who
announced that M. Mexicana and M. SOBOLIFERA often or
occasionally presented awned forms, and he went so far as to
describe awned forms of these species,? and noted that M. TENuI-
FLORA and M. ToRREYI were occasionally awnless.
My conclusions after a careful examination of several hundred
sheets of specimens, are, that Scribner was correct in the main, but
that what he took to be awned forms or varieties of M. MEXICANA
and M. SOBOLIFERA are really good distinct species, which I herein
propose as new.
* Scribner, Rhodora 9:18. 1907. ? Scribner, Rhodora 9:18. 1907.
18 . ‘THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Hitchcock in the Robinson and Fernald Gray’s New Manual
in 1908, presented ten species and one variety for the territory
commonly embraced in the Manual region, presenting M. FOLIOSA
Trinius, for the first time, this having been previously restored
by Scribner,t and to it he referred M. ampicua Torrey, which I
am inclined to think is a good species. M. MExicana is there said
to have the culms retrorsely strigose below the nodes, and to have
the lemmas acuminate or awned, thus including the M. Mexicana
~commuTata of Scribner in his description. It appears to me much
better to consider Scribner’s variety a distinct species, and thus
relieve the real M. Mexicana of much uncertainty. Hitchcock
also includes M. potystacHya of Mackenzie and Bush in M.
Mexicana, which after an examination of a number of specimens
I still consider distinct from that species. He reduces M. PALUSTRIS
to a variety of M. SCHREBERI, a disposition once made by Scribner,?
but it seems more natural to keep this distinct from that species.
The description of M. SCHREBERI is so drawn as to include M.
SCHREBERI CURTISETOSA of Scribner, which seems to me to be
sufficiently distinct to recognize as a species. M. GLABRIFLORA
of Scribner is not mentioned in the Manual, Hitchcock evidently
not understanding this species.
Nash in the Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora, second edition,
in 1913, presents eleven species, ten of these given by Hitchcock -
in the Manual, and one other, M. ampicua Torrey. In the treat-
ment of the species in this work, Nash gives specific rank to M.
PALUSTRIS and M. AmBiGcua, refers M. FoLIosA of ‘Trinius to M.
MexIcANA, ignores M. poLtysTacHya of Mackenzie and Bush,
and M. SCHREBERI CURTISETOSA, and briefly mentions M. GLABRI-
FLORA which seems to me to be an excellent species. In his description
of the MEXICANA group, Nash does not speak of the retrorsely
scabrous character of the culms just below the nodes of some
of the species, evidently thinking this character not worthy of
mention.
Many years ago Prof. Dewey wrote the account of the Grasses
for the Manual of the Plants of Western Texas,’ in which the ranges
of some of our species is given, no doubt based on specimens in the
Herbarium of the Department of Agriculture. The ranges given
of several of our species in this work has been modified largely by
’ Scribner, Rhodora 9:18. 1907. * Scribner, Rhodora 9/18. 1907. |
3 Dewey, Man. of the Plants of Western Texas, 1892.
rr’. een esa it eee atonal
1
\
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 19
numerous collections and critical study of several species. _ Prior
to 1905, several of the species now included in the genus MUHLEN-
BERGIA, were included in the genus Sporobolus, when Dr. Rydberg"
transferred some of the species to this genus. These species seem
to me to be intermediate between MUHLENBERGIA and Sporobolus,
~ and could with equal propriety be included in the genus Sporobolus
or in MUHLENBERGIA, but I leave these species in MUHLENBERGIA
as placed there by Dr. Rydberg. But there is a group of species
having single, terminal panicles with flowers on long capillary
pedicels, the type of which is Stzpa capillaris Lamarck, that seems
to me to be very distinct from the other species commonly included
in the genus MUHLENBERGIA. This group of species is so distinct
from the other species of MUHLENBERGIA in. rootstocks, ligules,
panicles, flowers and habit, that I think there is no doubt that
they are certainly distinct from that genus. The earliest available
name for this group of species seems to be PoposEMuM Des-
vaux, in “Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2:188. 1810, where the
genus is established and Sizpa capillaris Lamarck is cited as the-
type. The genus is more fully described in Beauvois Agrost. 29,
1812.
I have therefore decided to follow Desvaux in placing some of
the species formerly included in the genus MUHLENBERGIA in the
genus PoDOSEMuM, but present the single species occurring in the
State along with the other species of MUHLENBERGIA, to which it
has generally been referred.
In this, my presentation of the Missouri species, I differ some-
what from the treatment of both Hitchcock and Nash, in the
works mentioned above, and have more nearly agreed with Scribner
in recognizing the species, and have been compelled to describe
one new species, being unable to refer the specimens to any de-
scribed species.
I have seen nearly all the Missouri material in existence of the
species of MUHLENBERGIA, through the kindness of Dr. J. M.
Greenman, curator of the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium,
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, Agrostologist in charge of the Grasses
in the United States National Museum Herbarium, Prof. Wm.
Trelease of the University of Illinois, Dr. J. A. Nieuwland of the
University of Notre Dame, and Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie of East
Orange, New Jersey, to whom I am under ‘many obligations;
' Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 32:1905.
t
20 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
to Prof. Hitchcock and Dr. George T. Moore of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, I am under obligations for numerous citations
furnished and for verifications of publications; to all of the above
I herein return thanks for the many courtesies extended.
For the Missouri species now included, or were formerly included,
in the genus MUHLENBERGIA, I offer the following:
KEY TO THE MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS.
Panicles contracted, narrow, often numerous, often slender,
the branches short, erect or appressed; ligules usually short or
minute. 1. MUHLENBERGIA.
Panicles open, single, terminal, very large, their branches long
and spreading, slender, the pedicels hair-like, drooping; ligules
elongated; lemmas with long awns. 2. PODOSEMUM.
1. MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBER; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2:171. 1791.
A genus of about 30 species, mostly American, a few Asiatic,
divisible into several rather well-marked groups, the type-species
MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI Gmelin. As here treated, the species
naturally fall into four groups or sections as follows:
Glumes wanting, minute or very short, or in one species a little
longer, blunt or obtuse or in one species acuminate; plants decum-
bent at the base, from weak or slender rootstocks; lemmas usually -
long-awned or in one species rather short-awned.
A. MUHLENBERGIA proper.
Glumes broad, ovate, acute, much shorter than the lemmas;
lemmas acute or awned; rootstocks stout, scaly.
B. STENOCLADIUM section. -
Glumes narrow, acuminate or aristate, nearly as long as or
exceeding the lemmas in length; rootstocks stout, scaly.
C. Acroxis section.
Glumes broad, cuspidate; panicle very much contracted, narrow;
plants without rootstocks.
D. EucLADIUM section.
A, MUHLENBERGIA proper.
Glumes less than one-fourth the length of the spikelets, minute
or wanting, blunt or obtuse; lemmas with awns 3-5mm. long;
rootstocks rather weak. 1. MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI.
en Oe
we
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 2
Glumes one-fourth to one-half as long as the spikelets, ovate-
acuminate; lemmas with awns 1-2 mm. long; rootstocks much
stouter. 2. MUHLENBERGIA CURTISETOSA.
B. STENOCLADIUM section.
1. Spikelets 1.5-2mm. long; lemmas awnless; infranodes'
minutely scabrous just below the glabrous nodes; glumes two-
thirds to three-fourths as long as the scabrous lemmas, ovate to
broadly lanceolate, cuspidate. 3. MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA.
1. Spikelets 2.5-4mm. long; lemmas awned or rarely awnless;
glumes lanceolate or broadly lanceolate. 2.
‘ 2. Spikelets 2.5-3mm. long; infranodes glabrous; nodes
glabrous; culms low, much-branched; panicles numerous, upper
usually short-exserted; awns 3-4mm. long.
4. MUHLENBERGIA BRACHYPHYLLA.
2. Spikelets 3-4mm. long; infranodes retrorsely pubescent;
nodes pubescent; culms usually tall, little branched; panicles
usually few, usually long-exserted; glumes very broad, ovate-
‘lanceolate, cuspidate, scabrous, clasping, one-half to two thirds
as long as the scabrous slender lemmas; lemmas usually with long
awns, rarely awn-pointed or awnless; awns 5-1omm. long.
5. MUHLENBERGIA TENUIFLORA.
C. ACROXIS section.
1. Glumes much exceeding the lemmas, generally twice as long,
about 5mm. long, awned-acuminate; lemmas acuminate-attenuate.
6. MUHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA:
1. Glumes about as long as the lemmas, or slightly longer,
or mostly a little shorter, less than 5mm. Jong, glabrous or rarely
slightly scabrous. 2.
2. Panicles ovoid or subpyramidal, or sometimes linear, num-
erous, short-exserted, or partially included in the upper sheaths
not dense nor glomerate-flowered. 3.
2. Panicles oblong or cylindrical, or sometimes linear, more
or less glomerate, or sometimes loosely flowered. 5.
3. Panicles numerous, rather long, more or less open; lemmas
long-awned. 7. MUHLENBERGIA COMMUTATA.
©
The term infranode is here employed to designate that portion of the
culm just below the node, corresponding to the upper part of the internode.
22 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
3. Panicles numerous, rather short, somewhat dense or more
or less open; lemmas not awned. 4.
4. Panicles numerous, rather short, more or less dense; lemmas
not awned, perfectly glabrous. 8. MUHLENBERGIA GLABRIFLORA
4. Panicles numerous, more or less open, often slender; lemmas
not awned, pubescent at the base; infranodes perfectly smooth;
nodes glabrous. 9. MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA.
5. Panicles few, short, dense, glomerate, oblong or cylindrical;
flowers usually purplish; lemmas awn-pointed or somewhat
aristate; glumes mucronate or aristate, subequal; infranodes
retrorsely scabrous: nodes glabrous.
10. MUHLENBERGIA FOLIOSA.
5. Panicles numerous or sometimes fewer, filiform, linear or
oblong, dense or rather loose. 6.
6. Panicles usually few, usually short-exserted, linear or fili-
form; infranodes retrorsely scabrous; nodes glabrous; flowers
not crowded, in rather long, erect branches, usually green or
stramineous; spikelets 2.5-3mm. long; lemmas usually long-
awned, or rarely awnless. 11. MUHLENBERGIATORREYVI.
6. Panicles numerous, dense, slender, elongated, usually long-
exserted; infranodes minutely scabrous or nearly glabrous; lem-
mas acuminate, rarely awned, villous with very long hairs at the
base; spikelets 2-2.5mm. long. 12. MUHLENBERGIA POLYSTACHYA.
D. EucLabDiIuM section nova.
Culms strictly erect, not rooting at the lower nodes, minutely
retrorsely puberulent; glumes broad, one-half as long as the spike-
let or more, acuminate or cuspidate; lemmas awnless, long-acum-.
inate or cuspidate; no creeping scaly rootstocks; panicles slender,
the branches appressed. 13. MUHLENBERGIA CUSPIDATA.
1. MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2:171.
L701.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Sp. Pl. 1:320. 1798.
Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:40. 1803.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreber, Gram. 2:143, 1810.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb., Bush in Flora of Jackson County,
Missouri, No. 864, 1885; Tracy in Flora of Missouri, No 1641,
1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of Saint Louis, Missouri, 1891;
Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 75, 1907; Palmer in
- MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 23
Catalogue of Plants of Jasper County, Missouri, Nos. 988, 990
and 3488, 1916.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., Mackenzie and Bush in Manual
of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No. 6, 1902.
Muhlenbergia Schrebert J. F. Gmelin, Palmer in Catalogue of
Plants of Jasper County, Missouri, Nos. 1376, 2646 and 2894, 1916.
Northern Texas and northward, Dewey in Manual of the Plants
of Western Texas.
Me. to Ont. Minn. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
Me. and southern Ontario to Minn. Fla. Kans. and Texas,
Nash in Flora. ~
Me. to Minn. south to Fla. and Texas, Nash in Illustrated
Flora. :
Massachusetts to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
MASSACHUSETTS:
Amherst, Gzrard 40, 1872, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80109;
Farmington, Smith, September, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No
79741.
NEw YORK:
Buffalo, Clinton, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. N. 79859;
Pennyan, Sartwell, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79625, the plant marked 1 on this sheet;
Pennyan, Sartwell, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79582, the plant marked 1 on this sheet.
NEW JERSEY:
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79991;
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79989; |
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79974; ;
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79889;
Pemberton, Wallmarth, August 25, 1876, U. S. Herb.;
Without definite locality, Digyn, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79974.
24
THE AMERICAN MIDILAND NATURALIST
PENNSYLVANIA:
Manayunk, Redfield, September 19, 1870, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79858;
Philadelphia, Digyn, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
" No. 79887;
Philadelphia, Scribner 313, October, 1881, U. Ill. Herb.;
Stoneroad’s Mill, Keller, October 5, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79868;
West Chester, W. D., date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79773;
Without definite locality, Sartwell, date not given.
eM. B. G., Herb. No. 79776;
York County, Glatfelter, September, 1899, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80096;
MARYLAND:
Chevy Chase, Mosher, September 15, 1915, U. Ill. Herb.;
Harper’s Ferry, Holm, October 6, 1912, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 779204.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
Great Falls of the Potomac, Holm, October, 1913, U. Ill.
Herb.; Pine Branch, Ball 54, August 25, 1909, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79872.
OHIO:
Cincinnati, Lloyd 575, September 9, 1890, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79885. :
VIRGINIA:
Loudoun County, Helms, August, 1888, U. Ill. Herb.;
Munden, Mackenzie 1764, September 3-19, 1905, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79843.;
‘TENNESSEE;
Knoxville, Ruth 59, September, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No
79867.
KENTUCKY:
Bowling Green, Price, June 1890, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79847;
Bowling Green, Price, May, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79846.
Wasiota, Kearney 383, September, 1893, M. B. G. Herb,
No. 79992.
ILLINOIS:
Herb. No. 739941;
St. Clair County, Eggert,
Herb. No. 739683.
St. Clair County, Eggert,
Herb. No. 739391;
St Clair County, Eggert,
Herb. No. 79851;
St. Clair County, Eggert,
Herb. No. 79841;
St. Clair County, Eggert,
Herb. No. 79854;
Sentenuer
September
September
September
September
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS
Li 177;
LY to7 7;
Bh to Oe
is SNS Ui Eg
M5, 177;
Lisle, Umbach, July 4, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
Mascoutah, Welsch, 1862-1871, U. Ill. Herb.;
Mount Carmel, Schneck, September 15, 1904, U. Il.
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
St. Clair County, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M.
Taylorville, Andrews, August 28, 1898, U. Ill. Herb;
Urbana, Gtbbs, September 26, 1898, U. Ill. Herb;
Urbana, G. P. C. October 1, 1895,.U. Ill. Herb:
Urbana, Seymour, September 28, 1880, U. Ill. Herb.
Wabash County, Schneck, July, 1900, U. Ill, Herb;
Wabash County, Schneck, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petra, Chase 1165, September 25, 1904, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petra, Chase 1270, September 23, 1906, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petra, Chase 1277, Octcber 7, 1906, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petra, Chase 682, October 7, 1906, M. B. G. Herb.
25
No. 80128.
MISSOURI: *
?, Aberdeen, Davis 1147, September 24, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
" No. 709388;
: Allenton, Letterman, August 30, 1892, M. B. G. Herb.
: No. 709388;
Campbell, Bush, September 11, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 772800
Carterville, Palmer 1984, July 8, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757390;
Carthage, Trelease, September 18, 1998, M. B. G. Herb,
No. 79864;
26
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Cedar County, Trelease, July 30, 1897 M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79862;
Clayton, Letterman, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No
796012;
Cliff Cave, Kellogg 30, October 10, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
950188;
Cliff Cave, Kellogg, October 10, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79798;
Congo, Hoffman, October 10, 1916;
Dodson, Hoffman, September 13, 1916;
Dunklin County, Trelease, August 20, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79861;
Eolia, Davis 1435, October 23, 1911, U.S. Herb. No. 674025;
Eolia, Davis 1435, October 23, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No
709445;
Forest Park, Eggert, September 21, 1875, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79855;
Galena, Palmer 6481, October 16, 1913, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 717420;
Galloway, Standley 9345, August 26, 1912, U. S. Herb.
No. 688260;
Greene County Blankinship 2821, July 29, 1889, M. B. G.
Herb, No. 80047;
Indian Hill, Trelease, September 28, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79863;
Jackson County, Bush, September 27, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80049;
Jefferson County, Eggert, September 9, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79849;
Jerome, Kellogg, 184, October 1, 1913, M. B. G. Herb. No.
719727;
Martin City, Mackenzie 482, September 18, 1901;
McDonald County, Bush September 1, 1893, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80046;
Monteer, Bush 4888, October 10, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79831;
Oronogo, Palmer, 988, September 15, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757385;
Oronogo, Palmer 988, September 15, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79828; ~
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 2h
Prosperity, Palmer 990, August 20, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757389;
Prosperity, Palmer 990, August 20, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79827; ;
Silica, Eggert, September 15, 1891, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79851; ;
South St.- Louis, Kellogg, September 7, 1900, M. B. G.
Herb. Na. 79877;
Springfield, Standley, 9728, August 31, 1912, U. S. Herb.
No. 688645;
St. Louis, Eggert, October, 1875, M. B. G. Herb. No. 82696;
St. Louis Engelmann, August 1841,, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79688;
St. Louis, Glatjelter, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80060; :
St. Louis, Pammel, October, 1886, M. B. G. Herb. No
79842;
Stone County Trelease, September 10, 1898, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79865;
Sugar Creek, Mackenzie, September 6, 1896;
Swan, Bush, 380, September 24, 1899, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79857; ;
Thornton, Mackenzie 656, October 18, 1901, M. B. G.
No. 79865;
Turner, Standley 8794, September 4, 1912, U. S. Herb.
No. 687669;
Webb City, Palmer 1376, June 7, 1908, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757388;
Webb City, Palmer 2646, September 8, 1909, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80063;
Webb City, Palmer 2646, September 8, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757391;
Webb City, Palmer 3488, October 7, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709005 ;
Webb City, Palmer 3488, October 7, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757386;
Whiteside, Davis 28, September 12, 1911 M. B. G. Herb.
No. 765895;
Whiteside, Davis 1008, September 12, 1911 M. B. G. Herb.
No. 673927; 3
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Whiteside, Davis 1008, September 12, 1911, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 709063;
NORTH CAROLINA:
Aiken, Ravenel, September, 1866, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79691.
IOWA:
Ames, Pammel 73, August, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80074;
Clinton, Pammel 247, September 4, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79980;
Clinton, Pammel 247, September 4, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79850;
College Park, Johnson, October 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79884;
Columbus Junction, Pammel 1502, date not given ,M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79876;
Des Moines, Pammel 653, July 14, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79848;
DeWitt, Pammel 1455, September 9, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79874;
Dixon, Snyder 735, September 23, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No 79882;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79879;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79983;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No
79982;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79746;
Mount Ayr, Beard 642, September 25, 1907, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79722;
Mount Pleasant, Witte 993, ‘October I, , 1897, Mir Baaee
Herb. No. 79881;
Muscatine, Mackenzie 749, September 10, 1894.
NEBRASKA:
Bellevue, Hayden, July, 1853-54, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79690;
GEORGIA:
Leslie, Harper 1716, October 7, 1902, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79869; |
(To be continued.)
Ay eee
BOOK REVIEW 29
Book Review.
BY J. LUNELL.
The Sixth Biennial Report of the Director of the Agricultural
College Soil and Geological Survey of North Dakota to the Governor
of North Dakota (1911-1912) by Herbert A. Hard. Chapter XI:
Plant Survey of Barnes County by H. F Bergman. Chapter XII:
Flora of North Dakota by H. F. Bergman.
In briefly reporting these publications written by an author
who professes views often diametrically opposed to my own I
would feel sorry if some reader considered this paper a missile from
enemy trenches intending to hurt. Nor is it a peace message.
By all means I wish it to be permeated by a spirit of fairness.
I shall not repeat what I have said once before about the vital
defects of plant surveys. I am glad that they are abolished within
our state. There are more sensible, quicker and less expensive
methods for exploring the flora of a land area. The catalogue of
‘Barnes County plants in chapter XI. is as complete as can be
expected from the few seconds or minutes spent on each different
square yard of its surface, perhaps never to be visited again, and no
fault can be found with the collector.
I can not refrain here from calling attention to many incon-
sistencies or discrepancies, not to say contradictions, to be found
in the nomenclature adopted in chapters XI and XII. As the report
evidently is written not only for afew botanists of the state, but for
any and all of our interested citizens, no matter what standing
they occupy, one name for the same plant ought to have been
preferred, and if this were thought insufficient, synonyms ought
to have been added parenthetically. Such uniformity ought to
have been welcome to the readers and facilitate their efforts to
master the contents of the book. The more liberal views in chapter
XI have a tendency of becoming narrowed down “‘to the first
principles’? in chapter XII as f. i. Potamogeton richardsonii to
P. perfoliatus, Alisma subcordatum to A. plantago-aquatica, Salicornia
herbacea to S. europaea, Atriplex ovata to A. suckleyana, Salsola tragus
to S. kali, Delphinium albescens to D. penardi, Prunus melanocarpa
to P. virginiana, Viola scabriuscula to V. pubescens, and Viola
subvestita to V.adunca. Here we find that the perferred name in
chapter XI is the synonym in chapter XII, while only one name is
/
30 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
given in chapter XI. Two species in Chapter XI have often been
reduced to one in chapter XII: Dondia depressa and erecta to D.
depressa, Actaea rubra and eburnea to A. rubra, Crataegus chrysocarpa
and rotundifolia to C. chrysocarpa, Kuhnistera candida and olig-
ophyllato Petalostemon candidus. A floral ‘‘ melting pot”’ established
merely in part is undesirable. Contradictions are by ne means
rare: Onosmodium molle Michx. of chapter XI has (correctly)
been called O. occidentale in chapter XII, where it is told also that
this is not O. molle Michx: still the Barnes County plant belongs
here, as the genus has only one species within the state. Other
specics regarding which “‘to be or not to be is the question,” are:
Lepidium apetalum Willd. (Chapter XI) and L. apetalum authors,
not Willd. (Chapter XII): Atriplex hastata L. (chapter XII) and
A. carnosa Nels. (A. hastata Am. authors not L. (chapter XII);
Smilax herbacea 1,. (chapter XII) and Nemexia pulverulenta (S.
herbacea Am. authors) in chapter XI; Viola canadensis I,. (chapter
XI) and V. rugulosa Greene (V. canadensis auth. not L.) in chapter
XII. Another group of plants is not mentioned in chapter XII, i. e.
they are not supposed to grow in North Dakota while they are
enumerated in chapter XI as Barnes County plants: Eguisetum
variegaium, Thalictrum dioicum, Xanthium speciosum, Antennaria
campestris (though perhaps this species has been dumped in the
melting pot and was meant as a part of A. neglecta in chapter XI1)
and Helianthus strumosus. We do not attempt to solve this mystery.
The following remarks are to be applied exclusively to chapter
XII (the flora). A lamentable defect with the work is that it does
not report the total number of plants known within the state up
to the date of publication (1917). A check list (of 1912?) containing
962 numbers can be considered its precursor. Based on this list,
though with many additions and exclusions, the revised flora was
emitted, but the origina] number of 962 was retained (if my count
is correct). A conservative estimate would add at least 25 per
cent to this number, even if all proposed new species and varieties
were to suffer an indiscriminate universal slaughter, as the retained
old species mainly would fill the vacancies.
Such author names as Greene, Rydberg; Aven Nelson, Fernald,
representing as brilliant stars on the botanical firmament as the
Polar Star in the space, (Stella Polaris nescit occasum) are conspic-
uous by their scarcity or absence or misapplication (analogy
lucus a non lucendo.)
+e } os ee See
ie
BOOK REVIEW 31
In recording localities the short method applied for Ranunculus
- Cymbalaria and Brassica juncea is commendable. The term.
“Throughout the state’? ought to have been used for all those
common plants found everywhere by everyone.
Giving in most cases a large number of localities and crediting
the collectors is just as much waste, the more culpable during
times when the federal administration instructs its employees to
save paper. The records for most other plants not belonging to
this class are numerous and the more valuable as so many of
them have their place in history. When the war came, what
little of the virgin prairie was left had to be utilized for grain pro-
duction and pasturing of beef cattle, and very little ground beside
the section lines was left as a refuge for the wild flowers.
I shall not raise any quarrel by dropping adverse remarks that
signify my individual views regarding the preferred species names.
Nor shall I resent that among the plants collected by me and for
which I have been credited in the flora, a not trifling number has
been passed under names not at all attributable to me. I shall only
mention critically a few particulars.
Malva rotundifolia 1., as described in the key, is identical with
the plant bearing that name in American manuals. M. rotundifolia
L. in European floras comes very near to or is identical with the M.
borealis of the key. It is an intricate proposition to decide which
view is right or wrong.
Steironema membranaceum Greene is areenied only by the
type at the University of Notre Dame, Ind., and in my herbarium.
The Pleasant Lake specimen of 1912 was prpneolsy. distributed
under this name.
Dracocephalum Nuttallit (Physostegia parviflora). If somebody
wishes to reduce P. formosior to synonymy, he at least ought to
connect it with P. wrginiana, not with this species!
Fragaria virginiana Duch. Why not as well take the full step
and call it F. vesca L. and avoid the anxiety and worry we other
poor fellows have experienced in trying to master a delicate differ-
entiation between proposed species?
Oxytropis. Almost all our species have been reduced to synonymy
under Aragallus Lamberti, and there is poor reason then to exempt
A. monticola from a similar fate. This would be accomplished by
making the floral limit 12-25mm. (in place of 16-25mm.) and dis-
regard the color difference which is not respected anyway, subse-
32 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
quently in the text allotted to the species. Our genus would be
confined to two lilliputian species, A. deflexus and A. splendens,
and one giant A. Lamberti, all with splendid differential limits,
and it would be a more perfect system. A beautiful card-castle of
proposed species torn down at the same time would add to the
“victory,” but this calamity ought not to disturb the sleep of the
just. .
Xanthium. ‘“Interdum dormitat bonus Brittonus’’ most likely
thought Dr. Bergman when he found that Dr. Britton, who had
only one native species in his Ill. F., had allowed 7 additional
native species to slip into his manual. This rate of admittance of
specics no doubt was too fast to win Dr. Bergman’s approval,
and he took a middle course in his flora, admitting just 2 speci s:
1) X. canadense (which assimilated X. Pennsylvanicum); and -2)
X. echinatum which included X. glanduliferum, and at the same
time he mustered into service under said name a specimen
of X. speciosum collected by me at Minot Aug. 20, 1905. X. com-
mune and X. acerosum have not even received an honorable mention
but they would in all probability bave been incorporated with
X. echinatum.
Arnica tulgens Pursh. The name of the Dakota plant is correctly
A. pedunculato Rydb. or A. monocephala Rydb.
Alisma brevipes Greene (A. superbum Lunell). The synonymy was
proposed, if I am not mistaken, in the N. Am. Flora and adopted
in Rydb. Rocky Mt. Flora and in this report. The outside world
has net yet seen the real type of my A. superbum. It is in my
herbarium and will be open to inspection under certain conditions.
Potamogeton pectinatus. ‘The specimen cited from Lake Ibsen is
P. Friesit, and I can not imagine how it was labeled otherwise.
Avena Torreyt Nash. Known since the beginning of this cen-
tury also from the Devil’s Lake Chatauqua grounds, where it has
been collected by me repeatedly.
If asked for my impression of the botanical part of this report
I venture to say this: While teaming with an abundance of knowl-
edge amassed from the year of 1753 until the first part of this
century, it has either from waning interest in the subject or from
difficulties in reaching the material to be studied, or on account
of its author’s removal from this botanical field—not paid sufficient
attention to the notable advances of the latest years.
Leeds, North Dakota.
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MOLV = FO 5 MAYAJULY, 19i9 | 2 NOS. 3, 4
adié.x MIDLAND
NATURALIST
Devoted to Natural History, Primarily
that of the Prairie States
t/On 7;
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CONTENTS
The Missouri Muhlenbergias—II. — Benjamin Franklin Bush 33
~ Panicum Lineare, Linn. Oliver A. Farwell 49
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The American Midland Naturalist
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY
OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VOL. VI. MAY-JULY, ro19. NO. 3, 4.
xnsonian nstip,
o
The Missouri Muhlenbergias.---Il.
s
v ?
AUG. 4 1916.5
‘BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUSH. ye
Taree onal vi used)
KANSAS: Fine
Manhattan, Kellerman, September 25, 1885, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79969;
s Manhattan, Kellerman, September 25, 1885, M. B. G.
4 Herb. No. 79977; .
Manhattan, Kellerman, September 16, 1888, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79984;
a Wyandotte, Mackenzie, October 3, 1897.
$ ALABAMA:
Cullman, Eggert, September 15, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79853-
FLORIDA:
Apalachicola, Chapman, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 785588; .
MISSISSIPPI:
_ Biloxi, Tracy, September 1, 1899;
Panola, Eggert, September 17, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79732;
Panola, Eggert, September 17, 1876, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79728;
Starkville, Kearney, 16, September 27, 1896, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79979;
Starkville, Tracy, July 18, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79981.
LOuIsIANA:
Feliciana, Mohr, September, U. S. Herb. No. 722798;
Natchitoches, Palmer 6774, October 1, 1915, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 794768.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
ARKANSAS: R
Benton County, Plank, Summer, 1900, M. B. G. Herb.
Herb. No. 82685;
Fulton, Bush 897, September 18, 1900 M. B. G. Herb. No.
79870;
Texarkana, Heller 4161, August 27, 1898, M. B. G. Her.
Herb. No. 79883;
OKLAHOMA:
Verdigris, Bush 768, August 2, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79970.
TEXAS:
Columbia, Bush 1461, October 12, 1900, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79871;
Dallas, Reverchon 661, 1873, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79612;
Dallas, Reverchon 2252, October 5, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79845;
Dallas, Reverchon 4207A, 1881, M. B. G. Herb. No 79844;
Elmo, Reverchon 3532, October 22, 1902, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79894;
Elmo, Reverchon 3538, October 22, 1902, M. B.
No. 79860;
Elmo, Reverchon 3538, October 22, 1902, M. B.
No. 79892;
Galveston Bay, /Joor, October 19, 1884, M. B.
No. 79856;
Houston; Lindheimer, September, 1841, M. B.
No. 79693;
Industry, Wurzlow, 1891, U. Ill. Herb.;
Kerrville, Hitchcock 5315, June 22, 1910, U. Ill. Herb.;
October 9, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75877;
Marshall, Bush 1011,
Palestine, Joor, October 21, 1884, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79870;
Rusk County, Vinzent 55, August, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79873;
San Antonio, Bush 826, September 18, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79873;
Without definite locality, Lindheimer, date not given,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 79990;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80105;
. Herb.
: Herp.
Herb.
Gig Gt 1 a0
Herb.
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 35
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, M. B. G.
. No. 79893;
Mexico:
Coatepee Hitchcock 6663, September 2-4, rg1o0, U. Ill. Herb.
2. MUHLENBERGIA CURTISETOSA (Scribner) Bush, n. sp.
Muhlenbergia Schrebert curtisetosa, Scribner Rhodora 9:17. 1907.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
MISSOURI:
Eagle Rock, Bush 377, September 24, 1896, M. B G. Herb.
No. 294597.
Eagle Rock, Bush 377, September 24, 1896, U. S. Herb. No.
294597; °
Eagle Rock, Mackenzie, September 24, 1896.
ILLINOIS:
Champaign, Clinton 92, date not given, U. S. Herb. No.
952420;
Without definite locality, Wolf, 1881, U. S. Herb. No.
952419, TYPE of Muhlenbergia Schrebert curtisetosa.
3. MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA (Muhl.) Trin. Gram. Unifl.
189, 1824.
Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.; Willd. Enum. 95. 1809.
Trichochloa sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin., Bush in Flora of Jackson County,
Missouri, No. 860, 1885; Tracy in Flora of Missouri, No. 1645,
1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of Saint Louis, Missouri, 1891.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., Mackenzie and Bush in
Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No. 1, 1902;
Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 70, 1907; Palmer
in Catalogue of Plants of Jasper County, Misseuri, Nos. 753,
856, 858, 1375, 2529, 2617, 2546, 3463, 3467 and 3475, 1916.
Northern Texas and northward, according to Dewey in Manual,
l. c., referring of course to M. setigera q. v.
N. E. to Minn. and southward, according to Hitchcock in
Manual.
N. H. and Mass. to Minn. Va. Tenn. and the Ind. Terr., according
to Nash in Flora.
N. W. to Minn. south to Va. Tenn. and the Ind. Terr., according
to Nash in Illustrated Flora.
From New York and New Jersey to Neos Missouri, Kansas
and Northern Arkansas.
36 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
NEW YORK:
Ithaca, Rowlee, 1889, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79759;
Pennyan, Sartwell, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79629;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79627.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Chester County, Canby, 1865, M. B. G. Herb, No 79751;
Conewago, Heller 4792, September 27, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79758.
MARYLAND:
Harper’s Ferry, Holm, June 10, 1912, U. Ill. Herb.;
Harper’s Ferry, Holm, June 10, 1912, M. B. G. Herb. No.
779176.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
Washington, Ball and Paddock 26, August 7, 1899, M. B. G.
Herb. No 79767.
ILLINOIS: 2
Belleville, Engelmann, August, 1833, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79660, the plant marked 2 on this sheet;
Centerville, Eggert, August 31, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No 79752;
Centerville, Eggert, August 31, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No 79753;
Centerville, Eggert, August 31, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79754;
Centerville, Eggert, August, 31, 1877, M. B. G. No. 79834;
Centerville, Eggert, August 31, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No.
767046;
Mount Carmel, Schneck, October 20, 1881, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, McDonald, August, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 773046;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 20, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 26, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wabash County, Schneck, July 1, 1879, U. Ill. Herb., the
plant marked B on this sheet;
Wabash County, Schneck, September 1, 1879, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wabash County, Schneck, September 6, 1879, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wabash Conty, Schneck, August 17, 1880, U. Ill. Herb.
- MIssourRI: .
Allenton, Letterman, August, 1876, M. B. G. Herb. No. 772801;
Allenton, Letterman, August, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No. 772803;
Bagnell, Tvelease, September 22, 1897, M. B, G, Herb. No.79765
vd ere wee
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 37
Bagnell, Trelease, September 18, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79760;
Big Bend of the Meramec, Glatfelter, September 15, 1891,
.. M. B. G. Herb. No. 80064;
Cliff Cave, Kellogg 32, October 10, 1901, M. B. G. Herb No.
79800;
Cliff Cave, Kellogg, October 10, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No.
950200;
Current River, Carter County, Trelease, September 10, 1897,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 79763;
Dodson, Bush 1868, August 24, 1903, M. B. G. Herb. No.
wire LV eet
Dodson, Bush 1868, August 24, 1903, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79756;
Dodson, Hoffman 145, September 17, 1916;
Eolia, Davis 1440, October 23, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
709440;
Greene County, Bush 4814, September 4, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80038;
Independence, Bush, 1884, U. S. Herb. No. 746205;
Jackson County, Bush, September 4, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80040;
Joplin, Trelease, October 7, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79761;
McDonald County, Bush, September 1, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80037.
Meramec Spring, Phelps County, Trelease, September 25, 1898,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 79764;
Noel, Palmer 4176, September 8, 1913, M. B. G. Herb. No.
717316;
Noel, Palmer 4254, September 10, 1913, M. B. G. Herb. No.
717317;
Pearl, Standley 9230, August 22, 1912, U.S. Herb. No. 688145;
Randolph, Mackenzie 370, October 2, 1898;
Sibley, Bush 4814, August 31, 1907, M. B. G. Herb No.
78930;
Sulpher Springs, Jefferson County, Trelease, October 23, 1898,
MBG. Herb: No. 79762;
Swope Park, Mackenzie 432, September 13, 1901;
Swope Park, Stigall 50, September 16,.1906, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80054.
38 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Webb City, Palmer 753, July 22, 1906, M. B. G. Herb. No.
8055;
_ Webb City, Palmer 856, July 22, 1906, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756979;
Webb City, Palmer 1375, August 4, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756957;
Webb City, Palmer 1375, August 4, 1908, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80056;
Webb City, Palmer 2546, July 22, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No.
757604;
Webb City, Palmer 2546, July. 22, 1909, .M B. G. Herb. No.
80058; :
Webb City, Palmer 2549, July 19, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756956;
Webb City, Palmer 2617, September 2, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80061;
Wicks, Kellogg 31, July 20, 1898, U. S. Herb. No. 709440;
Wicks, Kellogg 31, July 20, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No 79766.
Iowa:
Steamboat Rock, Pammel, Hume, and Fitz 1346, date not
given, U:S.-Hetb;: No. 79771 ;
Winterset, Carver 1928, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79769;
KANSAS:
Cherokee County, Hitchcock 889, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79636;
Rosedale, Mackenzie, July 19, 1896;
NEBRASKA:
Weeping Water, Williams, August, 1899, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79628.
ARKANSAS:
Eureka Springs, Palmer 4425, September 20, 1913, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 716987.
Culms much branched from the base, 3-4 dm. tall, smooth, erect;
infranodes slightly strigose below the glabrous nodes, at least the
lower; leaves numerous, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm, wide; panicles
slender 1-1.5dm. long, the short branches oppressed; spikelets
2-2.5 mm. long, acute, somewhat crowded; glumes broadly ovate,
acute or acuminate, one- to two-thirds as long as the floret;
, MUHLENBERGIA SETIGERA (Scribner) Bush, n. sp.
Muh'lenbergia sobolifera setigera Scpibner, Rhodora 9:18. 1907.
>
LS
s
3
a
;
fy
4
cs
=
5
>
a0
F F
ay
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 39
lemma slender acuminate, hairy-tufted at the base, attenuate
into a slender awn 1-5 mm. long.
Differs from M. sobolifera in having shorter, much-branched
culms, shorter and narrower leaves, shorter and denser panicles,
longer and narrower florets which are awned. Was referred by
Vasey to M. sylvatica, M. sylvatica, var., M. sobolifera, M. sobolifera
var., and M. Waulldenovit.
Scribner based M. sobolifera setigera on Reverchon’s 70 and
1054, referring to it also his No. 30, but gives neither dates not
localities for the type specimens. Many years ago Reverchon sent
to Dr. George Vasey of the Department of Agriculture, specimens
of Grasses to be determined, and these were numbered from 1 up,
usually marking ‘“‘ Vasey”’ on his labels.
The specimens of Muhlenbergia which I am referring to this new
species, which he sent to be named, were reported by Vasey under
five names, M. sylvatica, M. sylvaitca var—, M. sobolifera, M.
sobolifera var, and M. Wlldenovit. Believing these to be
distinct species and varieties, Reverchon numbered one 1049,
another 1050 and so on up to 1054, these being the numbers given
to these species and varieties in his MS. list of Texas Plants.
But the specimens sent to Dr. Vasey with numbers on the labels,
and other numbers bearing the same numbers do not agree, and I
feel confident that Reverchon used the same numbers over and over.
I have seen several of Reverchon’s No. 70, supposedly part of
the No. 70 sent to Vasey, and these are marked M. sylvatica var.
—, presumably a MS. name of Vasey’s, but these do not appear
to be the same as that examined by Scribner. I have also examined
two sheets of specimens marked 30 by Reverchon, collected at
Ferris, Texas, but these differ from the No. 30 examined by Vasey
and Scribner, and cited by Scribner as belonging to his M. sobolifera
setigera, in being short-awned. These Ferris specimens are named
M. sobolifera var.—presumably a MS. name of Vasey’s, and the
date of collection is stated as 1884 and 1888, while the one cited
by Scribner is said to be dated 1885. One of the Ferris specimens
is numbered 1665, which makes it apparent that Reverchon sep-
arated this variety from M. sobolifera, and assigned it a much later
number in his MS. list of Texas Plants.
Having been intimately acquainted with Mr. Reverchon, I
learned much about his numbering, the earlier collecting being
numbered according to his MS. list, which was arranged in accord-
40 THE AMERICAN MIDI,AND NATURALIST
ance with his collecting. When Reverchon first began collecting
plants in Texas, in the seventies, the first species he collected he
listed as No. 1,,the next No. 2, and so on up to about No. 1884,
when I persuaded him to adopt the serial system of numbering,
beginning with the last number in his MS. list, aes giving each
collection a different number.
According to this earlier method of numbering, every species
bore the same number, no matter where and when collected, as
for instance, M. sobolifera was No. 1052, and every collection of
what he took to be M. sobolijera he gave that number to, no matter
where it was collected, in 1878, 188c, 1882 or 1885.
I have also examined one sheet of Reverchon’s No. 1054, which is
labeled M. Mexicana by Reverchon, cited by Scribner as part of
the type of WV. sobolifefa setigera, but this appears to me to be only
M. Mexicana. It differs from M. sobolifera setigera in having the
lower glumes acuminate and nearly as long as the lemma, the lemma
merely acute or acutish and not awned.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
OKLAHOMA:
Sapulpa, Bush 769, July 22, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79634,
labeled MV. sobolifera by Bush;
Verdigris, Bush 770, August 2, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 217323,
labeled M. sobolfera by Bush and M. Mexicana by Scribner.
TEXAS:
Dallas, Reverchon 1054, September, 1880, U. S. Herb. No.
49861, labeled M. Mexicana filiformis by Reverchon,
and M. sobolifera by Scribner;
Dallas, Reverchon 2253, October 5, 1900 U. S. Herb. No.
411579, labeled M. Mexicana by Bush, and M. sylvatica by
Scribner;
Dallas, Reverchon 42073, August 26, 1880, U. S. Herb. No.
501272, labeled M. tenuiflora by Bush;
Dallas, Reverchon 2253, October 5, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75666, labeled M. Mexicana by Reverchon;
Dallas, Reverchon 2253, October 5, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75665, labeled M. Mexicana by Bush;
Dallas, Reverchon 2253, October 5, 1900. M. B. G. Herb. No.
75646, labeled M. Mexicana by Bush;
Dallas, Reverchon 1052, 1882, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79768,
labeled M. sobolifera by Reverchon;
ete eee ek SY ete eee . .
6 tpt toe caciagtact nig yee
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pes
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 4I
Dallas, Reverchon 4207, August, 1880, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79757, labeled M. sobolifera by Bush;
Dallas County, Reverchon, date riot given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79719, labeled M. sylvatica by Reverchon;
Ferris, Reverchon 30, 1884, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80712, labeled
M. sobolijfera var.— by Reverchon, evidently a MS.
name of Vasey’s;
Ferris, Reverchon 30, 1884, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80111, labeled
M. sobolifera var. — by Reverchon, no doubt part of
sheet No. 80112;
Ferris, Reverchon 16y65, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80710,
labeled M. sobolifera var. — by Reverchon;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 70, 1879, type, U. S.
Herb. No. 49863, labeled M. Walldenovit by Reverchon
and Scribner, and M. sylvatica var. — by Scribner;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 70. date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 80082, labeled M. Willdenovit by Reverchon,
and evidently co-type of Scribner’s variety;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, pre-
sumably the same collection as No. 70 on sheet No. 80082,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 80084, labeled M. sylvatica by Reverchon.
Without definite locality, Reverchon 1049, 1881, possibly the
same collections as specimens on sheet No. 80084, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80083, labeled M. sylvatica var. — by Rever-
chon, probably a MS. name of Vasey’s;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 1052, date not given,
marked ‘‘127 Vasey,” labeled M. solobifera by Reverchon,
probably being the name supplied by Vasey;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79891;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 1054, date not given, M.
B. G. Herb. No. 75661;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 30, 1885, U. S. Herb. No.
952417, labeled M. Mexicana, and M. sobolifera var. — by
Scribner ;
Without definite locality, but presumably Dallas, Reverchon
“1054, 1880, U. S. Herb. No. 49862, labeled M. sobolzfera,
and M. Wulldenovit by Scribner.
4. MUHLENBERGIA BRACHYPHYLLA Bush, n. sp.
Culms 2-4 dm. tall, much branched, much branched from the
42 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
base, the old culms stramineous, shining; infranodes glabrous;
nodes glabrous; leaves numerous, short, narrow, the larger 5-7
dm. long, the upper reduced to 1-2 dm.; principal nerves of the
larger leaves 7-9; panicles terminal on the culms and branches,
and from all the upper and middle sheaths, numerous, very slender,
short, the divisions appressed, the terminal and those terminating
the branches usually short-exserted, those from the lowest sheaths
usually long-exserted on very slender peduncles; spikelets 3mm.
long, rather slender; glumes broadly lanceolate, attenuate or cuspi-
date, about one-half as long as the lemma; lemmas lanceolate,
awned, minutely bearded at the base, sometimes awnless or short-
awned; awns slender, about as long as the lemmas or sometimes
shorter.
Type specimens collected at Webb City, Missouri, Palmer 2734,
September 20, 1909, specimens in the Herbarium of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, sheet No. 757387.
The species here proposed has been referred to M. Torrey: on the
one hand and to M. tenuiflora on the other, but differs conspicuously
from these species in being lower, more branched, in having more
numerous leaves which are shorter and narrower, with but 7-9
principal nerves, in having numerous panicles, which are mostly
short-exserted, in having glabrous yellow polished infranodes and
glabrous nodes. It is much nearer M. Mexicana, to which it bears a
strong resemblance, but differs in having shorter and broader
glumes, awned lemmas, and long-exserted panicles from the lower
sheaths.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Missouri:
Golden City, Palmer 4575, October 6, 1913, M. B. G. Herb.
NMG.07 17225;
Webb City, Palmer 2734, September 20, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757387, TYPE;
Webb City, Palmer 2734, September 20, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80062, TYPE collection.
ILLINOIS:
Bluffs Lake, Eggert, September 24, 1875, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79733-
5. MUHLENBERGIA TENUIFLORA (Willd.) B. S. P. Cat. PI.
N. Y. 67, 1888.
Agrostis tenuiflora Willd. Sp. Pl. 1:364, 1787.
|
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 43
Agrostis pauciflora Bush, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:63, 1814.
Trichochloa longiseta Trin. Agrost. 117, 1820.
Muhlenbergia Willdenovit Trin. Gram. Unifl. 188, 1824.
Muhlenbergia Wulldenovit Trin., Tracy in Flora of Missouri,
No. 1647, 1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of Saint Louis,
Missouri, 1891.
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B. S. P., Mackenzie and Bush
in Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No. 5, 1902;
Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 74, 1907.
Northern Texas to Mass. and Minn., Dewey in Manual of the
Plants of Western Texas.
Mass. to Ont. Minn. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
Mass. to S. Ont. Minn. Ala. and Texas, Nash in Flora.
Mass. to Minn. Ala. and Texas, Nash in Illustrated Flora.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
West Haven, Kirk 976, August 17, 1913, U. S. Herb. No.
725822, labeled M. tenuiflora by Kirk, and M. sobolifera
setigera by the Department of Agriculture.
NEw YORK:
Pennyan, Sartwell, date not given, M. B. G Herb. No. 79582,
the plant marked 2 on this sheet;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79587.
ONTARIO:
Foster’s Flats, Macoun 26, 242, July 11, 1901, U. S. Herb.
No. 952525. .
NEW JERSEY:
Cranberry Lake, Mackenzie 2453, September 16, 1906, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80101;
Sussex County, Mackenzie 1095, September 25, 1904;
Sussex County, Mazckenzte 2453, September 16, 1906.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Germantown, Digyn, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79583.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
Washington, Ward, July 28, 1878, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80085.
OHIO:
Margaretta Ridge, Moscley, July 28, 1896, U. S. Herb. No.
431146.
44
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
TENNESSEE:
Cowan, Ruth 26, July, 1898, U. S. Herb. No. 952526.
KENTUCKY:
Big Black Mountain, Kearney 234, August, 1893, U. S. Herb.
No. 952527;
Big Black Mountain, Kearney 234, August, 1893, U. S. Herb.
No. 822978;
Big Black Mountain, Kearney 234, August, 1893, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79586;
Harlan Court House, Kearney 33, August, 1893, :‘U. S. Herb.
No. 952528;
Harlan Court House, Kearney 33, August, ron U U.: Serb:
No. 822979;
Harlan Court House, Kearney 33, August, 1893,” M.- E.G
Herb. No. 79588;
Pineville, Mackenzie 962, August-September, 1904.
ILLINOIS:
Edgemont, Crazg, October 23, 1910, M. B. G. Herb. No. 82662;
Elgin, Vasey, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, McDonald, August, 1889, M. B. G. No. 773047;
St. Clair County, Eggert, August 3, 1877. M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79838;
St. Clair County, Eggert, August 3, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 739936;
St. Clair County, Eggert, August 3, 1877, N. D. Herb. No. 8143;
Urbana, Seymour and White, September 26, 1886, U. Ill.
Wabash County, Schneck, July 2, 1879, in part, the plant
marked A on this sheet, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wabash County, Schneck, September 4, 1904. U. Ill. Herb.
Missouri:
Allenton, Letterman, August 1, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
867670;
Allenton, Letterman, August _1, 1900. M. B. G. Herb. No.
772805 ;
Sibley, Mackenzie 548 A, October 2, 1901;
Without definite locality, Bush, date not given, U. S. Herb
No. 950198.
wrt
us 2
ante Sole Pl a Oo
eT Ree ae eae Ne al
eet
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 45
NortH CAROLINA:
Montreat, Standley and Bollman 9966 August 23, 1913.
U. S. Herb. No. 688883;
Waynesville, Standley 3687, September 9, 1910, U. S. Herb.
No. 514551.
MICHIGAN:
Saugatuck, Umbach, August 5, 1898.
Iowa:
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79585;
Winterset, Carver 260, September, 1884, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 82688;
ALABAMA:
Jackson County, Chase 4490, October 15, 1907, U. S. Herb.
No. 590834; :
- Jackson County, Chase, October 15, 1907, U. Ill. Herb.
ARKANSAS:
Mount Mena, Trelease, October 1, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79444.
OKLAHOMA: :
Sapulpa, Bush 773, September 20, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79621:
6. MUHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) B.S. G. Prel. Cat. N. Y.
67. 1888.
Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:53. 1803.
Agrostis setosa Muhl. Gram. 68. 1817.
Trichochloa glomerata Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820.
Trichochloa calycina Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820.
Polypogon racemosus (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. 1:51. 1818.
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Trin.) Gram Unifl. 191. 1824.
Muhlenbergia glomerata ramosa Vasey, Cat. Grasses U.S. 40. 1885.
1885.
M uhlenbergia racemosa ramosa (Vasey) Beal, Grasses U. S.
2:253. 1896.
Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin., Bush in Flora of Jackson County,
Missouri, No. 564, 1882; Tracy in Flora of Missouri,
No. 1642, 1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of Saint
Louis, Missouri, 1891.
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., Mackenzie and Bush
in Manual cf the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No. 4,
46 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1902; Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 72,
1907.
N. F. to Wash. and B. Col. and southward in the East to N. Car.,
and in the West to Texas (?), N. Mex. and Ariz., Scribner
and in the West to Texas (?), N. Mex. and Ariz., Scribner
in Rhodora, 1. c.
N. F. to N. J. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
N.’F. to B. Bot.; N.-J., Nz Car., Mo, and N? Mexico, Waster
Flora.
N. F. to B. Col. south to N. J. and N. Mex. Nash in Illustrated
Flora.
New Foundland to Washington, south to Alabama and Nevada.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
NEWFOUNDLAND:
Exploits River and Badger Brook, Robinson and Schrenk Ns
August 13, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80096;
Exploits River and Badger Brook, Robinson and Schrenk 196,
August 13, 1894, M. B. G. No. 79741.
MAINE:
Crystal, Knight, September 15, 1905;
Mount Desert Island, Rand and Redfield, August 21, 1897,
M.B:.Ge Herp. No: 70710"
St. Francis, Fernald 169, mae 21, 1889, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79967.
NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Gilmanton, Blake, September 6, 1861, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79909;
Sanbornton, Carter, 128, September 20, 1902, U. Ill. Herb.
VERMONT:
Bellows Falls, Carey, 1741, M. B. G. Herb. Ne. 79677.
CANADA: :
Lamberton, Glatfelter, August 2, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. Ne.
80002.
NEw YORK:
Bergen, Coll ctor not given, August 30, 1907, U. Ill. Herb.;
Niagara Falls, Eugelmann, August, 1840, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79678;
Niagara Falls, Morong, August 28, M. B. G. Herb. No. 78010;
Pennyan, Sariwell, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79961;
Ae
~~
oe Ba J
/
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 47
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79965;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. No. 79962;
' Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. No.
79676;
Without definite locality, collector and date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79954.
ONTARIO:
Bicaber, Hoy, August, 1883, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79624;
Lambton County, Glatfelter, August 22, 1892, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80066.
NEw JERSEY:
Cranberry Lake, Mackenzie 2428, September 16, 1906, M. B. G.
No. 80100.
Mount Arlington, Mackenzie 918, August 21, 1904;
Sussex County, Mackenzie 2428, September 16, 1906;
Without definite locality, Curtis M. B. G. Herb. No. 79675;
INDIANA:
Wells County, Deam, September 11, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80076.
ILLINOIS:
Augusta, Mead, 1843, M. B. G. Herb. No. 82695;
Bluffs Lake, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79908 ;
Champaign, Clinton, October 1, 1895. U. Ill. Herb.;
Chicago, Glatfelter 643, August 20, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80071;
Dupont, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. No. 739390;
Dupont, Eggert 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No. 738989;
Dupont, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No.
772999;
Dupont, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79840;
Dupont, Eggert, September 11, 1877, N. D. Herb. No. 8144;
Dupont, Eggert, September 11, 1877, N. D. Herb. No. 8140;
East Alton, McDonald, August, 1897, U. Ill. Herb.;
Elgin, Sherff 1946, September 14, 1912. U. Ill. Herb.;
Falling Springs, Engelmann, September, 1844, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79673, evidently part of the collection sheet
48
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
No. 79674, the plant marked A on that sheet exactly
matching this;
Lake Villa, Gleason and Shobe 128, August 6, 1906, U.Ill. Herb.;
Lake Villa, Gleason and Shobe 200, August 9, 1900, U. Ill. Herb.;
Oquawka, Patterson, September, year not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 772777;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Princeville, Chase 940, October 14, 1900, U. Ill. Herb.;
Princeville, Chase 1269, September 23, 1906, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petre, Chase 1943, September 22, 1908, U. Ill. Herb.;
Without definite locality, Patterson, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 785591.
Missouri:
Banks of the Mississippi, presumably just South of Saint
Louis, Engelmann, August, 1843, the plants marked B on
this sheet, the other plant marked A on this sheet evidently
belonging to sheet No. 79673;
Congo, Hoffman, October 7, 1916;
Courtney, Bush 6508, October 16, 1911, U. §. Herb. No.
673597;
Creve Coeur Lake Kellogg 28, September 25, 1901, U. S. Herb
No. 950202;
Creve Coeur Lake, Norton, September 11, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 82683;
Dodson, Hoffman, September 10, 1916;
Hannibal, Davis 1044, September 16, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673942;
Hannibal, Davis 1044, September 16, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709096;
Jackson County, Bush 59, August 26, 1890, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 768677;
Jackson County, Bush 1876, August 28, cs M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80054;
Jackson County, Bush, September 11, 1892, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80044;
Jackson County, Bush, September 22, 1893, M. B. G. No.
80050;
Jackson County, Bush 405, September 22, 1892,~U;,0. .Ebere
No. 950210;
» Saat
PANICUM LINEARE, LINN. 49
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79907;
Randolph, Mackenzie 368, October 2, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No.
89720;
Randolph, Mackenzie 369, October 2, 1898;
Sheffield, Hoffman, October 7, 1916;
Sheffield, Mackenzie 658, October 18, 1901;
St. Louis, Eggert 225 a, September 4, 1877, U. S. Herb. No.
950203, exactly same date and collection as specimens
on sheet No. 79907;
St. Louis, Engelmann, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79963.
Panicum Lineare, Linn.
BY OLIVER A. FARWELL.
In the Species Plantarum Ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 85, 1762, Linnaeus
published Panicum lineare as a new species with the following
description: ‘‘Panicum spicis digitatis subquaternis linearibus,
flosculis solitariis secundis muticis. Habitat in Indiis. Culmi
prostrati, laeves, ramosi. Spiculae lineares, rectae, angustae.
Flores subtus alterni. Calycis squama exterior brevior, patens,
rachi adherens.”’
There is no specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium and there is
no reference to older authors. The species must be interpreted
from the description alone. It is self evident from the diagnosis
that the species belongs to the Digitaria group. It can not be
P. Dactylon Linn. since it is laeves and prostrate while the latter
has the spikes bast interiore villosis and the plant is sarmentis
repentibus; it can not be P. sanguinale Linn. or P. filiforme Linn.
since in these the flowers are im pairs while in P. lineare they are
placed singly. The habitat in Indiis may mean India and the East
Indies, or it may mean in both the East and West Indies. Linnaeus
used it both ways, I believe, but in the present instance the pre-
sumption is that he meant in both the East and West Indies since
in the Mantissa II 323, 1771 he refers to his P. lineare, without
comment, the P. lineare Burm. Ind. 25, t. 10. f. 2 and the Gramen
50 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Dactylon, etc., Sleane, hist. 1, p. 113, t. 70, f. 3. We can not, there-
fore, neglect a study of the West Indian species in endeavoring to
ascertain the proper application of the Linnaean name. Mr.
Hitchcock in Contributions U. S. Nat. Herb. XII, pp, 134, 142 and
209, 1908-9, has shown that the Sloane reference belongs to what .
is now known as Syntherisma setosa (Desv.) Nash or S. digitata
(Swz.) A. S. Hitch.; he combines under the latter name two forms
that have been variously considered as distinct species or as
varieties of Panicum sanguinale Linn. Grisebach, Flora Br. W. Ind.
544, 1864, has described these West Indian forms as pilose; there-
fore, they can scarcely be considered as belonging to P. lineare
Linn. which was described as laeves. It has been customary to
accept Burmann’s Panicum lineare Fl. Ind. 25, pl. 10, fig. 2 (fig. 3
of the plate) as typifying the Linnaean species but this can not be
adhered to as it did not make its appearance until 6 years after
Iinnaecus had published his P. lineare. Burmann uses the
Linnaean diagnostic description verbatim and the references to
Sloane mentioned above, with the added remark -—‘‘Specimina ex
India missa variant spicis saepe binis linaeribus and flosculis
alternis.’’ Since Linnaeus assisted Burmann in the preparation of
his Flora Indica, the above phrase seems to indicate that the former
thought that the variable specimens from India were not typical of
his P. lineare but could be referred to it; also it may be considered as
more evidence that the original habitat ‘“‘in Indiis’’ as given by
Linnaeus did not include India but referred more especially to
the East and West Indian Archipelagoes. It seems probable that
fig. 2 (which is fig. 3 of the plate due to a transposition of the
numbers) represents the variable plants of India mentioned in the
supplementary paragraph. Hooker, Flora Br. India VII, 289,
1897 refers Burmann’s P. lineare to Cynodon Dactylon (Linn.) Pers.
I have seen specimens of the latter from India that might be said
to be fairly well represented by Burmann’s figure if it may be
viewed in the light of a very crude drawing. The Index Kewensis,
Vol. II, 415, 1895, refers it to Paspalum brevifolium Fluegge;
but Hooker, 1, c., 18, describes this species as with gemzinate flowers,
one sessile and- the other pedicelled which is at wide variance with.
Burmann’s figure, and the Linnaean description. The Index
Kewensis recognizes Panicum glabrum Gaud. as a valid species;
also P. lineare Linn. as a valid species of N. America but Iam unable
to interpret it.
OUR SPARROWS 51
The Linnaean description as compared with modern day descrip-
tions is rather incomplete; in so far as it goes, however, it is char-
acteristic of the plant that has generally been known as Panicum
glabrum Gaud. Likewise, by the process of eliminating all related
_ species which it can not possibly be, we gradually come to the sam=2
species, Panicum glabrum Gaud. The last sentence of the Linnacan
description referring to the exterior glume spreading and adhering
to the rachis is not always apparent but I have seen just such a
condition in some specimens of Digitaria humifusa collected in
Michigan. This species is not usually accredited to the ‘“‘Indies’”’
in botanical manuals but Hooker l. c., 17, gives it for the Himalaya
Mts. and as far south as Simla, and the Index Kewensis to North
Temperate and Tropical regions. Perhaps Linnaeus was mis-
informed as to its distribution and as happened in other cases with
him, gave accordingly a wrong habitat. The more important
synonyms are given below.
Digitaria linearis (Linn.) Pers. Syn. 1, 85, 1805; Crep. Man. ed.
2, 335, 1866. Panicum linearis Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, Vol. 1, 85, 1762;
Burm. Fl. Ind. 25 pl. ro fig. 2 (3), 1768; Krock. FI. Siles. 1,. 95,
1787. Syntherisma linearis (Linn.) Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
XXII, 420. 1895. Panicum Ischaemum Schreb. ex Schweigg.
Spec. Fl. Erlang, I, 16, 1804. Dvgitaria humifusa Pers., 1. ec.
Paspalum ambiguum Lam. and D. C., Fl. Fr. III, 16, 1805. Syn-
therisma glabrum Schrad. Fl. Germ. 163, t. 3. fig. 7, 1806.
I wish to thank Dr. Nieuwland of Notre Dame for courtesies
shown me in connection with this study.
Department of Botany,
Park, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich.
Our Sparrows.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
In this article I have not made an exhaustive study of each
species, but have given their more striking characteristics as these
were learned through observation. As the Song Sparrow is the
commonest of all our sparrows, as well as the most gifted as a
songster, I have written a fuller account of this species. Four
sparrows—Henslow’s, Lark, Swamp, and Savanna—are either rare
52 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
or very rare; and so I have not attempted to write even a brief
biography of these species. The most that could be said of them
would be to set down the few records which I have made of these
sparrows, and that I have already done in previous articles.
»
SoNG SPARROW.
Melospiza fasciata.
Observations of this species will show many differences in different
years. I shall not attempt here to note all the various records I
have made of the species for many years but have selected the
months from October 1912 to April 1913 for special study.
The song season of this sparrow gradually draws to a close at
the end of August; but after a month of silence, about the 1st
of October, when there are often fine days, some loud notes of the
species may be heard for a few days. And later in the month, even
as late as the 2oth, a few feeble notes will occasionally be heard.
After that date only call-notes are uttered, and during November
the Song Sparrow may not be recorded frequently. In December
1912, I made two records of the species—on December 5, and 14.
Previous to the first date, the bird had not been seen since Novem-
ber 25; and after the second date, there were no more records
during the winter months.
Very often the Song Sparrow will begin to sing a little, late in
February, but in 1913 the first subdued notes were heard on the
11th of March. The next day three were heard, one singing louder
than the others. On March 13, I heard the fine notes of a Song
Sparrow in the same place and in the same manner as an individual
of the species had sung last year. All this would seem to indicate
that the same bird had returned again to the same locality. The
Song Sparrow is a great lover of water, and his matchless strain
will be heard oftenest near lakes and streams.
The Song Sparrow is the favorite song bird of many bird lovers.
This is probably so both because of its long song season and the
quality of its notes. Strong, clear, varied, melodious—these are
characteristics of the Song Sparrow’s singing. An absence of the
plaintive element that is so evident in such species as the Field
and Vesper Sparrows, makes the Song Sparrow a blithe and cheery
songster. The abundance of this species gives the student of bird
music an excellent opportunity to appreciate its powers of song.
As the birds usually sing in the vicinity of their nests, it is easy to
3
t
‘
mo WARNE
OUR SPARROW 53
become acquainted with a number of Song Sparrows within a
limited area. And one of the most striking things about these
sparrows is the superiority of some as singers over others of the
same species. Another characteristic of this sparrow is its confiding
disposition. Often an observer may approach very near a singing
Song Sparrow without disturbing it in the least. Frequently
I have passed beneath them in low trees, and not intimidated them.
This confidence in man that is so remarkable a trait of the Song
Sparrow is also shown by the place it may select as the site for its
nest.. Usually placed on the ground, but sometimes in a very
small tree or in large flower stalks, the nest is not seldom near a
path or in a garden where people pass frequently. And the nest
may be examined without undue anxiety on the part of the old
birds, which will do no more than utter their_characteristic call-
note nearby. I am inclined to believe that this sparrow may have
three broods, for I found a nest which was occupied by the young
birds until August 23, 1918. There were three fledglings in the nest.
On the morning of the 24th, as I approached the vicinity of the
nest, I heard the call-notes of the young birds and the old, and I
at once concluded that the nest must be vacant. On examination
I found that it was empty. The nest was well constructed of
twigs as the outer part, which was lined within by grasses. A
heavy rain the day before did ncthing more than wash out the
nest.
VESPER SPARROW.
Poocaetes gramineus.
The Vesper Sparrow’s date of migration in spring is about the
same as that of the Chipping Sparrow—late in March or early in
April. And it also resembles the latter species in not being abun-
dant until the end of April. The sweet, continuous strain of the
Vesper Sparrow has often been noted by writers on bird life; yet
as compared with the matchless melody of the Song Sparrow the
performance is inferior. Perhaps the plaintive quality of the song
is its most pleasing feature; sweetness, too, it has to a marked
degree. This bird is an inhabitant of the outlying fields and the
pastures, where from fence post or tree near the roadside its strains
are wafted on the breezes. In the evening several Vesper Sparrows
may be heard singing in different parts of a farm, and the effect
of the song at such a time is suggestive of the peacefulness of
54 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
country life. The bird nests on the ground, but conceals the loca-
tion so well that few observers ever find the site. This sparrow
has the habit of running ahead of a person who may approach it;
and when finally flashed, it always shows in flight the outer white
tail feathers. In flying, it goes swift and low, with a slightly un-
dulating movement.
FIELD SPARROW.
Spizella pusilla _
The Field Sparrow is an early arrival in spring, coming some
.. years in the last week in March. It begins to sing on the first
day of its appearance, or rather one will likely hear the bird before
seeing it. The Field Sparrow inhabits both fields and woods,
where its plaintive notes may be heard almost continuously. There
is less variety in the Field Sparrow’s song than in the Vesper’s
or Song Sparrow’s, but the quality of the notes is hardly less inferior
to that of those famous songsters. The call-note of this species
resembles that of the Tree Sparrow. So much alike are these two
sparrows that beginners will for some time find it difficult to dis-
tinguish between them. The Field Sparrow departs for the south
about the same time as the Tree Sparrow arrives here from the north.
Autumn records of the Field Sparrow are rare after October 15.
The nest of this bird is placed on the ground, and can be discovered
by watching the old birds carry food to their young. When the
fledlings have left the nest, families of Field Sparrows may be
frequently found. I have noted partial abinoes in this species
more than in any other.
CHIPPING SPARROW
Spizella socialis.
The Chipping Sparrow usually arrives in the early part of Apil,
but I have found as many as ten days difference between dates
of arrival. At first the species is not abundant, being seen mostly
in pairs or singly. Rarely a small flock of Chipping Sparrows
may be seen in spring. The note of this sparrow may be heard as
soon as the bird comes. In quality the song is the least pleasing
of all the sparrows. But what it lacks in musical powers it more
than makes up for by its charming disposition. Perhaps there is no
other bird that is so sociable as the Chipping Sparrow. ‘This
en Eh CEC EM
OUR SPARROWS 55
fearlessness makes it easy to study the species. The nest is usually
placed low in bushes or small evergreens, where the eggs or young
may be observed without annoying the old birds. For some un-
accountable reason many abandoned nests of this species may
be discovered. In some places the Chipping Sparrow is rarely
found, and it surprised me to be told by a friend who is an excellent
observer that this bird is hardly ever seen in what is known as the
Chicago Area.
