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AN  ACCOUNT 


OF 


DISCOVERIES  IN   LYCIA, 


BEING 


A  JOURNAL  KEPT  DURING 


A  SECOND  EXCURSION  IN  ASIA  MINOR, 


CHARLES  FELLOWS. 


1840. 


LONDON: 

JOHN  MURRAY,  ALBEMARLE  STREET. 

M.DCCC.XLI, 


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PRINTED  BY  RICHARD  AND  JOHN  B.  TAYLOR, 
RED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STRBET. 


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PREFACE. 


On  my  visit  to  Asia  Minor  in  1838,  of  which  I  gave  an 
account  in  my  former  Journal,  I  found  that  the  district 
of  ancient  Lycia  was  so  rich  in  all  that  is  most  inter- 
esting to  the  traveller,  that,  my  time  then  allowing  of 
only  a  short  excursion  into  it,  1  could  not  but  feel  a 
strong  desire  to  return  at  a  future  day,  and  explore  it 
more  carefully. 

This  desire  was  increased  when,  on  reaching  England, 
I  learned  how  completely  unknown  this  country  is 
to  modern  travellers,  and  how  much  importance  the 
learned  attached  to  many  of  my  discoveries. 

On  my  second  visit  therefore  to  Asia  Minor,  in  1840 
(the  account  of  which  is  given  in  the  Journal  now  pub- 
lished), I  determined  to  turn  my  steps  at  once  to  Lycia; 
and  I  have,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  line  of  my  route  on 
the  map,  traversed  it  in  several  directions.     The  new 


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iv  PREFACE. 

discoveries  which  I  have  made  on  this  excursion,  have 
richly  rewarded  me ;  and  I  am  led  to  believe  that  the 
materials  for  the  historian,  the  philologist,  and  the  lover 
of  art,  which  I  have  rescued  from  the  ruins  I  visited, 
will  be  found  of  no  inconsiderable  value.  The  geogra- 
pher will  see  that  I  have  mapped  the  interior  of  the 
country,  which  hitherto  has  been  unknown,  and  left 
blank  in  the  maps :  for  the  coast  1  am  indebted  to  the 
admirable  Survey  of  Captain  Beaufort. 

In  this  small  province  I  have  discovered  the  remains 
of  eleven  cities  not  denoted  in  any  map,  and  of  which 
I  believe  it  was  not  known  that  any  traces  existed. 
These  eleven,  with  Xanthus  and  Tlos  described  in  my 
former  Journal,  and  the  eleven  other  cities  along  the 
coast  visited  by  former  travellers,  make  together  twenty- 
four  of  the  thirty-six  cities  mentioned  by  Pliny  as  having 
left  remains  still  seen  in  his  age.  I  also  observed,  and 
have  noticed  in  my  Journal,  many  other  piles  of  ruins 
not  included  in  the  above  numbers. 

Many  of  the  coins  which  I  have  found,  and  of  which 
I  give  copies  in  the  following  pages,  were  before  un- 
known to  the  numismatist,  and  others  will  enable  him 
to  assign  place  and  date  to  coins  in  various  museums, 
which  have  before  been  unexplained  or  erroneously 
attributed. 

Of  the  beautiful  sculptures  and  coloured  bas-reliefs 


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PREFACE.  V 

found  amoDg  the  ruins,  I  have  brought  away  numerous 
drawings,  with  which  my  Journal  is  illustrated. 

Some  of  the  inscriptions,  of  which  I  took  copies  on 
this  tour,  are  of  great  value,  as  supplying  a  key  to  the 
hitherto  unknown  Lycian  language,  and  others  are  im- 
portant as  bearing  upon,  and  in  some  instances  eluci- 
dating very  curiously,  questions  of  remote  history. 

To  Mr.  Hermann  Wiener  I  have  great  pleasure  in  ex- 
pressing my  acknowledgments  for  his  translations  of 
the  nimierous  Greek  inscriptions  which  I  copied ;  as  I 
have  to  my  friend  Mr.  Daniel  Sharpe,  for  his  paper  on 
the  Lycian  inscriptions.  I  have  also  to  thank  Pro- 
fessor Don  for  kindly  furnishing  me  with  the  names 
and  classes  of  the  plants  which  I  collected,  many  of 
which  he  describes  as  of  species  hitherto  unknown. 

C.  F. 

London,  April,  1841. 


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LIST  OF  PLATES. 


A  PORTION  OP  THE  BAS.RELIBPS  AT  CADTANDA     .    .    .    to  £Mie  Tide. 

MAP  OP  SOUTH  OP  ASIA  MINOR tofiMiepage  I 

MAP  OP  LYCIA I 

TEMPLE  OP  VENUS  AT  APHRODISIAS 33 

TOMB  NEAR  MTLASA 76 

POUR  STYLES   OP  SEPULCHRAL  ARCHITECTURE    PECULIAR  TO 

LYCIA 104 

BAS-RELIEPS  ON  TOMB  AT  CADYANDA 116 

TOMB  AT  CADYANDA 118 

VARIETIES  OP  ROCK  ARCHITECTURE  IN  LYCIA 128 

VARIETIES  OP  BUILT  TOMBS  IN  LYCIA 128 

BUILDINGS  IN  THE  VALLEY  OP  THE  XANTHUS 129 

TOMBS  SCULPTURED  PROM  THE  ROCK  IN  IMPTATION  OP  WOODEN 

BUILDINGS 130 

WITHIN  THE  PORTICO  OP  ROCK-TOMB  AT  TLOS 136 

PORTICO  OP  ROCK.TOMB  AT  PINARA 141 

BAS-RELIEP  REPRESENTATIONS  OP  THE  ANCIENT  CITY  WITHIN 

THE  PORTICO  OF  TOMB  AT  PINARA 142 

TOMB  AT  SIDYMA 155 

PIGURES  AT  THE  ENDS  OP  SARCOPHAGUS-TOMB  AT  XANTHUS    .  166 


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VIU  LIST  OF   PLATES. 

THE  FOUR  SIDES  OF  THE  OBELISK  AT  XANTHUS      .      to  face  page  168 

SCULPTURE  ON  OBELISK-TOMB  AT  XANTHUS 170 

FRAGMENTS  AT  XANTHUS       173 

FRAGMENTS  AT  XANTHUS 174 

PART  OF  A  FRIEZE  AND  THREE  SIDES  OF  A  TOMB  AT  XANTHUS  176 

FRAGMENTS  OF  SCULPTURE  AT  XANTHUS 177 

ENDS  OF  SARCOPHAGI,  PEDIMENTS,  AND  DOORS  OF  TOMBS  .  .  187 
PEDIMENT   OVER,  AND    SCULPTURE  WITHIN,   THE    ROCK-TOMB 

AT  MYRA 197 

ROCK-TOMB  AT  MYRA 198 

FIGURES  ON  THE  SOUTH  SIDE  OF  TOMB 198 

COLOURED   BAS-RELIEFS  WITHIN  THE   PORTICO  OF  THE  TOMB 

AT  MYRA 198 

ROCK-TOMBS  NEAR  THE  THEATRE  AT  MYRA 200 

ROCK-TOMBS  WITH  BAS-RELIEF  AT  MYRA 200 

BAS-RELIEF  OVER  ROCK-TOMBS 207 

BAS-RELIEF  OVER  TOMB  AT  LIMYRA 207 

SCULPTURED  FIGURES  ON  TOMB  AT  LIMYRA 209 

RARE  OR  INEDITED  COINS 284 

RARE  OR  INEDITED  COINS 285 

LYCIAN  ALPHABET 443 

COINS  WITH  LYCIAN  CHARACTERS 455 

INSCRIPTIONS  IN  LYCIA 468 


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CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Page 
Smyrna— Climate — ^Bazaars — Horses — Provisions —  Ball — Road 

to  Thera,  the  ancient  Caystras — Passage  of  the  Mountains  to 

Idin,  the  ancient  Tralles — ^Tahir  Pasha — ^his  Museum^  Inscrip« 

tions — ^Valley  of  the  Mseander — Sultan  Hiss<£ — Soldiers — An- 

tiocheia — the  Valley  of  the  Mosynus — Karasoo — ^to  Yeerah, 

the  ancient  Aphrodisias    ^ 1 


CHAPTER  n. 

The  ancient  Aphrodisias — ^Temple  of  Venus — ^Pagan  Age — ^Chris- 
tian Age — ^Present  State — Sarcophagi — Natural  History — Ka- 
rasoo— ^Arrival  of  the  New  Firman  or  Code  of  Laws — Conse- 
quent Changes — Return  to  the  Valley  of  the  Maeander — ^The 
River  Harpasus — ^Passage  of  the  Mountains — Valley  of  the 
Marsyas 32 


CHAPTER  III. 

Arab  Hiasci,  ancient  Alabanda — Ruins — Demmeerge-derasy,  an- 
cient Alinda — ^Tombs — Ruins — Passage  of  the  Mountains — 
Unknown  Ruins — Mylasa — ^Temple  of  Labranda  [?] — Ancient 
Remains — Mausoleum 54 


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CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


Page 


Stratoniceia,  its  Ruins — Route  to  Moolah — ^Ancient  Tombs 
The  Pasha — Longevity — Change  in  the  Laws — Detention 
among  the  Peasants — Music — Dancing — Customs — Passage 
of  the  River — ^DoUomon 80 

CHAPTER  V. 

Inconvenience  for  want  of  Com — Ancient  Tombs — Customs  of 
the  People — Peculiar  Architecture — Discovery  of  Calynda — 
Natural  History — Telmessiis — Tombs,  Works  of  Art — Pecu- 
liar Climate — Hoozumlee — ^its  Inhabitants —  State  of  the  Arts 
among  the  ancient  Lycians — Discovery  of  Cadyanda — its 
Ruins — Valley  of  the  Xanthus — Hoorahn — Ancient  Tombs 
and  Ruins,  probably  of  the  ancient  Massicytus 100 

CHAFfER  VI. 

Architecture;  Rocks,  Buildings,  Cottages,  Granaries — Tlos — 
Rock-Tombs — Ancient  Sculpture — Minara,  the  ancient  Pi- 
nara — Ruins — ^Bas-reliefs  in  Tombs — Habits  of  the  People  . .      128 

CHAPTER  VIL 

Discovery  of  Sidyma — its  Tombs — ^Temples — Natural  History — 
lions —  Ancient  Fort — Xanthus — Sarcophagus-Tomb — Ly- 
cian  Inscription  upon  Obelisk — Ancient  Sculptures — Harpies 
— Chariots — Animals — Processions — ^Tomb — Customs  of  the 
Peasants 151 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Patara — Coins — Passage  of  Mountains — Discovery  of  the  an- 
cient Phellus — ^Antiphellus — its  Tombs — Kastelorizo,  the  an- 


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CONTENTS.  XI 

Page 
cient  Megiste — Jewels  and  Costume  of  the  Peasantry — Cas- 

gabar — ^Ancient  Trabala  ? — Singular  gorge  in  the  Mountains 

— ^Myra — ^Tombs — Sculptures — Difficult  Passage  of  Mountain 

— ^Ancient  Isium? — ^Limyra — Ruins,  Tombs,  and  Sculptures.     179 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Ruins  of  Myra — Tombs — Coloured  Bas-reliefs — Ruins — ^Passage 
of  Mountain  to  Phineka — Ancient  Isium? — Limyra — Scul- 
ptures and  Inscription — ^Ancient  Bridge — Gags — Excursion 
by  the  Promontarium  Sacrum  to  Olympus — A  deserted  Village 
— Valley  of  the  Arycandus — Tombs — Ruins — Discovery  of 
Arycanda — ^its  Ruins 196 

CHAPTER  X. 

Avelan — ^its  Lake — ^Extensive  Plains — ^Disappearance  of  a  River 
— ^Almalee — its  Population — Mosques — ^Trade — Ancient  Site, 
probably  Podalia — Source  of  Rivers — Passage  of  Mountain — 
High  Plains — ^The  Yeeilassies — Annual  Migration  of  the  Tribes 
— ^Valley  of  the  Xanthus— Macry    227 

CHAPTER  XL 

Rhodes — City  of  Rhodes — Sailors — Lavisse — Carmyleseus — Re- 
turn to  the  Yeeilassies — ^Review  of  Lycia 243 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Gule-Hissei-ovassy — A  large  Lake — Ancient  River  Calbis — Ex- 
tensive Plains — Carreeuke — ^its  Bazaar — ^Price  of  Cattle — Cus- 
toms of  the  People — Denizlee — ^its  Inhabitants — Change  of 
Law — Laodiceia — Hierapolis — Return  to  Smyrna 256 


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Xll  CONTENTS. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

Page 
Some  Results  arising  from  the  Investigation  of  the  Lycian  In- 
scriptions— Origin  of  the  Language — ^Date  obtained — its  Im- 
portance in  elucidating  Ancient  History — Suggestions  for  the 
Future  Researches  of  Travellers 272 

List  of  Coins,  and  whence  they  were  obtained,  together  with 
Plates  of  many  rare  or  inedited  ones  280 

List  of  Plants  seen  or  collected  during  the  Journey,  with  Re- 
marks upon  them  by  Professor  Don 286 

APPENDIX. 

Appbndix  a. — Greek  Inscriptions  copied  during  the  Journey, 
and  Translations  of  them  by  Mr.  Hermann  Wiener 297 

Appendix  B. — An  Essay  on  the  Lycian  Language,  elucidating 
the  Characters  upon  the  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Inhabitants  and 
many  of  the  Inscriptions  brought  from  Lycia,  communicated 
to  the  Author  by  Daniel  Sharpe,  Esq 427 

Index    521 

Index  to  the  Greek  Inscriptions 526 


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JOURNAL. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Smyrna — Climate — Bazaars — Horses — Provisions — Ball —  Road  to 
Tliera,  the  ancient  Caystrus — Passage  of  the  Mountains  to  Idin,  the 
ancient  Tralles — ^Tahir  Pasha — his  Museum — Inscriptions — Valley 
of  the  Mseander — Sultan  Hissd — Soldiers — Antiocheia — the  Valley 
of  the  Mosynus — Karasoo — to  Yeerah,  the  ancient  Aphrodisias. 


S^TTia,  February  14th,  1840, — ^When  the  Turkish 
peasant  said,  as  I  left  this  country  a  year  and  a  half 
ago,  "  Mountains  never  meet,  but  men  may,"  he  ex- 
pressed  an  idea  of  our  again  meeting,  stronger  than  I 
entertained  of  renewing  my  visit  to  Asia  Minor.  No- 
thing but  an  earnest  desire  of  knowing  more  of  the 
highly  interesting  monuments  found  in  this  country, 
and  of  the  natural  features  peculiar  to  it,  together  with 
the  total  absence  of  any  published  accounts  whence  I 
could  obtain  such  information,  would  have  induced  me 
to  wander  thus  far  from  the  society  of  friends  I  so . 
much  value,  and  from  the  description  of  civilization 
to  which  an  European  is  habituated.     I  have  just  left 


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2  LYDIA. 

Rome^  wbere^  in  visiting  its  museums,  which  mark  the 
ebbing  and  flowing  of  art  from  the  earliest  ages,  I  have 
wondered  at  the  incomparable  distance  at  which  the 
works  of  the  ancient  Greeks  stand,  raised  like  the 
Acropolis  of  their  cities,  above  the  productions  of  all 
succeeding  ages.  How  changed  is  Greece  now ! — ^for  I 
look  upon  this  country,  in  its  earliest  ages,  as  a  part  of 
Greece — the  present  inhabitants  knowing  nothing  of 
its  history,  and  being  entirely  ignorant  of  the  arts 
which  distinguished  its  former  people  from  the  rest  of 
the  world. 

In  this,  now  almost  unknown  part  of  ancient  Greece, 
three  of  the  seven  Wise  Men,  in  the  early  history  of  the 
world,  had  their  birth*.  Poetry,  History,  Fable,  and 
Philosophy,  had  each  their  fathers  in  this  countryf. 
Among  the  wonders  of  the  world,  it  boasted  its  Temple 
at  Ephesus,  its  Mausoleum  in  Caria,  and  its  Colossus  at 
Rhodes.  The  finest  work  of  art,  the  celebrated  Venus, 
is  attributed  to  this  people.  The  most  wealthy  of 
kings},  and  the  greatest  of  armies $,  arose  in  this  re- 
gion, and  their  tumuli  remain  still  undisturbed  ||.  The 
sites  of  its  cities  are  unknown  to  us ;  and  even  the  lan- 
guage of  a  considerable  portion,  abounding  with  in* 
scriptions,  has  hitherto  almost  escaped  the  observation 
of  the  philologists  of  Europe.  Impressed  with  this 
feeling,  and  attracted  by  the  natural  beauties  of  the 

*  Thales,  Bias,  and  Pittacus. 

t  Homer,  Herodotus,  iEsop,  and  Pythagoras.  I  Croesus. 

§  Xerxes'  expedition.  )|  Of  Alyattes  at  Sardis. 


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SMYRNA.  3 

country,  as  well  as  by  the  hospitality  of  its  inhabitants, 
I  have  returned  hither  to  accumulate  information  and 
materials  for  future  study. 

Smyrna  is  at  this  season  intensely  cold,  the  distant 
hills  are  covered  with  snow,  the  wind  blows  keenly 
from  the  north-east,  and  the  pools  in  the  town  are 
frozen  over.  English  coal,  which  is  amply  supplied  for 
the  numerous  steam-vessels,  affords  the  comfort  of  a 
fire,  as  welcome  here  as  on  the  coldest  of  our  winter 
days  in  England. 

February  26f  A. — ^This  morning  we  had  intended  to  quit 
Smyrna  for  the  interior,  but  could  not  obtain  horses ; 
they  are  promised  us  for  tomorrow  morning  by  six 
o'clock.  The  Bazaars  are  to  me  always  a  pleasing 
lounge ;  the  variety  of  trades,  the  novelty  of  the  articles 
for  sale,  the  busy  scene  among  the  camels  and  porters, 
contrasted  with  the  composure  of  the  shopkeeper,  who, 
with  his  luxurious  pipe  in  his  hand,  awaits  patiently  on 
his  cushioned  couch  the  call  of  a  chance  customer,  offer 
ceaseless  novelty  to  an  Eiu'opean.  By  the  assistance  of 
my  companion,  Mr.  Scharf,  I  hope  to  possess  many 
sketches,  to  call  to  mind  these  scenes ;  but  the  harmo- 
nious cries  of  the  traders,  and  the  sonorous  bells  of  the 
passing  camels,  can  be  retained  only  in  the  memory. 
The  shops  for  the  sale  of  eatables  are  very  numerous, 
and  mostly  for  dried  fruits  and  sweetmeats.  There  are 
also  many  for  the  favourite  food  of  the  Turks,  which  is 
principally  composed  from  the  produce  of  the  dairy. 
Among  the  most  novel  to  me  was  a  dish  called  Moha- 

b2 


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4  LYDIA. 

lahbee,  a  kind  of  blancmange,  which  is  served  in  white 
plates,  sifted  over  with  sugar  and  sprinkled  with  rose- 
water;  this  hasty-pudding-like  substance  is  made  of 
rice-flour  boiled  in  milk ;  it  is  semi-transparent,  and  in 
consistency  like  blancmange.  Saloop  is  also  much  sold 
about  the  streets,  as  well  as  kymac,  youghoort,  and  all 
kinds  of  curd,  cream,  and  milk,  flavoured  with  scents  of 
various  kinds.  The  total  absence  of  shops  for  the  sale 
of  stimulants,  of  spirituous  or  fermented  liquors,  still 
continues  a  striking  feature  to  an  European. 

Thursday, February 27th. — ^No  horses  came  this  morn- 
ing as  promised,  and  we  waited  until  four  in  the  after- 
noon before  we  could  even  be  assured  of  obtaining  them 
for  tomorrow  morning:    these  are  to  be  hired  horses, 
at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  (4^.  4d.)  a  day,  and  half  a  dollar 
for  their  return ;  even  more  than  this  was  expected,  and 
we  have  had  to  collect  them  from  various  small  pro- 
prietors.    We  should  not  be  able  to  obtain  them  from 
the  Post,  for  which  we  are  prepared  with  all  the  powers 
of  a  firman  from  Constantinople,  for  four  days,  several 
Governors  being  now  detained  awaiting  the  return  of 
horses  from  other  expeditions.     The  greatest  inconve- 
nience is  now  felt  from  the  want  of  horses  in  Smyrna, 
where  the  supply  is  very  limited,  although  a  few  years 
ago  the  town  abounded  with  them ;  but  the  establish- 
ment of  steam-vessels  has  superseded  the  more  than 
daily  lines  of  Tartars  hence  to  Constantinople.    Scarcely 
any  horses  are  now  kept  for  the  service  of  the  post,  the 
ordinary  demand  being  very  trifling. 


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SMYRNA.  5 

Another  great  pecuniary  inconvenience   has   arisen 
since  1  was  last  here,  but  it  will  probably  be  temporary. 
Smyrna  is  now  the  market  for  the  combined  fleets  of 
several  nations,  stationed  in  her  gulph ;  at  Vourlah  are 
five  English  ships  of  war,  and  one  here :  the  French 
have  six,  and  the  Austrian  three,  lying  in  front  of  the 
town  of  Smyrna ;   these  bring  an  additional  population 
of  many  thousand  consumers.     Meat,  poultry,  eggs, 
game,  butter,  and  indeed  all  provisions,  are  four  and 
five   times   the  price  they  were  two  years  ago.     The 
charges  at  the  inns  are  more  than  doubled,  as  well  as 
the  hire  of  horses  for  riding  about  the  neighbourhood, 
in  consequence  of  the  demand  occasioned  by  the  ofiicers 
of  the  navy.     The  appearance,  and  I  fear  the  morals,  of 
the  ■  *  Frank  town" — the  designation  of  the  quarter  near 
the  sea,  which  is  occupied  by  Franks  of  all  nations — 
are  also  much  changed   by  the  immense   number  of 
French  sailors,  who  seem  to  be  allowed  to  spend  their 
days  on  shore :  hundreds  are  each  evening  reeling  into 
their  crowded  boats,  and  many,  too  much  intoxicated  ta 
walk,  are  put  on  board  by  their  less  drunken  mates. 
This  irregularity  has  caused  the  total  absence  of  our 
sailors  from  Smyrna ;  for  a  few  weeks  ago  they  resented 
an  afiront  received    from   some  French   sailors,  and, 
although  double  their  own  number,  so  severely  treated 
them,  that  it  was  thought  better  they  should  not  come 
again  in  contact  while  such  disorder  prevailed  among 
the  sailors  of  that  nation.    The  Austrian  seamen  ap* 
pear  to  be  under  much  better  discipline. 


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6  LYDIA. 

On  Tuesday  last,  Prince  Frederick  of  Austria  gave  the 
people  of  Smyrna  a  ball  at  their  Casino,  which  was  en- 
larged for  the  occasion  by  the  erection  of  temporary 
rooms,  formed  of  sails  and  flags,  upon  the  terraces  of 
the  building.  Everything  was  done  by  the  prince  most 
handsomely  and  liberally,  but  the  Smymese  want  of 
taste  and  style  was  very  apparent.  The  great  redeeming 
feature  was  the  elegance  and  splendour  of  the  costumes 
of  the  ladies,  who  generally  appeared  in  the  Greek 
dress,  which  does  not  seem  overloaded  by  the  costly 
addition  of  jewels  and  embroidery ;  the  wearers  are  also 
particularly  good-looking.  Among  the  Frank  popu- 
lation, a  study  of  dress  is  on  all  occasions  a  marked 
characteristic  of  the  females  of  Smyrna.  This  must 
be  observed  by  every  passer  through  their  streets :  at 
every  window  and  doorway  is  seen,  at  all  hours  of  the 
day,  a  fuUy-dressed  head,  ornamented  with  flowers  or 
jewels. 

Determined  not  to  delay  the  commencement  of  our 
expedition  another  day,  I  made  arrangements  for  the 
men  and  eight  horses  to  join  us  in  the  morning  at 
Boojah,  a  village  composed  of  houses  of  the  Frank 
merchants,  to  which  we  walked,  passing  the  Caravan 
Bridge  at  four  o'clock,  on  Thursday  the  27th  of  Fe- 
bruary. Instead  of  turning  to  the  south-east  or  to  the 
right  hand,  soon  after  crossing  the  bridge,  we  con- 
tinued on  the  road  which  led  eastward,  lengthening  our 
walk  by  passing  through  Cooklajah  and  over  the  moun- 
tain to  Boojah,  and  enjoying  the  splendour  of  the  view 


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SMYRNA  TO  CAYSTRUS.  7 

of  Smyrna  and  its  lovely  bay,  carried  into  the  moun- 
tains  by  the  most  luxuriant  valleys.  It  was  seven 
o'clock,  and  quite  dark,  before  we  arrived  at  the  small 
inn  recently  opened  by  our  landlord  of  the  Navy  Hotel 
at  Smyrna. 

Friday,  February  28th. — Our  horses  arrived  at  eight 
o'clock,  and  we  started,  returning  nearly  half  the  way 
to  Smyrna,  to  join  the  route  leading  up  the  valley  to- 
ward the  south-east,  the  same  road  as  that  to  Ephesus. 
On  our  right  lay  the  pretty  village  of  Sideecooe,  on  our 
left  that  of  Boojah:  for  many  miles  the  country  is  scan- 
tily cultivated  with  mulberry-trees,  but  much  of  the  land 
is  capable  of  far  greater  produce ;  the  alluvial  soil  of 
the  valley  is  deep,  and  of  a  nature  to  grow  excellent 
corn.  The  spring  had  scarcely  as  yet  unfolded  a  single 
leaf;  only  a  few  anemones  of  various  colours  sparkled 
among  the  bushes,  and  one  or  two  creeping  plants*  were 
blossoming  on  the  winterly  stems  of  the  wild  pear-tree. 

By  half-past  twelve  o'clock  we  had  ridden  six  post 
hours,  or  about  twenty-three  miles,  and  arrived  at  Tri- 
andeer,  a  few  huts  on  the  bank  of  a  river,  which  we 
had  previously  crossed  about  six  miles  from  this  place. 
We  here  learned  that  our  baggage,  which  had  kept  the 
direct  road  from  Smyrna,  and  which  we  fancied  was 
before  us,  had  not  yet  passed.  We  therefore  waited 
an  hour  at  the  cafi^,  which,  with  an  adjoining  hut, 
firequently  serves  as  a  halting-place  on  the  first  day's 

♦  Clematis  cirrhosa  (Evergreen  Virgin's  Bower). 


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8  LYDIA. 

journey  towards  Idin.  Biendeer,  the  place  of  our  de- 
stination  for  the  evening,  was  still  distant  seven  hours. 
About  five  miles  on  the  way,  the  track  lay  through 
several  Turkish  burial-grounds,  each  containing  remains 
of  ancient  sculptured  marbles — columns,  cornices,  and 
squared  stones;  upon  one  was  the  following  inscription: 

MANTONIVJI 
NICEPHORVJI 
MAPKOZANTONIOZ 
NIKH^OPOZ* 

which  could  not  have  been  moved  far  from  its  original 
site.  Its  first  intention  may  have  been  to  commemo- 
rate the  course  of  a  great  conqueror;  at  present  it 
marks  the  grave  of  some  unknown  Yourook,  or  herds- 
man, whose  race  occupy  the  black  goats-hair  tents  scat- 
tered over  the  widely  extended  plains.  The  country 
for  several  horn's  before  us  was  perfectly  level,  forming 
as  it  were  an  immense  lake,  bounded  on  the  south  by 
the  long  range  of  Mount  Messogis,  whose  promontory 
(the  ancient  Trogilium),  with  its  detached  island  of  Sa- 
mos,  is  concealed  by  the  ranges  of  intervening  hills 
rising  behind  the  ancient  Colophon  and  Teos  in  the 
west.  To  the  east  the  range  of  Mount  Tmolus  rises, 
with  its  barren  crags  capped  with  snow.  Perhaps  no 
valley  in  the  world  would  produce  more  than  this  if 
well  cultivated.  The  quantity  of  olives  grown  on  the 
sloping  base  of  the  mountains  is  very  great,  but  the 

*  **  Marcus  Antonius  Nicephoros." 


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CAYSTRUS.  9 

rich  plains  are  abandoned  to  the  scattered  sheep  or 
goats,  and  in  the  more  swampy  parts  the  buffalo  is  seen 
wallowing  in  the  marshes. 

Before  eight  o'clock,  after  a  ride  of  nearly  fifty  miles 
upon  the  same  horses,  we  arrived  at  Biendeer,  a  town 
which  seems  only  occupied  in  crushing  the  produce  of 
the  surrounding  forest  of  olive-trees.  The  oil  from 
this  district  ranks  high  in  the  Smyrna  market ;  and  this, 
as  well  as  other  articles  of  merchandize  sold  there,  has 
within  the  last  three  years  risen  to  four  times  the  price 
formerly  paid. 

February  29tA. — The  situation  of  Biendeer,  a  large 
Turkish  village  with  four  minaretted  mosques,  is  very 
beautiful,  commanding  a  view  of  the  wonderfully  fine 
valley  in  which  we  travelled  yesterday,  and  across 
which  our  road  continues  today,  to  the  large  town  of 
Thera,  about  eleven  miles  distant,  which  is  distinctly 
visible  to  the  S.S.E.  on  the  steep  side  of  the  Messogis 
mountain. 

Saturday  Evening, — I  have  just  returned  to  my  room 
in  the  picturesque  Greek  khan  at  Thera.  What  a 
Qountry  we  have  passed  through  today ! — teeming  with 
produce,  and  promising  a  still  greater  abundance  to 
more  active  cultivation.  For  three  or  four  miles  before 
we  crossed  the  river  Caystrus,  the  plains  were  covered 
with  the  stems  of  last  year's  cotton  plants,  and  the  rich 
soil  is  again  yielding  to  agricultural  implements'*^  of 
the  same  form  as  those  which  tilled  it  more  than  two 

*  See  Journal  of  1838,  pp.  70  and  333. 


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10  LYDIA. 

thousand  years  ago !  while  the  seeds  of  another  crop 
are  scattered  over  it.  Crossing  the  very  considerable 
river  by  a  newly  built  bridge,  the  land  gradually  rises, 
and  is  well  cultivated  with  corn ;  and  ascending  still 
further  up  a  slight  range  of  rocky  mounds,  we  found 
them  covered  with  vines  and  in  high  cultivation. 
These  continued,  as  we  travelled  over  this  undulating 
ground,  until  we  arrived  in  front  of  the  long  and  beau- 
tifully situated  town  of  Thera,  the  minarets  of  whose 
mosques  (of  which  we  counted  twenty-eight)  are  scat- 
tered over  a  range  of  nearly  two  miles. 

This  town,  which  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Caystrus,  is  built  on  so  steep  an  acclivity,  that  almost 
every  house  is  visible,  peering  above  its  neighbour's 
roof;  the  cypress  and  plane,  of  splendid  growth,  enrich 
the  whole  extent  of  the  place.  In  the  streets,  as  is 
often  the  case  in  Turkish  towns,  are  rapid  streams  of 
water,  up  which  we  rode,  and  crossed  several  well-stored 
bazaars.  The  most  striking  articles  exposed  for  sale 
were  the  largest  grapes  I  ever  saw ;  these  are  grown  in 
the  neighbourhood  in  great  quantities,  for  the  making 
of  raisins,  which,  from  being  sent  to  the  port  of  Smyrna, 
acquire  the  name  well  known  in  our  shops  of  Smyrna 
raisins :  each  grape  is  as  large  as  a  nutmeg,  and  on  send- 
ing a  man  with  a  piastre  and  a  half  (not  quite  3^({.),  to 
purchase  some  for  us,  he  returned  with  two  okes  and 
a  half — ^about  seven  pounds  weight.  Each  bunch  is 
plaited  with  a  cord  of  rushes,  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  raisins  these  strings  of  fruit  are  dipped  into  boiling 


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CAYSTRUS.  1 1 

water  several  times,  and  then  hung  up  in  cool  cellars 
for  three  months  ;  when  taken  down  they  are  fit  for  the 
market. 

Our  whole  route  from  Smjrma  has  been  crossing  or 
following  valleys  ;  no  hill,  excepting  a  slight  rise  out  of 
the  town  of  Smyrna,  has  interrupted  our  course.  In 
this  tract  the  geologist  finds  little  to  interest  him ;  the 
soil  is  alluvial,  and  generally  mixed  with  stones,  the 
debris  of  the  neighbouring  mountains,  which  vary  from 
the  simple  marble  limestone  to  the  tortuous  slaty  stone, 
shivered  by  volcanic  heat,  and  glittering  with  schisty 
micaceous  particles.  The  castle  hill,  near  Smyrna,  is  an 
igneous  rock  of  spurious  granite ;  several  tracks  of  bare 
rock  on  the  valley  are  composed  of  massed  pebbles  or 
pudding*stone,  probably  of  recent  formation.  The  soil 
is  generally  light,  but  near  the  immediate  valley  of  the 
Caystrus  it  is  a  simple  sand,  of  considerable  depth,  with 
scarcely  a  pebble.  Thera  stands  on  a  range  of  moun- 
tain limestone,  much  baked  and  distorted  by  volcanic 
powers,  and  frequently  veined  with  a  crystallized  white 
marble  or  quartz*like  substance,  often  tinged  with  ferru- 
ginous colouring.  I  have  added  several  plants  to  my 
collection,  but  none  strike  me  as  peculiar  to  this  di- 
strict. I  see  the  black  Iris  in  the  turbans  and  hands  of 
the  peasants,  but  have  not  yet  gathered  it  myself;  the 
Christ's-thorn  and  a  kind  of  broom,  form  the  bushy 
tufts  of  the  country. 

On  Sunday,  the   1  st  of  March,  we  started  at  nine 
o'clock  for  Idin ;  our  cavalcade  consisted  of  two  Zoo- 


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12  LYDIA. 

rigee8,  men  who  have  the  charge  of  the  horses  and 
the  three  loads  of  baggage.  I  followed,  with  my 
friends  Mr.  Hesketh  and  Mr.  Scharf,  attended  by 
Pagniotti  Mania,  as  servant  and  dragoman*;  and  in 
the  rear  was  a  Kezann,  or  officer  of  the  police,  well 
mounted  and  superbly  armed.  This  addition  to  our 
train  was  insisted  upon  by  the  Governor  as  a  guard  of 
honour :  I  wished  to  decline  it  as  unnecessary,  but  he 
said  that  the  roads  were  in  a  dangerous  state,  (meaning 
from  the  late  rains,  I  believe,)  and  that  we  had  better 
have  assistance  in  case  of  need.  Thus,  with  ten 
horses,  we  commenced  our  route  up  the  narrow  streets, 
which  are  so  steep  that  many  literally  rise  in  steps. 
On  arriving  a  little  above  the  town  we  paused,  as 
such  trains  are  often  obliged  to  do,  to  re-arrange  the 
baggage. 

From  this  point  we  had  a  fine  view  of  this  curi- 
ously situated  and  extensive  city ;  its  position  is  highly 
picturesque,  and  resembles  the  other  ancient  sites 
now  occupied  by  the  modem  towns  of  Manser  and 
Kootcfya;  they  all  face  the  north.  Although  this  is 
doubtless  the  site  of  Caystrus,  scarcely  a  trace  of  the 
ancient  city  is  to  be  found  ;  a  few  columns  and  capitals 
of  white  marble,  built  into  the  walls,  are  all  that  remain 
to  tell  of  the  former  important  city.     An  ascent  through 

*  Pagniotti  Mania  was  an  honest  and  industrious  servant,  and  well 
acquainted  with  the  habits  and  requirements  of  the  English,  having 
been  several  years  cook  on  board  the  Tribune  ship  of  war,  as  well  as 
in  English  families. 


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CAYSTRUS  TO  TRALLES.  13 

woods  of  olive-trees  showed  another  abundant  source  of 
wealth  to  this  people,  so  highly  favoured  by  nature. 

Our  route  lay  directly  to  the  south,  and  we  breasted 
the  steep  ascent  most  boldly.  I  have  never,  excepting 
on  this  same  range,  in  the  pass  from  the  ancient  Priene 
over  the  Trogilium  promontory,  ascended  so  steep  a 
track ;  in  many  instances  we  were  obliged  to  tack  at 
every  twenty  yards,  doubling  our  own  course ;  afford- 
ing those  in  the  rear  a  collective  view  of  our  diversi- 
fied cavalcade,  all  in  slow  motion,  and  shifting  as  the 
objects  in  a  kaleidescope.  One  of  our  party,  dis- 
mounting to  collect  some  plants,  had  left  his  horse  to 
keep  its  place  in  the  train;  but  cutting  across  an 
angle  in  the  road,  it  thrust  itself  between  the  baggage- 
horses,  which  were  connected  by  cords :  this  checked 
them,  and  as  the  narrow  grip  worn  in  the  rock  was 
scarcely  wide  enough  for  their  feet  to  pass  each  other, 
they  all  stumbled,  and  fell  in  confusion.  My  expe- 
rience told  me  that  our  progress  was  stayed  for  fully 
an  hour.  Our  Turk  Kezann  was  also  aware  of  this,  for 
he  immediately  dismounted,  and,  sitting  on  the  rock, 
prepared  his  pipe  for  an  hour's  repose  and  meditation 
on  the  interruption.  The  poor  animals  were  unloaded, 
and  with  difficulty  lifted  up ;  a  few  cuts,  and  slight  ex- 
haustion from  struggling,  were  all  the  ill  effects  beside 
the  delay.  During  our  detention  we  were  passed  by  a 
Turkish  family  travelling  towards  Idin :  the  female  of 
the  party  afforded  the  annexed  subject  for  the  pencil. 


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14  LYDIA. 


Two  hours  of  uninterrupted  ascent  brought  us  to  the 
sumn^it  of  this  splendid  range  of  mountains.  Turning 
to  the  north-west,  to  review  our  route,  we  saw  the  hills 
of  Smyrna  over  the  uninterrupted  level  of  the  valleys 
we  had  crossed.  On  our  right  lay  the  fine  range  of 
Mount  Tmolus,  partially  concealing  Mount  Sipylus  at 
its  western  extremity,  and  between  these  ranges  lay 
Sardis  and  Philadelphia.  On  our  left  rose  the  high 
mountains  at  the  back  of  Colophon  and  Teos,  and  still 
nearer  were  the  hills  concealing  the  ancient  and  re- 
nowned city  of  Ephesus.  Immediately  below  lay  the 
productive  valley  down  which  winds  the  river  Caystrus, 
circling  the  hills  and  finding  its  way  to  the  sea  in  front 
of  Ephesus.  Icicles  were  around  us,  and  snow  covered 
the  higher  peaks  on  either  side   of  our  pass.     The 


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TRALLES.  15 

mountain  is  composed  entirely  of  a  slaty  schist,  veined 
with  a  quartz-like  substance,  at  times  almost  of  an  agaty 
semi-transparent  stone,  the  whole  much  contorted  and 
shivered  with  volcanic  heat. 

Two  hours  of  rapid  descent  brought  us  within  sight  of 
a  point  that  highly  interested  me.  We  were  travelling 
along  ridges  of  mountains  so  perfectly  hog-backed,  that 
a  stone  dropped  from  either  hand  would  have  rolled 
into  different  valleys;  from  these  abrupt  elevations 
the  whole  nature  of  the  country  was  visible.  On  the 
soil  which  clothed  the  hills  upon  which  we  stood,  and 
which  we  had  traversed,  not  a  green  leaf  was  seen, 
unless  olives  may  be  called  green ;  the  chestnut  and 
dwarf-oak  trees  were  brown  with  the  dead  leaves  of  last 
year ;  all  others  were  grey  with  the  naked  branches  of 
winter.  About  two  •miles  before  us  appeared  a  distinct 
line  marked  with  a  slight  valley,  cut  by  the  increasing 
stream  from  the  mountains,  beyond  which  all  was 
green ;  and  the  red,  broken  and  rotten-looking  cliffs, 
seen  through  the  woods  of  fir-trees,  at  once  reminded 
me  of  the  peculiarity  I  had  noticed  in  the  hills  lining 
and  flanking  the  mountains  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
valley  of  the  Mseander.  I  now  discovered  that  this 
mass  of  deposited  gravel  and  sand  formed  a  belt  of  at 
least  ten  miles  in  width.  As  we  approached,  we  saw 
that  it  had  the  other  peculiarities  of  being  cavernous, 
and  varying  in  its  colours  and  component  parts. 

Continuing  our  passage  of  the  mountain  towards  the 
south,  we  arrived  at  a  comparatively  level  road,  which 


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16  LYDIA. 

we  followed  eastward  to  the  town  of  Idin.  The  whole 
distance  from  Thera  can  only  be  reckoned  by  time, 
and  the  journey  took  us  eight  hours,  two  hours  of 
ascent  and  six  hours  of  descent,  and  this  necessarily  at 
a  very  slow  pace.  The  geological  peculiarities  did  not 
engage  my  attention  sufficiently  to  prevent  my  admi- 
ration of  the  splendid  scenery,  which  we  should  have 
enjoyed  more  had  daylight  continued  longer ;  but  even- 
ing closed  upon  us  before  we  arrived  at  Idin  at  seven 
o'clock.  I  today  recognised  the  clear  and  sonorous 
chirp  of  the  Bee-Heater  hovering  over  the  fir-trees,  and 
the  sweet  song  of  the  Bunting* ;  several  of  the  small 
white  vultures  were  also  soaring  high  above  our  heads. 
March  2nd. — Idin  is  at  present  like  a  large  builder's 
yard ;  almost  the  whole  of  the  bazaars  are  rebuilding, 
and  scarcely  a  street  is  passable.*  I  have  spoken  in 
my  former  Journal  of  the  town  ;  it  has  lost  much  of  its 
beauty  by  the  difference  of  season,  as  the  numerous 
trees  in  the  streets  are  now  without  their  leaves.  I 
have  seen  more  of  its  antiquities,  which  chiefly  consist 
of  the  various  marbles  and  coins  found  daily  upon  the 
hUl  overhanging  the  present  town,  and  upon  which 
stood  the  ancient  Tralles  ;  the  most  conspicuous  build- 
ing that  now  remains  is  the  ruin  of  the  Palaestra  or 
Gymnasium.  I  have  before  noticed  this  as  having 
materials  of  much  older  buildings  worked  up  in  its 
formation,  several  of  which  have  inscriptions  in   the 

*  Emberiza  mehnocephala  (Blackheaded  Bunting). 


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TRALLES.  17 

Greek  language.  This  morning,  with  the  aid  of  a  tele- 
scope and  with  xjonsiderable  dilSSculty,  I  copied  the  fol- 
lowing, which  is  high  up  in  the  building.  I  fear  it  is 
too  imperfect  to  be  of  service. 


yHCENMAYA#.^APECrON 
BOYAAPKHENNTAArOPANOMH 
EANTAEIPBNVICNCANCACT 
THTHEANrAIKAnPOTI^^^ 
ALArONII.J^A^.^IANrA 
HENOM-NCIirCNEOAinHM^^^g^ 
NION^^OTACIKPATIABOYAH 
PANTICECTINMnErEITIOYOVrrN 

n  PONOH  CM  ENOYTKEAN  ACTAC  E 
OCTOYANAPIANTOCMAYPrnrHPI 
XOYTOYYIOYAYTOYBOYAH  C  AH 
MOYrEPOYCIACrPAMMATEOr  * 

At  Smyrna  I  had  heard  much  of  the  statues  disco- 
vered and  preserved  by  Tahir  Pasha,  and  of  persons 

*  The  four  last  lines  inform  us,  that  M.  Aurel.  Gogerichus  [Sote- 
ricus?],  a  Secretary  to  the  Council,  the  People  and  the  Gerusia,  super- 
intended the  erection  of  a  statue  in  honour  of  his  father,  whose  name, 
according  to  the  second  line,  seems  to  be  M.  Aurel.  Arestus.  The 
first  part  of  the  inscription  mentions  the  honorary  decree  of  the  Coun- 
cil and  the  People,  and  then  follow  doubtless  some  of  the  titles,  which 
appear  in  two  other  Trallian  inscriptions  published  by  Colonel  Leake 
(Diary,  pp.  339.  340).  We  can  distinguish  those  of  Bularches  (Presi- 
dent of  the  Council  }),  Agoranomos  (Superintendent  of  Markets,  like 
the  Aedilis  of  the  Romans),  Eirenarches  and  Strategos  (Praetor  or 
President). 

C 


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18 


LYDIA. 


who  had  travelled  thence  to  see  them  :  how  strange  it 
seems  that  such  specimens  as  the  following  should  alone 
he  prized,  when  the  country  is  rich  in  the  works  of  the 
ancient  Greeks !  Upon  two  marble  blocks,  apparently 
pedestals,  which  are  now  built  into  the  wall  on  either 
side  of  the  entrance  to  the  Pasha's  house,  are  bas- 
reliefs  of  a  low  age,  probably  Byzantine,  or  perhaps  as 
late  as  the  Crusades :  they  each  have  a  superscription. 


OnYKI€ICAIIOMAKIC€l- 
leMYAABeNOYACICMOlPA 

lencn  poTorAPOvrnce 

AAAMAICIN€M€NNeKYN 
NSATA^HNAI 

v, ■ ^ 


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TRALLES.  19 

On  the  other  side  of  the  door  is  a  somewhat  similar 
pedestal,  with  this  inscription : 

OirANN€IKHCACAA€Nl^ 
A€MOIPAKPATAIHHrAr€ 
NKAINYNTYNBYCinPOK6IMAI€CXT€ 
BIOTOYX€IPCIN*ONIAICAMAPANTO  * 

These  were  found  only  a  few  months  ago,  as  well  as 
several  broken  statues,  which  are  preserved  with  great 
care  by  the  Pasha,  who  is  anxious  to  acquire  the  Euro- 
pean taste  for  such  things ;  at  present  a  well- sculptured 
eagle,  which  has  lost  its  own  head,  is  supplied  with  that 
of  a  female  figure.  Beneath  the  eagle  is  the  following 
inscription : 

AlOrENHZOPei^ 
OZeEAAIIEYXA 

irrnNTOYTOYZ 

AYAETOYZANE 
GHKEt 

The  whole  of  the  antiquities  found  here  are  of  a  base 
Roman  age :  the  coins  are  very  numerous,  but  among 

*  The  little  we  can  make  out  in  these  two  inscriptions,  which  seem 
in  some  way  to  correspond  with  each  other,  shows  that  they  were 
consecrated  to  the  honour  of  warriors,  or  a  warrior  "  conquered  by 
late,"  and  perhaps  buried  near  the  spot.  Judging  from  the  last  lines, 
they  were  written  in  hexameters ;  in  the  second  inscription  we  may 
trace  several  verses,  not  altogether  unintelligible,  but  are  unable  to 
connect  them. 

t  TVanslatioH, — "  Diogenes  Orthios  has  gratefully  consecrated  these 
two  eagles  to  the  god  Jupiter." 

c2 


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20  LYDIA. 

hundreds  brought  to  me  I  have  not  seen  one  of  the 
ancient  Greek:  they  are  generally  of  the  Byzantine 
empire,  and  have  monograms  and  effigies  of  saints 
upon  them. 

I  fear  I  have  been  rude  to  the  Pasha,  but  his  too  great 
attention  almost  merits  the  same  charge.  My  object  for 
travelling  is  to  see  the  people  and  the  country,  its  na- 
tural history,  and  its  remains  of  ancient  art,  and  not  to 
waste  time  and  money  in  visiting  the  higher  classes, 
whose  attempts  to  act  the  European  rather  disgust 
than  amuse.  I  was  told  by  my  Smymese  friends  that  I 
must  take  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Tahir  Pasha,  as  he 
was  one  of  the  most  powerful  and  enlightened  men  in  the 
country — an  excellent  fellow,  who  speaks  Italian,  drinks 
champagne,  smokes  cigars^  dances,  and  wears  white-kid 
gloves  !  I  explained,  that  to  pay  a  visit  to  him  would 
not  accord  with  my  plans,  for,  as  a  traveller,  my  time 
was  limited  and  my  wardrobe  scanty,  and  I  received  the 
letter  without  any  intention  of  using  it ;  notwithstand- 
ing this,  I  found  that  my  arrival  had  been  anticipated 
by  the  Pasha,  and  on  my  applying  for  horses  to  leave 
the  town,  he  sent  word  that  he  had  been  expecting  me 
some  days,  and  that  I  must  come  and  stay  with  him. 
I  returned  an  answer,  regretting  that  my  haste  in  pass- 
ing through  the  town  would  prevent  my  doing  myself 
that  honour,  and  sent  many  civil  acknowledgments  for 
his  kindness ;  he  again  sent  to  beg  me  to  come  to  him, 
but  I  was  from  home.  The  servant  asked  for  horses, 
but  the  Pasha  told  him  that  no  answer  would  be  given 


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NYSA.  21 

until  the  next  day,  evidently  wishing  to  detain  me  ;  ob- 
serving at  the  same  time,  that  English  lords  and  great 
princes  had  visited  him,  and  that  I  ought  to  come  to 
stay  at  his  palace ;  but  I  much  preferred  our  humble  but 
independent  khan.  During  his  absence  from  the  palace, 
I  went  up  and  saw  his  few  relics  in  the  garden,  and  left 
my  thanks  and  apologies  for  not  calling  upon  his  Ex- 
cellency, adding  as  my  excuse  that  I  had  no  costume  fit 
to  wear  in  his  presence.  About  eighty  piastres  were 
greedily  swallowed  by  the  begging  servants  on  this  occa- 
sion. After  detaining  us  for  want  of  an  order  for  horses 
until  two  o'clock  the  following  day,  we  at  last  made  an 
escape  without  a  visit  of  form. 

March  2krd. — ^The  day  being  so  far  spent,  we  have 
only  journeyed  twelve  miles,  to  the  small  village  of 
Keosk,  where  I  copied  from  a  pedestal  in  the  burial- 
ground  the  following  inscription : 

NEPOJiANJiA^^AION 

ZEBATTONrEPMANIKON 

lAYTOKPATOPA'^OEON 

^jsnNKAniEpnzE 

MM^TO 
OiSOYnAA^IAOKAnOYANI^NlOY 

EniMEAHeENTOZ^ 

TIBEPIOYKAAYAIOYNEPONOZOYZ 

rKYPEIN^IEBOKAEOYO<l>IAOPMZAZOZ 

AfNOY        YIOYnOAEOZ  > <  * 

*  We  can  decipher  only  the  three  first  and  the  four  last  lines  with  cer- 
tainty.    In  the  fourth  there  was  probably  the  name  of  the  corporation 


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22  LYDIA. 

On  the  evening  of  the  4th  we  proceeded  eight  miles, 
to  Sultan  Kissd,  which  lies  about  a  mile  on  the  left  of 
the  road :  leaving  the  horses  at  the  village,  we  walked 
about  two  miles  further  up  the  hill,  to  examine  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  supposed  to  be  Nysa,  a  mile 
above  which  lies  the  modern  village  of  Esky  Hissa. 
The  ruins  are  interesting ;  they  show  distinctly  the  form 
of  a  theatre,  facing  the  south  ;  and  many  of  the  seats, 
with  overhanging  mouldings,  still  remain.  The  theatre, 
as  well  as  the  general  situation  of  the  city,  is  a  stri- 
king instance  of  the  selection  by  the  ancient  Greeks 
of  a  site  for  their  theatres  commanding  extensive  and 
beautiful  views. 

The  prospect  was  here  exquisite  :  in  front,  on  either 
hand,  stood  the  ornamental  buildings  of  the  city,  form- 
ing a  vista  which  embraced  a  view  of  richly- wooded 
hills,  divided  by  rapid  streams,  hastening  to  a  valley  un- 
rivalled in  luxuriant  vegetation.  Through  this  runs  the 
**  winding  Mseander,"  visible  for  upwards  of  fifty  miles, 
and  making  as  many  curves  in  its  meandering  course. 

who  "  consecrated  [the  statue  of)  Nero  Claudius  Augustus  Germanicus, 
the  Emperor  and  God."  This  is  the  emperor  known  to  us  by  the  name 
of  Nero,  who,  like  many  others,  was  in  his  lifetime  styled  God  by  Gre- 
cian flattery.  In  the  last  lines  are  the  names  of  Tiberius  Claudius 
Nero,  being  however  not  those  of  the  emperor,  but  of  the  person  who 
'*  superintended  the  erection — Hierocles,  the  son  of  Philormas  [or 
Philoromaeus],  belonging  to  the  Roman  tribus  Quirina,  and  an  hon- 
ourable son  of  the  city,"  i.  e.  presented,  as  it  were  by  adoption,  with 
its  freedom. 


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NYSA.  23 

The  whole  of  the  scene  is  bounded  by  the  mountains 
of  Caria,  many  at  this  time  capped  with  snow.  A 
stream  originally  ran  through  an  arched  passage  under 
the  theatre,  and  another  building,  probably  a  stadium, 
in  front;  but  much  of  this  subterranean  course  had 
fallen  in,  rendering  the  broken  arch  and  walls  on  either 
side  an  accumulated  mass  of  ruins.  I  found  but  one 
inscription,  and  that  was  in  the  village  below,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  copy : 

AlAIONIOYAIoNnPC 
EYBOYAIANONYnATI 
KAICYNKAHTIKW>iCYn 
AlAIA^AABIAEfNAT 
KAHETMAEINA 
HAZIOAOrwTATH 
TONEAYTHCCYNBIC  * 

From  Sultan  Hissei,  called  by  the  Greeks  Heliopblis, 
we  rode  for  twelve  miles  to  Naslee,  the  whole  country 
from  Idin  being  a  continued  succession  of  orchards 
and  fields  of  com.  The  soil  is  light,  and  the  roads  are 
perfectly  flat :  for  many  miles  they  serve  as  the  courses 
for  the  water  drawn  oflf  from  the  mountain-streams  for 
the  purposes  of  irrigation.  Scarcely  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
in  the  whole  distance  is  without  some  wrought  stone 

*  Translation, — "  Aelia  Flavia  Egnatia  Capitolina,  the  most  illus- 
trious [erects  this  to  the  memory  of]  Aelius  Julius Euhulia- 

Dus  [?]  of  a  consular  and  senatorial  family,  her  husband." 


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24  LYDIA. 

of  a  former  age ;  hundreds  of  capitals  and  bases  of 
columns  have  been  converted  into  well-copings  and 
troughs.  Some  few  appeared  of  fine  workmanship, 
but  the  greater  number  are  of  a  low  Roman  age. 

March  6th. — We  were  detained  the  whole  of  yesterday 
hourly  waiting  for  horses ;  for  the  establishment  of  the 
Post  had  been  drained  for  the  use  of  some  soldiers  on 
their  way  to  Constantinople.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
these  naturally  peaceable  people  should  not  attend 
more  to  the  cultivation  of  their  country,  instead  of 
so  industriously  learning  of  the  Europeans  their  vices 
and  arts  of  war.  I  have  alreadv  seen  three  Turks  in- 
toxicated,  and,  with  their  bottle  in  hand,  still  asking 
for  arrack. 

I  observed  several  young  soldiers  idling  about  the 
village:  their  costume  is  worn  in  a  most  unbecoming 
manner;  they  are  dressed  in  children's  short-waisted 
jackets,  of  various  colours,  but  mostly  grey ;  they  have 
no  stocks  or  shirts,  and  the  white  lining  of  their  red 
fezes  is  pulled  over  their  ears ;  the  trousers,  which  are 
the  peculiar  pride  of  the  modernized  Turk,  are  of  white, 
but  often  so  wide  in  the  waist  that  they  drag,  and  hang 
loosely  round  the  loins ;  the  boots,  which  are  yellow, 
generally  dirty,  and  trodden  down  at  heel,  are  intended 
to  be  worn  as  our  Wellington  boots;  but  the  Turks 
always  push  the  loose  bottoms  of  their  trousers  into 
them,  and  walk  in  their  customary  slipshod  way :  the 
legs  also  have  too  long  been  accustomed  to  bend  out- 
ward at  the  knee,  in  the  sitting  posture  of  the  Turk,  to 


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NASLEE.  25 

straighten  themselves  at  the  word  of  command.  The 
pay  to  these  training-soldiers,  who  are  ever  at  com- 
mand, and  devote  one  day  in  each  week  to  drill,  is 
twenty-five  piastres  (4^.  8d.)  a  month,  and  a  ration  of 
half  an  oke  of  bread  (nearly  a  pound  and  a  half)>  worth 
half  a  piastre  {\^d.)y  a  day  :  additional  clothes  are  given 
when  the  recruit  joins  the  army  at  Constantinople. 

There  has  been  a  great  market  or  fair  here,  and  the 
busy  scene  was  highly  amusing  ;  but  from  the  excessive 
dirt  of  the  streets,  increased  by  the  heavy  rains,  which 
wetted  us  through  before  our  arrival  last  evening,  we 
could  not  half  enjoy  the  bustle.  While  standing  amidst 
the  crowd,  I  copied  an  inscription  from  a  sarcophagus, 
ornamented  with  wreaths  and  Apollo-like  heads,  but  of 
a  low  style  of  sculpture. 

KIZAEIAIATAYTI<>CCniPPA*t€ANnPPAPOKATEOZ 
NoNirrAAIXBIAEinrr^ANYVOYKAAACSANAPOY 
TOIZNOZRANIoMOYolB  * 

In  the  afternoon  we  rambled  in  search  of  a  clean 
walk,  down  the  lanes  to  a  village  of  the  same  name 

*  Dransiatian. — "  A  copy  of  this  inscription  has  been  deposited  in 
the  archives,  under  the  Stephanephorus,  Claudius  Alexander,  on  the 
twelfth  day  of  the  month  Panemus." 

These  are  the  last  lines  of  the  usual  sarcophagus  inscription ;  those 
preceding  contained  the  names  of  the  persons  buried,  and  were  proba- 
bly cut  upon  the  lid,  which  has  been  removed.  The  month  of  Pane- 
mus  was  both  in  the  Macedonian  and  Ephesian  almanacks,  and  in  the 
latter  began  on  the  24th  of  May. 


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26  CARIA. 

as  this,  in  which  the  Aga  resides.  Naslee  bears  an 
additional  name,  indicating  its  being  the  mercantile 
town.  The  sun  shone  brightly,  and  its  warmth  made 
the  banks  by  the  way-side  interesting  to  the  natura- 
list. The  early  spring  iBowers  were  just  bursting,  and 
I  added  the  crocus,  hyacinth,  heart's-ease  and  many 
others  to  my  collection*.  Among  the  fresh  green  weeds 
basked  a  small  chameleon ;  we  watched  it,  and  handled 
it  in  its  green  retreat.  The  peculiarities  of  this  little 
creature  were  novel  to  some  of  our  party.  I  there- 
fore took  it  into  my  hand,  to  show  them  the  revolving 
motion  of  the  eye ;  its  colour  was  then  a  bright  yel- 
low green ;  gradually  it  burst  out  in  blotches  of  grey, 
giving  a  dull  appearance  to  the  whole  body.  I  then 
placed  it  on  the  dark-coloured  earth,  and  in  a  few 
seconds  its  colour  was  entirely  grey,  the  remaining  yel- 
low spots  becoming  gradually  indistinct.  On  the  grass 
it  soon  recovered  its  primitive  hue,  and  we  left  it  crawl- 
ing clumsily  among  the  weeds  on  the  sunny  bank.  A 
few  steps  further,  one  of  the  beautiful  green  lizards  lay 
basking,  but  its  quick  eye  saw  us,  and  with  the  nervous 
rapidity  so  peculiar  to  it,  it  sheltered  itself  among  the 
dead  reeds.  T  was  surprised  to  see  a  frog  also  en- 
joying the  sun,  avoiding  the  water,  and  sitting  on  the 
sandy  bank :  its  colour  is  of  the  lightest  and  bright- 
est green,  and  it  is  of  a  kind  I  have  never  seen  in 

*  A  list  of  the  plants  which  I  collected  during  my  tour  will  be 
given  in  the  Appendix. 


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ANTIOCHEIA.  27 

Europe.  The  cimex,  and  many  others  of  the  insect 
tribe,  are  adding  their  happiness  to  the  joys  of  the 
season.  The  birds  were  not  numerous ;  several  varie- 
ties of  hawks  were  sailing  about  or  hovering  over  their 
prey ;  and  the  favoured  storks  were  flying  with  sticks 
to  add  to  their  last  year's  nests,  which  had  remained 
undisturbed  on  the  chimneys,  mosques,  or  baths  of 
their  protector  the  Turk. 

From  a  broken  column  I  also  copied  the  following 
inscription : 

AYTOKPAiirrOPA 
OYECRAIJi  lANO 
OAHNOrCIJl 

Yehnejahj  March  6th. — It  was  1 1  o'clock  this  morn- 
ing before  we  could  get  horses,  which  has  caused  us  to 
halt  here  after  a  ride  of  six  hours.  The  direct  distance 
is  not  more  than  eighteen  or  twenty  miles,  but  we  have 
gone  out  of  our  way  to  visit  the  ruins  of  what  is 
thought  to  be  the  ancient  Antiocheia;  its  situation  upon 
an  isolated  rock,  rising  in  the  centre  of  the  mouth  of 
the  valley  of  the  Mosynus,  and  commanding  a  view  of 
that  of  the  Maeander,  is  worthy  of  the  ancient  Greeks ; 
but  the  ruins  now  covering  and  undermining  its  sum- 
mit are  not  equal  to  any  works  attributed  to  the  worst 

*  "  The  Emperor  Vespaaianus.     The  People has  consecrated 

it/' — t.  €,  his  statue,  which  may  have  heen  on  the  column. 


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28  CARIA. 

age  of  the  Romans ;  with  the  exception  of  the  nume- 
rous arches  under  the  ground,  the  whole  is  built  of 
loose  stones,  as  picked  up  from  the  mountain.  I 
should  say  that  the  city,  if  it  has  been  one,  bears  the 
appearance  of  having  been  a  camp  hastily  fortified  by 
a  powerful  people  ;  cement  is  used  in  some  places,  but 
the  walls  are  mostly  packed  together  with  loose  stones 
of  a  small  size,  all  unwrought.  I  saw  but  eight  or 
ten  squared  stones  in  the  whole  place ;  one  fragment 
of  a  fluted  column  of  white  marble  stood  a  solitary 
work  of  art.  The  ancient  river  Mosynus  is  spread 
over  a  wide  expanse  towards  the  west,  which  we  forded, 
fearing  the  muddy  swamps  more  than  the  depth  of  the 
water,  which  scarcely  reached  to  the  knees  of  our 
horses. 

On  leaving  Naslee,  we  travelled  up  the  valley  for  two 
hours,  nearly  to  the  town  of  Goojak ;  then  turning  off 
the  road,  towards  the  south,  we  soon  found  a  few  huts, 
forming  the  village  of  Andaluh,  neai*  the  wooden  bridge 
crossing  the  Maeander;  about  a  mile  further,  on  the 
southern  banks,  stands  the  village  of  Birlehbay.  Travel- 
ling for  two  hours  to  the  eastward,  and  turning  up  the 
valley  of  the  Mosynus  to  the  south,  we  passed  a  pretty 
little  woody  village  called  Arrdchiflee  ;  from  this  place 
the  country  is  rendered  unfit  for  cultivation  by  the 
stones  and  masses  of  rock  rolled  down  from  the  schisty 
slaty  mountains  forming  the  western  boundary  of  the 
valley  of  the  Mosynus.  The  road  from  Yehnejah  to 
Karasoo  passes  for  about  twelve  miles  over  an  unpro- 


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APHRODISIAS.  29 

ductive  but  highly  picturesque  country.  The  Spring  is 
not  stirring,  and  the  wind  from  the  east  is  rendered 
still  more  cold  by  passing  over  the  snows  of  Mount 
Cadmus. 

The  hills  which  vary  the  road  up  this  valley  are  of 
a  curious  composition ;  on  the  surface  the  stones  are 
so  niunerous  that  the  plough  is  not  used ;  the  beautiful 
stone-pine  and  tufts  of  underwood  are  almost  the  only 
produce,  and  beneath  the  surface  the  hills  are  formed 
of  broken  and  generally  washed  or  rolled  stones,  held 
slightly  together  by  a  white  limy-looking  substance, 
which  appears  slacked  and  crumbling  in  pieces  ;  this  is 
occasionally  stratified,  and  then  shows  layers  of  a  hard 
flinty  kind  of  opake  clay,  somewhat  resembling  the  sin- 
gular layers  of  chalcedony  that  I  have  seen  in  Phrygia. 
These  hills,  from  the  nature  of  their  composition,  are 
gradually  washed  away  by  the  mountain-streams,  and 
deep  ravines  intersect  the  valley  in  all  directions. 
These  ravines  a£ford  a  beautiful  variety  of  luxuriant 
vegetation;  the  oleander,  pomegranate,  vine  and  plane, 
are  in  the  summer  contrasted  with  the  dark  green  pines 
on  the  cli£fs  above. 

March  7th. — Karasoo  is  a  large  straggling  Turkish 
village,  with  more  than  usual  activity,  from  the  various 
trades  of  the  potter,  the  dyer  and  bleacher,  which  seem 
to  be  carried  on  upon  every  open  space  in  the  town. 
Streams  of  excellent  water,  as  usual,  run  through  almost 
every  street;  but  here  a  clear  stream  with  its  deep 
ravine  divides  the  town,  and  forms  an  important  tribu- 


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30  CARIA. 

tary  to  the  Mosynus,  which  has  its  course  in  the  valley 
about  two  miles  below  the  town.  The  name  of  Kara- 
BOO,  meaning:  *  black  water/  is  probably  given  from  the 
appearance  of  the  water  in  the  shadowed  ravine,  con- 
trasted with  the  red  or  white  muddy  colour  of  the 
water  of  the  Maeander  or  Lycus.  Coins  and  gems  of 
a  late  Greek  age,  and  down  almost  to  the  time  of  the 
Crusades,  are  offered  here  abundantly  for  sale,  and  are 
all  obtained  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Yeerah,  the 
ancient  Aphrodisias,  about  eight  miles  distant,  which 
city  was  our  attraction  in  visiting  this  district ;  but  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  horses  in  these  small  places  de- 
tains us  here  until  tomorrow. 

Sunday  y  March  8th. — In  traversing  the  extended  val- 
ley, which  at  a  distance  appeared  an  immense  plain, 
wherein  are  collected  the  waters  of  the  Mosynus,  we 
found  it  varied  with  considerable  hills  and  very  deeply 
cut  dells,  formed  by  the  numerous  streams.  These 
streams  have  their  mills  with  overshot  wheels,  and  are 
shadowed  by  the  enormous  arms  of  the  spreading  plane- 
trees  :  around  them  is  a  tract  of  land  generally  well 
cultivated,  the  whole  forming  a  pleasing  variety  in  this 
too  neglected  district.  We  arrived  at  Aphrodisias  be- 
fore noon,  approaching  the  city  through  the  district 
of  its  tombs :  sarcophagi  marked  the  road  for  the  last 
mile ;  and  as  we  entered  the  gate,  so  much  of  interest 
met  the  eye,  that  we  determined  to  remain  here  some 
days. 

The  present  state  of  the  village  is  most  ruinous; 


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APHRODISIAS.  31 

twenty  only  out  of  about  a  hundred  huts  are  occu- 
pied, all  the  others  being  inhabited  by  owls ;  the  soci- 
able crane  seems  to  have  deserted  the  bundle  of  sticks 
piled  upon  the  ruined  houses,  and  a  few  solitary  birds 
stand,  like  monuments  of  melancholy,  on  the  chimneys 
of  their  protectors'  huts.  I  hear  that  there  are  still  two 
hundred  people,  including  women  and  children,  in  the 
village  and  neighbourhood,  but  I  have  seen  scarcely 
an  individual  amongst  the  masses  of  ruins  forming  the 
streets. 


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32 


CHAPTER  II. 

The  ancient  Aphrodisiaa — ^Teiaple  of  Venus — Pagan  Age— Christian 
Age — Present  State — Sarcophagi — ^Natural  History — Karasoo — Ar- 
rival of  the  New  Firman  or  Code  of  Laws — Consequent  Changes — 
Return  to  the  Valley  of  the  Mseander — the  River  Harpasus — Pass- 
age of  the  Mountains — Valley  of  the  Marsyas. 

AphrodisiaSj  March  \Oth. — We  have  taken  possession  of 
a  house  once  attached  to  that  of  the  Aga,  which  forms 
a  picturesque  object  from  our  window  ;  its  owner  has 
for  some  years  left  it  to  decay.  I  must  endeavour  to 
describe  in  some  degree  the  interesting  objects  that 
detain  us  here.  Aphrodisias  lies  to  the  east  of  the  head 
of  the  valley  which  gives  rise  to  the  Mosynus,  and 
is  beautifully  bounded  by  mountains  of  considerable 
importance.  Cadmus  rises  majestically  on  the  east, 
while  the  distant  summits  of  Mount  Tmolus  towering 
above  the  range  of  Messogis,  are  seen  in  the  north  : 
the  elevation  of  the  city  above  the  sea  is  about  a 
thousand  feet,  the  air  healthy  and  cool,  and  the  water 
excellent.  I  see  no  river  or  stream,  but  the  old  foun- 
tains are  supplied  from  distant  sources  in  the  hills. 
Aphrodisias  is  not  in  appearance  the  site  of  an  an- 


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APHRODISIAS.  33 

cient  Greek  city ;  it  lies  low,  and  its  principal  buildings 
are  not,  as  usual,  elevated  above  the  rest  of  the  town.  It 
is  difficult  to  describe  the  ruins  of  this  city ;  I  never 
saw  in  one  place  so  many  perfect  remains,  although  by 
no  means  of  a  good  age  of  the  arts.  The  opinion  I 
shall  venture  to  give  is  founded  wholly  upon  my  ob- 
servation of  the  ruins  as  they  exist,  in  perfect  ignorance 
of  any  historical  accounts.  I  have  copied  many  of  the 
inscriptions,  and  hope  to  increase  my  knowledge  by 
their  after-examination. 

On  this  site  I  see  no  trace  either  of  the  position, 
grandeur  of  design,  or  hard  style  of  sculpture,  accom- 
panied with  the  beauty  of  simplicity,  which  so  pecu- 
liarly mark  the  cities  of  the  early  Greeks.  In  much  of 
the  material  of  the  temple,  and  perhaps  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  many  of  its  columns,  may  be  traced  a  city 
probably  of  a  date  two  centuries  before  the  Christian 
aera :  its  stadium  on  the  north  side  of  the  city  is  still 
magnificent,  running  from  east  to  west,  and  having 
both  ends  circular ;  most  of  its  seats  are  still  remain- 
ing, and  in  itself  this  building  alone  would  repay  the 
trouble  of  a  visit  to  this  city.  On  the  south  side  is  a 
small  hill,  artificially  formed,  probably  to  contain  a  thea- 
tre, the  ruins  of  which  face  the  south-east ;  a  few  foun- 
dations would  lead  us  to  suppose  that  temples  may  have 
ornamented  this  little  acropolis.  In  the  centre  of  the 
city  stood  a  beautiful  Ionic  temple ;  fifteen  of  its  white, 
marble,  fluted  columns  are  still  standing,  and  some  have 
tablets  left  uncut  where  the  shaft  was  fluted,  telling  by 

D 


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34  CARIA. 

their  inscriptions  that  they  were  offerings  to  the  temple 
of  Venus  or  Aphrodite,  the  goddess  to  whom  the  city 
was  dedicated. 

EYMAXOZAeHNA 
rOPOYTOYAeHNArO 
POYTOYEYM  AXOYAI 
OrENHZ^IAOKAIZAP 
KAIAMMIAZAIONYZI 
OY^YZIAEAAPAZTOY 
TOYMOAflNOZOAYN 
niATTONKIONAeEA 
A4>POAITHKAITll 
AHMn* 

These  stand,  I  doubt  not,  upon  their  original  bases, 
although  from  their  reversed  tablets,  the  irregular  join- 
ing of  the  flutes,  and  several  other  points,  I  judge  that 
they  have  been  thrown  down  and  afterwards  piled  up  in 
their  present  form. 

Many  other  remains,  showing  different  orders  of  ar- 
chitecture, in  columns  and  friezes,  attest,  without  doubt, 
the  existence  of  numerous  temples,  and  indicate  a  beau- 
tiful city  built  wholly  of  white  marble,  large  blocks  of 
which  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  ruins,  many  measuring 

*  Translation, — "  Eumachus  Diogenes  Philocsesar,  the  son  of  Athe- 
nagoras,  the  son  of  Athenagoras,  the  son  of  Eumachus  ;  and  Ammias 
Olympias,  the  [adopted]  daughter  of  Dionysius,  hut  hy  hirth  that  of 
Adrastus,  the  son  of  Molon;  [give]  this  column  to  the  goddess 
Aphrodite  «nd  to  the  People." 


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APHRODISIAS.  35 

nine  or  ten  feet  in  length.  Slabs,  probably  from  the 
cellas  of  temples,  covered  with  inscriptions,  are  used  as 
material  to  a  very  great  extent.  I  copied  inscriptions 
from  upwards  of  fifty  of  these,  all  of  an  age  perhaps 
one  or  two  centuries  before  our  aera.  The  sarcophagi, 
which  extend  half  a  mile  to  the  west,  must  also  rank 
with  this  state  of  the  city.  A  few  Greek  coins  are  found 
in  the  ruins,  but  they  are  very  scarce. 

My  next  description  carries  us  to  an  age  probably  two 
or  three  centuries  subsequent  to  the  Christian  aera.  The 
whole  of  the  temples  and  public  buildings,  excepting  only 
the  stadium  (which,  by  a  wall  built  across  it  near  the  cir- 
cular  end,  seems  to  have  been  converted  into  an  amphi- 
theatre) must  have  been  demolished  ;  for  a  city  arose 
surrounded  by  walls  two  miles  in  circuit,  with  gates  of 
triple  arches  to  the  west,  east,  and  south  :  these  walls  are 
composed  of  the  remains  of  temples,  tombs,  and  theatres, 
removed,  although  uninjured.  The  reversed  inscrip- 
tions and  inverted  bas-reliefs  bear  testimony  to  the 
change ;  and  the  beautiful  cornices  of  Greek  Pagan  tem- 
ples are  now  rudely  carved  with  inscriptions,  and  placed 
over  the  gateways,  recording  the  changed  religion  and 
the  age  in  which  they  were  piled  up.  Even  the  Pagan 
name  of  the  city  was  changed,  for  in  the  following  in- 
scription it  appears  to  be  called  Tauropolis. 

♦AKWCTANTIONTONAAMnPOTATONHrEMONHB 
OYAHKAIOAHMOCMETATUNAAAUNEPrUNKAITO 
TElXOCANACTHCANTAiii    EniEYTYXIATHCAAMRP 

d2 


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36  CARIA. 

AC  TAYPOVnOAITWNMHTPOnKAITOYTOTOEPrO 
NTHZnYAHCANAINEU)eHEni4>AAMnEAIOYTOYEA 

AOriMCXKnATPOCINAH^  * 

The  Cross,  with  the  alpha  and  omega,  and  other  mo- 

*  "The  Senate  and  the  People  honoured  [probably  by  erecting  a  sta- 
tue] the  most  splendid  Flavius  Constantius,  who,  among  other  works, 
also  rebuilt  the  wall.  For  the  welfare  of  the  splendid  metropolis  of 
the  Taurupolitans,  the  works  also  about  the  gate  were  repaired  under 
Flavins  Ampelius,  the  most  distinguished  lawyer,  and  father  [of  the 
corporation,  viz.  its  representative  in  legal  affairs],  in  the  eighth  year 
of  the  Indiction." 

Given  by  Boeekh,  2746. 

The  date  of  the  latter  inscription  we  cannot  fix,  although  Francke, 
who,  as  we  are  informed  by  Boeekh,  has  very  well  ei^plained  it, 
thought  it  was  the  year  a.d.  349-350.  The  Indictions  we  know 
to  have  begun  a.d.  313 ;  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  how  many  of 
them  elapsed  before  the  one  in  the  eighth  year  of  which  Ampelius 
repaired  the  gate  of  Aphrodisias-Tauropolie.  The  name  of  Tauro^ 
polis,  which  we  see  in  this  and  other  inscriptions,  is  also  mentioned 
by  Stephanus  Byzantinus  in  connection  with  Aphrodisias,  or  rather 
with  Plarasa,  a  district  which  formed  part  of  the  town.  It  is  uncer- 
tain which  of  these  names  was  the  original  one  ;  certainly,  in  Pagan 
times,  when  the  town  derived  a  great  income  and  celebrity  from  the 
festivals  in  its  far-famed  temple  of  Aphrodite,  the  name  of  Aphrodisias 
prevailed,  which  to  the  Christians  was  an  indecent  one ;  they  therefore 
altered  it  to  Taurupolis,  a  name  which  afterwards  was  changed  by 
some  Christian  authors  into  2ravpovVoXi«,  i.  e.  the  city  of  the  Cross ; 
from  the  space  preceding  the  name,  this  may  have  been  the  case  in 
ours.  When,  after  the  time  of  the  above  inscription,  the  festivals  of 
Venus  at  Aphrodisias,  by  the  exertions  of  Asclepiodotus  AJexandrinus, 
came  again  into  celebrity  (towards  the  end  of  the  fifth  century),  the 
name  of  Aphrodisias  re- appears. 


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APHRODISIAS.  37 

nograms  used  by  the  early  Christians,  are  the  emblems 
over  the  gates.     Sarcophagi  within  the  walls  tell  the 


end  of  many  of  the  wealthy  Christian  inhabitants ;  and 
others  are  registered  upon  the  bases  and  columns  of 
temples  which  were  afterwards  used  to  support  Chris- 
tian churches ;  the  title  of  archdeacon  is  sculptured  in 
large  letters  on  the  fragment  of  a  frieze.  In  this  age 
the  temple  of  Venus  must  have  undergone  great  change. 
I  have  said  that  the  columns  are  still  standing,  and  from 
their  proportion,  distance  and  form,  I  doubt  not  upon 
their  original  bases — but  how  changed !  The  cella  has 
wholly  vanished  from  the  interior  of  the  colonnade; 
and  many  of  the  slabs  of  marble  inscribed  with  the 
ajBairs  of  the  city,  each  bordered  or  grooved  as  those  I 
have  seen  at  Nicaea,  are  now  built  into  the  walls  sur- 
rounding the  Byzantine  city.  A  circular  end  is  con- 
structed of  rude  stones,  closing  the  east,  probably  for 
an  altar,  where  formerly  the  sun  rose  on  the  portico  of 
the  pagan  temple.  Surrounding  the  whole  of  this  build- 
ing, are  traces  of  walls  of  the  same  rude  workmanship, 
in  which  cement  was  the  main  support  of  the  construc- 


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38  CARIA. 

tion ;  and  in  this  line  there  are  still  standing  several 
jamhs  of  door-ways,  of  mean  proportion  as  compared 
with  the  old  temple ;  on  these  appear  Christian  em- 
blems and  inscriptions.  The  outer  colonnade  of  the 
Temple  of  Venus  must  then  have  served  to  form  a  sup- 
port to  the  larger  Christian  church :  at  present  all  is  in 
confused  but  undecayed  ruin.  Surrounding  this  chief 
church  are  several  other  columns,  in  pairs,  supporting 
architraves  of  pretty  proportions,  but  perfectly  eclipsed 
by  the  comparatively  gigantic  temple  of  the  goddess, 
whose  simple  fluted  shafts  of  Greek  workmanship  dis- . 
play  a  beauty  not  discoverable  in  the  circularly  sur- 
rounding flutes  and  laboured  ornaments  of  its  diminu- 
tive Byzantine  neighbour.  Two  large  tazze,  or  fonts, 
ten  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  sitting  lion,  lie  broken  among 
the  ruins  :  I  know  not  to  which  age  these  belong. 

The  walls  of  the  town,  in  their  present  decay,  show 
better  the  extent  of  depredation  and  size  of  the  former 
city  than  any  other  remains ;  it  is  equally  a  study  for 
the  lover  of  art,  of  history,  or  of  morality.  The  coins 
found  are  very  numerous,  but  most  of  those  I  saw  were 
of  the  Byzantine  age,  and  many  with  Roman  inscrip* 
tions.  I  have  selected  some,  upon  which  is  the  name 
of  this  city,  Aphrodisias,  and  others  of  Plarasa,  together 
with  coins  of  the  neighbouring  cities  of  Laodiceia,  Phi- 
ladelphia and  Antiocheia,  and  a  few  of  the  early  kings 
of  Caria,  in  silver,  which  were  exceptions  to  the  gene- 
ral late  age  of  the  many  brought  by  the  industrious 
inhabitants  of  this  remnant  of  a  village. 


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APHRODISIAS. 


39 


I  copied  the  following  inscription,  which  seems  in- 
tended to  commemorate  a  priestess : — 

HBOYAHKAIOAHMOZETEI 
MHZANKAIMETHAAAXYI 
ANKAAYAIANKAAYAIOYAnOA 
AXlNIOYAPXIEPEIlZOYrATEPA 
TPY^nZANnAYAEINANAPXI 
EPIANAIATETHNTOYnATPOpE] 
KAITONnPOrONIlNAYTHZEIZ 
TH  N  n  ATPI AAEN  H  AZI^I  AOTEI 
MEIANKAIAIAThNEAYTHZKO[Z] 
MIOTHTAKAAAEIAIENENKO[Y] 
ZANKAITEAEYTHZAZANHAP 
GENONETI  * 

From  this  sarcophagus,  which  stood  close  by  the  side 
of  one  less  ornamented  and  without   inscriptions,  we 


copied  the  following  interesting  record,  which  shows 
how  carefully  the  owners  of  the  tombs  endeavoured  to 

*  *'  The  Seoate  and  the  People  honoured,  even  when  she  had  de- 
parted»  Claudia  Tiyphosa  Pauleina,  the  daughter  of  Apollonius  the 
high-priest,  herself  a  high-priestess,  who,  for  the  sake  both  of  the  most 
honourable  zeal  of  her  father  and  forefathers  towards  the  common 
weal,  as  of  her  own  comeliness,  was  distinguished  in  praise,  and  died 
still  a  maiden.*' 


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APHRODISIAS.  41 

secure  their  preservation  and  sole  occupancy,  and  may 
also  add  to  our  knowledge  of  their  construction,  and 
of  the  technical  names  of  the  various  portions.  These 
sarcophagi  stood  upon  a  stone  substructure,  too  much 
buried  for  our  examination  ;  but  in  many  others  we 
saw,  and  in  some  were  able  to  enter,  a  low  apartment 
beneath ;  this  seems  to  be  called  here  the  platasy  and 
to  be  appropriated  to  the  less  honoured  individuals  of 
the  family. 

*  Translation  of  Inscription  on  the  preceding  page, 

"  The  substructure  [^Platas"]  is  [the  property]  of  Adrastoa  Polychro- 
nios,  the  son  of  Glykon,  the  son  of  Glykon,  the  son  of  Leon,  the  son 
of  Hekatomnon.  The  substructure  that  Polychronia,  the  daughter 
of  Kallikrates  gave  up  to  him,  on  that  substructure  he  built  a  monu- 
ment, l3ring  upon  the  substructure,  and  both  the  sarcophagus  ISoros"} 
and  the  compartments  [^Isostai]  in  it,  and  the  other  things  in  it.  In 
that  sarcophagus  I  buried  Barilla,  my  wife ;  and  likewise  I  wish  my- 
self to  be  put  into  the  sarcophagus,  but  nobody  else.  Into  the  first 
compartment,  lying  under  the  sarcophagus,  I  wish  my  [second]  wife, 
and  Polychronios  my  son  to  be  buried.  But  in  the  other  compart- 
ment I  wish  to  be  put  Tatianos  and  Adrastos,  my  children ;  but  nobody 
else  to  be  put  either  into  the  sarcophagus  or  into  the  compartments. 
But  if  my  heirs,  after  having  put  me  into  the  sarcophagus,  shall  not 
make  fiast  the  bolt,  let  my  heir  be  the  goddess  Aphrodite.  The  trus- 
tees of  the  temple  for  the  time  being  shall  institute  proceedings  about 
it,  who  shall  be  responsible  for  it.  But  if,  contrary  to  the  directions, 
anybody  shall  bury  another  [in  the  monument],  let  him  be  accursed,  and 
besides  pay  into  the  most  holy  treasury  five  thousand  denaria,  of  which 
one-third  is  to  be  his^  who  institutes  proceedings'." 


>  Published  by  Boeckh,  2824,  from  the  manuscript  of  Sherard,  who 
saw  the  monument  in  a  more  perfect  state. 


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42 


CARIA. 


Some  of  the  sarcophagi  of  the  Byzantine  age  are 
richly  wrought,  and,  although  many  of  them  are  of 
Christian  date,  they  appear  to  have  retained  the  Pa- 
gan devices :  at  the  end  of  the  one  represented  appears 
an  altar  burning  in  front  of  a  door. 


The  remaining  inscriptions  I  have  copied  at  Aphro- 
disias  are  so  numerous,  that  I  shall  place  them  at  the 
end  of  this  volume,  in  an  Appendix. 

We  had  provisions  with  us,  and  our  only  want  of 
firewood  was  supplied  by  these  civil  but  simple  people. 
It  was  amusing  to  see  their  curiosity  when  we  were 
copying  inscriptions,  by  beating  wet  pulpy  paper  into 
the  hollowed  letters  in  the  marble,  and  allowing  it  to 
dry  in  the  sun ;  they  showed  great  delight,  and  soon 
learned  to  assist  us.  I  regretted  my  not  understanding 
the  words  in  which  they  indicated  their  surprise,  but  I 
read  it  in  their  unaffected  and  expressive  countenances. 
The  instruments,  and  their  use  in  making  observations 
of  our  latitude  and  longitude,  as  well  as  the  taking  our 
altitude  by  boiling  the  thermometer,  were  of  course  all 
objects  of  wonder  to  them,  and  I  dare  say  will  be  long 


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APHRODISIAS.  43 

talked  of  by  these  simple  people*.  Three  days  ap- 
peared but  a  short  time  to  remain  in  this  interesting 
place,  but  on  Wednesday  evening,  the  11th  of  March, 
we  were  again  at  Karasoo.  On  the  12th,  we  remained 
to  arrange  for  horses  for  our  further  travels,  and  ram- 
bled for  a  few  miles  about  the  valleys  and  deeply-cut 
ravines  of  the  beautiful  neighbourhood.  In  the  vege- 
table world  all  is  still-bound  in  the  chains  of  winter ; 
scarcely  a  flower  is  seen  but  the  anemone,  and  a  beauti- 
ful species  of  fernf,  new  to  me,  both  of  which  I  have 
added  to  my  collection.  The  thermometer  has  not 
risen  above  34^  for  several  days,  and  all  the  rippling 
streams  are  frozen  at  their  edges ;  but  objects  of  interest 
may  be  found  in  a  ramble  at  all  seasons,  and  the  valley 
or  ravine  of  the  Mosynus  is  not  deficient  in  them.  In 
walking  down  by  the  side  of  the  river,  I  observed 
streams  of  water  issuing  from  fissures  in  the  white 
cliffs,  and  no  ice   around   them.     On   examination  I 


*  I  made  a  series  of  observations  at  Aphrodisias,  to  determine  its 
place  on  the  map.  I  took  a  set  of  double  altitudes  of  the.  sun  about 
the  time  of  noon,  and  other  sets  morning  and  afternoon  to  learn  the 
error  in  the  watch,  so  that  the  former  might  be  reduced  to  the  me- 
ridian. Hence  ve  have  37^  36'  for  the  latitude.  I  also  took  a  set  of 
lunar  distances  for  the  longitude,  but  on  my  return  home  I  found  that, 
though  there  may  be  a  doubt  whether  this  city  should  not  be  placed 
even  a  little  more  eastward  than  I  have  ventured  to  place  it,  yet  the 
point  in  doubt  is  not  great  enough  to  be  lessened  by  my  lunar  distances 
made  with  a  box-sextant. 

t  Aitantum  CapUlus  Veneris  (Maiden-hair  Fern). 


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44  CARIA. 

found  that  they  were  warm  springs,  and  strongly 
charged  with  sulphur :  several  tributary  streams  to  the 
crystal  waters  of  the  Mosynus  were  clouded  as  with 
milk  from  these  springs,  and  were  long  before  they 
became  mixed  with  the  purer  waters  of  the  river.  On 
further  examining  the  cliffs,  I  was  surprised  and  pleased 
to  find  them  similar  in  many  respects  to  the  singular 
geological  formation  which  I  noticed  as  so  abundant  in 
Phrygia.  The  great  mass  was  of  a  rotten  limestone, 
which  cracked  and  crumbled  as  it  became  exposed  to 
the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere.  This  soil  bed  is  in- 
terstratified  with  a  harder  substance,  containing  much 
lime,  but  of  that  peculiar  clayey  or  earthy  fracture 
which  I  observed  in  Phrygia.  I  could  see  here  no  pu- 
mice-stone, but  found  nodules  of  pure  yellow  sulphur 
protruding  from  the  decomposed  chalky  cliffs  ;  in  other 
parts  were  beautiful  crystals  of  sulphate  of  lime  or  se- 
lenite :  these  are  continually  fractured,  and  their  glit- 
tering surfaces  attracted  my  attention.  The  whole  of 
the  hills  in  this  valley  are  of  a  similar  composition, 
but  the  surface  is  generally  covered  for  many  feet  with 
a  red  gravel,  containing  clay,  which  is  manufactured 
into  the  classic  forms  of  antique  pottery  by  the  present 
inhabitants.  Probably  the  peculiarity  of  the  waters  in 
the  neighbourhood  may  also  attract  the  bleachers  and 
dyers,  so  numerously  employed  in  this  valley. 

March  I3th. — The  first  of  March  is  with  the  Turks  the 
beginning  of  the  year,  and  from  that  date  hitherto  have 
commenced  the  contracts  or  farmings  with  the  Sultan, 


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KARASOO.  45 

for  the  taxes  of  the  various  cities  and  districts.  I  have 
ventured  to  condemn  the  principle,  but  my  experience 
has  shown  that  either  the  working  of  it,  or  other  circum- 
stances, has  left  a  good  and  happy  peasantry;  all  Turks 
indeed  appear  to  be  contented.  The  Greeks  were,  I  am 
aware,  oppressed  by  the  different  governors  with  heavier 
taxes,  and  were  treated  as  a  conquered  people ;  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  they  escaped  the  trouble  and  annoyance 
of  personal  service  as  citizens. 

When  we  left  Karasoo,  the  newly  appointed  Aga  (or, 
as  he  is  always  called  in  eastern  countries,  Arrdh)  had 
not  arrived  from  Constantinople.  Up  to  this  period  the 
chief  person  of  the  place  was  generally  appointed  its 
governor,  and  if  no  complaint  were  lodged  against  him 
for  extortion  or  general  ill-conduct,  he,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  received  his  engagement  from  the  government, 
— his  own  conduct  thus  being  kept  in  check  by  the 
humblest  of  the  subjects  of  the  Sultan,  who  is  at  all 
times  accessible.  The  whole  system  is  this  week  altered ; 
the  tree  of  liberty  is  to  be  planted,  and  the  reform  com- 
menced by  the  late  Sultan  in  Constantinople  is  to  be 
adopted  throughout  his  dominions.  This  change  was 
working  its  way  too  tediously  by  the  old  system  of  ap- 
pointing locjEd  governors  ;  the  present  Sultan  therefore, 
from  this  time,  takes  the  whole  of  the  revenues  of  his 
kingdom  into  his  own  hands,  and  sends  from  Constan- 
tinople tutored  strangers,  with  fixed  salaries,  to  collect 
his  taxes  and  to  carry  out  his  new  system.  I  doubt 
not  that  this  will  effect  his  intention  ;  the  result  I  can- 


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46  CARIA. 

not  foresee ;  but  it  is  to  be  feared,  that,  like  the  attempt 
to  imitate  the  more  superficial  part  of  our  European 
customs,  it  will  xmder  the  appearance  of  the  good  retain 
much  of  our  more  tempting  vices.  He  was  a  bold  man 
who  first  ploughed  up  the  green  pasture  and  made  the 
earth  fallow,  and  his  faith  must  have  been  great  when 
he  buried  his  good  grain  in  the  ground. 

On  the  horses  arriving  to  carry  our  baggage  from 
Yeerah,  we  first  heard  of  the  arrival  of  the  new  Aga,  and 
of  his  having  read  publicly  the  firman  or  code  of  regu- 
lations. The  changes  introduced  were  the  subject  of 
conversation  among  all  the  groups  we  saw  collected 
on  our  arrival  at  Karasoo.  New  laws  are  important 
things,  for  their  non-observance  creates  new  crimes.  An 
instance  of  this  stood  first  on  the  new  code.  The  for- 
mation of  an  army  is  a  new  thing  in  this  country,  and 
it  has  been  required  that  each  district  should  supply  a 
certain  number  of  soldiers,  to  be  sent  to  Constantinople 
or  elsewhere.  This  law,  to  a  peaceable  and  indigenous 
peasantry,  alarmed  many  families,  and  the  shepherds' 
sons,  as  I  had  witnessed  in  several  instances  two  years 
ago,  were  frightened  at  our  approach,  fearing  that 
we  were  coming  to  take  them  for  soldiers.  This  fear 
has  driven  many  for  a  time  from  their  houses  into  the 
mountains,  or  other  villages ;  it  became  therefore  requi- 
site (if  the  formation  of  an  army  is  requisite,  after  so 
many  centuries  without  one,)  to  prevent  this  by  some 
law  not  found  in  the  Koran — a  code  of  laws  which  is 
instilled  into  the  very  h§art  of  the  citizen  and  follower 


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KARASOO.  47 

of  the  Prophet.  Fifty  police  soldiers  or  patrol  were 
ordered  for  this  valley  of  the  Mosynus,  to  scour  the 
mountains,  and  a  pass-paper  or  passport  is  to  be  taken 
by  every  person  removing  from  his  village. 

The  next  order  which  puzzled  the  Turk  was  a  strict 
injunction  that  the  Greek  was  to  be  treated  as  a 
brother,  and  that  no  distinction  whatever  should  legally 
exist  in  the  treatment  of  the  people  of  the  various  na- 
tions subject  to  the  Porte.  The  taxes  which  have 
hitherto  fallen  with  tenfold  weight  on  the  more  indus- 
trious Greek,  who  is  generally  poor,  or  at  least  has  no 
visible  property  in  flocks  or  lands,  is  now  to  be  levied 
upon  property,  or  so  much  a  head  upon  all  the  flocks ; 
on  sheep  and  goats,  for  instance,  one  piastre  is  to  be 
paid  annually  for  each,  and  the  new  system  thus  at  once 
places  the  taxation  almost  wholly  upon  the  richer  Turk. 

Two  boys  had  quarrelled  in  our  khan ;  one  injured 
the  other,  and  was  taken  before  the  new  governor. 
The  boy  was  bastinadoed  until  he  was  unable  to  bear 
more,  and  was  waiting  until  he  was  sufficiently  recovered 
to  receive  the  remaining  number  of  stripes  written  in 
the  law  against  his  ofience.  A  requisition  was  sent  by 
the  leading  people  of  the  place,  the  friends  of  the  boy, 
to  beg  a  mitigation  of  the  sentence ;  but  the  Aga,  for  the 
first  time  in  Turkey,  avowed  that  he  had  in  himself  no 
power — he  was  merely  the  passive  agent  of  the  law.  The 
ostentatious  carrying  of  arms,  hitherto  the  pride  and 
ornament  of  the  Turk,  is  forbidden,  and  no  persons 
are  now  allowed  to  possess  arms  unless  licensed  to  bear 


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N 


48  CARIA. 

them.  We  are  accustomed  to  this,  but  it  is  new  in  Tur- 
key. The  change  which  most  affected  ourselves  was  the 
regulations  of  the  Post :  hitherto  the  Menzilkhanner,  or 
postmaster,  had  a  salary,  and  for  this  he  was  bound  to 
supply  such  horses  as  might  be  required  by  the  mes- 
sengers of  Government  or  Post,  and  those  persons  who 
were  provided  with  a  firman,  or  teskary,  at  a  stated 
price  of  one  piastre  an  hour  for  each  horse,  the  only 
profit  to  the  postmaster  being  his  salary.  The  new 
regulations  put  an  end  almost  to  this  office ;  it  with- 
draws the  salary,  and  allows  him  to  charge  two  and 
a  half  piastres  an  hour  to  the  few  private  individual 
travellers  provided  with  teskaries,  on  condition  of  his 
carrying  the  Government  dispatches  free ;  in  this  village 
it  was  evident  that  the  very  small  demand  by  travel- 
lers, even  at  the  former  low  price,  bore  no  proportion 
to  the  continual  requirements  of  the  Government,  and 
at  the  new  price  would  probably  be  superseded  by  the 
hire  of  horses  from  individuals  on  more  reasonable 
terms.  We  were  therefore  applied  to  by  the  late 
Menzilkhanner,  who  tendered  himself  and  his  stud  of 
ten  horses  for  our  service  by  the  month,  we  taking 
him  wherever  we  pleased.  His  first  demand  was  like 
all  proceeding  from  the  Turk,  honest  and  moderate, 
the  result  of  consideration;  he  offered  himself,  two 
Zooregees  and  ten  horses,  he  paying  all  expenses  of 
the  men  and  horses  on  the  road  ;  his  own  food  he  pro- 
posed to  share  with  our  servant.  The  charge  was 
1400  piastres   a  month,   and    we    might    leave    him 


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KA.RASOO.  49 

when  and  where  we  chose — a  sum  less  than  ten  shil- 
lings a  day;  the  bargain  was  closed,  and  he  placed 
his  hand  on  his  breast  and  head,  and  touched  my 
hand ;  his  word  was  thus  given,  and  no  further  agree- 
ment was  requisite.  .  The  Governor  soon  sent  down 
to  say  that  he  was  for  a  time  left  without  horses,  until 
a  new  contractor  could  be  found,  and  asked  us  as  a 
favour  to  defer  our  departure  for  one  day,  that  he 
might  be  enabled  to  send  oiF  some  dispatches ;  he  at 
the  same  time  renewed  his  invitation  to  us  to  take  up 
our  abode  at  his  Konak,  or  official  residence* 

We  took  advantage  of  this  day's  rest,  and  rambled 
about  the  neighbourhood.  I  have  mentioned  that  the 
soil  of  this  country  consists  of  rapidly  decomposing 
limestone,  and  as  the  streams  carry  down  this  lime  in 
their  waters,  of  course  incrustation  of  vegetable  matter 
and  of  loose  pebbles  on  the  banks  is  the  consequence. 
This  conglomerate  has  not  been  overlooked  by  the 
people,  and  superstition  was  fed  by  the  occurrence. 
They  tell  us,  that  before  the  time  of  Mahomet,  lived 
Haziratallee,  and  the  print  of  his  horses'  feet  was  made 
upon  a  rock  in  the  valley ;  that  in  order  to  pay  respect 
to  his  memory,  all  passers-by  are  said  to  have  thrown 
a  stone  on  the  pile  raised  to  his  honour;  and  every 
stone  was  fastened  down  by  some  good  spirit,  and  thus 
formed  into  a  mountain. 

March  \Zth. — This  morning  we  left  Karasoo  in  the 
formidable  cavalcade  of  our  newly-arranged  party ;  in 
front  rides  our  Cavass,  a  kind  of  courier,  in  a  most 


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50  CARIA. 

superb  Turkish  costume,  with  the  beautiful  embossed 
silver  pistols  and  sword  of  the  country  stuck  into  the 
front  of  his  sash ;  his  horse  caparisoned  to  correspond 
with  his  dress,  and  trained  to  the  prancing  pace  of  such 
an  officer  in  a  Turkish  procession.  Next  came  a  Zoo« 
rigee  with  green  turban ;  then  three  loads  of  baggage, 
and  another  Zoorigee.  I  followed,  with  Mr.  Hesketh 
and  Mr.  Scharf,  and  the  rear  was  filled  by  Mania. 
I  fear  the  extent  of  our  cavalcade  will  impede  a  rapid 
progress,  but  at  present  the  road  lying  over  the  same 
stony  district  by  which  we  had  ascended  the  valley, 
prevents  our  exceeding  a  walking  pace.  This  evening 
we  are  at  Arrachiflee,  on  the  side  of  the  river  opposite 
to  the  ruins  of  Antiocheia.  I  find  by  my  thermometer 
that  we  have  descended  above  five  hundred  feet  from 
Karasoo. 

March  I4th. — ^We  have  travelled  for  eight  homte,  or 
more  than  thirty  miles,  to  the  westward,  along  the 
southern  side  of  the  valley  of  the  Maeander,  which  is 
far  more  picturesque  than  the  northern;  the  moun- 
tains, at  whose  feet  our  road  lay,  being  rock,  and  not 
the  crumbling  gravelly  hills,  which,  at  the  distance 
across  the  valley,  now  assume  a  more  pleasing  appear- 
ance. The  country  immediately  on  our  right  is  a  per- 
fect level,  and  is  cultivated  with  corn ;  the  plough  is 
seen  moving  in  every  direction.  On  our  left  the  sloping 
green  of  the  lower  hills  of  the  mountains  are  spotted 
with  cattle  and  the  black  tents  of  the  Yourooks.  Many 
small  villages  are  sheltered  among  them,  the  principal 


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VALLEY  OF  THE   MJEANDER.  51 

of  which  are  Birrejeh  and  Arepas ;  the  latter  is  situated 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill  covered  with  the  ruins  of  a  city  or 
fortress  of  unhewn  stone,  similar  to  those  at  Antiocheia ; 
these  may  probably  have  been  the  ancient  Harpasa. 
Beneath  this  runs  the  river  Harpasus,  winding  down 
the  valley  in  a  broad,  strong,  and  quiet  stream,  cutting 
deeply  into  the  sandy  soil.  A  profusion  of  ducks  and 
wild-fowl  find  shelter  in  the  reeds  and  bushes  growing 
on  the  waste  track,  occasionally  inundated  by  its  waters; 
the  valley  is  about  four  miles  across.  A  ferry-boat  is 
at  the  end  of  the  valley,  and  lands  you  at  the  village  of 
Dondoorahn  on  the  western  side.  Here,  as  at  the  other 
ferries  I  have  seen  in  this  country,  the  boat  is  of  a  tri- 
angular form,  and  looks  like  the  head  of  a  boat  cut  off 
at  midships  ;  the  rope  which  stretches  across  the  river 
is  of  very  considerable  length,  and  is  formed  of  vine- 
stems,  many  thirty  or  forty  feet  long,  spliced  together 
at  their  ends.  We  are  now  in  the  Konak,  or  house  of 
the  Aga,  in  the  little  village  of  Yennibazaar,  which  is 
erroneously  laid  down  in  all  the  maps,  as  are  also  many 
of  the  rivers  in  this  district.  I  have  been  shown  some 
sheep  here,  which  appear  of  the  same  breed  as  all  others 
of  this  country;  having  the  broad  tail,  and  known  to  us 
as  the  Cape  sheep ;  but  these  flocks  I  am  told  are  pe- 
culiar in  having  lambs  twice  during  the  year,  and  fre- 
quently two  lambs  at  a  time.  This  profitable  quality  of 
course  increases  the  price  of  the  sheep. 

March  1 5th. — ^We  are  at  a  little  village  consisting  of 
but  a  few  well-built  stone  houses  in  a  plain ;  it  is  called 

e2 


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52  CARIA. 

Zhumarlee-cooe.  In  the  yard  of  the  Konak  is  a  pedestal 
with  this  inscription : 

AnOAAHNOZ 
ElAEYOEPIOVTEi^ArrOig  * 

I  also  observed  many  fragments  of  ancient  art,  evidently 
from  some  old  site  not  far  distant.  We  are  told  that 
they  are  brought  from  Arab  Hissa,  a  village  eight  miles 
south  of  this  place,  the  object  which  has  caused  me 
to  seek  this  route.  From  Yennibazaar  we  have  had  a 
beautiful  ride  of  six  hours,  travelling  for  the  first  eight 
miles  down  the  valley  of  the  Maeander,  towards  the 
west,  passing  continually  little  villages  on  the  sides  of 
the  hills :  these  have  all  names  signifying  some  rustic 
fare  they  afibrd.  I  put  down  these  in  the  order  we 
passed  them,  but  they  none  of  them  deserved  a  remark 
for  preference,  although  they  may  serve  as  guides  for 
future  travellers.  The  situation  of  each  was  fine  and 
healthy,  overlooking  the  broad  and  rich  valley  to  the 
north  :  Alkhan  Kuilee  Khan,  (or  '  ass's  stable ') ;  Chal- 
gar,  Yodurennee,  Allahnee,  Dalamon,  Tepecooe,  Youg- 
hoortcooe,  and  on  the  right  Yostootsh.  We  here  turned 
to  the  south  through  the  mountains  by  an  ascending 
valley,  with  its  Utile  rill  called  Hass^bohas.  The 
scenery  was  beautiful ;  winding  up  rocks  well  clothed 
with  underwood,  while  beneath  the  branches  the  spring 

♦  "  [The  statue  ?]  of  Apollo,  the  Liberator,  the  August."     These 
epithets,  applied  to  Apollo,  are  unusual. 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  MARSYAS.  53 

flowers  were  bursting  into  bloom.  The  soil  was  of 
sand,  and  its  red  and  yellow  hues  added  to  the  rich 
efiect  of  the  vegetation.  In  an  hour  and  a  half  we 
reached  the  summit  of  this  range  of  hills,  and  looked 
down  upon  a  valley,  with  a  large  river  running  from  the 
north-east  through  a  fine  rich-looking  mountain  country. 
Descending  to  its  banks,  we  had  to  cross  and  recross  its 
broad  but  shallow  bed  a  dozen  times.  I  never  saw  a 
better-looking  stream  for  fish,  and  in  its  crystal  waters 
I  saw  shoals  of  the  finny  tribe  enjoying  life.  They  ap- 
peared like  our  trout  of  about  three-quarters  of  a  pound 
weight.  The  river  took  a  westward  course,  and  through 
a  narrow  ravine  led  us  to  this  large  valley,  watered  by 
the  river  Cheena,  the  ancient  Marsyas,  to  which,  still 
further  to  the  west,  it  became  a  tributary. 


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54 


CHAPTER  III. 

Arab  Hiasd,  ancient  Alabanda — Ruins — ^Demmeerge-derasy,  ancient 
Alinda — ^Tombs — Ruins — Passage  of  the  Mountains — Unknown 
Ruins — Mylasa — Temple  of  Labranda  [?] — Ancient  Remains — 
Mausoleum. 

March  \6th,  Capeedas. — Arab  Hiss^  had  not  a  shelter 
for  us,  consisting  of  but  a  few  huts  amidst  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  city,  whose  temple  walls  now  serve  as  folds 
for  calves,  which  are  bred  abundantly  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood. This  village,  which  is  of  the  lowest  grade  to 
deserve  the  title,  is  a  mile  to  the  south  of  Arab  Hisstf. 
Depositing  our  baggage,  we  lost  no  time  in  returning  to 
examine  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city,  whose  name  has 
not  yet  been  satisfactorily  fixed  :  it  is  supposed  by  many 
to  be  the  ruins  of  Alabanda.  Climbing  up  the  back  of 
a  steep  hill  which  overlooked  the  city,  and  whose  top 
was  covered  with  old  walls,  we  had  a  commanding  view 
of  the  whole  country,  the  position  of  which  differs  much 
from  that  laid  down  in  the  maps.  The  large  river, 
which,  escorted  by  guides,  we  had  with  great  difficulty 
crossed  four  miles  to  the  south  of  Zhumarleecooe,  soon 
afterwards  divided  into  two  branches  ;  one  coming  from 


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ALABANDA.  55 

Cheena  on  the  south,  which  gives  its  name  to  the  river, 
the  other  from  the  west-south-west.  Crossing  the  latter, 
we  arrived  at  the  ruins  before  us,  which  are  at  the  fork 
or  angle  of  the  two  rivers.  The  whole  country  is  moun* 
tainous,  but  the  valleys  highly  productive  and  extensive. 
Scattered  about  are  the  tents  of  the  Yourooks,  who 
watch  the  numerous  flocks  of  sheep,  and  herds  of  cows 
and  buffalos.  The  plains  are  in  large  tracks  of  mo- 
notonous colours,  with  the  young  wheat  and  barley, 
and  here  and  there  the  rich-looking  red  soil  is  being 
ploughed  to  receive  the  seeds  of  the  cotton-plant. 
Rising  from  this  plain  are  green  slopes,  covered  with 
flocks,  and  the  fig,  olive,  and  vine  show  that  a  fine  cli- 
mate favours  this  region.  The  ruins  of  the  city  below 
are  mysterious ;  there  is  a  boldness  and  simple  massive- 
ness  in  the  construction  of  the  walls  and  theatre,  which 
IS  anterior  to  the  age  of  the  cities  I  have  seen  during  the 
past  week,  but  an  almost  total  absence  of  inscriptions 
leaves  much  in  obscurity.  The  whole  of  the  materials 
used  in  its  construction  are  of  igneous  rock,  and  gene- 
rally of  a  coarse  granite,  whose  perishing  surface  has 
been  further  injured  by  the  lichens  growing  upon  it. 
The  few  inscriptions  which  I  traced  with  difficulty  upon 
the  sarcophagi,  were  too  imperfect  to  throw  much  light 
upon  the  name  or  history  of  the  city.  The  theatre, 
which  faced  the  north-west,  was  as  usual  built  in  the 
side  of  a  hill,  and  its  massive  stone-work  is  of  the 
beautiful  and  regular  Greek  style,  the  joints  between 
the  large  stones  being  rendered  more  conspicuous  by 


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56  CARIA. 

the  bulging  or  cushioned  form  of  each  stone;  the 
walls  are  built  with  two  wide  and  one  narrow  course 
successively ;  the  proscenium  has  been  destroyed,  and 
the  seats  have  disappeared,  but  the  outward  form  re- 
mains, as  well  as  the  three  arches  for  the  vomitaries. 
The  shape  is  of  a  kind  of  which  I  had  not  seen  many, 
and  I  believe  is  almost  peculiar  to  eastern  Greece,  the 
ends  or  horns  of  its  crescent  having  their  walls  cutting 
inwards  towards  the  proscenium. 


Near  the  theatre  has  stood  a  building  of  considerable 
importance,  and  upon  a  site  most  imposing,  but  its 
basement,  or  stoa,  alone  remains.  Down  below,  on 
what  appeared  from  above  the  flat  valley,  but  which 
we  found  was  still  elevated  ground,  stands  a  finely-built 
structure  of  an  oblong  form,  which  now  is  perfect  as 
high  as  a  cornice,  probably  thirty  feet  from  the  ground ; 
above  this  are  the  bases  of  pilasters  and  openings  for 
doors ;  the  interior  is  a  mass  of  ruin,  and  afibrds  no 
clue  to  the  former  use  of  this  building.  Foundations 
are  seen  in  every  direction  for  the  distance  of  a  mile  in 
length,  and  nearly  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  Even  more 
than  this  extent  has  been  included  within  walls,   for 


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ALABANDA.  57 

their  ruins  are  traced  over  the  ridges  of  the  hills  at 
the  back  of  the  city.  The  position  of  four  important 
gates  are  now  marked  by  lines  of  sarcophagi  on  either 
side  of  the  road,  from  the  walls  into  the  plains ;  those 
to  the  east  and  west  extend  for  more  than  a  mile.  The 
form  of  the  sarcophagus  is  generally  of  an  uniform  plain 
squared  oblong,  and  the  lids  of  a  rude  shape,  scarcely 
rising  to  a  pediment  at  the  ends.  The  inscriptions 
upon  them  consist  of  but  few  letters,  all  of  the  Greek 
character:  they  are  generally  above  six  inches  in 
length,  but  so  imperfect  from  decay,  that  I  fear  the 
few  I  have  copied  will  be  almost  useless. 

AYPHAItONAAKIBIAAOY 
KAIKAAIOnHCrVNAI 

Korjyg* 

TOANfEIONliS 

AIONHOI  "TOY 
KH  nOTOY 

TOANrEIONnOYAAlO 
^rCNIANY^ACIANA 
TOYt 

♦  Translation. — "  [The  tomb  ?]  of  the  Aurelii,  Alcibiades,  and  Cal- 
liope, his  wife."  Both  husband  and  wife  seem  to  have  belonged  to  the 
Aurelian  family. 

t  Each  of  these  inscriptions  seems  to  begin  with  the  words  TO 
ANFEION,  usually  now  written  ^yyelov,  a  vessel,  here  the  um  for 
the  ashes,  which  meaning  is  borne  out  by  other  funeral  inscriptions. 


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58  CARIA. 

Scarcely  a  block  of  marble  is  to  be  found  in  the  ruins 
of  the  city ;  the  pedestal  which  we  yesterday  saw  at 
Zhumarleecooe  was  perhaps  the  last  remaining  legible 
inscription.  The  order  of  architecture  seems  to  have 
been  wholly  Ionic ;  some  columns  are  fluted,  but  gene- 
rally plain,  and  not  any  of  great  dimensions.  I  obtained 
a  few  coins,  among  which  were  some  of  the  ancient  city, 
with  the  name  of  Alabanda  upon  them ;  also  coins  of 
Magnesia  ad  Maeandrum,  which  was  opposite  to  the  end 
of  this  valley,  and  of  Miletus  also  not  far  distant.  I 
made  some  observations  for  ascertaining  localities,  but 
the  cloudy  weather  rendered  this  difficult. 

Demmeerge-derasyy  March  17 th. — After  a  ride  of  five 
hours,  perhaps  not  more  than  sixteen  miles,  generally 
bearing  to  the  west-south-west,  we  are  again  amidst 
ruins,  but  of  a  far  more  interesting  and  picturesque 
appearance  than  those  which  we  have  left  at  Alabanda ; 
we  therefore  tarry  here  for  a  day  to  examine  them. 
The  road  we  have  traversed  since  leaving  Arab  Hissa 
lay  in  the  valley  of  the  branch  of  the  Cheena,  which 
river  takes  the  name  of  Karpuslee-chi,  from  a  village  of 
that  name  about  two  miles  higher  up  the  valley.  Pass- 
ing several  groups  of  huts,  each  boasting  the  name  of 
a  village,  and  then  turning  up  to  the  south-west,  we 
crossed  a  series  of  small  mountains,  covered  with  rich 
underwood  and  wild  olives.  In  each  valley  we  saw  the 
tents  of  the  Yourooks,  depasturing  their  cattle  around 
them,  while  their  few  camels  raised  their  stately  heads 
above  the  trees  on  the  hill  sides,  upon  which  they  were 


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ALINDA.  59 

brousing.  Scarcely  any  cultivation  is  here  attempted. 
Turning  again  through  a  ravine  to  the  west,  we  came 
upon  the  declivity  of  a  hill  covered  with  olive-trees ;  and 
as  we  entered  a  little  valley,  encircled  by  hills,  which 
puzzled  us  to  ascertain  how  the  river  entered,  and  again 
left  it,  we  arrived  at  a  few  houses,  forming  the  village  of 
Hoomarleh.  A  heavy  shower  of  rain  drove  us  to  take 
shelter  for  half  an  hour  in  a  stable ;  a  bowl  of  oUves,  in 
oil,  and  a  quantity  of  bread  of  the  country,  was  brought 
to  the  servants. 

When  the  shower  abated,  we  peeped  out  of  our  re- 
treat^  and  saw  some  females  separating  the  oil  from  the 
olive,  a  process  which  I  had  not  before  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  observing.  The  group  was  picturesque :  bags 
filled  with  olives,  which  had  been  crushed  in  the  miU, 
and  for  some  weeks  lying  in  salt,  were  piled  upon  a  rock ; 
near  these  was  a  large  pot  or  copper  of  boiling  water, 
into  which  each  bag  was  put  in  turn,  and  then  placed 
upon  a  flat  floor,  or  stone,  with  channels  cut  across  it ; 
upon  these  hot  bags  women  were  treading  with  their  legs 
bare,  visible  at  least  to  the  knee,  while  their  heads  were 
closely  shrouded  with  the  white  veil,  covering  the  upper 
part  of  the  body ;  from  under  this  came  an  arm,'  grasp- 
ing a  long  stick,  which  served  to  steady  the  body  during 
the  violent  exercise  of  trampling  the  apparently  scalding 
bags ;  the  hot  liquor  ran  off  into  wooden  vessels,  on  the 
top  of  which  floated  the  oil ;  a  plug  near  the  bottom 
was  occasionally  withdrawn,  to  let  out  the  dark  choco- 
late-coloured liquid  which  stained  the  channels  from 


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60  CARIA. 

every  part  of  the  village,  the  pressing  of  the  oil  being  at 
this  season  the  occupation  of  most  of  the  women  of  the 
place.  The  spring  is  here  beginning  to  open  rapidly ; 
each  day's  rain  seems  to  shower  down  flowers;  hya- 
cinths, anemonies,*and  some  beautiful  yellow  blossoms, 
seem  to  exhaust  every  variety  of  colour ;  the  narcissus, 
springing  up  from  among  the  tufts  of  thorns,  adds  a 
sparkUng  white  to  the  gay  picture.  This  latter  flower 
is  a  favourite  with  the  Turks,  and  soon  finds  a  place 
in  the  folds  of  his  turban ;  it  is  the  flower  commonly 
gathered  and  offered  to  us  by  the  peasantry.  The  Turks 
value  sweetness  more  than  beauty  in  flowers ;  I  am  re- 
minded of  this  by  seeing  the  grape-hyacinth  in  bloom, 
whose  apparently  dead  and  dull  flower  was  frequently 
presented  to  me  on  my  former  tour  later  in  the  season, 
the  honey-like  smell  giving  it  a  great  charm  with  this 
people.  Crossing  the  Karpuslee-chi,  we  traversed  the 
valley,  and  arrived  at  this  place — and  what  has  it  been? 
The  direction  is  west-south-west  of  Arab  Hissrf,  although 
the  same  place  is  laid  down  in  the  maps  to  the  north, 
and  there  only  supposed  to  have  been  the  ancient  Or- 
thosia ;  I  hope  to  fix  its  locality  by  a  set  of  observations, 
but  its'  name  must  remain  unknown,  unless  the  nume- 
rous coins  I  have  collected  may  tell  the  tale.  I  have 
not  discovered  a  single  inscription.  Many  of  the  sar- 
cophagi have  had  tablets  let  into  their  rough  stone, 
probably  of  metal  or  marble,  but  the  holes  made  by  the 
ties  alone  remain. 


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ALINDA. 

r 

6 

■    ■- 

j2         S^^^ 

'!:i  V—.. 

JaibrmB^-^ 

^^ij»-**« 

3^S--- 

4^ 

-;  ,..>iii»- 

^iM***^-*-^  — J-  -  -• 


' -ui"  ^-^^  t^Cti 


The  situation  of  this  highly  picturesque  city  is  per- 
fectly Greek,  and  I  have  seen  none  built  up  so  steep  a 
crag,  formed  of  the  boldest  blocks  of  granite-rock, 
which  have  in  many  places  been  cut  into  long  flights  of 
wide  steps,  leading  up  to  the  city.  One  of  three  or  four 
of  the  lines  of  tombs,  showing  the  various  approaches, 
is  very  characteristic,  and  must  have  had  a  grand  and 
melancholy  appearance — a  "  Via  Sacra'';  it  was  a  paved 
way,  of  steep  ascent  from  the  valley,  extending  nearly  a 
mile  up  into  the  crag  of  the  acropolis,  winding  the  whole 
length  between  tombs,  of  all  the  forms  of  heavy  melan- 
choly grandeur,  which  effect  was  heightened  by  the  grey 
colour  of  the  granite,  out  of  which,  or  rather  in  which, 
they  were  formed;  for  some,  the  most  novel  to  me,  had 
a  cavity  for  the  body  cut  into  the  mass  of  the  rock,  and 
a  heavy  cover  placed  over  it ;   the  weight  of  some  of 


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62  CARIA. 

these  has  secured  the  sanctity  of  the  dead.  I  sketched 
many  of  various  forms,  but  the  effect  of  the  whole  I  can- 
not express  with  pencil  or  pen.  This  street  of  tombs 
retains  its  pavement  of  large  oblong  stones,  eight 
or  nine  feet  in  length ;  the  width  of  the  way  was  seven- 
teen feet,  formed  by  two  stones.  As  an  admirer  of 
works  of  art,  I  am  of  course  delighted  to  find  highly 
prnamented  and  sculptured  tombs,  as  I  have  done  in 
Lycia ;  but  as  monuments  for  the  dead,  these  massive 
tombs  are  more  fit  emblems,  and  are  another  instance  of 
the  perfection  of  taste  among  tl^e  early  Greeks.  Hie 
designs  of  many  of  our  modem  tombs  carry  the  ideas 
away  from  the  dead,  and  are  looked  at  often  as  works  of 
art  alone. 

Near  the  upper  termination  of  this  Via  Sacra  is  a 
very  conspicuous  building  of  beautiful  masonry;  it 
has  a  bold  front,  running  along  the  face  of  the  steep 
rock,  and  apparently  serves  to  hold  up  a  terrace,  of  the 
width  of  about  a  hundred  feet ;  the  rock  then  becomes 
its  opposite  support.  Within  the  front  of  this  oblong 
building,  which  is  nearly  330  feet  in  length,  are  a  series 
of  square  rooms,  or  store-houses,  and  above  them  a  co- 
lonnade of  square  pillars,  with  a  half-column  of  the  Doric 
order  on  either  side.  These  and  the  lower  rooms  have 
been  lighted  by  small  apertures  near  the  ceiling  of  each« 
On  the  terrace  above  all  was  another  colonnade  of 
single  Doric  pillars,  many  of  which  are  still  standing  ; 
but  these  terraces  occupied  only  forty  feet  of  the  front ; 
the  remaining  depth  is  now  a  mere  level  field,  and  its 


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ALINDA.  63 

former  use  is  perfectly  uncertain.  It  may  have  been  an 
agora,  but  its  position  is  too  important,  and  not  very 
convenient  for  the  citizens  living  so  high  above.  This 
building  much  resembles  the  oblong  basement  at  Ala- 
banda,  which  could  not  have  been  an  agora,  from  its 
height,  and  was  most  probably  the  stoa  of  a  temple  or 
place  of  amusement;  the  length  is  not  sufficient  for 
a  stadium,  nor  have  there  been  raised  seats  for  spec- 
tators. Almost  perpendicularly  above  this  building 
stands  the  theatre,  facing  nearly  the  south  ;  most  of  the 
seats  remain,  and  the  outer  walls  are  entire,  excepting 
those  of  the  proscenium,  which  have  fallen  down  the 
cliff  in  front.  Winding  round  the  rocks  above,  amidst 
walls  of  massive  and  uniform  masonry,  covered  with 
ruins  of  ornamental  buildings,  and  columns,  both  fluted 
and  plain,  but  of  small  dimensions,  we  climbed  upon  the 
top  of  the  acropolis  or  citadel.  On  the  northern  side 
stands  a  fine  square  tower,  with  windows  and  doors  on 
its  upper  floor;  this  is  formed  of  excellent  massive 
Greek  masonry,  some  of  the  stones  measuring  twelve 
to  fourteen  feet  in  length.  The  crown  of  this  hill  seems 
to  have  had  little  more  than  walls  surrounding  it ;  no 
foundations  are  visible  upon  its  small  field  at  the  top, 
but  beneath  its  surface  are  large  cisterns,  lined  with 
cement,  and  similar  to  those  I  have  often  seen  made  by 
the  early  inhabitants  of  the  coast  of  this  country  for 
storing  their  grain ;  these  vaults  were  partly  arched 
over,  and  were  then  covered  up  with  stones  above  thir- 
teen feet  in  length. 


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64  CARIA. 

The  buildings  of  the  city  viewed  from  this  elevation 
were  almost  lost  among  the  rocks  with  which  they  were 
mingled  :  the  huts  of  the  people  of  the  present  town  did 
not  disturb  the  effect  of  ruin,  and  their  green  flat  tops 
distinguished  them  among  the  rocks  below. 

I  find  out  of  twenty  copper  coins  obtained  here,  five 
bearing  the  name  of  Alinda,  which  city  stood  in  this 
region  of  Caria.  In  the  absence  of  better  authority,  I 
should  consider  this  as  sufficient  to  mark  these  ruins  as 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Alinda. 

March  \9th. — We  are  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
situations  I  ever  saw,  in  the  little  scattered  village  of 
Toorbeh,  high  up  in  the  mountains,  and  raised  on  a 
rocky  eminence  amidst  a  forest  of  stone-pines.  The  di- 
rection we  have  taken  from  Demmeerge-derasy  is  south- 
west, the  distance  five  hours.  About  a  mile  and  a  half 
on  the  way  we  left  the  village  of  Karpuslee  on  the  right, 
crossing  its  river  twice,  and  then  gradually  ascending 
the  mountains,  whose  circle  appeared  to  contract  around 
us,  until  their  various  rills,  like  radii  directed  towards 
the  valley,  united  in  a  considerable  brook,  which  is  the 
source  of  the  river  forming  the  main  branch  of  the  an- 
cient Marsyas.  The  mountains  consist  entirely  of  blocks 
and  crags  of  coarse  granite,  which  is  rapidly  decom- 
posing, and  its  sand  nourishes  luxuriantly  the  oak  and 
the  stone-pine,  whose  rich  deep  colour  contrasts  beau- 
tifully with  the  brilliant  green  of  the  mossy  rocks.  The 
peculiar  effect  of  a  forest  of  this  description  of  fir-trees 
must  be  seen  in  order  to  be  properly  appreciated,  and  I 


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MYLASA.  65 

have  seen  none  but  in  this  country  ;  these  firs  cultivated 
in  Italy  give  but  a  faint  idea  of  the  peculiar  beauty  of 
their  natural  growth.  The  forest  extends  nearly  thirty 
miles  over  the  range  of  mountains  separating  this  val-> 
ley  from  that  of  the  country  of  Mylasa.  The  distant 
ranges  of  granite  crags  rising  above  the  wood,  and  the 
green  valleys  cultivated  at  their  feet,  even  in  this  high 
district,  formed  a  view  from  the  door  of  our  cottage 
that  exceeded  in  beauty  anything  I  had  ever  seen  in 
European  scenery,  although  of  so  different  a  kind  that 
each  has  its  peculiar  claim  to  admiration. 

March  20th. — For  nearly  two  hours  this  morning  we 
continued  our  ascent  of  the  wooded  mountain-range 
towards  the  west-south-west,  craggy  and  highly  pictu- 
resque, but  not  very  steep.  Along  the  ridge  of  the 
mountain  the  trees  became  less  thick,  and  allowed  us  to 
look  down  the  ravines  of  hills  upon  the  extended  view 
that  opened  before  us  to  the  westward,  over  the  plains 
of  Mellassa,  bounded  by  the  bold  mountains  skirting 
the  Cerambic  gulph ;  the  sea  formed,  as  it  were,  a  placid 
lake,  and  the  island  of  Cos,  with  the  promontories  of 
Halicamassus  and  Cnidus,  were  gray  in  the  distance. 

The  vegetation  during  our  morning's  ride  had  changed 
from  the  unvaried  underwood  of  the  dwarf  oak  to  the 
heath,  cistus,  and  lavender ;  flowers  were  sparkling  be- 
tween the  bushes,  and  the  blossom  already  covered  the 
yellow  broom.  The  geological  features,  as  we  passed  the 
summit,  also  changed ;  the  coarse  granite  seemed  gradu- 
ally to  cease,  appearing  only  in  rolled  blocks,  over  the 

F 


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66  CARIA. 

shivered  slaty  rocks  which  abound  so  much  throughout 
the  whole  of  Anatolia  :  thick  veins  of  quartz  protruded 
in  ridges,  and  the  blocks  of  granite  were  veined  with 
lines  of  a  black  quartz.  The  rocks,  as  we  descended, 
became  more  and  more  schisty,  until  at  every  step 
they  crumbled  into  a  silvery  dust  of  mica ;  the  beaten 
track  of  the  road  consisting  almost  wholly  of  blocks  of 
quartz,  the  only  durable  remnant  of  the  decomposing 
rocks.  This  increase  and  change  of  soil  carried  us  at 
once,  as  we  descended,  into  a  spring  of  flowers.  I  never 
saw  anemonies  so  numerous  and  varied :  on  the  mea- 
dow at  our  feet  I  can  compare  them  to  nothing  but 
a  rich  Turkey  carpet,  in  which  the  green  grass  did  not 
form  a  prominent  colour  amidst  the  crimson,  lilac,  blue, 
scarlet,  white,  and  yellow  flowers.  The  black  iris  and 
a  hyacinth  were  the  only  additions  I  made  to  my  col- 
lection of  plants. 

At  about  twelve  miles  before  we  reached  Mellassa, 
and  to  the  north-east  of  that  city,  we  passed,  amidst  the 
woods,  some  important  ruins,  of  good  masonry  and  of  an 
ornamental  character ;  one  fine  building,  with  a  door 
twelve  feet  wide  within  a  windowed  portico,  and  the 
square  interior  or  cella  having  windows  on  either  side, 
seemed  among  the  most  prominent.  The  portico, 
formed  by  the  extension  of  the  side  walls  of  the  cella, 
is  of  the  kind  known  as  a  portico  in  antis :  two  fluted 
columns  lay  near  it.  The  whole  of  the  buildings  of  the 
place,  seemed  compact,  and  may  probably  have  been 
enclosed  by  a  long  wall  running  in  front.     Three  or  four 


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MYLASA.  67 

tombs,  partly  cut  in  the  rock,  attracted  our  attention 
to  the  place,  a  few  hundred  yards  before  we  arrived  at 
the  ruins. 

In  descending  the  mountain  toward  Mellassa,  we  fol- 
lowed and  continually  crossed  and  re-crossed  an  ancient 
paved  road,  the  large  stones  differing  from  those  of  later 
days  by  being  wrought  and  fitted  together  with  the  pro- 
truding natural  rock :  the  road,  in  passing  ravines,  was 
also  built  up  with  solid  Greek  masonry.  This  way 
doubtless  continued  to  the  ancient  city  of  Mylasa. 
Colonel  Leake  says,  that  about  this  spot  he  thinks  it 
probable  may  be  discovered  the  remains  of  Labranda, 
which  name  is  at  present  given  to  the  ruins  and  temple 
to  the  north-west;  to  those  he  proposes  the  name  of 
Euromus. 

