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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 


BARKER 





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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE [BNA] 


BY 


LEWELLYS F. BARKER, M.D. 


PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF 
ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO). 


With Wocabularies in Latin and English 
and Tlustrations 


Spe 


PHILADELPHIA: 


Po’ -BLAKISTON’S SON & CO. 
1012 WALNUT STREET. 
1907 

















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CONTENTS 


PAGE 

NN SE DLE pao 3 e's » os > 5 2 Suis t ous h odes canedasedentenasesudsesseiadas I 
SEINE TPES Isy Sted gc! als oe a ola oe Sela ae Sale Ute wie eld ween eb ak cs cs ontece 2 
Way THIS REVIEW OF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY WAS UNDERTAKEN,.........------- 2 
THE SCOPE OF THE WORK AND THE WORKERS,....--.--..0-ccceceenceeeeeeee eae 4 
EMME SAMMI ERC WAS DIONE oe 5 Soc ca's hence nceubudaldey oe baba da sels deseecct 5 
‘THE PRINCIPLES ARRIVED AT AS THE WORK PROCEEDED,........-------------------- 6 
THE ADOPTION OF THE BNA IN AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN,....-....-----------0- 8 
poe ParruRe, OF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY, .....c.0sc-csccecescsecsscteeesssees I 
EMCEE ee EERE Rt > 010 a oS aie aw Sic ok Melo oe Unido bale tiemte bw Sd pe ee aed bows Oe 14 
Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, giv tmobee te ews 14 
MCE aE OAR Fo PS oy re hae 3 ioelae gee he win oiu.e Os a tee wleenll Shee Seabee ves 14 

Ae Oseas teCeMe Ute aes LHS MXITOMIES, oo... ne BS ae ae Shes ess Secs clevesece 14 
SE EAN OMA AR cP MEMS ES Seo obs away < oie Foch nionsemens pede sascike dbecunes es 15 
SUE AISI, BS UMASS PICS and Shoe ages ow Sore re cme sae See ae See ws tw alale by tashdyes 17 
RENE so Meee piars Sei deirs Wot a eek dean oe ania oe bin BO ny ag eke wkd SOEUR cone 17 
SSR ae aus aah a oe Shes ws bois spss ones cdaceandan o¢23 oe pete daees ote 17 

CREE ET see sng Spo a Ue oe ia ni Sia wai D Shee avare even die Mic oulttaee alt aac aawdn atten 17 

UME 5 Rus ates OS Ste a ale BS A ibis ee see oie wie i Oe eaters Liste eae ae 17 

PUREEE OS = opis 2 Sata sl aocagels ode seinscs ee ake aetiesia pala we arenes 17 

DORIC s Ke 2 4 catetcia tie oat exe eas, 3 Sine Has )as se cite eect aie ae 5 eee 17 

CM Gta Fn akg Se aban 2 nik Gia sw iain sis-a ate-n sips Swlavia sje ch trek ween ceree pares 17 
RIN ater gree Sm a ne Tineke 5 wine mnie’ inn Sopa na. as © Bret Mw eras tes eae See eae 17 
MONE Ryeredt ss at hic as sie’ sig tin mb vn woman's ss exes meomeeaeeie seen sae vage es 17 

SCM ee ee I ine wo, clan's ad oosdina sib ea Se we sine eb role Sy oe ee letaloed s 17 

PSone Seis os so sicn a c-cc cena sesh Geta see ee oeoea ews e 18 

ROR 1S 5 Sere ts Os aioe ws sn dS Sie nin swim gee Se oteee ee eee ook eae 18 

Rpieer (XTICUNE Ss BOSS Sore an oon apse ao 2a dow am pee se Swe eee eee ase = 18 
MeO MUTEMEMESIIOS ec at coc. c's ae ne ovo Se ees ee eae Tae ae 18 
RNR N GPEr a he SS SOM ys ow cao a5 BSc eas soe cd 6 ote SOS PRO e eee we me 19 
DetCmEALMPMIENT (QC ODINC 5.02 << 2 sac <5oe se nits ss tne dee nedas Comegsessséeaens 19 
CRE fel Soe eso Lee Sok wale bis Byes Land ou Beas paertes eee 19 

PP MEINUCUS ON Lu ASIS) 50 2 oo.s's oi Se oic.sn ssc, da Meee creiem o adiv oss Sewn assie 20 

SGOT eho =e rn ee se Medd Lyre ts ey. ete eee 1 Samet 20 

OSES CRBS. or: an yn at, SEY Or A, eS 20 

TOE ee OSE, go ofa aia a aide Us SAIS ASE OA Oe ole Sn carey as 20 
WAR SOMO ck eS Mads Sas soe ds ae ee ADEE Se eS ee ean 6s asus Sates 20 

ER RM EM MIE TEN Sy os vc dip wn cals oa dinidi gd CEST DAE TOMS ae Bae Neko dam cea 20 

HON GCI AME a ARE Bia 2-10 so ona s aia MOSER TOROS Ot Aewetet< tees s 20 

pee OOO Nee ee oa Foe. as sw a's wamten aloe eA eae i hak oes encase es 20 
Basilar Bone, INN seca cide stint aro Che I Dee aE SO Ss Se basis cinels me's 20 
DS gS, ie o>, Ah oe ee ee ae ee 20 
EME EIA Ss a ae Sehr « cd ae RAR Awe Sehe Me wand econ ese eeans 21 
PRM UMA ete oes cos SAS asa = cree aaneialy see teketre Fee Heine am a eee 22 

eeiee aren, sat on. | eso sae so aracelcita eau e vas ards ee dale 23 

EON tME OUCIeL.c Jac Sec anee Ne tenor weet tuKee tae «Beam os a8 ease cused 23 
PREMETONE: Nh ohs se  cilae said se theca cae se sce Saat wes = nk alec cane anes 23 