TREE SPARROW.
Spizella monticola.
The Tree Sparrow arrives here from the north usually in the
latter part of October, and remains until early in April. However,
there are long periods, especially when the snow is deep, in which
ro Tree Sparrows appear. One winter, after December 5, the
species was absent 47 days. In winter these sparrows are never
abundant; small flocks or only several are usually found. In late
autumn, and especially in early spring, the Tree Sparrow is most
common. About March 20, the first notes of their beautiful song
may be heard; it resembles somewhat that of the Goldfinch,
but is stronger and sweeter. When a number sing together in some
hedge-row, the effect is very fine. The song season of the Tree
Sparrow is brief—about three weeks. Some springs when the weather
is very inclement these birds rarely sing. I remember one spring
which was so cold that I did not hear the song once.
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
Zonotrichia albicollts.
This beautiful sparrow first appears in our latitude about the
third week in April, and tarries with us until early in May. In
autumn it returns the first week in October, and stays until the
end of the month. The White-throats are partial to the
ground, where they feed among the dead leaves. Here an observer
may obtain a good view of their markings, which are so harmon-
iously blended that he can not fail to be pleased with them. Both
in spring and autumn, the species is probably the most abundant
of all sparrows. It has a trustful disposition, and will invade city
parks in great numbers. There is a peculiar, plaintive quality in
the notes of the White-throated Sparrow, and little variety, so
that the song is not notably fine.
56 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
Zonotrichia leucophrys.
This handsome sparrow is thought by some bird lovers to be
as beautiful as the White-Throated Sparrow. The erect posture
the White-Crowned Sparrow takes when perched in some low tree
or in a hedge gives an observer an excellent opportunity to admire
the striking appearance of the bird. Its arrival in spring occurs in
the early part of May, and in autumn about the middle of October.
Some years I have failed to make any records in autumn, and even
in spring this species is never common. I have known one good
observer who never made a record of the White-crowned Sparrow
in this locality (northern Indiana). The song of this sparrow is
seldom heard; and while somewhat similar in quality to that of
the White-throated Sparrow, I think it is fuller and stronger.
Fox SPARROW.
Passerella «liaca.
This is the largest of our sparrows. It arrives early in April,
and remains two or three weeks before finally disappearing.
Autumn records of the species are usually rare. I have found the
Fox Sparrow quite locally distributed; and when its habitat is
found, the birds may be seen frequently during their stay with us.
The song may not be heard at all during some springs; but usually
a regular observer will some cool morning be cheered by the strong,
musical notes of the Fox Sparrow.
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.
Ammodramus savannarum passerinus.
This small and somewhat elusive sparrow is an’ inhabitant of —
clover or alfalfa fields. Here it becomes quite abundant, but
strange to say is usually over-looked even by keen observers.
I daresay that rarely will any but the most painstaking persons
find this species without the help of some one who knows the bird
well. Its appearance is not remarkable, and a clear view of its
markings will be necessary to be sure of its identification. I have
never found the Grasshopper Sparrow before May, but I believe it
must arrive in April. The note of this sparrow is another difficulty
to the beginner, for hardly will the uninitiated take the feeble
utterance of the Grsshopper Sparrow for the song of a bird.
5 SS UO ES AU
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OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VOI Vil: SEPTEMBER, tro19. NO+5;
The Missouri Muhlenbergias.---IIl.
BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUSH! ».
Towa: ay isnne eae
Ames, Ball 113, August 5, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79950;
Ames, Ball 113, August 5, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79904;
Ames, Hitchcock, August, 1889, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79922;
Ames, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79960;
Armstrong, B. S., September, 1895, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79749
Armstrong, Cratty, August 21, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79910;
Dakota City, Pammel, August 8, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79951;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, August, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79911;
Ledyard, Pammel and Cratty 760, August 28, 1897, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79921;
Ledyard, Pammel and Cratty 760, August 28, 1897, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79925;
Ledyard, Pammel and Cratty 760, August 28, 1897, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80106;
Ledyard, Pammel and Cratty 760, August 28, 1897;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 13, 1894, M. B. G. No. 79927;
Muscatine, Mackenzie 781, September 26, 1894;
Sioux City, Wakefield, August 30, 1887, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79949;
Tabor, Pammel 778, September 20, 1897, M. B. G. No. 79906;
Tabor, Pammel 778, September 20, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79917;
Webster City, Pammel 274, June 15, 1895, M. B. G. Herb
No. 79948; ¢
58 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
West Union, Whitmere 248, July 6, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79947;
Winterset, Carver, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79924.
WISCONSIN :
LaCrosse, Hale, 1861, M. B..G. Herb. No. 75629;
Mirror Lake, Eggert, August, 24, 1903, M. B- Ge Herb Ne
82672;
' Prairie du Chien, Hale, 1861, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75648;
St. Croix, Hale, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79956;
St. Croix, collector not given, but probably Hale, date not
given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79699.
MINNESOTA:
Detroit, Seymour, August 24, 1884, U. TL. Hebe
Lake Minnetonka, Glaifelter, October 3, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80089;
Sandy Lake, Sandberg 783, August 12, 1891, U. Ill. Herb.;
Spirit Lake, Geyer, September, 1838, M. B. G. Herb, No:
79685.
KANSAS:
Manhattan, Norton, September, 1893,.M. B. G. Herb. No.
79926;
Manhattan, Norton, October 22, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79940;
Riley County, Norton 596, September 3, 1895, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79946.
NEBRASKA:
Along the Missouri to the Mountains, Hayden, July 8, 1854,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 79681:
Fort Union, Hayden, 1855, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79684;
Fort Union, Hayden, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79964;
Nuckolls County, Hedgcock 348, July, 1886, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79807;
Nuckolls County, Hedgcock, July 3, 1899, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79806;
Omaha, Eastman, October 1, 1915, U. Ill. Herb.;
Thomas County, Rydberg 1762, September 13, 1893, U. Ill. Herb.
Without definite locality, Hayden, 1853-54, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 82657.
ek a
w
TE RR
ee a ee Eee Sa eae ae eee
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 59
DAKOTA:
Without definite locality, Vasey, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79912.
SoutH DakoTa:
Brookings, White, August 3, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79802;
Brookings, White, August 3, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79803.
NortH DaKkotTa: ,
Benson County, Lunell, August 5, 1906;
Benson County, Lunell, August 26, 1906, U.S. A. Herb.;
Fargo, Seymour, August 23, 1884, U.S. A. Herb.;
Grand Falls, Brannon, 52, July 1, 1886, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79905; |
Lake Ibsen, Lunell, July'29, 1900, U. S. Herb. No. 746130.
ALABAMA:
Without definite locality, buckley, date not given. M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79955.
OKLAHOMA:
Snyder, Eggert, September 19, 1903, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82673;
Snyder, Eggert, September 18, 1903, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82674. ;
‘TEXAS: *
Without definite locality, Reverchon 1677, October 25, 1874,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 80108.
NEw MExiIco:
Animas Creek, Metcalfe, 1142, July 13, 1904, M. G. B. Herb.
No. 79801;
Animas Creek, Metcalfe, 1142, July 13, 1904, M. B. G. Herb.
No 79824;
Dona Ana County, Wooton and Standley 3342, September 25,
1908;
Lucero’s Ranch, Ellis 18, August 10, 1914, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 760268;
Mesilla Park, Standley, September 29, 1906, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80103;
Picos, Standley, 4921, August 15, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79823;
River Mimbres, Bigelow, November 5, 1851, M. B.G. Herb. No.
79966;
60
THE AMERICAN MIDILAND NATURALIST |
Without definite locality, Fendler,965,1847, M. B.G. Herb. No.
79682 ;
Without definite locality, Fendler, 966, 1847, M. G. B. Herb.
No. 79683;
Without definite locality, Fuller, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 78953;
Without definite locality, Wright 1888, 1851-52, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79680.
COLORADO:
Black Cafion, Baker 686, August 11, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79918;
Boulder Cafion, Daniels 526, August 21, 1906, No. B. G. Herb.
_ No. 80077;
Brighton, Johnston 389A, September 15, 1908, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80102;
Cafion City, Brandegeé 3457, 1872, M. B. G. Herb. No: 79725;
Cafion City, Brandegee 970, 1874, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79724;
Colorado Springs, Chase™5279, August 28 to September 5,
T9e@8; U.S; 4. erp:
Deer Run, Baker 910, August 21, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79919;
Denver, Holm September 14, 1889, U.S. A. Herb.;
Denver, Holm, August 6, 1898, U.S. A. Herb.;
Denver, Holm, July 15, 1899, M. B. G. Herb. No. 778843;
Fort Collins, Pammel, June 29, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79952;
Fort Collins, collector not given, October 2, 1896, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79945;
Manitou, Glatfelter, September 9, 1905, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80087 ;
Manitou, Glatfelter, September 9, 1905, M. B. G. Herb. No.
8o1I21;
Manitou, Letterman, August 11, 1884, M. B. G. Herb. No.
772774;
Mountain Valley, Brandegee 603, August, 1873, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79724;
Rocky Mountains, Hall, 1862, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79910.
WYOMING:
Sundance Mountain, Chase 5270, August 25, 1908, U. S. A.
Herb.
’
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'
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‘
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MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 61
MONTANA:
Billings, Seymour, September 4, 1884, U.S. A. Herb.
WASHINGTON:
Spokane County, Suksdorf 947, July 12, 1889, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79959;
Without definite locality, BIEN: date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79916;
Without definite locality, collector and date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79928.
ARIZONA:
Nagle’s Ranch, Jones 6056, September 20, 1894) Mi Butt.
Herb. No. 80073;
St. John’s, i iad 5182, August 9, 1903, U.S. A. Herb.
NEVADA:
Humboldt Pass, Watson 1288, September, 1868, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79613.
UTAH:
Without definite locality, Jones 6033, 1894, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79942.
7. MUHLENBERGIA CommuratTa (Scribner) Bush, n. sp.
Muhlenbergia M exicana commutata Scribner. Rhodora 9:
LO. O07.
‘“Panicles much longer and larger than those of M. MEXICANA:
lemmas awned; awns 4-10 mm. long; otherwise much as in M.
Mexicana.”
New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Illinois dud Minnesota,
Scribner, 1. c.
Vermont and New York to South Dakota, south to Virginia,
Nebraska, Missouri and Oklahoma.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
VERMONT:
» Rutland, Kirk, 974, September 9, 1913, U. S.. Herb. No.
725390-
NEw YorRK:
Fulton, Rowlee, August, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79739;
Oxford, Coville, August 29, 1884, U. S. Herb. No. 295258.
ONTARIO:
Gault, Herriot, 80, August 31, 1901, U. S. Herb. No. 952416;
Pelee Point, Macoun 26245, August 5, r901, U. S. Herb. No.
952415.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
NEW JERSEY: ‘
Hoboken, collector and date not given, U.S. Herb. No. 746217.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Easton, Garber, 1890, U.S. Herb. No. 265677;
Susquehanna, Aneucker 315, August, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
587196; ‘
Susquehanna, Porter, August 8, 1895, U. S. Herb. No. 952387;
Susquehanna, Kneucker 315, August, 1901, M. B. G. Herb. ~
No. 79740.
VIRGINIA:
Bedford County, Curtiss, September, 1873, U. S. Herb. No.
746218;
Bedford County, Curtiss, September, 1873, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79727.
ILLINOIS: :
Peoria, McDonald, September, 1900, U. S. Herb. No. 746214;
Wady Petra, Chase,1540, August 4, 1907, U. 5. Herb. No.
645418;
Without definite locality, Wolf, 1882, U. S. Herb. No. 952377.
MIssouUrRI:
Gates, Standley, 9382, August 26, 1912, U. S. Herb. No.
688208, in part, the plant marked B on this sheet;
Whiteside, Davis, 1030, September 11, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673932.
MICHIGAN:
South Lockwood, Dodge 17, October 2, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
952373-
Iowa:
Iowa Lake, Beatty, August 27, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75587;
Johnson County, Snyder, September, 1886, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75604. :
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, August, 1897, U. S. Herb. No.
328712.
MINNESOTA:
Fort Snelling, Mearns 749, September 1, 1891, U. S. Herb.
No. 952392.
N EBRASKA:
Weeping Water, Williams, date not given, U. S. Herb. No.
952390.
SO eee
a Re Ee ee nT ee Eee
oo Bena < Wye
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 63
SouTtH DAKkoTAa:
_ Iroquois, collector not given, August 15, 1874, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79708;
Tacoma Park, Griffiths 780, September 11,1897, U. S. Herb.
No. 79708;
Tacoma Park, Griffiths 780, September 11, 1897, U. S. Herb.
No. 952394.
OKLAHOMA:
Verdigris, Bush 770, August 2, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79633;
Verdigris, Bush 771, October 5, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79632.
8. MUHLENBURGIA GLABIFLORA Scribner, Rhodora 9: 22. 1917.
Culms terete, very minutely scabrous for a short distance below
the nodes; panicles 2-6 cm. long, occasionally somewhat glomerate,
the closely flowered short branches appressed, usually ‘partly
enclosed in the subtending leaf-sheaths; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ;
glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate-pointed, subequal, a little
shorter than, as long as, or a little longer than the lemma, scabrous
on the keel excepting near the base; lemmas ovate or oblong,
obtuse or submucronate-pointed, scabrous on the heel and lateral
nerves above, otherwise smooth, no hair at the base; palea ovate-
oblong, obtuse, equalling on a little shorter than the lemma.
Pennsylvania and Maryland, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
PENNSYLVANIA:
Wissahickan Creek, Smith 84, August, U.S. Herb. No. 952386
MARYLAND:
Hyattsville, Scribner, 1888, U.S. Herb. No. 746131.
ILLINOIS:
Mascoutah, Welsch, 1862-1871, U. S. A. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, September 10, 1898, U. S. A. Herb.
MIssourt: .
St. Louis, Engelmann, 1842, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79662.
g. MUNBLENBERGIA Mexicana (L.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 189.
1824.
Agrostis Mexicana L,. Mant. 1: 31. 1767.
Agrostts laterflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 53. 1803.
Agrostis clandestina Sprengel, Mont. 1: 32. 1807.
Cinna Mexicana (1,.) Beauv. Agrost. 32. 158. 1812.
64
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Trichochloa Mexicana (1,.) Grin. Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820.
Muhlenbergia clandestina (Spreng.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 190.
1824. ;
Muhlenbergia polystachya Scribner, 1. c. 1907, not of Mac-
kenzie and Bush, 1902.
Muhlenbergia polystachya , Hicehnecks Gray’s New Manual,
60, 7.1275 5008, Not: MiI&. BB:
Mutklenbergia foliosa Nash, Britton and Brown, Illustrated
Flora, 2nd ed. 185. 1913, not M. foliosa rin. 1824.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana Trin., Bush in Flora of Jackson County
Missouri, No. 862, 1885; ‘Tracy in Flora of Missouri, No.
1642, 1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of St. Louis,
Missouri, 1891.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana (I,.) Trin., Mackenzie and Bush
in Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No.
2, 1902, Palmer in Catalogue of Plants of Jasper County,
Missouri, Nos. 1388, 2686, 2797, 3463, 3467 and 3475, 1916.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana filuformis Vasey, Bush in Flora of
Jackson County, Missouri, No. 863. 1885.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana filiformis Gray. Eggert in Catalogue
of Plants of Saint Louis, Missouri, 1891.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana filiformis Muhl., Tracy in Flora of
Missouri, No. 1644, 1886.
N. B. to Ont. S. Dak. and’southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
N. B. to W. Ont., N. Car., Tenn., Nebr. and the Ind. Terr.,
Nash in Flora.
N. B. to Wyo., S. Dak., N. Car., and Texas, Nash in Illustrated
Flora.
Massachusetts to North Dakota, south to Alabama and north-
eastern ‘Texas.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
MASSACHUSETTS:
Granville, Seymour 2, September 15, 1913, M. B. G. Herb. No.
746678;
Norquit, Sturtevant, August 31, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75588;
South Warmington, Sturtevant September 11, 1890, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75577;
South Warmington, Sturtevant, September 11, 1890, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75576;
:
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et ves
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‘
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 65
South Warmington, Sturtevant, Per eeD £7, 1890,. Me B.G.
Herb. No. 75575;
Walpole, Greenman, 3236, September 26, 1897, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 742290.
CONNECTICUT:
South Canaan, Greenman -3229, October 3, 1897, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 742285.
Irvin Lakes, Greenman 2453, September 25, 1910, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 738434.
New York:
Bergen, collector not given, August 30, 1915, U. S. A. Herb.;
Buffalo, Clinton 9272, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75572;
Ithaca, Pearce, October 6, 1883, U. S. Herb. No. 152897;
Ithaca, Treleare, August 19, 1878, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75605;
Lebanon Springs, Harrison, September 25, 1890, U. S. Herb.
No. 952387:
New York, Coville, September 24, 1884, W..8.+ Herbs No:
295257;
New York, Gerard, 1882, U.S. Herb. No. 952388;
Western New York, Gray, date not etven, M.B.G. Herb. No.
75626.
ONTARIO:
Fredericktown, Fowler, 1878, U.S. Herb. No. 259605;
Gault, Herriott 81, August 31, 1901, U. S. Herb. No. 952412.
NEW JERSEY:
Sussex County, Mackenzie 2434, October 16, 1906, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75668.
DELAWARE:
Centreville, Commons, October L879) ME. is Gr Ler eae
75579.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Easton, Porter, September 2, 1895, U. S. Herb. No. 952385;
Germantown, Scribner, September 28, 1875, U. S. Herb. No.
746128; . .
Graeff’s Landing, Heller 4815, September 14, 1901, U. S. Herb.
No. 4406273;
Graeff’s Landing, Heller, September 14, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75642;
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Lancaster, Heller 4819, September 12, 1900, U. S. Herb. No.
406277;
Lancaster, Small, date not given, U. S. Herb. No. 746125;
Lancaster, Small, May, 1891, U.S. Herb. No. 298410;
Mountville, Eby, July 8, 1891, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75633;
Philadelphia, Digyn, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79975; i
Philadelphia, Scribner 105, September, 1875, U. S. Herb. N3.
746128;
Westchester, Deane, date not given, U. S. Herb. No. 746116;
Westchester, Deane, 1827, M. B. G. Herb. No. 82681;
Williamsport, McMinn, 1867, U.S. Herb. No. 952384.
MARYLAND:
Chevy Chase, Mosher, September 15, 1915, U. S. A. Herb.;
Great Falls cof the Potomac, Pall 73, September 4, 1899,
Uo Ss Herb.” No. 652406;
Great Falls of -the Potomac, Ball 73, September 4, 1898,
M. B. G. Herb: Noi..75589.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
Deanewocod, Chase 3006 1-2, September 9, 1905, U. S. Herb.
No. 746115;
Deanewood, Chase 3006 1-2, September 9, 1905, U.S. A. Herb.
High Island, Dewey 121, September 7, 1894, U. S. Herb. No.
491691;
High Island, Dewey 121, September 7, 1894, U. 8. Herb. No.
490690;
Hyattsville, Holm, September 18, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
779206;
Long Bridge, Blanchard, September 28, 1891, U. S. Herh.
No. 311999;
Mount Pleasant, Chase 279, September 7, 1905, U. S. Herb.
No. 952405;
Potomac Flats, ball 712, October 20, 1906, M. B. G. Herb. No.
952407 ;
Washington, Wheeler, September 20, 1906, U. S. Herb. No.
952404.
OHIO:
Athens, Ball, September 21, 1902, U. S. Herb. No. 952382;
Central Ohio, Sullivant, date not given, M. G. G. Herb. No.
75624;
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 67.
~
Cincinnati, Lloyd 574, September 16, 1890, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75624;
Cleveland, Greenman 3249, July 29, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
742082;
Liverpool, Holm, September 18, 1912, U.S. A. Herb.; °
London, Sharp 6790, September, October, U. S. Herb. No.
952383;
Sheffield, Ricksecker 203, September 25, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
217632;
st. Marys, Kneucker 203, September 25, 1901, U. S. Herb, No.
557160;
St. Marys, Kneucker 203, September 25, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75582.
VIRGINIA:
Waterloo, Pollard 757, October 18, 1895, U.«S. Herb. No.
307244;
Without definite locality, Pech, date not given, U. S. Herb.
No. 952408.
WEST VIRGINIA:
Aurora, Steele and Steele, August 30, 1898, U. S. Herb. No.
359404 ;
Goose Creek, Donnell-Smith, September 8, 1879, U. S. Herb.
No. 490294;
Sweet Springs, Steele and Steele 317, September 15, 1903,
Mab. Gi Herb. No. 75583 ;
Sweet Springs, Steele and Steele 317, September 15, 1898, U.S.
Herb. No. 490294.
INDIANA:
Clark County, collector and date not given, U. S. Herb. No.
722787; ;
Lafayette, Dorner 222, September 15, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
952381;
Russellville, Grimes 790, September 11, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
952380;
Wells County, Deam, September 12, 1897.
‘TENNESSEE:
Knoxville, Ruth 807, June, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75567.
KENTUCKY:
Bell County, Kearney 366, September, 1893, U. S. Herb. No,
952418;
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
\
Bell County, Kearney 366, September, 1893, U.S. Herb. No.
746132;
Bell County, Kearney 366, September, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
822929;
Wasiota, Kearney 366, September, 1883, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75631; : |
Without definite locality, Short, 1840, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75607.
ILLINOIS: %
Kankakee, Crampton 547, September 11, 1913, U. S. Herb. s
No. 750683; | i
Mascontah, Welsch, 1867-1871, U.S. A. Herb.;
Mount Carmel, Schneck, 1879, U. S. Herb. No. 952373;
Mount Carmel, Schneck, October, 1879, U. S. A. Herb.; 4
Mount Carmel, Schneck, September 25, 1881, U. S. A. Herb.; f
Mount Carmel, Schneck, September 8, 1879, U. S. A. Herb; 4
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U.S. A. Herb.; ;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 2, 1888, U. S. A. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, September 12, 1858, U. S. A. Herb.;
Urbana, Gates, October 6, 1907, U. S. Herb. No. 645175;
Urbana, Gibbs, September 26, 1898, U. S. A. Herb.;
Urbana, Gibbs September 27, 1888, U.S. A. Herb.;
Wabash County, Schneck, September 18, 1880, U. S. A. Herb.;
Wabash ,County Schneck, September 18, 1880. U.S. Herb.
No. 746117;
Wady Patra, Chase 200, August 31, 1888, U. S. Herb. No.
746123;
Wady Petra, Chase 200, August 31, 1888, U.S. Herb. No.
952378;
Wady Petra, Chase 1166, September 25, 1904, U. S. Herb.
No. 952373: 7
Wady Petra, Chase 1166, September 25, 1904, U. S. Herb.
No. 580931;
Wady Petra, Chase 1267, September 23, 1806, U. S. Herb. No.
952374;
Without definite locality, Engelmann, August, 1883, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79660, the plant marked 1 on this sheet, but I
can not be sure that the label cited belongs to the plant
marked 1,
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 69
MISSOURI:
Aberden, Davis 963, September 11, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
7909401,
Aberden, Davis September 24, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
\ 799375;
Allenton, Letterman, August, 1879, M. B. G. Herb. No.
772776;
Clarksville, Davis 1117, September 24, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673972;
Clarksville, Davis, September 24, 1911, M. B. G. Gerb. No.
709316;
Clay County, Mackenzie 790, September 21, 1895, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75677;
Clay County, Mackenzie 945, September 21, 1895;
Courtney, Bush 1154, September 10, 1901, M. B. G. Herb.
y No. 75568;
; Creve Coeur Lake, Glatfelter September 11, 1894, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75654;
Creve Coeur Lake, Glatfelter, September 17, 1900, M. B. G.
; Herb. No. 75655;
4 Creve Coeur Lake, Kellogg 29, September 25, 1901, U, S.
Herb. No. 950197;
Dodson, Hoffman September 10, 1916;
Dodson, Hoffman September 10, 1916;
Dodson, Mackenzie, May 8, 1875, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75676;
Forest: Park, Glatfelter 613, September 20, 1891, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75653;
Forest Park, Glatfelter 643, September 20, 1891, M. B. G. Herb.
ING. 750uas. My
Gates, Standley 9382, August 26, 1912, U. S. Herb. Ne. 688288,
in part, the plant marked A on this sheet;
Hannibal, Davis 1106, September 19, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709121;
Hannibal, Davis 1106, September 19, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673964;
Hannibal, Davis 1410, October 18, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
708745;
Jackson County, Bush 1726, September 14, 1890, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75673;
7O
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Jackson County, bush 1880, September 14, 1890, M. B. G. .
Herb. No. 75675;
Jackson County Bush September 27, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75678;
Jasper, Palmer 1388, September 12, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75670;
Jasper, Palmer 1388, September 12, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756904;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert September 4, 1877, M. B. B. Herb.
No. 739682;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
’ No. 75658;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 739940;
Kansas City, Stigall 49, October 20, 1902, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75672; .
Lee’s Summit, Mackenzie 419, September 9, 1901;
McDonald County, Bush, September 1, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75672;
Oakwood, Davis 130, October 6, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756896;
Scotland, Palmer 2686, September 12, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75652;
Scotland, Palmer 2686, September 12, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757605;
Shannon County, Bush, October 21, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75671;
Shannon County, Bush, October 21, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75973;
Sheffield, Mackenzie 563, October 18, 1901;
Sibley, Mackenzie 563, October 2, 1901;
Springfield, Weller 53, September 13, 1890, U. S. Herb. No.
950196;
St. Louis, Eggert 223a, October 7, 1897, U. S. Herb. No.
950195;
St. Louis, Pammel, October, 1886, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79335;
St. Louis County, Eggert, September 11, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75640;
St. Louis County, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 739939;
tee Set
—
iow
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 7s
St. Louis County, Eggert, September 11, 1877. M. B. G. Herb.
No. 739388 ;
St. Louis County, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75657;
St. Louis County, Eggert, September 11, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75641;
Swan, Bush 460, September 24, 1899, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75574;
Swope Park, Mackenzie 437, September 13, 1901;
Turner, Standley 9851, September 5, 1912, U. S. Herb. No.
688766;
Webb City, Palmer 2797, September 29, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75656;
Webb City, Palmer 2757, September 29, 1909, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756902;
Webb City, Palmer 3463, September 17, 1911, U.S. A. Herb.;
Webb City, Palmer 3463, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709108;
Webb City, Palmer 3463, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756899; ,
Webb City, Palmer 3463, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709021;
Webb City, Palmer 3463, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756900;
Webb City, Palmer 3475, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709006;
Webb City, Palmer 3475, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756903;
Webb City, Palmer 3475, September 17, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756901;
Whiteside, Davis 1030, September 11, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 709077;
Whiteside, Davis to10, September 11, r911, M. B. G. Herb.
No: 709228;>. |
Whiteside, Davis 1ro11, September 11, 1911, U. S. A. Herb.;
Whiteside, Davis 1030, September 11, 1911, U. S. Herb No.
673932;
Whiteside, Davis to11, September 11, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673925;
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Without definite locality, collector not given, August, 1881,
M. B. G. Herb, No. 75625.
NORTH CAROLINA:
Biltmore, Biltmore Herbarium 657b, September 12, 1898,
M.B.G..Herb. No. '75603; é
Biltmore, Biltmore Herbarium 657b, September 12, 1898, U.S.
Herb. No. 335376;
Magnetic City, Wetherby 24, September 20, 1895, U. S. Herb.
No 952410;
Mountains of North Carolina, Boynton, 1888, U. S. Herb.
No. 852411;
Without definite locality, Boynton, date not given, U. S. Herb...
No. 746129.
Iowa:
Amana, Schadt 657, September 21, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75601 ;
Carroll, Simon 1018, September 21, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
% vemsO35;
Chariton, Mallory 799, October 2, 1897, U. S. Herb. No.
75634; ,
Dakota City, Pammel 211, August 8, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79615;
De Witt; Pammel 1451, September 9, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75593; .
Dixon, Snyder 734, September 21, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75602;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, 1889, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75584;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75622; .
Iowa City, Hitchcock, date not given, U. S. Herb. No. 733277;
Iowa City, Somes 3868, September 9, 1909, U. S. Herb. No.
672490;
Mount Ayr, Beard 638, September 25, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75595;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75620;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 952397;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75598;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 952397;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, U.S. Herb. No. 952398;
Mount Pleasant, Mills, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 952399;
' MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS tay a
Mount Pleasant, Mills 17, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75599;
‘Mount Pleasant, Mulls 17, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75597;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, 1897;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, August, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75596;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, August, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75600;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, August, 1897, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75680;
Mount Pleasant, Mills 860, August ,1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75663; |
Muscatine, Reppert, September 6, 1887, M. B. G. “Herb. No.
75616; | .
Sheldahl and Slater, Pammel- 1465, September 17, 1898,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 75591;
Turin, Pammel, September 8, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 746124.
inemenor
Detroit, Seymour, August 22, 1884, U.S. A. Herb.;
Fort Snelling, Mearns 771, August 31, 1891, U. S. Herb. No.
952391;
Houston County, Freiburg, July, 1912, M. B. G. Herb. No.
763870;
“St, Cloud, amene £877, 'U. 8. Herb. No. 952393.
KANSAS:
Cullison, Norris 218, Se ntanee 1887, M. B. G. Herb«No.
79833;
Manhattan, Hitchcock 3836, September 27, 1908, U.S. A. Herb.
No. 952402;
Manhattan, Hitchcock 3836, September 27, 1908, U.S. A. Herb.
Manhattan, Hitchcock 3844, September 27, 1908, U. S. Herb.
No. 952403;
Manhattan, Norton, October 11, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75608 ;
Manhattan, Novigh, October 2, 1887, M. B. G. Herb.-N>.
75609 ;
McFarland, Hitchcock 7831, October 17, 1910, U. S. Herb.
No. 952400;
Riley County, Norton 592a, September 9, 1895, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75614;
74 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Riley County, Norton 597a, September 9, 1895, U. S. Herb.
No. 353373;
Rockport, Bartholomew, September 12, 1889, M. B. G. Herb.
No.4767491.
NEBRASKA:
Omaha, Eastman, September 14, 1915, U. S. A. Herb.
SoutH DAKOTA:
Oak Lake, Griffiths and Schlosser August, sett U:.S: Herb,
No. 210915;
Pearl Creek, Thornber, August 15, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75659;
Sioux Falls, Zhornber August ,1882, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75032;
Trent, Ball and Ball, September 26, 1903, U. S. Herb. No.
952395.
NortH DakoTa:
Fargo, Waldron; August 14, 1890, U. S. Herb, No. 952396;
Fargo, Waldron and Moons, August 20, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
4.06356;
Pembina, Havard 3, date not given, U. S. Herb. No. 152896.
ALABAMA:
Without definite locality, Buckley, September, 1841, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79664.
ARKANSAS:
Fulton, Bush 980, Pecos ws 19, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75588.
OKLAHOMA:
Ottawa, Stevens 2458, August 27, 1913, U.S. A. Herb. ;
Sapulpa, Bush 772, September 21, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75610,
Sapulpa, Bush 1396, September 27, 1895,.M. B. G. Herb. No.
750E2);
Stillwater, Waugh, September 6, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75611;
Stillwater, Waugh 2146, September 27, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75613.
TEXAS:
Dallas, Reverchon 1054, October 1880, U. 5. Herb. No. 822932,
labelled M. MEXICANA FILIFORMIS by Reverchon, and M.
FOLIOSA AMBIGUA by Hitchcock.
4% inched. og sReccites »
eng,
“Sts > re oe ay
|
4
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 75
Dallas, Reverchon 2330, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82679;
Dallas, Reverchon 2330, date not given, M. B. G. Herb No.
75538; .
Dallas, Reverchon 2330, date not given, M. B. G. Herb No.
75568;
Granbury, Reverchon 4110, September 7, 1903, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75664;
Without definite locality, Keverchon 1054, date not given, M.
B. G. Herb. No. 75661.
10. MUHLENBERGIA FOLIOSA Trin. Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824.
Agrostis. filiformis Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 95. 1809,
Agrostis filiformis Sprengel 1802.
Agrostis foliosa hortulana R. &.S. 2: 373. 1817.
Agrostis filiujormts Muhl. Gram. 66. 1817, not Agrostis filuformis
Sprengel 1802.
Trichochloa Coliosa Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820.
Cinna filiformis (Willd.) Link, Enum. Mort. Berol. 1: 70. 1821.
Agrostis lateriflora filiformis (Willd.) Torr. Fl. 1: 86. 1824.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana filiformis (Willd.) Scribner, Mem.
ore. Chib: 52267 194.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana of American authors in large part,
not ‘T'rinius 1824.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana Nash in part in Ilusttated Flora,
not of ‘Trinins 1824.
Muhlenbergia ambigua Hitcheock in part in Manual, not M.
AMBIGUA ‘Torrey 1843.
Me. to Ont. S. Dak. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
Not recognized by Nash in Flora.
Not recognized by Nash in Illustrated Flora.
Maine and Quebec, westward to North Dakota and Wyoming,
southward to North Carolina and Arizona.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
MAINE:
Auburn, Merrill 13, August, 1898, U. S. Herb. No. 952483;
Bangor, Knight 3, August 7, 1904, U. S. Herb. No. 952474;
Bradley, Briggs 10, September, 1891, U. S. Herb. No. 952479;
Brownfield, Merrill 18, August, 24, 1896, U. S. Herb. No.
952484;
76
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Cumberland, Chamberlain 453, September 6, 1902, U. S. Herb.
No. 746194;
Dover, Fernald 526, September, 1891, U. S. Herb. No. 952480;
Foxcraft, Fernald 523, September 5, 1894, U. S. Herb. No.
952482;
Foxcraft, Fernald 523, September 5, 1894, U. S. Herb. No.
952482;
Madison, Fernald 529, August 1, 1892, U. S. Herb. No.
952481;
Orono, Fernald 524 September 13, 1890, U. S. Herb. No.
952473;
Orono, Harvey and Harvey 1270, June 1890, U. S. Herb. No.
952511;
St. Francis, Fernald 170, August 18, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75630;
St. Francis, Fernald 170, August 18, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
204116;
St. Francis, Fernald 170, August 18, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
822926. ;
QUEBEC:
Montreal, Mohr, August 10, 1883, U.S. Herb. No. 722799.
NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Manchester, Batchelder September 25, 1910, U. S. Herb. No.
952476;
Peterboro, Deane and Batchelder, August 30, 1910, U. S. Herb.
No. 952476;
Peterboro, Deane and Batcheldr, August 30, 1910, U.S. Herb.
No. 952477;
Wolfsborough, Conant, September, 1881, U. S. Herb. No.
952475.
VERMONT:
Burlington, Jones 1678, September 8, 1892, U. 5S. Herb. No.
647813;
Rutland, Kirk 1032, August 15, 1913, U.S. Herb. No. 725801;
Rutland, Kirk 1033, August 15, 1913, U.S. Herb. No. 725802.
MASSACHUSETTS:
Essex County, Conant, 1879, U. S. Herb. No. 952472;
Framingham, Smith, September, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79914;
South Hadley, Cook, 1887, U. S. Herb. No. 277074;
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 77
Southampton, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 785517.
RHODE ISLAND:
Limestone Rock, Greenman 2528, October 2, 1910, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 740428.
Providence, Olney September, U. S. Herb. No. 852471.
NEw YORK:
Hinckley, Mabeur 3348, August 7, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
952469;
Ithaca, collector not given, October 26, 1892, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75643; |
Ithaca, collector not given, August 25, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75644;
Ithaca, Rowles, September 4, 1894, U. S. Herb. No. 952468;
Lake George, Vasey 1882, U.S. Herb. No. 952452;
Lebanon Springs, Harrison, September 19, 1890, U. S. Herb.
No. 952470;
Oxford, Coville, September 11, 1885, U. S. Herb. No. 295252;
Pennyan, collector and date not given, but probably Sartwell,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 75606;
Wayne County, Mankensen, October 8, 1869, U. S. Herb. No.
822927;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75643;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75623;
Western New York, Gray, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
Foe ge
CANADA:
Without definite locality, Shepard date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75628.
ONTARIO:
Birch Island, Macoun 26246, U.S. Herb. No. 952486;
Gault, Herriott 83, September 6, 1901, U. S. Herb. No. 952490;
Gault, Merriott, September 5, 1898, U. S. Herb. No. 952489;
Johnstone’s Harbor, Macoun 26248, U. S. Herb. No. 952487; ©
Point Edward, Macoun 26247, U. S. Herb. No. 952485;
Point Pelee, Dodge 19, September 17, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
952491,
Rockcliffe, Macoun 86177, August 10, 1911, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 744523.
78 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Our Flycatchers.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
Woop PEWEE.
Mytochanes virens
Our commonest flycatcher is the Wood Pewee. Although it is
found in greater abundance in woods and groves, yet the bird may
also be heard in the shade trees on the streets of our smaller cities.
No other flycatcher has so musical a note as the Pewee. All day
long through spring and summer its silvery song may be enjoyed
by the bird lover. This species arrives here after the middle of
May and remains until late in September. During this month
the song gradually ceases. The nest of the Pewee, which is saddled
on a limb of any kind of tree, may not be easily seen. The structure
is small and almost looks like a protuberance on the branch where
it is placed. But a keen and practised eye will note the nest, which
will soon be visited by the mother bird. After the young are
fledged they make themselves conspicious by their querulous
disposition, often darting after one another with great pugnacity.
In flycatching the Pewee is fearless and graceful, sometimes passing
within a few feet of a pedestrian. The presence of this interesting
species is one of the notable features of our lawns and parks.
PHOEBE.
Sayornis phoebe
This flycatcher is common in some localities, and very rare or
entirely absent in others. It is hard to explain this rarity or absence;
for even when suitable nesting-places, like grottoes, are available,
still the bird may avoid a certain territory during most of the
spring and summer. In early spring, usually in the latter part of
March, the first Phoebes appear, and they may be seen for several
weeks afterward. The Phoebe is always the first of the fly catchers
to arrive in spring and the last to leave in autumn. As already
intimated this species builds its nest under some kind of shelter,
like an outhouse or a bridge. Two broods are raised in the same
nest, which is always lined with moss. The note of the Phoebe is
less musical than the Pewee’s; the bird is also less active and graceful
in flight. Another characteristic difference between these two
species is found in the fact that the Phoebe moves its tail while
the bird is perched on a wire or a branch, but the Pewee never
OUR FLYCATCHERS 79
indulges in this flirtation. The Phoebe is slightly larger than the
Pewee, and not so pleasing in appearance. The large black head
of the Phoebe mars its form much.
CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
Mytarchus crinitus
This large and beautiful flycatcher is less common than is the
Pewee or the Phoebe. The crest, yellow underparts, and chestnut-
colored tail give the bird a striking appearance. It is mostly an
inhabitant of the woods, and rarely nests in orchards. After the
nesting-season the young birds and old ones move about seeking
for food. Occasionally they may wander away from their habitat
in the deep woods. Then their loud and rather weird-sounding
note may be heard in some smaller grove or orchard. However,
this species is most easily seen and heard early in May when it
first arrives from the South, and before it enters into the deep
woods to nest. it is partial to the tree tops, only descending when
the lure of its prey brings it to a lower plane. On such occasions
the bird may be seen to advantage, and its handsome appearance
will challenge the admiration of the observer.
ALDER FLYCATCHER.
Empidonex trailli alnorum
As its name indicates, this species is partial to marshy land,
although some individuals prefer high places. I have known an
Alder Flycatcher to nest for two seasons in a thick growth of
mulberries at the edge of an orchard. I think, too, that such cases
are not rare, for [ have frequently heard the notes of this flycatcher
in thick growths along road-sides. However, to find these birds in
abundance you must visit a piece of lowland, where their character-
istic note is constantly uttered.
KINGBIRD.
Tyrannus tyrannus.
Perhaps this flycatcher is better known than any other members
of the family. Its habits are such as to attract more attention, while
its large size and neat appearance also make the bird conspicuous.
Of a general slate color, with a black head, white underparts, and
the tail with a white band, the Kingbird is truly a handsome
species. Usually the bird shows a preference for wires for perching
places. Here it will dart out after insects, or make a sudden sally
at any other passing bird. This habit of attacking birds, large or
80 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST . é
small, has gained for the species the name, Kingbird. According
to some farmers the bee-martin, another of the Kingbird’s names,
is destructive of the life of bees. ‘This is an over-statement of the
case, however, for the number of bees taken by any Kingbird is
comparatively small, and not sufficient to warrant shooting the
birds. Like all of the flycatchers, the Kingbird bathes by dipping
into the water. As it flies over the surface of a lake, the bird may
dip several times, or it may fly from a perch, dip, and return to the
perch again. :
LEAST FLYCATCHER.
Empidonax. minimus
This species is somewhat rare in our locality, and few individuals
are found nesting here. It is more common in spring and autumn,
when the birds may be seen perched on-wire fences near road-sides.
In many ways the Least Flycatcher is an under-study of the
Phoebe. Like this species it moves its tail when at rest, and also
choose similar places to perch. In movements, however, the Least
Flycatcher is more active than the Phoebe. Another species
that the Least Flycatcher closely resembles in appearance is the
Alder Flycatcher, and even an experienced observer can hardly
tell the two species apart, unless he hears the notes, which are
quite distinctive. They are both about the same size, and their
markings are indistinguishable even with field glasses.
.
ACADIAN FLYCATCHER.
Empidonex virescens
This is a bird of deep woods, where its note may be heard, but
without usually seeing the singer. It loves the most secluded places
in the very depths of the woods where the growth of small trees is
thickest. Only a practised observer can readily see the bird, and
then only as it flits to and fro flycatching. This is undoubtedly
one of the most elusive of our birds, and few amateur bird students
seem to find its habitat.
YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Empidonax flaviventris
The rarest of our flyeatchers is the yellow-billed. Usually late
in May a few individuals are seen by the keenest observers, and
even they occasionally miss it altogether. In autumn it passes
more rapidly ‘south, and few records are made of this species by
any bird students. I have never made a single record myself in
autumn.
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OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VOR Vie NOVEMBER, tog19. NO. 6.
The Missouri Muhlenbergias.--IV. ;
BY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUSH. ~; ae
NEw JERSEY:
Califon, Fisher, September 7, 1897, U. S. Herb. No. 952450;
Califon, Fisher, September 7, 1897, U. S. Herb. No. 647188;
Califon, Fisher, September 7, 1897, U. S. Herb. No. 733809;
Cranberry Lake, Mackenzie 2434, September 16, 1906;
Sussex County, Mackenzie 2434, September 16, 1906, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 75667.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Dillerville, Porter, September 16, 1859, U. S. Herb. No.
952451,
Lancaster, Small, September 24, 1889, U. S. Herb. No. 746186.
MARYLAND:
Garrett County, Donnell-Smith, September 26, 1879, U. S.
Herb. No, 822931;
Garrett County, Donnell-Smith, September 26, 1879, U. S.
Herb. No. 822932.
VIRGINIA:
Luray, Steele and Steele 125, U. S. Herb. No> 418475;
Turay, Steele and Steele 125, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75586.
INDIANA:
Lafayette, Dorner 68, September 7, 1902, U. S. Herb. No.
952461;
Miller’s, Chase 662, September 21, 1897, U. S. Herb. No.
746119;
Miller’s, Umbach 5119, October 2, 1909, U. S. Herb. No.
952458;
Pine, Umbach 5073, September 18, 1909, U. S. Herb. No.
952459;
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Pine, Umbach, September 13, 1897, U.S. Herb. No. 351222;
Tolleston, Chase 334, September 23, 1898, U. S. Herb. No.
746120;
Tolleston, Chase 334, September 23, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Tolleston, Chase 334, September 23, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75590;
Wells County, Deam, September 15, 1901, U. S. Herb. No.
952460.
KENTUCKY:
Without definite locality, Short, 1840, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75649.
ILLINOIS:
Algonquin, Nason, August 27, 1879, U.S. A. Herb.;
Apple River, Pepoon 611,, August 18, 1908, U. Ill. Herb.;
Athens, Hall 1888, U.S. Herb. No. 952505;
Champaign County, Burrill, October, 1871, U. Ill. Herb.;
Joliet, Skeels 553, September 28, 1904, U.S. Herb. No. 952462;
Joliet, Skeels 553, September 28, 1904, U.S. Herb. No. 746122;
Joliet, Skeels 553, September 28, 1904, U.S. Herb. No. 646206;
Lewistown, Pepoon, August 1890, M. B. G. Herb. No. 767489;
Oregon, Wazte, August 17, 1885, U.S. Herb. No. 490959;
Rockford, Bebb, date not given, U.S. Herb. No. 952453;
Without definite locality, Ball, date not given, U. S. Herb.
No. 682507;
Without definite locality, Gandoger, 1904, M. B. G. Herb. No.
713648;
Without definite locality, Wolf, 1880, U. S. Herb. No. 952457;
Without definite locality, Wolf, 1881, U. S. Herb. No. 952455;
Without definite locality, Iol/, date not given, U.S. Herb. No.
952456.
NORTH CAROLINA:
Buncombe County, Bilimore Herbarium 657a, U. S. Herb. No.
Bo007 0%
MICHIGAN:
Cassville, Dodge, September 9, 1910, U. S. Herb. No. 952467;
Grindstone City, Dodge, September 1, 1912, U. 5. Herb.. No.
730523; | |
Imlay City, Palmer, September, 1880, U. S. Herb. No. 952465;
Port Austin, Ball, September 20, 1902, U. S. Herb. No.
952466.
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 83
Iowa:
Ames, Gall 115, August 5, 1896, M. B. C. Herb. No. 75618;
Ames, Pammel 114, August 8, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75617;
Clinton, ene! 251, September 4, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75619;
Iowa City, Hitchcock, 1888, M. B. G. Herb. No. 75585;
Muscatine County, Pammel and Keppert, 1861, September
10, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79770;
Sheldahl, Pammel, Hume and Sample 1422, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75992;
Sheldahl, Pammel, Hume and Sample 1422, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75594:
WISCONSIN:
Left Foot Lake, Schuette, August 31, 1883, U. 5. Herb. No.
751731;
Milwaukee, Chase 1948, August 11, 1902, U. S. Herb. No.
746118;
Williams Bay, Umbach 4696, September 2, 1909, U. S. Herb.
No. 952460;
Williams Bay, Umbach 4721, September 3, 1909, U. S. Herb.
No. 952463.
MINNESOTA:
Battle Lake, Sheldon, August, 1892, U. S. Herb. No. 952444;
Fergus Falls, Sheldon, August, 1892, U. S. Herb No. 952445;
Fort Snelling, Mearns 794, September 13, 1891, U. S. Herb.
No. 952443;
Groveland, Oswald, 1911, U. S. Herb. No. 730775.
KANSAS:
Kingman County, Carleton 549, September 30, 1891, U. S.
Herb. No. 952442;
Riley County, Norton 597, August 18, 1895, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75615.
NEBRASKA:
Big Sandy Creck, Clements 2848, August 9, 1893, U. S. Herb.
No. 221806;
Central Nébtasha: Rydberg 1686, August 12, 1893, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 75636;
Natteck, Rydberg 1756, Be cet iE, £o03, U1 o. Herb. vino;
208268;
84 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
) les
Natteck, Rydberg 1764, September 13, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
208267;
South Fork of Dismal River, Rydberg 1686, August 12, 1893,
U.S. Herb. No. 208269;
Talmage, Elmore 92, August 6, 1896, U. S. Herb. No. 952441;
Thedford, Rydberg 1704, August 19, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
208266.
SouTtH DakoTa:
Bear Creek, Over 2335, September 1, 1913, U. S. Herb. No.
693343; .
Mill City, Griffiths 723, August 27, 1897, U. S. Herb. No.
952448;
Huron, Griffiths 6, August 25, 1896, U. S. Herb. No. 952449.
NorTH DAKOTA:
Devil’s Lake, Hitchcock 5061, U. 8S. Herb. No. 952447;
Devil’s River, Hitchcock 5061, U. Ill. Herb.
MANITOBA:
Elm Park, Macoun 13213, August 11, 1896, U. S. Herb. No.
952488.
MISSISSIPPI:
Starkville, Tracy June 21, 1892, U. S. Herb. No. 952495.
NEw MExIco:
Socono County, Metcalfe 359, August 3, 1903, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75637;
Socono County, Metcalfe 359, August 3, 1903, U. S. Herb. No.
952494,
Socono County, Metcalfe 359, August 3, 1903, U. S. Herb.
No. 495426; .
Without definite locality, Fendler 764, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79687.
COLORADO:
Denver, Ward, August 19, 1891, U. S. Herb. No. : ae
WYOMING:
Tower, Griffiths 521, August 12, 1897, U. S. Herb. No. 952493.
ARIZONA:
Wilgus Creek, Blumer 1784, October 12, 1907, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 75660;
Wilgus Creek, Blumer, October 20, 1907, U. S. Herb. No.
952491.
MUHLENBERGIA TORREYI (Kunth) Hitchcock, ined.
=
PBs ye Sy ay Ra ee ae ene = 23
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 85
Agrostis diffusa Muhl. Gram. 64. 1817, not Agrostis diffusa
Host. 1809.
Agrostis sylvatica Torr. Fl. U. S. 1: 87. 1824, not Agrostis
sylvatica L. 1763.
Agrostis Torreyi Kunth. Enum. Pl. I: 226. 1838, replacing
Agrostis sylvatica Torrey.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. State,
188. 1840.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica gracilis Scribner, grans. scans. Acad. Sci.
9g: 116. 1885, not N. gracilis Kanth, 1829.
Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scribner, Rhodora 9g: 20. 1907.
Muhlenbergia umbrosa attenuata Scribner, Rhodora g: 21.
1907.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica T & G., Bush in Flora of Jackson
County, Missouri, No. 861, 1885; Tracy in Flora of Missouri
No. 1646, 1886; Eggert in Catalogue of Plants of Saint
Louis, Missouri, 1891; Mackenzie and Bush in Manual
of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, No. 7, 1902;
Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 73, 1907.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr., Palmer in Catalogue of Plants
of Jasper County, Missouri, Nos. 218 and 3187. 1916.
Me. to Dak. and southward to Missouri and Kansas, according
to Scribner, l. c.
N. B. to Ont. Ia. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
N. B. to Ont. Minn. N. Car. Tenn. Nebr. and the Ind. Terr.,
Nash in Flora.
Maine to Minnesota, south to Arizona, Virginia and Texas.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
MAINE:
Dover, Fernald 528, September 3, 1894, U. S. Herb. No.
952428;
Moscow, Chamberlain, August 29, 1902, U. S. Herb. No.
491269;
Orono, Knight, September 17, 1905;
St. Francis, Fernald 171, August 15, 1893, MFR. G. Herb.
No. 79617.
MASSACHUSETTS:
Essex County, Conant, August ,1880, U. S. Herb. No. 952429;
Essex County, Conant, 1880, U. S. Herb. No. 952430;
South Hadley, Cook 1887, U.S. Herb. No. 277075;
S86 THE AMERICAN MIDIAND NATURALIST
Without definite locality, Chapman, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 785595.
CONNECTICUT:
Windsor, Bissell, September 16, 1906, U. S. Herb. No. 952431.
NEw YorRK:
Bergen, collector not given, August, 1887, U. Ill. Herb.;
Ithaca, collector not given, August 25, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79737;
Lake George, Vasey, 1882, U. S. Herb. No. 952432;
Lake George, Vasey, 1882, U. S. Herb. N95. 952433;
North Hannibal, Pearce, September 13, 1883, U. S. Herb. No.
152900;
Pennyan, Sartwell, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79625,
Wayne County, Mackenzen, estas 16, 1870, U. S. Hero
No. 822959.
NEw JERSEY:
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79654;
Hoboken, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb. Na
79626;
Stockholm, Van Sickle, August 1, 1895, U. S. Herb. No.
244234.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Germantown, Digyn, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79584;
Philadelphia, Smith 85, date not given, U.S. Herb. No. 552434;
Quakertown, Moyer, August, 1877, U.S. A: Herb. ;
Without definite locality, McMinn, date not given, U. 5S.
Herb. No. 952435.
MARYLAND:
Bradley Heights, Chase 6859, U. Ill Herb.
OHIO:
Milan, Moseley, August 27, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79588.
VIRGINIA:
Sweet Springs, Steele 298, September 12, 1903, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79743.
WEST VIRGINIA:
Goose Creek, Donnell-Smith, September 12, 1879, U. S. Herb.
No. 822961;
eT
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS
87
Goose Creek, Donnell-Smith, September 12, 1879, U. S. Herb.
No. 822961;
Sweet Springs, Steele and Steele, 298, September 12, 1903,
U. S$. Herb. No. 490276.
‘TENNESSEE:
Cocke Councy, Kearney, September 1, 1897, U. S. Herb.
952427;
Knoxville, Ruth 3, date not given, U.S. Herb. No. 952426;
Suwanee, Eggert, September 10, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
79721;
Suwanee, Eggert, September 10, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
79734-
LINOIS:
Athens, Hall, September, 1874, U. S. Herb. No. 952436;
Beardstown, Geyer, 1842, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79661;
Blufis Lake, Eggert, September 24, 1875, M. B. G. Herb,
197333
’ Edgemont, Craig, October 23, 1910, M. B., G. Herb.
82663;
Menard County, Hall, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Mount Carroll, Shimek, October, 1891, U. S. Herb.
952438; ©
Oquawka, Patterson, September, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
75662;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Peoria, Brendel, date not given, U. Ill. Herb.;
Princeville, Chase 941, October 14, 1900, M. B. G. Herb.
79747;
Princeville, Chase 941, October 14, 1900, U. S. Herb.
746215;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 24, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 26, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 27, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, August 28, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Taylorville, Andrews, September 10, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Taylorville, Andrews, September 12, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Urbana, Gibbs, September, 1898, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wabash County, Schneck, September 4, 1900, U. Ill. Herb.;
88
2 i
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Without definite locality, Andrews, date not given, U. IIl.
Herb.;
Without definite locality, Engelmann, date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 79660, in part the plant marked 3 on this sheet,
but as there are 3 distinct species on this sheet, and 3 labels,
it is impossible ‘to tell which plants the labels belong to;
Without definite locality, Wolf 318, date not given, U. II.
Herb.;
Without definite locality, Wolf 1882, U. S. Herb. No. 952437.
MISSOURI:
Aberdeen, Davis, September 24, 1911, U.S. Herb. No. 673648;
Allenton, Letterman, August, 1876, M. B. G. Herb. No.
772799;
Allenton, Letterman, September, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. No.
‘772902.
Bagnell, Trelease, September 22, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79742; .
Carthage, Palmer 218, September 7, 1902, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756905;
Cliff Cave, Norton, August 26, 1899, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82694;
Columbia, Tracy, August 11, 1884, M. B. G. Herb. No:
79736;
Creve Coeur Lake, Kellogg 26, September 25, 1901, U. 5. Herb.
No. 950192;
Creve Coeur Lake, Kellogg 27, September 25, 1901, U. S.
Herb. No. 750194;
Creve Coeur Lake, Kellogg, September 25, 1901, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79799;
Dodson, Mackenzie, September 26, 1896;
Gates, Standley, 9382, August 26, 1912, U. S. Herb. No.
688298, in part, the plant marked B on this sheet;
Ironton, Russell, August, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79723;
Jackson County, Bush, September 27, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80039;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 767490;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79730;
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 89
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 739938;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79731;
Jefferson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb
No. 739938;
Jcevson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79839;
Jefierson Barracks, Eggert, September 4, 1877, N. D. Herb.
No. 8388;
Monteer, Bush 4887, October 10, 1907, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79832;
Monteer, Bush,4887, October 10, 1907;
Sarcoxie, Palmer 3187, September 18, 1910, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 757392; .
Sarcoxie, Palmer 3187, September 18, 1910, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79804;
Sibley, Bush 4822, August 21, 1907, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79829;
Sibley, Bush 4822, August 21, 1907, U. S. Herb. No. 590886;
Sibley, Mackenzie 548, October 2, 1901;
Springfield, Standley 8546, August 3% ro1t,. U.-S.. Heth, Na:
687497;
St. Louis, Eggert 226, August 3, 4877, U. S. Herb. No. 950193;
Swan, Bush 603, September 28, 1899, U. S. Herb. No. 362266;
Swope Park, Mackenzie 427, September 13, 1901;
Terre Bleue Creek, Trelease, August 30, 1898, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79745.
MICHIGAN:
Lapeer, Dodge 18, August 17, 1911, U. S. Herb. No. 952439.
Iowa:
Ames, Bessey October 18, 1872, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79748;
Clinton, Pammel 250, September 4, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79616;
Clinton, Pammel 250, September 4, 1896, U. S. Herb. No.
294631;
Dakota City, Pammel 111, August 8, 1896, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79727;
Dakota City, Pammeli111, June 29, 1886, U. S. Herb. No.
952440;
go
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
“Fayette County, Fink 461, August, 1894, U. S. Herb. No.
230547-
MINNESOTA:
St. Anthony Park, Oswald, 1911, U. S. Herb. No. 730777.
KANSAS:
Manhattan, Hitchcock, October 21, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79614;
Manhattan, Kellerman, 1888, U. S. Herb. No. 228628;
McFarland, Hitchcock 7832, October 17, 1910, U. S. Herb. No.
952401;
Riley County, Norton 598, September 28, 1895, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79614;
Riley County, Norton 598, September 28, 1895, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 353374-
NEBRASKA:
Red Cloud, Bates, September 13, 1906, U.S. Herb. No. 559653.
ARKANSAS:
Benton County, Plank 60, date not given, U. S. Herb. No.
952425;
Benton County, Plank, Summer, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82686;
Benton County, Plank, Summer, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82687:
Benton County, Plank, Summer, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
82678.
TEXAS:
Dallas County, Reverchon 1050, September, 1873, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80080;
Without definite locality, Nealley 403, 1889, U. 5. Herb. No.
‘952424, labeled M. umbrosa by Scribner;
Without definite locality, Nealley, 1890, U. S. Herb. No.
952414;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 80114;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 80115;
Without definite locality, Reverchon, date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 80116;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 31, 1885, U. S. Herb. No.
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS Apes
952423, labeled M. sylvatica var.—and M. Willdenovit by
Scribner;
Without definite locality, Reverchon 71, U. S. Herb. No.
4 952413, labeled M. sylvatica and M. sobolifera by Scribner,
q and M. Mexicana by Hitchcock.
ARIZONA:
Grapevine Cafion, 7oumey 168, July 30, 1891, U. S. Herb. No.
952422, 5
Without definite locality, McDougal, 1891, U. S. Herb. No.
952421.
12. MUHLENBERGIA POLYSTACHYA Mackenzie and Bush, Manual
of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, 23, 1902.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana Scribner, |. c., in part, not M. Mexicana
Trin, 1824.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana Hitchcock in Manual in part, not
M. Mexicana Trin. 1824.
Not mentioned by Nash in the Illustrated Flora. Missouri and
Illinois to Wisconsin.
This species has been neglected or misunderstood since it was
first described, and in order that my readers may see how very
different it is from M. Mexicana, to which it has been referred by
two agrostologists, I herewith present the original description;
M. potystacHya Mackenzie & Bush, n. sp. 2 feet high, erect,
much branched; leaves 1 1-2 inches to 2 1-2 inches long, 1 line to”
2 lines wide; panicles on peduncles 1 inch to 5 inches long, long-
exserted, densely flowered, the lower branches separated; flowers
nearly sessile, 1 line long; the glames as in the last (IZ. Mexicana);
hairs at base of flowering glume copious, 1-3 to 1-2 length of glume.
Open rocky woods east of Sibley. August-October.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Missouri:
Sibley, Bush, October 14, 1901;
Sibley, Bush 4171, October 10, 1906, U. S. Herb. No. 950396,
with lemmas awned;
Sibley, Mackenzie 637, October 14, 1901, TYPE.
ILLINOIS:
Fulton County, Wolf, date not given, U. S. Herb. No. 952504;
Urbana, collector not given, 1876, U. Ill. Herb.;
Wady Petra, Chase 1268, September 23, 1906, U. S. A. Herb.;
92° THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
\ Wady Petra, Chase 1268, September 23, 1906, U. S. Herb. No.
952454.
WISCONSIN:
Ashland, Hitchcock 5095, September 27, U. S. Herb. No.
952500;
Without definite locality, Wood, 1887, U. S. Herb. No. 952501;
Without definite locality, Wood, 1887, U.S. Herb. No. 952502.
13. MUHLENBERGIA CUSPIDATA (Torr.) Rydberg, Bull. Torr.
Club, 32: 599. 1905.
Vilfa cuspidata+Torr.; Hook. Fl. Bov. Am. 2: 238. 1840.
Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood, Bot. & Fl. 385. 1870. ~»
Sporobolus brevifolius Scribner, Mem. Torr. Club. 5: 39, 1894,
in small part, not Agrostis brevifolia Nuttall 1818, nor Muh-
lenbergia brevifolia (Nutt.) Nash.
Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood, Mackenzie and Bush in
Manual of the Floraof Jackson County, Missouri, No. 4. 1902;
Daniels in Flora of Columbia, Missouri, No. 81, 1907, but
very doubtiul, as this species is not known to get as far east
in Missouri. Dr. Daniels has omitted several very common
species of Sporobolus from his Flora, and I suspect that
one of these has been mistaken for M. cuspidata.
Wisc. to Mo. and southward, Hitchcock in Manual.
Mani. to the N. W. Terr. south to Mo. and Kans., Nash in Flora.
Mani. to Alberta, south to Mo. and Kans., Nash in Illustrated
Flora.
Manitoba to Wisconsin, Northern Illinois, Missouri and Colorado.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
ALBERTA:
Calgary, .Hitchcock 4977, September 19-22, 1909, U. Ii.
Herb.
NortTH DAKOTA:
Leeds, Lunell, August 20, 1906, U. Ill. Herb.
WISCONSIN:
St. Peter’s River, Thurber, date not given, U. Ill. Herb. No.
79663.
Iowa:
Ames, Hitchcock, date not given M. B. G. Herb. No. 79630.
ILLINOIS:
Joliet, Hill 185, September 6, 1906, U. Ill. Herb.;
Joliet, Hill 185, October 9, 1906, U. Tl. Herb.;
bo
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 93
Will County, Hill, August 16, 1912, U. S. Herb. No. 950191,
all these Illinois collections a notable eastern extension of
the range of this species.
MIssourli:
Atchison County, Bush 4233, August 5, 1893, U. S. Herb. No.
950190;
Cockrell, Bush 6479, September 23, 1911, U. S. Herb. No.
673563;
Greenwood, Bush 4125, September 19, 1906, U. S. Herb. No.
590408 ;
Jackson County, Bush 1879, August 24, 1891, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80043;
Watson, Bush 783, October 1, 1895, U. Ill. Herb.
KANSAS:
Decatur County, collector and date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79631;
Riley County, Norton 595, July 26, 1895, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79635.
COLORADO:
Fort Collins, Ball, August 8, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No. 82684.
NEw MEXxIco:
“Cross L”’ Ranch, Griffiths 5461, August 21-24, 1903, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 79813;
“Cross L’’ Ranch, Griffiths 5518, August 21-24, 1903, M. B.
G. Herb.: No. 79814;
Raton Mountains, Griffitis 5461, August 18-19, 1903, M.
B. G. Herb. No. 79815.
PODOSEMUM Desvaux, nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2. 189. 1810.
Muhlenbergia in large part of American Authors, not olf
Schreber,. 1791-
A large genus of 40 species or more, natives of America, com-
prising those species with more or less open, large panicles, the
branches of which are either drooping or spreading, pedicals slendcr
or capillary, lemmas long-awned, or occasionally shori-awned or
awnless.’ A single species occurs in our territory.
*The center of abundance of PoDOSEMUM species seems to be in Western
Texas, to which region P. capillare does not appear to extend, it being the
center of a group of three species belonging to the South Atlantic r gion.
In a subsequent paper I shall discuss some of the many allies of P. capillare.
94 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1. PODOSEMUM CAPILLARE (Lamarck) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soe.
Philom. 2: 188. 1810.
Stipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Eneyel. 1: 158. 1791.
Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824.
Muhlenbergia filipes Chapman, FI. S. U. S. 603, 1897, in a
not M. FiLIpES M. A. Curtis, 1843.
Muhlenbergia capillaris Kunth, Tracy in Flora of Miscou
No. 1640, as from Boone County, Missouri, collected by Galloway,
but not given by Daniels in his Flora: of Columbia, Missouri,
1907, and no specimens known from north of the Missouri River.
Muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) Trin., Palmer in Catalogue
Plants of Jasper County, Missouri, No. 2828, 1916.
Central Texas to Fla. and Va., according to Dewey in Manual
of the Plants of Western Texas.
Mass. to Fla. west to Mo. and Texas, Hitchcock in Manual.
Mass. N. J. and Mo. to Fla. the Ind. Terr. and Texas, Nash in
Flora.
Mass. to Kans. Fla. and Texas, Nash in Illustrated Flora.
New Jersey southward along the coast to Florida, west to Texas,
aud in the interior to Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Southern
Missouri and Oklahoma, therefore being largely a coast species;
no specimens have been seen from east of New Jersey or west of
Eastern ‘Texas.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
NEw JERSEY:
Atlantic County, C. A. Gross, Septemberx 3, 1897;
Millburn, Mackenzie 580, September 20, 1903;
Sussex County, Mackenzie 1121, September 25, 1904.
MARYLAND:
Glen Echo, Steele, September 25, 1904, U.S. A. Herb.;
Great Falls of the Potomac, Ball 72, September 4, 1899, M.
B.G) Herb. No;'79795-
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA:
Great Falls of the Potomac, Holm, October 13, 1898, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 779209;
Washington, Ward, September, 1875, M. B. G. Herb. No.
75887.
VIRGINIA:
Bedford County, Curtiss, September, M. B. G. Herb. No,
772781;
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 95
Bedford County, Curtiss, September 1-20, 1873, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79774.
NorRTH CAROLINA:
Biltmore, Biltmore Herbarium 656a, September 13, 1898,
M. B. G. Herb. No. 79795;
Without definite locality, Curtis, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79651;
Without definite locality, Curtis, date not given, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 80007.
GEORGIA:
Leslie, Harper 1723, October 8, 1902, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79786.
ALABAMA:
Mobile, Mohr, September, 1893, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79782.
FLORIDA:
Duval County, Curtiss 3401, September, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79775;
Gainesville, Chase 4269, September 30 to October 3, 1901,
U.S. A. Herb.;
Jacksonvilfe, Curtiss 3401, September, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80002;
Jacksonville, Curtiss 4049, October 6, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 767219;
Jacksonville, Curtiss 4050, October 16, 1893, M.,B. G. Herb.
No. 767200;
Lake City, Buitting 785, September 8, 1892, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79796;
Lee County, Gandoger, September, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
713891;
Sanibel, Hitchcock 466, July, August, 1900, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79789;
Without definite locality, collector and date not given, M. B.