March  23rdy  Mellassa  {tlie  ancient  Mylasa). — ^We  ar- 
rived  here  in  a  violent  storm  early  in  the  afternoon  of 
the  20th,  and  have  been  detained  by  the  continued 
rains,  which  have  almost  kept  us  prisoners  in  our  khan, 
or  allowed  us  but  short  walks  about  the  town.  The 
rivers  in  the  neighbourhood  are  much  swollen,  and  the 
whole  country  flooded.  We  have  made  one  excursion 
to  see  the  temple,  on  the  spot  called  the  ancient  La-i 
branda,  but  the  rain  fell  in  such  torrents,  that  the  few 
inscriptions  we  copied  with  difficulty,  while  sheltering 
the  paper  within  our  caps,  were  afterwards  almost  ob- 
literated, our  portfolios  and  pockets  being  completely 
saturated  by  the  rain.  I  was  anxious  to  visit  this  temple 
again,  as  my  observations  on  my  former  tour,  of  the 

f2 


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68  CARIA. 

differences  in  its  columns,  had  been  explained  to  me  in 
so  interesting  a  manner  by  the  interpretation  of  the  in- 
scription upon  the  tablet  of  a  column,  stating  that  its 
shaft,  base,  and  capital  had  been  contributed  by  an  in- 
dividual in  honour  of  his  daughter.  I  have  now  copied 
eleven  of  these  inscriptions ;  some  are  too  much  oblite- 
rated to  be  deciphered,  from  lying  on  the  ground.  The 
following  is  repeated  upon  all  the  tablets  on  the  columns 
in  front  of  the  temple : 

MENEKPATHCMENE 

KPATOYCOAPXIATPOC 

THCnOAEWCCTE4>A 

NH^OPWNTONKEIO 

NACYNCnEIPHKAIKE 

♦AAHnPONOHCAME 

NHCTHCeYrATPOCAY 

TOYTPY4>AINHrrHCKAI 

AYTHCrrE4>ANH40POYKAICYMNACI 

APXOY  * 

*  A  similar  inscription  to  this,  which  may  be  read  more  or  less 
distinctly  on  five  separate  columns,  I  have  published  in  my  former 
Journal,  pp.  262  and  331.  The  one  here  given  is  more  correct,  having 
been  collated  with  the  others. 

TVanslation. — "Menecrates,  the  son  of  Menecrates,  the  Archiater 
[principal  physician]  of  the  town,  [gave]  whilst  Stephanephoros,  this 
column,  with  the  base  and  capital,  his  daughter  Tryphaena,  herself  also 
a  Stephanephoros  and  G3rmnasiarchos  superintending  [the  work].'* 

The  office  of  Stephanephoros  (i.  e.  one  who  wears  a  wreath)  is  occa- 
sionally mentioned  both  on  the  monuments  and  coins  of  Asia  Minor.  It 
certainly  was  a  place  of  great  honour,  but  scarcely  one  of  trust.     A 


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MYLASA.  69 

The  subjoined  inscription  is  found  upon  all  the  co- 
lumns of  the  north  side : 

AEONAEONTOZ 
KOINTOrrTE4>ANH 
♦OPflNEZi^nOZXEZE 
nrrONKEIONAZYN 
ZnEIPHKAIKE4>AAHI  * 

My  opinions  as  to  the  architecture  and  situation  of 
the  temple  are  unchanged.  Among  the  walls  I  men- 
tioned as  being  on  the  rising  ground  to  the  north, 
we  found  the  excavation  of  a  theatre,  with  many  of 
its  seats  remaining:  its  aspect  is  toward  the  south- 
west. The  weather  was  too  unfavourable  for  botanical 
or  geological  researches,  for  the  thick  branches  of  a 
group  of  evergreen  oaks  did  not  even  afford  shelter 
from  the  deluging  rain.     These  oaks  have  the  small 

kind  of  superintendence  or  patronage  over  the  afiairs  of  the  temple 
and  public  festivals,  seems  to  have  been  the  chief  care  of  this  honorary 
office,  with  which  scarcely  any  functions  may  have  been  connected, 
beyond  bearing  expenses  for  the  common  good.  Sometimes  we  see 
it  conferred  on  the  chief  priest ; — ^here,  on  the  chief  physician  and  his 
daughter.  The  office  of  Gymnasiarchos,  also  a  very  high  one,  as  is 
indicated  by  other  inscriptions,  scarcely  imposed  any  duties  beyond 
those  of  a  munificent  patron  of  the  gymnastic  exercises  and  g^ames. 
The  title  of  ArchJater,  still  in  use  in  some  continental  courts,  was  first 
given  by  Nero.  This,  as  observed  in  the  Appendix  of  my  former 
work,  fixes  the  date  of  the  inscription  as  later  than  the  first  half  of 
the  first  century. 

*  Tratulation. — "  Leo,  the  son  of  Leo,  whilst  Stephanephoros,  [gave] 
the  column,  with  the  base  and  the  capital,  according  to  his  promise." 


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70  CARIA. 

holly-like  leaf  of  the  dwarf  shrub  universal  in  this 
country ;  but  the  size  of  the  trees  was  immense,  their 
stems  being  above  twenty  feet  in  girth,  and  the  branches 
must  have  shaded  a  circle  of  seventy  feet  from  the 
midday  sun. 

The  site  of  Mylasa  has  been  covered  with  public 
buildings,  and  many  of  the  stones  remaining  show  them 
to  have  fatten  highly  ornamented.  The  Corinthian  order 
seems  to  have  prevailed;  but  Ionic  capitals  are  also 
seen  built  into  the  walls. 

The  following  fragment  of  an  inscription  I  copied  from 
the  tablet  upon  a  solitary  Corinthian  column  standing 
conspicuously  in  the  town.  The  letters  have  been 
chipped  off  by  the  present  occupier  of  the  house,  through 
the  top  of  which  the  column  rises.  This  has  been  done 
in  order  to  prevent  the  intrusion  of  strangers  to  see  this 
relic. 


MANANAPONOYAYAI 
AA..^gYTOYEY0Y^ 

ii^YEigigPTHN^ 

EZEYENHETONig 
/^jrOTOrA  * 


♦  Translation, — •*  The  People  [honoured]  Menander,  the  son  of  UK- 
ades,  the  son  of  Euthydemus,  a  henefactor  of  his  native  town,  and  bom 
of  benefactors." 

Published  by  Boeckh  (2698),  from  Chandler,  ivho  copied  it  when  in 
a  more  perfect  state. 


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MYLASA.  71 


The  following  inscriptions  I  have  also  copied  from 
various  walls  and  sarcophagi  in  the  town : 


HZOPOZTO 

KAAYAIOYMAPI 

AIANOYKOAPOY* 

AAlMONANArA 

enNt 

iHTINHIOZiS 
NOZAEONig 

NEGHKENJ 
HPAKAEI^ 

AAlMONbON 
ArAGbON 
TIBEPIOY 
KAAYAIOY 
GEOAOTOY 
ZH  § 


*  "  The  Soros  of  Claudiua  Maiilianus  Codrus." 

t  "  Of  ihe  benevolent  spirits." — ^These  words,  corresponding  to  the 
Latin  "  Diis  Manibus/'  are  very  common  in  funeral  inscriptions. 

I  Supposing  that  at  the  right-hand  side  each  line  has  lost  two  or 

three  letters,  we  may  translate  this  inscription  thus  :  " Tlneius, 

the  son  of  Bion  [?],  has  consecrated  [this]  lion  to  Hercules  and  to 
the " 

$  "  Of  the  benevolent  spirits.  [The  property]  of  Tiberius  Claudius 
Theodotus,  [now]  alive." 


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72  CARIA. 

^KTHZEIZEirrETONKOINONig 

ZEIZYPONOeEYZINOIZAHKANEPiK 

AAZEnNnOAINEIZAOYAIKHNnEPIJl 

ZINAIZXPATEKAIHMnNANAZIOZA#. 

OIZrENOITOnPAEOYZIAHMOZIA^ 

TEXPHMATONMHTEnPOZOAXl^ 

NEIMHKATATEAflNEniAEM^INAOrjl 

YrTArTEKE4>AAAZEriTEAnNEI^ 

EnANOPenZINTilNEKTHZAABIHNO^ 

A4>EPOYZHZOAH  KAI AYTOI H  POI AOM  E^ 

XPEAAHMOZIATHNPOAINYnHrArONiS 

OMATONTHNKAIZAPOZYPEPMYAAZE^  * 


*  Published  by  Boeckh,  2695,  b.  All  the  words  of  this  inscrip- 
tion may  be  read  distinctly,  but  are  without  connection,  as  a  great 
part  of  it  has  not  been  preserved.  It  contained  a  Roman  decree, 
by  which  the  inhabitants  of  Mylasa  obtained  a  release  from  some 
pa3rments  and  the  vexations  of  the  tax-gatherers.  The  name  of 
Labienus  in  the  ninth  line,  and  that  of  Caesar  in  the  last,  give  the 
inscription  an  historical  interest.  The  latter  is  probably  that  of  C. 
Julius  Caesar,  and  Labienus,  the  same  who,  as  Plutarch  (Vit.  Anton, 
c.  28.  30.  33.)  and  others  relate,  was  proclaimed  Imperator  by  the 
Parthic  army,  and  overran  with  his  forces  Asia  Minor  as  far  as  Lydia 
and  Ionia  (Appian.  B.C.  1.  5.  c.  65).  The  inhabitants  of  Mylasa,  at 
the  instigation  of  Hybreas,  bravely  resisted  the  invader,  but  had 
greatly  to  suffer  for  it  (Strabo,  xiv.,  p.  660).  Marcus  Antonius, 
the  Triumvir,  sent  his  legate  Ventidius  against  Labienus,  and  seems, 
by  the  decree  contained  in  our  inscription,  to  have  made  some  grants 
to  the  Mylaseans,  in  consideration  of  their  losses.  A  similar  letter 
of  Marc  Antony  to  the  Senate  of  Aphrodisias,  in  which  also  re- 
ference is  made  to  Julius  Caesar,  has  been  preserved  entire.  (Chandler, 
p.  61,  and  Boeckh.  2744.) 


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MYLASA.  73 


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74  CARIA. 

*  Translation  of  inscription  on  pagt  73. 

The  first  line,  which  is  wanting,  seems  to  have  contained  the 
name  of  the  Stephanephoros  for  the  year  in  whidi  the  decree  was 
resolved  on ;  the  letters  which  now  stand  first  belong,  as  Boeckh  con- 
cludes from  similar  inscriptions,  to  the  word  OTflPKONAEAN^ 
''the  members  of  the  Phyle  Otorcondea,"  which  was  one  of  the  sub- 
ordinate corporations  of  Mylasa.  Were  it  not  for  the  entire  dif- 
ference of  Pagan  and  Christian  institutions,  we  might  be  tempted  to 
translate  "  Phyle  "  by  parish.  As  at  the  right-hand  side  each  line 
has  lost  some  letters,  the  following  translation  is  partly  founded  on 
conjecture. 

•* It  was  decreed  by  the  Phyle  of  the  Otorcon- 

deans,  [through]  their  magistrates.  Whereas  Amyntas,  the  son  of 
Agis,  most  distinguished  by  public  spirit,  has  heretofore  ministered  to 
the  wants  of  the  Phyle,  and  being  in  several  ofiices  has  served  well 
and  praiseworthily ;  and  behaving  to  the  members  of  the  Phyle  and  the 
other  citizens  righteously  and  honourably,  and  being  among  all  with- 
out blame  and  quarrel,  and  never  bribed ;  and,  when  money  was  wanted, 
and  he  was  rated  by  the  Phyle,  having  given  more  [than  was  required] 
to  the  native  town ;  whence  it  happened  that  the  Phyle  gained  much 
more  renown,  and  gave  to  the  town  what  there  was  occasion  for ; 
wherefore  the  Phyle  has  also  gratefully  honoured  him  with  the  be- 
coming honours ;  being  by  his  Phyle,  according  to  law,  declared  free  of 
the  liturgiee  [expensive  charges  ordinarily  imposed  on  the  rich  citizens], 
he  still  remained  GymnasiarchoB  [patron  of  the  g^ymnastic  games], 
and  superintended  the  holy  affairs  [or,  according  to  Boeckh's  reading, 
the  revenue  ofiicers,]  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  People :  behaving 
to  all  men  equably  and  honestly,  and  in  obedience  to  the  laws ;  and  em- 
bellishing besides,  at  his  own  expense,  the  Palaestra  with  ornaments ; 
and  striving  not  only  in  the  things  that  are  mentioned,  but  generally  [?], 
to  excel  all  the  former  good  deeds.  That,  therefore,  the  Phyle  may 
appear  to  render  thanks  unto  men  of  merit  and  the  benefactors  of  the 
Phyle  and  the  People  [it  was  resolved]/ 

"  May  it  be  fortunate !  That  Amyntas  be  praised  and  crowned  with 


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MYLASA.  75 

I  mentioned  in  my  former  Journal  a  fine  arched 
gateway,  which  was  still  remaining ;  an  aqueduct  has 
passed  over  it.  I  have  sketched  the  outer  side,  show- 
ing on  the  keystone  the  sacrificial  axe  of  Jupiter, 
which  has  been  deemed  an  argument  favouring  the 
idea   that  this  gateway  led  to  the   temple  of  Jupiter 


Labrandenus.  This  emblem  I  have  seen  on  four  dif- 
ferent keystones,  built  into  various  walls  in  the  town^ 
showing  that  it  must  have  been  very  commonly  used 
in  the  architecture  of  the  city,  and  not  improbably 
placed  over  each  of  its  gates.  I  have  obtained  coins 
of  the  ancient  city,  with  the  same  emblem  upon  them, 
and  also  one  representing  Jupiter,  with  a  similar  axe 
in  his  hand*. 

Another  of  the  monuments  still  existing  at  Mylasa 
is  shown  in  the  annexed  Plate :  it  is  a  tomb  of  a  very 

a  wreath,  for  his  merits  towards  the  Phyle  and  his  native  town,  in 
order  that  the  choice  of  the  members  of  the  Phyle  may  be  the  more 
manifest,  and  the  zeal  which  they  have." 

Published  from  ChishuU  by  Boeckh,  2693,  d. 

*  These  are  given  in  Plate  XXXV.  Nos.  4  and  5,  at  the  end  of  this 
volume. 


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76  CARIA. 

imposing  form,  and  may,  from  its  high  state  of  pre* 
servation,  explain  the  former  use  of  some  I  have  no- 
ticed at  Alinda,  which  now  appear  as  mere  pedestals  or 
stoas.  A  hole  in  the  floor  of  this  upper  apartment  or 
temple  is  said  by  one  writer  to  have  been  for  the  pour- 
ing down  libations  to  the  manes  in  the  vault  beneath. 
There  being  no  visible  means  for  the  friends  of  the 
deceased  to  reach  the  platform  for  this  holy  purpose, 
I  listened  to  the  explanation  of  the  Turk  who  acted  as 
cicerone :  he  says  the  building  was  a  treasury,  and  that 
the  lower  room  was  filled  with  gold,  which  had  been 
dropped  down  the  hole  above,  and  that  many  such 
buildings  had  existed. 

I  have  never  heard  a  Turk  relate  any  anecdote  of 
**  old  castles,"  as  he  calls  them,  without  some  reference 
to  hidden  treasure  ;  he  believes  that  every  inscription 
tells  of  treasure,  if  he  could  understand  it,  and  every 
cavern  leads  to  some  ancient  store  of  accumulated  gold  ; 
but  these  stories,  like  the  tales  of  children,  have  each 
their  characteristic  moral ;  they  tell  you  that  whoever 
enters  wishing  to  carry  away  wealth,  finds  himself  a 
prisoner,  lost  in  the  dark  vaults,  until  he  lays  down  that 
which  he  was  about  to  steal:  he  may  then  return, 
empty-handed,  by  the  open  door.  A  Jew  is  said  to 
have  once  entered  a  cavern,  and  was  thus  served,  but 
the  lesson  has  prevented  the  Turk  from  repeating  the 
like  attempt.  Many  of  the  hot  springs  and  volcanic 
gaseous  flames  in  the  country  serve  to  dress  the  meat  of 
the  honest  shepherd,  but  that  which  has  been  stolen 


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!    /v. '/<•>>*  t    ■'■'if'" 


■r  o    A    h      i'N  K  A  K      M  V  I.  A  S  K 


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MYLASA.  77 

can  never  be  cooked  at  these  places.  I  should  almost 
regret  the  loss  of  this  trait  of  credulous  simplicity,  how- 
ever childish  it  may  appear. 

In  closing  my  last  Journal  I  gave  my  general  impres- 
sion of  the  character  of  the  Turk,  formed  in  spite  of 
prejudice  against  them,  and  entirely  drawn  from  their 
own  conduct.  Perhaps  I  may  be  suspected,  like  many 
converts,  to  have  become  too  warmly  the  advocate  of 
their  character;  but  I  cannot  accuse  myself  of  this 
feeling,  and  have  now  reason  to  repeat  my  opinion, 
from  a  longer  experience.  What  I  am  about  to  say 
will  show  that  their  faults  are  not  overlooked  by  me, 
although  in  citing  an  exception  it  may  be  thought  to 
prove  my  rule.  At  Naslee  the  master  of  the  post  sat 
with  us,  talking  much  nonsense,  accompanied  with  ex- 
treme politeness,  and  holding  in  his  hand  an  empty 
bottle,  which  he  hoped  we  should  refill  with  arrac ;  he 
had  evidently  drunk  the  whole  of  its  former  contents. 
I  know  not  if  his  profession  has  caused  this  neglect  of 
the  Prophet's  laws,  but  our  Cavass  is  a  determined 
drunkard ;  he  will  empty  two  or  three  bottles  a  day  of 
pure  arrac,  a  spirit  extracted  from  the  refuse  of  grapes, 
used  as  spirits-of-wine  by  us,  and  in  strength  far  above 
proof.  This  man  is  a  wretched  example  of  the  effects 
of  intemperance ;  at  times  he  is  like  a  perfect  madman ; 
when  the  fit  subsides  he  weeps  like  a  child,  and  pro- 
mises better  conduct,  but  only  practises  it  when  beyond 
the  reach  of  obtaining  a  supply  of  spirits,  for  which  he 
is  willing  to  pay  any  price  or  make  any  sacrifice. 


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78  CARIA. 

But  to  revert  to  the  tomb  I  was  describing.  Those 
vast  stoas  I  have  mentioned  as  existing  at  Alinda  have 
evidently  also  been  mausoleums,  and  probably  sur- 
mounted with  columns  and  a  superstructure  resembling 
this,  the  scale  alone  differing,  some  of  them  being  of 
double  the  dimension  of  the  one  shown  in  the  preceding 
Plate.  It  is  curious  that  such  are  not  to  be  seen  out  of 
Caria,  and  that  in  its  construction  this  tomb  precisely 
answers  to  the  description  of  the  celebrated  monument 
erected  to  Mausolus  in  this  country,  which  was  one  of 
the  wonders  of  the  world,  and  from  which  we  derive  the 
term  Mausoleum. 

We  are  to  start  from  Meliassa  tomorrow  morning ; 
this  has  been  a  lovely  day,  the  sun  and  wind  drying 
the  deluged  earth ;  the  streams  are  again  finding  their 
accustomed  beds,  and  we  anticipate  no  further  delay. 
What  a  change  does  a  sunny  day,  after  rains,  make 
in  a  warm  climate,  at  this  season !  the  flowers  may 
almost  be  seen  to  expand.  This  morning  I  wandered 
over  the  hill  on  the  south  of  the  town,  and  saw  the 
flowers  recovering  from  the  beating  rains ;  the  people 
were  ail  busy  cutting  the  grass  from  their  house-tops, 
and  every  hut  had  its  little  roller  at  work  to  press  down 
the  wet  earth  of  its  roof.  In  the  evening  I  visited  the 
same  hill,  to  seek  the  site  of  the  ancient  theatre,  the  im- 
pression of  which  alone  seems  to  remain  on  the  south- 
east side:  the  whole  hill  had  burst  into  a  garden  of 
flowers.  Women  and  children  were  decking  themselves 
most  tastefully,  plaiting  the  blue  hyacinth  into  their 


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MYLASA.  79 

long  hanging  locks,  and  placing  a  crest  of  anemonies  or 
marigolds  on  their  foreheads ;  the  folds  of  the  turbans 
of  the  boys  were  rolled  in  flowers ;  the  whole  scene  was 
beautiful.  Along  the  valley,  for  several  miles  to  the 
south-east,  we  traced  the  ruins  of  a  fine  aqueduct,  which 
formerly  conveyed  the  water  from  the  mountains.  The 
distant  hills  were  now  gray,  and  tinged  with  the  setting 
sun.  To  the  south,  at  a  distance  of  about  six  miles,  on 
the  verge  of  a  precipice,  stands  the  town  of  Paichin, 
supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  one  of  the  celebrated 
temples  of  Jupiter ;  its  situation  is  worthy  of  a  Greek 
temple,  which,  from  the  valley,  would  appear  relieved 
against  the  sky,  the  country  beyond  being  a  flat  table- 
land. 


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80 


CHAPTER    IV. 

Stratoniceia,  its  Ruins. — Route  to  Moolah. — ^Ancient  Tombs. — ^The 
Pasha. — Longevity. — Change  in  the  Laws. — Detention  among  the 
Peasants. — Music. — Dancing. — Customs. — Passage  of  the  River. — 
DoUomon. 

March  24th,  Esky  Hissd. — ^This  morning  we  left  Mel- 
lassa  for  this  place,  the  ancient  Stratoniceia ;  the  di- 
stance is  six  hours,  hut  from  the  had  state  of  the  road 
it  has  taken  us  seven.  For  four  miles  we  traversed  the 
plain,  and  then  for  three  hours  more  clamhered  up  the 
rocky  mountainous  road  to  the  south-east.  This  country 
is  highly  picturesque,  and  it  has  received  additional 
grandeur  of  effect  from  the  frequent  thunder-storms  and 
partial  gleams  of  light  amidst  the  pelting  hail-storms. 

I  have  before  spoken  of  the  geology  of  this  district ; 
and  its  changes,  although  constant,  are  in  two  years  im- 
perceptible. I  again  noticed  the  singular  crumbling 
sands,  white,  red,  and  blue,  similar  to  those  of  Alum 
Bay  in  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  the  ironstone,  in 
almost  pure  ore,  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the 
country.     In  the  people  I  observed  the  primitive  mode 


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STRATONICEIA.  81 

of  obtaining  turpentine-wood  for  light ;  and  the  felling 
of  the  trees  is  in  the  last  two  years  as  little  changed 
as  it  has  been  for  three  thousand  years  past,  which  I 
noticed  in  the  Appendix  to  my  last  Journal. 

I  this  afternoon  continued  my  research  amongst  the 
broken  fragments  of  this  once  large  town ;  from  the  cella 
of  the  great  building  resembling  a  temple,  in  the  centre 
of  the  city,  I  copied  the  remaining  inscriptions.  The 
following  is  taken  from  the  front  wall  within  the  portico: 

JSEPHTAAIAiSAOKAAOiMBOIKONOMO 
iSnirrHZONTAIOIAAITHPIOIBA#^MPOI.^^i^ 
iKAEIHTHXfiPATnENErmTIETEIOeEOZEXPHZE 
jrrONTATYMAZOPnNOYKEXnTHNAITIANTOYTOY 
YNBAAINOYTErAPErnnOPGHZnNTHNnOAINYMnNErTAAHN 
i«EAOYAHNESEAEY0EPAZnOIHCZnNOYTEAAAOTXlN 
ArAOnNOYAENAMIPHZOMENOC* 

*  Boeckh,  2717,  from  Chandler,  who  has  given  also  the  first  line, 
which  is  wanting  in  the  transcript. 

Translation. — "  [The  town,  as  was  likewise  ordered  by  Serapis,]  asks 
through  Philocalus  twice  [i.  e.  the  grand-son  of  Philocalus],  the  CEco- 
nomus  [steward]  whether  the  wicked  barbarians  shall  in  the  ensuing 
year  infest  the  town  and  country.  The  god  answered,  '  Seeing  what 
you  do,  I  have  no  reason  why  this  should  come  to  pass ;  for  I  did  not 
set  out  either  in  order  to  lay  waste  your  town,  or  of  making  it  a  slave 
from  being  free,  or  to  take  away  anything  else  of  your  goods.'  " 

This  oracle,  of  course,  is  not  very  clear ;  it  was  probably  delivered  in 
the  temple  of  Jupiter,  at  Stratoniceia,  connected,  as  Boeckh  supposes, 
with  that  of  Serapis ;  so  also  appear  to  have  been  their  priesthoods, 
as  the  one  referred  the  good  citizens  to  the  other.  Prof.  Boeckh  thinks 
that  this  happened  under  the  reign  of  Valerian  or  Gallien,  when  the 
barbarians,  especially  the  Scythians,  burned  the  temple  at  Ephesus. 

O 


1 


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82  CARIA. 

The  following  is  inscribed  upon  the  wall  within  the 
north  side  of  the  same  building,  which  I  find,  from  other 
inscriptions  inserted  in  the  Appendix  to  this  volume,  is 
the  council-hall  of  the  ancient  city. 

ZHNIHANHi^jyySU) 

KAIHAIUAIICEPAnEI 

CCOGENTECEKnO 

AEMO.NMErAA£NKAI 

AAAOAAnOIOOAAACrON 

EYXHCINEKETAYTEnE 

rPAi'ANY^ENOITECCA 

PECANAPE(ZnTIKOC 

EniKTHTOCHAANTI 

OXOC-AMANEIAOC* 

I  have  impressed  upon  paper  the  inscription  I  copied 
on  my  last  visit  to  this  spot,  as  a  specimen  of  the  most 
beautifully  formed  Greek  letters  I  have  ever  seen.  On 
the  outer  side  of  the  wall  of  this  cella,  towards  the 

*  Translation. — "  To  Jupiter  Panemerius  and  Helios  Jupiter  Serapia. 
Being  saved  out  of  great  wars  and  strange  seas,  four  men  have,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  vow,  together  put  up  this  inscription,  Zoticus,  Epictetus, 
and  Antiochus,  [and]  also  Nilus." 

The  four  men,  it  seems,  intended  this  to  be  metrical,  and  succeeded 
in  making  the  second  line  a  hexameter,  but  at  the  expense  both  of 
sense  and  grammar.  The  epithet  strange  (rtiXeianros),  which,  inap- 
propriate though  it  be,  can  be  joined  to.  no  other  noun  but  '  seas/ 
does  in  the  original  agree  with  this  neither  in  gender  nor  number. 
Stratoniceia  had  a  for-famed  temple  of  Jove,  who,  as  we  may  also  see 
in  other  inscriptions,  was  worshiped  under  the  names  of  Panemerius, 
Rhembenodus,  etc.,  the  distinguishing  attributes  of  which  we  do  not 
know. 


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STRATONICEIA.  83 

norths  is  the  long  and  celebrated  edict  of  Dioclesian, 
both  in  Gfeek  and  Latin ;  its  transcription,  a  laborious 
undertaking,  was  accomplished  above  a  century  ago  by 
Sherard,  and  is  among  the  manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum.  Colonel  Leake  has  presented  me  with  a  copy 
of  it  published  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet,  which  is  an 
important  supplementary  document  to  his  valuable  work 
on  Asia  Minor.  It  is  curious  that  many  of  the  articles 
of  food  mentioned  in  this  edict  still  retain  the  same 
names  amongst  the  peasantry  of  the  country. 

The  theatre,  which  I  did  not  examine  on  my  former 
visit,  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  town ;  the  whole  of  the 
seats  remain,  but  the  proscenium  is  a  heap  of  ruins. 
The  vomitaries  must  have  been  on  the  sides  of  the  pro- 
scenium, for  there  are  no  arched  ways  visible  leading 
into  the  diazoma  or  lobby.  Among  the  tombs  on  the 
east  side  of  the  city  I  copied  the  following  inscriptions, 
but  the  heavy  rains  prevented  further  research. 

KOMYPIAKOZ 
KAIAPTEMIN 
KAPnXlTnTEKNXl 
MNIAZXAPINHc 

TIBEPIOYKAAYAIOY*IAOKAAOY 
KAAYAIAZAABPAINAIAOZ    ZH 
♦lAOKAAEXPHZTEXAIPE  t 

*  Translation. — "  Quintus  Myriacus  and  Artemin  [Artemion]  to 
CarpuB,  their  child,  for  the  sake  of  remembrance." 

t  Translation. — "  [The  tomb?]  of  Tiberius  Claudius  Philocalus 
[and]  Claudia,  a  woman  of  Labrainda  [Labranda  ?]  [now]  alive.  Phi- 
localus, thou  good  one,  farewell." 

o2 


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84  CARIA. 

OAHMOZEOAH'EN 
♦lAINNONZXlZANAPOYKilPAZIAA 

THNrVNAIKATHNANAPXlNOZ 
TOY^^^N  YZIOYKHPAI EXIZ 

EZHKYIANZn^PONXlZ 
KAirErENHMENHNEMHAZIN 

AZIANTnNKAAAirmN 
EnAINIlN* 


March  2bth. — This  morning  we  delayed  our  departure 
until  eleven  o'clock,  hoping  that  the  rains  would  cease ; 
and  taking  advantage  of  a  fair  hour,  we  travelled  slowly 
over  the  rocky  road  towards  Moolah.  On  reaching  the 
plain  the  rain  again  fell  in  torrents,  and  we  were  com- 
pelled to  take  refuge  at  the  village  of  Bozuke,  not  two 
hours'  ride  from  Esky  Hissci :  we  have  heard  the  thun- 
der  rolling  among  the  mountains  around  us  all  the 
afternoon.  The  general  elevation  of  this  country  is 
1 500  feet  above  the  sea. 

Moolah,  March  27th. — ^This  large  Turkish  town,  the 
residence  of  a  pasha,  has  no  doubt,  from  its  overhang- 
ing rock  and  fine  commanding  situation,  been  the  site 
of  an  ancient  Greek  city;  this  must  be  the  first  im- 
pression of  all  travellers  who  approach  it  from  its  flat 
plain  to  the  north,  west,  and  south.     With  this  idea,  I 


♦  Translation. — "  The  people  has  buried  Philinnon,  the  daughter  of 
Sosander,  a  woman  of  Corasa,  the  wife  of  Andro,  the  son  of  Diony- 
sius,  a  citizen  of  Corasa,  who  [i.  e.  the  woman]  had  lived  righteously, 
and  been  among  all  worthy  of  the  highest  praise." 


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STRATONICEIA.  85 

looked  for  old  materials  in  every  wall,  but  scarcely  saw 
a  stone  of  that  character.  In  rambling  up  one  of  the 
craggy  ravines  at  the  back  of  the  town,  we  were  attracted 
by  some  square  holes  high  up  in  the  cliffs,  and  spent 
several  hours  in  exploring  what  we  found  to  be  ancient 
tombs,  cut  within  the  rocks.  From  their  form  and  con- 
struction,  they  must  have  been  the  work  of  the  early 
Greeks,  and  the  repositories  of  the  dead  of  a  consider- 
able city ;  I  think  we  examined  above  a  hundred.  The 
name  of  the  ancient  city,  I  believe,  has  never  been 
found  on  inscriptions,  but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
Alinda.  My  inquiry  here  for  coins  was  answered  most 
liberally,  and  I  have  added  above  thirty  to  my  col- 
lection ;  but  among  these  I  find  none  of  the  town  of 
Alinda,  some  of  them  belonging  to  the  cities  on  the 
coast,  and  one  to  Samos,  together  with  many  Roman 
and  Byzantine.  All  coins  from  the  neighbourhood 
naturally  find  their  way  to  the  chief  commercial  towns. 
At  M ellassa  they  are  quite  an  article  of  merchandize 
with  the  Jews,  and  for  coins  which  I  bought  for  a 
piastre  at  other  places,  I  was  there  asked  from  fifty  to 
one  hundred  piastres.  At  present  the  coins  have  not 
been  carried  far  from  the  places  in  which  they  were 
found,  and,  like  fossils  in  geology,  they  may  perhaps 
be  useful  in  indicating  a  date  and  name  to  their  differ- 
ent locaUties. 

We  yesterday  travelled  about  twenty  miles,  gradually 
ascending  the  valley  which  gives  source  to  the  river 
Cheena ;   in  its  course  towards  the  town  of  that  name 


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86  CARIA. 

it  passes  the  ancient  site  of  Lekena,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  valley  to  Bozuke,  and  a  little  to  the  north- 
east of  Acruicooe,  the  village  I  passed  on  my  former 
tour.  At  a  few  miles  before  arriving  at  Moolah,  we  left 
the  valley  in  which  the  Cheena  takes  its  rise,  and, 
crossing  a  small  range  of  mountains,  reached  the  large 
but  swampy  plain  before  this  town.  Today  we  start 
for  Hoolah,  but,  as  the  distance  is  only  twelve  miles, 
we  spend  the  forenoon  here,  and  shall  ride  over  the 
mountains  after  an  early  dinner. 

Our  room  has  this  morning  been  quite  a  busy  scene, 
with  Turks  bringing  in  coins  and  fancied  treasures, 
some  of  the  most  ridiculous  kind — Russian  and  Greek 
modern  coins,  buttons,  pieces  of  tin,  part  of  a  spoon — 
all  considered  by  these  men  as  of  value,  from  their 
ignorance  of  their  use.  I  was  amused  by  the  conscien- 
tious conduct  of  one  Turk:  he  possessed,  he  said,  the 
head  of  a  marble  figure,  which  he  promised  I  should  see ; 
considerable  delay  occurred,  and  a  Russian  tailor,  who 
was  on  his  professional  tour  for  the  clothing  of  some 
young  recruits,  which  we  saw  on  entering  the  town, 
brought  the  little  mutilated  head  to  my  room,  and  said 
that  I  might  have  it  at  my  own  price.  On  inquiry,  I 
found  that  the  Prophet  has  strongly  forbidden  the  deal- 
ing in  idols,  and  any  representation  of  man  is  looked 
upon  as  such  by  the  Mussulman ;  the  owner,  therefore, 
did  not  choose  to  oiFer  it  to  me  himself.  The  strict 
observance  of  this  law  must  be  a  constant  obstacle  to 
the  progress  of  art ;  but  the  same  law  given  to  the  Jews 


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MOOLAH.  87 

did  not  prevent  their  following  this  craft,  and  the  sem- 
bance  of  idolatry  continued  even  in  the  early  Christian 
church ;  the  Prophet  alone  has  cleared  places  of  public 
worship  of  all  appearances  of  idolatry  and  form. 

A  general  stir  among  the  Greeks  in  the  khan  in- 
duced me  to  look  out,  and  I  found  that  among  the 
crowds  of  turbaned  people  leaving  the  mosque^  was  the 
Pasha ;  a  few  soldiers  escorted  him  from  the  door  to 
his  richly  caparisoned  horse ;  his  own  dress  was  the 
modem  European,  and  over  it  a  common  blue  cloth 
cloak  :  the  red  fez  and  a  diamond  locket  were  the  only 
features  unlike  an  European  gentleman.  A  little  east- 
em  form  still  lingered  about  his  suite ;  a  white  horse, 
saddled  and  covered  with  scarlet  velvet  and  trappings 
of  gold,  was  led  in  front  to  prance  and  display  its  atti- 
tudes, which  were  beautiful,  as  it  reared  and  curveted 
almost  upon  the  same  spot ;  at  a  suitable  distance  fol- 
lowed the  Pasha,  on  a  black  horse,  led  by  grooms  on 
either  side^  with  a  number  of  attendants  around.  In 
the  rear  followed  a  still  more  popular  personage,  with 
the  crowds  of  children  and  women  who  had  assembled 
at  a  respectful  distance ;  this  officer  threw  into  the  air 
handfuls  of  small  coin,  which  were  scrambled  for  in 
an  amusing  manner  by  the  children,  rolling  over  each 
other  on  the  road. 

March  28th,  Cagiolasolhucooe. — ^After  copying  the  fol- 
lowing fragment  of  an  inscription,  we  left  Hoolah  this 
morning  at  half-past  nine  o'clock,  and  in  five  hours  ar- 
rived here.     The  change  of  climate,  season,  and  conse- 


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88  ^  CARIA. 

quent  appearance  of  the  country,  is  most  striking.  I 
was  prepared  for  this  by  my  previous  travels,  but  at 
that  time  I  was  carried  from  spring  back  to  winter ;  the 
spring  is  now  opening  before  me,  and  this  change  has 
taken  place  within  a  few  hours.  Moolah  and  Hoolah 
are  situated  about  2500  feet  above  the  sea.  We  have 
already  descended  considerably  to  this  place,  which  is 
still  in  the  mountains,  but  they  are  clothed  with  rich 


AION  YZIOYANTArXirAEOAIOYM  ENZTTPATN 
AlONYZIOYPOAIATOVnATIOZKAIAPTEMIZlAKA 
HAirTEAIONYZIOYPOAIAITOVnAnnOYPAIAONY 
ZIOZMENEKPATCYZPOATOYnATIOrTHZFYN 

MMMAETMMENEKPATMMMJiMNAPOZ 
ZENEK* 

*  Translation.'^** of  Dionysius,   aon  of  Antagoras  [?],   a 

native  of  Rhodus ;  Menestrate,  the  daughter  of  Dionysius,  a  native  of 
Rhodus,  [to  the  memory]  of  her  father;  and  Artemis  and  Hediste, 
the  daughters  of  Dionysius,  natives  of  Rhodus,  [to  th^  memory]  of 
their  grandfather,  and  Dionysius,  the  son  of  Menecrates,  a  native  of 
Rhodus,  to  the  memory  of  his  wife's  father." 

The  daughter  of  Dionysius,  Menestrate,  married  another  Dionysius, 
the  son  of  Menecrates,  of  whom  she  had  two  daughters,  Artemis  and 
Hediste.  It  is  remarkable,  that  all  these  persons,  who  joined  in 
erecting  the  monument  to  the  memory  (the  Ghreek  for  these  words 
seems  to  be  contained  in  the  last  letters  of  the  inscription)  of  Dionysius 
the  elder,  called  themselves  Rhodians.  As  this  district  of  Caria  was 
for  some  time  subjected  to  the  Rhodians,  it  may  have  been  of  some 
importance  to  the  latter  not  to  be  placed  in  the  same  rank  as  the 
natives  among  whom  they  lived.  The  name  of  Antagoras  is  connected 
with  the  literature  of  Rhodes. 


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PERifiA.  89 

soil,  fostering  a  luxuriant  vegetation  under  the  genial 
aspect  of  the  south.  I  repeat  the  opinion  I  have  before 
expressed,  that  the  most  perfectly  beautiful  scenery  I 
have  ever  seen  is  displayed  in  this  portion  of  Caria,  the 
ancient  Peraea,  and  Lycia ;  and  how  little  is  it  known 
to  the  lovers  of  the  beautiful  in  Europe,  and  how  little 
appreciated  by  its  present  pastoral  inhabitants  !  They 
are,  however,  apparently  a  happy  people,  and  seem  to 
enjoy  long  lives. 

We  are  now  sitting  in  a  kind  of  strangers*  house,  the 
only  one  of  stone  or  deserving  the  name  of  a  hut  in 
this  village,  for  the  walls  of  the  others  are  all  of  wicker- 
work,  with  a  roof  formed  of  shivers  of  the  fir-tree.  This 
house  is  the  property  of  an  old  man,  who  sits  before 
me,  and  expresses  great  anxiety  that  I  should  give  him 
something  to  **  cure  his  eyes";  he  says  they  are  of  no 
use  to  him,  and  that  he  might  as  well  have  them  poi- 
soned at  once:  I  observe  nevertheless  that  he  walks 
about,  and  prys  into  everything  around  him.  He  is 
more  than  one  hundred  years  of  age,  and  has  been  here 
all  his  life,  excepting  a  visit  to  Stambool,  seventy  yearsr 
ago.  He  sees  well  enough  to  point  out,  at  a  distance  of 
a  hundred  and  fifty  yards,  a  woman  carrying  two  large 
pitchers  of  water  from  the  river  up  the  hill  to  his 
private  house ;  she  is  his  wife,  and  is  one  hundred  and 
two  years  of  age  ;  a  little  turbaned  boy  is  running  by 
her  side,  apparently  more  of  a  companion  than  a  guide, 
for  she  walks  with  a  firm  step,  and  has  her  sight  and 
hearing  still  perfect. 


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90  CARIA. 

Dollomony  March  3] st. — ^It  is  unnecessary  for  me  to 
remark  the  geological  and  botanical  features  of  this 
country^  which  I  noticed  in  my  last  Journal.  The  re- 
cent changes  in  the  people  of  this  country  strike  me 
most  forcibly.  The  time  was,  when  the  Turk  was  re- 
garded as  unchangeable ;  but  the  two  years  since  my 
last  visit,  and  even  almost  the  last  month,  have  wit- 
nessed a  total  change  in  the  country.  The  Aga,  in  com- 
mon with  all  the  governors  above  him  in  rank,  farmed 
the  district  of  the  Sultan,  and  was  for  his  year  of  oflSce 
a  little  king,  generally  acting  with  liberal  hospitality  to 
all  around,  and  particularly  to  the  stranger ;  of  course 
eventually  the  cost  of  this  fell  upon  the  people  of  the 
district,  and  the  ostentatious  establishment  of  the  go- 
vernor must  have  been  a  heavy  tax.  The  case  is  now 
altered  ;  each  governor  is  a  mere  agent,  sent  generally 
from  Constantinople,  to  collect  all  taxes  for  his  master 
the  Sultan :  he  has  a  fixed  salary. 

When  I  was  here  last,  the  large  court-yard  and  sur- 
rounding galleries  of  the  establishment  or  konak  in 
which  I  am  now  sitting,  were  all  animation,  and  full 
fifty  people  were  assembled  to  stare  at  my  little  train 
departing.  I  now  arrived  with  a  much  larger  suite,  and 
not  a  person  was  to  be  seen ;  at  last  appeared  a  servant 
and  the  son  of  the  Aga,  who  welcomed  me  and  offered 
me  an  excellent  room  in  his  konak  ;  he  inquired  if  we 
wanted  anything,  and  directed  his  servant  to  buy  for 
us  firewood  and  bread,  for  which  a  charge  was  made. 
After  us  arrived  a  Turk  of  rank,  with  his  accustomed 


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PERifiA.  91 

state ;  but  on  entering,  to  claim  his  usual  entertain- 
ment, he  was  informed  that  all  he  required  would  be 
obtained  for  him,  and  a  room  was  at  his  service,  but  that 
no  table  was  now  kept  by  the  Aga.  All  are  treated 
alike,  and  no  popularity  will  now  serve  the  agent  ap- 
pointed from  Constantinople ;  he  therefore  only  acts 
on  the  directions  from  that  court,  and  like  agents  from 
other  nations,  he  will  become  the  paid  representative 
of  his  sovereign,  and  will  live  according  to  his  salary. 
The  people  do  not  yet  understand  how  the  change  can 
take  place ;  and  when  told  of  the  equality  of  the  Greek 
as  a  subject,  they  almost  doubt  the  Sultan's  faith  in  the 
laws  of  the  Prophet.  The  manners  of  the  people  are 
not  so  soon  changed ;  of  this  I  have  during  the  last 
two  days  had  several  instances,  showing  their  hospita- 
lity and  simplicity,  and  have  remarked  also  the  cus- 
toms, which  have  probably  descended  from  the  early 
inhabitants  of  this  country. 

Continuing  our  route  through  the  beautiful  district 
between  Hoolah  and  Koogez,  we  reached  the  latter 
place  early  in  the  afternoon,  and  enjoyed  the  lovely 
view  of  the  bay  from  a  small  island  close  to  the  town, 
occupied  by  a  few  Greek  families.  The  governor's 
large  house,  in  which  I  had  before  lodged,  was  now 
filled  with  people.  A  Bey  had  arrived,  and  had  with 
him  a  number  of  half-drilled  soldiers,  and  every  ruined 
portion  of  the  old  Derebbe  barracks  was  occupied ;  we 
were  therefore  lodged  in  a  miserable  apartment  in  one 


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92  CARIA. 

of  the  very  few  houses  in  the  village.  The  poor  accom- 
modation soon  made  us  wish  to  leave  it,  and  we  started 
early  on  our  way  hither,  crossing  the  river  Ooalah-chi, 
which  empties  itself  into  the  eastern  side  of  the  hay. 
Every  person  we  met  during  the  first  three  hours  of  our 
journey  told  the  same  tale,  of  the  impossihility  of  pass- 
ing the  great  river,  called  Dollomon-chi,  which  would 
cross  our  road  at  four  hours'  distance  from  Koogez; 
with  this  assurance,  we  left  the  track,  and  travelled 
northward  for  an  hour,  to  a  few  huts,  of  which  the  farm- 
ing establishment  of  the  chief  proprietor  of  the  flocks 
in  that  district  consists.  A  large  shed  was  allotted  to 
us  by  one  of  the  brothers  of  our  host,  whilst  another 
undertook  to  be  our  guide  to  some  ruins  about  two 
miles  distant,  in  the  hills  to  the  south-west. 

The  excursion  was  a  pleasant  one,  but  like  many 
others  I  have  made,  our  guides  being  people  who  can- 
not conceive  our  motive  for  seeking  old  walls,  it  failed 
to  satisfy  the  pursuit  of  an  antiquarian.  We  found  a 
rocky  hill  beautifully  situated  in  the  midst  of  its  little 
valley :  the  summit  was  covered  with  ruined  walls,  but 
their  construction  indicates  the  age  of  the  Derebbe,  or 
the  defended  position  of  some  lawless  chief  of  a  few 
centuries  ago.  The  walls  were  of  the  worst  style  of 
art,  without  buttress,  window,  or  break,  except  for  the 
protruding  natural  rock  on  which  it  rested.  On  ar- 
riving at  this  spot,  we  at  once  perceived  from  its  com- 
manding situation,  that  we  were  only  separated  from 


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PERiEA.  93 

the  bay  of  Koogez  by  a  narrow  range  of  mountains,  and 
that  our  course  had  been  more  parallel  with  the  coast 
than  the  maps  indicate. 

On  our  return  to  our  hut,  we  found  that  Mania  had 
killed  a  sheep,  and  with  supplies  of  kymac  and  milk 
had  provided  against  our  future  wants,  for  our  party 
is  too  large  to  move  with  the  independence  and  speed 
that  I  enjoyed  on  my  last  tour.  We  have  for  a  few 
days  the  addition  of  a  Greek,  who  acts  as  a  local  guide 
amidst  the  swamps  which  are  so  prevalent  in  valleys 
at  this  season. 

The  evening  afforded  us  much  amusement:  our  apart- 
ment was  large,  and  walled  for  about  five  feet  high, 
nearly  to  the  eves  of  the  roof,  with  wattled  or  wicker- 
worked  fencings  and  this  had  been  partially  plastered 
with  mud ;  the  gable  ends  to  the  east  and  west  were 
open  to  the  stars  of  a  brilUant  but  exceedingly  cold 
night.  A  large  fire,  lighted  at  one  end  of  this  enclo- 
sure, was  the  point  of  attraction  in  the  room,  but  its 
smoke,  driven  in  all  directions  by  the  wind,  was  not 
quite  agreeable  to  eyes  unaccustomed  to  its  pungency : 
our  hut  had  no  door,  and  our  cheerful  fire  was  a  beacon 
to  all  the  peasants  of  this  little  place,  and  it  would  be 
difficult  to  describe  either  by  pen  or  pencil  the  singular 
and  highly  picturesque  effect  of  the  assembled  groups. 

There  is  something  peculiarly  elegant  in  the  attitudes 
and  manners  of  these  people,  be  their  rank  high  or  low : 
by  all  classes  the  etiquette  of  rank  is  observed,  for  our 
Zoorigees,  with  one  or  two  servants  of  the  farm,  formed 


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94  CARIA. 

the  background  of  the  scene,  and  scarcely  appeared  ex- 
cept when  the  blaze  of  the  fire  was  replenished  with 
fresh  logs  of  wood.  Twelve  or  fourteen  Turks,  all  vary- 
ing in  dress,  yet  each  rich  and  costly,  sat  around  the 
fire,  while  we  reclined  at  our  table.  Mania  was  cook- 
ing, and  as  usual  had  to  answer  the  many  inquiries  of 
the  wondering  peasants  respecting  the  strangers. 

A  lute  or  guitar,  which  is  found  in  almost  every  hut 
in  this  country,  was  soon  sounded,  and  a  youth,  one  of 
our  hosts,  played  several  airs,  all  extremely  singular,  but 
simple,  wild,  and  some  very  harmonious.  One  slow  me- 
lody we  admired,  and  were  told  that  it  was  a  dance  ;  the 
circle  was  enlarged,  and  our  Cavass  stood  in  the  midst, 
and  danced  in  a  most  singular  manner  the  dance,  as  he 
called  it,  of  the  Yourooks  or  shepherds ;  it  was  accom- 
panied with  much  grimace,  was  in  slow  time,  and  fur- 
nished a  good  study  for  attitudes.  He  was  succeeded 
by  a  Greek,  and  I  never  was  more  struck  than  by  the 
accurate  representation  of  the  attitudes  displayed  in 
the  faims  and  bacchanal  figures  of  the  antique.  Mr. 
Scharf  had,  unknown  to  me,  sketched  some  of  them ; 
the  uplifted  and  curved  arm^  the  bending  head,  the 
raised  heel,  and  the  displayed  muscles — ^for  all  the 
party  had  bare  legs  and  feet — exactly  resembled  the 
figures  of  ancient  Greek  sculpture.  The  snapping 
the  finger,  in  imitation  of  castanets,  was  in  admirable 
time  to  the  lute  accompaniment.  This  is  not  a  dance 
for  exercise  or  sociability,  as  our  modern  northern 
dances  appear;   it  is  a  pas-seul,  slow  in  movement. 


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95 


and  apparently  more  studied  than  even  the  performance 
of  Taglioni :  and  whence  do  these  tented  peasants  learn 
it  ?  they  have  no  schools  for  such  accomplishments,  no 
opera,  nor  any  theatrical  representation ;  but  the  tra- 
dition, if  it  may  be  so  called,  is  handed  down  by  the 
boys  dancing  for  the  amusement  of  the  people  at  their 


weddings  and  galas.  The  attention  and  apparent  quiet 
gratification  of  the  whole  party  also  formed  a  feature 
unknown  to  this  class  of  people  in  any  other  nation. 
The  musician  appeared  the  least  interested  of  the  party, 
and  continued  his  monotonous  tune  with  mechanical 
precision.  Each  guest,  whose  sole  attraction  was  a 
feeling  of  sociability,  for  there  was  no  repast,  nor  did 
he  expect  it,  lighted  his  torch  of  tuipentine-wood,  and 
retired  to  his  tent  or  shed. 


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96 


CARIA. 


In  the  morning  we  started  to  attempt  to  cross  the 
river,  which  was  gradually  subsiding ;  and  we  heard, 
among  a  variety  of  reports,  that  its  passage  was  now 
practicable.    Riding  for  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  regain- 
ing our  track  of  the  previous  day,  we  arrived  on  the 
banks  of  the  ancient  river  Calbis,  now  called  Dollomon- 
chi.     Arrangements  were  made  among  the  peasants  for 
getting  us  across ;  the  depth  of  the  water,  whose  stream 
was  very  rapid,  was  found  to  be  just  the  height  of  a 
man's  shoulder,  and  thirteen  men  undertook  to  trans- 
port us,  with  all  our  horses  and  baggage,  safely  over. 
They  all  stripped  naked,  except  their  turbaned  head 
and  girded  loins,  and  as  each  seized  an  article  of  the 
baggage,  and  shouldered  it,  they  formed  a  fine  group  of 
figures  for  the  study  of  an  Academy.     They  soon  were 
in  the  deep  waters  ;  one  bearing  a  package  on  his  head, 
while  two  others  accompanied  him,  in  order  to  steady 


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PERiEA.  97 

it,  and  assist  him  in  stemming  the  stream.  We  each 
followed  on  our  horses,  which  were  led  by  one  man, 
and  guided  against  the  stream  by  another,  and  were  all 
safely  landed  on  the  eastern  banks  of  this  very  con- 
siderable river. 

Hearing  a  shout  from  our  shivering  naked  attend- 
ants, I  asked  its  meaning,  and  found  that  they  had 
received  their  pay,  and  with  one  accord  uttered  a  cry 
expressive  of  their  satisfaction,  and  hoping  Gk)d  would 
bless  us,  for  he  was  good.  Hiey  all  hastened  into  the 
river,  swimming  and  dancing,  to  show  that  eight  or  ten 
passages  of  its  waters  had  not  tired  them. 

I  must  mention  one  feature,  which,  I  regret  to  say, 
seems  to  be  almost  peculiar  to  these  people.  We  were 
Franks — supposed,  as  usual,  to  be  rich,  mylordos :  we 
must  cross  the  river,  and  had  no  alternative ;  we  called 
the  people  from  their  homes  and  work  as  we  passed 
their  tents ;  no  one  else  had  before  passed  this  river, 
and  these  men  did  not  wish  to  attempt  it,  nor  did  they 
approve  our  plan;  notwithstanding  this,  no  bargain 
was  made,  no  advantage  taken  of  us ;  and  when  all 
were  over,  they  left  us  to  fix  the  backsish,  or  present- 
money*;  although  they  received  a  trifling  diflference 
of  amount,  each  man  being  paid  in  proportion  to  his 
exertions,  they  all  cried  out  that  they  were  satisfied, 
and  blessed  us. 

April  1st. — An  unfortunate  date !     We  delayed  pro- 

*  The  pay  averaged  six  piastres  (l«.  2d,)  each. 
H 


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98  CARIA, 

ceeding  towards  Macry,  in  order  to  see  some  ruins,  said 
to  be  those  of  an  ancient  Greek  city,  whence  many 
coins  had  been  brought :  it  was  situated  upon  an  iso- 
lated rocky  hill,  in  the  midst  of  the  extensive  plains 
of  DoUomon. 

Our  search  has  been  fruitless  ;  the  day  is  spent,  and 
we  have  found  only  a  few  rude  stones,  which  may  pro- 
bably have  been  the  waUs  of  some  hold  of  a  robber 
a  few  centuries  ago ;  nevertheless  in  this,  as  in  many 
other  instances,  I  felt  a  certain  satisfaction  in  knowing 
that  we  have  left  nothing  unseen.  I  am  speaking  of 
sight-seeing ;  the  mere  act  of  travelling  in  this  country 
is  itself  pleasurable  ;  everything  is  beautiful,  and  much 
new  to  an  European  eye. 

This  valley  of  DoUomon  is  perhaps  fifteen  miles 
wide,  and  bounded  on  the  north  by  a  range  of  moun- 
tains  thirty  miles  distant.  Its  southern  end  is  the  sea- 
coast  ;  every  variety  of  scenery  is  displayed,  from  the 
misty  horizon,  broken  by  the  mountainous  island  of 
Rhodes  in  the  south-west,  to  the  towering  snow-topped 
heights  peering  above  the  richly-wooded  crags  of  the 
mountains  to  the  north-east ;  still  richer  hills  surround 
the  valley,  which  is  too  much  overgrown  with  trees 
and  thickets  for  cultivation.  Amidst  the  rich  swampy 
soil,  the  elm,  plane,  and  peach  are  almost  borne  down 
by  the  vines,  clematis,  and  creepers ;  and  the  myrtle, 
oleander,  and  the  pomegranate  cover  the  banks  of  every 
stream.  The  plains,  which  need  much  the  capital  and 
skill  of  the  Lincolnshire  farmer,   are  alive  with  the 


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PERiEA.  99 

camels,  buffalos,  and  breeding  horses ;  while  the  large 
tortoise  creeps  along  amidst  the  numerous  plovers, 
quails,  and  snipes.  The  flowers  are  less  varied  than  on 
the  hills,  and  the  swampy  ground  makes  it  impossible 
for  us  to  dismount  and  gather  additions  to  our  bota- 
nical collection. 


h2 


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100 


CHAPTER  V. 

Inconvenience  for  want  of  Com — ^Ancient  Tombs — Cufltoma  of  tlie 
People — Peculiar  Architecture — ^Discoyery  of  Calynda— Natural 
History — ^Telmeasus — ^Tombs,  Works*  of  Art — ^Peculiar  Climate — 
Hoozumlee — Its  Inhabitants — State  of  the  Arts  among  the  ancient 
Lycians — ^Discovery  of  Cadyanda — ^Its  Ruins — ^Valley  of  the  Xan- 
thus — ^Hoorahn — Ancient  Tombs  and  Ruins,  probably  of  the  an- 
cient Massicytus. 

April  2nd. — ^But  little  barley  is  grown  in  this  district ; 
and  none  is  now  to  be  obtained  at  any  price  for  our 
cavalcade  of  horses;  they  have  obstinately  rejected 
maize,  which  is  the  only  com  for  man  or  horse  here- 
abouts, and  the  grass  is  not  sufficiently  grown  for  the 
cattle  to  graze.  The  consequence  is,  that  we  are  able 
only  to  move  forward  on  our  fainting  nags  three  or  four 
hours  a  day:  even  at  this  slow  pace  they  fall  occa- 
sionally, injuring  the  baggage  and  causing  delay ;  this 
inconvenience  has  just  afforded  me  some  amusement, 
from  witnessing  the  simple  habits  of  the  people.  After 
ascending  a  range  of  mountains,  and  descending  by 
a  steep  track  through  a  highly  picturesque  pass,  we 


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CALYNDA.  101 

arrived,  in  four  hours  from  Dollomon,  at  a  beautiful 
ravine  in  the  mountains,  where  we  found  a  few  wicker 
huts,  and  near  them  for  the  first  time  we  pitched  our 
tent,  in  order  to  depasture  the  horses  on  the  scanty 
herbage  around  us.  The  huts  were  searched  for  bar- 
ley, as  had  been  every  tent  on  the  way ;  here,  in  one 
alone,  we  found  some,  which  the  owner  did  not  wish  to 
part  with,  it  being  his  last  store.  Money  was  refused, 
but  the  little  stock  was  at  last  given  to  us,  as  well  as 
some  bread  newly  baked,  and  in  return  we  gave  a  joint 
and  the  head  of  a  kid,  which  we  had  bought  and  killed 
on  the  road ;  a  Uttle  gunpowder  and  a  present  to  the 
boy  completed  this  friendly  barter,  and  I  just  arrived  in 
time  to  witness  the  excitement  amongst  the  half-starved 
horses,  whose  impatience  at  seeing  each  nose-bag  re- 
ceiving its  portion  of  corn  was  most  amusing. 

At  this  little  place  of  Beenajah-cooe  we  found  ample 
occupation,  until  it  was  too  late  to  ramble  among  the 
overhanging  rocks.  We  had  seen  around  us  for  two 
miles  tombs  excavated  in  the  cliffs,  and  one  which  we 
passed  near  the  road  was  highly  ornamented  as  a  tem- 
ple, cut  out  of  the  rock,  similar  to  the  many  I  had  seen 
in  Lycia,  and  described  at  Telmessus.  This  specimen 
had  triglyphs,  and  in  its  pediment  were  two  shields :  I 
regret  that  we  did  not  make  careful  drawings  of  it,  but 
our  guide  assured  us  that  thousands  of  better  ones 
were  around  the  village  a  mile  or  two  in  advance. 
Thousands  is  in  the  East  used  as  an  indefinite  number, 
but  in  this  instance  it  was  probably  no  exaggeration. 


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102  LYCIA. 

for  tombs  appeared  on  every  cliff  as  we  travelled  east- 
ward up  this  beautiM  valley. 

Geological  causes  have  generally  given  the  first  fea- 
tures to  the  country;  and  here  the  division  between  the 
changing  rocks  was  marked  by  a  valley,  formed  pro- 
bably in  some  degree  by  a  river,  which  almost  always 
finds  its  course  at  these  transition  points.  On  our 
left,  the  comparatively  round  mountains  of  a  schisty 
serpentine  were  stained  with  an  ochrey  red  earth,  and 
wooded  with  pines ;  while  those  on  our  left  were  gray, 
with  the  silvery  crags  of  the  marble  range  enriched 
by  their  peculiar  stains  of  orange,  red,  and  yellow ;  on 
every  ledge  were  varieties  of  luxuriant  vegetation.  Be- 
hind us  was  the  Gulph  of  Macry,  with  its  numerous 
gray  islands  scattered  on  the  blue  sea,  and  the  whole 
scene  was  backed  by  the  distant  mountains  of  the  south 
coast  of  Caria,  raising  their  snowy  peaks  into  the  sky. 

Our  guide  in  these  mountain  excursions  is  generally 
any  peasant  whom  we  meet  by  chance  in  the  woods. 
The  man  now  attending  us  has  his  gun,  and  seems  to 
live  by  it,  or  rather  it  appears  his  only  occupation ;  he 
professes  to  know  every  hole  in  the  mountains,  having 
long  pursued  his  sportsman's  life  in  the  neighbourhood, 
and  offers  to  accompany  us  as  far  as  Macry ;  his  pay 
is  a  present  of  about  sixpence  a  day,  and  he  eats  with 
the  men.  I  have  observed  a  striking  feature  in  the 
character  of  these  men :  on  being  hired,  they  always 
say,  by  way  of  showing  their  independence,  "  I  have  no 
mother ;   I  can  go  anywhere  with  you ;  no  one  depends 


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CALYNDA. 


103 


upon  me."  These  anecdotes  serve  to  mark  the  devo- 
tional respect  to  parents,  which  I  noticed  so  often  on  my 
former  visit.  Our  present  guide,  who  wears  sandals 
exactly  like  those  seen  rn  the  antique  figures,  led  us 


high  into  the  crags  which  we  had  seen  above  us,  where 
we  found  the  greatest  collected  number  of  cave-tombs. 
Here,  between  two  ridges  of  rocks,  was  the  command- 
ing  site  of  an  ancient  city.  Many  large  squared  stones 
lie  in  heaps  down  the  slope  facing  the  east,  and  the 


valley  is  guarded  by  walls  of  a  very  early  date  of  Greek 
w^orkmanship.     Huge  irregular  masses  of  rocks  form 


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104  LYCIA. 

the  lower  parts  of  these  early  Cyclopean  fahrics,  and 
are  piled  into  the  face  of  the  protruding  rocks  below ; 
while  the  upper  part,  of  smaller  unwrought  stones,  is 
packed  in  with  still  smaller.  This  mode  of  construc- 
tion is  doubtless  of  earlier  date  than  the  Pelasgic  walls, 
so  generally  seen  in  the  cities  of  this  district.  The 
crown  of  the  high  moimtain  peaks  on  the  south  had 
been  also  surrounded  by  waUs  of  the  same  kind,  and 
in  some  instances  the  gothic-formed  sarcophagi  were 
carved  out  of  the  protruding  peaks  of  the  rock  ;  the 
heavy  top  alone  added  to  form  the  sepulchre. 

In  my  former  rambles  in  Asia  Minor  I  observed  that 
each  district  had  a  peculiarity  in  the  architecture  of 
its  tombs,  and  that  none  was  more  distinctly  marked 
than  that  of  the  ancient  Lycia.  The  four  kinds  of 
tombs  represented  in  the  annexed  Plate,  I  have  found, 
are  peculiar  to  Lycia,  and  may  serve  in  part  as  tests  of 
the  extent  of  that  country.  I  shall  call  these  the  Obe- 
lisk, the  Gothic,  and  the  Elizabethan  forms ;  the  first 
from  its  appearance,  and  the  latter  as  strongly  resem- 
bling the  architectural  styles  so  named.  With  these 
forms  I  have  generally  found  the  Lycian  language 
connected,  and  two  or  more  of  them  appear  in  every 
ancient  city  found  in  that  district*.  Applying  this 
architectural  test,  I  at  once  determined  this  to  be  a 
city  within  the  confines  of  Lycia,  and  as  such  could  be 

*  The  tombs  selected  for  this  Plate  are  from  Antiphellus,  Tlos,  and 
XanthuB. 


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CALYNDA.  105 

none  else  but  the  ancient  Calynda,  which,  according  to 
Herodotus*,  was  beyond  the  boundaries  of  Caria,  the 
early  inhabitants  of  which  district  are  represented  as 
pursuing  and  expelling  the  foreign  gods  from  their 
country,  and  **  stopping  not  until  they  came  to  the 
mountains  of  Calynda."  This  range  must  have  been 
the  one  down  whose  beautiful  valleys  we  had  for  some 
hours  been  travelling.  Calynda,  if  this  was  the  site  of 
the  city,  was  high  up  in  the  mountains,  but  not  far  from 
the  sea,  where  it  probably  had  its  port,  &s  we  know 
that  it  supplied  ships  to  the  fleet  of  Xerxes.  From 
the  situation  and  remains  of  the  city,  I  conclude  that 
it  cannot  have  been  very  large,  but,  from  its  remaining 
tombs,  it  may  have  existed  for  many  generations,  and 
probably  at  an  early  period. 

To  feel  surprise  at  the  ordinary  occurrences  in  na- 
ture may  often  bespeak  my  ignorance,  but  for  the  in- 
formation of  those  who  do  not  study  natural  history,  I 
shall  nevertheless  mention  as  I  proceed  whatever  may 
strike  me  as  unusual  or  curious.  Some  weeks  ago,  at 
Naslee,  I  mentioned  having  seen  a  small  green  frogf 
sitting  on  a  sunny  bank  of  sand,  and  apparently  desert- 
ing the  water ;  I  here  saw  another  of  the  same  kind, 
some  feet  above  the  ground,  sitting  against  the  stem  of 
a  dead  shrub,  as  thick  as  my  little  finger.  I  called  to 
my  companions  to  come  and  see  a  frog  in  a  tree,  as 
a  fish  out  of  water.     On  being  noticed,  the  little  fel- 

*  Clio,  17^.  t  Rami  arborea. 


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106  LYCIA. 

low,  to  our  suiprise,  leaped  upon  a  thinner  and  higher 
branch,  and  again  upon  the  point  of  a  twig  not  thicker 
than  a  crow-quill,  and  sat  there  swinging,  with  all  his 
legs  together,  like  the  goats  on  the  pointed  rocks  above 
us,  or  as  the  bears  sit  upon  their  pole  at  the  Zoologi- 
cal Gardens  in  London.  On  inquiry  I  find  that  this 
description  of  frog  always  frequents  the  trees ;  it  is  sel- 
dom  in  the  water,  and  enjoys  basking  in  the  hottest 
places.  Some  fine  moths  and  butterflies  are  coming 
out,  and  I  i^gret  the  impossibility  of  collecting  insects 
on  an  equestrian  tour  in  so  rough  a  country ;  it  affords 
a  fine  field  for  the  study  of  this  and  every  other  branch 
of  natural  history. 

Afacry,  April  6th. — ^This  little  port,  which  stands 
amidst  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Telmessus,  is  more  in- 
teresting, on  examination,  than  I  fancied  it  could  be 
from  my  hasty  survey  two  years  ago ;  but  its  strongest 
feature  of  interest  is  its  tombs.  I  have  now  been 
tempted  to  sketch  many  more,  by  their  picturesque 
position  and  form ;  but  I  find  most  of  them  are  covered 
with  inscriptions,  many  of  which  have  become  illegible 
from  the  decomposition  of  the  stone,  as  well  as  from 
the  nature  of  the  rocks  themselves,  which  when  first 
wrought  must  have  had  an  irregular  surface  from  its 
conglomerate  formation.  I  observe  that,  to  remedy 
this,  it  has  been  in  many  places  plastered  over  before 
it  was  inscribed.  The  inscriptions  on  the  tombs  cut 
in  the  rocks  are  again  rendered  more  imperfect  by  the 
filtering  waters  from  above,  which  depositing  their  sta- 


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TELMESSUS.  107 

lactitic  matter  encrust  the  whole  surface.  I  have,  how- 
ever, deciphered  many  upon  the  different  tombs,  and 
some  on  pedestals  built  into  the  mysterious  walls  which 
stand  along  the  coast.  The  following  is  from  the  side 
of  the  door  of  a  built  tomb,  not  far  from  the  sea. 


EAENHHKAI 

A4»4»tONNACO 

NOCTOYAIO 

rENOYCTEA 

MHCCICTOMNH 

MEIONKATECKEYACEN 

EAYTHKAIOICAY 

THENEOAfENAnOA 

AWNIA0AYIWAYTHC 

KAIEAENHrHKAIA^OI 

NErrONHAYTHC    AMHAE 

MHAENNEZEINAIENTW 

nYPnCKNlEOHNAMIE 

TATOENTAtHNAIAYTHN 

EnEIOeEICTINAACE 

BHCECrU)GEOI  CKATA 

eONtOICKAIEKTOZ 

O^EIAETWTWTEA 

MHCCEUJNAH 

MWMyE* 

*  TrmtUition "  Helene,  who  is  also  [called]  Apphion  (Appia), 

the  daughter  of  Nason,  the  son  of  Diogenes,  a  woman  of  Telmessus, 
has  erected  this  monument  for  herself  and  for  those  whom  [?]  she 
has  [already]  buried  there,  Apollonides  her  son,  and  Helene,  also 
called   Apphion.   her  grand-daughter.      But  it  shall  not  be  lawful 


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108  LYCIA. 

I  subjoin  another,  which  was  built  into  one  of  the 
walls  referred  to  above. 

MAPKOZAYPHEPMArOPAZO 
KAIZMZIMOZYIOZMAPKAYP 
EPMArOPAAIZMAPWNATTOYAI 

O^ANOYTTEAMHZTEYZ 
NEIAEZAZTONAnANATMN 
nPOKAHIANEINNAHENEIMN 
nANKPATIONTHNTETAPTHNOE 
MINArWNOeETOYNTOZAIAPlOY 
TOYAZ  lOAOrWTAAYAYKI  APXOY 
MAPAOM^IAinnOYZTEAMHZ 
ZEMZ* 

From  the  circumstance  of  the  fragments  of  Greek 
workmanship  being  used  as  rough  material,  and  the 
quantity  and  nature  of  the  cement,  these  walls  were 
probably  of  Roman,  or  possibly  of  Venetian  date.    To 

for  anybody  to  put  [another]  into  the  turret,  after  I  am  myself 
buried  there,  as  he  who  puts  in  another  shall  be  impious  unto  the 
gods  of  hell,  and  besides  pay  to  the  people  of  the  Telmesseans  5000 
denarii." 

*  Translation. — "  Marcus  Aurelius  Hermagoras,  also  [called]  Zosimus, 
son  of  Marcus  Aurelius  Hermagoras,  twice  [t.  e,  grandson]  of  Maro 
[?],  the  son  of  Diophanes,  a  citizen  of  Telmessus,  having  won  in  the 
pancration,  the  fourth  prize,  which  he  contested  with  the  youths  who 
had  challenged  him  [?] ;  there  being  Agonothetes,  [patron  of  public 
games]  for  his  lifetime,  the  most  excellent  Lyciarches,  Marcus  Domi- 
tius  Philippus  [?],  a  citizen  of  Telmessus." 

In  this  inscription  I  must  remark  that  the  O,  O^  ^,  are  diamond- 
shaped. 


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TELMESSUS.  109 

me  the  inscriptions  acquired  increased  interest  from 
finding  several  in  the  Lycian  characters,  which  I  had 
seen  so  generally  used  in  the  city  of  Xanthus''^.  In 
the  frontier  towns  of  Lycia  I  had  hoped  to  have  found 
some  bilingual  inscriptions,  but  have  not  yet  succeeded 
in  this  pursuit.  Among  the  coins  found  here,  I  have 
many  belonging  to  this  country,  and  to  the  neighbour- 
ing Rhodian  colonies  on  the  coast  of  the  Peraea.  These 
may  assist  in  throwing  some  light  upon  the  history  of 
this  interesting  portion  of  Asia  Minor. 

The  peculiarities  in  the  architectural  detail  are  very 
remarkable  in  these  early  specimens  of  represented 
buildings  in  the  rocks.  They  show  distinctly  the  imi- 
tation of  wooden  structures,  and,  by  the  nature  of  the 
joints,  ties  and  mouldings,  give  a  perfect  insight  into 
the  knowledge  of  the  construction  of  ancient  Greek 
buildings.  The  panelled  doors,  with  bossed  nails  on 
the  styles,  knockers  suspended  from  lions'  mouths,  and 
other  ornaments  in  the  panels,  also  show  much  taste 
and  accuracy  of  execution.  Those  tombs  here  which 
would  rank  among  the  great  divisions  or  orders  of  ar- 
chitecture, are  of  the  Ionic,  and  evidently  in  its  earliest 
or  simplest  form ;  I  have  seen  none  of  the  Doric.  It  is 
remarkable  that  this  district,  which  is  part  of  the  an- 
cient Doris,  exhibits  several  peculiar  features  in  its  ar- 
chitecture, but  none  of  the  so-called  Doric.  I  remember 
being  struck  by  a  similar  coincidence  at  Corinth ;  not  a 

*  These  ai^  shown  on  Plate  XXXVI.  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 


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110 


LYCIA. 


fragment  of  the  Corinthian  style  was  to  be  found,  and 
a  ruined  temple  of  the  plain  Doric  stands  conspicuously 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  city.  In  some  instances  bas- 
reliefs  remain  on  the  sarcophagi,  and  these  are  always 
of  an  early,  simple,  and  good  age ;  I  have  seen  no  trace 
of  the  inferior  art  of  the  Romans,  or  of  later  times ;  the 
coins  also  show  the  purest  style  of  Greek  art. 


lAHZKAAINFlY 

nAAIEHTNO 
lOETTHATONAY 
JSTAKAAAMEM 
AANIOZAIOrN^ 
ANNTHAIONN^* 

Macrjfy  April  7th. — ^Yesterday  we  were  weather-bound ; 
the  rain  fell  heavily  the  whole  day,  and  gave  us  an  op- 
portunity of  pursuing  our  occupations  within  our  little 
lodging.  I  am  sorry  to  find  my  collection  of  plants  is 
badly  preserved;  they  increase  so  rapidly,  that  from 

*  In  the  third  line  we  may  decipher  the  words,  "  he  superintended 
the  games." 


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TELMESSUS.  1 1 1 

the  constant  moisture  of  the  paper  they  soon  discolour 
and  decay.  We  occupied  our  time  also  in  arranging 
sketches  and  obtaining  information  as  to  ruins  in  the 
neighbourhood  from  the  Greeks,  who  each  had  coins 
for  sale,  all  found  in  cities  at  present  unmapped  and 
unknown  by  us.  I  fear  my  time  will  allow  me  but 
imperfectly  to  visit  Lycia  alone,  for  this  small  district 
abounds  in  the  works  of  its  former  highly  civilized 
people. 

Hoozumlee,  April  7th. — ^We  have  just  arrived  at  six 
o'clock  this  evening,  and  escaped  a  tremendous  storm, 
which  is  now  thundering  as  it  wraps  its  clouds,  around 
the  mountains  above  us.  I  despaired  of  fine  weather 
at  Macry,  knowing  its  peculiar  situation,  and,  contrary 
to  the  opinion  of  my  servant,  I  persisted  in  quitting 
the  place,  although  the  rain  was  falling  in  large  drops. 
I  had  noticed  the  effects  caused  in  the  atmosphere  at 
Macry  when  last  there,  and  during  the  three  days  at 
this  season  the  same  causes  produce  their  effects.  The 
warm  westerly  wind  has  each  morning  brought  with  it 
showers  from  over  the  sea ;  and  no  sooner  do  they  pass 
the  bay,  than  the  colder  current  of  air  coming  down 
from  the  central  country  about  noon  drives  back  the 
clouds,  and  the  showers  are  repeated.  The  eddying  of 
the  atmosphere  during  the  hot  weather,  only  produced 
partial  condensation  of  clouds,  and  the  heated  winds 
were  driven  back  towards  the  sea.  The  wind,  although 
varying  during  the  morning  and  night,  has  always  for 
two  or  three  hours  at  noon  changed  to  the  north-east, 


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112 


LYCIA. 


and  the  prediction  of  a  stranger  respecting  the  weather 
would  probably  be  little  worthy  the  character  of  the 
ancient  soothsayers  of  Telmessus.  The  peculiar  situa- 
tion of  the  bay  of  Macry  may  also  account  for  the 
changes  in  the  elevation  of  its  waters ;  but  from  inquiry, 
and  from  observing  the  equal  and  permanent  marks 
upon  the  stones  and  rocks  caused  by  the  sea,  I  ascer- 
tained that  there  is  here  felt  a  change  which  may  al- 
most be  mistaken  for  a  tide,  probably  occasioned  by  the 
regular  winds.  In  many  places  I  have  visited  in  the 
Mediterranean,  there  is  certainly  no  tide  perceptible. 
I  was  noticing  a  curious  gage  for  the  waters  on  the 
fine  sarcophagus  seen  standing  in  the  sea,  which  is  on 


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TELMESSUS. 


113 


many  accounts  an  interesting  monument  for  contem- 
plation; the  subjoined  sketch  will  show  the  present 
level  of  the  sea,  by  the  high-  and  low-water  marks, 
which  vary  about  two  feet,  as  well  as  that  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 

From  many  other  tombs  precisely  similar  in  form, 
and  which  I  have  seen  an^i  sketched  in  various  cities 
in  Lycia,  I  venture  to  supply  the  base,  which  I  doubt 
not  lies  buried  in  the  earth ;  thus  making  this  tomb 
a  register  of  a  great  change  in  the  level  of  the  ground, 
while  its  massive  top,  shaken  from  its  original  position, 
indicates  an  earthquake  to  have  been  the  cause  of  such 
change.  As  a  work  of  art  amongst  an  early  and  re- 
fined people,  it  also  stands  a  valuable  monument ;  but 
time  has  partially  veiled  its  history,  for  the  bas-reliefs 
only  suggest  an  outline  of  more  simple  beauty  than  is 
found  in  any  age  but  that  of  the  purest  of  Greek  art. 


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114 


LYCIA. 


The  fragmental  sketches  of  the  bas-reliefs  also  may 
show  this. 


On  leaving  Macry,  we  crossed  the  valley  towards  the 
north-east,  and  continued  in  that  direction  ascending 
for  three  hours  and  a  half  through  a  beautiful  pass 
along  the  side  of  a  torrent,  which  leaped  continually 
from  rock  to  rock  in  its  rapid  course ;  but  our  ascent 
was  still  steeper,  for  the  river  was  often  rolling  in  a 
ravine  many  hundred  feet  below  us.  The  waters  of  the 
stream  diminished  as  we  proceeded,  and  on  our  reach- 
ing the  little  plain  of  this  village,  they  appeared  to 
claim  it  as  their  birth-place. 

The  well-cultivated  valley  of  Hoozumlee  was  as  un- 
expected to  us  at  such  an  elevation,  which  by  the  ther- 
mometer exceeds  two  thousand  feet,  as  was  the  popu- 
lation and  well-built  village.  The  latter  has  three  or 
four  mosques,  and  is  wholly  inhabited  by  Turks ;  one 
Greek  alone  is  here,  who  is  employed  in  keeping  in 
repair  the  various  water-courses  for  the  supply  of  the 
fountains  from  the  lofty  and  craggy  mountains  which 
rise  immediately  at  the  back  of  the  village.     We  are 


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A 


CADYANDA.  115 

at  the  house  of  the  Aga,  and  have  witnessed  a  curious 
scene  each  evening.     It  is  seldom  that  thirty  men  so 
handsome  in  form,  feature  and  dress,  assemble  in  the 
same  room  ;  they  are  probably  the  principal  people  of 
the  place.     Not  a , taint  of  European,  costume  is  yet 
seen  here ;  scarcely  a  man  has  ever  left  his  mountain 
district,  and  everything  about  us  was  novel  to  them. 
I  doubt  whether  in  any  other  part  of  the  world  such  a 
spirit  of  inquiry  and  quickness  of  comprehension  would 
be  met  with  in  a  similar  village  group.     Our  knives, 
instruments,  pencils,  Indian  rubber  and  paints,  were 
examined,  and  tolerably  well  understood  by  most  of  the 
party.     The  pencil  I  gave  to  one  was  soon  employed 
in  writing  a  sentence  in  the  Turkish  language,  which  I 
found  was  the  date  of  our  arrival,  and  the  name  of  the 
writer  of  the  memorandum.     We  then  wrote  something 
in  English,  which  was  copied  in  facsimile,  well  and 
quickly  executed.     The  remarks  were  i^atural  expres- 
sions of  wonder,  but  all  showing  reflection.   The  washing, 
the  prayer,  the  dinner,  and  the  reading  aloud  the  firman, 
were  each  subjects  for  an  artist.     Our  sketch-books 
were   a  great  source   of   astonishment  to   all;    somfe 
looked  at  them  the  wrong  way  upwards,  but  all  said 
"  Allah,  Allah ! "    They  recognized  in   the   sketches 
the  mosques,  camels,  birds,  and  a  frog,  with  the  greatest 
expressions  of  delight. 

April  8th. — Our  attraction  to  this  place  was  the  re- 
port that  ruins  existed  in  the  neighbourhood.  We 
therefore  started  at  eight  o'clock  this  morning  to  as- 

i2 


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116  LYCIA. 

cend  the  mountain  to  the  south.  Scarcely  beyond  the 
south-east  end  of  the  village,  and  in  less  than  ten  mi- 
nutes, we  found  among  the  bushes  a  tomb  of  the  most 
usual  kind  cut  in  the  rocks,  resembling  our  Eliza- 
bethan domestic  architecture.  This  tomb  has  been 
much  shaken  to  pieces,  apparently  by  an  earthquake, 
but  the  detail  of  its  execution  we  found  to  be  of  the 
highest  interest.  I  do  not  hesitate  in  placing  this  frag- 
ment in  the  finest  age  of  Greek  work  ;  it  shows  by  the 
simplest  effects  the  full  expression  of  the  history  and 
ideas  of  the  sculptured  figures.  Had  they  been  all  per- 
fect, its  value  in  a  museum,  either  for  the  philologist, 
antiquarian  or  artist,  would  be  inestimable.  We  made 
drawings  of  a  portion*,  and  sketches  in  outline  of  the 
whole,  which  I  think  will  bear  out  this  opinion  of  them 
as  works  of  art,  and  may  afford  an  idea  of  some  of  its 
bas-reliefs. 

Great  additional  interest  is  given  to  these  groups 
by  the  circumstance  of  several  of  the  figures  having 
over  them  their  names,  after  the  manner  of  the  Etrus- 
can ;  these  inscriptions  are  in  the  Lycian  language, 
and  some  bilingual  with  the  Greek ;  this  I  trust  will 
materially  assist  in  throwing  light  upon  our  ignorance 
as  to  the  Lycian  language,  and  these  sculptures  may 
also  be  important  illustrations.  The  bas-reliefs  shown 
in  the  annexed  Plate  formed  the  upper  part  or  panels  of 
the  sides  of  the  tomb,  beneath  which  were  groups  of 

♦  See  Plate  I.  opposite  the  Title-page, 


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< 

y 

<^ 

m 

6-^ 


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<T'H 


CADYANDA. 


117 


larger  figures  engaged  in  combat,  with  arms  of  the 
simplest  age  of  the  Greeks.  These  figures  were  too 
much  buried  in  the  earth  for  us  to  attempt  to  sketch 
them.  The  name  of  EKTXIP  was  written  over  one  with 
a  helmet,  round  shield,  and  spear.  Above  the  side- 
panels,  and  probably  on  what  once  formed  the  roof, 
were  also  the  remains  of  five  sculptured  figures,  of  a 
similar  size  to  the  combatants  below.  The  panel  of 
the  door  in  front  shows, a  figure  about  five  feet  six 
inches  in  height. 


IZ\>/\\)^^0/>^^^/7 


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118  LYCIA. 

The  costumes,  arms,  vases  and  utensils,  displayed  in 
these  bas-reliefs,  are  a  study  for  the  man  of  refined 
taste :  the  height  of  some  of  the  figures  in  the  back- 
ground is  xinaccountable. 


Continuing  for  about  a  mile  a  steep  ascent,  we  saw 
around  us  immense  masses  of  rock  rolled  from  their 
original  position,  and  some  containing  excavated  tombs, 
now  thrown  on  their  sides  or  leaning  at  angles,  which 
must  have  caused  the  disentombment  of  their  dead. 
The  sculptured  architecture  of  many  had  been  split 
across,  and  but  few  remained  uninjured  in  the  clifis. 
I  sought  in  vain  for  inscriptions  on  any  of  the  tombs 
around,  probably  twenty  in  number ;  their  architecture 
was  purely  Lycian,  and  evidently  of  the  same  date  as 
the  one  just  described  as  found  in  the  valley  below.  A 
splendid  sarcophagus  cut  from  the  rock  was  tottering 
over  the  brow  of  a  precipice  before  me :  the  position  at 
which  this,  tomb  now  stands  appears  so  unnatural,  that 
I  have  accurately  sketched  it.  The  outlines  of  its  bas- 
reliefs,  which  are  shown  in  the  annexed  Plate,  as  well 


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NORTH     SlDf 


SOU'^H     S'DE. 


Dr«t»fi  *  l.r-h»<l    Ivy   C    *t**FH'     «T*  . 


-^U)^^'^     f^r     CAI^'l^'A  :5T^;^. 


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CADYANDA.  119 

as  its  form,  indicate  its  age  to  be  that  of  the  Lycians, 
and,  in  the  absence  of  inscriptions,  must  suffice  to  tell 
its  history:  the  figures  are  nearly  the  size  of  life.  If 
inscriptions  had  ever  existed  upon  these  tombs,  the 
surface  has  so  much  perished  by  the  atmosphere,  that 
they  would  have  probably  been  lost  or  illegible ;  for  I 
observe  that  all  inscriptions  of  this  age  are  slightly  cut, 
and  never  form  a  part  of,  or  interfere  with,  the  effect  of 
the  groups  or  architecture.  All  the  indications  in  the 
approach  to  this  unknown  city  were  Lycian,  not  omit* 
ting  the  remains  of  ingeniously  built  Cyclopean  walls. 

Ascending  for  half  an  hour  a  steep  scarcely  access- 
ible on  horses,  we  arrived  at  an  elevation  of  about 
three  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  which 
lay  before  us.  The  view  was  overwhelmingly  beauti« 
ful.  To  the  south-west  lay  the  Bay  of  Ma€ry,  with  its 
islands  and  the  coast  of  the  south  of  Caria,  while  be- 
yond lay  the  long  and  mountainous  island  of  Rhodes, 
Cragus,  with  its  snowy  tops,  broke  the  view  towards 
the  south,  and  the  coast  and  sea  off  Patara  measured 
its  elevation  by  carrying  the  eye  down  to  the  valley  of 
the  Xanthus,  whose  glittering  waters  were  visible  for 
probably  seventy  miles,  until  lost  in  the  range  of  high 
mountains,  upon  a  part  of  which  we  were  standing  ;  in 
this  chain  it  has  its  rise  in  the  north.  The  crags  of 
limestone  around  us  were  almost  concealed  by  a  forest 
of  fir-trees  and  green  underwood.  Before  us  was  the 
city,  surrounded  by  beautiful  Cyclopean  walls. 

The  scattered  stones  of  a  fallen  temple  next  inter- 


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120  LYCIA. 

rupted  our  path,  on  the  way  to  the  stadium  :  neither 
of  its  ends  remained,  and  I  feel  sure  that  they  have 
never  been  built  up  with  seats,  as  seen  in  some  of 
probably  a  later  date.  To  the  right  of  this  stadium 
was  the  agora ;  eight  squared  pillars  or  piers  stand  on 
either  side.  For  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  the  ground 
was  covered  like  a  mason's  yard  with  stones  well 
squared,  parts  of  columns,  cornices,  triglyphs  and  pe- 
destals, and  here  and  there  stood  still  erect  the  jambs 
of  the  doors  of  buildings  whose  foundations  alone  are 
to  be  traced.  Near  the  stadium  some  large  walls  with 
windows  are  still  standing,  and  enclose  some  places, 
which  have  probably  been  for  public  amusements.  The 
city  is  in  many  parts  undermined  by  chambers  cut  in 
the  rocks,  and  arched  over  with  fine  masonry :  these 
no  doubt  ^ere  the  basements  or  vaults  of  the  large 
buildings  of  the  town,  or  may  have  served  for  its  stores 
of  provisions ;  at  present  they  are  the  wonder  and  terror 
of  the  peasants,  who  relate,  that  in  one  great  vault  into 
which  they  had  entered  there  were  seven  doors,  all  lead- 
ing in  different  directions.  This  report  has  given  the 
name  of  Yeddy  Cappolee,  meaning  *  seven  doors,'  to  the 
ruins,  as  well  as  to  the  mountain  on  which  they  stand. 
We  descended  towards  the  west,  and  came  to  the  upper 
seats  of  a  beautiful  little  theatre,  in  high  preservation, 
a  few  large  fir-trees  alone  interrupting  the  effect  of  the 
semicircle  of  seats.  The  proscenium  was  a  heap  of 
ruins,  only  one  or  two  of  its  door-ways  being  left  stand- 
ing.    The  form  of  the  theatre  was  like  those  in  the  east 


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CADYANDA. 


121 


of  Caria :  in  front  were  the  Cyclopean  walls^of  the  city, 
blended  with  the  more  regular  Greek,  and  evidently 


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constracted  at  the  same  period.  From  this  spot,  for  a 
quarter  of  a  mile,  were  tombs,  neither  cut  in  the  rocks, 
nor  sarcophagi,  nor  of  the  usual  architecture  of  Lycia, 
but  of  a  heavy,  peculiar,  and  massive  style  of  building, 
not  generally  associated  with  our  ideas  of  the  Greek : 
there  was  no  trace  of  bas-reliefs  or  ornaments,  and  not 
a  letter  of  the  Lycian  character  among  the  numerous 
inscriptions,  which  were  Greek,  and  much  injured  by 
time.  I  copied  the  following  among  others*,  which 
are  of  interest,  as  in  them  I  discovered  the  name  of 
the  city  to  be  Cadyanda  (KAZkYANZkEXlN). 

*  The  inscriptions  here  referred  to  are  inserted  in  the  Appendix  to 
this  volume. 


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122  LYCIA. 

TOMNHMEIONKATEZKEYAZ  AAAOfTOY 

EAYTHKAieVrATPIKAIEr  NET 

NXlNMOYrENNHeHZOM        IZKAAXl        N 
^NZkETIZEIZBIAZHTAIKA       XIKEIZEIK    YANZkEXlN 

The  total  difference  of  these  tombs  in  style  from  the 
elegant  and  highly- wrought  specimens  nearly  two  miles 
down  the  side  of  the  mountain,  and  the  difference  of 
language  in  the  inscriptions,  made  me  inquire  whether 
any  other  ruins  existed  lower  down,  but  I  could  hear 
of  none. 

Returning  to  the  village,  we  found  the  principal  peo- 
ple again  assembled  to  see  us,  and  all  we  had  to  show 
them.  We  learned  that  no  European  had  before  been 
up  to  see  the  ruins,  but  that  some  Franks  had  last 
year  been  as  far  as  their  village,  and  had  bought  some 
coins ;  eight  or  nine  I  found  in  the  possession  of  a  man 
who  had  picked  them  up  in  the  ruins.  Hoping  to  learn 
from  them  something  of  the  ancient  city,  I  told  my  ser- 
vant to  buy  them,  and  he  was  in  a  violent  rage  at  the 
exorbitant  price  demanded ;  in  his  passion  he  forgot  his 
nation,  and  said  a  Turk  would  never  think  of  asking 
such  a  price,  and  that  the  owner  of  them  was  an  im- 
posing rogue.  I  found  this  man  was  the  solitary  Greek, 
whose  occupation  of  digging  drains  had  led  him  to  dis- 

*  Translation, — "  This  monument  erected for  herself  and  her 

daughter,  and  grand- children  and  those  who  shall  he  horn  of  them. 

But  if  any  one  shall  violate  [the  tomb],  he  shall  pay  to  the 

People  of  the  Cadyandeans  five  hundred  denarii." 


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CADYANDA.  123 

cover  the  coins :  he  was  anxious  to  get  all  he  could, 
hut  like  a  Greek,  he  took  less  than  half  he  had  at  first 
asked. 

April  9th. — After  a  lovely  ride  for  about  fifteen  miles 
to  the  south-east,  over  a  woody  range  of  mountains, 
and  descending  into  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  we 
arrived  at  the  village  of  Hoorahn.  For  three  or  four 
miles  before  we  crossed  the  main  branch  of  the  river, 
we  traversed  the  well-cultivated  and  productive  district 
called  Sarzarkee,  passing  a  tomb  cut  in  the  rock  on 
the  road-side,  and  bearing  a  fragment  of  a  Lycian  in- 
scription. Crossing  the  muddy  stream  which  gives  the 
colour  and  name  to  the  Xanthus  river,  and  riding  for 
nearly  a  mile  through  a  bushy  swamp,  we  came  to  a 
rock  rising  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  above  the  plain,  and 
about  a  mile  from  the  village  of  Hoorahn.  This  rock 
was  cut  in  all  directions  with,  tombs,  many  of  them 
being  of  a  style  of  architecture  difiering  from  those  we 
had  before  seen.  Several  I  have  sketched,  and  from 
one  have  copied  a  few  Greek  letters,  which  are  upon 
the  panels  of  a  door  cut  in  the  rock. 

OP  OP 

OA  OAro 

r  o  POY* 

The  following  small  fragment  I  hope  will  assist  in 
giving  a  name  to  these  ruins. 

*  "  [The  tomb]  of  Orthagoras/* 


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124  LYCIA. 


€THCM 

eiMAcei^ 

A€IAT€YU)M  * 

Immediately  before  arriving  at  the  village,  we  passed 
another  burial-ground  of  the  ancient  city,  but  the  na- 
tural rock  was  not  here  so  favourable  for  architectural 
excavation,  and  hundreds  of  broken  sarcophagi  lay  half 
buried  in  the  ground ;  in  fact,  many  of  them  had  the 
grave  within  the  rock,  scarcely  above  the  surface,  and 
the  cavity  had  been  covered  with  a  lid  of  a  peculiar 
form,  having  a  tablet  for  inscription  raised  on  its  roof, 
which  could  not  be  placed  in  the  usual  position,  upon 
the  side  of  the  sarcophagus  itself ;  the  Greek  characters 
could  be  traced  upon  them,  but  they  were  too  much 
injured  by  time  to  be  deciphered.  The  ancient  city, 
whose  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  village  and  its  sur- 
rounding fields,  had  a  fine  and  singular  situation ;  it 
was  slightly  raised  above  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus, 
and  appears  to  have  commanded  a  ravine  or  gorge  in 
the  mountains  at  its  back,  down  which  gushes  a  large 
and  extremely  rapid  river  of  clear  water,  and,  running 
towards  the  south-west,  soon  joins,  or  almost  forms,  the 
river  Xanthus :  the  small  muddy  stream  which  waters 
the  valley  from  its  commencement  towards  the  north, 
and  from  the  sandy  colour  of  which  it  derives  its  name, 

*  This  seems  to  be  a  fragment  of  a  public  decree  in  honour  of  a 
public-spirited  citizen  of  Maseicytus. 


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MASSICYTUS.  125 

forms  but  a  diminutive  portion,  as  compared  with  the 
river  now  roaring  under  our  hut. 

Of  the  ancient  city  but  little  remains ;  the  higher  part 
has  been  surrounded  by  a  fine  Cyclopean  wall,  although 
the  large  irregular  stones  composing  it  were  chiselled 
round  their  edges,  forming  the  cushion-shaped  fronts 
used  in  many  of  the  early  Greek  buildings,  and  since 
adopted  by  the  Italians  ;  this  mode  is  termed,  I  believe, 
rusticated.  The  basement  and  walls  of  several  other 
buildings  are  also  still  standing,  and  a  number  of  broken 
columns  and  pedestals  show  the  remains  of  an  orna- 
mented city.  From  one  of  them  I  copied  an  inscription, 
but  I  fear  that  it  will  throw  no  light  upon  the  name 
of  the  ancient  city. 

AYPHAIOZZ 

♦ANOZTOirro 

nATPOZAYTOYAAl 
MOZI 

AVPOCT€*ANOI        mOIAAIZkACinC 
6PMOAYKOV  MMM»niNfii 

KAT€CK€YA 
C€NKAien€ 

rPAS^CNMerv 

TO€NTA*HN€ 

CM€€ICTHNVr 

CTOAIKHV* 

*  JVanslation. — "  Aurelius  Stephanus  to  the  spirit  of  his  father. 
Aurelius  Stephanas,  the  son  of  Hermolycus,  has  huilt  and  inscrihed  it 
After  burying  me  in  the  urn " 

Contrary  to  custom,  this  inscription  seems  to  have  been  written  in 


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126  LYCIA. 

In  the  yard  of  one  house  we  were  taken  to  see  some 
beautiful  pavements,  formed  in  elegant  patterns,  with 
small  different-coloured  slabs  of  marble.  These  pave- 
ments had  formed  the  floors  of  three  different  apart- 
ments, each  probably  not  more  than  eight  feet  square, 
and  all  very  near  together ;  one  was  of  small  stones, 
of  the  size,  and  quite  similar  in  arrangement  to,  the 
Roman  mosaic :  these  buildings,  from  their  dimensions, 
can  have  been  only  baths. 

I  have  obtained  but  few  coins  here,  for  the  people 
only  preserve  silver  or  gold  ones,  which  may  serve  as 
ornaments;  they  have  never  before  had  visitors  to  see 
their  ruins,  and  cannot  understand  our  motives  for 
seeking  copper  coins,  or  for  travelling.  They  tell  us 
that  their  country  is  filled  with  ruins  ;  and  we  have  this 
morning  been  a  ride  and  laborious  walk  up  a  mountain, 
nearly  at  the  upper  extremity  of  the  valley,  in  search  of 
old  cities :  there  are,  however,  only  the  traces  of  some 
rude  Cyclopean  walls  around  the  craggy  summit  of  the 
hill ;  the  absence  of  other  buildings  and  tombs  leads 
me  to  suppose  it  to  have  been  only  a  fortified  castle 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  valley  :  directly  opposite  to 
this,  on  the  west  side,  was  a  point  covered  with  similar 
ruins. 

Our  excursion  today  of  six  miles  has  given  us  a 
more  perfect   idea   of  the  valley  ;    we  have   at  least 

two  culumns,  of  which  that  on  the  right  probably  contained  the  usual 
provisions  against  any  one  else  besides  the  proprietor's  family  being 
buried  in  the  tomb. 


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MASSICYTUS.  127  j 

ascertained  that  nothing  more  is  to  be  found  in  this 
direction,  and  are  now  satisfied  that  our  research 
commenced  at  its  northern  extremity:  tomorrow  we 
intend  to  pursue  our  route   down  its   course  to  the  ; 

south-west.  J 

"I 


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1^8 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Architecture ;  Rocks^  Buildings,  Cottages,  Granaries — Tlos — Rock- 
tombs — Ancient  Sculpture — Minara,  the  ancient  Pinara — Ruins — 
Bas-reliefs- in  Tombs — Habits  of  the  People. 

April  11th. — I  AM  again  much  struck  on  entering  this 
undisturbed  district  of  Asia  Minor,  at  witnessing  the 
unchanged  customs  of  the  people ;  everything  tells  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  two  or  three  thousand  years 
ago,  whose  mode  of  life  probably  differed  but  little  from 
that  of  the  present  pastoral  people. 

The  annexed  sketch  (Plate  IX.*)  will  show  the  varie- 
ties of  rock-architecture  t,  and  the  one  following,  those 
in  the  built  tombs  seen  in  Lycia.  I  have  selected  these 
from  my  sketches  made  in  the  various  cities,  but  plac- 
ing them  less  thickly  in  the  rock  than  they  are  often 
seen  in  this  country,  and  have  added  figures  referring  to 
their  sieyeral  localities.     The  cottage  or  hut  is  precisely 

*  No8.  1  and  6  at  Massicytus ;  2,  3  and  4  at  Telmessus ;  5  and  8 
at  Tlos;  7,  9  and  12  at  Pmara;  10  between  limyra  and  Arycanda; 
and  1 1  at  limyra. 

t  Plate  X.  Nos.  1  and  8  at  Telmessus ;  2  and  5  at  Cadyanda ;  3  at 
Xanthus ;  4  and  6  at  Sidyma ;  7  at  Calynda ;  and  9  at  Massicytus. 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  XANTHUS.  129 

a  model  for  a  temple;  and  the  various  kinds  (for  all  have 
the  same  character)  suggest  each  some  form  or  order, 
whose  peculiarity  has  become  classic  and  scientific :  it  is 
here  only  perpetuated,  anti  not  adopted,  by  the  present 
peasants. 

The  storehouses,  large  box-like  barns,  in  which  the 
grain  and .  property  is  preserved,  are  throughout  this 
district  seen,  and  recognized  by  me,  as  precisely  similar, 
in  form  and  detail  of  apparent  construction  of  ties  and 
bolts,  to  the  Elizabethan  description  of  tombs  so  com- 
monly cut  in  the  rocks  around  them.  These  modem 
barns  are  generally  slightly  roofed ;  the  gable  or  pedi- 
ment supports  a  pole  at  each  of  its  angles,  the  ends 
commonly  protruding  beyond  the  roof,  which  is  of  thin 
planks,  laid  one  over  the  other,  and  giving  at  the  end 
the  effect  of  a  cornice  to  the  pediment,  the  whole  of 
which  is  never  so  well  finished  as  the  barns  beneath, 
and  appears  as  a  temporary  covering:  a  slight  pediment 
is  likewise  often  seen  accompany ing  this  form  of  tomb, 
sculptured  in  the  rocks.  The  similarity  of  the  store- 
house represented  in  the  annexed  sketch  to  the  ancient 
tomb  is  strikingly  obvious;  even  the  beam-ends  may 
form  the  ornaments  protruding  from  the  angles  of  the 
pediment. 

In  the  various  cottages,  tlie  roof,  which  is  always  of 
earth,  is  held  in  its  form  by  an  attic  of  stones;  upon 
this  roof,  as  I  have  often  before  mentioned,  the  Turks 
keep  a  roller  for  levelling  and  rendering  the  earth  water- 
tight ;  but  at  the  edges  and  on  the  corners,  where  the 

K 


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130  LYCIA. 

roller  cannot  press,  weeds  often  grow  luxuriantly,  and 
this  suggests  the  tuft-like  leaf  ornament  so  oft;en  seen 
in  the  Greek  buildings  rising  from  the  edge  of  the  roofs. 
The  Greek  generally  lives  in  a  hut  built  with  more  art 
and  neatness,  but  still  of  a  temple-like  form,  as  may  be 
suggested  by  the  sketch  ;  his  hut  is  usually  whitened, 
while  that  of  the  Turk  is  of  mud,  imbedding  stones, 
sticks,  or  straw,  as  circumstances  offer  the  material. 
The  walls  never  form  the  strength  of  the  house,  which 
derives  its  support  entirely  from  the  framework  of  tim- 
bers resting  upon  the  columns  or  upright  stems  of  trees 
on  the  outside ;  stones  placed  under  these,  to  prevent 
their  sinking  into  the  ground,  form  bases,  while  the 
beams  resting  upon  their  tops  appear  as  capitals ;  in 
front,  a  stone  or  piece  of  wood  is  placed  upon  these 
posts,  to  support  the  ends  of  the  beams,  which  are  the 
dentils  in  the  frieze  of  this  simple  little  building. 

In  this  portion  of  Asia  Minor  all  the  remains  of  the 
temples  show  a  square  chamber  or  ceUa,  entered  by  an 
ornamented  door  of  noble  proportions ;  this  is  always 
within  a  portico  in  antiSy  sometimes  having  two  co- 
lumns in  front.  I  have  nowhere  in  Lycia  seen  any 
trace  of  temples  that  I  could  say  with  certainty  were  of 
other  construction.  This  form  is  evidently  seen  in  the 
huts  here  represented.  Is  it  tot  highly  probable,  that 
these  sketches  may  represent  the  huts  and  storehouses 
of  the  people  of  three  thousand  years  ago,  which  at  an 
after  period  were  imitated  in  stone,  and  their  forms  cut 
in  the  rocks,  making  the  temple  a  large  house,  and 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  XANTHUS.  131 

the  tomb  a  durable  receptacle  for  the  dead  ?  Time  has 
witnessed  these  changes ;  but  the  simple  hut,  which  has 
served  as  the  abode  of  the  peasants  through  successive 
generations  to  the  present  day,  has  remained  unaltered. 
This  may  at  once  explain  the  total  absence  of  even  the 
trace  of  the  residence  of  the  people  in  the  ancient  Greek 
cities,  as  the  materials  would  not  endure  for  half  a  cen- 
tury:  the  pubUc  buildings  alone  remain  to  point  out  the 
extent  of  the  cities.  I  think  this  idea  is  borne  out 
by  the  incidental  testimony  of  history.  Herodotus 
speaks  of  the  houses  of  the  people  of  Sardis  as  being  of 
reeds  and  mud,  and  in  still  earlier  days  we  know  that 
the  whole  of  Athens  was  built  of  wood. 

Our  ride  of  about  twenty-four  miles  from  Hoorahn  to 
Dooveer  was  nearly  due  south ;  we  crossed  the  smaller 
muddy  river,  where  it  is  divided  into  several  streams, 
and  skirted  the  western  side  of  the  upper  bay  or  en- 
largement of  the  valley,  until  it  became  narrowed  into 
a  mere  strait  by  the  green- wooded  hills  flanking  either 
range  of  mountains.  Near  this  point  is  the  village  of 
Satala  Hissd  or  Satala-cooe^  six  hours  to  the  east  of 
Macry.  Continuing  our  route,  in  half  an  hour  we  ar- 
rived at  a  well-built  bridge  of  five  arches,  crossing  the 
bold  river,  which  had  received  the  important  addition 
from  Hoorahn,  as  well  as  many  other  tributaries  :  from 
this  point  we  csossed  diagonally  the  again  widening 
valley,  and  in  half  an  hour  passed  a  very  considerable 
stream,  on  its  course  to  the  river,  issuing  from  a  ravine 
in  the  mountains  towards  the  east,  at  the  village  of 

k2 


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132  LYCIA. 

KooDgelar.  At  a  didtance  of  three  miles  from  Dooreer^ 
in  passing  near  a  rock  which  protruded  from  the  moun* 
tains,  we  were  struck  by  a  strong  sulphury  smell,  and 
saw  a  rapid  stream  of  clear  water  running  near  us, 
whose  course  was  encrusted  with  a  greenish- white  de^ 
posit ;  this  hot  spring  issues  from  the  rock,  and  I  hear 
that  the  people  use  its  waters  medicinally ;  on  first  gush- 
ing from  its  source  they  have  not  this  smell,  which 
exudes  upon  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  The  whole 
ride  down  this  upper  valley  is  beautiful,  and  varies 
continually;  its  scenery,  on  approaching  the  bold  and 
Greek-like  situation  of  the  ancient  city  of  Tlos,  is  stri- 
kingly picturesque.  Leaving  our  baggage  at  the  lower 
village,  we  at  once  rode  up  to  the  ancient  city,  on  the 
acropolis  of  which  many  families  now  reside  ;  although 
an  hour's  ride  distant,  it  also  bears  the  name  of  Doo- 
veer,  the  few  houses  in  the  valley  consisting  only  of  the 
Aga's  residence  and  four  or  five  water-mills. 

April  ISth. — I  have  had  more  opportunity  for  exa- 
mining the  ruins  of  this  city  than  on  my  former  visit, 
when  from  inscriptions  I  discovered  it  to  be  the  an- 
cient Tlos.  My  general  impressions  remain  the  same, 
and  further  research  has  only  confirmed  my  opinion 
as  to  the  taste  and  luxurious  ornament  of  the  ancient 
city.  I  have  copied  many  more  inscriptions,  prin- 
cipally from  the  tombs,  which  have  been  most  costly 
and  curious  constructions.  The  greater  number  not 
only  have  their  fronts  architecturally  ornamented,  but, 
on  entering,  we  found  them  to  have  a  kind  of  lobby, 


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TLOS.  133 

the  panelled  framework  being  repeated  within,  and 
often  ornamented  in  a  richer  style ;  some  of  these  are 
still  beautiful,  but  what  must  they  have  been  when  first 
executed,  perhaps  twenty-five  centuries  ago !  Many 
of  the  letters  of  the  inscriptions  retain  their  varied 
colouring,  and  over  the  doors  remnants  of  painted 
flowers  and  wreaths,  red,  green,  and  white,  are  still  to 
be  traced ;  but  the  most  perfect  historical  information 
which  is  preserved  to  us  respecting  the  ornaments  of 
these  tombs,  is  derived  from  the  sculpture,  which  shows 
all  the  beauty  of  simple  line  and  exquisite  proportion  of 
figure,  and  is  sufficiently  legible  to  be  of  the  highest 
interest  to  the  antiquarian  and  student  of  ancient  my- 
thology and  history.  I  hope  the  sketches  I  have  made 
may  throw  some  light  upon  the  subject. 

From  one  of  the  tombs  in  the  rock  I  copied  the  fol- 
lowing inscription  : 

ZH  TOHPnONKATEZKEYAZENZnZIMOZ 
NEIKHTIKOYBTOYAYZANIOYTAnEYZEAYTflKAl 
TEKNOIZKAirVNAIKIKAITOIZEtAYTOYKAlllANEN 
rPA^nZZYNXilPHZHEANAETIZAIXATOYZYNXn 
PHZAITONKATEZKEYAKOTAZnZIMONGYH 
TINAO^EIAHZEITOIEPXITATOTAMEI 
nEniTEIMIOYX  •  /A*  •  EANAETYNXn 
PHZHTINIOKATEZKEYAKnZZAZIMOZE 
ZEIEZOYZIANOAABXlNTOZYNXnPHMA 
OIZANBOYAHTAieAnXEIN  * 

*  Translation. — "  In  his  life-time.    Zosimus,  the  grandson  of  Nice- 
ticus,  the  son  of  Lysanias,  a  citizen  of  Tlos,  has  built  the  Heroum,  for 


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134  LYCIA. 

The  figures  sculptured  on  the  rock,  are,  I  have  no 
doubts  of  the  same  age  as  those  accompanied  by  the 
Lycian  characters,  but  I  have  again  sought  in  vain  for 
a  single  letter  of  that  language  in  this  city.  I  ob- 
tained three  or  four  coins  from  the  children,  who  gladly 
exchanged  them  for  half  a  piastre  each ;  but  the  ab- 
sence of  travellers  makes  them  careless  of  looking  for 
them,  and  many  hidden  treasures  may  still  remain 
amidst  the  ruins  which  form  hills  of  broken  fragments 
of  stone,  and  pieces  of  pottery  and  glass.  Among  the 
coins  I  find  several  silver  and  copper  ones  of  the  an- 
cient city. 

On  the  side  of  one  of  the  tombs  cut  in  the  rock  I 
observed  a  bas-relief  representing  combatants  engaged, 
apparently  without  swords,  and  pulling  at  each  other's 
shields.  This,  which  I  have  observed  in  other  places, 
may  probably  represent  some  of  the  popular  games. 
From  the  front  of  the  tomb  I  copied  the  annexed  in- 
scription : 

himself  and  his  wife  and  his  children,  and  their  descendants,  and  to 
whomsoever  he  shall  make  a  grant  in  writing.  But  if  any  one,  without 
the  builder  Zosimus  making  him  a  grant,  shall  bury  any  one  [in  this 
tomb],  he  shall  owe  to  the  most  holy  treasury  a  fine  of  1500  denarii. 
But  if  the  builder  Zosimus  make  a  grant  to  any  one,  he  that  receives 
the  grant  shall  have  leave  to  bury  whomsoever  he  likes." 

In  all  the  funeral  inscriptions  of  Tlos,  the  tomb  is  called  Heroum ; 
and  in  one,  that  will  be  given  hereafter,  the  deceased  is  called  a  Hero. 
The  word  in  our  inscription  which  is  translated  bury,  means  in  Greek 
to  sacrifice. 


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TLOS. 


135 


AZIHZJSESANAPOYHTOYAIONYZIOY 
AEAOMENOY^NXnPHMATOZKYPEIAZENniTr 
OYNAMOZTOY^EniAPXIEPEOZKAIZIANOY 
TOAiMYnO^nOAAnN0YTOYKAIEI*HNAIOY 
AIAO^IZOZEGAnTAIA^EZEZANAPOZBTOYAIONYZIOYOnATHP 
KAIYIOZAAE2ANAPOZEIPHAIOYTA*HZEAIAEKAIAYTHKAIOANHPAYTHZ 
^PHN^OZZnnBIOYZJA/MAnAEOYNENIEZEZTH 
OA^MAMMiMiZElTAHEnNTH  rEPOYZI  A 
fAilONENi^t^igZTOigONAHMH'ETAI  * 

*  Translation, — "  [High-priestess  ?]  of  Asia,  the  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander, the  grandson  of  Dionysius the  cession  of  the  property 

heing  made under  the  high -priest  Caesianus of 

Irenseus  ....  There  has  heen  huried  Alexander,  the  grandson  of  Dio- 
nysius, her  father,  and  her  son  Alexander,  the  son  of  Irenseus,  and 
there  shall  he  huried  herself  also,  and  her  hushand  Irenseus,  the  son 


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136  LYCIA. 

The  tomb,  sculptured  high  up  in  the  rock^  in  the 
fonn  of  an  Ionic  temple,  we  found  to  be  of  great  inter- 
est, and  I  doubt  not,  from  the  sketch  in  the  annexed 
Plate,  it  will  be  appreciated  by  the  antiquarian  and 
lover  of  ancient  history  and  poetry :  the  sketch  repre- 
sents the  inner  front  within  the  Ionic  portico,  in  the 
pediment  of  which  were  sculptured  animals  resembling 
panthers,  but  too  much  mutilated  to  be  copied.  On 
the  left  side,  on  entering  the  portico,  was  a  spirited 
bas-relief  of  Bellerophon,  and  beneath  his  horse  Pega- 
sus the  vanquished  Chimera.  To  find  this  in  a  city  in 
the  valley  of  the  Xanthus, .  cut  in  the  rock,  at  once 
gives  reality  and.  place  to  the  poetic  description  of  the 
services  of  this  classic  hero.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  Bellerophon  is  represented  as  a  royal;  exile,  seat 
to  Jobates  king  of  Lycia,  and  favoured  by  Neptune  and 
Minerva ;  from  them  he  received  the  horse  Pegasus, 
and  with  it  conquered  both  man  and  beast  in  various 
combats  in  Lycia,  over  which  country  he  afterwards  be- 
came king,  before  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war.     Among 

of  Sosibios  [?].  To  no  one  else  it  shall  be  allowed  to  buiy  another 
[here],  or  he  shall  give  to  the  Gerusia  of  Tlos  1500  denarii  [?],  of 
which  he  that  proves  the  trespass  shall  receive  one-third." 

It  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  that  part'of  this  inscription  has  disap- 
peared^  and  that  thus  several  words  still  remaining  are  without  con- 
nexion, as  these  may  have  explained  the  curious  iact  of  bas-reliefs  re- 
presenting gymnastic  games  heing  found  on  the  tomb  of  a  woman. 
Probably  this  Priestess  of  Asia  was  a  G^mnasiarches  (a  munificent  pa- 
troness of  gvranastic  games),  a  title  which  is  given  to  another  woman 
in  an  inscription  at  Mylasa  (page  68).^ 


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S 


^ 
Q 


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PINARA.  137 

his  other  conquests,  in  this  very  valley,  he  slew  a  wild 
hoar  which  had  destroyed  the  fruits  and  cattle  of  the 
Xanthians,  hut  for  his  services  he  received  no  reward. 
He  therefore  prayed  to  Neptune  that  the  fields  of  the 
Xanthians  should  exhale  a  salt  dew,  and  be  universally 
corrupted.  This  continued  until  Bellerophon,  at  the 
intercession  of  the  women,  again  prayed  to  Neptune  to 
remove  the  effect  of  his  indignation.  It  was  on  this 
account  that  the  women  of  the  Xanthians  were  held  in 
such  high  esteem,  that  their  children  ever  after  were 
named  from  their  mothers,  rather  than  their  fathers 
— a  custom  which  afterwards  prevailed  generally  over 
the  whole  of  Lycia. 

April  I4th, — We  yesterday  left  Dooveer,  and,  return- 
ing across  the  valley  for  about  four  miles,  we  came  to 
the  river,  which  was  here  fordable,  owing  to  its  stream 
being  divided  by  a  small  island.  The  water  was  four 
or  five  feet  deep.  After  having  crossed,  we  turned  to 
the  southward,  and  gradually  bore  into  the  range  of 
the  Cragus  mountains,  in  a  south-westerly  direction, 
for  about  nine  miles,  when  we  arrived  at  the  little  vil- 
lage called  Minara.  Near  this  place  we  had  heard  of 
the  existence  of  ruins,  and  the  similarity  of  name  to 
the  ancient  Pinara,  a  large  city  of  Lycia,  made  us  seek 
here  its  site ;  knowing  also  that  in  many  instances  in 
Greece  the  n  has  been  changed  into  an  M  in  after 
times.  The  ride  had  been  beautiful,  amidst  well-grown 
fir-trees,  and  enriched  with  underwood  now  in  bloom ; 
the  white  and  the  lilac  cistus  ecUpse  many  of  the  more 


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138  LYCIA. 

beautiful  flowers  of  the  vetch  tribe,  which  are  blossom- 
ing beneath  their  bushes. 

The  village  of  Minara  is  very  small,  but  beautifully 
situated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  of  almost  bare  rock ; 
little  shelves  or  terraces  of  ground  are  therefore  of 
value,  and  are  generally  covered  with  trees.  On  one  of 
these  terraces  my  tent  is  pitched ;  the  view  before  it 
extends  over  bushes  of  pomegranate,  and  the  middle 
distance  of  wooded  hills  adds  richness  and  beauty  to 
the  more  distant  view  of  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus, 
with  its  lofty  barrier  of  mountains  rising  to  the  height 
of  the  ancient  Massicytus,  which  is  perpetually  capped 
with  snow.  A  fine  olive-tree  overhangs  one  side  of  our 
tent,  and  a  lemon-tree  shades  the  door ;  beyond  are  se- 
veral orange-trees,  and  on  the  terrace  above,  at  the 
back,  are  fig-trees  and  some  magnificent  quinces,  now 
in  full  bloom — ^I  had  almost  said  in  blossom  like  roses, 
but  amidst  them  is  a  large  tree  of  the  cabbage-rose, 
twelve  or  fourteen  feet  high,  whose  sweet  flowers  have 
a  prior  claim  to  beauty.  A  rose  has  just  been  pre- 
sented to  me  by  a  young  Turk  boy,  which  scents  the 
tent  delightfully.  Our  stores  of  lemons  and  figs  have 
here  been  replenished,  and  we  now  find  a  plentiful 
supply  of  corn  for  the  horses,  with  butter,  kymac, 
youghoort,  eggs  and  fowls  for  ourselves,  none  of  which 
could  we  obtain  at  any  price  on  the  other  side  of  the 
valley. 

April  \5th. — My  search  for  the  ancient  Pinara  has  not 
been  in  vain,  and  I  am  amply  repaid  by  the  discovery  of 


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PINARA. 


139 


its  most  interesting  ruins  about  a  mile  further  up  the 
mountain.     From  amidst  the  ancient  city  rises  a  singu- 


— ^K>. 


'Mm 


lar  round  rocky  cliflf*,  literally  speckled  all  over  with 
tombs.  There  must  be  some  thousands,  and  most  of 
them  are  merely  oblong  holes  cut  in  the  perpendicular 
front  of  the  rock,  which  is  apparently  inaccessible.  Be- 
neath this  cliff  lay  the  principal  part  of  the  extensive 
and  splendid  city  of  Pinara.  Two  other  places,  at  dif- 
ferent elevations,  were  also  covered  with  massive  build- 
ings, and  on  either  side  of  these  were  tombs  scattered 
for  a  considerable  distance,  many  of  them  of  the  gothic- 
form  sarcophagus,  and  some  surrounded  by  columns ; 
but  the  most  perfect  and  the  most  highly  interesting 

*  The  Lycian  word  Pinara  is  said  by  Stephanas  Byzantinus  to  mean 
something  round;  this  is  here  singularly  illustrated. 


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140 


LYCIA. 


were  those  below  the  city  cut  in  the  rocks.  The  the- 
atre  is  in  a  very  perfect  state ;  all  the  seats  are  remain-^ 
ing,  with  the  slaating  sides  towards  the  proscenium,  as 
well  as  several  of  its  doorways.  The  ingenious  mode  of 
the  tying  form  of  these  stones  is  coeval  with  the  walls 
of  Cyclopean  construction. 


The  walls,  and  several  buildings  of  the  city,  were  of 
the  Cyclopean  style,  with  massive  gateways  formed  of 


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^// 


.^■> 


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PINARA-  141 

three  immense  stones.  I  measured  one  over  the  portal, 
which  was  fourteen  feet  in  length  :  the  buttresses  of  the 
same  walls  were  of  regularly  squared  stones. 

These  modes  of  building  were  both  used  in  the  same 
works,  and  certainly  at  the  same  time ;  the  Cyclopean, 
which  is  generally  supposed  to  be  the  older  mode,  I 
have  often  seen  surmounting  the  regular  Greek  squared 
stone  walls.  The  whole  city  appears  to  be  of  one 
date  and  people,  and,  from  its  innumerable  tombs, 
must  have  existed  for  a  long  series  of  generations  and 
from  a  very  early  period.  The  inscriptions  are  gene- 
rally in  the  Lycian  character,  but  the  Greek  occurs 
on  the  same  tombs  with  the  Lycian,  which  will  pro- 
bably add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  latter ;  and  these 
again  may  be  explained  by  bas-reliefs,  which  are  here 
of  exciting  interest. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  explain,  that  in  some  of  the 
tombs  at  Tlos  occurs  a  portico,  within  which  are  pre- 
served highly  interesting  historical  bas-reliefs.  One 
fine  tomb  before  me,  shown  in  the  annexed  Plate,  is  of 
similar  construction,  and  is  a  finished  specimen  of  the 
Elizabethan  order,  with  a  pediment  ornamented  with 
groups  of  figures,  one  representing  the  instruction  of 
a  child;  on  the  frieze,  which  is  under  dentils,  each 
finished  with  a  sculptured  head,  is  another  spirited 
group,  apparently  rejoicing;  but  within  the  portico,  on 
either  side,  are  views  of  the  ancient  city  cut  in  relief 
on  four  different  panels.  I  know  no  instance  of  a  si- 
milar insight  into  the  appearance  of  the  ancient  cities. 


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142 


LYCIA. 


These  views  exhibit  the  forms  of  the  tops  of  the  walls, 
which  are  embattled,  the  gateways,  and  even  the  sen- 
tinels before  them.  The  upper  portions  of  the  walls 
are  rarely  found  remaining  at  the  present  day,  and  I 
have  too  often  perhaps  attributed  those  I  have  seen 
to  the  Venetian  age.  The  form  of  the  battlements  is 
very  singular  ;  none  now  are  left  upon  the  ruined  walls 
of  this  city,  but  the  tombs  and  towers  might  be  still 
selected,  probably  from  the  same  point  of  view  as  re- 
presented in  these  bas-reliefs. 

Another  tomb  cut  in  the  rock  also  interested  me. 
On  my  former  visit,  from  seeing  the  numerous  sarco- 
phagi with  the  gothic-formed  roofs,  and  the  hog's- 
mane  along  their  top,  I  suggested  that  they  had  each 
had  a  crest  or  ornament  at  either  end,  which,  being 
exposed  and  prominent  parts,  had  been  broken  off.  I 
here  find  cut  in  the  rock  an  imitation  of  this  form  of 


J  v 


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PINARA.  143 

sarcophagus,  and  its  end  surmounted  by  a  crest.  This, 
being  cut  in  relief,  has  remained  unbroken.  The  crest 
itself  is  also  of  historical  interest.  Herodotus,  in  descri- 
bing the  different  nations  joining  the  army  of  Xerxes, 
relates  that  the  people  of  Bithynia  carried  two  Lycian 
spears,  and  had  helmets  of  brass,  on  the  summits  of 
which  were  the  '*  ears  and  horns  of  an  ox." 

The  expense  of  constructing  the  innumerable  tombs 
has  hitherto  been  to  me  perfectly  unaccountable.  I 
have  just  measured  one;  the  form  is  of  the  most  frequent 
style,  and  has  its  inner  front ;  but  the  whole  appeared  so 
much  in  relief  from  the  rock,  that  I  climbed  up,  and 
found  that  I  could  walk  by  the  side,  which  was  orna- 
mented and  as  highly  finished  as  the  front ;  this  pasr 
sage  continued  again  along  the  back,  making  a  perfectly 
independent  building  or  sculptured  mausoleum,  eighteen 
feet  six  inches  deep ;  the  cutting  from  the  face  of  the 
rock  was  twenty-six  feet  deep,  directly  into  its  hard 
mass.  I  have  in  one  instance  found  an  interesting  in- 
sight into  the  probably  usual  mode  of  constructing  these 
tombs.  Seeing  the  face  of  a  rock,  as  it  were,  only 
designed  for  a  tomb — ^the  columns  being  merely  square 
props,  with  lumps  at  their  tops  and  thick  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  with  the  pediment  only  a  protruding  mass — I 
entered,  and  found  the  portico  formed  square,  but  not 
smoothened  or  shaped  for  ornament ;  but  the  door  of 
the  tomb,  which  was  small,  was  highly  finished,  repre- 
senting frame  and  nails,  and  on  the  panels  handsome 
ring-knockers,  all  cut  in  the  marble   rock.     For  the 


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144 


LYCIA. 


purpose  of  pillaging  the  tomb,  this  door  had  not  been 
moved  side-ways  in  its  groove  (the  usual  manner  of 
opening  them),  but  a  small  hole  had  been  broken  in  the 
rock  at  the  side.  Putting  my  head  into  this,  I  found 
the  tomb  had  been  finished  within,  and  that  the  bones 
of  at  least  two  ancient  Greeks  lay  scattered  on  the 
floor.  This  specimen  shows  that  some  of  the  tombs 
were  formed  for  the  reception  of  the  dead,  and  after- 
wards finished,  probably  at  a  later  period.  I  have 
copied  the  following  inscription  from  a  pedestal. 

AlONYZIONBTOYAIOrENOYZ 


AIONYZIOZ 
AlOrENOYX 
KAIAPZAZIZ 

lAzoNorroN 

EAYTONYON 


RT*?^ 


lAmNAE 

KAIAPZAZIZ 

OIAIONYZI 

OYTONEAY 

TANAAEA^ON 


^ 


HPIIA* 


*  TVanslation. 

''  Dionysius,  the  grandson  of  Diogenes. 

Dionysius,  But  Jason  and 

the  son  of  Diogenes  Arsasis,  the 

and  Arsasis,  the  children  of 

daughter  of  Jason  Dionysius 

their  son.  their  brother, 
the  Hero." 


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PINARA.  145 

Upon  the  muUion  of  a  rock-tomb  is  the  following : 

TOMNHNnOM 

ANnnATPOYAIZ 

TOVniZEAAPOY 

ENXlBEBOYAnXAY 

TAWNAIMETATin 

AfiOBinri  EATON 

TEKAITMNFYNAKA 

AYTOYMAAANSn 

ANOZZAAETIZE 

niXEIPINHETEPON 

OAH'AIO^EIAEZEI 

TnniNAPOznAEiN 

MnAHNAPIAHEN 

TAK0ZIAA40NT0 
THTONOEAENOAZAMNfETAITOYTOKAIAIATftN 
APXZIIlNAEAHAnTAI 

OAEHAriAZ 

TEFPAAEAIATI 

nOIHZAZETTn 

lEPOrYAOZOE 

OEOIZOYHANIOIZ 

KAIKAIKATAXOO 

NIOIZKAITOriPOZ 

TElMONAnOTEl 

ZATnAIAH 

AHTAIAPT 

lEHEOEAPTE 

TAAPOVE 

VnEPKEPE 

TAIOY 
^  * 

*  TVoMfattoA.— "The  monument  of  Antipater,  the  grandson  of  Pise- 

darus  [?],  in  which  he  has  determined  after to  he  buried 

L 


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146  LYCIA. 

The  letters  of  the  Lycian  inscriptions  in  this  city, 
cut  into  the  rock,  I  jSnd  have  generally  been  coloured 
— red,  yellow,  green,  or  light  blue ;  the  letters  varying 
alternately  with  two  colours*. 


tBf3EA/^:tBYlA/Y:  tBYlAA': 


How  little  is  known  even  of  the  names  of  the  ancient 
Greek  buildings  I  I  iSnd  the  usual  vocabulary  sadly 
deficient  in  supplying  appellations  for  many  edifices 
crowded  together  in  this  very  ancient  city;  several 
have  long  parallel  walls,  built  of  massive  and  good 
masonry,  with  numerous  doorways,   and   simple  but 


himself,  and  his  wife  Mala,  the  daughter  of  Bito.  But  if  any  one  shall 
attempt  to  bury  another  [in  the  tomb],  he  shall  owe  to  the  People  of 
the  Pinareans  500  denarii,  of  which  the  party  that  convicts  him  shall 
receive  one-third.  This  has  likewise  been  declared  in  the  archives. 
But  he  who  shall  do  anything  against  diese  regulations,  shall  be  a  sa- 
crilegious person  unto  the  gods  of  heaven  and  of  hell,  and  shall  besides 
pay  the  fine.  [This]  has  been  declared  under  [?]  the  high-priest 
Artemidorus  [?]  on  die  thirtieth  day  of  Hyperberetaeus." 

The  month  of  Hyperberetseus  was  the  last  in  the  Ephesian  and  the 
Syro -Macedonian  almanacks,  and  in  the  former  extended  from  the 
24th  of  August  to  the  24th  of  September. 

*  I  have  selected  a  repetition  of  the  same  word,  which  almost  always 
commences  the  sepulchral  inscriptions  in  the  Lycian  language,  in  order 
to  show  the  variety  of  form  used  in  the  third  and  sixth  letters,  but 
which  are  evidently  the  same  character. 