G. Herb. No. 79995;
MISSISSIPPI:
Biloxi, Earle, October 8, 1897, U. Ill. Herb.;
Biloxi, Earle, October 8, 1897, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79795;
Biloxi, Tracy 4637, October 4, 1898,.M. B. G. Herb. No.
79794-
96 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
LOUISIANA:
Red River, Hale, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No. 79601;
Without definite locality, Hale, date not given, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79699.
‘TENNESSEE:
Knoxville, Ruth, September, 1892, M. B. G. Herb. No. 773048;
Knoxville, Ruth October 6, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No. 80093;
Knoxville, Ruth, October 6, 1894, U. Ill. Herb.;
Knoxville, Ruth, October, 1895, M. B.'G. Herb. No. 79780;
Knoxville, Ruth, October, 1897;
Knoxville, Ruth 58, September, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79785;
Knoxville, Ruth, October, 1900;
Sharp Gap, Ruth, September, 1890, M. B. G. Herb. No.
773009.
KENTUCKY:
Without definite locality, collector and date not given, M.
B. G. Herb. No. 79592.
ILLINOIS:
Union County, Seymour, 1881, U. Ill. Herb.
MISSOURI:
Eagle Rock, bush 378, September 18, 1896, M. ‘B. G. Herb.
No. 80051;
Eagle Rock, Bush 378, September 18, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80118;
Eagle Rock, Bush 378, September 18, 1896, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 294602;
Eagle Rock, Mackenzie, September 18, 1896;
Joplin, Palmer 2828, October 11, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756897;
Joplin, Palmer 2828, October 11, 1909, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756898 ;
McDonald County, Bush, September 1, 1893, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 756898;
Monteer, Bush 5123, September 10, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No.
756898 ;
Monteer, Bush 5123, September 10, 1908, M. B. G. Herb. No.
80057;
MISSOURI MUHLENBERGIAS 97
’ Monteer, ‘Bush 5123, September 10, 1908, M. B. G. Herb.
3 No. 606505;
Swan, Bush 642, September 29, 1899, M. B. G. Herb. No.
: 79770;
OKLAHOMA:
Fonts, Blankenship August 28, 1895, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79784;
Sapulpa, Bush 767, September 20, 1894, M. B. G. Herb. No.
r 80003.
TEXAS:
Bowie County, Eggert August 27, 1898, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79781;
College Station, Nealley, date not given, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79890; f
; Columbia, Bush 1546, October 17, 1900, M. B. G. Herb. No.
79788;
Corsicana, Reverchon 3540, September 27, 1902, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79888;
Corsicana, Reverchon 3540, September 27, 1902, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79777;
Corsicana, Reverchon 3540, September 27, 1902, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79783;
Corsicana, Reverchon 3540, September 27, 1902;
Grand Saline, Reverchon 2253, October .18, 1900, M. B. G.
Herb. No 79790;
Grand Saline, Reverchon 2253,, October 18, 1900, M. B. G.
Herb. No. 79779;
Grand Saline, Reverchon 2253, October 18, 1900, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 80070;
Polytechnic, Ruth 268, October 2, 1911, M. B. G. Herb. No.
7IOIOI;
Sheldon, Reverchon 4109, September 6, 1903, M. B. G. Herb.
No. 79778;
Sheldon, Reverchon 4109, September 6, 1903, M. B. G. Herb.
No 79889;
Without definite locality, Drummond 344, date not given,
M. B. G: Herb. No. 79994.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
98
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AN ALL-DAY BIRD TRIP 103
An All-Day Bird Trip at Washington, D. C.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
The spring of 1907 was a remarkable season for birds in the
vicinity of Washington, D. C. Particularly was this the case with
migrants, and in most other parts of the eastern United States
these were also unusually: numerous both in species and in individ-
uals. It was the writer’s privilege to make an all-day trip on May13
of that year and the results seem worth a permanent record. For
number of species observed in one day, it was, up to that time, the
best record made by a single individual about the City of Washington
and, in fact, there is to this day only one better.
The weather during much of the spring of 1907 was unusually
cool, and this apparently had considerably retarded the general
migration of the later species. May 13 was clear and decidedly cool,
an ideal day for bird observation.
From the northern part of the City of Washington, the
route followed was through the valley of Rock Creek to the National
Zoological Park and Cleveland Park; thence by electric car through
the city to the Anacostia River at the Anacostia Bridge; from there
the route was by rowboat up the Anacostia River to a short distance
above Bladensburg, Maryland, and back, with three short excurs-
ions on land at as many different points by the way. The return
home from the Anacostia River was made by électric car through
the city. The time occupied by this trip extended from 4:00 a.m.
to g:00 p.m. The distance covered was 32 miles, distributed as
follows: by electric car 9, by boat 16, and on foot 7 miles. —
The region traversed included almost all the diferent kinds of
country found about Washington, and our excursion thus resulted
in a representative list of birds.
The number of species observed on this day amounted to 103,
with a total of 1846 individuals. The following species were unusu-
ally numerous for this locality: yellow-shafted flicker, Carolina
chickadee, tufted titmouse, white-eyed vireo, American redstart,
Maryland yellow-throat, and yellow warbler. From the actual
number of individuals noted, the ten most numerous species
were the song sparrow, English sparrow, catbird, American redstart,
purple grackle, American crow, fish crow, Maryland yellow-throat.
104 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
spotted sandpiper, and American goldfinch. Although the number
of species seen was so large, it included very few of the rarer birds
of this vicinity, that possibly of most interest being the blue-winged
warbler. In view of the backwardness of the season, there were
surprisingly few very late records made on this day. T'wo ducks, the
golden-eye and pintail, however, were present later than in any
previous or subsequent year, while the junco had remained also
much beyond its ordinary date of departure.
In the following annotated list in order to show the differences
in the conspicuousness of the various birds, the number of each
species seen is given separately from those that were only heard.
This is of further interest as showing how large a part the notes of
birds play in their identification in the field.
1. Black-crowned Night Heron. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius.
Common on parts of the Anacostia River. Number seen, 14.
2. Green Heron. Butorides virescens virescens.
Two seen on Anacostia River near Bladensburg.
3. Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias herodias.
One seen in the same place as the last above named.
4. Greater Scaup Duck. Marila marila.
Three were seen on the Anacotia River neai Benning.
5. American Golden-eye. Clangula clangula americana.
Three seen on the Anacostia River near Benning constitute
the latest spring record for the species in the vicinity of
Washington, the next latest occurrence being April 27, 1918.
6. Pintail. Dafila acuta tzttzthoa.
A single individual seen on the Anacostia River is also the
latest spring record for this species about Washington, the next
latest being April 17, 1915.
American Merganser. Mergus americanus.
‘Two seen on the Anacostia River.
“I
8. Turkey Vulture. Cathartes aura septentrionalis.
Common on the Anacostia River and in other parts of the
more open country. Noted also early in the morning roosting
in trees along Rock Creek. Number seen, 46.
9g. American Osprey. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis.
’ One seen on the Anacostia River.
10. Red-shouldered Hawk. /futeo lineatus lineatus.
eto
20.
2
PAB
BR:
24.
A
AN ALL-DAY BIRD TRIP 105
Two seen and two others heard on the bottomlands of the
Anacostia River.
Broad-winged Hawk. Sbuteo platypterus platypterus.
One seen in the woods along Rock Creek in the Zoological
Park.
Bob-white. Colinus virginianus virginianus.
Two heard in the fields near Bladensburg.
Lesser Yellow-legs. Neoglottis flavipes.
Two seen in the marshes along the Anacostia River.
Solitary Sandpiper. Jvinga solitaria solitaria.
Common along the Anacostia River, and noted also on
Rock Creek; 13 seen.
Spotted Sandpiper. Actitts macularia.
Abundant on the Anacostia River, and noticed also on Rock
Creek; 48 seen; 5 heard.
Semipalmated Sandpiper. LEreunetes pusillus.
A flock of 6 seen on the shore of Anacostia River.
Mourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.
Two seen near the Anacostia River.
Northern Flicker. Colaptes auratus luteus.
Noted in nearly all woodlands; 7 seen; 14 heard.
Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythro-
ephalus.
Six heard, chiefly along Rock Creek.
Downy Woodpecker. Dryobates pubescens medianus.
Two seen and one heard in the woods along the Anacostia
River.
Belted Kingfisher. Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon.
Three seen, one heard, on the Anacostia River.
Screech Owl. Otus asio naevius. .
One seen at its roosting hole in a tree along Rock Creek.
Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Archilochus colubris.
One seen in the woods along the Anacostia River.
Chimney Swift. Chaetura pelagica.
Common in the city and elsewhere along the route; 39 seen;
7 heard.
Wood Pewee. Hortzopus virens. 2
Noted along Rock Creek and in the woodlands bordering the
Anacostia River; 2 seen; 7 heard.
106
20.
iss)
2
40.
Al.
-
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Acadian Flycatcher. Empidonax virescens.
One seen and one heard along Rock Creek.
Least Flycatcher. Empidonax minimus.
Two heard in the woodlands along the Anacostia River.
VYhoebe. Sayornts phoebe.
Two heard along Rock Creek.
C ested Flycatcher. Myzarchus crinttius crinitus.
Yolerably common both along Rock Creek and i the wood-
lands bordering the Anacostia River; g heard.
Kingbird. J yrannus tyrannis tyrannus.
Noted only along the Anacostia River and on the adjoining
uplands; 7 seen; 1 heard.
Brown Thrasher. Toxostoma rufa rufa.
Noted in various places along the route; 7 seen; 4 heard.
Catbird. Lucar carolinensis.
Numerous everywhere; 31 seen; 53 heard.
/
Bluebird. Szalza sialis stalts.
Noted in the outskirts of the city, and also on the uplaneae
along the Anacostia River; 3 seen; 7 heard.
Southern Robin. Planesticus migratorius achrusterus.
Observed all along the Anacostia River; 1 seen; 20 heard.
Wilson Thrush. Hylocichla tuscescens tuscescens.
Ore heard in the woods along Rock Creek.
Gray-cheeked Thrush. Hylocichla minima alictae.
One seen in the woods along the Anacostia River.
Olive-backed Thrush. Hylocichla ustulata swainsont.
Tolerably common. in the woodlands both along Rock Creek
and the Anacostia River; 4 seen; 5 heard.
Wood Thrust. - Hylocitchla mustelina.
Abundant in all woodlands; 9 seen; 39 heard.
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Polsoptila caerulea caerulea. —
Noted in the woods both along Rock Creek and the Anacostia
River; 2 seen; 2 heard.
House Wren. Troglodytes aedon aedon.
Observed chiefly in the woods along Rock Creek; 12 heard.
Carolina Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus.
Noted in woods and thickets along both Rock Creek and the
Anacostia River; 12 heard,
AN. ALL-DAY BIRD TRIP 1G7
42. Wong-billed Marsh Wren. Telmatodytes palustris palustris.
Abundant in the marshes along the Anacostia River; 1 seen;
34 heard.
43. Carolina Chickadee. Penihestes carolinensts carolinensts.
Noted in nearly all woodlands; 1 seen; 10 heard.
44. Tufted Titmouse. Saeolophus bicolor.
Common in woods everywhere; 42 heard.
45. BluesJay. Cyanoctita cristata crisiata.
Noted both along Rock Creek and the Anacostia River;
2 seen; 8 heard.
46. Fish Crow. Corvus ossttragus. ;
Noted both in the city and its environs, and along the
; Anacostia River; 61 seen; 8 heard.
7 47. Southern Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus.
; More numerous than the Fish Crow, and more generally
distributed; 51 seen; 23 heard.
zy 48. White-eyed Vireo. Vzreo griseus griseus.
* Observed in the thickets and undergrowth in the woods, both
La along Rock Creek and the Anacostia River; 4 seen; 32 heard.
4 49. Yellow-throated Vireo. _Lanivtreo flavifrons.
Z Noted in the woodlands along both Rock Creek and the
Anacostia River; 13 heard.
50. Red-eyed Vireo. Vzreosylva oltvacea.
Tolerably common in all woodlands; 6 seen; 13 heard.
51. Tree Swallow. JIridoprocne bicolor.
; Noticed along the lower part of the Anacostia River; 13 seen.
52. Barn Swallow. Hzrundo rustica erythrogastrts.
Noted chiefly along the Anacostia River; 38 seen; 3 heard.
53. Bank Swallow. Riparia riparia riparia.
Hight seen in company with other swallows on the Anacostia
River.
54. Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennts serripennts.
Observed chiefly along the Anacostia River, but also’ on
Rock Creek; 33 seen; 2 heard.
55. Purple Martin. Progne subis subts.
Five seen over the Anacostia River.
56. American Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla.
Abundant in all woodlands; 36 seen; 42 heard.
57. Canadian Warbler. Wadlsonia canadensis.
Two seen along the Anacostia River.
72.
73:
74.
“
, THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Wilson Warbler. Walsonia pusilla pusilla.
One heard in woodlands along Rock Creek.
Hooded Warbler. Walsomia citrina. .
One seen in the same place as the last above named.
Yellow-breasted Chat. Icteria virens virens.
Found along Rock Creek and the Anacostia River; 5 heard.
Maryland Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas trichas.
‘Abundant in thickets everywhere; 18 seen; 39 heard.
Northern Water-Thrush. Sezurus noveboracensis noveboracensis.
One seen in woodland on the border of the Anacostia River.
Louisiana Water-Thrust. Seiurus motacilla.
Four seen and two heard in the valley of Rock Creek.
Oven-bird. Sezurus aurocapillus.
Abundant in all woodlands; 7 seen; 26 heard.
Kentucky Warbler. Oporornis jormosus.
One seen along Rock Creek.
Prarie Warbler. Dendroica discolor.
Three heard in busy uplands near Bladensburg.
Pine Warbler. Dendroicaa vigorsi vigorsit.
Three seen and one heard in pine woods near Bladensburg.
Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata.
Two seen in woods along the Anacostia River.
Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica pensylvanica.
Common in woodlands; 3 seen; 17 heard.
Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica fusca.
Two seen in the woods along Rock Creek.
Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens.
Noted in woodlands along Rock Creek and the Anacostia
River, . I) seem; 5 heard:
Myrtle Warbler. Dendroica coronata coronata.
Common along Rock Creek and in pine woodlands along the
Anacostia River; 26 seen; 2 heard.
Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica caerulescens cae-
rulescens.
Noted sparingly in the woodlands along Rock Creek and the
Anacostia River; 2 seen; 4 heard.
Magnolia Warbler. Dendroica magnolia.
One seen and three heard in the woods along Rock Creek.
Yellow Warbler. Dendroica aestiva aestiva.
Found everywhere in thickets; 1o seen; 36 heard.
76.
77-
7s
79-
So.
SI.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
go.
AN ALL-DAY BIRD TRIP, T09g
Parula Warbler. Compsothlypis americana americana.
Common in woodlands; 8 seen; 21 heard.
Northern Parula Warbler. Compsothlypis americana pusilla.
One typical male seen in the woods along the Anacostia
River.
Blue-winged Warbler. Vérmuivora pinus.
Two heard singing in thickets near Rock Creek.
Golden-winged Warbler. Vermivora chrysoptera.
Two seen in the woods and thickets on the edge of the
Anacostia River.
Worm-eating Warbler. Helmitheros vermivorus.
One seen in the woods along the Anacostia River.
Black and White Warbler. Muiotilta varia.
Tolerably common and generally distributed in woodlands;
Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
Three heard on the uplands along the Anacostia River.
Meadowlark. Sturnella magna magna.
Noted on the outskirts of the city and on the uplands along
the Anacostia River; 6 heard.
Red-winged Blackbird. Agelatus phoeniceus predatorius.
Common in the marshes of the Anacostia River; 9 seen;
9 heard. ;
Baltimore Oriole. Icterus galbula.
Noted both in the outskirts of the city and on the uplands
along the Anacostia River; 2 seen; 4 heard.
Orchard Oriole. Icterus spurius.
One seen in a pine grove near Bladensburg.
Purple Grackle. Quiscalus quiscula ridgwayt.
Abundant everywhere; 60 seen; 17 heard... \
Scarlet Tanager. Puiranga olivacea.
Two seen and two heard in the woods along Rock Creek.
Summer Tanger. Piranga rubra rubra.
One heard singing on the edge of the woodlands along Rock
Creek and Cleveland Park. :
Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis.
Common in thickets; 3 seen; 15 heard.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Hedymeles ludovicianus.
Noted in the woods along Rock Creek; 3 seen; 4 heard.
bce) THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
92. Indigo Bunting. Linaria cyanea. :
Observed in the woods along Rock Creek, in the fields on the
outskirts of the city, and-on the uplands near Bladensburg;
4 seen; 3 heard.
93. Chewink. Prpzilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus.
Common in thickets, chiefly along Rock Creek and the
Anacostia River; 5 seen; 13 heard.
94. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana.
One seen at the head of a tributary of Rock Creek.
95. Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia melodia.
By far the most abundant species observed during the day,
and very generally distributed; 13 seen; 165 heard.
96. White-throated Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis.
Common in thickets, chiefly along Rock Creek; two seen;
17 heard.
97. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla pusilla.
Tolerably common in fields and pastures;-6 seen; 8 heard.
98. Chipping Sparrow. Spvzella passerina passerina.
Common. except in woodlands; 3 seen; 25 heard.
99. Slate-colored Junco. Junco hyemalis hyemalis.
One seen in the undergrowth of low woodland near Bladens-
burg. This date is unusually late for the species, since its
average time of departure is April 30.
100. Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus savannarum australis.
One heard singing in a field near Bladensburg.
101. English Sparrow. Passer domesticus hostilts.
Abundant in the city and about gardens in the country;
53 seen; 81 heard.
102. Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus.
One heard singing on the outskirts of the city.
103. American Goldfinch. Asragalinus tristis trisits.
Common almost everywhere; 9 seen; 43 heard.
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Beer won Vt, eh JANUARY, 1920, NO. 7
wwii MIDLAND
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VOLE= V1: JANUARY, 1920. NO. 7
Household Insects and their Remedies. Smithsenia>
—_— ,
ag;
i \
BY B. W. SCHEIB.
PREFACE. a) | ;
Household insects are demanding more attention today than
ever before. In the careful research for the causes of human diseases
it has been found that many of these pests are carriers of bacteria
and disease. In addition to this, they are very annoying and also
do hundreds of dollars worth of damage to clothes, household
furnishings and. supplies. During the past years, the author of
this essay has had a great many inquiries for exterminating
them. In nearly every case the housewives readily recognized the
insects but were not acquainted with the best methods of control.
Thus a scientific technical description of each insect was thought
to be unnecessary and, in the descriptions given, the writer has
tried to use such language that would be readily understood by
the average housewife. Usually the housewife is not interested in the
insects further than to eradicate the pests. With this in view, the
writer has tried to set forth the simplest and most economical
remedies for the destruction of some of the most common household
insects. The author does not claim to have originated all of these
remedies but they have been carefully gleaned from various sources.
Nearly all of these remedies have been tried by the writer or on
recommendation to his friends and have been found to be most
satisfactory.
THE Houses FLy.
The most common and most widely distributed household
pest is the common house fly (Muscu domestica). ‘This insect is
now attracting wide attention as a carrier of disease. It has been
known -to carry typhoid fever, tuberculosis, cholera, cholera
infantum and dysentery and no doubt a great many other diseases.
1 O74 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Its early stages are passed in some moist, decaying matter, generally | :
horse manure or barn yard filth. It is not an uncommon thing
to find flies feeding on sputum and all kinds of filth; thus they
. pick up a great number of harmful bacteria on their feet, mouth ~
and hairs and are carried to groceries and other eatables of all
sorts. Dr. L. O. Howard has estimated that the house fly is the
cause of 250,000 typhoid fever cases in America. As a genera]
rule flies do not travel more than two or three hundred yards away
from their breeding place. Bacteria have been known to live in
flies for three weeks. Thus flies can distribute bacteria in a great
many places without revisiting the source from which it first
received its deadly germs.
Since flies are known to carry disease, it is very essential
to do everything to get rid of them in our homes. Proper screen- —
ing of the house is one of the first requisites. The next step should
be to remove their breeding places. Manure should be removed
at least once a week. Chloride of lime sprinkled over the manure
each day will to a large extent prevent their breeding.
a
Flies may be killed by using the following:
1 oz of formalin 40%
16 oz of sweet milk
16 oz of water
Pour this into a dish and set it where the flies can get at it.
It is always well to float a piece of cork or blotting paper on the
liquid so the flies can have more room to eat. Flies eat this readily
and are killed by the thousands.
II.
The following has been used with good success:
I cup brown sugar
1 cup of formaldehyde
Mix the two together. Should the solution dry up a little water
can be added from time to time.
III. /
Take an infusion of
Quassia 1 pt ,
Brown sugar 4 0z
-Ground pepper 2 0z
To be well mixed together and put in small shallow che:
where required. 2
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‘
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 113
IV.
Take some jars, mugs or tumblers, fill them half full with
soapy water; cover them as jam pots are covered with a piece of
paper, either tied down or tucked under a rim. Let this be rubbed
inside with wet sugar, mollasses, honey or jam or anything sweet.
Cut a small hole in the center large enough for a fly to enter.
The flies settle on the top attracted by the smell of the bait; they
then crawl through the hole, to feed upon the sweet beneath.
Meanwhile the warmth of the weather causes the soapy water
to ferment, and produces a gas which overpowers the flies and they
drop down into the vessel. Thousands may be destroyed this way
and the traps last a long time.
Vv.
Fly traps and tanglefoot also help in reducing the amount of
flies. |
. VI.
It is not always possible to avoid collections of manure, but
these collections or piles may be sterilized successfully and made
impossible as breeding nests simply by the generous Uistribution
of sulphate of iron, in liquid or dry form. - It gives better results
than kerosene, for it does not harm-the manure, and the cost is
very light. It penetrates everywhere. By keeping constantly
in the stable a barrel of this solution of a strength of about two
pounds for each gallon of water and using a common sprinkler can,
the sterilization would be accomplished at an approximate cost of
less than 1 cent per horse per day. Making sanitary all other
breeding spots, such as garbage cans and privy boxes may be
accomplished by the liquid solution or dry sugar sulphate of iron
being distributed freely, thus checking in the earliest stages the
development of fly maggots. ‘And this is the time for effective work,
because the fly larvae or eggs are exceedingly tenacious of life.
Sulphate of iron, being a deodorizer, also removes from the manure
pile, the urine soaked stable drains, the outhouse and the garbage
pile the pungent ammoniacal fumes and other offensive smells.
Use of this chemical in cellars where rotting vegetables may be
found purifies the air. a
Cloride of lime is also good.
MOsQuITOES.
There are a great many species of mosquitoes. They are
II4 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
)
not only a nuisance but are also conveyors of malaria, yellow
fever and denque fever. In some localities a great deal of work
has been done to rid the communities of this pest. The immature
stage are found in water. ‘hey breed in any place where there is
open water. Rain water barrels, tin cans, water troughs and
stagnant mud holes are generally the breeding places of these
pests. The eggs are laid on top of the water in rafts and as they
hatch the larva begin feeding upon the minute vegetable and
organic matter found in the water. ‘The first step toward exter-
minating mosquitoes should always be to destroy their breeding
places.
Destroying Breeding Places.
One of the best methods is to pour oil upon the surface of
the water. All ponds and mud puddles that can be drained should
be drained. Rain water barrels and all vessels holding water
should be screened. Frequently if the weeds are cut around
ditches and low depressions holding water the breeding place will
dry out immediately.
All tin cans should be buried or disposed of immediately.
All ornamental fish ponds and water gardens should be supplied
with fish that will eat the wrigglers.
_ Screens.
Every home should have the windows and doors thoroughly
screened. Twenty meshes to the inch can be relied upon to keep
mosquitoes out but fifteen to the inch is better. When mosquitoes
are very. numerous the screens should be painted lightly with
kerosene or oil of citronella. When buying screens it will be found
to be more economical to buy the brass wire screen as it will not
rust out like iron wire screen. The proper housing and painting -
of screens will lengthen their period of usefulness materially.
Smudges and Fumigants.
Anything that will make a dense smoke will drive away
mosquitoes. ‘The writer has found that straw makes an excellent
smudge for out-door parties. Campers frenquently use dried leaves.
For household use other material must be used.
; i:
Pyrethrin Powder.
Pyrethrin Powder can be purchased at any drug store. The
powder should be heaped up on a tin pan in the form of a cone
ay ee ey a) ba
“7 <<. ee oe
mihad iti :
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 115
and the tip then lighted. It burns quite readily and makes a
dense pugent smoke. If the powder does not burn well it can
be sprinkled over red hot coals. This method is not very effective
_ where the windows are left open. The essential thing is the volatile
‘oil given off into the room from the burning powder aid stupifies
the insect.
Il.
Jimson Weed.
‘Dr. John B. Smith recommends the following:
I oz of salt peter
3 oz powdered jimson weed (Dotura siramonium).
About ten ounces of this should be burned per 1,000 cubic
feet of space. He states that the fumes are not injurious to humans,
fabrics or metal. The powder should be burned on a tin pan or
shovel.
Rita ci III.
_ _Nimms Culicide.
' Mix equal parts by weight of carbolic acid crystals and gum
of camphor. The carbolic acid crystals are melted over a gentle
heat and poured over the gum. The gum is dissolved and the
resultant is a clear liquid with a»pleasing ordor. ‘The vapor is
not injurious to human beings except when very dense, but it will
~ produce headache if breathed too freely. Rooms should be as
.nearly air tight as possible.
IV.
Protection from Bites. M
One of the best mixtures to oP mosquitoes away is made
from the following:
Oil of citronella 1 OZ
Spirits of camphor I OZ
Oil of cedar Wy oz
_A few drops on a bath towel and hung on the head of the bed
will keep the common mosquito away fora time. Where mosquitoes
are real bad some of the liquid should be rubbed on the face and
hands. This mixture will not last the entire night.
i Vv.
Mr. E. H. Gane of New York remmonds the following to
3 avoid the odor of the oil of citronella.
ee Castor oil I OZ
Alcohol I OZ
y16 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
VI.
The writer has found the following to be e‘ective: -
Kerosene I OZ
. Oil. of cedar I Oz
Oil of citronella I OZ
Place a few drops on clothes and hang them near the bed.
‘The odor of this is not offensive. .
Cock ROACHES.
Cock roaches eat any kind of food, and frequently do a great
deal of damage. “They are nocturnal and live in damp, dark places.
generally about sinks or water places, flour bins and pantries.
They have a nauseating odor and want to live around garbage. The
thoughts of eating the food is intolerable. By some they are thought
to be carriers of disease. There are four kinds of roaches in this
country: The American Cock Roach (Periplaneia americana Linn),
the Oriental Cock Roach (Blaita orientallis Linn), Australian Roach -
(Periplaneta australasiae Fab) and the German Roach or “‘ Ceroton
Bug” (Blatella germanica Linn).
They are wingless and all have flat, thin bodies, and strong,
bitting jaws. As they live in cracks and under objects it is not
easy to exterminate them. Boiling water and good soap suds will
aid some in keeping down this pest. Dr. Hodges -states the -bat
and the common toad to be very e‘fective in exterminating this pest.
is
Borax is the best cock roach exterminator yet discovered. The
cockroach has a peculiar aversion to it, and will never return
where it has been once scattered. This salt is perfectly harmless
to human being and is to be much preferred.
ee Il.
A mixture of red lead, corn meal and mollasses will be eaten
eagerly by them and will soon exterminate them.
III.
Large numbers may be killed by setting out two shallow dishes,
one containing flour and plaster of Paris mixed together and the
other water. Use four parts of flour to one part of plaster of
Paris. Arrange the dishes so that roaches can easily climb on
them and from one dish to the other. ’
IV.
Make a strong decoction of poke roots, when the strength is
out of the roots, mix the liquor with molasses and spread it on
PT ee es ee A eee
A ‘
— Te CS a
pe Ee a,
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR: REMEDIES phat
| large plates in the places a frequent. They may be thus slain
by the thousands.
Vv.
Mix ial parts of Persian insect powder and powdered
Levantic wormseed, and scatter the mixture about the places
which cock roaches frequent.
VI.
Carbon bistlphite may also be used as a fumigant and will
undoubtedly prove satisfactory if used in sufficient quantities.
This, however, is very inflamable and one must be careful about
fire.
VII.
Equal parts of 2% carbolic acid and 2 0z.gum camphor dissolved
poured into eracks will get them out where they may easily be
killed.
VIII.
Burning pyrethium in infested places is very eifective. Room
should be closed for several hours.
IX,
Phosphorus paste, which may be purchased at drug stores is
claimed to be satisfactory.
© afaets
Seatter cucumber parings around the parts of the house
troubled with these vermins.
* House CRICKET.
(Gryllus domesticus Linn)
These insects are quite common and at times do considerable
damage to clothing. They often damage clothes hung in a dark
and damp closet or clothespress; also hiding in fireplaces, pantries
and baseboards. ‘The house cricket shows a special fondness for
liquids such as milk, and may be found in the milk pans if left
uncovered. ‘The crickets vary from brown to black aceording to
the species. The head has two very long antennae, the hind legs are
large and strongly developed for jumping. ‘The chirping is done
entirely by the male by elevating the outer wings or tegminae, and
then scraping them together, one over the other, thus producing a
vibration. It is-supposed to bea call from the male to the female.
1s
Crickets like milk, fresh potatoes, carrots; so many are killed
118 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
by putting arsenic in the liquid and sprinkling a little on a scraped
potato or carrot.
iat
Some find putting a little chloride of lime and powdered tobacco
in their holes very effective.
ll.
Sprinkle a little quicklime near to the cracks through which
they enter the room. The lime may be laid down at night and
swept up early in the morning, as it must be kept entirely away
from children. This kills many of the crickets and drives them away
from the house. :
THE LiTTLE RED ANT.
(Monomorium pharaonis Linn)
The origin of this species is unknown but it is supposed to have
been imported. This is one of the most despised, troublesome
and prolific of household pests. They nest in partitions, under
floors, in all cracks and crevices where it is hard to reach them.
These insects pass their entire existance in houses. They are about
one-twentieth of an inch in length.
Another ant which is also a nuisance is the black ant. Ants
particularly like sugar, syrup and other sweets. Ants are not so
destructive to the household supplies, but their faculty of getting
into everything makes them very disagreeable to say the least.
Those that are commonly known are all workers. The females
stay in the colony and are known by being wingless. These wings
are torn off as soon as the ants begin mating. The male usually
dies and the female at once goes to her duty of establishing new
colonies. Unless the colony ¢an be reached and destroyed all other
measures will be of only temporary relief.
E.
If these nests can be reached, a little kerosene or bisulphide
of carbon sprayed or injected, is very effective.
LE
Fumigation with hydrocyafic acid gas is advisable in old
and badly infested houses. Care must be used with this gas.
UI.
To keep ants from climbing upon tables, cupboards, etc.,
place the legs in small dishes or pans of kerosene or water.
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 119
IV.
The writer has found it very etfective to keep everything
out of the way of these pests. By care they can be done away
with almost as easily as flies.
Vv.
A few leaves of green wormwood scattered on shelves, etc.,
is good for black ants.
2 Powderéd borax sprinkled in shelves, etc., will aid greatly
in eradicating the pest.
VI.
Some people advise using methods of attracting the ants, such
as a*sponge soaked in sugar and water, and as they gather on the
sponge, dip quickly in hot water. Also placea little poison is sugar,
lard, etc, and some have found this e“ective.
aly
ss - =e Cae ey ee so) : a he =s elie oe ss a a: — as i bt ol sats ere
} : ~~ : St NGS ee ne ee ee ee >
: : oe Pa mea id
‘ Lee ae oe
.»
SOUTHERN CLOTH Moru.
“«
-
(Tincola viselliella)
This moth is straw color without spots. The larva spins
a silken web, eats hair; feathers and furs. ;
THE CASE-MAkING CLOTHES MoTH.
\
(Tinea pelitonella Linn)
-
These moths, or millers as they are called, are harmless in
themselves. ‘Their mission is to lay the eggs for the next generation.
These moths are night fliers and one sees them about dusk or
during the evening flying about in the dark corners of the room.
They are seldom seen during the daytime except when driven from
their hiding place. The adult moth is very small and delicate.
It measures 2-5 of an inch when its wings are expanded. Its fore
wings are yellowish-gray, marked with a few undefined brownish
spots and fringed toward the outer portion of the posterior margin.
The hind wings are of a uniform size, about % of the length of the
fore wings. Its posterior margin has a wide fringe gradually
increasing in length toward the base or wing attachment.
Their minute white eggs are usually layed in some dark corner
on carpets, woolen goods, furs, and ete. The eggs hatch into a
small brown headed caterpillar. The larva begins feeding at
once and at the same time constructing a small, bag-like case
which is made of fragments of wool. The case is enlarged from
time to time as the caterpillar grows. When the caterpillar is
‘
SO OR ee ee I et LF) PH OL ECS ees ay Pe
es
im 2 E - ¢ 12 fi yy
~~
120 HE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST |
full grown it closes up the case and goes into the pupa state. They ‘:
emerge from these cases usually in July or August. There are:
two other species of clothes moths.
TAPESTRY MOTH.
(Trichophhaga tapetzelia)
The vasal half of the fore wing ofthis moth is white and the
rest of the wing is black. ‘The larva construct burrows in which
it spins its silken lining. It feeds on coarser fabrics, tapestries, |
carpets, and upholestered goods.
Take equal parts of oil of camphor and spirits of turpentine.
Soak blotting paper-in the mixture. Let the paper dry, then lay
among furs or clothing. i ;
ii / :
Clothes moth is most destructive in summer, when woolen
goods are stored away.
“Us
Clothes should be hung out and sunned good and brushed
and beaten thoroughly, then packed in a cedar chest or with
cedar chips. Clothes should be wrapped ‘in tar, paper, or bags to
keep the female from laying her eggs on them.
II.
Benzine and naptha used as a spray is also good.
IV.
Upholstered furniture and rugs should be sprayed with
gasoline twice a year.
v.
Naphtheline or moth balls will aid considerable in keeping
these moths in control. :
CARPET BEETLE OR BUFFALO MOTH.
(Anthrenus scophulariae Linn)
The adult insect is small, measuring about 4 of an inch in
‘length. ‘This beetle is of European origin. ‘They breed especially
on Spiraea and it is supposed they are carried into the house on
the blossoms of the Spiraea and kindred flowers. The eggs of the
adult female hatch out in a few days and commence feeding im-
mediately. They show a preference for woolen goods, furs and
feathers, especially-places where they are stored, as they are not
.
it oes
li i i i a i iS ae
-%
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 121
so likely to be disturbed. They also live in the cracks of floors and
feed on the underside of rugs and carpets. This is very destructive.
They usually mature three broods yearly, according to the length
of the summer. -
I.
Spray carpet with gasoline and wash all cracks with hot suds
and follow by gasoline.
Z Ii.
Benzine and gasoline.
ee Ill.
Tar paper on floors will keep them away.
: IV.
Iron the carpet a part as a time with a wet cloth. This will
kill them.
Vv.
Mothballs are good to pack with winter clothing.
VI.
Sulphur dioxide generated by burning flowers of sulphur is
used, but it blackens silver and changes tints in wall paper, also
ruins the colors in woolens.
SILVER Fish MOTH.
: (Lepisma sp.)
This insect is of a silvery-gray, wingless and if touched will
leave tiny scales on the fingers. ‘These insects are about 3 inch
long, with two long feelers or antennae protruding from the head,
while there is three feelers at the hind end of the body. ‘The pest
prefers darkness, and is often found among undisturbed books,
papers, or starched linens, as it exists on starchy products. As
soon as these insects are disturbed, they may be seen scurrying
away to hiding places.
I.
Pyrethrin dusted into places where it hides with kill them.
Il. :
The frequent handling of articles liable to be attacked is one
of the best preventives.
II.
Naphthaline scattered among books and materials containing
starchy mixtures is an excellent remedy.
> i ‘aa See
> ‘ . ’
122 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
i IV.
Gasoline is also used very successfully, but should be used
with caution where there are stoves and lights, for when used ‘in
large quantities it may cause an explosion or fire.
Book LIcE.
(Atropos sp. and Clothilla sp.)
This insect is always found among old books, papers, starchy
materials, and have been known to infest old mattresses. They
heve a peculiar ticking noise, which they make. They are so
small in size, one can hardly see them, and does not really belong
to the true lice in size and their foods are mainly starchy foods,
while the true lice are sucking insects. The antennae is very long
on these pests.
LE
The use of naphthalene in boxes and trunks will aid greatly
in keeping these pests away. ;
ae
Infested mattresses stuited with straw or corn husks should
be ripped up and the contents burned. If the mattress is made
of hair, if would pay to have it steam cleaned, thus all insects
would be killed.
Ill.
All cracks and crevices, which are not easily reached by
ordinary cleaning, should have a generous application of gasoline.
THE BEDBUG.
(Cimex lecturius) :
The bedbug is an ancient and cosmopolitan insect. The
presence of the bedbug in a house is not necessarily an indication
of neglect and carelessness on the part of the housewife. This
insect may. gain access in spite of the best care and the adoption
of all reasonable precaution. They can be carried from place to
place in trunks and suit cases by travelers. This insect may migrate
from one house to another. They bite during the sleep of their
victim and under cover of darkness, hiding during daylight in
cracks of old fashioned wooden bedsteads, ‘under loose places in the
wall paper, in crevices behind picture moulding, in picture frames,
about door or window casings, or base boards. Every housewife
is alarmed when she discovers the pest in her home and is always .
~
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 123
eager to obtain an effective remedy for the extermination of the
bedbug. é a ;
i
Crude carbolic acid has been found to be one of the most
effective means of destroying bedbugs. ‘This is inexpensive and
the fumes are very penetrating. The liquid should be applied
with a small brush or feather in all crevices. Walls that are badly
infested should be sprayed with equal parts of crude carbolic acid
and kerosene.
Il.
Kerosene and gasoline will aid in eradicating these nocturnal
pests, but can not always be relied upon.
III.
Take everything out of the infected room, plug up all the
windows tightly, close all chimneys and empty 1 oz of powdered
sulphur on a pan of hot coals, placed in the middle of the floor.
hut the doors and cover all cracks; let the sulphur burn as long
as it will. After the sulphur has burned out, paint all the cracks
in the floor and around the base board with a strong solution of
corrosive sublimate and treat the furniture to the same before
replaeing it. Corrosive sublimate is deadly poison and should be
kept out of reach of children.
IV.
When they make a lodgement in the wall, fill all the apertures
with a mixture of soft soap and Scotch snuff. Take the bedstead
4 to pieces and treat that in the same way.
7 * yates
4 Mix 2 oz. of camphor
4 0z. spirits of turpentine
I oz. corrosive sublimate
1 pt. alcohol
This should be applied with a brush or a spring- pottani oil
can to all cracks and crevices. This is a deadly poison.
FLEAS.
(Pulex serraticeps Gerv.)
Ee Le Oe ee ene ae. eae 3)
The fleas that are usually found in houses ar2 the common
cat and dog fleas. ‘The adults are wingless. The hind legs are
strongly developed to enable them to jump great distances. The
124 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
female lays her eggs loosly in the hair of the cat and dog, and are
scattered wherever the animal goes. These eggs hatch out in a
few days as larvae. In appearance, they resemble the maggots of
the house fly, but are very much smaller. These larvae are full
grown in two weeks, when they begin spinning a cocoon about
themselves lying in a dormant state from 7 to 12 days, when they
come out as an adult flea.
J
The quarters of the cat and dog should be thoroughly cleanea
and disinfected so the fleas will not have a chance to lay their eggs.
Sometimes they multiply so rapidly, not. having anything animal
to feed upon, that they attack people, showing a preference for the
lower limbs. The bite of the flea is very annoying to most people.
i.
Fleas will not breed in places where they are likely to be
disturbed, so the shaking of rugs, carpets and thorough sweeping of
floors will aid greatly in keeping them from breeding in the houses.
Ill.
Gasoline injected in cracks, crevices and places where they
cannot be disturbed by any other means, will kill the larvae.
IV.
Creoline Dip sprayed in the cracks and corners of the kennel
and on the dog will exterminate them. This should be done every
two weeks.
Wie
Fresh pyrethrim powder dusted over carpets, rugs and sofas
will afford relief. This powder should be left several days before
sweeping it up.
VI.
Insect powder dusted throughly into the animal’s hair -will
cause the fleas to drop oif.
VII.
Dogs should be given a lathery path of warm water and
carbolic soap.
VIII.
Flower of sulphur contains sulphurous acid and is fatal to
this pest, but care must be taken not to use it near colored flannels
as it often destroys the color. ‘
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES 125
HEAD LIck.
(Pediculus capitis De G.)
This is the most common insect that attacks man. It receives
its name from being found on the head, although it sometimes
is found on the hairs of the beard. It is parasitic in habits, and
belongs to the same order as the bedbug. They puncture the
scalp cnd suck the blood. The nits or eggs adhere very closely to
the hairs end are found some distance from the scalp. These eggs
hatch in two weeks and are very prolific. -
i:
The louse may be combed out of the hair with a fine comb.
‘Kerosene put on the roots of the hair will kill all nits and the
adult louse.
ae
Mercurial ointment is very effective.
III.
Vaseline is another that checks this pest by clogging up the
breathing pores. Whatever remedy is used, should be kept up
every two or three days for at least twenty-one days.
TERMITES.
(Termes aavipes Koll.)
Termites, or white ants, as they are sometimes called, are not
really a true ant. They have nests and live together similar to
the ants but live on decayed wood and vegetable matter. The
workers are white, blind, wingless, sexually undeveloped insects.
The winged males and females are produced each spring but their
wings are not strongly developed, so they are poor flyers. They
usually nest in a hollow stump or other infested material. The
winged males and females are blackish in color and resemble the
true ants, except the crossviens in the wings. They reproduce
yearly in the spring.
i
If this pest infests a building, the surest way is to tear off the
pieces that are infested as they bury themselves in the wood and
cannot easily be reached by fumigating.
ori
Wood soaked in creosote is-excellent in keeping them away.
126 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
“II.
The greatest difficulty is finding the nest as they tunnel all
through the wood, but fumigating with carbon bisulphide is
good if one can reach the seat of trouble.
oe a
Gasoline poured into the burrow will destroy them.
BACON OR HAM BEETLE.
(Dermestes lardaris Linn)
This insect is about 3-16 in. long and % in. broad. ‘The lower
half of the wing covers are covered with grayish-yellow scales, with |
several small black spots on the wings, which sometimes form
almost an entire band across the beetle. This insect is always
recognized by its feeding on bacon, ham, lard and cheese. It
especially like the fatty portions of the ham. ‘he adult female
beetle begins laying her eggs in the spring on meats or nearby, so
that the newly hatched larvae may crawl to the meat. The full
grown larva are about 9-16 in. long. When full grown, they bury
themselves in meat and cheese, and change to the pupa stage.
They stay in this state from 3 to 5 days, according to conditions.
These beetles reproduce about every six weeks.'
I.
If these beetles are found in the meat, the best remedy is to
cut away the infested parts and wash in a weak solution of carbolic
acid and water, or the good parts may be sliced and fried, lay the
pieces in a stone jar and pour over hot lard and cover..
II.
Some find spraying with benzine to be very eifective method
for destroying the larvae.
Il.
Fumigating smokehouses and storerooms with carbon bisul-
phide or hydrocyanic acid gas will rid the building of this pest
Hydrocyanic acid gas is very dangerous so great care should be
taken in handling it.
IV.
The smokehouse should be screened in order to keep it insect
proof. The mesh should be fifteen to the inch.
¥.
2
OE Ee Pa eS ee gerne ee oe a ee ee
SE IES SAG ee CR
EOUSEHOLD INSECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES ry
° BEAN WEEVIL.
(Acanthoscelides Bruchus obtectus Say)
Dried beans that have been stored away for the winter supply
are the ones most aifected. Many of the beans showing round
_-holes are where the adult weevils have matured, some may contein
small grubs, while in the lower part of box and in corners will be
found these small weevils, about 1 inch in length. They ere of a
brownish, spotted color. New beans may be infected from a few
old beans. of last year’s crop, or by the eggs being deposited in the
_ beans while on the vine.
Fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride
is the best treatment and should be applied as soon as beans are
gathered. Never plant infested beans.
The references below were consulted in preparation of this work.
LITERATURE. ~
Andrew Boss. Meats on the Farm. Farmers Bul. No. 183, U. S.
Dept. of Agri.
Dr. L. O. Howard. Some facts about Malaria. Bul. No. 450. U.S.
Dept. of Agri.
Dr. L. O. Howard. House Flies. Farmers Bu. No. 459, U. S. Dept.
of Agri. :
Dr. L. O. Howard. Remedies and Preventives against Mosquitoes,
Farmers Bul. No. 444, U. S. Dept. of Agri. .
Dr. L. O. Howard. Household Insects. Bul. No. 4, U. S. Dept. of Agri.
-' O.F. Hunziker. The Fly and its Relation to Economic Milk Production
‘Cir. No. 43. Purdue-University, Purdue, Ind. =
E. C. Levy. The Extermination of Mosquitoes. Health Dept. Rich-
mond, Va. :
C. L.-Marlett. The True Clothes Moths, Cir. No. 36. U.S. Dept. of
Agri. :
’ C.L. Marlett. Coackroaches. Cir. No. 51. U.S. Dept. of Agri.
-C. L. Marlett. The Bedbug. Cir. No. 47, U.S. Dept. of Agri.
H. J. Quale. Mosquito Control. Calif. Agri. Expt. Bul. No. 178.
R. D. Whitmarsh. Insect Pest of the Household. Ohio Expt. Station
Bul. No. 253.
BOOKS.
Lord Avebury. Ants, Be2es and Wasps.-
Kellogg. American Insects.
Comstock. Insects.
Sanderson. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard.
Hodge. Nature Study and Life. i
W.C€. O. Kané Injurious Insects.
L. H. Bailey. Farm and Garden Rule Book.
128 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Nai Life: With Special Reference to Entomostraca. .
BY JOSEPH STACK. |
Z
The present paper is the result of a zoological survey of
Beimiller’s Cove, Cedar Point, Ohio, and of numerous ponds and~
streams in that vicinity, nearly all the work being done on inverte-
brate forms. The chief problem was on the habitat of Entomo-
straca and the environic conditions a‘fecting them. The forms
most abundant in the cove, and most often observed, belong to the
two sub-classes Phyllopoda and Copepoda. ‘The nauplius stage
was considered by itself at all times.
During the summer, several trips were taken to neighboring
bodies of water and the data gathered on these trips is included
in this survey.
Cedar Point is a peninsula, not over one mile wide at its widest
point, extending eastward for seven miles into Lake Erie from the
north-central part of Ohio, separating Sandusky Bay on the south
from Lake Erie on the north. Cedar Point proper is located at
the end of this peninsula and Ohio State University Laboratory
is located two miles east of Cedar Point on Beimiller’s Cove, at
which place most of this survey was made.
Beimiller’s. Cove is situated in an ideal place for studying
aquatic life. It is separated from Lake Erie on the north by
Cedar Point, which is one quarter of a mile wide at this place. On
the south it is separated from Sandusky Bay by a narrow peninsula
about one half mile long which is an extension from the Point
proper. The west portion of the Cove cuts into the Point ending
in a marsh. ‘The Cove opens into Sandusky Bay on the south-
east side. With such aquatic surroundings the opportunity for a
comparative study is unlimited, a point that will be considered
in the survey. ”
To obtain more accurate data on the habitat and enyironic
conditions affecting the Entomostraca in Beimiller’s Cove, stations
were established where diferent environmental conditions prevailed
and these places were subjected to careful study. These stations
were visited every day and the day following the visits was spent
in the laboratory identifying and determining the specimens
collected. On account of the large area of the Cove it required a
whole day to make the complete trip to all the stations.
;
j
P
opel
~
+
a
ae
*
ee GR Fae A
“-
“ AQUATIC LIFE 129
Station I is located in the extreme north-west corner of the
Cove and marked by a long pole driven solidly into the bottom
at this place. The water is very shallow, 134 feet deep. The
bottom is covered with decomposed plant life, consisting chiefly
of water lily pads and bulrushes. Owing to the shallowness the
temperature of the water varies directly with atmospheric changes.
As in all shallow water, the temperature remains constant or
usually tends to constancy throughout the slight depth according
to the changes of air temperature. The shore at this point is
covered with ferns and short grasses forming a swampy under-
growth. Owing to this form of vegetation there is little protection
from the sun.
Station II is similarly situated near the shore which is swampy
and spafsely protected by shade. ‘The water is slightly deeper
than at Station I, being 224 feet deep. Other characteristics are
similar to Station I. A large water-soaked log extending from
the swamp makes a very stable land mark for this station.
Station III is one of the most interesting points studied, being
located in the mouth of a sewer channel which carries all the
sewage from Cedar Point and empties part of it into the Cove.
The remainder is carried, by a deepening of the channel to 4 feet,
into Sandusky Bay. Station III is located in the extreme south-
west corner of the Cove at the entrance of the sewer channel into
the Cove. At this point the water is 3 1-6 feet deep and is extremely
turbid, caused by sewage. There is a decided current produced
here and continues to the Bay owing to the fact that the channel is
several feet deeper than the surrounding water of the Cove. Due
to this and to the great force that propels the sewage into the
channel, the current is very strong and vegetation is not given a
chance to grow as it does in the quiet water of the rest of the Cove.
This current produces a fluctuation of forms and numbers at this
‘station. The bottom is covered with a deep black slime. The
water is protected from the sun by shrubs and small trees extending
from the bank of the peninsula on the south.
Station IV is midway between Station III and the end of the
Cove on the south side, being too far from the sewer channel to be
noticeably aifected by it. The bank slopes gently to a height of
about 5 feet on the top of which there is a slight second-growth of
trees which furnish considerable shade for this station. The bottom
is rather sandy and free from abundant vegetation and is gradually
130 TEE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
sloping in toward the center of Cove. Depth is 2 feet; marked by
tree on peninsula.
Station V is one of the deepest parts of the Cove, 5% feet
deep. “The bottom is covered with a deep, soft layer of sandy loam
on which grows an abundance of vegetation, chiefly Myriophyllum _
and Ceratopyllum which grows so rapidly that by August 25th it
is impossible to row a small boat through the Cove. These forms
first start submerged and later cover the entire surface. This
station being located in the center of the Cove is noticeably aected
by wind and currents. If early summer, before the vegetation
has become too abundant, the water is clear.
Station VI is south-east of Station I on the same side of Cove.
The bottom is covered with decomposed plants making a mucky
covering over sand. Underbrush covers the shore, back of which
is a small wood which furnishes shade to the shore at this station.
It is 1% feet deep; marked by dead tree on bank.
Station VII is located about 10 feet south of -Laboratory
Point in a swampy region, the water being 134 feet deep. The |
bottom is composed of sand covered with muck. ‘The shade is
sparse. c
: Station VIII is midway between Laboratory Point and the
end of the peninsula on the south, at the opening of the Cove into
Sandusky Bay. ‘This is the deepest*part of the Cove, 6% feet.
There is abundant vegetation as at Station V: The bottom is
mucky and the wave action quite pronounced. No shade.
Station IX is near the shore, at the extreme east end of the
narrow peninsula on the south. The water is shallow at this point
being only 1 1-6 feet deep. The bottom is sand covered with scant
vegetation. ‘The peninsula ends at this point as a sand bar.
All observations and collecting was done by the aid of a hig,
heavy, flat bottomed row boat which was 12 feet long and 3 feet
wide, having very low sides. It had to be quite large in order to
carry the necessary equipment, to give ample room for taking the
readings, and for preparing collected material for safe transportation
to the laboratory. The heavier the boat the less chance for drifting
from the point of operation. Having a flat kottom there was very
little chance of rocking and it presented a plain surface on which
could be placed bottles, jars, etc. Having low sides, 5 inches above
the water surface, it facilitated the work of handling the nets, taking
temperature readings and making observations along the bottom.
AQUATIC LIFE i
‘The carbon dioxide content of the water was determined by
titration. On the seat in the stern of the boat was carried a case
which contained all the requisites for making the analysis of
carbon dioxide content. It contained a small bottle of indicator
to which was attached a tube with a spring clamp which kept the
bottle air tight and facilitated the using of the indicator. .Another
bottle similarly equipped contained sodium hydroxide. A test
bottle was lowered to the bottom of the Cove by means of a long,
stout cord. ‘To the neck of this bottle a weight, heavy enough to
submerge it, was attached. To the cork was fastened a stout cord
by means of which the water-tight bottle could be opened after it
had reached the desired depth. ‘The carbon dioxide content was
taken as follows: the test bottle was made as free from air as our
means would permit and the stringed-cork tightly inserted. The
bottle with weight and cord attached was lowered into the water
to the desired depth and the stringed-cork was pulled allowing the
water to enter until the bottle was completely filled. Then it was
drawn gradually to the surface and corked to keep the air from
entering. Before the titration was made the top portion was
quickly poured off to obtain more accurate results and 1000 ¢. ¢.
taken from the remainder. ‘To this a few drops of indicator was
added drop by drop and the number of c. c. required to color the
solution a delicate pink determined the amount of carbon dioxide
present in rooo c. c. of water. On a following page the results are
given. These readings were made only on two trips owing to the.
amount of time it required to make them and to the fact that the
presence of the carbon _dioxide was practically constant for the
length of time we were working on this problem.
All temperatures were taken by means of an accurately
adjusted and tested deep sea thermometer. Four readings. were
taken at the nine stations every trip; air and water temperature
at the surface, water temperature one half distance to the bottom,
and on the bottom.
The turbidity was taken by the use of a very simply constructed
turbidimiter made of a Mason jar cover in the top of which was
the customary porcelain disc. To the sides to this cover were
attached three strings which were tied at a point 4 inches above
the cover. This method of attachment kept the white porcelain
disc parallel to the surface. From the three strings extended a
long. extension which was used.for lowering. the cover, from the
132 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
boat. The turbidimiter was lowered in a horizontal position and ,
the depth at which it entirely disappeared from view was noted.
It was then slowly raised again and the depth at which it reappear-
ed noted. The mean of these two measurements was taken as
the depth of its visibility beneath the surface. This turbidimiter
was used at each station.
For collecting purposes towing nets, made of fine silk bolting-
cloth were used. These nets were 18 inches long and conical, the
base or entrance being 8 inches in diameter and held open by a
wooden hoop. ‘Three cords were attached by the same method
used on the turbidimiter. The apex or outlet of the net was % inch
in diameter and to this end was tied a small vial 2 inches long and
¥% inch in diameter. On the neck of each vial there was a flange
which facilitated the tying on of the net. Fifteen of these collecting
vials were used on each trip and were carried in a box specially made
for them. New corks were always used and at each station the date,
number of towing, and a letter representing the kind of towing was
written with water proof ink on each cork which was then inserted
into a corresponding vial. See chart number ‘1 for method of
_ keeping this data.
Field notes were kept in a water-proof covered notebook and
the form on the following page was used in recording observations
at each station.
Date 2.42: LOLGeahimMeLol days a Air temperature...
Wind: sDitection= 2s. Vieloeitiy2cce os Water Temperature: Surface
ete Be 4% distance to bottoms: 2. “Bettomi. 2. 2) Sky 2 ae hee
biditys Carbon dioxide... per 1000c.c. Bottom condition...
The followirg terms were used for description ct:
Wind. Sky.
Not perceptible.._........N. P. Clean a eee Chk
Gall nacre ee, 5 es ae eras C: HaZy spt eae tee 18
Moderates: Seen. teh M. Cloudyi-2 3S ae Cat
Light Breeze... iB: PO gpa eee eee F.
strong Breeze... Sel ois
Plant Life Character of Botiom.
Aibiinida nie is See A. Sandi othe. or Se ee Sn.
ASF oes ie Se S: Mitek ye yo) 0 tee eae My.
A Dsents.2$2 ea eae Abs. Clave Te Sy. en Cly.
On each trip it was necessary for one man to row the boat and
keep notes while the other made the ol servations. To avoid
43 5
on
LDR DE ne ATR OE yO EEE:
ee,
; AQUATIC LIFE 133
variations in the readings the same man made all the observations
while the other rowed the boat. .
We usually started out at 9:30 a. m., and at each station the
following procedure was carried out. On arriving at the statioa
a heavy anchor was dropped to the bottom to hold the boat at a
fixed point. Then the form for keeping the data, previously
described, was filled out. The towings were made as follows: first
the tow net with vial attached was weighted and buoyed sufficiently
to emerse the net and vial to the desired depth. This was attached
to a rope 100 feet long. The boat was then rowed 100 feet and then
anchored and the net with vial was gently pulled to the boat.
This gave us sample No. 1, horizontal towing at the surface. The
cork was marked accordingly and inserted into the vial. A note of
vial was made in record book. Owing to the shallow water at some
of the stations only the one towing was taken but at other stations
where the depth of the water was greater, the surface, one half the
distance to the bottom and bottom towings were taken and marked
accordingly. The complete trip was generally finished at 3.00 p. m.,
and the material brought to the laboratory for preserving. Four
drops of formaldehyde and two or three of glycerine to each vial
served as best preservative. The vials were placed on a special,
private table and were not molested. The examination of material
was made next day.
FIELD NOTES
CHART I
Date....6-29-16. Time...9:32 A. M. Sky-....Hazy.
Station No. I II TA ravi VE OEE Vili os
Ceniohenp> at ourlace.. 2725 927-5 20.- 1 2055-= 2026 2E.5¢ 2. 27 ees
% Dist. to Bottom BIND. oe 2 Onn DO a2 Osy LOU Lone Le Ts ea
~ Bottom 27 RA eT IONE Bie er DOr SD we NP Oat, a2 Oui Die.
Depth WOM ONS eB ee et he MMe sie Ga igen is aes tage
Time A. Ml. 9:45°10:00 TO-20:1Q:40 pik? 1.2) ST 5 = Seg 123
Wind Direction N.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. S.W.S.E. S.E.. S.E.
Wind Velocity 1p Saad Ua) Seed Uo ot Dol S eens Uo) SG) Wiel Bl Oo os aR SY a) Bipot wl 25
Turbidity TO 2 See Sie a le se SOLE Cohen es A CG
Air Temperature 27 27 27 a7 26 BOs 2 AGE 2s
CO, Cont. No.c.c. perM. 3 fo) 20.2 TOM TO fe) 7 2
Vial No. Location
I Horizontal Towing from station I.
II Horizontal Towing from station II.
Ill Horizontal Towing from station III.
IVa Horizontal Towing at surface from station IV.
IVb Horizontal Towing 4 D. to B. from station IV.
134 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
IVe Horizontal Towing at bottom from station IV.
‘ Va Horizontal Towing at surface from station V.
Vb Horizontal Towing % D. to B. from station V.
Ve Horizontal Towing at bottom from station V.
Via Horizontal Towing at surface from station VI.
VIb Horizontal Towing % D. to B. from station VI.
Vic Horizontal Towing at bottom from station VI. 4
Vila Horizontal Towing at surface from station VII.
VIIb Horizontal Towing 4 D. to B. from station VII.
Vilc Horizontal Towing at bottom from station VII. y
Villa Horizontal Towing at surface from station VIII.
VIIIb Horizontal Towing % D. to B. from station VIII.
VIlIc Horizontal Towing at bottom from station VIII.
IXa Horizontal Towing at surface from station IX.
IXb Horizontal Towing 14 D. to B. from station IX. 7}
IXc Horizontal Towing at bottom from station IX.
A qualitative and quantitative microscopical analysis was
made of the contents of each vial. Three slides were made from
each sample and the kinds and quantity of forms noted. The
average number of each form on three slides was recorded as on
Chart i-
6-29-16 CHART II -
eee. : a8 @ 22 -e28 a8 8 32 223 .
pa gS : as £ ga ae OF § 53 5s 2 :
ee eS Sparse. isos Sparse = fe) I 62492: = 33 34 eee eee :
| 6 Cole ceed SPALSCxe wen oe Sparse.2=. =. eK 23... OSS 5-2 oOo ee
ELE abundant. ___. absent.22-:200< O:.45"22 Ol 0. 210s AO Ome d
IMac Le abundant... _____. absent 2 SSO TO A == OAS = (Oars eee
| EY. OW ict abundant. 2-3: PErESent == = 12 Son Dis 3 2 EAL TQ: Oe eee
IVe Sparse. present ie: 3645 6628-097... Os alee eee
Wa wt 29 PA RSG. elk tes. Presents ses 5A Le Oe One Bee OO as
Vb. ee Sparse. Ca abundant’ 20%. -.O22>- 7.24) 3 fi Te Oe eee
Viele sparsess <2 eek abtindant.2:14 0-83-01. 2S Fo Oe
Vilas ==: Sparse... 2). s2nabundant) 24 teed 8a 4 Ons Aen eo eee eee 7
Wal bee 5 abundant.2 “abundant: =.9%s- y= ee 12° a AO 67 See
NWilGs= SAS parses 2) a0 oss sparse. 18h Ol Ja ES OES 4a On Se Oe
NOME eS parses ac reas Sparse< 3 Oz... 8h IOLA Ae 2 Oe
VIiIb sparse. SS Sparse=a se Dik Gin (Gt ss VEE 0 QUES SG aM aera Innes eo ae
VIilc absent. =a abundant.___ Bei Qe I Be Oe IO Oe ee
Walitates ea senteet com abtindant =O: VOnen Se. BO: Ge eee
VilTb.:-absent. 23 8 Spars@se5 EOL .Ont Are A Th a ey Oe ae
Vikile: “Uusparsess. 2 Dresents 9) Bo Oe AS, 76s 15. ee ea ae
Xa ee aDSen>22 pees Sparse tee ON OL DO AS Ee, De Os See ee ee
Lx biae absent! ns Spars@se 2 go 6.2 7s Om ator Ones eae
TC oe absent...._.......: absent........ 12.2152." 0.7 34 Pe tel eee One
AQUATIC LIFE 135
Chart I represents the data taken on the following days in
1916. June 22, 23,29. July 7, 13, 21, 24, 26,28. August 2,-4, 8,16,
22. On each trip a similar chart was used and at the end of the
summer the average temperature, turbidity and carbon dioxide
content was calculated. Chart I shows the average at each
station. ‘Thus fourteen charts similar to I and II were made,
denoting fourteen trips to each station and from the data taken at
each station the following conclusions were drawn.
Stations I and II. Very shallow; temperature variable;
bottom covered with decomposed plant life. The Entomostraca
which feed on plants, desmids, diatoms, etc., were quite abundant.
The greater the rainfall the more abundant the Entomostraca at
all of the stations. 3 c. c. of carbon dioxide per 1000. No eitect on
forms found at such a low per cent.
Station III. Comparatively deep. Carbon dioxide content
high, 20 c. c. per 1000. Bacterial growth abundant. Numerous
Entomostraca in nauplius stage. Adults found more numerous at
Station IV where vegetation was more plentiful. The number and
genera fluctuated from day to ped due to the current from the
sewer channel.
Station V. This station was one of the deepest in the Cove
and although fewer forms were found here their number and kind
were more constant. It was found by taking three horizontal
towings that the Entomostraca tend to be uniformly distributed
in a horizontal plane having the maximum number about 2 feet
below the surface and the minimum at the bottom. The nauplius
stage appeared first in the upper waters of the Cove quite near the
surface. Increase in population results in extension downward,
and the mass becomes most uniformly distributed at its maximum
developement. With decline of production there is a relative
increase in numbers in the lower waters. Common sunfish (Eupo-
motis gibbosus) were feeding on the surface forms.
Station VI. Located near shore having similar surroundings
and environment that existed at Stations I and II. ‘The forms
frequently found here were Daphnia, Simocephalus, Chydorus.
Sunfish had built their nests at this point and fed upon these forms.
It is estimated that one Daphnia pulex (female) may have a progeny
of 13,000,000,000 in sixty days. It is little wonder then that the
Entomostraca form one of the chief foods for fishes. It was also
noted that when large numbers of Daphnia occurred and a cloud
136 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
would shade the rays of the sun these forms would come nearer to
the surface and with the passing of the cloud the forms would
descend.
At Stations VII, VIII, and IX, which were at the outlet of
the Cove all the forms fluctuated owing to the wind currents
producing waves. Especially was this true when the wind came
from the south or the southeast. On calm days the greater numbers
were found near the surface while on windy days they were entirely
absent or only a few near the bottom. Very seldom was the nauplius
stage found at this.station.
- At Stations I, II, VII, and IX, the water was shallow and the
temperature remained constant or would tend to constancy through-
out the slight depth, depending upon atmospheric changes. At
these stations the forms were found to be numerous on warm,
bright days but very few could be found on cool, dark days; at
such times they were more numerous in deeper water where less
fluctuations in temperature occurred. Greater fluctuations occurred »
in the narrow Cove which was also shallower, than in Lake Erie
or in the abandoned quarry pond to be described later, both of
which were considerably deeper.
This sums up only a very minute portion of such a vast problem
and only a few conclusions have been drawn. In addition the*
following data was collected on trips taken to neighboring bodies
of water and also on some other observations made in Beimiller’s
Cove. ;
BLUE HOLE, CASTALIA.
Blue: Hole is located at Castalia, Ohio, which is about six
miles southwest from Sandusky, Ohio, close to the Big Four
R. R. tracks.
A party of four made observations and collected material
from Blue Hole, July 3rd, 1916. We arrived at this place at 10:45
a. m., the weather conditions being ideal. The sky was clear, the
sun hot and the wind very perceptible. ;
The Hole is 80 feet long, 64 wide and about 45 deep; having
two small outlets about 3 feet wide, leading from either side. It is
surrounded by a narrow path about 2 feet wide and surrounding
this there is thick vegetation, 6 inches to 3 feet high., Extending
from the bank, out about 2 feet on the top of the water there is a ;
shelf of plant life made up of moss, chara, algae, spirogyrae, and
other forms intermingling.
at aes
SEE ea MEN SEERA Gh REE IIS OS Ce eee
ae
a
AQUATIC LIFE 137
On this particular day we found the water to be exceedingly
clear and blue. This blue color is probably due to the blue-green
algae and great amount of sulphur present. The Hole is fed by
springs which, on some days, bubble up to the surface. The water
is ice cold and very odorous of sulphur. Workmen, who get
drinking water there, say that when the springs are bubbling it is
impossible to see the bottom owing to the great agitation. The
sides and bottom are composed of marl and only a slight growth
of vegetation occurring on the sides near the top, was found.
From the two streams leading from the Hole, numerous trout
are caught every year but in the Hole itself animal life is. very
sparse. We could see no fish but found one stickleback underneath
the plant shelf. The keeper of the Castalia Fishing Club said that
he had seen trout swim across Blue Hole with mouth out of water
and then jump on to the land. From these facts we drew the
conclusion that there is but very little free oxygen present.
From the shelf which covered the water for about two feet
from the shore towards the center, pieces’ of the shelf, 1 foot long
by 6 inches wide, were taken from the Hole and examined. The
first piece was taken from a point nearest the center of the Hole.
It was made up of moss and algae. On the under surface there
-were found numerous snail eggs Bit only afew adult forms. Located
in the mat there were Gammarus and snails. Very few forms were
found on the top of the mat.