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PINARA.  147 

bold  cornices.  Others  are  more  square  in  form,  with 
a  fine  sweeping  circular  recess  at  one  end ;  they  have 
often  four  doorways,  and  columns  lying  about  within 
the  buildings.  Near  and  within  one  of  the  entrances 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  are  the  remains  of  a  very 
small  theatre,  or  probably  an  Odeum ;  I  have  not  be- 
fore seen  one  so  small;  it  would  serve  as  a  lecture- 
room  of  the  present  day,  where  all  the  powers  of  the 
orator  might  have  full  effect.  Beneath  the  surface  of 
the  highest  part  of  the  city  are  large  square  chambers, 
cut  in  the  rock  and  arched  over  with  masonry;  the 
whole  of  the  inside  is  beautifully  plaistered  with  a 
white  stucco,  having  a  polished  surface  like  marble. 
These  have  no  doubt  been  stores  for  com  and  other 
provisions  for  the  city. 

While  rambling  among  the  ruins,  a  peasant  brought 
me  ten  copper  coins,  all  extremely  small,  but  all  Greek, 
found  by  himself  in  a  few  yards  of  soil  which  he  had 
cultivated  around  his  hut.  I  gave  him  five  piastres, 
and  was  soon  the  possessor  of  above  fifty  on  the  same 
terms  :  many  of  them  are  probably  valueless,  but  their 
being  all  from  this  place  gives  to  them  an  interest; 
for  this  city  is  yet  unknown  to  Europeans^  and  no 
coins  are  possessed  by  any  of  the  museums.  Among 
the  coins  I  notice  many  with  the  head  of  a  ram,  and 
inscribed  with  the  name  of  the  city*;  some  also  of 
Tlos,  and  one  or  two  of  Eastern  nations  of  the  age  of 

*  Sec  Plate  XXXIV.  Nos.  13  and  14. 
l2 


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148  LYCIA. 

Antiochus,  about  three  centuries  before  Christ,  but  none 
of  a  later  date. 

The  people  had  never  before  seen  a  Frank ;  an  old 
man  told  me  that  none  had  ever  been  up  to  his  vil- 
lage: their  manners  were  naturally  the  more  simple, 
and  of  this  I  must  give  an  instance.  Three  or  four 
men,  one  of  them  very  old,  were  the  most  attentive 
and  curious  in  watching  and  assisting  us  to  move 
stones  and  leading  the  way  through  bushes ;  of  course 
we  returned  this  civiUty  by  signs  of  obligation.  We 
soon  became  more  intimate,  and  they  ventured  to 
make  remarks,  noticing  the  spectacles  worn  by  one  of 
my  companions,  and  placing  them  before  their  own 
eyes ;  these  and  a  magnifying-glass  astonished  them  ex- 
ceedingly. Our  pencils  and  books  were  equally  novel 
to  them.  Soon  afterwards  a  pretty  little  girl  joined 
our  group,  with  a  red  skull-cap  much  faded  by  the 
sun,  and  from  which  were  suspended  chains  of  glitter- 
ing coins,  confining  her  hair,  that  hung  in  many  long 
plaits  down  her  back,  in  the  manner  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians:  rows  of  coloured  beads  hung  around  her 
brown  open  breast.  This  child  was  pushed  forward 
to  present  to  me  an  egg,  which  I  exchanged  for  half 
a  piastre,  and  all  fear  of  the  Frank  at  once  ceased. 
Other  eggs  were  brought,  my  plant-box  and  hands  were 
soon  filled,  and  I  was  reminded  of  my  former  servant's 
instruction,  that  presents  are  very  dear  things  in  this 
country — ^the  price  of  eggs  being  twenty  or  thirty  for  a 
piastre. 


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PINARA.  149 

We  made  signs  to  our  officious  cicerones  that  we 
wished  to  climb  to  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  but  they 
opposed  this,  and  we  were  compelled  to  understand 
that  we  must  follow  them  to  their  huts  close  by.  We 
did  so,  and  were  received  by  three  women,  the  wives 
of  our  guides,  at  the  doors  of  their  huts,  and  a  carpet 
was  soon  spread  on  the  ground  in  front,  on  which  we 
reclined,  while  each  woman  brought  out  her  present; 
one,  a  large  bowl  of  kymac,  another,  one  of  youghoort, 
and  the  third  a  supply  of  fresh-baked  bread  of  the 
country ;  two  wooden  spoons  were  placed  for  our  use, 
and  the  eyes  of  a  dozen  peasants  assembled  around 
were  riveted  upon  us.  The  dogs,  which  always  assail 
the  stranger  most  fiercely  with  their  barking,  lay  asleep 
by  our  side,  acknowledging  us  as  the  guests  of  their 
kind  masters.  The  cow,  which  is  here  but  little  larger 
than  the  dogs,  was  being  milked ;  and  on  the  broken 
columns  and  stones  piled  around  sat  our  hostesses, 
while  their  husbands  were  on  the  ground  still  nearer. 
Among  them  were  five  or  six  children,  each  most  pic- 


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150  LYCIA. 

turesquely  and  classically  dressed.  I  cannot  help  again 
noticing  the  close  resemblance  of  the  costume  of  the 
women  to  the  ancient  statues :  the  hair  is  worn  long 
and  braided  round  the  head;  one  old  woman  of  the 
party  had  it  tied  in  a  knot  at  the  top  of  the  fore- 
head, exactly  as  I  have  seen  represented  in  the  antique. 
Their  arms  had  each  the  simple  armlet  or  bracelet  of 
gold  ;  sometimes  two  or  three  on  one  wrist,  and  always 
a  fibula  of  silver  or  gold  to  hold  together  the  loose 
tunic  or  shirt ;  the  upper  jacket  is  embroidered  most 
richly ;  the  trdwsers,  extremely  loose,  and  confined  at 
the  ankle,  are  generally  red,  blue,  or  white,  and  often 
ornamented  with  silver  embroidery  or  spangles ;  those 
before  us  were  only  worked  with  coloured  silks. 

The  people  here  are  Chinganees,  or  gipsies,  as  I  no-* 
ticed  when  in  this  district  before ;  they  therefore  show 
their  faces,  and  are  not  so  secluded  as  the  Turkish 
women  generally.  A  child  presenting  me  with  a  flower, 
gave  me  an  opportunity  of  substantially  acknowledging 
my  obligation  for  this  true  hospitality :  the  whole  scene 
to  me  was  most  pleasing.  It  is  delightful  to  meet  with 
so  simple  and  naturally  kind  a  people,  and  apparently 
devoid  of  any  prejudice  against  those  thought  to  be  so 
opposed  to  themselves  in  every  opinion. 


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151 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Discovery  of  Sidjrma — its  Tombs — ^Temples — Natural  History — Lions 
— Ancient  Fort — Xanthus —  Sarcophagus-tomb  —  Lycian  Inscrip- 
tion upon  Obelisk — ^Ancient  Sculptures — Harpies — Chariots — Ani- 
mals— Processions — ^Tomb — Customs  of  the  Peasants. 

April  I5th, — Leaving  Minara,  we  travelled  towards 
the  south-west,  over  a  range  of  wooded  hills  separating 
our  little  valley  from  another  as  beautiful.  These 
recesses  or  bays  from  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus  are 
particularly  rich,  and  might  be  productive  ;  they  are 
in  a  better  state  of  cultivation  than  most  parts  of  this 
country.  The  lands  have  a  gradual  inclination  down 
to  the  valley,  and  are  screened  on  either  side  by  the 
wooded  hills  protruding  from  the  range  of  the  Cragus. 
As  a  type  of  the  general  character  of  the  vegetation  we 
passed,  I  will  describe  the  first  of  these  bays  after  our 
leaving  Minara.  The  whole  valley  has  probably  been, 
like  the  hills  above,  covered  with  underwood,  and  a 
track  through  them  has  been  the  road  we  have  fol- 
lowed. In  order  to  cultivate  the  land,  the  underwood 
has  all  been  burnt  or  grubbed  up,  leaving  on  either 


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152  LYCIA. 

side  of  the  way  a  belt  of  vegetation  to  form  fences  to 
the  fields.  These  hedges  are  therefore  not  of  one 
description,  but  vary  at  every  bush,  and  mingle  wildly 
together,  producing  at  this  season  a  beauty  and  luxu- 
riance which  regales  all  the  senses.  The  predominant 
shrub  is  the  myrtle,  and  next,  the  small  prickly  oak ; 
with  these  are  mingled  the  pomegranate,  the  orange, 
wild  olive,  oleander,  and  the  elegant  gum-storax ;  these 
are  matted  together  by  the  vine,  clematis,  and  aspara- 
gus :  in  the  fields  are  left  standing,  for  their  shade  as 
well  as  their  fruit,  the  carob,  the  fig,  and  the  oak.  Bar- 
ley is  the  principal  produce  of  the  fields  at  this  season, 
but  the  old  stems  of  the  maize  show  the  second  crop  of 
the  last  year.  A  few  huts  in  the  centre  of  this  valley 
give  the  name  of  Yakabalyer  to  the  plain  also. 

Another  valley  further  on  our  way,  in  which  stands 
Kest^p,  is  more  wooded,  appearing,  as  we  ascended 
through  a  forest  of  fir-trees  on  the  hill  of  separation, 
one  wood  of  splendidly-grown  oaks ;  they  are  the 
Qiuercus  agylops,  which  is  here  a  considerable  source 
of  wealth  from  its  acorns,  called  by  the  Smyrna  mer- 
chants Velan/a ;  the  timber  would,  if  wanted  for  the 
market,  be  of  high  value. 

On  entering  a  third  of  these  valleys,  called,  from  its 
village,  Guilemet,  we  turned  up  a  ravine  to  the  west, 
leading  directly  into  the  midst  of  the  Cragus  range ; 
this  was  about  ten  miles  from  Minara.  Gradually 
ascending  for  nearly  two  hours,  we  arrived  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Tortoorcar,  where  we  sought  the  remains  of  an 


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SIDYMA.  153 

ancient  city,  but  were  told  that  high  in  the  mountains 
above  us  were  the  ruins,  and  within  them  was  the  vil- 
lage of  Tortoorcar  Hissd.  We  climbed  for  more  than 
an  hour  up  a  steep,  quite  unfit  for  horses,  when  we 
found  ourselves  amidst  the  splendidly-built  tombs  of 
an  unknown  city  of  the  ancient  Greeks.  The  following 
inscription  I  copied  from  one  of  them,  which  was  two 
stories  high  and  had  a  portico. 

T^i^NHMEIONKATECKEYACENEnArA 
eOZjyiZCIAYMEYZEAYTWKAITHrYNAIKIAYTOYAP 
ZEIifilHKAIMIUKAAAIMHAOYKAITEKNOIZAYTOY 
EnArAOWTPIZKAIAPZEITHKAIArAGHTYXHKAIEr 

roNOizEnArAeu)TU)KAiAEiu)KAiEnArAeu)Eni 

TU)TA*HNAITOYZnPOAHAOYMENOYZENTnANU) 
ZHKU>ETEPU)AEMHAENIEZEINAirA4»HNAIENTU> 
ANU}ZHKU>ENAETOIZKATU)ZHKOirrA^HNAIMHTE 
PAAYTO^MAAABAGPINHNKAIEnA^POAEITONKA 
ZnZIMHN    TOYZEHArAeOiiMirTEtANONE    MOY 
AirrOYnrOAEMAIOYKAIKAAOTYXONnonAlOY 
KAIYIONAYTOYKAAOTYXONETEPWAEMHAEN 
ESETTWGAS'AlirTOMNHMEIONETEPONTINAE 
AN  AETIXeiSH'HO^EIAEZETAZI  AYMEilN  AH  MH 

A^XnNOiiSiS'ZA/^jySESITOTPITONHAEnPOAH 
AOYMENI^yyyyyyyi^HKAIAIATfiNAPXEIfiN 


*  TVoHslation. — "  Epagathus  twice  [t.  e.  the  grandson  of  another  I 

Epagathiu],  a  citizen  of  Sidyma,  has  built  the  monument  for  himself  I 

and  his  wife  Arsis,  also  called  Mion,  the  daughter  of  Callimedes  and 
his  children :  Epagathus  thrice  [i.  e.  great-grandson  of  another  ^Mga- 
thus]  and  Arsis,  also  called  Agathe  Tyche  [*.  e.  Qood  luck],  and  his 


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154  LYCIA. 

These  fragments  were  inscribed  under  the  pediment 
and  within  the  portico  of  the  same  tomb. 

nOKATEZENEHAr-  0OZAIZZIAYMEYZ 

AAE 

IIEZEI 

ANNAI 

ilANHZH 

NAEPOIZ 

ZHKOIZ 

lAIMH 

AYTOY  * 

The  inscriptions  soon  told  the  name  of  this  city  to 
have  been  Sidyma,  and  the  style  of  its  architecture  led 
me  to  assign  to  it  a  date  purely  Greek,  but  by  no  means 

grandchildren^  Epagathus,  also  called  Dius  and  Epagathus.  But 
upon  the  above-mentioned  persons  being  buried  in  the  upper  tombs, 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  nobody  else  to  be  buried  in  the  upper  tombs ;  but 
in  the  lower  tombs  there  are  to  be  buried  his  mother  Malabathrine, 
and  Epaphrodeitos  and  Zosime,  the  children  of  Epagathus,  and  Ste- 
phanos, the  son  of  Hermus  [?],  grandson  of  Ptolemeeus  and  Caloty- 
chus,  the  son  of  Publius,  and  his  son  Calotychus.  But  to  nobody  else 
it  shall  be  permitted  to  bury  another  in  the  monument;  but  if  any- 
body do  bury,  he  shall  owe  to  the  People  of  the  Sidymeans  1500  [?^ 
denarii,  of  which  he  who  proves  [the  trespass]  shall  have  [?]  one-third. 
The  inscription  given  above  is  likewise  [recorded]  in  the  archives 

under  the  high-priest on  the day  of  Apellacus" — [t.  e. 

second  month  of  the  Syro-Macedonians,  from  the  24th  of  October  to 
the  24th  of  November]." 

*  These  fragments  probably  belonged  to  some  abstracts  of  the  pre- 
ceding inscription,  which  were  written  on  different  parts  of  the  toml). 


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-JW  l»^i'- 


Drt*tn    by    C    'el-0*»     I  »H' 


^1 1 


* 


*^ 


B!4II 


§ 


BIlBi 


Ml 


L^.-^J 


^ii: 


HHH 


IgHl 


COFPERED     CEILING. 


etched    b^    G    Schai 


■^ 


T(OfttE     AT      '^^D'Ymk, 


»'1i.-'j,>    London    1841. 


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SIDYMA.  155 

SO  early  as  that  of  Pinara  or  any  of  the  cities  more 
marked  by  the  Lycian  peculiarities.  In  this  city  we 
saw  no  Cyclopean  walls,  and  none  of  that  other  ex- 
treme of  art,  differing  in  all  points  but  its  simplicity, 
the  sculpture  accompanying  the  Lycian  inscriptions. 
I  saw  only  one  ornamented  tomb  in  the  rocks,  and 
but  two  or  three  of  the  gothic-formed  sarcophagi :  one 
of  these  was  inscribed  with  the  following  Greek  cha- 
racters : 

AfAeOKAHZ 

KAI^APNAKHX 

O^APNAKOKA 

TEZKEYAZAN 

TOMNHMMM* 

I  obtained  but  few  inscriptions  out  of  the  very  many 
on  the  tombs,  on  account  of  the  perished  state  of  the 
surface  of  the  marble  in  this  elevated  situation.  The 
annexed  Plate  will  show  one  of  the  tombs  of  white 
marble ;  the  slab  forming  the  ceiling  I  have  drawn 
separately,  to  show  the  high  finish  of  its  sofits.  The 
extreme  cost  of  ornament,  and  the  great  size  of  the 
tombs  standing  on  stoas  fitted  for  temples,  surprised 
me  much ;  they  were  like  the  tombs  of  a  large  city 
which  had  disappeared ;  but  the  city  remained  to  show 
its  original  extent,  which  was  very  small ;   its  agora, 


*  Translation, — "  Agathocles  and  Pliarnacee,  the  son  of  Pharnaces, 
have  huilt  the  monument." 


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156 


LYCIA. 


theatre,  and  other  buildings  were  indeed  almost  too 
small  to  be  recognized  as  suitable  to  the  purposes  of 
the  public  meetings  of  the  people  of  a  city. 

Several  square  buildings,  not  larger  than  many  of 
the  tombs,  have  evidently  been  temples  ;  the  scale  and 
beauty  of  their  doorways  cannot  have  suited  any  other 
edifice :  I  sought  in  vain  for  inscriptions  near  them. 


We  here  saw  a  building  rather  apart  from  the  town, 
similar  to  others  which  I  have  noticed  elsewhere, 
having  a  square  room,  with  a  circular  end,  and  side 
buildings   forming   little   covered   saloons   with   many 


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SIDYMA.  ^  157 

doors :  these  ruins  retain  much  of  their  stucco,  which 
has  been  painted  with  borders  and  wreaths  of  flowers, 
and  part  of  a  female  figure,  in  red,  blue,  green,  yellow, 
and  white  colours. 

The  present  state  of  this  district  is  extremely  wild ; 
only  three  or  four  huts  are  amidst  these  ruins  on  the 
mountain,  and  their  occupants  have  always  their  gun 
slung  over  their  shoulder,  even  within  the  limits  of 
their  own  cultivated  fields.  On  inquiry  as  to  why  this 
custom  prevailed,  we  were  told  that  the  country  was 
full  of  wild  animals,  and  of  the  fiercest  kind.  I  was 
extremely  cautious  and  particular  in  my  inquiries  as 
to  their  nature,  and  have  no  doubt  of  the  truth  of  the 
account  which  I  heard  from  many  of  the  people  of  the 
surrounding  district,  and  each  unknown  to  the  other. 
In  this  village  alone,  four  or  five  lions,  called  Asian  by 
the  Turks,  and  other  animals  called  Caplan  (the  leo- 
pard) are  killed  every  year.  The  man  who  first  told  me, 
liad  himself  taken  the  skins  to  the  Aga,  to  present  to 
different  Pashas,  and  these  presentations  had  been  re- 
warded by  sums  of  one  to  two  hundred  piastres,  which 
he  had  himself  received.  The  lions,  he  said,  are  timid 
unless  surprised  or  attacked,  and  I  could  not  hear  that 
they  did  much  injury  to  the  flocks.  Wolves — ^and,  if  I 
understand  rightly,  the  hyaena  also — are  found  here; 
and  the  latter  are  described  as  gnashing  their  teeth 
together;  my  Greek  servant  adds,  that  such  animals 
strike  fire  from  their  mouths,  but  this  occurs  in  his 
travels  in  Persia.     I  have  heard  the  same  from  show- 


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158  LYCIA. 

men  at  our  country  fairs,  among  other  exaggerated 
wonders.  Bears  are  certainly  found  here  in  great  num- 
hers.  I  observe  the  most  costly  buildings  in  this  district 
are  the  apiaries,  which  are  formed  of  a  square  of  high 
walls,  open  at  the  top  only ;  within  this  the  hives  are 
placed,  and  a  ladder  is  used,  if  entry  is  required — a  pre- 
caution which  is  essential  to  keep  away  the  bears  from 
the  honey.  This,  which  reminded  me  of  the  illustra- 
tions of  ^sop's  fables,  was  the  more  interesting  from 
its  being  his  native  country.  The  moral  of  the  fable 
is  preserved ;  but  the  hives  that  I  have  seen  pictured 
would  not  be  known  by  the  bees  of  this  country,  as 
their  house  is  here  more  simple,  being  universally  the 
hollowed  section  of  a  fir-tree.  Snakes  are  also  abun- 
dant in  this  district,  but  they  are  most  numerous  in  the 
lower  valleys.  An  island  opposite  to  Macry,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cragus  range,  is  wholly  given  up  to  them ; 
and  the  ruins  of  an  earlier  village,  called  Macry-vec- 
cbia,  probably  of  a  late  Roman  age,  are  shown  as  the 
remains  of  a  town  deserted  on  account  of  the  number 
of  snakes.  The  people  object  even  to  approach  the 
island,  and  I  doubt  not  that  their  fears  greatly  exag- 
gerate the  number  and  size  of  these  animals.  My 
servant  saw  one,  which  he  considered  small,  among 
the  ruins  of  Cadyanda  ;  it  measured  six  feet,  and  was 
as  thick  as  his  arm* 

Uslanuy  April  \6th. — I  have  seldom  passed  a  more 
rugged,  and  never  a  worse  road  with  baggage-horses, 
than  today  ;  the  distance  on  the  map  is  not  great,  but 


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DELTA  OF  THE  XANTHUS.  159 

we  have  been  five  hours  on  the  way.  For  the  first  hour, 
after  leaving  Tortoorcar  Hissd,  we  ascended  a  craggy 
mountain  covered  with  fir-trees,  and  then  arrived  at  a 
little  cultivated  plain.  Around  this  were  barren  crags, 
scarcely  affording  pasture  to  the  flocks  of  large  black 
goats  on  their  rocky  sides :  the  height  to  which  they 
had  climbed  made  me  giddy  as  I  looked  up  to  seek 
whence  came  their  bleating. 

From  this  elevated  mountain  pass,  we  obtained  oc- 
casionally splendid  views  of  the  sea,  whose  immense 
expanse  was  unbroken  by  a  vessel  of  any  kind.  Turn- 
ing down  a  steep  ravine  towards  the  south-east,  we* 
came  to  a  few  huts,  and  continuing  our  course  at  last 
saw  before  us  the  Delta  of  the  Xanthus  ;  Patara  being 
at  one  angle,  and  this  place  occupying  the  other  toward 
the  sea.  Uslann  has  but  three  sheds,  and  serves  as  the 
port,  or  scala,  for  shipping  fire-wood  and  salt-fish  to 
Rhodes.  Two  Greeks  carry  on  this  trade,  and  are  the 
whole  population.  A  village,  consisting  of  a  few  huts, 
lies  about. a  mile  inland  from  this  place,  which  is  pro- 
bably another  mile  from  the  sea-coast.  We  were  sup- 
plied here  with  eight  fowls  for  fifteen  piastres,  scarcely 
five-pence  each ;  but  this  is  not  so  cheap  in  proportion 
as  the  produce  of  the  interior  towards  the  south.  The 
prices  of  our  provisions  I  find  are  higher  than  they 
were  two  years  ago. 

We  were  attracted  hither  by  the  report  of  the  ex- 
istence of  ruins  in  this  quarter,  and  also  by  the  ad- 
mirable chart  of  Captain  Beaufort,  who  lays  them  down 


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iism 


160 


LYCIA. 


as  ruins  not  yet  visited.  Colonel  Leake  had  also  di- 
rected me  hither  as  the  probable  site  of  the  ancient 
Cydna,  or  Pydna ;  but  of  this  discovery  I  am  not  sa- 
tisfied. 

About  a  mile  distant,  near  to  the  sea,  we  found  a 
rocky  hill,  fortified  with  a  beautifully  built  Cyclopean 
wall,  with  towers  and  loop-holes,  and  showing  a  fine 
specimen  of  an  ancient  Greek  fortification :   the  walls 


had  a  terrace  for  the  passage  of  a  guard  within  the 
battlements,  and  this  course  passed  by  doors  through 
the  towers ;  and  as  the  wall  rose  up  the  steep  side  of 
the  hill,  the  terrace  was  formed  of  a  flight  of  steps ; 
several  of  the  towers  had  only  been  breastwork,  having 
but  three  walls,  the  inner  side  being  left  open. 

This  place  does  not  appear  to  me  ever  to  have  been 
a  city,  for  the  walls  contain  but  one  building,  and  this 
at  the  lower  comer.  No  loose  stones,  or  cuttings  of  the 
bare  rocky  ground  for  foundations,  show  that  any  other 
buildings  ever  existed.     What  this  one  structure  has 


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DELTA  OF  THE  XANTHUS.  161 

been,  must  remain  a  mystery;  its  form,  painted  walls 
and  arched  domes  are  precisely  the  same  as  those  of 
the  ruin  I  have  described  at  Sidyma.  Within  this  build- 
ing lay  a  broken  pedestal,  with  this  inscription : 

occ 

AtONI 
€YXH 
MAYCU) 
AOYAAA 
BAPXOY  * 

In  turning  over  the  stone  we  killed  a  scorpion,  which 
lay  concealed  beneath  it.  On  the.  outside  of  the  wall 
were  the  remains  of  a  small  ruined  building,  again  of 
the  same  construction,  but  still  less  perfect ;  it  had  its 
three  chambers,  with  dome  tops  and  painted  walls. 
Only  two  tombs  were  to  be  found  in  the  neighbourhood, 
and  they  were  near  the  outside  of  the  south  gate.  The 
following  inscription  was  upon  a  stone  which  had  been 
over  the  doorway  of  one  of  them,  and  I  think  may  assist 
to  strengthen  my  opinion  that  this  place  was  a  strong- 
hold or  fort  of  the  Xanthians,  and  that  the  soldiers  of 

*  Translation. — "  To  Poseidon ;  the  vow  of  Mausolus,  the  Ala- 
barches." 

The  name  of  Mausolin  was  hereditary  in  a  fieunily  that  gave  to  Caria 
several  kings,  or  rather  satraps,  to  one  of  whom  his  queen  Artemisia 
constructed  the  celebrated  tomb.  The  o£Sice  of  Alabarches,  mentioned 
in  several  other  inscriptions,  and  noticed  by  Josephus  and  other  an- 
cient authors,  especially  at  Alexandria,  seems,  according  to  the  most 
approved  etymology,  to  have  corresponded  to  that  of  a  Commissioner 
of  Customs. 

M 


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162 


LYCIA. 


ui     2<! 


UJ 


Si 

UJ 


UJ 


S    5J   - 
§  5  'a 


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XANTHUS.  163 

the  fort  may  hietye  lived  in  tents  or  buildings  of  perish- 
able materials,  no  trace  of  which  are  left  within  the 
walls.  Three  lines  of  this  inscription  are  cut  upon  the 
ornamental  moulding,  and  have  apparently  been  added 
at  a  subsequent  period.  There  are  no  signs  of  other 
tombs,  and  no  theatre  or  public  buildings. 

Close  to  the  scala  and  near  to  our  tent,  is  an  isolated 

rock,  the  whole  of  which  is  crowned  with  a  weU-built 

Greek  wall,  which  appears  to  have  been  the  basement 

,  of  a  temple  or  some  single  building ;  its  situation,  rising 

out  of  the  plain,  is  imposing. 

Jpril  ]7th^  Xanthus. — I  am  once  more  at  my  fa- 
vourite city — the  first  in  which  I  became  acquainted 
with  the  remains  of  art  of  the  ancient  Lycians,  and  in 
which  I  hope  to  find  still  more,  embodying  their  lan- 
guage, history,  and  poetic  sculpture.  How  might  the 
classic  enthusiast  revel  in  the  charms  of  this  city  and 
its  neighbourhood !  With  Mount  Cragus  before  him,  he 
might  conjure  up  all  the  chimaeras  of  its  fabulous  history. 

This  morning,  on  leaving  Uslann,  which  is  very 
nearly  the  Turkish  name  for  the  lion,  we  crossed  the 
little  river  which  rises  suddenly  from  the  rocks  within 
two  miles  of  the  sea,  but  meanders  in  a  brilliantly  clear 
stream  for  at  least  three  miles  before  it  reaches  the 
beach;  it  is  navigable  for  small  boats  to  the  scala; 
Continuing  across  the  plain  for  four  miles,  with  drifted 
sand-banks  on  our  right,  we  came  near  to  what  is  not 
improperly  called  the  Island,  being  a  rocky  hill  rising 
amidst  the  perfectly  level  plain.     On  the  larger  portion 

M  2 


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164  LYCIA, 

of  this  hill  there  are  no  ruins  of  ancient  buildings  to  be 
found,  but  some  are  visible  on  the  summit  of  the  smaller. 
We  were  unable  to  cross  the  swamp  by  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded at  this  season,  in  order  to  examine  them ;  but 
an  intelligent  old  Greek,  who  was  our  guide,  said  that 
the  stones  were  only  the  lower  part  of  a  building,  which 
was  round,  but  not  a  theatre,  for  it  had  no  seats.  No 
columns  were  to  be  seen  there,  nor  any  other  remains 
of  a  city :  neither  tombs  nor  walls  were  upon  the  hill. 
Possibly  this  may  have  been  the  Letoum  and  temple  of 
Apollo,  which  Colonel  Leake  expected  would  there  be 
found;  the  easy  transport  of  columns  by  sea  would 
fully  account  for  their  absence.  In  half  an  hour  more 
we  crossed  the  livid  waters  of  the  Xanthus,  which  there 
divided  into  two  streams,  but  both  were  too  deep  for  us 
to  pass  with  comfort.  The  horses  were  several  inches 
above  their  girths  in  the  water,  and  the  baggage  was 
partly  bathed.  Three  men  stripped,  and  guided  us 
acri)ss  the  rapid  streams.  Another  hour  brought  us 
here,  where  we  intend  to  halt  for  several  days,  to  ex- 
amine further  into  the  remains  of  this  chief  of  the 
Lycian  cities,  and  to  make  accurate  drawings^  of  its 
interesting  sculpture. 

April  2\$t. — This  is  my  fourth  day  among  the  ruins 
of  Xanthus,  and  how  little  do  I  know  of  this  ancient 
city!  its  date  still  puzzles  me.  It  certainly  possesses 
some  of  the  earliest  Archaic  sculpture  in  Asia  Minor,  and 
this  connected  with  the  most  beautiful  of  its  monu- 
ments, and  illustrated  by  the  language  of  Lycia.    These 


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XANTHUS.  165 

sculptures  to  which  I  refer  must  be  the  work  of  the 
sixth  or  seventh  centuries  before  the  Christian  sera,  but 
I  have  not  seen  an  instance  of  these  remains  having 
been  despoiled  for  the  rebuilding  of  walls  ;  and  yet  the 
decidedly  more  modern  works  of  a  later  people  are 
used  as  materials  in  repairing  the  walls  around  the 
back  of  the  city  and  upon  the  Acropolis ;  many  of 
these  have  Greek  inscriptions,  with  names  common 
among  the  Romans.  The  whole  of  the  sculpture  is 
Greek,  fine,  bold,  and  simple,  bespeaking  an  early  age 
of  that  people.  No  sign  whatever  is  seen  of  the  works 
of  the  Byzantines  or  Christians. 

To  lay  down  a  plan  of  the  town  is  impossible,  the 
whole  being  concealed  by  trees ;  but  walls  of  the  finest 
kind,  Cyclopean  blended  with  the  Greek,  as  well  as  the 
beautifully  squared  stones  of  a  lighter  kind,  are  seen 
in  every  direction;  several  gateways  also,  with  their 
paved  roads,  still  exist.  I  observed  on  my  first  visit 
that  the  temples  have  been  very  numerous,  and,  from 
their  position  along  the  brow  of  the  cliff,  must  have 
combined  with  nature  to  form  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  cities.  The  extent  I  now  find  is  much  greater 
than  I  had  imagined,  and  its  tombs  extend  over  miles 
of  country  I  had  not  before  seen. 

The  beautiful  gothic-formed  sarcophagus-tomb,  with 
chariots  and  horses  upon  its  roof,  of  which  I  gave 
several  views  in  my  former  Journal,  as  well  as  a  sketch 
of  a  battle-scene  upon  the  side,  accompanied  with  a 
Lycian  inscription,  is  again  a  chief  object  of  my  admi- 


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166  .  LYCIA, 

ration  amidst  the  ruins  of  this  city.  Of  the  ends  of 
this  monument  I  did  not  before  show  drawings,,  but 
gave  a  fuU  description.  I  have  now  succeeded  in  copy- 
ing the  inscription  which  I  mentioned  as  being  illegible, 
to  which  I  add  views  of  the  ends,  and,  by  the  aid  of  Mr. 
Scharf,  am  able  to  do  more  justice  to  these  fine  works 
of  the  ancients. 

Beneath  the  rocks,  at  the  back  of  the  city,  is  a  sarco- 
phagus of  the  same  kind,  and  almost  as  beautifully 
sculptured,  but  this  has  been  thrown  down,  and  the  lid 
now  lies  half  buried  in  the  earth.  Its  hog's-mane  is 
sculptured  with  a  spirited  battle-scene. 


Many  Greek  inscriptions  upon  pedestals  are  built 
into  the  walls,  which  may  throw  some  light  upon  the 
history  of  the  city ;  they  are  mostly  funereal,  and  be- 
long to  an  age  and  people  quite  distinct  frdm  those  of 
the  many  fine  Lycian  remains.     I  copied  the  following : 

ZANOinNHnOAIZ 

HTOYAYKIXlNEeNOYZ 

MHTPOnOAIZOYA 

niAN^IAAI^rENOME 

NHNrVNAIKATOY 

KPATIZTOYAYPHAIOY 

AAPIXOY* 

*  Translation.^"  The  city  of  Xanthus,  the  metropolis  of  the  Lycian 


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\  X  <  ^^  r  h^  a.-^^ 
^  ^  -h  ^<-  <-  ^  \  <=>  <: 

■      '      £1    L-  O    LiJ    ^ 


c 

A 


J.. 

© 


O 


^ 

L' 


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XANTHUS.  167 

MMJEEIAZAMEIMMM 

OYOEOYEANGOYrY 

MNACIAPXHCACTHC 

CEMNOTATHCFEPOY 

CIACTEAECACAEKAI 

ETEPACnAEIONACnO 

AEITINACAPXACTH 

nATPIAITONANAPI 

ANTAKATATAE*H 

♦ICMENAEKTUNIAI 

(ONANECTHCA* 

The  following  inscription  is  interesting  from  the  in- 
sight which  it  gives  as  to  the  regulation  of  the  games. 

KONTONAnOAAnNlOY 
AlZTOYZOAi^ZOYSAN 

oiONnATPOZKAinPoro 

NnNBOYAEYTONAraNI 

nation,  [honoured]  UlpiaFhila,  who  had  become  the  wife  of  the  excel- 
lent Auielius  Larichus." 

The  honorary  name  of  Metropolis,  i.  e.  mother-city,  whence  colonies 
have  sprung,  waB  often  assumed  by  Greek  cities  of  very  little  import- 
ance ;  XanthuB,  however,  seems  fully  to  have  been  entitled  to  it,  stand- 
ing prominent  in  whatever  we  know  of  Lycian  history,  and  being 
called  by  Strabo  (1.  xiv.  p.  666)  the  greatest  city  of  Lycia. 

*  IVanslation. — "  Having  been of  the  god  Xanthus  and  gjrm- 

nasiarches  of  the  most  worshipful  Gerusia,  and  discharged  also  several 
other  public  offices  in  my  native  city»  I  have,  according  to  the  decree, 
erected  the  statue  at  my  own  expense." 

The  god  Xanthus,  mentioned  in  this  inscription  only,  is  probably  the 
deified  personigcation  of  the  river  Xanthus,  which  is  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  celebrated  worship  df  Apollo  in  Lycia. 


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168  LYCIA- 

ZAMENONANAPANnAAHN 

ENTOEn  ITEAEZeENTI  Am 

NIOEMIAOZrEKAIAOHKHZ 

TIBKAKAZIANOYArHnnA 

NEIKHZANTAKAIEKBIBAZAN 

TAKAHPOYZAArnNOeE 

TOYNTOZTHZGEMIAOZAIA 

BIOYTOYAEIOAOrHTATOY 

♦lAOnATPIAOZAYKIAPXOY 

TIBKATHAEMAXOYSAN 

OinNHTOYAYKinNEeNO 

MHTPOnOAIZKAenZOAl 

AeEMENOZAIETTEIAATO  * 

Two  of  my  days  have  been  spent  in  the  tedious, 
but,  I  trust,  useful  occupation,  of  copying  the  Lycian 

*  Translation, — "  Quintus,  the  son  of  ApoUonius,  grandson  of  Sos- 
tratus  [?] ,  a  citizen  of  Xanthus,  his  father  and  ancestors  being  coun- 
cihnen,  having  contested  in  the  wrestling-match  of  the  men  in  the 
games  celebrated  besides  [those  performed  ordinarily  at  the  public 
expense  ?]  for  the  third  prize  [given]  from  the  legacy  of  Tiberius 
Claudius  Cseaianus  Agrippa,  having  won  and  outrun  four  lots ;  this 
prize  being  for  his  lifetime  in  the  gift  of  the  most  distinguished  Ly- 
ciarches,  the  friend  of  his  country,  Tib.  CI.  Telemachus ;  the  city  of 
Xanthus,  the  metropolis  of  the  Lycian  nation,  [honours  him,  i,e, 
Quintus,  probably  by  erecting  a  statue,]  as  he  who  left  the  legacy  has 
ordered." 

This  inscription,  like  that  given  at  p.  108,  may  throw  light  on  some 
particulars  of  the  gymnastic  festivals.  Having  no  precedent,  the 
translation  is  in  some  parts  conjectural.  The  Lyciarches,  according  to 
Strabo  (1.  xiv.  p.  665),  was  chosen  by  the  delegates  from  the  twenty- 
three  Lycian  cities ;  whilst  they  were  free,  he  presided  over  the  manage- 
ment of  political  affairs,  and  in  Roman  times  over  the  public  games  and 
festivals  of  the  confederation. 


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XANTHUS.  169 

inscription  from  the  obelisk  I  mentioned  in  my  former 
volume  that  I  had  seen :  this  will  be  of  service  to  the 
philologist.  As  the  letters  are  beautifully  cut,  I  have 
taken  several  impressions  from  them,  to  obtain  fac- 
similes. By  this  inscription  I  hope  to  fix  the  type  of 
an  alphabet,  which  will  be  much  simplified,  as  I  find 
upon  the  various  tombs  about  the  town  great  varieties, 
though  of  a  trifling  nature,  in  the  forms  of  each  letter ; 
these  varieties  have  hitherto  been  considered  as  differ- 
ent characters.  This  long  public  inscription  will  esta- 
blish the  form  of  all  the  letters  of  an   alphabet,  one 

form  only  being  used  throughout  for  each  letter :  if  this  j 

should  be  deciphered,  it  may  be  the  means  of  adding  in- 
formation to  history.  The  inscription  exceeds  250  lines. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  obelisk  is  not  perfect ; 
time  or  an  earthquake  has  split  off  the  upper  part, 
which  lies  at  its  foot.  Two  sides  of  this  portion  only 
remain  with  inscriptions  which  I  could  copy;  the  upper 
surface  being  without  any,  and  the  lower  facing  the 
ground,  its  weight  of  many  tons  rendered  it  immove- 
able. I  had  the  earth  excavated  from  the  obelisk  itself,  ) 
and  came  to  the  base,  or  probably  the  upper  part  of  a 

flight  of  steps,  as  in  the  other  obelisk-monuments  of  a  *  j 

similar  construction.     The  characters  upon  the  north-  ^ 

west  side,  types  of  which  are  shown  on  the  left  of  the  ' 

annexed  Plate,  are  cut  in  a  fiiner  and  bolder  style,  and 
appear  to  be  the  most  ancient.    Should  any  difference  of 

date  occur  on  this  monument,  I  should  decide  that  this  '] 

is  the  commencement  or  original  inscription  upon  it.  ] 


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170  LYCIA. 

This,  which  I  must  consider  as  a  very  important  mo- 
numenty  appears  to  have  on  the  north-east  side  a  por- 
tipn  of  its  inscription  in  the  early  Greek  language ;  the 
letters  are  comparatively  ill  cut,  and  extremely  difficult 
at  such  an  elevation  to  decipher;  seizing  favourable 
opportunities  for  the  light,  I  have  done  my  best  to  copy 
it  faithfully,  and  glean  from  it  that  the  subject  is  fu- 
nereal, and  that  it  relates  to  a  king  of  Lycia ;  the  mode 
of  inscription  makes  the  monument  itself  speak,  being 
written  in  the  first  person*.  Very  near  to  this  stands 
the  monument,  similar  in  form,  which  I  described  in 
my  last  Journal  as  being  near  the  theatre,  and  upon 
which  remained  the  singular  bas-reliefs  of  which  I 
gave  sketches.  On  closer  examination  I  find  these  to 
be  far  more  interesting  and  ancient  than  I  had  before 
deemed  them.  They  are  in  very  low  relief,  resembling 
in  that  respect  the  Persepolitan  or  Egyptian  bas-reliefs. 
I  have  now  had  detailed  drawings  made  for  the  an- 
nexed Plate,  which  will  better  explain  their  age  and 
meaning.  This  monument,  I  trust,  may  ere  long  be 
deposited  in  our  national  Museum  f. 

I  have  received  from  Mr.  Benjamin  Gibson  of  Rome 
a  letter  in  reference  to  these  bas-reliefs,  as  seen  in  the 

*  This  was  suggested  to  me  by  the  learned  Professor  Muller. 

t  On  my  return  to  England,  through  Athens,  I  was  much  struck  by 
the  great  similarity  in  style,  age,  art  and  mode  of  arranging  the  hair, 
of  the  fragment  here  shown,  to  the  bas-reliefia  on  the  obelisk-tomb  at 
Xanthus.  This  fragment  is  known,  from  the  position  in  which  it  was 
found  upon  the  Acropolis,  to  have  been  of  an  earlier  date  than  the  Par- 


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[PABILY     CiClls!llPTd^[;^lC2;    <m.    (S^K\:: 


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XANTHUS. 


171 


Plate  of  my  former  book,  and  again  shown  here :  hig 
interpretation  of  this  mysterious  subject  appears  far 
the  best  that  I  have  yet  heard ;  and  from  finding  the 
district  to  have  been  in  all  probability  the  burial-place 
of  the  kings,  it  becomes  the  more  interesting.  Mr. 
Gibson  writes — *'  The  winged  figures  on  the  corners 
of  the  tomb  you  have  discovered  in  Lycia,  represented 
flying  away  with  children,  may  with  every  probability 

thenon  of  Pericles,  and  is  attributed  to  the  seventh  century  before  the 
Christian  era.  It  is  called  **  Venus  stepping  into  her  car,"  and  is 
amongst  the  recent  Athenian  discoveries. 


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172  LYCIA. 

be  well  supposed  to  have  a  refereface  to  the  story  of 
the  Harpies  flying  away  with  the  daughters  of  king 
Pandarus.  This  fable  we  find  related  by  Homer  in 
the  Odyssey,  lib.  xx.,  where  they  are  stated  to  be  left 
orphans,  and  the  gods  as  endowing  them  with  various 
gifts.  Juno  gives  them  prudence,  Minerva  instructs 
them  in  the  art  of  the  loom,  Diana  confers  on  them 
tallness  of  person,  and  lastly  Venus  flies  up  to  Jupiter 
to  provide  becoming  husbands  for  them ;  in  the  mean 
time,  the  orphans  thus  being  left  unprotected,  the  Har- 
pies come  and  'snatch  the  unguarded  chaise  away.' 
Strabo  tells  us  that  Pandarus  was  king  of  Lycia,  and 
was  worshiped  particularly  at  Pinara.  This  tomb  be- 
comes thus  very  interesting;  which,  if  it  be  not  the 
tomb  of  Pandarus,  shows  that  the  story  was  prevalent 
in  Lycia,  and  that  the  great  author  of  the  Iliad  derived 
it  from  that  source." 

With  this  clue,  we  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing 
Juno  on  the  peculiar  chair  assigned  to  that  goddess, 
and  on  the  same  side  is  Venus  and  her  attendants; 
upon  another  is  probably  represented  Diana,  recognized 
by  the  hound.  The  seated  gods  are  less  easily  di- 
stinguished. In  the  Harpies,  at  the  four  comers  of  the 
tomb,  we  have  the  illustration  of  those  beings  as  de- 
scribed by  the  classic  writers. 

Every  excursion  we  have  made  has  adde^  tales  of 
fresh  discoveries  of  pieces  of  sculpture,  many  of  which 
I  have  had  sketched.  They  are  of  a  pure  Greek  date, 
and  the  subjects  may  be  of  interest  to  the  mythologist 


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Urmwn    &   ttch«d     by   CSchjrf  Jun*" 


FRk:"!  S-!  '"^  '<:.  T  ^     >f.^     K  i^.  ?^  T  [HI  T  v 


John    Wurrav.   Icr-don.    184-1 


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XANTHUS.  173 

and  student  of  the  Greek  games ;  were  it  possible  to 
remove  the  trees  and  bushes,  the  examination  of  the 
piles  of  ruins  would  afford  occupation  for  many  weeks. 
In  my  previous  Journal  I  mentioned  that  various  pieces 
of  sculpture  of  early  date  are  built  into  the  walls  of  the 
Acropolis :  of  these  I  now  give  drawings,  which  may 
assist,  from  the  subject  and  style  of  art,  to  afford  in- 
formation about  this  interesting  place.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  chariots  and  the  costume  of  the  figures  are 
of  an  early  age :  I  also  observe  a  marked  peculiarity  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  forelocks  of  the  horses*.  The  ani- 
mals have  also  their  interest ;  some  strongly  resemble 
the  subjects  often  seen  upon  antique  gems.     The  lion 

*  On  examining  the  various  works  of  the  ancient  Greeks  in  the 
British  Museum,  I  find  no  instance  either  in  the  horses  of  the  Greek 
marbles,  or  on  the  numerous  Etruscan  vases,  of  the  forelock  being  tied 
in  this  peculiar  form ;   but  in  the  bas-reliefs  from  Persepolis,  I  find 


each  horse  has  its  hair  exactly  so  arranged,  as  will  be  seen  in  this  sketch 
.  from  one  of  them.  The  whip  of  the  driver  of  the  chariot,  as  well  as  his 
costume,  is  also  the  same  as  in  the  Xanthian  spe<nmen. 


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174  LYCIA. 

and  the  bull  are  always  prominent  objects  in  Lycian 
sculpture. 

I  have  been  surprised  at  not  obtaining  any  coins 
from  the  peasants,  for  they  cultivate  every  bare  spot 
amidst  the  ruins,  and  the  whole  surrounding  district  is 
under  the  plough ;  but  the  few  people  we  have  seen  say 
they  very  rarely  find  any.  The  peasantry  here  are  far 
more  industrious  than  in  most  districts  I  have  visited ; 
at  this  season  every  field  has  its  yoke  of  oxen  at  work, 


tilling  the  ground  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  time 
of  the  early  inhabitants,  and  the  tents  of  the  husband- 
men are  being  pitched  where  the  swamps  have  suffici- 
ently dried ;  this  tillage  is  for  the  later  crops  of  maize, 
the  barley  being  now  in  ear,  and  the  wheat  nearly  full 
grown.     The  beans  and  vetches  are  in  bloom. 

The  industry  and  independence  of  the  peasantry  here 
has  caused  us  much  trouble  to  obtain  our  requisite 
supplies.     We  have  had  to  send  several  miles  before  we 


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ty 


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XANTHUS. 


175 


could  persuade  the  shepherds  at  this  season  to  part  with 
their  sheep  ;  at  last  a  lad  has  brought  us  one,  for  which 
we  have  to  make  him  a  present,  in  addition  to  the  price 
of  the  sheep. 


The  water  for  our  use  is  also  brought  from  the  river, 
which  is  half  a  mile  from  our  tent,  and  is  of  a  colour 
that  would  forbid  its  being  used  for  drinking,  were  it 
possible  to  obtain  better. 


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176 


LYCIA. 


In  the  theatre,  which- 1  mentioned  in  my  fonner 
Journal,  I  have  sketched  a  marble  chair,  probably  a 
place  of  honour  for  some  distinguished  patron  of  the 
games  of  the  ancients. 


The  seats  of  the  people  in  most  of  the  Greek  theatres 
were  so  formed  as  to  throw  off  the  rain-water,  and  at 
the  same  time  in  some  degree  to  prevent  the  inconve- 
nience from  the  feet  of  the  spectators  seated  above. 


ci 


Upon  a  portion  of  a  frieze  shown  in  Plate  XXII. 
will  be  seen  a  curious  and  interesting  similarity  to  the 
various  sketches  of  the  present  costume,  utensils,  and 
habits  of  the  peasants  already  given  in  this  Journal. 
The  thick  tail  of  the  sheep  also  shows  the  unchanged 
breed  of  the  cattle.  The  tomb,  three  sides  of  which  are 
represented  in  the  same  Plate,  must  rank  among  the 


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^'^.o'^ 


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Or«wr>  %   C-»«h«d   by  C.Scharf  Jun! 


^^k€>^\^.w^i^^  ®'i-  ^cl'KPt::;?.!  at  x^p^tc-jl-s. 


John    Murray    London    1841 


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XANTHUS.  177 

most  ancient  in  its  style  of  sculpture  of  any  in  this  cityV 
and  is  strikingly  similar  to  the  wx)rks  of  the  Persepo- 
litanft.  In  Plate  XVIII. ,  the  striped  clothes  of  what 
are  probably  the  attendants  on  so'me  Bacchanalian  pro^ 
cession,  are  seen  in  the  boy  with  his  torch,  at  our  en- 
campment near  Dollomon ;  the  striped  cotton  dress  is 
very  general  in  this  district  of  Asia  Minor. 

We  cannot  have  every  enjoyment  at  the  same  time  : 
to  enjoy  light  we  must  have  shadow.  When  travelling 
before  in  this  country,  I  was  amused  and  instructed  by 
the  curiosity  and  proffered  hospitality  of  the  people ; 
but  they  intruded  far  too  much  upon  my  privacy,  and 
I  often  wished  them  away,  that  I  might  be  alone.  In 
travelling  with  a  Gavass  or  Tartar,  the  case  is  altered. 
I  cannot  say  upon  the  whole  that  I  prefer  it,  always  en- 
joying the  attention  and  kindness  natural  to  humanity, 
rather  than  the  respect  commanded  by  authority,  and  I 
fear  I  am  represented  as  a  very  different  character  with 
regard  to  my  feelings  towards  the  people,  to  what  I  really 
am.  They  wish  to  offer  flowers  and  presents  of  all 
kinds,  but  the  Gavass  perhaps  properly  keeps  them  aloof, 
and  when  anything  is  purchased  by  me,  they  name  no 
price,  but  expect  a  present :  this  the  Gavass  discoun- 
tenances, and  fixes  a  price  upon  everything,  probably 
lower  than  I  should  be  induced  to  give.  He  demands 
hospitality  where  I  before  received  it  voluntarily,  and 
our  room  is  always  kept  free  from  the  people. 

I  fancy  that  the  peasants  here  keep  more  aloof  than 
usual,  from  a  display  of  authority  on  our  arrival,  which 

N 


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178  LYCIA. 

I  much  disapproved,  but  it  is,  I  fear,  too  common  with 
travellers.  The  first  Zoorigee  told  some  men  to  move 
from  the  path  on  which  they  were  lying,  to  let  our 
cavalcade  pass,  instead  of  our  turning  a  few  steps  out 
of  the  way.  The  men  said  there  was  plenty  of  room 
to  pass,  upon  which  the  Cavass  galloped  up  to  them, 
as  if  to  trample  them  down  with  his  horse,  and  struck 
them  repeatedly  upon  the  head  in  the  most  savage 
manner  with  his  stick,  and  with  these  unresisted  blows 
dispersed  the  party  of  peasants,  who  were  basking  a 
few  hours  of  their  Sunday  (Friday)  in  their  own  fields, 
over  which  probably  we  were  unlawful  trespassers.  Our 
train  followed,  but  without  the  usual  welcome  to  the 
stranger.  The  gay  clothes,  arms,  and  the  power  en- 
joyed by  these  couriers  bearing  my  firman,  is  more 
feared  than  I  like,  for  I  know  that  all  the  traveller  can 
want  is  freely  afforded  by  the  people. 


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179 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

Patara — Coins — Passage  of  Mountains — ^Discovery  of  the  ancient 
PheUus — ^Antiphellos — its  Tombs — Kastelorizo,  the  ancient  Me- 
giste — Jewels  and  Costume  of  the  Peasantry — Cassabar — Ancient 
Trabala? — Singular  gorge  in  the  Mountains — Myra — ^Tombs — 
Sculptures — Difficult  Passage  of  Mountain — Ancient  Isium? — Li- 
myra — Ruins,  Tombs,  and  Sculptures. 

April  2\st. — ^This  morning  we  rode  down  the  plain  to 
Patara,  which  place  I  have  hefore  visited.  I  again 
sought  the  points  of  the  greatest  interest — its  very  per- 
fect theatre,  the  arched  entrance  to  the  city,  and  clus- 
ters of  palm-trees ;  and,  owing  to  the  dryer  state  of  the 
swamp,  I  was  enahled  to  visit  a  beautiful  small  temple 
about  the  centre  of  the  ruined  city :  its  doorway,  within 
a  portico  in  antis,  is  in  high  preservation,  as  well  as  its 
walls ;  the  doorway  is  of  beautiful  Greek  workmanship, 
ornamented  in  the  Corinthian  style,  and  in  fine  pro- 
portion and  scale ;  the  height  is  about  twenty-four  feet. 
I  have  sought  in  vain  among  the  numerous  funeral  in- 
scriptions for  any  trace  of  Lycian  characters.  I  copied 
the  inscription  in  the  Greek  language  from  the  wall  of 

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180  LYCIA. 

the  theatre,  which  is  cut  in  large  well-formed  letters, 
over  the  eastern  entrance  of  the  proscenium*. 

In  a  wood  to  the  east  of  the  city  is  a  solitary  instance 
of  a  Lycian  architectural  tomb  cut  in  the  rock  in  the 
Elizabethan  form ;  but  upon  the  panel  of  the  door  are 
three  ill-cut  figures,  representing  a  man,  his  wife,  and 
a  child ;  they  are  but  a  few  inches  high,  and  have  under 
them  the  following  Greek  inscription  : 


EYTYXIilNTW 

HAIKAIK 

TEKNflEnA^PO 

AM 

AETflMNEIA 

a 

SENEKEN  t 

Upon  one  of  the  side  mullions  are  two  open  hands, 
with  a  few  Greek  letters  beneath  them.  I  have  seen 
this  device  brfore,  but  do  not  think  it  of  a  very  early 
age.    The  following  I  copied  from  a  pedestal : 

TEMJUKJAATANOZnATAPEI 

KAJtANeinnOAEITEYZAME 

NnAEKAENTAIZKATAAYKIAN 

nOAEZinAZAIZTHNOZTOeH 

KHNI  AZflNANTI  rONOX 

nATAPEYZAAAXlAEMHEHEZ 

TnTEeHNAIEANAETirriNAeH 

O^EIAETfilEPAZAnOAAQNI 


'   *  This  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 

t  TVoM/a/tM. — "  Eutfchion  to  his  child  Epaphroditna,  for  the  sake 
of  remembrance " 


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PATARA,  181 

APAXMAZCTHZnPAZEnZKAinPOZANrE 
AlAZOYZHZnANTITOBOYAO 
MENXlEnirnHMIZEl  ♦ 

The  number  of  coins  and  common  gems  of  rude 
cutting  that  are  found  here  is  quite  unaccountable.  I 
obtained  above  thirty  coins  from  a  man  who  said  he  often 
brought  home  a  hundred  in  a  day  when  he  was  plough- 
ing, and  that,  if  I  liked,  he  would  go  and  find  some. 
One  of  our  men  picked  up  two  in  crossing  a  field  as  he 
drove  in  the  horses  ;  they  appear  to  be  of  all  dates,  but 
I  hope  some  may  be  curious,  having  the  Lycian  charac- 
ters upon  them.  I  am  delighted  to  recognize  again  in 
one  the  figure  of  Bellerophon,  similar  to  the  bas-relief 
in  the  tomb  at  Tlos :  this  is  highly  interesting,  as  being 
found  in  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus.  The  copper  coins 
of  early  date  found  in  Lycia  are  generally  extremely 
small ;  the  Roman  and  Byzantine  are  much  larger,  and 
consequently  more  easily  seen  in  the  fields.  I  have 
obtained  several  very  curious  coins,  found  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Xanthus,  all  having  a  singular  device,  a  tri- 
quetra  intermixed  with  the  Lycian  characters ;  on  the 
reverse  is  generally  a  lion,  in  various  attitudes:  the 

*  7VaiMiSa/t<m.— " the  son  of  Plato»  a  Patarean  and  Xanthian, 

but  haying  also  [?]  the  rights  of  citizen  in  all  the  cities  of  Lycia. 
The  cinerary  nm,  Jason,  the  son  of  Antigonus,  of  Patara,  [has  pro- 
vided]. But  to  another  it  shall  not  be  permitted  to  bury  anybody  else ; 
but  if  any  one  bury  another,  he  shall  owe  two  hundred  [?]  drachmae,  to 
be  oonsecrated  to  ApoUo ;  the  levying  of  the  fine  and  the  information 
belongs  to  any  one  who  chooses,  for  half  the  sum." 


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182  LYClA. 

finest  silver  ones  have  the  skin  of  a  lion^s  head  only. 
These  coins,  although  not  obtained  from  Xanthus  it- 
self, I  am  inclined  to  believe  were  of  that  chief  city,  or 
perhaps  of  the  country  generally  at  a  very  early  period. 
I  have  the  coins  of  most  of  the  other  cities,  bearing  the 
name  of  Lycia  and  the  emblems  of  Apollo,  the  lyre,  or 
bow  and  quiver,  together  with  the  initials  of  the  par- 
ticular city  to  which  they  respectively  belong:  their  re- 
verse  has  a  beautiful  head  of  the  god. 

Before  leaving  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  I  must  re- 
fer to  the  remaining  marked  illustrations  of  its  early 
legends.  History  tells  us  that  this  country  was  on- 
ginally  peopled  from  Crete,  by  a  colony  which  settled 
here  under  Sarpedon  the  son  of  Europa.  Lycus,  being 
afterwards  driven  from  Athens,  joined  Sarpedon,  and 
from  him  this  portion  of  the  country  was  called  Lycia. 
The  customs  of  the  mother-country  are  said  to  have 
been  retained  by  the  colonists.  I  find  in  the  coins  of 
Crete  alone  a  parallel  in  size  and  workmanship  to 
those  of  Lycia  :  on  seeing  coins  from  Candia,  I  at  first 
sight  claimed  them  as  Lycian.  The  bull's  horns  are 
found  as  the  crest  of  the  ancient  inhabitants,  and  the 
bull  contending  with  lions  is  the  most  common  subject 
of  the  bas-reliefs.  May  this  not  have  reference  to  the 
family  of  Europa  contending  with  the  wild  animals  of 
this  country?  The  lion  is  seen  everywhere  through- 
out the  valley  of  the  Xanthus ;  every  bas-relief,  tomb, 
seat  or  coin,  shows  the  figure  or  limbs  of  this  animal. 
Lions  still  live  in  its  mountains,  the  goat  is  found  at  the 


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PATARA.  183 

lop,  while  the  serpent  infests  the  base  of  the  Cragus, 
illustrating  the  imaginary  monster  of  its  early  fables*. 
The  name  of  Sarpedon  is  found  upon  the  monuments, 
and  the  conquests  of  Bellerophon  remain  stamped  upon 
the  rocks  and  coins.  Patara,  whose  name  implies  the 
seat  of  an  oracle,  stands  at  the  entrance  of  a  valley : 
the  inscriptions  and  emblems  here  are  all  in  honour 
of  Apollo,  and  the  coins  of  the  whole  district  show  his 
ascendency.  I  doubt  not  that  many  other  points  of 
high  interest  would  occur  to  the  classic  scholar,  but 
these  must  be  observed  by  all  travellers. 

April  22nd,  Bazeeryiancooe. — ^This  bay  was  by  the  an- 
cient Greeks  called  Phoenicus,  probably  from  its  palm- 
trees — by  the  modem  Greeks  Kalamaki,  which  means 
*  reed  bay' ;  but  from  the  precipitous  and  arid  rocks, 
rising  from  a  sea  far  too  deep  even  for  anchorage,  reeds 
never  could  have  grown  here.  On  the  coast  of  Pa- 
tara, which  is  round  the  point  to  the  westward,  and  is 
distinctly  divided  from  this  bay  by  a  bold  promontory, , 
both  reeds  and  palm-trees  are  found  in  abundance. 
Travelling  for  nearly  four  hours  through  Fornas,  and 
leaving  the  Scala  or  little  village  of  Kalamaki  below  us 
in  the  bay,  we  kept  our  elevated  route  to  Bazeeryian- 

*  The  vignette  on  the  title-page  is  drawn  from  an  ancient  Ghreek 
terra-cotta,  representing  a  chimasra.  This  extremely  interesting  relic 
is  the  property  of  Thomas  Burgon,  Esq.,  who  has  kindly  allowed  me 
to  copy  it  as  an  illustration. 

''  A  lion  she  before  in  mane  and  throat, 
Behind  a  dragon,  in  the  midst  a  goat." — Hesiod. 


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184  LYCIA. 

cooe,  or  merchants'  village,  which  is  situated  upon  a 
point  of  rock  commanding  a  fine  view,  and  is  an  excel- 
lent site  from  which  to  make  a  map  of  this  varied  coast. 
The  small  islands  of  Xenagorae  near  the  coast  break  the 
monotony  of  a  boundless  expanse  of  sea.  The  huts  are 
here  all  built  of  stones,  piled  up  and  lined  with  mud. 
The  situation  is  so  much  exposed  to  the  frequent  eddies 
of  wind  from  the  mountains,  that  it  would  render  the 
common  hut,  characteristic  of  the  more  sheltered  coun- 
try,  unsafe. 

April  24th, — From  this  village  we  continued  our  as- 
cent of  the  mountain  for  two  hours  through  bold  craggy 
ravines,  until  we  arrived  at  the  village  of  Kedekleh, 
which  would  have  been  a  far  better  division  of  our 
journey  than  halting  so  soon  as  Bazeeryiancooe.  Con- 
tinning  still  occasional  ascents,  we  traversed  the  pictu- 
resque heights  of  this  mountain-range,  cultivated  with 
small  patches  of  com,  which,  as  well  as  the  whole  vege- 
tation, was  fully  a  month  later  than  in  the  district  we 
had  left  in  the  morning,  and  the  country  again  assumed 
the  appearance  almost  of  winter.  Arriving  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Saaret,  where  our  horses  required  rest,  we  occu- 
pied an  hour  or  two  in  ascending  the  mountain  which 
forms  the  opposite  or  northern  side  of  this  narrow 
valley,  appearing  to  divide  the  country  from  east  to 
west.  Our  inducement  for  making  this  excursion  was 
the  number  of  tombs  cut  in  its  rocks,  and  the  Cyclo- 
pean  walls  blended  with  its  craggy  top.  We  were  not 
disappointed :   a  city  has  once  stood  upon  its  summit. 


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PHELLUS,  185 

and  walls,  gateways  and  tombs  all  bespeak  the  work  of 
the  early  Greeks ;  this  is  borne  out  also  by  the  form 
of  the  letters  in  the  numerous  Greek  inscriptions,  too 
much  effaced  by  the  exposed  situation  to  be  deciphered. 
I  have  no  doubt  that  this  was  the  ancient  Phellus.  In 
four  more  hours  we  had  passed  the  high  and  wild  range 
of  mountains  forming  the  southern  coast  at  the  back 
of  the  ancient  Antiphellus  :  on  its  summit  we  encoun- 
tered a  most  violent  hailstorm,  and  I  never  experi- 
enced more  bitter  cold  in  the  depth  of  winter :  large 
hailstones  covered  the  ground  some  inches  in  depth. 
The  awfully  grand  effect  of  these  storms  can  scarcely 
be  imagined :  the  cracking  thunder  was  echoed  instantly 
by  the  surrounding  crags,  and  then  rolled  into  distant 
ranges  with  almost  a  continuous  murmur ;  the  light- 
ning played  upon  the  clouds,  which  appeared  to  hover 
capriciously  over  fated  islands  in  the  expanse  of  ocean 
before  us,  while  the  sun  shone  brilliantly  on  others. 
The  grandeur  of  such  storms  is  seldom  witnessed  in 
the  calmer  climates  of  the  continent  of  Europe. 

April  25th. — I  have  been  now  two  days  at  Antiphel- 
lus, and  have  had  more  time  to  devote  to  the  exami- 
nation of  its  remains  than  on  my  last  rapid  journey. 
The  inscriptions  upon  the  tombs  are  so  much  corroded 
by  time  and  sea  air  that  many  of  them  are  illegible. 

NEIKOAAOYTOY 
eEOAAPOY  * 

♦  Translation. — *'  Of  Nicolaus,  the  son  of  Theodorus." 


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186  LYCIA. 

One  or  two  I  admired  for  their  simplicity,  and  from 
others  gathered  the  name  of  the  place.  I  find  no  bi- 
lingual inscriptions  with  the  Lycian  ;  all  are  Greek  that 

TOMNEIHONKATEZKEYAZATOEITYXn 

NPAriNTEYTHZTOYATOAOrnTATOY 

MAPAYPnXOAEMAOYEAQONTOZAAN 

TI^EAAEITOYEATIIlKAirYNAIKIZYTOr 

EYnAOIIPAITEKNOIZAYTONAIOIZAN 

ZAZflNEniTIEH^niZAENYnnZOillON 

ENKHAEYeHZONTAITAOPEnXAPIAPOY 

AAAnAEIMENEZEZrnENIEAETZAITI 

NAZ.#J#.APATAYTAnOIHZAXAMAPTOAOZ 

Z^^#.  EOIZKATAX0ONOIZKAI IZOI CEI 

n.^^iiTEIIIOYTniEPnTATnTAIEIO)<A* 

OAEEAENSAZAHMHTTAITOTPITON  * 

I  have  seen,  excepting  one  upon  the  sarcophagus,  which 
was  so  distinguished  by  its  beauty  of  proportion  and 
form,  as  well  as  situation,  that  I  sketched  it  on  my  last 

*  Translation, — "Eutychon,  keeper  of  accounts  [?],  to  the  most 
distinguished  Marcus  Aurelius  Ptolemseus,  coming  [to  discharge  an- 
nual functions  ?]  for  the  fourth  time  [?],  a  citizen  of  Antiphellus,  has 
huilt  the  monument  for  himself  and  his  wife  Eupolis,  and  their  children, 
and  to  vhomsoever  he  may  in  his  lifetime  give  permission.  But  in 
the  under  compartment  [?]  there  will  be  buried  his  [?]  foster-children. 
To  another  it  shall  not  be  allowed  to  bury  anybody  [here] ,  since  he 
who  acts  against  this  shall  be  a  criminal  to  the  gods  of  hell,  and  shall 
pay  as  a  fine  into  the  most  holy  treasury  one  thousand  ^ve  hundred 
denarii,  of  which  he  who  proves  [the  trespass]  shall  receive  one- 
third." 


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1 

o 

ooooo     o     eooooo 

o 

J) 

oo 
3 

o  o 
*> 

o  o 

9 

9       O 

1 

O    O      O     0     0 

0    0    0     o     o     o 

0       0 

<-> 

O    O      O       3      0 

O     0      O     0       o 

^ 


f''^ 
ki 


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ANTIPHELLUS.  187 

journey.  This  stately  monument  has  a  long  Lycian 
inscription ;  I  was  prevented  copying  the  whole  by  the 
fractures  in  many  of  the  deeply-cut  letters,  but  have 
selected  from  it  many  perfect  words,  separated  by  the 
usual  stops,  and  these  may  assist  in  restoring  the 
knowledge  of  the  language. 

I  have  put  together  upon  the  annexed  Plate  several 
designs  which  I  have  seen  upon  the  ends  of  sarcophagi, 
and  also  some  panelled  doors,  formed  of  stone;  the  imi- 
tated knocker  is  like  many  of  ours  of  the  present  day. 
The  sphinx  represented  throughout  this  country  is  the 
eastern,  and  not  that  seen  in  the  Egyptian  sculptures. 
The  little  theatre  here  is  quite  perfect,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  its  proscenium,  which  has  entirely  disappeared : 
the  seats  are  preserved,  and  clear  to  the  bottom.  The 
absence  of  shrubs,  which  usually  obscure  so  much  the 
interior  of  the  theatres,  has  tended  much  to  the  pre- 
servation of  this. 

Yesterday  we  went  to  the  island  of  Kastelorizo,  to 
lay  in  stores  and  to  refit  ourselves  with  supplies ;  the 
distance  may  be  five  or  six  miles  from  the  shore.  The 
town — for  it  really  deserves  the  name — consists  proba- 
bly of  six  or  eight  hundred  houses,  all  built  upon  one 
model,  being  formed  like  cubes,  with  two  or  three  open 
square  windows  in  the  front  of  each,  and  a  door  at  the 
back.  These  are  built  up  the  side  of  a  steep  rock,  and, 
viewed  together,  are  more  singular-looking  than  pic- 
turesque. An  old  castle  of  the  middle  ages  crowns  the 
rock,  and  gives  a  character  to  the  city. 


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188  LYCIA. 


i^^^- 


On  landing  in  this  island,  the  effect  was  that  of 
visiting  a  new  country :  hundreds  of  Greeks  were 
crowding  about  the  little  quay  and  coffee-houses ;  wine 
was  being  retaileil  from  the  cask  in  the  dirty  narrow 
streets ;  scarcely  a  dog  was  to  be  seen,  and  pigs  sup- 
plied their  place.  We  were  told  that  there  were  five 
Turks  only  in  the  town,  the  whole  population  being 
Greek.  A  number  of  small  vessels  filled  the  harbour ; 
boats  were  building,  houses  rising  rapidly,  and  the  whole 
population  seemed  active  and  enterprising :  it  is  quite 
delightful  to  see  such  an  intelligent-looking  assemblage 
of  people,  both  male  and  female,  in  this  busy  scene ; 
but  a  host  of  pure  and  simple  feelings  pass  from  the 
mind,  and  are  succeeded  by  caution  and  worldliness, 
which  are  seldom  sufficient  to  compete  with  the  cunning 
of  the  Greek. 

This  is  a  metropolis  of  trade  for  the  whole  of  the 
south-western  coast :  al]  provisions,  and  even  coins  and 
treasures  of  every  kind  discovered  by  the  peasants,  find 


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MEGISTE-  189 

a  ready  market  here.     I  have  obtained  several  ooins^  J 

JQst  brought  from  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  and  also  j 

saw  some  singular  gems,  but  the  devices  were  probably  1 

more  illustrative  of  the  whims  of  their  former  owners  | 

than  of  history.  j 

The  island  of  Kastelorizo,  which  was  the  ancient  J 

Megiste,  is  perfectly  barren  of  natural  supplies ;  even  | 

the  water  for  the  use  of  the  town  is  collected  in  large  j 

tanks,  about  a  mile  up  the  mountain,  whence  it  is  car-  i 

ried  by  the  women,  who  are  continually  passing  and 
repassing  in  most  classic  groups,  with  pitchers  slung 
over  their  shoulders.  The  jewelry  of  these  people  is 
particularly  interesting,  being  precisely  the  same  as 
that  seen  upon  the  statues  of  the  ancients.  I  wished 
much  to  purchase  a  bracelet  or  armlet,  but  could  not 
obtain  any ;  they  are  handed  down  as  heir-looms,  and, 
should  an  additional  one  be  required,  it  is  made  ex- 
pressly from  these  models,  but  they  are  never  kept  for 
sale:  by  this  mode  the  pattern  is  perpetuated,  and  I 
feel  certain  that  we  here  see  the  models  of  the  orna- 
ments of  the  ancient  Greeks :  several  of  these  are  often 
seen  worn  on  the  same  arm,  serving  as  the  quartering 
in  an  heraldic  shield,  to  register  the  families  centered 
in  the  living  heiress.  The  jewels,  or  rather  gold  or- 
naments, are  often  thus  accumulated  to  a  great  value ; 
some  of  the  people  we  saw  with  their  savings'-bank,  if 
I  may  use  the  expression,  around  their  necks,  in  twenty 
or  forty  piastre-pieces  of  modem  Turkish  gold — some 
chains  containing  the  current  value  of  above  a  hundred 


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190  LYCIA. 

pounds.  But  the  characteristic  ornament  of  the  pea* 
santry  of  this  island  is  a  row  of  large  fibulae  or  broaches, 
of  chased  silver,  three  inches  in  diameter,  placed  one 
below  the  other,  from  the  throat  to  the  waist,  which  is 
very  low ;  the  rest  of  the  dress  is,  as  I  have  befoye  de^ 
scribed,  purely  classic  in  all  its  forms. 


Leaving  the  path  which  leads  to  the  fountains,  we 
ascended  the  heights  above  the  town,  to  seek  the  ruins 
of  the  city  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Megiste :  some 
fine  Cyclopean  walls  scattered  about  the  top  point  out 
the  site,  but  no  further  remains  are  to  be  traced. 

A  brisk  gale  carried  us  back  in  less  than  an  hour  to 
our  abode  at  Antiphellus,  or,  as  the  little  Scala  is  now 
called  by  the  Turks,  Andiffelo.  It  consists  of  only  three 
or  four  houses  and  a  custom-house:  the  building  in 
which  we  have  taken  up  our  abode  is  appointed  for  the 
use  of  strangers,  and  stands  out  on  a  rock  into  the  sea 


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ANTIPHELLUS.  191 

like  a  bathing-machine.  In  our  room  we  are  here  sup- 
plied with,  or  rather  we  have  found,  a  mat  spread  over 
the  fioor :  this  has  its  disadvantages  in  a  warm  climate, 
for  as  I  reclined  upon  my  mattress,  I  saw  creeping  from 
behind  my  head  up  the  wall  a  large  scorpion;  I  had 
scarcely  time  to  examine  its  lobster-like  appearance 
before  my  servant  killed  it  in  great  haste,  wishing,  for 
some  superstitious  reason,  to  put  it  into  the  fire ;  its 
body  was  about  five  inches  long,  the  tail  and  the  claws 
about  three,  appearing  thick  and  large  for  its  body. 
Having  landed  our  provisions,  and  killed  a  sheep,  we 
were  again  prepared  for  a  return  into  the  mountains, 
towards  the  east,  in  search  of  other  Lycian  cities  hi- 
therto unvisited  by  Europeans. 

April  26f  A,  Cassabar, — ^This  place  is  situated  in  a  large 
valley,  extensively  cultivated  and  watered  by  a  consi- 
derable river,  formed  by  three  united  streams  from  the 
south-west,  west,  and  north.  The  town,  or  rather  large 
scattered  village,  is  at  the  south-western  end,  and  has  a 
walled  konak,  which  has  probably  been  the  strong-hold 
of  some  Derebbe,  a  bazaar,  and  a  minaretted  mosque, 
the  only  one  I  have  seen  in  Lycia.  The  surrounding 
soil  is  deep,  rich,  and  generally  arable. 

On  leaving  Antiphellus  we  ascended  the  steep  moun- 
tain-chain towards  the  north-east  for  about  seven  miles, 
when  we  came  to  the  little  village  of  Awalah,  with  its 
small  cultivated  plain.  Traversing  this,  we  saw  at  its 
southern  extremity  a  sarcophagus  and  the  remains  of 
walls  upon  the  rock  above,  but  of  so  trifling  an  extent 


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192  LYCIA. 

that  we  did  not  leave  our  track  to  examine  them.  In 
another  hour  we  gained  the  summit  of  this  elevated 
chain  of  mountains^  leaving  behind  us  one  of,  perhaps, 
the  most  beautifully  varied  coasts  in  the  world.  Before 
us  lay  a  deep  ravine,  in  the  chain  of  richly-wooded 
mountains,  carrying  the  eye  down  to  this  extensive 
valley,  with  its  winding  streams  ;  the  whole  was  bound- 
ed by  ranges  of  snowy  mountains,  while  others  peered 
above  them,  forming  the  eastern  coast  of  Lycia,  extend- 
ing from  Mount  Phoenix  in  the  south  to  Mount  Climax 
in  the  north. 

The  hills  within  the  valley,  and  through  which  we  de- 
scended, are  of  limestone,  in  thin  layers,  distorted  into 
most  fantastic  forms  by  volcanic  heavings ;  the  strata 
are  pften  shivered  into  regular  squares,  some  appearing 
like  paving-tiles,  and  others  as  small  as  the  pavements 
of  Roman  mosaic.  This  crumbling  material  is  being 
washed  down  into  the  valleys,  cutting  the  hills  into  deep 
ravines,  which  continually  crossed  the  path  as  we  de- 
scended their  sides.  The  weather  is  at  this  season  ex- 
tremely changeable:  we  have  had  storms  almost  daily; 
and  today,  the  Easter  Sunday  of  the  Greeks,  the  rain 
has  not  yet  ceased,  and  noon  is  past.  On  my  former 
travels,  during  the  same  season,  I  was  scarcely  detained 
a  single  day  by  the  bad  weather.  I  hear  that  it  was  as 
remarkably  dry  as  this  is  a  rainy  season. 

April  27th. — ^We  are  now  at  Myra,  the  ancient  name 
perpetuated  by  the  Greeks,  but  called  by  the  Turks 
Dembre.     Yesterday  the  rain  came  down  in  torrents 


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MYRA.  193 

incessantly,  and  we  remained  busily  employed  in  sketch- 
ing and  writing  in  our  little  hut,  which  was  scarcely  proof 
against  the  heavy  rain.  The  night  was  fair,  and  as  the 
waters  in  this  region  rapidly  subside,  we  started  at  ten 
o'clock  in  the  morning  for  this  place,  a  distance  of 
seven  hours,  about  twenty-five  miles. 

For  the  first  eight  miles  we  traversed  the  valley  of 
Cassabar;  after  crossing  three  tributary  streams  from 
the  north,  we  arrived  at  a  village,  where  another  small 
river  met  us  from  the  east.  I  saw  the  course  of  this 
with  surprise,  thinking  it  the  stream  which  we  had 
followed  on  our  right ;  but  the  latter  had  suddenly 
disappeared,  and  this  new  one  entered  with  us  a  narrow 
cleft  in  the  rocks  to  the  south :  the  road  and  river  to- 
gether did  not  occupy  ten  yards  of  space  between  the 
perpendicular  rocks,  whose  sides  were  here  excavated 
with  Lycian  tombs.  On  our  right  was  a  rocky  moun- 
tain, crowned  with  a  towered  wall  of  early  Greek  con- 
struction. This  fortified  mountain  was  singularly  iso- 
lated ;  it  arose  almost  perpendicularly  from  our  valley, 
with  the  rest  of  the  range,  and  I  have  said  that  on  the 
east  side  it  was  cut  through  by  a  river  and  our  road. 
On  the  west,  the  great  river  of  our  valley  had  disap- 
peared into  a  still  narrower  chasm,  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  before  we  came  to  this  mountain.  These  streams 
meet  in  a  deep  ravine,  half  a  mile  southward,  making 
the  rock  of  this  city  almost  an  island.  Tliese  ruins, 
from  their  position,  may  probably  be  the  site  of  the  city 
of  Trabala. 


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194  LYCIA. 

It  is  common  for  people  to  extol  the  objects  of  pre- 
sent excitement  above  any  they  have  ever  seen,  but,  as 
I  rode  for  five  hours  through  a  pass  of  the  mountains, 
calling  to  recollection  the  scenery  of  Britain,  Germany, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  Greece,  I  must  say  that  I  have 
never  before  met  with  any  of  this  description  so  mag* 
nificently  beautiful  and  so  lengthened.  It  is  a  gorge 
unaccountably  formed  through  a  range  of  mountains 
many  thousand  feet  in  height,  and  so  narrow  that  the 
river  alone  occupies  the  ravine.  Our  track  was  down 
its  bed,  and  we  crossed  and  recrossed  its  waters,  as  they 
rushed  from  side  to  side,  above  thirty  times:  the  stream 
was  generally  about  four  feet  deep. 

This  narrow  valley,  generally  bearing  to  the  south- 
east, wound  about  continually,  leaving  us  for  the  first 
ten  miles  apparently  locked  in  by  the  grandest  clifis 
of  limestone,  every  ledge  nurturing  a  tree :  the  extent 
of  our  view  never  exceeded  half  a  mile.  The  valley 
then  slightly  widened,  allowing  a  few  luxuriant  trees  to 
grow  upon  the  banks  of  the  river:  and  the  goatherd's 
pipe  and  the  bleating  of  his  flock  broke  the  monotonous 
grandeur  of  the  sound  of  rushing  waters,  which  was 
echoed  by  the  clifis  on  either  side.  For  another  hour 
the  valley  continued  narrow,  but  the  cliffs  fell  back  into 
more  wooded  mountains,  and  in  an  hour  more  our  road 
suddenly  opened  upon  the  plain  of  Myra:  the  river, 
after  running  four  or  five  miles  through  these  well-cul- 
tivated districts,  finds  its  course  to  the  sea. 
The  fatigue  of  excitement,  from  the  beauty  and  sin- 


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MYRA.  195 

gularity  of  the  scenery,  made  me  rejoice  at  reaching 
this  ancient  city;  and  the  hodily  fatigue  to  the  haggage- 
horses,  of  wading  so  often  through  the  rapid  water, 
scarcely  left  them  strength  to  reach  the  end  of  the 
journey.  A  few  miles  before  we  arrived  at  the  termi- 
nation of  the  ravine,  several  remains  of  Greek-built 
towers  rose  from  amidst  the  trees,  on  the  points  of 
rocks,  apparently  inaccessible ;  and  at  the  opening  of 
the  ravine  commenced  the  cutting  of  an  aqueduct  in 
the  face  of  the  perpendicular  cliff,  which  we  traced  on 
our  right  hand  to  the  ancient  city.  In  following  its 
now  broken  course,  numbers  of  highly  ornamented 
tombs  caught  my  eye,  and  promised  full  occupation  for 
a  day  or  two's  sojourn  amongst  them. 


o2 


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196 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Ruins  of  Mjn — ^Tombs — Coloured  Bas-reliefs — Ruins — Passage  of 
Mountain  to  Phineka — ^Ancient  Isium  P-^Iimyra — Sculptures  and 
Inscription — Ancient  Bridge — Gagse — Excursion  by  the  Promon- 
tarium  Sacrum  to  Olympus — A  deserted  Village — ^Valley  of  the 
Arycandus — Tombs — Ruins — ^Discovery  of  Arycanda — ^its  Ruins. 

April  28th. — Myra  was  among  the  most  important  of 
the  Lycian  cities,  and  its  ruins  appear  to  be  little  in- 
jured by  age.  The  city  must  have  extended  far  over 
the  plains,  in  front  of  the  rock,  which  has  now  the 
theatre  at  its  foot,  and  a  multitude  of  beautiful  tombs 
cut  in  its  cliiF;  I  say  this,  judging  from  the  very  rea- 
sonable arguments  advanced  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  that 
the  size  of  the  theatre  is  a  good  indication  of  the  popu- 
lation of  a  city.  The  theatre  at  Myra  is  among  the 
largest  and  the  best  built  in  Asia  Minor:  much  of  its 
fine  corridor  and  corniced  proscenium  remains;  the 
upper  seats  have  disappeared,  but  the  present  crop  of 
wheat  occupies  little  more  than  the  area;  probably 
about  six  feet  of  earth  may  have  accumulated  upon 
its  surface.  As  an  argument  against  the  former  great 
size  of  the  city,  I  should  bring  the  proportionate  small 


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MYRA.  197 

number  of  tombs  now  existing  in  the  rocks  ;  although » 
as  at  Telmessus,  many  of  the  inhabitants  may  have 
been  entombed  in  sarcophagi  on  the  plain,  which  have 
perhaps  disappeared;  certainly  the  tombs  that  remain 
could  not  have  contained  a  single  generation  of  the 
people.  The  tombs  are  generally  very  large,  and  all 
appear  to  have  been  for  families ;  some  having  small 
chambers,  one  leading  to  the  other,  and  some  highly 
interesting  from  their  interior  peculiarities  of  arrange- 
ment. The  external  ornaments  are  here  enriched  by 
sculptured  statues  in  the  rocks  around,  and  these  in  the 
chaste  style  of  the  Lycians,  whose  language,  with  one 
exception,  is  universal  in  the  inscriptions  here;  but 
the  tombs  are  mostly  without  any  inscription  whatever. 
The  annexed  Plate  shows  a  pediment  over  the  entrance 
to  a  handsome  Ionic  tomb  cut  in  the  rock ;  the  orna- 
ments below  it  are  within  the  portico,  and  are  repeated 
on  each  side  of  the  door  of  the  tomb,  over  which  is  the 
small  bas-relief.  The  pilaster,  surmounted  by  a  lion's 
head,  has  a  singular  eifect,  and  the  ornaments  retain  the 
marks  of  having  been  tinted  with  various  colours.  The 
base  of  this  pilaster  is  also  drawn  upon  the  same  Plate. 
Within  the  porticos  of  several  of  the  tombs  (for 
many  of  these,  like  those  at  Tlos  and  Pinara,  have  a 
lobby  or  porch)  are  bas-reliefs  in  better  preservation 
than  those  in  other  cities.  Some  of  these  have  addi- 
tional interest  from  retaining  the  colours  with  which 
they  were  painted,  and  removing  another  of  the  few 
doubts  I  still  entertain  of  these  people  having  been  con- 
nected with  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria.   The  cus- 


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198 


LYCIA. 


torn  of  colouring  their  statues,  as  well  aa  the  mode  of 
doing  it,  and  the  similarity  of  the  action  of  the  figures, 
will  strike  every  one.  The  letters  of  the  inscription 
were  painted  alternately  hlue  and  red.  I  must  trust  to 
my  sketches  to  represent  the  sculpture  upon  the  tc^nbs, 
which  is  of  the  finest  age  for  ease,  simplicity,  and 
beauty  of  proportion.  The  drawing  shows  a  double- 
fronted  Elizabethan  tomb,  cut  in  the  rock,  on  the  side 
of  the  town  towards  the  river ;  the  sculpture  is  here 
near  to  the  eye,  and  does  not  suffer  by  a  close  exami- 
nation. On  the  north  side  of  the  tomb  is  sculptured 
on  the  rock  this  fine  commanding  figure,  and  in  the 


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Tbuarxihj  aftA.»rellows.l55 


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ROCK  TOMB  a.t  MYRA. 

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MYRA.  199 

Plate  is  shown  the  outer  sculpture  upon  the  south  side. 
The  bas-reliefs  within  the  portico  are  represented  in  the 
coloured  Plate,  the  tints  of  which  are  exactly  those  on 
almost  every  part  of  the  marble.  The  youth  near 
the  female  figure  holds  in  his  hand  the  strigil  and  oil- 
bottle,  which  were  used  in  the  gymnasium  ;  the  naked 
boy  is  upon  the  muUion  of  the  inner  front,  and  the 
figure  upon  the  couch  faces  the  grouped  subject :  the 
sketches  of  the  bas-reliefs  must  tell  their  history,  for 
there  are  no  inscriptions  upon  the  tomb*.    ' 

On  the  plains  of  Myra  are  scattered  many  ruins,  but 
at  great  distances  from  each  other ;  and  wherever  the 
fine  standing  corn  does  not  surround  them,  a  swamp  is 
the  cause  of  the  want  of  cultivation,  and  either  of  these 
prevents  our  close  examination.     One  pile  nearer  to 

*  The  satisfaction  which  I  derived  on  my  return  to  Athens,  in  re- 
newing my  acquaintance  with  the  justly  celebrated  Plrofessor  Muller, 
has  made  me  the  more  aware  of  the  immense  loss  which  Europe  has 
sustained  by  the  death  of  one  of  her  greatest  scholars  in  all  the  vigour 
of  life.  I  wish  that  I  could  remember  the  many  valuable  remarks  he 
made  upon  the  subject  of  my  discoveries,  in  which  he  took  a  most 
lively  interest.  On  seeing  the  coloured  drawing  of  this  tomb,  he  ex- 
pressed the  following  opinion  as  to  the  mode  of  colouring  adopted  by 
the  Greeks  in  their  works  of  art : — "  The  ancients  painted  their  bas- 
reliefis :  they  only  tinged  their  statues ;  tinging  the  drapery,  leaving  the 
flesh  part  uncoloured ;  the  wounds  and  blood  were  stained,  and  the  ear- 
rings and  ornaments  gilded.  Their  temples  were  left  white,  but  parts  of 
the  frieze  and  architectural  ornaments  were  coloured,  but  very  minutely. 
Their  temples  of  coarser  materials  were  plastered,  and  entirely  coloured. 
The  Parthenon  frieze  was  coloured,  all  the  backgrounds  of  their  bas- 
reliefs  were  painted." — ^This  was  his  opinion  at  Athens,  June  26th,  1840. 


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200  LYCIA. 

the  sea  is  known,  from  inscriptions  found,  to  have  been 
a  granary  built  in  the  time  of  Adrian.  Another  clump 
at  a  short  distance  from  us  is  of  the  middle  ages,  and 
until  lately  boasted  the  possession  of  the  bones  of  St. 
Nicholas ;  but  these  have  been  transported  to  Russia, 
and  a  Greek  priest  alone  remains  within  the  holy  walls, 
which  were  formerly  the  object  of  pilgrimages  to  the 
tomb  of  this  favourite  saint  of  the  Greek  church,  whose 
birth-place  is  still  holy  ground  at  Patara.  This  saint 
appears  to  be  more  venerated  here  than  St.  Paul,  who 
visited  Myra  on  his  voyage  to  Rome*. 

The  old  priest  tells  us  that  he  alone  is  left  upon  the 
plain  after  the  middle  of  May,  as  every  hut  in  this  vil- 
lage and  on  the  plain  is  then  deserted  for  the  moun- 
tains,  on  account  of  the  heat  and  the  appearance  of  an 
overwhelming  number  of  mosquitos  or  gnats.  A  large 
black  fly  also  appears  at  that  season,  which  stings  the 
cattle ;  at  its  approach  they  are  described  running  as  if 
mad  into  the  mountains. 

Another  sketch  represents  a  mass  of  tombs  cut  in  the 
rock,  near  to  the  theatre ;  one  of  these  is  pointed  out  by 
two  small  figures,  and  is  again  drawn  upon  the  follow- 
ing Plate :  the  Turkish  figure  below  may  serve  as  a  scale 
for  the  sculpture  above,  which  is  colossal. 

The  following  fragment  in  the  Greek  language  I  co- 
pied from  a  rock-tomb,  above  which  were  several  lines 
illegible  from  the  filtering  of  the  waters  over  the  rock : 

*  Acts  xxvii.  5. 


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MYRA.  201 

TOYTOTOM 

0NKATEEY 

EAPAAZA 

ABHITHIOI 

OYOTONilN 

NXINAEZ 

OZOYZIfiN 

noAizevEiK 

KNOIZAYTHZ 
TAMBPOIZKAIM 
PIEYETOTOYM 
OYAAAHZOnnA 
KAITATEKNAKAIO 
rAMBTOIAYTHZEAN 
AETIZBIATHTAIANOI 
lAITOMNHMEIONTOY 
TOnAPEYPEZEN 
TYMMHNETKHI 
KAPnONM 

XINEAHBOA 

KAIAMAP 

NOITOEIZ 

NKAIEirrO 

YZ0EOYZ* 

*  The  greater  part  of  this  inscription,  which  is  funereal,  ia  illegible, 
or  left  without  connection.  In  the  seventh  and  eighth  lines  are  men- 
tioned sacrifices  (or  burials,  see  page  134,)  made  by  the  dty.  Ilien 
are  entibierated  (not  named)  the  persons  entitled  to  be  buried  in  the 
tomb,  viz.  the  children  and  sons-in-law  of  the  proprietress.  The  last 
lines  seem  to  have  contained  a  curse  against  him  who  should  attempt 
to  open  the  tomb,  similar  to  a  curse  with  which  the  like  offence  is 
threatened  by  Demetrius  Phalereus  on  a  tomb-stone  now  to  be  seen 
at  Oxford  (see  Chandler's  Mann.  Oxon.  11.  60) :  "  The  earth  shall 
bear  no  fruit  unto  him,  and  he  shall  be  an  enemy  to  the  gods." 


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202  LYCIA. 

The  following  was  written  within  the  door  of  a  tomb: 

APZAZIOZ 
THZMYNAOY  * 

The  peasants  here  are  very  attentive  in  keeping  back 
their  fierce  dogs,  and  rendering  any  assistance  in  their 
power,  but  they  are  not  antiquarians:  they  know  no 
distinction  between  tombs,  towers,  and  theatres,  and 
cannot  recognize  in  the  statues  the  likeness  of  man. 
In  reply  to  our  inquiries  after  coins,  the  people  told  us 
that  they  had  collected  none,  adding  that  these  were 
the  money  of  Ghiaours,  which  they  would  not  touch ; 
they  went  however  to  inquire  if  the  children  had,  in 
ignorance,  picked  up  any,  but  I  regret  that  the  search 
was  unsuccessful.  The  people  say  that  many  Franks 
have  been  to  see  the  ''old  castles"  here,  but  that  there 
are  more  high  up  in  the  mountains  to  the  north,  now 
covered  with  snow,  about  three  hours'  climbing  from 
this  place.  The  improbability  of  a  city  of  importance 
having  existed  in  a  region  where  the  snows  remain  so 
late  in  the  season,  and  the  inconvenience  and  delay 
of  visiting  probably  merely  some  strong-hold  of  former 
times,  made  us  resolve  to  proceed  on  our  route  towards 
Phineka,  a  distance  of  nine  hours.  The  Greek  priest 
says  that  we  ought  to  remain  here  three  years,  to  see 
all  the  ruins  in  this  country. 

April  29<A,  Phineka. — This  is  a  little  village,  about 

*  TVanslation-^**  Of  Arsaaia  the  daughter  of  Myndus." 


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MYRA.  203 

two  miles  up  a  navigable  river  from  the  sea  ;  its  name 
resembles  that  of  the  ancient  appellation  of  this  district 
— Phcenicus :  the  indigenous  palm-trees  reminded  me 
of  the  origin  of  the  name,  unless  perhaps  the  generic 
name  of  the  plant  may  have  had  its  derivation  from 
this  district. 

On  leaving  Myra  this  morning,  we  traversed  the 
plain  towards  the  east,  and  crossing  the  river,  which 
was  carrying  down  hundreds  of  sticks  of  timber,  we 
ascended  a  wooded  hill  to  the  little  village  of  Vourtar- 
pessa.  From  this  slight  elevation  we  had  a  fine  view 
of  the  whole  plain,  and  could  study  its  geography.  In 
the  vegetable  world  I  have  observed  several  additions  to 
my  already  numerous  list  of  luxuriant  trees  and  shrubs: 
these  are  the  barbery,  which  is  here  a  large  tree,  and 
now  in  bloom ;  the  castor-oil,  the  stems  of  which  are 
as  thick  as  a  man's  body,  and  are  now  in  blossom,  with 
formed  fruit,  and  the  seed  of  last  year,  all  clustered 
beneath  the  large  rich  leaf;  and  the  pistacia,  called 
here  by  the  Greeks  the  chickurea,  which  has  a  richer 
appearance  than  our  dark  ash,  but  not  so  much  so  as 
the  carob,  which  is  here  the  principal  tree  of  the  hills, 
affording  a  welcome  shade  at  all  seasons.  At  Myra, 
among  the  rocks,  flourishes  a  beautiful  kind  of  aloe;  the 
flowers  seldom  exceed  three  or  four  feet  in  height,  and 
two  or  three  branches  spring  from  its  stem ;  the  colour 
is  a  rich  yellow,  and  the  leaf  is  like  that  of  a  small  Ame- 
rican aloe*.  I  observed  numerous  varieties  of  the  onion 

*  Alot  vulgaris. 


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204  LYCIA. 

tribe,  and  added  greatly  to  my  collection  of  plants^  but 
travelling  is  not  favourable  to  their  preservation. 

On  leaving  the  plains  of  Myra,  we  had  a  fine  view  of 
the  lake,  or  rather  inlet  from  the  sea,  from  which  it  is 
separated  only  by  a  low  bank  of  sand ;  at  the  eastern 
end  it  is  connected  with  the  sea  by  a  channel,  and 
this,  being  a  favourable  position  for  a  fishery,  is  much 
valued  by  the  Greeks,  who  have  here  an  establishment 
for  salting  the  fish.  The  waters  on  the  coast  of  this 
country  are  generally  so  deep  that  fish  is  by  no  means 
plentiful,  and  is  sought  to  advantage  only  at  the  mouth 
or  in  the  shallows  formed  by  the  rivers. 

In  and  upon  the  swampy  sides  of  this  lake  is  said 
to  have  stood  a  city,  and  the  little  streams  which  occa- 
sionally run  from  the  mountains  on  the  east  have  been 
supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Limyrus.  Buildings  are 
seen  beneath  the  waters  by  the  fishermen ;  but  the  in- 
significance of  the  stream,  and  the  low  situation  for  a 
city,  seem  to  me  opposed  to  the  idea  of  its  having 
been  a  Greek  site.  On  the  hill  to  the  north,  about  a 
mile  from  the  lake,  we  passed  a  castle  or  building  con- 
sisting of  two  square  towers,  walled  round,  all  of  an- 
cient Greek  and  good  masonry;  but  we  observed  no 
other  indication  of  a  former  people. 

From  our  road  for  the  next  six  hours  I  warn  other 
travellers  who  attempt  to  transport  their  baggage.  It 
is  totally  unfit  for  horses,  more  from  the  extreme  la- 
bour of  the  rapid  and  unceasing  ascent,  than  from  the 
craggy  or  dangerous  road.     For  three  hours  we  did  not  , 


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ISIUM.  205" 

find  a  level  large  enough  for  a  horse  to  stand  upon, 
and  at  the  end  of  that  time  we  were  among  numerous 
sarcophagi  upon  the  ridge  of  a  mountain  about  five 
thousand  feet  above  the  undisturbed  blue  mirror  of  the 
sea  at  its  base.  Above  these  tombs  was  a  walled  city, 
accessible  only  from  this  northern  ridge  on  which  we 
stood ;  for  it  crowned  the  end  of  a  fine  range  of  moun- 
tains, whose  summit  of  snow  we  now  traced,  and  whose 
base  we  had  traversed  from  the  north-west  towards 
Cassabar.     This  was  probably  the  ancient  Isium. 

What  a  wonderful  people  the  ancient  Greeks  were  1 
This  mountain  country  was  literally  strewed  with  cities 
and  stately  towers,  which  stand  uninjured  and  un- 
occupied two  thousand  years  after  their  builders  are 
removed!  Descending  from  this  elevation,  we  again 
crossed  a  lower  chain  of  mountains  towards  the  east, 
and  then  rapidly  descended  to  the  plain  of  Phineka. 
We  passed  several  Greek-built  towers,  each  command- 
ing splendid  and  extensive  views  down  their  several 
ravines.  Near  the  sea  the  palm-trees  grow  as  shrubs, 
and  seem  indigenous  to  this  part. 

April  30th. — ^To  give  the  horses  rest  after  the  fatigue 
and  strain  of  yesterday,  we  have  this  morning  walked 
to  examine  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Limyra.  Had 
we  been  able  to  cross  the  portion  of  the  valley  opposite 
— due  east  of  this  place — the  distance  could  not  have 
exceeded  three  miles;  but  to  avoid  the  swamp,  and 
the  tortuous  and  deep  clear  streams  of  various  rivers, 
we  had  to  skirt  the  plains  for  more  than  6ix  miles.    We 


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206  LYCIA. 

passed  the  scattered  village  of  Demergeecooe,  inhabited 
chiefly  by  Chinganees,  who  are  employed  in  rearing 
cattle :  we  had  to  send  for  them  to  this  village  to  shoe 
our  horses.  These  gipsies  are  generally  a  people  pos- 
sessing considerable  property  in  stock,  and  are  probably 
induced  to  form  here  a  larger  colony  than  usual  by  the 
extreme  luxuriance  of  the  climate :  their  huts  are  almost 
buried  amid  fruit-trees. 

Near  this  village  we  crossed  most  of  the  streams  by 
bridges,  or,  when  sufficiently  shallow,  we  forded  them, 
and  in  half  an  hour  reached  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Limyra.  A  fine  stately  sarcophagus  was  the 
first  indication  of  our  approach,  and  this  monument  I 
found  to  be  of  high  interest,  from  having  upon  its  front, 
by  the  side  of  the  door  (which  has  had  a  portico),  a  bilin- 
gual inscription,  Lycian  and  Greek.  I  think  this  is  the 
one  copied  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  and  published  in  Walpole's 
Travels ;  but  I  have  taken  a  faithful  copy,  and  hope 
that  it  may  prove  a  different  one,  affording  additional 
assistance  in  deciphering  the  language.  Hundreds  of 
tombs  cut  in  the  rocks,  and  quite  excavating  the  long 
ribs  of  its  protruding  strata,  as  they  curved  down  the 
sides  of  the  mountain,  soon  came  in  view,  and  their  ex- 
amination occupied  some  hours.  The  inscriptions  were 
almost  all  Lycian, — ^some  few  Greek,  but  these  were  al- 
ways inferior  in  execution,  some  being  merely  scratched 
upon  the  surface,  while  the  Lycian  were  cut  deeply  in  the 
stone,  and  many  richly  coloured;  the  letters  being  alter- 
nately red  and  blue,  or  in  others  green,  yellow,  or  red. 


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LIMYRA.  207 

I  have  copied  the  two  following  Greek  inscriptions 
from  the  rock-tombs  ;  those  in  the  Lycian  language  will 
be  found  in  Plate  XXXVI. 

TOYTONTONTA^ONKATEZKEYAJiJTOEPHArAZ 
EAVTXllKAITHirYNAIKIAYTOYZEjySIKAITXll 

FENEIijyyyiAYTOY  * 

nOPM  ATIZAPM  AAAP IM  lOZKAIZEMOl  AAEM  ATHPA 
AEA^HIAYTHZZENOKPITOYEINAIAEK  .  PIONIOPMMATIN 

KAiTOYZErtirrerENOYz  t 

Connected  with  some  of  these  inscribed  tombs  were 
beautiful  bas-reliefs,  mythological  decorations,  and  bat- 
tle-scenes— all  illustrating  the  history  of  the  earliest 
times,  perhaps  the  age  of  Homer.  Some  retain  their 
colours,  others  scarcely  their  form,  as  the  weather, 
from  their  several  aspects,  has  affected  them.  A  spi- 
rited battle-scene,  shown  in  the  annexed  Plate,  had  va- 
rious Lycian  names  Written  beneath  each  group,  which 
may  serve  to  illustrate  and  give  increased  interest  to 
one  another. 

Beyond  these  tombs  lay  the  city,  marked  by  many 
foundations,  and  by  a  long  wall  with  towers.     Further 


*  IVanalaiion. — "  Hermeias  [?]  has  built  this  tomb  for  himself  and 
his  wife and  his  fEunUy." 

t  This  seems  to  be  a  funereal  inscription  in  memory  of  "  a  woman, 
Oormatis  [?],  her  sister  Semiramis,  the  wife  [?]  of  Xenocritus,  and  their 
famUy." 


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208 


LYCIA. 


on  is  a  very  pretty  theatre,  in  front  of  which  winds  a 
river,  which  suddenly  appears  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Beyond  this,  stood  another  fine  sarcophagus,  sculptured 
with  beautiful  bas-reliefs,  but  in  a  very  mutilated  state. 


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LIMYRA.  209 

This  attracted  our  attention  to  many  more  tombs  cut 
in  the  rocks,  in  various  styles  of  architecture ;  some,  of 
the  Ionic  order,  are  in  high  preservation.  At  the  en- 
trance of  one  of  the  rock-tombs  were  sculptured  two 
fine  figures,  probably  mythological,  which  are  shown  in 
the  annexed  Plate.  Xhe  tombs  here  are  far  more  nu- 
merous than  at  Myra,  but  the  size  of  the  theatre  be- 
speaks a  smaller  population. 

May  \st. — ^Another  month  has  commenced,  and  how 
little  do  I  know  of  Lycia !  I  shall  be  obliged  to  leave 
much  gleaning  in  this  district  alone,  and  still  more  is 
undiscovered  in  Famphylia  :  but  the  province  of  Lycia, 
which  has  never  been  corrupted  by  the  Roman  or  Chris- 
tian styles,  and  retains  the  simple  beauty  of  the  early 
Greek,  has  for  me  the  greatest  attractions. 

This  morning  we  left  Phineka  for  this  village,  called 
Haggevalleh.  The  distance  is  five  hours,  reckoning  by 
time,  for  we  have  had  again  to  ^skirt  the  plain  and  re- 
pass Limyra.  Continuing  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain 
for  two  miles  beyond  that  city,  we  found,  quite  sepa- 
rated from  it,  a  large  collection  of  ornamented  tombs 
in  the  rocks,  but  no  walls  or  indications  of  another 
city ;  these  therefore  must  probably  be  added  to  the 
cemeteries  of  Limyra.  The  inscriptions,  with  a  single 
exception,  were  all  Lycian,  and  this  hacl  Greek  letters 
over  one  panel,  and  over  the  other  an  Eastern  charac- 
ter unknown  to  me,  much  resembling  the  letters  upon 
the  coins  of  Phoenicia*.     Still  skirting  the  plains,  we 

*  This  Phoeaician  inscription  is  given  in  Plate  XXXVI.  No.  1. 

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210  LYCIA. 

soon  arrived  at  an  ancient  Greek  bridge,  over  a  very 
wide  but  shallow  river,  having  twenty-five  arches,  all 
beautifully  formed  with  large  tiles.  The  top  of  the 
bridge  is  quite  flat,  and  paved  with  the  original  Greek 
squared  stones,  which  are  of  immense  size :  it  is  about 
twelve  feet  wide,  and  does  not  appear  to  have  had  any 
parapets.  Near  the  foot  of  this  bridge  is  the  village 
of  Armootlee,  with  a  substantially-built  mosque  and 
towers,  apparently  of  the  middle  ages,  now  forming  the 
ruined  establishment  of  the  Aga.  Another  small  village 
near  is  called  Hascooe. 

What  would  be  the  produce  of  this  plain  of  Phineka 
under  the  management  of  an  active  and  industrious 
people  !  The  extreme  luxuriance  of  the  soil  can  alone 
account  for  the  multitude  of  cities  of  the  ancient  in- 
habitants, who,  if  I  remember  rightly,  looked  for  little 
produce  from  foreign  nations,  and  themselves  supplied 
armies  larger  than  ever  assembled  from  other  parts  of 
the  earth ;  this  mountainous  district  of  Lycia  was  not 
wanting  in  her  musters  at  Troy  and  Marathon  : 

"  The  warlike  bands  that  distant  Lycia  yields. 
Where  gulphy  Xanthus  foams  along  the  fields  *," 

The  ruins  of  this  village,  I  fancy,  must  be  those  of 
Gagse.  They  stand  upon,  and  between,  two  isolated 
rocks,  now  literally  covered  with  walls.  Under  these 
hills  runs  a  considerable  river  from  the  north-east,  over 
which  are  the  remains  of  an  aqueduct  that  formerly 
brought  water  from  the  opposite  mountain  for  the  use 

*  Iliad,  book  2. 


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GAG^.  211 

of  the  city.  A  small  theatre  also  remains,  in  good 
preservation.  Inscriptions  there  are  none,  and,  what 
is  more  singular,  we  could  only  discover  one  tomb  in 
the  rocks.  I  account  for  this  from  the  nature  of  the 
stone,  which  is  here,  as  in  many  similar  mounds  in 
the  immediate  neighbourhood,  protruded  by  volcanic 
powers,  and  is  so  hardened  and  cracked  that  to  work 
it  is  impossible.  This  may  also  explain  the  very  in- 
ferior workmanship  of  almost  all  the  walls,  which  are 
composed  of  chips  of  stone,  and  even  boulders,  held 
together  with  cement :  the  theatre  and  one  or  two  walls 
are  exceptions.  The  singular  protruding  hills  around 
are  described  by  Captain  Beaufort  in  his  Survey,  as 
appearing  from  the  sea  like  tumuli.  I  do  not  see  in 
the  general  appearance  of  the  ruins  of  this  place  any 
traces  of  an  after  people — no  old  material  built  into  the 
walls;  but  there  are  several  indications  of  the  former 
existence  of  a  Christian  church,  perhaps  of  a  late  date. 
Probably  these  ruins  may  not  be  many  centuries  old. 
At  the  present  time  the  Greek  Church  holds  several 
spots  along  this  coast,  sacred  to  the  memory  of  St. 
Nicholas,  St.  John,  and  St.  Paul. 

May  2nd. — Leaving  Haggevalleh,  we  passed  in  half  an 
hour  the  somewhat  large  village  of  Eetheree.  The  old 
konak  here  appeared  going  to  ruin :  the  new  Agas  do 
not  take  possession  of  these  establishments,  but  leave 
them  open  for  any  stranger  to  occupy ;  should  firewood 
be  scarce,  a  rafter  from  the  roof  or  planks  from  the 
floor  are  torn  up  for  the  purpose. 

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212  LYCIA. 

We  skirted  the  plain  of  the  bay  of  Fhineka,  along 
the  richly- wooded  slopes  of  the  mountains  curving  to- 
wards the  south-east,  and  afterwards  to  the  south,  and 
arrived  in  three  hours  at  a  village  called  Phineka-cooe. 
From  this  point  we  ascended  a  wooded  mountain,  and 
descended  upon  the  beautiful  little  bay  formed  by  Cape 
Chelidonia,  the  ancient  Promontarium  Sacrum,  which  is 
carried  onwards  into  the  sea  by  the  rocky  islands  be- 
yond its  point.  I  observed  a  few  tombs  cut  in  the  clifis 
in  this  wild  neighbourhood.  Colonel  Leake,  in  his  map, 
suggests  that  Melanippe  is  likely  to  be  found  here. 

Turning  to  the  north,  we  followed  a  ravine  which  led 
to  a  pastoral  district  inhabited  by  yourooks,  tending 
their  flocks  of  sheep;  and  after  traversing  for  three 
hours  this  bold  but  rich  scenery,  we  took  an  easterly 
direction,  and  descended  rapidly  the  deep  ravine  lead- 
ing to  the  bay  of  Atrasamy.  We  soon  after  passed 
some  high  peaks  of  rocks,  which  appeared  as  if  the 
mountain  had  been  built  up  by  a  Cyclopean  people  and 
an  earthquake  had  shaken  down  their  gigantic  struc- 
tures. After  a  ride  of  seven  hours  we  arrived  at  the 
village  of  Atrasarny,  ©very  hut  of  which  was  com- 
pletely concealed  in  an  orchard  or  labyrinth  of  fruit- 
trees.  I  amused  myself  by  noticing  the  various  kinds*, 
all  probably  scattered  here  by  nature,  for  I  find  several 

*  Pomegranate,  vine,  orange,  apricot,  peach,  walnut,  carob,  almond, 
mulberry,  pistacia,  pear,  gegefer  and  fig ;  above  and  amidst  the  rocks 
were  the  olive,  plane,  oak,  stone-pine  and  cypress. 


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PROMONTARIUM  SACRUM.  213 

of  the  Turkish  names  of  the  villages  imply  their  natural 
productions  of  fruit. 

The  scenery  of  this  promontory  is  unique,  in  its  com- 
bination  of  sublime  grandeur  with  the  most  luxuriant 
richness  of  vegetation.  The  stems  of  many  myrtles, 
through  extensive  woods  of  which  we  rode  yesterday, 
were  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  generally  six  or  eight 
inches;  the  strawberry-arbutus  and  the  daphne-laurel 
are  here  large  trees.  In  the  animal  world  nature  exhi- 
bits less  variety.  How  I  envy  its  universal  tongue! 
the  birds  sing  the  same  song,  and  all  the  various  flocks 
have  the  same  voice — their  instincts  are  universal. 
This  morning  flies  bit  the  horses,  swallows  skimmed 
over  the  ground,  and  rain  followed  in  torrents;  the 
cattle  all  turned  their  backs  to  the  beating  storm,  and 
the  sea-birds  flew  to  the  shore.  I  was  amused  by 
watching  a  chameleon  which  crossed  my  path,  about 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  with  its  tail  curved  upwards, 
walking  exactly  as  we  should  do  on  all  fours ;  its  fore- 
legs had  the  same  motion  as  our  hands  would  have,  at 
each  step  contracting  the  palms  and  lifting  the  feet  un- 
necessarily high  from  the  ground.  The  motion  of  this 
singular  but  beautiful  little  animal  is  very  slow,  its 
rolling  eyeballs  and  quick  tongue  moving  almost  too 
rapidly  to  be  perceptible ;  I  observed  that  its  colour 
varied,  without  the  animal  being  in  any  way  alarmed, 
as  it  passed  the  several  shades  of  the  earth,  the  grass, 
and  the  rocks.  We  have  shot  a  few  of  the  birds  of  gay 
plumage,  the  Bee-eater  and  the  Roller,  for  their  skins ; 


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214  LYCIA. 

but  the  trouble  of  preparing  the  ^hole  myself  is  greater 
than  I  can  undertake,  knowing  from  my  collection  on 
the  last  journey  that  few  of  these  birds  differ  from  those 
which  annually  visit  England.  Among  the  flowers,  the 
most  striking  now  in  bloom  is  the  splendid  snake- 
grass  {Arum  dracunculus).  The  beauty  of  this  is  quite 
overlooked  by  the  flower-admiring  Turk,  who  holds  it 
in  disgust  entirely  on  account  of  its  fetid  smell ;  while 
the  most  minute  flower,  and  even  the  budding  leaves  of 
the  walnut  and  other  trees,  are  continually  presented 
from  one  to  another  on  account  of  their  sweetness. 

May  3rd. — ^We  have  hitherto  had  but  few  disappoint- 
ments arising  from  the  accounts  of  ruins  given  by  the 
people,  but  we  have  now  lost  several  days,  owing  to  the 
variety  of  names  for  the  same  village,  and  to  the  mis- 
representation of  the  ruins  by  a  Greek  priest,  who  told 
us  of  a  beautiful  temple  and  columns,  and  other  re- 
mains, in  the  mountain :  the  name  of  the  place  was  Che- 
ralee.  In  our  search  for  this,  we  have  merely  come 
to  the  Genoese  town  of  Deliktash,  upon  the  coast, 
which  I  have  before  visited  and  described  as  the  an- 
cient Olympus.  It  certainly  does  contain  the  basement 
*  of  the  walls  of  a  temple,  but  there  is  no  appearance  of 
its  ever  having  had  columns ;  nor  is  it  at  all  seen 
above  the  wilderness  of  bushes  and  Genoese  walls  by 
which  it  is  surrounded.  I  find  that  the  name  given  to 
the  coast  generally  is  Cheralee.  Probably  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  the  Greeks  visiting  this  place  from  the 
sea  only  (on  their  trading  expeditions  for  firewood,  with 


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OLYMPUS.  215 

which  this  coast  abounds);  the  description  of  the  ruins 
given  by  them  diflFers  much  from  the  accounts  of  per- 
sons who  could  compare  them  with  the  ruined  cities 
of  the  interior.  A  ride  of  two  hours  from  Atrasarny, 
through  a  deep  ravine  between  high  cliflFs  and  peaks  of 
rock  standing  out  boldly  from  the  pine  forests  beneath, 
brought  us  to  the  sea  at  Deliktash.  Disappointed  at 
finding  myself  in  a  place  I  cared  little  to  see  again,  we 
turned  our  horses'  heads  and  retraced  our  steps  up  the 
ravine ;  and  keeping  ^ong  its  rapid  little  river,  in  less 
than  two  hours  we  arrived  at  a  few  houses  called,  from 
the  river,  Chicooe. 

On  entering  the  village,  we  had  difficulty  in  finding 
any  inhabitants,  which  was  afterwards  thus  accounted 
for :  during  the  old  system  of  governing  this  country, 
every  facility  was  given  by  the  Pashas,  and  all  grades 
of  officials  under  them,  for  cultivating  the  ground  and 
increasing  and  maintaining  their  own  influence:  this 
individual  exertion,  and  the  capital  lent  by  these  go- 
vernors for  the  purchase  of  seed,  together  with  pecu- 
niary assistance  to  increase  the  stock,  are  now  with- 
drawn, and  the  various  Pashas  have  sent  to  seize  upon 
all  the  stock  and  crops  of  last  year  for  the  full  pay- 
ment of  their  loans.  The  distress  is  consequently  very 
great:  the  barley,  which  is  in  Asia  Minor  the  food  of 
horses  only,  has  been  all  consumed  by  the  people,  and  ^ 
until  the  com  ripens  they  are  living  almost  wholly  upon 
herbs.  In  other  cases^  as  in  this  village,  where  the 
crops  were  derived  from  different  sources,  such  as  fruit, 


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216  LYCIA. 

silky  or  tobacco,  the  people,  on  being  deprived  of  all 
their  harvest,  have  left  the  place :  only  two  families  re- 
main to  represent  Chicooe,  which  is  described  as  having 
had  within  these  two  years  a  large  and  wealthy  popula- 
tion :  the  fences,  fountains,  sheds^^  and  cultivated  mul- 
berry-trees confirm  this  account.  This  is  the  natural 
consequence  of  so  great  and  sudden  a  change  of  sy- 
stem ;  in  a  few  years  it  may  perhaps  work  better,  but 
the  Turk  still  has  the  same  manners,  and  as  yet — ^but 
his  days  are  numbered — commands  the  peasantry. 

Our  cavalcade  was  shunned  by  the  few  remaining  vil- 
lagers, under  the  idea  that  we  were  Turks,  who,  when 
they  pass  through,  consume  the  Uttle  store  of  the  half- 
ruined  people;  and,  if  not  supplied,  the  whip  is  ap- 
plied to  make  them  seek  it  from  the  flocks.  When  the 
villagers  were  told  that  we  were  willing  to  pay  for  what 
we  required,  and  a  few  eggs  were  purchased  at  the  rate 
of  six  for  a  penny,  supplies  were  brought  from  all  quar- 
ters— fowls,  milk,  butter,  youghoort  and  honey. 


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PLAINS  OF  PHINEKA.  217 

May  Atk. — ^We  are  again  at  Armootlee.  Leaving  our 
fruitful  little  village  on  the  river  of  Olympus,  we  con- 
tinued a  steep  ascent  towards  the  west  for  nearly  three 
hours,  passing  from  the  mountain-limestone  of  the  high 
crags  encircling  us,  over  an  isolated  mound  (ahout  half 
a  mile  in  extent)  of  granite  and  other  volcanic  produc- 
tions, accompanied  of  course  by  a  zone  of  slaty,  hard- 
baked  and  shivered  limestone.  Within  a  few  miles  of 
this  spot,  toward  the  north-east,  is  the  Yanah  Dah,  or 
Burning  Mountain,  which  I  regret  being  unable  to  visit; 
there  is  a  small  aperture  in-  the  rock,  through  which  a 
stream  of  inflanunable  gas  has  issued  continually,  and 
unvarying,  from  time  beyond  the  reach  of  history;  it 
is  mentioned  by  Pliny,  and  is  now,  as  formerly,  con- 
nected with  many  tales  of  superstition.  Some  writers 
have  supposed  this  phenomenon  to  have  identified  these 
mountains  as  the  scene  of  the  Chimaera.  Their  tops 
are  much  frequented  by  eagles  and  vultures,  and  the  di- 
strict is  that  of  Mount  Phoenix.  Whence  had  we  the 
emblem  of  the  Phoenix  rising  from  the  flames  ? 

On  the  summit  of  the  mountain  we  were  ascending 
stood  the  village  of  Ballintayer,  which  commanded  a 
splendid  panoramic  view,  including  the  range  of  high 
mountains  on  the  eastern  coast — broken  by  the  deep 
gorges  in  which  stand  the  ancient  cities  of  Olympus 
and  Phaselis.  The  beauty  of  the  natural  scenery  is  un- 
altered, and  the  blue  sea  stretches  across  the  openings 
in  the  mountains,  carrying  the  eye  on  to  the  extended 
and  snow-capped  range  of  the  Taurus  until  it  is  lost 


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218  LYCIA. 

in  the  horizon.  Traversing  the  wooded  summit  of  this 
mountain,  we  kept  on  a  westward  course,  until  a  rapid 
descent  brought  us  down  upon  the  valley  at  Eetheree : 
a  ride  of  two  more  hours  along  the  plain  completed 
our  journey. 

Not  having  in  this  excursion  found  the  ancient  city 
of  Corydalla,  I  feel  sure  that  it  must  lie  up  the  valley 
at  the  north  of  Gagse;  but  being  unable  to  hear  of 
any  ruins  there,  and  having  wasted  several  days,  I  shall 
leave  this  city  for  others  to  explore,  and  tomorrow  pro- 
ceed  on  my  way  toward  the  interior  of  the  country. 

May  5th. — ^My  tent  is  pitched  about  twenty  miles  up 
the  valley  of  the  ancient  Arycandus,  to  the  north  of 
Limyra.  A  journal,  after  all,  is  only  a  register  of  the 
state  of  the  mind  as  impressed  by  the  objects  of  the 
day;  I  shall  therefore  not  hesitate  to  describe  my  own 
feeeUngs,  and  confess  that  I  never  felt  less  inclined  or 
less  able  to  put  to  paper  any  remarks  than  the  impres- 
sions produced  by  my  ride  during  the  last  five  hours.  I 
have  heard  others  speak  of  a  melancholy  being  caused 
by  the  overwhelming  e£fect  of  the  sublime  ;  but  it  is 
not  melancholy  when  better  analysed ;  it  is  a  thought- 
fulness  and  feeling  of  gratified  pleasure  which  affects 
me,  and  I  long  to  express  what  perhaps  is  better  indi- 
cated by  the  prostration  of  the  Oriental  worshiper  than 
by  any  verbal  description ;  I  feel  as  if  I  had  come  into 
the  world  and  seen  the  perfection  of  its  loveliness,  and 
was  satisfied.  I  know  no  scenery  equal  in  sublimity 
and  beauty  to  this  part  of  Lycia. 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  ARYCA.NDUS.       219 

The  mere  mention  of  mountain  scenery  cannot  give 
any  idea  of  the  mountains  here,  which  are  broken  into 
sections  forming  cliffs,  whose  upheaved  strata  stand 
erect  in  peaks  many  thousand  feet  high,  uniting  to 
form  a  wild  chaos,  but  each  part  harmonized  by  the 
other ;  for  all  is  grand,  yet  lovely.  Deep  in  the  ra- 
vines dash  torrents  of  the  purest  water,  and  over  these 
grow  the  most  luxuriant  trees ;  above,  are  the  graver 
forests  of  pines  upon  the  grey  cliffs,  and  higher  than 
these  are  ranges  of  mountains  capped  with  snow,  con- 
trasting with  the  deep  blue  of  the  cloudless  sky.  But 
to  the  details  of  the  road. 

Recrossing  the  ancient  Greek  bridge,  which  I  find  to 
be  four  hundred  and  sixty-two  yards  in  length,  we  again 
passed  the  ruins  of  Limyra  and  its  extended  district  of 
tombs,  to  the  village  of  Demergee,  at  which  place  we 
took  a  northerly  direction  up  the  narrow  valley  of  the 
river,  probably  the  ancient  Arycandus.  About  six  miles 
from  Limyra,  we  saw  on  the  brow  of  a  cliff  above  us 
some  beautiful  tombs,  in  such  good  preservation  that 
they  appeared  but  the  work  of  yesterday.  On  exami- 
nation I  found  that  this  was  effected  in  the  following 
manner :  the  overhanging  rock  was  carefully  sloped  into 
a  roof,  and  a  regular  gutter  cut  in  this,  carrying  off 
all  the  dripping  water  from  the  sculptured  tomb,  which 
thus  remains  unstained  as  on  the  day  of  its  forma- 
tion, above  two  thousand  years  ago.  My  disappoint- 
ment as  well  as  surprise  was  great,  that  such  beautiful 
and  important  tombs  should  not  have  been  inscribed 


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220  LYCIA. 

or  painted ;  there  were  about  twenty,  in  the  same  rock, 
one  representing  novelties  in  architecture  somewhat 
Persian*,  and  more  perfect  than  we  had  before  seen. 
These  tombs  are  now  closed  with  wooden  doors,  and 
serve  as  the  locked  granaries  of  the  peasantry  in  the 
neighbourhood.  I  have  carefully  sketched  one  of 
themf,  which  stands  upon  the  top  of  the  cliflF ;  the  rock 
has  been  cut  away,  leaving  it  a  solid  piece  with  the 
cliflF.  I  have  selected  this  tomb,  as  showing  perhaps 
more  distinctly  than  usual  that  these  monuments  are 
close  imitations  of  wooden  buildings.  This  is  percept- 
ible in  most  of  the  tombs  in  Lycia ;  but  here  are  seen 
imitations  of  the  ties,  bolts,  joints,  and  mouldings  so 
peculiar  to  the  art  of  carpentry.  No  trace  whatever 
of  a  town  is  visible,  but  the  situation  led  us  to  seek 
Arycanda.  Two  miles  fiirther  up  the  valley,  many 
broken  sarcophagi  of  a  heavy  form  lay  on  the  side  of 
the  mountains,  and  by  the  road  several  walls  were  built 
into  the  rocks;  three  piles  of  buildings,  with  arched 
windows  and  small  apartments,  stood  within  a  few 
hundred  yards  of  each  other.  This  must  have  been  an 
ancient  town,  but  not  of  much  importance,  judging 
from  the  rude  materials  employed. 

Proceeding  onwards  for  an  hour  more,  walls  and  sar- 
cophagi were  scattered  around  us,  but  on  none  of  these 
were  any  inscriptions  legible:  they  all  occupied  sites 
worthy  of  the  ancients,  indeed  in  this  valley  it  would 

♦  See  Plate  IX.  No.  10.  f  See  Plate  XII. 


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ARYCANDA.  221 

be  difficult  to  find  any  otherwise.  The  Turks  generally 
select  the  low  swampy  plain,  and  we  have  consequently 
not  yet  seen  in  this  valley  any  village.  We  are  in  our 
tent,  on  a  knoll  or  promontory  standing  over  the  river, 
which  dashes  round  three  sides  of  our  encampment, 
some  hundred  feet  beneath.  The  fir-trees  around  are  a 
study  for  an  artist,  and  the  high  mountains  above  us 
vary  in  beauty  according  to  their  aspect.  I  have  just 
discovered  that  we  are  not  entirely  shut  out  of  the 
world ;  the  crowing  of  a  cock  attracted  my  attention  to 
the  beautiful  over-shot  wheel  of  a  water-mill,  and  the 
owner  is  wading  across  the  stream  with  eggs  and  pro- 
visions for  our  meal. 

May  6th. — ^We  have  reached  Avelan,  about  twenty- 
five  miles  north-west  of  our  last  night's  encampment. 
For  ten  miles  the  road  continued  up  the  river,  occa- 
sionally  crossing  and  recrossing  it  by  bridges  of  the 
simplest  construction,  the  lofty  trees  reaching  from 
the  rocks  on  either  side,  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones 
being  laid  transversely.  The  scenery  only  changed  its 
beauties :  the  richer  fruit-trees  disappeared  as  we  gra- 
dually ascended,  and  the  pines  and  walnuts  succeeded ; 
the  plane  still  shadowed  the  course  of  the  river,  its 
branches  stretching  over  the  roaring  stream.  The  rocks 
became  less  craggy  and  wooded,  and  gradually  assumed 
the  wilder  grandeur  of  mountains,  the  fir-trees  clothing 
their  sides  up  to  the  snowy  tops.  The  river,  I  may 
now  say  with  certainty,  is  the  Arycandus ;  for  at  about 
thirty.five  miles  from  the  sea,  and  ten  on  our  journey 


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222  LYCIA. 

of  today,  we  found  the  extensive  ruins  of  a  city,  and  in 
one  inscription  the  name  of  Arycamda.  There  is  great 
excitement  and  pleasure  in  discovering  these  cities^  once 
so  splendid,  and  whose  sites  even  have  been  for  twenty 
centuries  unknown. 

Close  to  the  road  on  our  left,  and  standing  upon 
a  precipitous  promontory,  at  the  foot  of  which  wound 
the  river,  were  the  ruins  of  a  city,  but  apparently  one 
of  those  I  should  class  as  Venetian  or  Genoese.  Some 
hewn  stones  around  the  doors,  and  a  few  columns,  as 
well  as  the  corner-stones  of  the  walls,  showed  the  power 
of  execution ;  but  the  rest  of  the  numerous  buildings 
were  formed  of  small  stones,  unhewn  and  held  together 
chiefly  by  cement,  which  I  have  never  found  to  be  the 
case  in  those  of  the  early  Greeks.  No  theatre  or  other 
public  building  was  visible;  and  seeking  elsewhere  for 
more  remains,  I  saw  at  the  distance  of  a  mile  and  a 
half,  up  the  side  of  the  mountain  on  our  right,  massive 
Greek  walls  of  considerable  extent.  Leaving  our  horses, 
we  went  to  explore  them,  and  soon  found  an  inscrip- 
tion, but  too  imperfect  for  me  to  copy  the  whole  with- 
out much  trouble,  and  awaiting  the  change  of  light. 
The  name  of  Arycamda,  however,  caught  my  eye,  and 

TWAYTOYGEMIZTOKAEIATTIKOYAPYKAMAEI^^  * 


*  Translation. — "  To  Themistocles,  a  citizen  of  Arycamda,  the  son 
of  Lytus  [?],  from  Attica." 


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ARYCANDA.  223 

we  copied  the  line  containing  it,  without  reference  to 
any  other  part  of  the  inscription,  and  then  proceeded 
through  the  numerous  tombs  around,  hoping  to  find 
others  more  perfect.  The  absence  of  other  inscriptions, 
and  the  interesting  names  of  Themistocles  and  Attica 
occurring  in  this  fragment,  which  I  did  not  notice  until 
I  was  many  miles  distant,  make  me  regret  my  want  of 
perseverance  in  not  endeavouring  to  copy  the  whole : 
there  were  four  preceding  lines  and  one  following. 

Passing  the  tombs,  we  saw  that  this  highly-orna- 
mented city  had  been  built  on  the  side  of  a  steep  moun- 
tain, and  that  the  buildings  had  formed  terraces  one 
above  the  other.  To  one  series  of  these  I  cannot  give 
a  name;  they  were  generally  rooms  twenty  to  thirty 
feet  square,  covered  by  one  fine  arch,  the  walls  Cyclo- 
pean— ^built  into,  and  with,  the  rock  behind  :  the  front 
alone  was  visible,  the  roof  often  serving  as  a  terrace  for 
buildings  above.  The  beautiful  execution  of  the  door- 
ways in  front,  which  were  coeval  with  the  Cyclopean 
walls,  may  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  sketch. 

The  large  doorway  represented  in  the  subjoined  wood- 
cut is  in  the  centre ;  within,  the  arched  roof  was  gene- 
rally plastered,  and  had  been  painted ;  along  the  back, 
and  half  way  down  each  side,  was  a  raised  bench,  five 
feet  wide,  the  height  suitable  for  a  seat,  but  far  too 
deep  ;  there  was  no  appearance  of  recesses  for  lamps 
or  other  purposes,  usually  found  in  the  mausoleums  of 
the  ancient  Greeks. 


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224 


LYCIA. 