The second piece was taken from a point close to the shore
and the odor from this piece was very strong of sulphur. Few
forms were found on the surface and on the bottom but in the mat
the following forms were found: numerous insect larvae, snail eggs,
leeches and Gammarus; Asellus sparse, and only one earthworm.
The third sample, taken from the mat next to the shore, was
made up of chara. In this the Gammaridae and Asellae were
abundant. Also found Simulium larvae. In a piece of Spirogyrae
mat taken from a similar point numerous Annulates were found.
A sample of moss taken from the Hole at the upper end had
very little life on it, one earthworm being found.
Sample number 5 was taken from near the shore and was made
up of mint, moss and other plants and it was found to be sparsely
inhabited; a few snails, leeches, and insect larvae. Three pieces
of moss, the size of the hand, were taken next and examined and
the following were found:
138 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST ~
Ave *..7 Gammaridae.
B.._..........13 Gammaridae.
Cy eee 14 Gammaridae. '
From a piece of chara the same size:
Ae # 3 ~Gammaridae.
: a 4 Gammaridae.
Coe aS 4 Gammaridae.
The moss seemed to be the most desirable. The gray colored type
which is the larger was found, as a rule, nearest the shore. These
Gammaridae also live near the surface. Other forms found were
earthworms, snails, Asellus (few) and Hydrophilous beetles (few).
In the protected place along the shore a great many Physa were
found on the algae.
On another lump of moss the size of the hand we found 21
‘leeches, 5 snails, 2 earthworms, 1 beetle, 10 Gammaridae.
From the preceeding data we drew the following conclusions:
1. Life searce, due to lack of oxygen. :
- 2. Gammaridae most numerous of forms found, being most
al undant near the surface and in the plant life along the shore.
3. Algae and moss plentiful, furnishing abundant food for-
plankton. ;
Towings were taken at the surface (T'w. 1); (Tw. 2) %4 the
distance to the bottom and in these the following forms were found:
ihclygecies
Diatoms (abundant).
Spirogyrae (sparse).
Blue-green algae (abundant).
: ~ Roundworm (Nais 1).
All smaller protozoans absent. A few Desmids found.
Tapia 2
Spirogyrae (sparse).
Cy prices sensei 4.
Annulates.___..._.. Bu
Insect larvae......2.
On August 3rd. we took the following readings, the carlLon
dioxide content being taken about 10 feet below the surface:
Reading Nowa. s 50c.c. per M.
Reading No. 2._.........-- 6o0c. c. per M.
Reading, No.3 -%:.2.22 60 c.c. per M.
The depth of the water near the log on the west side is 32 feet.
The depth in the depression on the east side is 29 feet.
AQUATIC LIFE — TO,
. The temperature at the lower outlet was 41.3 F. The tempera-
ture around the shelf where the water is more stagnant than
at the outlet was 60.8 degrees F.
BEIMILLER’S COVE, CEDAR POINT.
July 5, 1916.
A strip of shore water 100 feet long and 30 feet wide along the
northwest corner of the Cove was examined for aquatic forms.
The temperature of the water was 27 degrees C., and this was
constant throughout the slight depth of 2 to 3 feet. ;
The flora found consisted of willows along the shore, Myrio-
phyllum and Ceratophyllum just below the surface, roots of grasses
and trees along the shore, and reeds throughout the space covered.
On the surface of the water along the shore were found adult
mayflies and midges while adult Lepidoptera were flying over the
water. There was an abundance of vegetation near the shore and
this accounts for the mucky bottom at the east end of the Cove.
Leeches (Glossiphonia) were found to ke numerous and Asellus
were abundant.
In the mud and under the surfaces of leaves and in among the
roots along the shore the Gammaridae were numerous. . Also found
large egg masses of Polyzoa, pupae cases, Oniscus, leeches, and
snail eggs.
On the reeds which were all growing from a sandier bottom,
leeches, water mites, snails, polyzoans and snail eggs were found.
On all vegetation in this locality polyzoans were found in abundance.
Gammaridae most numerous on myriophyllum and algae..
On the bottom along the northeast side of the Cove a few
mussels (Lampsilis), numerous snails at a depth of 2% feet} and
sunfish nests at 2 to 3 feet were found; also a few crayfish.
The air temperature during the collecting period was 27 degrees
C. and the water temperature 25 degrees.
.
SUNFISH NESTS—BEIMILLER’S COVE.
July 5, 1916.
The sunfish build their nests along the shore in shallow water
. where the bottom is unusually sandy and free from vegetation.
7 The nest consists of a saucer-like depression having the bottom
lined with small pebbles. These pebbles may be the result of the
4 fanning, described later on, or they may be the result of wave
action.
~ 140 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
In the process of building the nest the fish clear the desired
location by swimming around and around the spot in a very
methodical manner; swimming clockwise three or four times then
erecting the body and using the tail as a fan or broom to clear away
the vegetationand other foreignsubstances; then they swimcounter-
clockwise for three or four times and go through the same process
of sweeping. At regular intervals, usually after four complete
cycles, they dart out to survey the surroundings for enemies, etc.
They are gregarious in their nest building habits. We found
anywhere from 6 to 14 in a colony in the Cove. .
Marsu PoND—KELLEY’s ISLAND.
July 8, 1916.
Large marsh pond located about 75 yards from Lake Erie.
Great abundance of vegetation consisting of algae and spirogyrae.
‘The bottom was covered with a deep mud. The following forms
were found: beetles, water striders, snails, few Gammaridae and
tree toads. _ Back swimming beetles, Hydrophylidae, Dytiscidae;
numerous crayfish, minnows, frogs amid the vegetation, leeches
and Rhyncophoridae.
This marsh was formerly a celery bed but now epi moist and
marshy by springs and seepage from the lake.
Rock Bottom POND—KELLEY’S ISLAND..
July 8, 1916.
The pond was originally a quarry and has been blasted out at
least 14 years ago. It measured 100-feet wide and 120 feet long.
Rocky bottomed and rock bound. Turbidity 9 inches. One corner
was covered with grass and willow bushes. Abundant algae and
spirogyrae around the edge. 2
On the surface were found water striders, Gyrinidae, back
swimmers, Notonectidae, midgepupae, diptera larvae, fish, turtles,
toads, leeches and snails. Also found an Oligocheat (Lumbrziculus)
close to the rocks in spirogyrae.
In a surface towing taken from a poitit 10 feet from thé shore
along the bottom the following forms were found:
Cyclops........ 75.
Cyprs=.—- 26.
Numerous Ebipoda which resembled Paramecium only smaller.
LAKE ERIE AND SANDUSKY Bay Farms.
Fulys27, 1976.
Com perison of plankton in Lake with that in Bay.
. 4 ‘ J
§ a ; 4
ee eae see Nee yeaa Re n= (ese ed ie el eet
AQUATIC LIFE Det eae:
-
No.1 Tw. in Bay. : No.2 Tw.in Bay.
“1. Ceratium (numerous). 1. Bosmina.
2. Nauplius (numerous). 2. Nauplius (numerous).
3. Cyclops. 3. Cypris skeleton.
4. Annulata (Stylaria lacustria). 4. Ceratium (numerous).
5. Rotifera. 5. Ro.ifera.
6. Diatoms (Asterionella). 6. Peritricha (Podophrys).
7. Arcella diseoidea. 7. Diatoms.
: 8. Bosmina (few). . ~ 8. Daphnia hyaline.
9. Amoeba proteus. : g. Cypris.
zs abe i 10. * Closterium.
No. 1 Tw. in Lake. No. 2°‘Tw. in Lake.
1, Monostyla. 1. Difflugia lobostoma.
2. Ceratinm longicorne. 2. Ceratium.
3. Difflugia lobostoma. 3. Diatom.
4. Bosmina striata. 4. Algae.
5. Nauplius. See CE ASit))-
6. Diatoms (Asterionella). .
I‘rom the preceeding comparison we find that the planktonts
are more numerous in the Bay than in the Lake and in the Lake
they are more numerous a distance out where the shore does not
ailect the occurrence than they are near shore. For self preservation
the planktonts avoid the battering action of the waves along the
shore.
PIPE CREEK, SANDUSKY.
~ July 19, 1916.
Pipe Creek is a typical rock-bottomed stream which begins
in a marsh near the Bay and empties back into the marsh. The
stream is about 15 feet across and a sewer empties into it at the
bridge near the Soldiers’ Home, from where we started. The vege-
tation consisted chiefly of algae which was directly in the stream.
Also found live crayfish and many small minnows. as
Vegetation covered with Eucrangonyx and beetles; damsel
fly larvae were also quite abundant; small cat fish, dragon fly larvae,
several snails, cat fish fry and the numerous skins of crayfish which
had been shed. et
Towing No. 1 was taken below the bridge along the shore. The
current was moderate; depth about 8 inches; sewer contamination
present. Air temperature 32 degree C. Water temperature 32
degrees C. Found gammarzs, diatoms, and arcella.
Towing No. 2 was taken froma quiet pool banked o% from the |
‘ ~
142 THE AMERICAN MIDFAND NATURALIST
main channel by rocks. Found cyclops, arcella, difflugia and
diatoms. Life very sparse. ..
Towing No. 3 was taken from a quiet pool in the creek below
the cemetery, the spot being well shaded. Contamination from :
all the sewers from the cemetery and below was present at this
point. No vegetative forms were present.
Annulata (Nats).
Amoeba proteus.
Diatoms (numerous). «
Rotifera (Brachionus enizit) numerous.
Paramecium.
Arcella.
Euglenoidea very abundant and this is indicative of sewage contam-
ination; encysted forms abundant also.
NAN PW NH
More forms found here and the species were more numerous than
at the points from which the two preceding towings were taken.
Down about 150 feet the vegetation was chiefly of a chara-like
plant. Rapids were located below the second point of collection. ~
In the rapids we found snails (numerous) larvae cases of midges,
nematodes, beetles.
From rock on bottom: plannaria, caddice fiy cases, bryozoan,
snail eggs, fly larvae, egg case of water beetle, leech and hydra.
Air temperature was 30 degree C. and that of the water was 35.
LAKE ERIE PLANKTON.
July 27, 1916.
' Towing No. 1 at surface.
3 Vorticella on blue-green algae (Anabaena Flos-aquae).
2 Diatoms.
Towing No.2. % distance to bottom—10 feet.
12 Nauplius.
2 Cyclops.
1 Bosmina.
18 Vorticella on Anabaena Flos-aquae. -
Towing No. 3 taken from the botiom—2zo feet.
4 Daphnia hyalina.
65 Cyclops.
20 Nauplius.
There were few forms found at the surface, more numerous
at the middle and bottom, greatest number at the bottom. The
adult cyclops most numerous at the bottcm while the nauplius .
stage was found to be most abundant 4 distance to the bottom.
AQUATIC LIFE 143
Vorticella seemed to be very fond of the blue-green algae, Anabaena
flos-aquae.
‘ SANDUSKY BAY PLANKTON.
July 27, 1916.
Towing No. 1 ai surface. _. Towing No. 2 ¥ distance to bottom.
Cyclops. Ceratium.
Nauplius. Cyclops.
Ceratium (numerous). Diffiugia.
Vorticella. Daphnia kalbergensis.
Rotifera (numerous)./ | Nauplius.
Great abundance of animal life throughout Bay.
STARVE ISLAND.
July 25, 1916:
Starve Island is located about 20 miles from Cedar Point and
about one mile from Put-in-Bay. The island is made up of about 34
of an acre of limestone and only a slight amount of vegetation
occurs on the northeast corner (Platell).
This island is the nesting place of both the common and black
tern and all ages of the birds were found. The youngest ones were
found protecting themselves from the sun’s heat by keeping in the
shade of rocks. This was also a striking example of protective
coloration. Found one garter snake and this was the extent of life
on the island. >
ABANDONED QUARRY—MARBLEHEAD, OHIO.
July 15, 1916.
Abandoned quarry at Marblehead, three or four years old, a
typical rock bottom pond. Observations and reading were taken
at three stations. Breezy and very bright sunlight.
Station 1.
‘Located about 50 feet above dock near the center of the pond.
Rocky bottom and only a slight trace of algae. Depth 7 feet, 4 inches.
Temperature.
Slmbacew 7s ferris 286:
¥% dis..to bottom..27 C.
Botton] as sae ES
Carbon dioxide content.
AIMS TinTaACe eee ze ot Ic. c. per M:
Ad WObEOI Ses oer, ria Oe cg Se
2 ft. below-surface._.5 c. c. “
7 ft. below surface____5 c. c.
¥ ft. below surface....3¢. c. ‘
144 "THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST |
No. 1 towing taken from the surface.
No. 2 towing taken from the bottom.
No. 3 sample was taken by pumping from the bottom into a—
net which was tied at the narrow end or outlet of the pump and
then the net wes carefully washed.
No. 4 towing taken from the bottom.
Station 2. :
Located just of the dock. Depth 10 feet. Turbidity 9 feet.
Temperature. “No. 5 deep towing off dock.
28 C. at surface. No. 6 surface towing off dock.
27 C. &% distance to bottom. No. 7 %-distance to bottom from
27 C. at bottom. dock straight across to other side. :
No carbon dioxide present at surface. No. 8 surface towing from side to side. Fi
2c.c. per M. at bottom.
1% c. c. per M. 7 feet below es.
7 ¢. c. per M. 5 feet below surface.
Station 3.
At entrance of undercut from Lake through which undercut
the pond is kept supplied with water. This point is supposed tole
the deepest part of the pond but sounding proved that the pond was
the same depth throughout. >
PMepthest.s= ve: 7{t. 4in. ‘
Turbidity_.....7ft. 4in.
; Temperature. — No. g-deep pond dredging. :
28 C. at surface. Carbon dioxide. ; 5
28 C€. &% distance to bottom. At surface... FC... perv.
27 -C. at bottom. At-bottom.. 2... 5 c. c. per M.
Sunfish were found in the pond and also one stickleback. These
fish had been thrown into the pond by fishermen. In pools, cut of
from the main part we found water beetles and water striders.
In pools not quite cut of from the shallow pools we found an
akundance of algae upon which there were numerous beetles
(Hydrophyllidae) and many smallsnails. Given below is.a summary
of the diTerent towings with forms, quantity and quality found in
each towing. ;
No. 1 Towing. * No. 4 Towing.
Te DUS MUMS: og tee oe enter I 1. Ceratium longicorne......=....------ 24 ;
MAD AALO MS ee I 2 IN OULU Sales, oo oo ee ee 3
No. 2 Towing at bottom. 3 CY COPS Se As See Nees 5
BOING wiles 2 Stee eee 3 4. BOSIMINDE 2751s paceine eee ere Il
BIS HELIN ca chao are ae ae 2 5s DUPANta, aoc te ae OSD a? 4
a
OUR BIRDS IN NOVEMBER . 145
‘
weg. Nematoda 5 2 BC Salone Pe Some I . No. 5 Towing.
4. Ceratium licen Big teoe 672 Teen) OUD US= toseen Be 8. rar Neen aes Se eee I
No. 3 Towing taken by pumping. 2 VROUDI CT sth tener See 2
I Cypris egg Orde ede, ck 4 Sees EROS HO 0 Fc ee ea A 28
EDT OLOWIES 2 a ooo eae oe a 5 PpINOME DIL GS= See ie 5 ok ete 4
USILY | 2104 | eects ae eee I pS NCpOgS Sas) cba a, ats Re aed 5,
4. Ceratium longicorne............-- 10 6. Ceratium longicorne______........80
: Gs ipeaal DISSE EI ee aeRO ae SoS? ake IP 3
No. 6 Towing. No. 7 Towing.
BEN OS TUUIOR temo cep men Il DSEIN CU DILYS rte a Cie 10
EVI OE RE UU Silos x Seta! GN ocd ecole » 9 OED OS NUMOS eho em Oe aet 14
3. Ceratium longicorne.............- 68 3. Arce? s.35 .~ DARE nd ict oe. 8
ae moptfera skelétowt. oo 32. By GO ANED PERE eh See Dy eae 2
a No. 8 Towing. Beh OF COD NO. e e ontean pene 7
HOHOG) AUS ie eae eee ee I 6. Cera.tum longicorne....._...-.----- 563
BSAA BINS FLT ea ee a I
Nematoda I
Our Birds in November.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
November is the. month when the last of the summer residents
and spring migrants depart for their winter homes. Fox Sparrows,
Titlarks and Myrtle Warbles, among the migrants, are the last to
leave us. And among the summer residents, the Robin, Kingfisher,
Bronzed Grackle, Killdeer, Vesper Sparrow, Golden-crowned
Kinglet and Legger-head Shrike are the latest to depart. The
species that are most frequently seen in November are the Song
Sparrow, Goldfinch, Cardinal, Biue Jay, Crow, Downy Wood-
pecker, Redheaded Woodpecker, White-breasted Nuthatch, Chick-
adee, Snowbird, Purple Finch and Tree Sparrow. Those that are
less frequently observed. are the Brown Creeper, — Diver, Prairie
Horned Lark, and Mourning Dove.
_ SONG SPARROW
Melospiza melodia
This favorite songster is quite hardy, and remains north in
small numbers all winter. In November the bird may be heard
calling near its summer haunts along the shores of lakes and streams;
and occasionally on bright days, the cheery notes of its song will
greet the bird-lover. Not infrequently the pedestrian will startle a
146 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST.
' » Song Sparrow near the edge ofa lake, when the bird will fly across
the water.
GOLDFINCH
Astragalinus tristis
In late autumn the Goldfinches gradually grow fewer and few-
er in number, and finally no records will be made by the careful
observer for days together. In the first part of the month these
birds are found in small flocks, and may be readily known by the
characteristic call-notes. By this time the Goldfinches have
changed their bright summer plumage for the sober dress of
winter.
BLUE JAY eee
Cyanocitta crestata .
Hardly less striking in appearance than the Cardinal is the hand- ~
some Blue Jay. He gives the observer every opportunity to appre-
ciate the beauty of his blue coat, for the bird often drops to the
ground, or perches ina low tree or shrub. Here he almost deafens a
person who may be close to him by his harsh call-note. The fine
bell-like note of the Jay may be heard at any time of the year, but
less often in autumn and winter.
Downy WOODPECKER
Dryobates pubesceno
This gentle bird may be seen quite frequently in November and
also in winter. Usually alone, the Downy Woodpecker is never
noisy like most of the other woodpeckers, but utters its note de-
murely while working on the bark of our forest or park trees. It
would, be interesting to know what amount of good one Downy
Woodpecker does for our trees in the way of searching in the bark »
for the larve of injurious worms and insects.
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH
Sitta carolinensts S
This is the greatest acrobat among the bird tribe. It is always
interesting to watch a Nuthatch climbing up or down the trunk of
a tree. Both in woods and among park trees this useful bird may
be found in winter or summer at work on the bark. More
clever in climbing than the Chickadee, the Nuthatch can get at
any part of a branch to examine it and find out whether there are
any enemies hidden out of sight.
> Meee ete ee
. tid ‘
, Wi beac 2a ee oe.
OUR BIRDS IN NOVEMBER 147
CROW
Corvus brachyrhynchos
The Crow is an interesting bird at all seasons of the year, but
most interesting in the bleak days of late autumn. Then he will
enter our groves singly or in small numbers, flying about noise-
lessly and occasionally cawing. Sometimes| great flocks of Crows
may be seen feeding in corn fields, where they often rise, fly for a
short distance, and then they alight again.
CARDINAL
: Cardinalis cardinalis
The always striking Cardinal remains with us the year round,
and is more common in autumn than at any other season of the
year. He makes a beautiful picture perched in a bare apple tree
in the orchard. Usually his call-note is first heard before one is
aware of the bird’s presence. The Cardinal does not whistle in
November or during the winter months.
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.
Melaner pes erythrocephalus
If you see any Red-headed Woodpeckers in November you may
know that we shall have a mild winter. This is an infallible sign.
Mr. John Burroughs published recently in the newspapers his
opinion that we should have a severe winter, owing to the presence
in Michigan of a number of Arctic birds supposed to be found
there only in very cold weather. But I think the winter will be a
mild one, for the Red-headed Woodpeckers are here in numbers.
CHICKADEE
Parus atricapillus
At no other time of the year are Chicadees so common as in the
month of November. In fact I think they are more in evidence then
than-any other species of bird. Always confiding and easily ap-
proached, they utter their well known notes with snap and vigor.
Their disposition suggests smartness, while their trim appear-
ance adds to their attractiveness.
SNOWBIRD
Junco hyemalis
The snowbirds or juncoes are our favorite winter birds. But
they are more abundant in late fall than in winter. When the
ground is covered with snow, the juncoes seem to retire farther
148 | THE AMERICAN MIDLAND. NATURALIST
south, and only occasi nal flocks remain to eke out a scanty living
in the snow. Always lively and chatty, the juncoes are a delight to
the regular pedestrian. ,
: TREE SPARROW
Spizella monticola
This species is probably the latest arrival of the northern mig-
rants. Similar in plumage and in call-notes to the Field Sparrow,
the Tree Sparrow comes to our latitude about the time the former
leaves us. For this reason it is not easy to be always sure which
species you may find at this particular season. Another drawback
in the matter of indentifying the Tree Sparrow, is its scarcity at
the time it first appears.
PURPLE FINCH
Carpodams purpurens
Late in autumn and in mild winters Purple Finches may be
found in small flocks feeding on weed seeds. They loose their
bright spring plumage before November, and are then difficult to
distinguish from the English Sparrow. No longer is their sweet
strain heard, but by a characteristic call-note, when known to the
observer, is the easiest way of indentifying the species.
\
Notes on Variation in Chicory.
N. M. Grier, Pu. D.
Chicory, (Cichorim Intybus, L.), has appeared in this section
of the Shenandoah Valley-within the past few years. Recently the
writer has had opportunity to observe its variation, especially with
regard to floral structures.
Flowers. Of the 412 specimens examined from various localities
and the frequency of whose rays were plotted, those with 14 were
found to be most numerous with a total of 76 cases. The curve
of variation based on the data obtained was remarkable normal and
free from ‘skewness’ in every respect. Minor modes were obtained
for 13 rays in 64 cases at 15 in 65 cases. The least number of rays -
found was six, the greatest 22.
It appeared that as a whole, the rays were most numerous on
heads obtained where the exposure was an open one, such as the
|
Ly oak ore
<a e e
OUR BIRDS IN DECEMBER 149
roadside on a level stretch of ground, while they were most numerous
in the leading classes of 13, 14, 15 rays when these were taken from
hillsides consisting largely of rocky or infertile ground. In about 20
of the 412 specimens the heads were solitary, and usually on
elongated branches. Of the total number one was white in color, 2
pink, and the others various shades of blue.
Involucre. 238 of 259 outer involucres possessed 5 “bracts but
there were 12 specimens with 6 bracts. The least number obtained
here was 4, the greatest was 8. Greater variation was encountered
in the inner portion. Here there were 140 cases of 8 bracts, 53 of 7,
47 of 9: Least number obtained was 6, greatest was 10.
With its rather extended distribution, and consisting as it does
of a moderate number of floral parts, chicory should make where
readily available, convenient laboratory material for the study of
variation in classes of Biology. Unopened buds will flower until 2
or 3 days after having been brought into the laboratory.
Hollins College, Hollins, Va.
Our Birds in December.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
It may be interesting to compare the records made by the writer
for two Decembers—one (1918) a mild month; the other (1919)
partly a cold month. With most of the species the number records
=
>
bg.
e
y
-
2
=
En
Ls
% ; was somewhat larger for December, 1918. On the other hand the
a Downy Woodpecker had notably more records for December 1919.
4 The records for the two years under comparison would seem to
a indicate that a difference in the temperature does not necessarily
=
show there are fewer species found when the weather is cold.
All the birds except the Hairy Woodpecker and Screech Owl
were seen in both Decembers.
The cold weather in December, 1919, moderated after the
middle of the month, and then most of the re cords for the Cardinal
and the Purple Finch were made. .
t
A” Ge NLD
DECEMBER 1918.
in. a yak Doh ie cs,
Hairy Woodpecker, 6, 9, 28.
Downy Woodpecker, 6, 15.
150 | HE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST |
FO) Sa! 393) 23546;
Goldfinch, 11, 12, 13.
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1, 3 to 19, 21, 23, 25 to 29.
Blue-Jay, 1 to 7; 10 86°13;715, 227,18, 16, 29; 9e:
Crow, 2,11; -15, 16; 19; 233525) 26;¢28, 29,2497
Chickadee,..3,-5° tovg, IT, 9,14, 85, 10; Tey. 20.
Song Sparrow, 3, 53, 6; -8,.0, 40; ¥3; BA, 86, Ty 739,29, 25126, ates
Cardinal; 8} 12, 04,15; 167918, 22,2 75. oe
Snowbird, 1,6 to 15, 17 to 20, 23, 24, 27, 28,°30.
Tree Sparrow, 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 26 to 29.
Brown Creeper, 1, 6:
Purple Finch, 7, 25, 27, 28, 30.
Mourning Dove, 26, 27.
Total number of species seen, 15.
DECEMBER, I9QI9Q.
Downy Woodpecker, 2, 3, 5, 8, II, 12, 13, 21, 22, 28.
Red-headed Woodpecker, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17 ,19, 20, 21,
26, °27;° 31:
Goldfinch, 14
White-breasted Nuthatch, 1 to 5, 7, 8, 9, 12 to 16, 19, 20, 22,
24,25; 31.
Blue Jay; $775. 85:9," Ley 22; Es, | Sto eae e OG. ea aie
Crow, -2;¢7, '9; 26:
Chickadee,:1 to 5; 8; 12;.16; -17;-20,*21,- 25; 27:
Song Sparrow, I, 2, 3, 9, 12, 14, 25.
Tree Sparrow, 23.
Cardinal, i15,;.°19;/ 23730:
Snowbird) 1, °2;-35 6,7," Ply to, 226:
Brown Creeper, 9,-27.
Purple Finch, 3, 19, 25.
Mourning Dove, 2.
Screech Owl, 16.
Total number of species seen, 15.
Red-headed Woodpecker, 1, 2, 6, 7,16, LT) 12,13; 1A; 5; 807 1S20
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NATURALIST.
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Notes on Alabama Plants W. Wolf, O. S. B.. 151
The Biological Significance of Selective Adsorption
Sree . Jean Dufrenoy 159
Sexual Dimorphism and Some of Its Correlations in the Shells
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TOL. Vi MARCH, 1020. NO. 8
Notes on Alabama Plants.
a t APP 34
BY W. WOLF, O. S. B. ‘
. “Sto;
TALINUM.
Dr. Charles Mohr in the Systematic Catalogue of his principal
work, the Plant Life of Alabama, which appeared in 1901 as Vol.
VI., Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, includes
Talinum teretifolium Pursh as a member of the Alabama Flora.
He mentions four counties where the species is definitely known
to have been discovered, and indicates its restricted distribution
‘there with the remark ‘‘not frequent, local.’’ The counties men-
tioned lie in two distant sections of the State; the one in the
central part of Northern Alabama, the other in the Eastern central
part of the State. Three of the four counties, which are adjoining,
are located in the former section, viz., Walker, Blount, and Cullman.
Special localities are given for Walker and Blount Counties, none
- for Cullman. In the other section, a single station, Baldrock in
Clay County, is mentioned. The elevation of this last being specified
as 2200 feet, against 800 for Cullman and 1000 for Blount County.
For the present it is not my purpose to discuss the identity of
the plants for the State in general with Talinum teretifolium Pursh
as I have not had an opportunity of examining specimens from the
several localities preserved in the herbarium of the Geological
Survey of Alabama. I cannot, however, wholly refrain from
touching on the matter in so far as Cullman County is concerned,
for I have discovered a species distinct from the Talinum terett-
folium Pursh though closely related to it. Unfortunately Mohr
does not specify a definite locality for Cullman County. The
statement of altitude, however, is of some value, for it shows that
crests of higher elevation were not the station or stations where
oa ee «
Tle. p. 496. 1901.
152 HE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
the plant was discovered, but that he refers only to the approximate
level of that table land which is about 800 feet above sea level.
A second remark of Mohr has an indirect bearing on the question,
and seems to support the suspicion that the plant reported from
‘this part of the State is perhaps identical with the Talinum of
my own discovery, and that it was confounded with Pursh’s
Talinum teretifolium. He credits the discovery of the plant in
this locality to the Misses Emily and Mary Mohr. Now these
ladies lived in the central part of the county, a mile or so distant
from Cullman, and close to the Little River (Eight Mile Creek)
where it flows through the premises of St. Bernard College. Not
very far east of the College grounds, the banks of the stream,—
‘river’ is a misnomer,—become cliily, the place being commonly
known as ‘The Cli7s.” It is from this station that I secured my
plants, and, in my mind, there is little doubt that it is likewise the
place where the Misses*Mohr made their discovery. —
That the plant from this locality might have passed without
critical examination as Talinum teretifolium is not very surprising;
first, because this was considered the only species in the North,
as well as in the South Eastern States; secondly, because of the
short diagnosis which was considered sufficient by the earlier
authors. ‘Pursh’s! classical diagnosis, ‘‘ 7. foliis cylindricis carnosts,
corymbis terminalibus pedunculatis,” is such that it applies equally
well to any species with terete leaves and a terminal peduncled
inflorescence, here termed a corymb, but in reality a cyme.
In Chapman’s Flora, formerly the leading manual for the South,
no character is mentioned which would be of any use in the present
case. In Gray’s well known Manual of Botany? of the Northern
United States, mention is made of one character which proves of
value in point of comparison, viz., the varying number of stamens
in the species Talinum teretifolium, limiting them from 15-20.
This limiting of the number of stamens is in strong contrast with
that found in the plant which I have discovered in Cullman County,
in which the minimum is above forty. This diference, it seems
should have aroused suspicion regarding the identity of the plant
with T. teretifolium Pursh. Too much emphasis, however, must not
be laid upon this point, for every practical taxonomist knows that
the first statement about a limit, in case of variable characters,
1 Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 2; 365. 1814.
2 A. Gray Man., 5th ed. p. 98.
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NOTES ON ALABAMA PLANTS _ 183
is not necessarily very reliable, and, not infrequently, must be
accepted with caution. Such a character, however, may become
very valuable in the course of time if it proves constant under
further observation. \
~Robinson and Fernald’s Gray’s New Manual confirms the con-
stancy of the limit-as stated in Gray’s older manual. The same
limit—15-20—is mentioned in Small’s Flora of the South Eastern
United States,4 but with the restricting remark ‘‘usually.’’ It is
not clear whether this ‘‘usually”’ refers to an occasionally lower or
higher number, but -the former seems more probable when we
refer to the key, which reads, ‘‘stamens less than 25.’’ In Britton’s
works, the Manual of the Flora of the Northern States, and the
Illustrated Flora, the limit is extended both ways, viz., 10-30,
against Gray’s 15-20. Another good character is mentioned in
these works, viz., the length of the style as compared with that of
the stamens. This character with that regarding the number of _
stamens unquestionably makes the plant from the Cliffs on the
Little River in Cullman County a species distinct from Talinum
teretifolium Pursh.
The species is*easily recognized by: stamens more than 40;
style protruding beyond the stamens about as much as their
respective length; petals 9-13 mm. long. It becomes then
Talinum Mengesii, spec. nov.
Type specimen in Herbarium St. Bernard College, no. 1668.
Plant succulent, glabrous, 2-4 dm. tall, perennial by a short
horizontal rootstock which is sometimes branched, or. the innova-
tions arise from a very short vertical caudex; roots slender, fibrous,
Stems tufted, generally few or single, 3-10, or rarely up to 15 cm.
high, unbranched for almost the whole length, the one to five
branches arising from near the top just below the base of the long
wiry peduncle by which the stem is terminated. The branches,
from a few to 10 cm. long, are often branched again at their ends
from below the secondary peduncles, but these secondary branches
generally do not develope beyond the phase of fascicled leaves, in
other cases, however, grow to normal size and terminate into
peduncles. The leaves are quite numerous but not crowded on the
stem and branches, terete, 2-5.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. thick, not
4_Small's BLS. U,.8.--p; 440. 1903:
5 Brit's, Mani N.'U..S).& €.. -p: 385. . 1905:
154 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
dilated at the base, the backward prolongation less than 1 mm.
long, the apex bluntly pointed. The scape-like peduncles are slender
but stiff and wiry, 7-20 m. long; the cyme is open and only occa-
sionally corymbosely branched, but as a rule is umbkellate, having
generally three branches, which are from a few to 12 cm. long and
radiate from below the central flower; the bracts are hardly 2 mm.
long, inclusive of the posterior prolongation and are lanceolate-
ovate; the pedicels are clavate and 5-10 mm. long. The sepals are
3, 5-4 mm. long about one third.as long as the petals, ovate, obtusish.
The corolla is rose-purple; the petals are mainly obovate, mucronu-
late, 9-13 mm. long, closing again after spreading for one day or
some hours, withering, and at length, like the sepals, deciduous.
Stamens 45-100, or occasionally a few more, but most commonly
50-80; filaments distinct, not adnate to the base of the petals,
purple; anthers golden yellow. Style distinctly excerted beyond
the stamens about as much as their own average length. Capsule.
3-4 mm. high, subglobuse, angled at the sutures, 3-, or sometimes,
4- valved. Seeds 1 mm. wide, black, almost smooth, and slightly
shining. .
The plant in this station has little chance of holding its place in
the far future which it once occupied in the past, namely, on the
cliff bank of the Little River. The inhabited locality is already
broken up into separated patches, the plant being now replaced
by various species which were unable to adapt themselves to the
formerly prevailing conditions. Talinum Mengesi is a plant content
with a scant accumulation of soil on the exposed naked surface of
the rock, sometimes establishing itself in such small quantities of
soil that it cannot produce a proper rootstock for the first time
because of insufficient protection. The accumulating soil is rich
in organic matter, but I have seen plants flourishing equally well
in pure sand, in a somewhat lower situation about an abandoned
stone crushing mill. The plant frequently roots between the de-
composing bases of xerophile bryophytes of an upright habit,
which form patches on the rocks, from a hand’s space to a few
square feet, and offer a good protection for the plant’s rootstock.
In such situations the plant grows with practically no soil. But
even in cases of a more upbuilt soil, this is rarely more than 1 cm.
deep. Not so content is the plant in as far as light is concerned,
for it is dependent on bright open sunshine, and this, under the
circumstances of advanced soil conditions is its misfortune in the
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NOTES ON ALABAMA PLANTS 155
resulting competition. When the soil is about one cm. deep, sooner
or later, accommodation of flowering plants other than Talinum
Mengesii sets in. The first one which associates with this species is
Alsinopsis glabra Small (Alsine glabra Michx.), yet, at least for
’ the first, without interfering with the flourishing of the Talinum
Mengesit. Because the former plant is a slender open branched,
wiry, and rather short living annual with but a few small leaves, no
serious overshading or crowding is effected, and thus both species
tolerate one another very well. Yet the appearance of this species
is a sign that the time is near at hand when 7. Mengesii is doomed
to give up its habitat. By and by other species, well fitted to form
a closer plant association in a still scanty soil, begin to establish
themselves with Talinum Mengesii and Alsinopsis glabra. Among
the first of these are Crotonopsis linearis Michx., Sarothra gentian-
oides L., Polygala Curtissit A. Gray, Allium microscordion Small,
etc. These are all sun loving plants, but unlike Talinum Mengesii,
tney maintain themselves well in the grassy swales which row
establish themselves on the formerly barren rock, whence that
species in this time of progression has already been outcrowded.
ARUNDINARIA TECTA (WALT) MUHL.
It is rather universally known that Arundinaria tecta like the
other North American Species A. macrosperma Michx. does not as
rule flower each succeeding year, but remains sterile for longer or
shorter periods, generally producing flowers only at intervals of
several or even many years. However, such a uniform conception
does not prevail in regard to the arrangement of the inflorescence
on the plant, i. e..—that part of the plant upon which the flowers
are borne. The interpretation of the leading manuals of the Eastern
flora is responsible for this difference of opinion on the character
in question. This is to be regretted the more since it is a case in
which the majority of botanists are unable to obtain first hand
information through actual observation because of the two factors,
namely; the sterility and the restricted habitat of the plant.
Curiously enough the uncertainty arises in the diagnosis found
in the descriptions of Arundinaria tecta given by the authors of
the newer manuals, viz.—Gray’s New Manual, Britton’s Manual
of the Flora of the U.S., and Small’s Flora of South-Eastern U. S.,
while in the older manuals, viz——Gray’s Manual, and Chapman’s
Flora, the diagnosis of the point in question is far more complete.
156 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
For clearness’ sake let me give an example: In the fifth edition of
Gray’s own work, Manual of Botany,‘ that part of the description
which relates to the inflorescence reads, “‘spikelets solitary or in a
simple raceme at the summit of the branches or frequently on
leafless radical culms.’’ At the end of this text we find the word
‘““Chapman”’ and from this we learn that the foregoing statement
is not based on Gray’s own observations, but that it is accredited
to the authority of Chapman. Thus it might seem that the citation
of the diagnosis should have been more justly quoted from Chap-
man’s own work, but let me emphasize the fact that Gray himself is
not guilty of the violation attributable to the recent authors
whose work sails somewhat under the protection of Gray’s au-
thority, since his name is associated with the title of the book.
The wording in Chapman’s original work, The Flora of the Southern
United States,” is literally the same and needs no repetition.
Upon Chapman’s authentical and precise diagnosis we must
assume that the flowers may appear on both parts of the plant,
namely, on the branches of the leafy culms and on the distinct
radical culms. The text in Robinson and Fernald’s Gray’s New.
Manual? reads, ‘‘ panicles of few spikelets on long slender branches.”
The wording differs from that of the old Manual but it does not
interfere in our case, for only the words ‘“‘on branches”’ relate to the
point in question. A comparison with Chapman’s text, as adopted
by Gray in his own, publication, shows that only a part of the
diagnosis has been retained by the authors of the New Manual, i.e.,
that the inflorescence is borne on the branches. The part relating
to the radical culms is entirely discarded.
Consulting leading manuals of another school, we find a state-
ment contrary to the one found in ‘‘Gray’s New Manual.” This,
however, is a part of Chapman’s diagnosis, the very part which .
the authors of Gray’s New Manual have rejected. The works
referred to are, ‘“‘Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern
United States and Canada’’ and Small’s ‘‘Flora of the South-
eastern United States.’’ In Britton’s Manual‘ the text reads,
‘“‘racemes on short leafless culms;”” in Small’s Flora,5 ‘‘inflorescence
borne on short leafless stems.”’
Thus it is obvious that neither in the so called Gray’s New
Manual nor in the other two works, Britton’s Manual and Small’s-
SAC (prc 8: 21. . ep: {5 6reT882,
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NOTES ON ALABAMA PLANTS : ; 157
Flora is a character found which is not included in Chapman’s
diagnosis, and to which Asa Gray faithfully adhered in the publica-
tion of his own Manual. This only is new and strange, viz., that
Chapman’s diagnosis has been divided. The authors of the one
school made part of his statement their own, while those of the
other school were content with the rest of it.
This violation of Chapman’s diagnosis becomes more pronounced
from the fact that in Britton’s Manual, and also in Small’s Flora,?
the retained part is made use of as a specific distinction in con-
nection with the size of the plant, for the ancy presented with the
genus Arundinaria reads:
“Spikelets borne on radical shoots of the year; culms 4 m. tall or less,
——=L A. tecta.
Spikelets borne on the old stems; Culms 5 m. tall or more,—2 A.
macrosperma.”’
The above citation is from Britton’s work and is identical with
that found in Small’s Flora in regard to A. tecta, and almost the
same in regard to A. macrosperma. But Chapman’s full text on
this part is; ‘‘frequently on leafless radical culms.’”’ Now, it is
logically not the same to simply state ‘‘on radical shoots”’ in place
of ‘‘frequently on . . . radical culms.’ The rejection of the word
“‘frequently’’ becomes almost a necessity in order to make the
character a specific distinction.
Now, although the authors of these recent manuals (Hitchcock
is credited with having elaborated the Graminee in Gray’s New |
Manual, Nash, this same family in Small’s Flora) have reached
conclusions which led to the discarding of a part of Chapman’s
diagnosis as a result of actual observations or, examination of
herbarium material, this does not justify their rejection of either
of the two characters for the very reason that the species is an
exceptionally rare object of observation in the flowering state.
Furthermore the observation of only one phase is no absolute proof
against the other. The contradiction resulting from the method
used by these authors is plainly evident, for the author in the New
Manual tells that the flowers appear on the branches; while the
authors of Britton’s Manual and Small’s Flora state on the con-
trary that the flowers are borne on radical shoots. It was the duty
of these authors to retain both diagnostic characters and place
the responsibility on Chapman, a botanist of sufficient ability to
E esp. 158..1905- 2e1 es py LOTstQOB.
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158 | ‘THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
make correct observations on such conspicuous characters. In_
case this should not have satisfied the authers, they could have
expressed their doubt in the customary way by placing a question
mark after Chapman’s statement.
To do justice to Dr. Chapman, in bringing his diagnosis to the
test, the results of my own observations are herewith presented.
The following short statement is based on observations of the
species Arundinaria tecta Muhl, and is not, as it might seem, a
compilation of the characters of both species, A. tecta and A.
macros perma. Fg
The following facts are obtained by observations and collections
of plants from a locality where, I am certain, A. macrosperma does
_ not occur, namely, about St. Bernard, Cullman County, Northern
Alabama. Mohr in his Plant Life of Alabama’ expressly excludes
the table lands in his report on the habitat of A. tecia ,but this
report is superseded, at least in part, by later discoveries.
According to my observations the inflorescence on Arundinaria ~
tecta Muhl is borne on the so called leafless radical culms (2-9 dm.
high) of the season and with sheaths terminated by minute blades:
on leafly radical culms of the season with blades somewhat dis-
similar in size and appearance from those of the vegetative culms,
10 cm.; or less long and 1 cm. or less wide: on radical culms of the
season with blades rather similar to those of the vegetative culms; |
culms and leaf blades of moderate size: on the summit of leafly
branched and unbranched culms of the season, similar to the
vegetative culms in size and appearance: on the summit of the
culm and the end of the branches of leafly branched culms of the
season, and of the same habit as moderately branched vegetative
culms. Occasionally branched culms of the preceding season were _
found with profuse flowering branches, which arose from the
crowded sheaths of the ultimate branches of the previous year.
The leaves in these cases had fallen during the winter.
Spikelets 6.5 cm. long, and also spikelets up to 15-flowered have
peen observed. (Herb. St. Bernard College, Nos. 445 and 446.)
St. Bernard College,
St. Bernard, Ala.
+ PLL, of Ala. Contrib; -U.'S..Natierb. (6380.21 Gans
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BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ADSORPTION 159
The Biological Significance of Selective Adsorption.
BY JEAN DUFRENOY.
Modern biologists come more and more to view living matter in
the light of colloid complexes, of which those constituting nucleo
and cytoplasma may be termed ‘‘cyto-colloids,’’ whereas those
building cell-walls or intercellular spaces may be named ‘‘histo-
“ colloids.”’
Adsorption is a most important property of colloids. Adsorption
indeed, is most satisfactorily explained as a concentration of a
solute at a surface, and colloids offer much useful surface.
Certain surfaces not only have the power of adsorbing a solute
as a whole from solution, but have the power of adsorbing a part
of a solute at a greater rate than the other. ©
That an ion may be thus selectively adsorbed from an electrolyte,
concomitant or previous hydrolysis of the electrolyte is of course
necessary. -
Living matter being colloidal, is possessing selective adsorbing
properties, which may tentatively furnish an explanation of the
metabolic processes in the living being, and of the migration of
solutes into the cells, or of the color reaction of the tissues.
A most convenient biocolloid to experiment on, was furnished
to us by the mucous deposits in. the thermal springs of Baréges
(Pyrénées). These deposits long known as “‘ Barégine”’ are zoogle
secreted by various Bacteriacea. True Baregine, as defined by us,
is a furfuroid, soluble in xanthogenate reagents, as distinguished
from the cell wall proper of the Bacteria, which is made up of
nonsoluble chitin-like material. [8, 11.]
I.—BASOPHILOUS ADSORPTION.
Many vegetable histo-colloids have a superior adsorbent capacity
for bases, and redden blue litmus, (which is a salt, containing a
strong base, while the acid is the red dye itself.)
This reddening is easily observed in the case of Barégine by the
follewing experiments: (1.) Blue litmus which is made to filter
through a plug of Barégine, first filters red, and later on filters
uncolored. (2) Blue litmus, kept in a glass tube above a plug
of Barégine, reddens, and in a few hours loses its color from its
160 THE AMERICAN’ MIDLAND NATURALIST
contact to the Barégine upwards. In both cases, adsorption is
selective at first, and total ultimately.
2.—CONSEQUENCES OF BASOPHILOUS ADSORPTION.
There is a struggle for bases constantly going on between baso-
philous colloids in the plant and those in the habitat. This is
most conveniently studied in the cases of ‘unicellular plants:
Iron-bacteria, Diatoms, but it is as important for flowering plants
in the field. But even the different parts of the same plants struggle
for bases, and this should be studied first.
I1.—METACHROMASIA.
Many blue dyes are salts, containing colored base and aeid
radicals. Either the base or the acid, when free, may be itself a
red dye.
Whenever basophilous substances are in contact with these
blue salts containing a red free base, they color red, by adsorbing
the red base.
The red color displayed by colloids bathing in blue solutions
is termed metachromatic.
Therefore, most cases' of metachromasia readily explain
by selective adsorption, and we actually observed substances
which color metachromatically to be basophilous: For instance,
such zoogle in the Barégine, which adsorb Fe or Cu as bases from _
their salts, also color red a basic blues (Naphtylen blue, Methylen
blue.)
The same explanation no doubt holds for cyto-colloids; and the
so called ‘‘metachromatic granules’”’ in the cells certainly are
basophilous gels (or maybe sols). Indeed, metachromatic granules
were artificially produced, where metachromasia is the result of
selective basophilous adsorption:. A drop of a xanthogenate
(obtained by dissolving Barégine into CS,~+KOH mixture) being
placed in contact with a drop of aqueous solution of naphtylen
blue or Polychrome blue, it appears an emulsion of tiny red granules,
exactly alike the metachromatic granules in the cells.
Metachromatic granules are conspicuous substances in the cell,
* Some cases may result of different colors displayed by the same solute
as its solvent changes, as assumed by Moreau.? In fact, we found the
‘‘insoluble blue acid of the-Congo, to yield a red solution in Amylic alcohol.
2 F. Moreau, Sur les phéno. de métachromasie: Bull. Soc. bot. France,
t, *635.4p.072, 1910.
:
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BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ADSORPTION 161
but their significance is still doubtful. They have been demon-
strated by Guilliermond and Moreau [15, 19] to be secreted by
mitochondria, and, in that respect, it is to be noted that in the
Sulfuro-bacteriacea such as Thiothrix sp., free sulfur, in the form
of intra-cellular globules, deposits only in contact of or inside
of metachromatic granules.
, Other substances, such-as oxalate of potassium, were often
found in cells the content of which Had degenerated into a baso-
philous substance, and the relations of basophilous biccolloids to
_ salts in the cell, demand further investigation. That it may be of
biological interest, appears from the fact that, while nucleo-chroma-
tine is acidophilous in healthy cells, it shows marked basophily in
tumour cells of Pines. [8]
This change may result from an altered proportion between
base-adsorbent and acid-adsorbent nucleo compounds, or it may be
that bases becoming deficient, the base-requirement of the acid
nucleo-compounds is no more satisfied.
2.—STRUGGLE FOR BASES FROM Host TO PARASITE.
Marked basophily is often’ observed in diseased tissues, due to
development of much pectic material. [6]
Basophily is conspicuous in the wood of trees, where it is infected
by mistletoe. Which wood was found by Councler to be deficient
in Ca, but to be rich in PO,H, and K,O. Basophilous degeneres-
cence may offer to the parasitized tissue a way to oppose the
migration of bases from host to parasite.
3.—IRON DEPOSING BACTERIA.
Adsorption again plays an important réle in the depositing of
iron ore by “iron bacteria.”’ 5
The phenomena is easily studied in the hottest thermal springs
of Baréges (t°=42°.8 cent.) where Ferro-coccus were observed at
various stages of development.
At first they are free, isolated or actively-dividing, highly re-
fringent and thin-walled globules, imbedded in a basophilous
zoogle. Later on, they crowd as Staphylo-coccus, their walls
thicken and become impregnated with Iron, (easily precipitated
blue by Hydrochloric ferrocyanide or red by Sulfocyanide of
Potassium. )
The older Staphyloccus ultimately form a thin rusty crust, of
tc aa THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
which the iron is no more soluble, or at least is not more inter- _
changeable with other bases such as Cu. .
Although biochemical reactions may be efficient in changing
the soluble iron salts from the thermal water, into the non-soluble af
iron hydroxide, the adsorbing effect of the cell walls plays a great -
rdle: in fact, Fe or Cu ions may be fixed in a few minutes by
Barégine, and those parts which fix the metal most energically are
also those which show the greatest basophily.
It seems therefore that Fe ions are at first adsorbed from the
solutions and then biochemically oxydized.
4. DIATOMS.
Building of siliceous skeletons by Diatoms was compared by
Cohn to depositing of iron by Iron-bacteria. :
Indeed, we found that Synedra affinis, growing in the Bassin
d’Arcachon, near to rusting iron pieces, had developed a rusty
color. Moreover,. we were able to grow rusty Diatoms in very
weak solutions of Iron sulphates in sea water. These rusty Diatoms
yielded Prussian Blue, by treatment with hydrochlorideferrocyanide.
Here again we may turn to adsorption for an explanation;
Diatoms possess, inside of their siliceous skeleton, a very thin
z pectic wall, which may adsorb metallic ions, and which we made
even to adsorb Cu.
/
5.—STRUGGLE FOR BASES FROM SOIL TO PLANT.
Most plants are in contact with the soil through the basophilous
pectic walls of their root-hairs.
These walls compete for bases with the basophilous compounds
in the soil. .
Bases may be in excess in soils and then easily obtainable by
plants, or they may be strongly fixed by the basophilous complex
in the soil, such as humic acids, iron hydorxyde . . . the soil being
then termed ‘‘acid.’’ Most plants thrive on the former soils, but
there are few able to live on ‘‘acid soils.”” The former plants have
been demonstrated to possess but feeble adsorbent power towards
Ca ions, while the latter have a high competing power for bases.
[17.]
3.—ACIDOPHILOUS ADSORPTION.
Some colloids, such as the basic gels: oxides of Z, Th, Al, La, 4
Zn, Be, Fe and Cr, or celluloses, adsorb the acid more quickly
eu Se ere oe
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BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ADSORPTION 163
than the base from dissolved salts. Cellulose is widely distributed
in vegetable cell walls, where it is associated to pectic acid. Most
cell walls therefore may adsorb basic colors by their pectic mem-
brane, and acid dyes by their cellulos constituents. 3
Adsorption of acid dyes, such as Congo red, Eosine, Fuchsin . .
is conspicuous in the cell-walls of Sulfuro-bacteriacea, Thiothrix. .
It is even so strong, that a small quantity of ati a placed in
a solution entirely loses color.
Acidophilous basic gels being widely distributed in the habitat
and in histological tissues, may exert an adsorbent effect on the
acid ions in the cell, which effect demands investigation.
4. REACTIONS ACCOMPANYING ADSORPTION.
Thermal waters from Baréges’ springs redden blue Congo by
warming.
This may be accounted for by supposing that basic gels exist in
the thermal waters, which adsorb the acid of Congo red at ordinary
temperature, without change in the color, which remains blue;
on warming, chemical reaction takes place and a salt of Congo red
is formed, a red color appearing. At the same time, an insoluble
blue acid of the Congo is precipitated, which may again yield
interesting adsorbent effect.
Such reactions have called for the attention of numerous investi-
gators and Wedekind and Rheinboldt conclude that adsorption
effect may often precede chemical union, which seems specially
true of biochemical reaction as was observed for iron depositing
bacteria.
SUMMARY.
1. The compounds, in living cells or tissues, are colloids
displaying selective adsorption effect.
The constituents of cell walls and most granules i in the cytoplasm
are base-adsorbent colloids; they compete for bases, each with
the other, and with the basophilous colloids in the habitat.
The constituents of nucleoplasma are generally acid-adsorbent,
but may become base adsorbent in diseased cells.
Cellulose, an acid-adsorbent colloid, is widely distributed in
plant cells and may exert powerful adsorption towards acids.
2. Adsorption effect may be preliminary to biochemical
reaction, as is probably the case for iron depositing bacteria.
3. Competition for bases may result in serious loss of bas2s in
164 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST |
the habitat, and considerable accumulation of bases in plant
tissues.
t
LITERATURE CITED.
1. AMES & SCHOLLENBERGER: Liming and lime requirement of soils. |
Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 306, Wooster, dec. 1916.
2. CLARKE: The data of geochemistry, U. S. Geologic. Surv. Bull. 1916.
3. H. DEvaux:: Empoisonnement spontané des plantes aquatiques par
les eaux du laboratoire de Botanique. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. et nat. Bordeaux,
t. 1, 1896.
4. H. DEvaux: Deplacement du Ca et des bases fixées dans la plante
vivante, par d’autres bases contenuies dans le milieu ext. a l’état de sels. -
P. V. Soc. Sc. phys. nat. Bordeaux, 27 janv. 1916.
5. H. DeEvAux: Fixation tapide par la plante vivante du Fe et d’autres
métaux lourds, Jbid, 13 avril 1916. .
6. DuFRENOY, J. La dégénérescence pectique, C. R. Soc. biol. 1978.
7. DUFRENOY, J. Sur les tumeurs bact. exp. du Pin, Compt. rend. t.
169, Pp. 545, 12 Sept. 1919.
_ 8. DurrEeNoy, J. & Mouinéry: Contrib. a une nouv. étude de la ~
baregine, Gaz. des eaux, aout 1919.
9. DuFRENOY J.: L’adsorption sélective et ses conséquences Rev. gén. Sc.
t..30, p. 607, 15 nov. IgI9. :
10. DUFRENOY & MOLINERY: Etudes phys. chim. et. biol, sur les eaux
thermales. (Bull. Ac. Med. 22 dec. 1919.)
11. DUFRENOY, J.: Sur une méthode d’étude de la hareeine par homo-
tae C. R. Soc. biol. Déc. 1919.
. Gain, E.: Préface de la ‘‘ Bibliographie de l’action du Cu. sur les
meutiats” Bulle. bibliographique de Bot. agric. publié par le labo. de Bot. de
V Inst. Agr. de l Univ. de Nancy. Nancy, 1917.
13. GUILLIERMOND: Chondriome dans 1’élaboration des prod. de réserve
des champignons, Compi. rend. 1913. -
14. GUILLIERMOND: La cytologie, ses méthodes et leur valeur. Rev.
gen. Sc. pp. 166-74 & 208-16, 1916.
15. GUILLIERMOND: Chondriome des végétaux, Rev. gén. Bot. p. 446,
15 Oct. 1919.
16. JUNGELSON: Intoxication chim. et mutation du mais, Compt. rend.,
toClLxs py 4812. Tois:
17. LANGERON: Microscopie, p. 379, 415, Paris 1916.
,
18. MANGIN, lL. J. Sur les composés pectignes. Botanique, 1894.
19. Moreau: Corpuscles métachromatiques dans les mitochondries.
GR, Sot. btol;, Al jailarors.
20. MourEau: Not. de Chimie org. p. 157 (Gauthier-Villars,) 1917.
21. Petit: Coloration des membr. végé. par les sels métall. P. V. Soc.
linn. Bordeaux, p. CXXXVIII, 1901. .
.
=r
i
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OR
22. PLIMMER: Pract. org. and biochemistry, p. 390, 1917.
23.-TRUE & Harvey: Absorption of Ca salts by squash seedlings.
Brooklyn Bot. Card. Mem. t. 1., pp. 502-13 1918.
+ 24. ROBERT (MELLE TH.) Le role physiologique du Ca chez les végétaux. ~
Rev. gén. sc. p. 108, 1917. \
25. RussEL: Part played by colloids in agric. pheno. Rept. Brit. Ass.
Ady. Sc. p. 75; 1919:
26. WEDEKIND & RHEINBOLDT: Ber. V. 52 (B) pp. 1013-21, 1919;
anal. in J: Chem. Soc. Abst. i.i. p. 270, July 1919.
Sexual Dimorphism and Some of Its Correlations in the Shells of
Certain Species of Najades.
BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D.
J.— INTRODUCTORY.
Before Ortmann’s discovery that the sex of Najades could
be readily learned from associated peculiarities of gill structure,
(4, 5,), systematists had only general information—of the type
later to be compared in this paper—from which to identify the
sex of a mussel when glochidia were absent. Hazy, (2), and
Israel, (3), were able to distinguish the sexes of certain European
species by such characters as relative length, heiglit, and inflation.
Israel, particularly, fouad associated with sex, certain colors of,
the epidermis of the shell. The investigations of these latter
writers extended only to 3 species, none of which are closely related
to those dealt with in this paper, and their original work never
seems to have been followed up. In addition there occur in the
papers of American investigators from time to time, scattered
references to the sexual dimorphism of certain species based on
. some morphological feature of the shell. Such, however, are either
. not concerned with the species we are interested in, or are already
summarized by Simpson, (6), or Walker, (8), whose information ©
later will be brought out.
IJ.—PROBLEM, METHOD, AND MATERIAL.
: While pursuing another investigation on the comparative
morphological characteristics of certain mussel shells inhabiting
the Upper Ohio Drainage and their corresponding ones in Lake
4 Erie, (1) the writer obtained data of the type indicated, which he
~
166 . THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
proposes in this paper to associate as far as possible with the sex
of the shells examined.
The material used was Dr. A. E. Ortmann’s splendid collection
of shells in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh, Pa., and while
the most complete account of how these measurements were
taken is reserved until the publication of the research spoken of,
the method of making them is described to what is believed to be —
a comprehensible extent in the accompaning table dealing with
sexual dimorphism. Here it may suffice to state that the dimen-
sions taken were 7 in number and-included the measurement of,
1.—Relative degree of inflation.
2.—Height.
3.—Posterior length of shell.
4.—Anterior length of shell.
5.—Length of posterior hinge line.
6.—Length of anterior. hinge line.
7.—Thickness of shell—in this investigation taken just
superior to the pallial line in the region directly beneath the umbo
In making these measurements an ordinary metric caliper
and rule were used, the values obtained reduced to convenient
factors by division into the length, with the exception of that of
thickness, which it seemed desirable to compare with the height.
Measurements were made on the following genera and species,
viz.,
Fuscontya flava, Raf. . Paraptera fragilis, Raf.
Amblema costata, Raf. ; Proptera alata, Say.
Pleurobema obliquum coccineum,Con. Anodontotdes ferussacianus,Lea
Elliptio dilatatus, Raf. Eurynia recta latissima, Raf.
Symphynota costata, Raf. ' Lampszilis luteola, Lam.
_ Anodonta grandis, Say. Lam pilis ovata ventricosa, Lam.
The factors above described having been obtained, it was the
practice while making comparisons in the endeavor to associate
any of the 7 measured morphological dimensions with the sex of
the shell, to compare equal numbers of both sexes of the species.
An average was made of the values obtained by calculation for
each dimension of the shell, and then this result compared with
that similarly obtained from the other sex of the animal. A table (I)
showing the averages for each dimension of that sex of each species
is appended, and from the comparison of its values, the table on
Sexual Dimorphism (II) is obtained.
De ee
sr ‘
——
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 167
~ITI.—RESULTS.
(a.) Conclusions.
In more condensed form the results given in the tables may Le
expressed as follows.
1. Males of Pleurobema, Elliptio, Symphynota, and Propiero
possess a greater height and degree of inflation-than females and are
relatively shorter. The females of Fusconaja, Amblema, Eurynia,
L. luteola, and L. ovata show oppostte characiers tn this res pect to those
_ of females representing the first four named species. Also in the fore-
going, height correlates with the degree of inflation of the shell. Males
‘of Anodonta, Anodontoides while having a greater degree of inflation
than females, have a less height.
2. Males of Ellipiio, Anodonta, Paraptera, Anodontoides, Eurynia
and L. ovata have a relatively greater length of the posterior part of the
shell, and consequently less of the anterior. In the remaining shells
this condition ts reversed.
3. The one outstanding morphological feature associated to prepon-
derating extent with maleness in the Najades dealt with, was the
greater length of posterior hynge line, (the anterior seems besi developed
in the females). These facts correlate wiih values for anterior .and
posterior length in % the species only.
4. Thickness of shell, as associated with sex, seems to be as equally
indifferent as all the other dimensions, (with the exception of those of
the hinge lines).
(b.) Remarks.
There is now given from Simpson, (6), Walker, (8), Utterback,
(7), all descriptive material of the external morphology of these
_ shells usually held to be associated with the different sexes. As a
rule, emphasis is placed on Walker’s late work, and it is the writer’s
desire to show the relation of this material to the results he has
obtained. :
Utterback believed females of Fusconaja and Symphynota to
possess a greater degree of inflation of the shell. My results check
only with the former in this respect. We must pass over the other
species listed in the order given (for the reason that there seems
to be no accredited descriptive. material concerning their Sexual
Dimorphism), until we come to Paraptera.
Simpson: Paraptera. ‘‘Female and male much alike, former
sometimes a little rhomboid or again it ends in a wide rounded point
nae THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
“TABLE II.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN NAYADES.
BS DS .
- . . . D . . .
(Dextro-sinistral diameter T oF convexity of valve divided
by length giving degree of infiglion) ‘
Male Greater this ; No. spec. meas- | Female Greater this
Respect in ured of each { Respect in
Pleurobema coccineum 15 Dre Fusconajo flava
Elliptia dilatatus 15 19 Amblema plicata .
Symphynota costata 5 ag Eurynia recta oA
Anodonta grandis 8 94 Lampsilis luteola
Paraptera fragilis 5 84 Lampsilis ovata
Proptera alata 6
Anadontoides ferussacianus 3
DVD
(Dorso-ventral diameter of t Value divided by length
giving relative height.)
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- | Female Greater this
Respect in ured of each Respect in
Pleurobema 15 27 Fusconaja
Symphynota 5 teal eR Amblema :
Elliptio ae 8 Anodonta
Proptera ean 5 |# Paraptera
Eurynia 33 8 Anodontoides
94 L. luteola :
e 84 - 1, ovata
: wien PD, : ; :
(Distance posterior to extremity ais from aline passing through median dor-
sal plane of valve expressing relative;degree posterior development. shell.)
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- | Female Greater this ie
Respect in ured of each Respect in i
Elliptio 15 27 Fusconaja
Anodonta 8 19 Amblema —
Paraptera 5 15 Pleurobema
Anodontoides 3 5 Symphynota
Eurynia 33 6 Proptera
L. ovata 84 94 L. lutedla
(Distance anterior to extremity — from a line passing through median dor-
sal plane of valve expressing relative degree anterior development shell.)
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- | Female Greater this
Respect in 5 ured of each Respect in
L. luteola 94 84 L. ovata
Fusconaja 27 15 Elliptio ;
Amblema 19 8 Anodonta }
Pleurobema 15 5 Paraptera ‘4
Symphynota ~ 5 3 Anadontoides ~ 7
Proptera 6 33 Eurynia |
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, 169
(Length of shell compared cae with that of posterior hinge line.)
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- | Female Greater this
Respect in ured of each Respect in
--Fusconaja | 27 poe | Symphynota
Amblema_- 19 6 | Proptera
_Pleurobema 15 5 | Paraptera
Elliptio ! 15 | |
Anodonta 8 |
Anodontoides 3 |
Eurynia 33
L. luteola 94
L. ovata ‘ 84
(Length of shell compared ANI with that of anterior hinge line.)
it
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- Female Greater this
Respect in ured of each Respect in
Symphynota | 5 27, Fusconaja
Proptera " | 6 | 19 Amblema
Paraptera | 5 15 Pleurobema
| cies | Elliptio
| 8 _ Anodonta
| 3 | Anodontoides
| 33 | Eurynia
94 | UL. luteola
| 84 | L. ovata
(Thickness of shell divided Bee by dorso-ventral diameter.)
Male Greater this No. spec. meas- Female Greater this
Respect in ured of each Respect in Rat 2,
Pleurobema | 15 2 | Fusconaja
Elliptio | 8 |» 19 | Amblema
Anodonta = | 8 5 | Symphynota
Proptera | 6 | 5 | Paraptera
Anodontoides ie ogiis.f. -Om -L. luteola
Eurynia | 33 |
L. ovata | 84 |
about in the median line. Female shell a little fuller and more
rounded in the post-basal region.’’ Specimens of Paraptera were
not abundant, but if in this species ‘‘rhomboidal’’ may generally
imply a greater height compared with the length, there is some
agreement on the part of my results. Inflation of the post-basal
region was not measured.
Propiera: ‘‘Female shell with long rounded marsupial swelling
at extreme post-basal part, generally sub-truncate behind. Male
shell less full in post basal region, nearly rounded behind.” My
170 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
observations do not agree with calculations from Walker’s illustra-
tion of this species which shows the female to be relatively higher.
They do agree in assigning the female a greater posterior length
of shell.
Eurynia: ‘Male shell drawn out behind and ends in a blunt
point about midway up from the base. Female shell has long
rounded marsupial swelling, ending in a blunt point 24 way up from
the base.’’ This data agrees with my measurements, as it may_be ©
inferred the male is longer, the marsupial swelling may be in
evidence from the inflation of the shell at the point measured.
L. luteola: ‘‘Female shell with most decided marsupial swelling;
here blunt:posterior point is somewhat higher up, (#), of height
than that of male, (about halfway), and is usually more inflated.”
' My results show the female as a higher degree of inflation, and is
besides relatively longer.
L. ovata: ‘‘Female shell slightly inflated post-basal region,”
etc. As the recorded dimorphism for this genus is practically the
same as for these last 2 species, I need only point out the full accord
with my results. :
The value of quantitative studies of the morphological charac-
teristics of shells is best appreciated when cases are brought back
. to mind where new genera and species had to be founded on the
anatomy of soft parts alone so great was the superficial resem-
blance in some cases between what turn out to be entirely different
animals. If asa general proposition, it be admitted that the system-
atist should be able to find in any organism specific characters
' distributed from the most minute anatomy to the coarsest features
of morphology, any such convergent phenomena as described above
could be eleminated as each species of shell could be expected to
vary in morphological characters around its own mean. It is to
be hoped that the practice of publishing the more usual dimensions
for both sexes of shells will be continued, that the ultimate philo-
sophic trend of all Biological Science may have ample data for the
consideration of the never-dying and always-puzzling question
of the environment.
(c.) Source of Error.
Paucity of material compelled me to use in some species a few
shells from Lake Erie, (most were from the Upper Ohio Drainage), . :
although it is in some of the measured shell characteristics, as I
expect to show, that the Lake Erie shells differ from those of the
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 171
_ Upper Ohio. I do not feel, however, that the value of my conclus-
ions is greatly impaired thereby, as an equal number of shells of
_ both sexes from Lake Erie was included when this had to be done.
Besides the reduction to factors apparently expresses the relative
_ proportion of the part concerned, and, by the law of averages,
possibly evens up any great differences.