These  buildings  appear  too  large  for  tombs,  and  they 
must  have  been,  I  think,  small  for  temples.  The  orna- 
ments were  not  funereal,  and  no  inscription  occurred 
but  the  following. 


t 


NHKA* 


*  "It  conquers*'? 


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ARYCANDA.  225 

The  above  inscription  was  cut  upon  the  wall  of  one 
of  these  buildings,  of  the  Corinthian  style  of  ornament, 
and  is  a  strong  argument  for  their  having  been  tem- 
ples ;  it  may  also  be  of  interest  to  the  moralist,  pro- 
bably describing  the  exultation  of  the  Christians  of  the 
Byzantine  age  over  the  vanquished  Pagans ;  how  soon 
did  the  Christians  disappear  before  the  Moslems,  and 
how  has  time  robbed  both  of  this  now  ruined  and 
deserted  district !  I  should  attribute  the  style  of  these 
buildings  to  the  time  of  the  Roman  emperors;  they 
are  not  sufficiently  simple  in  their  ornaments  for  an 
earlier  age.  A  coin  found  amidst  the  ruins,  and  copied 
in  Plate  XXXV.  No.  3,  bears  the  name  of  the  city 
Arycanda,  and  the  head  of  the  emperor  Gordian. 

At  the  back  of  the  theatre,  which  stood  still  higher 
up  the  mountain,  was  a  wall,  with  buttresses  to  oppose 
the  avalanches  of  stones  rolling  down  a  slight  ravine  in 
the  rocks ;  but  this  has  given  way  before  the  masses 
which  have  fallen  during  so  many  centuries,  and  have 
buried  the  back  or  centre  seats  of  the  theatre ;  the  rest 
were  quite  perfect,  and  the  proscenium  could  be  traced 
by  its  bold  Cyclopean  walls.  Below  the  theatre  was 
a  platform,  which  had  seats  on  the  rising  side  of  the 
rock  and  at  the  ends :  this  I  imagined  to  be  a  stadium, 
but  the  length  of  the  course  was  only  eighty  yards. 
The  most  conspicuous,  building  in  the  city  had  several 
haUs,  and  two  tiers  of  windows  at  the  end ;  some  of 
these  halls  terminated  (like  several  others  I  have  seen 
in  Greek  cities)  with  a  fine  arch  and  a  circular  end; 

Q 


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226  LYCIA. 

within  this  recess  were  windows,  the  whole  being  on  a 
large  scale.  There  were  numerous  other  piles  of  ruins, 
to  which  I  can  give  no  name,  as  well  as  several  de- 
tached kind  of  towers,  of  fine  massive  Greek  structure : 
these  are  scattered  at  some  distance  from  the  ruins  of 
the  city. 

Leaving  Arycanda,  we  in  half  an  hour  crossed  a 
river,  which  appeared  suddenly  from  the  mountains  to 
the  east,  forming  a  main  tributary  to  the  Arycandus; 
the  city  might  therefore  be  said  to  be  at  the  head  of 
the  river  as  soon  as  it  became  worthy  of  a  name.  This 
valley,  as  we  continued  its  ascent,  became  more  wild, 
and  fir-trees  and  cedars  alone  remained  to  clothe  the 
rocks;  the  few  patches  of  cultivation  indicated  a  change 
of  season,  caused  by  our  increased  elevation.  The  com, 
which  we  had  the  day  before  seen  changing  colour  for 
the  harvest,  was  here  not  an  inch  above  the  ground, 
and  the  buds  of  the  bushes  were  not  yet  bursting. 

Having  left  the  course  of  the  river  for  about  three 
hundred  yards,  we  found  on  our  return  that  its  bed  was 
dry.  Riding  up  the  stony  ravine  until  we  reached  a 
ridge,  we  descended  slightly  for  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  to  Avelan,  which  consists  of  only  three  houses : 
although  in  a  comparatively  cold  region,  we  have  pre- 
ferred the  tent  to  the  stable-like  accommodation  these 
huts  afibrded. 


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227 


CHAPTER  X. 

Avelan — ^its  Lake — ^Extensive  Plains — Disappearance  of  a  River — Al- 
malee — ^its  Population — Mosques — TVade — Site  of  ancient  city,  pro- 
bably Podalia — Source  of  Rivers — ^Passage  of  Mountain — Higb  Plains 
— ^The  Yeeilassies— Annual  Migration  of  the  Tribes — ^Valley  of  the 
Xanthus— Macry — Rhodes — City  of  Rhodes — Sailors — Lavisse — 
Carmylessus— Return  to  the  Yeeilassies — Review  of  Lycia. 

May  8<A,  Almalee. — ^This  district  is  entirely  unknown' 
to  Europeans,  and  has  quite  a  distinct  character  from 
that  of  the  country  through  which  we  have  before 
passed :  no  maps  of  course  exist.  The  disadvantages 
of  this  are  very  great,  as  we  know  not  where  to  steer  or 
what  places  to  ask  for  ;  but  there  are  also  advantages, 
and  the  surprise  on  arriving  last  evening  at  Avelan 
was  one,  for  at  this  elevation  (above  three  thousand 
feet  above  the  sea)  we  found  a  large  lake,  three  or  four 
miles  wide  and  ten  long,  and  a  plain  of  three  times 
that  size  covered  with  com  just  springing  above  the 
ground,  without  a  tree  to  break  the  perfect  monotony  of 
the  level.  At  the  north-east  end  of  this  plain  stands 
the  largest  town  in  Lycia — almost  the  largest  in  Asia 
Minor ;  it  far  exceeds  the  size  of  Idin,  and  probably 

q2 


\ 


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228  LYCIA. 

contains  twenty-five  thousand  inhabitants.  We  were  in 
some  degree  prepared  to  expect  this,  by  the  hundreds 
of  people  we  yesterday  met  on  the  road,  at  the  distance 
of  twenty  miles,  returning  from  the  market  held  in  this 
town.  Our  road  today  for  the  first  six  miles  skirted 
the  lake  to  the  north  and  north-west,  and  at  the  foot 
of  mountains  covered  with  cedars  and  large  trees  of 
the  arbor  vita.  The  shrubs  are  the  rose,  the  barbary, 
and  wild  almond,  but  all  are  at  present  fully  six  weeks 
later  than  those  in  the  country  we  have  lately  passed. 
I  observed  on  the  lake  (called  by  the  people  Avelan- 
gouluh)  many  stately  wild  swans,  and  several  large  red- 
ducks  ;  smaller  waterfowl  were  numerous. 

This  plain  is  the  largest  tract  of  corn-land,  and  the 
best  cultivated,  that  I  have  seen  in  Asia  Minor.  The 
season  is  late  before  the  state  of  the  ground  allows  the 
use  of  the  plough,  as  for  several  weeks  after  the  snow 
disappears  this  dead  level  remains  too  swampy  for  cul- 
ture. The  extensive  lake  has  apparently  no  river  run- 
ning from  it,  but  the  singular  disappearance  of  a  rapid 
and  large  stream. of  water,  probably  thirty  feet  wide  and 
six  deep,  which  crossed  our  track  over  the  plain  about 
three  miles  from  this  place,  may  suggest  other  modes 
of  dispersing  the  water  besides  evaporation.  The  river 
of  which  I  speak  rushes  into  a  large  cave  in  the  moun- 
tain with  a  tremendous  roar,  and  is  lost  amidst  the 
masses  of  rocks  deep  in  its  dark  recesses.  The  cavern- 
ous limestone  of  this  district  fully  accounts  for  the 
sudden  appearance  of  several  rivers  in  the  plains  of 


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ALMALEE.  229 

Phineka;  among  these  I  may  mention  the  one  at  Li* 
myra,  and  probably  the  Arycandus,  which  we  lost  sight 
of  so  abruptly  near  the  top  of  the  mountain,  as  well 
as  its  great  tributary  near  the  ancient  city. 

A  few  hundred  feet  above  the  plain  of  Almalee,  to 
the  eastward^  is  another,  many  miles  in  extent  and  co- 
vered with  com ;  each  of  these  has  its  villages  on  the 
rise  of  the  surrounding  mountains.  Upon  my  remark- 
ing the  very  few  minarets  of  mosques  seen  on  entering 
this  town,  I  heard  that  most  of  the  inhabitants  were 
Armenians  and  Greeks.  The  houses  of  the  town  are 
good,  but  entirely  built  of  mud  and  timber ;  conse- 
quently even  the  garden-walls,  chimneys,  and  gateways 
have  a  wide  roof  of  thin  warped  boards,  giving  an 
unsightly  appearance  to  the  whole  town.  The  prin- 
cipal  mosque  is  the  handsomest  I  have  seen  out  of 
Constantinople.  The  ornaments  of  the  minaret,  cut 
in  stone,  are  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  best  ara- 
besque. The  minarets  of  some  of  the  other  mosques 
are  entirely  formed  of  wood.  Water,  the  indispensable 
element  to  the  Turk,  runs  through  each  street,  and 
several  mills  are  turned  by  the  streams.  Around  the 
town,  and  up  the  ravines  in  the  steep  mountains  at 
the  back,  are  excellent  gardens,  well  cultivated  with 
the  vine  and  other  fruit-trees,  but  the  almond  alone  is 
yet  in  bloom.  The  surrounding  mountains  have  not 
even  a  bush  upon  them,  and  the  fire- wood  for  this 
town  is  brought  from  the  forests  of  cedars  which  we 
had  passed  on  the  mountains.     For  a  few  pence,  a  load 


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230  LYCIA. 

of  excellent  cedar  was  placed  at  our  door,  showing  in 
its  fracture  the  rich  colour  of  the  wood  of  our  pencils  ; 
and  as  we  walked  upon  the  house-top  in  the  evening, 
the  smoke  from  the  various  chimneys  quite  scented 
the  air  with  the  perfume  of  cedar-wood.  The  evening 
view  from  the  roof  of  our  khan  was  very  picturesque ; 
the  cry  of  the  Iman  from  the  mosques,  the  bells  of  the 
camels,  and  rattling  bills  of  the  cranes  upon  the  sur- 
rounding roofs,  the  varied  costumes  of  the  people  in 
the  streets,  with  jewels  and  coins  on  the  heads  of  the 
females,  into  whose  harems*  our  exalted  situation  com- 
manded a  view,  added  a  peculiar  interest  and  beauty  to 
the  scene. 

A  variety  of  trades  are  here  carried  on  by  this  active 
people.  Tanning  is  among  the  chief,  but  this  is  un- 
accompanied by  the  disagreeable  odours  of  an  English 
tan-yard ;  the  tan  is  here  of  the  Velanea,  and  gives 
the  well-known  scent  to  Turkey  leather :  the  scent  of 
the  Russian  leather  is  still  more  agreeable.  I  observe 
camels  loaded  with  roots,  resembling  very  fine  horse- 
radish!:  this  is  found  plentifully  here,  and  used  in 
making  a  sweetmeat ;  but  it  is  principally  obtained  as 
a  substitute  for  soap,  and  used  in  the  raw  state.  Se- 
veral woods  and  roots  used  in  dyeing  are  also  articles 
of  merchandize  in  this  town,  and  there  is  a  consider- 
able trade  in  the  skins  of  hares. 


♦  The  harem  is  the  portion  of  the  house  of  the  Turk  set  apart  for 
the  use  of  his  family.  f  The  Silene, 


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ALMALEE.  231 

I  was  somewhat  surprised  to  learn  from  my  servant 
that  the  people  are  so  well  informed  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  disappearance  of  the  waters  into  the  earth,  which 
I  have  already  noticed;  such  phsenomena  being  here, 
and  even  in  parts  of  our  own  country,  accompanied  by 
traditionary  superstitions ;  a  person  in  our  khan  told 
my  servant  the  following  tale.  Seven  years  ago  there 
was  very  little  snow  during  the  winter,  and  the  follow- 
ing summer  was  unusually  dry;  the  consequence  was 
the  perfect  exhaustion  of  the  supplies  of  this  stream, 
and  the  cave  ceased  for  above  a  month  to  receive  any 
waters.  The  Pasha  by  rewards  induced  five  men  to 
explore  the  cave  with  torches ;  the  relator  of  this  ac- 
count said  that  he  was  among  the  number,  and  that 
they  walked  for  three  hours  along  a  level  sandy  plain 
within  the  mountain.  The  following  year  the  season 
brought  as  great  a  deluge,  as  the  former  did  a  drought ; 
the  whole  plain  of  Almalee  was  a  flood,  like  the  sea, 
and  many  of  the  mud  houses  were  wash  d  away.  The 
consequences  of  the  cessation,  and  again  the  rush  of 
turbid  water,  were  successively  felt  in  the  rivers  which 
rise  in  the  plains  of  Phineka  around  Limyra.  The  lake 
here  is  permanent,  and  seldom  less  than  at  present; 
but  the  annual  floods,  on  the  melting  of  the  snows,  ren- 
der a  great  portion  of  the  plain  a  morass  until  about 
the  end  of  April. 

I  have  observed  that  here,  at  Kastelorizo  and  other 
places  where  the  Greek  population  is  considerable,  the 
governor  of  the  town  always  sends  a  guard  or  police- 


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232  LYCIA. 

man  to  wait  on  the  outside  of  the  door  of  our  room.  I 
have  frequently  declined  this  honour  as  unnecessary, 
but  the  reply  has  always  intimated  that  we  and  our 
property  are,  while  in  the  town,  under  the  protection 
of  the  governor,  and  that  he  cannot  answer  for  the 
honesty  of  all  the  people.  This  has  never  occurred  in 
the  towns  where  the  number  of  the  Greeks  was  small. 

May  2th. — On  leaving  Almalee  this  morning,  our 
road  lay  towards  the  north-west,  rising  considerably 
as  we  wound  round  the  girth  of  the  mountain,  at  the 
foot  of  which  the  town  is  built.  From  the  elevation 
we  attained,  the  extensive  valleys,  all  green  with  the 
springing  com,  were  traced  to  an  immense  distance.  A 
branch  of  the  great  plain  wound  beneath  our  hill,  and 
at  the  end  of  this  we  descended  through  the  village 
of  Esky-Hissa,  which  was  said  to  be  fiill  of  ruins ;  its 
name  impUes  an  ancient  city.  Two  or  three  tombs  in 
the  rock,  without  inscriptions,  and  a  rude  Cyclopean 
wall,  are  all  the  works  of  art  that  remain  on  its  site, 
well  formed  by  nature  for  a  fine  city:  this  may  probably 
have  been  the  ancient  Podalia.  At  the  pointed  end  of 
this  plain  a  river  enters  it  from  the  mountains,  which 
we  found  was  formed  by  the  united  waters  of  two  con* 
siderable  streams  from  the  north-east  and  north-west, 
which  joined  a  few  yards  above.  Up  the  ravine  of  the 
latter,  from  the  north-west,  we  followed  a  good  track  by 
the  side  of  the  rapid  and  picturesquely-broken  torrent : 
the  high  rocks  rose  abruptly  on  either  side,  and  the 
space  for  the  road  and  river  was  so  narrow,  that  the 


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PODALIA. 


233 


asses  loaded  with  wood  had  to  wait  in  recesses  of  the 
rocks  while  we  passed.  At  the  distance  of  a  few  miles 
up  this  ravine,  on  the  face  of  the  rock,  which  stood 
out  and  caused  the  waters  to  change  their  course,  was 
cut  in  a  somewhat  rude  style  this  monument :  if  it  was 


X 


/ 


\aQfi 

■'ana 


OYGAzrTMiAYAI 
OAvm)/VAnT0Y 
NPEZXY^aii 
KOroNIAlDAV/^. 


fanereal,  the  tomb  had  not  been  opened,  nor  did  there 
appear  to  be  any  chamber  in  the  rock.  We  found  no 
tombs,  nor  any  traces  of  an  ancient  site  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, but  all  was  wild  and  rocky.  From  the  natu- 
ral portal  formed  by  the  rocks,  I  should  have  fancied 
this  a  barrier  between  two  districts,  and  the  inscription 
may  record  it*. 

*  Milyas  was  the  ancient  name  of  the  whole  of  this  elevated  district 
of  Lycia. 


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234  LYCIA. 

We  continued  our  ascent  through  the  same  ravine, 
and,  at  the  distance  of  nearly  twenty  miles  from  Al- 
malee,  reached  the  abrupt  source  of  the  river,  gushing 
out  of  the  mountain-side  in  a  picturesque  cascade,  and 
falling  into  the  bed  of  the  rippling  stream,  along  which 
our  course  still  continued  towards  the  snow  mountains 
to  the  north-west.  This  stream  is  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  river,  which  disappears  in  the  plains  of  Almalee. 
Ascending  through  a  winterly  climate,  with  snow  by 
the  side  of  our  path,  and  only  the  crocus  and  anemones 
in  bloom,  we  soon  stood  upon  the  summit  of  this  barren 
part  of  the  range,  at  a  height  exceeding  five  thousand 
feet.  From  hence  we  beheld  a  new  series  of  cultivated 
plains  to  the  west,  being  in  fact  table-lands,  nearly  upon 
a  level  with  the  tops  of  the  mountains  which  form  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus.  Still 
far  above  us,  to  the  south-west,  stood  Massicytus,  a  stu* 
pendens  snow-mountain,  by  far  the  highest  in  Lycia. 
To  the  north-west  was  the  lofty  range  giving  source  to 
the  river  Xanthus,  and  forming  a  high  snow-capped 
wall  of  partition  to  the  elevated  country  of  Phrygia, 
whose  table-lands  lie  but  a  little  below  the  summit  of 
the  range.  Descending  to  the  plain,  probably  a  thou- 
sand feet,  we  pitched  our  tent,  after  a  ride  of  seven 
hours  and  a  half.  Upon  boiling  the  thermometer,  I 
found  that  we  were  more  than  four  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea,  and,  cutting  down  some  dead  trees,  we  pro- 
vided against  the  coming  cold  of  the  evening  by  light- 
ing three   large  fires   around  our  encampment.     The 


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YEEILASSIES.  235 

effect  of  both  the  light  and  heat  of  the  sun  is  ex- 
tremely powerful,  and  the  night-air  in  this  climate  keen 
and  frosty.  The  moon  and  stars  in  this  atmosphere, 
lighting  the  snowy  mountain-tops,  had  an  effect  singu- 
larly calm  and  sublime,  and  their  cold  white  light  con- 
trasted strongly  with  that  of  the  blazing  branches  of 
the  arbor-vit^s  upon  the  piles  of  burning  embers,  around 
which,  in  their  richly-coloured  costumes,  lay  our  sleep- 
ing attendants.  This  tree  grows  on  these  mountains  to 
a  large  size,  its  height  being  generally  above  forty  feet, 
and  the  diameter  of  its  stem  above  three :  it  is  probably 
a  Cyprus,  but  of  a  species  differing  from  any  I  have 
before  seen.  The  trees  here  must  be  many  centuries 
old. 

All  the  names  of  the  villages  in  these  high  districts 
terminate  in  -yeeilassy,  which  means  a  cool  place,  a  sum- 
mer place ;  and  most  of  them  have  their  corresponding 
village  in  the  valleys.  This  plain,  called  Satala-yeei- 
lassy,  is  occupied  by  a  people  who  in  the  winter  months 
live  at  Satala-cooe,  our  next  stage  on  the  way  to  Macry. 
Another  adjoining  plain  is  called  Garachewfathers-yeei- 
lassy,  in  which  place  we  had  been  told  that  extensive 
ruins  existed,  but  on  approaching  it  we  could  hear 
nothing  of  them  ;  nor  were  any  ruins  known  to  exist  in 
this  elevated  valley  or  plain,  which  is  probably  ten  or 
twelve  miles  in  length.  Several  fragments  of  sarcophagi 
and  pedestals  were  scattered  over  the  plain,  from  one 
of  which  I  copied  the  following  inscription,  but  I  could 
discover  no  site  of  any  ancient  city. 


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236  LYCIA- 

Jljy^N.<«JligMAIOrilAIOPNOYO 

AAJSJSAIOrENEIZIAIONnATPI 

AlOrENEIMOAHTOYMNHMHZ 

ENEKEN  * 

We  descended  a  few  hundred  feet  towards  the  west, 
to  another  plain  of  equal  extent,  watered  by  a  stream, 
which,  by  the  addition  of  the  waters  from  the  plain 
above,  and  also  of  others  on  the  north,  had  assumed 
the  character  of  a  considerable  river. 

For  six  hours  we  travelled  over  this  highly-cultivated 
but  late-seasoned  district,  when  we  turned  towards  the 
south-west,  and  passed  over  a  sUght  barrier  of  wooded 
hills.  At  the  point  where  we  quitted  the  plains,  we 
observed  considerable  remains  of  old  materials  lying 
about  the  rocks,  and  also  several  ornamented  sarco- 
phagi in  the  burial-grounds  of  the  Yourooks,  but  could 
observe  no  satisfactory  site  for  a  city^  nor  any  founda- 
tions of  walls. 

In  three  hours  we  halted  in  a  forest  upon  a  high 
ridge,  but  some  way  down  the  gradual  descent  which 
led  us  again  into  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus.  The  river 
had  kept  a  more  northerly  course,  and  was  hurried 
down  a  precipitous  ravine  to  the  gorge  at  the  back  of 
Hoorahn,  which,  I  have  before  said,  supplied  almost  the 
whole  of  the  waters  to  the  Xanthus.  I  had  difficulty  in 
imagining  how  so  great  a  volume  of  water  could  find 

*  The  first  lines  of  this  fragmentary  inscription  contained  the  names 
of  some  brothers,  each  having  the  cognomen  of  Diogenes,  who  erected 
this  "  to  the  memory  of  their  father  Diogenes,  the  son  of  Moletub." 


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YEEILASSIES.  237 

its  way  through  an  apparently  unbroken  snow-capped 
range  of  mountains,  but  the  occurrence  of  the  high 
plains  almost  upon  the  level  of  their  summits  explains 
all  the  phsenomena  of  this  singular  country.  Having 
sought  in  vain  around  the  whole  range  of  Mount  Mas- 
sicytus  for  the  ruins  of  the  city  of  that  name,  which  was 
known  to  lie  at  its  foot,  I  now  feel  sure  that  the  ruins 
at  Hoorahn  are  those  of  the  ancient  city.  I  have  two 
coins  found  in  the  neighbourhood  belonging  to  Mas- 
sicytus ;  and  their  form,  emblems,  and  reverses  are  the 
same  as  those  of  the  other  cities  in  the  valley  of  the 
Xanthus,  each  being  distinguished  only  by  the  initials 
of  their  respective  towns.  This,  together  with  the  frag- 
ment of  an  inscription  found  there,  and  the  situation 
and  relative  importance  of  the  ruins,  makes  me  feel 
confident  that  this  was  the  ancient  Massicytus. 

May  \Oth. — ^No  place  is  without  its  interest:  before 
pitching  our  tent,  we  found  two  natural  springs  gushing 
from  the  rocks  close  by,  and  trees  already  burning* 
afforded  us  an  ample  supply  of  fire.  Some  old  walls, 
the  ruins  of  a  Turkish  khan,  attracted  our  attention, 
being  composed  of  portions  of  old  sarcophagi,  from 
which  I  copied  the  following  fragment  of  an  inscrip- 
tion ;  but  I  fear  it  will  not  afford  information  as  to  the 
former  inhabitants  of  this  most  beautiful  spot ;  no  ap- 
pearance of  a  town  could  be  traced  amidst  the  thicket 
upon  the  precipitous  cliff  before  us. 

*  See  Journal  of  1838,  p.  257» — mode  of  felling  trees. 


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238  LYCIA. 

jyiAftONEAYTnTMiK 

iKJllAETOYnOCOPIONJI 

JtnNETOMENOICJiCrEJE 

JiflMITINAITEKNTOEMiS 

lAIATATHTAAJiNOAnHie 

MJU6Nni 

lAEKAIATO 

nncEMiAETinAjnrAYTJ! 

EflNAIIMnAHNAI     XEIAIJi 

EKA 

NAI KYAHN  ElZEnHMMJUt 

NTAITCXEIATAKAIETATAil 

ITH JjNTAMATATAPMAICJS  * 

The  interest  of  our  halt  was  greatly  increased  by  our 
observing  an  almost  uninterrupted  train  of  cattle  and 
people  moving  from  the  valleys  to  the  cool  places  for 
the  summer  season — the  yeeilassies.  I  was  much  struck 
by  the  simplicity  and  patriarchal  appearance  of  the 
several  families,  which  brought  forcibly  to  mind  the 
descriptions  of  pastoral  life  in  Bible  history.  What 
a  picture  would  Liandseer  make  of  such  a  pilgrimage  1 
The  snowy  tops  of  the  mountains  were  seen  through  the 
lofty  and  dark  green  fir-trees,  terminating  in  abrupt 
cliffs  many  thousand  feet  of  perpendicular  height. 
From  clefts  in  these  gushed  out  cascades,  falling  in 
torrents,  the  sound  of  which,  from  their  great  distance, 
was  heard  only  in  the  stillness  of  the  evening,  and  the 

*  Fragment  of  a  funereal  inscription.  In  the  last  line  but  three, 
fhe  fine  (more  than  1000  denarii)  is  named,  which  is  to  be  paid  to  the 
people  of  a  town,  the  name  of  which  has  disappeared. 


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YEEILASSIES.  239 

waters  were  carried  away  by  the  wind  in  spray  over  the 
green  woods,  before  they  could  reach  their  deep  bed  in 
the  rocky  ravines  beneath.  In  a  zigzag  course  up  the 
wood  lay  the  track  leading  to  the  cool  places. 

In  advance  of  the  pastoral  groups  were  the  straggling 
goats,  browsing  on  the  fresh  blossoms  of  the  wild  al- 
mond as  they  passed.  In  more  steady  courses  followed 
the  small  black  cattle,  with  their  calves,  and  among 
them  several  asses,  carrying  in  saddle-bags  those  calves 
that  were  too  young  to  follow  their  watchful  mothers. 
Then  came  the  flocks  of  sheep  and  the  camels  each 
with  their  young;  two  or  three  fine-grown  camels  bear- 
ing piled  loads  of  ploughs,  tent-poles,  kettles,  pans, 
presses,  and  all  the  utensils  for  the  dairy;  and  amidst 
this  rustic  load  was  always  seen  the  rich  Turkey  carpet 
and  damask  cushions,  the  pride  even  of  the  tented 
Turk.  Behind  these  portions  of  the  train  I  must 
place,  with  more  finish,  the  family — ^the  foreground  of 
my  picture. 

An  old  man,  and  generally  his  wife,  head  the  clan, 
which  consists  of  several  generations ;  many  of  them 
must  have  seen  near  five  score  summers  on  the  moun- 
tains: the  old  man,  grasping  a  long  stick,  leads  his 
children  with  a  firm  step.  His  son,  the  master  of  the 
flocks,  follows  with  his  wife ;  she  is  often  seated  on  a 
horse,  with  a  child  in  her  arms,  and  other  horses  are 
led,  all  clothed  with  the  gay  trappings  of  a  Turkish 
steed.  Asses  are  allotted  to  the  younger  children,  who 
are  placed  amidst  the  domestic  stores,  and  never  with- 


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240  LYCIA. 

out  a  pet  cat  in  their  arms :  long  tresses  of  hair  hang 
down  their  necks,  and  are  kept  closely  to  the  head  by  a 
circlet  of  coins.  By  their  side  walks  the  eldest  son, 
with  all  the  air  and  alacrity  of  a  young  sportsman; 
over  his  shoulder  hangs  a  long-barrelled  gun,  in  his 
hand  is  the  cage  of  a  decoy  partridge,  and  a  classic- 
looking  hound  follows  at  his  heels :  a  number  of  shep- 
herd boys  mingle  with  the  flocks  and  bring  up  the  rear. 
The  gay  costume,  the  varied  noises  of  the  cattle,  and 
the  high  glee  attending  the  party  on  this  annual  expe- 
dition, must  be  supplied  by  the  imagination. 

I  should  think  that  twenty  families  passed  in  succes- 
sion during  our  halt,  few  of  them  having  less  than  one 
hundred  head  of  stock,  and  many  had  more.  In  some 
families,  attendants,  servants  or  farming-labourers,  were 
among  the  cattle,  generally  with  their  aprons  tied  around 
them,  in  which  they  carried  two  or  three  young  kids ; 
they  had  often  over  their  shoulders  a  small  calf,  with 
all  its  legs  held  together  on  the  breast,  exactly  as  seen 
in  the  ofierings  on  the  bas-reliefs  at  Xanthus  and  else- 
where. 

The  longevity  of  the  people  in  this  pastoral  country 
is  very  remarkable.  I  am  sure  that  we  have  seen  at 
least  twenty  peasants  within  the  last  two  days  above  a 
hundred  years  of  age,  and  apparently  still  enjoying 
health  and  activity  of  body ;  in  some  instances  the  mind 
appeared  wandering.  An  old-looking  hag,  screaming 
violently,  seized  my  servant  Mania,  and  asked  if  he  was 
come  to  take  away  her  other  child  for  a  soldier,  for  if 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  GLAUCUS.        241 

he  were  gone  she  should  have  none  left  to  take  care  of 
her.  The  temperate  habits  of  the  Turks,  as  well  as 
some  of  their  customs,  may  in  part  account  for  the 
prolongation  of  life  in  this  country.  One  custom  I  may 
mention  as  tending  to  diminish  the  cares  of  age>  and 
to  show  the  excellence  of  these  simple  people.  When 
sons  grow  up  and  marry,  the  father  gives  over  to  them 
his  flocks  and  property,  and  trusts  to  the  known  and 
natural  affection  of  his  children  to  take  care  of  him  in 
his  declining  years:  to  a  son  his  parents  are  always  his 
first  charge. 

Descending  the  mountain,  we  traversed  the  ridge  of 
one  of  those  long  promontories  which  cut  the  valley  of 
the  Xanthus  into  bays,  and  leave  scarcely  a  bed  for  the 
winding  river.  Our  descent  brought  us  immediately 
upon  the  bridge  which  we  had  crossed  on  our  way  to 
visit  Tlos.  Baiting  our  horses  for  two  hours  at  noon, 
we  continued  b  westerly  direction  for  three  hours  over 
the  undulating  and  wooded  hills  leading  to  the  head 
of  the  valley  of  the  Glaucus.  On  these  hills  a  small 
stream  takes  its  rise,  and  runs  toward  the  centre  of 
the  plain,  but  is  so  nearly  lost  in  the  swampy  lands 
that  it  can  scarcely  be  recognized  as  a  river — the 
ancient  Glaucus.  It  took  us  nearly  three  hours  to 
traverse  the  plain  on  our  return  to  Macry,  where  my 
first  inquiry  was  respecting  the  arrival  of  the  Beacon 
ship,  which,  in  accordance  with  instructions  sent  from 
the  Admiralty,  I  had  arranged  to  meet  here  on  this 
day,  the  12th  of  May,  to  endeavour  to  transport  the 


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242  LYCIA. 

marbles  from  Xanthus  to  England,  for  the  British 
Museum.  I  was  disappointed  ;  the  vessel  had  not  been 
heard  of  on  the  coast,  and  I  therefore  at  once  took  a 
boat  for  Rhodes,  to  gain  what  information  I  could  upon 
the  subject  from  our  Vice-consul  stationed  there. 


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243 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Rhodes— •  City  of  Rhodes — Sailors — Lavisse — Garmylessus — Return 
to  the  Yeeilassies — ^Review  of  Lycia. 

May  13tA. — ^Thirty  hours'  endurance  of  the  sea,  mostly 
in  a  scorching  sun,  brought  us  at  two  o'clock  in  the 
morning  to  the  quay  within  the  stately  harbour  of 
Rhodes.  The  beautiful  tower,  which  is  the  striking 
feature  of  the  city,  commands  the  entrance.  The  pass- 
word being  called,  we  landed,  and  by  the  light  of  a  full 
moon  spread  our  carpet  upon  the  quay,  and  enjoyed 
an  English  breakfast  of  tea  and  toast,  long  before  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  opened  their  gates. 

I  was  surprised  to  find  that  the  city  retains  so  much 
of  the  buildings  and  fortifications  of  the  Knights  of 
Rhodes.  Probably  the  only  change  in  the  view  of  the 
town  from  the  harbour,  during  the  last  eight  centu- 
ries, is  the  elegant  minarets  of  the  Turkish  mosques 
here  and  there  peering  above  the  walls.  Armorial 
bearings  and  architectural  ornaments,  of  what  we  call 
the  Tudor  age,  are  seen  on  the  fronts  of  almost  every 
house ;  and  to  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  hi*- 

r2 


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244  LYCIA. 

story  of  the  middle  ages,  the  castle  where  the  last  re- 
sistance and  surrender  was  made,  and  the  tower  under 
which  sixteen  thousand  Turks  fell  before  it  yielded  to 
their  sway,  illustrate  perfectly  the  scenes  and  events 
recorded.  Many  dates  are  on  the  walls,  blended  with 
gothic  ornaments  generally  of  about  the  tenth  century. 
The  rocks  alone  point  out  the  site  of  the  famed  Colossus 
at  the  entrance  of  the  smaller  harbour.  I  found  oi\e  or 
two  pedestals  worked  up  in  modern  buildings,  which 
show  marks  of  Greek  art  in  their  heads  and  festoons, 
and  in  the  well-cut  inscriptions,  but  no  other  trace  of 
the  ancient  Greeks  was  discoverable. 

AYZANAPOYAYZANAPOY 
XAAKHTAKAITAZrVNAIKOZ 
KAEAINIAOZKAAAIKIATIAA 
KPYAZZIAOZ  * 

PYPrOZ 
AilPKIZNOZ  t 

The  present  town  within  the  walls  is  thickly  inha- 
bited, but  the  mass  of  the  Frank  population  reside  in  its 

*  Translation. — "  [The  tomb  ?]  of  Lysander,  the  son  of  hjwader, 
a  citizen  of  Chalce,  and  of  his  wife  Glesnis,  the  daughter  of  Callicra- 
sides,  a  citizen  of  Cryassa." 

Published  by  Boeckh  (No.  2553)»  who  remarks,  that  both  the  little 
island  of  Chalce,  or  Chalcia»  and  the  town  Cryassa  in  Caria»  were  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Rhodians. 

t  Translation "  The  tower  [tomb  ?]  of  Dorco." 


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RHODES.  245 

environs^  each  having  his  house  within  a  high-walled 
garden.  The  Greek  inhabitants  far  outnumber  all  the 
rest.  There  are  also  many  Jews,  who  are  each  night 
locked  within  their  own  quarters  of  the  town. .  Con- 
siderable excitement  prevails  at  present  against  this 
people,  owing  to  a  story  of  a  Greek  boy  having  been 
killed  as  a  sacrifice  to  satisfy  some  of  their  superstitions. 
The  case  is  now  pending,  but  no  Jew  passes  without  the 
hoot  or  howl  of  the  Greeks :  the  justice  of  the  Porte  was 
shown  on  the  first  hearing  of  this  afiair,  by  its  ordering 
three  of  each  party,  Jew  and  Greek,  to  repair  to  Con- 
stantinople and  give  all  the  information  they  could,- 
promising  at  the  same  time  that  the  most  impartial  and 
strict  inquiry  should  be  made  into  the  case. 

The  Turks  have  a  strong  garrison  here,  and  perhaps 
it  may  be  more  required  than  in  other  parts  I  have 
visited.  Rhodes  has  seen  many  changes,  and  the  great 
bulk  of  its  inhabitants  being  aliens,  it  may  not  impro- 
bably experience  many  more.  The  island  has  forty 
villages,  and  produces  much  fruit  of  all  kinds;  the 
peasantry  are  Greek,  and  if  allowed  the  privileges  prof- 
fered by  the  new  Firman,  they  may  cultivate  the  soil 
most  profitably :  the  produce  has  hitherto  been  seized 
sd  capriciously,  that  the  ground  was  only  tilled  for  a 
sufficiency  to  supply  the  inhabitants.  A  steampacket 
now  touches  at  this  island  more  than  once  in  the  month, 
on  its  way  from  Smyrna  to  Beyrout.  Our  hospitable  but 
unpaid  Vice-consul,  Mr.  Wilkinson,  rendered  me  every 
information  in  his  power,  but  could  give  no  tidings  of 


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246  LYCIA. 

the  Beacon  ship.  At  noon,  on  the  day  of  our  arrival 
(the  13th  of  May),  we  were  again  in  our  boat  to  re- 
turn, and  in  four  hours  were  nearly  within  the  bay  of 
Macry.  The  breeze,  which  drove  us  on  so  quickly,  was 
too  fresh,  and  with  a  crash  the  foremast  snapped  off 
just  above  the  deck.  With  on^  sail  only  we  made  but 
little  way,  and  the  land-breeze  sprung  up  before  we 
could  reach  our  point.  For  nearly  twenty  hours  we 
made  scarcely  any  way,  suffering  much  from  the  broil- 
ing sun,  and  paddling  along  with  the  feeble  oars  of 
the  idle  Greek  sailors.  At  two  o'clock,  on  the  14th  of 
May,  we  were  again  on  terra  firma^  and  experiencing 
the  insufferably  oppressive  and  stagnant  air  of  the  bay 
of  Macry. 

A  striking  contrast  in  character  between  the  Greek 
and  Turk  is  seen  in  the  sailors.  The  Greek  will  put 
out  to  sea  even  in  a  brisk  breeze,  and  work  his  boat 
with  activity ;  but  should  the  gale  increase  to  a  storm, 
he  will  quit  the  helm  and  leave  the  vessel  adrift,  to 
repeat  his  prayers  and  cries  of  despair.  The  Turk,  on 
the  contrary,  shows  his  fear  in  the  first  instance :  he 
will  never  put  to  sea  unless  under  the  most  favourable 
circumstances;  but  should  an  unforseeen  stonn  arise, 
he  is  as  unmoved  as  in  the  calm,  apparently  ready  to 
meet  his  fate  at  his  post,  displaying  a  moral  courage 
unknown  to  the  Greek. 

May  1 5th. — We  have  today  ridden  for  two  hours 
southward,  to  the  village  called  by  the  Greeks  Lavisse, 
and  by  the  Turks  Tuslee,  a  name  which  signifies  '  stone 


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CARMYLESSUS.  247 

village/  The  first  hour's  ride  was  along  a  zigzag 
path  up  the  steep  mountain  side  at  the  back  of  Tel- 
messus,  and  then  down  a  considerable  descent  into  a 
hi^ly-cultivated  plain :  the  latter  is  divided  into  gar- 
dens, most  of  which  have  summerhouses  or  shelter 
from  the  sim,  and  each  with  walled  fences.  The  town 
of  Lavisse  consists  of  about  three  or  four  hundred 
hpnses,  well  built,  and  entirely  occupied  by  Greeks: 
ftom  its  commanding  situation  and  the  remains  of  a 
few  tombs,  I  judge  that  it  may  probably  be  the  site  of 
a  small  ancient  town,  perhaps  Cissidae.  Rising  from 
this  plain  in  all  directions,  on  the  bare  rocks,  are  seen 
scattered  huts,  mostly  belonging  to  the  Turks ;  one  of 
these  groups  is  formed  by  the  establishment  of  the  Aga 
and  a  small  mosque.  Macry  is  the  port  or  scala  of  this 
place,  and  it  is  here  that  the  post  is  conducted,  and  all 
official  business.  Skirting  the  plain  we  passed  through 
Lavisse,  and  over  a  hill  to  the  sea-coast,  in  order  to 
examine  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  supposed  to  be 
Carmylessus,  situated  principally  upon  an  island  and 
partly  along  .the  coast.  After  an  hour's  walk  however, 
in  the  burning  sun,  we  were  disappointed  at  finding 
that  the  only  boat  which  the  coast  supplies  had  just 
put  to  sea  for  Kastelorizo.  Delighted  with  the  wild 
grandeur  of  the  rugged  scenery,  we  walked  back  to  La- 
visse, and  for  two  hours  sat  under  the  welcome  shade  of 
its  luxuriant  trees,  surrounded  by  a  number  of  Greeks, 
all  apparently  wealthy,  and  with  talent  to  increase  their 
riches.    I  purchased  several  coins  of  the  country,  and 


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248  LYCIA. 

have  no  doubt  that  these  people  possess  many  which 
would  be  valued  for  their  rarity  in  Europe.  The  in- 
trinsic value  of  the  metal  seemed  the  price  expected  for 
the  silver  coins.  I  hope  that  some  which  I  have  col- 
lected in  Lycia  may  prove  useful  in  illustrating  the  lost 
histdrj^  of  the  country. 

May  16<A. — ^We  have  once  more  escaped  from  the 
suffocating  air  of  Macry,  and  are  now  at  the  bridge  of 
the  Xanthus.  The  season  is  getting  too  hot  to  travel 
for  pleasure;  we  are  therefore,  like  the  inhabitants  of 
the  deserted  village  of  Satalacooe  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river,  upon  our  way  to  the  Yeeilassy.  Our  route 
is  the  same  as  that  by  which  we  descended  a  few  days 
ago,  and  we  intend  afterwards  to  proceed  as  far  as  we 
can  toward  Smyrna  by  the  high  lands,  passing  over 
the  country  between  Lycia  and  Mount  Cadmus ;  at  all 
events  it  will  be  cool  travelling,  and  the  route  is  novel 
to  Europeans.  Enjoying  the  independence  of  a  tent 
and  horses,  our  wants  are  limited  to  firewood,  water 
and  grass  for  the  horses ;  the  latter,  I  fear,  will  be  the 
most  difficult  to  procure  in  the  yet  wintry  region  of  the 
high  lands.  I  have  long  wished  for  this  excursion,  but 
could  gain  no  information  as  to  its  practicability:  hav- 
ing, however,  when  on  the  Yeeilassies,  noticed  the  di- 
rection of  the  several  ranges  of  mountains,  I  resolved 
to  explore  the  country  further,  and  expect  to  be  able  to 
lay  down  a  map  for  future  travellers. 

May  18tA. — ^We   travelled   yesterday   nearly  thirty 
miles,  for  most  of  the  way  ascending  from  the  valley 


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TAURUS  MOUNTAINS.  249 

of  the  Xanthus ;  today  we  have  proceeded  thirty-four 
miles  toward  the  N.N.E.,  over  a  district  elevated  more 
than  four  thousand  feet  ahove  the  sea,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  population,  industriously  employed  in  cul- 
tivating an  excellent  corn  country :  immense  plains 
of  young  wheat  look  most  promising.  There  are  very 
few  villages,  the  peasants  living  during  their  short 
season  here  in  tents.  This  district  loses  much  of  the 
beauty  we  have  so  long  seen,  from  having  but  few  trees, 
and  from  the  want  of  variety  in  the  kinds.  The  arbor 
vit(By  or  spreading  Cyprus,  alone  grows  on  the  hills; 
and  here  and  there  on  the  plain  a  wild  pear-tree,  at 
this  season  scarcely  showing  its  leaf,  only  reminds  us 
of  the  absence  of  more  beautiful  trees. 

Our  tent  is  pitched  on  the  north  of  the  range  of 
high  mountains  which  separates  Lycia  from  Caria  and 
Phrygia,  and  is  described  by  Pliny  as  a  part  of  the 
Taurus,  ending  in  the  west  at  Dsedala.  Last  night  we 
pitched  our  tent  on  the  north  side  of  the  plain  of  Satala- 
yeeilassy,  the  village  lying  to  the  eastward.  In  crossing 
the  plain,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  great  tributary  stream 
to  the  Xanthus  which  I  mentioned  before,  we  observed 
several  columns  and  ornamented  stones,  of  the  Corin- 
thian order,  and  evidently  on  their  original  site.  These 
have  probably  belonged  to  a  temple,  but  not  of  a  very 
early  Greek  date.  A  little  further  on  was  another  pile 
of  squared  stones — some  carved  into  cornices  and  den- 
tiled  ;  and  in  the  Turkish  burial-grounds,  which  were 
scattered  over  the  valley,  many  remains  of  sculptured 


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250  LYCIA. 

white  marble  showed  that  the  rains  of  some  ancient 
city  were  not  far  distant.  An  imperfect  inscription, 
ill-cut  upon  a  column,  indicated  by  the  form  of  the 
characters  a  late  date,  probably  Christian. 

AP€AirON€iiAnTTINoPrET 
rBY€rOU)TAN€CIMO    €T 

MAMLOMM 
JUXnOKM 

MMOUUk 

AOPGAKrAJTrmOAAJ^JI 
IKA€l€TPO^*rCIA€ 
AIAXI 

Several  pedestals,  with  figures  in  bas-relief,  also 
showed  a  state  of  art  more  of  the  Byzantine  than  of 
an  early  Greek  age — how  different  to  the  simplicity 
and  beauty  of  the  works  we  have  generally  found  in 
Lycia  I 

I  am  inclined  to  draw  a  line  of  separation  between 
the  ancient  Lycians  and  the  Greeks  who  succeeded 
them,  by  the  peculiarity  shown  in  their  architecture, 
sculpture  and  language:  these  indications  of  the  Ly- 
cians we  have  entirely  lost.  The  nature  of  the  country 
also  marks  a  strong  line  of  demarcation.  I  have  found 
DO  trace  of  the  Lycians  on  the  high  plains,  and  none 
more  northerly  than  Arycanda  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  promontory  formed  by  Lycia;  nor  have  I  discovered 
any  on  the  east  of  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  or  to 
the  north  of  Mount  Massicytus,  the  whole  country 


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TAURUS  MOUNTAINS.  251 

containing  traces  of  them  being  confined  to  the  south- 
west of  the  range  of  Massicytus,  and  to  the  south  of 
the  northern  chain  from  Dsedala.  I  find  no  rock-tombs 
or  gothic-formed  sarcophagi ,  no  Cyclopean  walls  or 
Lycian  characters,  in  the  cities  on  the  eastern  coast,  or 
east  of  limyra  and  Arycanda;  an  ill-designed  tablet 
which  I  observed  upon  a  rock  on  leaving  Almalee  was 
unworthy  of  the  Lycians,  and,  from  its  inscription,  may 
be  attributed  to  the  Mylians,  whose  country  extended 
over  that  region.  I  also  passed,  between  these  plains 
and  the  district  in  which  we  are  now  travelling,  a  na- 
tural barrier  of  mountains,  from  which  we  had  an  ex- 
tensive view  over  the  whole  of  the  west  of  Lycia;  this 
probably  divided  the  country  of  the  Mylians  from  that 
of  the  Cibyrates,  who  were  to  the  north  of  Mount 
Massicytus — a  conjecture  which  is  in  part  borne  out  by 
Strabo,  who  says  that  Tlos  was  situated  on  the  passage 
toward  the  country  of  the  Cibyrates. 

On  leaving  Lycia,  I  must  note  down  a  few  reflec- 
tions which  arise  from  considering  the  many  remains 
we  have  found  in  this  highly  interesting  province. 
History  assists  us  little  in  our  investigation  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  middle  ages,  in  connection  with  the  inha- 
bitants of  Lycia.  Of  its  eailiest  people  we  have  more 
correct  information  from  the  poems  of  Homer  and  the 
works  of  Herodotus ;  each  author  almost  claims  this 
district  as  his  native  country,  and  both  seem  to  have 
been  well  acquainted  with  the  poetic  legends  of  its  first 
inhabitants.     They  tell  of  Europa's  visit,  and  of  her 


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252  .  LYCIA. 

sons  possessing  the  country;  and  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  parts  of  the  Iliad  recount  the  history  of  the 
Lycian  heroes,  Sarpedon  and  Glaucus.  The  exploits 
of  Bellerophon/  and  the  tale  of  the  children  of  king 
Pandarus,  are  related  at  length ;  whilst  the  Chimsera, 
the  natural  peculiarities  and  beauty  and  fertility  of  the 
country  are  frequently  extolled. 

I  am  inclined  to  consider  almost  all  the  works  I 
have  termed  Lycian  as  belonging  to  this  age  and  that 
immediately  subsequent;  many  of  the  peculiar  sarco- 
phagi and  obelisk-monuments,  and  much  of  the  rock- 
architecture,  the  sculptures,  and  the  language,  as  also 
the  coins,  of  which  I  give  a  Plate  among  my  inscrip- 
tions, belong  to  this  period.  None  of  these  represent  any 
subject  which  can  be  called  Byzantine,  Roman,  or  even 
connected  with  the  known  history  of  Greece ;  the  sub- 
jects are  mythological,  historical,  or  domestic  scenes ; 
the  history  representing  the  earliest  legends  and  the 
renowned  feats  of  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war.  The 
nearest  parallel  to  the  domestic  scenes  appears  to  be  in 
the  Etruscan  paintings.  The  coins  to  which  I  refer  have 
upon  them  Bellerophon,  Pegasus,  the  Sphinx,  Pan,  and 
the  wild  beasts  of  the  country  ;  and  on  their  reverse  a 
triquetra,  an  unexplained  but  very  ancient  symbol,  in- 
termixed with  the  early  language  of  the  country. 

Herodotus  mentions  the  destruction  of  the  Lycians 
about  the  year  550  b.c*.     Probably  about  that  period, 

*  Croesus,  whose  reign  commenced  562  b.c,  succeeded  in  conquer- 
ing the  whole  of  the  province  of  Asia  Minor,  excepting  Lycia  and 


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TAURUS  MOUNTAINS.  253 

and  afterwards,  the  Graeco-Lycian  coins  appeared,  with 
the  head  and  emblems  of  Apollo,  names  of  the  country, 
and  the  initials  of  the  several  cities  to  which  they  be- 
longed, in  Greek  characters;  these  are  known  for  almost 
all  the  cities  from  Massicytus  to  Ol3rmpus.  Patara, 
the  seat  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  Sidyma,  and  many 
other  cities,  appear  to  have  arisen  at  this  period,  and  I 
should  attribute  also  to  this  age  many  of  the  fragments 
of  sculpture  found  at  Xanthus.  History  tells  us  that 
the  Lycians  were  a  brave  and  warlike  people,  famed 
for  the  use  of  the  javelin  and  their  skill  in  archery: 
Xenophon  says  that  they  were  sought  to  join  the  army 
of  Cyrus  in  his  march  to  the  East ;  and  they  afforded 
great  assistance  in  the  expedition  of  Xerxes. 

After  this  period  the  country  became  a  colony  of 

Cilida,  which  never  became  subject  to  him.  In  the  reign  of  his  suc- 
cessor, Cyrus,  we  find  the  following  account  of  their  extinction  as  a 
nation :  "  When  Harpagus  led  his  army  toward  Xanthus,  the  Lycians 
boldly  advanced  to  meet  him,  and,  though  inferior  in  number,  behaved 
with  the  greatest  bravery.  Being  defeated,  and  pursued  into  their  city, 
they  collected  their  wives,  children,  and  valuable  effects  into  the  cita- 
del, and  then  consumed  the  whole  in  one  immense  fire.  They  after- 
wards, uniting  themselves  under  the  most  solemn  curses,  made  a  pri- 
vate sally  upon  the  enemy,  and  were  every  man  put  to  death.  Of 
those  who  now  inhabit  Lycia,  calling  themselves  Xanthians,  the  whole 
are  foreigners,  eighty  ^Eunilies  excepted ;  these  survived  the  calamity 
of  their  country,  being  at  that  time  absent  on  some  foreign  expedition. 
Thus  Xanthus  fell  into  the  hands  of  Harpagus ;  as  also  did  Caunus, 
whose  people  imitated,  almost  in  every  respect,  the  example  of  the 
LydxuB.'*— Herodotus,  Book  I.  c.  176. 


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254  LYCIA. 

Greece,  and  was  soon  subjected  to  Rome ;  its  history 
is  thenceforth  blended  with  that  of  the  rest  of  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  more  or  less  over-nm  by  a  Byzan- 
tine and  Christian  people.  The  very  little  that  has 
hitherto  been  known,  or  rather  surmised,  of  the  Lycian 
language,  appears  to  bear  out  this  idea  of  the  early 
history  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lycia.  The  character 
are  not  of  Greek,  but  probably  of  Phoenician  ori^n, 
and  the  root  of  the  language,  judging  from  many  of  the 
names  of  the  cities,  may  have  been  derived  also  from 
the  same  nation,  or  from  the  Hebrew,  which  appears  a 
natural  geographical  progression.  In  this  point  of  view, 
Lycia  is  to  me  of  the  highest  interest,  more  particularly 
from  the  extremely  early  works  of  a  people  whom,  for 
the  sake  of  distinction,  I  should  call  the  ancient  Ly- 
cians^  preceding  a  people  who  appeared  to  embrace  the 
language  and  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks,  and  became 
Greeco-Lycians. 

In  Plate  XXXVII.  I  have  added  to  the  coins  which 
I  brought  from  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  all  bearing 
the  Lycian  characters  that  are  known;  these  latter 
have  hitherto  been  left  in  the  uncertain  lists  of  coins, 
and  attributed  to  Cilicia.  This  I  have  done,  in  order  to 
make  my  collections  of  Lycian  inscriptions  more  per- 
fect, and  the  present  volume,  with  my  Journal  of  1838, 
will,  I  believe,  now  include  all  that  have  been  brought 
to  Europe.  These  coins,  which  are  probably  of  the 
cities  in  the  valley  of  the  Xanthus,  but  certainly  Lycian, 
bear  marks  of  high  antiquity,  both  in  their  manufac- 


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TAURUS  MOUNTAINS.  255 

tvire  and  devices.  Of  the  twenty-two  reverses,  I  observe 
that  one  represents  Pan,  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  gods, 
and  supposed  to  be  first  introduced  from  Egypt :  one 
has  upon  it  a  sphinx ;  six  have  figures  of  lions  and 
bulls,  which  may  refer  to  Europa ;  four  represent  Pega- 
sus ;  one,  a  horse  (which  may  relate  to  the  exploits  of 
Bellerophon),  and  one  a  naked  man:  the  remaining 
eight  have  each  the  skin  of  a  lion's  head.  Other  coins 
which  I  have  found  in  the  country,  representing  wild 
boars  (Plate  XXXIV.  Nos.  3  and  4),  may  probably  be 
also  of  this  date.  In  these  coins  we  find  no  trace  of 
Apollo,  Diana,  Jupiter,  Hercules,  or  Ceres,  so  univer- 
sally honoured  in  this  country  at  a  later  period,  about 
the  fifth  century  b.c,  nor  any  trace  of  a  head  indi- 
cating the  coins  of  the  Roman  ages.  This  I  think  is 
strong  evidence  of  the  antiquity  of  the  early  inhabi- 
tants, derived  from  their  coins  ;  the  bas-reliefs  afibrd  a 
similar  evidence. 


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256 


CHAPTER  XII. 

Ghile-Hissd  Ovassy — ^A  large  Lake — Ancient  River  Calbis — ^Extensive 
Plains — Carreeuke — Its  Bazaar — Price  of  Cattle — Customs  of  the 
People — ^Denizlee— ^Its  Inhabitants — Change  of  Law — Laodiceia — 
Hierapolis^Retum  to  Sm3nma. 

May  19<A. — ^After  winding  through  a  series  of  moun- 
tain-tops, slightly  raised  above  the  plain  we  had  tra- 
versed, we  suddenly  arrived  at  an  extensive  and  culti- 
vated country,  bounded  by  Mount  Cadmus  or  Baba- 
dah  on  the  north.  This  large  and  highly  productive 
district  is  called  6ule-hiss<f  Ovassy,  or  ^  Rose-castle 
Valley,'  which  is  left  entirely  blank  on  all  our  maps. 
I  already  observe  much  cultivation,  several  rivers,  and 
many  villages  dotted  over  the  wide  extent  of  country 
before  us. 

Hoomarhoosharry. — ^We  have  moved  twenty-five  miles 
northward,  and  have  made  but  little  apparent  progress 
over  this  extensive  valley,  which  all  bears  the  same 
name.  Immediately  over  the  brow  of  a  little  hill,  on 
leaving  our  tent,  we  were  surprised  at  finding  a  vil- 
lage, and  before  it  a  highly  picturesque  and  extensive 


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GULE-HISSi  OVASSY.  257 

lake,  into  which  ran  out  a  promontory,  terminated  by 
a  craggy  rock,  upon  which  appeared  to  be  some  ruins 
of  a  castle ;  this  may  have  given  the  name  to  the  whole 
district ;  the  lake  is  called  Gule-hissa  Gouluh.  A  few 
huts  at  the  foot  of  the  castle-rock  are  called  Oloo- 
boonar-cooe,  meaning  ^  Dead-water  Village.'  Skirting 
the  lake,  close  under  the  cliff  of  the  mountains,  we  found 
large  covered  sheds,  in  which  is  held  the  great  market 
or  bazaar ;  this  spot  was  called  Bazaar-cooe.  In  the 
burial-grounds  around  were  many  remains  of  columns, 
pedestals,  and  sculptured  white  marble,  but  all  in  a  late 
and  not  pure  style. 


I  copied  the  following  inscription  from  a  pedestal 


AYKIACWKPATOY 
APnCIUTHIAIA 
RAIAICKHMNH 
MHC€N€K€N  * 


*  Transktian. — "  Lycia,  [the  daughter  ?]  of  Socrates,  to her 

own  dear  child,  for  the  sake  of  remembrance." 


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258  PHRYGIA. 

In  about  an  hour  we  crossed  a  considerable  river, 
running  toward  the  north  from  the  range  of  moun- 
tains to  the  south-east,  and  continued  our  way  over  a 
plain  of  rich  soil,  entirely  cultivated  with  com,  which 
was  just  springing  out  of  the  ground.  About  fifteen 
miles  on  our  way  the  soil  became  lighter,  and  was  filled 
with  stones  of  igneous  rocks.  For  the  next  ten  miles 
we  entered  quite  a  different  region  ;  barren  hills,  which 
we  crossed,  protruded  into  this  part  of  the  valley,  while 
the  river  wound  around  their  bases.  The  whole  of  these 
were  quite  distinct  from  the  high  mountains  of  lime- 
stone rising  above  them,  and  had  all  been  deposited  at 
their  feet  amidst  running  waters;  the  same  power  is 
now  again  washing  them  away,  although  they  consist  of 
rolled  fragments  of  volcanic  stones,  cemented  strongly 
together  with  a  deposit  of  lime.  This  pudding-stone 
rock  stands  out  in  most  grotesque  forms,  and  often 
in  thin  shelves  from  the  face  of  the  rocks;  upon  which 
our  road  ran.  Beyond  these  rocks  were  a  series  of 
barren  hills,  the  arid  soil  not  even  producing  a  tree. 
A  few  bushes  of  the  little  oak-shrub  are  all  that  find 
root  on  this  sandy  district,  but  on  our  left  beyond 
the  river,  whose  course  we  still  followed  toward  the 
north,  the  soil  was  apparently  good,  and  green  with 
corn-fields. 

A  considerable  and  permanent  stream  crossed  our 
road  on  its  way  to  the  river  in  the  plain.  This  great 
river,  which  rises  in  the  south-east,  is,  I  find,  the  ancient 
Calbis,  the  modern  DoUomon-chi,  which  we  had  crossed 


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GULE.HISS-4   OVASSY.  259 

with  Buch  difficulty  above  a  hundred  miles  below,  and 
within  ten  miles  of  its  mouth. 

This  village  of  Hoomarhoosharry  stands  upon  the 
plain,  or  rather  on  a  bay  out  of  the  great  plain,  and  has 
the  peculiarities  of  such  agricultural  places.  The  moun- 
tainous character  of  the  houses  has  changed,  and  mud 
walls  and  ditches  have  supplanted  the  fences  of  trees 
and  thorns.  Plat-topped  mud  houses,  and  a  number  of 
poles  for  drawing  water  from  the  deep  wells,  were  the 
features  of  this  little  village,  in  which  all  our  wants 
were  soon  supplied  with  fowls,  eggs,  and  milk.  I  was 
amused  at  seeing  here,  as  I  had  formerly  done  in  the 
northern  parts  of  Anatoha,  agricultural  implements  of 
the  most  ancient  forms  retained  in  use — **  the  threshing 
instrument  having  teeth,"  mentioned  by  Isaiah'**',  and  the 
plough  and  carts  described  by  the  earliest  classic  writers. 
Rising  from  the  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  surrounding 
hills,  was  the  village  of  Tourtakar,  and  about  half  way 
up  the  craggy  mountain  were  some  ruins  of  an  ancient 
city.  We  were  told  that  several  marble  sarcophagi  and 
columns,  used  now  at  the  mouth  of  the  wells,  had  been  I 

brought  from  the  '*  old  castles,"  but  that  all  the  build- 
ings had  fallen  down.  We  could  see  the  ruins  of  a 
city,  with  extensive  walls,  high  up  in  the  mountain,  but 
the  intense  heat  of  the  weather  and  the  fatigue  of 
travelling  made  us  satisfied  with  this  information,  and 
we  arranged  to  proceed  on  our  route  at  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning. 

*  See  Appendix  to  my  .Journal  of  1838. 

s2 


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260  PHRYGIA. 

May  20th. — Although  we  have  travelled  all  day,  we 
have  only  reached  this  place,  a  distance  of  thirty-five 
miles,  and  have  just  light  left  to  enahle  us  to  review 
the  whole  line  of  our  route.  The  tent  is  pitched  at  the 
northern  end  of  this  wonderful  valley,  or  rather  ele- 
vated plain;  for  I  find  we  are  still  higher  than  the 
Yeeilassy  of  Satala-cooe :  the  thermometer  indicates  an 
altitude  of  ahove  five  thousand  feet.  Looking  toward 
the  south,  the  plain  is  hounded  hy  the  range  of  snow 
mountains  which  forms  the  harrier  of  Lycia,  running 
from  Daedala  to  the  Taurus  range  in  Pamphylia.  On 
the  right  is  another  fine  snow-capped  range,  from  Cad- 
mus at  our  hack,  and  extending  as  far  as  Moolah  in 
the  south-west*-  On  the  left  are  the  high  craggy  cliffs 
among  which  the  Calbis  takes  its  rise,  and  behind 
which  lies  Pamphylia.  The  high  lands  within  these 
mountain-chains  form  a  part  of  Phrygia. 

Soon  after  leaving  Hoomarhoosharry,  which  we  did 
by  moonlight  this  morning,  we  passed  the  village  of  Yoo- 
mahoodas,  situated  at  the  foot  of  some  stupendous  cliffs, 
under  which  our  road  lay  for  two  or  three  hours.  The 
eagles  were  soaring  around  their  nests,  and  the  singular 

*  In  my  map,  the  coast  of  which  is  made  from  the  chart  just  re- 
ceived by  the  Admiralty,  a  great  change  will  be  observed  near  the 
ancient  Cnidus.  By  the  ancient  survey  the  gulf  is  found  to  extend 
above  twenty  miles  further  eastward  than  hitherto  known,  and  the 
isthmus  was  equally  erroneous  in  its  form.  In  consequence  of  this 
discovery.  Moolah  is  found  to  be  near  to  the  sea,  and  I  should  suggest 
that  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Pedassis. 


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GULE-HISS^   OVASSY.  261 

cackling  of  the  red-ducks,  which  also  huild  in  the  lof- 
tiest peaks  of  the  rocks,  often  attracted  our  attention  to 
these  giddy  heights ;  the  call  of  the  partridge  was  fre- 
quent in  the  little  tufts  around  us.    Long  before  daylight 
the  plain  on  our  left  was  alive  with  the  yokes  of  oxen 
dragging  the  plough,  and  a  kind  of  rake,  which  seems 
to  be  used  here  instead  of  the  bunch  of  thorns  more 
general  in  the  country;  this  probably  arises  from  the 
scarcity  of  trees,  for  the  whole  plain  produces  nothing 
but  the  wild  pear,  which  is  dotted  over  the  land,  afford- 
ing little  shade,  but  forming  a  good  post  for  the  cattle. 
In  every  direction  along  this  extensive  flat,  we  saw 
lines  of  people  travelling  in  the  cool  of  the  morning, 
mostly  upon  asses,  toward  one  point,  which  was  also 
our  destination, — the  village  of  Carreeuke.     At  this 
place  is  held  a  great  bazaar :  thousands  of  gaily  dressed 
people  were  assembled  under  and  around  two  immense 
covered  sheds  ;  all  seemed  busied  with  their  sales  and 
purchases.     The  gay-coloured  shoe-mart  and  the  beau- 
tiful carpets  and  loigs  were  the  most  striking  features. 
The  women  in  this  valley,  although  Turks,  do  not  veil 
themselves;    a  number  were   assembled   under  some 
trees,  away  from  the  bustle  of  the  fair,  and  in  the  only 
shade  that  we  saw ;  under  this  we  proposed  to  bait  and 
have  our  breakfast.     I  feared  that  a  command  from  our 
Cavass  was  the  cause  of  the  women  quitting  the  sliade, 
for  our  convenience,  but  on  inquiry  I  found  that  a 
woman  who  lived  in  an  adjoining  hut  or  shed  claimed 
this  shade  for  her  customers,  for  whom  she  made  coffee. 


' 


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262  PHRYGIA. 

and  took  charge  of  their  horses.  We  therefore  pur* 
chased  from  her  some  firewood  and  eggs,  and  with  a 
present  amply  repaid  her  for  the  use  of  the  scanty 
shade  of  a  few  wild  pear-trees. 

The  authority  of  the  Cavass  kept  the  wondering 
people  at  a  distance,  otherwise  we  should  have  been 
surrounded  by  the  hundreds  who  passed  us  on  their  way 
from  the  market.  We  spoke  with  some  few  of  these, 
asking  ordinary  questions  connected  with  their  voca- 
tions, and  I  was  surprised  to  find  that  the  beautiful  little 
cattle  used  for  ploughing  were  sold  at  so  low  a  price ; 
four-year-old  oxen,  fat  enough  to  kill,  were  purchased 
for  eighty,  ninety,  or  a  hundred  piastres ;  the  latter 
price  being  less  than  a  pound  of  our  money.  A  cow 
and  calf  were  sold  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  piastres, 
and  excellent  horses  for  two  hundred  and  fifty.  The 
Turks  often  dispose  of  their  things  by  auction,  and  this 
sale  has  a  peculiarity  unknown  to  us :  the  lot  is  put 
up,  and  competition  ensues,  the  last  bidder  being  the 
purchaser :  but  he  gives  only  the  price  ofiered  by  the 
preceding  bidder,  his  further  advance  merely  indicating 
his  anxiety  to  possess  the  lot.  The  tenure  on  which 
the  land  is  held  by  the  cultivator  is  by  no  means  op- 
pressive ;  one-seventh  of  the  produce  is  claimed  by  the 
governor  of  the  district,  as  satisfaction  for  the  rent,  tax, 
and  all  charges  whatsoever. 

Our  European  costume  was  not  here  the  novelty  I 
expected ;  in  the  fair  were  two  or  three  Greeks  similarly 
attired ;  they  were  dealers  iu  leeches,  and  the  singular- 


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GULE-HISS^'  OVASSY.  263 

ity  of  their  trade  deserves  notice.  The  introduction  of 
strangers,  and  especially  of  intelligent  Greeks,  may 
hereafter  add  to  our  knowledge  of  these  hitherto  un- 
visited  parts.  Three  or  four  years  ago  the  trade  in 
leeches  was  scarcely  known,  except  for  the  use  of  the 
village ;  this  inhabitant  of  the  swamp  has  now  become 
an  important  contributor  to  the  revenue  of  the  Sultan. 
Two  years  ago  I  met  an  Italian  collecting  and  shipping 
them  from  Adalia,  undisturbed  by  any  law :  from  that 
time  the  privilege  of  buying  them  from  the  peasants 
has  been  farmed  out  by  the  Sultan,  and  several  com- 
panies of  merchants  in  Constantinople  purchase  certain 
districts  for  the  year,  and  send  agents  round  to  buy  up 
the  collections  at  such  prices  as  he  may  agree  upon  with 
the  people.  The  agent  here  said  that  his  employers 
had  given  a  sum  equal  to  fifteen  thousand  pounds  for 
this  district,  which  I  found  extended  over  almost  the 
whole  track  we  had  traversed.  How  strange  that  two 
such  important  trades  as  that  in  leeches  and  gall-nuts 
should  have  their  origin  in  such  minute  productions 
of  the  animal  world !  Many  vessels  are  freighted  to 
America  and  all  parts  of  Europe  with  leeches  only,  and 
in  almost  every  steamboat  I  have  observed  that  a  great 
part  of  its  cargo  consisted  of  these  animals,  which  are 
the  constant  care  of  the  merchants  accompanying  them, 
as  they  frequently  require  ventilation  in  the  hold  of 
the  vessel.  The  trade  is  a  great  speculation,  and  the 
calculation  is  made  upon  the  loss  of  an  immense  pro- 
portion of  the  stock.     The  capture,  transport,  and  cal- 


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264  PHRYGIA. 

culated  mortality  bring  to  my  mind  the  treatment  of 
the  Negroes. 

In  my  former  Journal  I  attempted  to  describe  the 
peculiarities  of  a  Turkish  market ;  the  animation  and 
gaiety  of  the  scene  can  scarcely  be  over-drawn.  The 
present  one  had  the  additional  effect  of  animals  grazing 
for  a  mile  around  in  every  direction — camels,  horses, 
and  asses.  I  should  estimate  the  number  of  the  latter 
useful  animals  (for  almost  every  man  had  his  ass)  at 
not  less  than  two  thousand;  the  camels  generally  bore 
merchandize  for  sale.  At  noon  a  crier  proclaimed  the 
market  to  be  ended,  and  all  the  people  gradually  de- 
parted ;  some  to  very  distant  places,  but  most  to  the 
various  villages  skirting  this  extensive  plain. 

For  some  distance  round  the  village  of  Carreeuke,  as 
well  as  built  into  the  walls  of  its  mosques,  were  many 
sculptured  remains  and  fragments  of  inscriptions,  but 
all  appeared  to  be  of  a  late  Greek  date ;  some  had 
patterns  showing  a  fanciful  taste,  but  not  of  a  simple 
or  pure  age.  I  copied  the  two  following  from  the  wall 
of  the  mosque : 

MOYAniONZ 
NUNOCYIONKYPCINA 
TPY*U)NAM€rANANTW 
NIANONAPXICPEATHCA 
OIAEXEIAIAPXHCANTA 
KAirENOMENONEHA 
XONCnEIPHCnPWTHC 
OYAniACrAAATWNEN 
n  ACIN  n  P  WTONTHCnO 


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GULE-HISS^  OVASSY.  265 

AEUCTEKAITHCEnAPXE 
ACTON€Y€Pr€THNTHC 
nATPIAOCHBOYAHKAlO 

AHMOC/rri^HN/iANACTA 

CINnOIHCA/iMENHC 
ANTUNIACAPICTHCAA 
AIAAHCTHCErrONHCAYTOY 
EKTUNIAIUN  * 

MOYNANIZAnOA 

AOZnAEYlOY 

NHAHAIXOIAAAH 

.JZEA^OIEKAI 
ilOZTEKNAAnOA 

/iKAinpnTinNi 

ilTPOAErAPEIA 

JZnZAMNEYt 

The  soil  of  the  plain  as  we  approached  Carreeuke  be- 
came very  light  and  arid,  and  the  crops  consequently 
less  promising ;  not  a  stone  was  to  be  seen,  the  wide 
dusty  track  of  the  road  showed  a  white  sandy  soil,  and 
the  earth  sounded  hollow  beneath  the  horses'  feet :  no 
riyers  or  streams  are  seen  near  this  end  of  the  valley. 
The  whole  was  explained  by  a  deep  ditch  cut  across  our 

*  DroHslatioM. — "M.  Ulpiua  Trypho,  the  son  of  Zeno,  of  the  tribtu 
Quirina,  the  great  Antooinian  [?],  high-priest  of  Asia  [?],  who  had 
been  a  military  tribune  and  comnutnder  of  the  first  cohort  of  Oalatians, 
the  Ulpian,  who  is  the  first  of  all  men  in  the  town  and  the  province, 
and  a  benefoctor  of  his  native  country ;  [him]  the  Council  and  the 
People  [have  honoured].  Antonia  Ariste  Ladilla  [?].  his  grand- 
daughter, having  erected  [the  statue]  at  her  own  txpeaae." 

t  This  appears  to  be  a  firagment  of  a  funereal  inseription. 


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266  PHRYGIA. 

path :  the  soil  was  precisely  similar  to  that  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  plains  on  the  tahle-lands  of  Phrygia  forming 
the  centre  of  Asia  Minor — fragments  of  pumice  and 
other  volcanic  dust,  united  by  the  deposits  of  lime, 
making  a  spongy  porous  earth  totally  unfit  for  vege- 
tation: time  and  exposure  to  the  air  had  coated  the 
surface  with  more  mixed  soil,  and  upon  this  a  scanty 
crop  is  produced.  On  approaching  the  hills,  the  soil  is 
far  better,  and  during  a  short  season  in  the  year  (for 
the  snows  have  only  disappeared  within  the  last  three 
weeks)  this  district  must  contribute  an  important  part 
to  the  produce  of  the  country. 

Leaving  Carreeuke,  and  proceeding  toward  the  north, 
we  passed  on  our  right,  successively,  Yarseer,  Gew- 
moos-cooe,  Ghiassar,  and  Seechalik;  and  on  our  left, 
the  large  village  of  Koosil  Hissar,  nearly  at  the  north 
end  of  the  valley. 

May  22n(2,  Denizlee. — ^We  have  proceeded  about 
twenty-five  miles  north  of  our  encampment  last  night, 
on  leaving  which  spot  we  ascended  a  ridge  of  hills  for 
half  an  hour.  A  perfectly  new  and  splendid  view  then 
burst  upon  us,  and  showed  me  at  once  that  I  had  com- 
pleted a  circuit  in  my  travels,  as  I  now  recognized  be- 
fore me  the  peculiar  features  of  the  hills  of  Hierapolis 
and  the  valleys  of  the  Lycus  and  M seander.  On  the 
left,  and  close  to  us,  rose  Mount  Cadmus,  with  its 
snows ;  on  the  right,  a  mountain  almost  as  high,  and  of 
the  same  range,  called  by  the  Turks  Honas-dah  ;  before 
us  was  a  rich-looking  valley,  rapidly  descending  to  the 


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DENIZLEE.  267 

extended  plain  of  the  bed  of  the  Lycus  ;  beyond  this 
rose  the  dark  mountains  of  the  Catacecanmene,  from 
which  the  Mseander  flows  to  the  valley  of  the  Lycus. 

Viewed  even  at  a  distance,  the  peculiar  geological 
features  of  this  district  are  apparent:  afar  off  we  di- 
stinctly saw  the  white  patches  deposited  by  the  waters 
of  Hierapolis,  and  giving  origin  to  the  Turkish  names 
Pambook  or  Tambook  Kallasy — signifying  Cotton  or 
Pall  Castle ;  and  beneath  us  extended  the  bare  range 
of  sand-hills  flanking  the  mountain  on  the  southern 
side  of  the  valley,  and  in  which  Laodicea  is  situated. 
The  wasting  hills  down  which  our  course  lay  were  very 
similar  to  those  in  the  parallel  but  wider  valley  of  the 
Mosynus,  the  mass  being  generally  composed  of  frag- 
ments, principally  volcanic,  united  by  aqueous  deposits. 
Some  of  these  deposits  give  a  singular  and  beautiful 
appearance  to  the  soil,  changing  as  abruptly  as  the 
strata  at  Alum  Bay  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  varying 
in  colour  sometimes  from  the  deepest  crimson  to  a 
delicate  pink,  at  others  deepening  from  the  pale  yellow 
of  sulphur  to  the  rich  brown  of  umber.     Small  streams 
cut  deep  into  these  sandy  soils ;  and  we  often  saw  by 
our  path  rippling  waters  in  a  bed  scarcely  ten  feet 
wide,  and  at  a  depth  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet.     These 
streams  all  flow  to  the  richly-wooded  plain  in  which 
stands  the  large  town  of  Denizlee. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  place,  which  ranks  among 
the  largest  towns  in  Turkey,  we  saw  under  peculiar 
circumstances  ;  the  usually  peaceable  and  industrious 


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268  PHRYGIA. 

people  had  almost  all  deserted  the  town,  and  the  few 
who  were  left  had  shut  themselves  within  their  walls, 
and  with  closed  gates  were  waiting  the  attack  of  an 
enemy.  In  the  town  there  appeared  hut  little  power  of 
resistance ;  hut  all  the  hazaars  were  shut,  and  the  peo- 
ple seemed  watchful  and  uneasy. 

We  soon  learned  that  the  governor,  who  was  of  the 
old  school,  did  not  approve  the  new  system  of  govern- 
ment, and  had  levied  taxes  upon  the  district  contrary 
to  the  powers  of  his  Firman,  which  law  is  always  ac- 
cessible to  the  eye  of  the  people,  and  is  periodically 
read  to  them  in  public.  The  sum  demanded  of  the 
people  by  the  governor  was  double  the  amount  assigned 
by  the  Sultan :  they  had  remonstrated  in  vain,  and  at 
last  sent  a  statement  of  their  grievances  to  Constanti- 
nople, declaring  their  willingness  to  pay  any  sum  the 
Sultan  required.  The  deputation  was,  however,  way- 
laid by  the  servants  of  the  governor,  and  the  petition 
torn  to  pieces  before  their  faces.  This  illegal  conduct 
made  the  Turks  more  determined  to  be  heard:  the 
petition  was  again  written,  and  sent  guarded  by  a  thou- 
sand of  the  inhabitants.  The  governor,  anticipating  his 
certain  fate,  had  fled,  saying  that  he  was  going  to  the 
Pasha  for  soldiers,  and  would  return  and  punish  them. 
The  people,  from  the  justice  which  is  shown  to  all  ap- 
peals to  the  Sultan,  appeared  to  me  to  have  less  cause 
to  fear  the  threats  of  their  oppressor,  than  he  had  to 
dread  the  consequences  of  his  venturing  to  return. 
While  here,  we  have  heard  of  a  striking  instance  of  the 


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DENIZLEE.  269 

promptness  and  severity  of  the  punishment  inflicted 
upon  men  in  authority  for  acts  of  oppression.  Tahir 
Pasha,  the  generalissimo  of  all  the  Pashas  of  Anatolia, 
and  the  active-minded  king  of  Idin,  whom  we  saw  but 
two  months  ago  in  all  his  power,  has  oppressed  the 
people  of  some  villages  in  his  district,  probably,  among 
others,  the  village  of  Chi-cooe,  which  we  had  visited ;  he 
is  in  consequence  removed,  and  deprived  of  all  power 
and  honour,  thankful  to  have  his  life  and  liberty  spared 
and  live  as  a  private  man.  I  have  no  doubt  this  is  good 
policy;  by  a  bold  stroke  the  Sultan  has  removed  a  too- 
powerful  subject,  and  given  confidence  to  the  people  of 
his  sincerity  in  carrying  out  his  new  system,  a  principal 
feature  in  which  is  that  the  government  emanates  solely 
from  himself. 

Denizlee  has  few  early  ruins,  although  many  walls 
built  of  a  rough  conglomerate  of  stones  and  vegetable 
matter,  massed  together  by  lime,  are  scattered  about 
the  neighbourhood ;  portions  of  the  walls  of  the  town 
are  also  of  an  early  date,  but  these  are  all  much  later 
than  the  numerous  blocks,  columns,  and  fragments  of 
white  marble  seen  in  the  burial-grounds  and  in  every 
street,  which,  I  find,  are  all  brought  from  Laodicea, 
scarcely  an  hour's  distance  to  the  north :  we  propose  to 
proceed  thither  tomorrow. 

May  23r£2. — ^We  have  here  parted  with  our  Cavass, 
as  he  is  near  his  home,  and  his  horses  are  too  much 
jaded,  by  the  heat  of  the  weather  and  long  travel,  to 
proceed  further.    We  have  agreed  with  two  Turks  and 


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270  PHRYGIA. 

a  Greek  to  accompany  us  hence  to  Smyrna  in  five  days: 
the  price  we  pay  is  a  fixed  sum,  and  I  observe  in  our 
suite  an  extra  mule  loaded  with  packsaddles,  that  the 
whole  stud  may  return  with  merchandize  from  Smyrna. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  ruins  of  Laodicea  in  my  former 
Journal.  Two  years  ago,  as  I  approached  this  spot, 
nothing  was  seen  but  vultures  and  the  wild  and  soli- 
tary bustard ;  the  only  trace  of  man  was  a  few  chips  of 
marble  broken  from  the  ancient  columns  to  form  the 
gravestone  of  a  Turk.  How  changed  is  the  scene  now! 
Hundreds  of  peasants,  and  thousands  of  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  oxen  and  camels,  cover  the  ancient  city,  and 
continue  to  arrive  in  long  trains :  the  people  are  ac« 
tively  employed  in  pitching  their  tents,  while  the  cattle 
are  grazing  over  their  new  pastures.  These  pastoral 
people  migrate  from  the  valley ;  when  the  herbage  be- 
comes scanty  there,  the  whole  village  moves  into  the 
hills,  keeping  together,  the  better  to  protect  their  flocks 
from  the  wolves  and  other  animals. 

Crossing  the  valley  of  the  Lycus,  I  again  visited 
Hierapolis,  and  rambled  far  among  its  varied  and 
splendid  tombs ;  the  ruins  are  more  extensive  than  I 
had  fancied  on  my  previous  visit,  but  my  opinion  of 
them  remains  the  same.  I  copied  the  two  following 
inscriptions. 


TOirzEnArroiz 

TIlAHMXllXIOEAAIEYnO 
ZIANZEYZIEZEYEI 


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SMYRNA.  271 

AOrrOYMENEZTPATO 
MPXinATPIZIXIArOZANO 

M^rrAZEKnxiN  i  aixin  i 

ANEOHKE  ^ 

TOYTOTOHPnON 
ZTE^ANOI 
HEPrAZIATXlNBA^EXlN  t 

May  28<A,  Smyrna. — I  have  neglected  my  Journal 
during  the  last  five  days,  for  my  route  has  been  pre- 
cisely that  of  my  former  journey,  passing  down  the 
valley  of  the  Cogamus  to  Philadelphia,  Sardis,  and  on 
to  Cassabar.  The  season,  although  somewhat  later, 
afforded  the  same  display  of  fruit  and  flowers ;  the 
com  was  falling  to  the  sickle,  and  the  flowers  fading  to 
seed.  The  caravans  were  again  travelling  by  night  to 
avoid  the  heat-of  the  day,  a  mode  which  we  are  in  some 
degree  compelled  to  adopt,  by  starting  at  two  o'clock 
each  morning.  Passing  over  a  country  by  night  de« 
prives  the  traveller  of  the  pleasure  of  observation,  and 
substitutes  fatigue ;  on  this  account  alone  I  was  rejoiced 
at  the  termination  of  a  journey  so  pleasurable  in  itself, 
and  promising  to  afibrd  me  subjects  of  high  interest  for 
research  and  reflection  to  the  end  of  my  life. 

*  The  inscription  records  a  donation  made  to  the  GKkIs  and  the 
People  by  Zeuxis,  son  of  Zenxis. 
t  "  The  trade  of  the  Dyers  crowns  this  Heroum." 


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272 


SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


Discoveries  derived  from  the  elucidation  of  the  Lycian  Iiucriptionfi — 
Instractions  for  future  Travellers — ^Lists  and  Examination  of  Coins — 
List  of  Plants  collected  during  the  Journey. 

During  the  progress  of  the  former  part  of  this  volume 
through  the  press,  my  friend  Mr.  Daniel  Sharpe  has 
famished  me  with  some  interesting  results  arising  from 
his  examination  of  my  Lycian  inscriptions.  The  short 
time  that  has  elapsed  since  these  have  been  in  his 
hands  would  not  allow  of  a  more  perfect  elucidation ; 
but  the  discoveries  are  of  so  interesting  a  nature,  as 
connected  with  the  subject  of  this  work,  that  I  shall 
enumerate  some  of  the  leading  features  bearing  upon 
history  and  geography,  although  I  well  know  that  still 
more  will  ere  long  be  revealed.  I  must  refer  the  reader 
to  the  interesting  communication  from  Mr.  Sharpe, 
forming  Appendix  B. 
The  Lycian  characters  appear  at  present  to  be  pe- 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  273 

culiar  to  the  province*:  they  inclade  nearly  all  those 
letters  which  are  considered  to  have  formed  the  original 
Greek  alphabet ;  these  may  have  been  borrowed  from 
the  early  Greeks,  or  both  nations  may  have  derived 
them  from  a  common  source*  The  later  additions  to 
the  Greek  alphabet  are  not  found  in  the  Lycian,  but 
that  alphabet  has  several  peculiar  characters,  com- 
pleting the  series  of  long  and  short  vowels  which  are 
found  in  most  of  the  Eastern  languages. 

The  language  of  the  inscriptions  resembles  the  Zend, 
or  ancient  Persian,  more  nearly  than  any  other  with 
which  we  have  the  means  of  comparing  it ;  but  it  also 
contains  words  of  Semitic  origin;  these  have  not  af- 
fected the  structure  of  the  language,  which  is  thoroughly 
Indo-Germanic :  the  vicinity  of  the  country  of  Syria 
readily  accounts  for  some  mixture  of  the  language  of 
that  people  in  the  Lycian. 

It  may  be  remembered,  that  in  my  Journal  I  have 
frequently  noticed  peculiarities  in  the  arts  of  the  early 
inhabitants,  and  pointed  out  parallels  in  the  Persepo- 

*  In  the  Supplement  to  Walpole's  Travels,  are  publiflhed  some  in- 
scriptions copied  by  Mr.  Cockerell  on  the  Coast  of  Lycia,  in  the  cha- 
racters of  that  country,  and  one  said  to  have  been  copied  by  Captain 
Beaufort  in  Caria.  This  has  been  used  by  some  continental  philolo- 
gists as  an  evidence  of  the  language  having  extended  over  that  district 
also.  I  have  received  a  letter  from  Captain  Beaufort  since  my  return 
to  England,  in  which  he  says,  "  I  have  at  length  discovered  in  my  old 
journals  the  place  of  the  inscription  printed  in  Mr.  Walpole's  book, 
and  I  am  happy  to  tell  you  that  it  was  at  Telmessus,  and  therefore 
really  in  Lycia." 

T 


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274  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

litan  sculptures:  this  connection  is  farther  home  out 
hy  history.  Herodotus  says,  in  speaking  of  the  time  of 
the  Trojan  war  (book  i.  c.  4),  "It  is  to  be  observed, 
that  the  Persians  esteem  Asia,  with  all  its  various  and 
barbarous  inhabitants,  as  their  own  peculiar  possession, 
considering  Europe  and  Greece  as  totally  distinct  and 
unconnected."  Again,  in  book  iv.  c.  12,  we  find  about 
the  same  period  (during  the  reign  of  Ardyis),  that  "  the 
Greeks  had  no  settlement  in  Asia  Minor." 

The  Greek  writers  called  the  country  ixi  question  by 
the  general  name  of  Lycia,  which,  although  found  seve- 
ral times  in  the  Greek  part  of  the  inscription  on  the 
obelisk  at  Xanthus,  does  not  occur  in  the  Lycian  part 
of  the  same  inscription,  where  the  people  are  called 
Tramilse  ;  for  this  we  might  be  in  some  degree  prepared 
by  Herodotus,  who  says  that  they  were  formerly  called 
Termelse.  Stephanus  Byzantinus  calls  them  Termilae 
and  Tremilae. 

Being  enabled  to  read  the  characters,  we  find  that 
the  country  consisted  of  two  states  or  people,  the  Tra- 
melse  and  the  Trooes;  and  many  coins  bearing  the 
name  of  the  city  of  the  latter  people  are  given  in  the 
Plates  to  this  work.  I  feel  quite  certain,  from  the  geo- 
graphical position  and  importance  of  the  city  called  by 
the  Greeks  Tlos,  that  this  was  the  ancient  city  of  the 
Trooes :  the  frequent  change  of  the  P  to  a  A  is  known 
to  all  conversant  with  the  Greek  language.  We  thus 
have  the  capital  of  the  northern  portion  of  Lycia  named 
after  the  Trooes,  while   the  city  called  by  the  Greeks 


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SUPPLEMENTARY   CHAPTER.  275 

Xanthus  was  the  metropolis  of  the  Tramelae  in  the 
south. 

Reviewing  the  country  with  these  new  ideas,  I  might 
almost  separate  the  cities  of  these  former  people  from 
those  huilt  hy  the  colonists  from  Greece  at  an  after 
period,  probably  not  earlier  than  a  century  before  the 
time  of  Herodotus.     To  do  this  I  should  select  only 
those  places  in  which  I  have  observed  features  in  art 
peculiar  to  the  earliest  inhabitants,  for  in   many  the 
whole  design  of  the  city  is  purely  Greek,  although  the 
surrounding  rocks  afforded  natural  facilities  for  excava- 
tions, of  which  the  Lycians  always  availed  themselves. 
I  find  either  coins  or  mention  in  the  inscriptions,  of 
almost  the  whole  of  this  diminished  number  of  the 
ancient  cities,  as  well  as  of  several  others,  whose  total 
destruction  or  great  change  of  name  by  the  after  inha- 
bitants, prevent  their  recognition.     We  find  the  names 
of  Troouneme   (Tlos),   Pinara,   M^r^    (Myra),  Ga^aga 
(Gagae),  and  Trabala:   also  the  names  of  Erecl^,  Pe- 
dassis,   perhaps   of  Xenagora  and  Kopalle.      To  the 
latter  city  belong  two-thirds  of  the  coins  collected,  and 
many  of  them  were  obtained  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  city  called  by  the  Greeks  Xanthus.     I  should  cool- 
jecture  that  Kopalle  may  have  been  the  ancient  name 
of  this  city,  but  I  know  no  grounds  for  the  supposition 
beyond  this  circumstantial  evidence.    Stephanus  Byzan- 
tinus  states  in  his  Geography  that  the  former  name  of 
Xanthus  was  Arna.     I  see  also  traces  of  these  early 
people  in  the  cities  called  by  the  Greeks  Calynda,  Tel- 

t2 


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276  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

messus,  Massicytus,  Antiphellus,  and  limyra,  and  in 
the  tombs  near  Cadyanda. 

In  the  funereal  inscriptions  copied  from  the  monu- 
ments in  these  cities,  all  the  pedigrees  of  the  deceased » 
with  one  exception,  are  derived  from  the  mothers :  the 
exception  is  on  the  tomb  of  the  Greek  copied  at  Li- 
myra,  and  he  was  evidently  a  foreigner,  from  having  his 
monument  inscribed  in  both  languages.  This  beauti- 
fully confirms  the  relation  of  the  custom  in  the  follow- 
ing passage  by  Herodotus  (book  i.  ch.  73).  '*  They 
have  one  distinction  from  which  they  never  deviate, 
which  is  peculiar  to  themselves  :  they  take  their  names 
from  their  mothers,  and  not  from  their  fathers.  If  any 
one  is  asked  concerning  his  family,  he  proceeds  imme- 
diately to  give  an  account  of  his  descent,  mentioning 
the  female  branches  only." 

From  the  inscription  upon  the  obelisk-monument  at 
Xanthus  we  obtain  the  date  of  a  period  at  which  the 
language  was  still  used  ;  it  records  a  decree  of  the  king 
of  Persia,  therein  styled  by  his  title  the  Great  King  of 
Kings ;  and  it  also  alludes  to  Harpagus,  the  general  of 
Cyrus  the  Great.  It  will  be  remembered,  that  Har- 
pagus was  a  person  entrusted  with  the  confidence  of 
Astyages,  the  grandfather  of  Cyrus,  which  is  recorded 
in  the  interesting  account  of  his  being  employed  by  As- 
tyages to  destroy  the  infant  Cyrus,  and  the  horrible  cru- 
elty of  his  being  made  to  feast  upon  his  own  butchered 
son,  ten  years  after  the  birth  of  Cyrus.  Stifling  his 
revenge  for  a  long  period,  he  at  last  betrayed  Astyages 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  277 

and  his  country  into  the  hands  of  Cyrus,  who  was  then 
king  of  Persia.  We  afterwards  read  in  Herodotus 
(book  i.  ch.  177)  that,  *'  whilst  Harpagus  was  engaged 
in  the  conquest  of  the  Lower  Asia,  Cyrus  himself  con- 
ducted an  army  against  the  upper  regions,  of  every 
part  of  which  he  became  master."  I  have  in  a  former 
part  of  this  work  quoted  the  account  given  by  Hero- 
dotus of  the  conquest  of  Xanthus  by  Harpagus.  At  the 
time  of  writing  his  history  (about  450  b.c),  he  says, 
"  of  those  who  now  inhabit  Lycia,  calling  themselves 
Xanthians,  the  whole  are  foreigners,  eighty  families  ex- 
cepted.'* These  foreigners  I  suppose  to  have  been  the 
Greeks,  whose  works  show  their  occupation  of  the 
country  for  many  centuries  afterwards. 

Amongst  the  most  gratifying  results  arising  from  the 
examination  of  these  inscriptions,  is  the  assistance  they 
give  in  rendering  the  poems  of  Homer  more  intelligible. 
In  the  Iliad  we  read  of  Pandarus  being  a  chief  coming 
from  Lycia,  and  of  his  being  "  the  best  bow  in  Lycia,'* 
thus  connecting  him  with  that  country.  In  the  second 
book  he  is  named  among  the  allies  of  Troy,  as  leading 
Troes  into  the  field  from  Zeleia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Ida.  Hitherto  this  has  appeared  inconsistent,  and 
Strabo  tells  us  that  before  his  time  a  certain  Demetrius 
had  written  thirty  books  upon  this  supposed  error  in 
Homer,  and  Strabo  concludes  by  allotting  a  part  of  the 
Troad  near  Mount  Ida  to  the  kingdom  of  Pandarus. 

How  clearly  the  whole  of  this  is  now  explained,  by 
continuing  to  style  Pandarus  a  chief  of  Lycia,  whose 


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278  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

country  was  Troas,  while  Sarpedon  was  also  chief  of 
Lycia,  from  Xanthus  I  Probably  the  evident  difficulty, 
and  consequent  confusion,  in  the  geography  of  Homer, 
arising  from  two  people  of  the  same  name  of  Trooes, 
occasioned  his  calling  the  river  in  the  plains  of  Troy 
the  Xanthus,  and  explaining  that  the  people  called  it 
Scamander,  but  the  gods  Xanthus.  At  present  but  one 
river  flows  through  each  of  these  districts.  In  Lycia 
the  colour  of  the  waters  alone  would  testify  to  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  name  *,  but  inscriptions  found  in  the 
city,  upon  its  banks,  confirm  it.  The  ancient  name  of 
this  river  was  Sirbe,  which  is  a  Persian  word  meaning 
'  sand-colour,'  or  Xanthus  f. 


I  shall  conclude  this  volume^  which  I  trust  may  be 
instrumental  in  inducing  other  travellers  to  pursue  the 
researches  into  the  history  of  this  interesting  portion 
of  the  world,  with  mentioning  a  few  objects  deserving 
their  attention.  I  should  point  out  the  valley  imme- 
diately beyond  Hoozumlee  as  likely  to  contain  mo- 
numents hitherto  unvisited.  I  saw  at  a  distance  an 
obelisk,  which  may  be   inscribed;   it  probably  stood 

*  My  servant,  who  had  not  the  most  distant  idea  of  the  ancient 
name  of  the  river,  in  speaking  to  one  of  his  Greek  companions  while 
crossing  the  stteam,  used  the  word  Xanthus.  I  asked  of  what  he  was 
speaking;  he  replied,  that  he  was  speaking  of  the  colour  of  the  water. 

t  Bochart's  Geography,  vol.  i.  chap.  6. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  279 

near  the  frontier  of  the  country.  The  cities  of  Cragus 
and  Corydalla  may  no  doubt  be  discovered  where  I 
suggest  them  in  the  map ;  I  have  ascertained  that  they 
are  not  to  be  found  in  other  districts  where  I  sought 
them.  The  city  supposed  to  be  Trabala  should  by  all 
means  be  examined,  as  it  was  one  built  by  the  earliest 
people.  The  north-east  end  of  the  valley  of  Cassabar 
may  probably  contain  another  city.  The  long  inscrip- 
tion upon  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus  should  be  recopied, 
paying  particular  attention  to  the  portion  written  in  the 
Greek  language,  for  copying  which  a  scaffold  or  ladder 
will  be  required ;  and,  if  power  could  be  obtained,  the 
fragment  upon  the  ground  should  be  turned  over,  as  the 
commencement  of  the  inscription  is  to  be  expected  upon 
the  side  now  facing  the  earth :  this  is  of  particular  im- 
portance, as  if  it  should  prove  to  be  identical  with  the 
decree  which  follows  inmiediately  in  Greek,  there  would 
be  materials  for  a  good  understanding  of  the  Lycian 
language.  The  inscription  in  the  Lycian  language, 
which  I  have  partly  copied  at  Antiphellus,  is  well  worth 
recopying,  as  the  subject  is  not  funereal  but  historical. 


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280  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


COINS 

COLLECTED  DURING  THE  JOURNEY. 


In  each  place  where  I  ohtained  coins  during  my  travels, 
I  wrapped  them  in  separate  packets.  The  examination 
of  the  contents  of  these  may  not  only  afford  information 
as  to  the  names  of  the  ancient  sites  of  cities,  hut  may  be 
of  historical  use  in  showing  by  the  coinage  the  con- 
nection of  various  cities  and  nations  at  different  ages  by 
commerce  or  conquest. 

IDIN.    (TRALLES.) 

By  far  the  greatest  number  are  of  the  Byzantine  and 
Christian  ages ;  many  Roman,  and  Greek  coins  of  the 
age  of  Alexander.  I  obtained  one  of  Alexandria  Troas, 
and  a  denarius  of  Julius  Caesar. 

NASLEE. 

Byzantine,  Roman,  and  a  few  earlier  Greek  coins  of 
Pergamus  and  Aphrodisias. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  281 

KARASOO, 

FAOM    THE   NEIGHBOURING   RUINS   OF   APHRODISIAS. 

The  great  bulk  are  of  the  Byzantine  age ;  I  have  also 
the  coins  of  Aphrodisias  (Gallienus) — ^two  of  Plarasa 
— Attuda  in  Phrygia  (Commodus) — Laodiceia — Pixo- 
darus,  king  of  Caria — and  Syrian  coins  of  Antiochus. 

ARAB  HISSJi.    (ALABANDA.) 
Byzantine,  and  the  coins  of  Philadelphia,  Alabanda, 
and  of  Magnesia-ad-Maeandrum. 

DEMMEERGE-DERASY.    (ALINDA.) 

Amongst  many  Byzantine  coins  are  those  of  Maxi- 
minus — Tripolis  in  Caria — ^Antiocheia  in  Caria — two  of 
Miletus — ^Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of  Macedon — Ala- 
banda  (Caracalla) — and  five  of  Alinda.  (Plate  XXXV. 
Nos.  8  and  9.) 

MELLASSA.    (MYLASA.) 
Many  Greek  coins  of  Caria — some  of  Mylasa,  in  the 
time  of  Severus.    (Plate  XXXV.  Nos.  4  and  5.) 

ESKY  HISSi.    (STRATONICEIA.) 

Greek  coins  of  Rhodes,  and  two  of  Stratoniceia. 
(Plate  XXXV.  No.  11.) 

MOOLAH. 
Many  Byzantine — some  Roman — ^Hadrian,  of  Eume- 
nia  in  Phrygia.  (Plate  XXXV.  No.  12.)  Otacilia  Severa, 


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282  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

of  Perge  in  Pamphylia — Antiochus  of  Syria — Cyzicus — 
Pergamus  in  Mysia — Cassander,  king  of  Macedon — 
Rhodes — Halicamassus — ^two  of  Stratoniceia — and  nu- 
merous uncertain  Lycian  coins. 

MACRY.    (TELMESSUS.) 

Many  Rhodian  coins,  found  along  the  south  coast  of 
Caria,  the  ancient  Peraea,  nine  silver  and  four  copper 
— Side  in  Pamphylia — several  Ptolemies — ^two  of  Apa- 
mea  in  Phrygia — three  of  Massicytus — two  of  Cragus — 
Limyra — two  uncertain  (Plate  XXXIV.  Nos.  3  and  4) 
— ^Coressus  in  Ceos  (Plate  XXXIV.  No.  1) — and  many 
uncertain  Lycian  coins. 

HOORAHN.    (MASSICYTUS?) 
Uncertain  Lycian  coins. 

DOOVERE.    (TLOS.) 

Tlos  (Plate  XXXIV.  No.  12)  and  Massicytus  (Plate 
XXXIV.  No.  17). 

MINARA.    (PINARA.) 
Numerous  Lycian  coins — ^four  of  Pinara  (Plate  XXXIV. 
Nos.  13  and  14)— Cragus   (Plate  XXXIV.   No.  10)— 
three   of  Rhodes — three  of  Antiochus — and  two   of 
Ptolemies. 

DELTA  OF  XANTHUS. 

Ancient  coins  with  Lycian  characters  (Plate  XXXIV. 

Nos.  5,  6,  7  and  8), 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  283 

PATARA. 

Coins  very  numerous ;  many  Roman  and  uncertain 
Lycian,  among  them  those  of  Tlos  —  Myra  (Plate 
XXXIV.  No.  9)— Trabala  (No.  11)— Antoninus  Pius, 
of  Corinth — ^Augustus  (Egypt) — Ptolemies — two  of  An- 
tiochus  (Syria) — and  one  of  Cos. 

ALMALEE. 
Many  coins  of  the  time  of  the  Roman  emperors. 

FROM  THE  HIGH  LANDS  SOUTH  OF  DENIZLEE. 
Many  Byzantine — Aphrodisias — Attuda  (Domitia) 
— Eumenia  (Hadrian)   (Plate  XXXV.  Nos,  10,  11  and 
12) — Laodiceia — and  some  of  the  age  of  Alexander. 


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284  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


LIST  OF  RARE  OR  INEDITED  COINS 

IN  PLATE  XXXIV, 


No.      Places  to  which  the  Coins  belong.  Where  found. 

1.  Coressus  in  Ceos Telmessus. 

2.  Uncertain Smyrna. 

3.  Presumed  Lycian Telmessus. 

4.  Presumed  Lycian Telmessus. 

5.  Kopalle^  Lycian Valley  of  Xanthus. 

6.  Uncertain Fomas. 

7.  Troouneme  (Tlos) Valley  of  Xanthus. 

8.  Erecl^  (Heracleia) Valley  of  Xanthus. 

9.  Myra Patanu 

10.  Cragus Pinara. 

11.  Trabala Patara. 

12.  Tlos Tlos. 

13.  Pinara Pinara. 

14.  Pinara Pinara. 

15.  Presumed  Lycian Telmessus. 

16.  Massicytus Telmessus. 

17*  Massicytus Tlos. 


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180  ii 


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is 


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b/   H«nry   *  •  O^ 


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John    Murra/    London,   184-1. 


OF 


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35 


3 


12 


Dra^n    *  Engravad 


by  M«nrv    A.  Oyy. 


'{> 


John  Murray.  London,  i84l. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER,  285 


LIST  OF  RARE  OR  INEDITED  COINS 

IN  PLATE  XXXV. 


No.      Placet  to  which  the  Coini  belong.  Where  found. 

1.  Cragus Telmessus. 

2.  Limyra  •  • Telmessus. 

3.  Arycanda^  Gordian Ajycanda. 

4.  Mylasa      •  • Mellassa. 

5.  Severus Mellassa. 

6.  Uncertain Mellassa. 

7«  Stratoniceia Stratoniceia. 

8.  Alinda Demmeerge-derasy. 

9.  Alinda Demmeerge-derasy. 

10.  Uncertain — Aphrodisias  ?  .  •  Country  S.E.  of  M.  Cadmus. 

11.  Attuda  (Domitia) Ditto. 

12.  Eumenia  (Hadrian) Ditto. 


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A  LIST  OF  PLANTS 

COLLECTED  BY  THE  AUTHOR,  DURING  HIS  TOUR, 
BETWEEN  THE  MONTHS  OF  FEBRUARY  AND  JUNE,  1840. 


N.B. — Those  to  which  an  asterUk  is  qffuced  are  new  species,  and  will  be  found 
described  at  the  end. 


DICOTYLEDONES  v.  EXOGEN^E. 


Ranunculacea. 
Clematis  cirrhosa,  L. 
Anemone  coronaria,  L. 

apennina,  L. 

Adonis  aestivalis,  L. 
Ficaria  verna,  Huda. 

BERBBRIDBiB. 

Bongardia    Rauwolfii,    C.  A. 
Mey. 

PAPAVBRACEiE. 

Papaver  somniferum,  L. 

orientale,  L. 

Argemone,  L, 

Glaucium  flavum,  Crantz. 
Roemeria  hybrida,  DeCand. 
Hypecoum  procumbens,  L. 

FuMARIACEiE. 

Corydalis  tuberosa,  DeCand. 
Fumaria  capreolata,  L. 


Fumaria  parviflora,  Lam, 

Crvciferm. 
Erophila  vulgaris,  DeCand. 
Alyssum  fiilvescens,  Sm. 
Fibigia  clypeata,  Med. 
Aubrietia  deltoidea,  DeCand. 
Arabis  vema,  Br. 
Cardamine  hirsuta,  L. 
Diplotaxis  tenuifolia,  DeCand. 
Brassica  Rapa,  L. 

CiSTINBiE. 

Cistus  cymosuB,  Dun. 

salvifolius,  L. 

Helianthemum  arabicum,  Pers. 

VlOLARIE^. 

Viola  tricolor  o,  DeCand. 

Caryophyllejs. 
Silene  Behen,  L. 
vespertina,  L. 


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287 


Silene  orchidea,  L. 

linoides^  Otth. 

Dianthus  prolifer,  L. 
Holosteum  umbellatum^  L. 

LlNE^. 

Linum  angustifolium,  Sm. 
hirsutum^  L. 

Gbraniacejs. 
Erodium  cicutarium,  8m. 

ciconium^  Willd. 

gruiniim^  Willd. 

Geranium  tuberosum^  L. 

moUe^  L. 

lucidum^  L. 

RuTACEiE. 

Ruta  bracteosa^  DeCand. 

Rhamnb^. 
Rhamnus  oleoides^  L. 
Paliurus  aculeatus.  Lam. 

EuPHORBIACBiB. 

Euphorbia  dulcis^  L. 

rigida,  Bieb. 

Mercurialis  annua^  L. 
Ridnus  communis^  L. 

TBRBBINTHACEiE. 

Pistacia  Lentiscus,  L. 

LBGUMINOSiB. 

Anagyris  foetida,  L, 
Calycotome  villosa.  Link. 
Anthyllis  tetxaphylla^  X. 
Lotus  creticus,  X. 
Melilotus  sulcata^  Detf. 
Trifolium  fragiferum^  L. 


Trifolium  spumosum^  L. 

Bubterraneum,  L. 

prociuubens^  L, 

Hymenocarpus  circinatus^  Savi, 
Medicago  orbicularis,  AIL 

uncinata,  WUld. 

minima,  Lam* 

manna,  L* 

Psoralea  bituminosa,  L. 
Colutea  arborescens,  L» 
Coronilla  iberica,  Bieb. 

minima,  L. 

Faba  vulgaris,  Mcench. 
Vicia  onobrychoides,  L. 

polyphylla,  Desf. 

hybrida,  L. 

LathyruB  Cicera,  L, 
—  angulatus,  L. 
Pisum  fulvum,  Sm. 
Lupinus  hirsutus,  L. 
Cercis  Siliquastrum,  L. 

RoSAOBiB. 

Poterium  spinosum,  L. 

TAMARISCINEiE. 

Tamarix  gallica,  L. 

CuCURBITACEiE. 

Bryonia  dioica,  L. 

Paronychibjs. 
Paronychia  argentea.  Lam. 

Crassulacejs. 
Umbilicus  pendulinus,D«Cani/. 

UMBBLLIFERiB« 

Scandix  australis,  L. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


Caucalis  daucoides^  L. 
Tordylium  officmale^  L. 
Smymium  peifoliatum,  L. 

RUBIACEiB. 

Asperula  arvensia^  L. 
Gralium  brevifolium^  £fm. 

VALERIANEiB. 

Valeriana  Dioscoridis^  Sm. 

Composite. 
TuBailago  Farfara,  L. 
Inula  Candida^  DeCand. 

limoniifolia^  LindL    , 

Asteriscus  aquaticus^  Mcench. 
Anthemis  arvensis^  L. 

rosea,  Sm. 

Achillea  cretica^  DeCand. 
Chrysanthemum  segetum^  L, 

coronarium,  L, 

Senedo  squalidus,  L. 
Gnaphalium  luteo-album,  L. 
Helichrysum       angustifolium, 

DeCand. 
Calendula  arvensis,  L. 
Carduus  crispus,  L. 
Centaurea  montana,  L. 

Jacea,  L. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius,  L. 

CAMPANULACEiE. 

Campanula  drabifolia,  Sm, 

STYRACEiE. 

Styrax  officinale^  L. 

OLEACBiE. 

Phillyrea  latifolia^  L, 


jASMINEiB. 

Jasminum  fruticans,  L, 

Apocyne^. 
Vinca  minor,  L. 

CVBCVTKM. 

Cuscuta  epithymum,  L. 

BOBAGINEJS. 

Myosotis  sylvatica,  Hoffm. 
Lithospermum  orientale,  WiUd, 
Anchusa  italica,  Retz. 

tinctoria,  L. 

undulata,  L. 

Cynoglossum  officinale,  L. 
Mattia    staminea,    RoBm.    et 

Schuli. 
Onosma  echioides,  L, 
Echimn  plantagineum,  L, 
creticum,  Sm. 

SOLANACEJS. 

Mandragora  officinarum,  Ber-- 

tol 
Hyoscyamus  niger,  !/• 

agrestis.  Kit. 

aureus,  L. 

VERBASCINEiB. 

Verbascum  Thapsus,  L. 

SCROPHULARINEiE. 

Veronica  cuneifolia*. 

triphyllos,  L. 

grandiflora  *. 

Cymbalaria,  VahL 

Linaria  pelisseriana,  DeCand. 
Anarrhinum  bellidifoIium,2)e{/*. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


289 


Scrophularia  peregrina^  L. 
■ — ^  canina^  i. 

Obobanchea. 
Orobanche  carjophyllacea^  8m. 

LABIATiB. 

Teuciium  regium^  Schreb. 
Lavandula  Sta&chas^  L. 
Lamium  moschatum.  Mill. 

purpureum^  L. 

Phlomis  lycia  *. 
Salvia  triloba^  L. 
Horminum,  L. 

PRIMULACEiB. 

Anagallis  arvensis  a  et  fi,  L. 
Cyclamen  persicum^  L. 

Pjlantaginejb. 
Plantago  cretica,  L. 

CHENOPODIACEiE. 

Salicomia  fruticosa,  L. 

POLYGONEiE. 

Rumex  bucephalophorus,  L. 
Acetosa^  L. 


ELiBAGNEi£« 

Elaeagnus  angustifolia,  L. 

ThTMBLuBJE. 

Daphne  coUina,  L. 

argentea,  Sm. 

Passerina  hirsuta,  L. 

LAUBINEiB. 

Laurus  nobilis^  L. 
Platane^b. 
Platanus  orientalis,  L. 

BALSAMIFLUiB. 

Liquidambar  orientale^  Mill. 

CuPULIFERiB. 

Querent  Ballota,  De»/. 

coccifera,  L. 

iEgilops^  L. 

CoNIFEBiB. 

Pinus  Pinea^  L. 

carica* 

Laridoj  Lam. 

Cupressus  sempervirens  a  et 

Juniperus  communis^  L. 


MONOCOTYLEDONES  v.  ENDOGEN^. 


GBAMINEiB. 

Briza  maxima^  L. 
Stipa  tortilis,  Desf. 
iEgilops  ovata^  L. 

Melanthacea. 
Merendera  Bulbocodium^  Ram. 


LiLIAOEiB. 

Fritillaria  Meleagris,  L. 
Lloydia  graeca,  Endl. 
Gagea  spathacea,    Roem.    & 

Schtdt. 
Hyacinthus  orientalis,  L. 
Muscari  moschatum,  Willd. 


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290 


SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 


Muscari  comosum,  fVilld. 

botryoides,  Willd, 

Bellevalia  romana^  Lapeyr. 
Scilla  bifolia^  L, 
Allium  nigrum,  L. 

neapolitanum,  Cyr. 

triquetrum,  L. 

junceum,  Sm, 

Aloe  vulgaris,  Sm* 
Omithogalum  umbellatum,  L, 

nanum,  Sm^. 

Myogalum  nutans,  Link, 
Asphodelus  ramosus,  L, 
Asparagus  acutifolius,  L, 

SMIIiACEiE. 

Smilax  aspera,  L. 
Ruscus  aculeatus,  L. 

DiOSCOREACEiB. 

Tamus  cretica,  L, 

AMARYLLIDfiifi. 

Narcissus  Tazetta,  L, 


iRIDEiE. 

Iris  florentina,  L. 

Sisyrinchium,  L. 

tuberosa,  L, 

Trichonema    Columnae,    Rei- 

chenb. 
Gladiolus  communis,  L. 
segetum.  Kit, 

Orchids^. 
Orcbis  papilionacea,  L, 

provincialis,  Balb, 

longibracteata,  Biv. 

longicomis,  Desf. 

Ophrys  fusca.  Link, 

Tenoreana,  Lmdl, 

mammosa,  Desf, 

Ferrum-equinum,  Desf. 

Serapias  Lingua,  L, 
cordigera,  L, 

Aroidejs. 
Arum  Dracunculus,  L, 
Arisarum  vulgare,  Sckott, 


ACOTYLEDONES  v.  ACROGENiE. 


LYCOPODIAGEiB. 

Lycopodium  denticulatiun,  L, 

FiLICES. 

Polypodium  vulgare,  L, 
Ceterach  officinarum,  WiUd, 


Cheilanthes  odora,  Sw, 
Adiaixtum  Capillus  Veneris,  L, 

LiCHENES. 

Evemia  prunastri,  Ach. 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER*  291 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  NEW  SPECIES. 
Veronica  cuneifoUa, 

V.  glanduloBO-pubescens ;  racemis  axillaribus^  segmentis  caly- 
cinis  oblongis  obtusis  corolla  brevioribus^  ovario  suborbiculato 
scabro^  foliis  subsessilibus  cuneatis  inciso-crenatis^  caule  suf- 
fruticoso  procumbente; 

Habitat  in  Lyciae  rupibus  ad  Arycandum  fluvium. 

Fraticulus  procumbens^  ramosissimus,  V,  saxatili  parum  major. 
Rami  filifonnes,  purpurascentes^  foliosi^  fragiles^  pube  brevis- 
sim&  g1andulos&  vestiti.  Folia  opposita^  brevissime  petiolata^ 
cuneata,  inciso-crenata^  coriacea,  avenia^  utrinque  pubescentia, 
scabriuscula^  subtus  costft  prominente  subcarinata^  2-3  lineas 
longa^  sesqui  v.  2  lineas  lata.  Petioli  pubescentes,  vix  lineam 
longi^  latiusculi^  suprk  canaliculati^  subtus  obtuse  carinati^ 
im&  basi  subconnati.  Racemi  in  ramis  solitarii,  axillares, 
multiflori^  pedunculati.  Pedunculus  folio  longior^  filiformis^ 
glanduloso-pubescens;  purpurascens.  Bractea  pedicellis  ca- 
pillaribus  longiores;  inferior es  inciso-crenatae^  foliis  consimiles; 
mperiores  subspathulatae^  integerrimse.  Calyx  copiosius  glan- 
duloso-pubescenSj  4-partitus:  segmentis  oblongis^  obtusis; 
2  anterioribus  majoribus.    Corolla  V.saxatiliSy  cyanea?  calyce 

.  major:  /u&o  brevissimo,\dolaceo:  /im&o  4-partito :  laciniisro^ 
tundatis;  integris,  venulosis ;  infimd  duplo  aiigustiore.  Sta- 
mina  corollft  breviora :  filamenta  filiformia^  glabra,  violacea : 
anthertB  subrotundae^  biloculares,  flavae.  Ovarium  compressum, 
orbiculare^  aspere  pubescens^  integrum.  Stylus  capillaris^  gla- 
ber,  coroUam  superans.     Stigma  capitatum^  exiguum. 

This  is  a  very  distinct  and  well-marked  species^  with  the 
habit  of  V.  sawatilisyhui  there  is  none  with  which  it  can  be  con- 
founded, and  if  introduced  to  our  gardens  it  would  prove  an 
interesting  addition  to  the  rock-work.  Its  cuneiform,  deeply 
crenate  leaves,  and  rough  pubescent  fruit  will  serve  to  distin- 
guish it  from  saxatiliSf  as  well  as  from  every  other  shrubby 
species. 

u2 


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292  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

Veronica  grandiflora. 

V.  annua,  erecta,  glanduloso-pubescens ;  floribus  solitaiiis,  seg- 
mentis  calycinis  linearibus  obtusijB,  CQrollA.  calyce  triplo  lon- 
giore:  laciniis  rhombeo-ovatis  subunguiculatis^  foliis  infe- 
rioribus  petiolatiB  ovatis  crenatis;  superioribus  aessilibus 
pinnatifidis  tripartitisve. 

Habitat  in  Carift  ad  Mceandrum  fluvium,  et  prope  Mjlasam. 
Floret  Martio. 

Radix  fibrosa,  annua.  Cautts  erectus,  filiforous,  simplex  v. 
ramosus,  copios^  glanduloso-pubescens,  purpurascens,  bipolli- 
caris.  Cotyledanes  adhuc  persistentes^  subreniformes,  inte- 
gerrimae,  petiolatse.  Folia  inferiora  brevissime  petiolata, 
ovata,  obtusa,  crenata,  3-5  lineas  longa,  utrinque  pilis  bre- 
vissimis  articulatis,  at  raro  glanduliferis,  copiose  vestita ;  su- 
periora  sessilia,  pinnatifida  v.  tripartita:  segmentis  linearibus, 
obtusis,  integerrimis;  terminali  majori,  subspathulato.  Flares 
in  apice  caulis  axillares,  solitarii,  pedunculati.  PeduncuH 
capillares,  copiose  glanduloso-pubescentes,  foliis  tripartitis  ter 
longiores.  Calyx  copiosfe  glanduloso-pubescens,  4-partitus: 
segmentis  linearibus,  obtusis;  2  anterioribus  majoribus.  Co- 
roUa  omnium  maxima,  diametro  semuncialis  et  ultra,  cyanea : 
tubo  brevissimo,  luteo:  /tm£o  profundi  4-partito:  ladnm 
rhombeo-ovatis,  obtusis,  basi  angustat&  lute&  subunguicu- 
latis;  anticd  minore.  Stamina  coroll&  multoties  breviora: 
filamenta  gracilia,  glabra,  lutescentia:  anther€B  cordato-ob- 
longse,  obtusse,  violacese.  Ovarium  subrotundum,  glabrum, 
integrum.  Stylus  corollft  longipr,  capillaris,  glaber,  supem^ 
incrassatus,  subclavatus.  £>/t$vna  parvum,  subcapitatum.  Cap- 
sulam  nondito  vidi. 

A  truly  elegant  litde  plant,  well  deserving  of  being  added  to 
tbe  catalogue  of  ornamental  annuals,  from  the  sIec  and  beauty 
of  its  flowers.  Its  deeply  pinnatifid  and  tripartite  leaves,  with 
entire  linear  or  spathulate  s^;ments,  will  readily  distinguish  it 


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SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER.  293 

from  the  V.  amcma  of  Steven^  and  from  V.  pumila,  from  Mount 
HaemuB^  described  and  figured  in  the  second  volume  of  Dr. 
Clarke's  Travels^  at  page  559. 

Phlamis  lycia. 

P.  fruticoaa,  ferrugineo-tomentosa;  foliis  cordato-oblongis  obtu- 
sis,  verticillastris  plurifloris^  bracteis  lanceolatis  calycibusque 
mucronato-spinosis  dense  albo-knatis^  dentibus  calycinis  unci- 
natisj  filamentis  inappendiculatis. 

Habitat  in  Lyciae  septentrionalis  sylvis  montosis. 

SuffnUex  erectus^  ramosus,  pedalis^  pube  stellat&  rubiginos&  un- 
dique  dens^  tomentosus.  Rami  4-anguli.  FoUa  petiolata, 
cordato-oblonga,  obtusa,  crenata,  rugoso-venosa,  utrinque  to- 
mento  steUato  copios^  vestita,  pollicem  longa,  semundam 
lata ;  floraUa  vix  cordata.  PetipU  angusti^  3  lineas  longi, 
supra  canaliculati*  VerticiUastri  terminales^  pluri-(6'8)flori. 
Bracte€B  adpressse^  lanceolatae^  mucronato-spinosae^  lan&  lon- 
gissim^  molli  alb&  dens^  vestitae.  Calyces  bracteis  vix  lon- 
giores^  extus  albo-lanati :  fauce  pilosissimft :  dentibus  brevi- 
bus,  subulatis,  mucronatoHspinosis,  apice  nudis,  uncinatis.  Co- 
rolla subuncialis,  calyce  vix  duplo  longior:  tubo  glabriusculo, 
infeme  angustato,  supem^  parum  dilatato,  intus  fasdculis 
5  pilorum  aucto :  fauce  intus  glabr& :  Umbo  extus  tomento 
fasciculato-ramoao  flavicanti  subadpresso  vestito;  labio  supe- 
rior e  galeatoy  maigine  tnmcato,  emarginato ;  inferiors  longiore, 
trilobo;  lackiiis  lateraUbus  ovatis>  obtusis,  couduplicatis, 
supra  glabris;  intermedid  orbiculat&,  integrft,  supr&  glabrft, 
mai^e  parum  undulati.  FUamenta  compressa,  inappendi- 
culata,  pubemla.  Anthene  glabrae.  Stylus  glaber.  Stigma 
bifidum ;  lobo  siuptrtore  latiore,  obtoso ;  inferioTe  acutiusculo, 
parum  longiore. 

This  plant,  Mr.  Fellows  informs  me,  is  common  in  moun- 
tainous woods  in  the  northern  parts  of  Lycia.  It  is  evidently 
nearly  allied  to  the  P^ferruginea  of  Tenore,  but  its  lanceolate. 


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294  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTER. 

spinously  mucronate^  woolly  bractes^  siinple  filaments^  and  sub- 
ulate^  spinous^  uncinate  calycine  teeth^  essentially  distinguish  it 
from  that  species  as  well  as  from  P.  armeniaca. 

Pinus  carica, 

P.  foliis  binis  prselongis  tenuissimis  rectis  margine  denticulato- 
scabris:  vaginis  abbreviatis  subintegris^  strobilis  ovato-ob- 
longis  rectis  Isevigatis :  squamis  apice  rhomboideis  depressis 
truncatis  rimulisque  radiatis. 

Habitat  in  Cari^^  montibus. 

Arbor  magna.  Ramuli  scabriusculi^  fusci.  Fotta  bina,  erecta, 
recta,  tenuissima,  mucronata,  nunc  leviter  tortilia,  laet^  viridia, 
subtus  convexa,  Isevia,  nitida^  supHi  canaliculata,  margine  den- 
ticulato-scabra,  &-7-pollicaria :  va^nm  2-3  lineas  longae^  cy- 
lindracese,  fuscescentes,  annulatim  rugosa:,  ore  subintegro 
nudiusculo.  SquanuB  stipulares  (folia  primaria)  lanceolatae, 
acuminatse^  coriaceae^  spadiceae,  margine  filamentoso-ciliatae, 
basi  diu  persistenti.  Strobili  ovato-oblongi^  obtusi,  recti,  Isevi- 
gati,  nitidi,  spadicei,  3-4  pollices  longi,  diametro  2-unciales : 
aquamis  apice  depressis,  rhomboideis,  planiusculis,  transverse 
subcarinatis,  rimulis  radiatim  notatie,  medio  truncatis,  areolft 
transversa  elliptic^  cinerascenti  umbilicatis. 

I  have  ventured  to  propose  this  as  a  distinct  species,  although, 
from  its  near  relationship  to  halepetmSy  I  think  it  not  unlikely 
that  it  may  prove  to  be  only  a  remarkable  local  form  of  that 
species.  It  is  chiefly  distinguished  from  halepenria  by  its  much 
longer  leaves,  and  larger  cones,  the  apex  of  whose  scales  are 
broader,  and  marked  with  numerous  radiating  fissures.  The 
leaves  are  double  the  length  of  those  of  the  maritima  of  Lam- 
.bert,  and  the  cones  are  larger  and  more  oblong. 

DAVID  DON. 


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APPENDIX  A. 

GREEK    INSCRIPTIONS. 


The  following  inscriptions  in  themselves  afford  mate- 
rials for  a  separate  work.  They  derive  a  peculiar  inter- 
est from  elucidating  the  customs,  character,  games, 
government,  and  language  of  the  Ancients.  For  the 
translation  and  explanation  of  these  inscriptions,  the 
reader  is  indebted  to  the  indefatigable  research  of  Mr. 
Hermann  Wiener. 

No.  1. — Page  8, — In  the  Valley  of  Caystrus. 

The  names  of  Marcus  Antonius  joined  to  Greek  cognomens 
are"  not  unfrequent  in  inscriptions  in  this  country. — Boeckh, 
2767,  2785,  2811.* 

The  name  of  Nicephorus  is  also  common. — Boeckh,  2835. 


TRALLES. 
No.  2.— Page  17. 

We  know  too  little  of  the  particulars  in  the  administration  of 
government  and  municipal  afiairs  in  Roman  provinces  to  define 
the  functions  of  Marcus  Aurelius  Arestus  (?)  with  certainty.    To 


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298  APPENDIX  A. 

the  office  of  Eirenarchos  (line  4)^  according  to  the  SchoL  ad 
Aristaph,  Ran.  1103^  there  belonged  part  of  the  guardianship  of 
public  peace  and  morals;  it  would  then,  along  with  that  of 
Agoranomos  (line  3)^  have  been  included  in  the  functions  of  a 
Roman  iEdilis;  those  of  the  Architamias  (line  6)  would  corre- 
spond to  the  functions  of  the  Quaestor ;  the  title  of  Strategos 
(lines  4  and  5)  was  given  to  municipal  as  well  as  to  Roman 
officers  (J.  Eckhel  Doctr.  Num.  t.  iv.  p.  215).  Arestus  was  also 
Bularchos  (line  2\  t.  e.  President  of  the  municipal  Council  (the 
HovKfj  or  Decuriones)^  and  Decaprotos  (line  5 — see  another  in- 
scription published  by  Walpole,  Travels,ii.  p. 541^  Boeckh,  2639). 
The  ^e/cairpcoToty  or^  as  Cicero  (pro  Roscio^  c.  12)  calls  them^ 
Decemprimi^  are  generally  stated  to  have  had  no  particular  func- 
tions^ but  only  enjoyed  a  superior  rank  in  the  municipal  Council, 
of  which  they  were  a  principal  part,  but  no  committee.  The 
Gerusia,  on  the  contrary  (last  line),  Boeckh  (2811)  supposes 
to  have  been  a  committee  chosen  from  the  Council,  as  the  Pry- 
tanis  was  at  Athens.  The  names  of  BovKrf,  A17/X09,  Tepovaui,  to 
which  we  must  take  care  not  to  attach  the  notions  familiar  to  us 
from  the  Greek  classics,  are  very  often  placed  together  on  the 
monuments  of  Asia  Minor ;  and  these  corporations  must  have 
been  very  closely  connected,  as  our  inscription  shows  that  they 
had  but  one  secretary  in  common.  To  the  BovXt)  there  seems 
to  be  ascribed  in  line  8  its  common  epithet  Kparurrr).  In  the 
following  line  the  date  of  the  above  honorary  decree  may  have 
been  indicated ;  for  nepeiri^  is  the  fourth  month  in  the  Syro- 
Macedonian  calendar :  Pereitas,  however,  is  also  the  name  of  a 
person  (Boeckh,  2770,  2771);  that  of  Soterichus  is  not  unfre- 
quent  (Boeckh,  vol.  i.  p.  725). 


Nos.  3  and  4. — Pages  18  and  19. 

The  last  two  lines  of  the  first :  JlaXafiauriv  cfiev  vckvv  €v0a 
Ta<l>7)vau     In  the  third  line  the  name  TlpoToyopov  appears.     In 


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TRALLES.  299 

the  second: m#«/9  aa/ieviovQ) Se  Moipa  Kparat^ri 

Vy€UY€(jii})v  fcai  wy.^...vpoK€ifiaiy   ei^ore  (?)   /Siorov  x^^po-^v 
^V£at9  afiapavTo, 


No.  5.— Page  19. 


No  6. — Upon  a  pedestal. 


KAIZA^ 
TEPMAI^ 
OAHMI 
ANAGEN^ 
KAAYAIOY 
AlOrENOVi^ 

This  appears  to  have  been  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  "  Ti- 
berius Claudius  Caesar  Oermanicus  (the  Emperor  Claudius)^ 
consecrated  by  the  People  under  the  superintendence  of  Ti- 
berius Claudius  Diogenes,  son  of  Artemidorus,  of  the  Roman 
tribus  Quirina,  who  erected  it  at  his  own  expense  whilst  he  was 
Gymnasiarchos/^  Published  by  Boeckh,  2922,  from  Sherard, 
who  must  have  seen  the  inscription  in  a  more  perfect  state. 


No.  7. — Built  into  a  wall. 
^DZTEIMAPXOZ 

jnrNHHmzinHz 

MZKAIXPHTT 

MCMPE 


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300  APPENDIX  A. 


'^ Timarchus,  a dealer,  and  Hegesippe  his  wife, 

....  thou and  good  one,  farewell/ 


I  w 


No.  8.— Page  21.— At  Keosk. 

No.  9.— Page  23.— At  Sultan  Hisscf. 
The  final  word  of  the  third  line  is  to  be  read  CYrfevrf  akin. 


No.  10.— Page  25.— At  Naslee. 

( T€Tpa) «t9  AeiKia,  Tairn79  emrfptufyrj^;  avTir]fpa<f)ov  aireredri 

€9  ra  apj(€Ui  eiri  aT€(f}ayr)<j>opov  KX.     AKe^avSpov^  firivo^  Ila- 

No.  11.— Page  27. 


No.  12. — At  Karasoo. 


AtKAM 

THN^ 
TOY^ 


AYTS 


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APHRODISIAS.  301 

APHRODISIAS. 
No.  13.— Page  34. 


No.  14. — In  the  theatre. 