;
IV.—BIBLIOGRAPHY.
x. Grier, N. M. “Morphological Features of Certain Mussel Shells
of L. Erie Compared with Corresponding Ones of the Upper Ohio Drain-
age.” Annals Carnegie Museum, 1920. : :
2. Hazy, J. ‘‘Die Mollusken Fauna von Budapest,” III Biologischer
Theil, Malakozoologischer Blatter, 1881, p. 160, 161, 173.
3. Israel, W. von. ‘“‘Die Najadeen des Weidegebietes, etc.’’ Beilage
zum Nachrichsblatt der Deutsschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, N. 4,
IQIO, Pp. 4. ; ; ;
4. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘Monograph Najades of Pennsylvania,’’ Mem.
Car. Museum, III, rort. -
5. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘Notes on Family and Genera of Najades.’’ Ann.
Carnegie Museum, VIII, rgor2.
6. Simpson, C. S. “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Najades.’’ B.
Walker, Detroit, 1914.
7. Utterback, W. I. ‘‘Naides of Missouri,’’ Amer. Mid. Naturalist,
‘Vol. III, 1916.
8. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘A Synopsis of the Classification of Fresh Water
Mollusca of N. America, North of Mexico, etc.’’ University of Michigan,
Mus. Zoology Pub. No. 6, p. 171, 1918.
,
TABLE I.
GIVING AVERAGE DIMENSIONS OF MALE
AND FEMALE SHELLS.
NO. DSD DVD PD AD PHL AHL TH.
SPECIMENS es ai oa Pe L I B L ri) DVD
27 Fusconaja flava 9 .5294 .7756 .7749 .2315 -.4867 .2499 .119
27 Fusconaja flava CO .4838 .7710 .7550 .2308 .544 .2001 .1181
19 Amblema plicata O% 24097. 710) _ .806 2408. = 574". 184 1398
19 Amblema plicata O) AZT 7680: (813.18 92°) 55657-1284. 1699
15 Pleurobema obliquumcoc @ .436 .796 .845 .1552 .594 .1987 -43
15 Pleurobema obliquumcoc o& .442 .821 G7 Se 2A 5575 21973 o2r7
15 Elliptio dilatatus
15 Elliptio dilatatus
2O7 A044 37 74.211 5°. 509.1830 2
304 .505 .796 .2026 .544 .1615 322
e)
of
5 Symphynota costata Q@ .260 .566 .744 .256. .490 .1924 .24
5 Symphynota costata Oi. 2i07-8. OO 729 270 OT. e253 .26
:
_
a
Pp.
,
a «
172 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST >
8 Anodonto grandis fo Mcaiatrtc fy he Malas Or iter A ones? fy omy Wl Golmee eA aT eK Oo vs
8 Anodonto grandis Oo 38382... 56R @ 1700! 288) G410 42437 Gor
3 Anodontoides ferussac O43 73. 25 AG + 2703) 2.300 pase. BAe .40
3 Anodontoides ferussac P57 LAS LS") 2754 eas azole. Teo aa
5 Paraptera fragilis O GE S5 SSL Y LGA eee 2OOr sFOeeEe OO .10
5 Paraptera fragilis S -3904--'.696° ..737 4,267 2.401 2205. 0
6 Proptera alata 9 261 ° 775 (684 ~ .415°.530. .2TO .34
6 Proptera alata OS 9 Ste 825.- 870s L2G 2am sO dveamiey 219
33 Eurynia recta O2 52740 Seale 7774 32220 5-540 2. Loma 55
33 Eurynia recta Oo .2703 .4177 .798 .207. .560 .1616 .28
94 Lampsilis luteola Q .4027 .6036 .7603 .2739 .5184 .2478 .38
94 Lampsilis luteola & .3708 .5617 .7319 .2593 .4878 .2191 .38
84 Lampsilis ovata vent. Q .4780 .7375 .6885 .3105 .4490 .2314 39°
84 Lampsilis ovata vent. O'. 246604 )3716"* 2706; 91207 vasa 5 23 LO 38
Hollins College, Hollins, Va.”
The Prairie Mirage.
BY HOWARD C. BROWN.
Strange is it indeed, that to so many persons who have spent their
lives upon the prairie, a mirage is something which is far distant;
a thing entirely unrelated to their life. Many persons associate the
mirage only with the desert. This seems odd enough when one
considers the many beautiful mirages which appear in the prairie
skies when a reflected grass area seems only a further extension of
the vast, real stretch, which, in great, gentle waves of ‘Fitanic
magnitude, roll, of a prairie morning, in undulating green, wind
responsiveness, under the lifting sun. Few things can inspire one
with more sincere thoughts of the greatness of the universe, than
can the wide stretches of prairie of our land. And the mirages are
interesting to me in that they were often so thoroughly linked, in
the past, with the life of the pioneer. i
If he loved beauty, the pioneer never ceased to revel in those
wondrous reflections. But the mirage was not alone a thing of
beauty. If it mirrored an enemy’s camp, in time of hostilities,
it served a utilitarian purpose. But to those who did not love it
for its beauty, and for whom it served no real purpose, still it became
ne
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THE PRAIRIE MIRAGE 173
an object of wonder, and they never ceased to marvel at the unusual
phenomenon.
Mrs. Maude A. Fenton, a member of the California Natural-
ist Club, is a thorough lover of beauty. For a number of years
she lived near Indian Head, Canada. Writing of those years,
she said that her most pleasant memories of Canada were centered
about her enjoyment of the wild flowers, the northern lights, and
the mirages. Speaking of the last mentioned, she says, ‘“‘Situated
some seven miles from Indian Head, was the Squirrel Hill, at the
foot of which was a very large spring of water. From it the town
of Indian Head had its water piped to the town. One bright,
frosty morning in the spring of 1907, we noticed what we thought
to be about half a mile away, this hill with.all the trees, hollows
and the place where the spring was, showing quite plainly. Ou
speaking to others about it, they said, ‘Yes, but you saw the hill
when the mirage was on, for it is over seven miles away.”
‘Another time in November, 1908, one bright, clear moruing
I thought that some one had been moving a house and left it in the
corner of the pasture land, about one-fourth of a mile away. Both
Mr. Fenton and I were deceived into thinking that it was a real
house which had been moved during the night, for we knew that
it had not been there the day before. On closer examination we
found it to be our neighbor’s house some two miles away, to the
north-east. It stayed there about:two hours, and then gradually
faded away, back to the place where it belonged.
“During the same winter, we had the chance of seeing the most
beautiful one of all, the Katepwa valley. This valley is situated
some fourteen miles from Indian Head, and sixteen miles from
where we lived. Lake Katepwa is in the center of this valley, and
surrounding it are quite high hills with trees, shrubbery, hollows
and roads: Also, a few houses. Snow was on the ground. As we
had been there a couple of times it did not take us long to name
the place. It looked very natural. This was brought to our view
about a mile away. The Hills lay to the south-west of us, the
house to the north-east, and the valley north-west, and every-
thing showed right side up.. These mirages always occurred in
the morning, just about sunrise. We uever saw one in the
evening.”
One of the most interesting references to the prairie mirage
which I have yet found, is in J. W. Winkley’s ‘“‘ John Brown, the
174 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Hero.” He tells about a horseman who had been riding full speed
up the creek, one morning in 1856, and who stopped at their
cabin door. The horseman brought news that the Ruffians were
over the border, upon them again, in strong force. He was a
messenger from the Middle River region, and had been dispatched ~
to them by his comrades in distress. His mission was, of course,
to secure help. The need was urgent. ‘Then there comes the
description of the mirage, ‘“‘As the speaker drew his narration to
a close, all present instinctively turned their eyes in the direction
whence he had come: namely, toward the south-east. There a .
sight met our gaze that riveted us to the spot—a spectacle as
marvelous as it was beautiful, and singularly confirmatory of our
informer’s words. To our utter astozishment we looked directly
at that moment into the enemy’s camp twenty miles away, though
seerringly less than a quarter of that distance. It was one of those
peculiar phenomena, rarely seen on the water and less frequently
on the land, and more wonderful in the latter case when it does
thus appear, because the more perfect and on a grander scale:
the mirage.”’
‘“The prairie mirage is of wondrous beauty. It is usually in the’
autumn, when all the atmospheric conditions are favorable, that
these strange illusions take place on the prairie ocean. Along the
eastetn horizon, near sunrise, a narrow belt of silver light appears.
As it grows broader the silvery gray of its lower side changes
slightly golden. Fleecy clouds above the belt take on a yellow red.
The grayish shadows of the dawn lift slowly from the earth. Just
before the red disk of the sun peers above the horizon-line, one
sees in the sky the landscape of trees, of waving grasses or grain,
or rocks and hills, held together as it were by threads of yellow and
gray and azure. The earth stands inverted in the air.
“The groundwork of this illusion is grayish, semi-opaque mist;
and the objects are seen standing or moving along in it. The feet
of animals and of men, the trunks of trees, the rocks and hillocks,
are set in this aqueous soil. When the conditions are perfect,
objects far beyond the range of vision over the prairie are brought
near and into plain view of the beholder.
“That morning was such a time and afforded such a scene.
There was the camp of the enemy,—miles away, as has been said,—
mirrored perfectly and beautifully on the sky, every feature of it
traced with the minuteness of a line-engraving. By the aid of our
THE PRAIRIE MIRAGE 175
military field-glass we could see the early risers moving through
the campground; the horses standing patiently outside awaiting
their morning meal; the positions of the pickets keeping guard;
the tent doors flapping in the slight breeze or swaying back and
forth as the men made egress or entrance. Even the curling smoke
of the newly kindled flame, as it ascended upward, curiously
traced itself visibly to the eye.”’
I was greatly interested in the mirages of which Iowan early
settlers have told. And I wanted to know also, how far the
mirage could be seen. In answer to my inquiries, Mr. Clement L.
Webster, who has for years been collecting pioneer data, writes,
‘“‘T do not just as this moment recall of my having personally seen
one of the mirages in this part of the west (Iowa) but I recall the
description which some of the old settlers have given to them,
which they saw in the north-central part, and north-west parts of
Towa, in the very early days. As they described them to me, they
must have been reflections of the South Dakota prairies. I was
very familiar with mirages in the south-west.”
One of the most recent mirages of the north-central Iowa
region, of which I have any record, was one which was seen at
Charles City, lowa, by Mrs. Mary Dutton. ‘‘It was November 29th,
1918, or there about, that I saw this reflection,” writes Mrs. Dutton.
‘‘T hastily threw a shawl about my shoulders and stood alone in the
dingy light of the old attic, in the cold, for one and a half hours,
wrapped in awe. I did not realize that time was passing, until my
mother became alarmed at my long absence. I found that to view
it from the ground gave a distinctly different impression. Our
house is on a hill and from the third story window I got the best
view. The clouds seemed to change and form different angles when
I got up stairs. The heavens, for the entire circle around was
beautifully colored with stripings of pink and green, seemed to
glow. This alone was most beautiful. At the movies when they
run the pictures and adds so that they appear liks kaleidoscopic
bits of color or form, and then seem to slide unbidden to position,
until the picture desired has materialized, you have an eifect which
is not unlike that which is witnessed at the beginning of the reflec-
tion. All of the arrangements of cloud and color were finally
produced,.and the almost perfect reflection was displayed. It
remained for analysis and comprehension for some time, practically
unchanged, making recognition quite certain, and not allowing
176 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
chance for imagination, in a chance cloud formation. The sun was
setting in that great blaze of subdued red, and was farther west
than the mirage. The clouds which bore the mirage hung unsus-
pended to the south and between us and the horizon, which held
yet another bank of strangely shaped, gray clouds. As to the
details of the mirage, I know that it was the Mississippi blu‘ts
which I saw reflected. There was the main river, the further bank
being indistinct, but the blu‘ts on this side were very plain. And
yet towards me from the river, was an inlet or a back water pond,
that was very distinct. gS shore line of this showed a boulder
in the edge of the water.’
The Mississippi blu‘fs are fully one-hundred miles distant
from Charles City, where the mirage appeared. The same aight
that this appeared, I had noticed the wondrous colors of the sky,
and had telephoned Mrs. Dutton to watch them. But they were
going so very fast, that by the time I got back to my observation
post, I did not see the same thing which I had phoned about. Then
I was busied, and ceased in my watch. And it was apparently at
that time that the real mirage began to shape itself.
There is no river the size of the Mississippi and with the
bluifs margining it, any place near Charles City. It is a long way
for a reflection to carry, but the vivid description-which has been
given is one of the most interesting of those which I have thus far »
found. The atmospheric conditions are such that the mirage might
easily appear at that time. Most of the ones described have been
in the early morning. This was just as the sun was setting. If the
sun had dropped below the horizon, then its last rays might have
been spent in illuminating just such a reflection as this. The
distinct manner of the reflection considering the distance, is one
of the most unusual characters of it.
There is-much to be learned about the prairie mirage. Many
persons could add information concerning it, which would be of
value to the collector of data on our natural phenomena. I have
collected here some references which I have had of the mirage.
There is much which is now waiting to be collected. The lips of
the old settlers yet mumble the stories of the early days. But the
mumbling will cease e’er long, and then we will not have the
records which we should most carefully have collected. Let us
then get to work and secure these records before it is too late. All
that deals with the early life of the pioneer is sacred to the memory
+
,
heresy hele .é
.
Sales hae
i oa
ME me TEA
AIST
BIRD NESTS FOUND AT SPRING LODGE 177
of the men who'live after him. The mirage is only one thing which
entered into his life. He was intoxicated at times with the beauty
and stunned with the wonder of it. Let us too infuse into our
- beings some of the wonder and beauty which maintained the
pioneer.
Bird Nests Found at Spring Ledge in 1919.
BY FRANK C, EVANS.
I have just completed a record of the bird nests found at Spring
Ledge, near Crawfordsville, Indiana, during the past summer, and
I thought perhaps the readers of the American Midland Naturalist
might be interested in the result. I located 146 nests on the grounds,
and. since the leaves have fallen, have found several others; but
these are not included in the record. There were twenty-six species -
as follows :—
(Green Herons 2 so Ee ee RE ho ee ee Ene ae 4
PG ia: er SE ace eR | LOS” SDATROMNE EL aw Kes Baie ee See I
Baltimore Oriole... gw Orchard (Ongle ct’ s.0 0G boo i
OUSee When. oo 2 ea a pr 14 Cuckoo, Yellow-billed_.__.........3
vo Wome. Dove oo 0 oat rane \Warbling.= Vareo 6 Sel a ye 3
Brown Lhrasher 29. eye ah Chek of bets kp eae aNd Mees Be ree 3
LegboVe) oysc's | ORR eae Se NOONE ie Vo 6. (Chimney: Swift 2226 Ses ek 2
Chipping "Sparrow ee poms) © lbh 0b ca Cpot a] oy ba 6 Chai) nee ea el ea ga 2
Red-headed Woodpecker.......... ou Wea dow lane ie one ee 6
Parnple Wa ntines- ie 22 Se 38 Maryland Yellow-throat_._.___.. I
BUN CES) IF ty etm Sree tte cle saa Pee Oe 1 Red-winged Blackbird... 3
Rairerartl et nt re. ett eerie fe aenaritds: 4 eee ee 2
PHO ED eter an et Ae ae Say 2.) Crested: Flycatcher. 2. 3 I
I put up sixty-six nesting boxes and shelves—fifty-five boxes and
eleven shelves. Twenty-eight boxes were used. Six of the boxes
were used twice, and three, three times. Twenty-seven boxes were
not used. Eight of these were in the immediate vicinity of a sparrow
hawk’s nest, which I think account for their. not being occupied.
Of the eleven shelter shelves, five were used, all by robins.
Our Martin colony was considerably larger this year, and was a
source of continual delight throughout the summer. Among our .
prized nests was a hummingbird’s, situated on a limb about six
feet above a large spring. If I had been permitted to select the lo-
cation, I could not have picked a more picturesque spot. It was a
#
178 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
perfect jewel of a nest. We watched the mother bird throughout a
the period of incubation, and especially enjoyed seeing her feed her
baby, bird—only one of the two eggs hatched. I also found a
perfect humming bird’s nest under a tree, which had evidently been
blown from the limb; so we really think we had two hummingbirds’
nests, but have no record of one of them.
I shall never again permitasparrow hawk to neston the grounds. I
am sure he drove many birds away, for often I would observe him
perched in the top of a tall oak tree, and suddenly dart like an
arrow for smaller birds that happened to alight in his vicinity.
Besides, none of the nesting boxes near the sparrow hawk’s nest _
‘were occupied. )
We did not locate a cardinal’s nest this year, although the grounds
were full of them nearly all the time. I know they were nesting
nearby, but we were unable to find the nests...
I wish everyone could appreciate the great returns in pleasure
and satisfaction in protecting and attracting the song birds to their
home grounds Certainly no other investment brings greater
returns.
2 J
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; MAY, 1920
wi, MIDLAND
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Published by the University of Notre Dame,
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CONTENTS
The Hackberry Stage of the Upper Devonian. (Plate I.)
Carroll Lane Fenton
A Consideration of Certain Genera Proposed by Ehrhart
Homer D. House
- Birds Observed at Notre Dame, Indiana, in the Fall of 1919
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The American Midland Naturalist
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY
OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VOL. VI. MAY, 1920. A aNe NO. 9
The Hackberry Stage of the Upper Devonian”
BY CARROLL LANE FENTON. JUN
I.—INTRODUCTORY. “tional Me
At what is commonly known as the Hackberry Grove Clay
Bank, in section 35, Portland Township, Cerro Gordo County,
Iowa, is the type locality of the formation described in this paper.
. On the right bank of Lime Creek at that point is an escarpment
some seventy-five feet in height which is composed throughout its
exposed thickness of the rocks of two formations: the Hackberry
and the Sheffield.t These two formations comprise the ‘‘ Lime Creek
Stage’’ as defined by Calvin,? but it is recognized, and was recognized
prior to Calvin’s description, that the two formations are distinct.
The nomenclature of these two formations had been considerably
involved, as has also been the assignment of geologic age. Hall, in
18583 assigned the beds of the Hackberry to the Hamilton Stage,
but in a later paper by Hall and Whitfield4 they were considered
as being Chemung. Whites referred the Hackberry shales to the
Hamilton, and H. S. Williams attempted at one time to show that
they were of Mississippian age,® but later? corrected this. C. L.
Webster, in 1889,° referred the Hackberry to the upper Devonian,
but placed the subjacent shales in the Hamilton, but has corrected
‘Am. Jour. Sci. (4), XLVIII, pp. 355-376.
?Ta. Geol. Surv. VII, pp. 161-192.
3Geol. of Iowa; Vol. I; pts. 1 and 2.
4 Twenty-third Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Cabinet, pp. 225-226.
5Rep’t of Geol. Surv. of State of Iowa, Vol. 1, pp. 187-188; Vol. 2,
Pp. 252-253.
6Am. Jour. Sci. (3) ,XXV, pp. 97-104.
Moe. (Cit. plist:
8 Am. Nat. XXIII, pp. 229-243.
180 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
the latter error in later papers. By the Iowa Survey the ‘Lime
Creek’”’ has been consistently and correctly assigned to the upper
Devonian. In a recent paper by myself,‘ Webster and I referred
the shales below the Hackberry to a possible Genesee time equiva-
lency; in 1919? I applied the name Sheffield to these shales, but
expressed no opinion as to their age except that they are of the
late upper Devonian.
Webster, in 1889, in a paper on the Devonian of Iowa, divided
it into three stages, the Corniferous, the Hamilton, and the Hack-
berry. His Hackberry Group was stated by him to consist of one
formation which ‘‘is known to attain a thickness of forty-five feet,
and is made up, for the greater part, of a yellowish brown argil-
laceous, and sometimes arenaceous shaley limestone.’’ This forma-
tion was stated to be the highest Devonian in the state, and, while
the description leaves much to be desired, there is no doubt that
Webster’s Hackberry Group, as originally described by him,
includes all of the Devonian rocks above the blue shale at Hack-
berry Grove, Rockford, and other localities, and below the Kinder-
hook.
Prior to 1889 the names ‘‘Rockford Shales,” ‘‘Lime Creek
Shales,’’ and ‘“‘ Lime Creek Beds’’ had been used by various authors.
Calvin and Williams used all three interchangeably; Webster
used the term ‘‘ Rockford Shales.’’ This name, however, was pre-
occupied by another formation, so had to be abandoned.
In 18973 Calvin, in his report on the geology of Cerro Gordo
County described the shales and limestones above what was then
considered to be the Cedar Valley Limestone‘ as the Lime Creek
Stage, and this name has been used in the Iowa reports, and is
more widely known than the name proposed by Webster. In
1919,5 I discussed the nomenclature of the two formations in ques-
tion, attempting to show that: (1) The name ‘“‘Lime Creek”’
as used by the Iowa Survey does not equal ‘“‘ Hackberry” as used
by Webster and myself; (2) that a new formation name was needed
Am? IMiid) Nat. Vi ap: s2nae
2See Note 8, The division of the Devonian below the Hackberry into
Hamilton and Corniferous was erroneous.
3Ta. Geol. Surv. VII., pp. 161-170.
4The Nora Limestone of Thomas (Science, N. S., XX XVII, p. 459 was
not separated from the Cedar Valley limestones at that time.
>Loc. cit. pp. 355-360.
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 18i
for the shales below the Hackberry, and (3), that the name “‘ Lime
Creek’’ is not only unsuitable, but is preoccupied, and so should
be dropped.
Iowa Geological Survey Clement L. Webster C. L. Fenton
(Published Reports) ah (Early Papers, 1889) |
Owen Substage | Upper Horizon | Owen Substage
Cerro Gordo Substage
Middle Horizon Spirifer Zone
Hackberry Ses ml he
Substage Lower Horizon | Striatula Zone
Genesee??? Sheffield
Stage Formation
Fic. 1.—CORRELATION oF NOMENCLATURES.
II.— STRATIGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION.
There is no point at which a satisfactory section of the Hackberry
Stage may be taken. The following section, a compilation giving the
maximum thicknesses observed, is here introduced in order to
facilitate reference in the following description.
II..A.—GENERAL SECTION OF THE HACKBERRY STAGE.!
II.—Owen Substage.
C.—Acervularia Zone.
Calcareous, light gray limestones, containing Pachyphyllum, Alveolites,
Acervularia (an undescribed species; typical of the zone) Stromato-
porella, Syringosiroma, and other species, corals and Stromatoporoids
Denies hthemoste auUunGanit) LOLMIS eo Se tee Bee Se Ns hed ae 20
B.—WNaticopsis Zone.
Magnesian shales and limestones, and argillaceous dolomitic limestones, '
usually dark buff or brownish in color. Gastropods the predominating -
fossils, Westernia and Naticopsis the predominating genera; Naticopsis
meanied La ccWweathe most-ty pical species: 2-1 we ae ee 30
A.—Idiostroma Zone.
Buff, gray-buff, or buff-brown limestones, heavily bedded. Crowded
throughout by two species of Stromatoporoids(?) commonly referred
to Idiosiroma, as well as other Siromatoporoida, and several species of
PaASEGO POs eel ne Uo iu Sede ale ey ea Oe OLY SG TAA Suey SNARE 4-6%
I.—Cerro Gordo Substage.
B.—Spirifer Zone.
Yellowish, very calcereous shales, shaley clays, and shaley limestones.
Weathers partly to clay, partly to limestone chips. Abundantly fos_
‘For comparison with Calvin’s section in Ia. Geol. Sun. VII., p. 163.
182 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Siler Os. eee 8 Oe ae cea eee eee AaNa CRN TS eA NOS ENS Zs 3. J 20
A.—Striatula Zone.
Calcareous shales and shaley limestones, slightly to very gritty. Weathers
partly to a rather gritty clay, partly to chips and nodules, strongly
iron stained. Beds indurated at various localities, as at Mason City;
at Rockford and Hackberry Grove, bearing large numbers of calcareous
concretions in the lower portions. Fossiliferous, the fossils occurring
largely jas. Gas te. ee eee ia REE 52 ee Se 25
Disconformity.
At Rockford the Striatula zone attains a total thickness of
above sixteen feet, and is separated into three quite distinct divi-
sions. The lowest of these, about two feet in thickness, does not
depend so much upon its fauna as the distinctive feature of a
large number of calcareous concretions, containing considerable
amounts of pyrite, and occasional crystals of feldspar. Fossils
are conspicuous by their general absence, even poorly preserved
casts being uncommon.
The second division, (Whitneyi Faunule, Fig. 3), contains the
typical Striatula fauna. The less common species of this faunule
were described by Webster in a paper in the American Naturalist’;
the most common ones are: Schizophoria striatula (Schloth.),
A. reticularis (Linn.), A. hystrix Hall, and Spirifer whitney: Hall.
The total thickness of the faunule is about ten feet.
The third division, (Gypidula faunule, Fig. 3), is, to a considerable
extent, a transition between the Striatula and the Spirifer zones.
The fauna has lost its typical Striatula aspect, but yet it is suffi-
ciently distinct from that of the Spirifer zone to be placed with
the lower division. Among the typical Spirifer zone species appear-
ing in this faunule are those marked by an asterisk in the faunal
list. The most interesting of these is a large, undescribed species
of Gypidula, commonly called G. comis (Owen). This form is, in
general, rare throughout the formation, but in limited areas of
the Gypidula faunule considerable numbers of specimens, usually
badly crushed, may be found. I collected a total of thirteen speci-
mens, only two of them good, from an area that could be covered
by an ordinary sheet of paper. In the area having a radius of
approximately fifteen feet about this find I have collected but four
specimens, all fragmentary.
The accompanying diagram will serve to show the division of
the Striatula into faunules at the localities studied. The division,
tAm. Nat: XCXII., pp. 1013-1018.
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 183
of course, is by no means so hard and fast as might be inferred from
the diagram. The figures refer to the approximate thicknesses in
feet.
Hackberry Grove. Mason City N. W. States Rockford
Bei& i Caz Cem. Co. | sey ee Or
4| Reticularis
Faunule. — — =
= -—|—_|——_——_ -—-|3 | Gypidula
——— 8| Gritty, soft Faunule.
8| Whitneyi 18|Fucoid beds; few = —
Faunule(?) 20} + Faunule. fossils. 12| Whitneyi
aS — = -—— Faunule
2| Concretionary %| Fucoid <= ~————-——
Bed Faunule 2| Concretionary
: ; Bed
Fic. 3.— FAUNULES OF THE STRIATULA ZONE.
THE CERRO GORDO SUBSTAGE.
II. B.—THE STRIATULA ZONE.
The lowest division of the Hackberry, that referred to by Webster
in his earlier publications as the ‘‘Lower beds’’ and the ‘ Lower
Horizon,” is the one to which Webster and I have applied the
name Striatula zone... The most extensive development of this
zone is at the pits of the American Brick and Tile Company and
the Mason City Brick and Tile Company (owned and operated
by the latter) at Mason City, in Cerro Gordo County, where it
attains a thickness of at least twenty-five feet. The lower eighteen
to twenty feet are composed of more or less indurated, fairly heavy-
bedded strata of coarse, gritty texture, strongly iron stained.
These beds contain abundant fucoid remains, the most abundant
being a small form one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter. It
lies along the bedding planes in tangled, curling masses, and is
very characteristic of the lowermost ledges. Further up in the
zone a larger, branching form, with a diameter sometimes reaching
two and one-half inches, predominates. Both are associated to-
gether, but there is a distinct predominance of the small species
below, and the large one higher up in the zone. The zone is the
Fucoid faunule of Fig. 3.
Above the indurated beds containing fucoids as the principal
fossils are six to eight feet of gritty, soft shales and clay-shales
*American Midland Naturalist, V., p. 214.
184 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
which oxidize to a light yellowish. There are but slight traces of
induration, and the oxidization is much more complete than in the
lower beds. Fossils are quite common as casts, Schizophoria stria-
tula (Schloth.), Atrypa reticularis (Linn.), A. hystrix Hall, and
Spirifer Whitneyi Hall being the principal species. This bed
composes the Reticularis faunule of Fig. 3.
At the pits of the Western States Cement Company, some three-
fourths of a mile to the northwest of the Mason City pits the shales
below the Hackberry is being worked for the production of cement.
They are overlain by seven to nine feet of the Striatula Zone,
which is stripped from the smooth, plastic formation below. The
Striatula section, while incomplete in the extreme, nevertheless
shows a great difference from that at the Mason City pits. The
entire thickness of the indurated strata is represented by less than
six inches of hard, shaley limestone, bearing fucoids. Above this
are seven or eight feet of material very similar to that described
above as constituting the Reticularis faunule, but with very few
fossils, and those as very poor casts. Mr. A. P. Potts, of the Mason
City Brick and Tile Company tells me that the heavy, indurated
beds have virtually disappeared less than three-eighths of a mile
north of the Mason City pits. This is an extreme example of the
decided local variation that characterizes the upper Devonian of
this particular district.
Il. C.—THE SPIRIFER ZONE.
The most striking, and certainly the most interesting, pale-
ontologically of the divisions of the Hackberry is the Spirifer Zone,
which at Hackberry Grove attains a thickness of approximately
twenty feet. An exact determination of the boundary between the
Spirifer and Striatula zones is made difficult by the talus.
This zone, as developed at Hackberry Grove, is divided into at
least three faunules, though their bounds have not been very care-
fully iworked out. The table on the following page gives these
faunules, with the distinguishing characters.
The Striatula Zone in the neighborhood of Rockford, and par-
ticularly at the brick pits, is composed of much the same yellow,
calcareous shales, but with a much lesser tendency towards in-
duration than is to be noted at Hackberry Grove. The develop-
ment of faunules is more obscure than at Hackberry Grove, and
I am inclined to think that there is less parallelism between the
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. TES
fe Corals and stromatoporoids at their greatest abundance;
Charactophyllum, Pachyphyllum, Siromatorpoella, Syr-
ingostroma predominating genera. Brachiods
gastropods abundant; Naticopsis more abundant
than in Faunule 2. Pelecypods seemingly at height;
Paracyclas predominating species.
Stromatoporella
Faunule.
2.
Hystrix
|
|
|
|
|
Wiens at greatest abundance; Atrypa, Schizo-
|
|
|
phoria, Strophonella, Douvillina, Spirifer the pre-
Faunule. dominating genera.
re Naticopsis gigantea and Floydia the dominant gastro-
Gigantea pods. Brachiopods abundant. Corals much less
Faunule abundant than in upper two faunules.
Fic. 4.—FAUNULES OF THE SPIRIFER ZONE AT HACKBERRY GROVE. |
two localities than I at first supposed.' It is certain that the
horizon of dominant gastropod development at Rockford is above
that of dominant brachiopod development. The upper portions
of the zone are not present, so the development of the Stromato-
porella faunule, if it was developed, cannot be determined.
Three miles west of Rockford, at a roadside exposure known
locally as Bird Hill, the Spirifer consists of two distinct faunal
divisions. The lower is made up of compact clay-shales crowded
with small fucoids, but without many other fossils; the second is
of soft clay-shale similar to that of the Rockford pits, but with a
distinctly different fauna. Lzoclema occidens (H. & W.), common
at the Rockford pits, is here almost uncommon, but the smaller
bryozoa are to be found in abundance. Rugose corals (Charac-
tophyllum nanum (H. & W.), Zaphrentis solida H: & W., Chono-
phyllum ellipticum (H. &. W.) are abundant, and on the whole are
of a larger size than at Rockford. The general aspect of the brachi-
opod fauna is different from that at Rockford, though the species
are much the same. There is a notable tendency among the Spurifers
of the hungerfordi and whitneyt groups to develop wide forms, as
S. whitney: producius Fenton.
I think it has been made plain in these descriptions that there
are distinct faunal differences in the Spirifer Zone. These faunal
differences seem to me to be dependent on locality and local en-
vironment rather than upon time. Doubtless stratigraphical
position and individual variations are related, but I am inclined
to lay the major part of the responsibility to local environment.
*Am, Jour. Sci, XLVIII, p. 363.
186 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
The difference of the fauna at one point from that at another is
far more easily seen in the results of a collecting trip than in a
collection or in faunal lists, for the difference is primarily one of
numbers of specimens, secondly of variations, and probably last,
of species. This last statement cannot, of course, apply to such
forms as Lioclema occidens, which, while abundant about Rockford
is uncommon (relatively, at least) at Bird Hill, and rare at Hack-
berry.
THE OWEN SUBSTAGE.
Il. D.—TuHeE Ip1IosTRoMA ZONE.
The highest portion of the Hackberry Stage which is in place
at Hackberry Grove is composed of four to six and one-half feet
of rather heavily bedded limestone, gray, gray-buff, or bu in
color, and crowded throughout by two species of Stromatoporoids
commonly referred to the genus [diosiroma. Associated with the
species are several species of Siromatoporella, and numerous large
specimens of Naticopsis gigantea H. & W. At a small exposure
south and east of Hackberry Grove the lower portions of this
zone contain numerous corals, among them being Aulopora an-
nectens Clarke. Westernia crassa Webster, and W. gigantea Web-
ster have been taken from this zone at Hackberry Grove. The
limestones of the [diostroma zone are very distinct, both litho-
logically and faunally from the underlying Spirifer beds. At all
points where they were examined they were characterized by the
two slender [diostromas.
Jl. E.—vTue Naticopsis Zone.
The type locality for the Hackberry Stage is the Hackberry
Grove exposure, and this same exposure furnishes the typical
development of the Cerro Gordo Stage. The type locality for the
Owen substage, and its upper two zones is the Owen Grove quarry,
near Owen Creek, in Portland Township. At that locality there
are some thirty feet of dark buff or brownish limestone, shales,
shaley limestones, and dolomites overlying the Idiostroma beds,
and characterized by their abundant gastropod fauna, in which
the species Naticopsis gigantea predominates. The three species
of Westernia, two or three unidentified species of Ceneostoma,
and Floydia concentrica Webster, are among the other gastropods.
ee eee
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 189
-
II. F—THE ACERVULARIA ZONE.
Above the Naticopsis Zone at Owen Grove there is a slope of
about twenty feet, on the surface of which are numerous fragments
of limestone bearing, among other fossils, a new species of Acervu-
laria that has been variously referred to Acervularia profunda
Hall, and A. inequalis H. & W. by various authors. Pachyphyllum
woodmani (White) is common, in at least three varietal forms;
Strombodes, Alveolites, Chonophyllum, and other corals are present.
There are several species of gastropods, and pelecypods of the
genus Paracyclas; brachiopods are relatively uncommon.
In the bed of Hackberry Creek, east of the Hackkerry Grove
escarpment, there are large amounts of residual.material from the
Acervularia Zone, and it is here that the kest collecting is to ke
found. Corals are common; stromatoporoids common, but less
_ so than they would be in weathered Spirifer Zone material from
Hackkerry Grove. Stromatoporella imcrusians (H. & W.), S.
solidula (H. &. W.) and several apparently undescribed species
are among them. Both corals and Stromatoporoids are frequently
pierced by what seem to be borings of a large species of Cliona,
in no way allied to the C. Hackberryensis of the Spirifer zone.
II. G.—- DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMATION.
The accompanying map, made up by C. L. Webster and myself,
will serve to show the general distribution of the formation. I
am particularly indebted to Mr. Webster for data regarding the
Owen Substage and the questionable Hackberry- areas in Worth
County. His long study of the formation has enabled him to secure
much data that I could not, in my brief work, secure.
IlJ].—TuHeE Fauna OF THE HACKBERRY.
The following list, while far from complete, will serve to give
an idea of the fauna in general, and in its stratigraphic relationships.
No attempt is made to enumerate all of the undescribed species;
those noted are in all cases the most striking or most characteristic
ones. :
In the foregoing pages considerable mention of various species
has Leen made, and the stratigraphic relations of many forms have
teen noted. In order, however, to give a staisfactory idea of the
tases for division of the formation into substages and zones here
descriked, the following list is divided into three sections: the
’
188 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
fossils of the Owen substage, those of the Spirifer zone, and those of
the Striatula zone. Even this division, however, fails to give the
true distinction between the last two subdivisions; this is apparent
only in survey of the results of several days of careful collecting.
It is a difference not so much of species as of numbers of species,
and numbers of individuals, there being a greater abundance of
both in the Spirifer zone.
In the following list, the abbreviation “‘sp.’
species is undetermined; the abbreviation ‘‘n. sp.’
the species (or variety: ‘‘n. var.’’) is undescribed.
‘ ’
is used where the
’ indicates that
Fossi, SPECIES OF THE OWEN SUBSTAGE.
PLANTAE
_ “Pucoids,’”’ of at least two species, undetermined. ~
ANIMALES.
Porifera
Cliona sp. or sps. Large boring forms in Alveolites, Acervu-
laria, Pachyphyllum, etc.
Coelenterata
Anthozoa
Heliophyllum sp.
_ Heliophyllum n. sp.
Chonophyllum ellipticum H. & W.
Chonophyllum sp.
Zaphrentis solida H & W.
Cystiphyllum mundulum H. & W.
Charactophyllum nanum (H. & W.)
Strombodes johanni (H. & W.)
Strombodes johanni multiradiatus (H. & W.)
Acervularia cf. inequalis H. & W.
Acervularia n. ‘sp.
Acervularia n. sp.
Pachyphyllum woodmani (White)
Pachyphyllum woodmani (White) var.
Pachyphyllum crassisostatum Webster
Pachyphyllum crassum Webster
Alveolites rockfordensis H. & W.
Cladopora robusta Rom.?
Aulopora iowensis H. & W.
Aulopora cf. saxivadum H. & W
:
:
.
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 189
Aulopora annectens Clarke °
Aulopora sp. :
Aulopora n. sp.
Syringopora sp.
Hydrozoa (?) (Stromatoporoidea)
Stromatoporella sps.
Stromatoporella solidula (H. & W.)
Stromatoporella incrustans (H. & bc
Stromatoporella n. s.
_ Syringostroma planulatum’ (H. & W.)
Idiostroma n. sp.
Idiostroma n. sp.
Vermes ,
Spirorkis ompkaloides (Goldfuss)
Forms prokably belonging to the Tubulifera.
Echinodermata
Various unidentified remains, fragmental, of crinoids.
Molluscoidea -
Bryozoa :
Hederella alternata (H. & W.)
j
3 Hederella sp. ce
1
4
3
4
;
j
j
Lioclema? sp.
Brachiopoda
Schizophoria striatula (Schloth.)
_ Leptostrophia canace (H, & W.)
Strophonella reversa Hall
Productella hallana Walcott.
Atrypa reticularis (Linn.)
Atrypa hystrix Hall
Atrypa hystrix planostulcata Webster
Spirifer orestes H. & W.:
Spirifer hungerfordi Hall
Spirifer whitneyi Hall .
g ‘Mollusca
; Pelecypoda . °
Paracyclas validalinea Webster
Paracyclas sabini White
Paracyclas elliptica Hall
Leptodesma sp. :
Gastropoda -
igo THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Bellerophon sp.
Straparollus cf. cyclostamus Hall
Ceneostoma sps.
Pleurotomaria sp.
Diaphorostoma lineatum (Con.)
Floydia concentrica Webster
Naticopsis gigantea H. & W.
Westernia crassa Webster
Westernia owensis Webster
Westernia gigantea Webster
FossILs. OF THE SPIRIFER ZONE.
PLANTAE
‘*Fucoids,’
ANIMALES
Porifera
Cliona hackberryensis Thomas cy
Cliona sp.
Coelenterata
Anthozoa
Zaphrentis solida H. & W.
Cyathophyllum n. sp.
Charactophyllum nanum (H. & W.)
Heliophyllum cf. scrutarium Clarke & Swartz.
Chonophyllum ellipticum H. & W. ng
Chonophyllum n. sp.
Strombodes johanni (H. & W.)
Strombodes johanni multiradiatus (H. & W.)
Pachyphyllum woodmani (White)
Pachyphyllum woodmani cf. gregarium Wetster
Pachyphyllum crassicostatum Wel ster
Pachyphyllum ordinatum Wet ster
Pachyphyllum crassum Webster
Pachyphyllum n. sp.
Macgeea solitaria (H. & W.)
Macgeea parva Webster
Macgeea culmula Wetster |
Acervularia inequalis H. & W.
Acervularia n. sp.
Acervularia profunda Hall
three or more species.
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. IgI
Alveolites rockfordensis H. & W.
Cladopora: cf. robusta Rom.
Cladopora cf. palmata H. & W.
Aulopora iowensis N. & W.
Aulopora saxivadum H. & W.
Aulopora filiformis Billings
Aulopora n. sps.
Syringopora sp.
Hydrozoa (?)
Stromatoporella solidula (H. & W.)
Stromatoporella incrustans (H. & W.)
Actinostroma cf. expansum (H. & W.)
2
x
s
> Actinostroma n. sp.
3 Syringistroma planulatum (H. & W.)
: Vermes
¢ Serpularia, sps.
A Cornulites, sps.
. Spirortis omphaloides (Goldfuss)
Spirortis arkonensis Nich.
* Echinodermata
: Crinodea
: Unidentified Crinoid remains; about ten species (Webster).
Echinoidea
Nortonechinus n. s.
Spines of unidentified forms.
ss _~ Molluscoidea
Bryozoa
Virella? sp.
Hederella alternata (H. & W.)
federella cf. filiformis’ Nich.
Lioclema occidens (H. & W.)
Lioclema minutissimum Nich.
Fenestella vera Uhlrich
Fenestella sp.
Fridotrypa sps.
Brachiopoda
Crania famelica H. & W.
Crania famelica H. & W. var.
Crania crenistriata Hall
Schizophoria striatula (Schloth.)
192
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Schizophoria striatula impressa (Hall)
Leptostrophia canace (H. & W.)
Leptostrophia perplana nervosa (Hall)
Stropheodonta n. sp. (ef. calvini Miller)
Stropheodonta exilis Calvin(?)
Douvillina, n. sp.
Douvillina arcuata (Hall)
Douvillina arcuata maximla Fenton .
Strophonella reversa Hall
Strophonella reversa gravis Fenton
Strophonella reversa hybrida (H. & W.)
Schuchertella prava Hall
Schuchertella prava Hall
Schuchertella sp.
Productella hallana Walcott
Productella truncata Hall
Productella speciosa Hall
Gypidula comis munda (Calvin)
Gypidula cf. comis Owen
~ Rhynchonella subacuminata Webster
Camarotoechia contracta saxatilis Hall
Rhipidomella cf. penelope Hall
Pugnoides altus (Calvin)
Pugnoides ambiguus (Calvin)
Liorhynchus iris Hall
Liorhynchus sp.
Centronella navicella (Hall)
Cranaena calvini (H. & W.)
Atrypa reticularis (Linn.)
Atrypa reticularis hackberryénsis (Webster)
Atrypa reticularis alta Fenton
Atrypa reticularis (Linn.) n. var.
Atrypa hystrix Hall
Atrypa cf. spinosa Hall
Atrypa cf. aspera Hall
Spirifer whitneyi Hall
Spirifer whitneyi rockfordensis Fenton
Spirifer whitneyi gradatus Fenton
Spirifer whitneyi productus Fenton
Spirifer — sp.
_ Spirifer hungerfordi Hall.
Spirifer n. sp.
Spirifer macbrideii Calvin
Spirifer orestes H. & W.
Spirifer substrigosus Webster
Spirifer websteri Fenton
Spirifer cyrtinaformis H. & W.
Spirifer cyrtinaformis helenae Fenton
Cyrtina hamiltonensis recta Hall
Ambocoelia sp.
Reticularia n. sp.
Athyris cf. minutissima Webster
Mollusca
Pelecypoda |
Grammysia sp.
. Spenotus contractus Hall(?)
Leptodesma sp.
_ Lucina sp.(?)
Paracyclas sabini White
Paracyclas elliptica Hall
Paracyclas validalinea Webster
Glossites lingualis Hall
Pterinopecten sps.
Aviculopecten sps.
Gastropoda
Bellerophon sp.
Straparollus cyclostamus (Hall)
Straparollus sp.
Platyostoma(?) insolitum Webster -
Platyostoma(?) antiquum Webster
Platyostoma(?) modestum Webster
_ Diaphorostoma cf. ventricosum (Con.)
Cyclonema sp. :
Pleurotomaria verticillata Webster
Holopea(?) iowensis Webster
4 Holopea sps. |
Naticopsis gigantea H. & W.
Naticopsis gigantea hackberryensis Webster
; Naticopsis gigantea websteri Fenton
| Naticopsis magnificentis Webster
v
Te ne ee TEE nS SR Sree eg ee et eee Tere
ae fini
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN.
193
194
SS
aie
x
aes
y
wl < san Sar gS ee
er ph 2
TamuM! ¢
5 aos QAO RARE
SO aoe
= WUE RECA PRY SIND
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BS a GEt AUREESRRERRRS See \ ARS
TALE DREEE EE ABE BEES BERBERS iv
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Fic. 2.—Geologic Map Showing Distsibution
HACKBERRY STAGE OF TEE UPPER DEVONIAN. 195
VA
SAS RE BE BEG DRE EBB
SSSR
SAEs GAS AN
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‘>
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4 WY s
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FS
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: SEE CATES GEG ANAT aOR v S) Fs ies ewe
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O Sul Sy Ojo O]iL ele v|~
z = = & ; @ =
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| OSG 2223 es (SSeS
So Se sla] s* [eee lolo
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of the Hackberry Stage, and other Formations.
196 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Floydia concentrica Webster .
Floydia concentrica multisinuata Fenton
Loxonema hamiltonensis Hall —
Loxonema sps.
Platydesma sp.
Paleotrochus sps.
Cephalopoda
Orthoceras berryx Hall
Orthoceras consortale Hall
Orthoceras sps.
Gomphoceras sps.
Manticoceras pattersoni (Hall)
Vertebrata
Piscea
Ptyctodus calceolus M. & W.
Dinicthys pustulosus Eastman -
Diplodus striatus Eastman
Diplodus priscus Eastman
Apsidicthys sp.
Fossi, SPECIES OF THE STRIATULA ZONE.
PLANTAE
‘““Fucoids,’”’ several species.
ANIMALES
Molluscoidea
Bryozoa
Lioclema occidens (H. & W.)*
Undetermined species.
Brachiopoda
Crania famelica H. & W.*
Leptostrophia canace (H. & W.)*
Douvillina arcuata (Hall) *
Gypidula cf. comis (owen) n. s.*
‘Centronella navicella (Hall)*
Centronella sp.
Cranaena calvini (H. & W.)?*
Schizophoria striatula (Schloth.)
Atrypa reticularis (Linn.)
Atrypa reticularis alta Fenton?*
7
* Found in the Gypidula faunule, at Rockford.
F
d
“
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 197
Spirifer whitneyi Hall
Spirifer hungerfordi Hall
Athyris minutissima Webster
Mollusca
Pelecypoda
Glossites sp.
Grammysia(?) sp.
Paracyclas sabini White*
Paracyclas validalinea Webster
Gastropoda
Plaiyostoma mirum Webster
Platyostoma pervetum Wetster
Platyostoma sp.
Platyostoma n. sp.
Naticopsis rara Webster
Turbo (?) strigullata Webster
Turbo .(?) incerta Webster
Holopea tenuicarinata Webster
Cyclonema brevilineata Webster
Cyclonema subcrenulata Webster
IV.—TueE AGE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HACKBERRY STAGE.
In section I of this paper there is given a summary of the age
and equivalency of the Hackberry keds; it is not necessary to
review this here. The two important questions are: (1) Is there
any described equivalent of the Hackberry Stage? (2) What claims
to the rank of stage can be advanced for the formation? 2
The first question can be answered with a_decided negative.
Calvin, interpreted the fauna of the Independence Formation of
Iowa as the predecessor and direct ancestor of the Hackberry Fauna.
This interpretation, however, was based on a very small numter of
species, and it is doubtful if some of these can be satisfactorily
referred to both formations.
Clarke saw a considerable relationship ketween the Hackterry,
Independence, and High Point faunas. His conclusions, however,
were drawn, as shown in the.table given by him, from but a small
fraction of the bryozoan, brachiopod and mulluscan faunas of the
Hackberry, the total number of species from the three formations
which were included in t'e table being forty-three. Aside from
~ FBulletin 16, U. S. G. S.; pp. 74-76.
198 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
paleogeographic difficulties, the paleontologic evidence is against
rather than in favor of correlation of the Hackberry with the High
Point.
If an equivalent for the Hackberry is to be found, it must be
looked for in the north and west rather than in the east. The simi-
larity of certain Hackberry species with forms from northwest
Canada and from western United States" is of interest. Thus
certain western forms of Spirifer whitneyi Hall are strikingly like
the Hackberry form which I have called S. whiineyi gradacus.
But as yet nothing of sufficient importance to allow for correlation
has come up. Therefore, if we except time equivalency, we may
state without question that there is no described equivalent of the
Hackberry Stage.
But is this formation a stage? Some writers Hitt not; in one
publication of the Iowa Survey the formation was referred to as a
substage.? On the other hand, Calvin, Webster, Thomas, and others
have not hesitated to give the Hackberry the rank of stage or group.
It is true that if we compare the thickness of the rocks of the
Hackberry with that of such formations as the Cedar Valley—
to: take another Iowa Devonian formation—or with the great
thicknesses of some of the eastern formations, it makes but a poor
showing. But thickness of sediments does not make a stage, just
as it does not make a system. Fossils provide the evidence which
can be relied upon.
The great difference of the Hackberry fauna from that of any
other described formation has been dwelt upon; that feature is of
importance in this connection as well as in correlation. The
radical change of the Hadkberry fauna from those préceding it in
the Iowa region is also of note. So far as known now, there is not a
single fossil species in the Sheffield formation which is found in the
Cedar Valley or Nora formations. So far as known, there is not a
single species common to the Hackberry and Sheffield formations.
The number of species common to the Hackberry and the Cedar
Valley is small, and by careful study will become smaller.
On the other hand, if one is to consider the wealth of species,
and the wealth of new species, in the Hackberry, the arguments
for giving the formation the rank of stage are greatly strengthened.
The number of formations in the Paleozoic which can show as
*See particularly Kindle; Bulletin 391, U. S. G. §&.
*Eastman, Ia. Geol. Surv. Vol. XVII, pp. 45-50.
¥
s
>
8
>
}
x
*
7
Pd
4
¥ COTES BM Pes
i
HACKBERRY STAGE OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. 199
prolific and as distinct a fauna, with as many forms known from
that formation alone, is by no means great. And when it is recol-
lected that the maximum composite thickness of the formation is
but one hundred feet, and the average thickness very much less,
there seems even less reason to call the formation a substage
Moreover, if one calls a formation a substage he implies that it is
a division of some stage. But since there is no known equivalent
of the Hackberry, to what stage might it be referred?
V.—SUMMARY.
1.—The highest, and youngest, position in the Devonian of
Iowa is occupied by a formation whose known maximum composite
thickness is about one hundred feet.
2.—This formation has been discussed under various formation
names. The name Hackberry, proposed in 1889, has priority over
other names and is more directly suitable to the formation than
auy other name which has been applied to it. Other names should
therefore be regarded as synonyms, and should not he applied to
this formation.
3.—The Hackberry formation is distinct, with no described
equivalent. It is correctly designated as a stage (or group, as that
term is commonly used).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
_ Fics. 1—2. Airypa reiicularis alia.Fenton. A characteristic Spirifer zone
form, found both at Hackberry Grove and Rockford.
Fics. 3—4. Spirifer whitneyi rockfordensis Fenton. An erratic form of
considerable rarity, which I have found only at Rockford.
Fics. 5—-6. Spiriter whitneyt productus Fenton. A form of S. whitneyi
seldom found at Hackberry, sparingly at Rockford, but characteristic
of the Bird Hill exposure. Specimen from Rockford.
Fics. 7—10. Spirifer whitneyi gradatus Fenton. Rockford, Ia. A form
best developed in the Rockford district, in the middle portion of the
Spirifer zone.
Fics. 11-17. Spirifer cyrtinaformis helenae Fenton. Rockford, Iowa.
Specimens showing the slanting area and produced hinge-line which
is particularly characteristic of the Bird Hill specimens. Good examples
are less common at Rockford, and still less so at Hackberry.
Fics. 18-22. Sirophonella reversa gravis Fenton. Rockford, Iowa. A form
which, although usually best preserved at Rockford, is more charac-
teristic of Hackberry Grove, Gigantea faunule.
Fics. 23-25. Douvillina arcuata maxima Fenton. Hackberry Grove, Iowa.
A form® which is found mainly at Hackberry Grove.
200 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST |
Fic. 27. Spirifer websteri Fenton. Rockford, Iowa. A distinct species of
the orestes group. I originally referred to this form the one shown in
Figs. 28-31, but this was incorrect.
Fics. 26; 28-31. Spirifer specics undescribed. Rockford, Iowa. Another
species of the group of S. orestes H. & W. Spirifer zone; about equally
characteristic of Rockford and Hackberry Grove. -
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fic. 1—2a. Naticopsis gigantea Hall and Whitfield. Hackberry Grove, Ia.
Fic. 3. Naticopsis giganiea Hall and Whitfield. A large specimen, upper —
whorls restored. Hackberry Grove, Iowa. -
Fic. 4. Floydia concentrica multisinuaia Fenton. Holotype. Rockford, Iowa.
Fic. 5.—5a. Floydia concentrica Webster. Fig. 5; portion of a large speci-
men. Fig. 5a; cross-section of shell of specimen shown In Fig. 5. Rock-
ford, Iowa. ‘
Figures 1-3 are characteristic Spirifer zone forms from Hackberry Grove.
Figures 4-5 show two typical specimens from the upper part of the Spirifer
zone at Rockford. t
A Consideration of Certain Genera Proposed by Ehrhart.
BY HOMER D. HOUSE z
The question of what constitutes. proper publication of a genus
has received more than a little attention both in codes, proposed,
promulgated or adopted, and by individual expression of opinion.
A new genus published today without description but merely by
the implication or indication of a type species would certainly
seem inadequately published. However any code or-set or rules
which is retroactive is sure to encounter perplexing situations,
which lead sooner or later to various evasions or deliberate
exceptions. : ;
This article deals with a set of generic names published by
Friedrich Ehrhart in 1789 (Beitrage zur Naturkunde und den
damit verwandten Wissenschaften, etc. 4: 146-148. 1789). Like .
many genera published by Rafinesque, Sweet, and several other
early writers these genera were published without description,
merely by the designation of a previously published species. The
frequency with which this sort of generic publication occurs in-
dicates that it must have been at the time regarded as a quite
proper method. Many of Necker’s genera are now regarded as
' A CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN GENERA 201
invalid because no species were indicated, although not a few of
them have been more or less commonly reeognized and used in
floras and manuals up to within a few years ago.”
Before passing to a detailed consideration of Ehrhart’s genera
it may not be out of place to enumerate a few commonly accepted
generic names which were published by Rafinesque merely by the
citation of a type species. More extended search would doubtless
* reveal other genera by other authors which telong in the same
catagory. ° :
Adlumia Raf.
Sceoria (Hicoria) Raf.
Spathyema Raf.
a Triadenum Raf.
f Achroanthes Raf. (Malaxis Sw.) .
; Washingtonia Raf. (Osmorhiza Raf.)
F Odostemon Raf.
f Quamasia Raf.
: Leptamnium Raf.
f
:
:
£ Thalesia Raf.
‘ Leptilon Raf. Z
$ The number preceeding each of Ehrhart’s names is that of the
i order in which he published them.
4 I.— PHAEOCEPHALUM Ebrh. Beitr. 4: 146. 1789.
q | (Rynchospora Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1806)
% The type as indicated by Ehrhart, is Schoenus fuscus L,. Schoenus
: corniculatus .Lam. not keing regarded as congéneric with this
a group is not included in the following enumeration of species
: formerly referred to Rynchospora.
) P. album (1) Rynchospora alba (1..) Vahl
; P. axillare (Lam.) ~ R. axillare (Lam.) Britton
j P. Balduini (A. Gray) R. Baldwin A. Gray
Z P. brachychaetum (Sauv.) R. brachychaeta Sauv.
P. caducum (EIl.) R. caduca Ell.
P. chapmani (M. A. Curtis) R. chapmani M. A. Curtis
4 P. ciliatum (Michx.) R. ciliata (Michx.) Vahl
: P. compressum (Carey) R. compressa Carey
P. Curtissw (Britton). R. Curtissu Britton
P. cymosum (El1.) “R. cymosa Ell.
P. decurrens (Chapm.) R. decurrens Chapm.
ty
Vou vuyeyuyuyuyuyyuUuDuD Vuyyyyyy
. dodecandrum (Baldw.)
. distans (Michx.) ;
. divergens (M. A. Curtis)
. Earlei (Britton) *
. fasciculare (Michx.) .
. filifolium (Torr.)
. fuscoides( Boeckl.)
fuscum (L.)
. glomeratum (1,.)
. gracilenium (A. Gray)
Grayt (Kunth)
inexpansum (Michx.)
intermedium (Chapm.)
Kneiskernit (Carey)
leptorhynchum (C. Wr.)
. microcarpum (Baldw.)
. milaceum (T,am.)
mixta (Britton) -
palulum (A. Gray)
. pallidum (M. A. Curtis)
perplexum ’ (Britton)
. Plankii (Britton)
. plumosum (EIL.)
proliferum (Small)
punctatum (El1.)
. pusillum (Chapm.)
. rariflorum (EIl.)
. solitare (R. M. Harper)
. schoenoides (EII.)
. stipitatum (Chapm.)
. Torreyanum (A. Gray)
Traceyt (Britton)
2.—Leucocoma Ehrh. |. c. p. 146.
The type of this is designated as Eriophorum alpinum J,. The
genus has recently been taken up by Rydkerg (Leucocoma alpina
(L.) Rydb., Rocky Mountain Flora, 108. 1917).
11.—LEIOPHYLLUM Ehrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Schoczus compressus \,., which is
= , 2 ; 7 gay a
02 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST ©
AAAAAADAN.
Schoenus fuscus I,., R. fusca (1,.) «
DRADRAARRAARAAAAARAAA AA DA
tach te es
. dodecandra Baldw.
. distans (Michx.) Vahl
. divergens M. A. Curtis
. Earle Britton
. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl
. filofolia ‘Torr.
. fuscoides Boeckl.
Ait. f.
. glomeraia (1,.) Vahl
gracilenta A. Gray
Grayt Kunth
inexpansa (Michx.) Vahl
. intermedia (Chapm.) Britton
Kneiskerniit Carey
leptorhyncha C. Wright
microcarpa Baldw.
milacea (Lam.) A. Gray
mixta Britton
palula A. Gray
pallida M. A. Curtis :
perplexa Britton
Plankit Britton
plumosa El.
prolifera Small
punctaia Ell.
. pusilla Chapm.; M.A. Curtis
rariflora Ell.
. solitaria R. M. Harper
schoenoides (Ell.) Britton
. stipitaia Chapm.
Torreyana A. Gray
. Traceyi Britton.
“and gai lia acl.
Ve A CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN GENERA 203
Scirpus Carices Retz. (Scirpus compressus Pers., not Moench).
13.—TIPHOGETON Ehrh., I. c.
The type is designated as /snardia palustris L.., and since it is
also the type of Isnardia, Tiphogeton becomes a synonym of
Isnardia.
14.—HyYDROPHILA Ehrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Tillaca aquatica L. The same species
is made the type of Tilleastrum’ Britton (Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
Bais 1903)
H. aquatica (L.) Tillaea aquatica \., Tillaea sim-
plex Nutt., Bulliarda aquatica DC., Tilleastrum aquatica
Britton.
H. Drummondii (T. & G.) Tillaea Drumondiu'T. & G., Tillea-
strum Drumondi Britton.
H. Vaillantii (Willd.) Tillaea Vaillanti Willd., Tuillea-
strum Vaillanti Britton.
15.—PratTicova Ehrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Thalicirum simplex V., native of
Europe. The name is not valid unless quite extensive segregation
of the genus Thalictrum, as now constituted, should be made.
16.—Limnas Ehbrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Ophrys paludosa L. This has been
placed in the genus Sturmia Reichb. (1828), which is invalidated
by Sturmia Hoppe (1799) and Sturmia Gaertn. (1805).
The writer has previously pointed out (Torr. Club Bul. 32: 378.
1905) that the type of Orphys L., is Orphys ovata L., and that
Listera is a generic synonym. ‘The type of Malaxis Sw. (1788) is
M. spicata, congeneric with our tative species now known as M.
monophylla (1..) Sw., and M. unifolia Michx. Ophrys paludosa L.,
was also included by Swartz in Malaxis, and has been reported
from Otter Tail County, Minn. and is common in Europe, so that
Limnas Ehrh., must be regarded as a synonymous generic name of
Malaxis. M. paludosa however, differs in certain important
characters from our native species, and if seperated from Malaxis,
the generic name Limnas would be available for it.
21.—Mariscus Ehrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Schoenus mariscus L. This name dating
204 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
from Haller, had already been taken up for this type by Zinn
(Cat. Hort. Goett. 79. 1757). Cladium P. Br. (1756) being a
hyponym, is not recognized in recent floras.
34.—STYPHORRHIZA Ehrh., l. c. p. 147.
The type is designated as Polygonum viviparum L., and as a
genus is antedated by Bistorta (C. Bauhin) Miller.
37.—HELLEBORWWE Ebrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Serapzas latifolia which is the same as
Serapias helleborine L., now recognized as the type of Serapias,
so that Helleborine Ehrh, becomes another of the numerous
synonyms of Serapias.
41.—TRICHOPHYLLUM Ehbrh., l. c. -
The type is designated as Scirpus acicularts L., so that Elocharis
R. Br. (1810) becomes a synonym of Trichophyllum.
T. aciculare (1..) Scirpus acicularis ., Eleocharis
acicularis R. &. S.
T. acuminatum (Muhl.) Eleocharis) acuminata (Muhl.)
Nees
T. albidum (Torr.) E. albida Torr.
T. arenicolum (Torr.) E. arenicola Torr.
T. atropurpureum (Retz.) E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth.
T. Baldwini (Torr.) E. Baldwinit (Torr.) Chapm.
T. bicolor (Chapm.) E. bicolor Chapm.
T. capitatum (L.) Schoenus captiatus L., Scirpus
‘tenuis Willd., Eleocharis tenuis
Schultes,. FE. capitaia (L.) R.
Br
T. cellulosum (Torr.) E. cellulosa Torr.
T. Chaeiaria (R. & S.) E. Chaetaria R. & S.
T. cylindricum (Buck1.) E. cylindrica Buckl.
T. diandrum (C. Wr.) .E. dtandra C. Wright
T. elongatum (Chapm.) E. elongata Chapm.
T. Engelmanni (Steud.) E. Engelmanni Steud.
T. antermedium (Muhl.) E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes
T. intermedium var. Haberert War. Haberery Fernald
(Fernald)
T. interstinctum (Vahl) Scirpus interstinctus Vahi, Eleo-
charis tnierstincta R, & §S,
SRSA IGN ce
4
E:
i
ae
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A CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN GENERA 205
. lanceolatum (Fernald)
. maculosum (Vahl)
monticolum (Fernald)
. mutatum (L.)
nodulosum (Roth)
. ochreatum (Nees)
. obtusum (Willd.)
oblivaceum (Torr.)
ovatum (Roth)
palustre (1,.)
Var. caluum (Torr.)
Var. glaucescens (Willd.)
Var. vigens (Bailey)
. praticolum (Britton)
. proliferum (Torr.)
. Ravenelii (Britton)
. Robbinsit (Oakes)
. rostellatum (Torr.)
. simplex (EIL.)
Torreyanum (Boeckl.)
. tuberculosum (Michx.)
. tricostatum (Torr.)
thermale (Rhydb.)
. viviparum (Kunth)
E. lanceolata Fernald
E. maculosa (Vahl) R. Br.
E. monticola Fernald
E. muiata (L.) R. & S.
E. nodulosa (Roth) Schultes
E. ochreata (Nees) Steud.
Scirpus capitatus Walt., Not L.,
Scirpus obiusus Willd., Eleo-
charts obtusa Schultes.
olivacea ‘Torr.
. ovata (Roth) R. & S$.
. palusiris (L.) R. &S.
mh &
E. praticola Britton
E. prolifera Torr.
E. Ravenelit Britton
E. Robbinsit Oakes
E. Rostellata Torr.
Scirpus simplex Ell., Eleocharis
simplex A. Dietr. Eleocharis
tortilis (Link) Schultes.
E. Torreyana Boeckl.
E. tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & 8.
E. tricostata Torr.
E. thermalis Rydb.
E. vivipara Kunth.
44.—Hypopitys Ehrh., 1. ¢.
The type is designated as Monotropa hypopiiys L. As a generic
group this had already been recognized by Adanson in 1763.
45.—CHAMAEMORUS Ehrh., 1. c.
. The type is designated as Rubus chamaemorus 1. Some attempts
have been made to segregate the genus Rubus, which contains, as
is generally known, a number of distinct groups of species. Greene
(Leaflets 1: 245. 1906) adopts the genus from Clusius, and it is
apparently as worthy of recognition as a segregate of Rubus, as is
Rubacer. (Bossekia Neck.) or Oreobatus Rydb,
206 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Chamaemorus chamaemorus (L.) Rubus chamaemorus \. -
Rubus nubis S. F. Gray.
54-—Monantuium Ehrh., 1. c. p. 148.
The type is designated as Pyrola uniflora . This is the type
also of Moneses Salisb. (1821), and of Bryopthalmum E. Meyer
(1839).
Monathium uniflorum (L,.) Pyrola uniflora 1. Moneses grandi-
flora S. F. Gray.
Monathium reticulatum (Nutt.) Moneses reticulata Nutt.
66.—HELIcTONIA Ebrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Ophrys spiralis L., Hence Ibidium,
Gryostachys and Spiranthes are all synonyms. It has
been pointed out by Niewland (Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 132. 1913) that
Bauhin’s name for this genus, Triorchis, has keen properly published
by Petiver in 1764, and is therefore the earliest generic name, since
1753, for this orchidaceous genus which has been so variously
designated within the past twenty years. To Doctor Niewland’s
treatment I would add the following species:
Triorchis vernalis (Engelm. & Gray) Sptranthes vernalis
Engelm. & Gray, S. neglecta Ames, Gyrorostachys linearis
Rydb., [bidium vernale House.
Triorchis Becki (Lindl.) Spiranthes Becki Vindl., S. simplex
A. Gray (not Griseb.), Gyrosiachys simplex Kuntze, S.
grayt Ames, I[bidium Beckii House. Triorchts Grayt Niewul.
Triorchis lacinata (Small) Gyrostachys lacinata Small.
Triorchis longilabris (Lindl.) Spiranthes longilabris Lindl.
S. brevifolia Chapm., Gyrosiachys brevifolia Kuntze.
Triorchts ovalis (Lindl.) Spiranthes ovalis Lindl., S. cernua
var. parviflora Chapm. G. parviflora Small
Triorchts spiralis (Sw.) Satyrium spirale Sw. not [bidium
spirale Salisb., Neottia toriilis Sw. Spiranthes tortilis \.
C, Rich, J[bidium tortile House.
Triorchis xyridifolia (Small) Gyrostachys xyridifolia Small -
Triorchis tribola (Smail) Gyrostachys reverchonit Small
Gyrostachys tribola Small, Tbjdj-
um trilobum Small,
76.—CARDIOPHYLLUM Ehrh., 1. e,
The type is designated as Ophrys cordata I. This is congeneric
:
;
A CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN GENERA 207
Ophrys ovata L, the type of Ophrys, and the name Cardiophyllum
takes its place with Listera as a synonym of Ophrys.