A^POAEiTHeEoirzEBArroirmi 

HMl  l>a  KAITAANAAHMMATAAPirrO 

KAHZAPTEMIAnPOYMOAOrZOZ^IAO 

AOEOZKAI^IAOnOAIZEPrEniZTATH 

ZIOIN IXI TOTEPM  AAPirrOKAEOYZTOY 

APTEMIAnPOYKATATAZMOAOrZOY 

TOYePEi'ANTOZAYTOYAIAeHKA 

'^  To  Aphrodite^  the  august  Gods.  The and  the  sub- 
structions (has  consecrated)^  Aristocles  Molossus^  the  son  of 
ArtemidoruSj  a  lover  of  glory  and  a  lover  of  his  native  town ; 
Hermes^  son  of  Aristocles,  the  son  of  Artemidorus,  superin- 
tending the  work  in  pursuance  of  the  will  of  Molossus,  who 
had  brought  him  up/^ 

Published  by  Boeckh  (n.  274 7)^  from  Sherard's  MS.,  who  reads 
in  the  fifth  line  APIZTOKAEIOYZ,  whilst  in  our  copy  there 
appears  the  common  form  AptaroKXeov^.  The  word  which  ter- 
minates the  fourth  and  begins  the  fifth  line,  has  certainly  the 
sense  of  efrferrLOTaTqaavro^,  but  we  give  it  unchanged  from  the 
original  transcript,  as  well  as  the  letters  at  the  end  of  the  first 
and  commencement  of  the  second  lines. 


No.  15. — Built  into  the  south-east  wall. 

EPMOrENHZEPMOrENOYrrOEniZTYAION 
KAITONEnAYTOYKOZMONTniAHMni 


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302  APPENDIX  A. 

"Hennogenes,  the  son  of  Hennogenesj  [gives]  the  architrave, 
and  the  ornament  upon  it  to  the  People." 

A  -nOYTOEniZTYAION 
JtYKOZMONTAIAHMAI 

Fragment  of  an  inscription  of  similar  contents. 


No.  16. — In  the  south-east  wall. 

ifirroKPATnPKAizAPjyi 

jyyiEYZEBHZEYTYXHZZEBATTOXAHMAjyfJIKHZ 
ESOYZIAZTOrYnATOrrOBAnOAEAEirMENOrrOTPITON 
nATHPnATPIAOZANeYnATOZKAIJSig 

APXIEPEYZMEnrrOXAHMAPXIKHZEZOYZIAZ 
TOnPXlTONYnATOZAnOAEAEirMENOZAtPOAEIZIEnNTOIZ 

APXOYZINKAITHBOYAHKAITAAHMnXAIPEIN 
ElKOZHNYMAZKAIAIATHNEnXlNYMONTHZnOAEfiZeEONKAl 
AlATHNnPOZPXlMAIOYZOIKEOTHTATEKAiniZTINHZGHNAI 
MENEniTHKATAZTAZEITHZBAZIAEIAZTHZHMETEPAZ 
eYZIAZAEKAIEYXAZAnOAOYNAIAIKAIAZKAIHMEIZAE 
THNTEEAEYeEPIANYMEIN^YAATTOMENTHNYnAPXOYZAN 
KAITAAAAAAEZYNnANTAAIKAIAOnOZANnAPATANnPOH 
MXINAYTOKPATOPIINTETYXHKATEZYNAYZEINETOIMXIZ 
JSXONTEZYMANKAITAZnPOZTOMEAAONEAniAAZ 
4«EnPEZBEYONAYPHAIOIOEOAnPOZKAIONHZIMOZ 
EYTYXEITE 

" Emperor  Caesar  [names  erased],  the  Pious  and . 

Happy,  Augustus,  in  the  third  year  of  his  trihunitial  power  and 
in  his  second  Considship,  Consul  EUect  for  the  third  time,  the 

Father  of  his  country.  Proconsul,  and  [name  erased] 

Supreme  Pontiff,  in  the  first  year  of  his  tribunitial  power.  Con- 
sul Elect : 


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APHRODISIAS.  303 

^^  To  the  Magistrates  and  the  Senate^  and  the  People  of  the 
Aphrodisians^  greeting. 

^^  It  was  meet  for  you^  on  account  as  well  of  the  Goddess 
that  gave  your  city  its  name^  as  your  relations  with  the  Romans 
and  your  good  faith,  to  rejoice  at  the  establishment  of  our  reign, 
and  to  offer  the  due  sacrifices  and  prayers.  And  likewise  we 
protect  your  liberty,  which  now  is,  and  all  other  things  [that 
are]  right,  which  you  have  obtained  of  the  Emperors  before  us, 
being  willing  to  unite  with  you  in  advancing  your  hopes  for  the 
future  abo.  Ambassadors  were  Aurelius  [?],  Theodorus  and 
Onesimus.     Farewell.^' 

Published  and  explained  by  Boeckh,  Corp.  Inscr.,  n.  2743. 

The  erased  names  of  the  two  princes,  who  held  together  the 
reign  of  the  Roman  empire,  can  be  no  other  than  those  of  Dio- 
cletian and  Maximian ;  and  the  date  of  the  above  letter  which 
contains  the  answer  of  the  princes  to  the  congratulatory  address 
sent  from  the  Aphrodisians  by  Onesimus  and  Theodorus,  is  286 
after  Christ.  In  this  year  the  Princes,  as  the  coins  show  us, 
had  the  titles  above  mentioned,  viz.  DIOCLetianus  AYGustus 
TRibunitiffi  Potestatis  III.  COnSul  II.,  DESignatus  III.,  Ponti* 
fex  Maximus  (which  seems  not  to  have  been  in  our  inscription). 
Pater  Patriae,  and  MAXIMianus  AVG.  TR.  P.  COS.  DES. 
P.M.  P.P.  The  fact  of  the  names  being  erased,  is  easily  ex- 
plained by  the  hatred  which  the  persecuted  Christians  bore  to 
these  emperors ;  the  next  inscription  will  show  that  the  Chris- 
tians had  not  long  afterwards  a  strong  influence  in  the  manage- 
ment of  public  afiairs  at  Aphrodisias. 


^  No.  17.— Page  35. 

The  barbarous  form  of  avcuveoodTj  instead  of  aveyemdrjj  may 
be  partly  accounted  for  by  the  fact,  that  the  diphthong  ai  was 
even  by  the  Greeks  sometimes  pronounced  like  e.  Vide  Osann. 
Sylloge  Inscript.  p.  441. 


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304  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  18.— Over  the  west  gateway. 


YnEPYriEIACKAICWTHPIACKAITIMHCKAINIKHC 
KAIAIU)NIOVAIAMONHCTU)NAECnOTU)NHMU)N 
JIIOYAKWNCTANTIOYEYCEBOYCAHTHTOYCEBAtTOYKAI. 
iMEni^ANECTATOYKAirENNAIOTATOYKAICAPOC 

♦AKYINTIEPU)CM0NATI0C6AIACHM0TAT0CHEI0N^ 

KAIAnOKPHTAPXWNTON^  MNTHMMPA 

KAICYrrENEIKPHTU)Ni« 


"  May  fortune  be  favourable  ! 

'^  For  the  good  healthy  and  the  safety^  and  the  honours^  and 
the  victory,  and  perpetual  welfare  of  our  lords :  Flavins  Julius 
Constantius,  the  Pious^  the  Never-Vanquished^  Augustus  and 
[name  erased]  the  most  excellent  and  noble  Ccesar^  Fl.  Quintius 
Eros  Monaxius  [?]^  the  most  distinguished  Governor^.and  one 

of  the  Cretarchae,  has  erected  it  on  his  own  expense for 

the  splendid  Metropolis  of  the  Tauropolitans^  the  relations  of 
the  Cretans.*' 

This  inscription  is  published  and  explained  by  Bdeckh  (n. 
2744)^  from  Sherard's^  Spanheim's,  and  Richter's  manuscripts. 
The  name  erased  is  either  that  of  Gallus^  who  fell  a  victim  to 
Constantius,  and  was  even  after  his  death  maltreated  by  him, 
or  that  of  the  famous  emperor  Julianus,  whose  name  after  his 
death  was  erased  by  the  Christians.  We  are  inclined  to  adopt 
the  latter  opinion,  seeing  that  mention  is  made  in  the  inscrip- 
tion of  a  relationship  existing  between  the  Cretans  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Aphrodisias.  This  was  certainly  the  case  in  times  long 
passed  by,  when  this  inscription  was  written  (Herod.  I.  17^), 
and  a  revival  like  this  was  in  the  spirit  of  the  age  of  Julianus. 


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APHRODISIAS. 


305 


No.  19. — In  the  south-east  wall. 


PKEIAAKAITAEi'E 

HZANTOZEPMA 

OIIAIA>OMATOY 


AIAAZAPIZTO 
APirrOKAEOY 
eEATPOY 


To  judge  from  their  position,  these  two  fragments  formed 
part  of  one  inscription,  which  probably  recorded  some  gift  made 
toward  building  or  ornamenting  the  theatre,  the  diazama  of 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  last  line.  There  seems  to  appear  in 
it  the  same  Hermes,  son  of  Aristodes,  whom  our  inscription  14. 
showsois  concerned  in  a  liberal  donation  to  the  Gods  and  the 
People  of  Aphrodisias. 


No.  20. — On  the  north  side  of  the  city. 
♦AMIAIAZHNilN 

toyym'ikaeoyz 
toyym'ikaeoyz 
toy^yieizhnu 
nozyh'ikaeoyz 

APXIEPEnZMONO 
MAXfiNKAIKATA 
AIKHNKAITAYPOKA 

^^  The  troop  of  gladiators,  convicts,  and  bull-baiters  belonging 
to  Zeno,  the  high-priest,  son  of  Hypsicles,  the  son  of  Hypsicles, 
the  son  of  Hypsicles,  who  was  by  birth  the  son  of  Zeno.'* 

Troops,  or,  to  preserve  the  Roman  appellation,  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  Oreek  inscriptions,  yamt/te«  of  gladiators,  are  men- 
tioned in  two  other  inscriptions  of  Asia  Minor  (Boeckh,  1511), 
as  being  kept  by  the  Asiarchae,  on  whom  it  was  incumbent,  as 

X 


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306  APPENDIX  A. 

well  as  on  the  High-priests,  to  amuse  the  public  with  games. 
Ours,  it  seems,  is  the  only  Grreek  inscription,  bearing  witness  to 
the  commonly  known  fact  of  convicts  being  employed  as  gla- 
diators. The  buU-baitings  {ravpoKoBa'^uuy  vide  ChishuU  Antt. 
As.  p.  95),  mentioned  in  the  last  line,  were  originally  a  Thessa- 
lian  game,  in  Rome  first  exhibited  by  the  Emperor  Claudius 
(Sueton.  vit.  Claud.,  c.  21,  Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  45),  and  much 
liked  at  Ephesus  and  Smyrna.  A  very  good  representation  of 
them  we  see  in  a  bas-relief,  brought  from  the  latter  city  to 
Oxford  (Marmora  Oxon.  ed.  Chandler,  p.  105.  Iviii.):  unarmed 
horsemen,  coming  up  at  full  speed  with  bulls,  whom  they  try  to 
hold  down  by  the  horns,  not  always  of  course  successfully.  The 
abbreviation  TAYPOKA,  which  closes  the  inscription,  may  be 
interpreted  into  ravpoKoOairrmVy  or  ravpoKda^iAnVy  the  latter 
indeed  less  grammatical,  but  in  keeping  with  the  Kuvr/yeauov  in 
Boeckh,  Inscr.  1511.  The  gladiators  were  no  adepts  in  the 
writing  of  Greek;  and  we  may,  therefore,  without  scruple 
translate  Ztjvav  in  the  first  line  as  if  it  were  Ztfvavix; ;  the  more 
so  as  the  genitive  apxiepeto^  belongs  to  it  as  apposition.  The 
families  of  Zeno  and  of  Hypsicles  being  frequently  mentioned 
on  the  monuments  and  coins  (Eckhel  D.N.  II.  575)  of  Aphro- 
disias,  must  have  been  among  the  first  of  the  city.  Their  names 
were  nearly  hereditary ;  hence  our  inscription,  to  explain  the 
fact,  why  the  descendant  of  so  many  called  Hypsicles,  should 
himself  have  the  name  of  Zeno,  carries  his  lineage  up  to  his 
great-grandfather,  who  had  been  adopted  into  the  Hypsicles' 
family,  belonging  by  birth  to  that  of  the  Zenos. 


No.  21.— Outside  of  the  west  wall. 

The  pedestal  upon  which  the  following  was  written  was  so 
completely  covered  with  inscriptions,  that  the  commencement^  as 
well  as  the  first  and  final  letters  of  each  Une  which  were  cut  in 


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APHRODISIAS.  307 

the  cornice  and  mouldings^  have  been  imperfectly  transcribed ; 
the  rest  was  copied  by  impressing  paper  upon  the  stone. 

^inAPAAOZOZKAIAIABIOYHYZTAPXHZ 

mnNENKOAnNEIAANTIOXEIAArnNllN 

AOAHZAZENAOZnZKAIEniMEAnZEniTO 

ZOYTONAOZHZnPOEBHX2ZnPirrON 

[A]NEAEZeAIEYTYXI2rrOZOYTOYZArn 

[N]AZKAIAOZAZAIKAeEKArrONArnNAT[HN] 

[A]  AMnPOTATHNnATPIAAAYTOYKHPVrM  [AZ] 

INKAIZTE^ANOIZMAAIZTAAEKAIEni 

igOYANTllNEINOYnZOYMONONZT[E*AN] 

[n]eHNAITAIZEKEINOYXEIPZINAAAAK[AI] 

[TEIM]AIZEZAIPETOIZTEIMHeHNAIMETA[AETAYT] 

[AF]  ENOMENOZSYZTAPXHZTOZAYTHE[Y] 

[N]OIAKAIEniMEAEIAMETAZnOYAHZAn[A] 

ZHZKHAETAITllNHMEINAIA4»EPON 

TllNTAKAAAIZTAKAIAPIZTAnOAEIT[EY3 

OMENOZENHMEINKAIAIATAYTAKAIAA[AA] 

TEMENnOAAAKIZKAITANYNEnAINO[YN] 

[T]EZTONANAPAKAIMAPTYPOYNTEZAY[TO] 

^PH^IZMATATOIZKYPIOIZAYTOKPATCOP] 

[Z]INnEnOMtAMENHrOYMENOIMEr[IZT] 

[A]ZKAIANTAZIAZAMOIBAZAYTArENE[Ze] 

[A]  lANTITHZnEPIHMAZEYNOIAZKAIOTI 

ONHMAZINIKANOIZKAIKOnnnOAAftnii 

[E]  rENETOKAIAIEnPAZATOAXeHNAITONEN 

JOZAmNAnAPATOIZANTtOXEYZINX2ZNO/^ 

AEINHMAZOIKOeENnAPAYTOYANHNHZiS 

TO.<^Z?^1ATAAIAYAYTAAEAOXeAITYXHArA[eH] 

EYXAPtZTHZAITXlMENANAPnEniTETHZIEPIl 

TATHZBOYAHZKAITOYAAMnPOTATOYAHMOY 

A^POAEIZIEnNnEPITONnPOHrOPEYMENllN 

teimhzaiteaytonanapianthnanaztazeikai 

EiKONfiNANAeEZEIENTXlEniZHMOTATn 

x2 


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308  APPENDIX  A. 

THZnATPIAOZTOnhEnirPA^HZOMENXlN 
TilNTEIMXlNTHnPOrPA^HTOYAETOYH^ 
♦IZMATOZnPOZTOAIXlNIOYZYnAPSAlAY 
TATAZnAPHMnNTEIMAZ 

EZTINAEKAinOAEITHZnOAEfiNTANYnO 
rErPAMMENnNnEPrAMHNnNANTIOXE 
nNKAIZAPEfiNKOAnNXlNKAIBOYAEYTHZ 
eHPAinNKAIBOYAEYTHZAnOAAQNIAT 
AYKIllNePAKXlNKAIBOYAEYTHZMElAH 
ZlANnEZZINOYNTinNKAAYAIOnOAEITilN 
EniMEAHGENTOZmNTEIMANZHNANOZ 
TOYAnOAAQNIOYTOYMENANAPOYTOY 
AAEA^OYAYTOY 

'^ the  extraordinaiy^  and  for  hia  lifetime  Xystarches  of 

the  games  [celebrated]  in  the  colony  of  Antiocheia*  Being  a 
glorious  and  diligent  Athlete,  he  advanced  so  far  in  gloiy  as  to 
be  the  first  who  fortunately  carried  off  so  great  prizes,  and  so  as 
to  glorify  along  with  each  prize  his  most  splendid  native  dty,  by 
proclamations  and  crowns;  but  chiefly  under  ••••••  Antoni- 
nus, so  as  to  be  not  only  crowned  by  his  [the  Emperor's]  hands, 
but  honoured  also  by  extraordinary  [gifts].  Having  afterwards 
become  Xystarches,  he  with  the  greatest  benevolence  and  dili- 
gence, and  all  [possible]  zeal^  takes  care  of  our  interests,  con- 
ducting himself  as  a  veiy  good  and  honourable  citizen  amongst 
us.  And  in  regard  to  these  and  other  things,  we,  praising  the 
man  and  bearing  him  testimony,  have  often  and  at  present  sent 
decrees  to  our  masters,  the  Emperors ;  being  of  opinion  that 
there  should  be  made  to  him  very  great  [?]  and  corresponding 
returns  for  his  benevolence  towards  us,  and  because  he  put 
himself  to  considerable  expense  and  much  trouble,  and  efGscted 

• It  was  therefore  decreed — May 

it  be  fortunate  I  to  render  thanks  unto  Menander  on  the  part 
both  of  the  most  worshipful  Council  and  the  most  splendid 


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APHRODISIAS.  309 

People  of  the  Aphrodisians,  in  consideration  of  the  aforesaid 
points^  and  to  honour  him  by  erecting  statues  and  putting  up 
images  in  the  most  conspicuous  place  of  the  city^  his  honours 
being  recorded  in  the  preamble  of  this  decree^  to  the  end  that 
his  honours  amongst  us  may  be  perpetuated. 

'^  He  is  also  a  citizen  of  the  under-mentioned  cities^  [that  of 
the]  Pergamenes,  Antiocheians^  Csesarean  Colonists;  and  a 
Councilman  of  the  Therseans^  and  a  Councilman  of  the  Apollo- 
niatae  in  Lycia  [and  in]  Thracia,  and  a  Councilman  of  the 
Milesians^  PessinuntiaHS  and  Claudiopolitans. 

^'  There  acted  as  superintendent  in  [conferring]  these  honours^ 
his  brother  Zeno^  son  of  ApoUonius^  the  son  of  Menander.^' 

It  is  seldom  that  inscriptions  copied  from  pedestals  are  trans- 
mitted to  us  entire^  the  upper  lines  being  commonly  written  on 
the  projecting  part  of  the  stone^  where  they  were  less  secure. 
Thus  we  do  not  know  in  what  office  or  offices  Menander,  pro- 
bably at  Aphrodisias^  proved  himself  '^  extraordinary/'  The 
office  of  Xystarches^  which  he  held  at  Antiochia,  is  mentioned 
in  a  few  other  Oreek  inscriptions  (Oruter^  p.  314^  1 ;  Mu- 
rator,  p.  650,  1 ;  Boeckh^  175B,  at  Aphrodisias).  The  Xystus, 
t.  e*  a  walk  or  arcade,  being  so  essential  a  part  of  the  Gymna- 
sium, the  terms  Xystarches  and  Oymnasiarches  might  be  taken 
as  synonymous ;  it  seems,  however,  that  whilst  the  latter  title 
conferred  only  the  honour  of  a  munificent  patronage,  the  Xy- 
starches exercised  a  certain  professional  superintendence  in  the 
affiiirs  of  the  gymnasium.  The  gymnasiarchia,  being  one  of  the 
municipal  Uturgue,  was  commonly  held  for  a  limited  period  (n.  6, 
but  ▼•  Boeckh,  2777)>  and  sometimes  also  by  women  (inscrip- 
tion from  Mylasa,  p.  68).  The  dignity  of  Xystarches,  as  we  see 
from  the  inscriptions,  was  conferred  by  the  Emperors  on  men 
who  had  distinguished  themselves  in  the  athletic  profession,  and 
was  held  for  life.  Among  the  honours  which  Menander  earned 
for  himself  and  his  native  city,  whose  name,  as  we  may  conclude 
fix)m  Pindar's  beautiful  odes,  was  as  much  glorified  by  the  pro- 
clamation as  the  winner's  own,  the  most  distinguished  was,  to 


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310  APPENDIX  A. 

be  crowned  by  the  hands  of  Antoninus.  This  is  the  Emperor 
L.  Antoninus  Pius ;  the  two  Emperors,  to  whom  the  Council  of 
Aphrodisias  sent  their  decrees  on  behalf  of  Menander,  are  his 
two  adopted  sons  and  successors,  M.  Aurelius  Antoninus  Phi- 
losophus  and  L.  iEHus  Verus,  who  reigned  jointly  from  161  to 
170  of  our  aera.  Antoninus  Pius  having,  whilst  Emperor,  never 
set  foot  out  of  Italy,  the  glory  of  Menander,  or  he  in  search  of 
it,  must  have  gone  far  beyond  his  native  land. 

In  the  two  lines  before  which  the  translation  breaks  off,  we 
may  distinctly  read  the  following  words : — ^Bieirpa^aro  aj(drfv(u 

ar/mva  (or  cu^va)   wapa  Tot9  AvTuy)(€V<nv a>9 

aciv  fffia^  oifcoOey  irtip  avrov ''  showing  that  Menander, 

although  his  avocations  called  him  to  Antiocheia,  did  not  care 
the  less  for  his  native  city*  For  this  the  citizens  of  Aphrodisias 
felt  the  more  grateful,  as  Menander,  probably  in  consequence 
of  the  honours  he  won  and  afterwards  distributed  at  the  gym- 
nastic festivals,  enjoyed  the  rights  of  citizen  and  the  raink  of  a 
Councilman  in  several  other  cities  of  the  greatest  celebrity  in 
Asia  Minor.  From  Thera,  built  on  a  small  island  near  Crete, 
sprung  the  famous  city  of  Cyrene  in  Africa.  We  find  in  an- 
other inscription  (Boeckh,  2761)  a  city  of  Apollonia  take  part  in 
the  ^rmnastic  festivals  at  Aphrodisias ;  but,  lying  in  Caria,  it  is 
neither  of  the  ApoUonias  mentioned  in  our  inscription.  Apol- 
lonia, says  Stephanus  Byzantinus,  is  a  small  island  near  Lycia  ; 
and  there  are  coins  with  the  inscription  AFIOAAUNIA  AY 
(Eckhel,  iii.  2),  and  likewise  of  ATroKKoavut  11  [ovrov],  which  was 
inhabited  by  Thracians  (Eckhel,  ii.  24).  There  were  in  Asia, 
to  judge  from  the  coins,  five  cities  bearing  the  name  of  Antio- 
cheia, three  called  Claudiopolis,  and  as  many  called  Caesarea.  It 
ia  doubtful,  however,  whether  the  name  of  Caesarea  is  to  be  in- 
cluded in  our  list ;  or  the  words  Avrioxeoov  Kcuaapetov  KoXq>- 
vcDv  are  to  be  taken  jointly  for  the  city  of  Antiocheia ;  its  full 
name  being  Colonia  Caesarea  Antiochiae  (vide  Boeckh,  1586)« 

The  name  of  ApoUonius,  borne  by  Menander's  father,  is 
found  on  several  monuments,  and  on  the  coiiis  of  Aphrodisias. 


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APHRODISIAS.  311 

An  Apollonius  of  Aphrodisias  is  also  mentioned  by  Stepbanus 
Byzantinua  (s.  v.  xpuo-oopt?)  as  tbe  author  of  a  work  on  Caria. 


No.  22. 


ETEIMHZANTii/ii/^A4^ 
KAmEnTTMJTMMMAM  . 
AlAIONAYPHAION^yii^iiii 
AeAHZANTAENAOinZAJ.iiil/:i 
ZTONEIKHNnANKPAA/M;AJ 
AGSONsYTrAPXHNlMMMA.M 
7X>YKAIENAOSOYnPni?^^ilil/4 
NONTnNAnMnNOZ-ArMJMLS.3 
NONTPIETIATArTPEIZKPIZ/gi/:;^^ii 
A-rENEION-ANAPAKAINEIKAi!/ii^ 
tEPOYZKMTAAANTtMOYMM/iM     ' 
TOYZAAAOYZArnNAZ 
NEANnOAINZEBAZTAnAIAnNKAA 
AlANANnANKPATINNEMEIAnAIAAN 
nANKPATINIZeMIAArENEIONHANKPA 
TINE^EZONBAAB|AAHAA>#^/iNEinN 
nANKPATINIEPANnEPrAMONKOINON 
ATlAZANAPANnANKPATINE^EZON 
BAABIAAHA^AJAi-#./i/iil/iZMY/i 
NANKOINONAZIAZANAPANn/^ 
EBAOM^nANAeHNAIAinAi^ 
ANAPANHANKPATINnPATONii 
ZIEIIN  NEMEIAANAPHNnii 
KAITAEZHZNEMEIAANAPANnAN/^l 
TINIEPAN  OAYMnEIAENAGHNAIZA/i 
APXlNnANKPATINnPftTONA^POAIi; 
EfiN-nYeiAANAPfiNnANKPATIN 
PnMHNKAnETHAEIAOAYMniAANAif 
ANnANKPATtNnPnTONA^POAElZ 
IE    M    N 


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342  APPENDIX  A. 

Taken  with  impress  paper  frcnn  the  stone.  The  points  be* 
tween  the  letters,  although  in  several  instances  without  import- 
ance, are  all  seen  in  the  impression. 

The  inscription  may  in  the  following  waj  be  restored. 

['H  fiovKfj  Kcu  o  Sfffjbo^  KOA  17  yepovaial 

eretfjuTfaay  t[cm9  icaXKurraisi] 

MU  fieyurrai^  r[6t/Luu9 ] 

AiXmv  Avfyrf\M>y 

5  a0\fj<rarra  €i/&>fa>9  .  .  •  [wXct] 

<rnjv€ucfiVj  7rayKpa{ruumfy  Trapa] 

So{6v,  (wrrapxqy 

rov  KOA  eySo^Vf  wfMo[Toy  luu  fio] 

voy  Twy  OTT  auoyo^  arylpDymyf  ayeXofie] 
10  yoy  rpieruf  ras  rpei^  Kp«r[wov  Oe/JuBof;^ 

aryeyeioy,  aySpa  xai  yeiKlricavni] 

lepov^  K(u  raXayruuov[^  icai  TrXeur] 

Tov^  dKKov^  arffxnya^. 

Neav  TToXtv,  Xeficurroy  TrcuStoy  K>ia[y] 
15  Biaytay  waytcpariy*   Ncftcia,  w€uBc»y 

Trayfcpartv*   ladfua,  arfeyeuay  irayKpa 

travKpari^y  Upay  Tlepyafjboy,  xoiyoy 

Aauvff  ayBpmy  irayKpariV   "Ei^croyj 
20  HdKfiCKKfiay  [ai^peay  vay/cpariy]"   ^X/wlp] 

yay,  /coiyoy  A<r»a9,  aySptoy  7r[ayKpaTiyy 

ifiSofilja]  YlayadrfyMOy 

aySpmy  TrayKpariy,  irporroy  [A^/ooSet] 

<r^a)v*  N6/i6Ux,  ai^pwy  iray\KpaTvy] 
25  Kai  ra  i^  tiefieia  aySptoy  TraylKpa] 

riy  Upay  OXvfi'jreM  €v  Aftywwy  a[v] 

hpmy  irayicpaTiyy  irpcrroy  A(f>po8€L[(n'] 

emy   TlvOuiy  aySptay  iray/cpartiy 

Pco/^v,  KawenaiKeia'   OXvp^Trta^  ayS[p] 
30  (ay  irayKpariyj  trpfaroy  A<^po8€t<r[t] 
e        [a>]      V, 


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APHRODISIAS.  313 

^'  [The  Senate  and  the  People  and  the  Gerusia  ?]  honoured 

with  the  [ftirest]  and  greatest  honours  iElius  Aurelius 

who  was  a  glorious  Athlete^  a  victor  in  many  games^  an 

extraordinary  Pancratiastes^  Xystarches  of 

and  who  won  sacred  games^  and  games  in  which  the  prize  was 
a  talent^  and  a  great  many  other  games* 

^^  At  Neapolis  in  the  Augustean  games,  the  pancration  of  Clau^- 
dian  boys ;  in  the  Nemean  games^  the  pancration  of  the  boys ; 
in  the  Isthmian^  the  young  man's  pancration;  at  Ephesus  in  the 
BalbUlean  games,  the  sacred  pancration  of  the  .young  men ;  at 
Pergamus  in  the  [games  celebrated  by]  the  corporation  of  Asia, 
the  pancration  of  the  men;  at  Ephesus  in  the  Balbillean  games, 
the  pancration  of  the  men  [?] ;  at  Smyrna  [in  the  games  cele<- 
brated  by  the]  corporation  of  Asia,  the  pancration  of  the  men ; 

seventhly,  in  the  Panathemeans the  pancration  of  the 

men,  being  the  first  of  the  citizens  of  Aphrodisias;  in  the  Ne* 
mean  games,  the  pancration  of  the  men^  and  in  the  Nemean 
immediately  following,  the  sacred  pancration  of  the  men ;  in  the 
Olympian  games  at  Athens,  the  pancration  of  the  men,  being 
the  first  of  the  citizens  of  Aphrodisias ;  in  the  Pythian,  the  pan- 
cration of  the  men;  at  Rome,  in  the  Capitolian  games ;  in  the 
Olympian,  the  pancration  of  the  men,  being  the  first  of  the 
citizens  of  Aphrodisias.'' 

Inscriptions  in  which  athletes  or  musicians  enumerate  their 
victories,  written  on  the  bases  of  the  statues  that  were  erected 
either  by  their  fellow-citizens  or  themselves,  are  not  unfrequent 
(Gruter,314, 1;  Murator,  647, 1;  Boeckh, 24?,  1585, 1720, 2810, 
2811.)  Most  of  them  are  of  later  date  than  the  middle  of  the 
second  century  of  our  aera.  From  this  epoch  the  public  games 
and  festivals  constantly  appear  on  the  coins  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire (Eckhel  D.  N.  lY.  p.  430) ;  the  general  passion  for  them, 
and  the  patronage  which  they  enjoyed  firom  the  Emperors,  in- 
creasing exactly  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  remnant  of  public 
spirit  and  prosperity  were  decreasing. 


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314  APPENDIX  A. 

The  supplements  insierted  in  our  inscription  are  taken  from 
those  quoted  above.  In  line  6,  the  name  of  the  games  or  place, 
o£  which  Aurelius  was  a  Xystarches,  has  disappeared.  In  line 
8,. we. should  rather  expect  ayo>vurTo>y  than  ar/wymv,  but  the 
former  W(Hrd,  besides  being  too  long  for  the  space  left  by  the 
breaking  of  the  stone,  is  scarcely  ever  used  in  inscriptions  of 
this  kind ;  and  ours,  as  we  shall  see,  is  not  quite  correct  gram- 
matically. In  line  9,  I  take  Kpi^s  for  Kpunro<:,  who  is  men-* 
tioned  as  Asiarches  (Boeckh,  n.  2912).  The  word  $€fuSa^, 
which  I  should  prefer  to  yeiKo^y  we  find  in  an  inscription  at 
Xanthus,  given  on  page  168.  We  might  suppose  that,  like 
the  person  named  there,  Crispus  had  left  a  legacy  from  which 
prizes  were  to  be  given ;  it  seems  more  Ukely,  however,  that 
the  three  prizes  which  Aurelius  in  three  succeeding  years  ob« 
tained  from  Crispus,  were  won  at  the  games  enumerated  in 
lines  16-19  or  20.  Ephesus  and  Pergamus,  as  well  as  Smyrna, 
were  all  cities  of  the  Roman  province  Asia,  at  the  games  of 
which  the  Asiarches  presided. 

Line  11.  There  are,  says  Jul.  Pollux,  III.  30,  two  kinds  of 
games :  the  aryayc^  i€poi,  called  (TT€<f>ayircu,  because  the  prize 
given  was  a  crown  ;  and  the  aycdy&i  OefiariKoiy  called  apyvpvrcuj 
from  the  pecuniary  rewards  distributed  in  them.  Of  the  latter, 
the  TCkKayruuo^y  ^fiiraXavruuoi  etc.  were  species. 

Line  13.  The  Sebiasta,  celebrated  at  Neapolis  (the  city  still 
beluing  that  name),  in  Campania,  are  often  mentioned.  It  is 
dot  certain,  since  all  the  Emperors  had  the  name  of  Augustus, 
in  whose  honour  they  were  instituted;  nor  can  we  tell  what 
connexion  the  7ra^9  KXavScayoi,  mentioned  in  our  inscription 
only,  had  with  Claudius,  or  an  institution  bearing  his  name. 
.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Nemean  games  (lines  14  and 
23),  the  Isthmian  (line  15),  the  Pythian  (line  27),  and  the  Olym- 
pian (line  28),  in  which  Aurelius  successfully  contested  with 
the  boys,  the  young  men  {cuyeyeioi,  originally  '^  beardless,*'  vide 
Pausan.  vi.  14,  1;  Boeckh,  n.  232^  246),  and  the  men,  are  those 


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APHRODISIAS.  315 

which  are  known  to  us  from  the  classic  authors.  It  has  been 
proved^  indeed^  that  games  bearing  these  celebrated  names  were 
also  performed  at  other  cities^  a  fact  to  which  our  inscription 
also  bears  testimony  in  line  25^  where  the  Olympian  games  at 
Athens  are  mentioned^  but  no  localities  are  named  in  the  above 
instances. 

The  Balbillean  games  (line  16^  19)^  celebrated  at  the  joyous 
Ephesus^  are  called  Barbillean  in  another  inscription  (Boeckh^ 
2810).  That  the  letters  /  and  r  are  frequently  interchanged,  is 
adverted  to  in  other  parts  of  this  work  :  the  Latin  Ulium,  from 
Xeipiov;  the  English  purple,  from  piupura;  the  modem  Greek 
aXerpiy  fit>m  aporpov;  the  Italian  albero  and  albergo,  from  arbor 
and  herberge,  show  the  generality  of  the  fact. 

The  letters  I  fl  A  behind  Havaffrjvcua  (line  21),  which  I  must 
leave  unexplsdned,  appear  distinctly  on  the  impression.  It  is 
curious,  that  Aurelius  mentions  the  number  of  his  preceding 
victories  only  in  this  instance. 

Aurelius  won  in  the  Capitolia  at  Rome  (line  28),  which  is 
distinctly  mentioned ;  games  of  this  name  being  also  celebrated 
at  Aphrodisias  (Boeckh,  2801;  Eckhel,  ii.  575).  At  Rome  they 
were  instituted  by  Furius  Camillus,  in  memory  of  the  deliver- 
ance of  the  capitol  from  the  Gauls;  they  were  splendidly  re- 
newed by  Domitianus.  Not  only  the  names  of  the  festivals, 
but  also  those  of  the  localities  in  which  they  were  celebrated, 
are  constantly  in  our  inscription,  and  in  similar  ones  put  into 
the  accusative.  The  word  iravKpariv  appears  so  distinctly, 
that  although  it  be  not  found  anywhere  else,  we  must  add 
nravKparv;  or  iratficpaTi^  to  our  vocabularies ;  it  is  originally  ad- 
jective, and  in  the  same  way  used  as  a  substantive  feminine,  as 

is  TTVKTltCrf, 


No.  23. — Page  39. — In  the  south  wall. 


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316  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  24. — In  the  south  walL 

ONKAANEAAinnznAEIZTAnAPEZXH^ 
ENONEHnATPIAI^EPEINANePnniNIlZ 
THNLYNBEBHKYIANrYN^OPANEZPnn 
TEKNJQAYTOYAEAOXOAITHBOYAHKAI 
TflAH  MUTETEI  MHZeAl  MENZHN  JSN  A 
KAAAIOYTOYZHNXINOZTOYEYAAMOY 
KAIMETHAAAKXOTAANATEeHNAIAE 
AYTOYKAIANAPIANTAZKAIAfAAMATA 
KAIEIKONAZENIEPOIZHAHMOZIOIZTO 
nOILYnOKAAAIOYTOynATPOrAYTOY 
HAPMEMYeHZeAIAEKAIAn^lANEY 
AAMOYTOYMHTPOAXIPOYTHNMH 
TEPATOYZHNXINOZ 

'^  [When  it  was  reported  that  Callias^  who  was  a. good  and 
honourable  man?]  and  had  unceasingly  done  great  service  to 
his  native  city,  bore  humanely  the  accident  that  had  befallen 

his  child^  it  was  decreed  by  the  Council  and  the  People^ 

that  Zeno,  son  of  Callias,  the  son  of  Zeno,  the  son  of  Eudamus^ 
be  honoured  even  after  he  departed^  and  that  there  be  put  up 
his  statues^  and  sculptures,  and  images  in  the  temples  and 
public  places  by  Callias  his  father;  and  that  there  be  also 
consoled  Appia,  daughter  of  Eudamus^  the  son  of  Metrodorus, 
the  mother  of  Zeno/' 

The  wprd  fieniXXaxxora  appears  so  distinctly  in  this  and 
other  inscriptions  copied  at  Aphrodisias,  that  we  must  acknow- 
ledge it  to  be  a  dialectic  form  instead  of  the  common  /i€Ti;X\a- 
X<ya»  It  may  be  added  then  to  the  two  words  given  in  Greek 
grammars  as  having  doubled  aspiratae  (the  first  being  naturally 
changed  into  the  tenuis),  the  Pindaric  oxxo^^o^o^;,  and  the 
Hesiodic  aiannfxi^^aKv^x)^  i  loic^o?  may  in  the  same  way  be 
derived  from  wxpa* 


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APHRODISIAS.  317 

No  25. 


EYAAMOYN  EAN I ANKAAON  KAI  APAeON 

THNANArTP04»HNnEnOIHMENONENAPETON 

KAinANTOZEnAINOYAZIANTAIZKAAAIZ 

TAIZKAIMEnZTAIZTEIMAIZANATEeHNAI 

AEAYTOYKAIANAPIANTAXKAIArAAMATA 

KAIEIKONAZrPAnTAXENOnAOIXEniXPV 

ZOIZENIEPOIZKAIAHMOZIOtrronOIZE^AN 

KAIEnirPA^HNAITAZAOAZKAinPEnOY 

ZAZKAIANAAOrOYZArrnrENEIKAITHnEP/i 

TONBION  AYTOYAN  AZTPO^HTEI  MAZER  I 

rPA^HNAIAEKAIERITOYMNHMEIOYENATE 

eARTAI  KAIZHNXINOAAEA^OZAYTOY 

TAZASIAZEnirPA^AZAYTOYnAPAMEMYeHZ 

OAIAEKAAAIANZHNANOZTOYEYAAMOY 

KAI  An^l  AN  EYAAMOYTOYMHTPOAnPOY 


No.  26. 
(Continuation  of  the  foregoing.) 

toyzron  eizaytoykai eyaamon  kaaai 
oytoyzhnhnoztonaaea^onaytoy 

♦EPEINANePAniNllZTOZYNBEBHKOZ 
ATYXHMA 

" that  Callias  [twice,  i.  e.  grandson]  of  Zeno,  the  son 

of  Eudamus,  an  honourable  and  good  youth,  whose  conduct  was 
virtuous  and  worthy  of  all  praise,  [be  honoured]  with  the  greatest 
and  fairest  honours,  and  that  there  be  put  up  his  statues  and 
sculptures  and  images  painted  on  gold-grounded  shields  in  the 


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318  APPENDIX  A, 

temples  and  public  places,  whereon  there  are  also  to  be  in- 
scribed his  honours,  fair  and  beseeming  and  becoming  his 
family  and  the  conduct  of  his  life ;  and  that  these  worthy  in- 
scriptions be  likewise  inscribed  on  his  tomb,  in  which  his  bro- 
ther Zeno  also  is  buried;  and  that  there  be  consoled  Callias,  son 
of  Zeno,  the  son  of  Eudamus,  and  Appia  daughter  of  Eudamus, 
the  son  of  Metrodorus,  (26)  his  parents ;  and  Eudamus,  son  of 
Callias,  the  son  of  Zeno,  his  brother,  that  they  may  bear  hu- 
manely the  misfortune  which  has  befallen  them.'' 

The  inscriptions  24  to  27  relate  to  the  same  family,  whose 
lineage  stands  thus : 

Eudamus  Metrodorus 

Zeno  Eudamus 

Callias  Appia 

Zeno  (24,  26)         Callias  (25)       Eudamus  (26, 27). 

The  four  letters  AOAZ,  in  the  tenth  line,  stand  either  for 
KAAAZ  or  for  APAOAX^  the  stone-cutter  or  the  copyist 
having  left  out  the  two  first  letters,  because  they  are  so  similar 
to  the  two  last  of  the  preceding  TAZ. 

It  is  not  easy  exactly  to  define  the  works  of  art  which  the 
Town-Council  of  Aphrodisias  caused  "  to  be  put  up.'*  The 
eifcove^  ypaTrrai  especially  have  given  rise  to  many  discussions 
among  the  first  philologists  of  the  continent,  proceeding  from 
an  inscription  first  published  by  Maittaire  in  the  Appendix  of 
the  Marmora  Oxoniensia,  and  afterwards  commented  on  in  the 
Mus.  Crit.  Cantab.,  tom.  vii.  p.  477;  vide  Raoul  Rochette,  Jour- 
nal des  Sav.,  June  1833,  Boeckh,  n.  3068,  Osann  Sylloge,  p.  244, 
576.  Generally  speaking,  both  avBpuL^  and  arfcuK^ia  may  be 
translated  by  ^^  statue,''  and  euco>v  signifies  any  graphic  repre- 
sentation, full  size  or  small,  sculptured  or  painted.  Our  in<- 
scription,  however,  and  several  others,  show,  that  in  Asia  Minor 
especially,  these  general  terms  had,  by  common  parlance,  each 


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APHRODISIAS.  319 

a  particular  meaning.  In  another  inscription  of  Aphrodisias^ 
being  of  the  same  kind  as  ours,  Boeckh,  n.  2 77 19  thinks  avSpiav^ 

Ta<!  to  be  statues  of  the  man  himself,  and  a/yoKfiaTa  statues  of  ' 

gods  to  be  erected  on  his  behalf.  This  is  scarcely  applicable  to 
our  inscriptions,  in  which  ainov  constantly  precedes  the  three 

words ;  arfcCKfiara  in  n.  25,  standing  between  avhpiavras  and  I 

eiKovas  ^pairra^y  which  both  undoubtedly  mean  representations  | 

of  the  man  himself.     Both  arfcCKfiaTa  and   avhpuLvre^  being  1 

sculptures ;  we  are  allowed  to  take,  as  Boeckh  does  in  a  similar  ' 

inscription  (3068  A,  3067),  the  former  for  statues,  and  avhpi^ 
avT69  for  busts  standing  on  Hermae,  a  kind  of  monument  by  no 

means  uncommon,  as  the  British  Museum  shows ;  or  we  may  I 

leave  to  avipiavre;  its  common  meaning,  and  by  aycCKfjMra,  as 

Pausanias  does  in  several  places,  (Siebelis  Pnef.  ad  Pausan.  I 

vol.  i.  p.  xlii.)  understand  bas-reliefs.     By  iiKiov  on  the  monu- 
ments of  Asia  Minor  and  of  Qumse,  is  meant  a  bust ;  by  eiKmv  | 
ypaTTTf)  a  picture  extending  no  further  than  does  a  bust  {pro- 

tome,  or  as  now  painters  call  it,  kit-cai).     Et^cov  ypairnf  ev  | 

oTrXot?,  eirixpva-oi^y  or  eiKwv  ypaimj  cvowXo9,  is  a  portrait  pamted  ,  1 

on  a  shield,  i.e.  a  circular  or  oval  piece  of  wood,  on  gold  ground,  | 

as  were  the  earliest  pictures  of  Christian  art.  It  is  true  that  the 
ancients  had  also  medallion-portraits  sculptured  on  marble,  or 
metal  shields,  of  which  many  are  yet  to  be  seen  in  museums ; 
but  the  Greek  term  for  these  works  of  art  would  rather  be  €lk(ov 
yXwrrr),  avarfKv^o^  eTretpyaafieyrfj  or  such  like ;  ypawrq  meaning 
^^  painted.''  Some  thought  ei/caavypawrr)  to  be  a  painted  statue. 
Thence,  according  to  our  inscriptions,  the  public  places  of 
Aphrodisias  would  have  been  decorated  with  statues  painted  in- 
(perhaps  real)  gilt  armour.  We  should  prefer,  however,  the 
above  explanation,  being  more  consistent  with  that  of  other. in- 
scriptions, and  also  with  a  passage  in  Macrob.,  Sat.  ii»  3,  which 
describes  a  portrait  of  Cicero's  brother,  painted  and  preserved  in 
his  former  province,  Asia,  as  "clypeata  imago  (viz.  eiKtoy  evcwrXo?) 
ingentibus  lineamentis  usque  ad  pectus  ex  more  picta.*^  ' 


\ 
\ 
\ 
\ 


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320  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  27. 


SJUiJSKOTAAEAOXeAl  1 1  'wO '  •  lOPA 

TXMIXATETEIMHZeAIKAIMETHAAAK 

XOTAEYAAMONKAAAIOYTOYZHNil 

NOrrOYEYAAMOYNEANIANKAAON 

KAIArAGONZHZANTAKOZMIfiZKAIZn 

♦PONnZKAinPOZVnOAEirMAAPETHZ 

TAIZKAAAlZTAIZKAIMEnrTAIZKAIAZI 

AlZTEIMAIZANATEeHNAIAEAYTOYKAl 

ElKONAZrPAnTAZENOnAOIZEniXPY 

ZOIZKAIANAPIANTAZKAIArAAMATA 

ENIEPOIZKAIAHMOZIOIZTOnOIZE 

♦IINKAI    liiiirPA^HNAITAZAZIAZKAIA 

NAAOrOYZAZTIirEN  El  AYTOYTEIMAZ 

EnirPA^HNAIAEAYTOYTAZTEIMAZ 

KAIERITOYMNHMEIOYENAKEKHAEY 

TAjyyiMEMYeHZeAIAEKAAAIANZH 

NXULiJTOYEYJIMOYKAIAn^lANEYAA 

MOjyijrrpo^npoYTOYzroNEizAY 
TOYjyyuBJipnniNiirrAZZYMBEBH 

KYiijyyUfiilM^OPAZEniTOirTE 

ANi«4L«JJrr04'H^IZMAEniAE 

AOMMMSMSAMENOYHHTP 

" it  was  decreed  by and  the  People  that  there 

be  honoured  even  after  he  departed,  Eudamua  son  of  Callias, 
the  son  of  Zeno,  the  son  of  Eudamus,  an  honourable  and  good 
youth,  who  lived  decently  and  wisely,  and  like  a  pattern  of 
virtue,  with  the  greatest,  fairest  and  worthy  honours,  and  that 
there  be  put  up  his  images,  painted  on  gold-grounded  shields, 
and  statues  and  sculptures  in  the  temples  and  public  places, 
whereon  there  are  to  be  inscribed  the  honours  worthy  and  be- 
fitting his  family ;  and  that  there  be  inscribed  his  honours  also 


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APHRODISIAS.  321 

on  the  monimient  in  i/vhich  he  is  buried;  and  that  there  be  con- 
soled Callias,  son  of  Zeno^  the  son  of  Eudamus  and  Appia, 

daughter  of  Eudamus^  the  son  of  Metrodorus,  his  parents 

to  bear  humanely  the  accidents  that  have  befallen  them.    The 

decree '' 

Thus  Callias  and  Appia  lost  their  last  son^  who  had  in  life 
been  virtuous,  like  his  brothers^  and  been  equally  honoured  in 
death.  To  his  parents  the  same  request  is  made,  which  he  had 
heard  twice  before,  to  bear  their  misfortunes  humanely.  What 
Greek  genius  meant  by  this,  its  first-born,  Homer,  has  put  before 
us  in  the  finishing  canto  of  the  Iliad. 


No.  28. — In  the  west  wall. 

lOYIOIIYNIOYIO^i^i^lO 

HeEIKAIZEMNOTHTIBIOYVnE 

TETEAEYTHKENnPOZHKEIA 

AEYTHKOTXlNnAPAMYeEIZeA 

♦lATATONAnOBOAHZAIATAY 

OAIMENKAIMETHAAAKXOTATA 

KEAAAPIZTOKAEOYTTOYZHNXl 

GHZAZeAl  AETON  R  ATEPAAYT 

THrTYXHzrYN«)PAirrAirrE 

rONEYZNnPOAOPOYTOYTO 
MIOYAIOZnYPPOYrnAMMJI 

This  inscription  forms  one  half  of  an  honorary  decree  similar 
to  the  foregoing,  but  without  mentioning  statues  and  images. 
Boeckh,  n.  2776»  reads  thus : 

Toxnov 

ffOci  tcai  a-e/AVOTfjTi  fiiov  \nre\pfie^'qKw] 
T€T€\€im]tC€V  7rpo<nfK€i  Se 
Y 


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322  APPENDIX  A. 

•  •  [T€T€]\evr7jKOTa>v  wapafiv0€i<r0at 

^iXrarov  arro  )8o[i;]X^'  hia  Tau[Ta] 

•  * xXea  ApurroKkeoi;^  rov  Zrjvfavo^ 

[TrapafivjOrfaaaOat  Se  rov  irarepa  avT[ov] 

•  7^79  Tuyri^  avfi^pai^  rai^  re 

.......  •Yoyev^  MffrpoSniypov  rov  ro[v€a)9] 

'  • •  MiOvKu)^  TIvppov  ypafifialrev^"]* 

In  the  first  five  lines  we  have  the  customary  preamble  of  a 
decree^  stating  its  motives^  which  in  the  present  case  may  have 
been  stated  by  the  secretary  Mithylios^  the  son  of  Pyrrhus. 
Another  inscription  written  on  the  same  stone^  and  relating  to 
the  family  of  Aristocles,  son  of  Aristocles,  the  person  honoured 
by  this  decree^  will  be  given  under  No.  52. 


No.  29. — On  a  pedestal  at  the  east  gate. 

HRATPIZ 

TIBEPION 

AYPHAION 

TIBEPIOY 

KAAYAIOY 

KAniTOAl 

NOY^^^ON 

KTHZIAN 

TONPHTO 

"The  city  [honours,  probably  by  erecting  a  statue,]  Tiberius 
Aurelius  Ctesias,  the  Rhetor,  son  of  Tiberius  Claudius  Capito- 
linus.** 


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APHRODISIAS.  323 


No.  30. — Near  the  east  gate. 

HBOYAHKAtOAHMOZETEIMHZEN 

KAIMETHAAAXXOTAMHTPOAXIPON 

MHTPOAnPOYAHMHTPIONZHZAN 

TAKOZMIXlZANAPAnEPITAKOINATHZ 

nOAEAZ^IAOTEIMONENTEAPXAIZ 

KAIYnOZXEZEZINKAIEPTEniZTAZIAIZ 

KAITAIZAOmAlZEIZTHNnATPIAA 

YnHPEZIAIZnPOeVMONrENOMENON 

'^  The  Council  and  People  honoured^  even  after  he  departed^ 
Metrodorus  Demetrius^  son  of  Metrodorus^  living  decently^  a 
man  of  honourable  ambition  in  public  affairs,  and  showing  zeal 
in  offices,  and  promises,  and  the  superintending  of  works,  and 
other  services  to  the  commonwealth.*' 

AHMHTPION  appearing  distinctly  in  both  Sherard's  tran- 
script (Boeckh,  27/9)  and  ours,  we  must  take  it  as  a  second  name 
of  Metrodorus,  instead  of  reading  AHMHTPIOY,  and  making 
Demetrius  the  grandfather  of  the  younger  Metrodorus.  The 
form  /ienyXXap^ora  is  very  remarkable.     See  No.  24. 


( 


No.  31. — At  the  east  gate. 

MMMAlMeriu  MMM£KU 
TAIZASIAIZKAinPEnOY 
ZAIZTEIMAIZNEAIPANME 
NEKAEOYZAMMIANrVNAI 
KArENOMENHNMHTPOAn 
POYTOYMHTPOAnPOYAHMH 
TPIOYZHZAZANKOZMinZ 
KAiZn^PONHZ 
y2 


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324  APPENDIX  A. 

<f decreed  to  honour,  even  after  her  death  [?]  with 

worthy  and  becoming  honours,  Nesera  Ammias,  daughter  of 
Menecles,  who  had  been  the  wife  of  Metrodorus  Demetrius,  son 
of  Metrodorus,  and  lived  decently  and  soberly." 


No.  32. — In  the  east  wall. 

HBOYAHKAIOAHMOCKAI 

HrEPOYCIAKAIOINEOI 

ETEIMHCANATTAAON 

MAKEAONOZTOYAPICTE 

OYTOYAAESANAPOY 

AnOAAbJNIAOYAIATE 

THNIAIANAPETHNKAI 

THNTWNRPOrONWNAIA 

TE^IAOAOZIIONKAIANA 

eHMATWNnPOCTONAH 

MONEYNOIAN 

*^  The  Council  and  the  People  and  the  Elders  [Gerusia]  and 
the  young  men  honoured  Attains,  son  of  Macedo,  the  son  of 
Aristeas,  the  son  of  Alexander  ApoUonides,  both  for  his  own 
virtue  and  that  of  his  ancestors,  and  for  his  benevolence  to  the 
People,  [manifested  in]  love  of  fame  and  splendid  offerings.'' 

The  Bov\7fy  A77fu>9,  Tepova-ia  and  Neot,  although  these  bodies 
were  not  co-ordinate  in  political  importance  (see  No.  2.),  some- 
times made  decrees  in  common,  which  were  then  called  those 
of  the  2i/va/»xta,  or  of  the  KoivofiovXiov  (Eckhel,  D.N.  II.  p.  575). 
Perhaps  the  decree  in  honour  of  Attains  originated  with  the 
young  men,  among  whom  he  distinguished  himself,  and  who 
especially  owed  him  gratitude  for  his  splendid  offerings ;  it  was 
then  referred  to  the  examination  of  the  Gerusia,  a  kind  of  court 
of  honour,  and  finally  sanctioned  by  the  highest  municipal 
authorities. 


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APHRODISIAS.  325 

Aristeas  (as  Boeckh  remarks,  2775)  and  Papias  are  the 
names  of  distiDguished  sculptors,  both  natives  of  Aphrodisias, 
mentioned  in  a  Greek  inscription  at  Rome,  Still  more  distin- 
guished is  another  name  read  on  our  monument,  Alexander 
Aphrodisiensb,  being  one  of  the  best  interpreters  of  Aristotle. 
Instead  of  ♦lAOAOZUlN,  Boeckh,  2781,  would  propose  to 
read  ^lAOAOZIAN,  t.  e.  liberality ;  but  the  former  word  ap- 
pears quite  distinct  in  our  transcript,  as  it  does  in  Sherard's. 


No.  33. — In  the  east  wall. 

ETHJlANTAnHAAiS 

TAIZTEIMAIZAIONiiS 

ZIONAPTEMIAnPOJI 

TOYMENinnOYTO^ 
AIONYZIOYTOYAH 
MHTPIOY2HZANTA 
KOZMIflZKAinPOZ 
YnOAEirMAAPETHZ 

"  . . . .  honoured  with  the  fairest  [?]  honours  Dionysius,  son 
of  Artemidorus,  the  son  of  Menippus,  the  son  of  Dionysius,  the 
son  of  Demetrius,  living  decently  and  as  a  pattern  of  virtue/^ 

The  name  of  Menippus  appears  on  the  coins  of  Aphrodisias. 


No.  34. — In  the  east  wall. 

OAAYIOZ 
MYONAAPEAAOY 
♦YZEIAEEYZEBOYZ 

MENANAPON 

''The  People  [honoured]  Myo  Menander,the  son  of  Agelaus, 
but  by  birth  the  son  of  Eusebes/^ 


( 


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326  APPENDIX  A. 

Sherard's  transcript^  firom  which  Boeckh^  2772>  printed  the 
inscription^  has  in  the  first  line  OAHMOZ;  to  judge  from 
our  transcript^  it  was  rather  OAAMOZ*  The  inscriptions  of 
Aphrodisias  give  no  other  instance  of  this  Doric  form.  The 
fact  of  Myo  having  two  names^  may  be  explained  by  his  being 
adopted  into  another  family. 


No.  35. — In  the  west  wall. 

HBOYAHHKAIOAHMOZETEIMHZEN 

ZflKPATHNeEO^PAZTOYANAPA 

EZMJUfMONKAAONKAIArAOJI 

'^  The  Senate  and  the  People  honoured  Socrates^  the  son  of 
Theophrastus^  who  had  been  an  honourable  and  good  man.'^ 

The  translation  takes  the  word  at  the  beginning  of  the  last 
line  for  TENOMENON. 


No.  36. — In  the  south-east  wall. 

NOAH    HBOYAHKAIOAHMO^ 
EIMH     ETEIMMZENPEINAT 
IHPAI    TAAOVrVNAIKA 
HPAPY 

The  inscription  at  the  right  is  published  by  Boeckh^  2820^ 
as  a  sequel  to  a  larger  decree^  also  '^  made  by  the  Council  and 
People  in  honour  of  the  wife  of  Attains/'  a  priestess  of  Here. 
The  last  line  of  our  inscription^  Prof.  Boeckh  explains  by  KOi 
€^  ^HfHitovy  signifying  that  a  statue  of  the  priestess  was  also 
placed  in  the  Herseum,  t.  e.  the  temple  of  Juno.  The  name  of 
the  priestess  Boeckh^  partly  from  another  inscription^  supposes 


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APHRODISIAS.  327 

to  have  been  Caja«  The  letters  TEIN^  from  which  this  is  to  be 
inferred,  are  in  Sherard^s  transcript  the  same  as  in  ours.  The 
little  column  on  the  left  is  part  of  another  inscription,  which 
may  have  had  contents  similar  to  those  of  the  inscription  on  the 
right. 


No.  37* — In  the  east  wall. 

TIBEPIONKAAYAION 

AiiKIOYANTXlNlOY 

KAAYAIOYAOMETEJS 

NOYAIOrENOYZAZ 

JSAPXIEPEX2ZKAI 

NOMOeETOYYION 

ATTAAONLYNKAH 

TIKONTONEYEPfE 

THNTHZnATPIAOZ 

^'  Tiberius  Claudius  Attains,  son  of  Lucius  Antonius  Clau- 
dius Dometinus  [?]  Diogenes,  the  High-priest  of  Asia  and 
Nomothetes,  a  Senator,  the  benefactor  of  his  native  city.'' 

The  name  of  Dometinus,  or  rather  Domitinus,  although  de- 
rived in  the  same  way  from  Domitius,  as  Antoninus  is  from 
Antonius,  is  by  far  less  used  than  Domitianus.  [Ao/it]r€£vov, 
however,  appears  in  another  inscription  (Boeckh,  2777)>  relating 
to  the  same  Diogenes,  the  High-priest  of  Asia  and  Nomothetes. 
The  office  of  High-priest  of  Asia,  perhaps  identical  with  that  of 
Asiarcha  (Eckhel,  iv.  p.  205),  was  among  the  highest  distinc- 
tions conferred  on  natives  of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  intimately 
connected  with  the  great  games  celebrated  in  the  principal 
cities  of  the  province  by  the  Kotvov  Ao-uk,  and  was  attended  with 
considerable  expense  {vide  our  No«  20.);  whence  Strabo,  in  proof 
of  the  opulence  of  Tralles,  appeals  to  the  fact,  that  three  of  its 


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328  APPENDIX  A. 

fiunilies  had  the  office  of  High-priests  of  Asia  omferred  on  them 
nearly  hereditarily.  The  office,  although  the  title  seems  by  cour- 
tesy to  have  been  continued  through  life,  was  not  perpetual. 
The  title  of  Nomothetes,  implying  legislatorial  functions,  is  not 
common  on  the  coins  and  monuments  of  Asia  Minor. 


No.  38. — In  the  east  waU,  upon  a  pedestal. 

KAAYAIAN 

ANTlZNiAN 

TATIANHN 

THNKPATIZ 

THNANEi'l 

ANKAAYAI 

OYAiOrE 

NOYTKAIAT 

TAAOYTYN 

KAHTIKON 

THNENnA 

ZINEKnPO 

rONilNEY 

EPFETINTHZ 

nOAEXlZ 
THZANALTA 

ZEnrroYAN 

APIANTOZEn 
IMEAHeENTO 
TloKAn      KA 
TOAZINO 

«  Claudia  Antonia  Tatiana,  the  excellent  cousin  of  Claudius 
Diogenes  and  Attalus,  the  Senators  [?],  being  a  distinguished 
benefactress  to  the  city,  as  were  her  ancestors. 


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APHRODISIAS.  329 

''  Ti»  CI.  Attalus,  the  son  of  Diogenes  [?],  superintended  the 
erection  of  the  statue/' 

The  three  last  names  are  restored  from  No.  37^  which  evi- 
dently relates  to  the  same  family.  The  translation  takes  the 
words  in  the  tenth  line  for  awicK'tfrucwvi  the  adjective  ovyKXif- 
rueo^  being  generally  of  three  terminations^  and  there  being  no 
instance  of  the  term  ovyKXajritco^f  which  means  a  senator,  being 
applied  to  a  wife  or  daughter  of  a  senator. 


No.  39. — In  the  west  wall,  upon  a  pedestal. 

AlOrENHN 
ATAAOZ 
TONAAEA 
♦ON 

^'  Attains  [erects  a  statue  of]  Diogenes,  his  brother.'^ 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2805,  together  with  a  corresponding 
inscription  written  by  Diogenes  under  a  statue  of  his  brother 
Attains. 


No.  40. — In  the  west  wall,  upon  a  pedestaL 

nonAiONAi 

AIONIAAPIA 

NONinniKON 

nORAIOYAI 

AlOYAnOAAfl 

NIANOVnPEI 

MIHEIAAPIOY 

YIONnonAI 


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330  APPENDIX  A. 

OYAIAIOY 

lAAPIANOYY 

RATIKOYEK 

rONONnOA 

AXINZYNKAH 

TIKONKAIY 

nATIKflNXYN 

PENH 
TIBEPIAIOYAI 
AANTONIAAH 
TXllZMHT-PoKAH 
MAMMIZYNKAH 
TIKnN    TON 
TAYKYTATON 

YION 

''  Publius  iEliufl  Hilarianus^  of  equestrian  rank^  son  of  the 
[Centurio]  Primipilarius  Publius  iElius  ApoUonianus^  grandson 
of  the  Consularis  Publius  JBlius  Hilarianus^  kinsman  of  many 
a  Consularis  and  Senator. 

'^  Tiberia  Julia  Antonia  Letob^  a  mother  and  aunt  of  Senators, 
[erects  this  in  honour  of  the  above  P.  iEl.  Hilarianus],  her 
sweetest  son/* 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2793. 

The  word  after  the  names  Antonia  Letois  may  be  taken  for 
MHTPOZ  instead  of  MHTHP,  but  the  following,  MAMMH, 
is  evidently  a  nominative;  and  the  reading  which  the  translation 
follows,  supposing  that  some  of  Tiberia's  elder  sons  and  her 
nephews  were  Senators,  seems  preferable  to  that,  which  would 
give  her  mother  and  her  aunt  the  rank  of  Senators. 

The  terms  ^vyKXfjriKo^  and  J,vyK\ffTo^  belong  almost  exclu* 
sively  to  the  Roman  Senate,  BovXeimf^  and  BovXtf  to  the  Mu- 
nicipal Councils  (Eckhel,  /.  c.  190;  Su7«Xi;tos  MeXirawv, 
Gruter,  400,  8  ;  Itvpcucoauov,  ibid,  401, 1 ;  TpaXKutvmv,  Boeckh, 
2926).     Not  one  of  the  many  Consulares  in  iElius'  family  is 


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APHRODISIAS.  331 

named  in  the  lists  of  the  Roman  Consuls ;  but  by  the  Emperors 
the  title  of  Consixlaris  was  bestowed  on  the  governors  of  the 
more  important  provinces^  especially  on  those  of  Asia  (Eckhel^ 
/•  c*  281),  without  their  having  been  Consuls  before. 


No.  41.  Page  40. — On  a  sarcophagus,  showing  the  medallion- 
portraits  of  a  man  and  a  woman.     See  woodcut,  page  39. 

The  words  'n-Xaraii  and  [ejuroKm;,  as  seen  in  the  following 
inscription,  constantly  recur  on  monuments  of  this  kind  at 
Aphrodisias,  but  are  not  met  with  in  other  Qreek  inscriptions 
and  authors.  Of  the  former  word  there  appears  twice  in  our 
inscription,  both  after  Sherard^s  and  our  transcript,  the  hete- 
rocUte  accusative  wXxtroy.  Instead  of  Sherard's  NEXlllOIOI, 
our  transcript  has  NEXlllYOI,  another  instance  of  t;  being  sub- 
stituted for  oi ;  Xi/Tra  (1. 4)  instead  of  \017ra  appears  in  other 
inscriptions  of  Aphrodisias,  where  aw^eu  is  always  written 
instead  of  arot^cu.  It  has  been  pointed  out  as  a  peculiarity  of 
the  iEolic,  especially  the  Bceotic  (Boeckh,  vol.  i.  p.  723)  dialect, 
to  use  t;  and  i  instead  of  the  diphthongs  01  and  ei.  Of  the  latter 
change^  the  form  uj-foanj — instead  of  which  in  other  inscriptions 
we  have  eMroMm;,  and  t9,  which,  as  we  shall  see,  is  frequently 
used  instead  of  ei^  at  Aphrodisias — ^is  an  example ;  whilst  in  a 
great  many  other  words,  AffipoSeirrj  (line  9),  A^poBeiaieeaiVf  revfi/qj 
yeuct)  etc.,  the  Carians  substituted  the  diphthong  where  the 
classic  Greek  has  i.  In  line  10  both  Sherard^s  and  our  tran- 
script have  YnEYeiNOI  instead  of  YnEYGYNOI.  In  Ime  9 
the  Oi  after  vecmoioi  has  fallen  out.  The  letters  MA  at  the  right 
comer  of  line  1  are  without  connection,  nay^  separated  from  the 
foregoing  words  by  two  points.  Perhaps  they  served  to  indicate 
the  name  of  the  stone-cutter,  or  a  mark  made  on  the  tomb, 
besides  the  proprietor's  declaration ;  there  is  nothing  similar  to 
this  in  other  inscriptions  of  this  kind. 


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APHRODISIAS.  333 


I 

00 


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334  APPENDIX  A. 

Published  by  Boeckh,  n.  2829,  from  Sherard,  who  saw  the 
fragment  at  the  left  in  a  more  perfect  state.  With  the  neces- 
sary restorations  the  inscription  reads  thus : — 

*H  aopo^;  kol  o  fitofio^  kcll  [at  eeo'ctxTTOA]  9Ciu  ra  [yre']pt  avra  iravra 
KaTeaKevcurffrfa-av  /ecu  euri^y  T[()9.  Iov']\u>v  TXvtemyo^f  koBw^  tccu  8$a 
n;9  yeyofianj^  exBoacm^  Sui  [rov  j(p€]oil>uXeuuov  StjfKovreu,     Ev  ^  co^ 
pw  tcqieudfitrerai  avro^  re  o  TXutctoy  tj  [p]v^  av  avro^  fiovKrfdrj  17  ButTCL- 
^Tfrav  €¥  Se  ram  urwrrcu^  tci]S€t/0rj[(T]oyT€u  ou9  av  evOay^  fiovXo)- 
6fl  o  rXtMCvv,  17  evypcufxo^  rivi,  o-uy^topriaT),  rj  Scara^t^cu,  irepo^  Se 
ovSeni  e^ovauiv  i^ei  evOay^ui  riva  oure  €(9  rriv  tropov  ovre  €49  ra^ 
eta-wcra^y  tj  ov9  av  TKukcov  outo^  ^o>v  fiov\rj07j  evOa^^ui'  ovSei^  Se 
i^€i  e^ovaiav  evOa'^ai  nva  erepo^  tj  €K0a^^a4  atofjuireiov  roiv  ei^ 
Ta^>€vrmv  T17  rov  rXt;4Muvo9  fiovXaiaeli^,  ovre  Bia  '^ytf^urfiaro^,  owe 
Sc  €KTevf€6>9  fjyefiovixfy;,  ovre  aX[X]6>  Tpo7ra>  ovBevr  ovSe  aTToX- 
XorpuoaoA  ovre  fieroKei^vr^cu  Tqv  [a]opov  eirei  6  tovt^v  ri  roKfirf- 
aa^  rj  awxfopfja'a^  airoreureL  ro>  Up\p'\rare^  rafieuo  M  irevraia/^ 
')(eCKmi  &v  ro  rpirov  yevfja-erai  rov  &chuer}aavTO^.     Tavrrf^ 
Ti;9  eiruypa^)^  airereOri  avrirfpa^lyl  xai  6t9  to  ;^€04^i;\a/CM)y  evi 
<rT€(f>avrj<f>opov  to  rpi^  icai  8e«aTo[v]  hrrciKiZo^  rr)^  MevcKparov^ 
fJLf}VO^  SavS[L]Kov. 

'^  The  sarcophagus^  and  the  monument^  and  the  Isostae,  and 
all  that  belongs  thereto,  have  been  built  by,  and  are  the  pro- 
perty of,  Tiberius  Julius  Glyco,  as  is  also  declared  by  the  deed 
of  tradition  in  the  Archives.  In  this  sarcophagus  there  are  to 
be  buried  both  Glyco  himself,  and  those  whom  he  wishes  or 
ordains ;  but  in  the  Isostse  there  are  to  be  buried  those  whom 
Glyco  wishes  or  permits  by  writ,  or  ordains  to  be  buried.  But 
another  shall  not  have  leave  to  buiy  any  one,  either  in  the  sar- 
cophagus or  in  the  Isostas,  except  those  whom  Glyoo  tn  bis 
lifetime  wishes  to  bury  [their  dead  there].  But  no  other  per- 
son shall  have  leave  to  bury,  or  to  take  out  any  corpse  of  those 
buried  by  Glyco's  desire;  neither  by  [availing  himself  of]  a 
decree,  nor  an  injunction  from  the  governor,  nor  in  any  other 


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APHRODISIAS.  335 

way ;  neither  shall  he  alienate  nor  move  the  sarcophagus ;  since 
he  who  attempts  any  of  these  acts^  or  gives  leave  to  another, 
shall  pay  to  the  most  sacred  treasury  5000  denaria^  of  which 
one-third  shall  be  his  who  institutes  proceedings.  A  copy  of 
this  inscription  was  also  deposited  in  the  archives,  there  being 
Stephanephorus  for  the  thirteenth  time  Attalis,  the  daughter  of 
Menecrates,  in  the  month  Xandicus/' 

The  month  Xandicus,  or  rather  Xanthicus,  was  the  sixth  in 
the  Ephesian  almanac,  and  extended  from  January  25  to  Fe- 
bruary 22. 

The  ypeo^vKouciov  or  ypetoifwlsjoucioyj  fi^uently  mentioned  in 
Greek  inscriptions,  is  the  municipal  archive,  in  which  all  deeds 
relating  to  ground-hold  property  were  deposited  or  registered, 
with  a  view,  it  seems,  especially  to  secure  the  mortgages  (xP^o^)? 
made  by  the  proprietors.  In  an  inscription  copied  by  Sherard 
(p.  68)  in  Asia  Minor,  we  see  a  secretary  of  the  Gerusia  also 
entrusted  with  the  superintendence  of  the  Chreophylacium. 
This  may  often  have  been  the  case.  In  the  inscriptions  of 
Aphrodisias,  the  Chreophylacium  always  appears  intimately 
connected  with  the  Stephanephorus.  We  have  adverted  to  this 
title  in  an  inscription  of  Mylasa  (p.  68),  where,  the  same  as  in 
ours,  we  see  a  woman  bear  the  titie  of  Stephanephorus.  At 
Aphrodisias,  to  judge  frx>m  the  monuments  and  coins,  this  office 
was  not  the  highest  of  the  corporation ;  nor  were  the  years,  as 
they  may  have  been  in  other  cities,  registered  after  the  names 
of  the  Stephanephori  for  the  time  being.  The  latter  might  be 
inferred,  indeed,  from  the  expression  in  the  inscriptions,  eirt 

<rr€(f>avff<l>opov followed  by  the  name  of  the  month,  because 

in  this  way  the  fnagistraiua  epanymi  are  commonly  in^cated ; 
the  learned  Eckhel  however  (D.  N.  t.  iv.  p.  259)  has  placed 
beyond  doubt  the  fallacy  of  such  a  conclusion.  In  our  inscrip- 
tion some  of  the  legal  modes  are  mentioned  by  which  property 
in  tombs  was  transferred  or  given  on  lease :  the  exBoai^  (line  3) 
and  the  ovy^piTo-i?  (line  6),  which  was  the  usual  way,  and  was 
made  either  in  the  lifetime  of  the  proprietor  by  writ,  or  in  his 


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336  APPENDIX  A. 

will.  Besides  these^  the  wapax^pv^t^  is  mentioned  in  Inscrip- 
tion 44.  and  Boeckh^  2839.  AircCSXarpuoavi  (line  12)  is  the 
general  term  for  the  illegal  modes  of  transferring.  Lines  10 
and  11  show  that  the  sanctity  of  the  tombs  was  sometimes  vio- 
lated by  powers  who  could  be  awed  only  by  religious  fears. 
Certainly^  as  Inscription  41.  shows^  the  preservation  of  the  splen- 
did tombs  was  intimately  connected  with  the  interests  of  the 
priesthood^  of  which  the  Stephanephori  also  were  members. 
The  Up<0Tarov  ra/jisujv  (line  13)  may  be  the  treasury  of  the  tern-* 
pie,  or  that  of  the  BovXi;,  to  which,  in  Inscription  21,  the  title 
Uptanarrf  is  given. 


No.  44. — In  the  south-east  wall. 

In  the  first  eight  lines  of  the  following  inscription  the  various 
members  of  the  family  are  enumerated  entitled  to  a  burial  in 
the  proprietor's  tomb,  who,  from  line  7>  appears  to  be  called 
Eumachus.  This  name  Boeckh  substitutes  at  the  end  of  line  1 
for  EYAAMOZ,  which,  being  distinctly  read  in  our  as  well  as 
Sherard's  transcript,  is  certainly  on  the  stone,  in  consequence, 
perhaps,  of  an  oversight  of  the  stone-cutter,  who  was  deceived 
by  the  immediately  preceding  EYAAMOY.  From  the  middle 
of  hue  8  the  inscription  contains  one  of  tlie  most  complete  de- 
clarations against  the  violation  of  tombs : — '^  But  nobody  else 
[shall  have  leave  to  bury  any  one]  in  the  sarcophagus,  nor 
move  it,  nor  allow  to  any  one  the  separate  use  of  the  sarcopha- 
gus or  the  altar,  or  an  Isosta ;  nor  find  a  mode  in  which  they 
might  [be  alienated]  under  any  pretence.  But  after  the  [afore- 
said persons]  being  buried,  the  monument  is  to  be  made  a  He- 
roum.  But  if  anybody  attempts  to  bury  [any  one  in  the  sar- 
cophagus] or  the  Isostse,  or  move  the  sarcophagus,  or  to  do 
anything  contrary  [to  the  prescriptions],  both  he  who  does  so 
and  he  who  receives  [the  grant]  shall  be  a  grave-robber,  [and 
impious  and]   accursed;  and  they  shall  pay  besides,  both  he 


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APHRODISIAS.  337 

who  does  so  [and  he  who  receives],  to  the  treasury  10,000  de- 
naria  of  the  silver  coin  of  the  Roman  nation,  and  no  less.  The 
Heroum  shall  be  consecrated  after  all  the  aforesaid  persons  be- 
ing put  into  it     A  copy  of  this  inscription  was  deposited  in  the 

archives  under  the  [Stephanephorus ]  descending  in  the 

sixth  generation  from  Archimedes of  the  month  Tra- 

janus  Augustus/' 

Line  3,  our  transcript  has  llAniOY  instead  of  Sherard's 
riAnnOY;  llne  15,  XAI  instead  of  KAI;  and  line  17,  EN- 
TEeHINAI  instead  of  ENTEeHNAI ;  line  19,  OEAZT. 
None  of  the  almanacs  known  to  us,  has  among  the  names  of 

the  months  that  of  Trajanus  Augustus,  which  was,  like  many  I 

others,  only  transitorily  introduced  into  chronology.    The  terms  i 

cL^ptoiadai,  (line  12)  and  a^iep&fievov  fiptoov  (lines  16  and  17)  ! 

are  found  on  other  monuments  of  Aphrodisias;    In  later  times 

the  Greeks  dignified  every  defiinct  by  the  name  of  Hero  (see  • 

inscription  on  p.  144) ;  it  is  but  natural  thence,  that  a  tomb  | 

should  be  called  a  Heroum.     Our  inscription  shows,  however,  ! 

that  this  was  done  in  consequence  of  a  distinct  act  called  a^- 

pG>ur0cUf  a  term  synonymous  to  the  airodeiioa-i^  (Inscr.  48. 51,  and  j 

Boeckh,  2831).  This  consecration  did  not  take  place  before  the 
tomb  was  filled ;  and,  in  consequence  of  this  act,  the  tomb  was, 
no  doubt,  firmly  shut  up ;  the  half-filled  tombs  were  secured  by 
bolts,  which,  to  judge  firom  Inscription  41 ,  were  exposed  to  many 
dangers. 


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338  APPENDIX  A. 


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APHRODISIAS. 


339 


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340  APPENDIX  A. 


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^  ^  h 


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APHRODISIAS. 


341 


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342  APPENDIX  A. 

'^  Aurelia  Papiana,  daughter  of  Onesimos,  the  son  of  Papias, 
bought  the  sarcophagus  according  to  the  will  which  Marcus 
Aurelius  Cla[u]dius^  son  of  Philetes,  the  son  of  Hermes,  made. 

'^  In  this  sarcophagus  there  has  been  buried  Cla[u]dius,  who 
had  been  the  husband  of  Papiana,  according  to  his  last  will ; 
and  there  shall  be  buried  in  it  also  Aurelia  Glypte,  who  had 
brought  him  up,  and  Papianii  the  aforesaid,  and  Olypte  and 
Onesime,  their  daughters.  But  nobody  shall  have  leave  to  bury 
another  in  the  sarcophagus;  since  he  shall  pay  to  the  most 
sacred  treasury  3000  silver  denaria,  of  which  one-third  is  to  be 
his  who  institutes  proceedings.  But  in  the  Isoste,  which  is  in 
the  frieze  under  the  sarcophagus,  and  those  in  the  altar,  there 
shall  be  buried  those  to  whom  the  aforesaid  Papiana  may  grant 
it,  her  children  and  heirs.  A  copy  of  this  inscription  has  been 
deposited  in  the  archives  under  the  Stephanephorus  PubUa 
iElia  Attalis  Sabina,  on  the  third  day  of  the  month  Gorpieus.'' 

AIAZ,  line  10,  may  be  a  mistake  of  the  stone-cutter  instead 
of  AIAIAZ;  but  KAAAIOZ,  which  appears  distinctly  (lines  2 
and  3)  in  our  transcript,  seems  to  be  as  distinct  a  variation  of 
the  name  Claudius,  as  is  Clodius.  Line  T,  instead  of  our  F, 
Boeckh  has  ^,  the  sign  of  the  nimiber  6.  The  €iB<Hf>opo^  (line  8) 
of  a  tomb  is  mentioned  in  this  inscription,  and  the  fragments 
of  two  others  from  Aphrodisias  (Boeckh,  2849,  2850) ;  the  word 
is  a  synonym  of  the  common  architectural  term  ^a>^po9.  Not 
one  of  the  tombs  observed  by  Mr.  Fellows  in  Caria  has,  like 
those  of  Lycia,  the  appearance  of  a  house ;  they  generally  con- 
sist of  three  parts ;  the  substructure,  TrXaro?,  the  body  of  the 
tomb,  called  )9o>/lm)9  and  fivrffieiov  (by  this  word  sometimes  the 
whole  tomb  is  meant),  and  the  sarcophagus  (or  cinerary  urn), 
o-opo9.  The  two  former  contained  several  compartments,  eurc^ 
araiy  which  were  for  burying  the  less-honoured  members  of  the 
family,  the  sarcophagus  being  reserved  for  the  remains  of  the 
most  respected  persons.  Some  tombs,  as  we  see  from  our  in- 
scription, had  an  additional  room  between  the  soros  and  the 
body  of  the  tomb,  the  eidophoros.     Whether  the  woodcuts  on 


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APHRODISIAS.  343 

pages  39,  40,  represent  specimens  of  the  soros  or  the  eidophoros^ 
cannot  be  decided  with  certainty,  since  we  do  not  know  what 
shape  or  materials  were  essential  in  either ;  it  is  unUkely,  how- 
ever, that  an  eidophoros  which  was  used  after  the  soros  upon  it 
had  been  filled  (line  8),  should  have  had  no  other  opening  but 
at  the  top,  which  is  the  case  in  the  sarcophagi  represented. 

The  month  of  Gorpieus  (Une  11)  is  the  eleventh  both  in  the 
Syro-Macedonian  and  the  Ephesian  almanac,  and  in  the  latter 
extended  from  July  25th  to  August  25th. 


No.  47. — On  a  slab. 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2845. 

The  first  line  of  the  following  inscription,  owing  to  the  se- 
veral genitives  contained  in  it,  admits  of  more  than  one  inter- 
pretation ;  that  followed  in  the  translation  is  founded  on  line  8. 
Here  the  names  of  the  proprietor,  Julius  Aurelius  Charidemus, 
reappear,  without  however  the  cognomen  Julianus,  just  in  the 
same  way  as  the  pnenomen  of  his  mother  is  left  out,  from  which 
it  may  have  been  derived.  To  have  many  names,  several  Ro- 
man and  one  Greek,  was  quite  the  fashion  at  Aphrodisias.  See 
Boeckh,  2821. 

The  words  at  the  end  of  the  inscription  are  restored  by 
Boeckh,  TON  'Airavra  ^xpovov ;  the  verb  at  the  beginning  of 
the  last  line  is  A[*H]PX1IZ[©]HZETAI. 


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344 


APPENDIX  A, 


Q. 
—    UJ 

h  <1  O 


S 


JJ   S 


2   *•  _§    2  -O 


Sd.S 


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APHRODISIAS. 


345 


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346 


APPENDIX  A. 


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APHRODISIAS.  347 

No.  50. — In  the  south  wall. 

X2AONANAYIOZ        OYIIOHIIANJ! 
TASHTAI KATATHN  AEAOMENHNAYTO 
rVNXXlPHriNYnOMENANAPOYTOYME 
NANAPOYTOYTEAEZ^OPOYTOY 
AEYI1NOXAIATOYXPEOI»YAAKIOY 
ENHZOPnKEKHAEYTAI<|»AABIAANTnN 
AABATKANTEINAHrENOMENHrYNHAJS 
TOYKHAEYeHZETAIAEKAIAYTOZA^ 
nOAAnNIOZETEPOZAEOYAEIZEZEig 
ESOYZIANANYZAIHENeA4'AITINAAA 
AONZnEZAnOAAXlN  lOYTOYnPOAH 
AOYMENOYEnEOnAPATAYTATinOIH 
ZAZHEnEIXEIPHZAZEZTAAZEBHZ 
KAIEnAPATOZKAITYMBXlPYXOZKAl 
nPOZAnOTEIZATXlEIZTOIEPnTATON 
TAMEIONTOYKYPIOYAYTOKPATOPOZKAI 
ZAPOZAPPYPIOYJ^rnNTOTPITONMEPO 
EZTftTOYEKAIKHZANTOZTHZEnirPA* 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2830. 

" according  to  the  cession  ^ven  to  him  hy  Menan- 

der,  son  of  Menander,  the  son  of  Telesphorus,  the  son  of  Po- 
lemo  [?],  through  the  archives.  In  this  sarcophagus  there  is 
buried  Julia  Antonia  Abascantina,who  had  been  his  wife;  there 
shall  also  be  buried  Apollonius  himself.  But  another  shall  not 
have  leave  to  open,  or  bury  anybody  else,  except  Apollonius,  the 
aforesaid.  Since  he  who  acts  against  this,  or  attempts  it,  shall 
be  impious,  and  cursed,  and  a  grave-robber,  and  pay  besides 
into  the  most  sacred  treasury  of  our  master,  the  Emperor  Csesar, 
6000  silver  denaria,  of  which  one-third  part  is  to  be  his  who 
institutes  proceedings  pursuant  to  this  inscription." 

Line  1 1,  our  transcript  has  ZHEZ,  which  is  doubtless  in- 


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348  ^  APPENDIX  A. 

correct,  instead  of  XXIPIZ  given  by  Sherard.  If  it  were  ZXIOZ, 
one  might  be  tempted  to  suppose,  that  just  as  in  the  Latin  and 
in  the  languages  derived  from  it,  salvus,  sqfe,  etc.,  the  Greek 
word  0-019  was  used  to  signify  except ;  of  wliich  signification 
there  is  no  trace  to  be  found.  The  numeral  sign  C  is  wanting 
in  Sherard's  transcript.  The  word  which  begins  both  this  and 
the  preceding  inscription,  Buvra^fjrai,  shows  that  they  have  lost 
several  lines. 


No.  51. — In  the  west  wall. 

OEnHOZKAIENAMTniZnZTAIKAIHETIKEMEN 
KHAEYOHZONTAIKATAnANOZKAIKAAYAIAZnZINO 
NETAAETIHNTOYTXlNAnOeEnZINOYAEIZEZElE 
OHZONTAITEKNAnANOYKAIIOYNAIHZKAIErrON 
OYnENAOYXEZNOYAEIZEZOYZIANENeAS'AIOYTEZ 
HErrONnNTftNTATANOYEZOYZIANrYNXXlPH 
^igOnONTOMNEIOZKAITHNZOPONEnEANTIZIO 
HIXATINITOMNIIEONKAITINZOPONENOXOZE 
TOYKYPIOYAYTOKAITOPOZAPrYPIOYZMYPIAftI 
TAYTHZAIITEeHANTrPA4>ONEIZIOXPEOIYAAKI 

oKOYPIAOYHPftO 

In  line  4-7^  this  declaration  differs  from  those  commonly 
inscribed  on  the  tombs  of  Aphrodisias.  The  restorations  adapt 
themselves  to  the  words,  which  may  be  read  distinctly  in  our 
transcript :  they  are  without  precedent.  Prof.  Boeckh  reads : 
eseyova  avrtov  irepov  he  ovk  e^eara*  eyOaylnu  ovBeva'  ov;^  e^ei 
ovSet^  e^ovauLV  evOaypxu  ovre  eKdw^^xu  ovBe  a\Xa>  rivi  x^opi^  nav 
eyyoy&y  rcov  Taruiyov  [i^€i]  e^ovauiy  ovyxaptja-ad,,  etc.  Line  5, 
the  double  negation  is  remarkable.  Lines  4  and  6,  eyyoya  in* 
stead  of  exyova.  Line  5,  Sherard  reads  OYAEN A  OYX  EZAI ; 
line  4,  the  owner's  name,  TATIANOY,  but  line  2,  KAI  A0H- 
ANOZ.  Our  line  11  is  wanting  in  Sherard's  MS.  KovpiBtf^ 
may  have  been  one  of  Tatianus'  grandchildren. 


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350  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  52. — On  the  same  stone  as  No.  28. 

OYKAtlEeEIIIAKATATAZAOGEIZAZ 

KITOYYH'I  KAEOYZTONTOnnNrYNXXl 

OYftNENMENTHIZOPftTEeAnTAIAPIZ 

ilZHNnNOrrOYeEAITHTOYOYIOZAY 

iSrrOKAHZOKAIZHNnNKAIAn4>IONA 

EHPHAOYHrYNHAYTOYENAETAIZ 

ijSNmnorTEAPirTOKAEOYrroYZH 

KAIOYXIANZHNnNOKAIAPirrOKAHZ 

HAOYMENOZBOYAHenZIN 

IZAnETEeHANTirPA4>ONEirTO 

♦ANH4>OPOYTOSTIKAVflKAE 

INOZIOYAIHOY 

Published  by  Boeckh^  2836,  from  Sherard's  MS.,  who  saw 
the  stone  in  a  more  perfect  state.  With  his  additions,  and 
some  restorations,  the  inscription  reads  thus : — 

Kara  to?  hoOeura^: 

[avTfo  VTTO  T*.  KXavStov  [?]  rerpa]  ki  tov  ^Ty^tKKeov^  rtav  roirmv  cn/v^w- 
[pfja-iv  BuL  TOV  ;^€a>^i;Xa#c£]oi;.     ^£lv  ey  fiey  rrj  <ropo>  TeOairrat  Kpur^ 
{tokKi^  KpurroKXeov^  tov  KaC\  2^v<ovoi  tov  SeairtfroVf  6  vio^  av- 
[tov  Tcuf^vja-erat  Be  Kat  avTo^  Apt]  aroxKrf^  6  koi  Zfjvtov  kcu  Ktt^iov  .  .  . 
^H^cdSoi;  17  r^WT)  avTov  ev  Be  Tai^ 

[ta-fOOTCU^  TOA^aOVTO^  MeJvtTTTTO?  T€  AptOTOKXcOV^  TOV  Ztf- 

[vQ>V09  fcai J  Kcu  0V9  ay  T^vwv  o  kcu  Apurroick'q^ 

[/cat  Mev4W7ro9  6  TrpoB^TjXovfJLevo^  ^ov\7)0a)<nv 
[ravTTj^  T179  ein/ypa<f>]r)^  airereO'q  avTirypcuf>ov  €i<i  to 
[j(p€<o^v\aKiov  evi  aT€]<l>avr)<l>opov  to  B  T*.    KX.  'Ty^ucKe- 
[ov^.  fi]r}vo^  lov\tr)ov. 

The  person  mentioned  Hne  2,  is  probably  the  Hypsicles  of 
line  11 ;  Boeckh  therefore  reads  the  first  word  of  line  2  as 
KAAYAIOY.     The  TerpcucL  [?],  which   adapts   itself  to   the 


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APHRODISIAS.  351 

letters  appearing  in  our  transcript,  must  not  be  taken  as  syno- 
nymous with  /a  in  line  1 1 ;  the  latter  informs  us  that  Hypsi- 
cles  was  Stephanephorus  for  the  fourth  time,  'ilv,  line  3,  which 
is  not  in  Sherard's  transcript^  may  be  taken  as  a  partitive  geni- 
tive relating  to  the  various  parts  of  the  tomb,  which  were 
probably  enumerated  in  the  lines  at  the  top.  The  month  of 
Julieus  does  not  appear  in  the  almanacs  of  Asia  Minor  known 
to  us. 

Line  7,  APirTOKAEOYZ  TOY  ZHvoivo^  seems  to  stand 
for  ApurroKXeov^  rov  iccu  Zr)V(ovo^,  but  the  particle  xat  does  not 
appear  in  either  transcript. 


No.  53. — On  a  slab. 

TOMNHMEIONKAITHNERHA 
TIIZOPON  KAITAZEIZXIZTAZKA 
TEZKEYAZENZHNHNAnOA 
AnNIOYTOYFAMOY 

HAEYTAIZHNnNOnPOrErPAMMENOZANAT 
EnNIOYEKAPNOY2:APT#X)YXE    KHAEY 
OYTOYrAMOYOTOYAAEA4>OYAYTOYYIO 
OIEPYEOK)POIENEOnYOIZEIEAinNIOY 
NAHAOYTAIETIKHAEYeHZETAIENTHZ 
OYETEPOZAEOYAEIZESOIZI  AN  EZE 
PHZOPftOYTEANYZAIAYTHNEnEIAn 
ZKON  APrYPIOYXrQNTOTPITON  EE 
PKHAEYeHZONTATOYEANXPHZIMO 

AnxeHEirroxPEO^YAAKiONEnirTE* 

The  first  four  lines  inform  us  that  '^Zeno,  son  of  Apollonius, 
the  son  of  Gamus,  built  the  monument  and  the  sarcophagus 
upon  it,  and  the  Isostae.''  Those  which  follow  have  lost  a  con- 
siderable part  at  the  left. '  We  see  from  line  5  that  there  had 


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_i 


352  APPENDIX  A. 

been  buried  in  the  sarcophagus  the  aforesaid  Zeno,  whose  line- 
age may  be  contained  in  lin^  6 ;  there  was  buried  also  a  son 
of  his  brother  (line  7)-  In  line  8  the  trustees  of  the  temple, 
the  Neopoei  (NEOFIYOI,  as  in  No,  41),  and  perhaps  the  Ste- 
phanephori  are  mentioned ;  from  this  and  from  the  beginning  of 
line  8,  we  may  infer  that  Chresimus  (line  13),  who  afterwards 
became  the  proprietor  of  the  tomb,  had  made  arrangements 
with  the  public  authorities  to  obtain  for  himself  a  burial  in  the 
sarcophagus.  He  alone  is  entitled  to  this  (line  9) ;  '^  nobody  else 
shall  have  leave  to  buiy  another  in  the  sarcophagus,  or  to  open 
it ;  he  who  acts  against  it  shall  pay  into  the  Emperor's  fisc  3000 
silver  denaria,  of  which  one-third  is  to  be  his  who  [institutes 
proceedings.  But  in  the  Isostce]  there  shall  be  buried  those 
whom  Chresimus  [may  wish.  A  copy  of  the  inscription]  was 
deposited  in  the  archives  under  the  Stephanephorus '' 


No.  54. — In  the  west  wall. 

TOMNHMEIONKAIHEnAYTOZOPOZEZTIN 
XAPHTOrTETPAKITOYZHNnNOrrOYAPTEMO 

no3:aineioyezhnzoponkekhaeytaixaphz#^ 

OnATHPOAINEIOYKAIXAPHZKAIAn*IAOmAnnOI 

AYTOYKAirAYKilNOeEIOZAYTOYMONnNETI/i 

AEYeH3X)MENnNAn*IArTHZMHTP03:i^/ii!Ai:^ 

NEIOYKAIAINEIOYKAITHZrYNAIKOZAYTOY 

♦YZIKnNTEKNftNAYTOYMHAENOZE 

XONTOZESOYZIANAAAONTINAENeAS'Ai^ 

MHTEEirrONBIlMONMHTEEZTHNZOPON^I 

EnEIOENGAS'AZAnOTEIZATnTniEPftTATnTA 

MEinxAIZXEIAIAnENTAKOZIATAYTHrrHZ 

EnirPA*HZAnETEeHANTirPA4>ONErTOXPE 

©♦YAAKIONEnirTE*ANH4>OPOYTOeATTA 

AlAOZTHZMENEKPATOYZMHNOZrOPniEOY 


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APHRODISIAS.  353 

^^The  monument  and  the  sarcophagus  upon  it  are  the  pro- 
perty of  Chares  iEneas^  descending  in  the  fourth  generation  from 
Zeno,  the  son  of  Artemo.  In  the  sarcophagus  there  has  been 
buried  Chares^  the  father  of  iGneas^  and  Chares  and  Appia,  his 
grandfather  and  grandmother^  and  Glyco^  his  uncle^  there  being 
yet  to  be  buried  only  Appia,  iGneas'  mother^  and  his  wife^ 
and  the  children  begotten  of  his  body^  nobody  having  leave 
to  bury  another,  neither  in  the  monument  nor  in  the  sarcopha- 
gus, since  he  who  buries  [another  there]  shall  pay  into  the 
most  sacred  treasuiy  2500  denaria»  A  copy  of  this  inscription 
was  deposited  in  the  archives,  there  being  Stephanephorus  for 
the  ninth  time  Attalis,  the  daughter  of  Menecrates,  in  the 
month  Gorpieus/^ 

In  a  manner  similar  to  that,  in  which  the  grandfather's  father 
and  grandfather  are  in  French  called  bis-ateul  and  tris-dtetd,  it 
is  common  for  persons  of  Aphrodisias  to  call  themselves  &9  up 
to  i^aKt^y  the  descendants  of  their  ancestors. 

Not  always  (Boeckh,  2835,  2774),  but  commonly  in  these 
cases,  all  the  ancestors,  up  to  him  who  is  named,  have  the  same 
name  as  the  first-mentioned  person.  Thus  in  our  inscription 
the  proprietor  has  the  name  borne  by  his  father  and  grand- 
father. Chares,  together  with  that  of  iEneas.  By  this  he  is 
called  where  ambiguities  are  to  be  avoided ;  and  indeed  it  seems 
to  be  the  usual  name  of  the  individual,  that  of  Chares  approach- 
ing somewhat  towards  a  family  name.  It  is  curious  that  the 
women  also,  who  married  into  that  family,  had  a  common  name, 
that  oi  Appia.  In  a  great  many  inscriptions  we  have  found  a 
woman  called  by  two  names,  which  have  not  the  respective  re- 
lations of  prsenomen  and  cognomen.  Sometimes  women  on  ^ 
marrying  may  have  adopted  the  names  of  their  mothers-in-law.                                                    « 

The  month  of  Gorpieus  has  occurred  in  No.  46. 


2  A 


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354  APPENDIX  A. 

No*  55.— In  the  west  wall. 

ZH 
OBflMOZKAIMZOPOZEZTINOYAniOYXA 
PITIINOZIATPOYIZHNZOPONTEOHZE 
TAIAYTOZKAI*AeAAZIAHrYNHAYTOY 
KAIOYAniOZAnEAAAZOYIOZAYTONE 
TEPOZAEOYAEirTEeHZETAIENAYTHE 
nEIOeAS'AZETEPONAnOTEIZEIEIZTEl 
M  AZTONZEBArrnN  ¥k 

OMOinZEINAIKAITAZnAPAKEIMENAZTnBnMXlK/l 
TXlZOPIftlZnTTAZnAAMMOYZTPEIZOYAniO.^ 
XAPITftNOZESXlNMIANEINAIKOPNHAIANOYTO^^ 
YIOYAYTOYTHN  AEM I  AN  AION  YZIOYTOYAIONYZ/^ 
OYTOYTATIAZYIOYTHZrENOMENHZXAPITXlNO/l 
rYNAIKOZTHNAETPITHNOYAniOYAnEAAA 
TOYYIOYAYTOY 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2846,  firom  Sherard,  and  the  upper  part 
also  from  Walpole's  Travels,  p.  462,  n.  12. 
*'  In  his  lifetime. 

'^The  monument  and  the  sarcophagus  is  [the  property]  of 
Ulpius  Charito  the  physician.  Into  the  sarcophagus  there 
shall  be  put  himself  and  Flavia  Thasia  [?],  his  wife,  and  Ulpius 
Apellas,  their  son ;  but  nobody  else  shall  be  put  into  it,  since  he 
who  buries  another  [there]  shall  pay  as  a  fine  to  the  august 
[f.  c.  Emperors]  [600Q]  denaria. 

'^  In  the  same  way,  the  three  Isostae  made  of  slabs,  lying  at 
the  side  of  the  monument  and  the  sarcophagus,  are  to  be  the 
property  of  Ulpius  Charito,  of  which  one  is  to  be  the  property 
of  Comelianus,  his  son ;  one  that  of  Dionysius,  son  of  Diony- 
sius  [and]  of  Tatia,  who  had  been  Charito's  wife ;  and  the  third 
to  be  the  property  of  Ulpius  Apellas,  his  son.'* 


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APHRODISIAS. 


355 


Line  4,  instead  of  OAAZIA^  the  other  transcripts  have  OA- 
ZIA.  Line  9^  Sherard  has  the  numeral  sign  of  C  after  )(;  line 
11,  riAAAIMOYZ,  which  Prof.  Boeckh  corrects  into  flAAKI- 
NOYZ.  ^uraxTToi  TrXaKivot,  lying  at  the  side  of  the  monument, 
are  mentioned  in  no  other  inscription  at  Aphrodisias;  so  are 
the  expressions  ZHa-avri  (line  6)  and  6^  rei/uv;  twv  Xe^currmy 
(lines  7  and  8).  A  physician  of  the  name  of  Charito,  a  citizen 
of  Aphrodisias,  was  known  to  Gkilen ;  Charito,  the  author  of  the 
novel  edited  by  the  learned  IVOrville,  was  also  a  citizen  of  a 
city  called  Aphrodisias.  D'Orville  has  made  it  probable  that 
the  Aphrodisias  meant  is  the  city  of  Caria ;  and  our  inscription, 
showing  that  in  this  city  the  name  of  Charito  was  not  unusual 
(that  of  Athenagoras,  his  father,  is  also  found  there,  Boeckh, 
2748, 2782, 2783),  throws  some  more  weight  into  the  balance. 


No.  56. — In  the  south  wall,  partly  in  the  earth. 

KAHPONOMAN 
AIAAOXXINTE 
AYTONKAin 
ANAYTOIPn 

This  is  probably  part  of  the  following  inscription  published 
by  Boeckh,  2847^  from  Sherard's  MS.,  stating  that  the  tomb  is 
the  property  of  the  Archiater,  M.  Aur.  Messulejus  Chrysaoreus, 
and  of  his  wife,  Socratis,  and  '^  of  their  heirs  and  successors,  and 
those  whom  they  themselves  may  wish  [or  order  by  will]." 

MapKov  AvfyqXiov  Mea-a-ovXtjiov  Ti^pwrcLope- 
0^,  ap^uLTpov  Kai  AvpTfXia^  Soi/icpar^- 
&>9,  ny?  a^ioKoyanaTTf^  ywaiKO^  airrov, 
KKqpQVOiuov  Bui  Soj(mv  re  avrwv 
KOI  &v  av  avTOi  ^ovXrjdaxny  rf 
itaTO^iavTai  to  fiyrjficiov, 
2  A  2 


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356  APPENDIX  A, 

No.  57. — ^In  the  south  wall. 

TrfiCEKATEZAi^M/m/2/i£^/^ 
TOY^AAiB\OMMS.£JUiM/'lSlE 

BOYAHeHHM^MS£:MSHTM 

This  fragment,  containing  the  usual  declarations  about  a  sar- 
cophagus^ and  Isostae  which  belong  to  [Titus]  Flavius^may  thus 
be  partly  restored : — 

TO  fivfffieio  [v  /cat.  rtfy  67r*-] 
K€ifi€vrfv  a[vTco  aopov  icai] 

TO?  €V  T»  fJLv[f)fl€UO  etO-CO-] 

OTa^  Karea-l^Kevaa-ev  T4-] 
ro^  ^Xafiio[<;  ....  09  I-] 
avT(o  Kai  ot[9  ay  ai;]T09 
/3ov\ff07f  [l]  StaTofji/To*. 


No.  58. — In  a  house. 

OnAATACECriNAMMM^MM 

nOYTOYAAPACTOYC/iiM^i^. 

ATlACrYNAIKOCAYTC/M 

AIMENECeEOCYOYK/Jilii 

ENOYCAYTUNo 

May  be  read  thus : 

*0  TrXara^  eariv  A  [pumir''] 
irov  rov  ASpatrrov  [/ecu  T-] 
aria^  ytn^auco^  avTo[y  /c-] 
at,  Mevea-ffeo^  vov  [#«m  7-] 
6VOU9  atrrcDV. 


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APHRODISIAS.  357 

'^  The  platas  is  the  property  of  A[ri8tip]pu8^  son  of  Adras- 
tus  and  of  Tatia  his  wife,  and  Menestheus  their  son^  and  their 
family/' 

'To9  instead  of  vio^  is  not  unfrequent.  See  Boeekh^  2193. 
The  peculiar  shape  of  the  cd  in  the  last  line  is  remarkable. 


No.  59. — Built  into  a  wall. 

OBXIMOZKA 

VnOTIBEPIOYlOY 

lOYAIANOYEIZINZOI 

BIANOZKAIOYARIAK 

AYTOYETEPOXAEOY 

AYTINEANAETIZEn 

TnNENKHAEYeHZC 

TUNAIATETAFMENC 

This  fragment  was  originally  written  on  the  tomb  which  a 
certain  Tiberius  built  for  himself  and  his  family,  probably  in  his 
lifetime  (line  7  there  seems  to  be  ey/erjBevOrfO'ofieyay).  The  B  of 
this  inscription  is  of  a  peculiar  shape,  similar  to  the  Roman  R. 


Nos.  60  and  61. 

Two  other  inscriptions  were  copied  by  impressing  paper  on 
the  stones,  but  are  too  much  obliterated  to  be  deciphered  with 
any  certainty.  The  first  has  eighteen  lines,  containing  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  letters  each.  The  form  of  the  <r  is  always  C.  In 
line  11  we  read  €#c  tcdv  Trpoa-oStov;  line  13,  ^^XoSofo9;  line  14, 
[7rcipaa'K]€va^ofjL€vo}v  €k  rov  ^lov  av\Tov]\  line  15,  [av\aOr}iiarfov 
aei  fivr)fioy€UTo[si]^  The  other  contains  seventeen  lines,  firag- 
mentary,  it  seems,  of  seven  to  twelve  letters  each.  Line  7, 
we  read  iui0r)Ka[si]  ;  line  8,  TrarpiSa;  line  12,  [(l>i]\oSo^o^ ; 
line  iSy  KaraaKclva^ofieyo^}].    The  form  of  the  o*  is  C. 


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358  APPENDIX  A, 

No.  62. 

OAHMOZTHZAAM 

nPOTATHZA*PO 

AEIZIEnNnOAE 

nrroNAAMnpo 

TATO/y:/y:/'/^ 
/l./y';u:/:■/:./:./^/^. 

The  rest  of  the  inscription  is  puiposely  erased.  Boeckh^  n. 
2761-65^  gives  from  Sherard's  MS.  four  inscriptions^  beg^- 
ning  like  ours:  6  £i7/lu>9  Ttfi  Xaixirporarri^  K^pc&€un€»v  iroK&a^ 
Tov  XaLiiirpcfTarov  Sfffioy;  then  follow  respectively  the  names  of 
the  cities  of  ApoUonia,  Heraclea,  HierapoUs^  Cibyra  and  Tabe^ 
which  had  joined  with  Aphrodisias  in  celebrating  gymnastic 
festivals^  and  are  honoured  by  ^^  the  most  splendid  city  of  the 
Aphrodisieans  by  [erecting  the  statue  of]  their  most  splendid 
Demos.'* 


No.  63. — On  a  round  pedestal. 

TACAI\'NCMA\/I 
AlbbNIAVnOMNH 

CIC 
AABIN€*IAOKTICTA 

" eternal  remembrance.    Albinus  Philoctistes  [fare* 

weU]." 


No.  64.-^On  a  seat  in  the  stadium. 

HnATPIZ 

"  The  native  city.^* 


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APHRODISIAS.  359 


No.  65. — Fragment  on  a  wall. 

ONV/  \€ 
EOYAEOEEN 

ECEC^Nn 
KHTCA 
IVAIN 


No.  66. — Reversed  stone^  built  into  the  wall  at  the  west  gate. 

OAI-III 
ETE^NNA 
YTONIONA 
MIANON-Y 
ETEPIOYKAA 
NTONIOYAO 
INOYEIMIO 

We  may  take  this  as  a  fragment  of  an  honorary  decree  in 
favour  of  Antonius  Ammianus^  (?),  son  of  Tiberius  Claudius^ 
and  grandson  of  Antonius  Domitinus^  two  persons  mentioned 
in  No.  37 ;  reading  the  fragment  thus  :— 

ereifjurftrey.     A[ovki,ov] 
[A]vToivtov  A[/A-] 

fJLULVOVf  v\_lov] 

Ti^epiov  K\a[ySLovi\ 

[AjKTCDViOV  Ao[/i*T€-] 


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360  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  67* — On  a  sarcophagus. 

HOPOCCCTKAIOTOnOCMIAIAPKUNANHAKONAA 
0#0.d^£jnANOYKAI€YPIHCKAIHPAKA€OC  C3C 

KAHPONOMOme^nANOVKUEOYnATPOCAANAZT 
OAMHCmOMAOY 

In  line  1  of  this  funeral  inscription  we  may  decipher: — 
•fl  tropoi  . .  T6  Kcu  6  Toirof  . . .  aZeXifKK 'WptueKeo^. 

In  line  2 : — 
KXtfpovoftoi,  and  perhaps  <rre^vrf^pov,  besides  traTpof. 


No.  68. — On  the  lid  of  a  sarcophagus. 

SIOSOYn«04»HOYMAPnNOZHANTjyK3YZAMEIJll 

The  name  of  Mapa>v  we  have  had  in  an  inscription  from 
Tebnessus,  page  108. 


No.  69. — On  the  lid  of  a  sarcophagus. 
WCTTWIAM  IC^Pk'>ArTOAr  AVCWAPCNjfN 


No.  70. — On  the  lower  part  of  a  column. 

AXMr 
TOnOCAOY 
KA<l»IAO 
nONOYiii 


the  place  of  Lucas  Philoponus." 


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APHRODISIAS.  361 

No.  71- — ^Written  around  a  cross  on  the  door-post,  probably  of 
a  Christian  church* 

ANAAHi'HCTKY 

AyaXrr^li]^  T![ov]  Kv[piov]. 
"  The  ascension  of  the  Lord.*^ 

AyaXrpp^^  for  avaXr/y^i^ — ^if  we  are  allowed  to  substitute  this — 
is  very  remarkable :  similarly,  we  have  had  vrj/ca  instead  of  vc/ca, 
page  224,  owing  doubtless  to  the  lotcunsmus  prevailing  in  Asia 
Minor  when  these  Christian  inscriptions  were  written. 

There  are  other  traces  of  this  kind  of  pronunciation  prevail- 
ing, even  before  that  time,  in  Caria :  OpjSrfXiov  instead  of  Op/Sir- 
Xtov  at  Mylasa,  Boeckh,  2700B. :  the  promiscuous  use  of  i  and 
I  in  several  inscriptions  of  Aphrodisias,  and  avaivcf&Qri  instead 
of  avevewOri^  No.  17 :  PaaCKeovn^  instead  of  /Soa-^Xcvovro?,  which 
appears  in  some  decrees  of  Mylasa  and  of  Tralles,  Boeckh  (2919) 
also  derives  from  the  faulty  pronunciation  of  the  Greek  in  Caria. 


No.  72. — On  the  door-post  of  a  building,  probably  a  Christian 

church. 


K€BU)ieiToCoAttAO 
MVSA^PH  ii< 


Nos.  73  and  ^A.  Page  45.— On  the  same. 


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362  APPENDIX  A. 

ZHUMARLEECOOE. 
No.  75.  Page  52.— On  a  pedestal. 
AttoWwvo^  EXevOepcov  Xe^aarov. 


ALABANDA. 

Nos.  76  to  79.  Page  57- 


EUROMUS.— (LABRANDA  ?) 

No.  80.  Page  68. — On  the  six  front  columns. 

About  the  office  of  Stephanephorus,  see  Selden  ad  Mann. 
Arund.^  ii.  p.  165,  and  Eckhel  D.  N.  IV.  p.  212.  At  Smyrna 
and  at  Mylasa  the  year  was  named  after  the  Stephanephorus^ 
as  it  was  in  Rome  aftier  the  Consuls.  Boeckh,  2694,  2714.  La- 
branda,  according  to  Strabo,  xiv.  p.  659,  was  a  K<ofj/rf  of  Mylasa. 


No.  81.  Page  69.— On  the  eleven  side  columns. 

By  a  change  very  common  in  transcripts  of  Greek  inscrip- 
tions, we  have  at  the  beginning  AEON  instead  of  AEIIN, 
which,  indeed,  appears  on  two  of  the  tablets  from  which  the 
inscriptions  are  copied.  To  KE^AAH  on  two  tablets  the  cha- 
racteristic iota  of  the  dative  is  added,  KE^AAHI^  whilst  in 
ZnEIPH  it  is  left  out,  according  to  the  general  use  of  these 
inscriptions.    The  same  discrepancy  has  been  observed  in  an 


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MYLASA.  363 

inscription  from  Mylasa  (Boeckh^  2696) ;  and  in  general  the 
inscriptions  show  that  Carian  orthography  is  anything  but  con- 
sistent. 


MYLASA. 


No.  82.  Page  70. — On  the  single  column. 

'O  8i^/jLo^ 
MevaySpoy  OvXut 
SoV  TOV  ^v0v[Bijfiov,'] 
Toy  €[v€fyY]enfy  [t] 
tf^  7r[o\€](»9  /cat 

€f  €V€py€TCi>y 

yeyoyora. 

An  Euthydemus  exercised  great  influence  in  Mylasa  and  the 
adjacent  parts  of  Asia  in  the  times  of  Julius  Csesar  and  Augustus. 
See  Strabo,  xiv.  p.  659. 


No.  83.  Page  71* — On  a  sarcophagus. 

The  last  letter  of  line  1  appears  like  an  II  in  the  transcript. 
Tm  instead  of  rov^  especially  when  the  three  following  genitives 
have  the  right  termination  ov,  is  indeed  against  all  rules  of 
grammar.  In  an  inscription  from  Mylasa^  Boeckh,  2691^  we 
have  indeed  genitives  promiscuously  terminating  in  co  and  ovy 
but  only  in  proper  names;  avrco  instead  of  avrov  we  have^ 
Boeckh,  2709. 


No.  84.  Page  71. — On  a  pedestal. 


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364  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  85.  Page  71-— In  a  walL 

This  inscription  may  be  partly  restored  thus : — 

Tivijw  [Bm*-] 
V09  \eoy[Ta  a-] 
veOrfKey 

The  name  of  Tineius  we  read  in  an  inscription  at  Athens* 
Chandler,  Inscr.  Ant.  62.  line  5. 


No.  86.  Page  7l«— On  an  altar. 


No.  87-  Page  72. — In  the  wall  of  an  old  mosque. 
The  inscription  may  be  partly  restored  thus : — 

Kn/O'Ct^  €t9  T€  TOV  KOIVOV 

9  €*9  vrroyoOeva-iv  o&  &?  tear  eir  ,  ,  ,  .[Mv-] 
Xa^€(k>v  woXiy  6A9  SovKuerfv  7r€pt[(rra-] 
acv  aur)(pa  kcu  ^fuov  ava^C  oaa 

5  0£9  yevoiTo  irpaJ^vcn  Si^/ioaui [a^] 

re  yfyqiiarmVy  fi/ffre  irpoac^y 
Ti  (Ji/rf  Kara  reXwv  €7r*[\]€i^tv  X07- 
iOTo?  T€  jC6^Xa9  €7n  reKcovei 
€7rayop0a><nv  rtov  €k  T179  AajSi/qylov] 
10  a^povGTi^*  o  St)  tcai  axnoi  wpoiSofiey 
XP^^  Siy/AOo-ta  rrfy  'ttoXiv  tmrfyayov 
Ofiarov  rrfy  xaurapo^  vrrep  MvX/urewv* 

The  words  afler  inrovoOeuavy,  line  2,  are  wanting  in  Anthimus' 
transcript,  from  which  Prof.  Boeckh  printed  the  inscription. 


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MYLASA. 


365 


08 

I 


QD 
QD 


i 

I 


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366  APPENDIX  A. 

Line  11^  in  the  beginnings  Chishull  has  NMRQN^  which 
Boeckh  changes  into  [TjAMIIlN.  An  eTturraTrj^  rmv  Up^ov 
appears  in  another  Mylasean  inscription^  Boeckh,  2693  C. 
From  iSNOEAN  of  our  transcript,  we  might  easily  adopt  the 
reading  of  dewv,  if  we  could  only  restore  the  preceding  word. 

Line  13,  ^lAOAOZ,  which  appears  distinctly  in  our  tran- 
script, is  left  out  in  that  followed  by  Prof.  Boeckh,  who  suppUed 
the  final  words  of  the  line  from  the  general  context. 

The  words  KAAOZKAIAFAGOZ  and  KAAOKAFAGIA 
(line  17)^  are  frequently  mis-spelt  in  transcripts  of  Greek  in- 
scriptions ;  see,  for  instance,  Sherard's  MS.  and  Boeckh,  3065. 
Hence  it  may  have  happened,  that  the  KAI,  which  is  distmctly 
in  our  transcript,  is  not  in  Boeckh's  copy,  who  consequently 
restores  the  end  of  line  17  thus :  TrarpiSa*  iva  he  /ttoXXov. 

Instead  of  EK^ANHZ  (line  18),  which  appears  distinctly  in 
our  transcript,  Boeckh  has  EIII^ANHZ. 


STRATONICEIA. 

No.  89.  Page  81. — On  the  firont  of  the  portico  of  Council-halL 

f  H  7roX*9,  &^  €K€Keva€  kcu  ^epaini} 
epcrra  Sia  9iKoKaXo[v]l3y  oucovofiovy  [ec] 
[ejirumfO-ovTiu  oi  aXiTfjpiot  jSapficLpoi 
[rq  7ro]\ei  17  T17  %o>/9a  t©  €V60To>t*  €T€A.     'O  deo^  €j(prfcr€' 
[7rpa7]T0VTa9  v/Aa9  opmv  auK  cj^w  tj;v  (utuiv  tovtov 
[ajwfiaXvv*  ovre  yap  eya  wopffTjcmy  rqy  woXiv  vfuov  earaXrfy, 
[ovt]€  SovXrjy  cf  eXevOepay  irovqatoy  ovre  aiXKo  rwy 
arfaOiay  ovSey  a4l>acpfjaofA€yo^, 


No.  90.  Page  82.— Within  the  Council-hall. 

The  four  intended  verses  read  thus : — 

Z17V6  HayTj/iepcw  xai  *H\uio  Au  Xepairei  atoOeyre^ 
€K  iroKefiMy  fieycCKwy  Kat  aXKohawoLO  OcLKaa-atov 


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STRATONICEIA.  367 


No8. 91  and  92. — On  the  north  side  of  the  portico  of  the  Coun- 
cil-hall,  are  the  inscriptions^  of  which  the  following  is  the 
translation.  The  portions  supplied  in  brackets  are  taken  from 
Sherard's  MS.  (Cod.  Harleian^  7^09^  at  the  British  Museum). 
Published  by  Boeckh,  2715  *. 

^^  Under  the  Stephanephorus  Ptolemeeus Whereas 

Sosander^  the  son  of  Diomedes,  the  Secretary  to  the  Council, 
represented  that  the  town  fit>m  the  days  of  old  had,  by  the 
power  of  the  protecting  Gods,  the  most  mighty  Jupiter  Pane* 
menus  and  Hecate,  been  saved  out  of  many  great  and  con- 
tinuous dangers;  whereof  the  holy  asylums,  and  those  who 
sought  refuge,  as  weU  as  the  holy  Senate,  by  a  decree  of  Caesar 
Augustus  and  the  perpetual  dominion  of  our  masters,  the  Ro- 
mans, have  given  dear  proof;  it  behoves  us  to  apply  with  all 
zeal  to  their  worship,  and  to  let  pass  no  time  for  being  pious 
and  offering  prayers ;  and  there  are  placed  in  the  august  Coun- 
cil-hall the  statues  of  the  before-mentioned  Gods,  showing  the 
most  conspicuous  virtues  of  the  divine  power ;  for  the  sake  of 
which  also  the  whole  of  the  people  offer  sacrifices  and  incense 
and  prayers  and  thanksgivings  to  the  Gods,  so  very  conspi- 
cuous, and  wish  to  worship  them  also  by  a  procession,  with 
hymns  and  a  service :  it  was  decreed  by  the  Council,  to  select 
now,  fix>m  those  of  good  birth,  thirty  boys,  whom  the  Paedo- 
nomus,  together  with  the  public  Psedophylaces,  shall  conduct 
every  day  into  the  Council-hall,  clad  in  white  garments  and 
crowned  with  leafy  branches,  and  having  leafy  branches  in  their 
hands  also ;  who,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Citharistes  and  the 
herald,  shall  sing  a  hymn,  which  Sosander,  the  son  of  Dio- 
medes,  shall  compose.  But  if  some  of  the  boys  be  elected  into 
the  Ephebi,  or,  the  which  may  none  of  the  Gods  bring  to  pass, 
shall  die  without  being  elected  into  the  Ephebi,  others  are  to 


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368  APPENDIX  A. 

be  elected  in  their  places,  for  the  [performance  of  the]  same 
hymn,  the  Paedonomus  and  the  Psedophylaces  laying  it  clearly 
down  in  writing,  in  order  that  for  ever  there  may  remain  the 
same  order  of  supplementary  election,  and  service  and  worship 
of  the  Gods.  Leave  [of  absence]  may  be  given  to  the  boys  if 
any  of  them  be  in  bad  health,  or  prevented  by  fitmily  mourning. 
But  if  any  of  these  things  be  not  done,  the  magistrates  and  the 
Peedonomus  shall  be  guilty  of  irreligion,  and  the  public  Paedo- 
phylaces  be  imprisoned.  Besides,  the  priest  of  Hecate  for  the 
current  year  shall,  from  the  precincts  [of  the  temple]  of  the 
goddess  and  the  neighbourhood,  select  annually  some  boys, 
who  shall  likewise  sing  the  usual  hymn  to  the  Goddess,  as  was 
done  before,  he  having  permission,  both  as  regards  the  fathers 
and  the  boys  themselves,  if  the  fathers  should  not  offer  them 
for  the  musical  performance,  or  the  boys  not  come  forward, 
to  prosecute  them  under  the  plea  of  Eisangelia,  or  whichsoever 
he  chooses ;  the  priest  and  the  Eunuchua  of  the  temple  giving 
in  their  names  in  writing  to  the  Peedonomus  through  the  Coun* 
cil,  as  has  likewise  been  mentioned  concerning  boys  from  the 
town.  But  if  the  Priest  and  the  Eunuchus  shall  not  do  this, 
they  shall  be  liable  to  the  same  penalties  as  the  boys  themselves. 
But  if  the  boy  who  takes  part  in  the  musical  performance  is 

elected  by  the  city  into  the  Ephebi P 

This  inscription  is  frequently  referred  to,  being  one  of  the 
most  explicit  documents,  which  show  the  care  bestowed  by  the 
ancients  on  musical  performances  and  processions  in  connec- 
tion with  their  worship.  In  hne  10,  where  the  secretary  of  the 
Council  is  ordered  to  compose  a  hymn,  or  rather  to  see  that  such 
a  hymn  be  composed,  Chishull  (Antiq.  As.,  p.  155.)  very  appro- 
priately calls  to  mind  the  celebrated  Carmen  Seculare  of  Horace, 
written  under  similar  circumstances.  Boeckh  is  of  opinion  that 
our  document  is  written  a  little  before  or  after  the  year  22  of 
our  eera.  In  this  year  the  Roman  Senate  confirmed  the  rights  of 
the  asylum  established  at  Stratoniceia.  This  asylum  is  spoken 
of  (line  3),  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  document  was  occa- 
sioned by  that  very  decree  of  the  Roman  Senate. 


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EnirrE^ANH^opoYf  \ 
I  noNTorrHNnoAiN  i 

KiNAYNXlNZEZnZeA 

EnOIHZANTOnPO^A 

KAIAITANEYINAYTO>pAi. 

MEnZAPETAZAiAZKAl 

AIYMNAAIAZHPOZO^ 

TAOVZTINAZKAeEKA 

♦ANAMENOYZGAAAC] 

ANZYNTASHZX2ZAN4 

nOIHZIENTEAEYTHZJ 

AAWlNKAITOYnAIACi 

PEZEflZTAZINKAiePH 

OIKEinKATEXnNTAlE 

AHMEI0inAiA04>YAA 

TEI N  EKTnN  ENTnn  EP 

MNONTHeEXlKAOnZj 

MENnATEPEZMHnAP 

AIAZHAA^IZHZANBO 

Ta.MMJi.MM.M.M.M.MWH\ 

HOI 


WJmy/A/iJA////JA///MTi 


ATHZEKnOAAnNKAIMETAAnNKAIZYNEXnN 
ITHZTnNKYPinNPAMAIANAIANIOYAPXHZ 
lANKAIMHAENAKAIPONnAPAAiniNTOYEYZEBEN 
EZTATAZnAPEXONTATHZGEIAZAYNA 
AETOYZOYTOZEni^ANEZTATOIZeEOIZKAKTHZ 
NYNEKTXlNEYrErONOTXlNnAIAAZTPIAKON 
OYAEYTHPIONAEYXIMONOYNTAZKAIEZTE 
IKiGAPIZTOYKAIKHPYKOZAZONTAIYMNONON 
leXlZINiZTOYZE^HBOYZHOMHAEIZeEAN 
NEniTHNAYTHNYMNXlAIANTONnAIAO^Y 
IXINATHNAYTHNAIAMEINAITHZANGAI 
NTiNEZAYTnNMHnZINYriEIZHnENGI 
EZTX2ZANYnEYGYNOIAZEBEIAOIAE 
NrEINOMENONIEPEATHZEKATHZKATAAE 
KAIAYTOYZAZONTAZTONZYNHGHY 
nNKAIKATAYTONrnNnAIAXlNEANOI 
AlAEZMHRPOZEAPEYflZINAIAEIZANrE 
KOYEYNOYXOYTAONOMATA 
rOPEYTAIEANAETITOYTONOI  EPEYZ 
r.^J#AAZTONAETONnAIAnNME 
^THZnOAEnZ^ 


10 


T0V  KvpiMV  'Pm/iauttv  auavtov  €ipx'l^ 
atpoy  •jrapdKMnv  rov  ewTefie\}\v 
Topeyorra  nyi  detof  8uya- 
'MveiTTaroK  OeoK  kcuc  Tifi 
}v  vatSof  rpuueov- 
ovowroi  KM  €<rre- 

VflVOV,  6v 

fuilSeK  dear 
yd<u- 


15 


20 


p€V^ 


N.B.— Each  of  tlf  difference  of  the  type  from  the  letters  of  the  oripn^.uwmj 


jp^^oogle/^ 


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STRATONICEIA.  369 

No.  93, — By  the  side  of  the  foregoing. 

IKONAJi^./iOITHNEXOYZANIO/iOMAn 

AYTOYKAITONMENnAIAONOMONANANA    . 

TOPH^IZM  AENTIin  PON  AftTOYZEPAn  lOY 

nAIAIKHTONAEIEPHATHZGEOYANAZTHZAIZ 

AieiNHEXOYZANANArErPAMMENATAAIA^    . 

TATOYi'H^IZMATOZENTniEPnTHeEOYANA 

rPA^HNAIAETCWH^IZMAETHEZEAPATOYBOYAEY 

THPIOYENAEZIAnPOZTHNAIIlNIONAIAMONHI^THZ 

EYZEBIAZTONGEnNTOAEANAA^/^A^^EnirPA 

♦HZEZOAIAZeHNAIYnOTXlNEniZTATIlNTOYBOYAEY 

THPIOY 

Published  by  Boeckh^  2715  B,  who  reads  thus  :— 

LKOva  [ypa7r]Tr)y  e^ovaay  to  [oyjofut  e- 
auTOVf  /ecu  roy  fiey  vfuSovofAoy  aya[yp]aly^ac] 
TO  '^(fiUTfia  ey  to>  irpoycuo  tov  ^epairiov, 
iraiBiid],  Toy  §€  icfyrfa  tj;?  0€ov  ayaanjo'cu  <r['n;Xi;v] 
5  \i0iyrjy  e^pva-ay  ayarye^pafifieya  ra  Suufilepoy-'] 
ra  TOV  y^<t>urfiaTo^  ey  tcd  Upto  njl^]  deov  aya- 
ypcufyrjyod,  Se  to  y^^icfui  €[v]  ny  €^e8pa  tov  Povkev- 
TTfpiov  ey  Be^ia  irpo^  Tqy  auoyioy  Siap^yrjy  Tqs 
evaejSicui  twv  0€i»y  to  &  aya\[<ofi]a  [rrf]^  eTriypa-- 
10  ^179  e^oSiaaffrfycu  inro  Ttoy  emaraTtoy  tov  fiovXev- 

TffpiOV. 

^^ a  painted  image^  bearing  his  name^  and  the  Paedo- 

nomus  is  to  write  the  decree  on  [the  wall  of]  the  Pronaos^  that 
for  the  use  of  the  boys  in  the  temple  of  Serapis ;  but  the  priest 
is  to  erect  in  the  temple  of  the  Goddess  a  stone  column,  having 
written  on  it  the  conceming.passages  of  the  decree.  But  the 
decree  is  to  be  written  on  [the  walls  of]  the  porch  of  the  council- 
hally  on  the  right  side,  to  the  perpetual  existence  [remembrance?] 

2b 


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370  APPENDIX  A. 

of  the  piety  towards  the  gods.    The  expenses  of  the  inscrip- 
tion to  be  borne  by  the  Committee  of  tlie  council-hall/' 

This  inscription  forms  a  sequel  to  the  foregoing  decree,  which, 
we  are  informed,  is  to  be  written  both  on  the  walls  of  the  por- 
tico  of  the  temple  of  Serapis,  and  in  the  porch  of  the  council- 
hall, — ^the  locality  in  which  the  stones  still  are.  In  the  temple 
of  Hecate  there  is  to  be  placed  a  column,  having  written  on  it 
not  the  whole  decree,  but  only  ra  itaj^epovra  (see  ra  fi^iv  Sia- 
<f>€poyTa,  Inscription  21),  »•  e.  such  passages  of  it  as  concern  the 
temple  (from  line  15  of  the  preceding  inscription). 


No.  94. — Built  into  a  wall, 

KATAZNPEPTnNAHMOZinNJS 

POAEnZKAPtlZMONTINIlNANJ! 

rXlMEN^OPOAOrEINTHNA^ 

ZINHMEINMENANIZnZHE^^ 

NATOZAEANOMXIZKAKEIJS 

TOYZAH  MOZI  Al  KYPIOYZM  J[ 

AHMOZIIINYPOKEIMEN^ 

EINTOYZENOZEKAZTOY^ 

OEAOIENTHZnOAEnZdYA^ 

AHZTHAZEPEimilNETOIMXlZA^ 

PPOAANEIZMOIZIAinNTIlNIE^ 

TnO>  NATOYTOIAGYPAAAArHig 

This  fragment  may  be  read  thus : — 

Ka[i]  Ta9  inrep  rmy  S^jfiacruav 
iroXea>^  Kap^urfjMV  rivtov  ava 
TTCD  p,€v  <f>opci\oy€vy  rqv  a 
ctv  ^fi€iv  fiev  aviaci)^  rj  60 
5   \ji]  oTo^  Be  ayofiMs  fcaxei 


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STRATONICEIA.  371 

Sfffiocuoy  inroKCLfjiev 
€Lv  rov^  lvo9  eKaoTov 
OeXoiey  T179  vdKeto^  ov  \ 
10  \ff<rr[€ija^  epenruov  eroifio^ 
irpoSaveiafioi^  iZtmv  rtov  le 
VTraXKayn. 


No.  95.  F^  84. — On  a  stone  like  an  altar. 

Published  by  Boeckh^  2716,  firom  Sherard's  transcript,  which, 
line  2,  has  ZIAINON,  changed  by  Boeckh  into  Xv^yiov;  and 
both  KHPAZIAA  and  KHPAIEAZ,  like  ours.  The  correct 
form  of  the  ethnicum  of  Corasa  would  be  KoDpaai^  and  Ktopa- 
cev^ ;  but  in  two  other  inscriptions  (Boeckh,  2725, 2728),  there 
seem  rather  to  be  confirmed  the  above  irregular  forms.  The 
names  of  several  localities  in  Caria  terminate  in  sa :  Mylasa, 
Bargasa,  Pedasa,  Corasa,  Plarasa,  Harpasa,  besides  Corbasa 
(townof  Pisidia). 


No.  96.  Page  83. — On  a  square  pedestal. 

There  are  other  instances  of  the  termination  loy  in  the  names 
of  females  being  contracted  into  iv :  ^XevOepiv,  Boeckh,  506, 
704.  Maprvpiy,  'Epaniy,  Osann.  Sylloge,  p.  437* 


No.  97*  Page  83. — In  the  wall,  on  a  stone  like  an  altar. 

The  name  of  Labranda  is  derived  firom  Labrys,  the  Lydiaii 
word  for  the  sacrificial  axe  of  Jupiter  (see  woodcut  on  page  75, 

2b2 


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372  APPENDIX  A. 

and  Mus.  Phil.  Cantab.,  h  p.  114).  The  umplest  form  of  the 
ethnicum  is  AAPANAEAN  (Osann.  Sylloge,  p.  463),  showing 
that  the  /3  of  the  common  AaffpaySemv  had  originally  a  soft 
sound,  like  the  digamma  (we  may  compart  the  iEolic  fipoSov 
instead  of  poSoy,  and  the  digammated  parpa  of  the  Elean  in- 
scription). Further  insertions  appear  in  AAMBPAYNAHZ 
(Boeckh,  2691,  2780),  AABPAYNAHZ  (2750),  and  the  pre- 
sent AABPAINAIZ,  unless  the  transcript  is  wrong  in  writing 
AINAIZ  instead  of  the  above  more  common  form. 


No.  98. — On  part  of  a  frieze. 

OPIKA^Z 
AHZAIONY 


HOOLAH. 

No.  99.  Page  88. — On  a  marble  block. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

/iioyva-uw  Avrarfopa  FoSiov,  Meyearpami, 
^tovvcruw,  VoBia^  rov  fra/rpo^  Mu  Apre^ufrut  tca[i] 
'HSumjf  ^vowaiovy  PoStat,  rov  iramwov  k(u  A[*]ow;- 
cr«)9  M€V€#c/MiToi;9  PoS.  Tov  irarpo^  T179  7i;v[at#co9] 


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TEJ.MESSUS.  373 


TELMESSU& 

No.  100.  Page  108. — On  a  pedestal^  built  into  a  wall  near  the 
sea^  and  partly  under  ground. 

The  inficription  may  be  read  thus : — 

Map«09  Avfyrj.  '^pfiar/opa^  6 
icai  ZaxTifio^,  6  vio^  Map/c.  Avp. 
'Epfuvfopa,  Si^  Mapa>vo9  rov  At- 
o^vov^y  TeXyLti7<T<T€i/9. 
5  tieuctfaa^  to  Sia  iravTwv 
irpoKkffO'ap^ycoy  aryevcKov 
iravKpariov,  rrfv  Teraprrfv  Oe- 
fiiv,  arfwvoOerowTO^  iui  l3iov 
Tov  a^toXoyorrarov  AvKuip)(pv 
10  Mop.  Ao/A.  ^iktTnrov  [?]  TeX/wyo-- 

<T6a)9. 

Line  5  is  restored  from  other  agonistic  inscriptions,  Boeckh, 
232,  1585,  1586,  1719,  etc.,  in  which  veitcffo-cu  Sui  Travrov,  or 
Kara  iravrtov,  or  €k  iravTmy,  probably  means,  that  a  person  was 
victorious  in  the  contest  with  all  those  who  had  previously  won 
victories.  This  is  also  implied  by  a  gloesa  in  the  Lex.  Seg., 
p.  91,  Sui  iravrmv  arpa¥  \«7€to*  h  etryofro^.  The  irpoKKfiaap^evmy 
of  line  6  I  can  find  in  no  other  inscription :  we  have  a  7rpo9 
hiaicov  irpoKkfjai^  in  Maocab.  II.  4,  14,  and  etcKaKeaaaOfu^ 
which  can  scarcely  have  had  a  different  meaning,  we  find  in 
several  agonistic  inscriptions,  for  instance  in  the  following 
passage  from  Gruter,  page  31 7^  1>  M^e  eKKdKeaafJLeyo^,  pnfr 
irepov  tear  e/wv  roKp/qaavro^  eiCKoKeacurdai,  Scfii^,  lines  7 
and  8,  seems  to  stand  for  the  usual  defjui,  whence  aryfove^  Oefia- 
rueoi.  We  read  it  in  an  inscription  copied  by  Captain  Beau- 
mont, at  Sida  in  Pamphylia, xai  eTrireXovvTo^  Oefiiv  Tla^ 

^vkuudV^.     See  Wa^le's  Travels^  p.  552,  where  a  coin  of 


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374  APPENDIX  A, 

Aspendus  in  Pamphylia  is  quoted  (Mionnet.  Descr.  d.  Med* 
III.  p.  449),  with  the  inscription,  Se^uSo^  to  E.  This  serves  to 
explain  the  rerapTTf  Oefu^  of  line  7* 

To  have  a  clearer  idea  of  the  various  particulars  connected 
with  the  honorary  distinctions  which  were  conferred  at  the  an- 
cient gymnastic  festivals,  we  may  call  to  mind  the  regulations 
and  foundations  made  for  a  similar  purpose  at  our  coU^es  and 
literary  institutions. 


No.  101.  Page  107.— Side  of  door  of  Roman-like  tomb. 

May  be  read  thus : — 

'Ekeytf  17  KOI 

Aifxfnoyy  Na<ro- 

V09  rot;  Am>- 

yeyov^,  TcX- 
5  fAVfcai^,  TO  /tAVi;- 

fieioy  KaT€aic€V€ur€¥ 

iavrrf  tccu  ok  au- 

Tv)  eyeOa'^ev,  AttoX- 

\i»yiSfj  8,  vim  avrtf^ 
10  Kiu  'TStXeytfy  n;  tcai  Aifx^- 

a>,  eyyoyff  €am^'  dXXn  he 

^i/rfieyi  e^iyai,  ey  ra> 

irvpyur/cio  reft^voi,  fie- 

Ta  TO  eyTwInfyai  avrrfy* 
15  errei  o  Oei^  Tiya  aae- 

fffj^  eoTw  Oeoi^  fcuTalx"! 

6oyU>l9  KOI  €KTO^ 

oif>€iKpm  no  TeX- 
puifiarewy  &;- 
20  fjLw  H  ^E. 

Published  by  Dr.  Clarke,  Travels,  vol,  iii.  p.  306,  with  trans- 


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TELMESSUS. 


375 


lation  and  notes  by  the  late  eminent  Prof.  Porson^  who  main- 
tained that  the  inscription  was  older  than  OL  100  (381-377  be- 
fore our  sera).  This  is  doubted  by  Prof.  H.  J.  Rose,  Inscrip. 
Graec.  y etust.,  p.  318^  especially  on  the  ground  that  the  charac- 
teristic iota  of  the  dative,  which  is  nowhere  to  be  seen  in  the 
inscription,  was  scarcely  ever  missed  before  the  above  period. 
There  are,  besides,  other  reasons  justifying  the  opinion  that  the 
inscription  was  written  in  Roman  times. 

Line  2,  Dr.  Clarke's  transcript  has  lACONOC.  On  the 
stone,  the  letter  which  begins  this  word  and  the  one  at  the  end 
of  the  preceding  are  joined  into  a  monogram,  which  presents 
two  N's.  Line  7?  Porson  reads  luu  o^  avnjv  eveffay^;  but  the 
reading  given  above,  km  ok  avrq  eveday^ey,  appears  distinctly  in 
our  transcript.  Ok,  which  by  the  usual  attraction  stands  instead 
of  roirroi9  ou9,  is  quite  in  accordance  with  the  dative  AiroXX^viStf, 
and  the  reading  is  altogether  more  simple  than  the  other.  The 
S  after  AirciXXayiSff  being  distinct  in  both  transcripts,  may  be 
taken  as  signifying  rerpaKi^  (see  AvfyrjXui  Afifjua^  Zrjvcovo^  £, 
Boeckh,  2774);  the  genitive  which  usually  follows  these  adverbs 
being  left  out,  since  Apollonides'  four  ancestors  had  the  same 
name  (see  Inscription  89).  Line  20,  Dr.  Clarke,  instead  of  our 
.E,  i.  e.  5000,  according  to  the  general  rules  of  Greek  nume- 
ration, has  IE,  which  would  make  the  fine  only  15  denaria. 


No.  102. — On  the  side  of  a  door  of  a  Roman-Uke  tomb, 

ONHC*OPOCA 

AICTOYAAEEA 

APOYTONnVPn 

CKONTOYTONKA 

TEIKAYACENE 

AYTnY/irHnr 

NM£!Y\£AM 
MIAAFAenNYMe 


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376  APPENDIX  A. 

KAYTOICTEKNOIC 

KAiroiccvrrE 

NEEINONHZI 

'^  Onesphorus . .  .^  grandBon  of  Alexander,  has  built  this  turret 
[f.  e.  tomb]  for  himself  and  his  wife  Ammias,  the  daughter  of 
Agathonymus,  and  his  children,  and  the  kinsfolk  of  Ones* 
phorus.'' 

The  translation  takes  the  last  two  lines  as  KAI  TOIZ  ZYP-* 
FENEZIN  ONHZ^opoi;. 


No.  103. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

APICTEIAOYTOY        ANAKTOC 
KAITWNKAHY  OMINAYTOY 

ApiirretSov,  rov  Avcuera^ 

K<u  Tcdv  KKr^pov]oiJMV  [?]  aVTOV* 

Published  by  Dr.  Clarke,  Travels,  vol.  iii.  p.  317,  with  line  2 
less  perfect. 

Ava#n-o9,  unless  it  be  a  proper  name,  may  give  rise  to  some 
speculations,  ascribed  as  it  is  to  a  name  borne  by  the  illustrious 
Athenian,  and  also  by  a  celebrated  orator  who  lived  in  the  times 
of  the  Antonines,  iElius  Aristides.  The  Greeks,  after  Homer> 
called  a  long  /ScuxiXev^,  never  ava(.  See  Biagi  Mus.  Nanian, 
p.  186.  We  learn  from  a  fragment  of  Aristotle's  Politise  pre- 
served by  Harpocration  (see  Casaub.  ad  Athenae.  VI.  p.  257), 
that  in  Cyprus  the  sons  and  brothers  of  the  fiaciXev^  were  called 
ava/CTC^.  Eurip.  HippoL,  966,  Or|^eus  is  called  ava(  of  the 
philosophers,  and  generally  this  word  may  have  been  used  to 
signify  something  princetg. 


No.  104. 

TOAETOtHMAECTIN 

^^  This  monument  is '^     S«7Ata  occurs  in  no  other  of 

our  inscriptions. 


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TELMESSUS.  377 

No.  105.-^On  a  rock-^tomb. 

TOMNH 

MAIAZO 

NOZIKeO 

OAOTOY 

TONCAT 

OY 

May  be  read  thus : — 

To  fivTffia  laaovo^ ®[€]o8otov  [«afc?]  noy  karov. 

*'The  monument  of  laso,  son  [?]  of  Theodotus,  and  his  fa- 
mily/* 

EATOY,  instead  of  EAYTOY^  appears  in  another  inscription 
copied  by  CoL  Leake  in  the  rains  of  Ascsephia.  Mus.  Crit. 
Cantab.,  v.  ii.  f.  8.  p.  586.    Boeckh,  1625. 


No.  106. — On  the  door  of  a  Roman-like  tomb. 

CIEYACHNrOII/MMEIONTOYTOEY*POZ 
/iAi?INOY^Tn*EKAI/MlCIMnKAI*IAAPrE 
KAIAEAIAKAinPEIMAlHKAIEYtNHIATOIZE¥4> 
CYNOYKAOIEEEAYTOYN 

May  be  read  thus : — 

....  xareaKevaaeif  to  [jivrjf]fieioy  tovto  ^v^po<r[yyo^'] 
....  ivov  [€av]T{o  T€  /ca4  {Tj^toaifjuo  kcu  <E>iXap7€[Ti7?] 

KOi  AiXui  Kcu  TI peifiaiT)  koa  E[tp]i7VMi,  rov;  Et/^jjx)-] 

trwcv  Ka[i\  [t]o49  ef  oirrow. 

^  Euphrosynus,  son  of ,  has  built  this  monument  for 

himself  and  Zosimus^  and  Philargetes,  and  iGlia^  and  Primsea, 
and  Irenia,  the  children  of  Euphrosynus,  and  their  ofispring.'* 

A.VTOW,  instead  of  (umbv^  if  I  am  right  In  reading  the  last  line^ 
is  very  remarkable* 


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378  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  107. — On  the  mulIioD  of  a  rock-tomb. 

////\HTMA£m 
//mOHLXOM 
J.NTOYTOY 

EOig/IPAU? 

i(fiHMHZI^/l 

Mi-MMKM.£k 

/MiTHZMM. 

3MO\M.M. 

rnvei/M 

M'AIEO/ii^ 

€PM€M/ii1 

TOYCrA^ 

MEPOIMH 

♦OKPATY 

AHCC6ICC 

nAnOMil 

THACYeH 

HMIOTO#. 

TOTOY.^ 


In  the  last  line  but  four  we  may  read  iet)8ev$ti,  which  shows 
that  this  inscription,  probably  a  fragment,  is  funereal. 


No.  108. — On  the  side  of  the  portico  of  an  Ionic  rock-tomb. 

^POlMAAlo^  /p\A 


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TELMESSUS.  379 

ZlMPMAM/SMilANO 
TONYONAYIiCHPCo 


In  the  last  line  there  seems  to  be  fiytj(Mj<i  x^''^^  "  ^o^*  ^^ 
sake  of  remembrance." 


No.  109. — Built  into  the  wall  of  the  castle,  near  the  door. 

EnA4»POAEITOC 

ArAGOnOAOCTH 

MHCEEYCEAAION 

CYNYWPHCWOAPe 

AAIANEOCTOYEIIM 

NAIOYTOYTOTON* 

MEIONNKAinAPAKA  \ 

HTATEKNAMOie  ' 

NAIENEMETAAETHA 

EMHNTEAEYTHNEI 

NAITHNESOYCIANI 

NNTEKNHNMOYEJ 

I  \TETirrOYTWNA 

/»ATHCEirEAYTOY 

KOillHCTKINNH 
NEENTIMOAP 

NPHCHEE 
niTHEH'HIEeHHN 
NNOETICANAYTW 


INHMHNOETHiH 
nOAEIAHNAPAIAN 


The  inscription  can  be  read  but  imperfectly.    At  the  begin- 
ning,  Eira(f>poS€iro^,   AyaSviroSoi,   Te>/M7«r<rews ;    line   7 — 12, 


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380  APPENDIX  A. 

[jivti]fi€ioVy  fcai  irapascaXuf  ra  rexva  fjLOV  Oeivai,  e^  ^lera  Be  n/v 
efj/rjy  reXetmjv  civai  rffy  efbiMruiK  twv  TeKvmy  fiov;  lines  17  and 
18,  [awx\o>fyrj<Trf  einrpe^^  at  the  end,  n;  iroXei  Sffvapaia  v. 
This  shows  the  inscription  to  be  funereal ;  in  line  3,  however, 
we  cannot  but  read  eXouov  awx^ofyqatoy  which,  unless  we  take 
eKouov  {(AT)  for  a  dialectic  form  of  €K(iuov  {olive-grove),  is  totally 
unintelligible.  The  letters  OAPO  (line  4)  are  the  only  ones 
which  have  on  the  stone  their  common  round  shape,  all  the 
other  O  and  O  being  square. 


No.  110. — On  a  pedestal  in  the  wall. 
nOAEMflAA 

AZI1NA4>APNA10Y 
OAOZLrAZOM 
ONEAYTOVn 
KAIMEPIMAYAZAMAVTAO 

TONEAYTHZANAPA# 
HAOrrOPriAZZNBEON 

The  stone  being  cemented  in  several  places,  the  inscription 
was  copied  with  great  difficulty.  In  the  last  line  but  three  we 
have  Tov  iaurq^  avSpa",  in  the  following  there  seems  to  be 

"^urrov ainfjStory  which  sfaows  the  inscription   to  be 

funereal. 


No.  111. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

ANTI 
♦IXOY 
OICTOY 
♦APNA 
KOY 
TOMNHMEION 


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TELMESSUS.  381  } 


^^  The  monument  of  Antiphiehus  [Antiochus  ?],  twice  [i.  e, 
grandson]  of  Phamaces/* 
The  letter  beginning  line  3^  is  taken  as  A« 


No.  11 2. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

AIOTEIMOYTOY 
TAHnOAEMOYKAl 
AIOTEIMOYAICTOY 
TAHnOAEMOYnPOrONIKON 

^  The  hereditary  tomb  of  Diotimus,  son  of  Tlepolemus^  and 
of  Diotimus,  grandson  of  Tlepolemas/' 

Published  by  Dr.  Clarke,  Travels,  III.  p.  316,  who  refers  to 
Mafiei  Mus.  Veron.  59,  for  an  explanation  of  the  [^/moov] 
TTpoyoFMor* 


No.  lis. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

TOYTOMN/i#.A^    nPOZONMKON  VEMTM 
KAIAYKAIY 

May  be  partly  read  thus :  tovto  f/^fAetov  vpoyonteov  €<m  .... 
icoi  AiMMu[o] V.    ^^  The  family-tomb  of  •  • . .  and  Lyceus.'* 


No.  114. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

TIBEPIOYKAAYAI 
YnEPFAMOY 

Published  by  Dr.  Clarke,  1.  c,  who  has  an  O  at  the  beginning 
of  line  2. 

^'  [The  tomb]  of  Tiberius  Claudius  Pergamus.'' 


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382  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  115. — On  a  rock-tomb 


ETOY22MHNOIAnOYA 

nATHITOYTOAOKENHinOAIZ 

May  perhaps  be  read  thus : — 

^'  In  the  year  60,  on  the  tenth  of  the  month  Lous,  has  the 
dty  given  this/' 

The  name  of  Lous  is  to  be  found  in  several  almanacs  of  Asia, 
and  also  in  that  of  the  Macedonians,  in  which  it  is  given  to  the 
tenth  month,  of  thirty-one  days,  beginning  on  June  24.  The 
sera  of  this  date  cannot  be  ascertained.  It  seems  not  to  be  the 
JStOL  Seleuddarum,  which  was  the  principal  one  in  Syria,  begin- 
ning 313  before  Christ.  Beside  this,  and  the  JBra  Pompejana 
(from  63  or  62  B.C.),  Csesariana  (47  or  46  B.C.),  Actiaca(30  B.C.), 
there  were  in  the  different  cities  of  Syria,  and  no  doubt  of 
Roman  Asia  generally,  different  JBras  of  minor  repute,  beginning 
from  the  years  in  which  the  cities  had  severally  been  declared 
fi^  by  the  Romans.  (See  Eckhel,  D.N.  lY.  399.  Ideler 
Handb.  d.  Chronolog.,  I.  p.  4570  ^^  ^^7  ^^^  begin  the 
Lycian  ssra  with  the  year  169  b.g.,  when  the  country  was,  by  a 
decree  of  the  Roman  Senate,  emancipated  from  the  dominion  of 
the  Rhodians  (Liv.  XLJV.  16.  Appian.  Syr.  44.),  or  with  the 
year  83  B.C.,  when  Lycia  was  again  declared  Gcee  and  an  ally 
of  the  Roman  nation  by  Sylla  (Appian.  Mithridat.  61.). 


No.  116. — On  a  sarcophagus,  by  the  side  of  a  bas-relief. 

Published  by  Dr.  Clarke,  Travels,  III.  p.  306,  who  reads 
AHMHTPIO  in  line  2.  The  only  words  which  we  may  de- 
cipher with  any  certainty,  both  from  his  and  our  transcript,  are 
in  line  3  [wpjaecm;  a[7]a)v[a)v]  ;  in  line  4  there  may  be  ra 
KaWiara. 


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CADYANDA.  383 

CADYANDA. 
No.  117.  Page  122.— On  a  tomb. 
This  funereal  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

TO  fivi^fieioy  KOTeo'icevaa'ley ] 

eavrtf  /eai  Ovyarpi  /eai  ey\yoyoi9  kcu  toi^  ef  ^770-] 
ytov  fjLOV  yeyyrfBffarofieyoir  kcCKod  •  .  •  • 
eav  Be  ri^  ei^fiuuTryriU  •  .  .  airoreiaei  K[a£]uav36a>v 
5  TOO  S97/MO  ^  <l>. 

The  KAAfloflineS  seems  to  be  similar  to  the  riAPAKAAH 
of  inscription  109 ;  in  which  we  have  also  the  pronoun  of  the 
first  person. 


No.  118.— On  a  tomb. 

APTEMnNAPTEIMOYTOYAHMH 
TPIOYKATECKEYACEN 

^^  Artemo^  son  of  Artimus^  the  son  of  Demetrius^  has  built  it.'' 


No.  119.^  On  the  same. 
TMMMONKOIELKEYAZENI 
n/MKOZAYTOKAnEK/f  KAIAAIY/ilKIA 
♦lA^JIKAITYNAIKIAYTOYKAITEKNOUireO 
ELM/ITM  KAiniXnTANnAYTOYON  I  lOI  AKAI 
THZCZAYTOYrEIHAEOYAENI 

May  partly  be  read  thus  : — 

To[/Ayvjfi€i]oy  /ic[aT]€<r/c€uao-6v 

.  .  .  «09  avrw  KOi  retcvoi^  [?]  koi  ywaiKL  avrov  /ecu  .  .  . 

^tX[a)]  KOi  yuvauci  avrov  kcu  tckvol^  .... 

....  Ktu  ra>  eyyovco  avrov  6/LU>Mk>[9]  Kai 

To[i]9  ef  avrov  aWa>  [?]  Se  ovSevi, 


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384  APPENDIX  A. 

In  line  2,  if  the  conjecture  be  right,  the  children  are  men- 
tioned before  the  wife,  which  ia  extraordinary;  then  another 
person,  who  shared  in  the  property  of  the  tomb,  may  have  been 
mentioned,  whose  ofispring  is  spoken  of  in  the  last  lines. 


No.  120.^ — ^On  a  tomb. 

ZflMEN 

ZOZOYZEINOAYKOYKA 
AZ    KATEZKEYAZEnrOMI 
MEIOIEAYTHKITOI/i.;iAY 

T/J/iKAIT/i£-ONrY 
♦lAHTAKAIAIONHKAITHOZ 

MOYl/KMMMMMMMMMMM 
MOYKAIENANIETEOZZ/i/MJi 

Ennrz 

TAYTAnAIHEH  EANAETIZFIAPA 

ErnieEOrY4>NAIONKAieZ4>IZKATAKTONIOIZXZEPKZ 

May  partly  be  read  thus : — 

Z6)/i€v[l7] 

'EpfioKvKOV 

Kwreaicevaaey  to  ft[vi;-] 

ti€iov  kavrri  #c[a]i  rwf?  reKvov;  ay-] 

5   T[i;fl  fCtU  TOiS 

^CSarr<»  Kcu  ^loytj  luu  roi^  [e^  eicytmn^}] 

flOV  •  .  •  • 

fiov  Kcu  Zfjywvi  •  •  •  {xiu  otV  av  eiri/rpe^^  ?] 
€70)76 
10 Eav  Se  tl^  Trapa 

TCCUTCt  ir0l7)<Ttf 

€<rra>  Oeoi^  ovpaviot^  [?]  icav  Oeoi^  KarayOovf^f'^  aaefir)^. 

The  monument  is  built  by  a  woman,  a  relation  of  Hermo- 
lycus,  <^  in  her  lifetime,  for  herself  and  her  children  and  . . . 


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CADYANDA.  385 

Philetus  and  Dione/^  In  line  8,  after  the  name  of  Zeno  [?], 
there  may  be  the  same  name  as  at  the  beginning  of  line  2 ;  the 
inscription  seems  to  close  with  the  usual  declarations  (see^  for 
instance,  Nos.  109  and  121,  and  inscription  on  page  143) :  '^and 
those  to  whom  I  may  give  leave  myself;  but  if  any  one  acts 
against  this,  be  he  impious  unto  the  heavenly  gods  and  unto 
the  gods  of  hell/'  The  inscription,  which  was  copied  with 
great  difficulty,  is  written  on  the  projecting  parts  of  the  door- 
frame :  thus  the  explanation  may  be  justified  for  taking  lines 
10  and  11  in  an  order  different  from  that  appearing  in  the 
transcript. 


No.  121.— On  a  tomb. 

KATECKEYAZENTOYTOTOM  N  H  M  EION  EH  AFA 
eOZKPATEPOYEAYTnKAirVNAIKIKAITEKNOIZKAl 
TOIZESAYTnNTEKNOIZrENHZAMENOIZMHAENI 
AEESEZrnENGAi'AIHeEINAIEIZTOYTOTOMNHMEIONEKTOZ 
EANMHAYTOZErnEniTPES^nEANAETIZnAPATAYTABIAZHTAI 
AnOTEIZEITAKAAYANAEnNAHMnZkHNAPIAXEIAIA 

^^  Epagathus,  son  of  Craterus,  has  built  this  monument  for 
himself  and  his  wife  and  his  children,  and  the  children  bom  of 
them ;  but  nobody  shall  be  allowed  to  bury  or  put  [another] 
into  this  monument,  except  when  I  shall  permit  it  myself.  But 
if  any  one  shall  use  violence  against  this,  he  shall  pay  to  the 
People  of  the  Cadyandeans  a  thousand  denaria.^' 

The  phrase  exro^  eav  firf  (lines  4  and  5)  is  remarkable.     See 
efCTo^:  et  finj,  Boeckh,  2825. 


2c 


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386  APPENDIX  A. 

HOORAHN.     (MASSICYTUS?) 
No.  122.  Page  123. 


No.  123. — In  a  wall. 

KPAI 

OZAIKn 

nAPA*Y 

orv 


No.  124.  Page  125. — On  a  round  pedestal,  dug  out  of  the  road 
near  Hoorahn. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

Avfytfluoii  2[t€-] 

^V09  T0t9  TO  [if] 

irarpo^  avrov  8at- 

5  At/p.  ^T€<f>ayo<;  ei  ri^ 

'Epfju}\vKov  .....  Tiva 

KareaKeva-  [aTrore*]  aei 

cev  K(u  eire-  

ypay^.     Mera 
10  TO  evTOifnfye  [?] 

€ft€  €49  TffV  O- 
OToftywyv  [?]  . 

The  word  wrroOritcq  (line  12)  occurs  in  an  inscription  from 
Stratoniceia,  Boeckh,  2731 ;  another  inscription,  written  in  two 
columns,  from  Aphrodisias,  ibid.  2838. 


No.  125.  Page  124. 


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TLOS.  387 

TLOS. 

No.  126. — On  a  small  pedestal. 

TAHEnNniNHOIKAMEZPOYriAPAIZA 

eEONZEBAZTONTONiTIZniMrNTOZ 

EMOY 

May  be  read  thus : — 

T\(0€<oy  ol  v€oi  KOI  fj  yepoiHTui  Kcuaa[pa] 
Oeov  aeficLOTOVj  rov  [/c]Tt<r[Ti7v]  fjueyiaroy  [?] 

^^The  young  men  and  the  Elders  [Gerusia]  of  Tlos  [honour, 
probably  by  erecting  a  statuej  Caesar  Augustus,  the  God,  the 
great  patron  of  the  People  [?].'* 

Krumr:,  which  properly  means  a  founder,  is  not  usually 
joined  to  Srf/iov ;  if  the  above  reading  is  right,  we  must  take  the 
word  in  the  sense  indicated  by  the  translation. 


No.  127. — Over  a  gateway. 

uOeHEniTOYAAHnPOKAieAYM^HrEM 
♦A^KA'^EnOYA^MAPKEIANOY 

May  be  read  thus : 

....  ^1;  em  TOV  XafiTTpolrarov]  tuu  0avfi[aaTov]  '^€fi[oyos!] 
^X.  Kaaaiov  A[6#cu)t;?]  MapKeuivov. 

^^  [The  gate  ?  ^^as  erected]  under  the  most  splendid  and  ad* 
mirable  governor.  Flavins  Cassius  Decius  [?]  Marcianus.*' 

Published  in  Mr.  Fellows'  Journal,  p.  239,  where  in  line  2 
we  have  KA  instead  of  KA**. 

2c2 


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388  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  128. — BuUt  into  a  wall,  the  stone  broken. 

ENnPHTANEiniANAPAArAeONEE 
EONeXANAIAIAnPOEONXlNEYEPrE 
THNTOYAHMOYKANTOAAATXIN 
NM4>ZPONTnNKAITAMErNTA 
POZAOSANKATEPPAZMENON 
AIAHMAIKAITAIAYKIANEONEI 
MENTOIZnOAEMOIZETANABHZ 
rXlNIZAMENONKAIAPIZTEYZAN 
TAKAIAIATHIHZANTATOYZT  £„^q 
MOYZKAITHNFATNON  ^^    OKPATI 
ANOAHEPATEMONAA  ^lABTOYrPOnO 

L  LX^r-  lAOAOSnZKAIMI 

EAAOMEPnZKAIENnAZHTHinOAEI 
TElAKAIKAKOrAeOIZKAIEriTYXniZ 
KAIAIKAIKnZANAZTPE^OMENON 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus  :-7- 

€v  irpfjTaveuo  avSpa  a/yaOov  t€ 
eovra  \_fc']ai  Sia  irpoyovfov  evepye- 
TTfy  rov  Sfjfiov,  xai  iroKKa  to>v 
[<r]  vfjL<f>€f}ovT<oy  /cat  ra  fieyiara 
5   [7r]po9  Bo^av  Korefyyeurfieyoy 
[t]©  Si7/ut>  Kcu  TCD  AvKuoy  eOyeir 
[ev]  /itev  rov;  iroKefioi^  eirayhpm^ 
[a]7(ovi<ra/t€vov  icaf,  apurrewray^ 
ra  K€u  SuiTrfpffirayra  roi;^  re  vo- 

10  fwv^  KOI  Tqy  •  .  •  •  h\r)fi\oKparir- 
ay  4>ay€pa  ....  huu  fiiov  .... 

[^(]Xo&>^ci>9  fcai  /it€- 

yaXofiepw^  kcu  ey  ircurq  vq  iroKei- 
T€ui  •  •  •  KoKoKarfoBad^  icai  einrvjdo^^ 

15  teai  St4cauk>9  aya^rrpe^fuvoy. 


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TLOS.  389 

"  [It  was  resolved  to  honour]  in  the  Prytaneum  ......  being 

B  good  man^  and^  like  his  ancestors^  a  benefactor  of  the  People ; 
having  done  us  considerable  services^  and  the  greatest  things 
towards  his  honour  among  the  People  and  the  Lycian  nation  ; 
having  in  the  wars  contested  manfully,  and  excelled,  and  ob- 
served the  laws  and democracy ,  and  [functioned] 

gloriously  and  liberally,  and  conducted  himself  in  the  common- 
wealth honourably  and  fortunately  and  righteously/* 

Hpfiraveiov  instead  of  irpuraveiov  is  not  found  elsewhere :  to 
substitute  17  for  v  is  enumerated  by  Sturz  (De  Dial.  Maced.,  p. 
121)  among  the  peculiarities  of  the  Alexandrian  dialect,  and  the 
Etym.  M.  p.  608,  declares  K9709  instead  of  vvo9  to  be  iEolic. 


No.  129.— In  a  wall. 

AKAH  M  APKOZIZTO^I  1 1 
AHTHNOAIlNHrEMONAAE 
EKKAI  AEKATHZ4>AAYI  AZ4>I  P 
EKTHZZIAHPAZEHAEYOHA 
ZTPATinTIKOYnPEZBEYTHPO 
ZTPATH  rON  AYTOKPATOPOZAYKAI 
KAI  n  AK4>YAI  AZAZNflAI  KAIOAOTI 
TAnEQNHBOYAHKAIHrEPOYZIA 
KAIOAKMOY 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

[eTTA/^e-] 

Xijrrjv  oScoVj  rffcfiova  \e[7ea)V09] 

etc  n;?  2^pa9,  €7ra[pxoy]  evffffvlia^l 
5  OTpaTuoTtKoly]  irpeafieirrrily], 
arparTjyov  Avro/cparopo^  AvKialsi] 
Kai  Tlafi<l>v\uL^,     ^Ajyvo)  StKOioSorrf 
Tk(D€(oy  fj  fiovki)  Kai  17  yepovaia 
Kai  6  Sff/Mo^i, 


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390  APPENDIX  A. 

'' a  Commissioner  of  roads,  Conmiander  of  the  six- 
teenth legion,  Flavia  Firma,  and  the  sixth,  Ferrata,  Inspector 
of  the  supply  of  com,  Military  Legate,  Imperial  Governor  of 
Lycia  and  Pamphylia.  To  the  upright  administrator  of  justice, 
the  Coundl  and  the  Elders  and  the  People  of  the  Tloeans/' 

The  Roman  governor,  to  whom  the  corporation  of  Tlos  paid 
their  gratitude,  had  formerly  heen  Curator  Viarum  (line  2)  and 
Prtrfectus  Annona  (line  4),  The  former  office,  to  judge  from 
many  Roman  and  some  Greek  (for  instance.  Chandler,  p.  92,  vii.) 
inscriptions,  was  conferred  on  young  men  of  good  family ;  the 
latter,  which  was  certainly  one  of  great  trust,  is  less  frequently 
mentioned.  There  was  an  eirapxo^  evOijyeui^  in  Egypt,  the 
great  granary  of  Rome ;  and  the  word  o/ft/vMi,  which  properly 
means  abundance,  is  seen  on  several  coins  of  that  country: 
an  €7nfi€\ffn]<:  evOrfvia^  we  have  in  an  inscription  published 
by  Chandler,  p.  81  (see  Osann  Sylloge  Inscr.,  p.  430).  The 
sixteenth  legion,  named  (probably  by  Vespasian  or  Domitian) 
Flavia  Firma,  had  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Augustus,  and 
long  afterwards,  their  quarters  in  Germany.  A  sixth  legion 
was  for  a  long  time  stationed  in  Britain  ;  but  it  was  the  Leg. 
VL  Victrix ;  whilst  the  one  mentioned  in  our  inscription,  the 
Leg.  VI.  Ferrata,  was  chiefly  occupied  in  the  Orient,  (See 
Brotier  ad  Tacit.,  H.  II.  6.) 

When  the  Emperor  Claudius  took  from  the  cities  of  Lycia 
their  autonomy,  the  country  was  made  a  province,  together  with 
Pamphylia,  to  be  governed,  as  the  Emperor's  own,  by  a  Legatus 
Augu8talx8  (Dio  Cassius,  LX.  p.  676 ;  Sueton.  Claud.,  c.  25). 
Governors  of  Lycia  and  Pamphylia  are  mentioned,  Murator, 
317,  I5  Gruter,  p.  458,  6;  491,  12.  The  office  of  St/oiAoSon;?, 
Juridicus  (line  7)^  is  mentioned  chiefly  at  Alexandria;  two  other 
inscriptions,  copied  by  Mr.  Fellows  at  Tlos  (Journal,  pp.  238, 
239),  give  the  names  of  two  persons  entrusted  with  it  in  this  town, 
Julius  Marinus  and  Domitius  Apollinarius ;  the  son  of  the  latter 
seems  to  have  served  in  the  Legio  XVI.  Flavia  Firma,  just  as 
the  unknown  person  spoken  of  in  the  present  inscription. 


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TLOS.  391 

No.  130.  Page  133. — On  a  rock-tomb. 

Zr)[o'avTt,'\     To  fipmov  Kareo-Kevacev  Ztotrifio^ 
NeuetfTueoVf  fi  rov  Ava-aviov,  Tkeoev^^  kavrta  tcai 

retcvoi^  K(u  ywaucb  /au  toi^  e^  avrov  lau  &  av  ev- 
jpoifHo^  avvxoi>pV^*     ^^  ^  '''^  ^^X^  '^^  <n/v%aH 
5  (yqacu  rov  KareaKevcucora  Zoxr^/iov  Ovtf 

Tiva^  o^CKqaei  rto  Upeyrarfo  rafieir- 
CD  €7nT€ifuov  ^  ^A<^.     Eav  Se  awyto^ 
fyq<rq  riyi  6  /careo-fcevoKm^;  Zfoaifio^  i- 
(ei  e^vauLv  6  Xafinoy  to  awx^opff^ 
10  o[y']s  av  fiovKrfToi  Oairreiv, 


No.  131.  Page  135.— On  a  rock-tomb. 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

[apX(^p€Ui^}^  Aai/ij^,  [AXje^avSpov  fi  rov  ^Ufywriov, 

SeSofievov  [<rt;]v%a>/3i;/tiaro9  /cvpeia^ 

en-i  apxi£p€o^  Kaiatayov 

....  VTTO  TToXKtov,  SvTOv  Kai  'Ei[p']vycuov 
5  .  -  .  .  reOaimu  [AX]  e^avSpo^,  fi  rov  ^lowa-iov,  6  irwrqp 
Kcu  vlo^  AX6^avSpo<i,  ^Lprfvaioxr  rMfyrjaertu  Se  /ceu  avrtf  Kai 

6  avrip  axrrq^y 
\JSiv\privcLios  ^to\jjL\fiiovr  aXXft)  he  ovSevt  e^earr) 
0aylr[cu  riva]  r)  Sa)a-€i  TXtoecoy  vq  yepovtrta 
)^  A[^  ?]  wv  6  e\[€vfa]9  to  [t/)*t]ov  Xrffiy^cu* 

Line  1  is  restored  from  line  5.  The  phrase  SeSofievov  avyym" 
pvifjLaros  Kvpeiax;  (line  2)  occurs  in  no  other  inscription ;  com- 
monly we  have  only  awycopr^fia  (see  No.  43.),  or  avvxofpff<f^* 
Line  7 9  e^earq  instead  of  e^earcu.  The  substitution  of  17  for  (u 
is  less  frequent,  see  Sturz,  De  Dial.  Maced.  p.  119.  The 
term  XrjfiylreTcuy  line  9,  we  see  constantly  on  the  tombs  of  this 
neighbourhood. 


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392 


APPENDIX  A. 


Ul 


% 


^  ?^  Z  Cf 

IS 


^3:  .- 
5  ^  t  b  u 


z 

UJ 


sk 


■Si 


u*  *:  r«  ^ 
^^  t  < 

Z  I  <  u  > 
C!  $  5  QQ 


y  o  ©  s  o 


_    ^   ■•■       S     r— 1 


5—  — >  ■»  rr:  Ts 


00 


B 

a 

o 


a; 


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TLOS.  393 

*^  In  their  lifetime. 

'^  lason  and  Menelaus^  the  sons  of  Menelaus^  and  Aristippus^ 
son  of  CrateruS;  have  constructed  the  Heromn,  in  which  there 
are  four  couches^  to  belong  together  [?]  to  themselves  and  their 
wives  and  their  descendants^  as  the  Council  has  ordered ;  and 
there  [belongs]  to  lason  Lit.  A.  on  the  left^  and  to  Menelaus 
Lit.  A.  on  the  right,  and  to  Aristippus  Lit.  B.  on  the  left.  But 
the  fourth  couch^  Lit.  B.  on  the  right,  [belongs]  to  lason  and 
Menelaus,  to  bury  those  whom  they  have  brought  up,  and  their 
offspring.  It  shall  be  lawful  to  none  of  us  to  give  leave  to 
another,  or  he  who  gives  leave  shall  owe  to  the  People  of  the 
Tloeans  500  denaria ;  nor  shall  a  stranger  bury  one  [here,]  or 
he  shall  owe  to  the  People  of  the  Tloeans  500  denaria.  But 
Menelaus  will  give  leave  to  Philumenus,  son  of  Arsases,  [to 
bury  his  dead]  on  the  couch  which  falls  to  his  [Menelaus'] 
share.  Lit.  A.  on  the  right.^* 

In  most  of  the  rock-tombs  examined  by  Mr.  Fellows,  there 
were  compartments  like  bins  scooped  out  in  the  rock,  either  on 
three,  or  only  on  two  sides  of  the  quadrangle ;  sometimes  there 
were  two  tiers  of  them,  one  over  the  other.  Our  inscription 
shows  that  these  "  couches,'*  which  were  for  burying  several 
persons,  were  sometimes  lettered,  and  each  the  property  of  a 
separate  family.  The  regulations  of  partnership  between  the 
persons  who  joined  in  constructing  the  tomb  were  confirmed 
by  the  municipal  authorities  (line  4) ;  and  the  property  and  care 
of  the  building  as.  a  whole,  if  I  am  right  in  construing  the  second 
EN  of  line  3,  was  their  joint  concern. 

lason  and  Menelaus  (lines  2  and  6)  were  probably  brothers. 
The  relative  length  of  the  lines  of  this  inscription,  which  is 
written  on  the  projecting  parts  of  the  lintel,  seems  to  warrant 
the  insertion  of  the  restorations  suggested  by  the  general  con- 
text between  lines  5  and  6.  Ke  instead  of  icai  (line  2)  appears 
distinctly  in  this  and  other  inscriptions,  and  is  explained  as 
much  by  the  general  substitution  of  e  for  at,  which  prevailed  in 
these  countries,  as  by  the  Latin  que. 


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394  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  133. — Built  into  a  wall. 

TOHPnONKATBEKEY 
AZANAIAiOZOYAniOZ 
EnA4>POAEITOZAPMAIZB 
TOYA  NTIOXOYAPM  AlZr 
MENEKAHZMENEKAEOY 
EnieYMHTOZEIPHNAlOY 
TAnEIZEYTYXHZIAZONOZ 
ePEnTOZNirPEINIANOYTTA 
ZIGEMIAOZAYSHTIKOZArPin 
nEINOYTOYKAIZTAZieEMIAOZ 
TI4>AAYIOZeAAAMOrTAn 
NEIKANAAIAAAOYEIIEYZ 
^  AYTOIZKAirYNAIZIKAl 

"  [The  following]  have  built  the  Heroum :  Ulpius  Epaphro- 

ditus ,  son  of  Antiochus ;  Menecles,  son  of  Me- 

necles ;  Epithymetus^  son  of  Irenaeus^  citizens  of  Tlos ;  Eufy- 
ches^  son  of  lason,  foster-child  of  Nigrinianus  Stasithemis; 
Auxeticus^  son  of  Agrippinus^  also  called  Stasithemis ;  Ti.  Fla^ 
vius  Thalamus,  citizens  of  Tlos ;  Nico,  son  of  Daedalus,  citizen 
of ,  for  themselves  and  their  wives  and ** 

The  translation  leaves  out  the  words  APMAIZ  B  and  AP- 
MAIZ  r  of  lines  3  and  4 ;  they  do  not  belong  to  the  general 
context.  In  the  list  of  barbarous  words  prefixed  to  the  Thes. 
Ling.  Grsec.  of  Stephanus,  we  find  apfxaptov  or  apfiapiov,  ipfu^ 
piovy  derived  probably  from  the  Latin  armarium,  which  we 
might  take  here  in  the  general  signification  of  compartment, 
thinking  that,  like  the  preceding,  this  inscription  belonged  to  a 
tomb  in  which  the  compartments  were  lettered.  This  explana- 
tion is  indeed  not  free  from  objections.  APMAIZ  occurs  in  no 
other  inscription  copied  in  this  neighbourhood. 


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TLOS.  395 

No.  134. — Over  the  door  of  a  rock-tomb. 

OYANAPOEiOYAAEZANAPniLiyy!        KAIZIKOYAEINO 

AAEZANAPZnATiOZAAHAOYHAJinTATii^i&^i^NAPnBTOY 

rTE4>ANOYAAIAAAnTnKAIEI4>ITnKAAOKAIPnArPIHIEINOY 

iSTOYKAYTTAZieEMIAOZAPTEIMAAPTEIMOYEYTYXIANH 

EYTYXEOYZKAAYeYEIAIAZnPOKAHZEYTYXEIKAAYOYEIAAZ 

nPOKAHmEYTYXEirVNEXXlPHeHAOYNAIESnTIKOIZZYNXn 

PHMAMONOIZONOMAZINEZOiZANBOYAHTAIMHEnOMENHZ 

MHTEAYTOMHTrOIZZYNYnPEirENEAZMHAENJlAEEXEIN 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

ov  AvSpoaiovy  AXe^aySpo) k(u  ^iKovXeiya 

[AX€{a]vSpo>  /3  Tov 

XT€<l>avoVf  AotSaWo)  rto  /au  E[t;]<^[t;]ra)^  KaXoKcupm  Ayptmreivov 
TOV  Kcu  XraaiOefJuSo^,  Apretfia  Apret^Vy  Eutu^mm^ 
5  ^vTvj(€ov^  KXav.  OveiXia^  UpoKXrf^j  Euruxc*  KXat;.  Ou€iK[L]a^ 
IlpoKKff^*  d>  [?]  ^VTVX^i  awextopnfiOriy  Sovytu  e^ayrucois  avyj((UH 
ptffiay  fjLovoi^  ovofiaa'iyf  if,  ok  ay  PovKrjraiy  fji/q  hrofieytf^: 
p/qre  avrm  p/qre  oh  (Twxtopet  yeveti^  fji/qtev  .  .  .  Sc  ep^e^y* 

The  first  five  lines^  which  are  read  but  imperfectly^  contain 
the  names  of  the  great  number  of  persons  entitled  to  a  burial  in 
the  tomb.  Among  them  we  find  (lines  3  and  4)  Agrippinus^ 
also  called  Stasithemis,  who  is  mentioned  in  the  preceding  in- 
scription ;  and  (line  5)  the  family  of  Claudia  Velia  Procla,  pro- 
bably the  same  whose  splendid  donation  to  the  theatre  of  Patara 
is  recorded  in  inscription  169.  Her  husband's  name  seems  to 
be  Eutyches :  to  Eim/^e^,  at  the  end  of  line  5^  however^  I  should 
rather  supply  vm  than  ayipt ;  son  and  father  having  the  same 
name^  and  the  latter  been  mentioned  already  after  Eutychiane, 
his  and  Procla's  daughter^  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  men*^ 
tion  him  again.  That  the  mother  is  named  twice  in  this  inscrip- 
tion,  whilst  generally  she  is  not  mentioned  at  all  with  the  chil- 
dren's names^  may  be  accounted  for,  either  by  tlic  old  Lycian 


\ 


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396 


APPENDIX  A. 


custom,  spoken  of  by  Herodotus,  I.  173,  to  call  persons  after 
the  mother,  not  after  the  father,  or,  as  there  is  scarcely  a  trace 
of  this  custom  to  be  found  in  other  Greek  inscriptions  of  Lycia, 
by  the  fact  of  Velia  Procla  being  probably  of  a  very  conspicuous 
family  (in  No.  131  also  the  husband  is  inferior  in  dignity  to 
his  lady).  From  line  6  our  inscription  contains  the  following 
declaration,  the  only  one  of  the  kind  in  our  funereal  inscriptions: 
*'  Leave  was  given  to  Eutyches,  to  give  leave  to  strangers,  for 
themselves  alone  (?  novom  ovofuunv),  to  any  six  persons  he 
chooses ;  but  neither  his  descendants,  nor  those  of  the  persons 
to  whom  he  gives  leave,  may  succeed  [in  that  right].  But  no- 
body is  to  have " 


No.  135. — On  the  two  sides  of  the  door-frame  of  a  rock-tomb. 


IMXlNEiS 

ZlANEiflEn 

EZnTIKnTI 

NIZYNXnPH 

ZAIEYNEN 

TA^H^HOA 

i'AITINAETE 

PONHO^EI 

GEINTHnOAl 

K^OMOinZ 

OYAEETEPOZ 

TIZESnTI 

KOZESOYZ 

ANEZEIGA 

YAITINAHO 

♦EIAHZEITH 

TAnEANnO 

AElKA^AN 

OEAENHAZ 

AHN+ETAI 

TOTPITON 


HAEEni 

rPA<l>HAY 

THKAIHAZ 

♦AAEIAANA 

rErPARTAI 

AIATANAHMO 

ZIXlNrPAMMA 

TO*YAAKI 

ANEniAPXIE 

PEPEOZTON 

ZEBAZTAN 

TAIOYIOYAI 

OYHAIOAH 

POYTOYKAI 

AIO^ANTOJI 


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TLOS. 


397 


'H  Se  €7rt- 

25  TTj  KOi  17  aa^ 
i^HiKeui  ava" 
^erfpairrai 

auov  ypa/JUfiO' 

p€09  T€OV 

XeficLOTay, 
Talov  IovXl" 
35  ov  'H\toSa>- 
pov,  Tov  tcai 


May  be  read  thus : — 
fip^v  e[foi;-] 

aULV  €^€l  [?] 
e^CDTlKtO  It- 

5  vi  avyjffDpT)' 
aai,  awev' 
Tcujyirjlycu]  f)  da- 
'^€U  Tiva  ire- 
pov,  ri  o<f>€i 
10   [X]€*v  T17  7ro\[€]t 

ovBe  €Tepo9 

15  av  €^€i  0a- 
y^ai  nva,  1;  o- 
(l>€i\r)a'€t  TTJ 
TXroewv  iro- 

20  6  eXevfa? 

TO  TplTOV, 

^'None  of  us  shall  have  leave  of  giving  permission  to  a 
stranger  to  be  buried  with  [us],  or  burying  there  another;  or 
he  shall  owe  to  the  city  500  denaria.  Likewise,  no  stranger 
shall  have  leave  to  bury  [there  another],  or  he  shall  owe  to  the 
city  of  the  Tloeans  1500  denaria,  of  which  he  that  proves  [the 
trespass]  shall  receive  one-third.  This  declaration  and  the  con- 
firmation he  in  the  pubUc  archives,  written  under  the  High- 
priest  of  the  Augusti,  Cajus  Julius  Heliodorus,  also  called  Dio- 
phantus/^ 

We  observe  that  most  of  the  tombs  of  this  city  have  been 
constructed  for  the  use  of  the  dead  of  several  families,  which 
may  account  for  their  more  than  usual  magnificence. 


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398  APPENDIX  A. 


No.  136. — Over  the  inner  door  of  a  rock-tomb. 

MEZHKAEINHiSKAAYAiOYIini 
KAIHAiCSIA 

"The  middle  couch  [to  be  the  property]  of  Claudius,  and 
that  on  the  right " 


No.  137. — On  the  side  of  the  door  of  a  rock-tomb. 

KAITAYOilAAEMMOYTn 
ZYNEJK>jyiKIAirYNAIKI 
KAITXRilOIZAYTOY 

OJLiMMJUfBOYKAiriLiHN 

AnjUKMMJKyiJUUi 
juuutMMNOtzEAtuuacroy 

Lane  2  seems  to  have  contained  the  name  of  the  -mfe,  and 
those  after  the  third  the  names  of  the  children  of  the  proprietor. 


No.  138. 

KHNKAI 
AirPAM 


No.  139. 
AIOTIJI 

NTirr 

EAPOZ 
IKIAZKA 
OIEPOLY 
MAUIN 
IZMH 
NOYZ 


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TLOS.  399 


No.  140. — In  a  wall. 

NOZE 

PHMAi 
DNEni 

rro 

KAI 

In  line  2  we  see  the  name  of  the  Romans^  which  we  may  read 
also  in  the  preceding  inscription. 


No.  141. — On  a  lai^e  rock-tomb. 

^^The  monument  of  Eperastus^  son  of  Philocles^  a  citizen  of 
TIos^  and  of  his  wife  Nannis^  and  of  his  heir  Soteris,  daughter 
of  Eperastus^  and  of  her  descendants  in  succession,  and  of  those 
to  whom  she  may  give  leave  herself,  as  [she  did]  also  to  her 
husband  Zeno  [?],  and  her  foster-sister.  But  for  nobody  else 
it  shall  be  lawful  to  be  buried  with  [us],  besides  myself  and  my 
heir  Soteris  permitting  it,  since  he  who  gives  leave  shall  owe  to 
the  People  of  the  Tloeans  1000  denaria,  of  which  he  that  proves 
[the  trespass]  shall  receive  one-half/' 

The  female  name  of  Navi;,  from  which  tJawi^  (line  1)  may  be 
derived,  occurs  in  an  inscription  published  by  Walpole,  Travels, 
p.  557*  The  change  from  the  genitive  into  the  dative  (line  1) 
is  remarkable. 


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400 


APPENDIX  A. 


^tu 


UJ 


UJ 


Cij 


Cl 


I  ^ 


1^ 


i5 


0 


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Cf      < 


t 


1 


\ 

CI 


o 

iz; 


tu 


ii$ 


s^  <: 


Ul 


2 


tu  C! 
Ql3 


s 


09 

1 


IS 


N    S-  § 


II 


|1 


TT  «c 


f     h 


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402  APPENDIX  A. 

^'This  inonimieDt  was  added  hy  Claudius  Hennas,  foster-father 
of  Claudia  Platonis,  a  woman  of  Pinara  •  •  • .  according  to  the 
cession  made  to  him  by  Cajus  Licinius  Hermacopus,  a  citizen 
of  Pinara,  which  was  written  down  under  the  high-priest  Pati- 
braeus  on  the  7th  of  the  month  Daesius.  Only  Claudius  Hennas 
himself  and  his  wife  Synesis  shall  have  leave  to  be  buried  in 
the  monument;  to  another  it  shall  not  be  permitted  to  bury 

[one  there]   in  any  way.     But  he  who  buries ,  be  he  a 

criminal  unto  the  Gods  of  Hell,  and  let  him  owe  to  the  People 
of  the  Pinareans  a  thousand  denaria,  of  which  he  that  proves 
[the  trespass]  shall  receive  one-third." 

The  month  Daesius  was  the  eighth  both  in  the  Syro-Mace- 
donian  and  Ephesian  almanacs,  and  in  the  latter  had  thirty  days, 
beginning  on  April  14th. 


No.  143.  Page  144.— On  a  pedestal. 


No.  144.  Page  145. — On  the  mullion  of  a  rock^tomb. 
The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

To  ^Wffl€U)V 

Avrnrarpovy  Si^ 
Tov  UureSapoVy 
€v  &  PePovkqrat 
5  ra^voL  fiera  to 

airofiuacail}']  €a[y]Tov 
re  KUi  Tf)y  ywauca 
MaXav  B^r- 
G>vo9.     Eai'  Se  ri^  e- 
10  7rij(€irfyr}{rr)  irepov 

Oay^cUy  o<f>€tXe<rfi 
TG>  UivapetDV  S17- 
fMo  S^fvapia  irev- 


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PINARA.  403 

raKoaia,  o^'  &v  to 
15  TpiTov  6  eX£vfa9  Xij^'^^^ercu,  Tovto  koi,  hia  nov 
ap^euov  SeSffXtprai, 

*0  Se  irapa  ra 

yeypafA^i^va  n 

iroi/qaas  earm 
20  iepoavKo<i  .... 

deoi^  ovpavioL^ 

/cat ....  Kara/xjSo' 

vtois;  /cat  TO  7rpo<;- 

reifioy  aTrore*- 
25  craro).  AeSi;- 

Xayrcu  [eTTt?]  apX' 

t€p€6>9  Apre- 

p.iZmpov  [?] 

'T^epfiepe- 
30  ratov 

A. 

The  name  Piaedarus  (line  3)  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  that 
of  the  Carian  king,  called  Pixodanis  by  Herod.,  v.  118,  and  on 
the  coins.  BefiovXrirai  (line  4),  airofiuocrcu  (line  6),  SeSvfXjorrcu 
(line  16),  irpoareifiov  (line  24),  are  read  in  no  other  of  our  in- 
scriptions ;  so  is  o^'  d>v  (line  14),  instead  of  the  common  cov ; 
€f  &v  occurs  in  No.  142. 


No.  145. — ^Within  the  portico  of  a  rock-tomb.  The  rock  was 
originally  so  full  of  holes,  that  I  think  many  of  the  blanks  are 
not  omissions  of  letters. 

TEAE    ZlArriAOMAAIEAIYnNrENOYZ 
TOH    XniONOATEZKEMAKENAY   THIKAITHI 
rYNAIKIKAITOirr    EKNOIZ  KAIZrrONOIZ 

AYTOYAAAftlAEMHeZ    Nl  EZETTIl 

ERANOI    SAITOHPniONMHAEnPO    ASAIENZPXll 

2d2 


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404  APPENDIX  A. 

EANAEblZnAPATAYTAnOIHZH     MAPTIIAOZ 

EzrneEnNnANTnNKAiAH      toyz 

KAITONTE  KNHN  lA     PPOZ 

AnOTEIZATOTAAANT    NAP    YPIOY 
KAIEZETTnTniBOYAONAENni 
ErAIKACEZnAIPEPITOYTON 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

TeXeauK yevov^ 

TO  fiptpOV  [lc\aT€<TK€VaK€V  aVTtjp  Kai  TtJ 

yuvaiKL  Kcu  to*9  T€fcyoi<:  kcu  €yyovoi<; 
avTOV  aXKq)  Se  /irfOevi  e^earo) 
5  erravoi^ai  to  rfptpov  /jLtjBe  '7rpo[(JT]a^ai  ereptp, 
Eav  Se  rt?  irapa  Tavra  irot/rfOTj^  [a]fiapTOi>\of: 
eoTO)  deoDV  iravTODV  xai,  Aryrov^ 
xai  Tmv  T€fcy<ov  [/ca]  i .  .  .  irpo^- 
airoreifTaTco  tcCKolvt\o']v  ap\y'\vpiov 
10  Kai,  e^eoTto  r^  ^ovKofievtp 

e/cSiKffa-aa-Oai  [?]  irepi  tovtcov, 

^^  Telesias  ........  has  built  the  Heroum  for  himself^  and 

his  wife,  and  his  children^  and  grand-children ;  but  to  another 
it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  open  the  Heroum^  or  command  another 
[to  do  so].  But  if  anybody  acts  against  this,  let  him  be  a 
criminal  unto  all  the  gods^  and  Leto  and  her  children,  and  let 
him  pay  besides  a  talent  of  silver ;  and  any  one  who  chooses 
may  institute  proceedings  about  this/' 

The  worship  of  Leto,  and  Apollo  and  Artemis,  [DianaJ  her 
children,  was,  as  we  learn  from  the  classics  and  from  coins,  of 
the  greatest  importance  throughout  Lycia ;  it  is  mentioned  in  no 
other  inscription  known  to  us  besides  this.  Nor  is  it  usual  to 
ascribe  their  characteristic  iota  to  several  grammatical  forms,  as 
is  done  in  the  present  inscription ;  being  also  the  only  one  in 
which  the  talent  is  mentioned,  it  seems  to  belong  to  an  earlier 
date  than  the  greater  number  of  those  published  in  this  work. 


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PINARA.  405 

The  form  fji/rfOei^  (line  4)  instead  of  /jbrjBetf:,  is  however  attributed 
to  the  later  periods  of  the  Greek  language.  See  Lobeck  ad 
Phrynich.,  p.  182,  Osann  Syll.  Inscr.,  pp.  240,  576. 


No.  146. — On  a  rock-tomb, 

TOMNHMEIONTOVnOYAii^ZYM* 
I^IKHNOMOYKAAYAIAZnAATXlNIA 

May  partly  be  read  thus : — 

TO  flVfJfieiOV  TOVTO 

[o]iKoyofiov  KXavSia<;  n\aT©vt8[o9]. 

^'  This  monument of  the  Steward  of  Claudia  Pla- 

tonis/^    The  last-named  person  is  mentioned  in  No.  142. 


No.  147. — On  the  side  of  the  door  of  a  tomb. 

€YTYXOY 
TOY6PMA 
niOY 

"  Of  Eutychos,  son  of  Hermapios.*^ 


No.  148. — Over  a  tomb. 

KBAI     MIOY 
TOYKBAIMIOY 

"  Of  Craemius,  the  son  of  Craemius."     The  B  seems  to  stand 
for  P.     See  No.  59. 


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406  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  149. — On  a  rock-tomb,  over  a  Lydan  inscription. — See 
Plate  XXXVI.  No.  10. 

cniTY 

NXA 

NON 

TOCT 

OYOP 

NIMY 

eoY 

"  Of  Epi^chanon,  son  of  Omimythus."  The  name  of  Epi- 
tynchanon  occurs  in  an  inscription  copied  at  Athens  by  Dod- 
well.  Classical  Tour,  t.  i.  p.  420,  and  in  the  Marm.  Oxon.  ed. 
Chandler,  Ivi. 


No.  150. — Over  a  rock-tomb. 
Ei»)0£UmNAHO>OV 


SIDYMA. 


No.  151. — Upon  a  pedestal. 

AIIHAinZEPAniAl 
KAAYAIOZAFPinnAZ 

'  To  Zeus  Helios  Serapis,  Claudius  Agrippa.'' 


No.  152. — On  a  tomb  with  triglyphs. 

♦AAYIOZ<^APMAKHZ 
♦AAYIANNANMHN 


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SIDYMA.  407 

THNGYFATEPA 

^/i/iAPXIZIATEYLAZAN 

/i^ENZEPAZTflN 

KAITEIMHOEIZAN 

TAIZnPnTAIZTEIMAIZ 

YnOTOYEGNOYZKAITHZ 

nOAEiiZKAIYEi^/^:^ 

KAITAIZAE 

ZHZAZANZ 

KAIENAOZn 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

T17V  Ovyarepa 
ap'XjLeparevaaaav  [?] 
5    [Ta)]v  %€^aaTa>v 

Kai  T€CfJ/ff0€UTaV 
TCW9  WptOTiU^  Tet/LMU9 

vjfTO  TOW  eft'oi/9  «a*  Tiy? 
7roX€a>9  4M»t .... 
10  KOI  ra^^Se  •  .  . 

#ca£  €v£o^o>9. 

«  Flavius  Pharnaces  [honours?]  FlaviaNanne  [?],  his  daugh- 
ter, who  was  an  High-priestess  of  the  Augusti,  and  was  honoured 

with  the  first  honours  by  the  nation  and  the  city  and , 

and  lived  temperately  [?]  and  gloriously.'^ 


No.  153.  Page  15.3. 


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408  APPENDIX  A. 

Nos.  154  and  155.  Page  154. 


No.  156.  Page  155. 


DELTA  OF  THE  XANTHUS. 
No.  157.  Page  161. 


No.  158.  Page  162. 
The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

[To  fivrf/jL€U)v]  KareaKCvaaev  •  ...  09  ^ira^poSeirov  BavOio^ 
€avTa>  Kai  re/cvoi^  Kai  evyovoi^  kol  aw^eveiair  irepo)  Se  ov[8]€v[a] 
TOVTOV  TO  i£iov  fiepo^  ^i^^pV^V  ^^  TW  apj(€uoy  Avpr/XdM 
Zwaifio)  €  .  .  T17  i^Bofi/ff  Tov  AireXKcLLov  fi/rjyo^  apyiepei,  [?]  Tavpeivov  ei  fMj 
5  firj  fiovov  avT09  6  Zaxn^io^  ov^  av  ^ovKrjdrf 

rf  6  irapa  ravra  iroi/qtra^  airoreiaei  SavOuov 
T17  7ro\€*  , .  ay. 

Lines  1,  2,  6  and  7  formed  the  inscription  originally  written 
on  the  tomb  by  the  first  proprietor^  the  son  of  Epaphroditus; 
lines  3,  4^  and  probably  5  also^  were  added  by  Aurelius  Zosimus^ 
probably  one  of  the  descendants  of  the  former.  The  son  of  Epa- 
phroditus did  not  intend  to  give  leave  of  burying  to  strangers^ 
thence  line  6  is  the  exact  continuation  of  line  2 ;  Zosimus  records 
his  different  opinion  rather  incoherently  as  to  grammar.  The 
double  fjurj  is  remarkable;  so  is  ENTONOIZ  (line  2)  instead  of 
the  usual  ErrONOIZ. 


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X\NTHUS.  409 

XANTHUS, 

No.  159. — On  a  stone  near  the  arch  of  the  gateway* 

TOHAIPAKOZAMilPKnV 

EZnAZIANONZEBAZTONTONZn 

nHPAKAIEYEPrEIMNTOYKOTMOY 

HANGinNHBOYAHKAIOAHMOZ 

NAZESTTOYMAPKIOYZ/iHZKOY 

TPEZBEYTOYAYTOYANTIErPATHrn 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

AirroKparopa  Kaurapa  [?]  Ov- 
€<nra<Tiavov,  ^efiaarovy  rov  <rfli- 
Tqpa  tcai  evepyerrfv  rov  Koafiov 
BavOuov  Tj  fiovKf}  Kcu  o  StffJbo^ 
5  Bia  [?]  Sef^TTov  MapKiov  {TlpeijcKov 
irpea-^evTov  avrov^  avTurrparTiyov, 

^^  The  Emperor  Caesar  Yespasianus^  Augustus^  the  protector 
and  benefactor  of  the  world ;  the  Council  and  the  People  of  the 
Xanthians  [honour  him]  through  Sextus  Marcius  Priscus^  his 
Legate  and  Propraetor.** 

The  words  of  line  5  are  restored  from  the  following  inscrip- 
tion. The  form  lie^aro^,  which  appears  clearly  in  both^  instead 
of  26^09^  has  also  been  observed  in  some  Codices.  See  Ste- 
phanus  Thes.  Graec.  ed.  Valpy,  page  cccdiii. 


No.  160. — Over  a  gateway.  No.  161. 

OYH  n    N    Z    TH 

lOAHMOZAIAZEHZTOYMAPKKi'HPEIZKOYnP     TIABEHTOYAY 
TEAEIOZANTOZTOEPrON 


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410  APPENDIX  A. 

Taking  these  two  slabs  to  have  been  contiguous^  the  inscrip- 
tion may,  in  connection  with  the  foregoing,  be  read  thus : — 


6  Sfjfio^  Bia  %€^aTovM.apKiov  UpeurKOv  7r[/>€9]/3etfrov  at;  [rot;] 
emfAe\r}0evro^  [?]  to  epyov. 


'^ the  People,  through  Sextus  Mandus  Priscus,  his 

Legate,  who  superintended  the  work.'- 


.  jj 


No.  162.— On  a  pedestal  built  into  a  wall. 

TAIONIOYAIONZATOYP 

NINONVnATIKONHrEMO 

NAKAITHZHMETEPAZ 

ERAPXEIAZrENOMENON 

APirrONKATAnAZANAPE 

THN  ZANeiNNTHZ 

MHTPOnOAENLTOYAY 

KIWNEeNOYZHBOYAHKAl 

OAHMOZ 

^'  CajuB  Julius  Satuminus,  the  Consularis  and  Governor,  who 
excelled  in  our  province  in  every  virtue ;  the  Council  and  the 
People  of  the  Xanthians  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Lycian  nation 
[honour  him,  probably  by  erecting  a  statue].'' 

In  this  inscription,  and  several  others,  the  difference  of  5i7/xo9, 
people,  and  e^09,  nation^  is  constantly  observed;  the  former 
word  signifying  a  political  body  within  the  corporation,  the  lat- 
ter the  union  of  several  cities,  that  were  bound  together  by 
historical  recollections  and  partly  by  sameness  of  descent,  and 
united  in  celebrating  public  sacrifices  and  games.  The  Xvarrffia 
Av/cuucoy  described  by  Strabo,  the  Kjotvov  Avkuk:,  Commune  £y- 
ciorumy  of  the  memorable  Grssco-Latin  inscription  at  Rome 


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XANTHUS.  411 

(Gniter^  1009^  5)^  and  the  eOvo^  AvKut^,  are  synonymous  tenns. 
An  athlete  who  had  won  prizes  at  the  games  celebrated  by 
the  different  Koiyay  says  of  himself  in  an  inscription  (Gruter, 
p,  3l7j  !•)>  o^tovLaafievo^  ey  cOyeac  rpia-i,  IraKia,  ^EXXoSt^ 
Aaia :  at  these  games^  as  we  have  seen^  the  Reges  sacrificuU, 
the  Asiarchae^  Galatarchae^  Lyciarchse^  etc. — Ethnarchae^  the 
general  term — presided*  TlaTpt^,  to  judge  from  our  inscrip- 
tions, seems  to  relate  to  woXi^  rather  than  to  effyo^,  and  to  be 
the  native  cityj  not  the  country. 


No.  163.  P&ge  166. — On  a  pedestal. 


No.  164. — In  a  wall. 

MABATTXINZEETOYOY 
OAZOrrOYAYKIXINEOI 
AEOZHMXINKAAYAIATI 
AIAeHKHNAnOAEI4>XlE 
YAlANOYTOYEYEPrF 

This  fragment  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

Se/9aaTQ>v  ....  [p/ryrpoir"'] 
oXeo9  rov  AvKUoy  €0[yov^,  r^  wo-] 
X609  '/jfuoy.  KXavSia  Tt  •  •  .  [icara] 
SuiOfitcrpf  airoXeuf^Oel^LO'ay  inro  •  •  .  ] 
5  vXiayov  rov  €i;e/yye[Tov]. 

It  records  a  donation  made  to  the  gods  or  the  people  by 
Claudia,  according  to  a  will  left  by  a  citizen^^  whom  the  Xan- 
thians  call  their  benefiu^tor. 


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412  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  165.  Page  167. — On  a  pedestal. 
The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

\^l€paT€v]<Tafi€[yof;  t-] 
ov  0€ov  SavOoVy  7v- 
livaaiapyria'a^  T179 
(T€fiyoTarrf^  ycpov- 
5  aut^y  TcKea-a^  Se  kcu 

X€ATA[#c]a9  CLfyxfv;  rrj 
irarpiZiy  toy  avSp^- 
avra  Kara  ra  e^- 
10  il>ia'fu€va  €K  Ta>v  iSt» 
ay  avearriaa. 

That  the  Gerusia  had  sometimes  their  own  gymnasium  (lines 
3  and  4)^  may  also  be  inferred  from  an  inscription  at  Smyrna 
(Reines.  Inscr.^  CI.  11.  68.),  in  which  an  aKjeiirrqpiov  rrj^  yepov^ 
<Fuv;  is  spoken  of.  Strabo,  XIV.  p.  649,  enumerates  among  the 
public  buildings  of  Nysa  yviivaatov  vemv  K€u  to  yepovri/cov,  which 
seems  to  be  explained  by  our  inscriptions. 


No.  166.  Page  167. — On  a  pedestal,  built  into  a  wall. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus  :-*- 

KovTov,  AttoXXmviov, 
St9  rov  XoxTTpoTOV  [?],  Bav- 
Olov,  irarpo^  kcu  irpoyo* 
Y0y  fiovXevTODv,  arytoyi- 
5  aafievoy  aySpwy  irdKrfy 
ey  TO)  en-iTeXeaOeyri  07©- 


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XANTHUS.  413 

Tifi,  KX.  Kaa-uiyov  AypiirrrOj 

yei/CTfcavra  kcu  etcfii^aaav^ 
10  ra  KKripoxri  A,  arffovoOe" 

T0WT09  7179  0€fiiBo^  Sia 

fiiov  Tov  a^toXoyoDTarov 

^CKxyrrarpiZo^  AvKULfyxpv 

Ti)8.  KX,  Tv>^fiaxov.  Bav- 
15  diwy  17  TOV  AvKUov  e6vo\ysi] 

fMjrpaTrdki^,  Ka0a>^  0  Bv- 

oBefievo^  BtetrreiKaro. 

The  word  ewireXeco,  to  perform,  in  connection  with  a^my 
(line  6),  occurs  in  two  other  inscriptions^  both  from  Aphro- 
disias,  Boeckh^  ^7^h  ^^^^  9  ^^^  latter  in  several  respects  similar 
to  ours^  the  former  containing  a  letter  of  the  Asiarch  Eurycles^ 
under  the  Emperor  Commodus,  concerning  a  fund  left  by  will, 
from  which  the  Lysimachian  07011^69  emreXea-deyre^  were  to  be 
rewarded.  The  term  seems  to  signify  a  game,  or  rather  an  ex- 
hibition forming  part  of  a  public  game,  in  which  the  prize  was 
given  from  a  private  foundation,  frequently  left  by  wiU,  in  which 
case  the  testator's  descendants  were  mostly  the  distributors  (Ti- 
berius Claudius,  lines  8  and  14).  Exfiifia^w  Kkfjpov^  (lines  9  and 
10)  was,  as  we  learn  from  Euseb.  Hist.  EccL,y.  1,  a  technical 
term  of  the  Athletse  (see  also  Faber  Agonisticon,  1. 24).  Eusebius 
says  of  two  Christian  martyrs,  #cat  6  fiey  MaTovpo^  kcu  o  £07- 
icro9  avOi^  Bi/r}€<ray  ey  Tq>  afufycOearp^  But  waai)^  tcoXaa-eoD^:,  <09 
fjuqBey  oXo>9  irponeiroyOore^y  fiaXKoy  8*0)9  But  rrXeoytoy  17&7  Kkffpmy 
eKfiefiificucore^  roy  ayrt/ircCKoy ;  and  of  the  martyr  Blandina,  roy 
arfodarffoyioToy  aSKifniy  Xpurroy  eySeBvfieyr),  Bia  ttoXXi^v  kXffptoy 
eKficfiaa-cLa-a.  Valesius  remarks,  from  Lucian  Hermot.,  and 
Gruter  317^  1^  that  after  the  first  matches  had  been  contested 
by  the  several  pairs  of  wrestlers,  the  victors  were  again  paired 
by  lot  among  themselves;  one  contest  at  last  deciding  who 
was  the  victor  of  all.     Our  Quintus  greatly  distinguished  him- 


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414  APPENDIX  A, 

9elf,  haying  been  victorious  in  four  matcheB,  but  afterwards  it 
seems  he  was  vanquished  himself^  or  else  he  would  have  called 
himself  V€ucfi<rct*:  xarra  wayrmvy  as  in  No*  100. 


No.  167.— On  ^  tomb,  with  a  lion  on  the  top.    See  Plate  XIX. 

KAAYAIOYERHiinTOYAPXIl 

TPOYZAIKAAYAIAEA^EAE 

HCEniTOMHAENAETE 

PONTEeHNAIElMHMONON 

eYrATEPAAYTXlNAAINAN 

EANAETICETEPONeAi'H 

AnOAO¥NAlAVONTniEPn 

TATXlTAMEinXR* 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus  i — 

KXavStoi;  'Emfi[p\mTov  rov  €Lpxi,\ar^ 
rpov  Mu  KKavSut^  A^.  'EXe[i^] 
179  «^*  t[o»]  fjifffieva  ire" 

5  dvyarepa  avrmv  A.[e\aivaif* 
EW  he  T^  erepov  Oay^, 
afjroBom^ai  ai;[T]ov  t©  fcp©- 
raroi  rofietof  K,  fi^  [?]• 

^S  •  •  •  t  •  •  •  •  of  Claudius  Eperotus^  the  Archiater^  and  Claudia 
Appia  Helena,  with  the  intention  that  no  other  be  put  there^ 
except  their  daughter  Leaena.  But  if  one  bury  another  [there^ 
he  is]  to  give  to  the  most  sacred  treasury  2500  [?]  denaria.'^ 

The  office  of  Archiater  is  mentioned  in  Nos.  56  and  80.  £>ir« 
Toi  (line  3)  serves  to  explain  €<l>  a>  of  No.  46. 


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XANTHUS. 


415 


I 


6 


00 


& 


UJ 

s 


UJ 


^1 


4> 

a 

•I 


is 


I 


SS3 

03 

I 

2 


» 


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416  APPENDIX  A. 

PATARA. 

No.  169.— In  the  theatre. 

AYTOKPATOPIKAIZAPieEOYAAPIANOYYIIZeEOYTPAIANOY 

nAPGIKOYYinNneEOYNEPOYAErrONnTITllAIAIllAAPIANIZ 

ANTHNEINXlZEBAZTAEYZEBEIAPXIEPEIMEriZmAHMAPXIKHZ 

EZOYZIArrolYnATIlToAnATPinATPIAOZKAieEOIZ 

ZEBALTOIZKATolZnATPnOIZeEOIZKAITHrAYKYTATH 

nATPIAITHnATAPEnNnOAEITHMHTPOnOAEITOY 

AYKinNEGNOYZOYEIAIAKoOYEIAIOYTITIANOYGYrATHP 

nPOKAA    HATAPIZ    ANEOHKEN 
KAiKAGIEPXlZENTOTEnPOZKHNIONOKATEZKEYAZEN 
EKGEMEAinNOnATHPAYTHZKOOYEIAIOZTITIANOZ 
KAITONENAYTOKOZMONKAITAnEPIAYTOKAITHNTON 
ANAPIANTON     KAIAFAAMATON    ANAZTAZIN 
KAITHNTOYAOrEIOYKATAZKEYHN    KAI 
nAAKnZINAEnOIHZENAYTHTOAEENAEKATON 
TOYAEYTEPOYAIAZriMATOZBAGPONKAITABHAA 
TOYGEATPOYKATAZKEYAZGENTAYnOTETOY 

HATPOZ        AYTHZ        KAIYHAYTHZ 
nPOANETEGHKAinAPEAOGHKATATAYnOTHZKPATIZTHZ 
BOYAHZEH'H^IZMENA 

"  To  the  Emperor  Csesar,  the  son  of  the  god  Hadrianus, 
the  grandson  of  the  god  Trajanus,  the  Parthic,  the  great  grand- 
son of  the  god  Nerva,  Titus  ^lius  Hadrianus  Antonius  Pius, 
Augustus,  Pontifex  Maximus,  in  the  tenth  year  of  his  tribunitial 
power,  having  been  Consul  four  times,  the  father  of  the  father- 
land, and  to  the  Gods,  the  Augusti  and  the  Penates,  and  to  her 
dearest  native  city,  Patara,  the  metropolis  of  the  Lycian  nation, 
Velia  Procula,  daughter  of  Q.  Velius  Titianus,  a  woman  of  Pa- 
tara, has  given  this,  and  has  consecrated  the  proscenium,  which 
her  father,  Qi.  Velius  Titianus,  built  from  the  foundations,  and 
the  ornament  upon  it  and  the  things  belonging  to  it,  and  the 


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PATARA.  417 

erection  of  statues  and  sculptures^  and  the  building  .of  the 
Logeion  and  the  incrustation  of  it  [f.e«  with  marble],  which 
things  she  pro^dded  herself;  but  the  eleventh  step  of  the  second 
diazoma,  and  the  awnings  of  the  theatre,  which  were  provided 
by  her  father  and  herself,  were  already  dedicated  and  delivered 
over  according  to  the  decree  of  the  excellent  CJoundl.*^ 

Copied  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  and  published  by  Walpole,  Travels, 
p.  535,  who  makes  the  foQowing  remarks :  ^^  By  the  deot  irarptooi 
(line  5)  are  meant  the  Roman  Penates,  according  to  Cic.  pro 
Sulla:  Dii  Patrii  et  Penates.  See  Perizon.  ad  iElian.,  I.  p.  264. 
The  Roman  ptdpitum  was  larger  than  the  Greek  Logeion  (line 
13).  This  served  as  a  stage  to  the  actors  only,  whilst  in  the 
pulpitum  musica]  performances  and  dancing  also  took  place. 
The  nXoKo^i^f  incnutation  with  marble  (line  14),  is  explained 
by  Vales,  ad  Euseb.  205 :  "  Marmoreas  crustas  vXaxa^  vocabant.*' 
The  pieces  of  marble  were  fixed  to  the  walls  by  metal  hooks  and 
nails. 

The  diazoma  (line  15)  is  mentioned  in  our  No.  19.  This 
name,  corresponding  to  the  pradnctio  of  the  Roman  theatres,  is 
given  to  the  large  open  lobbies,  by  which  the  seats  of  the 
spectators  were  divided  into  several  tiers.  BijXa  (line  15),  i.  e. 
Latin  vela^  occurs  in  an  inscription  of  Aphrodisias,  Boeckh, 
2758. 


No.  170. — Upon  a  bracket  on  the  archway. 


MMMMnATEPAMEMTM 

MOAETTOYHrE 
MONOZ>#AYKinN 
TOKOiNON 

The  inscription  may  partly  be  read  thus : — 

2b 


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418  APPENDIX  A. 

.  •  •  TToy  Vowpov 
Trarepa  iAefifir- 
[tov?]  MoSeoTov  ffyer 

5       TO  KOlVOVm 

^'  ....••.  •  RufuB^  father   of  Memmius   [?]    Modestus ;  the 
Governor,  the  nation  of  the  Lycians  [honours  him]/' 


No.  171.  Page  180. — Upon  the  door  of  a  Lycian  tomb. 


No.  172.  Page  180. — ^On  a  large  round  pedestal. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

Te/i  •  •  •  [IT]  XarQ>yo9  Tlarapei 
KOI  BavOuo,  mXeirevtrafie^ 
va  Se  tca[^L]  ev  rcu9  Kara  Av/ciav 
iroXea-i  iraaai^y  rrjv  ooro^i/- 
5  /ctfv  laamy  Avrvyovov 

Tiampev^.     AXXa>  Se  fji/q  ef €<r- 
TO)  redriytu.     Eav  St  t*9  riva  Off, 
o^CKerto  lepa^  AirdXXioy^ 
Spaxfjuv:  C,  T179  trpa^em^  kcu  Trpocayje^ 
10  Xmi9  ov(n79  wayri  rto  tSovXo- 

Copied  first  by  Mr.  Cockerell;  published  by  Walpole,  Travels, 
p.  541,  who  (line  3)  reads  Seiea,  which,  joined  to  the  preceding 
iroXeirevaafieya),  he  translates  by  ^^  was  Decurio  for  the  tenth 
time.'' 

The  reading  followed  in  the  translation  I  find  confirmed  by 
Prof.  Rose,  Inscr.  Ant.,  p.  320.     AEKA,  being  distinct  in  the 


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PATARA.  419 

two  transcripts^  seems  indeed  to  be  on  the  stone ;  but  a  great 
many  inscriptions,  for  instance  No*  169,  line  5,  have  KA  f(M* 
KAI,  either  a  mistake  made  in  copying  or  anciently  by  the 
stonecutter,  or  else  a  distinct  dialectic  form,  as  is  KE.  The  Z 
(line  9)  may  be  taken  either  for  Z  or  for  ^,  i.  e.  6000*  ^pa^fia^ 
is  read  in  no  other  of  our  inscriptions.    See  Boeckh,  2782. 


No*  l73.r— Upon  a  sarcophagus. 

TOMNHMEIONnTOAEMAlOY 

TOYNEIKOAAOYTOVnOAY 

KPATOVnATAPEOZKAITHZ 

rYNAIKOZAYTOYZAPRHAO 

N I AOZTHZKAI AYKI  AZnrO 

AEMAIOYAIZTOtKAien 

PAKOZnATAPIAOZ 

^^  The  monument  of  Ptolemseus,  son  of  Nicolaus,  the  son  of 
Polycrates,  a  citizen  of  Patara,  and  of  his  wife  Sarpedonis,  also 
called  Lyda,  daughter  of  Ptolemseus  twice,  who  is  also  called 
Thorax,  a  woman  of  Patara.^^ 

The  name  of  Sarpedonis  calls  to  mind  the  Lycian  hero  cele- 
brated by  Homer ;  a  citizen  of  Tlos,  called  Sarpedon,  is  men- 
tioned in  an  inscription  in  Mr.  Fellows's  Journal,  p.  239.  In 
the  last  line  but  one  TO^  stands  undoubtedly  for  TOY. 
Thorax  seems  to  be  the  second  name  of  Lycia's  father,  not  that 
of  her  grandfather  or  great-grandfather. 


Nos.  174  to  180. — On  seven  stones  of  the  same  size. 

AZZMz  errAi        oy        kay 

ON  KATE     YAZE      ON     TON 

ZEZ  AP 

'^TC         AZ        AAYA 

2e2 


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420  APPENDIX  A. 

To  judge  from  line  2,  [jAvrffi€i]oy  Kar€[<rK€]vaa€f  etc.,  these 
scraps  belonged  to  a  funereal  inscription. 


ANTIPHELLUS. 
No.  181.  Page  185.— On  a  tomb. 


No.  182.  Page  186.--On»a  tomb. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

To  fivrffieiov  tcarea-Kevaaaro  Eirv^^oK- 
V,  Xoyurr€VTff^[}'\  rov  a^iolsxrpjOTarov 
Map^  Avp,  IlToX6/Lui[t]oi;  eXOovn^  A,  Av- 
Tt(l>€XK€iTov,  ea[i;]Ta»  tccu  yvvauci  avrov  [?J 
5  F,wro\e$  kcu  re/cvoi^  avT<av  [/e]ai  ok  €lv 
[^0)9  (ov  eirirpe^pw.     I9  Se  ro  inroaopioy 
evKrjBex/Offaoyrai  ra  Operrra  avrov  [?] . 
AXXo)  Sc  fiTf  [?]  e^eara  evterfheva-ai  ri" 
va^.    ['O  Be  7r]apa  ravra  iroLriaa^  a/ia/0T[o)]Xo9 
10  [€]<7[ra>  0\€oi^  icaTa)(j9oviOL^  Kai  uroicei 
eviTeifjuov  ra>  i€p<oTar(o  rafieMo  H  A^, 
6  Be  ekev^a^  Xtfp^^'ercu  to  rpirov. 

The  word  XoyurrevTTy;,  which  I  propose  instead  of  the  unin-^ 
telligible  PAriNTEYTHZ  of  the  transcript,  we  read  in  an 
inscription  at  Smyrna,  published  by  Reines.  CI.  III.  S6«  The 
office- of  \o7krn;9,  from  which  that  of  Xoyurrevrij^:  can  scarcely 
have  differed,  a  keeper  of  accounts,  is  often  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  the  Asiarchae,  who  had  to  regulate  the  expenditure 
of  the  public  games  (Boeckh,  2741,  2791,  2912),  and  was,  it 
seems,  one  of  great  honour.  The  translation  of  EAGONTOZ 
A  (line  3),  coming  (i.  e.  to  discharge  annual  functions)  for  the 
fourth  time,  is  only  conjectural ;  we  might  be  induced  to  take 
E\dovT09  as  a  proper  name,  and  A,  as  we  found  elsewhere,  as 
signifying  in  the  fourth  generation ;  but,  according  to  general 


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ANTIPHELLUS,  421 

custom^  a  A  with  the  article  ought  in  that  case  to  precede  the 
name ;  besides^  nobody  expects  the  lineage  of  Ptolemaeus  on  the 
tomb  of  another  person.  Both  inroaopioy  (line  6,  and  No.  193,) 
and  aopioy  (No.  55.),  from  which  it  is  derived,  are  wanting  in 
our  dictionaries.  laourei  (line  10)  is  to  be  found  in  no  other  of 
our  inscriptions. 


No.  183.— On  a  tomb. 

TONT/^*OIICATUl-NEKANM^ACAi^riOXOYANTI*€AAEITIC 
AIIAZnNBMHTPOZAPT€MI/iAnEPAEITHCCAYTOICKAI 
rYNMZtNAYTnNKAireKNMr   KAirYNAI£IN^N€KNIlN 

HMIlJi^XANICATAN0M0NEJJ^.H€0/i4'NAAA0EAE0YA€IC 
ENKHAE  Y€HCETAIEIMONON>J^>#.jrPAHM€NOIEANAETIC 
TOAMHCJI€NKHAEYEAIT>^^MEYeYNOZECTAITOirAIA 

TaBEiaNAlAM/MSnNMMaPIZMBNOIZ 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

Toy  T€tff>oy  KaretTKevcucay  hMveia^  [?],  Avrioj^ov,  Avri^eKKetTri^  [/t-] 
cu  loo-fiDV  )8,  /MiTpoq  Aprefiiov  [?],  Ai^rt^XXciTiy?  avrot^  koi 
yvyai^iy  avro^y  kcu  reicyoi^  Kiu  ywcu^iy  [t]i»v  T€/cy<oy 
rjfici>[y  K€u  o/]9  ay  tcara  yofioy  [ow%o>/o]i7cro[/i€]v.     AX\o9  Be  ovSeis 
5  eyKTjBevdrjirerai,  ei  fioyoy  \oi  7rpoy€]ypafifi€yoi,     Eav  Be  re? 
roXfi/rfaei  eyKfjBeva-ac  T[tva],  evOwo^  earai  roi^  But 
TG>[i']  0eu»yf  Bt  a[px€i]o>y  [Bi]o>purfi€yoi^, 

^^  iEneas  [?],  son  of  Antiochus,  a  citizen  of  Antiphellus,  and 
lason  twice  (t.  e.  son  or  grandson  of  another  lason),  his  mother 
being  Artemion  [?],  a  citizen  of  Antiphellus;  for  ourselves 
and  our  wives  and  children,  and  our  children's  wives,  and  to 
whom  we  may  legally  give  leave.  But  nobody  else  shall  be 
buried  [here]  except  the  aforesaid.  But  he  who  shall  attempt 
to  bury  another  shall  be  liable  to  the  [penalties]  set  down  in 
the  archives,  according  to  divine  [laws].'' 

In  the  original  transcript  the  TN  and  TH  are  joined  into 
monograms ;  hence  the  translation  takes  the  word  at  the  end  of 


\ 


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422  APPENDIX  A. 

line  1,  as  An-t^eXXcin;? ;  line  S  Bhows  that  Ayru^70i£iTi^,  a 
woman  of  Antiphellua,  cannot  be  placed  there.  The  restora- 
tions^ o«9  ay  Kara  vofioy  avy^mpffaofiev  (line  4),  and   But  rtov 

$€u»y Buopio-fAeyoi^  (line  7)^  are  without  precedent*    The 

change  from  the  third  person  (lines  1  to  3)  into  the  first  (lines 
4y  5)  is  not  unusiud  in  inscriptions  (see  our  No.  109^  and  Osann* 
Sylloge  Inscrp.^  436,  Ixxxxv.)*  E^  fAoyoy  of  line  5,  signifying 
except,  just  as  eifitf  fioyoy  of  Inscr.  158.  167^  is  remarkable. 


MYRA. 

No.  184.  Page  201. — On  the  mullion  of  a  rock-tomb. 

At  the  beginning  we  may  read  rovro  ro  iu\yqfAei\oy  icare^ 
o-#c[€wa<r€v]  ;  lines  7  to  10,  Ovaimy  . . .  iroKui  0v€i  ....  [r€]/cyoi^ 
atrrq^  •  •  .  ya^ifipoi^ ;  from  line  13,  koi  ra  reicya  tcai  oi  ya^fipoi 
auTi79.  Eav  Be  t*9  fiuunfrcu  ayoi^ai  ro  fivrffieioy  rovro  trap* 
wpeaiy  (see  No.  44.  line  11) ;  then  perhaps  [/M/re]  17  yq  eyeyxff 
[avr<o]  tcapiroy  p/fire  \0aKaa<ra  irkami  fj,  etc.] :  the  concluding 
lines,  probably  inferior  in  dreadth  to  those  preceding,  contain 
something  of  apMpr[€aiKo^  €<rro>?]  .  •  .  .  €t9  rov9  Oeov^^ 


No.  185.  Page  202. — ^Within  the  door-frame  of  a  tomb. 


LIMYRA. 
Nos.  186  and  187*  Page  207*— On  tombs. 


ARYCANDA. 
No.  188.  Page  222. 


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RHODES.  423 

No.  189.  Page  224. 


No.  190.— On  a  tomb. 
EMBAINETU) 


MILYAS. 
No.  191.  Page  233. — Cut  into  the  rock. 


YEEILASSIES. 
No.  192.  Page  236.— On  a  pedestal. 


No.  193.  Page  238. — On  a  fragment^  among  sarcophagi. 
Line  2  we  read  inroaopiov,  as  in  No.  182. 


RHODES. 
No.  194.  Page  244.— On  a  pedestal. 

Published  by  Boeckh,  2552^  who  reads  thus: — 

Kvaavhpcv  Xwravhpov 
X.dKicrfra  koa  ra^  ywauco^ 
KXeaivt^^y  KaXKiKpariBa, 
Kpvaaa-iSo^. 


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424  APPENDIX  A. 

No.  195.  Page  244. 


SATALA-YEEILASSY. 
No.  196.  Page  250.— On  a  column. 


GULE-HISSA-OVASSY. 
No.  197.  Page  257. 


No.  198.  Page  264.— On  a  pedestal. 

The  inscription  may  be  read  thus : — 

M.  OvXiTiovy  Z[i7-] 
vwvo^  vlovj  Kvp€$va, 
TpiHfwva^  fi€yav  Ayrw[yir^} 
viavov  apjo^pea  T179  A- 
5  <TULSy  xeOuapyr^iravTa 
Kcu  yevofievoy  en-a[p-'\ 
ypv  aireipff^  irpernyi 
OvKirta^  TaTuvTwvy  €k 
ircurw  wpcrroy  T179  ^o- 

a9,  Tov  evepyerrfv  T179 
varpiSo^  ^  fiovXff  teat  6 
itffio^'   TVfv  avcurrar- 

15  Avravia^  Apiarrf^  Ao* 

BtWrj^s  P],  Tiy?  eyyovT)^  avrov 


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HIERAPOLIS.  42S 

ANTIINIANON  (lines  3  and  4)  stands  undoubtedly,  as  it 
does  in  a  great  many  inscriptions^  instead  of  ANTIININI- 
ANONj  owing  either  to  an  oversight  of  the  stonecutter^  or  to 
an  euphonic  change.  On  the  coins  of  Byzantium  the  games 
Avrmveia  Xefiaara  are  mentioned  in  the  time  of  Alexander 
Severus  (flckhel  D.  N.  IV.  p.  436).  The  coins  of  several  im- 
portant cities  of  Asia,  and  an  interesting  inscription  at  Laodicea, 
published  by  Chandler,  page  92,  show  that  throughout  Asia  the 
greatest  honours  were  paid,  by  the  institution  of  public  exhibi- 
tions, to  the  name  of  Antoninus.  This  was  borne  by  eight  Roman 
emperors ;  those  known  to  us  under  the  names  of  Antoninus 
Pius,  M.  Aurelius,  Commodus,  Caracalla,  Diadumenianus,  Ela- 
gabalus,  Alexander  Severus,  and  Annius  Ghderius.  Antoninus 
Pius  was  in  his  youth  Pro-consul  of  Asia,  and  won  there  general 
esteem  and  affection  (Capitolin.  Vit.  Ant.  c.  7 ;  Murator.  Corp. 
Inscr.,  p.  232,  3) ;  but  probable  as  it  is  that  Grecian  flattery 
offered  to  him  the  highest  honours  it  could  bestow,  it  is  im- 
probable that  he  accepted  them.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
his  successor,  M.  Aureliiis ;  but  of  course  not  of  those  who 
followed.  Commodus  had  games  celebrated  to  his  honour,  but 
they  were  called  Commodea.  It  is  to  Caracalla  or  Elagabalus 
that  Eckhel,  /.  c,  refers  the  games  Antomniana;  and  the  name 
Antoniniana,  which  several  legions  assumed,  is  most  probably 
derived  from  the  former  of  these  worthless  Antonines.  These 
fiEicts  make  it  probable  that  the  ^'  Antoninian  High-priest  of  Asia  ^' 
presided  at  the  worship  of  Caracalla. 


No.  199.  Page  265. 

HIERAPOLIS. 

No.  200. — In  the  cornice  of  the  theatre. 

KOYTAPiniZPHNEYTYXIIKAIMAKAPIANVnATI 


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426  APPENDIX  A. 

This  line  may  perhaps  be  read  thus : — 

[AuToicpaTopa?]  'Ewrefifj. . .  •  'EvrvxV  ""**  MoKopuiv *T7raTi[Krfv], 

^'  [•• .  the  Emperor?]^ the  Ptous^  the  Happy,  and  Macaria, 
a  lady  of  consular  family/' 


No.  201,  Page  271. 


No.  202.  Page  270. 

The  word  EYROZIAN  (lines  2  and  3)  is  not  to  be  found 
in  any  of  our  dictionaries^  but  it  is  borne  out  in  some  respects 
by  CYnOCIAPXHQ  read  in  the  following  sepulchral  inscrip- 
tion, a  transcript  of  which  I  owe  to  the  kindness  of  J.  Tates, 
Esq.  It  is  written  on  a  tablet  of  white  marble,  brought  from 
Smyrna,  and  now  to  be  seen  at  Ince-filundell,  the  seat  of  Weld 
Blundell,  Esq.,  in  Lancashire. 

OYAniOC  lOYAI  •  TPO^IMOC 

CMYPNAIOC  BOYA6YTHC  KAI  €YnOCI 

APXHC  KAI  nPYTANIC  HfOPACA  TO  HPI10[N] 

KAI  THN  COPON  nPOC[H]rOPACA  KAT€CK€Y 

ACA[q  AYTIl  KAI  TH  fYNAIKI  MOY  TYXH  KAI  T€KNO[IC] 

KAI  CrrONOIC  KAI  eP€MMACI  MOY  KAI  An€A€Ye€POI  [C] 

MHA6NOC  €T€POY  €XONT[Oq  CZOYCIAN  MHT€  OA 

i'AI  TINA  €T€PON  MHT€  nXlAHCAl  Tl  €S  AYTIIN  €1  A€  TIC 

TOPMHC6I  Tl  TOIOYTO  HOIHCAI  eHC€l  MHTPI  G€I1N  CI 

nYAHNH)(/€ 


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427 


APPENDIX   B. 


A  COMMUNICATION  TO  THE  AUTHOR  FROM  DANIEL  SHARPE,  ESQ.,  ON 
*  THE  LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS. 


Adelphi  Terrace,  February  24,  1841. 

My  dbab  Sib, 
Aftbb  spending  some  time  in  endeavouring  to  translate  the 
inscriptions  which  you  have  brought  home  from  Lycia,  I  have 
only  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  very  slight  idea  of  the  language 
in  which  they  are  written ;  yet  as  what  I  have  done  wiU  relieve 
from  some  preliminary  labour  those  who  may  wish  to  take  up 
the  same  study,  I  send  you  all  the  information  which  I  can  give 
relating  to  them,  coupled  with  a  variety  of  remarks  which  have 
suggested  themselves  in  the  course  of  the  inquiry. 

The  inscriptions  copied  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  and  published  in 
the  Appendix  to  Mr.  Walpole's  Travels,  were  the  first  inscrip- 
tions in  the  Lycian  language  made  known  in  Europe.  They 
do  not  contain  enough  to  allow  of  a  complete  alphabet  being 
deduced  from  them,  and  are  so  imperfect  that  no  correct  value 
could  be  assigned  to  the  characters  used  in  them.  Neverthe- 
less they  attracted  much  attention,  and  several  attempts  were 
made  to  discover  the  language  in  which  they  are  written. 

M.  Saint  Martin  published  a  memoir  in  the  Journal  des  Sa- 
vans  for  April  1821,  entitled  Observations  sur  les  Inscriptions 
Lyciennes  d^couvertes  par  Af.  Cockerell,  in  which  he  conjee- 


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428  APPENDIX  B. 

tured  that  in  the  bilingual  inscription  from  Limyra^  of  which 
you  have  since  brought  us  another  copy  (Plate  XXXYL  No.  3), 
the  Greek  was  nearly  a  literal  translation  of  the  Lydan ;  and 
he  attempted  to  explain  several  of  the  Lycian  words  by  com- 
paring them  to  Syriac  and  Phoenician. 

In  1831  a  paper  on  the  same  subject  by  Dr.  F.  A*  Grotefend 
was  read  to  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  which  is  published  in  the 
third  volume  of  their  Transactions.  Dr.  Grotefend  compared 
together  the  five  Lycian  inscriptions  then  known^  and  concluded 
from  the  declension  of  the  only  verb  occurring  in  them^  liiat 
Lycian  belongs  to  the  family  of  Indo-Germanic  languages^  and 
that  like  Persian  it  has  both  long  and  short  vowels. 

The  materials  which  you  have  since  brought  home  so  entirely 
alter  the  spelling  of  most  of  the  words  contained  in  these  in- 
scriptions^ that  it  is  unnecessary  to  analyse  the  contents  of 
these  two  memoirs ;  but  I  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  my 
admiration  at  the  sagacity  with  which  Dr.  Grotefend  drew  such 
correct  conclusions  from  the  slight  materials  which  he  had  be- 
fore him. 

The  inscriptions  which  you  copied  in  your  first  tour  in  1838^ 
and  published  on  your  return  in  1839,  of  which  three  are  in 
excellent  preservation,  might  have  given  a  better  clue  to  the 
language:  yet  these,  in  addition  to  what  were  before  known, 
hardly  afibrd  sufficient  materials  for  forming  an  alphabet  with 
certainty.  Several  of  the  letters  must  have  remained  altogether 
undetermined,  and  the  value  of  some  others  imcertain:  the 
very  peculiar  use  of  the  letter  B  could  not  have  been  found  out, 
and,  until  this  was  done,  the  analogies  between  many  of  the 
words  could  not  be  discovered. 

At  this  stage  of  the  subject,  Mr.  James  Yates  read  Memoirs 
upon  the  Lycian  Inscriptions  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature 
and  the  Philological  Society  of  London,  which  have  not  yet 
been  published,  but  which  are  noticed  in  the  Athenaeum  of 
March  9,  1839. 

When  you  had  the  kindness  to  furnish  me  with  copies  of  all 


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LYCIAN  LANGUAGE.  429 

the  inscriptions  which  you  had  met  with  in  your  second  visit  to 
Lycia^  I  felt  persuaded  that  sufficient  materials  were  collected 
for  investigating  the  subject  satisfactorily.  The  number^  va- 
riety and  length  of  the  inscriptions  is  very  considerable^  the 
characters  are  distinct,  and  the  care  with  which  you  have  copied 
them  is  beyond  all  praise.  In  addition  to  the  bilingual  inscrip- 
tion  at  Limyra,  we  have  the  assistance  of  the  bas-reUef  engraved 
in  Plate  YIL,  in  which  several  names  occur  both  in  Greek  and 
Lycian  characters^  determining  the  sound  of  several  of  the  letters 
with  certdnty ;  and  the  Lycian  coins  afford  further  help  of  the 
same  kind. 

The  first  step  was  to  frame  an  alphabet :  several  of  the  letters 
were  determined  by  their  use  on  the  bas-relief  just  mentioned  ; 
others  by  comparing  the  names  of  the  towns  given  us  by  the 
Greek  geographers  with  those  on  the  Lycian  coins  and  on 
the  inscriptions  on  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus  (Plate  XX.) ;  on  the 
same  monument  two  names  occur  both  in  Greek  and  Lycian. 
The  remaining  letters  were  determined  either  by  their  resem- 
blance to  the  Greek  or  by  the  usual  process  of  deciphering. 

The  search  after  the  alphabet  led  to  a  complete  examination 
of  the  Lycian  coins,  the  results  of  which  are  given  below,  ac- 
companied with  some  observations  upon  several  geographical 
names  which  occur  in  the  inscriptions. 

I  then  commenced,  as  my  predecessors  had  done,  upon  the 
bilingual  inscription  from  Limyra,  but  with  the  advantage  of 
being  able  to  correct  its  imperfections  firom  other  inscriptions  of 
similar  import,  of  which  you  had  brought  perfect  copies ;  these 
furnished  the  correct  spelling  of  the  words  translated  into  Greek 
in  this  inscription.  My  interpretations  agree  in  a  great  de- 
gree with  those  previously  given ;  the  differences  will  be  stated 
hereafter. 

I  began  with  the  impression  that  the  language  was  derived 
from  Phoenician,  but  was  soon  staggered  in  this  opinion  by  the 
abundance  of  vowels  in  Lycian,  of  which  there  are  ten,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  long  and  short  vowels  of  the  Persian  and 


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430  APPENDIX  B. 

Indian  languages.  The  manner  of  declension  of  the  pronouns 
and  nouns^  and  of  the  conjugation  of  the  verbs^  soon  convinced 
me,  i^hile  working  upon  the  forms  of  words  of  which  the  meaning 
was  quite  unknown,  that  Lycian  was  one  of  that  large  fiunily  of 
languages  to  which  the  German  philologists  have  given  the 
name  of  Ifido-Germanic. 

The  abundance  of  vowels  then  suggested  a  comparison  with 
the  Zend  language :  the  result  was  the  conviction  that  Lycian 
has  a  greater  resemblance  to  Zend  than  to  any  other  known 
language,  but  that  it  differs  too  much  to  be  considered  as  a  dia- 
lect of  Zend,  and  must  rank  as  a  separate  language. 

Of  the  few  words  which  are  determined  with  some  approach 
to  certainty,  several  resemble  Sanscrit  more  nearly  than  Zend, 
and  others  are  certainly  of  a  Semitic  origin^;  yet  these  last  are 
completely  adopted  into  the  language,  and  are  declined  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  words  of  a  Persian  or  Indian  origin,  without 
altering  the  structure  of  the  language,  which  is  thoroughly  Indo- 
Germanic.  The  close  neighbouihood  of  Syria  readily  accounts 
for  the  introduction  of  Semitic  words  into  the  language  of  any 
part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Mr.  Walpole  has  brought  together  in  the  Appendix  to  his 
Travels  all  the  quotations  firom  the  ancient  authors  which  bear 
upon  the  origin  and  language  of  the  Lycians ;  we  should  infer 
frdm  them,  that  the  people  were  a  mixture  of  Greeks,  Phoeni- 
cians and  Persians ;  but  the  two  first  races  are  mentioned  more 
frequently  than  the  Persian.  The  Greeks  were  a  maritime  peo- 
ple, they  settled  along  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  and  penetrated 
but  little  into  the  country ;  the  Phoenicians  also  spread  them- 
selves along  the  same  coast,  and  thus  these  two  people  were 
constantly  in  contact,  while  the  Greeks  had  less  communication 
with  the  people  of  Persian  race  in  the  interior,  and  have  left 
little  mention  of  their  acquaintance  with  them. 

As  I  shall  frequently  have  occasion  to  refer  to  the  Zend  lan- 
guage, which  is  probably  unknown  to  most  of  your  readers,  it 
will  not  be  amiss  to  state  what  is  known  of  it,  and  what  means 


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LYCIAN  LANGUAGE.  431 

we  have  of  applying  it  towards  the  explanation  of  the  Lycian 
inscriptions. 

The  only  works  extant  in  Zend  are  some  portions  of  the 
books  attributed  to  Zoroaster^  which  were  brought  from  Surat 
by  Anquetil  du  Perron,  about  eighty  years  ago,  and  placed  in 
the  Royal  Library  at  Paris.  In  1771  he  published  a  translation, 
of  these  and  of  some  other  religious  books  of  the  Parsees  under 
the  title  of  ^*  Zend-Avesta,"  the  name  by  which  the  principal 
work  is  known  to  the  Parsees :  from  the  title  of  this  book  the 
language  has  taken  its  modem  name.  Some  of  these  works 
were  perhaps  written  by  Zoroaster,  others  are  more  modem ; 
but  there  is  great  uncertainty  about  the  period  when  their 
author  lived.  The  account  most  generally  received,  is  that  he 
lived  in  the  sixth  century  before  our  sera.  The  works  them- 
selves afford  internal  evidence  that  he  was  a  native  of  Media, 
and  therefore  it  may  be  presumed  that  his  writings  are  in  the 
ancient  language  of  that  country. 

Zend  became  in  process  of  time  a  dead  language,  and  the 
books  of  Zoroaster  were  translated  into  Pehlvi,  in  which  they 
still  exist,  as  well  as  in  the  original.  This  language  is  also  a 
subject  of  great  uncertainty ;  it  is  thought  to  have  been  spoken 
in  the  southern  provinces  of  the  Persian  empire  two  or  three 
centuries  after  our  sera,  and  to  have  become  a  dead  language 
about  the  time  of  the  Mahometan  conquest  of  Persia.  Pehlvi 
differs  very  materially  from  Zend,  being  principally  of  Semitic 
origin,  of  which  Zend  has  no  trace ;  yet  many  Zend  words  have 
passed  into  it,  and  modem  Persian  contains  much  that  is  derived 
from  both. 

The  Parsees,  who  fled  to  India  to  preserve  their  religion, 
which  was  prohibited  by  the  Mahometan  conquerors  of  Persia, 
brought  their  sacred  books  with  them,  and  continued  to  study 
Pehlvi,  but  they  lost  nearly  all  knowledge  of  Zend,  and  only 
kept  up  a  traditional  translation  of  the  Zend-Avesta.  Anque- 
til's  whole  knowledge  of  both  languages  was  derived  from 
the  Parsee  priests,  and  he  only  learned  what  they  could  teach ; 


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432  APPENDIX  B. 

he  has  given  as  a  translation^  and^  as  a  vocabulaiy  of  both  Ian- 
guagesj  a  strange  mixture  of  information  and  absurdity^  care* 
lessly  put  together  without  the  slightest  attention  to  the  rules 
of  grammar ;  to  this  we  are  obliged  to  refer  for  assistance  until 
we  have  some  better  guide  to  the  subject^  but  it  is  never  safe  to 
rely  upon  him.  The  manner  in  which  he  produced  his  disco- 
veries inspired  so  little  confidence  at  the  time,  that  Sir  W.  Jones 
declared  that  the  books  were  forgeries  which  had  been  palmed 
upon  his  credulity  by  the  Parsees. 

M.  Bumouf  has  lately  undertaken  a  complete  study  of  the 
Zend  language,  and  has  published  the  first  volume  of  his  Com- 
mentaire  sur  le  Yaqna,  in  which  he  has  analysed  every  word 
of  the  original  in  the  most  learned  manner,  showing  the  near 
relation  between  Zend  and  Sanscrit,  and  removing  all  doubts  as 
to  the  authenticity  and  antiquity  of  the  Zend-Avesta.  If  this 
excellent  work  were  finished,  there  would  be  no  reason  to  com- 
plain of  the  want  of  materials  for  the  study  of  the  Zend  lan- 
guage; but  as  the  portion  yet  commented  upon  is  very  small,  we 
have  still  no  guide  to  much  of  the  remainder,  except  the  work 
of  Anquetil  du  Perron.  Much  information  on  the  declension  of 
the  Zend  nouns  is  contained  in  F.  Bopp's  Vergletchende  Gram-- 
tnatik  des  Sanscrit,  Zend,  Griechischen,  &c.,and  when  this  work 
is  finished,  the  student  will  be  in  a  better  position  than  he  is 
in  at  present. 

For  the  study  of  Pehlvi,  there  is,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  no 
other  assistance  than  that  afforded  by  Anquetil. 

The  celebrated  inscriptions  in  arrow-headed  or  cuneiform 
characters,  found  at  Persepolis  and  elsewhere,  are  written  in 
three  languages :  Dr.  Orotefend,  Professor  Lassen,  and  M.  Bur- 
nouf  have  made  great  progress  in  translating  one  of  these,  which 
approaches  very  nearly  to  Zend,  M.  Bumouf 's  MSmaire  sur 
quelques  Inscriptions  Cun^ifarmes  gives  a  masterly  analysis  of 
some  of  these  inscriptions,  and  contains  the  best  information 
concerning  their  language,  which  has  been  called  PersepoUtan. 
The  principal  inscriptions  which  have   as  yet  been  translated^ 


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LYCIAN   LANGUAGE.  433 

are  of  the  reigns  of  Darius  Hystaspes^  and  Xerxes.  As  these 
are  nearly  of  the  period  to  which  I  refer  the  monuments  which 
you  have  copied  in  Lycia^  their  comparison  is  of  great  interest ; 
but  there  are  only  a  few  sentences  yet  translated  from  the  Per- 
sepolitan  upon  which  much  reliance  can  be  placed^  and  these 
are  still  open  to  correction.  As  far  as  I  can  judge^  Lycian  ap- 
pears to  have  more  resemblance  to  Zend  than  to  Persepolitan : 
the  relative  position  of  the  countries  in  which  the  three  tongues 
were  spoken^  coincides  with  this ;  Media^  the  country  of  the. 
Zend  language^  separating  Persia  proper  from  Asia  Minor :  yet 
all  three  are  of  the  same  family,  which  we  may  call  Persian. 
There  are  some  peculiarities,  which  will  be  mentioned  hereafter, 
in  the  munner  in  which  the  Persepolitan  nouns  are  declined, 
very  analog6us  to  what  we  find  in  Lycian,  and  which  show  that 
the  two  languages  were  at  the  same  stage  of  grammatical 
development. 

Having  thus  pointed  out  what  assistance  is  to  be  found  to- 
wards the  study  of  the  Lycian  language,  I  return  to  the  de- 
scription of  the  inscriptions,  and  to  a  statement  of  such  of  their 
contents  as  I  am  able  to  understand. 

The  inscriptions  published  in  your  Journal  of  1858,  and  those 
given  at  Plate  XXXVI.  of  the  present  volume,  are  mostly  fune- 
real ;  they  contain  little  information  in  themselves,  yet  are  of 
great  value ;  for  being  in  short  sentences,  of  which  the  subject  is 
partially  known,  they  are  of  the  greatest  assistance  in  studying 
the  language;  they  also  prove  that  the  language  in  question 
was  that  of  the  people  of  Lycia,  and  not  merely  of  their  Persian 
conquerors.  The  inscription  numbered  23  is  an  exception, 
being  either  a  decree  or  some  other  public  document ;  but  it  is 
too  imperfect  to  be  at  aU  understood. 

The  inscriptions  which  are  of  the  greatest  interest  of  the 
whole  collection,  are  those  given  in  Plate  XX.,  covering  the  four 
sides  of  a  square  monument  which  you  have  called  the  Obelisk 
at  Xanthus.  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  may  have  been  one 
of  the  fire  altai-s  of  the  Persian  religion,  and  the  hatred  of  the 

2  V 


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434  APPENDIX  B. 

people  against  their  conquerors  may  have  induced  them  to 
throw  it  down  when  they  recovered  their  independence^  leaving 
it  in  its  present  broken  state. 

I  can  make  out  just  enough  of  the  inscriptions  on  this  mo- 
nument to  see  how  much  historical  information  will  ^  derived 
from  them  whenever  they  are  fully  translated,  yet  not  enough 
to  form  any  complete  ideas  of  their  contents.  The  writing  on 
the  diflFerent  sides  of  the  monument  refers  to  very  various  sub- 
jects ;  there  is  sufficient  difference  in  the  form  of  the  letters  to 
show  that  they  were  done  by  several  artists :  there  is  also  a 
change  in  the  use  of  some  of  the  letters,  which  makes  it  pro^ 
bable  that  a  considerable  period  elapsed  between  the  cutting 
of  the  four  inscriptions,  during  which  time  a  change  of  pro- 
nunciation was  going  on  in  the  language.  This  is  a  source  of 
great  difficulty,  but  has  the  advantage  of  giving  a  clue  to  the 
relative  ages  of  the  inscriptions,  as  shall  shortly  be  explained 
more  at  length. 

The  inscription  on  the  north-east  side  is  not  complete  at  the 
top :  the  first  four  lines  which  remain  are  in  Lycian  characters, 
the  next  eleven  lines  are  in  Greek,  the  rest  is  all  Lycian,  but 
this  does  not  contain  a  translation  of  the  Greek  part  of  the  in- 
scription. It  seems  probable,  from  this  arrangement,  that  the 
upper  part  of  the  inscription,  which  is  lost,  contained  in  Lycian 
the  translation  of  what  follows  in  Greek ;  but  the  few  broken 
lines  of  this  part  remaining  are  too  imperfect  to  be  of  any 
assistance ;  indeed  in  the  last  of  these  lines  the  Greek  and 
Lycian  characters  are  mixed  up  together  in  strange  confusion. 

The  Greek  inscription  is  not  legible ;  we  can  just  collect  from 
it  that  it  is  an  order  addressed  to  the  Lycians,  in  the  first  per- 
son, by  some  sovereign :  the  only  person  mentioned  is  a  son  of 
Arpagus,  whose  name  is  lost,  and  who  is  spoken  of  as  a  prince 
or  governor,  and  to  whom,  perhaps,  a  portion  of  the  kingdom 
was  given  in  charge  by  a  preceding  sovereign.  It  is  much  to 
be  hoped  that  some  future  traveller  will  bring  home  as  accurate 
a  copy  as  possible  of  this  inscription,  and  will  endeavour  to  turn 


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LYCIAN  LANGUAGE.  435 

over  the  broken  top  of  the  monument,  in  hopes  of  finding  on 
its  under  surface  the  upper  part  of  the  Lycian  inscription^  for 
no  ancient  inscription  with  which  we  are  acquainted  contains 
information  of  greater  historical  value  than  may  be  expected 
here ;  and  when  we  see  how  mnch  progress  has  been  made  in 
the  language  from  the  bilingual  inscription  of  three  lines  long 
which  we  have  already,  we  may  expect  that  a  document  of  this 
lengthy  accompanied  by  a  Greek  translation,  would  enable  us  to 
understand  nearly  all  the  remaining  inscriptions.  The  line  in 
Lycian  which  follows  immediately  after  the  Greek,  is  to  this 
effect :  "  Transcripts  of  the  greatest  decree  of  the  King  of  kings;" 
showing  that  the  decrees  on  the  upper  part  of  the  monument 
emanate  from  the  king  of  Persia;  what  follows  being  probably 
issued  by  the  local  governor.  We  have  so  little  direct  in- 
formation relating  to  the  Persian  history  or  government,  that  it 
is  unnecessary  to  say  more  to  show  the  interest  which  attaches 
to  this  monument.  The  name  of  Arppagos  occurs  divided  be-r 
tween  the  26th  and  27th  line  of  the  same  side  of  the  obelisk, 
and  the  words  son  of  Arppagos  are  found  in  the  24th  line 
of  the  south-west  side,  where  also  the  son's  name  is  wanting, 
owing  to  the  imperfection  of  the  stone.  The  words  Kin^  of 
kings  occur  frequently  on  the  north-east  and  north-west  sides 
of  the  monument,  and  on  the  same  sides  we  find  frequently  re- 
peated the  name  of  Aoura,  or  Aoiiremez,  the  chief  divinity  of 
the  Persian  fire-worshipers,  whose  name  was  gradually  con« 
tracted  from  Ahora  Mazda  to  Ormuzd. 

Arinay  the  ancient  name  of  Xanthus  [Ama  of  Stephanus 
Byzantinus),  where  this  monument  stands,  occurs  both  in  the 
Greek  and  Lycian  parts  of  the  inscription ;  and  many  of  the 
neighbouring  towns  are  frequently  mentioned,  but  instead  of 
the  term  Lycia  or  Lycians,  the  Tramelae  and  the  Troes  are 
mentioned ;  these  two  people  appearing  to  divide  between  them 
the  country  called  by  the  Greeks  Lycia ;  a  divisioit  correspond- 
ing to  that  which  we  find  in  Homer  between  the  Lycians  com- 
manded by  Sarpedon  and  Glaucus,  and  .those  commanded  by 

2  f2 


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436  APPENDIX  B. 

Pandarus^  the  son  of  Lycaon.  .These  names  will  be  considered 
more  fully  when  we  come  to  that  part  of  the  subject  which 
relates  to  the  geography  of  the  country. 

In  the  first  book  of  Herodotus^  cap.  171  to  177^  is  an 
account  of  the  conquest  of  Lycia^  and  of  all  the  southern  parts 
of  Asia  Minor  by  Harpagus^  a  Mede  commanding  under  Cyrus 
the  Great^  with  a  long  and  romantic  description  of  his  taking 
Xanthus;  where  this  monument  stands.  It  seems  probable 
that  Cyrus  would  appoint  Harpagus  governor  of  the  countries 
which  he  had  conquered  for  him;  if  I  read  correctly  in  the 
seventh  line  of  the  Greek  the  words  B<ok€  fiepo^  fiaaiXea^,  and 
couple  this  expression  with  the  statement  of  Herodotus^  and  in 
particular  with  his  statement  at  c.  177^  that  ^^  Harpagus  over* 
ran  Lower  Asia,  while  Cyrus  himself  conquered  all  the  nations 
of  Upper  Asia/*  it  will  not  be  too  bold  a  conjecture  to  suppose 
that  in  this  decree  one  of  Cyrus's  successors  alludes  to  Cyrus 
having  conferred  upon  Harpagus  the  government  of  a  portion 
of  his  kingdom,  and  appoints  the  son  of  Harpagus  to  the  same 
oflSce.  The  few  words  which  I  make  out  here  and  there  in 
these  two  sides  of  the  monument,  lead  me  to  suppose  that  it 
contains  a  series  of  decrees  relating  to  the  settlement  of  the 
country  after  the  conquest  by  the  Persians,  and  to  the  manner 
in  which  the  people  of  the  two  races  and  religions  are  to  live 
together.  The  Medes  and  Lycians  are  frequently  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  one  another ;  and  in  one  passage  a  distinction  is  drawn 
between  the  worshipers  and  the  opponents  of  Ormuzd ;  but  I 
have  not  made  out  whether  they  are  enjoined  to  live  peaceably 
together,  or  whether  the  worship  of  Ormuzd  is  to  be  enforced 
upon  the  conquered  Lycians. 

The  inscriptions  on  the  south-west  and  south-east  sides  of 
the  monument  relate  to  very  different  matters ;  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  Ormuzd,  nor  of  the  King  of  kings,  in  those  parts  of  the 
inscriptions  which  remain,  but  no  very  certain  conclusions  can 
be  drawn  from  these  omissions,  as  the  upper  part  of  both  those 
sides  is  wanting.     It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  they  were  in- 


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LYCIAN  LANGUAGE.  437 

scribed  while  the  country  was  still  under  the  same  government, 
as  it  is  on  the  south-west  that  we  meet  with  the  "«on  of  Arppa- 
go8f*  and  the  word  S?Mh,  King,  or  Governor,  occurs  several 
times  on  the  south-east ;  on  this  latter  side  a  word  occurs  twice 
which  has  a  great  resemblance  to  Xerxes,  but  being  unaccom- 
panied by  any  titles,  I  hesitate  adopting  it  as  that  king's  name. 
The  lower  part  of  the  south-west  inscription  contains  a  number 
of  names  of  towns  and  people,  accompanied  by  locative  prepo- 
sitions, from  which  it  may  be  inferred  that  it  is  a  decree  settling 
the  boundaries  of  the  townships. 

According  to  the  chronology  usually  received,  Cyrus  the 
Great  ascended  the  throne  of  Persia  in  the  year  559  B.C.,  and 
died  530  B.C.  Harpagus  was  not  a  young  man  when  the  former 
event  took  place :  supposing  this  monument  to  have  been 
erected  in  the  lifetime  of  the  son  of  Harpagus,  and  after  the 
death  of  Cyrus,  its  date  will  be  fixed  approximately  between 
530  and  500  B.C.;  it  cannot  be  put  much  later  without  allowing 
to  Harpagus  or  to  his  son  a  life  beyond  the  usual  average. 

You  must  bear  in  mind,  that  until  the  inscriptions  are  fully 
translated,  it  will  remain  uncertain  whether  the  Arpagus  men- 
tioned in  them  is  really  the  same  person  as  Cyruses  general. 
Herodotus  mentions  another  Persian  general  of  the  same  name, 
who  commanded  in  Ionia  under  the  orders  of  Artaphernes,  the 
governor  of  Sardis  in  the  time  of  Darius  Hystaspes  (Book  YI. 
c.  28  and  30),  and  there  are  many  instances  of  names  being  here- 
ditary in  the  Persian  families,  and  descending  to  the  grandson 
in  alternate  generations.  Nevertheless  it  is  extremely  probable, 
from  what  has  been  already  advanced,  that  the  Arpagus  named 
in  the  inscription  is  the  general  whose  conquest  of  Lycia  under 
Cyruses  orders  is  related  by  Herodotus. 

We  have  thus  obtained  an  approximate  date  to  one  of  the 
Lycian  monuments,  but  before  attempting  to  fix  the  age  of  the 
others,  it  is  necessary  to  examine  the  coins,  and  to  class  them 
in  chronological  order,  as  they  will  throw  some  light  upon  the 


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438  *  APPENDIX  B. 

relative  dates  of  the  inscriptions.     For  this  purpose  we  must 
take  a  slight  review  of  the  history  of  the  country. 

In  the  time  of  Homer  the  religion  of  Lycia  was  similar  to 
that  of  the  Greeks^  and  we  know  of  nothing  likely  to  produce 
any  change  in  it  until  the  conquest  of  Lycia  by  the  Persians  in 
the  reign  of  Cyrus^  about  550  B.C.  This  event  must  have  had 
a  great  effect  upon  the  condition  of  the  country^  which  could 
only  recover  its  flourishing  condition  after  some  time.  We  see 
also  by  the  inscriptions  that  the  Persians  introduced  the  wor- 
ship of  Ormuzd.  The  account  of  the  conquest  given  by  He- 
rodotus does  not  show  that  the  Lydans  were  lefl  to  govern 
themselves  as  tributaries^  but  rather  implies  that  they  were  en- 
tirely put  down ;  so  that  it  is  probable  that  the  towns  then 
ceased  to  coin  money  in  their  own  names^  which  they  could 
only  do  while  they  governed  themselves  under  their  own  laws. 
Thus  we  know  that  the  cities  of  Ionia,  which,  although  tribu- 
taries to  Persia,  coined  their  own  money,  were  governed  by  their 
native  princes  or  magistrates.  The  time  is  not  mentioned  at 
which  the  Lycians  regained  the  power  of  governing  themselves, 
but  as  they  did  not  become  independent  of  Persia,  we  can  only 
suppose  that  their  condition  improved  with  the  weakness  of  the 
Persian  empire,  afler  the  defeat  of  the  expedition  of  Xerxes 
against  Greece,  and  that  they  gradually  recovered  their  liber- 
ties sufficiently  to  become  tributaries  instead  of  subjects,  in 
which  state  they  must  have  continued  until  the  time  of  Alex- 
ander, when  the  free  cities  of  Asia  Minor  lost  their  liberties 
in  the  general  fall  of  Greece  and  of  Persia.  At  the  division 
of  territory  which  took  place  on  the  death  of  Alexander,  323 
B.C.,  Lycia  became  part  of  the  portion  of  Antigonus  (Diodorus 
Sicidus,  book  xviii.  c.  3  and  5).  It  changed  masters  several 
times  in  the.  wars  between  Alexander's  successors,  but  as  these 
changes  hardly  bear  upon  our  subject  it  is  not  necessary  to 
trace  them.  Afler  the  victory  of  Cn.  Manlius  over  Antiochus 
the  Great,  the  Romans  gave  the  greater  part  of  Lycia  to  the 


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LYCIAN   LANGUAGE.  439 

Rhodians,  in  return  for  their  good  services  (Livy,  book  xxxviii. 
c.  39);  but  the  Rhodians  having  offended  the  Romans  during 
their  war  with  Perseus  of  Macedon,  the  Senate  passed  a  decree 
declaring  Lycia  and  Caria  free  (Livy,  book  xliv.  c.  15),  either  in 
168  B.C.  or  the  following  year.  Strabo,  book  xiv.,  describes 
the  form  of  government  adopted  by  the  Lycians :  twenty-three 
cities,  of  which  the  principal  were  Xanthus,  Patara,  Pinara, 
Olympus,  Myra  and  Tlos,  were  united  in  a  league  and  go- 
verned by  a  congress,  which  elected  a  Lysiarch  or  President 
and  other  magistrates :  formerly,  adds  Strabo,  the  congress  de- 
cided upon  peace  and  war,  but  now  they  cannot  do  so  without 
permission  from  the  Romans.  In  this  state  of  semi-independ- 
ence Lycia  continued  until  its  liberties  were  taken  away  by 
the  Emperor  Claudius  (Suetonius  in  Claudius,  c.  25). 

There  are  thus  three  periods  marked  out  by  history  during 
which  the  Lycians  were  sufficiently  independent  to  manage 
their  internal  affidrs  and  coin  their  own  money;  and  their  coins 
may  be  easily  classed  accordingly.  The  first  ends  with  the 
Persian  conquest,  about  550  b.g.  ;  to  this  period  may  be  re- 
ferred the  coins  of  a  very  early  style  of  workmanship,  struck  in 
the  names  of  the  cities,  with  Lycian  characters ;  they  have  all 
on  one  side  a  three-armed  instrument  of  unknown  use,  which 
has  been  named  by  antiquarians  a  triqtAetra,  and  the  emblems 
on  the  reverse  are  suitable  to  the  early  religion  of  the  country. 
On  these  coins  the  letter  B  is  frequently  used  as  a  vowel,  and 
the  letter  +  does  not  occur.  To  this  class  belong  all  the  coins 
figured  in  Plate  XXXVII. 

The  second  period  is  from  their  rise  after  the  Persian  conquest 
to  the  time  of  Alexander.  To  this  belong  the  coins  Nos.  26  and 
27*  They  bear  the  names  of  cities  in  Lycian  characters,  but  the 
letter  +  is  already  in  use,  and  B  has  ceased  to  be  used  as  a 
vowel.  The  triquetra  has  gone  out  of  fashion,  and  different 
divinities  occur  on  the  reverses :  but  neither  on  these  nor  the 
former  series  do  we  find  any  emblems  of  Apollo.  The  work- 
manship is  very  good,  and  so  fully  distinguishes  them  from 


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440  APPENDIX  B. 

those  of  the  first  period^  that  a  long  interval  mutt  have  passed 
between  their  manufacture. 