78.—AETOPTERON Ehrh., 1. c.
The type is designated as Polypodium aculeatum L. ‘This is the
type of Polystichum Roth, and antedates the publication of that
fern genus by several years. The species of the United States which
should be considered under this name number about eight. A
contemporary paper in which these species are transferred to
Aetopteron, has been submitted for publication to the American
Fern Journal.
86.—CorNILLA Ehbrh., 1. c.
This is but a slight change in spelling of Coronilla L., and the
type species, Coronilla coronaia 1,., is also here designated as the
type of Cornilla Ehrh.
New York Siate Museum,
Albany, N. Y.
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: CONTENTS
= : -
= Variation in Nacreous Color of Certain Species of Naiades
4 Inhabiting the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corres-
= ponding Ones in Lake Erie. (Plates I II, IIT.)
z * : RO N= Gri2r;- Ph. D&.2T1
. Dr. Joel Lunelf. (Frontispiece ) 3 243
2 “Waterfowl in Nebraska.”’ Brother Alphonsus, C. S.C?- 245
3 :
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PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY
OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
VG. Vi: JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1920. NOS. 10, 11
Variation in Nacreous Color of Certain Species of Naiades Inhabiting
the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in Lake Erie.
BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D.
I.— INTRODUCTORY AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
Perhaps the greatest amount of the systematic study of color in
any animal group has been given to the birds, where the demand for
a more accurate color terminology in describing the hues of pluma-
ages eventually resulted in the Ridgeway Color Standards and
Color Nomenclature, (14),—a scientific achievement apparently
but little appreciated by others than ornithologists. Other types
of animals, such as the Insects and even the Gastropods have been
by no means neglected at least from the standpoint of variation in
color pattern, but the fresh water mussels, (Naiades), so far as the
writer is aware have not been the subject of any but more incidental
observation.
One who has formed some acquaintance with any scientific
work dealing with color nomenclature, must become impressed
with the apparent glittering generalities in the specific description
of shells so far as epidermal and nacreous color are concerned,
but lest it be thought there exist no justification for this seeming
slovliness on the part of the student of the Naiades, it need only
be pointed out that in the case of birds at least, they are probably
less numerous in collection, species for species, than mussel shells.
Moreover, they possess a distinct advantage in that their plumage
colors are usually arranged in a definite color pattern, or so asso-
ciated with sexual or other characters that the ornithologist may
well use them more accurately for descriptive purposes, than the
conchologist can with the data he even may more laboriously
collect. There has thus been a proportionate development of the
212 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
study of color as one or the other group of naturalists found
essential for constructive work.
The writer’s interest in the Naiades has been ecological as well
as systematic. In other papers, (3, 4, 5,), dealing with the Naiades
he has attempted to associate certain morphological features of
the shells with the physical conditions under which they lived.
A definite change of morphological features was found to parallel
changes in physical conditions. Morphological features of shell
are to the systematist, descriptive characters, as are also epidermal
and nacreous colors. It would therefore be worth while to look
for changes in the latter also to complete the idea of parallelism,
and if at the same time, some progress could be made toward
systematizing the color nomenclature as existing now in the
Naiades so much the better—especially if ‘such could be done with
regard to any existing accepted scientific terminology, such as
that of Ridgeway. With this preliminary hint of the two-fold
scope of the observations to be given and the ultimate basis from
which it proceeded, we pass to a digest of the literature only with
which we are concerned, (the species dealt with in this paper),
as it is felt that the citation of even more fragmentary observations
about the other species of Naiades can add but little. At the same
time, it may be pointed out that in itself the literature cited largely
illustrates points which are the basis of conclusions later to be
taken.
Wilson and Clark, (18-19), state that Unio gibbosus (Elliptio
dilatatus), and Lampsilis, (Eurynia) rectus have a greater percent-
age of white nacre going down stream, (Maumee Drainage). Soft
water and amount of humic acid in the upper waters may favor a
purplish deposit, while colorless forms which occur shortly after
limestone beds are reached, may be found where there is an excess
of abundance of lime. . . . The rosy hue of Quadrula coccinea,
(Pleurobema coccineum) seems to be of a different nature going
down stream . . . the majority of this species from the Maumee
are white, few with a rosy nacre. Quadrula-rubiginosa, (Fusconaja
flava) for the most part is white, but some are yellowish rosy.
In this drainage 2-3 of Unio gibbosus are white. Lampsilis rectus
had a purple nacre in some streams, white in others. In the Kan-
kakee Drainage, (19), upstream, Quadrula ‘coccinea was found
to be of a delicate pink color, lower down becoming white, while
all shells of Elliptio in the upper part of the Kankakee Basin are of
. al
.
:.
:
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 213
a deep purple color. Utterback, (16), found that the nacre of
Elliiptto was darker in upstreams sections fading out toward the
mouth confirming Wilson and Clark’s observation. He addition-
ally points out that of Quadrula verrucosa that the pink nacred
shells are confined to southern Missouri; of Pleurobema obliquum
cati!lus that in the Gasconade it has a white nacre, while in the
Osage River it is pink. Wilson and Clark further, (18), the color
of Anodonta grandis is in 1% tne cases dark purple, the other half
creamy white. There may be added a curious observation of
Israels on Unio crassus, that the epidermis of females were
usually of a gray color, while that of the males were red.
Following the clues given in the foregoing, effort will be made
in this paper to throw light on the following problems connected
with the color of nacre in species of Naiades dealt with, viz;
I. In those species commonly assigned more than one charactertstic
nacre color, to determine as far as possible the relative prevalance of
each color in all the shells as a whole, and the difference between L.
Erie and Upper Ohio shells in this regard.
II. To determine whether any change in nacreous color takes
place going down siream, both in the rivers and their tributaries,
and to learn whether in any of the species, a particular shade of the
described nacre color 1s peculiar to the bady of water concerned.
III. To associate as far as possible certain shades of the described
nacre color with the sex of the animal in each of the species dealt with.
II.—List oF SpEcIES USED.
LAKE ERIE UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
1. Fusconaja flava parvula ,Grier. Fusconaja flava, Raf.
2. Amblema plicata, Say. Amblema costata, Raf.
4. Pleurobema obliquum pauperculum, Pleurobema obliquum coccineum,
Simpson. Con.
3. Elliptio dilatatus sterkii, Grier. Elliptio dilatatus, Raf.
5. Syphynota costata eriganensis, Grier Symphynota costata, Raf.
6. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lea. Anodonta grandis, Say.
7. Paraptera alata, Say. Paraptera alata, Say.
7. Paraptera fragilis, Raf. Paraptera fragilis, Raf.
8. Proptera alata, Say. Proptera alata, Say.
9. Anodontoides ferrus-subcylind. Lea. Anodontoides ferrussacianus Leo.
Io Eurynia recia, Lam. Eurynta recta latissima, Raf.
11, Lampsilis luteola rosacea, Dekay. Lampsilis luteola, Lam.
12. Lampsilis ovaia conadensis, Lea. Lampsilis ovata ventricosa, Lam.
The accompanying map and list of localities showing the collect-
ing stations will give some idea of their distribution in the Upper
214 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
~
Ohio Drainage and Lake Erie. The material used was collected
by Dr. A. E. Ortmann over a number of years, (1903-07), in Western
Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, or secured by him in smaller amount
as exchanges. Dr. Ortmann, besides suggesting the value of an
introductory study to the color problem in Naiades, has done
everything in his power to assist the investigation, for which data
was obtained at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. I am also
indebted to Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum
for the freest use of its facilities in connection.
IIJ.—PuysicaL CONDITIONS AND TYPE OF MuSSEL FAUNA.
The type of Mussel Fauna has already been admirably treated
in papers by Walker, (17) and Ortmann, (12). These and the
physical conditions concerned have already been summarized by
the writer elsewhere, (5); the latter are ably given for L. Erie by
Jennings (8), and for the Upper Ohio Drainage in the Water
Supply papers of the U. S. Geological Survey (6). For sake of
convenience, however, the outstanding points concerning the
physical conditions are given in the following, contrasting columns.
LAKE ERIE UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
Water colder than in Upper Ohio,
but with more even regulation of tem-
perature. Currents much less rapid
than in streams, less agitated, except
by very moderate currents, carrying
but little sediment. Bottom pebbles
or sand or mixture of these, depending
on region of lake, with coarser sedi-
ment derived from wear of land.
Temperature conditions favor a more
uniform production of food, while
Water warmer, but greater extremes
of temperature to face. Streams more
rapid than current of L. Erte; greater
agitation, frequent falls and rapids,
short stretches of quiet pools. River
carry a load of debris moving quickly
over the bottom which consists of
mud, glacial fill, cobbles. Food
conditions, (due to extreme of tem-
perature), are less stable, even if
at times food is more abundant.
the water contains more lime.
It may be added that L. Erie shells as a whole have been observed
to possess brighter (clearer) colors than their fellows of the Upper
Ohio Drainage, are exceptionally polished, and otherwise charac-
terized in distinction by their well developed lines of growth. Dr.
Walker in a letter to the writer, (1914) suggested that certain
depauperate qualities of the L. Erie shells may be due to the chemi-
cal quality of the water, pointing out that the influence of brackish
water upon fluviatile species is well known. The relation of this
fact to the color problem will be dealt with later.
"
;
Se ro See ae ee
Pn Te
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 215
IV.—METHOD.
As previously indicated, the nacreous color of the Naiades does
not readily lend itself to the determination of any well defined
color pattern. The writer therefore confined his efforts to the
tabulation of the nacreous colors of each species of shell by means
of comparisons with the standard colors given in the Ridgeway
Color Nomenclature. Usually but one color was recorded—that
one most impressing the eye with its vividness and preponderance
in the nacre. Where the number of shells from a locality was
small, sometimes 2-3 colors were recorded, but only if they appeared
to be of equal tone in the shell. Such data was later useful in trac-
ing genetic relationship in the sequence of color change. The
color or colors judged most to match were then written in figuring
‘books opposite calculations previously made for the morphological
features of each shell. Shell were rejected when erosion of the
nacre was such that no definite determination of nacre color could
be made. Asa rule, white as a color was not recognized when there
existed a fair suspicion that another color was the original one,
for scientifically speaking, white is a combination of colors, and
usually the writer was able to refer whitish shades to pearl blue
and closely similar colors.
Where a large number of shells from one locality were concerned,
it was the usual practice to group all the shells of a closely similar
nacre color, and compare as a whole with the shades in Ridgeway.
By this means, a general or average hue was obtained, not accurate
of course for every shell, but very convenient in determining the
relative color of the shells at the locality to ones near it, above
or below in the particular body of water. As a rule these relative
colors were taken from a fairly large number of shells—8 in most
cases, although lack of material often completed the use of smaller
numbers. Against such treatment, however, was the check of a
separate color comparison for each shell.
By means of the method above described, it was possible to
determine for each species, a shade of nacre color peculiar to the
locality where the shell had been collected, and this being done
charts were prepared showing the sequence of color or color
changes passing down stream, or the distribution in different
parts of the same body of water. This data is presented in Plate
III. Even by this process of condensation, a very large number
of colors were obtained for each species, making it imperative to
216 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
simplify further in order that the evidence for the relative preva-
lence of different nacreous colors in those species where more than
one was described, might be rendered more intelligible for report.
Just as the systematist for roughly descriptive purposes has picked
out a number of the more prominent nacreous colors of each
species, the writer, largely following Simpson’s Descriptive Cata-
logue of the Naiades(15), chose from the previously prepared charts,
' the 5-15 ‘‘leading colors’’ in the nacreous color of each species, to
which the large majority of the rest could be assigned. Percentages
of these leading colors were then calculated for each species in the
bodies of water, drainages, groups of drainages in which they were
found, as best seemed to throw light on the problems to be attacked.
While all recorded shades in a large number of the species would
not conform to this treatment, they represent percentages in the
extreme minority. These may be inferred to exist in those species
where the table on ‘‘ Distribution of Colors as a Whole,’’ does not
add up to 100%. Strictly speaking, even this comparatively large
number of ‘‘leading colors’’ could have been condensed to a smaller
number, but a larger number was necessary in order that certain
close distinction in the color of nacre for purposes of the investiga-
tion might be made, for example, between the color of shells of a
river and those of its tributaries. In the discussion of any particular
body of water, however, when the latter is considered by itself,
the leading colors given represent my reduction to lowest terms.
of the colors represented in it.
V.—RESULTS.
Each species is dealt with separately, there first being given in
parallel columns,
(a) Descriptive material concerning the nacreous color as taken
from Simpson (15).
(b) The equivalent in the writer’s opinion of the Simpson colors
in terms of the Ridgeway Color Nomenclature.
It is felt that by this arrangement, and the inferences to be
drawn from the names of the Ridgeway Colors themselves, it
will be possible for the reader to sufficiently understand the
terminology used as to convey the principles this paper hopes
to make clear. For the sake of even greater clarity, there are also
given latterly in the Ridgeway column, the peculiar shades of the
Lake Erie shells, although these are, by the convenient arbitracy
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES Psy |
arrangement adopted, but varieties of the hues given in the tables,
n ‘‘Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the latter of which,
effort is made to throw light on the first problem stated. There
then follows tables of percentages giving the relative distribution
of colors in the Upper Ohio Drainage as a whole, and separately,
its component drainages. The same is done for Lake Erie and its
various collecting stations. After remarks largely in explanation
of outstanding points of Plate III, (chart illustrating sequence
of nacreous color changes; Problem IIL, the discussion of each
species terminates with the evidence for possible association of
Sex Correlative Coloration with the nacreous color of the shell.
1.—Fusconayja flava.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
White to Pearl blue, Pale Grayish Blue Violet, Pale Medici Blue
Salmon; Pale Pinkish Cinnamon, Pale Pinkish Buff, Light Flesh
Pink.
Rose tinted. Light Orange Pink, Light Salmon Orange.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (273 shells.)
Raleigh Crinanmon aid allied ucolorsi yt) sly le) et a 21%
Pal em mks bettie aay alliedy COLOTS) 8 hic eS) yo BA oe ea ee 13%
Haent Oratice Pink and allied. cdlars.-7 ..! 3... Do ee ee 11%
Palen Groyish Bilwe., Violet vandallied colors 2s ee ee 25%
Reare biltiestamevallieds colons s\iiien fina Oi ae ae eae ee So, a 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio ey
(225 shells)
Pueweimkish Cinnamon andyallied: colors... 922 t10 tse. oe ge ee 27%
PAlewe mich tiie ana allredheolors.s 2 hoe ee eee 23%
Met @Orances Pink wand! alltédm colors iis seo sea ee 16%
BaleiGrayish Blue yViolet and allied)colors)..2 3 ee ee 17%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries, etc.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Mon'g. Mon’g. Ohio Ohio Tusca.
Tribs. River Tribs © River Tribs. River River
Balik, « Crminamone ete cessor, 21). 62:9 u a AW, LOO Ups Olga
PalewbPink) Bitte etes wie ee vee Din ON <6 7 Ouest mae: a be} OE ae AM a 25 %..-50%
Light Orange Pink, etc. ..:..... DO) Ey eta kD Mead iiss ot Oe SOG gee bee BO ernie
Pee Grayn mle Niolety ele: sum ag C7 uel. cul ol, Ae ME rake Ree 50%
Pale, GraywWavender eter et) OX AED MOEA? ADS eRe a Ooch ENS
Weener, selenimosa Pinkie ed ets ere. sett EN Ate 2 dae be tie GS A Aaa See De
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie. (67 shells).
Sebeauh taiiemameaalicurecminrsi Si oo hh Vr aM le eda. re Oe
Pict eshebiie tat deallieds colors... 2 ot he wee lee heen ee le 18%
Pale Gray. Blue Violet and allied colors._............... Get A LP Sia 14%
218 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Distribution in L. Erie—localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque
Bay Paint Isle Bay
Pearl Blue and allied colors... 17 Aee Mee EIRE ED Wore n/N OES CST
Light Salmon Orange and allied colors. .... sti eee A 67 Gr eae 14%
Light Gray. Bley Viol--andeallieds colors 50,97, eee 33%
Medici Biite and allieds colors ee ie Sy ee 330; eee
Meittehieshs Pinkrand alive d&eolors ie sce ce e teeta ip meer een 33%
1 Dyfed a gel 850 b ote ae a RO maaPame VEL Nees A eo DCN VUELOS AE Ores VOCS Ce ohh RR Coleg 8%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Plate IIT:
It will be immediately noted that bluish colors are more promi-
nent in L. Erie than in the Upper Ohio Drainage. Reddish colors
also tend to have lighter hues in the former. Colors of a buffy or
orange tone rather than pinkish, are most abundant in rivers, where
grayish colors also seem to predominate. The intensity of the nacre
color seems to diminish in the river especially going down stream.
Exceptions to this are in the minority.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
In Crooked Creek, Creekside, the shells are mainly light grayish
blue violet, but lower down at Rosston, are of a light salmon, fading
at a near station on Allegheny River, Kelly, to pale salmon. A
progressive fading out may be traced down the latter stream, as
well as in a tributary of the Mononghela, Dunkard Creek. The
shells of the Monongahela at this point are much like those of
Dunkard Cr. but not as red, (pale pinkish cinnamon). As the Ohio
is approached, the nacre becomes yellowish, (pale pinkish buff),
and finally fades to grayish hues. In 10 mi. Cr. at Amity, the shells
take on a grayish lilac hue, but at Clarksville this becomes con-
siderably lightened to reddish colors. In Raccoon Cr. this species
has a nacre color of reddish pink, at the nearest collecting point
in Ohio it has a yellow tinge.
In Lake Erte:
Presque Isle is characterized by greater proportions of salmon
colors. La Plaisance Bay by those of a bluish caste, Cedar Point,
orange. In this, as well as other species, different parts of the
* IT found no strickly pure white in this species. It seemed practically
negligible or is represented in the lighter allied colors of Pale Grayish Blue
Violet.
'
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 219
same collecting locality—such as the various stations at Presque
Isle, are apt to show a peculiarly distinctive nacreous color.
Observation on Sex Correiative Coloration as Associated with
Nacreous Color.* (27 Shells).
Blues and Allied colors are twice as numerous in males than in
females. Females appear to have the more vivid pinks, while those
males even approximating the latter colors have reddish hues.
2.—Amblema Plicata
In this species, particular attention was paid to the prevailing
hue of the iridescence at the posterior end, as the rest of the shell
is whitish. The rusty spots common in this species were ignored.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Iridescence—Bluish Pearl Blue,
Grayish Lavender, Pale Verbena Violet
Pale Vinaceous, Pale Salmon,
White.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
Lake Erie. (185 shells).
eat Wate Men Gea) COLOKS! ho en A 44%
(Chayishbayender and-alliedcolorsi:.2 sre a ees le ee 22%
Bate awminaceous. and: alliedecolorss) 2.105 8 oo A ee a es 1.30%
UN eas AED RSET ah gaat. WIR a lta, < SR ites Sa oae ae REALM e see AAP NEUE BNR Dr € 200K 5. 4%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(107 shells).
Hemmer bluewariey allied colar sis. 200 as ee ee 45%
Crayicimwavenderrand allied colors: 25-2. 2. en ee ed ee ee 19%
Pale Vinaceous and allied colors.....2002002022--eeeeeeeee Riemn M iM GAL! 36%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries, etc.
Alle’ny Alle'’ny Beaver Beaver Ohio
Tribs. River Tribs. River River
Pearl Blue and allied colors__..____.. Op ae Big pe ZOU ow apas. 33%
Beare bitte; and allied) colorst ise: J 25.20 eee ee ee a aan 50%
Pale Vierbenae Violet and allied) colors. 0.0. ee eee 33%
Graver Wavenger atid allieducolors. 2.) te en eS oe 11%
Pale Salmon
* The small number of shells on which this and similar observations for
other species is due to the fact that most of the shells were collected before
Ortmann’s discovery that the sex of these animals is readily determined
from cell structure.
220 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
Presque Isle ' Cedar La Plaisance
' Bay Point Bay
Pearl Blue and allied colors -....-.....2........--- SY Araneae TOOUG eee 20%
Pale Ver. Violet and allied colors....._......... 37 Woah ne ee ee
Paget UPmk. Viol. and ‘allied colors... 22) 5°) 07 oe eee eee 80%
Pale Salmon and allied colors......222000.0-.---.- 6 pb ts Pe ie DO
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Plate IIT.
Pearl blue is most largely represented in Lake Erie. Colors in
the Upper Ohio tend to be grayish in-nature, those corresponding
in L. Erie, more of a violet.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Pearl blue is more prominent in the Allegheny River than in its
tributaries, and is more abundant in the Beaver than in the
Allegheny. The nacreous color apparently tends to acquire deeper
tones in the lower stretches of both the Allegheny and the Shenago.
Altho’ pearl blue is recorded at its lowest station, grayish lavender
would be a composite shade characterizing shells from French
Creek, where the pale verbena violet of the upper stretches fades to
pearl blue lower down. A similar fading is seen in the Shenango,
whose shells are more of a blue compared with its sister river, the
Mahoning, where they tend to take on a lilac tinge. Perhaps shells
really coming from the Mahoning were the ones of this species
obtained in the Beaver River. In Slippery Rock Creek, the shells
are pearl blue, in the Ohio River, pale grayish vinaceous.
In Lake Erte:
A bluish violet color characterizes the shells obtained at Cedar
Point. This shade accompanied by pinkish violet is distinctive for
Presque Isle, while pinkish violets are in the great majority at La
Plaisance Bay. Examination of Pl. III shows more fully the
variability at Presque Isle.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration as Associated with Nacreous
Color. (19 shells).
Females appear to be prevailingly pearl blue, while the males are
characterized by pale vinaceous colors. The amount of grayish
lavender represented is equivalent in both.
3.—Elliptio dilatatus
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Deep purple. Light Vinaceous Lilac, Light Vinaceous
Purple, Deep Vinaceous, Deep Vinaceous
¢
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 2211
Lavender, Deep Vinaceous Gray, Dark
Vinaceous Gray.
Salmon, Straw colored Pale Ochraceous Buff.
White* Pearl Blue, white.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
Lake Erie. (561 shells).
Pearlebivenwithualed colors. ey ale) so Nill amie ee ee le eee Nae 18%
Eient vassecous, ilac and allied’ colors ee 28%
Mightrvinaceous: Purple and: allied\icolors22 22208 3 ee eee ee 27%
Deep svanaceous Gray ‘and allied=colors 24) ee eee 20%
Pales Ochraceous ‘But andi allied colors: 2.<-3.e 05%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(509 shells).
Reogimplicraid alli eds Colors eee ss. err eens Or ge se ee 11%
MivktaVvinaceous ilac) atc: sallieds colors 2s. 5 tue 5 ahr oe lee ee pee 22%
tehtaVvinaccous' Purple andeallied’colorse oe A ane 25%
Bape rap wate) allaed. COlOts: sem 22 pee meee Ee ee 12%
PatcsOchraccous htt, andnalliedycolorse:.. a ee es ee 6%
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Tributaries, ete.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Mon'’g Mon'g Ohio Ohio Beaver Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs. River Tribs. River Tribs. River
Bearhebitie Meter is 2208 o 9 weer 7 fa 97 elt Ne TA Foe OHTA Ol
ihe Vins ealac etes inno. 42:5. 27, 33 Ane 56 one sol,
Might Vin. \Purple)ete::.37 %.-.35 %o.-14 %....60 %--..36 %.:.. 30%... 50% 1k %
Ment veurple Drab Ti ieee TDN ee AGI we Lacan OF lie Reh Puakee 10. 722A,
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie. (52 shells).’
MigiteVvinaccois Purplerand allied colors = 25-3 Ses SS te eae eee 27%
Peep Vvanaceous, lavender and allied colotse 229 23.) See es 30%
Deepy Vinaceous, Gray and-allied colors#.. 220s) ee eee ae 23%
Darkr Vanaceaus: Gray. and’ allied jcolors. is ee ee ae es 18%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
Presque La Plaisance
Isle Bay
Pree Via CeOlISMeTIT let. mana e cee eae ie el a ei 20 Gia Nae oe 20%
Weep ew imareonse Wavenc else... se OT ee» yale or Lee 36 Gs ees 10%
WecpreVattaceoncy Giese 5 tke esa ese ak a on BOO prs) ree 50%
Darke Vinmaceous Grae Lewes oe ee ee ee LOS Gis see alo 20%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Although pearl blue is represented in L. Erie, the percentage
seems small. The colors of the Upper Ohio Drainage seem to be
more of a purple lilac, while those of L.. Erie are more of a lavender
gray. There is at least a distinct lightening of nacreous color in
Lake Erie.
*White was found to occur less than 1% in all the shells examined.
=
222 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
As a general thing the colors are lighter in the rivers than in the
tributaries. This species is exceedingly variable with regard to
nacre color. A general tendency to lighten in color may be observed
coming down the Allegheny thus confirming Wilson and Clark’s
and Utterback’s observations. It is true, however that at certain
stations it appears to darken, but this result is from a small num-
ber of shells. Such apparently also occurs in French Creek, but the
shells of the Allegheny are lighter than those of French Creek at the
nearest collecting point. Pearl blue is largely limited to the Al-
legheny River and its tributaries. Nacreous colors, are lighter in the
Monogahela than in its tributary, the Cheat. They also tend to
lighten in the Ohio River, but in the Shenango at the headwaters
they are deep vinaceous, (reddish purple), in hue, lower down
becoming more purplish. Characteristic Stream Colors appear to be,
Purple drab for Potato Cr.
Light Purple Drab for Sandy Cr.
Vinaceous colors for Cheat River.
Light Vinaceous Purple drab in Neshannock Cr.
Light reddish to light purples in the Mahoning, lower down
becoming purplish lilac to slate purple.
Vinaceous Gray is characteristic of the Ohio.
In Lake Erie:
Presque Isle stands out for its large amount of reddish purple
shades, while La Plaisance Bay has grayish purple ones. The great
variability of Presque Isle shells may again be noted. Those from
other L. Erie localities than those given in L. Erie are so small that
percentages are not given.
In Chautauqua Lake the shells appear to be mainly white.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (15 shells).
More males have a pearl blue nacre than females. They also
have a larger percentage of lilac shades. Females seem to be
characterized by a deeper purple color, and a greater number of
lilac shades.
4.—Pleurobema obliquum coccineum
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Rose-Pink Pale Vinaceous Pink, Light Ochraceous
Salmon, Orange Pink.
- Whitish-red* Pearl Blue, Venetian Pink, Light Pearl Blue, Burn Blue
* Pure whites appear to be negligible among the shells I examined.
<
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES Popa
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (263 shells).
Beane litemariel yallie diteolors® Ys: tee vein x ieee AE eee eee 44%
Palen inaccotisme td ke arid allreds colorseic te: ok F Se aoa ge ee 18%
Mentetaatl writer ata tal em cGOlOrs see 2001s eu tly oe ely Ts a ke ooh 20%
ie Ocktaceous Salmon and’ allied colors’. 2k, 8%
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Drainage (247 shells).
Pera bine witt-athed colors it. oe so 48%
Menetiatimb itis wwithy allied "COlOrserit meters ota es oe Ye Nee 30%
ale Mittaccots (Pink ait, dived ‘calors.\!40.) 028 es he 14%
Richt Ochraceotis) salmon jand allied: colores. a ee 8%
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
; Alle'ny Alle’ny Beaver Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs. River
Pearl Blue and allied colors-___........... GR Gee ees 247 hel ae Pe Bopanna 46%
Venetian Pink and allied colors... TO Oise eee a Oy eee 1B) Bip eens 38%
Pale Vinaceous Pink and all col........7%.--.-.-.-- TOs eee 2 13 Opie ees
(Light Ochraceous Salmon & all col... TAO po eee Tyee eee 2O Ge ee 15% .
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie,
Pale ‘Vinaceous. Pile and Jaliiedcolors. 0.2 45%
Pitts Sltiey ands allaedieolorsee t-te ee ne Dees Se es tee 33.5
Meanee Pink and. aled ,COlLS «5410 eo OO ee 16%
iieniebeat Blucvand vallied colors...: se eee ea ee 4%
Distribution in L. Erie— Localities. .
y Presque Isle La Plaisance
Bay Bay
PalemWVARACeOuss Pituk. HOC en tn agen legen ae rT OY pate ne Ms ne eae
JESSE GSU ENS ey ere NII ae as Wels, Be SRI ak rao ME et eg OAL ar cee i OS, i UN Dh 88%
AO oem en OUCIN nee ie ce ak tae Wha Beer 2 eed ee EYEE S 1 ee eta
Ta jipeelay(oiy TE Care wed koa UOC WNC ey Cheha le dea SO MS SC ile Weyiiee Se A Ng 1S Nay AR RAR PR ON TELS Ng
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. IIT.
Pearl blue as such is more abundant in the Upper Ohio Drainage,
but to explain this apparent discrepancy to the tendencies already
observed, it may be pointed out that there are larger percentages
of bluish colors in L. Erie than in the Upper Ohio, furthermore
the more or less lilac shades of L. Erie shells show admixture with
bluish tints.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Pearl blues are found to greater extent in the rivers than in their
tributaries, where the colors are pink and reddish. Fading out
tendencies are observed in the Allegheny River and French Creek.
At the nearest station to the Allegheny River in French Creek they
are pinkish, while in the Allegheny itself they are grayish blue.
224 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Characteristic stream colors appear to be,
Pearl blue in the Loyalhanna, altho’ a few are pink.
Pinks and blues are apparently equal in the Shenango, altho’
these colors are seen to merge to a light grayish blue violet, the
pinks fading out.
Pale flesh color in the Pymatuning with a Sea tone of deeper
blues, (Plumbago blue).
Pinks and blues seem equally distributed in Neshannock Creek.
Pinkish colors in Slippery Rock Creek.
TnL. Fone
Lilac colors are characteristic at Presque Isle, Burn Blue at La
Plaisance Bay.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (15 shells).
Males possess more pearl blues, less salmon colors, and a tendency
toward lilac colors not found in females. The latter have a pre-
ponderance of vivid pinks.
5.—Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata.
Here closest attention was paid to the color of the nacre in the
umbonal cavity, as apparently being the most variable.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Whitish* Pearl Blue
Straw colored Pale Pinkish Buff, Pale Ochraceous Buff.
Sea-shell Pink, Pale Ochraceous Salmon
Light Buff, Pale Pinkish Buff.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (68 shells).
Pate Pialrsh WB rievete 6 Ue She cE 2 Se eee 27%
Palen© chraceous) Bi is .ete so 7680 Po ys te, ee) ae a he a eee 23%
wea: Shell Pinks ;@te selec lel be eg Ae Wie oes oa SAC ee ee Sh 16%
Breaths Blite 88 a SO ee a ee iy Se Cae ee 16%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L,. Erie. (47 shells.)
PalegPankish: \Btiis jetes os. le 0 oie ae ka a ene eee 36%
Rearl sBlue; eteicc-c ade 2: 25 Sesh ke TNA ee) ees ee eS ee 23%
Sea ‘Shell “Praler sete et EIR eae aa ok 2 eee ee ne La 17%
Pale: ;Pinkish: Cinnamon, etch sa.) ae ee 2 oR ee See eee 10%
Pale iGrayish 'Vinaceous:) =e ees eee ON ee eee eee 4%
] Esl) -< OS) 1 Fab) 65,6 00 Rem Sine ee wee RE REO PEW TE ed Fie ey a Rens RP EN 2: 1 Ai EO pe ee! 10%
*“Whitish’ practically negligible in any part of the shell. Pearl Blue is
probably the real shade.
> A ah whee ESS.
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 225
sf
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Tributaries, etc.
Allegheny Allegheny Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs.
Peale pinkish: Butt, ete: 2221 kate! TOO Ge See fake ek jig, ere eanee ied SSB. 28%
Heat Biitemetex ee bel We ee DOO are EA Bh ae ee Ek 14%
Seawolves etek eee: tee Sy ee he LOO pee Lea Le Tey pe eas eee 8%
Pale Pink Cinnamon, etce...__............-- HS ee eee es U7 Vg ee 14%
yamiciste Sih netCes 25 8 hs TO pan ce tee BO. a dedi. vA AMES sea Aone)
Palenoalilon GbGs =e 110 19a Hee Ai ete SR GURNEE Fee EN Ee 21%
Pale Ochraceous (Biff. =~. Fe TiO O/ga ge rere sk LAS, Ve Sake Seer 21%
Wchcaceous Butt: 602 ee ee TO Ope tet a. Dh ee dee 2 ie enna
Meemretstayisn Bite Violet. ete..5. 222) n ee SiO oe le ae een
PaleeGravishiViilaceols; Cters oe 2. Bo a ee Bos eae eae eee
Salheaveray Jeioniel it; SARWAN ONAM ARS UD Tie ons eas Steet ee are eee She ANS Meee nmi eee AB
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie. (21 shells).
Palen Ochrqee ous politi, heLCeaee oa teeta ee Ae ee fe Sot ee ee ee 34%
Baten Ochiacealisoalimotn et. eae ye pa ee a A ee 38%
“LS SSDS RIT gS SAS 8 le OO EOP? ga Bia oe De OMe er cae aicsaer SORE es oS ee de 9%
Err ilcicty “Esiatie Cte tt a ht So a a Re a ne a
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities
Presoue La Plaisance
Isle Bay
Pe wOChcACeOusW Bil, eters oe eee 1} fy Pe oe Ie
Paley Ochraceous) Salm ony ete .2 2 he ee gig OF AAs re ieee aes
U6 ELST STOUT Ss Aa Sean, A Ca Ae eNO a ae cee Poe LO Reems esd Ls 50%
paleaeainersh ity, CCRC ee seas Pe en TL O75. ee ae
ber Saline tty (OCC eae Sie mee ee ees Aine 2 Bd 5c eam apr os! 50%
Pate Canmhamotm Pim! eteic 0 wes e bales aa NE 5k ON LE Re
Baitralicers nus tr iter et Cs iin 3 ele. ania ae Ween 2 ey heh Ee Be sy G/M mh Bab ats iat: Fei
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and PI. III.
As previously noted, the greatest attention was paid in this
species to the color of the umbonal cavity. Shell for shell, the blues
seemed deeper in the rest of the nacre in L. Erie. altho’ more pearl
blue as a color of the umbonal cavity is reported from the Upper
Ohio. Buff and salmon colors preponderate in L. Erie, where in
the Upper Ohio, the colors may be pearl blue or pinkish. .
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Shells lose their buff colors and become pink going down the
Allegheny. This also occurs in French Creek, and seems to be the
case also in the Monongahela River and possibly in the Shenango.
As a general rule there seemed to be more purely pearl blue in the
Allegheny Tribs. than in the river itself. Other characteristic
stream colors, besides those shown on PI. IIII are,
Ochraceous Buff in Quemahoning Cr.
226 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Pale Pinkish Buff in French Cr.
Pale Pinkish Buff in Mahoning River.
Sea-shell Pink in Racoon Cr.
In Lake Erie:
Presque Isle apparently has a larger proportion of Salmon colors |
than La Plaisance Bay.
' Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (5 shells).
Pearl Blue preponderates in males.
‘Females have redder colors, with a large proportion of Buff.
6.—Anodonta grandis.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY.
Bluish White Pearl Blue, Pale Grayish Blue Violet
Tinted with Purple Vinaceous Pink, Pale Aniline Lilac.
Cream Color Pale Pinkish Buff.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (119 shells ).
erm PBL EGE. es oa, co ten OE te ees ce ee gee ea ee 40%
Pale iowa yisn lee: Witolet. se Se a ee ee 15%
Pale) rik rot th eo) ee a Se ee 33%
WATTAGE IS Eiiillcee: et CS seer 0S oR pues SIN ROR eek Woes Ua ee ee 5%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage. (97
shells.)
earl Biier etc. 2 2:28 1 So A a oe eo 46%
PalesGrayish> Blue Violet; ete. 2 ae PENH eRe SSOMAD se ENR 24%
Mole sPrakcish: ait, etey in oe J ek eee 8%
Winaceots ePink ete .icc. be. 25s ae) ea ae SE ele 10%
Distribution in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Allegheng Beaver Monong. Tuscarawas
. Tribs. Tribs. River River
Pearls Blite feteis. ae eee TN SOIT EE AAA oe ae TOO % ee 100%
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc........... BUA Aan aE as 19 hy Ae MPN Ue Ee
Pale Pinkish) Buti. vete 2 teas OM Ges ae ee 25 Yo eb a oe ae
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie. (22 shells.)
RearluBlite, .ete.o%: #200 se a ga eee Se ee eee 55%
Pale Pinkish Bits ete. S00 <3 sy ee 15%
Pale :\Grayish* Blue; Violet; etets:. eee ee ee 20%
Palé “Aniline Palaci eter. 0 re eee ee eek ee eee 10%
Deduction from Tables of Percentages and Pl. IIII.
Pearl blue has a proportionally larger representation in L. Erie
than in the Upper Ohio. L. Erie has additionally more pinkish and
See gt ee ae ee
» Irs, aS ee
F
Q
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 227
buff colors. Lavenders and grays predominate in the Upper Ohio
Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
In the headwaters of French Creek this shell is pearl blue,
lower down becoming pale grayish blue violet. In the
Shenango, it fades out from a pale pinkish cinnamon color in up-
stream regions to pale grayish blue violet downstream. Fading out
is also observed in the Crooked Creek Drainage. Characteristic
stream colors are,
Sea-shell pink in the Mahoning. Pearl blue in Slippery Rock and
Racoon Creeks, Vinaceous pink in Sugar Creek, Pearl Blue in
Tuscarawas River, Pale Grayish Blue Violet in the Maumee
Drainage.
Shells from Conneaut Lake resemble those of L. Erie to some
extent in possessing a light pinkish lilac hue.
In L. Ere:
Characteristic hues as shown.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (8 shells).
Males have a pearl blue or cream color.
Females—pale grayish blue violet or pinkish.
7.—Paraptera fragilis
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Faint Purplish Pale Pinkish Lilac, Pale Congo Pink
Bluish Pearl Blue.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (58 shells).
1 ECeYeTs Gh YD BY HOY Sy Mey of ceeet at AN RN CRE dB WL Re NN, ee tae eee POT eee | ba Wk 20%
Pale Pinkish: Lilac, ete... 22.-.-2.-0201... ie Nias 2 SEE PNAC SG Feng Lye tae ES aR A 50%
Pater Congo Pinks Gbeeee eae en ea EE he hee hele Booey 30%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(28 shells).
SET A 8 2h OS) aU IO eo once ar NE ROR Glee da nL Ua em eRe RL ERI Bo 20%
Pale einkiGhed lacs CL Cia mu sore ee oe ee Ve oe ae 40%
CETL STS M MAN 85 > <i RA oy oS aT a ls RE Ble Oy Ras WR ORNs, erate ME dla Eagle 40%
Distribution in Upper Ohio Tribs., etc.
Allegheny Ohig
River River
Pearle Benne terol te teat ide Mago nate aN po te Alera maaan aL TN eta § 15%
Pale beninkistenletlae eters eer el ec EP ea Ce ANN eke oe ae al 55%
Pale (Cotten! Pink, ete. oe ee ee oo) AAU ATR er WAN ia Be 30%
228 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (30 shells).
Pearl Blue etn eon eee eee eee ee eta cela ba aaa adei aap LUee eee ae 33%
Pale PinkishDalac, ete. ics sc er ass EVR ish SS ne AL 2 U 41%
Pale’ Congo) Pink, ete..21.......02220..2.....2, CECA RENAE Nea ER Cary SA A AB Dy 20%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
Presque La Plaisance
Tsle ay
ySCerhg Wal 34 Gy apt Hola eae Wea eet eae i Cee eo et ce Real sa 807g Oe eee 16%
Pale “Pinkish :Tilac, etek ot ee ee a) SO pa eke Sean 50%
Pale .Casivo! Pink, ete. ih oh eee asad etna Ok i pet eae Oa 33%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Plate IIT.
There is a greater percentage of pearl blue in L. Erie, and there
are more reddish shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Less Pearl Blue and more of the reddish colors are present in the
Allegheny River. Shades tending toward purplish predominate in
the Ohio. Shells of this species lighten in color going down the
Allegheny and Ohio, at least in the upper stretches of the latter.
In Lake Erte:
Presque Isle possesses more pearl blues and less pink than La
Plaisance Bay.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (5 shells).
The males appear to have lighter lilac and pinkish shades.
8.—Proptera alata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Coppery purple. Hydrangea Pink, Light Pinkish Lilac, Light
Purplish Vinaceous, Light Russet Vinaceous,
Light Purplish Lilac.
Distribution of Color in Upper Ohio Drainage and Lake Erie as
a Whole. (55 shells).
Fiydranges. Pink). ete. eet ae, ie ete es el tld ec 27%
Raght | Pinkish:) Tila, ete eye 15 Se OL Na Se a Re 34%
laght Purplish Vinaeceous, ete.) 0.2 oR eee ea 21%
Taght ‘Russet. Vimaceous,) ete. i. ne Ee 16%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage. (24
shells).
Iydranigea, (Pinks ete. 2.0: ee Ta) Seas Na Seas ear ae 27%
Richt Parplish: Vinaceaus, etc, .0:.005 0 acral 46%
Tights Russet Vinaceots,, Cte ee yee eee Bec seen ee ee eae 24%
Light | Pyrliqels | Dla ocooesocep men nces barman rte ease ee se vatican 3%
SP eros
x) ees
LiFenteo) eee
PLATE II.—FENTON on THE HACKBERRY STAGE.
Gk. Fer Tep,-pen
PLATE TIII.—FENTON on THE HACKBERRY STAGE
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VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 229
Distributior in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Alle’ny Riv’ Monong. Riv. Ohio Riv.
Light Purplish Vinaceous, etc.-......... GOO pee NN GOL Ne. 2h eee Ses 33%
Light Russet Vinaceous, etc..__........-. BOW pom cay Nas IR AO ge a ae ec 33%
Perivorances), Pink, eter... st. BOIS se is aN eA as BO 33%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (31 shells).
Ne teie ea te cae rad eae we ee oe Se) 2 ee ee 25%
Leer DEY a poy ISTE Os UE oh A) eae ae ae nC i Meme oe Memes CHEESE 3 50%
VAG HMI A COOLMS ECG a2 8a22 08 celeste cM eh SS A he Us gh ieee 25%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque
Bay Point Isle
iyvdranves ePinks: ete.) 30 oh ae (7 (iene aha ieee ta 8 TOG eae 12%
Light Purplish Vinaceous, etc......._.. ig Oars eae beg fos ToT foi eae, terrains 44%
isiipebweplist lilacs (@terets. et ae hl Ae ee Do Ioihs o/h Ree 44%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Lake Erie shells appear to be of a more uniform lilac hue, while
there is a greater proportion of pinks and purples in the Upper Ohio
Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
The nacreous color seems to be lighter in the Ohio than either
the Allegheny or the Monongahela. Coppery purple, (Light Russet
Vinaceous), is most prominent in the Monongahela. “A tendency
to lighten going down stream is seen in the Allegheny.
In Lake Erie: .
La Plaisance Bay stands out for a greater proportion of pinks,
Cedar Point for Lilac purple, and Presque Isle for dark purple colors.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (6 shells).
Males—pinkish or lilac.
Females—purple or russet.
9.—Anodontoides ferrussacianus.
Here the general tone of the nacre color—not merely the irides-
scence—was considered.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Bluish-white Lavender, Grayish Blue Violet, Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Bluish Pearl Blue, Pale Aniline Lilac.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (69 shells).
iced ce Reimar Pyne? pestle lee ah NS Soe Ne EN ee Ua ee ee al 26%
230 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Pearl ‘Blue, sete yc. Ce ee ae ee Ae te ones Ow i 25%
Mavender: ete ea ee Pe ol ee 23%
Grayish Blue. Violet, :etc.2.2:5 SN se) ee ee ee 22%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
(45 shells). i
Pearl *Blue,ete,-ve. 224 2 eho Pe Ee za ne 23%
Pate Astiline \‘Drlac, ete: 2508) ae ee ee ee ee 20%
Wa Venger, Gti a ge ee ae oes Eee at ai Le 22%
Easht) Grayish ‘Blue. Violet, ete... oss) oo Se eee 28%
Distribution of Colors in the Upper Ohio Tribs., etc.
Allegheny Beaver
Tribs. Tribs.
earhvpliwve,* Cte n tf 2 aa at eee La TA Woot ee ee 20%
Pple, anime: Talae: Ste.) ee ee ee co fe A A 15%
Wavender:: Cte 2c. 036 oe) eA AE mn le 25%
RisheGrayish bine) Violet; ete, foe ea ee 26% 3 oe 40% —
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Lake Erie. (24 shells)
Pale FAniline (Tilac, sete os hel 6 et SOO Sa 9 Be 31%
Peattepine, Cbel co oe ee es ee ee 25%
PalesGrayish blue. Violet, sete 2 Si ee ee 19%
Wavender Ctecs. ho eae Ne SO Deed AIR ae iie fy BL ere a 25%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
Presque Maumee Conneaut
River River Creek
Pale Aniline Lilac, etc...........2.......-.. a Or ak Wr bana ae BOS a a eae 28%
Pate Vine Btess wi Pee eek ee a Be OF y wae se 2h Of a) hee 14%
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc........... ec Ae Aan AE BIS Er Ae se Wh tee 43%
Wavender vere soy Moke Aoi Yah ee TOs sie Ns 25 Ge a ee 14%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. ITI.
There are more pearl blue, lilac and their related colors in L
Erie than in the Upper Ohio Drainage, but there are less of a
lavender hue.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Lilac colors appear to predominate in the Allegheny Tributaries
as against lavender in the Beaver Tribs. Conneaut Creek draining
into L. Erie possesses more pearl blue shells than either the Beaver,
Shenango, or Allegheny Rivers. Descending French Creek, the
nacre of the species appears to lighten. Pale grayish Blue Violet is
characteristic of the French Creek, while Pearl Blue is more typical
of the Shenango.
In Lake Ente:
Presque Isle stands out for lilac colors; the Maumee River
which drains into it, possesses a great deal of lavender.
[
i.
z
;
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 231
J
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (3 shells).
Males tend toward lavender colors, females blue. In this species,
as well as a few others dealt with, the numbers used hardly
justify any definite conclusion as to the association of nacreous
color with the sex of the animal. \
10.—Eurynia recta.
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Purple Light Pinkish Lilac, Light Purplish Vinaceous,
Pale Congo Pink.
Bluish White Pearl Blue
Whitish White
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (54 shells).
Rear Blue ete... AF ANS EOE MRe Wn ek A Sr eee eh ul HOP Lh SIM gEnE A ae Anna sere ATL 33%
Vii Aint En KEYES. eh Seek, SEM AR AE Ce A ees Sa IML Sk KARMA Oe AE esr obs 47,6 21%
Peta lersitt (aes eters vn kit oat es APS Sl eee pala oe Le Revere 30%
igi bil plish Vitis COMSs) EtCe ca i kao ee EN Os Se ee A 15%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(33 shells).
jee JB GUWE) were) een ReneS GES RASA aO Nyhan aN) me SN bees. eg 2 ar an i edd Be COR Tbr 32%
ON AICCVD HES CLS SAE eC Rg RW Sa eg ROMERO Se eof. 24%
ei ouaeme era kas) e PilaG yc @t ee. 2 ee ay he A 1a SERN ee ae 23%
Tee ME plish eVihia CEOS GlC 28 els LOE ga 2 a eee 21%
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Tributaries, etc.
‘ Alleghney Alleghney Ohio Tuscarawas
Trubs. River River River
]P1 aia | ABW WS eR Nes OAL ar SA ae UR Oct BAL ene one ia he 36 gee ee 60%
Vii Ss EMOTE OI SS Pe ON 2 ce PS Ela RP GOA i) ees DAI OTS ey wee BOG x ans oes
iicht pPimkish’ Lilac. ete. Betas ZOO fae TOOG Reet ae 20%
Light Purplish Vinaceous, ete.-..... SEE ey phe ee By wse cee) pW UE nO 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in’Lake Erie. (21 shells).
AFUE Met ESCO Ih eee ae WA ad its OARS NE 20 ge ORR od ae. SE Pe ae 39%
Hetoniiem erika Shee a Geter wees eu iat able ts Ree hives tei lade OA es 30%
ain list VitttatCeous KEtC ior. ie fee ie fo late JE GRE a abe lara 21%
Palem@onmonmiik, tet, nore et hi eile Wa aes ae Coe ese fe We 12%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
Cedar Point Pesque Isle
Bea ringpliteyet@es 6 See eee bl Ak 5 AI aC yn ee ee OY 5-6 Nies Sue a 36%
J EIGN 2,112 8) Bg IB eet ga 2 5 Ser ea St oa RR Rs Oe ATA i Nola iinet 34%
Right buspishe Vinaceous, yete.i ki ye ee, iy y/o eee 20%
Palew@ oie, me tikes rece: te thewe ie! oikes Yor oh UE Ek nl Sy ole atk ae Bele 10%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and PI. III.
A greater amount of Pearl blue and light purple exists in Lake
232 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Erie. White, in any abundance, is found most in the Upper Ohio
Drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage:
Pinkish colors predominate in the Allegheny Tributaries, white
pearl blue in the river. The Ohio and Tuscarawas Rivers show the
greatest percentage of Pearl Blue. A fading out is seen descending
the Allegheny. Characteristic stream colors are,
Light Pinkish Lilac in the Seana White in the Ohio.
In Lake Ere:
Where Cedar Point possesses more pearl blue, Presque Isle has
more pinkish and purplish colors.
In Chautauqua Lake the prevailing color is a vinaceous pink.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (33 shells).
The nacre of the males seems to be prevailingly purplish; that
of the females, pinkish. Pearl Blue is about evenly represented
in both sexes.
11.—Lampsilis luteola
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY.
Blue Pearl Blue
Bluish White Pale Grayish Blue Violet, White
Straw Colored, Pink Light Pinkish Lilac, Palé Rhodonite Pink.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Peet Lhio Drainage and
Lake Erie (289 shells).
Tage. «Pitikishs Lilacs e662) 2.2: 2 ihe eh oe th Co el eee ee 35%
PRarl WB lite Meteo. os. ee eee Se ae Se Nn a ce 13%
Wihtitel weet co o.2 ee teers he Ae Se an | ne sa Se a 17%
PalevGrayish #Bliue? Violet, ete. 32. 2s ee eee 35%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Lhio Drainage
(187 shells).
Wight einrkish Wtlae siete: eae eee oP Ae eee ee 30%
NWiltite; Het: 28 eh R hs 8 See 1) RS eS Se ee eee 14%
Bearl Blie: sete: 822 a el ees Ue ae ENS hues ely ee eee ee 24%
Pate .Grayish?:Blae Violet; sete 2.25) Ao ON See area ee 35%
Distributixn in Upper Lhio Tribs., etc.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Monong. Monong Ohio Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs. River River Drainage
Light’ Pinkish: Lilac,’ ete 22. 43 %.--:--40 %.--:--50 %p.2... 60%... 50%, ee
Pale-Grayish Blue Wiolet; etc: 14.952 3309p SOU pe 31%
PeanlBliie:tete.: ee ee LO pens GO ge ee ee ee ane Se 135
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 233
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Lake Erie (111 shells).
ureRIMPEyITGs oh CLG emer ne eet oe ON Po OE ee et oe es a 41%
AUNTS aD wy (EG ae Se a A ay ne ee cece ee NS aU en, Men cet Re 20%
ibid ey VB Tia ke av Let bere. 12) CA ene NU pe ee eee Ae a gegen a RE Bie
Pale hOGoniterrr tik wecGs. 2) -inegs oe ls Se ee Hs ae Is ae 12%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Maumee
Bay Point Isle Drainage
endanbiltie: wetete ooo seed ee TOM eee ZO ean ee: Pe Hagia east 8 20%
WARIS), EA Cae SIR CAE ieee ame mane ei on enleae Bae 2 OU nen etree 16%
eicthee eitikasitel tac eu. 6 ele ee BO peters DiC ee eee 215 G7 ten B30
Pale Rhodonite Pink, etce_............... FY eee Nees Hes Fa 7 Ne SS BDU) eaten ee 31%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. ITI.
Pearl Blue’as well as white is more abundant in L. Erie, but the
Upper Ohio has more shades of Light Pinkish Lilac. Pink, however,
is a color comprised to large extent in Lake Erie shells, while pale
grayish blue violet is largely represented in the Ohio.
In the Upper Oluo Drainage:
Pinkish colors predominate in the Allegheny Tribs., but blues in
the rivers.
There is less pink in the Ohio than in the Monongahela, while
white is not present in the tributaries of the latter. Pale Grayish
Blue Violet seems characteristic of the Beaver Tribs. as a whole,
while there is less pearl blue in the Ohio than in the Allegheny, but
more white. A fading out is seen going down stream in the Alleg-
heny, Monongahela, and Shenango Rivers as well as in the French
Creek. Characteristic stream colors are;
Light Pinkish Lilac to Pearl Blue in the Allegheny, Pale Grayish
Blue Violet in French Creek, white with a Light Pinkish Lilac tinge
in Conewango Creek.
In Lake Erte:
Light Pinkish Lilac predominates at La Plaisance- Bay, while a
Lighter Pink represents Cedar Point. Presque Isle is apparently
between the two with regard to color, in this respect resembling
the Maumee Drainage. In this as well as in other species, character-
istic colors not mentioned for any given locality are obtained from
Plo TUT:
Pale Persian Lilac is a typical color for shells from Conneaut
Lake, while a more pinkish variety of this—pale pinkish lilac—is
\
234 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
characteristic of Chautauqua Lake.* Greater uniformity of nacre
color was found in this than in any other species, a fact somewhat
associating itself with the ubiquitous distribution of the species.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration, etc. (94 shells).
Males—Pinkish lilac, and apparently a greater proportion of
white. |
Females—Pale grayish blue violet—slightly more pearl blue.
12.—Lampsilis ovata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Silvery White
Bluish white Pearl blue, Pale Grayish Blue Violet
Pink Light Pinkish Lilac, Pale Purplish Vinaceous.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
and Lake Erie. (214 shells). se
Pearle Bite, VOC. ie: sence ses yea RN 2s an TO Sasa es A eb ea 20%
\1 {71 Br otha <8 8 Cea Aa AURORE Peet seins eon rrr aay /ee hs coupe 2. RUPE TE SS 20%
iene Pinkish Walae) ‘ete Noe he ee ee ee 30%
Pale.Grayish (Blue “Violet; “eb 2 he ee ee oe 11%
Pale wPurplish Vinaceous; ete. 0 ees heh Nee ee ee ee cad 19%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage.
(188 shells).
Berl Mle et ee str omel a oF ached Gh OS SR ee ee 19% P.
iicht iPimkash > Dalac; ete i: 2s) ol ee eS eee ee 25% %
NWahitte sete: |t3 56 oS oN eS ae ee eae Se ee ee eee 19% |
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc.-_-..................- Pere ia oat SEE 3 eS 19% &
PalevPurplish “Vinaceous’, ete... See Se ee 18% ;
Distribution in Upper Ohio Tribs., etc.
Alle'ny Alle'ny Ohio Ohio Beaver Beaver j
Tribs. River River Tribs. River Tribs. t
Pearl Blves) etens sess See ee. 20% 22.22%... 1AM 2 10% 35 Vg eee \
Tight Pinkish Lilac, etc..---...- 25 Of soe be BAN, oan Se ee 4%.-----40% £
VGC et ce Lt) eke wee Sec reat A 20 %i....22 Goce. 25 Jp. 13 Yo 10 pe etOee ; q
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, etc.....17 %....-- D5 Vo 12%... 259. 0 On eg x
Purplish Vinaceous, etc........... 19:% 2217 25 Yoel oe 7% %
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie, (26 shells). ‘
Peatl Blues ete: 3.2.2.2 e te eR ee eee 24% §
Licht Pinkish ‘ilact eter -<: 5 > see ee ee oe 23%
WWihite; Sete 8 ee a ag A Roe ee Se 22%
a tas ko ae a
* My observations on all lake specimens of this species correspond with
those of Baker concerning it in Oneida Lake, N. Y. Baker, F. C., The ‘
Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake, Tech. Pub. No. 4. N. Y,
State College of Forestry, Syracuse, 1916. p. 41.
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 235
em ray ish HE Iter NHOLEL wo Cte 2 tts Ger he ee Tia
Rem unpliGhiey tla ceousuneten see 5) Say ten te een woes ee 17%
Distribution in Lake Erie—Localities, and Chautauqua Lake.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Chautaugua
ay Point Isle Lake
eat wee, etee) tig. ea PN Sabato Behe ey of A AO SU 40%
ieee Prakash) Wilac, jetet 2). D5 as a Aare Soe i AO relates 35%
iPaleyPimkish, Vinaceous, ete 2/1137 %..-.... Se ae eats Tigi oe tees 25%
Pale Grayish Blue Violet, ete... OO dr es Te Ay ee Be od a 710 )y /paenten ble 94 he
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Pearl Blue and White are most abundant in L. Erie and there is
less Pinkish Lilac or Purplish colors, as well as more Pale Grayish
Blue Violet are most peculiar to the Upper Ohio drainage.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage: ,
The rivers have more Pearl Blue and White than the tribs. but
less Light Pinkish Lilac and less Pale Grayish Blue Violet. General
shades of Pinks and Pearl Blues are about evenly distributed
throughout this drainage. About the same percentage of blues
exists in the Allegheny and Beaver Drainages, while White is most
abundant in the Ohio,—apparently an outstanding exception to the
general rule. Fading is seen going down stream in the Allegheny,
Ohio, Shenango, and Little Beaver Rivers. Characteristic stream
colors are best indicated in Pl. III.
In Lake Ene:
Here white and pearl blues are practically equivalent. Most of
the Light Pinkish Lilac colors are at Presque Isle Bay; Pale Purplish
Vinaceous in La Plaisance Bay; while Cedar Point has more .
purplish colors than Presque Isle, it has less than La Plaisance Bay.
Pearl Blue predominates in Chatauqua Lake.
Observation on Sex. Correlative Coloration, etc. (84 shells).
Males may either be white, pinkish lilac or pearl blue.
Females are purplish vinaceous.
VI.—ConcLUSIONS.
1. In certain species, (as may be inferred from the table dealing
with the distribution of colors-as a whole), there exists a wider
range of variation of nacreous color than is indicated by standard
specific descriptions.
2. In practically all the species dealt with, a change in nacreous
color is observed going down stream from the headwaters to the
236 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
mouth. The usual tendency is for the nacreous color to considerably
lighten or become bluish.
3. The shells of L. Erie have a greater proportion of blues among
them than the corresponding shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
and Maumee Drainages. The shells of Conneaut and Chautauqua
Lakes have the same relation.
Other conclusions, not however as completely substantiated as
those given above, but still so evident from the present data as to
deserve mention are:
1 Each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells collected
from it in the form at least of an associated peculiar tone of nacre
color. (This has already been observed with regard to other physical
characters). While the same ‘‘relative colors’? may be present in
different drainages, these are usually distinguished when necessary
by varying proportions of other colors.
2. Asarule, the color distinction may be carried so far as to say
tentatively at least, that certain shades of nacre color are charac-
teristic of certain localities in a given body of water. While as ob-
served in the chart, this is best observed in the case of Presque Isle
shells, ample verification is obtainable in shells from the Upper
Ohio Drainage.
3. So far as we may consider results obtained from a small
number of shells in many cases, sex correlative coloration seems to
be associated with nacre color.
VIII.—SUGGESTIONS AS TO CAUSES OF FAcTs.
Introductory remarks embody the writers’ comments on the first
of these conclusions. Any plausible explanation of the second would
seem to be found in the physical and chemical conditions under
which the shells live. A summary of the physical and chemical
conditions present in the Upper Ohio Drainage and ‘L. Erie has
been given. Perhaps that physical condition most applying to the
problem of nacreous color is the warmer temperature of the water
in the former, for it has been seen that as a rule, Upper Ohio shells
possess more pigment than those of L. Erie. Pigment is the result
of chemical reaction, and chemical reactions in general are increased
by the amount of heat.
Wilson and Clark, (18,.19) were inclined to associate with the
fading out of the nacreous color of Ellipio an abundance of lime,
and, (conversely), the want of humic acid in the lower stretches of
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 247
the stream.’’ Humic acid’ seems to be an indefinite chemical term
applied to several acid compounds having their origin in the decay
of vegetable matter. It is commonly supposed to impart its straw
colored to deeper hues to the streams in which it is found. Such a
stream is the Shenango R. fed by Pymatuning Creek which in
turn drains a swamp. For the reason that forests with their residual
humus are, under present conditions at least, most abundant near
the headwaters of streams, it may be reasonably supposed that
Humic Acid, if any, is most abundant there. As an acid, it must
tend to be neutralized later in those streams having an abundance
of lime, (CaCO3), and consequently disappear, for analyses of the
water in various parts of the Upper Drainage where the shells were
collected (6,10), show that there is an increase in the amount of
lime present and alkalinity in general going down stream, with a
converse reduction, it may be assumed, of any acidity. Faussek, (2),
in studies with marine pelecypods came to the conclusion that water
containing acid promoted the formation of pigment, while he
believed that light played no part in this process. List, (11),
another observer was inclined to credit the importance of light as a
factor in pigment formation. As the headwaters are freer from silt
than those of the lower stretches, we have according to tiese in-
vestigators, more ideal conditions for the production of pigment
there than further down stream, where as a matter of fact it is less
abundant. In this behaviour of nacreous color of Najades in up-
stream regions we have a rough analogue to that of the reaction
of litmus to acids snd alkalies. Further, the water of L. Erie differs
from that of the Upper Ohio Drainage and its lower regions in
possessing a greater amount of lime and general alkalinity, especially
to note aiter any humic acid entering the lake has been neutralized.
lL. Erie waters also contain certain chemicals such as magnesium
sulfate and chloride, which are not found, at least in similar quantity,
in the Upper Ohio Drainage. Now L. Erie shells have been found to
have greater percentages of Blue. This corresponds with the re-
action of litmus toward alkaline solutions.
A second analogous example and one more closely related to the
factors concerned in the case is the behavior of iron compounds
toward CO2 (13). It is known that Humic Acid attacks the iron
oxides, (Fe203) which color soil red or yellow, and reduces these
compounds to ferrous oxide. Ferrous oxide then unites with the
CO2 omnipresent in soil water, forming ferrous carbonate, a colorless
238 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
compound. As the result of these interactions the ground beneath
humus deposits is usually found bleached. Clays, originally red
or yellow, may become black, green or blue from the organic matter
contained and from the effects of this process. When clay is burned,
the organic matter and ferrous carbonate contained is oxidized,
and red brick is formed for whose red color the iron oxide is re-
sponsible. Now analyses of the shells of 4 common species of
Najades furnished through the courtesy of the Commissioner of
Fisheries, Washington, D. C., show that the differences in composi-
tion between them is greatest and most marked in the content of
otganic matter, iron, alumina and phosphoric acid. The first three
of these are important constituents of soil, and are known to be
responsible for the colors of many minerals. The greater rapidity
of current, rapids, etc., of the headwaters of streams makes for their
greater oxygenation, and this available oxygen may so react with
these minerals of the shell as to produce the deeper colors character-
istic of the headwaters in a fashion corresponding to the processes
described. Further down stream, silt and slow moving waters as
well as other conditions may tend to inhibit the oxidative process,
and, similarly there may follow a greater inclusion of organic matter
in the shell, possibly from the silt itself, resulting in other than the
red or yellowish colors allied to iron oxide. A relatively similar
situation is found in L. Erie, which has less silt but lighter colored
shells. The lighter colors of L. Erie shells may be closest related to
the degree of alkalinity of the water. -As the natural conditions
of the Upper Ohio Drainage are also largely similar to those of the
streams draining into L. Erie, a similar explanation may be assumed
for their colors. Another alternative hardly consistent with the
above facts is that the concentration of humic acid toward the
mouth of the stream becomes sufficient to bleach or lighten the
colors whose basis is iron. The improbability of this latter becomes
clearer when it be remembered that lime also increases in amount
going down stream. A more reasonable explanation is that CO2
whether of the soil water or released from combination by the
interaction of humic acid and lime, attacks the ferric or ferrous
oxide, already present in the shells and produces ferrous carbonate,
which colorless compound may be responsible for the lightening
of hues observed. Such an explanation at least embraces most of
the physical and chemical conditions known, and is certainly applic-
able to the many curious facts concerning the nacreous color known
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 239
to experienced collectors. With regard to the part iron plays in the
coloration of the shells of these animals, it is suggestively recalled
that it is the basis of many animal and plant pigments such as
haemoglobin, bilirubin, chlorophyll, etc.
Speculations here may be unbridled as in other fields and the
only thing to qualify it is experimental proof. It may be noted
that in many organisms strong production of pigment has been
considered evidence of progressive metabolism and sometimes
associated with ‘“‘femaleness’’ in particular. In other organisms
beside the Mollusca it has been also associated with amount of
oxygen present, and under the physical conditions the waters of
the Upper Ohio are as a whole better oxygenated than those of
L. Erie. Some of the observations bear out in part observations on
another group of the Mollusca, the Chitons, where Crozier, (1)
has found a more brilliant coloring of the soft parts associated with
the ‘“‘female’’ condition, believing it merely to be the result of a
“metabolic accident.” From the evidence given, there may be
reason to state that the nacreous “ground color”’ of shells, from
which all colors are produced by modification, is a Pearl Blue
or ‘‘whitish” hue. Dr. A. E. Ortman in an unpublished paper which
confirms observations of several other investigators, has shown
that the shells in the headwaters of streams are usually smaller
and more compressed than the same species in the lower stretches,
where they have become more highly inflated. Some factor in the
environment may thus inhibit the full physical development of the
shell in the headwaters, but its racial metabolism, evident in
greater development down stream, may find an outlet in the
production of pigment, a variation hardly as harmful to it as
increase in size and inflation would be in the swift streams of the
headwaters. Against the above we have the check of Koifoids
observation, (9), that the plankton elements on which these
creatures feed increase with the temperature, and are more abun-
dant in the lower stretches of the stream where there is more silt,
and where the shells are more highly inflated. Finally it must be
remembered that in so far as outside conditions are concerned, the
nacre throughout life is protected by the greater thickness of the
shell.
In the preceding, endeavor has been made to consider the more
plausible factors responsible for variation in nacreous color among
the Najades. If a theory of “progressive metabilism” in organisms
240 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
be held accountable in any way for variation in the nacreous
color of Najades, a factor of possible connection is that of the age
of the mussels. In obtaining any light upon the relation of the
nacreous color and the age of the animal, a difficulty which presents
itself is the accurate determination of the latter. Isely* who has
probably made the most extensive study of the growth of Fresh
Water Mussels, states that ordinarily the prominent rings of
the shell are presumably winter rings, (delayed growth), and
therefore each may represent a year of the animals life. However,
rings may develop as the result of unfavorable conditions such as
water shrinkage, temporary stranding, etc., and at any time of
the year. Moreover, the rate of growth is variable for individuals
of a single species in the same stream apparently depending on
conditions of food, oxygen etc. . . . Growth may also slow down
after sexual maturity. All these unfavorable conditions probably
act to some degree on shells in the Upper Ohio Drainage. However
at the time the color data was recorded, the writer estimated the
age of these and those from L. Erie by counting the rings of greatest
prominence, which Isely indicates are presumably the winter rest
rings. Here it may be remarked as,already shown elsewhere,(3),
that the shells of L. Erie are under more stable conditions, and
greater confidence may be placed in such a method of estimating
the age of them. This latter fact was the basis of a check in the
following procedure.