The  third  period  is  that  of  the  Lycian  league,  which  lasted 
two  centuries,  from  about  168  B.C.  to  50  a.d.  To  this  belong 
all  the  coins  with  Greek  characters,  having  the  word  Avki^v  in 
addition  to  the  name  of  the  city :  none  have  the  triquetra,  and 
their  symbols  are  all  referable  to  the  worship  of  Apollo :  their 
workmanship  is  good.  These  coins  are  found  of  most  of  the 
Lycian  cities,  as  may  be  seen  in  Mionnet^s  Description  des  Me- 
dailies  antiques.  The  use  of  the  Greek  characters  would  nearly 
suffice  to  prove  these  coins  posterior  to  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest ;  but  the  word  Avkuov  in  addition  to  the  town  leaves  no 
doubt  of  their  age,  since  it  shows  the  money  to  have  been 
struck  by  a  republican  government  which  extended  over  the 
whole  country ;  a  state  of  things  which  only  existed  under  the 
Lycian  league  at  the  period  referred  to.  The  cities  which  be- 
longed to  the  Achaean  league  used  a  similar  form  on  their  cop- 
per money,  which  bears  the  word  A;^ato)v  besides  the  name  of 
the  town  issuing  it. 

The  worship  of  Ormuzd  seems  to  have  had  no  hold  of  the 
feelings  of  the  Lycians,  as  the  coins  of  the  second  period  bear 
evidence  that  in  recovering  their  independence  the  people  re- 
turned to  their  former  religion.  Apollo  is  mentioned  by  Homer 
in  connexion  with  Lycia,  but  his  worship  became  more  general 
in  the  country  after  it  was  conquered  by  the  Macedonians,  who 
were  noted  for  their  attachment  to  that  divinity. 

Great  difference  prevails  in  the  different  inscriptions  in  the 
use  of  the  letters  B  and  +,  arising  apparently  from  some  altera- 
tion in  the  language  or  its  pronunciation ;  a  similar  difference 
Exists  on  the  coins,  where  the  style  of  workmanship  affords  the 
means  of  arranging  them  according  to  their  relative  dates;  so 
that  we  are  enabled  to  judge  of  the  relative  ages  of  the  in- 
scriptfons  by  adopting  the  use  of  those  letters  as  a  test.  Had 
the  Lycian  inscriptions  all  been  accompanied  by  sculpture,  the 
style  of  the  art  would  have  answered  the  same  purpose ;  but  as 


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LYCIAN   LANGUAGE.  441 

the  only  inscription  to  which  a  date  can  be  assigned  from  hi- 
storical evidence  has  no  sculpture  connected  with  it^  the  let- 
ters must  form  our  guide  to  the  relative  age  of  the  others^ 
which  may  be  checked  by  comparing  the  bas-reliefs  with  Gre- 
cian works  of  which  the  age  is  known.  Judging  from  these 
grounds,  it  will  follow  that  the  most  ancient  of  the  inscrip- 
tions which  you  have  copied  are  those  on  the  north-east  and 
north-west  sides  of  the  obeUsk  at  Xanthus,  of  ^hich  I  sup- 
pose the  date  to  be  about  500  B.C.  The  inscription  which 
comes  nearest  to  them  is  below  the  battle-scene,  Plate  XXXL, 
then  follow  the  south-west  and  south-east  sides  of  the  obelisk 
at  Xanthus.  I  can  trace  no  difference  between  these  last  and 
the  short  inscriptions  on  the  tomb  of  Payara,  on  which  the 
sculpture  is  of  great  beauty,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  frontispiece 
of  your  former  Tour  and  Plate  XXIIL  of  the  present  volume. 
The  funereal  inscriptions  at  Plate  XXXVI.  are  mostly  still 
more  modern. 

It  is  obvious  that  these  .opinions,  drawn  from  half-understood 
inscriptions,  are  Uttle  to  be  relied  on ;  but  the  interest  attached 
to  the  sculpture  is  so  great  that  I  feel  myself  called  upon  to 
state  them.  Those  who  have  studied  Grecian  art  must  decide 
whether  the  workmanship  of  the  Lycian  bas-reliefs  coincides 
with  the  dates  deduced  from  the  study  of  the  inscriptions. 

The  use  of  stops  to  separate  the  words,  and  of  the  letters  A 
and  H  in  the  accompanying  Greek,  have  been  thought  incon- 
sistent with  the  date  of  500  B.C.  here  assigned  to  one  of  the 
Lycian  inscriptions.  Either  of  these  peculiarities  occurring  on 
a  monument  found  in  Greece  would  be  sufficient  to  fix  its  date 
as  much  more  modem.  The  first  objection  is  easily  answered ; 
although  the  Greeks  used  points  between  the  words  only  at  a 
very  late  period,  the  Persians  made  use  of  them  as  early  as  the 
reign  of  Darius  Hystaspes,  and  perhaps  much  earlier,  for  they 
are  found  in  all  the  arrow-headed  inscriptions;  the  practice 
continued  in  Persia  till  more  modern  times,  as  all  the  manu- 
scripts of  the  Zend-Avesta  are  stopped  in  a  similar  manner. 


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442  APPENDIX  B. 

Therefore  these  stops  prove^  not  the  modem  date,  but  the 
Asiatic  character  of  the  Lycian  inscriptions. 

The  objection  derived  from  the  letters  XI  and  H  is  not  so 
easily  got  rid  of:  there  is  good  reason  to  beUeve  that  those 
letters  were  not  used  in  Greece  till  after  400  B.C.,  but  it  is  not 
known  when  they  were  introduced  into  Asia  Minor.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  the  Asiatic  Ghreeks,  who  lived  among  nations  whose 
languages  abounded  with  long  and  short  vowels,  would  be  the 
first  to  make  use  of  them  in  their  own  language,  and  that  from 
them  the  XI  and  H  spread  into  Greece.  Until  more  is  known 
upon  the  subject,  the  use  of  these  letters  in  an  Asiatic  inscrip- 
tion cannot  determine  its  date,  especially  in  contradiction  to 
other  evidence. 

That  I  may  not  exhaust  your  patience  by  the  length  of  this 
letter,  I  have  omitted  all  matters  of  detail,  which  will  be  found 
arranged  separately,  as  follows : — 

1.  The  Lycian  Alphabet. 

2.  The  Coins  of  Lycia,  and  the  names  of  the  people  and 
towns. 

3.  The  Inscriptions,  which  I  have  pven  in  Roman  characters 
with  translations  of  such  parts  as  I  can  make  out. 

In  considering  the  alphabet,  I  have  been  much  struck  by  the 
great  resemblance  between  the  Lycian  and  the  Etruscan  letters ; 
if  this  resemblance  were  only  found  in  those  characters  which 
both  people  have  copied  firom  the  Greeks,  it  would  be  of  littie 
moment ;  but  it  extends  also  to  several  characters  which  are  not 
in  the  Greek  alphabet.  The  letters  on  various  coins  attributed 
to  Cilicia,  have  a  still  greater  identity  with  those  of  Etruria. 
It  may  be  proved  from  a  comparison  of  the  alphabets,  that  the 
Etruscans  derived  their  diaracters  from  Asia  Minor  and  not 
fi^m  Greece.  This  goes  far  towards  confirming  the  account 
given  by  Herodotus  of  the  Lydian  origin  of  the  Etruscans,  but 
the  doubts  respecting  it  can  only  be  removed  when  the  Etrus- 
can language  is  sufficiently  understood  for  us  to  trace  its  origin. 

I  now  take  leave  of  the  subject,  tantalized  with  the  faint 


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_J 


LYCaAf]      Ail^HABET. 


H/^ 


Lyrian  letters 


X 

E 
I 

X 
B  .   b 

+ 

O.O 

y  ^I'.Y  .Y.  Y .  Y  ;  «    pmbMy  short 


Supposed  lorcc 

a    Lfiiif 
/I    short 

('     shott 

T.     l^f^    *^f  y 

i     short 

cni.  w 

OtL.  W  S:  perhaps  ll 

n    short 


Letters    related   to    fliem   in 
Greek  I  Zend 


H 

E 


t      ' 

i   I 
I 


\Q. 


Y 

r 


I  eu 

I 

a, 
e'.e' 


A 

d 

A 

I 

z 

Z 

K 

k 

K 

A 

/ 

A 

n./^.w 

m 

M 

N.t^.fi. 

H 

n 

N 

r.  h.  p 

P 

1 

n 

p 

r 

i 

1 

p 

-r.i.> 

S  pml/.  pronLnmcpd 

j-/d 

z 

T 

t 

1 

T.0 

F 

'^ 

1 

F.n 

X 

cfv 

or  k 

1 
1 

X 

V . 

w.h.o  .ah 

o 

A 

u 

u 

S' 

.^^ 

d.dh 

z . 

s 

k. 

JJi.q 

m 

71 

P 

h 

r 

s. 

s'.sh 

t. 

t  th   d 

dh^ 

f 

ch 

tck 

The  toUomnif  It^iUrs    are    rwt  ineAuied    m    the    tahle     Cr«6k^.'t|r       Zend     a  .    <f  .    nq .  n  .    dt . 

The    characier    3    is  used  in    the    Lycian    intcnfyt»*.m.t  as  a  str>p J  to  separate  the  words. 

The  characim     ^ .  K.  h    seem    A»   he    unfMrthrt/tf    oyHeiif   inrhttd  in^  ^  .^  or    F. 

A>       P.B      I.+.E      I.I       E.F      Z'^.A'      ^.^A     y.Nf 

are  Uitei^it   liable,    to   be  misiakeii    in    ooi>\-inq. 


'G^ 


John   Mijfray.  London 
18-11. 


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.*>«»  ^>- JJ' j&*«.V 


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LYCIAN   ALPHABET.  443 

glimpse  which  I  have  obtained  of  it^  and  in  hopes  that  it  may 
be  taken  up  by  some  good  Oriental  scholar  whose  previous 
knowledge  of  the  languages  related  to  Lycian  may  be  sufficient 
to  carry  him  over  all  those  difficulties  which  I  cannot  surmount. 

I  semain^  My  dear  Sir, 

Very  truly  yours, 
To  Charles  FeUaws,  Esq.  DANIEL  SHARPE. 


THE  LYCIAN  ALPHABET. 

Many  of  the  characters  used  by  the  Lycians  resemble  those 
of  the  early  Greek  inscriptions ;  others  vary  slightly  from  the 
Greek  letters  in  form,  but  several  have  no  resemblance  to  them, 
and  must  have  expressed  sounds  for  which  their  Greek  contem- 
poraries had  no  occasion. 

The  vowels  and  semivowels  are  as  follows : — 

A  or  F,  answering  to  the  Greek  alpha,  the  Persian  alif  and 
the  long  A  in  Zend.  The  first  form  is  evidently  derived  from 
the  Greek,  the  second  is  used  in  its  place  on  two  tombs  at  Li* 
myra  (Plate  XXXVI.  Nos.  7  and  8),  perhaps  only  by  a  whim 
of  the  artist. 

X,  a  short  or  soft  A;  its  ibrm  has  a  resemblance  to  the  A 
in  some  Phoenician  inscriptions ;  its  sound  is  determined  by  its 
occurrence  in  the  words  XXRVK  and  TPXMEA^;  the  first, 
AOURU*,  is  part  of  the  name  of  Ormuzd,  in  Zend  Akura, 
which  begins  with  a  short  A ;  the  other,  written  by  the  Greeks 
TpefiiXcu,  is  the  Asiatic  name  of  a  portiot^  of  the  people  of  Lycia 

*  When  OU  occors  in  this  paper  it  should  be  expresaed  OU. 


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444  APPENDIX  B. 

here  this  letter  is  rendered  in  Greek  by  epsilon^  there  being  no 
nearer  sound  to  it^in  that  language.  The  Lycian  alphabet  has 
E  to  express  epsilouy  so  that  X  can  only  be  a  short  A. 

^  a  long  E^  closely  allied  to  the  Greek  H^  and  probably 
aspirated  when  at  the  beginning  of  a  word.  The  name  of  Hera- 
clea  on  the  coins  (Nos.  3  and  9,  Plate  XXXVII.)  is  written 
"f^PEKA^^  which  can  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  force  of  the 
letter.  On  the  bas-relief,  page  116,  the  name  of  EKATOM- 
NAZ,  when  transcribed  in  Lycian,  begins  with  this  letter, 
which  thus  is  made  to  answer  to  an  aspirated  E  in  Greek. 
This  character  is  found  on  a  few  of  the  early  Etruscan  monu- 
ments, where  Lanzi  thought  it  a  numeral  {Saffffio  di  Linffiia 
Etrascay  vol.  i.  p.  167).  It  is  also  found  united  with  letters 
strongly  resembling  Phoenician,  on  several  coins  of  unknown 
towns,  supposed  to  have  been  Cilician. 

E,  taken  from  the  Greek  epsilon,  and  answering  to  the  short 
E  of  the  Eastern  languages. 

I,  a  long  I;  it  is  generally,  and  perhaps  always,  followed  by  a 
vowel,  as  the  instances  to  the  contrary  may  arise  from  mis- 
takes, to  which  this  letter  is  particularly  subject  from  its  simple 
form ;  it  occurs  very  frequently  between  two  vowels,  where  its 
force  must  have  been  nearly  that  of  our  Y.  To  distinguish  it 
from  the  short  I,  it  has  been  uniformly  rendered  Y. 

i,  a  short  I  ^  its  exact  value  was  first  determined  in  APiN A, 
the  ancient  name  of  Xanthus,  which  occurs  both  in  the  Greek 
and  Lycian  parts  of  the  obelisk  at  that  place,  and  also  on  a  coin 
of  the  same  town;  Stephanus  Byzantinus  calls  this  name  Apva, 
which  proves  that  the  vowel  dropped  in  his  time  must  have  been 
a  short  one.  Both  the  preceding  letters  seem  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  the  Greek  iota^  with  shght  modifications  in  form,  to 
create  a  distinction  between  them. 

O  or  0;  the  Greek  omicron  and  short  O  of  the  Zend  alpha- 
bet ;  the  second  form,  which  occurs  rarely  in  our  inscriptions, 
is  found  both  on  early  Greek  and  Etruscan  monuments. 

B  or  by  +y  and  X,  X  or  £,  are  letters  which,  without  being 


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LYCIAN  ALPHABET.  445 

exactly  identical^  are  very  much  interchanged ;  they  are  the 
cause  of  great  difficulty  in  deciphering  the  Lycian  inscriptions^ 
which  is  much  increased  by  their  being  used  in  a  different 
manner  on  different  monuments.  Although  there  are  here  six 
fbrms^  they  are  in  reality  only  three  letters^  the  first  and  second 
being  identical,  and  the  three  last  mere  variations  of  one  letter ; 
we  will  therefore  only  take  into  consideration  the  commonest 
form  of  each. 

B  is  evidently  copied  from  the  Greek  betUy  and  it  would  na- 
turally be  supposed  identical  with  that  letter  3  but  it  frequently 
occurs  as  a  vowel,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  name  of  the  town 
TPBBWNEME,  of  which  the  coins  are  not  uncommon  (Plate 
XXXVIL,  Nos.  1,  5,  19  and  20),  and  which  is  also  named  on 
the  obelisk  at  Xanthus.  I  shall  shortly  show  that  this  can  be 
no  other  than  the  town  afterwards  called  by  the  Greeks  TAQZ, 
and  that  its  inhabitants  were  either  called  Tp(k>6)69  or  Tpeoe?. 
As  it  will  be  necessary  to  enter  into  this  subject  at  some  length 
when  I  come  to  the  examination  of  the  Lycian  coins,  I  will,  to 
avoid  repetition,  refer  you  to  what  is  there  stated.  Besides  this 
vowel  sound  of  B  answering  nearly  to  the  Greek  omegay  it  is 
also  very  frequently  a  consonant.  This  double  employment  of 
B  is  sufficiently  puzzling,  but  the  pecuUar  use  of  beta  in  cer- 
tain Greek  dialects  throws  some  light  upon  it.  In  Miiller's 
History  of  the  Doric  Race,  vol.  ii.  p.  431,  it  is  stated,  that 
among  the  Dorians  the  digamma  generally  assumed  the  form  of 
B,  and  a  number  of  instances  are  there  given  from  the  Laco- 
nian,  Cretan,  Pamphylian  and  other  dialects.  In  the  Greek 
coins  of  the  Emperors  Severus  and  Verus,  the  sound  of  V  is 
produced  either  by  B  or  OY,  the  former  name  being  written 
either  ZEOYHPOZ  or  ZEBHPOZ,  showing  that  in  some 
parts  the  sounds  of  B  and  OY  were  identical. 

It  seems,  therefore,  that  B  was  used  in  Lycia  to  represent  a 
letter,  the  force  of  which  must  have  been  nearly  that  of  our  W 
when  used  as  a  consonant,  and  of  the  Greek  A  or  OY  when  as 
a  vo^'el.     Such  a  letter  is  found  in  several  Asiatic  languages. 


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446  APPENDIX  B. 

In  Persian  the  letter  JVaw  is  used  both  as  consonant  and 
vowel ;  in  the  former  case  it  is  a  W^  in  the  latter  a  broad  or 
long  U. 

In  Zend,  according  to  Anquetil  du  Perron,  the  letter  >  is  a 
short  O,  and  its  duplication  ^  is  OU,  or  in  some  districts  W. 
This  explains  exactly  the  uses  of  B  in  Lycian,  both  as  a  double 

0  and  as  a  W ;  in  other  words,  that  peculiar  sound  which  we 
consider  as  a  doubling  of  U  is  formed  both  in  Zend  and  Lycian 
by  doubling  the  O,  which  letter  must  have  had  in  those  lan- 
guages a  sound  somewhat  intervening  between  our  O  and  U. 
M.  Burnouf  has  corrected  Anquetil  on  the  subject  of  these  two 
letters,  alleging  that  if  the  double  letter  is  equal  to  W,  its  half 
must  be  U ;  and  thinking  that  >  is  always  used  as  a  conso- 
nant, he  employs  V  to  represent  it,  and  U  to  represent  its  half 
>.  The  difficulty  of  deciding  this  notatter  is  increased  by  the 
number  of  letters  in  Zend,  as  besides  the  two  just  mentioned, 
there  are  other  forms  for  V,  W,  U  long  and  O  long  and  short. 
M,  Bumouf's  remarks  on  these  letters  will  be  found  in  the  In- 
troduction to  his  Commentaire  $ur  le  Yaqna.  I  am  very  fearful 
of  going  wrong  when  I  quit  the  guidance  of  M,  Burnouf,  but  in 
this  instance  I  cannot  help  following  the  reading  of  the  letters 
given  by  Anquetil,  because  it  explains  the  use  of  the  B  in  the 
Lycian  inscriptions,  and  is  itself  confirmed  thereby. 

In  the  Pehlvi  alphabet,  according  to  Anquetil,  who  is  here 
the  only  guide,  one  character  serves  for  B,  V,  O  and  OU,  which 
last  he  uses  nearly  as  we  use  W.  This  may  be  seen  in  his 
Pehlvi  alphabet  in  the  third  volume  of  the  Zend-Avesta,  apd  is 
also  mentioned  in  his  Recherches  sur  Us  Ancietmes  Langues  de 
la  Perse,  published  in  the  Mimoires  de  PAcad6mie  des  In- 
scriptions  et  Belles  Leitres,  vol.  xxxi.,  1768,  p.  400,  where,  after 
mentioning  that  there  are  two  characters  for  B,  he  adds  ^'  le  Pehlvi 
forme  peutfitre  TO,  POU  et  le  V  de  la  deuxieme  figure  B.*'  This 
is  very  analogous  to  the  manner  in  which  B  is  used  in  Lycian. 

In  writing  out  the  Lycian  inscriptions  in  Roman  characters, 

1  have  endeavoured  as  far  as  possible  to  use  a  different  single 


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LYCIAN  ALPHABET.  447 

letter  for  each  Lycian  character,  but  I  have  found  it  impossible 
to  do  so  with  the  letters  now  under  consideration^  since  we  have 
no  letter  which  answers  to  the  different  uses  of  the  B ;  the 
nearest  to  it  is  undoubtedly  W^  but  this  will  not  do  in  idl  in* 
stances;  I  have  therefore  rendered  the  B  by  W  where  it  appears 
to  be  a  consonant,  and  by  OU  where  it  is  a  vowel.  I  preferred 
the  latter  to  O,  as  having  more  aodogy  to  W. 

(t  performs  the  same  double  part  of  vowel  and  consonant  as 
B,  and  appears  to  have  the  same  force  of  W  and  O  long.  It 
is  frequently  interchanged  with  B ;  thus  we  find  the  town  of 
TPBBVkNEME,  and  the  people  TPXXAS;  also  8tB^  and 
S^X^,  etc.  In  both  these  cases  the  two  letters  seem  iden- 
tical, yet  they  are  always  distinguished  in  some  words  in  the 
same  inscriptions,  for  the  word  XX  PW  is  invariably  thus  written, 
the  second  letter  being  never  changed ;  this  word  is  the  first 
piurt  of  the  Zend  name  of  Ormuzd,  it  is  written  by  Anquetil 
EhorUf  by  M.  Bumouf  Ahura,  therefore  in  this  word  the  letter 
X  seems  to  be  an  O  or  U  lengthened  by  aspiration.  It  is  usually 
a  vowel^  and  very  rarely  a  consonant*  In  copying  out  the  in- 
scriptions I  have  adopted  the  same  letters  to  represent  this  as 
are  employed  for  B,  namely,  W  when  a  consonant  and  OU 
when  a  vowel. 

-|-  is  also  both  vowel  and  consonant,  and  closely  allied  to  the 
two  preceding,  being  interchanged  with  both ;  thus  we  have 
BOFf  APE  and  +OF4^APE,  i^£BE  and  "M-BE,  etc.,  yet  the 
letters  are  not  identical;  for  we  find  many  words  in  which 
two  of  them  occur  together,  as  on  one  of  the  coins,  probably  be- 
longing to  T7fKe<f>u}^,  we  find  T^A^Bt^+E+4^,  where  B  and  + 
represent  different  consonants ;  many  others,  which  will  be  seen 
by  reference  to  the  inscriptions.  There  are  many  words, 
particularly  in  the  later  inscriptions,  where  -f*  might  be  ren- 
dered by  H,  as  in  the  name  just  quoted,  which,  if  written 
TELEWEHEHE,  gives  a  word  with  a  termination  analogous 
to  that  of  some  of  the  genitives  in  Zend ;  yet  H  will  not  do  to 
express  the  letter  when  it  is  a  long  vowel. 


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448  APPENDIX  B. 

Thus,  although  feeling  convinced  that  there  are  differences 
between  the  three  letters  B>  +  and  CT^  I  find  them  so  nearly  al- 
lied and  so  frequently  interchanged^  that  I  am  quite  at  a  loss  to 
express  a  distinction  between  them  in  our  letters,  and  I  have 
written  them  all  three  in  the  same  manner,  W  when  they  appear 
to  be  consonants,  and  OU  when  they  are  vowels. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  reduce  to  any  rule  the  differences  be- 
tween these  three  letters,  because  the  manner  in  which  they 
are  respectively  used  varies  in  the  different  inscriptions,  and 
also  in  different  parts  of  the  same  monument.  I  thought  at 
first  that  in  the  mixed  population  of  Lycia  these  variations 
might  depend  upon  the  writing  being  the  work  of  a  Greek  or  of 
an  Asiatic  sculptor ;  for  we  can  easily  understand  that  a  Greek 
could  not  reconcile  himself  to  use  B  for  a  vowel  while  he  had 
another  character  to  use  instead  of  it ;  to  an  Asiatic  this  would 
be  a  matter  of  indifference.  But  further  examination  has  con- 
vinced me  that  there  must  have  been  an  alteration  going  on  in 
the  pronunciation  during  the  period  over  which  the  monuments 
extend,  which  caused  a  corresponding  alteration  in  the  use  of 
the  letters.  This  seems  to  have  consisted  in  the  gradual  change 
in  many  words  from  W  to  H,  sounds  which  have  a  great 
analogy  to  one  another,  especially  if  both  are  pronounced  firom 
the  throat,  as  must  have  been  the  case  in  Lycia,  where  the  same 
character  represented  an  aspiration  and  the  long  vowel  O  or  OU'^. 
At  one  period  there  were  only  the  characters  B  and  3B  to  ex- 
press this  class  of  sounds,  at  another  B  and  J^  represent  two 
sounds,  the  former  W,  the  latter  perhaps  H,  while  CC  remains 
intermediate  between  them.  I  infer  that  the  use  of  the  single 
character  is  more  ancient  than  its  subdivision,  from  the  gene- 
ral tendency  of  languages  to  become  more  complicated,  and 
from  the  internal  evidence  afforded  by  the  monuments  and 
coins.     Of  the  latter  very  few  contain  these  letters ;  the  coin 

*  A  Bimilar  change  from  F  to  H  took  place  in  Spanish;  fidalgo  being 
turned  into  hidalgo. 


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LYCIAN  ALPHABET.  449 

referred  to  Ti/Xe^to?' appears  from  its  workmanship  to  be  one 
of  the  most  modem  of  those  with  Lycian  characters,  and  the 
letters  B  and  +  occur  as  distinct  consonants  in  a  manner  not 
found  on  any  of  the  earlier  coins ;  and  the  coins  of  TROOU- 
NEME;  on  which  B  is  always  used  as  a  vowel,  are  among  the 
earliest  from  Lycia*  The  examination  of  the  monuments  leads 
to  the  same  conclusion :  on  the  north-east  and  north-west  sides 
of  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus,  B  is  either  vowel  or  consonant  in- 
differently, and  +  only  occurs  three  times,  while  in  most  of  the 
other  inscriptions  this  is  one  of  the  letters  of  most  common 
occurrence :  on  no  other  monuments  are  these  peculiarities  so 
strongly  marked;  consequently  the  inscriptions  on  these  two 
sides  of  the  obelisk,  the  date  of  which  is  about  500  b.c«,  must 
either  be  the  most  ancient  or  the  most  modem  of  the  whole 
series ;  with  such  an  alternative  there  can  be  no  hesitation  in 
considering  them  as  the  most  ancient,  as  we  should  otherwise 
have  to  assign  to  the  other  moniunents  an  antiquity  which 
would  be  qiiite  incredible.  This  change  in  the  language  was 
gradual,  as  there  arc  inscriptions  in  which  the  letters  B  and  + 
seem  nearly  identical,  which  must  be  considered  as  of  an  age 
intermediate  between  those  where  the  B  only  occurs,  and  the 
others  in  which  the  difference  between  the  two  letters  is  strongly 
marked. 

In  Zend,  besides  the  character  already  mentioned,  there  is 
another  letter,  which  M.  Bumouf  considers  a  W,  which  is  a  very 
slight  deviation  in  form  from  the  H  of  that  alphabet :  probably 
these  were  originally  the  same  letter,  and  the  stroke  distin- 
guishing them  added  at  a  later  period,  which  would  be  analo- 
gous to  the  change  we  find  in  Lycian :  at  any  rate  there  seems 
nearly  the  same  difficulty  about  the  sounds  W  and  H  in  Zend 
as  there  is  in  Lycian, 

The  letter  -|-  occurs  in  an  Etmscan  inscription  mentioned  by 
Lanzi,  vol. i.  p.  168,  the  sound  of  which  he  leaves  in  doubt: 
there  is  also  an  Etruscan  letter  of  frequent  use  which  seems  a 
variation  in  form  from  B,  and  which  is  without  doubt  derived 

2o 


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450  APPENDIX  B. 

from  the  same  source  as  that  letter :  it  is  8^  showing  a  great 
analogy  to  a  double  O ;  itis  considered  by  Lanzi  to  be  equivalent 
to  Ph;  a  letter  which  might  have  been  used  to  express  the  sound 
of  W,  as  the  Latin  F  took  the  place  of  the  digamma :  the  same 
character  occurs  on  several  undetermined  coins  attributed  to 
Cilicia.  The  Greeks  sometimes  used  <£>  to  express  the  Lycian 
B>  as  in  the  name  of  Trfkafiio^,  mentioned  above^  page  447^ 

The  vowel  U  has  also  two  characters  in  Lycian^  but  the  dif- 
ference between  them  appears  to  be  very  slight,  as  they  are  fre- 
quently interchanged;  yet  as  the  Lycians  had  a  long  and  a  short 
sound  to  each  of  the  other  vowels,  it  seems  natural  to  suppose 
the  two  characters  for  U  to  have  the  same  difference  between 
them. 

T,  with  the  variations  in  the  form  of  the  letter  seen  in  the 
Alphabet,  I  consider  to  be  a  long  U. 

W,  and  the  varieties  of  form  of  the  short  U  given  in  the 
Alphabet,  are  evidently  derived  from  the  Greek  upsilon ;  and 
in  the  Greek  inscription  pubUshed  in  your  Journal  of  1838, 
page  222,  the  upsilon  is  made  in  the  same  fashion,  X.  Both 
these  letters  vary  more  than  any  others  in  the  Lycian  alphabet, 
and  it  is  difficult  to  know  to  which  some  of  the  more  fanciful 
forms  apply ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  all  of  them  are  U, 
either  long  or  short. 

Consonants. 

B  has  been  already  given  among  the  semi-vowels ;  the  Lycians 
appear  not  to  have  had  the  sound  which  we  attach  to  this  letter; 
their  P  answering  in  all  probability  the  purpose  of  both  our  P 
andB. 

y ,  with  the  varieties  seen  in  the  Alphabet,  answers  to  the  Greek 
gamma,  a  G  hard:  the  first  is  the  character  commonly  used, 
from  which  the  second  and  third  are  variations  arising  fi*om  mis- 
takes; their  value  was  first  determined  in  the  name  of  Arppagos, 
which  occurs  both  in  the  Greek  and  the  Lycian  on  the  obelisk  at 
Xanthus :  the  two  last,  which  are  mere  variations  of  T,  are  used 


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LYCIAN  ALPHABET.  451 

in  the  inscriptions  from  Pinara^  Plate  XXX.  No.  20  of  this,  and 
from  Xanthus,  page  225  of  the  former  Journal,  in  words  else- 
where written  with  V.  A  letter  nearly  similar  to  the  first  is 
used  for  6  on  the  Indo-Bactrian  coins  (see  Prof.  Lassen's  Alpha- 
bet in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  for  1838-39). 
The  Etruscans  also  have  a  character  very  similar  to  ^  ^  which  is 
read  Ch  by  Lanzi,  vol.  i.  p.  167 ;  it  occurs  as  the  second  letter 
in  the  names  of  Achilles  and  Agamemnon,  so  that  it  must  have 
had  nearly  the  force  of  6  attributed  to  the  Lycian  letter. 

A,  exactly  the  Oreek  delta,  and  doubtless  of  the  same  sound. 
It  is  a  letter  of  less  frequent  occurrence  in  Lycian  than  might 
have  been  expected,  its  place  being  supplied  by  T  in  many 
words  which  are  written  with  D  in  other  Eastern  languages. 

X  ;  the  Oreek  zeta  is  made  in  this  form  on  some  early  monu- 
ments. On  the  bas-relief  at  Cadyanda,  page  116,  on  which  the 
names  are  written  both  in  Grreek  and  Lycian  characters,  the 
Lycian  X  is  expressed  in  Oreek  by  Z ;  it  may  be  inferred  from 
that  circumstance,  that  the  letter  X  had  a  purely  sibilant  sound, 
and  that  the  Lycian  S  was  pronounced  like  Sh. 

K  corresponds  both  in  form  and  use  to  the  Oreek  kappa. 

A  is  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  Oreek  lambda.  There  is  no 
L  in  the  Zend  alphabet,  R  being  always  used  instead  of  it ;  in 
Pehlvi  there  are  both  L  and  R. 

t^  ,/^,  m,  answer  to  the  Greek  mu:  the  second,  which  is 
found  in  early  Greek  inscriptions,  is  the  commonest  form  of  M 
in  the  Lycian  monuments ;  the  third  occurs  on  a  coin  figured 
below.  No.  28,  which  appears  firom  its  type  to  belong  to  some 
city  of  Lycia;  it  nearly  resembles  the  usual  Etruscan  M. 

N,  M,  N,  ^,  different  forms  of  N,  none  of  which  can  be 
mistaken. 

PyCt",  different  forms  of  the  Oreek  11,  all  of  which  are 
found  on  Oreek  monuments.  Occasionally  F  occurs  in  your 
copies  of  the  inscriptions,  but  it  appears,  from  a  comparison  of 
all  the  words  in  which  it  is  found,  that  it  is  not  a  gamma,  but 
a  pi,  which  should  have  been  copied  P  ;  the  difference  between 

2g2 


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452  APPENDIX  B. 

the  two  is  so  slight,  that  it  is  surprising  that  this  error  has  not 
been  made  oftener.    At  the  time  when  the  letter  pi  was  formed 
P,  the  character  F  could  not  have  existed  as  a  different  letter, 
without  leading  to  endless  mistakes ;  this  may  account  for  our 
finding  the  O  of  a  form  so  different  from  the  usual  Greek  gamma. 
P  is  exactly  the  Greek  rho,  both  in  form  and  use. 
^9  'Sy  iy  different  forms  of  S.    It  has  been  mentioned  above 
that  the  Lycian  Z  or  Z  appears  to  answer  in  sound  to  the 
Greek  Z :  on  the  other  hand,  the  Lycian  word  SA  corresponds 
to  the  Persian  S/iahy  so  that  the  S  must  have  been  pronounced 
as  Sh  I  but  as  this  distinction  cannot  be  traced  in  all  the  Lycian 
words  in  which  the  letters  Z  and  S  occur,  it  may  be  presumed 
that  the  two  letters  were  very  nearly  allied  to  one  another. 
T  cannot  be  mistaken. 

F;  although  agreeing  in  form  with  the  digamma,  this  letter 
does  not  appear  to  have  had  the  sound  of  W,  but  rather  that  of 
our  F,  or  perhaps  of  the  German  Pf ;  this  pronunciation  is  de- 
termined by  finding  it  as  the  initial  letter  of  the  town,  which 
the  Greeks  called  neBaaaa :  it  answers  to  the  Persian  Fa. 

X  resembles  in  form  the  Greek  chi :  it  is  of  very  rare  occur* 
rence,  only  appearing  on  the  coins  of  two  cities,  and  in  the  in- 
scriptions on  the  south-east  and  south-west  sides  of  the  Obelisk 
at  Xanthus.  In  some  words  this  letter  seems  to  be  equivalent 
to  K,  which  added  to  its  form  may  justify  us  in  considering  it 
to  be  Ch. 

The  comparison  of  the  Lycian  with  the  Greek  letters  shows 
that  the  forms  of  all  the  Lycian  consonants,  except  perhaps  of  G, 
and  of  five  of  the  vowels,  were  derived  from  the  Greek,  and  that 
the  Lycians  added  to  these  five  vowels  to  make  up  a  double  set 
of  long  and  short  vowels ;  and  although  two  of  these  additional 
vowels  nearly  correspond  in  force  to  H  and  fl,  they  do  tiot  re- 
semble them  in  form,  therefore  the  Lycians  must  have  copied 
the  Greek  alphabet  before  it  contained  the  long  vowels  H  and 
ft,  or  the  consonants  O,  B,  *,  %  which  have  no  Lycian  repre- 
sentatives. 


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LYCIAN  ALPHABET.  453 

There  is  great  difficulty  in  comparing  the  Lycian  letters  with 
those  of  the  Persian  and  Indian  languages^  as  their  origin  is 
entirely  different,  yet  it  is  impossible  to  proceed  without  exa- 
mining their  relations  to  the  Zend  alphabet,  as  that  is  the  lan- 
guage nearest  to  it    This  alphabet  has  been  fully  analysed  by 
M.Bumouf  in  the  Introduction  to  his  Commentaire  sur  le  Ya^na; 
it  contains  thirteen  vowels  and  thirty  consonants :  in  Sanscrit 
the  number  is  still  greater;  against  these  Lycian  has  only 
twenty-five  letters  in  all.     It  is  obvious  that  this  difference  must 
cause  great  difficulty  in  studying  Lycian  by  the  help  of  those 
languages,  as  each  letter  may  answer  to  several  letters  in  Zend 
or  Sanscrit,  and  it  is  quite  impossible  to  guess,  i  priori,  bow  the 
analogue  of  a  Lycian  word  will  be  spelled.     It  is  probable  also 
that  an  alphabet  of  Semitic  origin,  and  of  such  limited  extent, 
must  have  been  an  imperfect  organ  of  expressing  a  language 
related  to  Zend,  so  that  many  peculiarities  of  the  language  must 
be  lost  in  it,  and  the  principles  of  orthography  in  the  language 
may  be  altered  in  consequence.    It  will  be  impossible  to  resolve 
these  doubts  until  the  language  is  thoroughly  understood;  in 
the  mean  time  I  dwell  particularly  upon  them,  because  in  this 
difference  between  the  Lycian  alphabet  and  the  alphabets  of 
the  languages  to  which  it  is  most  nearly  related,  will  be  found 
the  principal  obstacle  to  the  study  of  Lycian. 

The  difference  between  the  vowels  in  Lycian  and  Zend  is  not 
of  much  importance.  The  Zend  has  a  nasal  A  which  is  not 
found  in  Lycian,  and  a  diphthong  AO,  which  is  probably  in- 
cluded in  the  Lycian  letter  -h-  Between  the  consonants  of  the 
two  languages  the  difference  is  very  great :  the  Zend  alphabet 
has  the  aspirates  Kh,  Gh,  Th,  Dh,  Teh,  Ch,  which  are  wanting  in 
Lycian,  where  the  corresponding  unaspirated  letters  answered 
apparently  to  the  aspirated  and  unaspirated  letters  in  Zend : 
thus  ITATA  in  Lycian  is  derived  from  a  verb  answering  to 
the  Greek  rt^ftt,  and  to  the  Zend  DADHAMI.  The  nasals 
G,  Ng,  and  N  are  wanting  in  Lycian ;  as  also  Dj,  J,  and  Q ;  all 


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454  APPENDIX  B. 

of  which  occur  in  Zend.  L  is  the  only  Lycian  letter  not  used 
in  Zend;  where  its  place  is  filled  by  R. 

The  following  Table  represents  the  Lycian  letters  with  all  their 
variations  of  form ;  against  each  are  placed  the  Greek  and  Zend 
letters  supposed  to  be  related  to  it,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
the  preceding  explanations  intelligible  at  one  view.  It  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  many  of  the  comparisons  therein  estabUshed 
cannot  be  relied  upon,  as  the  relation  of  many  of  the  letters  are 
still  to  be  ascertained. 

Before  quitting  the  alphabet,  it  is  worth  considering  which 
letters  are  most  in  danger  of  being  confounded  together  in  copy- 
ing the  Lycian  inscriptions :  I  have  placed  together,  at  the  foot 
of  the  alphabet,  the  letters  which  are  the  most  likely  to  be 
copied  one  for  another ;  and  it  is  by  these  resemblances  that  I 
have  been  guided  in  the  corrections  required  to  be  made  in 
your  copies  of  the  inscriptions. 


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m 


5  if^pV 


K, 


^  i^^: 


?^ 


>;vj 


IC^ 


s 


I 


^ 


No 


g^ 


4 


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LIST  OF  ANCIENT  LYCIAN  COINS 

IN  PLATE  XXXVIII.  AND  FOLLOWING  WOODCUTS. 


No. 


Id  the 


ion  of 


Cities  to  which  they  belong. 


Obverse  of  Coins. 


8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 

23 
24 

*25 
2fi 
27 

t28 

29 

30 
31 


C.  Pellowa      .... 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Ditto 

Hunterian  Collection    . 


rroooneme  (Tros  or  Tlos)    .     .     . 

KopaUe j 

Erecl^  (Heraclea) 

IMtto     Ditto  .    .     .   (copper)/ 
Troouneme  (Tros  or  Tlos)    . 


Ditto 


Ditto 


Kopalle 


Ditto 


Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

British  Museum  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  , 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 

Ditto  •  .  . 

Ditto  .  .  . 


Ga6aga  (Gagae) 
BrecU  (Heraclea) 
M6r6  (Myra)      . 


Kopalle 


F^gas^rdeme  (Pegasa  or  Pedasa) 
Ditto  Ditto     .     . 

KopaUe     

F^gss^rderae  (Pedasa  or  Pegasa) 

Troouneme  (Tros  or  Tlos)  .  . 
Ditto  Ditto  .... 


Ditto      ... 

Ditto 

Bank  of  England     .     . 
Bibliothdque  Royale,  Paris 
Banic  of  England     .     . 

Ditto 

Vienna 


Kopalle 


Illegible 

Kopalle? 

Ditto 

Ptterazu  (Patara)   .     .     . 
Telewehebe  (Telephios?) 


I 


Bank  of  England 

Ditto      .     .     . 
Paris      .... 


Perecl^  ? 


Skin  of  lion's  head. 
Lion  passing  with  head  turn- 
ed back. 
Skin  of  lion's  head. 
Head  of  Pan,  with  wreath 

and  horns. 
See  Plate. 
The  forequarters  of  two  bulls 

joined,  the  heads  looking 

different  ways ;  over  them 

the  triquetra. 
Bull  with  human  £ace,  with 

hump  upon  his  back. 
Sphinx,  standing. 
Skin  of  lion's  head. 
Forequarters  of  a  bull. 
Skin  of  lion's  head. 
Horse  biting  his  hind  leg. 
Pegasus. 
Ditto. 

Naked  man  running. 
Three  quarters  of  Pegasus. 
Lion  upon  the  back  of  a  bull. 
Skin  of  lion's  head. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 
The  forequarters  of  two  bulls 

joined,  the  heads  looking 

different  ways;  over  them 

the  triquetra. 
Three  quarters  of  Pegasus. 
Two  dolphins. 
A  gi-iffin. 
Human  head. 
Head  of  Minerva. 
Pegasus. 
A  griffin  sitting  with  letter 

as  on  reverse. 
A  sphinx  with  horns. 
Head  of  lion. 


[*  By  the  kindness  of  M.  Lenorman,  I  have  been  furnished  with  copies  of  all  the  ancient 
Lycian  Coins  in  the  Paris  Collection,  four  of  which  are  in  the  Bibliothdque,  and  three  in  the 
Cabinet  of  M.  le  due  de  Luynes :  three  not  here  drawn  are  of  Kopalle,  having  for  their  ob- 
verses a  Pegasus,  a  goat,  and  the  head  of  Jupiter  Ammon  i  and  two  of  Erecl6,  one  with  the  head 
of  a  lion,  and  the  other  described  as  a  human  head  crowned  and  radiated,  the  coin  copper ;  pro- 
bably this  may  be  similar  to  No.  4.  The  nails  represented  in  the  triquetra  in  No.  25  are  re- 
markable, and  may  assist  conjecture  as  to  the  symbol  which  is  seen  in  No.  30,  with  four  arms. — 
C.  F.] 

[t  From  Vienna  I  have  received,  in  the  most  liberal  manner,  from  M.  Ameth  casts  of  all  the 
uncertain  coins  in  the  Imperial  Cabinet.  Two  only  are  of  ancient  Lycia ;  the  one  not  represented 
is  so  imperfect  that  the  inscription  is  illegible,  the  reverse  appears  to  be  the  half  of  a  Pe^sus. — 
C.  P.] 


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456  APPENDIX  B. 


ON  THE  COINS  OF  LYCIA. 

The  only  coins  hitherto  attributed  to  Lycia,  are  a  well-marked 
series  with  Greek  legends,  bearing  the  initial  letters  of  the  city 
at  which  each  was  struck,  and  the  word  Avku»v;  these  are 
common  in  good  collections,  and  a  copious  list  of  them  will  be 
found  in  Mionnet.  I  have  stated  above,  page  440,  my  reasons 
for  thinking  that  they  were  struck  during  the  existence  of  the 
Lycian  league,  and  have  nothing  to  add  respecting  them,  as 
they  are  too  well  known  to  require  illustration.  Besides  these 
there  exist  a  variety  of  coins  with  legends  in  Lycian  characters, 
which  have  hitherto  been  classed  for  the  most  part  as  uncertdn 
coins  of  Cilicia;  the  following  remarks  will  be  devoted  to  their 
examination,  which  requires  some  inquiry  into  the  ancient  geo- 
graphy of  the  country. 

Xanthus. — ^This  having  been  the  capital  of  the  country 
might  be  expected  to  furnish  the  greatest  number  of  coins,  but 
that  is  far  from  the  case,  and  great  obscurity  hangs  over  the 
few  which  are  attributed  to  this  town.  The  name  of  Xan- 
thus  applies  both  to  the  city  and  the  river  on  which  it  stands, 
which  was  anciently  called  Sirbe.  Stephanus  Byzantinus  tells 
us  that  Ama  was  the  ancient  name  of  the  town  of  Xanthus, 
and  though  this  is  not  confirmed  by  any  other  author,  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  his  assertion,  for  it  is  obvious  that  Xanthus, 
being  a  Greek  translation  of  Sirbe,  must  have  been  first  applied 
to  the  river,  and  cannot  have  been  the  original  name  of  the  town. 
Homer  speaks  of  the  river  Xanthus  frequently,  but  does  not  name 
the  town,  which  is  first  mentioned  by  Herodotus.  We  could 
hardly  expect  to  find  the  name  of  Xanthus  in  the  Lycian  inscrip- 


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LYCIAN  COINS.  457 

tions^^chich  would  of  course  call  that  town  by  its  Asiatic  name  ; 
neither* does  the  exact  word^ma  occur  in  them^but  on  the  obelisk 
at  Xanthus  APiNA^  or  Arina  occurs,  once  in  the  Greek,  and 
several  times  in  the  Lycian  parts  of  the  inscription.  The  dif- 
ference between  this  and  the  name  as  given  by  Stephanus,  con- 
sists merely  in  the  insertion  of  a  short  vowel  between  the  two 
consonants,  which  rendered  the  word  more  easy  of  pronuncia- 
tion to  the  Lydans,  whose  language  abounds  in  vowels,  but 
which  would  easily  be  dropped  by  the  Greeks.  If  this  word 
had  on]y  been  found  in  the  inscriptions,  it  might  be  doubted 
whether  it  was  the  name  of  a  town,  but  this  is  proved  by  a  coin 
figured  by  Pellerin,  vol.  ii.  Plate  LXXXV.  Fig.  28.  with  the 
name  APiNA,  and  another  name  in  Lycian  characters,  which 
is  not  quite  legible.  Pellerin,  reading  the  third  letter  X,  re- 
ferred the  coin  to  Araxa  in  Armenia;  but  Mionnet  has  placed  it 
among  the  Cilician  coins,  on  account  of  its  general  character  and 
its  legend:  it  is  his  No.  681,  vol.iii.  p.  668.  On  the  front  is  a 
head  of  Pallas,  and  on  the  reverse  the  legend,  and  a  sitting  figure 
of  Pallas  armed  with  spear  and  shield,  etc.  I  feel  no  hesita- 
tion in  referring  this  coin  to  the  city  of  Xanthus  under  its 
ancient  name  of  Arina  or  Ama.  Having  only  seen  the  engra- 
ving of  the  coin,  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  decided  opinion  as  to 
its  date ;  but  from  its  appearance,  and  its  not  having  the  tri- 
quetra,  which  occurs  on  all  the  earUest  Lycian  coins,  I  am 
inclined  to  think  it  of  the  second  period,  and  not  much  earlier 
than  the  time  of  Alexander.  It  would  be  inconsistent  with  this 
opinion  to  find  any  coins  of  so  early  a  date  with  the  Greek  name 
of  Xanthus. 

In  the  catalogue  of  Graeco-Lycian  coins,  in  the  third  volume 
of  Mionnet,  there  are  two  attributed  to  Xanthus,  No.  78,  with 
the  legend  ZA  ATKIAN,  and  No.  79,  with  AHMO  Z  AN ;  it 
will  be  observed  that  in  both  these  the  name  is  written  with  Z  in- 
stead of  X.  Among  the  Lycian  coins  figured  in  Plate  XXXVII., 
No.  11  appears  to  be  of  the  same  town  as  the  two  just  referred 
to  ;  disregarding  a  stroke,  which  may  be  attributed  to  an  acci- 
dental  defect,  the   most  probable   reading   of  the  legend   is 


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458  APPENDIX  B. 

IAN ,  or  Zan ;  but  the  third  letter  is  not  certain^  as  it  is  partially 
lost  at  the  edge  of  the  die.  This  coin  is  in  the  collection  of  the 
British  Museum ;  it  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Lycian  coins 
known^  and  must  be  more  ancient  than  the  Persian  conquest  of 
Lycia ;  it  bears  the  usual  triquetral  accompanied  by  a  grain  of 
barley^  and  on  the  reverse  a  lion's  head.  As  there  is  eveiy 
reason  to  suppose  that  when  it  was  struck  there  was  no  town 
yet  called  Xanthus^  I  cannot  refer  it  to  that  city^  although  I 
can  find  no  other  in  Lycia  which  will  suit  it ;  it  must  therefore 
remain  for  the  present  unlocated^  in  company  with  the  two 
Grseco-Lycian  coins^  Nos.  78  and  79  of  Mionnet,  which  cannot 
be  separated  firom  this.  We  have  not  the  names  of  all  the 
seventy  towns  of  Lycia  alluded  to  by  Pliny,  and  it  is  probable 
that  many  which  have  come  down  under  a  Greek  name  in  the 
ancient  geographers,  may  have  been  formerly  known  by  another 
name  now  lost ;  so  that  we  need  not  be  surprised  at  meeting 
with  coins  which  we  cannot  refer  to  any  known  town. 

Tlos. — I  propose  to  refer  to  this  city  the  coins  Nos.  1,  5,  19 
and  20,  of  Plate  XXXVIL,  bearing  the  legend  TPBBWNEME, 
either  at  length  or  abbreviated.  In  Greek  characters  this  word 
would  he  Tp(o<ow€fjb€,  As  EME  occurs  as  the  termination  of 
another  Lycian  town,  it  may  perhaps  be  a  contraction  for  some 
word  signifying  toum ;  the  rest  has  so  much  the  form  of  a  geni- 
tive plural,  that  we  may  translate  the  whole  name  conjecturally, 
Toum  of- the  Trooes,  On  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus  this  name  occurs 
twice,  and  also  several  other  words,  which  are  either  the  names 
of  the  people  to  whom  the  town  belonged,  or  derivatives  relating 
to  them ;  these  in  Greek  characters  would  be  TptaxoBcy  Tpaxoe, 
Tpaxoa^f  TpcDtovaa,  TpaHoire,  TpaxDira,  and  Tp<o{ocTv,  Stepha- 
nus  states  the  derivatives  from  TXo)?  to  be  T\ci)6V9,  TXxolttj^, 
TXa>o9>  and  TXcoto? :  allowing  for  the  common  change  between 
L  and  R,  which  is  found  in  most  languages,  and  the  greater 
lengthening  of  the  first  vowel  in  the  Lycian  names,  the  two  lists 
have  a  strong  resemblance,  and  leave  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of 
the  town. 


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LYCIAN  COINS.  439 

The  coins  of  Troouneme  are  not  uncommon;  among  the 
uncertain  Cilician  coins  in  Mionnet^  Supp.  vol.  vii.  No.  591. 
belongs  to  it.  All  have  a  triquetra,  and  are  of  very  early  date ; 
their  usual  reverse  is  a  lion's  head.  No.  5  has  a  triquetra  on 
each  side^  and  the  name  ZYMOAO  on  the  reverse,  which  is 
perhaps  the  name  of  a  magistrate. 

Myra.— The  legend  on  No.  10.  Plate  XXXVII.  is  MtP^ 
or  Mere;  the  M  is  partially  defaced  on  the  coin,  but  may  still 
be  read :  the  same  name  occurs  on  the  Obelisk  at  Xanthus. 

Mionnet,  Supp.  vol.  vii.,  gives  a  coin  of  the  same  town. 
No.  592  of  his  uncertain  CiUcian  coins  :  it  has  a  triquetra  and 
the  letters  M^PE  .  . .  with  a  head  of  Pan  on  the  reverse. 

Gao^e.— The  legend  on  No.  8.  Plate  XXXVII.  is  not  very 
clear,  but  may  perhaps  be  read  >KA4^EVA,  or  Gaeeffa,  which  is 
probably  the  GagiS  of  the  Oreeks :  the  reverse  is  a  sphinx. 

On  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus  is  the  name  of  Geaega^  which 
differs  slightly,  but  probably  refers  to  the  same  town. 

Heraclba.— The  coin  No.  3.  Plate  XXXVII.  bears  the 
name  of  ^PEKA^,  ereclc  or  herecle,  if  the  vowel  was  aspirated 
when  at  the  beginning  of  a  word.  No.  9  belongs  to  the  same 
town:  its  legend  is  ^PEK.  The  same  name  occurs  on  the 
obelisk  at  Xanthus.  No  town  of  this  name  in  Lycia  is  men- 
tioned by  the  ancient  geographers,  but  there  is  Heraclea  in 
Caria,  to  which  place  this  coin  probably  belongs. 

Pedasa  or  Pegasa,  a  city  of  Caria.  We  have  the  authority 
of  Stephanus  Byzantinus  for  the  variation  in  spelling  the  name 
with  D  or  6.  Among  the  coins  with  Lycian  characters,  are 
several  which  I  propose  to  refer  to  this  town  with  some  hesi- 
tation: they  are  No.  15.  Plate  XXXVII.,  with  the  legend 
F^VSS>^PA,  Fegsserd  (the  last  letter  is  very  doubtfiil);  No.  16 
with  Fcg^  and  a  Pegasus  on  the  reverse  ;  and  No.  18  with  Fed. 


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460  APPENDIX  B. 

The  Lycian  name  of  the  town  to  which  these  apply^  was  pro- 
bably Fagsserdeme,  that  name  being  found  on  the  obelisk  at 
Xanthus.  Changing  the  initial  letters^  which  are  nearly  related 
to  one  another,  F  and  P,  and  dropping  the  terminations  in  each 
case,  there  is  a  great  resemblance  between  the  names ;  and  their 
identity  is  rendered  more  probable  by  the  Pegasus  on  one  of  the 
coins,  and  by  the  name  in  each  language  being  written  with 
either  D  or  6*  One  of  the  horses  of  AchiUes  mentioned  in 
Homer  is  named  Pedasus ;  it  seems  therefore  that  both  Peda- 
sus  and  Pegasus  must  have  been  derived  from  a  word  signifying 
horse  in  Lycian,  or  in  one  of  the  languages  of  Asia  Minor.  If 
the  names  Pegasa  and  Fegsserdeme  are  rightly  identified,  they 
must  be  of  Asiatic  origin ;  for  the  Lycians  would  not  change  P 
into  F  in  adopting  a  Oreek  name,  although  the  Greeks  could 
not  avoid  the  converse  change  in  naturalizing  a  Lycian  name 
beginning  with  F.  By  attending  to  the  nature  of  a  change  of 
this  kind,  the  language  to  which  a  word  originally  belonged 
can  generally  be  detected. 

Cabalia,  according  to  Pliny  and  Ptolemy,  or  Caballis, 
according  to  Strabo,  was  an  inland  district  of  Lycia,  containing 
the  three  cities  Oenoanda,  Balbura,  and  Bubon.  Strabo,  Book 
XIIL  p.  629  and  631,  enters  into  some  details  respecting  the 
inhabitants,  who  were  said  to  be  Solymi. 

The  most  common  of  the  Lycian  coins  appear  to  belong  to 
this  district;  No.  12.  Plate  XXXYII.  has  the  name  KOPAAAE, 
Kopalle,  which  is  also  found  on  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus ;  on  the 
rest  the  name  is  abbreviated ;  No.  17  having  KopaU,  and  Nos. 
2,  6,  7j  and  22,  only  Kop. 

Mionnet,  Supplement,  vol.  vii.,  has  published  a  coin  of  the 
same  district,  with  the  legend  Kopj  which  he  has  classed  among 
the  imcertain  coins  of  Cilicia  as  No.  589.  The  identity  of  the 
names  is  not  complete,  but  there  is  no  other  name  in  Lycia 
nor  the  surrounding  countries  to  which  these  coins  can  be  re- 
ferred. 


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LYCIAN  COINS. 
No.  24. 


461 


This  coin  probably  belongs  to  the  same  district;  it  is  of 
very  ancient  date,  with  the  legend  n\X,  which  must  be  read 
Chap  or  Kap.  The  change  of  the  vowel  from  O  to  A  brings 
the  name  nearer  to  the  Greek  form  CabaHa^  and  there  are  other 
proofs  that  the  Lycian  letters  X  and  K  were  nearly  identical. 
The  reverse  has  two  fish,  which  seems  an  extraordinary  bearing 
for  an  inland  district,  and  increases  the  doubt  on  the  subject. 

No,  25. 


This  coin  admits  of  no  such  doubt^  as  its  legend  is  certainly 
KopaUe. 

No.  26. 


Patara. — riTTAPAlW,  Pttarazu:  it  is  impossible  to 
pronounce  this  word  without  inserting  a  vowel,  which  brings 
the  beginning  of  the  name  to  an  identity  with  the  Greek  Patara. 
In  the  lists  of  towns  in  Lycia,  Caria,  and  the  neighbouring 


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462  APPENDIX  B. 

countries  given  by  the  Greek  geographers^  a  large  proportion 
end  in  a8808  or  essos^  such  as  HalicamassuSj  EdebesBUSf  &c.  The 
azu  on  this  coin  shows  the  manner  in  which  the  Lycians  ex- 
pressed this  termination,  which  the  Greeks  have  dropped  in 
Patara:  the  Lycian  Z  is  here  equivalent  to  SS  in  Greek. 
No.  26  is  one  of  the  latest  coins  with  Lycian  characters,  pro- 
bably struck  shortly  before  the  invasion  of  Asia  by  Alexander ; 
it  has  no  triquetra,  but  a  head  of  Mercury  on  one  side,  and  the 
head  of  a  hero  or  demigod  on  the  reverse. 

No.  27. 


Telephios  is  mentioned  by  Stephanus  Byzantinus  as  &7/to9 
AvKuvsy  a  tribe  or  people  of  Lycia.  The  legend  is  T^A4^- 
B^+E+'^,  which  is  either  Telewewewe,  or,  considering  the  +  to 
be  here  equivalent  to  H,  Telewehehe.  In  either  case  the  word  is 
the  genitive  plural  of  a  noun  commencing  with  Telewe ;  a  name 
only  differing  from  Telephios  in  the  termination  and  the  use  of 
^  to  express  the  sound  of  the  Lycian  B.  The  only  difficulty 
connected  with  this  identification  is  in  the  term  &7/i09,  which 
does  not  apply  to  a  town. 

Lycian  coins  of  unknoum  towns. — ^The  few  coins  which  still 
remain  to  be  mentioned,  must  remain  unarranged  until  it  is 
ascertained  to  what  towns  they  belong. 

No.  4.  Plate  XXXVIL— The  only  letters  remaining  are  4^BF, 
which  do  not  occur  together  on  any  of  the  coins  yet  mentioned, 
and  are  not  enough  to  show  the  name  of  the  town.  Perhaps 
they  should  be  read  ^PE,  ercy  the  beginning  of  Heraclea. 


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LYCIAN  COINS. 


463 


Nos.  13  and  14.  Plate  XXXVIL  have  no  legend,  but  as  both 
have  Pegasus  on  the  reverse,  they  may  belong  to  Pedasa. 

No.  21.  Plate  XXXVIL  has  the  letters  ME, which  afford  little 
information. 

No.  23.  Plate  XXXVIL  is  so  much  worn  that  the  legend 
cannot  be  made  out. 

No.  28. 


This  coin  has  the  letters  MA  or  AM,  and  a  stroke,  which  may 
have  been  an  instrument  similar  to  that  on  No.  21.  The  form 
of  the  M  on  this  coin  is  very  peculiar,  and  has  a  great  resem- 
blance to  the  Etruscan  M.  The  Grseco-Lycian  coins  with 
the  letters  MA  are  usually  referred  to  the  town  of  Massicytus. 

No.  29. 


I  can  attempt  no  explanation  of  the  character  on  this  coin, 
which  is  repeated  on  the  reverse  at  the  top  of  the  head  of  a 
griffin.  The  triquetra  shows  that  the  coin  was  Lycian ;  but 
there  is  no  such  character  in  any  of  the  inscriptions,  so  that 
it  is  uncertain  whether  it  should  be  considered  as  a  monogram 
or  as  some  religious  emblem. 


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464  APPENDIX  B. 

No.  30. 


This  is  peculiar  in  having  a  four-armed  instrument  instead  of 
the  usual  Lycian  triquetra.  If  the  coin  is  perfect,  the  most 
probable  manner  of  reading  the  legend  is  F^XXEBI^;  but 
there  may  have  been  another  letter  after  the  F,  as  that  comer 
of  the  die  is  incomplete.    The  reverse  has  a  griffin. 

In  Sestini's  Letters,  vol.  vi.  tab.  13,  no.  I,  a  coin  is  figured 
which  must  have  belonged  to  the  same  tovm :  it  has  a  four- 
armed  triquetra,  and  on  the  reverse  part  of  a  boar.  It  is  re- 
ferred by  Sestini  to  the  town  of  Aspendus  in  Pamphylia,  which 
is  a  place  of  refuge  for  many  stray  coins.  In  the  text  the  l^nd 
is  given  BE  Tf  XXB^E>  but  the  engraver  has  represented 
it  in  the  Plate  in  a  different  manner,  BE^XXB  V^B;  at  the 
stop  where  the  asterisk  is  placed  is  a  character  which  is  not  in- 
telligible. There  are  so  many  letters  the  same  on  the  two  coins, 
that  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  their  relationship.  The  letter 
X  is  of  very  rare  occurrence  in  the  Lycian  inscriptions ;  it  only 
appears  on  the  south-west  and  south-east  sides  of  the  obelisk  at 
Xanthus,  and  its  place  must  be  occupied  by  K  in  the  other  in- 
scriptions; but  I  observe  that  X  is  frequently  and  K  never 
doubled.  The  only  words  on  the  obelisk  which  have  any  re- 
semblance to  the  legend  on  the  two  coins  are  T43BXE  and 
A^XXFE^  and  a  word  which  is  partially  lost  in  the  imperfec- 
tion of  the  stone  at  the  end  of  the  59th  and  beginning  of  the 
60th  lines  on  the  south-east,  T XBPf  EBB;  if  we  in- 
sert the  letters  ^01  in  the  gap^  we  obtain  T^  XX  E  F  ^EBB^ 
which  corresponds  with  Sestini's  coin  if  we  retain  the  T  given 
in  his  text,  and  read  F  for  the  character  left  doubtful  by  his  en- 
graver.   To  bring  the  coin  No.  30  to  the  same  name,  we  must 


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LYCIAN   COINS.  465 

insert  T  at  the  part  which  is  imperfect,  and  read  T^ DC  X  E  B^  F, 
which  can  only  be  reconciled  with  the  above  on  the  supposition 
that  B  and  F  are  convertible  letters,  for  which  there  is  no  other 
evidence. 

No.  31. 


The  legend  upon  this  coin  appears  to  be  P^PEKA^  or 
Pereklej  but  I  cannot  find  any  town  of  that  name  mentioned 
in  the  ancient  geographers :  not  having  seen  the  coin  itself,  nor 
a  cast  from  it,  I  suspect  that  the  drawing  from  which  this  cut 
is  taken  may  be  inaccurate.  If  the  first  letter  were  omitted 
the  name  would  be  Erecle,  or  Heraclea,  the  same  as  Nos.  3 
and  9, 

Tbbmiljs  and  TBOES.—In  the  Oreek  part  of  the  inscription 
on  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus,  Lycia  is  mentioned  several  times ; 
but  that  name  does  not  occur  in  the  other  part  of  that  inscrip- 
tion, nor  in  any  of  the  inscriptions  in  the  Lycian  language. 
Herodotus  (1.  i.  c.  73)  states  that  the  inhabitants  of  Lycia  were 
called  at  different  periods  Milyans,  Solymi  and  Termilse,  which 
last  name  ihej  had  at  the  time  they  were  governed  by  Sarpedon, 
and  by  which  their  neighbours  still  called  them.  So  that  in 
the  time  of  Herodotus,  the  people  whom  the  Greeks  called 
Lycians,  were  called  Termilae  by  the  neighbouring  Asiatics. 
Stephanus  Byzantinus  gives  Tremile  as  the  ancient  name  of 
Lycia.  The  word  TPXMEA^,  TVawe/c,  occurs  repeatedly  on 
the  obelisk  at  Xanthus,  in  which  we  cannot  mistake  the  TVtf- 
mike  of  Stephanus ;  and  in  connexion  with  it  on  the  obelisk,  and 
on  the  tomb  No.  18,  the  Troiioiies  or  Trooes  are  mentioned 
in  a  manner  which  shows  them  to  have  been  not  merely  inha- 

2h 


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466  APPENDIX  B. 

bitants  of  the  town  of  Tlos^  but  the  people  of  a  separate  nation 
or  district,  in  which  character  we  do  not  find  them  mentioned 
by  the  ancient  geographers. 

There  is  a  passage  in  Homer  which  has  given  infinite  trouble 
to  all  the  commentators,  ancient  and  modern,  and  especially  to 
the  Greek  geographers,  which  is  connected  with  the  present 
subject,  and  may  be  partially  explained  by  the  facts  now 
brought  to  light  for  the  first  time.  In  the  enumeration  of  the 
Trojan  army  (Iliad  ii.  1. 824  to  827),  Pandarus,  the  son  of  Ly- 
caon,  leads  the  Troes  who  inhabit  Zeleia  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Ida  and  drink  the  waters  of  the  Aisepus.  In  the  fifth  book, 
where  his  contest  with  Diomede  is  related,  Pandarus  is  repre- 
sented as  coming  from  Lycia ;  and  the  name  of  his  father,  his 
worship  of  Apollo  Lycegenes^  and  his  skill  in  the  bow,  all  mark 
him  as  a  Lycian. 

Strabo,  whose  veneration  for  Homer  knew  no  boimds,  is 
quite  staggered  by  the  apparent  contradiction  of  these  passages, 
and  he  expresses  his  surprise  more  than  once  (b.  xiii.  p.  845 
and  846,  and  b.  xiv.  p.  950),  that  Homer  should  call  the  same 
troops  both  Troes  and  Lycians,  and  should  place  Lycia,  the 
kingdom  of  Pandarus,  north  of  Troy.  Strabo  refers  for  the 
position  of  Zeleia,  the  Aisepus  and  surrounding  country,  to  De- 
metrius, a  native  of  those  parts,  who  wrote  thirty  books  upon 
the  sixty  lines  of  Homer  which  enumerate  the  Trojans,  and 
afler  remarking  at  some  length  upon  the  difiiculty  of  explaining 
it,  leaves  the  subject  in  doubt.  The  later  Greek  writers  were 
less  cautious.  Stephanus  Byzantinus  distinguishes  two  Lycias ; 
one  named  after  Lycus,  the  son  of  Pandion,  the  other  near  Ci- 
licia,  which  Sarpedon  governed.  The  Scholiast  explains  the 
matter  in  a  different  manner  (II.  iv.  line  103,  and  v.  line  105) ; 
with  him  Lycia  is  both  a  name  for  the  town  of  Zeleia,  and 
also  the  country  usually  so  called.  Eustathius,  commenting 
upon  the  same  passages,  makes  out  two  countries  of  the  same 
name ;  the  Lesser  Lycia,  also  called  the  Lesser  Troy,  the  coun- 
try of  Pandarus,  and  the  Greater  Lycia,  the  kingdom  of  Sarpe- 


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LYCIAN   COINS.  467 

don.  Throughout  all  these  authors  the  constant  mention  of 
Pandarus  and  Sarpedon  pomts  out  the  source  of  the  confusion. 

The  Latin  authors  derived  their  geography  from  observation^ 
and  not  from  the  study  of  Homer :  neither  in  Pliny  nor  Pom- 
ponius  Mela  is  there  any'  mention  of  the  second  kingdom  or 
town  of  Lycia. 

We  are  now  able  to  explain  the  origin  of  these  errors.  The 
country  included  by  the  Greeks  under  the  general  name  of 
Lycia  contained  two  nations^  the  Tremite  and  the  Troes;  both 
sent  troops  to  the  assistance  of  Troy,  the  former  under  Sarpe- 
don and  Glaucus,  the  latter  under  Pandarus,  the  son  of  Lycaon. 
The  name  of  Troes,  applied  both  to  the  people  of  Troouneme 
or  Tlos  and  of  Troy,  led  to  the  confusion ;  and  either  Homer 
himself,  or  the  compilers  of  the  Iliad  in  its  present  form,  fell 
into  the  error  of  bringing  the  troops  of  Pandarus  from  Zeleia, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ida,  a  town  whose  position  was  well  known 
to  all  the  ancient  geographers.  The  author  of  the  Iliad  has  en- 
tered so  fully  into  the  mythology  of  Lycia,  that  we  can  hardly 
suppose  him  unacquainted  with  that  country,  and  the  mistake 
was  probably  made  when  the  detached  poems  were  put  together 
at  a  later  period ;  it  is  at  least  certain  that  it  has  not  arisen  from 
the  transcribers  of  the  poems  since  the  time  of  Strabo,  as  all 
his  remarks  show  that  his  version  of  these  passages  of  Homer 
was  the  same  as  ours. 

There  are  two  rivers  of  the  name  of  Xanthus  mentioned  in 
the  Iliad ;  the  one  flowing  through  Lycia,  to  which  the  name  is 
very  applicable,  the  other  through  the  Troad,  where  there  is  no 
stream  to  which  that  name  can  properly  be  applied.  Perhaps 
the  latter  may  have  owed  its  existence  to  the  same  confusion 
between  Lycia  and  the  Troad,  and  the  line 

'Ov  Savffov  KoKeovcTL  Oeot,  avSpe^  Se  XfcafiavSpov, 

may  have  been  added  at  a  later  period,  when  it  was  observed 
that  two  rivers  were  mentioned  in  the  poem  in  a  district  where 
only  one  was  found  to  exist. 

2  h2 


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468  APPENDIX  B. 


LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS*. 


To  enable  your  readers  to  judge  of  the  Lycian  language  with- 
out the  trouble  of  learning  a  new  alphabet,  I  have  copied  out 
all  the  inscriptions  in  Roman  characters^  and  have  taken  the 
opportunity  to  correct  all  the  errors  in  your  copies  of  them 
which  I  can  detect,  and  in  some  instances  to  fill  up  small 
blanks.  In  altering  words  to  make  the  orthography  consist- 
ent^ I  have  always  been  guided  by  the  resemblances  between 
the  letters  already  pointed  out;  but  that  the  alterations  and 


[*  Rbfbrxncb  to  lN8caiPTioN8  ON  Platb  XXXVI. 

No.  1.  On  an  Elizabethan  rock-tomb,  the  Phcenician  characters  coloured 

blue  and  the  Greek  red. 
No.  2.  On  a  rock-tomb,  under  bas-reliefs,  the  letters  coloured  alternately  blue 

and  red. 
No.  3.  On  the  side  of  the  door  of  a  handsome  built  tomb,  with  portico. 
No.  4.  A  rock-tomb,  the  letters  alternately  green  and  red. 
No.  5.  Over  a  tomb,  the  Greek  characters  over  one  of  the  pannek. 
Nos.  7,  8,  and  30.  On  rock«tombs. 

At  TVImeMiif . 
Nos.  6,  9,  and  12.  On  rock-tombs. 

At  Pinara. 
Nos.  10,  17,  and  21.  On  rock-tombs. 
No.  11.  A  saroophagus-tomb. 

At  Mp-a, 
No.  13.  A  rock-tomb,  letters  coloured  blue  and  red. 
Nos.  15,  18,  19,  and  22.  On  rock-tombs. 

At  Xanthus. 
No.  14.  On  a  rock-tomb. 
No.  16.  On  a  slab. 

At  Ant^heUiu. 
No.  23.  Upon  a  handsome  sarcophagus :  there  have  been  eight  lines,  but  they 
are  now  so  imperfect,  Uiat  I  have  only  attempted  to  copy  the  first 
two,  and  have  selected  a  few  perfect  words  from  the  others. — C.  F.] 


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/'/     Hi 


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r-hlTEAtEME 


r  Pi/v  ►  F^T^:  /  EAi^ P El  p:  rtAj 
/V t:  T  EAt  EM  E:  PPP  EtTA  E'T  *  B1 
A*^A  Ef -f-P  E I  tT  EAt  EM  E*>|c  Et 

Atit    tx>mivh:matoai 
omrAToriAAPioziTAri, 

/VTOIYIOtEAYTQIKAITHirV 
IklKAIYIfiirVRIAAM  « 


+  BEXPPEPTAPtPTTtittrENl(JlAXE 
THI^AlolNlkAPXOY 
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rPi/^P-FFTT.pO'^P-IF-.tPTtAEIt/t-l-tTEAtE/AE 

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•P^Tt:  AAt  n/^tFt  +  .TEA^E/^E.+PrrE 
AtE^t 

ii»'PiK^TTAA^r//X'AP:  rPAPA'^P+.TEA*^;^.: 
PEAA^-hP:  FPX'^E/iyiTtEtTtTi^P 
TE:^E£TEPAPE 

Ti  nUM^otVav^te  r  Pir  A  FM^Ti^ 

i^tT^EKrrETMP+:^t^E>yiAA 
TE^t  E/^E'^+ProE:M  AE     t  :  EA  ^^ 


f^E 


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ItEtiTtFNl^T 


/-^ 


fBriW:yohV:A\tTEPPI/vPFP=FV:TOFP  >^A:+/^  hr£A PAE 
(t^AtEMt:itEltiTPAT:TfiE:A\ETTE:AA^AP+^AE:AA^:II 


/7 


Y,*fA/ Y:  VOAV     ^Mt  r  K  I 

VX/NA  •  E'M  PlA^oTt-  TEAtEMh  holt 


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:  tBTi^T./A^TT^PA^ 

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rx.  ^^BAVT£-riFl>y, 

y^A^I^  t  P  F£/vp  FPT.T.+.piY)# 

rPrr£'i<AoiT£iir£.  iTtr^— 

/v4^  ItT£PA£:_/ATiTll£_ 
[t-fE     >K  ViT£^.TPXM£A 


■j-;^lt  AT£Kt£Tr>A^'^t  I V. 
l^|7Vt+  £::   *  NK  T£:  T  P  x /^£-A  £•: 

1'  ^ 


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fnvUtd  mf  CJiulUiMUM4. 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  469 

additions  may  be  readily  seen^  they  are  printed  in  italics.  I 
have  also  endeavoured  to  separate  all  the  words^  the  points 
which  originally  marked  them  out  having  been  frequently 
omitted ;  here  also  care  has  been  taken  to  distinguish  between 
that  which  is  found  in  the  originals  and  that  which  has  been 
added,  the  points  being  placed  only  where  they  occur  in  your 
copies  of  the  inscriptions,  and  the  divisions  made  by  me  being 
marked  by  the  separation  into  words,  without  stops  between 
them.  Still  there  are  a  few  alterations  which  could  not  be 
easily  shown  in  the  printing,  as  when  a  stop  which  appears  to 
be  erroneous  is  omitted,  and  when  a  stop  is  substituted  for  a 
letter;  these  cases  are  of  rare  occurrence,  and  the  latter  only 
takes  place  where  the  letter  I  appears  to  have  been  copied  in- 
stead of  the  stops,  which  if  the  stone  is  a  little  chipped  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  that  letter.  These  alterations  are  of 
little  importance,  as  the  engravings  of  the  inscriptions  being  at 
hand,  every  one  who  wishes  to  study  the  language  will  naturally 
recur  to  them,  and  not  rely  upon  my  transcripts. 

The  inscriptions  are  placed  in  the  order  in  which  they  can 
be  most  easily  studied,  beginning  with  the  bilingual  inscription 
from  Limyra,  which  is  followed  by  the  other  funereal  inscrip- 
tions, the  shorter  and  simpler  preceding  those  of  which  the  con- 
struction is  more  complicated.  The  decrees  on  the  obelisk  at 
Xanthus  are  left  for  the  last.  In  this  manner  the  simple  sen^ 
tences  lead  on  to  the  understanding  of  those  which  are  more 
difficult,  and  much  repetition  in  the  explanations  is  avoided. 

A  literal  translation  is  placed  under  the  line  wherever  this 
can  be  done.  It  will  thus  be  seen  at  a  glance  how  much  is  still 
wanting. 

Inscription  No.  S.  Plate  XXXVI. 

EWEEYA:  ERAFAZEYA :  METE:  PRINAFATU:  SEDEREYA: 

To  fivfjfia  ToSe         efrovqaaro         ai^apio^ 

This  tomb  made  Sidarios 


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470  APPENDIX  B. 

PE  . . . .  NE :  TEDEEME:   017RPPE  ETLE  EOUWE       LADE  : 
7ra£Wto9  vios  eavreoi  fcat  ttj  yuvavKi 

Painnifi's  son  for  self        his,  wife 

E0J7WE  SE  TEDEEME  EOUWE  ....   LEYE 
/cat        vltoi  'nvfiuiKr) 

his,      and        son  his  Pubiale. 

Every  one  who  attempted  to  study  the  Lycian  inscriptions 
naturally  began  with  this,  as  it  is  the  only  one  which  is  accom- 
panied by  a  translation,  and  is  thus  the  foundation  of  all  our 
knowledge  of  the  language.  The  translations  made  by  M.  Saint 
Martin  and  Dr.  Grotefend  have  been  already  referred  to ;  they 
were  made  from  the  copy  taken  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  which  is  very 
imperfect ;  your  copy  is  far  from  complete,  but  the  comparison 
of  the  two  brings  us  nearer  to  the  truth ;  and  some  of  the  other 
inscriptions  on  Plate  XXXVI.  run  so  nearly  in  the  same  words, 
that  there  is  no  difficulty  in  reducing  this  to  a  form  very  nearly 
correct :  in  the  version  given  above  both  copies  have  been  made 
use  of,  and  some  words  have  been  corrected  from  the  other  in- 
scriptions. 

The  Greek  has  been  published  in  a  corrected  form  by  M. 
Letronne  in  the  Journal  des  Savans  for  February  1821,  by 
M.  Saint  Martin,  and  by  Dr.  Grotefend ;  the  differences  be- 
tween their  readings  are  not  great;  the  only  alteration  of  im- 
portance now  made  from  your  copy  is  the  substitution  of  vltoe 
for  viBi  in  the  last  line  :  this  change  relieves  us  from  a  Greek  word 
of  very  rare  occurrence,  and  gives  a  more  definite  meaning  to 
tedeemey  which  in  the  singular  always  appears  to  mean  sotij 
although  in  the  plural,  which  we  shall  soon  meet  with,  it  pro- 
bably has  the  more  general  signification  of  children.  Even 
with  the  assistance  of  both  copies  the  names  of  the  father  and 
son  of  Sidarios  remain  unintelligible. 

The  Lycian  words  are  so  completely  altered  in  their  spelling 
by  the  additional  materials  now  brought  home,  that  it  is  unne- 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  471 

cessary  to  criticise  the  explanations  attempted  of  them  in  their 
former  incorrect  forms^  so  that  I  will  proceed  at  once  to  explain 
the  manner  in  which  the  translation  placed  below  each  word 
has  been  arrived  at :  eo4we  occurring  three  times^  first  as  part 
of  the  phrase  corresponding  to  iairrcoj  and  then  after  the  words 
un/e  and  soriy  can  only  be  the  pronoun  Aw,  or  an  article.  In 
the  longer  inscriptions  this  word  does  not  occur  so  often  as  an 
article  must  do  if  there  were  one  in  the  language ;  excepting  on 
the  tombs^  where  the  possessive  pronoun  is  constantly  to  be 
expected^  it  is  rarely  found*  It  must  therefore  be  the  possessive 
pronoun  his,  a  meaning  which  will  be  found  suitable  to  every 
situation  in  which  eodwe  occurs,  and  which  shall  presently  be 
justified  etymologically.  As  soon  as  the  near  relationship  of 
the  letters  +,  X,  and  B  was  observed,  I  saw  that  eweeya,  of 
which  we  find  the  neuter  form  ewuinu  on  the  other  tombs,  must 
belong  to  the  same  family;  its  form,  coupled  with  its  being 
translated  ro  in  the  Greek,  marked  it  for  the  demonstrative 
pronoun  this.  M.  Saint  Martin  conjectured  that  the  first  three 
words  should  be  translated  ce  tambeatt-ci ;  but  having  only  the 
last  letters  of  the  first  word,  he  could  not  connect  it  with  the 
corresponding  word  in  the  other  inscriptions,  which  he  translated 
tomb.  Dr.  Grotefend^s  explanation  came  much  nearer  the  truth, 
as  he  saw  that  the  second  word  in  each  inscription  was  the  noun 
tomb,  and  he  translated  iy'oe  (as  he  read  the  first  word  here) 
/wc ;  but  he  took  the  corresponding  word  in  the  other  inscrip- 
tions, which  he  read  ibyeny,  for  an  adjective,  sepulchral. 

The  declension  of  the  Zend  pronouns  has  not  yet  been  tho- 
roughly made  out;  there  are  some  remarks  upon  them  scat- 
tered through  M.  BurnouTs  Commentaire  sur  le  Ya<;;naj  but 
they  are  not  sufiicient  for  the  present  purpose,  and  we  are  driven 
to  recur  to  AnquetiFs  vocabulary,  in  which  many  of  the  pro- 
nouns are  scattered  about  without  reference  to  either  number, 
case,  or  gender.  The  following  words  have  been  picked  out  of 
his  lists,  and  arranged  in  a  manner  which  renders  them  intel- 
ligible : — 


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472  APPENDIX  B. 

Relative^  who :  Nominative,  I^,  \iy  16 ;  Genitive  and  Dative^ 

Ide  and  Heo(i^. 
Interrogative,  whoi    Nominative,  K&4  Kd;   Genitive  and 

Dative,  Keoiie. 
Demonstrative,  lui :  Nominative  singular,  Eet^ ; 
eux :  Nominative  plural,  E^t^. 

It  may  be  deduced  from  the  above,  that  in  the  singular  the 
three  genders  of  the  nominative  end  in  ^,  a,  o ;  that  in  the  geni- 
tive and  dative  these  are  changed  to  66y  or  oHe ;  and  that  in  the 
plural  the  vowels  are  lengthened. 

In  accordance  with  this  principle  we  shall  find  that  the  Ly- 
cian  pronoun  he  may  be  declined 

Nominative  singular  e,  A^;   Genitive  and  Dative,  ewe  or 
eo(ie,  him ; 

which  resembles  the  declension  of  the  pronouns  in  many  of  the 
Indo-Germanic  languages,  as  $€,  9U% ;  me,  moi ;  le,  ltd,  &c.  From 
the  oblique  case  ewe  or  eoile,  the  possessive  eodwe,  kis,  is  formed 
in  a  manner  similar  to  suus  from  «tft,  by  doubling  the  u ;  and 
from  the  same  word  is  derived  the  demonstrative  pronoun,  of 
which  the  feminine  eweeya  begins  the  inscription  before  us, 
and  the  neuter  ewuinu  is  found  in  several  others :  the  masculine 
of  this  word  does  not  occur,  it  was  probably  eweiye  or  eweye, 
agreeing  in  form  with  Anquetil's  pronouns  iS,  kiU,  enU.  It 
seems  probable  that  the  Lycian  words  beginning  with  the  long 
vowel  ^  were  all  aspirated  in  pronunciation ;  the  addition  of  an 
aspirate  would  make  the  Lycian  pronouns  equivalent  to  he,  him, 
and  his,  he,  hewe,  or  heode  and  heoiboe.  In  the  pronouns  I  can 
never  distinguish  between  the  genitive  and  dative  cases ;  and  I 
am  not  sure  that  they  can  be  distinguished  in  the  Lycian  nouns 
and  adjectives,  although  there  are  some  words  in  which  it  is 
possible  that  they  may  be  different.  There  is  a  curious  pecu- 
liarity in  the  change  from  the  feminine  eweeya  to  ewuinu  in  the 
neuter :  as  we  go  on  we  shall  find  many  instances  of  the  de- 
clension affecting  the  vowels  of  the  penult  and  antepenult  syl- 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  473 

tables,  as  in  this  case ;  but  I  cannot  account  for  the  insertion  of 
the  n  in  the  last  syllable. 

In  the  preceding  remarks  on  the  pronouns  which  occur  in 
this  inscription,  several  words  have  been  mentioned  which  we 
have  not  yet  come  to ;  but  this  anticipation  has  brought  into 
one  view  the  pronouns  which  are  connected  with  one  another, 
and  will  save  the  i^ecessity  of  much  repetition.  I  was  anxious 
also  to  bring  forward  these  pronouns  at  the  commencement  of 
the  inquiry,  as  their  great  resemblance  to  the  corresponding 
words  in  the  European  languages  is  a  strong  evidence  of  the  fa- 
mily to  which  the  Lycian  language  belongs ;  this  we  shall  soon 
find  strengthened  by  the  forms  of  conjugation  of  the  verbs. 

The  first  two  words  are  in  the  accusative  feminine  singular ; 
they  exhibit  a  peculiarity  which  we  shall  find  running  through 
the  whole  language,  in  wanting  the  terminal  consonant  which  is 
found  in  so  many  languages  of  the  same  family ;  Sanscrit,  Zend, 
Greek,  and  Latin  add  n,  m,  or  8  to  the  accusative,  but  that  case 
ends  in  a  vowel  in  Lycian,  both  in  the  singular  and  the  plural ; 
yet  its  affinity  to  them  is  shown  in  the  change  of  the  terminal 
vowels,  which  vary  in  declension  in  a  manner  closely  analogous 
to  the  last  vowels  in  these  languages,  firom  which  we  also  see 
that  the  Lycians  do  not  add  a  vowel,  but  drop  a  consonant  from 
the  end  of  each  word,  as  compared  with  its  analogous  word  in 
another  language.  On  the  same  principle  the  owner  of  this  tomb 
is  named  in  Oreek  Sc£apu>9,  and  in  Lycian  Sedereya :  he  was  in 
all  probability  a  Greek,  and  the  final  8  was  dropped  in  the  Lycian 
pronunciation  of  his  name.  It  will  be  seen  as  we  advance,  that 
every  name  on  the  Lycian  tombs  ends  in  a  vowel. 

The  second  word  is  translated  fjytffiat  in  your  copy  the  sixth 
letter  is  wanting ;  Mr.  CockereU  has  given  it  as  1,  which  seem- 
ing to  bring  too  many  vowels  together,  I  have  replaced  it  by 
X^  a  letter  closely  resembling  the  former :  for  a  similar  reason 
I  have  preferred  his  copy  of  the  beginning  of  the  word  to  yours, 
era  being  preferable  to  ear/i  the  word  thus  corrected  occurs 
again  on  the  tomb  of  Payara. 


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474  APPENDIX   B. 

The  third  word  mete  is  declinable  :  at  the  corresponding  place 
in  the  sentence  on  other  tombs  we  find  muiey  muH,  muney  and 
muna;  of  these,  muti  and  muna  only  occur  once,  and  are  per- 
haps incorrectly  copied  instead  of  mute  and  mune,  so  that  they 
need  not  be  taken  into  consideration.  M.  Saint  Martin  con- 
jectured that  mete  '^  repondrait  a  roBe,  ou  serait  un  adverbe  qui 
signifierait  ict/'  The  first  explanation  seems  correct,  as  the  suffix 
te  appears  identical  with  the  Greek  Be,  the  declension  only  af- 
fecting the  first  syllable ;  and  te  will  be  found  added  in  a  similar 
manner  in  other  inscriptions  to  many  other  words.  M.  Burnouf 
{Commentaire,  p.  139)  supposes  man  in  Zend  to  be  a  declinable 
demonstrative  particle,  which  is  not  required  in  our  language : 
this  is  exactly  the  use  of  roSe,  and  explains  the  words  under  con- 
sideration ;  the  only  difficulty  connected  with  them  is,  that  they 
are  used  indiscriminately  with  words  in  the  neuter  and  feminine. 

The  next  word  begins  in  some  inscriptions  with  a,  huip  is 
the  most  common  spelling,  and  is  doubtless  correct,  making 
ptinqfatu:  its  meaning  is  given  very  clearly  in  the  Greek 
eirovqaaro :  it  will  be  necessary  to  speak  of  this  verb  at  some 
length  when  we  come  to  its  participle,  so  it  may  be  passed  over 
at  present. 

The  sixth  word  is  the  name  of  the  parent  of  Sidarios,  which 
cannot  be  restored  with  any  certainty;  it  is  obviously  in  the 
genitive  case,  but  its  termination  difiers  from  that  of  every  name 
which  occurs  in  the  genitive  on  the  other  tombs,  which  uni- 
formly end  with  the  letter  +,  ot<:  as  a  native  could  have  no 
motive  to  put  up  a  funereal  inscription  in  two  languages,  it  is 
to  be  inferred  that  Sidarios  was  a  Greek.  Herodotus  tells  us 
(b.  i.  c.  173)  that  the  Lycians  traced  their  genealogies,  not  by 
the  fathers,  like  the  Greeks,  but  through  their  mothers  and 
grandmothers ;  therefore  the  reason  of  the  difference  of  termi- 
nation between  this  and  the  other  names  is,  that  this  is  the 
name  of  a  m^n,  and  those  on  the  other  tombs  of  the  mothers  of 
the  owners;  and  +  is  consequently  the  termination  of  the  geni- 
tive of  feminine  names. 


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LYCIAN   INSCRIPTIONS.  475 

The  next  word  tedeeme  occurs  twice ;  from  the  Greek  it  is 
evident  that  it  means  «on^  but  the  Orientalists  who  have  studied 
this  inscription  have  not  been  able  to  find  an  analogous  word  to 
it  in  any  other  language,  which  is  very  remarkable,  as  the  terms 
of  relationship  have  a  great  resemblance  in  all  the  languages  of 
the  same  family.  The  nominative  and  dative  of  this  word  are 
the  same ;  the  dative  plural  tedeeme  occurs  on  several  of  the 
other  tombs,  being  formed  by  lengthening  the  final  vowel  of  the 
singular. 

The  three  succeeding  words,  oilrppe  etle  eoHlwe,  answer  to- 
gether to  the  Greek  iavro) ;  the  corrected  spelling  of  the  first, 
and  their  separation  into  three  words,  is  learned  firom  the  other 
tombs.  The  reasons  for  translating  eoilwe,  hiSy  have  been  already 
given ;  etle  is  often  written  atle^  and  seems  related  to  the  San- 
scrit atman,  signifying  self;  the  meaning  of  oilrppe  has  only 
been  derived  from  the  context,  which  admits  of  nothing  but  the 
preposition  for,  a  sense  which  the  word  vrill  bear  in  every  sen- 
tence in  which  it  occurs. 

The  exact  spelling  of  the  word  lade  is  supplied  from  the  other 
inscriptions ;  it  is  translated  by  yuvaiKiy  vnfe^  and  is  in  the  dative 
case ;  the  nominative  lada  occurs  in  the  inscription  No.  5  of  the 
same  Plate :  on  No.  22  there  is  another  form  of  the  same  word, 
laduy  upon  which  no  reliance  can  be  placed,  as  that  inscription 
is  very  imperfect  and  incorrect.  Mr.  Yates  connected  this  with 
the  English  words  lady  and  lad,  and  the  comparison  is  a  very 
just  one. 

The  word  se  is  the  conjunction  and,  which,  like  the  Greek 
Kaiy  preceded  the  word  to  which  it  refers :  .when  the  copulative 
follows  the  noun  it  is  united  to  it,  and  written  with  a  short 
vowel  se.  The  change  in  the  length  of  the  vowel  is  natural, 
depending  upon  the  difierent  stress  laid  upon  the  word  accord- 
ing to  its  position  in  the  sentence,  and  illustrates  the  similar 
difference  between  kq^,  and  the  Latin  qtbe.  In  Zend  and  Sanscrit 
the  conjunction  clia  or  tcha  follows  the  word,  and  is  united  to 
it.     These  different  forms  are  an  illustration  of  the  change  of 


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476  APPENDIX  B. 

letters  in  the  respective  languages  to  which  they  belong :  the 
Lycian  conjunction  was  probably  pronounced  she,  and  it  is  in 
that  language  that  the  consonant  is  the  most  softened. 

The  only  remaining  word  is  the  name  of  the  son  of  Sidarios, 
which  is  not  distinct ;  it  was  perhaps  Pubiale^  forming  in  the 
dative  in  Lycian  Pubialeye. 

This  sentence  is  too  simple  to  throw  much  light  upon  the 
construction;  it  corresponds  very  closely  to  the  Greek  transla- 
tion^ the  principal  difference  being  the  want  of  the  article,  which 
is  supplied  by  a  more  frequent  use  of  pronouns. 


Insgription  No.  20.    Plate  XXXVI. 

ewuinu :    goru  :   mute  prinafatu  esedeplume  :    o&rppe    lade  : 
thU  tomb  made  Esedeplume  for  wife 

eoiiwe :  se  tedesaeme :  eoAweye  :  womeleye. 
hia       and     children  hia  illegitimate. 

Gcru  may  safely  be  translated  tomby  from  its  occupying  the 
same  position  in  the  sentence  as  the  word  so  translated  in  the 
last  inscription.  The  Persian  gur^  a  tomby  seems  to  be  derived 
from  the  same  root.  In  many  of  the  inscriptions  this  word  is 
spelled  gopuy  and  indeed  this  is  the  m<Mre  common  spelling; 
yet  it  is  goru  in  some  of  those  which  appear  most  accurate, 
especially  in  that  at  page  226  of  your  former  Journal — ^a  short 
inscription,  upon  which  I  place  great  reliance ;  and  this  form  is 
confirmed  by  the  Persian  word  gur.  However,  as  there  is  some 
uncertainty  about  it,  the  original  spelling  is  left  uncorrected  as 
it  is  found  in  each  inscription. 

Tedesaeme  is  evidently  derived  from  the  same  root  as  tedeeme, 
and  must  mean  children* 

Eodweye  is  the  dative  plural  of  eoihoe :  in  the  singular  there 
is  no  difference  between  the  nominative  and  the  dative. 

The  last  word  womeleye  appears  to  be  related  to  the  Arabic 
humeel,  an  illegitimale  child :  there  is  a  great  difficulty  in  fixing 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  477 

an  exact  value  to  the  letter  +  which  begins  this  word,  and  which 
seems  to  be  intermediate  between  w  and  h :  the  present  instance 
would  make  us  incline  to  the  latter^  but  in  other  words  the 
former  is  the  preferable  version  of  the  letter.  The  remaining 
words  have  been  already  explained. 


Inscription  No.  7.     Plate  XXXVI. 

ewuinti :    gopu  :    mete  :    prinafatu  :    pomasa  :    erteleyeseod  : 
thia  tanUf  made  Pomaaa  Erteleyeee's 

tedeeme  oiirppe  lade:  eoiiwe  ofelte:   gometeyeoii:  zzemaze: 
80H  for         w\fe         his        Cfeit9        G(meteye*%  daughter 

se:  tedeeme:  ^o^weyl. 
and     children  hi». 

The  first  four  words  were  considered  when  the  former  inscrip- 
tion was  explained ;  the  next  is  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the 
tomb^  followed  by  that  of  his  mother:  according  to  Bopp's 
grammar,  feminine  nouns  in  2jend  which  end  in  a  vowel,  form 
their  genitives  in  ao,  a  sound  for  which  that  alphabet  has  a  se- 
parate character ;  the  letter  «V  corresponds  to  several  letters  in 
Zend,  which  is  the  cause  of  the  difficulty  in  fixing  its  exact 
value ;  and  it  appears  fix>m  its  use  as  the  termination  of  the 
genitives  of  female  names,  that  it  includes  the  Zend  aS  as  well 
as  auy  between  the  sounds  of  which  there  can  be  but  little  dif- 
ference. 

The  context  points  out  that  o/elte  is  the  name  of  the  wife  of 
Pomasa,  and  the  next  word  that  of  her  mother ;  and  that  the 
word  zzemaze  must  signify  daughter.  I  have  met  with  no  direct 
confirmation  of  the  translation  of  this  last  word,  but  in  Bopp, 
p.  126,  the  Zend  verb  zezami  is  translated  to  beget  or  produce; 
zzemazay  the  nominative  of  the  word  in  question,  may  be  derived 
from  the  same  root. 


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478  APPENDIX  B. 

Inscription  No.  8.     Plate  XXXVI. 

rezzete  prinafate :  ddepinSf eou :  tedeeme :  ourppe  lade  eouwe 
Rezseie        made  Ddepinefes  ton  for        fotfe      hU 

sc:  tedSeme. 
and     children. 

Except  an  alteration  in  the  construction  of  the  sentence^  there 

is  nothing  here  which  requires  mention. 


Inscription  No.  5.     Plate  XXXVI. 

ewuinu  :  gopu  mSte   prinafantu   erameno&ne    se    lada  eouwe 
this  tomb  made  Eramenoune      and    w{fe        his 

&raertlae  ptt5  se  eren yaae. 

Araertlae. 

This  inscription  is  so  imperfect,  that  I  cannot  venture  to  fill 
up  the  blank  at  the  end ;  yet  it  contains  two  words  which  are 
of  great  help  towards  the  grammar  of  the  language :  the  nomi- 
native lada^  of  which  only  the  dative  lade  is  found  elsewhere  3 
and  the  plural  of  the  verb  which  is  formed  from  the  singular,  by 
inserting  a  letter  before  the  last  syllable :  this  letter  stands  in 
the  copy  I  or  y,  which  would  give  prinafaytu ;  but  one  of  the 
commonest  errors  consists  in  copying  I  for  N^  ;  by  making 
this  change  we  obtain  prinqfanlu,  which  corresponds  so  closely 
to  the  plural  in  Zend  and  Greek,  that  I  have  adopted  it  in  the 
version  given  above. 

At  the  foot  of  the  inscription  are  two  words  in  Greek  charac- 
ters, T-a)uo<:  .  vixapxovy  which  probably  are  the  names  of  the 
artist,  as  they  seem  to  have  no  reference  to  the  rest  of  the  in- 
scription. 


Inscription  at  page  226  of  your  former  Journal. 

ewuinu  :    goru  :    mune  prinafatu  :    mede  :    epinume   eoiiwe 
this  tomb  made  Mede  (for)        ?  his 

wXpruna:  se:  atle. 
successor      and  himself. 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  479 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  accurate  of  all  the  inscriptions  which 
you  copied ;  the  only  alteration  which  I  have  made  in  it  is  the 
substitution  of  a  stop  for  the  I  in  the  last  line.  Most  of  the 
words  have  been  already  explained^  but  there  are  two  which  are 
new  to  us. 

Epinume  appears  to  be  a  term  of  relationship,  but  I  must  leave 
its  exact  meaning  doubtful :  considering  it  as  a  compound  word 
formed  of  epin  and  umCy  the  former  seems  related  to  the  Arabic 
iben,  a  son,  and  the  latter  to  the  Arabic  um,  signifying  mother ; 
but  even  with  this  assistance,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the 
meaning  of  the  whole  word.  This  and  the  following  words  are 
in  the  dative,  the  preposition  for,  which  is  usually  expressed, 
being  here  understood. 

Wdpruna  seems  to  be  derived  from  wdpru,  which  occurs  in 
the  lower  inscription  of  the  page  preceding  this ;  the  termina- 
tion in  na  has  more  resemblance  to  the  instrumental  case  of  the 
Zend  than  to  the  usual  form  of  the  dative.  fFapru  perhaps 
means  heir  or  successor ,  and  may  then  be  connected  with  the 
Persian  preposition  wapes,  which  signifies  after ;  this  meaning 
is  very  suitable  to  the  other  sentence  in  which  the  word  occurs; 
otherwise  it  must  be  a  term  of  relationship. 


Inscription  No.  18.     Plate  XXXVI. 

ebuinu  :    ^rinafu  :    mene  :    ^rinafatu   ddaoua :    srzzyoleoiiod 
this  wwk  made         DdaoHa  N*b 

tedeeme :  oiirpe  :  /ode  eoflwe  se  tedeeme  se  uwelatedecwa — a 
son  for         wife        his      and  children    and       posterity 

me  .  e  eteae  tute  ite — pa  teze  se  ladu  eoAwe  oAwflereme  inepe 

herein  and  wife       his 

ife  retuto  tewee :  ene  :  oul&me  :  tofeto  o(ili(me  mee  tofete  teke 

tewee  it€«e :  tade  teke  mene  se  tlewe  toweete  trSmele :  wofcdre 

Lycian 
se  trououa  1  se  m— oult  wofedre. 
and  Troitan 


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480  APPENDIX  B. 

In  the  above  inscription  the  greater  part  remains  to  be  explain- 
ed hereafter;  some  parts  are  very  imperfect ;  and  at  the  end  of 
the  third  line  I  have  left  a  number  of  letters  in  confusion,  as  the 
inaccuracy  of  the  copy  does  not  enable  me  to  divide  the  words 
with  any  probability  of  success.  We  have  here  another  word 
signifying  the  tomb,  pTtnaJki,  which  is  obviously  the  passive  par- 
ticiple of  the  verb  to  which  prinqfatu  belongs,  and  which  may 
safely  be  translated  work.  It  was  from  the  comparison  of  these 
two  words,  that  Dr.  Grotefend  first  concluded  that  Lycian  be- 
longed to  the  family  of  the  Indo-Germanic  languages,  since  the 
verbs  were  conjugated  in  a  manner  analogous  to  those  languages. 
The  resemblance  of  prina/atu  to  the  Greek  errot^aaro  is  so  great, 
that  we  may  suppose  it  to  be  the  same  tense,  the  middle  aorist ; 
the  form  of  the  participle  is  more  near  to  the  Latin ;  if  we  add 
M  to  the  word  before  us,  making  it  prinqfunig  it  might  almost 
pass  for  the  passive  participle  of  a  Latin  verb.  The  only  other 
forms  in  which  we  find  this  verb,  are  prinafate^  which  may  be  the 
aorist  of  the  active,  and  prinapo,  which  is  perhaps  a  noun  derived 
from  the  same  root ;  the  verb  is  probably  prinapame  or  prina- 
fame.  No  verb  resembling  this  has  been  found  in  any  of  the 
Indo-Germanic  languages,  and  it  has  been  thought  connected 
with  the  Arabic  bera,  creating ,  a  verb  which  occurs  in  all  the 
Semitic  languages:  it  seems  probable  that  the  Lycians,  who 
were  close  neighbours  to  the  Syrians,  should  have  some  mixture 
of  Semitic  roots,  and  this  derivation  is  probably  correct.  It 
must  be  remarked,  that  this  verb,  even  if  of  Semitic  origin,  is 
nevertheless  declined  in  the  manner  peculiar  to  the  Indo-Ger- 
manic languages,  having  been  completely  adopted  by  the  Ly- 
cians ;  yet  it  has  neither  augment  nor  reduplication,  of  both  of 
which  we  shall  meet  with  many  instances  further  on  in  the 
Lycian  verbs.  The  next  word  which  requires  notice  occurs  in 
the  second  line ;  it  begins  with  uwela,  compounded  with  a  word 
which  may  be  tedeeme  badly  copied,  but  which  is  certainly  con- 
nected with  that  word ;  here  again  the  Semitic  languages  will 
help  us :  weled  in  Arabic  is  son ;  welad,  child-birih,  bearing 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  481 

children,  or  being  bam ;  putting  these  words  together^  we  have 
for  the  compound^  children's  children,  grandchildren,  or  de- 
ecendants. 

In  the  next  line  we  find  ladu,  a  case  of  the  noun  bida,  which 
I  must  leave  in  doubt,  though  I  conjecture  it  to  be  the  accusa- 
tive or  dative  plural,  as  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  owner  here 
gives  permission  to  his  descendants  to  burjr  their  wives  also  in  the 
same  tomb ;  edAwe  in  that  case  would  mean  their  as  well  as  his. 

In  the  last  two  lines  we  find  the  two  people  mentioned,  who 
together  seem  to  have  made  up  what  was  called  by  the  Greeks 
Lyda,  the  TVamehe  and  the  TVoes, 

The  use  of  the  characters  B,  X^  and  +,  is  difierent  in  this  in- 
scription firom  what  we  find  in  many  others ;  they  are  more 
distinct  fix>m  each  other  than  usual^  and  yet  it  is  difficult  to  fix 
their  exact  value :  the  B  is  always  a  consonant,  and  may  be  fairly 
rendered  W ;  but  both  the  other  letters  seem  to  act  the  part  of 
vowel  and  consonant.  The  last  word  of  the  inscription  is  no 
doubt  the  same  as  that  which  terminates  the  preceding  line, 
where  P  has  been  substituted  for  O;  this  occurs  in  another 
inscription  written  BOF^APE;  thus  the  +  is  here  a  consonant, 
while  in  the  words  oArpe  and  eoAwe  it  is  clearly  a  vowel;  X 
occurs  as  a  consonant  in  uwela,  and  as  a  vowel  in  TVodoAa ;  the 
L  which  ends  this  word  must  be  incorrect,  but  I  am  at  a  loss 
what  letter  to  substitute  in  its  place. 

Teze  in  the  third  line  seems  identical  with  tese,  which  we 
shall  soon  come  to,  meaning  herein ;  the  letters  S  and  Z  appear 
to  be  frequently  interchanged  by  the  sculptors. 

The  first  part  of  this  inscription  is  similar  to  the  usual  style 
of  the  others,  but  all  the  latter  part  is  for  the  present  quite  un- 
intelligible. 


Inscription  No.  14.    Plate  XXXVI. 

The  artist  seems  to  have  made  a  mistake  when  he  commenced 
this  inscription,  and  on  discovering  his  error,  to  have  begun 

2i 


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482  APPENDIX  B. 

again  lower  down  :  we  may  disregard  altogether  the  unfinished 
words  in  the  upper  part^  and  begin  where  it  is  corrected. 

ewuinu :  gopu  :   mete  prinsftitn :    tofa  •  .  aa :   o&rppe   bde   se 
thtB         tomb  made  N,  for         wife  and 

iedeeme:  seeyeitadu:  tese:  mette:  adadawele:  ada:  II 

children    Whoever  huries   herein  lei  him  pa^  a  fine  adoM      2. 

The  first  sentence  contains  the  usual  statement  of  the  person 
for  whom  the  tomb  was  intended,  and  all  the  words  in  it  have 
been  already  met  with :  the  second  part  denounces  any  tres- 
passer who  makes  use  of  the  tomb  as  liable  to  a  fine.  Several 
of  the  Greek  inscriptions  which  you  have  copied  in  Asia  Minor 
contain  a  similar  clause,  and  we  shall  find  it  again  on  other  Lycian 
monuments :  this  has  been  placed  first,  because  it  is  the  sim- 
plest sentence  in  which  a  fine  is  mentioned,  and  consequently 
the  most  easily  analysed. 

The  form  of  the  word  seeycy  points  out  that  it  is  a  pronoun^ 
its  termination  being  similar  to  the  Zend  pronouns  already 
mentioned ;  its  meaning  must  be  gathered  from  the  context^ 
where  who  or  whoever  seems  required. 

Itadu  belongs  to  a  verb  which  we  shall  meet  with  in  a  variety 
of  tenses,  iiatUy  itaia,  itatatu,  and  itatadu ;  the  verb  is  probably 
tatame  or  tadame,  equivalent  to  the  Sanscrit  dadhanU,  and  to  the 
Greek  riOijfii,  which  latter  word  occurs  on  tombs  in  the  sense  of 
Imry,  which  is  the  meaning  required  for  the  word  before  us. 
The  short  i  at  the  beginning  of  itadu  is  the  augment,  which 
difiers  little  firom  the  e  added  to  the  Greek  verbs.  The  resem- 
blance of  the  Lycian  to  the  Greek  verbs  is  so  great,  that  we 
may  refer  to  the  Greek  grammar  for  comparison ;  thus  itadu 
and  itata  seem  to  be  in  the  active  voice,  the  latter  answering  to 
the  imperfect  erifftf ;  itatatu  and  itatadu  in  the  imperfect  of  the 
middle,  as  endero. 

The  translation  of  the  two  following  words  is  conjectural ;  the 
sentence  requires  herein^  or  something  to  that  efiect,  and  the 
form^  of  the  words  renders  it  probable  that  they  are  adverbs ; 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  483 

tese  being  perhaps  here,  and  meite  the  adverbial  form  of  the  de- 
monstrative participle  already  mentioned,  of  which  the  adjective 
forms  mete  and  mute  occur  so  often. 

Ada  in  Arabic  signifies  payment ;  in  our  inscriptions  it  is  al- 
ways followed  by  a  numeral^  and  must  be  a  definite  sum  or 
piece  of  money :  tawan  in  Arabic  is  a  fine  or  penalty :  the  word 
adadaweky  or  as  it  is  elsewhere  spelt,  adadawale,  is  a  verb  in 
the  imperative,  compounded  of  ada  and  tawan,  which  together 
give  the  meaning  to  pay  a  fine.  The  only  word  in  the  inscrip- 
tion about  which  there  is  any  doubt,  is  the  name  of  the  owner  of 
the  tomb,  which  is  not  perfectly  copied. 


Second  Inscription  at  page  225  of  your  former  Journal. 

ewuinu  :  prinafu  :  mSne  prinofatu  ao%kwade  :  pezewedeoii  : 
this  work  made  Aougkwade  Peeewede's 

tedeeme  yse  :  wapru  meoii  :  towes  :  seeye  itatadu  :  meite  acfe- 
son         Jf    successor  of  me       herein    any  one  aUows  to  bury  let 

dewale  :  ada  :  O  —  se  yutre  :  itata  ada  :  III  —  se  peyetuou  : 
him  pay  a  fine  ados     30  And  other        buries  ados         13    And 

rzzeitaO  :  I ade :  eouw  :  s€  mineue  edewe 

sum      that     and 

esedu  inefe  3  se  peytu  :  utre  :  itatu  prineze  :  atlawe. 

and  no  one         other  may  bury  beloved    by  themselves, 

I  cannot  translate  the  whole  of  what  precedes,  even  with  the 
help  of  guessing  at  the  meaning  of  one  or  two  of  the  words ;  yet 
the  subject  can  be  made  out  sufficiently  to  obtain  an  insight  into 
the  construction  of  the  sentences,  which  throw  more  light  upon 
the  structure  of  the  language  than  any  other  inscription  yet 
translated. 

The  first  paragraph,  down  to  the  word  son,  admits  of  no 
doubt;  the  only  words  to  be  remarked  in  it  are  poinqfu  and 
prinfatUy  instead  of  prinafu  and  prinqfatu,  as  we  find  them 

2i2 


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484  APPENDIX  B. 

written  elsewhere ;  as  these  are  probably  errors  in  making  the 
copy,  they  have  been  corrected  above. 

The  general  meaning  of  the  second  paragraph  cannot  be  mis- 
taken, but  it  is  not  easy  to  explain  the  use  of  each  separate  word 
in  it«  I  have  some  doubt  whether  the  first  word  should  be  yse 
or  se ;  the  first  character  I  is  often  copied  in  the  place  of  the 
stop,  which  is  here  omitted ;  and  it  is  so  rarely  found  preceding 
a  consonant^  that  I  never  find  it  in  such  a  position  without  sus- 
pecting that  a  mistake  has  been  made.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
Anqiietil's  vocabulary  of  Zend,  ieze  is  translated  ify  which  is  so 
appropriate  in  this  sentence  that  it  has  been  adopted.  The  fourth 
letter  of  the  next  word  is  imperfect ;  by  reading  it  r  we  get 
tvapru,  the  nominative  of  wdpruna,  which  occurs  in  the  inscrip- 
tion at  page  226  of  the  same  volume :  it  has  already  been  pro- 
posed to  translate  this  word  successor  or  heir^  from  the  context 
in  thes^  two  passages :  it  occurs  nowhere  else,  so  there  is  no 
other  clue  to  it.  MeoA  will  be  readily  admitted  as  the  genitive 
of  me ;  yet  it  must  be  observed,  that  this  translation,  although 
not  improbable  in  itself,  does  not  make  a  correctly  grammatical 
sentence,  as  the  inscription  begins  in  the  third  person.  Towes 
takes  the  place  of  tese  in  the  inscription  No.  14,  and  requires 
the  same  translation  of  herein  or  therein :  the  remaining  words, 
down  to  the  amount  of  the  fine,  have  been  explained  before ; 
but  seeye  requires  a  slightly  different  translation  from  that  pre- 
viously given,  any  one  being  here  preferable  to  whoever. 

The  next  short  paragraph  is  clear;  the  only  doubt  is,  whether 
to  write  yutre  as  we  find  it,  or  to  consider  I  as  the  representative 
of  the  stops,  and  to  spell  the  word  utre.  The  latter  seems  the 
most  probable,  as  that  word  occurs  lower  down  in  the  inscrip- 
tion, but  the  former  spelling  is  found  in  the  fragment  No.  16, 
so  it  must  be  left  uncertain :  in  either  case  there  is  no  doubt 
that  it  means  oMer,  as  it  is  very  close  to  the  Liatin  uter^  and  to 
the  cognate  words  in  most  languages  of  the  same  family,  all  of 
which  favour  the  spelling  utre  rather  than  yutre. 

It  has  been  already  pointed  out  that  itata  is  an  active,  and 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  485 

itaiadu  a  middle  tense  of  the  verb  bury ;  the  whole  sentence 
turns  upon  the  different  meaning  of  the  verb  in  the  two  voices : 
if  the  person  who  holds  the  property  in  the  tomb  'allows  a 
stranger  to  be  buried  in  it^  he  is  to  be  fined  30  adas^  and  if  an- 
other  buries  in  it,  he  is  to  pay  IS  adas.  At  first  sight  the  fines 
appear  out  of  proportion^  as  a  trespass  upon  the  property  of 
another  is  a  greater  offence  than  a  breach  of  trust ;  but  this  ap- 
parent anomaly  disappears  if  we  take  the  two  paragraphs  as 
relating  to  the  same  act^  and  translate^  if  my  successor  allows 
any  one  to  bury  herein  let  him  pay  a  fine  qf  30  aiUis ;  and  if 
another  person  [havinff  such  permissum]  buries  [herein^  let  him 
pay"]  13  adas ;  putting  it  thus^  the  holder  of  the  property  is 
guilty  of  a  greater  offence  in  committing  a  breach  of  trusty  than 
the  stranger  who  acts  upon  his  orders  or  permission. 

The  numerals  are  exactly  identical  with  those  used  by  the 
Phoenicians,  which  are  explained  in  Gesenius^s  work  on  the 
Phoenician  Monuments,  chap.  vi. ;  the  upright  lines  are  units, 
the  horizontal  lines  tens,  and  O  twenty. 

The  sentence  which  follows  the  second  set  of  numerals,  pro- 
bably directs  the  manner  in  which  the  amount  of  the  fine  is  to  be 
applied,  which  is  apparently  to  be  in  two  parts ;  the  analogy  of 
the  Greek  inscriptions  found  in  the  country,  would  lead  us  to 
suppose  that  half  was  to  go  to  the  public  treasury,  and  half  to 
the  informs.  The  copy  of  this  part  of  the  inscription  must  not 
be  altogether  relied  on ;  the  third  word  cannot  be  correct,  and 
the  /  which  follows  is  apparently  the  beginning  of  a  word  of 
which  all  the  rest  is  lost :  4^+B  occurs  nowhere  else,  and  has 
probably  lost  a  vowel  at  the  end.  1  mention  these  apparent 
errors,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  be  examined  by  some  other 
traveller  who  may  visit  Lycia. 

The  detached  sentence  at  the  end  points  out  the  parties  who 
are  allowed  to  make  use  of  the  tomb,  which  is  not  stated  in  the 
usual  manner  in  the  beginning  of  the  inscription :  the  first  two 
words,esddu  mfTi?, describe  the  persons  intended:  the  same  words 
occur  among  the  relations  in  the  upper  inscription  of  the  same 


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486  APPENDIX  B. 

page^  so  that  we  may  be  sure  that  they  are  terms  of  relation- 
ship, but  I  have  not  made  out  what  degree  they  describe :  they 
are  followed  by  the  character  3,  which  Mr.  Tates  pointed  out 
to  be  a  stop ;  in  the  long  inscription  on  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus 
it  marks  the  end  of  a  sentence ;  here  its  force  is  slighter,  hardly 
exceeding  that  of  a  comma.  I  conjecture  that  peytu  may  mean 
no  onCy  as  that  is  the  only  translation  which  makes  the  sentence 
intelligible :  itatu  is  another  form  of  the  verb  bury ;  prineze  is 
the  participle  of  a  verb,  which  in  Sanscrit  is  prinamiy  to  lave ; 
compared  with  the  Greek  it  would  be  the  passive  aorist  partici- 
pie;  it  occurs  in  two  other  inscriptions,  No.  9  and  No.  11, 
Plate  XXXVI. ;  the  former  is  a  fragment,  but  in  the  latter  it  is 
applied  to  a  name  taking  the  place  of  the  word  wife  thus,ybr  hia 
beloved,  &c. :  atlawe  is  the  dative  of  atle,  himself,  a  word  of 
constant  occurrence.  The  sentence  put  together  runs  thus :  so 
and  so,  and  no  other,  may  bury  those  beloved  by  them^ 

The  form  of  several  of  the  letters  in  this  inscription  is  pecu- 
liar, and  their  slope  and  position  are  very  irregular. 


Upper  inscription  at  page  225  of  your  former  Journal. 

ewuinu  :   prinaro  :   mete   prinafatu    mumrofe  :  gitenoweoii : 
this  work  made  Mumrofe  Giienowe'e 

tedeeme  o&rppe  esede  inefe :  ginawe  eoAwe  eoAe :  se  chorttye 
eon  for  w\fe         hie        him    and 

lada  seine  samate  teyge  :  kweyewes  :  meine  neyeso  esede  inefe : 

eptewe  :  itepata  seeye  :  itatutu  :  tese  meite  aifodawale :  ada:  III. 
whoever  let  hury    herein  paye  a  fine       ados    3. 

Veiy  little  of  this  inscription  has  yet  been  made  out.  The 
second  word  prinaro  is  probably  mis-copied,  and  should  per- 
haps be  prinqfoy  a  noun  derived  from  the  verb  prina/ami,  or 
another  form  of  its  participle.  Esede  inefe  occur  in  the  last  in- 
scription commented  upon  ;  their  position  here  shows  that  these 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  487 

words  apply  to  some  part  of  the  family^  but  I  have  not  been  able 
to  trace  their  meaning:  the  following  word  ginawe  is  either 
the  genitive  or  dative  of  gina^  another  term  for  wifey  in  Zend 
ghXnd  has  this  meaning  (Bumouf,  Comm*  p.  272) ;  and  the  Greek 
7V17/  is  also  related  to  it.  Some  of  the  following  words  are  al- 
ready known  to  us^  but  not  enough  to  give  any  clue  to  the 
meaning  of  the  middle  part  of  the  inscription ;  the  conclusion 
is  similar  to  that  of  No.  14^  imposing  a  fine  upon  trespassers. 


Inscription  No.  13.     Plate  XXXVI. 

ewuinu  ;  />nnafu  :  mute  prina/%tu :  e  .  •  •  emino  . .  a  semoteoOi : 

this  work  made  N.  Semote'a 

tedeeme :  oArppe  :  atle  :  eoiiwe  se  :  une  :  eodwe. 
WH  for        ae\f         his       and    mother     hia. 

In  the  original  copy  the  last  word  but  one  is  yune ;  I  have 
substituted  a  stop  :  for  the  1^  which  leaves  vne,  a  word  which 
occurs  elsewhere^  and  which  has  been  already  compared  with 
the  Arabic  um,  signifying  mother.  The  rest  of  the  inscription 
requires  no  remark,  all  the  words  having  been  already  met 
with. 


Inscription  No.  15.     Page  36. 

ewuinu  :  gopii  :  mete  prinafatu  :  apinutama  ourppe  :  lade  : 
thiu  tomb  made  Apinutama        for  w\fe 

eoiiwe  :  se  :  tedeemS  :  mSepi  :  podu  :  teite   gawra  ....  we  : 
Ms         amd     children. 

eazzeye  :  kwayra. 

The  beginning  of  this  inscription  requires  no  explanation, 
being  similar  to  several  already  considered ;  I  have  not  been  able 
to  make  anything  out  of  the  latter  part,  in  which  every  word 
is  unknown,  and  several  of  the  letters  are  probably  incorrect. 


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488  APPENDIX  B. 

It  is  useless  to  write  out  all  the  imperfect  inscriptions,  so  I 
will  merely  run  through  those  which  remain  on  Plate  XXXVI., 
making  such  remarks  as  suggest  themselves  upon  each. 

No.  1  is  in  Phoenician,  accompanied  with  a  Greek  transla- 
tion ;  both  are  veiy  imperfect. 

No.  2,  the  tomb  of  Medemode :  several  words  are  wanting  at 
the  end  of  the  first  line,  and  the  whole  is  veiy  imperfect. 

No.  4  is  a  short  funereal  inscription  very  imperfectly  copied, 
which  contains  nothing  of  interest. 

No.  6  contains  only  the  end  of  what  appears  to  have  been  a 
long  funereal  inscription ;  it  ends  with  the  mention  of  a  fine  of 
twelve  adas. 

No.  9  is  a  funereal  inscription,  of  which  only  the  first  part  of 
each  line  is  copied,  so  that  we  have  not  more  than  a  third  part 
of  the  whole. 

No.  10.  The  Lycian  words  are  Lezue^  the  son  of  Sodkaza ;  the 
Greek  are  CTriTwxavovro?  rov  ov^fivOov,  between  which  I  can 
discover  no  connection :  eTnrwxavtov  occurs  as  a  man's  name 
on  one  of  the  Greek  inscriptions  which  you  have  brought 
home,  and  may  be  so  here ;  in  which  case  he  may  be  the  artist, 
and  Lezue  the  owner  of  the  tomb. 

No.  11,  a  monument  erected  by  Ddapssana;  the  lines  are  in- 
complete at  the  end,  and  a  great  part  of  the  inscription  is  very 
incorrect  and  unintelligible.  The  second  line  begins  ourppe 
prineze  eoiitve  orewellawa,  for  his  beloved  Orewella ;  the  last 
word  being  apparently  the  name  of  the  wife  of  the  owner  of  the 
tomb. 

.  No.  12  seems  to  M^ant  the  termination  of  each  line,  and  the 
whole  is  full  of  errors :  it  is  a  funereal  inscription  beginning  in 
the  usual  manner,  but  too  imperfect  to  be  understood. 

No.  16  contains  only  the  beginning  of  each  line  of  a  long 
funereal  inscription  in  the  usual  style,  ending  with  the  infliction 
of  a  fine.  More  than  half  of  each  line  is  lost,  but  what  we 
have  is  tolerably  correct. 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  489 

No.  17  is  very  incorrect,  and  in  the  same  manner  has  only 
the  commencement  of  each  line. 

No.  19  is  part  of  a  long  funereal  inscription  in  a  very  imper- 
fect state :  two  or  three  words  can  be  made  out  here  and  there, 
but  the  rest  is  quite  hopeless. 

No.  22  is  a  similar  inscription  in  rather  better  condition  than 
the  last,  yet  too  imperfect  to  be  made  out. 

No.  23  is  an  inscription  of  a  different  class,  and  which 
promises  more  interest  than  any  of  the  others ;  but  it  is  so  im- 
^  perfect  that  I  can  make  nothing  of  it.  Comparing  it  with  the 
drawing  of  the  monument  on  which  it  occurs,  at  p.  219  of  your 
former  Journal,  the  first  part  appears  very  nearly  complete,  but 
only  a  few  detached  words  have  been  copied  of  the  lower  part. 
The  inscription  does  not  begin  in  the  manner  of  any  of  those 
we  have  yet  met  with,  nor  does  it  contain  any  words  of  a 
funereal  character ;  and  I  should  rather  think  that  it  is  a  royal 
decree  in  the  style  of  those  on  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus.  In  the 
second  line  are  the  words  8^B'^  1  P^SBy^,  the  second  of 
which  requires  some  correction,  and  should  probably  be  PA  SAT, 
leaving  the  e  as  part  of  the  next  word,  and  making  sewe  pasau, 
of  the  king  o/kinffs,  an  expression  which  occurs  on  the  obelisk, 
and  which  will  be  fiilly  discussed  hereafter.  Zersse,  in  the 
first  line,  has  a  strong  resemblance  to  Xerxes ;  but  it  would 
be  rash  to  assert  it  to  be  that  name  fi*om  such  imperfect 
evidence,  and  without  understanding  the  context.  From  the 
manner  in  which  the  letter  B  is  used  as  a  vowel,  I  am  in- 
clined to  think  this  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  inscriptions  you 
have  copied,  but  not  quite  so  ancient  as  those  on  the  first  two 
sides  of  the  obelisk  at  Xanthus. 

In  the  present  imperfect  state  of  this  inscription  I  cannot 
even  divide  it  into  words.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  fiiture  travel- 
lers in  Lycia  will  endeavour  to  make  a  better  copy  of  this 
document,  the  contents  of  which  may  be  of  great  historical 
interest. 


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490  APPENDIX  B. 

Inscriptions  on  thb  Tomb  of  Patara. 

The  three  following  inscriptions  occur  upon  different  sides  of 
the  same  monument,  and  have  therefore,  in  all  probability,  some 
reference  to  one  another :  for  this  reason  they  are  here  brought 
together,  although  I  can  throw  very  little  light  upon  them. 
The  monument  itself  is  represented  at  the  frontispiece,  and 
again  at  p.  228  of  your  former  Journal,  where  one  of  the  in- 
scriptions may  be  seen:  at  p.  230  of  that  volume  is  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  bas-relief  on  the  other  side  of  the  tomb,  with 
an  inscription  over  it,  and  Plate  XXIII.  of  the  present  volume 
represents  the  figures  and  inscription  at  the  end  of  the  tomb. 
The  monument  is  very  beautiful,  and  the  sculpture  upon  it  of 
the  highest  style  of  art. 

At  the  end  of  the  tomb  are  two  armed  figures,  with  the  fol- 
lowing inscription : — 

payara :  ed 

tedeeme 

raoii :  teluze 

peaty  gSe 

of  et8t€re  g 

eyeyu 

er%/azeya  :  er 

amS  prifagQ 
owawe  :  te  :  r 

gmzdeayi  •  •  de 
This  is  obviously  incomplete ;  and  I  suspect  that  you  have  not 
allowed  space  enough  in  the  drawing  for  the  words  lost  at  the 
end  of  each  line :  several  of  the  letters  must  be  corrected  before 
the  words  can  be  pronounced. 

Payara  is  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the  tomb,  and  is  pro- 
bably one  of  the  heroes  represented  in  the  accompanying  bas- 
relief :  the  next  word  has  been  the  name  of  his  mother,  followed 
by  tedeeme^  son :  teluze  is  the  aorist  or  participle  of  a  verb,  of 
which  I  cannot  determine  the  meaning :  by  a  very  slight  cor- 


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LYCIAN    INSCRIPTIONS.  491 

rection  we  obtain  in  the  seventh  line  erafazeyay  which  occurs  in 
the  bilingual  inscription  No.  3^  translated  ^vTifjMy  a  tonA :  all  the 
rest  is  quite  unintelligible. 

The  inscription  over  the  battle-scene  on  one  side  of  the  tomb 
is  not  very  perfect :  with  some  slight  corrections  we  may  read 

payara  manage  se  prinafantu  prinaf  u  ewuinu^ 

Payara  and  Manage  caused  this  work  to  be  made.  The  name 
of  Payara  is  obtained  by  merely  changing /into  r ;  the  second 
word  is  more  doubtful ;  nor  is  it  clear  whether  the  verb  is  as 
given  above,  in  the  plural,  or  prinaf  atUy  in  the  singular. 

Over  the  group  of  figures  on  the  other  side  of  the  tomb  is  an 
inscription,  of  which  I  can  make  nothing. 

Sweeya  grofata  meeye  peyetu  :  rat . .  at . .  a  :  gssadrapapr 
a :  pdu  :  teluze  :  epatte  :  trSmefes  ema 

The  only  words  which  I  can  recognise  here  are  eweeya,  the 
feminine  of  tkis,  and  trdmele,  Lycian. 

The  inscription  under  the  battle-scene,  represented  at  Plate 
XXXI,  is  also  a  complete  puzzle  to  me,  as  I  cannot  make  out 
whether  it  is  to  be  read  continuously  or  in  short  detached  sen- 
tences, applying  to  the  different  groups  of  figures :  as  I  can 
give  no  explanation  of  any  part  of  It,  I  have  not  repeated  it 
here,  and  merely  refer  to  the  Plate  containing  it. 


Inscriptions  on  the  Obelisk  at  Xanthus. 

Having  gone  through  all  the  shorter  inscriptions,  we  now 
come  to  the  most  important,  which  cover  the  four  sides  of  the 
Obelisk  at  Xanthus,  represented  at  Plate  XX. 

In  these  I  am  able  to  translate  very  little.  In  the  short 
funereal  inscriptions,  which  differ  very  little  fi*om  one  another, 
the  context  points  out  the  meaning  of  many  of  the  words,  which 
may  be  considered  as  certain,  if  it  is  confirmed  by  finding  an 
analogous  word  in  any  of  the  languages  to  which  Lycian  is 


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492  APPENDIX  B. 

related ;  but  in  a  long  inscription,  such  as  we  are  now  going  to 
examine,  of  which  the  subject  is  quite  unknown,  this  resource 
is  of  no  avail,  unless  a  sufficient  number  of  words  in  the  same 
sentence  can  be  determined,  to  form  a  connected  sense :  in  the 
present  state  of  the  study  this  is  very  rarely  the  case. 

On  the  north-east  side  of  the  monument,  about  twenty  lines 
are  wanting  at  the  top  to  make  up  the  same  height  as  on  the 
north-west.  The  first  four  lines  which  follow  this  blank  are  in 
Lycian,  but  so  imperfectly  copied  as  to  defy  all  attempts  at  ex- 
planation ;  and  in  the  last  line  of  the  four  there  is  a  mixture  of 
Greek  and  Lycian  characters,  which  causes  complete  confusion. 

The  next  eleven  lines  are  in  Greek :  it  would  be  of  great 
assistance  towards  understanding  the  Lycian  inscriptions  on 
this  monument  if  we  could  read  this  part,  and  gain.fi*om  it  a 
general  idea  of  the  subject ;  but  it  is  unfortunately  the  most 
imperfectly  copied,  and  only  a  few  words  can  be  made  out  here 
and  there. 