There was only the task of rearranging the different recorded
colors by classes of the estimated age, and tais being done to see
whether association was evident between the recorded aues and the
estimated age. As insufficient space prevents reproduction of the
tabulations thus secured, it can only be stated that all of the colors
of all species were found to be distributed through all ages rather
than being peculiar of certain ones. Certain generalizations are
worthy of note,{ that as a rule deeper colors in all species fade
*Isely, F. B. ‘‘Experimental Study of Growth and Migration of Fresh
Water Mussels” Bureau of Fisheries Document, 792 (1914)
} Thus with age, (using terminology of Simpson); in Fusconaia, the
percentage of whites and salmons increase, rose tints decrease; Amblema,
the bluish colors tend toward lilac shades; salmon, straw, and white increase
in Elliptio, purples become lighter as also in Propiera and Paraptera; the
reds fade out in Pleurobema and the salmons and buff in Symphnota, when
the pinkish hues become more prominent, Bluish white increases in Anodonta
|
:
—_—e
VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF NAIADES 241
with age, most of them tending to revert back to the “pearl blue
or whitish’’ ground color. Similar treatment of L. Erie shells apart
from those of the Upper Ohio corroborate this finding. But to be
considered with such a generalization, is the fact that very fre-
quently large nos. of shells of different ages from the same locality
show an almost uniform nacre color.
IX. RELATIVE VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR IN THE SPECIES
DEALT WITH.
The shells were so unevenly distributed with regard to localities,
that it was impossible to determine those places where the greatest
amount of nacreous color took place. Some idea may be obtained
from Pl. III. In an effort to make a balanced determination of the
relative variability of nacreous color among them a-rough and
arbitrary comparison was taken by dividing the number of “relative
colors’ observed in each shell by the number of that species ex-
amined. Rough as the writer feels his methods to have been in
exploring this uncharted field, it seems that within the limits of
this investigation that the larger number of shells is apparently
associated with less variation in nacre color. At the same time,
these results are hardly fair for those species represented by a
small number of specimens. Results from this method show the
relative variability of the shells to be as indicated in the following
table.
No. of Relative INGOT Mons Factor
Colors Taken Shells Colculated
i Puaee Voptdt | PEGE. hs fol tks oe Nh Pa) Chek ee eee Oe 542 Aes “aa
By LEAD UA AOS TPNGN 7 epee be Deel eae MEL ie DO Mei we ge LIN 5 de as aoe 47
rr mplera wy TaGtis i Nt be ata Bik ai een, Eek 5 ge See .40
PME OOLUG ULI | GOGCLI a Vettes ls. he ay Gig aun te ee 2) ite eel gel Sv ob 1 .20
emblem. plecatae ce) Vir ae i CUA ey ea ToS 5 Syke Ne eee arts
6. Anodont ferrussactanus.........-..-..-------..-- See el CPN AS Ae a a7
Pi ARON OIIE OFORdiss kl Soe iy ROU fe. alae 1D (0 ge ME NSO ts .16
ui UsE One fiage ce MAE! ol 7 Tc ike We ave Yee ae 279 eiu Meee 14
ORME P SILLS (OUCTU Nee Se 8s FEN 8 Meise WEE BAS ce Cl eee. 14
TOM ENLU DEO OU GEOLU She AM ed Lia a ay GA See ela ne SOL: Leo rg
TSN NUPNMITOL@ COSTAL. ee os ee 10 dee eer even Mee ke 68.) ae Nese a qe
me Lampstts tuteola. eee 2010s) Anrage BBG ict anes .09
A similar study of variation in Epidermal Color in the animals is expected
to appear in a later number of this publication.
and Anodontoides, while the purples tend to disappear. Eurynia, L. luteola,
and L. ovaia appear to retain their vivid colors to later age than the rest
of the species, but all of the latter tend to revert to ‘‘ bluish-white.”’
242 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
SOURCES OF ERROR.
The Ridgeway Nomenclature was used carefully following
directions given in it. It may well be urged that the sense of color
is so varied in its development among huminity that results of
this kind may not have the same significance for a great number of
those interested in these problems. But the same criticism could
be applied to the ornithologist who uses the Nomenclature. The
writers confidence in his own observations is largely based on the
fact that U.S. Acmy ‘ests have shown his sense of sight to be normal
in every respect.
It is also true that at times the mussels mipeate from place to
place in the same stream and from the river into the tributary.
_ Where a small number of shells were used in making a comparison,
this might have some effect on the results obtained, but as the
evidence of most observers is that migration is comparatively
rare among them, this can have hardly any effect on the general
impressions this paper has hoped to convey.
Washington and Jefferson College,
Washington, Pa.
X.—LITERATURE CITED.
1. Crozier, W. J. ‘‘Sex Correlative Coloration in Chiton tuberculatus.”
Amer. Nat., Vol. LIV, 1920, p. 84.
2. Faussek, V. ‘‘Uber die Anlagung des Pigments bei Mytzlus.”’ Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool. Vol. 65, 1898.
3. Grier, N. M. ‘‘On the Erosion and Thickness of Fresh Water Mussels.”
Naut. 1920.
4. Grier, N. M. ‘‘Sexual Dimorphism and Some of its Correlations in the
Shells of Certain Species of Najades.’’ Amer. Mid. Nat., 1920, Vol. 6, p. 165.
5. Grier, N. M. ‘‘ Morphological Features of Certain Mussel Shells of L.
Erie compared with Corresponding Ones of the Upper Ohio Drainage.
Annals of Carnegie Museum, 1920.
6. Horton, A. H., Hall, M. R., Bolster, R. H., Leighton, M. D. “Surface
Water Supply of the United States, 1907-08. Part III, Ohio River Basin, p.
207) 355.47
7. Israel, W. von. ‘‘Die Najaden des Weidegebietes, etc.’ Beilage zum
Nachrichblatt Deutschen Malakozoologisches Gesellschaft, N. 4, 1914, p. 4.
8. Jennings, O. E. ‘“‘A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa.
‘“‘Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. 5, 1909.
9. Kofoid, C. S. ‘‘The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-99. Bull. III.
State Lab. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI, no. 1, 1903. Ibid. Vol. VIII, 1908.
10. Lewis, S. J. ‘‘Quality of Water in Upper Ohio Basin and at Erie, Pa.”
Water Supply Paper 161, U.S. G. Survey.
11. List, Th. ‘‘Uber die Einfluss des Lichtes auf die Ablagerung von
Pigment,” Arch. f, Entwick, Mech. Vol. 8, 1899.
bY
ri
Ms
y
5
ir
Fe
DR. JOEL LUNELL 243
12. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘ The Alleghenian Divide and its Influence upon the
Fresh Water Fauna. ‘‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Society, Vol. LII, No. 210. p. 275,
BOT, 305; 312; 3517 953°
13. Pirrson, L. V. and Schubert, C. S. ‘‘A Textbook of Geology” 1917.
Pp. 16x, -
14. Ridgeway, Robt. ‘‘The Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.’’
Published by Mrs. J. Evelyn Ridgeway, 3447 Oakwood Terrace, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 53 pl., 1115 named colors.
15. Simpson, C.S. ‘‘A Descriptive Catalogue of the Najades.”’ Published
by B. Walker. Detroit.
16. Utterback, W. I. ‘‘ The Najades of Missouri’? Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol.
JOO eta wloy oye
17. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘The Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’ Nautilus,
Vol. 27.
18. Wilson, C. B. and Clark, H. ‘‘The Mussel Fauna of the Maumee
River.’’ Report U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1911.
19. Ibid. ‘‘ The Mussel Fauna of the Kankakee Basin.’’ U.S. Bureau of
Fisheries Document, No. 758, 1912.
Dr. Joel Lunell.
A great loss to the science of taxonomical Botany was felt when
Dr. Lunell passed away at Leeds, North Dakota, on Thursday,
May 27, 1920. Living nearly all his life in a region which botan-
ically was a fertile field for investigation scarcely worked up in a
painstaking and orderly way, he brought to his avocation a
love of nature, a clear discerning judgment of specific differences,
and well trained classical education. He was born in an old castle,
“Kalmar Fort,’ a beautiful place facing the Baltic Sea which
was built about the year 1000. His early schooling was finished
with unusual honors. His studies in medicine was finished at the
great and historical University of Upsala where Linnaeus himself
was professor over a century previous. The remarkably broad
education in medicine, classics, natural science which he pos-
sessed was augmented by a keen appreciative love of music as
well as proficiency in modern languages. During his six years of
study at Upsala he spent his vacation as tutor in latin and music.
Among the books he wrote and translated about this time were
some in branches as varied as‘the following. He published a
Physicians’ Dietary Cook Book, and a Cook Book on Mushrooms,
He translated into Swedish, his native tongue, from German,
French, and English the following works. Physiologie de Got
244 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
by Brillat, The Prince and the Pauper Savarin, I nnocents Abroaa,
by Mark Twain, What Shali We Do? by Tschernyschevsky. After
finishing at Upsala he touk a post graduate course at the Carolyn
Institute at the University of Stockholm. In 1888 he came to
America and became an associate to Dr. Fleisburg at St. Paul
but longed for the frontier life of the new country and settled at
Willow City, North Dakota, then a primeval town of a few board
houses. Being the only physician in the whole county his zeal for
his profession kept him so busy travelling around to help the sick
that he was often eighteen to twenty hours without food. He was
during these strenuous times also president of the village council,
alderman, coroner, U. S. examining physician, and postmaster.
Overwork forced him to relax for vacation from so many nu-
merous pursuits; he left several times but always came back aftec
a few months. In 1894 he came to Leeds where he held office as
mayor, alderman and coroner besides his duties as physician.
Dr. Lunell devoted his leisure time to the study of the flora of
his region. He published some of his investigations in the Botanical
Gazette and published several numbers of Contributions from the
Leeds Herbarium. Most of his later writings appeared in the
Midland Naturalist, notably a number of diagnoses of new species
and a list of the plants of North Dakota. Unprejudiced by codes
as a man of his broad classical training he throws aside any leaning
to nomenclature codes of present expediency and adopted system
of absolute priority of names for this list. He collected a large
herbarium (30,000 plants) the specimens being remarkably well
mounted, a collection which is scarcely without a peer in perfection
of technique, exactness and completeness in every detail. The
passing away of one whose love for nature was observation and
whose pursuit of knowledge of the plants of his region was an un-
selfish contribution to science leaves a gap that will be hard to fill.
The following notice in the Leeds News of June 3, 1920, brings out
other features of his life not already touched upon.
A short time ago we were surprised to hear that Dr. J. Lunell was ill
at his home and that his illness was considered serious. Always an active
man and accustomed to be about daily it was hard to believe that we had
seen him on the street one day and that he was seriously ill the next. Such,
however, was the case. On Friday the news that he had passed away on
Thursday night was quickly spread through the city. Another pioneer had
passed to his reward.
With the passing of Dr. Lunell this generation loses one of nature’s
? wd -
omicet alee Femail
eg
ies rer
WATERFOWL IN NEBRASKA | 245
noblemen. A lover of the great out-of-door and deeply interested in botany
he mingled with flowers all his life, and the study of plants and music was
his chief delight. His was a sensitive nature, easily hurt, but never did he
allow hatred to enter his heart. Kind hearted and sympathetic, he felt
deeply the pain and sorrow of those in trouble. Those who knew him best
knew him as a man who followed Christ’s teachings in all that he did, and
loved him for his kindly, sympathetic nature.
Joel Lunell was born in Kalmar, Sweden, March 30th, 1851, and spent
his boyhood days there. His father was Doctor of Theology and Philosophy
and pastor of the Lutheran State Church, in which creed Joel Lunell was
baptized. As he grew to manhood many hours were spent at the great pipe
organ in the church and his knowledge of music gave him daily pleasure in
later years.
At the age of eighteen he entered the university at Upsala, Sweden, to
study philosophy and medicine.
He was married at Kalmar, Sweden, in 1884, to Miss Emma Swenson.
In 1888 they came to America and settled at St. Paul where he was associated
with Dr. Fleisburg. Later he moved to Willow City, where he practised his
profession. In 1894 he moved his family to Leeds and has since made his
home here.
In the early days of his career he worked so unceasingly among the
sick that his health was broken, but in spite of this fact he still carried on.
During the flu epidemic of 1918 he did his bit with the other and younger
physicians, attending cases night and day until the danger had passed.
Besides keeping up his medical practice Dr. Lunell compiled a herb-
arium of over 30,000 specimens of plant life, including plants from all over
the world. During the past thirteen years he has written botanical articles
for the American Midland Naturalist, published at Notre Dame, Indiana.
Funeral services were held Monday afternoon from the Lutheran
Church and interment made here. He is survived by his wife, six children
and a brother.
Fee CRA]
“Waterfowl in Nebraska.”
This very interesting and informing paper forms Part I. of
Bulletin 794 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The following
are the contents:—Introduction; Effect of Federal Protective
Laws; Future of Waterfowl in the Sandhill Region; Natural
Enemies; Hunting Grounds; Waterfowl Hunting in the Autumn
of 1915; General Description of the Sandhill Region; Annotated
List of Birds; Game Birds; Nongame Birds.
Seldom have I enjoyed a more interesting article on bird life
than the one under consideration. And an important element of
this interest is the description of the Sandhill Region where Dr.
246 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Oberholzer made his observations. I think this large and unique
territory is comparatively unknown, at least to that portion of the
community that is not especially devoted to the sportsman’s gun.
But quite apart from the attraction that a hunter would naturally
have for such a paradise of game birds, the Sandhill Region of
Nebraska should be known to all Americans. There is probably |
no other similar territory that can approach in their vast extent
and unique character the Sandhills of Nebraska.
As the contents of Dr. Oberholzer’s paper indicate, he has made
a very careful study of the waterfowl of the Sandhill Region of
Nebraska. The reading of his article quite makes the bird lover
envy the writer the excellent opportunity he had to study waterfowl.
Most observers, unless they live in a favorable place, near
a quiet lake or river, can not become acquainted with water birds.
This has been my own experience, and I often regret that my home
is not located where the study of waterfowl is possible. Dr. Ober-
holzer’s contribution is, then, of great interest to the student of
general ornithology, and will, no doubt, be universally appreciated.
A feature of Dr. Obecholzer’s article that calls for special mention
is the manner of treating his subject. Not too technical for the
general reader, and still of genuine value to the special student or
the hunter, his paper is a model of attractive writing on orni-
thology. The great detail (which shows minute observation) of
the article can not be too highly commended. The author’s work
has been so well done that the reader feels grateful to him for the
knowledge and pleasure that were made possible by the perusal
of this fine production. It is to be hoped that many more similar
opportunities will be afforded Dr. Oberholzer to visit regions
where waterfowl are abundant. This seems to be a phase of orni-
thology in which the doctor should specialize, for his present
paper points unmistakably to his ability to cultivate this field most
profitably.
BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. 5S. C.,
Notre Dame, Indiana.
BUFFALO
Springfield
ymilion
PITTS BURGH
Pik A Eee aT
MAP OF LAKE ERIE AND ADJACENT REGIONS
SHOWING LOCALITIES CONSIDERED
CERTAIN
PLATE II.—GRIER on VARIATION IN NACREOUS COLOR OF
SPECIES OF NAIADES.
(pit
gE SGA EA SR ERE ET
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anetican MIDLAND
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CONTENTS . aa
—& , sae?
Variation in Epidermal Color of Certain Species of Naja es
Inhabiting the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corres-
¥
9.”
ponding Ones in L. Erie. N. M. Grier, Ph. D. 247
Observations on Some Marine Plants of the Iowa Devon-
ian, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species.
Clement L. Webster, M. Sc. 286
Birds Observed at Brookland, D. C. from Aug. 19 to Sept.
7, 1920. Brother Alphonsus, C. S.C. 290
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Ow. VI. NOVEMBER, 1920. NO: hia waset™
3 Variation in Epidermal Color of Certain Species of Najades Inhabiting
; the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in L. Erie.
7 s
BY Ne Mic GRIBR, «PH.D.
; ——
| I.—INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
This paper is a continuation of the study of the color problem
in. certain species of Najades, first begun with an account of the
variation in nacreous color in the same species. (4). Besides the
major object as indicated in the title, now as previously an effort
4 will be made to show how the standard scientific Color Nomen-
clature of Ridgeway, (14), may be applied to the corresponding
. descriptive characters of the species of Najades concerned. Again,
as it has already been shown that changes in the morphological
features of shells parallel changes in the accompanying physical
conditions under which they are found, (1,2), effort will be made to
show that in the epidermis of mussel shells, as well as in the nacre,
changes in color which may-be similarly associated take place.
The subject of the epidermal color of mussel shells does not
seem to have been made the subject of extended investigation.
v. Huber, (6), in studying some European and unrelated species
remarks that the epidermis of river forms is generally brown, but
at times a dirty green. Juveniles found in a subterranean canal
were greenish in color,.becoming black with age. v. Sell (15)
observed that the lake variety of Unio pictorum often had a green
coloring, (or rays), posteriorly, which was lacking in river forms
of the same species. v. Israel, (7), noted that the males of Unio
crassus were often reddish, while the females were gray. Marshall,
(9), states that ‘‘as a rule it may be said that the color of very
young specimens when not affected by foreign substances in the
water is a light or olive gray in the growing shell, gradually assuming
the colors by which it is known in the adult state.” It is known
248 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST ~
generally also that the shells of certain species at least blacken
with age, but some effort has been made to ascribe this blackening | f 7
in part to extraneous influences. Hay, (5), studied U. tumidus
and U. pictorum from the Ouse and Foss, Rivers in England. The
Foss river had the more natural conditions, a bottom of mud,
abundant aquatic vegetation, a gentler current, and received less
polluting material than the Ouse. Its shells were lustrous and with
a bright nacre. The Ouse River was wider, had a superabundaace
of mud in the bottom, and the shells in it were eroded, due either
to the rapidity of the current or dissolved COz in the water. The
shells from this stream were dark or dead brown in color, erosion
of the epidermis was considerably advanced, and the pearliness of
the nacre was dull, possibly because this stream received the
greater abundance and variety of drainage material. Hey believed
the differences in coloration observed to be due the amount of such
substances received. We may add here in order the observations
of two experienced students of the Najades; Messrs. Calvin Good-
rich of Toledo, Ohio, and V. S. Frierson, Frierson, La., as kindly
ous the writer in correspondence.
“Shells of the same species vary in color of epidermis in different
streaims, sometimes in the same stream under variations of environ-
ment. For example, the shells in the pools of Roche de Boeuf
rapids, Maumee River are rough and dull hued. They are most
of them covered with limy deposits dnd blotched with some black
material which after removal leaves the shells little improved in
appearance. The Miami and Erie Canal, upon the bank above 5:
these rapids, is fed from the Maumee 7 miles above. The shells
of the canal are smooth, polished, often with a sheen like silk and
lighter of color. The shells off Catawba Island, Ottawa Co., Ohio,
are a bright, shining lot; those in La Plasaince bay, at the west
end of the Lake, much dulled by comparison. The La Plaisance
shells seem to be abraded by sand; those of Catawba Island es-
caping this treatment.» On the north shore, many of the shells
are stained with black and roughened with lime. Alge, limg,
sewage, vegetable growths and mineral matter of one kind and
another appear to affect the color of the epidermis. I suppose
light has some share in the business. You have no doubt, noticed
that the older specimens of the museums show a distinct modi-
fication in color.” “There is near me a lake one quarter of a
mile wide, two miles long, five to twenty feet deep. It is really
:* J
@
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 249
the old bed of a stream defunct several years ago. But the small
streams which feed this lake and which cease to flow during droughts
both produce an abundant crop of Anodons. Now in the lake, these
grow to a large size, much inflated, smooth, somewhat rayed,
brightly colored. But in the pools of the headwaters, creeks ten
to fifteen feet deep, thirty feet wide, covered with trees, full of
decaying leaves and black mud, grow shells elongate, compressed,
rough, black and hardly to be differentiated from Unio comptodon
by its external appearance. Yet they are no doubt the same species,
or no doubt frequently mother and daughter. This is environment.”
Following the clues given in the foregoing, effort will be made in
this paper to throw light on the following problems connected with
the color of the epidermis in the species of Najades dealt with:
1. In those species commonly assigned more than one epidermal
color, to determine as far as possible the relative prevalence of each
color in all the shells as a whole, and the difference between L. Erie
and Upper Ohio shells in this regard.
2. (a.) To ascertain whether any change in epidermal color takes
place going down stream, both in the rivers and in their tributaries
and to learn whether in any of the species a particular shade of the
described epidermal color is peculiar to the body of water concerned.
(b.) To study the prevalence and qualities of the rays of the
epidermis under conditions indicated for this and the preceding problem.
3. Asa partial check on problems one and two as well as for their
own biological interest to show, (a) any relation existing between the
epidermal colors and the estimated age of the animals; (b) any associa-
tion of the epidermal colors with their sex.
II.—List oF SpEciEsS USED.
LAKE ERIE
Fusconaja flava parvula, Grier
Amblema. plicata, Say.
Pleurobema obliquum pauperculum,
Simpson
Elliptio dilatatus sterkii, Grier
Symphynota costata eriganensis, Grier
Anodonta grandis footiana, Lea.
Paraptera fragilis, Raf.
Proptera alata, Say.
Anodontoides ferrussacianus subcylin-
‘dricus, Lea.
Eurynia recta, Lamarck.
UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
Fusconaja flava, Rafinesque.
Amblema costata, Rafinesque.
Pleurobema obliquum coccineum, Con-
rad.
Elliptio dilatatus, Raf.
-Symphynota costata, Raf.
Anodonta grandis, Say.
Parapiera fragilis, Raf.
Propiera alata, Say.
Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lea.
Eurynia recta latissima, Rafinesque.
S50" - THE AMERICAN, MIDLAND NATURALIST
Lampsilis luteola rosacea, Dekay. Lampsilis luteola, Lamarck.
Lampsilis. ovata canadensis, Lea. Lampsilis ovata ventricosa, Lamarck.
The accompanying map, and list of localities as given in Plate
III showing collecting stations will give some idea of their distribution
in the Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie. The material used was
collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann over a number of years, (1903-07),
in Western Pennsylvania and L. Erie, or secured by him in smaller
amount as exchanges. Dr. Ortmann, besides suggesting the value
of an introductory study to the color problem in Najades, has done
everything in his power to assist the investigation, for which
data was obtained at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. I am
indebted to Dr. W. J. Holland, Director, for the freest use of the
Museum’s facilities in connection.
IIlI.—PuysicaL CONDITIONS AND TYPE OF ‘MUSSEL FAUNA.
The type of Mussel Fauna-has already been admirably treated
in papers by Walker:(18) and Ortmann, (10-13 inclus.). These
and the physical conditions concerned have already been sum-
marized by the writer elsewhere (1); those for L. Erie being ably
stated by Jennings, (8), and for the Upper Ohio Drainage in the
Water Supply Papers of the U. S. Geological Survey.* At this
point we may conveniently add Simpson’s observations on the
type of Mussel Fauna concerned particularly with regard to the
problem we are dealing with. (16). ‘‘Species from the Mississippi
Valley are more richly colored internally and externally than those
of any other part of the globe. . ... All the Mississippi Valley
species of Najades that have entered the St. Lawrence or any
part of the Atlantic Drainage area have become changed . . . the
nacre losing its brilliancy; instead of the bright epidermis often
painted beautifully with rays in wonderful patterns, rich greens,
yellows, olives we have mostly dull, livid, ashy, rusty reddish
or brownish exteriors.’”’ Simpson did not believe these changes
were due in any measure to climate or colder water, for the shells
reach a similar development elsewhere. He further remarks that
the changes in form, size and coloring have led students to create
new species and varieties for what were originally Mississippi
Valley shells. For sake of convenience however, the outstanding
* See Horton, T. H., Hall, M.R., Bolster, R. H. Leighton, M. D. “‘Surface
Water Supply of the United States 1907-08. Part III Ohio River Basin,
Pp. 29, 35, 47. Water Supply papers, U.S. G. §. -
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. — ~ 251
points concerning the physical conditions are given in the following
‘contrasting columns.
LAKE ERIE
Water colder than in Upper Ohio
but with more even regulation of
temperature. Currents much less rapid
than in streams; less agitated, except
by very moderate currents carrying
but little sediment. Bottom of pebbles
or sand or mixture of these depending
on region of lake, with coarser sedi-
ment derived from wear of land.
Temperaiure conditions favor a more
uniform production of food if in less
UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE
Waer warmer, but with greater
extremes Of temperature to face.
Streams more rapid than current of
L. Erie; greater agitation, frequeni
falls and rapids, short stretches of
quiet poals. Rivers carry a load of
debris moving quickly over the bottom
which consists of mud, glacial fill,
cobbles. Food conditions (due to
extremes of temperature), are less
stable, even if at times food is more
abundance. Water is more highly abundant.
alkaline than that of Upper Ohio
Drainage.
Walker, (18) observes that L. Erie shells as a whole have brighter,
(clearer) colors than their fellows of the Upper Ohio Drainage,
are exceptionally polished, and otherwise characterized in dis-
tinction by their well developed lines of growth.
IV.—METHOD.
Befote attempting the study of the shells, the epidermis of each
was lightly scrubbed with a moderately stiff brush to remove any
sediment, etc., adhering to it. Care was taken not to injure the
epidermis in any way. Shells so badly eroded that a positive
determination of nacre color was impossible were ignored in further
study. The method pursued in the study of variation in epidermal
color was largely that used in the investigation of nacreous color.
(4). Here as with the nacreous colors, the epidermal colors did not
lend themselves to the determination of any well defined color
pattern. The problem is even more complicated in the latter,
since a large number of different colors may be represented in the
epidermis, due either to inherent causes or as the result of the
interaction, as we shall see is probable, with the environment.
To simplify matters to a stage where the problem could be grappled
with, at least two colors, obtained by comparison with the standard
colors of Ridgeway (14), were recorded for each shell. Following
the clue cited from Marshall’s paper, the first, (or primary), of these
two colors was that, which by its lighter hues, distribution and
relation to the other, (secondary) one taken was evidently the
252 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
present if not the original (juvenile) ground color of the entire shell.
In most cases this color was confined to the anterior and inferior»
portions of the shell. The secondary color was that most evi-
dent on the superior and posterior portions. If present at all, it
was usually, but not always darker than the primary color from —
which it was derived, and general observation showed that the
regions of the shell where it was found, to be the place of transition
from the primary color to it, whether to lighter or darker shades.
Where there seemed to bé doubtful relationships between these two
recorded colors, two or three additional ones were taken for the
purpose of tracing genetic relationship in the sequence of color
changes. The colors then judged most to match the Ridgeway
Standard Colors were then written in figuring books opposite cal-
culatings made for the morphological features of each shell. Only
oue color was usually taken in consideration when effort was made
to trace the sequence of change of color, but in view of the fact
that color variation might be traceable as stated above to various .
influences, it was thought well to possess data which would serve
to balance the conclusions. In Pl. III, (whose synthesis is afterwards
described), two colors are given, the first is the secondary color;
where only one is given, it represents the sole color determinable.
Further, as the specific descriptions given of some of the’ shells
indicate that the umbo may be lighter colored than the rest of the
shell, some confusion may arise when in carrying the writers scheme
in mind, it is observed that in Pl. III some of the secondary colors
are lighter than the primary ones, as obtained by the above pro-
cedure. The general plan when the tables of distribution of color
were prepared, was to give preference to that color most impressing
the eye with its preponderance or vividness in the epidermis.
The prevailing color then being alone taken into consideration
for the calculations, tables were prepared in the following way.
Where a large number of shells from one locality were concerned,
it was the usual practice to group all shells of a closely similar epi-
dermal color and compare as a whole with the shades given in
Ridgeway. By this means a general or average hue was obtained,
not accurate of course for every shell, but very convenient in
determining the “‘relative colors’’ of the shells at that locality
to ones near it, above or below in the particular body of water.
As a rule these relative colors were taken from a fairly large number
of shells, although a lack of material often compelled the use of
-
is
~
e.
t
4
2
=
>
CF OE eee
tw)
ae
eon Pe .
2 es eS ae
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 253
smaller numbers. Against such treatment however was the check
of a Separate color comparison for each shell. By means of this
method, it was possible to determine for each species shades of
epidermal color peculiar to the locality where the shells had been
collected, and this being done, charts were prepared showing the
sequence of color changes passing down stream, or the distribution
in different parts of the same body of water. This data, in con-
solidated form is presented in Pl. III. Even by this process of
condensation, a very large number of colors was obtained for each
species, making it imperative to simplify further in order that the
- evidence for the relative prevalence of different epidermal colors
in those species where more than one was described might be
rendered more intelligible for report. Just as the systematist for
rough descriptive purposes has picked out a number of the more
prominent epidermal colors of each species, the writer, following
largely Simpsons Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, (17),
chose from the previously prepared charts the ten to thirty leading
colors, (primary or secondary), in the epidermal colors of each
species to which the large majority of the rest could be assigned.
Percentages of these leading colors were then calculated for each
species in the bodies of. water, drainages, groups of drainages in
which they were found, as best seemed to throw light on the prob-
lems to be attacked. While all recorded shades in a large number
of cases would not conform to this treatment, they represent
percentages in the extreme minority, and may be inferred to exist
in those species where the tables of Distribution of Colors as a
Whole does not add up to 100%. Strictly speaking, even this
comparatively large number of ‘“‘leading colors’ could have been
condensed to a smaller number, but the largernumber was necessary
in order that certain close distinctions in the colors of the epidermis
for the purposes of the investigation might be made, for example,
between the colors of shells from a river and those from its tribu-
taries. In the discussion of any particular body of water, however,
the leading colors given, represent my reduction to lowest terms
of the colors represented in it.
Data on the sex of the animal, prevalence of rays, etc., were taken
at the time color comparisons were made. So far as observations
on epiderinal color as associated with the sex of the animal are
concerned, the small number of shells on which they are based is
explained by ‘the fact that the specimens were collected before Dr.
254 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Ortmann’s discovery that the sex of the animal is readily deter-
minable from the structure of the gills. In associating epidermal
color with the estimated age of the animal, the latter was determined
by counting the number of winter rings on the shell. As I have
given elsewhere some discussion of the accuracy and inaccuracy
of the results attending this method, (4), it need only be stated
that the conclusion staken from the Upper Ohio shells were checked
by similar ones from the L. Erie specimens, where this method of
estimating the age is less objectionable. Moreover, the conclusions —
are so general in character as not to be readily affected by mistakes
in the age of a very small minority. Pressure of these observations,
and also the fact that as a whole few differences could be observed
in the texture of the epidermis of shells, lead me to disregard the
latter character altogether. |
V.—RESULTS.
Each species is dealt with separately, there first being given in
parallel columns:
(a.) Descriptive material concerning epidermal color as taken
from Simpson.
(b.) The equivalent in the writers opinion of the Simpson
Colors in terms of the Ridgeway Color Nomenclature.
It is felt that by this arrangement and the inferences to be drawn
from the names of the Ridgeway Colors themselves, it will be
possible for the reader to sufficiently understand the terminology
used as to convey the principles this paper hopes to make clear.
Additionally the writer has endeavored to supplement this by
the use of such generalized color terms as he could command.
For the sake of greater clarity there are also given latterly in the
Ridgeway column the peculiar shades of the L. Erie shells, although
these are by the convenient and arbitrary arrangement adopted,
but varieties of the hues given in the tables dealing with ‘‘ Dis-
tribution of Colors as a Whole,’ in which effort is made to throw
light upon the first problem stated. There then follow tables
giving the relative distribution of epidermal colors in the Upper
Ohio Drainage as a whole; and separately, the component drainages.
The same is done for I. Erie and its various collecting stations.
Additionally, remarks largely in explanation of Pl. III, (chart
illustrating sequence of. epidermal color changes), and on the
prevalence and quality of the rays of the, epidermis. The dis-
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES: 255
cussion of each species terminates with the evidence for association
- of particular hues of the epidermis with the estimated age of Ee
animal and its sex. .
1.—Fusconaja flava
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY ~
Brown Brownish Olive.
: ‘Greenish Brown Ecru Olive, Yellowish Citrine
= Brownish, Blackish, (when Bister, Dresden Brown, Sepia,
a old) Carob Brown, Seal Brown.
4 Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
; L. Erie. (275 shells).
3 (SATS NESS ee aS BRS Oe rb he el eee Raase ROM URRY eal AE haa 40%
é LEE ol a ead Ea A ARTE Wire cee a eRe Sa aOR a ae EAB MRR 20%
: FEN EO NW MESTS) TACO 1 es er tes Bee eta ee ra een tel HE tn COs Rn ROE NE Ws Bs be ee | 20%
Poparemeve tenets: 210-0 sete Mo Me oi ce oN ieee 10%
£ Deere eran Hew e ee Hehe oN ae ee eee he ee se Mel 10%
: ; Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage.
ss (225 shells).
4 1 TES CKO Te 0 0 Wine ee agen ne ee a ee eS ene an EY ue teat ge se 40%
. ister 2. = i ee aces Cache ett Rte a LEN tesa ie eh eRe Septet en ge) 20%
ia TESCO hho i tW el! AC | Nig Sa is SSN 2 ee Be eu RM ie er er ae AMS LT. nk 20%
E22 Se eS geal estar call sree aah Ne eae tae eee RANE DE BON Ae eB 10%
EME MON Gre ee heh ep Seed 1) oer, eka Te in oly ee Coats Ye es Se 10%
3 ' Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries, ete.
2 Alle'ny Alle’‘ny Mon'g. Mon’'g. Ohio Ohio
Tribs. River Tribs. River River Tribs.
Wresden. Brows. Be <5 UGs.-022 OG. 20 Ae ee
ISS RE SOI IP, Ogee aes ae rane eal Os PRG AREY, ae poli ine MaDe te. 20 Fp 50%
SS Se ay ee Be ES ae NYO 2. 285, ye aie Sees 20°15) 20% 20 ae
= Beemer ee 0) ands ss hee ee gy 2099.0 20% 2G YG
SIBLE Cre 10 ee Meee ore Jee ere er Sere TE Mea 0) te aera rete Tain A ns SE AE
Mellowisne: Citrings: 98) Sg 0 Se ee AO Of so clan he ee ae ee 25%
PROMS BOLT ee aw eines See See tu SE eos 20 9p. AO pee Oye 25 U7
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (50 shells).
CSE Sa O07 BIT ig aE le os es ne a ar WR ee ea a SelM <P le OD a ee 30%
: Bees yd Se Cs teed ra sent eu ome we RI NR le Sn 20%
ea LO Walt= 4 co fests ep ES tt ccs RYE Ae ees oe aE oe ae 20%
APES e es LO Wyle eee See Ie eS iy oe eS gg De Ue NG ae 20%
Ecru Olive BAe AEA ap gy hh Me SP eee ah OE I ea nS Sa Ec elena MLS 10%
Distribution in L. Erie,—localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Maumee
Bay Point Isle Bay R.Drain
; SATO) Oy] BY 0 Ni if I RPT: REN Feeepoee es Sea ae 1 Ae SSE OND GUN earner ima ik eee gear FS TenRaC 66%
clowmastane trite, oa ee a Ps hy ane PaO ee aes 33%
SSCEME LEGG Wc Ue ia Sel Oi sa nn A Sacer OR a Ra SS Me Eo NG Pa 2 ar ee ie
256 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Dresden seo Pe a ted de eh ee Aa ee eee cn ae ed DE Os lak calm
Beri Olives 2 eed See ee Py teal te ae PGi we Den os nee
rarwamey - Olive Ss Fig 5 ore, ee ee ee GY eee SOU. 2ee Pps eiat tntls =8
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Yellowish greens are more abundant in L. Erie than in the -
Upper Ohio Drainage; the browms of L. Erie are of a reddish variety,
those of the Upper Ohio darker, towards black. Generally, the
shells of I. Erie are seen to be lighter in color.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage.
With few exceptions, the color of the epidermis is darker, in the
rivers than in their tributaries, and darker at the lower stations of
the latter than at the upper. This applies to both primary and
secondary colors. At Crooked Creek, Creekside, the primary color
is a sort of Greenish Olive, but lower down at Rosston, this is
succeeded by a darker Yellowish Olive. The secondary colors
has deepened to a Seal Brown, acquiring at a near station on the
Allegheny, Kelley, a Cinnamon Brown, while the primary color
has deepened to a Brownish Olive.* The same type of change
may be traced down the latter stream, as well as from the tributaries
of the Monongahela, Dunkard and 10 mi. Creeks to that body of
water. As the Ohio River is approached, epidermal color becomes
darker and darker. Some characteristic primary colors of streams
are Brownish Olive for the Allegheny; Greenish Olive for Crooked
Creek: .
In L. Erie. ‘
The shells at Presque Isle have less Yellowish Green than those
at La Plaisance Bay. Cedar Point is characterized by a large
percentage of Tawney Olive colors, while the. Maumee River
‘draining into L. Erie has an excessive proportion of brown among
its shells. In this as well as in other species, different parts of the
same collecting locality, such as the various parts of Presque Isle
Bay, are apt to show a peculiarly distinctive epidermal color.
_ Rays of Epiderms.
According to Simpson, this: shell is faintly rayed in the young
state. 29 of 275 shells had rays, mostly medium in size. My ob-
servations indicated that they persisted in some until the 11th
year. Raying was most abundant in specimens from the small
rivers and creeks, rather than in the larger rivers and lakes. Their
prevailing colors were olive, yellowish or darker green.
* Names of Ridgeway Colors are capitalized in this paper.
- 2
ee oe es
~
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 257
Relation of Epidermal Color tc Estimated Age of Ammals.
Young shells of this species in the Upper Ohio Drainage are
mostly Yellowish Brown; in L. Erie, mostly Brownish Green.
In the former.they become brownish or black rapidly as early as
the 3rd and after the 5th—8th year, where in my material yellowish
brown, was represented in only 1-8 of the shells. Yellowish brown
and brown were nearly equally represented in L. Erie shells. No
one color or group of colors seemed peculiar to a given age except
the deep browns and blacks of old age or advanced maturity.
Observation on Sex Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color.
Older males are characterized by a Seal Brown color, younger
by more of a greenish yellow. Females have larger proportions of
more vivid Reddish Brown colors, while the younger ones tend
toward Buffy Olive Colors.
®
2—Amblema costata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Yellowish green Yellowish Olive. Yellowish Citrine, Dull
Citrisie,
Brown or blackish Bister, Mars Brown, Prouts Brown, Dresden
Brown
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in. Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (185 shells).
BEC oO Lies COMET eee wie Naess IR eg fe age Ss Ts Rents ae 40%
TEVASRECRS, “a SVC ip ale eek ee ie een a Seren AS RES I ro aENE eine With Bae ee Mente ne 20%
Mars Brown.__....... SRG. ER oe Ea ale Fy eh fend een VEN ad Vey 2 ONY ee BREEN 20%
Dresden Browne. Fh has, SE PRN ee TANS eat opt hE MT eh hi AUD A OUP RD 10%
Jahiibae Uo eve VoR Se ns a kOe SR ee eee Tt Es BeMNeee. BOE BOR MED Ti RANE 5 Rpg 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(107 shells).
PLOWS POLO a besa a rans Pk AERA ha i s'' T l 30%
IUPUI AVAS EUs CC METAEIe eee a ata i AC eh iy le Oe 0 RS see tae SRR 20%
TOMES G bev Bama ira ce weet are ee ee See ed IS ed eR es eR NO deen MRO SBP I Fa 20%
DESISS ae ie dee Pant a NT oA ee ewe a ee we Reet eee oe aaa ee 20%
Sian Ob Ihine een eek Ree Rls ableton bum pen ee ee WR Aas eee ee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Beaver Beaver Ohto
Tribs. River Tribs. River River
PLOMuauarO Wale fe ee Pe eg he et AG. GO 97 2 ae eS a a
WellowisieGttriie: sen 5 es oe DOU pose ere Ve 7 aaa Lo) eee
Dresden rowalle: ey estat oh em ee AOU ete FIN. TOGA Aon ete Ls 50%
JESUS Sah ee pe ae oe a Rn RY 40% Oo ee oe 25%
Ey iibinyee OUCHIING wane Re eke) ee oe Toe Se Nis Pan felis
258 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie.
PLOUtS BLO Wie ocho SN se ee 30%
Dull < Citrine 7s See ie Eee oe Pete orn ee ee ee 20%.
'YVellowish™ Crtrime ccc ssc ee ee ee ee oe 20%
Mars: Browne r.2: 25's ws esr cr Ce eet ee ter 3 cate 20%
Vellowishl Olives. 2c. Sees ee Se eee ens eee 10%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque
Bay Point Isle
Proutsm@Browne eis So we Se ele Se ae SO Upiescetee tet vg) Wien Se ae
PTI bA Ost Tee tee te ee Saat ae eel isis! Aes sage eh ie OV ka? ashe Sass 25%
Vellowishr Citrine? ok = 6 Ss as ee ee ee DBO; ne a. eras 25%
IVES PO Wiles te. Se teies tweet Oe Ae 365 Off ON a SATE eA, See
Wellowish Oliver. 22 ein Rat ore tg: ae Tee ek eens SOU, ee 50%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. ITI.
Yellowish and greenish hues are most abundant in L. Erie,
showing that shells there have brighter colors. There are more
buffy or darker colors in the Upper Ohio Drainage, where reddish
browns are characteristic.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage.
We observe from the above tables that the darker browns are
more abundant in the rivers, the lighter colors in the tributary
streams. Primary and secondary colors are observed to darken
descending the Allegheny, Shenango Rivers and French Creek.
Characteristic stream colors for this and most of the species of
shells dealt with are best given in Pl. III. In the tributaries the
colors are usually greenish yellow hues. Characteristic stream colors
are yellowish green. (Citrine), in the Allegheny, greener shades
of Citrine in French Creek, buff varieties of this in the Shenango,
olive varieties in the Mahoning. At the nearest approach of these
streams to the Ohio the shells are found to blacken.
In L. Ene.
Presque Isle shells have yellow colors, La Plaisance Bay, brown.
Those of Cedar Point are more of a Yellowish Olive.
Rays of Epidermis.
Simpson reports no rays for this species. 4 of 107 shells were
rayed, persisting at least until the roth year. The rayed shells
were L. Erie specimens. The prevailing color was Greenish Olive.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
Juvenile shells are mostly yellowish in the Upper Ohio, those
4
5 hes
Fé VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 259
N
from L. Erie are green. L,. Erie shells have also a larger proportion
of green with advancing age. Shells in both become black and
brownish with age, but in L. Erie later than in the Upper Ohio.
These old age colors appear at 4 years and are complete at 9.
No one color or group of colors was found to be peculiar of any age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color (11 Shells.)
Young males are of a Buffy Olive color, becoming reddish brown
with age. Females in youth are of a Yellowish Olive hue, becoming
brownish red with age and tending to blacken.
%
3.—Elliptio dilatatus
Dull green, young shells Buffy Citrine, Yellowish Citrine
Yellowish brown Bister, Warm Sepia, Dresden Brown, Ani-
Darker, when old. line Black, Chestnut, Cinnamon.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole i in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie. (561 shells.)
ITGSh sist Igoe ee I ie ae eM en ee ee eed fe Ee or eee ee 30%
WN au ELE, SSIS TON IRE eR lek fli ee elie LOE Soe RE cr tie Pa ee EM ae SLE EL ASAE nc 20%
ees dete Brow 12262 ees ot Stel See, Sher LS ROD tc SRAM, pp yg al BF 20%
aan oot Peat 6 ae fs Pret Pe ats ee ee ot Re age 20%
(a Taint 2 SRS SRR ee OE RR pec ke Gc Ne ae 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(509 shells).
PBASteIe aa gereeatany ei 9e P O atln y M oe Se te ane Me Pee | isthe w aiatetas Oi. 20%
Why eiteraans “Sy ejoa ic Sa eee St errs oe Beale Ns so ee a EL PN ey SM Ue Rea 20%
reenter inies st eee se Ml Lhd erney AP a AL A ree Set OD 2 IN I Eee SiS 20%
MinecdieiterO Wiles eee kee Ee Lh sey Gerling tcite ihe C8 (yok vides 2) ea aes 20%
Steg TEN ORT TLS PIN pe eet te seo eRe Re ee RE I ROT Gn Stee SP ASE Sey eee 1 ONE
TESE OMEN Gia OUR Sec Aaa Sng eh ae AU RELI LURES qe MRO rr eM AEE. ° 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alle'’ny Alle’ny Mon'g Mon’g Ohio Beaver Beaver
Tribs. River Tribs. River River Tribs. River
nS tenenas wenn ete a OPI AG OG) DROS elk@g Fjame 215 ee Te GEES aes
Warr Sepia! 150522 2 DAG yest DOG piee MORO shes A Oe 2 iene 30% eet 25 Yo
Dresden Brown___......... DEBT SEA OG rt tise 9 pes Vata Daas Pye) tomes Tyo eee 25%
Pedly Brows. ioe net BOW err £25 70 Pana. ? ae DIB a i ee >
Bro wilisiie Oliver sa Fe ete Te ey Ci as Oh Sia aie ole Bae SOU
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (52 shells).
esa itels Ove tie. es ee he eS ee a eee YS) es tee ss 20%
cesar eee Es ronvuli ein ee es ene Se hd we Oe red Oe Ge ee eS Pa eee 20%
~ Cinnamon Brown... SE ese ein tate ange ee tte ei ste GA 3 eee Sethe se Sa Ws Ears See 20%
Vice Shia Gibeiiien. em. Beiet aa ie le veh e es em SE) Os) es Bs Bae 20%
PNctat ead kone leahes pacha ttn. Wey Mod trey | bap prs ed DS me ee) he Cas 10%
260 THE, AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST . .
; »
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Presque I. Chautaugua L.
Chestnitt “Brow oe iss ase ee ee ee ew 25 meet 25%
Dresden... btOwdl 22. siete eee ee eee ee PA) [ae ee Ae 215 OF, or nn een eee
Cinnamon “Browne... eh eee ee 25 ges Eee oo Ue eee 25%
VellowishC ririne.%: 11s.) Age $2 eee Ss ates SOGjEs ee ok Chen 7 tare 25%
BrowirishwOlve so os ae i ea eae os ete ee 2507, a eee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
L. Erie is seen to contain more yellow shells than the Upper
Ohio Drainage, and its browns are of a lighter color. Black seems
to be in a minority in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
In the. Upper Ohio Drainage.
Here we observe there is a greater percentage of dark colors in
the rivers than in the tributaries. A general darkening may be
observed descending the Allegheny—the primary color, originally
of an olive hue assuring brownish and buffy hues, while the second-
ary colors pass from light reddish brown shades to dark ones.
A similar change may be observed in French Creek, the Shenango
and Mahoning Rivers. A characteristic stream color of the latter
is an olive shade; that of the Allegheny, a brown. For others
see the combinations of primary and secondary colors presented
presented on PI. III.
Buffy primary colors characterize the Allegheny, Brownish Olive
French Creek, Buffy Olive the Shenango, Olive the Mahoning.
In L. Erie.
La Plaisance Bay alone is represented by yellow colors to an -
appreciable amount, those of Presque Isle are prevailingly brown.
Chautauqua Lake stands out for the absence there of vivid
reddish shades of brown.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘often faintly rayed in young. specimens’’—32 of
509 shells were rayed. Rays may persist as late as the 14th year,
and were most abundant in specimens from small rivers and
creeks, were mostly medium in texture, and Greenish Olive was
their most common color.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
Dull green is more plentiful in the young of Upper Ohio shells,
yellowish brown in those of L. Erie. Shells from the former darken
rapidly after the 6th year, in the latter about the 8th. The mature
a
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 261
or old dge colors of brown and black may begin at 3-4 years and
be complete at 6. No one color or group of colors was found to be
peculiar of any age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color. (15 shells).
Males have a larger proportion of clear brown colors, young
males are largely brownish olive. Females are represented by
larger proportions of reddish browns, young females being Buffy
Olive.
4.—Pleurobema obliquum coccineum
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Tawney or yellowish green
when young. Buffy Citrine
Brownish Prouts Brown, Mummy Brown, Mars
Brown, Aniline Black
Reddish Brown Seal Brown, Warm Blackish Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (263 shells.)
EATROURES PES LO IW il: cts seer eo an eae ew oe dee er, i Ae ol eae 30%
Mummy Brown............. pola eA AE eer NE, Ran ee ne Wich MENT Re RI 30%
Miaks “Browite 22 ot fo 5 Aiea PERM ty APs BG Re Be Pests NET gee gm Ae be wal 20%
Tip yae OTGIit Ghee eae eene ewe fet ee Sohne ioe Da 5 Sey, eigen Rt ats 10%
PEC REL LTO ates eet Ope Sr Tt 2 Nee oe Te Sor et dn pe ha eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(247 shells). ~
ESCO PIES pubis Oly, Fuses eens Pas ee ete By So ee ee hg, | Ue a tees eee 30%
IWIN Tay hO Walls a nee ae a ete ett ante tk Jeet Red) ME eles ee ASE ial aes 30%
IMR TOW sn Gal Coe A Tae Pa DIO nT Or. Uwe iet POT Bre T Bet me Be 20%
VBS aTs vA yh See a Pele tees A gt DO a Paes ea a eee, a 2 eNO ear eh eee eC 10%
Jah sae TM ice BA ee yo Feo aa LN cs I Ed la Pk Dadi Ts BOM ARON See CIEE Nt Ly 10%
Distribution of Color as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alleghney Alleghney Beaver Beaver _ Tusca.
Tribs. seed Tribs. River River
Praiis Browns... Bad OES ile eM De BO Goi Bae PA Ge a eo ine ek DO frce mae e
WiniiMAT ype OW lt eS. eee yn ie 35% coun 50% ae 30% :.~-25' Te rath 75%
IV (ZW SM Bh RCo 41 01 Somes et yee ROE aa ee SENS jo Naas oi a Din. Wy arees Di O/ wah ng tenes
IRON ER yam Crit ee bo ke aca be eee eg aera me Eis 10% Thao \2g0 0! eae A pra BI au UT
Je\catl aoe an By be KO) “<a U9 Oe p? Seok 5 Is ame PA Sas) Co alle ined Ke 2
Distribution of Colors as a. Whole in L. Erie (16 shells).
Warm Blackish Brown......... Egat SA Boe ig, ee RAN eee EN ee ARLE af 20%
Cinamon- Browtlh ae 2 RGA peal te, cea ies ah em SEE esol bes ee Set a 20%
naa ee Tike] means Cag ee Oe ree gma ewer, Ae De EE | te es SO ee 20%
262 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Seal Brownie bee, REAM MORP RL ry!) ewe Vets ly SPE PEE WAU RS ey TEC Ca ZO oie
Birtty + Citrine... oo ee A ee ee ee es A ee eee ae 10%
Aniline Blac les 2 to.) tek. hoa NOR eae as se Se eee a ae 10%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Presque
Bay Tsle
Weasm blackish “Brow0: 2 2. See oie de ee a ee ee 50%
CimmamoneBrowitte hla Fas Ie eee eee eee {oly (ener 2
TEETH Gt Ae Or 8 hh of Mae Pitine Se oer eRe Le Dh REO, PSE, 5 INS ES i SO ee 25%
Seas tO Wiles ees hes ee Re Ci ae a nee Ona seek eet penis ae ee 25.
Deductions from Tables of Perceniages and Pl. III.
Again we find that the shells of L. Erie have lighter browns and
greater percentages of yellow.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
The darkening of both primary and secondary colors, (Yellowish
Olive and light browns to Brownish Olive and dark browns) is
observed descending stream in the Allegheny Shenango, Mahoning
Rivers and French Creek. In many cases the darkening in second-
ary colors can only be traced from tributaries to rivers. Some
characteristic primary stream colors are olive in the Allegheny,
yellow or brownish olive in Crooked Creek, greenish or brownish
yellow in the Shenango, Yellowish Olive in the Mahoning. _
In L. Ere.
The shells of La Plaisance Bay are brownish yellow; those of
Presque Isle are prevailingly blackish brown, like those of the
Tuscarawas River in the Upper Ohio Drainage.
Rays of Epidermts.
ce ’
Simpson—‘‘shell rayed when young.” 27 of 247 shells were rayed.
persisting in some cases until the 14th year. In quality, these
were finest in the largest rivers, medium in the small rivers and
creeks, where they were also more abundant. Prevailing color was
Greenish Olive.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animals.
With age, shells become reddish brown in the Upper Ohio Drain-
age. Data concerning L. Erie shells is fragmentary, but as a rule
in both, brownish, tawney, and greenish hues decrease with age.
Darkening occurs early, about the 4-5 year. Older shells are mostly
reddish brown. No color or group of colors seemed peculiar to any
given age. =
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Gane Partial Range
TION
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Showing Association of enon Shades of Nacre Color with Certain Loesh
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SPECIES
PLEURODEMA INODONTA ANODONTOIDES = [ PARAPT }
ss ERA OO
COCCINEDM DILATATCS | COSTATA GRANDIS FERUSS. FRAGILIS | Meoenctarn | eR | LAMPsiiis LaMrsiLis
Pale Conko Light Vinaceous | sa j_SOTROLA OVATA
L Pearl Blue
Light Grayish Pale Grayish Pale Pinkish |Light Pinkish Lilac
Blue violet Vinaceous 1 [Fear Ries Ligie, | Rea
: | Pale Pinkish | x a wees bet Blue Violet
: Bee | 7
Tale Pea cae | Sea Shell Pink | i ay! x
a = Light Grayish |
= a "Blue Vielet | Bite Wiskten
ish Light Vinaceous | I By (iach Violet
prea = Pale Purplish
z i
Pale vinaceous Purple Drab | Sea Shell Pink Diss et | Vinaceows >
Shell Pink Pale
\Grayish Blue Vi
White
Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Vinaceous Drab }
Campanula Blue |
Pale Grayish
Vinaceous
Pale Pinkish Buff
~ Light Pinkish
Lilac
White to Pale
Aniline Lilac
Pearl Blue = =
Light Pinkish
Lilac
Pale Cinnamon Pale Pinkish Buff
Brownish
Pink i
Vinaceous
fi Salmon Color
| | Pearl Blue | at
Pearl Elue
{ | White
: | sine : Pinkish
Vinaceous Lilac
Vinaceous Lilac ig |
ttle Beaver Creek
annelton
ttle Beaver Creek
New Galilee
Onto - Raver
Raccoon Cr. New Sheflield
—e
Deeper Hermosa
| Pale Pinkish Buff
A
| a]
| _ Pearl Blue Pale
: = \ Grayish Blue Violet
Deep Vinaceous
Lavender
Pink
Pearl Blue Light
| _Pinkdas ile ¥
Pearl Blue Pal
| Pinkish Lilac
Light Purplish
Vinaccous
Sea Shell Pink Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
Vinaceous Gray Light Russet White to Pale
Ohio River, Shippingsport Pale Grayish
Vinaceous when ~ Vinaceous | Lilac
‘Ohio River, Industry Pale Vinaceous Pearl Blue Pale Pale Vina- Light Purpli ; ——~
. inkish Li i Light Purplish White Pearl Blue to Light Pi ine
; a, Gray : Pinkish Lilac ceous Lilac Vinaccous Pinkish Lilac ; Peart Dine oe
ATT eau’ | sau aa a a \ ~ =
95. Ohio River, Cook Ferry Pale Grayish Pearl Blue to Pale Laclia Pink 5 5 =
a Vinaceous Light Pinkish Buff alee neni | ale ce eon Light Pinklslt
[=e I - = : x } Lilac Blue Pe
Pen HO. River Smith's Ferry / Purplish Lilac Pale Grayish Pale Purplish —— wai
ae Blte Violet Vinaccous
Lake Erie | = im
— }
97. La Plaisance Bay Mich Light Gray. Bl. Vio.) Light Pinkish Burn Blue Deep Vinaceous Light Buff, Pale | Pale Pinkish Hydr: P, ieht Plakiet —_
“i Light Flesh Pink Violet Gray Cinnamon’ Pink } Lilac y range hile esaricicse: Poe ree 1
Cedar Point, Ohio Light Salmon Pearl Blue Vinaceous Laven- Peisl Blue Light Pinkish Pes ‘Rhodoni 5
ie Seange ee : erie 3! earl Blue Pale fon Light Pinkish
- —~ = a — a
Vermi Ohio Pearl Blue Laclia Pink Pearl Blue
. PREsQuE ISLE Deep Vinaceous | Pearl Blue
“Lake Erie off Presque Isle Lavender |
"Presque Isle Bay Beach ; Light Grayish Blue Pale Bluish Pal =
Pools Vivlet Pearl Blue Lavender ale Rhodonite bey f
Paul Blue Light Pinkish Pearl Blue
Pond
North Shore
id West of Water Works
Big Bend off Waterworks
‘Big Bend, West End
ig Bend, East End
3S
isery Bay
Crystal Point
Lilac
Light Flesh
Pink
Dep Lavender
Pale Rhodonite
Pearl Blue
Pink
dht Pinkish
lac
Li
"Violet
~ | Vinaceous Lilac j
| Pale Verbena Light Vinaceous Pale Ochraceous | Pal Aniline Lavender Pale Rhodonite Hydrangea Pink | Pearl Blue Lavender, Pearl | Light Pinkiah *
Violet Purple Salmon | Lilac Pink Blue, Pale Lilac Lilac
Deep Grayish Lav. Pale Vinaceous Dark Vinaceous Pale Ochraceous } Pale Aniline Pale Pinkish Light Purplish Pale Pinkish Lilac White Pearl Blue
Pearl Blue Pink Gray Bufl = Lilac Lilac Vinaceous Pale Rhodonite Pine a
Burn Blue Pale Pinkish Buff Pale Bluish Pale Vinaceous J
Lavender Pink
Pearl Blue
Burn Blue
White, Pale Pin!
Pale Persian
Lilac, Pearl Blue
Pale Congo Pink
Lilac
Deep Vinaceous Pale Pinkish Buff
Pearl Blue Pale
Lay., Pearl Blue
North Shore Crystal Point
‘ DiessHoc Bend
“A
"Pools, L. Erie
103. Port Colborne
10. |. Port Dover
Verbena Violet
Light Salmon Pearl Blue
5 Pearl Blue
Pale Bluish
‘ Lavender =
RES eS, ——————
Pearl Blue
White to Light
Pinkish Lilac
Pale Aniline
} Lilac
|
St. Mary's River
eskiort Ohio
ay Silver Gar
liams Co., Ohio
108. Maumee River Rapids
aumee River
Maumee River
lan Co., Ohio
je Grayish
Violet
_———————————
_
————————
———————————
(a Ee
Grayish Lavender
Pale Grayish
Blue Violet
|
See
, ' VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 263
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Related to Epidermal
Color. (13 shells)
Older males have warm reddish brown colors; in youth, lighter
yellows and olives are representative. Females have a greater
tendency to blacken, and have darker colors throughout life.
5.-—Symphynota costata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Yellowish Green Buffy Citrine
Tawney Brownish Olive
Brownish Bister, Chestnut, Mars Brown, Prouts
Brown, Mummy Brown.
Distribution of Colors in Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie
(68 shells). . :
TERS UST OO SIN A a oi ON eee ae i es No 20%
Psrgpinvaaicstaun(®) lice anes Sauk» OP eee SEE eee orig es. es 20%
TBSOUGTS , (Cites bra es 6 oe ee ee es eae ep ae 20%
Teta teem aN Rae i as EY ee ae ea a as ee ae 20%
TC eair gy TERT Cp Ses ss a So eo eR WL at ERIE 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
and L,. Erie (47 shells.)
Digi SEP amen heme ated oe he an ee ef 4 sua feet Mea 30%
Brownish (Nineteen eee OA PEL SCAT Rati. a ote MwA 20%
BEST symn (Ohl v take aia VN i eee anna ALUN ele A # an hi We Rat te 20%
Mummy Brown ............. SRE ee MEIN sible SON op be tas AB Dek YAN te le ea 20%
NSIS ee Teene Bnd stn vn teal tile en here ee SEG ONE a Oe SSA AAS a IND aioe ot ona 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio T tributaries ete.
Alle’ny Alle’ny Ohio Monong Beaver
: : Tribs. River River River Tribs.
AYY/ felch Oe ASS (=) of ee ee ane Ua ee ae ge ee a ISG) Gye ONO une Sa Pai final ea mee 2
Browash) Olives. 82 oe oe 16219 let) Seen 215 Ons ONG pen Rees
Bitty Olivies =. ars wan 2 es SS ei Oey i We ee FOG. SOUG 4 25) pee 2a
Mummy Brown... Gea Cath Poa. BY 2 ect eal G/L SUNN ME Te RNa NO 25%
TENT Sie Loe UE IS PA ON AMEE PD Lace TDA G2 Olas Die NaN ML Ta 13%
Distribution of Colors'as a Whole in L. Erie (21 shells).
Si eitlayer Catia lesen tare yen oa y YEE Jo RIA ee UN ee CFLS sl EI en aN oe ae 40%
KOs ibrar se va toy os ellie sed DEE lL aS ioe ltr lait Ee 4 rie a le 20%
HASTA ERGO SU LS ae Re 2 lo DN RP Vea RET Sa PR GS UO SUR ee ra Mele ene 20%
21: O CUS TO Wiles aes RRO ORC INN EL Seal Lays BES Se Ra 10%
NW Tettrnnttasy areas OW weldioow eee Shue Pee, Care te Sams SA be Mikael UN Naan. Seine a 10%
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities.
La Plaisance Presque
Bay Isle
BES sina is Tei hee ee eet er rane oie en eet eee? ty hee nha eee Uae Dh beans oy
(EINES ter teem ome Ws Onteniente eM Ul gino, Crneie See ea PAE fw Uman TUE 50%
IN [rai Sprig FO Witlnaoeae 2 FASS ie Ear | ibe Sot ARENAS Tie LOA es DH rs Desh ea 8 25%
——.
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5 : ' oduruagS “Ay oSunuays “tg —
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HOVNIVAC] XTTUD aXOOKD,
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07 ang zee ystdvig aeg = snoaseur, daaq Avuayeqg aed youd Aumoqey epavy “Se
¥ SOVNIVE MAM ANTAL GIT
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aug yng yshqurd ares uenaua A Leo IaVT (49949 at) MHA
VIOLA ante OPT i VIOLA ang UT onl
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(ae g yur i WOLA anita snoaoeury ania ona 4
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- 2 : =| Tain eh a 7 s9purary Balorn anid
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= = 5 391A ani SENT
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SHUSER¥T VINASAS, vusiaowd vealavuva Saqd1OLNOGONY c -AHAKAS
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264 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Light colors, (Buffy Olive), are apparently equivalent in the
Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie, but the browns are deeper hued
in the latter, much as in the preceding species.
In the Upper. Ohio Drainage.
Shells from the rivers are darker than those from the tributaries.
A partially incomplete series of darkening primary and secondary
colors may be traced descending the Allegheny, Shenango, and
Mahoning Rivers. This would be more complete had more material
been available. Characteristic primary colors are Buffy ones for
the Allegheny, Citrine for the Shenango. Due again to lack of
material, there is no outstanding differences between the shells
of the Monongahela and its Tributaries. Darkening of the epidermis
occurs descending the Ohio.
In L. Ene
Presque Isle shells are distinguished from those of La Plaisance
Bay by the abundance of browns, and the practical absence of
yellow colors.
Rays of Epidermts
Simpson—‘‘often rayed.”’ 3 of 68 shells showed raying, in shells
g-12 years of age, and persisting at least until that age. The
prevailing color of rays was greenish olive.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
With age, the Chestnut or dark colors become in the majority.
Darkening may occur as early as the 7-9 year, and seems complete
at 15. ‘‘Greenish’’ is always a minority color. Darkening occurs
less rapidly in L. Erie, and the percentage of yellows apparently |
increases with age in the Upper Ohio Drainage. Young shells were
not plentiful among my material.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with E pider-
mal Color (6 shells).
Within the limits of the small number of shells considered, the
males stand out for blackish colors with age, and Buffy Olives in
youth. Females had lighter browns than males, and young speci-
mens were Brownish Olives.
- VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 265
6.—Anodonta grandis
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish brown Yellowish Olive, Olive Green
Brownish green Brownish Olive, Ecru Olive
Other Colors:
Buffy Citrine, Varley Green, Straw
Yellow, White.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (119 shells).
SBuRONGEMS] Ab TON iG ee De als a al Me ea A OR PR ee eo A 40%
Se BAN CEN GE SUN UG Tig ges, et SRR Yer § 1 dD ae RD IR MR eg 0 eR Ce RPGR I PS 20%
Olive Green. _.....: Rai eiNies peed (tae BWR Bees VI Pe EN eR 20%
Terres CNTR Se ES 5 Rg a th ee ee ee 10%
TS jusRtSy (CIMT a SPEARS eA Pte 5 Se a Phat 0 Ne ig ie ee cc ee Re 10%
Distribution of Color as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage (97
shells).
SE INO Ginn OP TP ere Pag ot es eee a ae a 40%
Orineeechee ewer ee aoe cee ane Spee ea ete = Jet ae ee ee 20%
prenmas Olive: ae sie Yi bee te Lee ee ate Za aoe, ee 20%
Sareea ue 0r na AR a LOR POR ye Ne ee ae 10%
To ive G 7 SAP tai NS iad ttl eA RR a aR RR A ROR SIS cts he 10%
Distribution of Colors in Opies Ohio Tributaries etc.
Allegheny Beaver Mgnong.
Tribs. Tribs. Tribs.
Brownish Olive Yi Ler pa eo au roe RN ae AT 5OVaeao PA tele eee eee
OlivisaG res nte 4 I e j) Va wet oemeotghs bic Mio Nt FPR Ns Di Opes sae 25%
CC TBC OSeI OVC. tenes ce eee oT SE a, bie ST AD ICA Y A eens, ML Eee 2) 25%
(LIE ea SMa See ear ae A Zi isihe Aaa gi Bis Of te eel ee
SESE ACerS ae ie a Ao hea et a nee ieee TOs BU) doa ee
BV ICCTirNER aE RON The enc wees See rms i tee ys a tt Ne Eee eae 50%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole ined. Brie and by localities.
Asa La Plaisance ‘Cedar Presque
Whole Bay Point Isle
MIRTLE Sk ee cone tt BO. AY epee 2 Oe 25%
Ecru Olive. ct seh Ae aR eer Fa eioc t i ns BO Re ore ae BOG soe 25%
Weimer: wise hese er a PY iy Aika MeO AGES OBER: FASC LE Eh 25%
Baracew mY ClRONGS eek eye ee eB ho 1) ae RO Ggte e 25 ps 25%
a tie ren Nee eg er Sot A aad DL), ee D5 gion ee, oe ee
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
The L. Erie shells may be distinguished from those of the Upper
Ohio by the abundance of yellowish and greenish yellow tints, those
of the latter being Brownish or Yellowish Olive.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage.
A darkening descending the Allegheny was observed in the
scanty material at hand. . This is more evident in French Creek
266 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST -
where an Olive hue is taken on, and to some extent is evident in
the Shenango and the Mahoning Rivers. Characteristic primary
colors are Yellowish Olive for the Shenango, and Varley, (bright)
Green for the Mahoning. Shells from the Ohio are deeper in color
than those from Raccoon Creek, a comparatively near tributary.
The Allegheny Tribs. have the most Brownish Olive, the Monon-
gahela Tribs. the most dark brown, greenish colors are most abun-
dant in the Beaver Tribs.
In Lake Erie
Yellow colors predominate at La Plaisance Bay, Olive at Cedar
Point and these are equivalent at Presque Isle.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘rarely faintly rayed, but showing 3 broad dark rays
on the posterior slope.’’ Only a few specimens from creeks were
noted. In these the rays were bright green and medium in texture.
They were present at least until the 14th year.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage, Brownish rather than Yellowish
Brown increases with age, but at old age, these colors seem to be
equally prevalent. The old age colors of brown appear at 6-8 years
in both groups of shells and may be complete at this age. L.
Erie shells are mostly green at first. No colors seemed peculiar
to any given age. i .
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (8 shells)
In this small number of shells,-males were distinguished by a
preponderance of Olive colors; females ranged from yellowish
green to brownish hues.
7.—Paraptera fragilis
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish yellow Olive Lake, Deep Colonial Buff, Yellowish
Citrine.
Pale Smoky brown Brownish Olive, Buffy Olive.
Dark Colored Ecru Olive.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (58 shells).
Bert Olives. nce eet ee eee 30%
Deepr Colonial Bath ee Ne see ane eee ee 20%
*
'
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 267
Parrett NOM Vier cee eS ek ee ee eee ea eae ee ee 20%
CON OIL gai ele TES ihe RRS eR A Ee ee tone PRO 20%
TRU? OUTING Se nt see Gore IOI SSS Na 8 NI ey chao Vena ea oe Seen AY EN 10%
Distribution cf Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(28 shells).
Absa rate Oty ceea eee ne Pee, KON een a wey Nae Tn NE Ls ek nN Sane 20%
CHURS: Tbs) Wy SEED 1 a UT ee UN CAR Us 2G Ee ee Rt eae ee TURMNROR MRIS Det acids 20%
Bronvaisa (OLN e.4 oct BE TOUS E.Mey Oe TAP ena Bn 2 Ashe bat selon eta 20%
SFE Wrse Tyga) Lan eer aet 8 Sead teers on, A a Aen ae 20%
Rises Nour roan GLEN eae nee rere Radiat ne eo es et Ee ap a ae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries,
and River.
Allegheny Ohio
River River
TE SIE OUT Te gOS SANT ane ORs RAL ON ka Ne Se OR AAT Ee REG es 2 od er 20%
QUIN RSeTLFSN) Rf SUDA aS a Oe FR ok 20 La GE PR ee 2 Of ee eee 20%
Bowailishts Oliver rr oo: et ae fi Rie eo depen ty SNe a de BOs) ae 40%
EMU INV Gua: eat Meneses Ceveeee ae eee cn Sle RPEe eae heen ICTY (eR mi POBEE
Rife lows ne hitless eee ee ee Aer TR FL are h ly She. bedi een ee eae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (30 shells).
Summa cigar | obi Waren eee 0 2 te ek hee Se te 30%
OTE TS lei) thy Cx eeiee ented Vee Sie at ee Paes ee do ee 20%
SAcerndos™ Oliveseeeye 1 nile ee kee, Ue ees Per ON gon eed Seas 8 a eee 20%
Beeb: QUES a eee Ee Ie, AGATE 1s poh, tn eee Rea ies eee tee Ne 2e2OU
GrayisheOlive:. 29. ORM GA certian cat tobe: Piha 1S SS Pe pe a a 10%
Distribution of Colors in I,. Erie—Localities. »
La Plaisance Cedar Presque {sle
; Bay Point Bay
Deep Colonial Buff sd, Be See Nga a) eal eye a hae 500je Eee 20%
Bawls laa Oliv cl eeaee een Sie, SN Ae a ae Be OF Sas ee ate eee aes ioe 20%
saccardos Olive... mit Res ee eet) Re erg ont Be Ofer one 20 a aaa
[SESS OL SE ite a SO, ie eA eae ea pie Oe. wal tet ats ge, 2 eae 40%
Le sseanN SUTTON Vie cement, nec eg ee Ea TS ee a BsiO 7) ete ieae aN 20%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. III.
Shells from L. Erie are lighter than those from L. Erie although
both possess many colors in common. Buff colors predominate in
the former.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
Shells darken, both primarily and secondarily in going down
stream from the Allegheny to the Ohio. Olive Lake is a character-
istic primary color for the former, Buffy Citrine for the latter.
In Lake Erie
Buff colors are in the lead at Cedar Point, Olive at Presque
Isle, while Grayish Olive seems wanting at La Plaisance Bay.
a
268 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson ‘‘Often rayless, sometimes feebly rayed’’. 37 of 58
shells were rayed, the oldest age being 13. The texture of these
from the lake was prevailingly fine those of the rivers medium.
The-most common color was a Dark. Green.
Relation of Epidermal Colors to Estimated Age of Ammals.
In youth, 1-2 of the shells are either Brown or Green. Most have
become of a greenish hue about the 7th year. Green is more promi-
nent in L. Erie shells. Old age colors may appear at 6, completely
at 14 years. There appeared to be few if any completely dark
colored specimens. No colors seemed to be peculiar to any givenage.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with Epider-
mal Color. (5 shells).
In the small amount of L. Erie material only green colors seemed
to characterize males, yellow, females.
_8.—Proptera alata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Brownish Mummy Brown, Buffy Brown, Bister, Light
Blackish Brownish Olive
Olive Green Buffy Citrine, Buffy Olive
Reddish Dresden Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (55 shells).
BTEC er een ar Be a aes ee Sh a are ay peepee see NE SO ee 30%
Mitiminiy: Ser Ow! 22) er te ee Ae nn Bac ROI ee OO 20%
Bait yao Wilk ne. os. eRe Sen Mee et eld CaN TUR CE 2 eee ent oo 20%
IBS her so Mere 8S Se SS ire eee ee NE RR ea ete ca eo 20%
Bugthy” Cpbriame. 0s ee eG Na Sle ahs ini ee eee Sn 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage (24
shells).
OTT P ccd eT a ae aE ee MRE CME i a eat Be a ea een 20%
Mitniniy: Brown 2 oe Sill See Aer at that oe Spee Re oe Ve Nol. Sea oe 20%
Privy Olives 00 pe eo eae sa Pe alee a cra ag ee 12209,
Sa ae bal 5) ERs eee een ae PEE eke Seo oS ee Dh Ve aie eG Pe ere 20%
WH AB EO WH so 3 St ee ag a Locate 9 ee re a eal ne 10%
Saccardos: Waber ss. a. ee eee a se eee eee pe 10%
Olaye’ sf Re eg ON tn) Sea CENA le ah 20%
Miimimy > Browit2..2 Riko) ee Pee eS re ee eee ee 20%
Burfhy-) Oliwes: shakeela OP Sh ds corn” A Nae eee eee Se ee ee 20%
Pe ee eet ey ee
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VARIATION OF EPIDERMAL COLOR OF CERTAIN
PLATE IIT.—GRIER on
SPECIES OF NAJADES.
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 269
sAIBCUNTEGSy TRUE Ye) ENS IE SPE SUEDE flee i, CMT gm ticked Ce NR ae Ag nO EO se 20%
SHEN URS TBM AYE tte Bek a al AR 8) RRR aL DR ae ON 10%
DaccaRaos Wimpbere 0 >! ste ey: dah Pac ete) i Seen Neel ot DIR Ae a oe Bees 10 %
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Alle’ny Riv. Monong. Riv. Ohio Riv.
OUR GR 25, oO 1 ENR SESS Sena Wd Sea Raieneosdg 8 Ad nee San ite ee Odo eS ee 2 On Se 3 a BO,
DVintertnnny: Ss RO Withee uh et EE ve ay oh BO pie eee Lean O/ a ekelonS 8 AT abes
Eerie vane @) ravi eaten tenant eee talgr a ot el Ree ily ga A od a ah SE es 25%
sitive mp lacks 200s) a ey iss 2 Mieke ily SUED tee Uh As RET oe PIU ERC Lea TEL 25%
SVEGENE?. LBW FCO) (Ame ea sel Ae PRUE aad ae fea mnt) SAL ar Ma aii Le 25%
NAeCrLGos sWimtibere 2. awe 8 es ae ee EBS N/a en AP AN eo a canes Ie oe eA
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (31 shells).
Light Brownish Olive_._........._.. De Rae INDE, JI RTA fia Die Mook es 9 Percale 30%
ENtHEV ANNO TEEN eee Sent Nee Reb oer Le ean UA Be Os Re Ty Pe oot Mya 20%
Bigthye Olivestis 8. sh highs tie NISMO A 2 hae Rona NE eee OLE A Ee aterm: yD Se 20%
IMUTELaRVTN Ye IBA) ial tae Sree eo hs eran ek OR SN es ely een eS CRE NER seed te feet 20%
HOES etiee STO Wille here ene eee wine Pa RL es ak ma Ot Te ots OG,
Distribution in L. Erie—Localities
Cedar Presque Maumee
Point Isle River
Piehtepirowmish Olive...) 2 oe 2s, Yas eeb pa Betas D5 Optsvar ee
ER CiitinvgmOrtigine ws te eb WR es NS DE AOR StE A coke Din jy eee eee ae 25%
EST itnnvan Olivieteee ce tS eee 1 Sctt Ea Aa SERINE DG ee te er Ta ae are Me 25%
itv OWA cee 1 ope a Os Yas ae ANT, tested tee BOT te. ae es 25%
DD ReCCOnmE RO Viieeasenees y ae <2 u® Tele Ne ees es ee D5 Os ie ie 25%
Deductions from Tables of er ee and Pl. II.
In this species also it is noted that the colors of the shells from
the Upper Ohio Drainage are darker. The browns of L. Erie are
of reddish hues, those from the Upper Ohio Drainage more blackish
in nature. L. Erie has also a larger percentage of olive colors.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
A darkening of colors from olive to brown may be traced down
the Allegheny and in primary colors, (olive to brown), from the
Monongahela into the Ohio. Darkening from Brown to Blackish
is characteristic of a large part of the Ohio. Saccardos Umber
would be a secondary color for the Allegheny; Buffy Olive for the
Ohio. Other characteristic colors are indicated in the tables given
above.
In Lake Ene \
Here the shells possess a brownish olive not found in the shellé of
the Maumee River which empties into it. Buffy Olive colors are
peculiar to Cedar Point shells, while the deeper browns belong to
Presque Isle shells.
270 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson mentions no rays in this species. However 34 of 55 shells
were found to be rayed, and rays persist at least until the 15th year.
In this case, lake shells had coarser rays than those of the river,
although there were a large number of fine rayed specimens in
both. Light green was the prevailing color.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Amimal.
The percentages of green colors tend to increase with age in
both Upper Ohio and L. Erie, while brown, the other juvenile
color, decreases with age. Color changes take place about the 12th-
14th year, old age colors may appear as early as 10 years, more
fully at 12. Blacks apparently decrease with age in the Upper
Ohio, but this is based on fragmentary data. No color or — of
colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as related to Epidermal
Color. (5 shells).
Males are more largely green, females brownish yellow.
9.—Anodontoides ferussacianus
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish Hellebore green; other colors: Buffy Olive
Brownish Olive, Yellowish Olive, Deep Olive
Isabella Color.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (69 shells).
aS TTL Wage) Mise aoe 2 ecient OEE Se ee. ee) Os, Nes Cee UR tr ets te ia iekn! 30%
Brow hish VOlivek..o ea Rn aah te Saae DE ne ce eae 20%
Yellowish Olive... PORE A, EY Saeki Ween ae ena Genes ee ta ar 20%
DEep; Olivet Re. 55 wok Bor see ee eee eae Sie a al eae ee ae 20%
OLIV C= oT Oe ee ee a gE a das se a ees ee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(45 shells.
1 EST Sagal Oat 6 Gib 1 \ seen Mae AUR a S08 Barer aes Rai Ret Aaa em Lees 9k 2 30%
BS EOMVEIIS HW OUIVEL soba ca teas Dacca Es St Starts ORR GAME oe Bw Bh eador af 08 Pen oen on Seen een 20%
Pra trella | CORE... oxen ea See A ee es me ce
Tellebore Greens. 22. ee 20%
UMD TE OMNES. a ats cpm an ac ae ee ok et eI EO eee 10%
Distribution, of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries etc.
Alle'’ny Beaver
Tribs. Tribs.
Biviey Cer ine oh d Cee : Rie ei ak Ne a ee BO teens 20%
Brawiishy Olive..30 to he a ha eae ae ae eed 2.60 Wp cua xe octeee BOYD
|
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. oF
Tae he (5) aye Sy ie tet ile enn tat RUIN ar 2 8 Seid Se Nadie eg Te 20%
TRUSS over Cy eyes i a eee es ee a ee ee ee ab cates Retna gear 20%
LEisaniy: (Oy bios aner bor ol aint AE LSet Rc Rae etre Renae PI Cy (gle ae 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (24 shells).
AES MeCN VERT LMS NO) [Mireeeeeee ss eeree, wee See, © ROT ee eS eek eee rene ee 309
WirteSE tee ECO liee cores cers oie tae 2k AEE OR ed od ee 30 Yom
DarallcnwisbeiOlnjes Verse cee 2 Una tas eee Py ary ol Pt ee sears Ta eee 20%
CEO MO ter Ste wk FA er Bl eee Fel i eo ee ae ee 10%
FRY eile tera re zp Say Sei a Wh eae ea I SO eet OE Sl pitti hs RAe SOF SAL 10%
Distribution in I. Erie, with that in other localities to be-
compared.
i Presque Maumee Conneaut
; Isle River Lake
EO wiiniShOliveske. co ui nar We Ces Nas AO Ug ee ees SOU ee Se
ies EUItihe tO Wil. 4 2 ne Ce ey een ote L DOGG hee ae ete ree 50%
Wie ttowwyas ar leverce oe ae) A ele ee DS Of ei Toe) Nk Ne, es
IDE OY COI NG Gi, Nae et Racial RAE. 0 ieee ee DOUp se Le eee o. 25 ae A eee 25%
ellebore, Greene oe) eh 2 eed, rx hah PACE a as DOF es Nit eae Bee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages etc.
Shells of L. Erie are olive or yellowish, whereas those of the
Upper Ohio are brownish or buffy.
‘In the Upper Ohio
It is observed that shells become more buffy in color in the
lower stretches of French Creek. A color change mostly toward
_darker green colors is observed going down the Shenango. Shells
darken from greenish colors in Padan and Pymatuning Creeks,
to brownish colors where they enter the Shenango. Characteristic
primary colors are Buffy Citrine in French Creek, Olive colors in
the Shenango. As a whole the Allegheny Tribs. stand out for
brownish colors; the Beaver for Olive, green, or yellow.
In Lake Erie
Presque Isle possesses colors not found in the Maumee which
drains into L. Erie. Conneaut Lake as compared with L. Erie has
yellowish rather than brownish epidermal! tints.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson—‘‘often faintly rayed.’’ 34 of the 69 shells showed
raying persisting at least until the 8th estimated year. Rays
were distinctly medium in testure when compared with those of
other species, and were most widely distributed in creeks. The
prevailing color was Brownish Olive, and the oldest age recorded
was 8 years. '
272 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Relation of Epidermal Colors to Estimated Age of Animals.
Bluish green is most common in young shells, decreasing with
age when the shells become brown, which may be an early as the
4th or 5th year. Old age colors may appear completely at 6. A
brownish deposit occurs on L. Erie shells of this and other species
which at times is apt to confuse the observer as to the true color.
No color or group of colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (4 shells).
Males—brownish or Yellowish Olive.
Females—green.
10.—Eurynia recta
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Black Bister T
Olive Green Olive, Brownish Olive, Dark Greenish Olive
Other colors noted: (browns) Warm Sepia,
Snuff Brown, Mummy Brown.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
(Cites ee a elim Re PS RP RMI AMES Pe apne Te Tee AS PANE A Le 30%
Watt epian ich oS si 10) hc SR ee Sa eee See eee 20%
SUAUBUEINS 5 10 11 16 0 eaeer SM a CEL EN Oye UR OE Ls wigs Math A ad ee 20%
NEG fol eee 5 Cee eer Ce ane Me ae nRE ned Uomo eet Pema. ite OL ae SL Rie cet oe 20%
Browilish. Olives ae) S00 oe ee a oe eka Cn ee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage
(33 shells).
Mii iany PIE O WW tt te sa eon ees ee ed Ce ee ee 30%
Oliver en Ba eee et Sige Pee > he Snes 20%
SCTE VB Ey eis ae ea hee cee Le ny ee ee ee ee 20%
Wiarti: Sepia. oer a el 0 ee ee ee ee 10%
Brawatsh) Olives. Sse ee a PM al 0 a oa eae 10%
Darki Greenish Olives 20es Sat eT ee ieee Re ee ee eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Allegheny Allegheny Ohio Tuscarawas
; Tribs. River River River
Munimy (Browne Ae ee eee TOG Gs ee ee 2007. oe
GOV ee ec aoe war SE ee eee 1 Shue Roel. a Ay es aaa 2.0 Yon eee
Sn tril) “BOW ile cs) an ee ee AEE RO 6 Oana: Pee 2OOF: aie
DV itn Ae 1 ee eee ek eR oe TO Ug PG pte 20 C7 cee
Brownishe Oliv ee se Cr ee eee A AS) Seer ee D2 tee ZOO ee 50%
Dark Greenish Ojive i ey ee 32 OB Tiki wae aa ee 50%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie—Localities.
Chestawt 00 oe St ae ae eee Oe eh 220,
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 23
SUMMER IRS csc eke antes 2 ae ae eee a oe oe 20%
Brownish Olive... wh, SEAS SOW IeY BS oa. TB Gi en CRM TAPERED (tan Uae cots 20%
SEA Tetcd MNES Is NYC Vee ee en me Serr ne eee ne er ok LA RTS ee 20%
Dog SUE g pee alle ede Le Gaal RG eel oil alae tea elas Rte ¢ ake Ral Mede! BAND tae emote 10%
Peer etereciicd Olives crt lal et gy. ere a ea 10%
Distribution of Colors in L. Erie—Localities.
Cedar Point Presque Isle
ROHIES Patt ee en eee Ee ae 2 ee oe ee Cea BRO ae og aes 16%
(Cphisre, OYE) ie SANS Fear oie tat Se ee a ee Ba Oley re 33%
TESCO TEMRS Ta QIN SUR ISI eo Milnes epic aee Bern, Aare MUU eee mee oe ere EO at sree 16%
Raters ORES 0) Wg ee ee et ee Ie age ed Pn GO, gare es 16%
EAA SHSIE ate WEG ce eaa raise oe Senos ern By Bre ped AT) nS Sl Ee eee ae 16%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages, etc.
Browns are in excess in the Upper Ohio as compared with L.—
Erie. Olives and golden yellow hues are peculiar to L. Erie.
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
For a great part of the Allegheny’s course a darkening may be
seen in the primary color from greenish to olive and brownish colors.
The series from French Creek and the Ohio apparently do not
conform to the general rule. More positive evidence can only be
secured with a larger number of shells. Dark Citrine could be
termed a characteristic primary color for the Ohio, Yellowish
Citrine for French Creek. We may note at any rate, that the darker
colors are more abundant in the tributaries than in the rivers and
vice-versa, while browns are more abundant in the Ohio than in the
Allegheny.
In Lake Erie
Browns are most numerous at Cedar Point, while Presque Isle
has the larger proportions of black colors.
Rays of Epidermis
6 of 54 shells showed raying persisting until the 15th year.
They were coarse in the specimens examined and appeared only
in those from rivers. Their color was Greenish Olive, and the
oldest age to which they persisted was 16 years.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animals.
Juveniles of this species are mostly green. Darkening may occur
as early as 7 years and is complete at 14. No color or group of
colors seems peculiar to any given age.
274 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as related to Epidermal
: Color. (45 shells). » ESE
Males are Greenish-Olive in younger stages. Snuff Brown when 2
old. Females are Brownish Olive when young, becoming darker
blackish brown with age. :
11.—Lampsilis luteola
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY :
Straw Colored Olive Lake $
Yellowish Buffy Olive
Greenish yellow Ecru Olive
Brown when old. Brownish Olive, Light Brownish Olive.
Dristribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio ‘Drainage
and LI. Erie (289 shells).
Browalish* Olives: 532i e Fee Se a er Ae eee es a ee ed eae 30%°
Brera ies aoe Us Sar et wa iS yy Te OD rs neler aa eee re 20%
Bitlet OLIVES wbe AO. eS AOR at 8 ocd iy kA oe es Oe a a 20%
CUVEE aE sesh Soe Se TA re Re ee eee ares ae nee 20%
BizhtVB row nishVOlives 2 4:10. ee eS coe et Ou. fi ee oy eee ere ee 10%
_ Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Drainage (187
shells). 1 -
Birt PO IVe ati S00) ten Sane be eae rely) Pd SO EE | oT a 30%
Silence! oe 205) re Paar ai re Se ee ee 20% .
JEN aN THIS E NN Ol bh he ae Meee SECS S, SOROS SPRL © ANNE see AROS To 20%
IEKGETE (O) Nig DS es ee ae a em Ae ater OR Cee a UNOS oe PMR Uy OBS eee 4 > 10%
Torin cowwisia Clave he a aes ole ea 207% 7 ?
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Uap Ohio Tributaries ete.
2 Alle’ny Alle’ny Monong. Monong. Ohio Beaver Beaver’ 3
Tribs. River River Tribs. River River Tribs.
BultysOuve.- 4.0 es: MY DRS RE Meted 25 %......25 %. 25 Yo. 50 gpa etoe s
Olive bake eel bonr rl ay BQ EL SOU D.) O50 DOGS. tees ee eae ee 30%
Brownish Glive Wy Fees Pi iets: ae INS OF ae, PAY mee NT ee ee 50% 1
Berm Olivers a! oo eee ie 25 %......50 Ws 125 Yp--25 os 25 op eae
Light Brownish Olive YB Seba dict UL elem Todo Wren SN EL ate Ula 25 Os Nee \ aoe
Distribution of Gaiocs as a Whole in L. Erie (111 shells). . !
IMTS BB EOWA: nee Raa ae pI MEA Dae ieee eee eee 30%
Olive na er ele: ey CFP ey BPE Ae 3 Ber a See i eee 20%
Dark (Olive Baths) Poptart to oy) ee es P< aaeeyt SE eee ean 209% :
Bitty Olives 2.5 e Mo ie Ae es) ae DSS a Or bo cl oinaee eee 20%
Heri oOlive 2 Un es hove, ee a ee ee 10%
Distribution of Colors in L. Erie—Localities.
Conneaut La Plais- Presque Chau- Maumee
Lake sance Bay Isle tauqua L. River
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 275
ite VOlinere cist a bas ROS MOE ea OE Oy i Mee so Ae aot
yer @ liver e rcs Serene toe ee Ea I Din Oe SE aaa ee 25 %....-.25 %p....--25%y
Deductions from Tables of Percentages, etc.
ly. Erie shells have greater proportions of Buffs and Yellows.
Browns are more numerous in the Upper Ohio.
In the. Upper Ohio Drainage
Shells lose their green color and become more yellowish descend-
ing the Allegheny. This is also mostly true of the French Creek,
Crooked Creek, Shenango and Mahoning Rivers. The-distinction
is not clear cut between the Monongahela River and its Tribs.
but is in the case of the other rivers and their tributaries which
~ as the tables of percentages show have yellow rather than greenish
colors characteristic. Changes in secondary colors are also not
well marked. This species and L. ovata do not readily darken in
the river. Characteristic primary stream colors are Yellowish -
Citrine for the Allegheny, Olive Lake for French Creek, Buffy
Citrine for the Shenango, Light Brownish Olive for the Mahoning.
In Lake Erie
The Maumee River, (draining into L. Erie) as well as its near
locality, La Plaisance Bay has a preponderance of buff colors.
Presque Isle possesses more browns and olives. Chautauqua and
Conneaut Lakes resemble Presque Isle in the distribution of color.
| Rays of Epidermtis
Simpson—‘‘Normally showing bright rays throughout.” 203
of 289 shells were rayed. Fine rays were most abundant in L. Erie,
coarser ones in the rivers, medium ones in creeks. ‘The oldest
age to which they persisted was 24 years, although such an age
estimated by counting the winter rings seems a little long fora
color to persist in a mussel. Coarse rays were most abundant
in male shells, fine in females. They. persisted in all ages of
the animals.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animals.
Juveniles are Yellow or Greenish Yellow, percentages of the former
decreasing, that of the latter increasing with age. Greenish Yellow
is perhaps always the more abundant color. Browns and blacks
appear as early as the estimated 1oth year in the Upper Ohio,
and somewhat earlier in L. Erie. ‘“‘Old age’’ colors as a rule are
not abundant in this or in the following species. No color or group
of colors seemed peculiar to any given age.
/
‘
276 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as Associated with Epider-
mal C olor. (140 shells)
Young males are yellow green with maturity becoming brownish
green. Young females are Buffy Olive in color, with age becoming
a greenish gold, (Olive Lake.) \
12—Lampsilis ovata
SIMPSON RIDGEWAY
Greenish Olive ochre
Greenish yelléw Brownish Olive, Colonial Buff.
Brownish Buffy Olive, Mars Brown, Bister, Saccardos
Umber, Buffy Citrine, Ecru Olive.
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in Upper Ohio Drainage and
L. Erie (214 shells).
Bort p@Oliver: S28. Uc Fates Se Ret AEC ds ee la ee 20%
Baatiy Olivera = 8 a aa Sots 8 a Pee OE A oe ae et oo Sees ee
DBecmmchvGlives -) 2. Soe. eee Meee) eee 20%
COLO fas Ui! ess ere ie Seen Sas he pa ts Pe, ee a a 20%
Brltiy tC resin] et se ee A NE ST Seah HOLY oa. Aed ey Ueto ee ee 20%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Drainage
(188 shells).
Bemioiy ets. 03.) Ft ee erie og OLE tee SORE eee. eae 20%
IBatiiey,. Onivierert soc. $c mae He in ee ay 8 Ce Dip cna gd oe ie et alae 20%
Olive SOCRTC eek oii ee ea ee ee ee ee 20%
Ves AONE 8 ol I Re Ae epee ee Oe 20%
552) 0S A el aie Ca RCI WAUIRER OB. cles ONE, alee esi nop Re mR IER YE Je 10%
Naceard os gimmie Ne he aN SE SE DES TE ae Saree eee 10%
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in the Upper Ohio Tributaries.
Ally: All’y Ohio Ohio Beaver Beaver
Tribs. River River Tribs. River Tribs.
ere Olmert a soar y ees PO SCA et 25% 25 30% 2 BG OGe aoe
Bitty Olive! Atel tak: Rien 3 26 2 25.Upe. 225 Void 20x 225 pee
Olive Ochre............ Biter ce tenae 20%. «50 Wyk 25 Vp 20 Ye 5 one eae
Brownisne Olive. 2.) Sie OR FN as eae ULE EN Fy OMe eae te 37%
PSTSCet: seen: Atle be aera tee ae CH In eee ha NM PSS ML SIN Ne dah PEAS et A 12%
Saecarwos Umber ea) Pes he Pees eh Ca asics ook ore aan 20% 2
Distribution of Colors as a Whole in L. Erie (26 shells).
oC olotita dk TBs > 3 eo so agp EE eas eet Se aed A eae 30%
Baiiy: 2 OU inc eee ee eas re a han pe ee ee ee 30%
Brows “Olver. os kote i ren ee el oe a ee 20%
Bris Gy tines Os Ss 0 PR ee SIRE A PADRE GhE OES Te SMe ge eR 10%
Mars tBrowini.t: att ab i bie Tine: oie De ete heen eee ee 10%
Distribution in 1. Erie—localities, and Chautauqua Lake.
La Plaisance Cedar Presque Chautauqua
: Bay Point Isle Lake
Colonial _Buff......2.... LA ny Seen, ee ee ROOD ss. ee 50 Gao SO Uji xs
-VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. oy,
ESeUiinvga Oe tees ee, ee Oe 2 des SG PSO a eames Die pe erg whoa st Pek 50%
Browse Olives ess eC eT Te Ns OO Y ik une laa Anabaena hes Papo cae 2 ea 2G
VBSB UT CG 0 See. ROE ae ee a NOt WS ane de
RWB VAS, TESTO Nia ca Rau Oi Pane Ate S.C Mati ek eso ener resp a PNT YA EN DASE ees
Meare wie Fs \fik eer eee nt we ek Pt Se ee Ne eee 25%
Deductions from Tables of Percentages and Pl. IIf.
Yellow and Yellow Green colors are prominentin L. Erie; browns
in the Upper Ohio. *
In the Upper Ohio Drainage
A tendency to darken both in primary and secondary colors is
seen descending the Allegheny—from yellowish to brownish or
buff colors. This is the general change found also in the course
of the Crooked and Neshannock Creeks; Ohio, Shenango and
Mahoning Rivers. In most cases the shells of the tributaries will
be found to have lighter colors than those of the main streams. Char-
acteristic primary stream*colors are Olive Lake in the Allegheny,
Isabella Color in the Ohio, Olive Ochre in the Shenango, Olive
Yellow in the Mahoning, Buffy Citrine in the Little Beaver.
tek. Erie :
Yellows appear to be equally abundant at all the lake stations
given, Hut these differ in their proportions of Buffy and Brownish
Colors. Chautauqua Lake seems characterized by an abundance
of the former. As was found with nacreous color, this and the last
'named species show little variation in epidermal color.
Rays of Epidermis
Simpson: ‘‘Broad bright green rays, wanting in older shells.”’
140 of 180 shells were rayed. Coarse rays were most abundant in
lake specimens, medium and fine rays in the rivers, with coarse
and medium textures about equally divided in the creeks. Colors,
yellow to dark green, with a tendency toward black in the Upper
Ohio Drainage. Coarse and fine rays are most abundant in male
shells; medium in female.
Relation of Epidermal Color to Estimated Age of Animal. °
No juveniles were comprised in the material worked with.
Green is most abundant in shells beneath 12 years of age. Greenish
yellow appears to increase in older shells in both L. Erie and the
Upper Ohio Drainages. Shells:may become brown or black as early
as 11 years, although such colors are not abundant in either of the
- Lampsiline shells possibly due to their more highly polished epi-
278 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
~
dermis. No color or group of colors was found to be peculiar of any
given age.
Observation on Sex-Correlative Coloration as associated with Epider-
mal Color. (106 shells).
Greenish gold colors, (Olive Lake) appear to predominate in males.
Less of green and more of brown are to be found in females.
VI.—CoNCLUSIONS.
1. In the species of Najades dealt with, there exists a wider
range of variation of epidermal color than that indicated by
standard specific descriptions. :
2. In practically all the species dealt with, a decided change of
epididermal color is obsirved going down stream from the head-
waters to the mouth. The usual tendency is for the primary epider-
mal, or ground color to darken from an Olive Green or Olive Gray
shade to Brownish or Buffy Colors, and this darkening is true in
part of all colors of the epidermis, whether due to inherent causes or
to those associated more with environmental causes. Within the
limits of the material dealt with, itis further recognized thata darken-
ing of the epiderinis may occur with advanced maturity or oldvage,
which is quite independent of the geographical locality, but such
colors are always darkest in specimens from furthest down stream.
3. The shells of L. Erie have in general lighter epidermal colors
than those of the Upper Ohio and Maumee Drainages. Lighter
yellows, browns and greens are more common among thein, and
in this respect they resemble the smaller tributary streams of the
Upper Ohio Drainage. The shells of Conneaut and Chautauqua
Lakes have much the same relation as those of L. Erie. Other
conclusions, not however as completely substantiated as those
given above, but still sufficiently evident from the present data as
to deserve mention are,
4, Each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells collected
from it in the additional form of an associated or peculiar hue of
epidermal color, as has already been shown with regard to nacreous
and certain other physical characters of the shell. While the same
general hue may be present in different drainages, these may be
characteristically differentiated when necessary by the presence
of varying proportions of other colors.
5. Asarule, the color distinctions may be carried so far as to
a
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NAJADES. 279
say tentatively at least that certain shades of epidermal color are
characteristic even of different parts of a given locality.
6. ‘The rays of the epidermis disappear with age and have in
the limits of the material worked with, their widest ee
is specimens from small rivers and creeks.
7. With regard to the relation of epidermal color to the esti-
mated age of the animals, it was found that no one color or group
of colors was peculiar to a given age of the animals, except the
yellowish or grayish colors of early youth, or the deep browns and
blacks of old age and advanced maturity. :
8. The epidermis of most species. shows clearly defined sex-
correlative coloration.
VII.—SUGGESTIONS AS TO CAUSES OF FacTs.
Introductory rematks embody the writers comments on the
first of these conclusions. In view of the evidence presented, the
most plausible explanation of the second would seem to be found
in the physical and chemical conditions under which the shells
live. A summary of the more outstanding physical and chemical
conditions in the Upper Ohio Drainage and L. Erie has been
previously given.
A physical condition which may seem closely related to the problem
of epidermal color is the warmer temperature of the water in the
former, for it has been shown that the shells from the Upper Ohio
possess more pigment, pigment is the result of chemical reactions,
and the degree of chemical reaction in general is increased by heat.
It is readily comprehended that the problein of epidermal color is
a more complicated one than that of nacreous color. The epidermis,
protectory in function, is in direct contact with the environment,
and is the recipient of all chemical and physical forces involved
whereas the nacre, while probably the subject of all forces acting
through solution, is probably interacted upon by relatively few
physical forces. Ina previous paper it was shown that the ints
of nacreous color lighten going down stream in the Upper Ohio
Drainage, and that the nacre of L. Erie shells possesses lighter hues
than those of the former. Suggested causes for these phenomena
were,
1. Presence of humic acid in the headwaters of streams, which
with a greater amount of available light due to less amount of
silt there, affords favorable cciditions for the production of pigment.
280 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST .
2. Reaction of humic acid upon the yellow or red Fe203 of the
soil or of the water, resulting in its reduction to FeO, whence FeO
by interaction with COz of soil water or environment becomes
FeCO3, a whitish or yellowish compound.* It was additionallly
pointed out that iron is a part of the composition of the mussel
shell, and reasoning from the basis that it is known to be an im-
portant constituent of animal and vegetable piginents, it was
suggested that the deeper tints of nacreous color in the headwaters
was due by some similar process to the inclusion of greater amounts
of Fe203 in the shell, especially since the water in the tributaries
has a greater degree of oxygenation (due to greater rapidity of the
current), whence the transition from carbonate to ferric oxide might
be affected. In L. Erie, the nacreous colors of shells seemed more
closely related to the greater degree of alkalinity of the water.
3. Further down stream, the reaction of the Humic acid upon
the ever increasing amount of lime may produce COz2. This or
other available CO2 may attact the iron oxides producing Fe2CO3.
Under the conditions present, this latter compound may remain
stable, since oxygenation, (slower current) is less, light is less due
to increasing aimounts of silt, and organic matter is more. Now it
is also known that organic matter at times may mask the red or
yellow iron oxides in clay, giving the latter a bluish, greenish or
bluish, greenish or even other colors. Provided then that Fe2CO3
is the iron compound available downstream for mussel shells, and
that there is a greater inclusion of organic matter at such localities,
plausible explanation for the changes or fading out of nacreous
color is found.
Much of the above may be made to apply to the problem of
epidermal color also when the following is born in mind. It has
been shown that the change in epidermal color is opposite to that
reported for nacreous color. Under the conditions, 2 groups of
factors acting separately or jointly may produce such an effect,
representing.as they do natural and unnatural environments of
the shell.
1. In connection with the natural group, it may be pointed out
that the amount of silt as well as the darkening of the epidermis
increases going down stream. Further, the mussel shell is subject
to constant erosion from COz2 or other chemicals in the water
*For a full discussion of Humic acid and its relation to iron compounds see
Pirsson, L. F. and Schuchert, C. S., ‘‘A Textbook of Geology.” «
Ee
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR OF NOJADES. 281
and from the current itself, especially when the latter carries sus-
pended matter. Darkening then might be due to the use of minute
particles of the silt in the shell building activities of the animal or
to their external deposition on the shell. This general proposition,
that the silt is indirectly or indirectly responsible for the blackening
of the shell, is borne out by the fact that in L. Erie where there is
relatively less silt, the shells are lighter and clearer in epidermal
colors. sit
If we now endeavor to relate the facts stated to those seemingly
furnishing a reasonable hypothesis for the change in nacreous
color, we may tentatively suggest that shells are yellow or yellowish
green upstream and in the tributaries on account of the yellow
oxide of iron (Fe203) they may contain. Downstream the inclusion
of greater amounts and variety of organic matter in the silt darkens
them as organic matter darkens clay. That the degree of pigmenta-
tion seems to depend largely on the environment colors. There
appeared to be no regular sequence of development of epidermal ~
color beyond the fact that most shells are yellowish when young,
and with age become blackish or brownish. A shell from a given
locality may have old age colors when it is still comparatively
young, while another locality may show shells retaining juvenile
colors to an advanced maturity. We have also noted that shells
darken with age in the tributaries and headwaters, that is, quite
‘independent of their geographical locality. A fair reason is presented
when we coinbine the time element with the factors stated above,
and take into consideration the physical characters of the shells.
While the water in the tributaries is swifter, erosion of the shells
may be slowed down, for such characters as greater compression
there, (as has been confirmed by many investigators) enable it to
present less surface to the eroding waters, and while silt is present
it is not in abundance and variety as is the case further down
stream. If silt plays any part in the coloration of the epidermis,
it is evident that a longer time will be required to affect the shell,
and it follows, that age for age, colors will be lighter in the tribu-
taries than further down stream. A convenient analogy here is
that applying to the bark of certain trees. The cork will become
black more quickly in an industrial community under the influence
of smoke or chemicals in the air, than it will in the virgin forest,
but ultimately it becomes black in either locality. As the shells
were first thoroughly scrubbed before making color comparisons,
282 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
it might be fairly assumed that any remaining coloration, making
allowance for the possible effects of stream pollution was character-
istic for the shell at the locality. Finally, the natural conditions
of the Upper Ohio are also largely true of the streams draining
into L. Erie, and similar explanations may be advanced for thé.
shells living them.
2. The pollution of streams by sewage and industrial wastes
presents a most unnatural factor affecting the epiflermal color of
shells.* While as Ortmann and Baker have independently pointed
out, pollution from either source may be so extensive as to ulti-
mately kill the animals, for the purposes of our problem we may
only consider their possible relations to epidermal color. Sewage
is largely organic matter and would seem first hand to be most
largely concerned with the amount of silt in the stream. According
to Prof. Earl Phelps of the U. S. Public Health Service, the in-
dustrial wastes are largely sulfuric acid and sulfate of iron. Where
the former chemical is present in sufficient abundance it would
burn the organic matter, (conchiolin) of the shell black and thus
be partly responsible for darker colors, while the sulfate of iron
might form discoloring deposits. As it happens that the pollution
of the water by these wastes increases going down stream, un-
doubtedly some of the change of color indicated is due to it, at
least in the lower stretches of the Allegheny and the Monongahela
as conditions now stand. ‘This deposit of iron is frequently so
tenacious as to require acid to dissolve it.
The fact that each drainage leaves its own imprint on the shells
collected from it is well known to experienced collectors. In wew
of the data previously presented with regard to the great uniformity
in epidermal color determinable at a given locality, such seems
readily referable to peculiar stages in the development of the
_environmental conditions outlined, Similarly, causes underlying
conclusion 5 may be sought for. The rays of the epidermis may
disappear with age on account of the darkening of the epidermis
due to the causes suggested. The rays have their widest distribution
in small rivers and creeks, where of course, silt is not in its greatest
variety and abundance. ‘The conclusion as stated that age has no
relation to a regular sequence of epidermal color change somewhat
bears out the opinion ventured concerning the greater effect of the
* The localities from which my material was collected gave evidence of
pollution at the time, and a large number of them are now completely barren.
© shee Pe” | eel
w= =~ es ve”
— aI. Se
a ee a a
. VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 283
environment in determining what the epidermal color shall be.
In the case of brighter hues of nacreous colors in females, such a
finding with regard to the epidermal color may also be safely re-
garded as a “‘metabolic accident.”
VIII.—RELATIVE VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN
SPECIES DEALT WITH.
The shells were so unevenly distributed with regard to localities
that it was impossible to determine those places where the great-
est ajnount of variation in epidermal color took place. Some idea
may be obtained from Pl. III, when such is studied from the stand-
point of any great body of water as a whole. In an effort to make a
partially balanced determination of the relative variability of
epidermal color among them, a rough and arbitrary comparison
was taken by dividing the number of ‘“‘relative colors’’ observed
in each shell by the number of that species examined. From
this data, it seems that within’ the limits of this investi-
gation that the larger number of shells is apparently associated
with less variation in epidermal color. At the same time the results
are hardly fair for those species represented by a small number of
specimens. Results from this method show the relative varia-
bility of the shells to be as indicated in the following table. The
small numerals following the name of each species indicate its
order in range of variation of nacreous color similarly determined.
(4). and from it a convenient comparison of the relative variability
of epidermis and nacre may be taken.
Species No. Relative Colors taken No. of Shells Facior Calculaied.
1. Kurynia recta (1) 45 54 83
2. Proptera alata (2) 42 55 .76
3. Anodont. ferussacianus (6) 45 69 .65
4. Paraptera fragilis (3) 33 58 56
5. Anodonta grandis (7) 54 ' 119 3
6. Symphynota costata (11) 31 6a55e 41
7. Lampsilis ovata (9) 62 214 .28
8. Amblema plicata (5) 59 185 127
g. P. obliquum coccin. (4) 59 263 22
10. Lampsilis luteola (12) 63 289 21
11. Fusconaja flava (8) 42 275 ST
12. Elliptio dilatatus (10) 65 561° a1
If, in view of difficulties the reader will comprehend were en-
countered in organizing this type of data, 2, (or in some cases 3) +
ranks in the above table on Relative Variation of Color is allowed
-
' 284 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
for inaccuracy of color determination, it will be seen that variability.
in epidermal color is closely associated with that of nacreous color.
; SOURCES OF ERROR. °
The Ridgeway Color Nomenclature was used with careful con-
sideration of the directions given in it. It may well be urged that
the sense of color is so varied in its development among humanity
that results of this kind may not have the same significance for all
interested in such problems. But the same criticisin could be applied
to the ornithologist who uses the Nomenclature continually. The
writers confidence in his own observations is largely based on the
fact that U. S. Army Tests have shown his vision to be normal in
every way. A
It is also true that at times, the mussels migrate from place to
place in the same stream, and probably from the rivers into the
tributaries. Where a small number of shells were used in making
comparisons this might have some effect on the results obtained,
but as the evidence of most observers is that migration is com-
paratively rare among them, this can hardly have any effect on-the
general impressions this paper hopes to convey, indeed, they might
be held to account for discrepancies which will be observed here
and there. Finally, pollution of streams by sewage, industrial
waste, erosion by gravel and water etc., may be so extensive as to
produce a color in some cases thoroughly unnatural to the animal.
A check which covered most of these cases was the primary color
taken which part being usually buried in the mud, would be more
immune to such influences, and apt to show its truest tints.
Washington and Jefferson College,
Washington, Pa.
1. Grier, N. M. ‘‘Morphological Features of Certain Mussel Shells of
L. Erie Compared with Corresponding Ones of the Upper Drainage.’’ Annals
Carnegie Museum, 1920.
2. Ibid. ‘‘On the Erosion and Thickness of the Shells of the Fresh Water
Mussels.” Nautilus, 1920.
3. Ibid. ‘‘Sexual Dimorphism and Some of its Correlations in the Shells
of Certain Species of Najades.’”’ Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol. 6, 1920. p. 165.
4. Ibid. ‘Variation in Nacreous Color of Certain Species of Najades
Inhabiting the Upper Ohio Drainage and their Corresponding Ones in L.
Erie.’”?” Amer. Mid. Nat. 1920. .
/
ea ee
VARIATION IN EPIDERMAL COLOR IN NAJADES. 285
5. Hey, W. C. ‘‘Fresh Water Mussels in the Ouse and Foss.” Journ.
Conch. Vol. 3, No. 9, 1882.
6. Huber, L. von. ‘‘Zur Naturgeschichted. Unionen.’’ Jahrbuch des
Naturhistorischen Landes Museum V. Karnthen. Heft. 10, p. 155-57 1870.
7. Israel, W. von. ‘‘Die Najadeen des Weidgebietes.’’ Beilage z. Nach-
richsblatt d. Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. No. 4, 1910, p. 4.
8. Jennings, O. E. “A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa.’’-
Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. 5, 1909.
g. Marshall, W. B. ‘‘Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of
Albany N. Y.” Bull. N. Y. State Museum Nat. History, Vol. 2, No. 9.
ro. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘The Alleghenian Divide and its Influence upon
the Fresh Water Fauna.’’ Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol. LII. no. 210. p.
275 301, -309, 312, 351; 353. ;
11. Ibid. ‘‘Notes upon the Family and Genera of Najades.’’ Annals
Carnegie Museum VIII, 1912.
12. Ibid. ‘‘The Najades or Fresh Water Mussels of the Upper Tennessee
Drainage with Notes on Synonomy and Distribution.’’ Proc. Amer. Philos.
soc. Vol. 57,. 1918. .
Mem. Car. Musem
”
13. Ibid. ‘‘ Monograph of Najades of Pennsylvania.
Ve 1Ort..- VII To19,
14. Ridgeway, Robt. ‘‘The Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.”’
Published by Mrs. J. Evelyn Ridgeway, 3447 Oakwood Terrace, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 1914. 53 Pl. 1115 named colors.
”
15. Sell, H. von. ‘‘Biologische Beobachtungen an Najadeen.’’ Kopen-
hagen. Archiv. f. Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde, 1907-08. p. 129-188. °
16. Simpson, C.T. ‘‘On the Mississippi Valley Unionidae Found in the
St. Lawrence and Atlantic Drainage Areas.’’ Amer. Nat. Vol. 30, p. 379,
1896.
“17. Ibid. ‘A Descriptive Catalogue of the Najades.’’ Published by
B. Walker, Detroit.
18. Walker, B. ‘“The Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’ Nautilus,
Mol.277; c
-
286 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Observations on Some Marine Plants of the lowa Devonian, with
Descriptions of New Genera and Species.
BY CLEMENT L. WEBSTER, M. SC.
INTRODUCTION.
In most divisions of the rocks of the Iowa Devonian, there occur
at certain horizons from a few to great numbers of fossil marin®€
plants, nearly all of them apparently referable to the “‘seaweeds.”’
But little attention has thus far been paid to these most interesting
forms of ancient plant life by the workers in this field, and but
little reference to them has so far appeared in the literature of
Iowa Devonian geology.
So far as certainly known, not a single species of any of these
plant forms occurring in the lower and middle Devonian of Iowa,
appears in the upper Devonian or Hackberry group. In all these
divisions varigus species of this or other class of plant life occur,
and sometimes the strata are crowded with their fossil remains.
One of these localities of special interest is that at Bloody Run in
. Floyd County, where several genera and species occur in the rocks
of the middle Devonian. Another horizon especially rich in these
remains is that of the lower beds of the Upper Devonian or Hack-
berry group, where certain strata are crowded with them.
A critical study of these forms as they occur in the rocks of this
age in Iowa, reveals much of special interest as certain of the ancient
conditions existing at that time are revealed. A quite exhaustive
study of these forms has for many years been conducted by me, and
the results to be published in the form of a well illustrated report on
them. But few if any of the forms found in the Iowa Devonian are
with certainty known to occur in rocks elsewhere outside this region,
and which adds great interest to this subject.
MARINE FossiL PLANTS.
Genus ZEARAMOSUS. N. Gen.
Fossil sea plants or sea weeds, attaining a medium to quite
large size; main plant occurring in quite large rounded dense
bunches or clusters with short rounded heavy succulent stems more
or less bifurcating. From this plant springs a peculiar long and
heavy compound central stalk resembling somewhat in general
Se + - >
REPORT ON THE UNIOND& OF ST. JOSEPH RIVER. 287
structure and appearance a ‘“‘bunch’”’ of celery; character of the
termination of the middle portion of this central compound stalk
is unknown having been broken away, but surrounding this central
portion and springing from the base, are two or more heavy rounded
succulent stalks 3!4—-5 inches or more in length terminated by
3-4 large heavy elongated lobes giving to the same a unique appear-
ance. :
-
Zearamosus elleria. N. Sp. on
This species is based upon the new Genus Zearamosus, of this
paper, which is perhaps a sufficient description of the species.
It is gregarious in habit. This species covers the upper surface of a
1-2 inch bed of hard limestone low down in the stratum at Bloody
Run, Iowa, three miles southeast from Charles City. ‘There is
considerable doubt as to just what sort of a sea plant or sea weed
this may have been, as it appears to stand alone as to its peculiar
form and structure. In this same stratum, both above and below
this interesting horizon, great numbers of ‘‘fucoids’’ sometimes
occur. i :
This species is named in honor of Mrs. Ella E. Webster, who is
the discoverer of this unique plant form.
Now in the author’s collection.
Buthotrephis thomasia. N. Sp. s
Fossil plant composed of thick succulent stems springing from
a common “root’’; stems branching; branches divergent; bi-
furcating; from about half an inch to three-fourths inch in height;
growing singly, or in dense bunches three to four inches in diameter,
and often in places covering the surface of a certain thin bed of hard
limestone.
Position and locality: Central portion of the middle Devonian
(“Cedar Valley’) at St. Ansger, West Mitchell, Osage,» Charles
City, etc., in north-central Iowa. This is a prominent and really
~ remarkable species of sea weed in the rocks. This species is named
in honor of Mr. A. O. Thomas, Professor of Geology in the Iowa
State University.
Now in the author’s collection.
288 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Genus GRACILERECTUS. N. Gen.
Fossil sea plants or seaweeds, attaining a small to medium size;
stems simple, succulent, cylindrical or sometimes compressed;
broadly or sharply curved, but sometimes straight; g«nerally
distantly branched, branches sometimes opposite; surface smooth
or at times irregular; terminations sharp to rounded; root of medium
size, flattened or subcircular, generally constricted above, surface
smooth or marked by elongated elevations.
Gracilerectus Hackberryensis. N. Sp.
Stem of this seaweed simple, surface nearly even, cylindrical
or sometimes compressed, surface smooth so far as known; broadly
curved; distantly branched, branches sometimes opposite. ‘Ter-
minations round to pointed. Diameter 1-4 to 3-4 inch; length
apparently six inches to two feet or more.
This fossil, in its usual aspect, presents the appearance of nu-
merous linea stems, often extending half a foot to two feet or more
in length, and always appears in the form of casts.
Position and locality: Often crowding the strata of the lower
portion of the Lower Hackberry Group (the lower part of Fenton’s
‘““Cerrogordo Sub-stage’’; at Mason City, Iowa, and other points.
So far as known this species is restricted to the Hackberry Group.
Now in the author’s collection.
Genus FRUTICRISTATUM. N. Gen.
Stems of this seaweed rounded, not known to attain a greater
diameter than one fourth inch or slightly more, stems terminated
by a tuft of long, rounded succulent branches equal in diameter
to the main stem, and these branches sometimes bifurcate; surface
of main stem smooth, usually straight but somet‘mes bent.
Fruticristatum iowense. N. Sp.
Stems of this remarkable seaweed or ‘‘fucoid,’’ round, three-
sixteenths to one-fourth inch or slightly more in diameter, three
and a half to four or more inches in length. Stem terminated by a
tuft of long, rounded succulent branches equal in diameter to the
main stem. These branches sometimes bifurcate. Main stem
smooth, usually straight but sometimes bent.
The large slab of limestone before me-and whose upper face is
road
’ - ,
ae i ee ee a ve
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME WARINE HLAFTS 289
crowded with this really strange form, is so massed as to make a
description of the species especially difficult, and may be somewhat
modified when isolated forms are procured enabling this to be done.
I know of no other fossil marine plant approaching this in form or
general appearance.
Position and locality: Covering the surface of a certain bed of
hard limestone below the two nodular Stromatopora beds of the
upper part of the middle Devonian (‘‘Cedar Valley’’), at Bloody
Run, Floyd County, Iowa, and so far as known restricted to this
horizon and locality.
Now in the author’s collection.
Fruticristatum noraense. N. Sp. at
Stem of this seaweed or ‘“‘fucoid’’ small and slender; circular;
broadly to sharply curved or bent; solitary; gradually and grace-
fully tapering from the base; termination sharp to rounded;
generally from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter near the
base; varying in length from ne and one half to six inches; surface
apparently smooth; known only in the form of casts.
Position and locality: Occurs in considerable numbers in narrow
bands of crinoidal limestone at Nora Springs, Bumgardner’s quarry,
at Rock Grove, at John Turner’s quarry, Rockford, and other
localities in the north-central part of Iowa, in the central part of the
middle Devonian. 2
Now in the author’s collection.
Fruticristatum pervetus. N. Sp.
Stem compressed to sub-circular; strong and robust; quite
strongly curved; surface uneven, and not otherwise marked;
length unknown but apparently attaining six to eight inches;
sending out strong lateral branches at intervals of an iach and a
half; diameter six-eighth to three-fourths inch; root medium
large, flattened or sub-circular, smooth or marked by elongated
elevations, sharply constricted above; known only in the form of
casts.
Position and locality: Found associated almost everywhere with
F. noraese, and is quite abundant.
Now in the author’s collection.
290 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST E Pais Pie
Birds Observed at Brookland, D. C. from Aug. 19'to Sept. 7, 1920.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
When was About When was aes did it Byte Was it
as
NAME OF BIRD it first how it next ecome REMARKS
seen? many? seen? common? seen?
Blackbird, Red-winged No Records
Bluebird Aug. 20 5 Aug. 2t Aug. 20 Sept. 5 Eight Records
Bobolink Aug. 25 1 Aug. 26 Sept. 7 Seven records
Cardinal Aug. 20 3- Aug. 21 -Aug. 20 Sept. 7 Sixteen records
Catbird Aug. 20 1 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 7 Fourteen records
Chickadee Aug. 22 1 Aug. 25 Aug..25 Sept. 7 Seven records
Cowbird No records
Crow Aug. 20 4 Aug. 21 Aug. 20” Sépt.i 6 Thirteen records
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Aug. 27 1 Aug. 31 Sept.i 2 Three records
Cuckoo, Black-billed No records
Flicker Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 28 Sept. 6 Eleven records
Flycatcher, Acadian No records
Flycatcher, Crested Aug. 29 1 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Two records
Flycatcher, Least No records
Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied -.No records
Gnatcatcher No records
Goldfinch ANT 2ES Oe ALES 7 Sept. 1 Six records
Grackle, Purple Aug. 20 3 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 6 Thirteen records
srosbeak, Rose-breasted No records
Hummingbird No records
Jay, Blue Aug. 19 3 Aug. 20 Aug. 19 Sept.’ 7 Eighteen records
Kingbird Aug. 22 1 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Two records
Martin, Purple Aug: 22° x Ag. “23 Aug. 2 Three records
Meadowlark Aug. 20 3 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Sept. 6 Five records
Mockingbird Sept. 2 4 B One record
Nighthawk @ No records
Nuthatch, White-breasted Aug. 2 t Aug. 22 Aug. 23- Sept. 5 Nine records
Oriole, Baltimore Aug. 21-2 Auge Aug. 27 Four records —
Oriole, Orchard 3 No 1ecords
Ovenbird Aug.*24 1 Ang ces Sept. 5 Five records
Pewee, Wood Aug. 19. 3 Aug. 20 Aug. 19 Sept. 7. Eighteen records
Phoebe Aug. 27 1 One record
Redstart Aug: ro) -a. “Aziz. 2 Aug. 25 Sept. 6 Five records -
Robin Aug. 19 3 Aug. 20 Aug. rg Sept. 6 Seventeen records
Shrike, Loggerhead No records
Sparrow, Chipping Aug. 22 3 Aug. 26 Aug. 26 Two records
Sparrow, Field Aug..22 1 Aug. 27 Aug: 27 Two records
Sparrow, Grasshopper Wo records
Sparrow, Savanna No records
Sparrow, Song Aug. 22 1 Aug. 22 Aug. 22 Sept. 5 Seven records
Sparrow, Vesper No records
Starling No records
Swallow, Eaves Aug. 21 1 Aug. 22 Sept. 4 Four records
Swift, Chimney Aug. 23° 4 Aug. 28 Sept.,1 Four records ”
Tanager, Scarlet No records
Thrasher, Brown Aug. 2t 1 Aug. 22 Sept. 3 Eight records
Thrush, Wood Aug. 27. 3. Aug. 27 Aug. 31 Sept. 6 Five records
‘Titmouse, Tufted Aug. 26 1 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Sept. 5 Four records
‘Towhee Aug. 21 1 Aug. 24 Aug. 2 Sept. 7 Ten records
Vulture, Turkey t Fifteen records
Vireo, Philadelphia Aug. 31) 1 One record
Vireo, Red-eyed Aug. 20 6 Aug. 21 Aug. 20 Sept. 6 Fourteen records
Vireo, Warbling No records
Vireo, Yellow-throated Aug. 20 4 Aug. 21 Sept. 1 Six records
Warbler,Blackthroated Green * No records
Warbler, Canadian Aug. 31 1 One record
Warbler, Connecticut Sept rics One record ¢
Warbler, Magnolia Septy 32 Sept. 4 Sept. 5 Four records
Warbler, Black and White Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 31 ‘Three records
Warbler, Pine Aug. 24 1 Aug. 25 Aug. 25 Sept. 3 “Three records
Warbler, Yellow No records 2 :
Waxwing, Cedar No records
Whip-poor-will No records
Woodpecker, Doway Aug. 21. 1 Aug. 25 Sept. 6 Five records
Woodpecker, Hairy Aug. 27 . 1. Septs-2 Sept. 6 Three records
Woodpecker, Red-headed Aug. 22 3 Aug. 26 Sept. 7 Eleven records
Wren, House Aug. 20 1 Aug. 21 Aug. 21 Sepe. 2 Seven records
Wren, Carolina No records
Yellowthroat, Maryland Sept. 2 1 Sept. 32 Sept. 3 Two records
Dove, Mourning > Several records
Hawk, Sparrow Sept. Ws. ex One record
INDEX
PACE Vic see = Serge +e eee i ee 80
MdSOLption. SElECh =. tt 159
Aci platlaiisns, ce eee 162
IBASOPUILOUG 8 es STR
INCAS EIOTIG fot ke rest tie eM TRESS 163
SULIT ada yes =. een Re 163
PMO TOMEOKOM Ss. 2. 18 SE eer 207
Mahamavelantss ©. «oo os eey LH
JAN Go (2s SS ene ee i Rat Oh SP gk 79
LSUG IDEM teed Ih (eae Seen rete ONE 128
Basophilous adsorption... .-....... 159
BaCtehia TON eps se See ee 161
Bacteria adsorption.__.____4__--_--.-- 161
1B 7ax6 lO) cece Wao ene oy MENS Se ca, hee a 122
Teles SA VEO 20 eee ale aan enee ote RE AG 126
: Sete) rite iS ia ilar nN i I
1650510675; 09,, 103, 145;
TAQ, 177, 208, 245, -290
BMS LES ts Ofc eee ha ee etme ese e 98
© 2 3 hANG Eyer on ena ita di esse aaieier fh DM 103
Birds, November: 145
IDeCE miei sree eee eee 149
BGok Review... =.2-<.-.: 29, 245
Biachuypiry lia: - seen es Elen 4I
IBAMteniHiesk. 2. eee | 13
‘ (Cabbage. mae 32 1 fs 14
Clovesisulp. 2s he ee 13
Mionmarchis: '. camer fo ae 13
Mourning: Cloakeis)- ers
Rotike-ob- =. eer A 14
BirialowVioth:. Tee "| ee 120
Buthotrephis Thomasia, n. s....__.. 287
e ipilla Se 5 ERI np Pa 94
Cabbage Butterfly. 13
Case Making Moth 119
Cardiophyllum 206
Cerro Gordo Substage --183
Chaimaemtorus..... Ae 2205,
Chipping Sparrow. a pe:
Chicory, Variation in... 0.6. 148
Mlowets, 260 tee eee 149
Tnyolicre: Soi ase 149
Clover Sulp Butterfly 13
Comimutata: =. 28 a oto eee Sa 61
Cosnillat oo" Coc u oe ee Renee 207
@nspidatear = so +2775 eee Manan 92
(Giurtisetosa 2 4. a el ee 35
Gricket; "Hiouse= "> ats ener nee 117
DIALOG: 0% ee ae eee 162
Devonian; lowa:-2'.. see esG
Wecember Birds 1 as eee 149
Whrhart, Genera of. 2202. “306
Cardiophry lice ee 206
Cornillase 5 Ss Sor oe eee 207
Chaniaemorus] = 2S. Se 205
FICC CO nia s ee ae ete rey 206
LY POPIEV Si Se oe 2s ee 205
elleporine. =o = seas 204
Hy arophila: sey os 3 eee 203
IGeUCOCOMA: 25.5 te eee 202
DAH OS =e aL See 203
IMStISCIS = ee dese see 203
Monanthitint.- 23 206
Phalocepholum. 22. ee 201
Practi¢olas coi sera reer ree os 203
Sty photrhiza 2 ee ee 204
‘Tiphopetont2 2S eee 203
‘Enichophylhttm: 2 ss eee 204
Bntomostracases 5 ste eres 128
Epidermal Colom vats. see
Bield’ Spatrow:.-.:.-. 5. ae 54
12) hin aed Cb Glee ee ee es ee III
Bilig Pars elon 2 See re. aaa eee 20
Noth? Dake. 5°. 5 sa riia eae 29
Please. beta eet see ee ron 123
Hlowers, Chicory <_< sso a 148
4
INDEX
ing catchers ee So oe as FOr” SUCAStA se oe i Se eee ee 80
TaN Ko (23 Padget ok Ny ark Mie a ARRAS pier 79. bakes rie Plankton. 142
PCAC AL ee te Me eee Sag. TL ieereie i ee ne ee ie ae 122
- LSS eh al SS a ea detie eae ea 70k Lanell (Dr. Joel 22s) Se ae eae 243
i ECs] 0} 6 (6 ROR ee ae ge aE Soe 7. Avencocoma:: <1. Ieee ee 202
GAS tas @ teeemenee nde 8 VEL Aedes SOL mnasewG ee el Wee Pv ae 203
IPOD er: eet ee Oe eee 78
Wood a $2.9 Maricens? 250 1! 203
Vellow-bellied 80”. Marine Plants... os 286
sie oso EN os eee 7S. +: Mangess laliaiin.- Ye ets 153
Fossil, Plants Marine ee See eee 286 Metachromosia Wa Sth eR Ld. he oes Oe ree 160
Fox Sparrow Sn eee 56 -Mexicana Mrubl ot eee 22
Brutienstatum, mi. ‘gy 202 288 Mirage; (Prainie:... > eee eee 172
TOWense S28 fe 288 Mourning Cloaks... 5
WNordense, 118 62g ee sia 289° Monarchs... 2 20) 6 ee 13
Pervetus, IES WS Soe cena re gees 289 Mosquitoes Sih 2 NG Ps, ee ae 113
Moths: 527-25" eee ee LUO. an
ereilodtal.. aire ee 63. ,Mionaathinin 2 ee eee _.206
isoillora “ent tt ee ess be dighlenbergial.“ = “"9-" = ae 17
Grasshopper, Sparrow.....-........-..--- 56
CGraeierectus;-n. ge Se 283" -siNajadeste + = Sve eee eines 165
Sex Din. 2 2 ie eee 165
IIa GKDeGErVyensis; Te. Sise se 288 Naiades. eens ay
Hackberry Stage. 180. Nacreous Color var... 2A
North: Dakotatiloras. sees eee 29
Nests; Birds 23. 2 ont See 177
Insects n-ne een 13,111 November Birds, 2-0 145
Batteriites: 22) te ete: 13 INiGraense dh sa ee e ee 289
Clovercoulp x sy eS 13
Sela, ings | a TE Go Rae "4 Owen Substage.... 2 Nee eee 186
ERR TOMAR Cr wo 13 Obitilatry: <2 Oe ee 243
Mourning Cloaks._--____-...... 15
Route of... RSPR Cs iaite 1S Panicum: Lineare ee 49
Household & Remedies._...........!111 Plant Gueyey.<. See. oe eee 29
i 18: ' Plankton 204.02 ee ee ee 142
Bedbug. — Laketitie.c... eee 142
Beetle, Ham. 126 Sandusky Bay. 33-2 143
Cricket, House. aay, Plants, <Alabama...2 27 eee 151
Fleas Se CR ae Te AT 123°) -Pervetus, 4. Ss... See ee 289
| fy TT aS Ae SS i ee 122, 125" pLoahe. ee +... rn ee 78
Mosquitos... --------------------- 113 Phalocephaltnms-.. 2 ee 201
Moth... LEO te TET ea nists 19
Roaches bar aaa Pre Ie ae eee 116 Capillare.2- 2) ne ee ee 94
“herimittes starts ee 125 Deewana ek 94
Weevil nent fa) Polystachya, Muhl...__=2=_..-..91, 22
Prairie; Mitage =... ee 72
TIA D1 Cie ee a, ee De es "9.. Practicolac-...2965—..2eeeeee ee 203
“s , IND? X
TP SWe (SATA OSES an lee er ee eee AGE aaa pestiive Mn this ec ascent 20
CLES ch pe a ae ee ba TPG oe etl uae aie ee tea 142
bNe teresa eee wae PLE hae Sect ee 125
Sandusky Bay Plankton_............ --143 Tiphogeton ak ae eee ae 205
Sexual Dim. Najades._..............--.-- 165 LOTTCY 4 --nneenn nnn 84
Selective Adsorption_............._-..--- 159 Eres PBI
>... eae ae ‘ichoph yltwar 2.2210 ee eee 204
a 35 Vesper Sparrow tie) ee 53
Raireiinitmceeen se ran ee etn ee Sele yooh Ba
Chipping Sa eMeewih Beau. >) Tk ee Pee 127
10 lS a ie Oo ee ee 56 ‘«Waterfowl in Neb.’”’ Book Rev. 245
ORS 18) 0] 0) eRe er 56 White Throated Sparrow... 55
S(Ovi eo ee, Se eA Re, eee Sued sme, Wibite Crowned) 2s ers ee 56
WESTER a Sal YE Saee Wood Pewee. 2 = oe eae
Witte “chroateds. = eas 55
Wihite\Grownedss2- 2 e522 56 Yellow Bellied Sparrow._.__...........- 80
Meer as fe PM Be eT ees 55, 148
Silver Hish sVieth 2... es 120 wZearamosus, Ng. 2 eee 286
DUWMMOnMMRZ A= tek tee 204 Bilerias n., stn) See ee 287
= bh cn al eg rl iiehahlehklehe ehertrc
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