Lycia  and  Lycians  occur  several  times,  but  with  an  inaccuracy 
of  spelling,  being  written  Xt^ta  and  \ij(ia :  this  circumstance  is 
in  itself  very  slight,  but  shows  us  that  we  must  not  expect  very 
good  orthography  in  the  rest.  In  the  third  line  we  may  read 
xod,  TO  ae  fjtov  fiinjfia  {ae  being  used  for  etei),  or  teai  roBe  fjLov 
fiyrjfia;  in  either  case  this  is  enough  to  show  that  it  is  a  decree 
running  in  the  first  person.  In  the  next  line,  ofyn-arfo  vm 
apurreu^y  or  apurrevaa^ :  probably  v  has  been  omitted  in  copy- 
ing the  first  of  these  words,  and  we  ought  to  read  it  apTrofyov 
vw ;  or  the  o  may  be  used  instead  of  the  diphthong  ou,  as  a€  in 
the  preceding  line  instead  of  a€i :  the  word  which  precedes  these 
must  be  the  name  of  the  son  of  Harpagus,  but  it  is  imperfect : 
apurrev^  seems  to  be  used  for  yovemor,  which  is  not  its  usual 
meaning,  but  it  is  probably  the  translation  of  some  Persian 
title.  The  name  of  Harpagus  occurs  twice  in  the  Lycian  part 
of  the  inscription ;  at  the  end  of  the  twenty-sixth  and  beginning 
of  the  twenty-seventh  line  on  this  side,  arppagos  in  the  nomi- 
native; and  in  the  thirty-fourth  line  of  the  south-west  side. 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  493 

arppaffooH  tedeeme,  or  »an  qf  Harpagus :  in  this  passage  also  tlie 
son's  name  is  lost.  The  only  difierence  in  the  Greek  and 
Lycian  manner  of  writing  this  name  is  the  doubling  of  the  p 
in  the  latter.  In  the  seventh  line,  by  altering  one  letter,  we  get 
hfOK€  fiepo^  fiaa-iXea^;  and  in  the  following  apiva,  which  has 
been  shown  to  be  the  ancient  name  of  the  city  of  Xanthus, 
where  this  monument  stands,  and  which  occurs  several  times 
in  the  Lydan  part  of  the  inscription. 

It  is  dangerous  to  draw  conclusions  from  such  slight  pre- 
mises, yet  as  these  few  words  are  all  that  can  be  made  out,  we 
must  make  the  most  of  them.  Harpagus,  as  we  learn  from 
Herodotus,  book  i.  c.  142  to  177>  was  a  Mede,  who  commanded 
in  Asia  Minor  for  Cyrus  the  Great,  and  conquered  Ionia,  Caria, 
Lycia,  and  the  whole  qf  Lower  Asia.  He  would  naturally  be 
appointed  governor  over  the  countries  he  had  conquered,  and 
the  words  of  the  inscription,  gave  a  part  of  the  kinffdom,  may 
allude  to  this  appointment :  as  these  are  in  the  third,  while  the 
beginning  of  the  decree  is  in  the  first  person,  they  seem  to  apply 
to  a  donation  or  appointment  by  one  of  the  predecessors  of  the 
king  issuing  the  decree.  The  son  of  Harpagus  previously 
spoken  of  must  be  supposed  to  have  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  government,  and  to  have  been  in  the  command  at  the  time 
the  decree  was  made. 

The  account  given  by  Xenophon  (Cjrrop.,  book  viii.  c.  7-)  of 
the  distribution  of  his  estates  made  by  Cyrus  the  Great  on  his 
death-bed,  confirms  the  preceding  supposition :  he  named  Cam- 
byses  king,  and  his  younger  son,  Tanoaxares  (called  Smerdis  by 
Herodotus)  satrap  of  the  Medes,  Armenians,  and  Cadusii.  The 
exclusion  of  Asia  Minor  from  the  satrapy  of  Tanoaxares,  to 
which  it  would  geographically  be  a  natural  addition,  seems  to 
show  that  it  was  not  at  that  time  in  the.  king's  gift,  which  it 
could  not  be  if  previously  granted  to  Harpagus  and  his  son. 

The  Greek  part  of  the  inscription  is  followed  by  thirty-four 
lines  in  Lycian,  which  are  for  the  most  part  complete,  and  fairly 
copied,  yet  containing  occasional  errors,  of  which  I  have  ven- 


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494  APPENDIX  B. 

tured  to  correct  a  few  which  are  obvious :  these  corrections  are 
distinguished  as  before  by  italics.  The  words  which  I  have 
succeeded  in  translating  are  so  few^  that  they  are  not  worth 
printing  in  separate  lines.  The  sentences  being  separated  by 
a  stop  3^  the  most  convenient  method  is  to  go  through  the 
whole^  sentence  by  sentence,  pointing  out  such  words  in  each 
as  can  be  translated. 

The  Lycian,  which  follows  the  Greek  part  of  the  inscription, 
is  not  a  translation  of  it;  it  is  therefore  probable  that  the  upper 
part  of  the  stone  contained,  in  Lycian,  the  decree  of  which  the 
Greek  is  a  translation ;  but  this  can  only  be  known  when  some 
future  traveller  shall  bring  home  an  accurate  copy  of  the  Greek 
and  of  the  uppermost  portion  of  the  inscription.  The  rest  is 
as  follows : — 

North-east  ride^  commencing  below  the  Greek, 

1.  swerte  :  mezeweema  :  sawasemou  rueepe  :  sewe  :  pasau 

2.  natre  :  slate  :  gosztte  :  deslee  getawo  sewS  itela 

3.  mratroyele  :  zazate :  noik)i!l :  |  :  trotloiie  *  *  k*epe  :  medez  p 

4.  pie  :  gegwatotl :  wetwe/eemessekStese  :  ofe  ^  *  r. 

5.  €  ruplez  sewe  lule  :  ren^pe  :  ma^ase  toleyee 

6.  eanrp  :  trotloiide  :  geae^a  :  me  gwadejzr :  kode  :  mr****** 

7.  kssf :  tr&mele  :  ya  :  ofe  teralmrofasa  :  kopU 

8.  sew6  gwadase  esunumla  :  |  ewe  nowe  kere  :  ses 

9.  ode  slumate  :  /rotloMt/ :  aotiru  :  more  :  topleleeme 

10.  az  :  s€we  swertu  pzzoiite  :  lelewede  :  gitawase 

11.  re  :  neke  :  fa^se  :  pewe  :  krese  :  r*Srale  :  prede :  gapa*e :  y* 

12.  rde :  mpn*rsofute  :  sewe  lulamre  :  gitawaeme  slume 

13.  ArotloiiSu  :  |  me  ofe  kemeyede  :  rgsade  :  Aroiiouetez  ereem 

14.  e  mede  :  gwadasade  kode  mafate  :  klleema  :  feyedre  :  it 

15.  ofetune  :  pdorade  :  sewe  :  pasau  :  |  itene  rokete  :  gwede 

16.  fine  :  olagade  zrutune  :  se  runare^^oprete  :  toragss 

17.  aee  :  na  :  tretemlona&te  :  fo%sade  :  fezttasrpazi :  | 

18.  ukewee  goste  tlomp**azi  oiUlee  mede  :  swertu  :  gwad 

19.  ez  :  tofe  penera  dreta  :  geae^  :  froksa  :  noree  :  sewe  zri 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  495 

20.  ^e  :  neetae**se  :  dekere  sreso  :  -winu  tweso  :  pr€te 

21.  lagade  :  zrutune  :  sewewe  ^erzu  :  otakeya  tramelez 

22.  tweplu  traplu  toworez  pdorade  :  gozroAitez :  | 

23.  uzwe  tbmenese  rwitafu  :  kredese  :  sewede  :  werzu  zef 

24.  edefasasa  :  mofafi^  zrutunez  :  ade  :  nofe  ladg  :  epetade 

25.  sewe  pasowO  ;  |  nepe  weeeseooteto  iteleya  :  pedretu 

26.  nererle  :  moaulede  :  toworez  :  o'^lezez  :  sefiS  tese  :  arpp 
27*  agos  ute  :  t&pefute  :  |  kewe  ofe  neo  :  tsseye  :  wedrede :  er 

28.  gadeze  ruple  mede  ruple  :  grade  :  fagsa  :  tpreyele  :  mu 

29.  me  :  mafele  kllee  mede  :  ahnunalafl  :  |  keze  :  oiQepulitas 

30.  ededewe  kode  :  powrate  :  pere  :  raedeye  teke  :  gozritas 

31.  es  eg  roiio61atu  :  troiioiiitase  tale  ermedel€le  :  toleyele 

32.  feg  sawa  lawame  tame  gwale  :  luape  :  tonepine  ;  sewe  ru 

33.  p/e  sawa  k*  :  wetweleena  troiioiiez  :  tweso  :  slreye  kawo 

34.  ou  se  aemasa. 

First  sentence :  swerte  may  be  compared  to  the  Arabic  surety 
an  imagey  copy  or  transcript ;  the  last  is  the  meaning^most  suit- 
able to  the  context;  it  is  in  the  plural— the  singular  swertu 
occurs  below  in  line  10.  I  derive  the  next  word^  mezetaeema, 
from  the  Zend,  but  with  some  doubt  as  to  the  explfmation 
which  follows :  tema  in  that  language  is  the  sign  of  the  super* 
lative  (Bumouf  Comment,  p.  265) ;  if  we  regard  etna  as  having 
.  the  same  use  in  Lycian,  there  will  remain  mezewey  we  shall  find 
as  we  advance  that  the  Lycian  genitives  are  formed  ewe,  we, 
ewe,  awa,  or  by  the  addition  of  u,  so  that  this  may  be  regarded 
as  the  genitive  of  meze,  in  which  we  recognise  the  Zend  root 
maz,  great  (Bum.  Introd.,  p.  81).  The  principal  difficulty  arises 
from  the  manner  in  which  the  superlative  suffix  ema  is  added  to 
the  termination  of  the  genitive  case,  a  formation  so  difierent 
from  all  that  we  are  accustomed  to,  that  it  requires  confirma« 
tion :  in  the  passage  of  the  Zend-Avesta  to  which  M.  BumouPs 
Commentary  above  quoted  applies,  the  superlative  sign  tema  is 
added  to  the  genitive  case  of  the  name  of  Zoroaster  thus,  Za-s 
rathrusthrd'temdi,  the  whole  forming  a  compound  adjective; 


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496  APPENDIX  B. 

this  construction^  though  not  identical  with  that  under  con- 
sideration^  is  very  analogous  to  it. 

The  words  sawasemau,  sewe  and  paaau  are  all  derived  from 
the  same  root  as  the  Persian  shah,  a  king.  This  root  appears  in 
Lycian  to  be  «a:  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  occinrs  in  the 
nominative  in  the  inscriptions  before  us,  but  it  is  the  only  form 
to  which  all  the  derivatives  can  be  reduced :  if,  as  I  have  no 
doubt,  the  8  was  pronounced  as  sh,  it  would  become  sha,  which 
is  very  close  to  the  modem  Persian  shcth :  this  word  seems  to 
have  formed  its  genitive  in  two  manners,  sau  and  sawa ;  the 
latter  occurs  repeatedly  on  this  monument,  and  from  it  is  formed 
the  genitive  plural  sewe,  of  kings.  Pasau  is  the  genitive  of 
pasa,  or,  altering  the  pronunciation  of  the  s,  pasha,  to  which  we 
must  not  attach  the  inferior  meaning  given  to  it  by  the  Turks, 
but  that  of  the  Persian  padshah,  emperor,  a  title  superior  to 
that  of  shah,  and  of  which  the  kings  of  Persia  are  veiy  jealous : 
see  d'Herbelot,  Diet.  Orient,  v.  padischah ;  it  is  formed  of  pad, 
chief  imd  sJiah.  The  two  words  sewepasa  form  together  the  well- 
known  title  of  the  kings  of  Persia,  the  king  of  kings,  or,  as  it 
would  be  more  literally  translated  in  the  present  instance,  the 
emperor  of  kings,  corresponding  to  the  Persian  shahin  padshah. 
Sawasemau  is  the  genitive  of  sasema  or  sawasema ;  if  of  the 
former,  the  first  syllable  of  the  word,  as  well  as  the  last,  changes 
its  form  in  the  genitive  case ;  of  this  we  shall  find  many  in- 
stances,  and  this  change  of  the  plural  sewe  from  the  singular 
sawa  is  analogous  to  it:  if  the  nominative  is  sawasema,  the 
compound  word  has  been  formed  from  the  oblique  case  sawa, 
instead  of  the  nominative :  the  Sanscrit  s^asena,  a  decree,  sup- 
plies the  meaning  of  this  word.  The  next  word  appears  to  be 
rueepe,  but  it  is  imperfectly  copied  and  I  cannot  find  its  mean* 
ing ;  from  its  position  it  seems  to  qualify  the  decree :  omitting 
this  word,  the  line  may  be  translated  transcripts  of  the  greatest 
decree  of  the  king  of  kings,  referring  to  the  two  copies  of  the 
royal  decree  in  Lycian  and  Greek  engraved  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  stone.     The  name  of  the  king  might  be  expected  to  ac- 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  497 

company  his  title,  but  I  cannot  detect  it  in  the  sentence,  nor 
does  the  Greek  decree  commence  with  it :  probably  the  Lycian 
decree,  which  stood  first  on  the  monument,  began  with  the 
name  and  titles  of  the  king,  and  it  was  not  thought  necessary 
to  repeat  them  again. 

The  Zend  form  of  the  word  shah  is  khchaya,  the  Persepolitan 
is  khchahyohy  according  to  M.  Bumoufs  reading  of  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions  {M6moire  stir  deux  Inscriptions  cunitformes, 
etc.,  p.  76) ;  therefore  in  this  word  the  Lycian  form  has  more 
resemblance  to  the  Sanscrit  and  modem  Persian  than  to  the 
Zend  or  Persepolitan.    The  contrary  is  far  more  common. 

The  title  of  king  ofhings  was  borne  by  the  kings  of  Persia  until 
Alexander's  conquest :  from  that  period  the  title  was  not  used  un- 
til it  was  revived  by  the  Mahometan  sultans  in  the  tenth  century. 
But  as  the  Arabic  conquest  put  down  the  fire-religion  and  the 
worship  of  Ormuzd,  this  title,  coupled  with  the  mention  of  Or- 
muzd,  whose  name  we  shall  find  repeatedly  on  this  monument, 
would  prove,  even  if  we  had  no  other  evidence,  that  the  inscrip- 
tion was  more  ancient  than  the  time  of  Alexander.  I  cannot 
trace  the  original  use  oipadshah,  in  distinction  to  shah ;  it  does 
not  appear  to  be  of  pure  Persian  origin,  although  it  is  given  as 
such  in  the  Persian  dictionaries,  for  there  is  no  analogous  word 
in  Zend;  nor  does  it  occur  in  the  Persepolitan  inscriptions,  where 
the  royal  title  is  khchahyoh  khchahyohanam ;  and  the  usual 
Greek  translation  fiaaiXev^  fiaaiKefov,  agrees  better  with  shah 
of  shahs  than  with  the  Lycian  phrase  pashah  of  shahs.  The 
earliest  mention  of  it  which  I  can  find,  is  among  the  Pehlvi  words 
in  Anquetil's  vocabulary,  where  the  Zend  word  khscheed,  king, 
is  rendered  in  Pehlvi  by  padescha :  it  would  seem,  therefore,  that 
pad  was  an  addition  of  Semitic  origin,  which  came  into  use 
when  Pehlvi  was  the  language  of  the  Persian  court. 

If  this  view  is  correct,  it  explains  our  finding  the  word  pasa 
in  the  Lycian  language,,  which  has  evidently  a  mixture  of  Semi- 
tic words,  although  not  to  the  same  extent  as  Pehlvi.  If  we 
could  find  pasa  in  the  Persian  language  at  the  time  of  Cyrus 

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498  APPENDIX  B. 

the  Great,  it  would  explain  the  derivation  of  the  name  of  Pasar- 
gada,  which  has  g^ven  much  trouble :  that  city  was  built  by 
Cyrus,  and  the  name  is  translated  by  Stephanus  Byzantinus, 
camp  of  the  Persians ',  but  to  sustain  this  etymology,  it  should 
be  written  Parsagada :  the  viordpasa  suggests  the  derivation  of 
posers  castle. 

Of  the  rest  of  this  sentence  I  can  say  but  very  little :  I  have 
altered  the  division  of  the  words  in  the  latter  part  of  the  second 
line,  and  suspect  that  several  letters  require  correction,  but  I 
cannot  attempt  a  translation :  getaivo  should  probably  be  gUawo, 
an  order,  related  to  the  verb  gitawaeme,  to  order,  of  which  we 
shall  meet  with  many  tenses,  and  whose  meaning  is  deduced 
from  the  Arabic  kitab,  a  book,  writing,  or  order:  sewe  must 
here  be  in  the  dative  plural,  that  case  and  the  genitive  being 
usually,  if  not  always,  the  same ;  when  not  accompanied  by 
pasa,  this  word  can  hardly  be  translated  kings,  but  must  de- 
scribe the  governors  or  satraps  to  whom  the  king's  decree  is 
directed :  zazate  has  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  Sanscrit  t^asa, 
to  command  or  govern,  a  word  derived  from  the  same  root  as 
shah ;  yet  in  that  case  it  should  rather  be  written  sazate,  unless 
the  Lycians  confused  together  the  letters  z  and  s,  of  which  we 
shall  perhaps  meet  with  other  instances.  There  is  a  Zend  verb 
zaza,  which  M.  Bumouf  translates  laisser  alter,  /aire  cottier 
(Comm.,  p.  41 1,  note);  this  exactly  answers  to  our  word  in  form, 
but  that  meaning  can  hardly  apply  to  the  passage  before  us, 
and  I  am  rather  disposed  to  translate  it  commands ;  it  is  ob- 
viously the  third  person  singular  of  the  present  tense  of  a  verb* 
The  word  no^ii  is  so  near  to  novus,  that  it  should  probably  be 
rendered  new;  but  without  knowing  the  general  bearing  of  the 
sentence,  such  resemblances  cannot  be  relied  upon. 

It  is  evident,  from  the  commencement  of  this  sentence,  that 
this  part  of  the  inscription  is  not  a  royal  decree,  but  is  issued 
by  some  subordinate  authority,  probably  by  the  son  of  Harpa- 
gus,  as  satrap  or  governor. 

Of  the  second  sentence  beginning  in  the  middle  of  line  3, 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  499 

I  can  explain  but  few  words,  and  those  are  only  geographical 
names.  The  first  word  is  imperfect ;  it  should  probably  be 
trodoHeSy  the  Troes  or  people  of  Tlos,  whose  history  has  been 
already  considered  at  some  length ;  troHoAde  in  the  sixth  line 
refers  to  the  same  people :  this  name  occurs  with  many  different 
terminations,  perhaps  designating  the  town  of  Tlos,  the  district 
or  province  of  which  that  city  was  the  capital,  and  their  inhabit- 
ants, but  I  have  no  clue  by  which  to  apportion  the  names  to 
each.  In  line  7  we  have  tramele,  the  TermUte  or  TremUte 
of  the  Greek  geographers  and  of  Herodotus,  whose  capital  was 
Xanthus,  and  between  whom  and  the  Troes  the  whole  of  Lycia 
seems  divided.  Medeor  medez,  (for  the  division  of  the  words  is 
here  lost)  which  occurs  at  the  end  of  the  third  Une,  admits  of  no 
doubt ;  frequent  mention  of  the  Medes  is  to  be  expected  in  con- 
nection with  the  name  of  Harpagus,  who  was  of  that  nation : 
the  nominative  singular  of  this  word  is  apparently  m^dfe,  the  no- 
minative plural  mede,  and  medez  may  be  the  accusative  plural ; 
but  there  is  some  doubt  about  these  terminations  in  z,  which  are 
not  uncommon.  GegwatoH,  ffwadez  and  gwadase  are  different 
tenses  of  one  verb,  of  which  the  meaning  is  still  unknown;  the 
syllable  ge  in  the  first  is  a  redupUcation,  as  is  common  in  Greek 
and  Sanscrit.  Sewe,  the  schaha  or  ffovemors,  occurs  twice  in 
this  sentence.  Ya  at  line  7  is  the  relative  pronoun  which  or 
that;  in  Sanscrit  ya  is  the  feminine,  yat  the  neuter  pronoun; 
but  from  the  constant  omission  of  the  terminal  consonant  in 
Lydan,  this  word  may  be  in  the  neuter.  In  the  sixth  line  I 
have  restored  geaega^  the  town  of  Gaga^  of  which  the  coins  have 
been  already  described ;  and  at  the  end  of  line  7^  kopU  should 
probably  be  restored  to  kapalle,  of  which  there  are  several  coins, 
and  which  I  propose  to  identify  with  the  district  of  Cabalia  or 
Caballis.  The  rest  of  this  sentence  must  be  left  for  the  present 
in  complete  obscurity;  many  of  the  words  are  still  undivided, 
and  others  imperfect. 
The   next  isentence  begins  in  line  8;  the  first  word  ewe 

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500  APPENDIX   B, 

is  the  dative  of  the  pronoun  kei  in  line  9  I  have  restored 
troAoAluy  supposing  that  word  to  apply  to  the  TVoea ;  troiioAeu 
in  line  13^  is  probably  the  same  word.  The  next  word  is 
aoArUy  the  Persian  divinity  Ormuzd,  the  principal  deity  of  the 
fire-worshipers:  in  the  Zend-Avesta  this  name  is  written 
Ahura  Mazda,  upon  which  M.  Bumouf  has  written  at  some 
length  (Comm.^  p.  70),  and  each  of  these  words  is  used  sepa-* 
rately  to  designate  the  same  being ;  the  term  Ahura  Mazda  has 
been  gradually  altered  until  it  has  been  contracted  into,  the 
Parsee  name  Ormuzdi  in  the  inscription  on  the  south-east  side 
of  this  monument  we  shall  find  AoHremez,  which  is  a  close  ap- 
proach to  the  original  name.  Anquetil  writes  this  word  EhorOy 
which  is  nearer  to  the  Lycian  spelling  than  the  orthography 
adopted  by  M.  Bumouf;  in  the  Lycian  word  the  second  syllable 
is  formed  by  the  letter  X,  which  must  therefore  have  been  .aspi- 
rated where  used  as  a  vowel.  Our  finding  Ormuzd  fi>equently 
mentioned  in  this  inscription  is  of  great  importance,  as  it  con- 
nects the  monument  with  the  Persians  at  the  time  when  they 
followed  the  religion  of  Zoroaster.  The  Persepolitan  inscriptions 
of  the  reigns  of  Darius  Hystaspes  and  Xerxes  are  also  in  the 
name  of  Ormuzd.  Sewe^  the  shahs,  occurs  again  in  the  tenth 
and  twelfth  lines ;  in  the  former  accompanied  by  swertu,  a 
transcript y  which  we  met  with  above.  Gitawaeme,  in  the  twelfth 
line,  is  the  first  person  of  the  present  tense  of  the  verb  to  order 
already  mentioned,  to  which  gitawase  in  line  10  also  belongs. 

TroAoHetez  in  line  13,  refers  to  the  TVoes;  and  this  sentence 
finishes  with  the  words  setae  pasau,  king  of  kings. 

In  tlie  next  sentence,  from  the  middle  of  Une  15  to  the 
end  of  line  17 f  I  cannot  make  out  a  single  word.  In  that 
which  follows  there  are  several  words  which  we  have  met  with 
already:  in  line  18,  medey  Median,  and  swertu,  a  transcript; 
in  line  19  sewe,  the  shahs,  in  21,  sewewe,  which  is  perhaps  an 
incorrect  copy  of  the  same  word,  and  trdmelez,  the  TremikB ; 
in  line  19,  penera  is  probably  the  town  of  Pinara,  and  geaega 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  501 

GagtB ;  and  the  two  words  which  accompany  these^  dreta  and 
froksay  are  probably  also  the  names  of  towns ;  the  latter  may 
be  PhrixoSy  mentioned  by  Stephanus  as  a  town  of  Lycia. 

In  line  23  we  have  tomenese;  of  this  the  last  syllable  is 
the  enclitic  se,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  qt^;  the  remainder^ 
iomency  is  a  word  which  we  shall  meet  with  frequently  further 
on ;  it  may  perhaps  be  translated  inhabitants,  or  dwelling  in,  and 
be  connected  with  the  Latin  domusy  and  the  Zend  ddman,  which 
M.  Bumouf  translates  crSationy  peuple,  place^  &c.  (Comm.^  p. 
358).  The  next  word  is  tiTAF^,  or  witi\fu\  this  is  the 
only  instance  where  the  letter  4  occurs  on  this  side  of  the  mo- 
nument ;  and  it  appears  superfluouis^  as  itafu  frequently  occurs 
without  it;  it  therefore  appears  that  in  this  instance  it  can 
hardly  be  more  than  an  aspirate.  Sewede,  in  the  same  line^  is 
the  word  sewe  united  to  the  particle  de^  In  line  25  we  again 
find  the  phrase  king  of  kinffs,  but  the  last  word  is  written 
PASBBNT}  which  can  hardly  be  correct;  if  we  read  pasawu 
we  must  suppose  that  pasa  is  declined  either  pasau  or  pasawuy 
the  latter  form  being  nearly  analogous  to  sawa,  from  sa. 

In  the  next  sentence  the  only  word  recognized  is  the  name  of 
Haipagus,  written  arppagos,  which  is  divided  between  the  line* 
26  and  27* 

In  the  twenty-seventh  line  a  new  paragraph  begins  with  the 
word  kewei  in  the  fiftieth  line  of  the  north-west  side  are  the 
words  kewe  pasao,  which  appear  synonymous  with  sewe  pasau, 
king  of  kings :  this  word  is  also  written  kewe  in  the  sixth  line  of 
that  side  of  the  monument.  We  have  here  the  Lycian  word 
which  is  analogous  to  the  Zend  kava,  king,  or^  as  it  is  also  written 
in  that  language,  kdva,  the  first  vowel  being  either  long  or  short 
in  Zend,  as  it  is  in  Lycian.  The  earliest  dynasty  of  Persian 
kings,  whose  history  can  be  relied  upon,  was  called  the  Caianian, 
a  name  derived  firom  the  title  kS,  or  king,  prefixed  to  their  names, 
and  which  having  afterwards  dropped  out  of  the  Persian  lan- 
guage, became  regarded  as  especially  applicable  to  them.  The 
title   kava  is    fully  explained  in  M.  Bumouf 's  Commentary, 


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502  APPENDIX  B. 

p.4239  and  the  difficulties  attending  it  are  thoroughly  considered; 
but  instead  of  adopting  the  derivation  which  that  author  has 
given  of  the  term  Caianian^  as  descendants  of  the  sun^  p.  454,  it 
would  be  more  simple  to  consider  sa  or  shah,  and  ha,  kai,  or  k£ 
(for  there  is  a  doubt  as  to  the  form  of  the  nominative),  as  modi- 
fications of  the  Zend  form  khchaya,  which  have  adapted  them- 
selves to  the  different  powers  of  pronunciation  of  the  neighbour- 
ing people. 

From  this  point  to  the  bottom  of  the  inscription  are  two 
sentences  about  which  little  can  be  said ;  the  Medes  are  men- 
tioned several  times,  and  also  the  Troes.  In  lines  32  and  S3 
the  word  sawa  occurs  twice;  this  is  the  singular  of  shah, 
either  in  the  genitive  or  dative  case;  and  in  line  32  is  the 
plural  sewe. 

You  see  that  as  yet  but  little  progress  has  been  made  in  trans- 
lating this  interesting  inscription,  as  the  few  words  which  have 
been  picked  out  here  and  there  are  not  sufficient  to  show  even 
the  general  bearing  of  the  dociunent.  I  could  have  increased 
the  number  very  much,  by  adding  all  those  which  have  a  re- 
semblance to  any  words  in  the  neighbouring  languages,  but  that 
would  not  have  added  anything  to  the  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
but  would  rather  have  confused  it,  by  overwhelming  the  Uttle 
that  is  known  with  a  mass  of  conjecture. 

In  this  and  the  inscriptions  on  the  other  sides  of  the  same 
monument  the  Medes  are  frequently  spoken  of,  but  we  find  no 
mention  of  the  Persians^  unless  the  word^o^^a,  which,  as  well  as 
its  derivatives,  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  be  considered  to  repre- 
sent Persia ;  the  name  of  that  country  may  be  written  with 
either/?  or^  and  the  letter  r  is  in  some  eastern  dialects  changed 
into  a  guttural ;  yet  the  change  from  Persia,  or  Farsa,  to  fa^say  is 
too  great  to  be  admitted  without  corroborative  evidence,  and  I 
only  allude  to  it  because  we  might  expect  some  mention  of  the 
Persians  in  connection  with  the  Medes,  and  foffsa  is  the  only 
word  in  the  inscription  which  has  the  slightest  resemblance  to 
Persia.     Herodotus  was  well  acquainted  with  the  history  of 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  503 

both  Medes  and  Persians,  but  the  name  which  he  uses  in  pre- 
ference is  Mede ;  he  speaks  of  the  "  army  of  the  Medes/'  and  of 
^^  Darius,  the  king  of  the  Medes."  As  Harpagus  was  a  Mede,  it 
is  probable  that  the  troops  with  which  he  conquered  Lycia  were 
principally  of  that  nation,  so  that  we  need  not  be  surprised  at 
finding  the  Medes  constantly  spoken  of  here. 

The  only  remaining  remarks  which  I  have  to  make  upon  this 
inscription,  relate  to  the  orthography :  the  letter  B  occurs  single 
fifty-two  times,  in  many  of  which  it  must  be  considered  as  a 
mere  vowel,  although  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  is  either  a  con- 
sonant or  a  semi-vowel ;  B  B  occurs  six  times,  in  all  of  which 
they  must  both  be  vowels ;  +  only  occurs  once ;  (]»  single  occurs 
ten  times,  being  sometimes  vowel  and  sometimes  consonant ; 
and  the  same  double  four  times,  all  of  which  are  vowels  exactly 
equivalent  to  B  B.  It  will  be  seen  that  their  proportions  are  very 
different  on  the  south-west  and  south-east  sides  of  the  monu- 
ment, on  which  4^  is  a  character  far  oftener  used  than  B. 


North-west  side  of  the  Obelisk  at  Xanthus. 

1.  koft  :  edaoiiru  etr etofiry 

2.  eree  mede  sewe  l*u  :  ylut 

3.  lede  :  aeekemlume  ek^ml 

4.  fesede  profyr  |  aloiirQ  nakem 

5.  rsaoiiretu  petols  . .  • .  Sleye 

6.  zroApedone  kewe  tamere  r 

7.  roftu  ofete  sokru:  |  rloiimowu 

8.  ezete  winu  :  twa  :  gozritru  — * 

9.  ala  :  ralaraema  :  sapale  f^ 

10.  eumu  :  tefe  sS  arapu  :  |  atle 

11.  elole  se  :  tri(mel§  :  kopr  — 

12.  wede  ortoma  ssgu  : 

13.  wS  seke  :  lostroAge 

14.  kwez  se  wofeefre . . .  ap 


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504  APPENDIX  B. 

15.  —  ne  otene  lelepwedep€  — — 

16.  gnu  :  kopre  eptoete  s   ot 

17.  ade  :  ere  flewe  tro&oiiite  t 

18.  as  1  deteo  itada  giney  -^— 

]  9.  pfere  :  geregri  uzo  ssddgo  '■ 

20.  e  se  keto  efu  uezo  se  tara  et  — 

21.  —  tw*8oto8tte  :  arSare  mede  oiig 


22.  —  otdadeite  :  teru  eketeyu  atone  ei  — 

23.  e  eyepi  teru  kere  tugaeya  koterssa 

24.  zayaen  mete  nema  ssgatyortof  uz  mar 

25.  tramelewe  tekere  :  treegale  pe  se  gor  — — 

26.  oiiroiioiile  :  meeye  lo&uma  :  pssese  :  slana  ker  — 
27«  upreya  zuga  :  mone  trotlotlde  tasi  towade 

28.  mum^ezi :  trapale  :  metone  opreye  eeyed 

29.  kewe  merede  uek&oiiremez  :  itofetune  or 

30.  desez  fagssade  :  kewe  merede  :  snekftoiire 

31.  mez  :  itofetune  :  orde^z  fagssade  tow 

32.  orez  ukedepi :  prede  :  eazate  :  zrewaee : 

33.  nekedeze  :  motaia  :  apitade  :  tetwete  : 

34.  laura  :  |  memone  trotlo^ide  tofe :  ofadra  met 

35.  openg  tenune  ;  wiza  :  preyeleya  :  Uedepo : 

36.  gez&  :  gwadasa  :  i^dse  dadope  :  sewe  pasw 
37*   ese  :  esunumki :  |  pesyepu  :  reyete  :  elune  : 

38.   wezame  mekedewe  :  weledele  :  alwupe  : 

39.  kopttle  :  mogssa  :  peyelomlez  :  iteml 

40.  ♦e  :  meae  :  ledewe  :  Iweyu  etrenefine  :  | 

41.  gitawope  :  kitre  :  eofepe  :  wosaffin 

42.  ea  traliye  :  feyedpere  :  alwagu  aodru 

43.  eeme  :  molune  puzpple  :  utrewe  :  asg 

44.  ey  .  .  .  ralamo  eagzzutupe  :  trotLoiiez  r 

45.  trdmele  :  ^apde  esete  gere^azi :  epeotlze 

46.  tropalao  :  repssede  prllele  :  kedepe  :  it^ 

47.  nu  :  epreke  :  zete  :  kalo  :  |  *esutineo  :  wipwu 

48.  o*faga  mlatefzzaeyese  :  mefelrome  :  mrm 

49.  €  ertte  leke  gostte  kewe  drala  :  k^pe  n  ^^^• 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  505 

50.  zeoso  krede  :  kewe  :  pasao  :  |  ortto  :  welede 

51.  le  kewe  emeepe  reri :  nestte  :  mlate  :  gwa^a 

52.  sez  tofe  mede  :  leyendfez  :  nofagii  :  ppu 

53.  ze  :  kewe  :  rrogsse  :  rotloiie  nezes :  |  megere 

54.  zi :  &oiinx  :  sewa  :  reka'^'sa  :  se  wofedre  :  oras* 

55.  mene  ofelute  :  repsse  umome  ofeuie  :  sse 

56.  gozrofutai  eea  :  fagsse  :  atlase  :  ne  worune  : 
57«  tramefe  :  ute  repssu  tapefute  :  Bewe  ete 

58.  sukune  :  mumrekerore  medoto  :  losaleya  : 

59.  zunanomte  :  urofasaz  |  meotdeyo  :  gopeleyo  : 

60.  eweleyeez  :  ddelopefez  :  neofe  :  lo^uto :  sS 

61.  mute  :  keleeme  witele  oftpUofe  :  mloiigut 

62.  e  :  tonefini :  |  mefunu  trameleya  :  kSmasade 

63.  sladepe  weleleya  onetupe  :  orto  tmarnz 

64.  troCioiiul'^etene  kSmute  ponu  madede  ^sunuin 

65.  la  :  ]  gomae  ade  nuneyetema  siZgateye  otzze 

66.  meruing  genase  kesese  aoAre  k€wora  sewu 
67*  nese  ketedese  kegojrase  gita/aza  meae  t 

68.  edeye  witra  elunede  :  etaoiire  sitema  suga 

69.  gopdedo  we  oCdune  aede  treegale  ketssel 

70.  'f'apre  sofaraseye  zu  edrasade  :  |  neez  wetofez 

71.  tr&mele  sokre  gi/awato  tdtoae  :  trodotdte. 

The  subject  of  the  present  inscription  must  be  left  in  still 
greater  obscurity  than  the  last^  as  there  arc  very  few  words  in 
it  which  I  can  venture  to  translate.  The  stone  has  been  so 
much  defaced  at  the  upper  part  that  the  first  twenty-two  lines 
are  more  or  less  imperfect^  and  it  is  impossible  to  know  where 
many  of  the  sentences  are  to  be  divided.  I  can  therefore  do  no 
more  than  go  through  the  whole^  line  by  line,  pointing  out  those 
words  which  can  be  translated. 

In  line  1^  edaoHru ;  the  latter  part,  aoHru,  is  the  name  of  Or-^ 
muzd'y  the  first  syllable  ed  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  San- 
scrit verb  eduy  to  praise ;  the  whole  forms  a  compound  word,  of 
which  perhaps  the  end  is  lost  in  a  decayed  part  of  the  stone. 


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506  APPENDIX  B. 

The  Persepolitan  inscriptions^  translated  by  M.  Bumouf^  begin 
with  Ormuzd  is  God^  and  the  inscription  before  us  probably 
commenced  with  some  similar  declaration  of  religious  belief. 

Line  2,  mide  is  perhaps  Mede^  unless  it  is  the  conclusion  of 
the  preceding  word ;  sewe,  the  shahs.  Line  6^  kewe,  the  kings. 
Line  10,  atle^  self^  a  word  met  with  in  many  of  the  funereal 
inscriptions  of  Plate  XXXVL  Line  11,  st  tramele,  and  the 
IVemikB.  line  17^  troAodite^  the  Troes.  Line  18,  itadax  when 
this  word  occurred  on  the  tombs  it  was  translated  should  bury ; 
here  it  would  be  more  proper  to  interpret  it  should  place,  as 
there  is  nothing  to  connect  it  with  a  tomb,  and  the  verb  admits 
of  either  meaning.  Line  21,  mede.  The  word  teru  occurs  both 
in  lines  22  and  23 ;  this  is  very  close  to  the  Zend  preposition 
taroy  which  M.  Bumouf  (Comm.,  p.  85)  translates  trans,  beyond, 
or  across.  Line  24,  metey  the  demonstrative  particle  explained 
already.  Line  25,  trdmelewe^  the  dative  plural  of  tramele'; 
and  line  27^  troAo4de,  the  Troes :  these  two  names  continually 
occur  near  together,  the  one  being  rarely  mentioned  without 
the  other  following  a  line  or  two  below.  Line  28,  trapale  seems 
to  be  the  town  of  Trabala,  the  Lydans  using  p  where  the 
Greeks  wrote  b. 

At  line  29  we  have  kewe  mirede  uekaoHremez  ito/etune  ordesez 
fagssadcy  and  this  paragraph  is  immediately  repeated  again, 
merely  substituting  snekaoHremez  for  uekaoHremez :  therefore 
the  opposition  of  the  two  sentences  tiuns  upon  those  two  words. 
Aodremez  is  the  name  of  Ormuzd;  it  approaches  very  near  to 
the  original  Zend  name  of  Ahora  mazda,  yet  has  been  slightly 
contracted;  from  which  circumstance  we  may  conclude  that 
this  inscription  is  more  modem  than  the  Zend-Avesta.  The 
prefix  vi  is  used  in  Zend  to  signify  opposition  to;  thus  vidaevd 
in  the  Zend-Avesta  is  opposed  to  the  Dews  or  evil  genii  (Bumouf^ 
Comm.,  p.  8) ;  this  explains  uekdoilremez  to  be  opposed  to  or 
hostile  to  Ormuzd.  The  other  prefix  snek  may  naturally  be 
supposed  to  have  the  contrary  meaning  of  friendly  to  or  fol- 
lower of  I  in  the  note  to  p.  518  of  his  Commentary,  M.  Bur- 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  507 

nouf  translates  the  Zend  radical  ^AcAnti^  aborder  quelqt^un  en  lui 
affront  des  priires,  which  supplies  the  exact  translation  we  re- 
quire of  mekdoHremez,  toorsMper  of  Ormuzd:  the  change  from 
khch  in  Zend  to  «  in  Lycian  is  the  same  which  we  have  already 
met  with  in  the  word  shah^  which  in  Zend  is  khchaya,  in  Lycian 
sa.  Thus  in  this  sentence  a  distinction  is  established  between 
the  worshipers  of  Ormuzd  and  those  of  a  contrary  religion^ 
but  to  what  effect  is  still  unknown :  some  of  the  remaining  words 
have  occurred  before ;  kewe,  the  genitive  plural  of  kings ;  tnerede, 
which  may  be  divided  into  the  particle  de,  and  mcriy  which  has 
been  considered  the  town  of  Myra,  of  which  we  have  a  coin. 
No.  10,  with  the  legend  mere :  separating  from  fagssade  the 
same  particle  de^  we  have/a^««a,  a  word  of  frequent  occurrence 
on  this  monument,  and  which  I  have  sometimes  thought  might 
be  Persia.  I  am  quite  at  a  loss  with  the  remainder  of  the 
sentence. 

In  line  34  is  troiiailde,  which  we  have  met  so  often  before, 
one  of  the  derivatives  from  the  TVoes :  in  lines  36  and  37^  ^ewe 
paswtse,  which  applies  to  the  king  of  kings ;  the  second  word 
differs  in  termination  fit>m  what  we  met  with  before ;  the  final 
se  is  only  the  enclitic  and;  but  I  have  some  hesitation  about 
relying  on  the  copy  in  this  instance,  as  paswe  is  a  form  not  met 
with  again,  and  is  here  broken  between  the  two  lines,  where 
mistakes  are  most  likely  to  occur.  If  the  version  is  correct  I 
should  suppose  it  to  be  the  dative. 

Mogssa,  in  line  39,  resembles  mogissa^  which  Stephanus  By- 
zantinus  (see  Monogissa)  states  to  mean  a  stone  in  the  Carian 
language :  this  is  the  only  one  of  the  Carian  words  mentioned 
by  the  Greek  authors  which  has  a  resemblance  to  any  word  in 
the  Lycian  inscriptions,  yet  the  Carian  and  Lydan  languages 
were  probably  closely  related  to  each  other. 

line  41,  gitawope  is  connected  with  the  verb  gitawaeme,  to 
order,  which  has  occurred  in  several  forms.  Line  42,  aodr  is 
doubtless  imperfect  for  aoilru,  Ormuzd,  one  letter  being  lost  at 
the  end  of  the  line.    Line  43,  tUretoe,  the  genitive  or  dative 


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508  APPENDIX  B. 

plural  of  uire,  other.  For  several  lines  the  inscription  is  here 
very  imperfect ;  in  line  44  we  may  restore  iroSadeZy  and  at  the 
beginning  of  line  45  irameUy  the  Troes  and  the  Tremikty  con- 
stantly mentioned  together.  In  the  same  line  geregazi  is  per- 
haps incorrectly  copied  for  geaega,  the  town  of  Gag^By  and  in 
the  next  line  trapalao  is  the  genitive  of  Trabaia. 

In  line  49  we  find  kewe^  of  the  kings ;  and  in  the  next  kewc 
pMoOy  of  the  king  of  kings.  In  the  same  line  wiled,  a  son,  con- 
nected with  the  Arabic  wuled,  which  has  that  meaning;  or, 
judging  from  line  38,  this  should  be  joined  to  the  letters  at  the 
beginning  of  the  next  line,  forming  weledile,  which  must  be 
derived  from  the  same  root.  Kewe  occurs  again  both  in  lines 
51  and  53,  and  at  52  mede,  the  Mede. 

Line  54,  aoHru,  Ormuzd;  sewa,  shah  or  goverw^r;  57>  trU- 
mele,  the  TermiUe*,  sewe,  the  shahs;  62,  trameleya,  another  case 
of  iramele,  resembling  the  locative  of  Zend,  which  frequently 
ends  in  ya ;  and  in  line  64  troHoM  etc.,  the  Troes.  In  line  66 
aoitre,  perhaps  the  dative  of  aoAru,  Ormuzd ;  which  occurs  again 
in  line  68  preceded  by  it,  forming  apparently  a  compound  word 
similar  to  edaoHra,  which  are  found  in  the  first  line  of  this  in- 
scription ;  but  as  many  of  the  stops  are  here  lost,  we  cannot  be 
sure  of  the  separation  of  these  words.  In  the  last  line  we  find 
again  the  Troes  and  the  Tremilse  mentioned  together  in  the 
words  iramele  and  TroHoHite. 

From  the  little  which  has  been  made  out  on  this  side,  we  can 
just  see  that  the  inscription  is  in  the  name  of  Ormuzd,  and 
therefore  erected  by  the  Persians :  the  frequent  mention  of  the 
Medes  and  of  the  Tremilae  and  Troes,  and  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  worshipers  and  opponents  of  Ormuzd,  suits  the  sup- 
position that  we  have  before  us  a  series  of  proclamations  of  the 
Persian  governor  addressed  to  the  conquered  Lycians,  and 
pointing  out  the  respective  rights  of  the  two  people  of  difiei*ent 
religions. 

The  orthography  of  this  inscription  is  exactly  similar  to  that 
on  the  north-east  side:   the  letter  4*  only  occurs  twice;    X 


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LYCIAN   INSCRIPTIONS.  509 

occurs  single  thirty-one  times,  being  either  vowel  or  consonant, 
and  the  same  double  three  times,  both  being  vowels ;  B  is  met 
with  single  forty-one  times,  sometimes  as  vowel  and  sometimes 
as  consonant;  and  B  B  five  times,  both  being  vowels.  From  the 
use  of  these  letters,  I  have  judged  this  and  the  preceding  in- 
scription to  be  the  most  ancient  of  which  we  have  copies. 

South-west  side  of  the  Obelisk  at  Xanthus.. 

1.  e  :  sewe  :  to 

2.  —  ewe  :  mere  :  e 

3.  feze  :  ewed 

4.  eS  :  gereaawe  : 

5.  galal :  meete  :  wa 

6.  gnawatosi  tete 

7.  —  ima  :  se  eitunu  :  po 

8.  e  prinaf  u  ameet 

9.  eri  :  se  eteletele 

10.  e  kewora  :  sefe  :  magu  :  e 

11. mere  we  :  sonemanadi 

12.  eseyu  chortta  ewuwu  :  ger 

13.  *ofete*e  ewuinu  neled 

14.  tokedre  tofetere  chukor 

15.  eeme  arafazeye  dekoprd 

16.  eazeya  prenara  tetom 

17*  troftoftus  atlawe  eouweyg 

18.  te  itepe  :  pofeyewe  :  chor 

19.  itefu  :  eroftofte  naweyeze  :  g 

20.  we  s€  itefu  techche  :  eroftey 

21.  se  itgfu  mawuna  :  neleze 

22.  eyete  :  merazzu  kom*  :  ek 

23.  tegestte  :  unewe  :  se  ginowe 

24.  we  :  arppagooii  :  tedeeme  :  gere 

25.  prlleoA  :  guwoft  :  gezeyaou  :  towes  1 

26.  azeygde  :  uine  gestte  faradra 

27*  muzwe  tume  ofadrage  :  ese  :  sazzo 


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510  APPENDIX  B. 

28.  etewe  :  aguara  :  nelede  arina  :  metep 

29.  aga  :  trSmele  ezrede  :  redede  :  iterez 

30.  wase  :  topa  :  esrede  :  wnmSnede  :  tramele 

31.  de  :  se  medezede  :  radrii  tawede  :  wododdae 

32.  *e  :  se  mootioilLunede  :  topeleyu  :  trameles 

33.  maeoneme  :  rofewewi :  topeleyu  :  se 

34.  *wa  maeoneme  :  rof ete^ewi  se  ereyu  am 

35.  oleya  erede  :  ezrede  :  zu&teya  :  eo&wey 

36.  de  :  ta^wa  :  nelede  :  wutawe  :  utae  :  tomene 
37*  we  :  nelede  :  t(7utawe  :  sttare  :  maleyewe  :  wut 

38.  owe  :  gwane  :  ese  :  tro&oiluneine  :  tewete  :  peri  se 

39.  melasu  itau  :  pddu  neke  :  gwuseye  :  ezrede 

40.  eo&weyede  :  wu/owe  :  tlui  mede  :  nele  :  tarwe 

41.  de  :  ^erue  :  wastte  ueri :  tlawi :  ero&o&ede  :  fmi 

42.  tawe  :  medweyawe  :  ese  gerue  :  tewet€  :  pen 

43.  se  fagsserdeme  :  ute  :  zewe  :  o&wute  :  |  o*'*^ 

44.  itere  :  gmna  teri :  wutawe  uka  :  Srekle 

45.  se  waglasa  :  parraste  :  uwede  :  oiire  gitafa 

46.  tawe  :  ese  :  tawuna  :  teri :  eygnu  :  eyae  osrs 
47*  kue  igna  se  :  wQtawe  :  mokale  :  tefuze  :  suma 

48.  te  :  troiio&etu  :  toragsse  :  zuguna  teri :  es 

49.  e  :  womrugu  tewuna  teri :  wu/awe. 

So  much  of  the  upper  part  of  this  inscription  is  lost^  and  the 
first  thirty  lines  which  remain  are  so  imperfect^  that  we  cannot 
hope  to  find  out  much  of  its  contents^  but  must  be  satisfied 
with  translating  insulated  words. 

Line  2,  mere,  the  town  of  Myra,  which  we  have  met  with 
already^  and  shall  find  mentioned  again  lower  down.  Line  5, 
meete;  in  Anquetil's  Zend  vocabulary  this  word  is  translated 
measure.  line  8^  prinqfii ;  on  several  of  the  tombs  this  signified 
a  taork  or  buildinff.  Line  10,  magu  seems  to  be  the  singular  of 
Magif  the  well-known  name  of  the  Persian  priests.  Line  11, 
merewe,  the  genitive  or  dative  of  merCy  which  occurred  above, 
line  13,  euminu^  the  neuter  of  the  preposition  this,  a  word  of 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  511 

firequent  occurrence  on  the  tombs.  Line  14^  tokedre  seeins  to 
be  related  to  the  Arabic  tekadir  or  tekdir,  ih&  fates  or  divine  de- 
eree.  Line  15^  arafazeye  must  be  translated  tombs  i  in  the 
bilingual  inscription.  No.  3,  erafazeya  is  rendered  in  Greek  by 
fivVM^l  the  word  occurs  again  on  the  tomb  of  Payara;  the  first 
letter  should  probably  be  altered  in  this  place  into  e.  Line  17> 
troHodus,  the  Throes :  atlawe  eoibaeye,  the  dative  for  themselves^ 
the  plural  of  atle  eoittpe,  which  occurs  in  many  of  the  funereal 
inscriptions  of  Plate  XXXVI. 

Line  19,  itefu  is  a  verb  of  such  constant  occurrence,  that  it 
is  very  desirable  that  we  should  ascertain  its  meaning ;  besides 
this  form,  we  have  at  line  47  tefaze,  and  at  18  itepe,  which  be* 
long  to  the  same  verb,  unless  the  latter  is  incorrectly  copied  for 
iterey  which  occurs  elsewhere :  the  form  of  itefu  indicates  that 
it  is  the  third  person  of  the  imperfect  of  a  verb  taking  an  aug- 
ment. The  nearest  word  to  it  which  I  can  find  is  the  Sanscrit 
depuy  to  shine,  a  meaning  which  does  not  at  all  suit  our  inscrip- 
tion :  in  the  same  language  there  are  the  verbs  tepa,  dipa,  and 
ifebha,  all  signifying  to  direct  or  order:  this  is  a  probable  mean- 
ing to  a  word  frequently  repeated  in  a  decree,  and  the  different 
length  of  the  first  vowel  is  not  a  fatal  obstacle  to  it. 

At  line  23,  unewe  se  ginawe,  the  last  of  which  words  has  re- 
quired a  little  restoration ;  these  are  oblique  cases  of  une  and 
ginay  both  of  which  were  before  found  in  the  funereal  inscrip- 
tions, where  they  were  translated  mother  and  wife*  In  the  next 
line  we  find  arppagooH  tedeeme,  the  son  o/Harpagus*  Line  25, 
totaes;  this  occurred  on  some  of  the  tombs,  where  it  was  trans- 
lated Aerein  or  therein.  The  stops  which  should  divide  the 
sentences  are  all  lost  in  the  early  part  of  this  inscription,  from 
the  lines  being  incomplete ;  and  we  change  from  one  subject  to 
another  without  seeing  that  we  have  got  into  a  fresh  sentence, 
which  was  perhaps  a  decree  issued  at  a  different  period  from  the 
preceding  one* 

From  the  number  of  names  of  towns  and  people  which  occur 
in  the  rest  of  the  inscription,  we  seem  to  have  changed  into  a 


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512  APPENDIX  B. 

new  decree  about  line  26  or  2j,  which  continues  to  the  stop  iii 
line  43.  Faradra,  at  line  26^  seems  related  to  the  Zend  adverb 
Jrataroy  which  is  translated  by  M.  Bumouf^  p.  284^  anterior. 
Line  27$  ese  has  already  been  translated  (/l  Line  28^  nelede 
arinai  in  treating  of  the  Lycian  coins,  arina  was  identified  with 
Amay  which  Stephanus  Byzantinus  states  to  have  been  the 
ancient  name  of  the  city  of  Xanthus  ;  the  same  name  occurs  in 
the  eighth  line  of  the  Greek  inscription  on  this  monument : 
nelede  may  be  translated  people ;  in  Zend,  heresck  is  a  man ; 
that  language  has  no  I,  the  liquid  r  taking  the  place  of  both  / 
and  r  in  other  languages.  Consequently  nelede  arina  may  be 
translated  the  people  of  Xanthus,  The  TremiiiB  are  named  in 
the  two  following  lines ;  in  the  latter  in  connection  with  the 
Medes,  tramelede  se  medezedey  and  again  in  line  32.  EoHweye, 
at  line  35,  is  the  dative  plural  of  his  or  theity  a  word  which  has 
occurred  frequently.  Line  36,  tagawa  may  perhaps  be  con- 
nected with  dagyuy  the  Zend  for  province  (Bumouf,  p.  374) ; 
the  next  word,  nelede,  has  just  been  translated  people :  this  is 
repeated  again  in  line  37>  preceded  by  tomenewe,  the  dative 
plural  of  inhabitant. 

In  line  38  we  have  ese  troAoHuneme  tewete  peri  se  melasu ; 
and  below,  at  line  42,  ese  gerue  tewete  peri  se  fagsserdeme :  there 
are  many  instances  of  this  sort  of  repetition  which  marks  an 
opposition  of  subject,  which  is  striking,  even  though  we  do  not 
understand  to  what  it  relates,  and  which  will  prove  of  great 
help  when  the  study  is  further  advanced.  Of  these  words  we 
know  from  the  coins  that  troih&uneme  and  fagsserdeme  are  the 
names  of  towns,  and  they  have  been  identified  with  Tlos  and 
Pedassa.  The  construction  points  out  that  melasu  and  gerue 
must  also  be  towns :  I  cannot  find  the  former  mentioned  by 
the  geographers,  but  its  termination  in  asu  answers  to  the  clssos, 
in  which  the  Greek  names  of  the  Lycian  and  Carian  towns  con- 
stantly end,  and  of  which  the  coin  No.  26,  gave  us  an  example 
in  pttarazu  for  Patara :  the  other,  gerue,  occurs  in  Ptolemy^s  list 
of  Lycian  towns,  as  Kapva  or  Carya.    Of  the  other  words,  ese 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  513 

has  hitherto  been  translated  (/J  which  is  hardly  applicable  here ; 
teioete  is  probably  a  pronominal  adverb;  peri^  which  I  have 
restored  from  peat  in  the  original  copy^  is  a  preposition  of  place, 
in  opposition  with  ieri  in  the  following  sentence.  The  Zend 
prepositions  answering  to  these  will  be  found  in  M.  BumouPs 
Commentary^  p.  85 :  peri  signifies  btfore^  or  on  this  side  of\ 
and  teri^  beyond.  This  p^  of  the  inscription  seems,  from  the 
abundance  of  names  of  towns  accompanied  by  locative  prepo- 
sitions, to  refer  to  the  boundaries  of  the  townships,  or  some  such 
local  matters.  Of  the  remaining  words  we  know  eoihveyede,  the 
plural  of  their;  nied^y  the  Medes;  and  hcle,  a  man,  or  men* 
Ueri,  in  line  41^  seems  related  to  the  Zend  vira^  and  the  Latin 
vtr,  a  man ;  and  in  ute  we  have  to  choose  between  the  Zend  uiCj 
or,  and  aiti,  voila  (Comm.,  p.  65  of  the  Introduction). 

In  the  last  sentence  the  construction  depends  upon  teri,  be- 
yond, which  is  repeated  four  times ;  and  several  towns  may  be 
expected  to  be  named :  in  line  44  erekH  is  Heraclea ;  in  the 
next  line  waglaza  may  be  Bargasa^  a  town  in  Caria  mentioned 
by  Stephanus  Byzantinus.  The  only  name  I  can  detect  besides 
these  two  is  troAodetu,  which  relates  to  the  Troes ;  but  as  the 
last  lines  are  very  imperfectly  copied,  there  may  be  others 
undiscovered. 

The  few  words  thus  translated  are  not  sufficient  to  show  the 
subject  of  this  inscription :  in  the  upper  part  are  some  expres- 
sions which  suit  a  tomb,  but  they  are  not  confirmed  by  the  latter 
part  of  the  inscription,  nor  by  those  on  the  other  sides  of  the 
stone.  It  is  remarkable  that  Ormuzd  is  not  once  named,  nor 
have  we  met  with  the  phrase  king  of  kings ;  yet  the  mention  of 
the  Medes,  and  of  the  son  of  Harpagus,  show  that  this  was  in- 
scribed while  Lycia  was  still  under  the  Persian  government. 

There  is  a  great  difierence  between  this  inscription  and  the 
last  two  which  have  been  examined,  in  the  less  frequent  use  of 
the  letter  B  and  the  constant  repetition  of  ^,  which  has  par- 
tially taken  the  place  of  B.  The  4-,  which  was  only  used  once 
or  twice  on  the  north-east  and  north-west  sides  of  the  monu- 

2l 


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514  APPENDIX  B. 

ment,  is  here  used  fifty-six  times^  and  the  B  only  occurs  singly 
twenty-two  times,  being  less  than  half  of  the  number  there  met 
with ;  yet  the  former  letter  never  occurs  doubled,  while  B  B  is 
found  here  as  often  as  before,  and  when  thus  doubled  is  used  as 
a  vowel,  while  the  single  B  may  here  be  always  rendered  by  our 
w.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  it  is  only  for  some  particular  piu-- 
poses  that  the  B  has  been  changed  for  another  letter ;  not  that 
the  two  characters  are  equivalent  to  one  another.  The  cha- 
racter (t  is  used  nearly  the  same  as  elsewhere.  The  letter  X, 
which  we  did  not  meet  with  before,  is  found  here  four  times ; 
none  of  the  words  in  which  it  occurs  enable  us  to  fix  its  value, 
which  we  shall  find  better  determined  in  the  next  inscription, 
where  it  is  more  common. 

South-east  side  of  the  Obelisk  at  Xanthus. 
1.  —  ya  :  proleya  :  ute  pddu 


2. ya  :  seye  sttSwelerona 

3. e  !  tQmade  :  ttigazeye  me  it 

4.  — ^  u  :  se  ueuere  se  rezuna  :  tey 

5.  em  rofto6ul*de  gwewi :  wi 

6.  ___  amede  :  arosi  :  kwewo  :  to  — 
7-  z  8e*rewo  gukwe  :  kwewo 

8.  — ^—  i/ere  fetewe  komezeya 

9.  ede  pzzfdeze*alamawe  :  to 

10.  ottwades  erot^ot^e  :  s€t :  efe  — 


11.  ee  ezteo<ir*awa«  troftoftttneme  — 

12.  e  teri  watu  **ewtuaue  ow 

13. luzea  eoAe  :  oMau  ese  tm 

14.  regwawi :  sena^orawe  p  — — 

15.  oiio&e  :  trosi :  se  toworewe  :  st 

16.  d  :  troiiode  :  uinee  :  mechrapata  :  e 

17« ri :  gafales  :  ddereye  meye  :  s 

18.  ate  arofuteyese  :  sttrat 

19.  eyete  :  men  eroilloiiede  towee 

20. reyunu  :  seeye  mone  etrpo 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  515 


21.  eye  seoft  :  se  teloma  :  wutrewer 

22.  yuna  :  treye  rukeye  zuna^o 

23.  tetreye  rugeruwe  :  wite  :  t 

24.  erewe  :  weyunagu  :  f eledeye  - 

25. a  :  mere  :  etewe  se  tefune  :  peye  — 

26.  esi :  eyunesi :  spoartaze  :  atuna  — 


27.  uchortu  :  seina  :  weyu  :  se  towede 

28.  ade  :  seina  weyede  ddeuramesz  :  po 

29.  ri*a  :  penane  :  tlafa  :  fedre  peswa 

30.  tadde  :  plamadde  :  seou  :  ewinede  pd  — — 

31.  gde :  sersse  **  zeyede  :  se  okeweze 

32.  epartae  se  **e  :  trofepe  eyade  :  uep 

33.  se  orowle*€de  :  pre  :  tro&oiias  :  weges 

34.  lezeze  :  eroiioiie  :  sttute  :  tele  :  wewi 

35. leye  se  :  teri  ponerewe  :  sewe  pewe  re 

36. uasppea  sete  :  gitafatu  tofe  :  sewe 

37.  u  arafazeya  :  itefu  nemo  :  segchchu  | 

38.  redefu  emo  :  komezeetete  :  merafaz 

39.  ede  :  tomenewe  mlatraza  :  tegzzede 

40.  awamute  :  warazotate  :  teze  arofiit 

41.  tokedre  :  se  :  etepoeue  :  se  :  orowle 

42.  de  :  goaze*e  :  se  tokedre  atru  tewlo 

43.  e  echramu  :  pewe  kete  :  gorzazu  komez 

44.  sne  :  owazata  :  faeu  :  tresine  :  se  itepd 

45.  zoppodeene  arafazeye  :  eouweye  :  kwe 

46.  neemu  adrode  :  mawue  :  sedde  :  awatawa 

47.  nuoAlawe  :  ewetewe  :  se  mawuna  :  ewete 

48.  anna  tomenete  :  kerchw^e  :  gukwe  :  eree 

49.  temluse  tuma  :  se  fenepe  :  astte  tra 

50. e**sedde  tofetu  :  kome^eya  :  uere  uere 

51.  tro&oiiite  :  pddu  tawe  :  winu  kwa  :  firssune  :  eoii 

52.  we  :  tawawaza  :  komezezeya :  padretawe  :  ari 

53.  na  tomeneweya  :  komezeya  gukweya  kome 

54.  ze^a  se  tokedre  :  kerchche  :  ade  orowle  iu 

55.  wOe  awe  towewe  :  prineze  :  se  leouweze  eoiiw 

2  l2 


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516  APPENDIX  B. 

56.  eye  :  se  deeuzggaza  :  se  itoferewa  :  ode  se 
57*  gchkuna  :  uo/awa  :  se  ginawa  se  gitafate 

58.  azzalue  itareyeo  sewe  :  se  :  ertagsse 

59.  rzawe  :  chrede  s  wrewa  :  tramele  sesete  :  t 

60.  che  feewe  :  ademu  :  lechchfe  o&lume  setune  :  ew 

61. eya^arue  zeose  itefu  :  ]  gitafate  swer 

62.  ede  :  gitafate  :  topedezeye  se  it€fu  sog 

63. enay  ntredeyee  :  gitafate  :  espprowt. 

The  inscription  on  the  south-east  side  of  the  obelisk  is  much 
more  imperfect  than  any  of  the  three  others :  besides  wanting 
the  upper  part^  and  having  been  worn  off  the  stone  at  both  ends 
of  many  of  the  lines,  the  part  which  remains  is  full  of  inac- 
curacies. There  are  fewer  known  words  than  usual,  and  also 
there  are  many  combinations  of  letters  which  have  not  been  met 
with  before ;  but  it  is  uncertain  whether  we  must  attribute  these 
to  the  errors  of  the  copy  or  to  further  changes  in  the  language : 
the  frequent  repetition  of  the  character  i  must  arise  from  the 
former  cause ;  but  it  is  not  oflen  that  these  errors  can  be  cor- 
rected, owing  to  the  number  of  inaccuracies,  which  prevent 
many  words  from  being  recognized.  The  consequence  is,  that 
we  cannot  yet  obtain  any  insight  into  the  subject  of  the  in- 
scription, but  must  be  content  with  translating  a  few  detached 
words. 

The  first  word  of  any  importance  which  we  have  met  before 
is  in  line  11,  troHouunemey  the  town  of  Tlos:  the  fragment  at 
the  top  of  the  inscription  was  joined  to  the  rest,  judging  from 
the  form  of  the  fracture,  before  any  attempts  were  made  to  de- 
cipher the  letters ;  and  this  word  proves  that  on  this  side  the 
union  has  been  made  correctly.  Line  12,  /ert,  beyond.  In  line 
14,  the  word  senagarawe  has  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  Xena- 
gorte,  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  Lycia ;  yet  in  the  state  in 
which  we  have  the  inscription  at  present  we  can  only  rely  upon 
such  words  as  are  well  known  from  other  sources.  At  line  16, 
trouoUe  refers  in  some  way  to  the  Troes* 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  5 1 7 

For  many  lines  together  there  is  hardly  a  word  which  has  yet 
been  made  out :  at  line  20  is  seeye,  which  was  translated  who- 
ever or  any  one  in  several  of  the  funereal  inscriptions.  Line  25^ 
mere^  the  town  of  Myra.  Line  25^  pre  iroHoiias;  the  latter 
word  is  the  name  of  the  Troes,  the  former  may  be  the  preposi- 
tion be/are.  Here  we  again  meet  some  words  with  which  we 
are  already  acquainted;  in  line  35^  teriy  the  preposition  beyondy 
followed  by  ponerewe,  which  the  alteration  of  a  single  letter 
would  change  into  penerewCy  from  peneray  which  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  town  of  Pinara :  sewe,  the  dative  plural  of  shahy 
which  is  repeated  in  the  next  line:  gitafatUy  the  middle  aorist  of 
the  verb  gitawaemey  to  order  or  torite.  Line  37>  arafazeyay 
which  has  been  translated  tomb  or  monument :  itejuy  probably 
he  ordered:  nemo  seems  the  same  as  the  Zend  nemoy  meaning 
adoration  (Bumouf^  Comm.^  p.  446).  These  words  can  hardly 
be  all  correctly  translated^  since  they  seem  to  have  no  bearing 
upon  one  another. 

The  next  sentence  begins  at  the  thirty-eighth  line ;  it  is  not 
more  intelligible  than  the  preceding.  In  line  39^  tomenewe  is 
the  dative  plural  of  tomene^  dwelling  in,  or  inhabitant.  Line  41 
and  42^  tokedre,  which  occurred  before^  was  conjectured  to  be  a 
decree.  Line  45^  arafazeye  eotlweye  is  their  tombs.  Line  46, 
awatawa,  and  in  the  next  line  ewetewey  are  two  words  related  to 
one  another,  and  probably  pronouns  connected  with  the  Zend 
ahy  ahay  thaty  from  which  is  formed  aStahSy  •/  that  (Bum. 
Comm.,  p.  496  note) :  the  character  which  I  have  rendered  w  is 
also  connected  with  the  Zend  hy  and  the  words  before  us  might 
perhaps  be  written  ahatdha  and  ehetehey  which  would  bring 
them  close  to  the  Zend  pronoun :  this  is  another  instance  of 
the  manner  in  which  the  declension  affects  every  syllable  of  the 
Lycian  pronouns,  to  which  some  curious  analogies  might  be 
shown  in  the  pronouns  of  the  other  Indo-Germanic  languages. 

In  line  48  we  find  again  arina  tomenctey  the  inhabitants  of 
Xanthus :  in  line  50,  uere  uercy  a  repetition  of  the  word  men, 
probably  to  express  a  great  number :  repetitions  of  this  kind 


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waam 


518  APPENDIX  B. 

are  common  in  Zend  when  great  emphasis  is  required,  line 
51,  troHoHite,  the  Troes :  the  word  ending  line  49,  and  partially 
lost  at  the  beginning  of  line  50,  was  apparently  the  TVemtto. 
Line  51,  eodwe,  his  or  their.  Lines  52  and  53,  arina  tome^ 
neweyay  the  inhabitants  of  Xantkus,  who  were  mentioned  just 
before ;  but  in  the  declension  of  the  word  tameneweya  is  the 
peculiarity,  that  ya^  the  termination  peculiar  to  another  case,  is 
added  to  a  word  already  in  the  genitive  or  dative.  M.  Bumouf 
has  pointed  out  a  somewhat  similar  construction  in  the  dialect 
of  the  arrow-headed  inscriptions  at  Persepolis  (M^oire,  p.  61), 
'^  a  peu  pres  comme  si  on  disoit  en  latin  domtMrnan  au  lieu  de 
dominum!^  Line  54,  tokedre,  a  decree,  is  followed  by  kerchchey 
a  word  which  has  so  much  resemblance  to  the  Persepolitan 
form  of  Xerxes,  khchdrchd,  that  if  it  were  accompanied  in  this 
passage  by  any  royal  titles,  it  might  be  taken  for  that  monarch  $ 
but  as  that  is  not  the  case,  the  resemblance  may  be  accidental. 
Line  55,  prinex€y  the  participle  hved,  a  word  found  on  several 
of  the  tombs. 

The  word  deettsggaza,  in  line  56,  connects  the  inscription  with 
the  religious  opinions  of  the  early  Persians.  The  Zend-Avesta 
is  fuU  of  threatenings  against  those  who  worship  the  Dews  or 
Devas,  evil  spirits  created  by  Ahriman  to  lead  mankind  astray. 
The  word  designating  these  worshipers  is  daivaydzo  (Bum. 
Comm.,  p.  401,  note) ;  the  Lycian  word  requires  correction  in 
the  sixth  or  seventh  letter,  but  as  it  does  not  occur  again  it 
must  be  left  as  it  is  for  the  present. 

In  the  rest  of  the  inscription  there  are  some,  words  which 
have  already  been  explained  :  in  line  57^  ginawa,  from  ffina,  a 
wi/ey  and  gitafate,  he  orders,  which  is  repeated  several  times 
lower  down :  line  58,  sewe,  the  shahs  \  59,  the  TermiUsi  61  and 
62,  itefu,  supposed  to  be  he  ordered.  The  last  line  is  very  im- 
perfect. 

The  orthography  of  this  inscription  is  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  south-west  side  of  the  monument,  the  letter  ♦  having 
very  much  taken  the  place  of  B ;  which  latter  character  may 


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LYCIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  519 

always  be  read  like  our  Wj  except  where  it  is  doubled^  when  it 
is  clearly  a  long  vowel.  There  are  here  very  few  words  in  which 
<4-  might  not  be  rendered  A,  as  it  usually  stands  between  two 
vowels^  in  which  this  inscription  differs  from  many  of  the  others. 
These  changes  in  the  use  of  the  letters  add  very  much  to  the 
difficulty  of  the  present  inquiry.  The  letter  "C  is  of  more  com- 
mon occurrence  here  than  in  any  other  inscription ;  it  is  once 
confounded  with  X^  which  arises,  without  doubt,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  two  letters ;  but  there  are  words  in  which  it 
takes  the  place  of  K,  so  that  it  may  safely  be  considered  as 
equivalent  to  the  Greek  chi :  to  mark  its  occurrence  it  has  been 
always  printed  chy  although  k  might  have  been  adopted  for  it 
without  much  impropriety. 


P.S.  While  the  preceding  remarks  were  in  the  press,  it  has 
occurred  to  me,  that  some  of  the  difficulties  connected  with  the 
Lycian  alphabet  might  be  got  rid  of  by  considering  both  .^T 
and  W,  and  all  their  varieties  of  form,  as  the  short  k  ;  B  as  a 
long  or  double  o ;  "t  as  o«;  and  X  and  its  varieties  as  a  long  or 
double  u :  each  of  the  last  three  being  also  used  as  a  consonant 
or  semivowel  nearly  similar  to  our  w.  This  change  would  still 
leave  many  anomalies,  which  can  only  be  explained  by  supposing 
the  language  to  have  altered  during  the  period  of  the  inscrip- 
tions before  us ;  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  establishing  a  di- 
stinction between  the  three  letters,  which  are  very  nearly  allied 
without  being  exactly  identical. 


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-■■J   I   il^  M 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX. 


Alabanda,  page  54. 

Alinda,  59. 

Alkhan,  52. 

Allahnee,  52. 

Almalee,  227. 

Andaluh,  28. 

Andiffelo,  190. 

Antiocheia,  27. 

Antiphellus,  185. 

Aphrodisias,  32. 

Appendix,  295. 

Appendix  A,  297. 

Appendix  B,  427. 

Arab  Hise^l,  54. 

Architecture,  41,   104,  109,  128, 

140,  156,  219,  223. 
Arepas,  51. 
Armootlee,  210. 
Arr^chiflee,  28. 
Arycanda,  222. 
Aiycandus,  river,  221. 
Atraflamy,  212. 
Avelan,  221. 
Awalah,  191. 
Axe,  75. 

Baba-dah,  256. 
BaU,  6. 


Ballintayer,  217. 

Bazaar,  3,  10. 

Bazaar-cooe,  257. 

Bazeeryiancooe,  183. 

Beacon  ship,  241. 

Beenajahcooe,  101. 

Bellerophon,  136. 

Biendeer,  9. 

Birlehbay,  28. 

Birrejah,  51. 

Boojah,  6. 

Botany,  7,  11,  26,  43,  60,  64,  65, 
QQ,  70,  98,  138,  151,  152,  203, 
212,  214,  221.  228,  230,  235, 
249,  286—294. 

Bozuke,  84. 

Bridge  (Ghreek),  210,  219. 

Cadmufi,  mount,  32. 
Cadyanda,  115, 
Cagiolasolhucooe,  87. 
Calbis,  river,  96,  258. 
Calynda,  102. 
Capeedas,  54. 

Carachew&lkers-yeeilassy,  235. 
Carmylessufi,  247. 
Carreeuke,  261. 
Cassabar,  191. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


522 


INDEX. 


Catacecaumene^  267. 

Cattle,  262. 

Cavass,  49,  177. 

Ca3rstru8,  river,  9. 

CajTBtnu,  10. 

Chalgar,  52. 

Chariot8»  173. 

Cheena,  53. 

Chelidonia,  cape,  212. 

Chenlee,  214. 

Chicooe,  215. 

Chimsera,  183. 

Cbinganees,  150. 

Cibyratefl,  251. 

Cisside,  247. 

Cnidus,  260. 

Coins,  38,  58,  64,  85,  134.  147, 

181,  225,  248,  275,  280—285, 

456. 
Colophon,  8. 
Cooklajah,  6. 
CorydaUa,  218. 
Costume,  6,  149,  189. 
Crest,  142. 
Customs,  21,  48.  76,  81,  86,  93~ 

97,  101,  115,  129,   148,  214, 

232,  238,  241,  246,  262. 
Cydna,  160. 
Cyrus,  276. 

Daedala,  249. 
Dalamon,  52. 
Darreing,  94. 
Deliktash,  214. 
Delta  of  Xantlius,  161. 
Dembre,  192. 
Demergeecooe.  206. 


Demmeerge-derasy,  58. 
Denizlee,  267. 
DoUomon,  90. 
DoUomonchi,  97,  258. 
Dondoorahn,  51. 
Dooyeer,  131. 

Eetheree,  211. 

Elevation,  32,  50,  SB,  234,  260. 

Ephesus,  14. 

Esky  HisscT,  80. 

Esky  HisscT,  232. 

Euromus,  68. 

OagBe,  210. 

Geography,  250. 

Oeology:    Lydia,  11,  15;   Caria, 

29,  44,  49,  64,  66,  80,  192; 

Phrygia,  258,  266,  267. 
Gtewmooscooe,  266. 
Ghiassar,  266. 
Gibson,  Mr.  B.,  170. 
Glaucus,  241. 
Goojak,  28. 
Gh-apes,  10. 
Guilemet,  152. 
Gule-Hissd-Ovassy,  256. 
Gouluh,  257. 

Haggeralleh,  209. 
Harpagus,  276. 
Haipasa,  51. 
Harpasus,  river,  51. 
Harpies,  169. 
Hasoooe,  210. 
Has8(£-bohas,  52. 
Heliopolis,  23. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX. 


523 


Hierapolis,  270. 
Hints  to  travellers,  278. 
History,  252. 
Honas-dah,  266. 
Hoolah,  87. 
Hoomarhoosharry,  259. 
Hoomarleh,  59. 
Hoorahn,  123. 
Hoozumlee,  HI. 
Horses  to  hire,  4,  48. 

Idin.  16. 

Jewels,  189. 

Jews,  245. 

Implements,  9,  174,  259,  261. 

Index  of  Greek  words,  534. 

Index  of  proper  names,  526. 

Inscriptions  : — ^Biendeer,  8,  297  ; 
Tralles,  17—19,  297—300; 
Nysa,  23,  300;  Naslee,  25,  27, 
300 ;  Aphrodisias,  34 — 41,  301 
— 361;  Zhiimarleecooe,52,362; 
Alabanda,  57  ;  Buromus,  68, 
362;  Mylasa,  70 — 73,  363 — 
366 ;  Stratoniceia,  81 — 84,  366 
—372  ;  Hoolah,  88,  372  ;  Tel- 
messus,  107—109,  373—382; 
Cad3randa,  Lycian,  116;  (}reek, 
122,  383— 385;  Hoorahn,  123 
-^125,  386;  Tlos,  133—136, 
387—400 ;  Pinara,  144,  401— 
406;  Lycian,146;  Sidyina,153 
—155,406—408;  Cydna,  161, 
408;  Xanthus,  166—168,  409 
— 416;  Lycian,  166,  169;  Pa- 
tara,  180,416—420;  Antiphel- 
lus,  185,420—422;  Myra,20I, 


422 ;  limyra,  207, 422 ;  Lycian, 
207 ;  Phoenicia,  209  ;  Arycanda, 
222,224,423;  MyHas,233,423; 
Yeeilassies,  235,  238,  250, 424 ; 
Rhodes,  244,  423;  GhilcHisMf- 
Ovassy,  257,  264,424;  Hiera- 
polis,  270,  426 ;  Index  of  in- 
scriptions,  526. 

KalamakiBay,  183. 
Karasoo,  29. 
Kaipuslee,  58. 
Kastelorizo,  187. 
Kedekleh,  184. 
Keosk,  21. 
Kestep,  152. 
Kezann,  12. 
Konak,  49. 
Koogez,  91. 
Koongelar,  132. 
Koosil  Hissar,  266. 
Kuilee  Khan,  52. 

Lahranda?  66. 

Labranda  }  68. 

Laodiceia,  270. 

Lavisse,  246. 

Laws,  45,  47,  90,  215,  268. 

Leeches,  263. 

Lekena,  86. 

Limyra,  205. 

Longevity,  89,  240. 

Lycian  language,  272,  427. 

alphabet,  443. 

coins,  456. 

inscriptions,  468. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


524 


INDEX. 


Maciy,  106. 
Market,  262,  264. 
Manyas,  river,  53. 
Massicytus,  125,  237. 
MauBolus,  78. 
Megiste,  188. 
Melanippe,  212. 
Mellassa,  67. 
Menzilkhanner,  48. 
Messogia,  mount,  8. 
Milyas,  233,  251. 
Minara,  137. 
Mohalahbee,  4. 
Moolah,  84. 
Mosynus,  river,  27. 
MuUer,  Professor,  199. 
Mylajsa,  67. 
Myra,  192. 

Naslee,  24. 
Nicholas,  Samt,  200. 
Nysa,  22. 

Obelisk,  169. 
Olives,  59. 
Oloohoonaicooe,  257. 
Olympus,  214. 
Ooalah-chi,  92. 

Paichin,  79. 
Paintiiig,  133,  199. 
Pambook  Kallasy,  267. 
Pandarus,  170,  277, 
Parental  affection,  102. 
Pasha,  87. 
Patara,  179. 
Paul,  Saint,  200. 


Pedassis,  260. 
Persea,  89. 
Phaselis,  217. 
Phellus,  184. 
Phineka,  202. 
Phiitekacooe,  212. 
Phcenix,  mount,  217. 
Phoenicus  Bay,  183. 
Pinara,  138. 
Priene,  13. 

Promontorium  Sacrum,  212. 
Plants,  new,  291. 
Podalia,  232. 

Raisins,  10. 

Rhodes,  243. 

River  disappears,  228,  231. 

Ruins: — ^Tralles,  16;  Nysa,  22 
Antiocheia,  27 ;  Aphrodisias,  32 
Alabanda,  54;    Labranda?  66 
£uromus,68;  Mylasa,  75 ;  Stra- 
toniceia,  80;  Moolah,  85;  Ga- 
lynda,    102;    Telmessus,    106; 
Gadyanda,  119;  Hoorahn,  123; 
Tlos,  132;  Pinara,  139;  Sidy- 
ma,  155 ;  Gydna,  161 ;  Xanthus, 
163 ;  Patara,  179 ;  Phellus,  185 ; 
Antiphellus,  186 ;  Trabala,  193 ; 
Myra,  196 ;  limyra,  206 ;  Gage, 
210;  Arycanda,  223;   Yeeilas- 
sies,  249 ;  Laodiceia,  270 ;  Hie- 
rapolis,  271. 

Saaret,  184. 

Sailors:   English  and  French,  5; 

Greek  and  Turk,  246. 
Samos,  8. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX. 


625 


Sarzarkee,  123. 
Satala-Hissi-cooe,  181,  248. 
Satala-Yeeilassy,  235. 
Seechalik,  266. 
Sideecooe,  7. 
Sidyma,  154. 
Sipylus,  14. 
Smyrna,  1. 
Soldiers,  24,  46. 
Sphinx,  187. 
Storm,  185. 
Stratonioeia,  80. 
Sultan  Hissi,  22. 

Tahir  Pasha,  17,  269. 
Tambook  Kallasy,  267. 
Taurus,  mount,  249. 
Telmessus,  106. 
Teos,  8. 
Tepe-cooe,  52. 
Thera,  9. 
Tide,  112. 
Tlos,  132. 
Tmolus,  mount,  8. 
Toorbeh,  64. 
Tortooiv»r,  152. 
Tourtakar,  259. 
Trabala,  193. 
Trade,  230. 
Tralles,  16. 
Tramila,  274. 
Travelling,  12. 


Triandeer,  7. 
Trogilium,  Prom.,  8. 
Trooes,  274. 
Tuslee,  246. 

Uslann,  158. 
Vourtarpessa,  203. 

Xanthus,  163. 
Xanthus,  river,  278. 
Xenagorse  Islands,  184. 

Yakabalyer,  152. 
Yanah-dah,  217. 
Yarseer,  266. 
Yeddy-Gappolee,  120. 
Yeeilassies,  235. 
Yeerah,  30. 
Yehnejah,  27. 
Yennibazaar,  51. 
Yodurennee,  52. 
Yoomahoodas,  260. 
Yostootsh,  52. 
Youghoortcooe,  52. 
Yourooks,  8. 

Zoology:  Birds,  16,  27,  213,  261 ; 

Reptiles,   26,    105,   190,   213; 

Insects,  27 ;  Beasts,  51,  157. 
Zoomarleecooe,  52. 
Zooregee,  11. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX 


PROPER  NAMES  OCCURRING  IN  THE  INSCRIPTIONS. 


[/»  ihi$  Index  the  r^ferenee$  m  koman  nnnmereU  bekmg  to  the  msmber  fjfthe  Imer^ 
iiotu  publUhed  m  the  Juthor'e  former  JoumaL  Where  an  aeteriei  it  prefixed,  it 
expreeeee  donbt  me  to  the  correctnete  qfthe  name."] 


Jul.  Ant.  Abascantina,  No.  50. 

T.  CI.  AchiUes,  44. 

Adraatas,  13,  41,  48,  58. 

Adrisus,  48. 

i£lia.  106  (?) 

P.  iElia  Antonia  Letois,  40. 

P.  iElia  Attalis  Sabina,  46. 

P.  JEHuR  ApoUonianus,  40. 

iElius  Aurelius,  22. 

Tl.  ^Ilu8  Hadrianufi  AntoninuB, 

169. 
P.  iElius  HilarianuB,  40. 
JE^ua  Fl.  Egnatius  Capitolinus,  9. 
Adius  Jul.  Eubulianus,  9. 
JEneas,  54,  183  (?) 
^zani,  dty,  xix.  xx. :  AIZANEI- 

THS. 
Agathe  Tyche,  153. 
Agathodes,  156. 
Agathonymus,  102. 
Agathopus,  109. 
Agelaus,  34. 
Agis,  88. 
CI.  Agrippa,  151,  166. 


Agiippinus,  133,  134. 

Albinus  Philoctistes,  63. 

Aldbiades,  76. 

Alexander,  32,  102,  131,  134. 

CI.  Alexander,  10. 

Alexon,  vi. 

Ar.  Ammianus,  xv. 

Ammias,  102. 

Nesera  Ammias,  31. 

Ammias  Olympias,  13. 

Fl.  Ampelius,  17. 

Amyntas,  88. 

*Andro8ius,  134. 

'*'Angoercadus,  vii. 

Antagoras,  99. 

Antigonus,  172. 

Antiochia,  dty,  21 :  ANTIOXEON 

KAISAPEON  KOAaNON. 
Antiochus,  90,  133,  183. 
Antipater,  144. 
Antiphellus,  dty,  182,  183:  AN- 

TI^EAAEITHS. 
'*'Antiphichus,  111. 
Antonia  Ariste  *Ladilla,  198. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


527 


P.  JR.  Antonia  Letois,  40. 

Cl.  Antonia  Tatiana,  38. 

Antoninus,  21,  169,  198. 

L.  Antonius  Gl.  Domitinus  Dio- 
genes, 37. 

M.  Antonius  Nicephorus,  1 . 

Apellseus,  month,  153,  158. 

Apellas,  44,  55. 

Apellicon,  zi. 

Aphrodite,  goddess  Venus,  13 : 
0EA  A*POAITH  KAI  TO  AH- 
MO;  14:  A^POAEITH  6E0I2 
SEBASTOIS,  41. 

Aphrodisias,  city,  16,  21,  22,  62: 
A^POAEISIEON. 

ApoUinarius,  xzxiii. 

ApoUo,  the  god,  75  :  AnOAAONI 
EAEYGEPIO  2EBA2Ta,  172. 

Apollonia,  city,  21:  AIIOAAO- 
NIATON  AYRION  BPAKON. 

P.  ^1.  ApoUonianus,  40. 

ApoUonides,  32. 

ApoHonius,  21,  48,  50,  53,  166. 

Cl.  ApoUonius,  23. 

Appia,    Air^ca,   24,   25,   27,  54. 

AT^iOK,  52, 101  (A^.)»  3txxi. 

Apri,  city,  xiii. :  COL.  CL. 
APRENS. 

M.  Ulp.  Apulejus  Eurycles,  xx. 

L.  Archelaus,  xvi. 

Archimedes,  44. 

Aristaenetianus  Ammianus,  xv. 

Aristeas,  32. 

Aristides,  103. 

Aristippus,  132. 

Aristocles,  19,  28,  52. 

1  Molossus,  14. 


Aristomenes,  v. 

Arsases,  132. 

Arsaeis,  143,  185. 

Arsis,  153. 

Artemidorus,  14,  33,  144.  <?) 

Artemin,  96. 

Artemion,  183.  (?) 

Artemis,goddessDiana,vi.:  APTE* 
MIAOS  THS  ADXIAS ;  xxiii. : 
APTEMIAI  KAI   TO  AUMO. 

Artemisia,  99. 

Artemon,  54,  118. 

Artima,  134. 

Artimus,  118,  134. 

Arycanda,  city,  188 :  APYKAM- 
AEI. 

*  Asdepes,  xviii. 

Asia,  Roman  province,  22  :  KOI- 
NON  A2IA2;  37,  198. 

*  Asilas,  xviiL 
Athenagoras,  13. 
Attalis,  43,  54. 

P.  iElia  Attalis  Sahina,  46. 
Attains,  32,  36,  38,  39. 
Ti.  Cl.  Attains,  37. 
Aurelia  Glypte,  45. 
Aurelia  Papiana,  45. 

Parthena  Zosime,  168. 

Tatia,  44. 

The  Aurelii,  16,  76. 
Aurelius,  29. 

M.  Aurel.  Antoninus,  xxvi.  xxix. 
M.  Aurel.  *  Arestus,  2. 
Aurel.  Charidemus,  47. 
M.  Aurel.  Claudius,  46. 
Aurel.  Dionysius,  44. 
Aurel.  Eumachus,  108. 


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528 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


M.  Aurel.  Hennagoras,  100. 

M.  Aurel.  lason,  xxzi. 

Aurel.  Larichus,  163. 

M.  Aurel.  Ptolemseus,  182. 

M.  Aurel.  Soterichus,  2. 

Aurel.  StephanuB,  124. 

CI.  Aurel.  Zelus,  47. 

Aurel.  Zosimus,  158. 

Auxeticus,  133. 

Avius  (AvcoO  Lucianus,  xii. 

Avidius  (Aovi^cos)  Quintus,  xix. 

Balbillea,  games,  22. 
^Barilla,  41. 
Biton,  144. 

Cadyanda,  city,   117,    121:    KA- 

AYANAEON. 
Caesar,  87. 

Caesar  Augustus,  ix.,  126. 
Ciesianus,  131. 
Caja,  36.  (?) 
Cajus  Jul.  Heliodorus,  131. 

Licimus*Hennacopu8, 142. 

Jul.  Satuminus,  162. 

Callias,  24,  25,  27. 

Callicrates,  41,  44. 

Callicratides,  194. 

Callimedes,  153. 

Calliope,  76. 

Callippus,  49. 

Calocserus,  134. 

Calotychus,  153. 

Capitolia,  games,  22. 

Capitolinus,  29. 

T.Cl.  *Ca8ianus  Agrippa,  166. 

Fl.  Cassius  D.  Marcianus,  xxxvi., 

127. 


Chalce,  island,  194:  XAAKHTA. 

Chares,  54. 

Charidemus,  47. 

Chariton,  55. 

Chresimus,  53. 

Chrysogonus,  44. 

Cladius,  45. 

Claudia,  164. 

Claudia  Ap.  Helena,  167. 

Claudia  Antonia  Tatiana,  38. 

Claudia  Juliana,  51. 

Claudia  Platonis,  142,  146. 

Claudia  Tryphosa  Paulina,  23. 

Claudia  Velia  Procula,  134. 

Claudiopolis,    city,    21  :   KAAY- 

AIOnOAEITQN. 
Claudius,  xvii. 
T.  Claudius  Achilles,  44. 
Claudius  Agrippa,  151. 
Claudius  Alexander,  10. 
Claudius  Apollonius,  23. 
Ti.  Claudius  Attains,  37. 
Claudius  Aurelius  Zelus,  47. 
H.  Claudius  Caesar,  6. 
Ti.  Claudius  Capitolinus,  29. 
Ti.  Claudius  Diogenes,  37. 
Claudius  Eperotus,  167. 
Claudius  Hermes,  142. 
Ti.  Claudius  Hierocles,  8. 
Ti.  Claudius  Hypergamus,  114. 
Ti.  Claudius  Hypsicles,  52. 
Claudius  Marilianus  Codrus,  83. 
Ti.  Claudius  Nero,  8. 
Ti.  Claudius  Philocalus,  97. 
Claudius  Tatianus,  51. 
Ti.  Claudius  Telemachus,  166. 
Ti.  Claudius  Theodotus,  86. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


529 


GleaeniB,  194. 

Cleostratus,  xi. 

CI.  M.  Codrua,  83. 

n.  Co(n)8tantiu8,  17. 

Jul.  Constantius,  18. 

Corasa,  hamlet,  95.    KOFAZIAA; 

KOFAIEOS. 
Cornelianus,  55. 
*  Craemius,  148. 
Craterus,  121,  132. 
Crateuas,  v, 
Cretarchae,  18. 
Crispus,  22.  (}) 
Criton,  xxi. 
Gryassa,  hamlet,   194:    KPYAS- 

2IA02. 
Ti.  Aur.  Ctesias,  29. 
Curides,  51. 

Daedalus,  133,  134. 

DaesiuB,  month,  142. 

Deius,  153. 

Demetrius,  30,  33,  118. 

Diogenes,  13,  38,  101,  143,  192. 

Gl.  Diogenes,  6,  38. 

Diogenes  Orthius,  5. 

L.  Ant.  Gl.  Domitinu8,Diogenes,  37 . 

Diomedes,  91. 

Dione,  120. 

Dionysius,  13, 33,  55,  92,  99, 131, 

143. 
Aurel.  Dionysius,  44. 
Diophanes,  100. 
Diophantus,  135. 
L.  A.  Gl.  Domitinus  (Diogenes), 

37,  66. 
M.  Domitius  Philippus,  100. 

2m 


Dorco,  195. 

Epagathus,  121,  153,  154. 

Epaphroditus,  109,  153,  158. 

Ulp.  Epaphroditus,  133. 

Eperastus,  141. 

Gl.  Eperotus,  167. 

Ephesus,  city,  22. 

Paulus  Epicadius,  xxy. 

Epictetus,  90. 

Epithymetus,  133. 

Epitynchanon,  149. 
Fl.  Q.  Eros  Monaxius,  18. 
Eudamus,  24,  25,  27. 
Eumachiana,  44. 
Eumachus,  13,  44,  168. 
Euphrosynus,  106.  (?) 
M.  Ulp.  Apul.  Eurycles,  xx. 
Eusebes,  34. 
Euthydemus,  82. 
Eutyches,  133,  134,  147. 
*Eitychion,  171. 
*Eitychon.  182. 

Flavia  Antonia  Abascantina,   50. 

(^AABIA.) 
Flayia  Firma,   xxxiii.,  129  (Leg. 

xvi.  Flavia  Firma). 
Flavia  Nanne.  152.  (*AAYIA.) 
m.  *  Thasia.  55. 
Flavius,  57. 

Flav.  Gass.  D.  Marcianus,  127. 
Flavius  Phamaces,  152. 
Ti.  Flav.  Thalamus,  152. 

Ghuoabrium,     town,    vi. :      TAM- 
BPEIOTAI. 


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Google 


530 


INDEX   OF   PROPER  NAMES. 


Oamus,  53. 

Glaucus,  168. 

Glyco,  41,  42,  54. 

Ti.  Jul.  Glyco,  43. 

Glypte,  45. 

Glyptu8,49. 

GoneuB,  28. 

Gorpi^us,  month,  46,  54. 

Hadrianus,  169. 

Hecate,  goddess,  92,  93. 

Hecatonmon,  41. 

Hediste,  99. 

Hegesippe,  7. 

Helena,  101. 

CL  Ap.  Helena,  167. 

Helios,  god  Sol,  90,  151:  IIAIO 
AH  SEPAniAI. 

G.  J.  Heliodorus,  135. 

Helladius,  xii. 

Heracles,  demi-god  Hercules,  85  ; 
name  of  a  man,  67. 

Heraeum,  temple  of  Here,  i.  e,  god- 
dess Juno,  36. 

Hermagoras,  100. 

C.  L.  *Hermacopu8,  142. 

Hermapius,  147. 

Hermes,  14,  19,  46,  142. 

Hermias.  186.  (?) 

Hermogenes,  15. 

Hermolycus,  120  (?),  121. 

Herophilus,  xviii. 

Hierocles,  8. 

P.  M\,  Hilarianus,  40. 

Hyperberetttus,  month,  144. 

Ti.  CI.  Hypsicles,  20,  52, 

Ti.  CI.  Hypergamus,  114. 


lason,  XX.,  xxxi.,  105,  132,  133, 

143,  172. 
Iphitus,  134  (Ei^cros). 
Irenia,  106.  (?)  (Eiprivia). 
Irenaeus,  131,  183. 
Isagoras,  v. 
Isthmia,  games,  22. 
Ti.  Julia  Antonia  Letois,  40. 
Julia  Paula,  47. 
Julia  Tertulla,  xxxiv. 
Juliana,  49. 
CL  Juliana,  51. 
Julians,  month,  52. 
Julius  Aurelius  Charidemus   Ju- 

lianus,  47. 
C.  Julius  Heliodorus,  135. 
Julius  Lucianus,  xxi. 
Julius  Marinus,  xxxiv. 
C.  Jul.  Satuminus,  162. 

LabienuB,  87. 

Labranda,     hamlet,     97 :       AA- 

BPAINAI2. 
Ant.  Ar.  *Ladilla,  198. 
Aur.  Laiichus,  163. 
Leaena,  167. 
Leon,  41,  81. 

Leto,  goddess  Latona,  145. 
TI.  Jul.  Antonia  Letois,  40. 
LiciniuB,  xxxii. 

C.  Licinius  '^'Hermacopus,  142. 
Lous,  month,  115. 
Lucanus  Archelaus,  xvi. 
Lucas  Philoponus,  70. 
Lucianus,  vii,  xii,  xxi. 
Lycssus,  113. 
Lycia,  173,  197. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


531 


Lycia,  country,  129,  172. 
Lydan  nation,  128,  162,  163, 164, 

166,  169. 
LyBander,  194. 
LjTsanias,  130. 

Macaiia,  200.  (?) 

Macedo,  vii.,  32. 

*Mala,  144. 

^Malabathrine,  153. 

Fl.  C.  D.  Marcianus,  127. 

S.  Marcios  Priscus,  159,  160. 

CI.  "^Marcilianus  Codrus,  83. 

Marcus,  49. 

Marcus  Aurel.,  vide  under  Aurel. 

Maro,  68,  100. 

Marsyas,  xxii. 

Massicytus,  city,  122.  (?) 

Mausolus,  157. 

Menalcas,  ii. 

Menander,  21,  50,  82. 

Myo  Menander,  34. 

Menecles,  31,  133. 

Menecrates,  xlii.,  45,  54,  80,'  99. 

Menelaus,  132. 

Menestheus,  58. 

Menestrate,  99. 

Menestratus,  202. 

Menippus,  33,  52.  (}) 

Metrodorus,  24,  25,  28. 

Metrodorus  Demetrius,  30,  31. 

Michael,  xiv. 

Miletus,  city,  21 :  MEIAIISION. 

Milyas,  country,  191. 

Mion,  153. 

*  Mithylius,  28. 

Modestus,  170. 


♦Moletus,  192. 

Molon,  13. 

Molossus,  14. 

Fl.  Q.  Eros  Monaxius,  18.  (Mu- 

natius  }) 
Mylasa,  city,  87  :   MYAASEON. 
Myndus,  185. 
Myo  Menander,  34. 
M3rriacus,  96. 

Nanne,  152. 

Nannis,  141. 

Naso,  101. 

Nesera  Ammias,  31. 

Neapolis,  city,  22. 

Nemea,  games,  22. 

Nero  Claudius  Augustus,  8. 

Nerva,  169  (NEPOYA). 

M.  Anton.  Nicephorus,  1. 

Niceticus,  130. 

Nico.  133. 

Nicolaus,  173,  181. 

Nigrinianus  Stasithemis,  133. 

Nilus,  90. 

Olympia,  games,  22. 
Ammias  Olympias,  13. 
♦Omias,  xxii. 
♦Oneses,  xxiv. 
Onesima,  46. 
Onesimus,  i.  xv.  16,  46. 
Onesphorus,  102. 
Omimythus,  149. 
Orthagoras,  122. 
Diogenes  Orthius,  5. 
Otorconda,  hamlet,  88  [OTOPK]- 
ONiiE[aN]. 

M  2 


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Google 


532 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


Panathensea,  games,  22. 

Pancrates,  44. 

P&nemeriu8,  s.  e.  Jove,  90 :  ZHNI 

DANHMEPIO;  91. 
P&nemus,  month,  10. 
Pbpius,  44,  46. 
Aurel.  Pbpiana,  45. 
Parium,  city,  xiii. :  COL.  IVL.  PA- 

RIANA. 
Parthena,  168. 
P&tara,  city,  169, 173:  HATAPIS; 

172:  nATAPEY2. 
*P&tibr8BU8,  142. 
Jul.  Paula,  47. 
CI.  Tryph.  Paulina,  23. 
Paulinianus  Trypho,  xv. 
PauluB  *£picadiuB,  xxv. 
Pereitas,  2  (?),  44. 
PergamuB,  city,  21:   nEPPAMH- 

NON. 
Peritius,  month,  2.  (?) 
Pessinus,  city,  21:   nESSINGYN- 

TiaN. 
Phamaces,  156. 
Phaselus,  city,  xxviii.  :   4»A2HA- 

[ITAI]. 
Ulp.  Phila,  163. 
•Philargetes,  106. 
Philetus,  46,  120. 
Philinnon,  95. 
Philippi,  city,  xiii.:    COL.    IVL. 

PHIUPPENS. 
Philippus,  100. 
Philocalus,  89. 
•n.  CI.  Philocalus,  97. 
Philocles,  141. 
Philoctistes,  63. 


'  Philoponus,  70. 
Philumenus,  132. 
Pinara,  city,    142,    144:    HINA- 

PEON,  niNAPIAOS. 
Pisedarus,  144. 
Pisithea,  xxx. 
Platon,  172. 

Claud.  Platonis,  142,  146. 
Polemo,  50  (?). 
Polychronia,  41. 
Polychronius,  i.  41. 
Polycrates,  173. 
Pompejus,  iv. 
Poseidon,  god  Neptune,  157 :  nO- 

SEIAaNI. 
♦Primaea,  106. 

S.  MarciuB  Priscus^  159,  160. 
CI.  VeL  Proc[u]la,  134,  169. 
Protogoras,  3  (?). 
Ptolemseus,  91,  173. 
M.  Aur.  Ptolemaeus,  182. 
Publius,  153. 
Pyrrhus,  28. 
Pythia,  games,  22. 

Quartus,  xxiv. 

Fl.  Qiiintius  Eros  Monaxius,  18. 

KYINTI[OS]. 
Quintus,    166  :     K0NT02 ;    viii. 

xxxii.    81:    K0INT02 ;    xix. : 

KOYINTOS. 
Quintus  Licinius,  xxxii. 
Leo  Quintus,  81. 
Q.  Velius  Titianus,  169. 
Quirina,  tiibus,  8, 198.  KYPEINA. 

Rhodus,  island,  99. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


533 


Rome,  city,  22. 
Romans,  16,  44,  92,  140. 
Rufus,  170. 

P.  iE.  Att.  Sabina,  46. 

Sarpedon,  xxxvii. 

Sarpedonis,  173. 

Saturninus,  xxiv. 

C.  Jul.  SatuminuB,  162. 

Sebasta,  games,  22. 

Serapis,  god  (89),  90:  All  HAIO 

SEPADEI;    151:     All    HAIQ 

SEPAHIAI. 
Sextus,  X. 
Sextos  (ScXSro*),  Marcius  Pris- 

cus,  159,  160. 
Siculinus,  134. 

Sidyma,  city,  153 :  2IAYMEYS. 
Smyrna,  city,  22. 
Socrates,  35,  197. 
Sosander,  91,  95. 
Sosibius,  131  (?). 
Sostratus,  166  (?). 
M.  Aur.  Soterichus,  2  (?). 
Soteris,  141. 
Nigr.  Stasithemis,  133. 
Stephanus,  134,  155. 
Aurel.  Stephanus,  xv.  124. 
Aur.  Sympborus,  xv. 
Synesis,  142. 

Tatia,  55,  58. 
Aurel.  Tatia,  44. 
Gl.  Ant.  Tatiana,  38. 
Tatianus,  41. 
CI.  Tatianus,  51. 
Taurinus,  158. 


Tauropolis,  city,  i.e.  Apbrodisias, 

17.  TAYPOYnOAITQN. 
Ti.  CI.  Tdemachus,  166. 
•Telesias,  145. 
Telesphorus,  50. 
Telmessus,  city,   100,  101,   109: 

TEAMHSSEYS;     101 :     TEA- 

MH22I2. 
Jul.  Tertulla,  xxxiv. 
Ti.  Fl.  Thalamus,  133. 
Thargelion,  month,  vi. 
Fl.  •Thasia,  55. 
Theaetetu?,  52. 
Themistodes,  188. 
Theodoras,  16,  181. 
Theodotus,  86,  105  (?). 
Theophrastus,  35. 
Thera,  city,  21  :  GHPAION. 
Thesmophoria,  festival,  vi. 
Theudas,  ii. 

Tib.  Claud.,  see  under  Claudius. 
Tib.  Jul.,  see  under  Julius. 
Timarchus,  xxxvii.  7. 
Tine'ius,  85. 
Q.  Vel.  Titianus,  169. 
Tlepolemus,  112. 
Tlos,  city,  126, 129, 130, 131,  132, 

133,  135,  141 :  TAOEYS. 
Tohnidas,  44. 
Trajanus  Divus,  169. 
Trajanus  Augustus,  month,  44. 
Tryphsena,  xlii.  80. 
Trypho,  xv. 
M.  Ulp.  Trypho,  198. 
CI.  Tryphosa  Paulina,  23. 

Uliades,  82. 


Digitized  by 


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534 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


Ulpia  Phila,  163. 
Ulpius  Apellaa,  55. 
Ulpius  Charito,  55. 
Ulpius  Epaphroditus,  133. 
M.  Ulpius  Trypho,  198. 
CI.  Velia  Procula.  134,  169. 
Q.  Velius  Titianus,  169. 
Vespasianus,  11,  159. 

Xanthicus,  month,  42,  49. 
Xanthus,  god  (of  the  river?),  165. 
Xanthus,  city,  158, 162,  163,  164, 

166, 177:  :a:ANeios. 

Xenocritus,  187. 


CI.  Aurel.  Zelus,  47. 

Zeno,  20,  21,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28, 

44,  52,  53,  54,  120,  141,  198. 
Zeus,  i.e.  god  Jove,  5;  Panemerius, 

90;  Helios  Serapis,  90, 151. 
Zeuxis,  202. 
Zosime,  153. 

Aur.  Parthena  Zosime,  168. 
Zosimus,    xxxii.    51,    100,    106, 

130. 
Aur.  Zosimus,  158. 
Zoticus,  90. 


INDEX 

OF  THE  MOST  REMARKABLE 

GREEK  WORDS  OCCURRING  IN  THE  INSCRIPTIONS. 

[Such  word*  as  are  not  found  in  the  London  edition  of  Stephanut,  Thet,  Lifig.  Grac, 
are  printed  in  capital  letters,^ 


A  instead  of  AI : 
Ka[I],  24,  169.  172. 

A  instead  of  AY: 

KXAdios,  45 ;  cArov,  105. 

AI  instead  of  £ : 
avAlveutdfl,  17. 

A  a,  73. 

ayaXfjiara,  24,  25,  169. 

ayereios  iravKpanSj  22. 

ayepem,  22,  100. 

hyyos  diicaio^OTriSt  129. 

—  vios  iroXciMfs,  8. 


aytavii^eaQai,  128,  166. 

ayuii'oOereiif,  100,  168. 

aBwpoBoKTiToSt  88. 

aeros,  5. 

ariTTTiTos,  18. 

adXritras  evho^ws,  21 ; — Kai  en-i/xe- 

Xwr,  22. 
aiwv,  22,  92. 
atotvios,  21,  63,  92,  93. 
aXafiapxris,  157. 
aXeiTovpyriTOs,  88. 
aXiTTipios,  89. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


535 


aWodatros,  90. 

afiapayros,  4  Q). 

A/iaprwXos,  with  dative,  142,  182; 

genitive,  145. 
afiefiiTTOs,  88. 
afioifirf,  21. 
ayaBrifjtaTa,  32,  88. 
avadp€\(/afi€yfi,  46. 
ayAlveutdri,  17. 
ayaXrifjLftaTa,  14. 
aya\fi\l/Hs,  71. 
avai  103. 
ayaarpei^fiai,  128. 
ayacnrpw^rif  24,  25. 
ayiffTtifii,  17. 
avyeioi/,  77,  78,  79. 
ai^Spias,  2, 21, 24, 25, 38, 165, 169. 
ayeyo^riTOi,  59. 
ayepiBevTos,  88. 

ayetj/ia,  38. 

av^p«i;^iKCi»s,  25,  27. 

avoc£ai,  184. 

avY^ai,  63. 

avTiarparrfyos,  159. 

amypa^ov,  10,  42,  44,  45,  51,  54. 

avuidev,  91. 

a^ioXoyun-aTos,  9,  100,  166,  182. 

avaXKoTpioft},  42. 

avofitwaai,  144. 

airoOeiiffievof,  48. 

a7roOefi»«ra,  51. 

oiror€i<Torw,  54,  144. 

airorei^ct.  42,  45. 46,  55,  117,  158. 

awo  Tov  PeyTiOTov,  88. 

apyvpioy,  48,  50,  51,  53,  145. 

^rifiov  Pw/ioiwy,  44. 

APMAIS,  133. 


ap\aip€tna,  88. 

ra  opxeia,  10,  88,  144,  153,  158, 

183. 
apyiarpoB,  (56),  167. 

Ttis  7ro\eia$,  80. 

apxiepeia,     13,    23,    47  ;    Atrias, 

131  (?). 
apxiepevs,  20,  23,  47,   131,   142, 

144,  153,  158. 
ap')(i€p€vs  Aaias,  37. 
fieyas  AyTiayi[yi']ayos  apxiepevs  rris 

Aatas,  198. 
apxiepevs  fAcyiffros,  16,  169. 
apxicpevs  ruty  Se/3aaro;v,  135. 
apxieparevtratra     T»y     ^paariay, 

152. 
apxirafiievffas,  2  (?). 
apxoyres  A<ppoh€nn€aiy,  /3ovXjy,  ^ly- 

/X0€,  16. 
aaefieia,  91. 
atrePris,  50. 

o<T€/3fj*,  with  dative,  101,  120. 
ra  aen/Xa,  91. 
a(T<l>a\€ta,  135. 
ao'^aXcfo),  41. 
Avrok-parwp,  8,  11,  16,  21,  48,  50, 

51,  53,  159,  169. 
avToyojiia,  47. 
afripwil^ia,  44,  47. 
af*  wy,  144. 

/JaOpov,  169. 
PapfiapoSf  89. 
/3a(r(Xeia,  16. 
/3a0€vs,  201. 
pePovXnrat,  144. 
/3ijXa,  169. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


536 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


^laofiai,  121. 

(iovXevTfipioy,  91,  93. 

(hvXevTTis,  21,  166. 

/3ovXij,    28   (fioXfi),    91,  92,   169 

(icpariffTJ}). 
4  /3ovXi7  icai  6  hrifios,  17,  23,  24, 

30,  35,  36,  159,  162,  198. 
>/  j3ovXi}  t€fNi>ra77}  icac  o  Xa^Tpora- 

ro«  irjfws,  21. 
fiovXri  ^rifws  yepovtria,  2,  129. 
/3ovXi7  di7/ios  yepovtria  veoi,  32. 
/3«;xo$,  43,  51,  54,  55,  59. 

ycvca,  134. 

ycyoff,  58  (?),  132,  186,  187. 
yevyaioTUTOs  Kaiaap,  18. 
yepot/ffia,    2,    32,    126,    131,   165 
(trefiyoTaTti) .    See  under  /3ovXi;. 
ypafifiarevs,  2,  28,  92. 
ypafifiarw^vXaKia,  135. 
yvfiyatnafy)(ris,  80,  88. 
yv/ivao'capxiytras  r»/«  yepovtrias,  1 65. 
yvi^aif},  142. 

A  instead  of  9  : 
tSCay^tKOs,  42. 
^aifioyes,  84,  86,  124. 
^eicaTpwrevw,  2. 
ae£ios,  93,  132,  136. 
Beffwonis,  18. 
ai)Xow,  43,  144. 
IrifiapyiKfi  eiovffia,  16,  169. 

^TffUOSt  91. 

ZfiiiOKpana,  128. 

^17/109,  15,  160. 

^ly/ios  A<l>po^€iai€iay,  16,  62. 


?i}/iOf  Ka2vay^€<tfv,  117,  121. 

XavOiwv,  162. 

IlivapeAiy,  142,  144. 

—  T€Xfliy<TO'€«V,   101. 

TX«e«i/,132,  141. 

Srifioffi^,  87,  94. 

^i)V(V>m,  44,  121,  144. 

^SijyofKua,  109. 

,  41,  43,  45,  48,  50,  53,  54, 
101,  117,  130,  131,  132,  135, 
141,  142,  153,  158,  167.  182. 

3ia^o%oi,  45,  56. 

jcaro  dca^oxf^v,  141. 

hiait^fia,  19,  169. 

haOriKJi,  14,  45,  164,  166. 

Biafioyri,  18,  93. 

diaffif^raros  iiycfi^y,  18. 

d«ari7pew,  128. 

^ca^epovra,  21,  93. 

^iKaio^orrjs,  129. 

hs  after  a  proper  name,  with  a 
genitive  following :  25, 100, 102, 
111,  112, 130  03),  143  03),  144, 
153,  166;  without  a  genitive 
foUowing:    89,   153,   173,    183 

3<xa,  130. 
BpaxfjM,  172. 

E  instead  of  Al : 

cKTa^i^E,  124;  icE,  132. 
E  instead  of  EI  (?): 

€7re[I]  50,  51. 

of^eiXeeelt],  153. 

ocice[I]ori;ra,  16. 
EI  instead  of  E : 

cyelvcro,  yclyo/ievos,  91. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


537 


£1  instead  of  I : 
*/iEIv,  21. 
OXv/ivEIa,  22, 1.  26 ;  (OXvfiirla, 

22,1.29.) 
KaireToXEla,  22  ;    ipiXoreifiEla, 

23. 
Ao/iirEIvof,  37. 
A^po^EIn},  13. 
Aiftpo^Elffieioy,  16,  22. 
r£I/ii7,  rEIfxaitf,  21,  22,  23,  25, 

27,  30,  32,  35, 36,  55,  152. 
^cXorEIfios,  30. 
fieraKElyeta,  42,  etc. 
iroXElnys  and  ?roX£Irevo/Lcac,  21, 

172. 
groXElriJCOS,  165. 
icXElyri,  132,  136. 
vElici?,  vElraw,  22, 100;  and  all 
proper    names     compounded 
with  Nijfiy. 
agrorElflu,  158,  etc. 
TTpodayElsfMOSy  94. 
eyyovof,  51,  101,  117,  119,   143, 

153,  169.  198. 
eOyos  Avjciwv,  128,  162,  163,  164, 

166, 169. 
eOyos  Kai  iroXts,  152. 
eiBoi^opos,  45. 

€lKOy€S,  21. 

eiKoyes  ypairrac,  24,  93. 

ey  oirXois  eiri'xpvaois,  25. 

€(  fifi  fioyoy,  158,  167. 
ci  fioyoy,  183. 

€ipriyapxn^>  2. 
*  eipvrai,  48, 
caai'yeXca,  91. 
ea/3iao/Aai,  117. 


[eJiswoTjy,  41,  48,  51. — irXajc£)/os, 

55. 
eisufffrri,  42,  44,  53,  57. 
EKBIBAZO  KAHPON,  166. 
cKyovos,  40,  44,  47,  66, 
€K^iKri<raffeai,  41,  43,  45,  48,  49 

(ey^t/c),  50,  145. 
€K^o<rut  42. 
eicros,  101. 
€Kros  eay  fiti,  121. 
€jc^ai^€,  88. 

EAAION,  109. 

cXeyJas,  131,  135,  141,  142,  144, 

182. 
eXevdepia,  16. 
EAGONTOS  A,  182. 
eXXoyifiwaroSf  17. 
efifiatyerw,  190. 
^1/  (?),  132. 
ey  yoyos,  158. 
eyypa^fiff,  42,  91,  130. 
cveyicp,  184. 
evoxos,  51. 

€i^€v£t«  fiyefwrtKfit  42. 
^oici,  after  a  proper  name,  44. 
e^edpa,  93. 
Het,  153,  167. 
e$o^m^ii»,  95. 
e^uSey,  132. 
€?  <iv,  142. 
e^wTiKos,  134,  135. 
e^av^fNiis,  128. 
ewayoiyyvfjLi,  144. 
e^ai'OpOiii^i;,  87. 
ciroparos,  41,  48,  49,  50. 
€v(ipx€ta,  162,  198. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


538 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


evofxos  evdrivMs,  129. 
ewafyxps  aireifnfs,  198. 
eirtl^dXXovaa,  132. 
eTrifjLeXtideyros,  8,  21,  38,  160  (?). 
eTTtjieXfiTtis  o^uy,  129. 
ewi<rraTfi$,  93. 
€TiaTv\iOv,  15. 
eTTireifitoy,  130,  182. 
eiriTeXeadeis  aytay,  166. 
arirpeirw,  109, 121, 132,  141,  182. 
ewiTbf,  153,  168;  €<(>&,  44. 
eiri  rii>  ^fiKrei,  172. 
€^i0avc9raroi  Oeoi,  91. 
EWitpayetrraTOS  Kaitrap,  18. 
eirwyvfios  Oeos,  16. 
tpyaffia  ruty  fiaf^etity,  201. 
epycR-KTratTca,  30. 
cpycTTiirrarcw,  14. 
epeiiriov,  94. 

€v  yeyoyores  (iraiJef),  92. 
€vepy€Tfis,  37,  82,  128,  169,  164, 

198;   €V€py€ris,  38. 
evOvvos,  183. 
evyoia,  21,  32. 
€vyov\o$,  91. 
EYnOSIA,  202. 
evpetris,  184. 
evaepeia,  91,  92. 
cwrvx^trc,  16. 

€vrvx*"»  17. 
cvxafx^reoi,  6,  88,  91. 
€vxfj,  157. 
evwyvjios,  132. 
e^evpetv,  44,  142. 
c^ij/Joi,  92. 

Zi?[eyaO,  55,  130,  132. 


(ifffas  KOfffAiias,  30 ; — jcai  irpos  hwo- 

Beiyfia  aperris,  27,  33. 
(tfffatra  KotTfJuui  icai  vw^povms,  31 ; 

—  auMppoyws  Kai  eyio^taSf  152. 
^«/i€v[os],  120. 
Cwv,  43. 
(ias  lay,  182. 

H  instead  of  AI : 

€{6<rrH,  131. 
H  instead  of  I: 

ava\n^B.$,  71. 

vH«:a,  189. 
H  instead  of  Y : 

vpHraveiiif,  128. 
4  jcac,  between  two  names,  13  (?), 

54,  80,  101,  153,  173. 
jiyeyLQViKos,  42. 
hyeiim',  162,  170. 

XafivporaTOs,  17. 

Xa/nrporaros   Kai    davfiaoros, 

127. 
■         iiatrrifioTaros,  18. 
fiyefjuay  Xeyeotyos,  129. 
ftpoetovt  168. 
iip^y,  145. 

^poroy,  51,  130,  132,  133,  201. 
^pois,  143. 

9  instead  of  A  :  fxriOets,  145. 

OoXXo^,  91. 

6agrrui,  25,  41,  44,  48,  51,  52.  95, 

102;  (cvOaTrrw),  130,  131,  135, 

142,  153,  167. 
Bearpoy,  19,  169. 
dewy,  54. 
Ta  0eio,  183. 


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INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


539 


Oe/xeXiov,  169. 

eejiis,  100/166. 

Ocoi  KaraxBoyu>if  101,  142. 

deoi  ovpavioi  mu  KurtixBonoi,  120, 

144. 
deoi  irayres  icai  Aiyrw  kcu  reKva,  145. 
Oeoi  aefiaoTOi  Kai  waTpiaoi,  169. 
dpeirros,  132,  133,  182. 
Opeyj/as,  14. 
dpriaKtia,  91. 
0i;»,  130,  184. 

I  (subscriptum)  after  a  long  vowel, 

145.     See  under,  81. 
I  instead  of  £1 : 

Is,  92,132;  Jsoiaei,  182;   Iswtr- 
rti,  41. 

I«^€p€(Tdai,91;  €irl,49;  ^{1, 153. 

ipval,  13;  ireyOI,  92;   (rvi'/JaXIv, 
89. 

irapaXI^Iv,  92 ;  xlpas,  92. 
IN  instead  of  ION: 

Apre/ily,  96. 
tarpos,  55. 
icpa  aovXa,  91. 

(fvj'KXiyrof,  91. 

(cpai  ATToXXuivi  ^pax/iae,  172. 

icpevs,  (48),  91,  92,  93. 

cepoc  aywveff,  22. 

lepoavXos,  with  a  dative,  144. 

UptoraTri  /BovXij,  21. 

(epo/rarov    rafAeioy,  see  under  ra- 

Kx  instead  of  X  : 

^eriyXXaKXora,  24,  27 ;  (/xcniX- 
XaXXora,  28,  30.) 


Kudiepouf,  11,  169. 
KoXoKayaBia,  88. 
i:aXoicaya6iii(,  128. 
KoXor  Kai  ay  ados,  25,  35. 

Kap^ltTfJLOS,  94. 

jcaraSiicor,  20. 

i:ara(Tro(nff,  16. 

jce^aXiy,  80,  81. 

jci7devw,45,  46,  49,  50,  51,  52,54, 

107 ;  eyicri^evia,  59,  182,  183. 
oypvj,  91,  92. 
KidapiorriSt  91,  92. 
jctftfv,  13,  80,  81. 
Kktivrj,  132,  136. 
KXnpoyofios,    41,    56,     67,     103^ 

141. 
Toivov  Afftas,  22. 
—  Aviccwr,  170. 
KOfffuoTrjSt  23. 
iTOff/ior,  15,  159,  169. 
Kparitrros,  38,  163,  169. 
KpriTapxai,  18. 
KTioTfis,  47,  126. 
Kvp€ia,  131. 
k-vpios,  21,  50,  51,  71,  92,  94. 

Xafjurporaros,  21,  127. 
Aeyeuiv  ^icicaiSeicari)  ^XovVa  ^cp/ia ; 
^icriy  2i2i|pa,  129. 

Xcvx^f^^^^*^*  ^^* 

Xoyeiov,  169. 

^XflfjLXJMtTai,   131,  135,    141,   142, 

143,  144,  182. 
AOnSTEYTHS,  182. 
AvKiapxfis,  100,  166. 
XYira,  41. 


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540 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


[jLafifiri,  40. 
fieydXoiieptiis,  128. 
fierwciyew,  42,  44,  109. 
fieraWaetria,  23,  24,  27,  28,  30. 
fATiOets,  145. 

fjLtiros  AireXXaiov,  153,  158. 
'  Topwirfov,  46,  64. 

Aaco'iov,  142. 

lovXirfov,  52. 

—  Autov,  115. 
»a>^4Jcov,  43,  49. 

—  Uavefiov,  10. 
UepeiTiov,  2  (?). 

■  Tpaiatfov  2e/3a9rov,  44. 

—  'Xvepfieperatov,  144. 
fitiTpowoXis,  17, 162, 163, 164, 166, 

169. 
fAiffowoyffpws,  88. 
/Avrj/ia,  105. 
fxyrifieioy,  25,  27,  41,  51,  52,  54, 

57.   101,   106,   109,  111,  117, 

119,  120,  121,  142,  146,  153, 

173,  174,  182. 
Moipa,  4. 

MONOIS  ONOMASIN,  134. 
fioyofiaxoi,  20. 

ycKvs,  4. 
yeowtoh  41,  53. 
yiKay,  100,  166. 
vofwderris,  37. 

A^S  instead  of  X : 

2:€^2ror,  159,  160. 
(v9rapx>7'#  21,  22. 


OY  instead  of  O: 

avrOYy,  106;  (avrlJv,  58.) 
o  icai  between  two  names,  52, 100, 

133,  134,  135,  152.  173. 
oiKelQarifs,  16. 
oucoyofMos,  89,  146. 
ofwws,  119,  155. 
otrroGnKTi,  124,  172. 
o^iXctrei,  142,  144,  153. 
o^cXcrw,  101,  142,  172. 
oiffiiXflirei,  130,  132,  135,  141. 

TaiiucTi,  93. 

Tac^c^jciy,  197. 

waiBorofAos,  91,  92. 

wac&i^vXaices,  91,  92. 

iraXai^rpa,  88. 

iraXa/ii},  3. 

TToKri,  166. 

HANKPATIN  icpav,  22. 

TrayKpartatmis,  21. 

^oyjcpareo)',  100. 

fl-aTiroc,  54. 

vawTTos,  99. 

ff-opoicaXw,  109. 

grttpa/ivOcKrOai,  25,  27,  28. 

trapa^t^eki,  44. 

irci/Dcvpeo'Cf,  44. 

frarrip  TrarpiZos,  16,  169. 

flrorpu,  21,  23,  24,  29,  37,  64,  88, 

165,  198. 
weyraKt  after  a  proper  name,  44. 
TcptiroXioy,  91. 
irkaKkKris,  169. 
HAATAS,  41.  48,  58. 
DA  AXON,  41. 


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Google 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


541 


iroXu  ISayOnav,  158,  163. 
voXirevetrdai,  SB,  172. 
TTpa^is,  172. 
frpeifiiinXcipios,  40. 
irpeafievrris  aTparnariKOs,  129. 

AvTOKpaTopo$,  159,  160. 

irpoyoviKoy,  112,  113. 
vpoyoyoi,  23,  32,  38,  166. 
wpo^ayei^fios,  94. 
vpoearri  aytaywy  (?),  116. 
vpoxXiiaafAeyos,  100. 
'^poyao$,  93. 
TTpoyoTitrafjLeyos,  2,  80. 
TTpomi^yeXta,  172. 
^poro7oreiffarw,41,44, 49, 50, 145. 
irpose^pevia,  92. 
irpos€wt<rK€va(w,  142. 
trpovKfiyioy,  169. 
frposv€pi^€peadat,  88. 
wposTaaaw,  145. 
irposretfioy,  144. 
irvXiy,  17. 

irvpyitricos,  101,  102. 
TTvpyos,  195. 

^irwp,  29. 

aefiaoTos,  8,  13,55,  91,  126,  135, 

152,  159,  164,  202. 
eefiyoTtis  /3iov,  28. 
^KOff,  153,  155. 
^/xa,  104. 
SOPION,  55. 
(Fopos,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  47,  48, 

51,  52.  53,  54,  55,  59,  67,  83, 

134,  141,  183. 
aa^itrrns,  47. 


oTretpti,  80,  81. 

(nreipi)    irptarri    OvXff-ia    FaXaroiv, 

198. 
ore^oi^opew,  80,  81. 
oTc^oKiy^opos,  10,  43,  46,  47,  48, 

52,  54,  80. 
ffrparriyos,  2. 

AvTOKparopos,  129. 

<nfy(kfiriKias,  24.  26,  27. 
trvyjrepu^epetrdai,  88. 
trvvi^opai  rvxn^f  28. 
(rvvjitos,  9,  110. 

<n/i/yevijs,  (9),  18,  40,  103,  158. 
trvyicXririKos,  9,  37,  40. 
(Tvyrpo^  a^eX^tl,  141. 
<rwi^«p€fcr,   42,   43,  45,   51,  109, 

130,  132,  134,  135,  141,  183. 
in/yx»[pfiffeis],  52. 
ffxCoXaororo*],  17. 
awfiareioy,  43. 
(Titfnip   icai  cv€f>yeri}«   rov   KOfffiov, 

159. 
aurripia,  18. 

raXa>T£aco<  ayttyeg,  22. 
raXai/rov  cipyvpiov,  145. 
rafxeioy  icpwraroy,  41,  43,  45,  46, 

54, 130,  167,  182. 
rov  icvpcov  Avrorparopos  Kac- 

aapos,  50. 
rav/)o«:a[Oaff-rai],  20. 
ra^s,  183,  186. 
rec/ii},  see  under  £1. 
€is  reifias  roty  ^tfiafrr^y,  5b, 
T€ixos,  17. 
rerpajci  after  a  proper  name,  52  (?), 

54,  101. 


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Google 


542 


INDEX  OF  GREEK  WORDS. 


Towos  etriffrifioraTOS,  21. 

Towot  ItiyLovioi,  24,  25,  27. 

rpi€Tia,  22. 

Tpi%  after  a  proper  name,  153. 

Tpapevi,  142. 

TVfAfittpvxos,  44,  49,  50. 

Y  instead  of  01 : 

veowYoi,  41,53 ;  XYtto,  41 ;  orv- 
£oi,  53. 

Y  instead  of  YI :  Yo*,  29,  58,  108, 

143. 
iyitia,  18. 
vios  iroXews,  8. 
viuivos,  169. 

ifjraUKOi,  9,  40,  162,  200. 
vwaros,  16,  169. 
hirepriBeffBai,  88. 
vwevBvyos,  41,  92. 
vimpe^ia,  30. 
inroietyfia  apeniSt  27,  33. 
hwofAvriffis,  63. 
vTovoOevo'cs,  87. 
•YnOSOPION,  182,  193. 
viroirx€<TU,  30,  81. 
vtnrXifyif  41. 


^a/iiXia,  20. 

^iXo^o^ia,  32. 

^iXo^o^c,  14. 

^Xoao^APS,  88,  128. 

(^iKoKaiffap,  13. 

0iXoirarpa,  166. 

^iXoiroXcs,  14. 

^iXopw^ocos,  8. 

f^iXotrropyus,  88. 

0iXorei/iO(,  (23),  30. 

^iffxoc  AvroKpaTopos  Ka tvapos,  48, 

51,  63. 
^vXi),  88. 

0V(Tee  (vios),  15,  34. 
^vaiKa  T€Kva,  54. 

XOipecv,  16. 
\€CKiap\fi(ra$,  198. 
Xpeo^vXaifcov,  43,  45,  48,  49,  50, 
51,  52,  63,  54. 

^i70ifitf,  165,  169. 
i//i9^c(T/xa,  21,  27,  43,  93. 

a  instead  of  OY,  83.  . 
A  a,  73. 


THE  END. 


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ERRATA. 

Poffe  87,  Une  2,  for  sembance  read  semblance. 

Poffe  212,  Ime  1,fvr  Promontarium  read  Promontorium, 

Page  235,  line  12,  for  Cyprus  read  Cypres. 

Page  347,  Ixm  h,fbr  Julia  read  FlaTia« 

Page  350,  line  3,  for  ptiaiv  readpriaeis. 

Page  355,  No.  56,  line  4,fbr  Sia  ^oxwy  read  diaSox^V' 

Page  361,  Une  la8t,ybr  Page  45  read  Page  37. 

Page  364,  No.  87,  Hue  12,  for  Kaioapov  read  Kaioapos. 

Page  389,  No.  129,  Une  4,ybr  ck  riys  read  mrif^. 

In  the  heading  to  the  Inscriptions,  facing  j7d^  368,^  temple  read  counciUhall. 


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PRINTED  BY  RICHARD  AND  JOHN  E.  TAYLOR, 
RED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 


/ 


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;■<■  p^ff"^ 


.-J 


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II II HUI IM  Ml  in  IH IH  BH  Ml  li  Mi  M  M  Mi 
lllllllnHIIIII 

'  3  9015  02012  5921 


?^ 


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\ 


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