Petign nutpinated: DONG. usta vek 1 cece caw asa oes SaeDa scat} sha grew tw cele cs 24 
RMN ALA TOHe Nien ASC en sc cican Sos San asia sata te Come ev wane Ss ose e 24 

UD ECAG Bt) ee Sete a a ZEAE ee es Oe ekas Seema gale ae 2 24 

ARSE OFF IOIGNEDONE, SHOC, oo cnn sn.n ono owing e ceciine ae ose edness ewemns ieee 24 

ESOL LG ACES oat ee hae RS oa mies win oo ates x ciatolereteaid's oi tale ef owe Siae'e ate leo s'a 24 
Manilla (O:.T. Superior Maxillary Bone),... 0.52. 2 eee ese es sceces ceasenese 24 

PADS DONE we Owes TOCA ob cans ceaWees escent saw eos s tecie oid vant Som ~'s < 24 


iv CONTENTS 


OstEoLocy (Continued) PAGE 
Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle),...............-. 34 
Sacro-lliaeg Oy. cles seu ecenswecses gene ss cable aus canes cee sale nan 35 
Symphysis of Putic Bones, = sais cons «sous ee eeaeeewks fhe tin ns cae ae 35 
Hip Joint,.. 2... <nicle 49a - = waste umaneges se nals Soe me es aaa se ee 35 
Knte JOint;. oso atte sens Rew py Mage eas eN sdk WSs assem exis vines <> «52-9 P ae eee Sle 35 
Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation),..............--....- 35 
Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation),................ 35 
Joints of the Footy... 5. pets as ge ctacwe awa pay CRRA G «> clea svt pin vah esteem am 35 
Ankle Jointysuri. sins eaicn sp olhe tay dip ee otiele win'= 5 (o/c iis iain Reine et oe 35 
[ntertarsal [outs <5 occ eile fen osteo tere ced chorale co!» sinter ssaeepeceia ie ot SeNanaees 36.55 
Talocalcanconavicular Joint, .. 1 <i. Ssuinis's's'a a a Qay n's sa eeeerr eres oe pea 36 
Talocalcanean-Jointre 5 -c2: con tosriree emer s'> 5 lehine eee ee 36 
Chopart’s Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus,..........---+-------+-220eeee0- 36 
‘Talonavicular Joint; 92's... <'sise's ces pee avriennis ite tents teat tice alleen 36 
Calcaneocuhoid) Joint, sic.ciee 5, xsciemmio tiers eee tot © sto oi ew ileccd ata ee Oe as 36 
Cuneonavicular Jointjyio2 so ak Secctemaqnin ch tants set Saree tier ial e = Saree ee 36 
Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, <5 d'ns'os 603% 209 pass. 005 Coes Waebes omens ee 36 
Dorsal Ligaments of Lateus, 23.2: .<pc0s = es ease cases ec py ous eaten abn caeeee < 36 
Plantar Ligaments Ol Parsus, aicig ake ates wise ae, 5 sracmenes ie erary Tepes xo hee ae 36 
Tarsometatarsal Jointa ccc aseigt sien te soe bode ise ts cov yaw ieee alka poate 36 
Intermetatarsal ‘Joints... 2 el aiisie.a-5.-.n.c. susp S2,alt o Sok se se a ae RE ea eee 36 
Metatarsophalangeal Joints, . sais ca nsiig sc teduey 8500 eth be aewee ahaa 36 
Joints of the Tore; cccscindic os Sniem ane = savers ales sa aie ihete 2 niage heer eee 37 
MYOLOGY OR MUSCULATURE) Diese vine an ge einen teins > - sep ned tp tease enee Seems 37 
Muscles of ‘the Back, 22-2. se eae erseie e cere tr. > sin osigckia leas Soa eae eee tare eee 37 
Muscles of the: Piean, . cis css sale kale oe stem ovules ss + RN Shek Okke eee eee 38 
Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, < onc. icenin cnn acs nner tine sds Ogee wep ee cea en 38 
Muscles ofthe / Necks i dcsvitnaain='s'eainalnctia cali aip sO eiei aeieine tee bi een eet oe 38 
Muscles: of the, TRoraxy ssc <)y sidiwateledle aie + os rvs lx RSfeneed miele toate neleta eres eens eta rae 39 
Muscles of the  ABdGMENS nis. s= ciphti= v= 'c itd n= wale 4. nretalape earl soot eecree te ee 39 
Coccygeal Muscles, =. aon cents sees Dib sense 5 dialed ia laia''a b/hesel adeheset cen se sl <I rae ee 40 
Muscles: of the. Upper, Extremity, ..scc.< 5-55. 5 2s 00 etehu rams Subse ny ae eee ene 40 
Muscles of the Lower Sxtremity,: Po2y.< ox0 0.5 st apes ran siee eacaismion s Bemiearr neat 41 
BuRSz AND MUCOUS SHEATHS ya ~  picapatie soc) <taecerare. asin wi aati re ea te aa 43° 
SPLANCHNOLOGN 22:5 aa oie nines = eon ereeininic 3G guisisineres vite Shits on) Sins, <a arate 45 
Digestive Apparatus,......-- anicsiaitie sicae.alcrctles Suis sis stem belle dle eines Rute ne ane 45 
Mouth Cavity). sici- 52 xis'e. 0 wiebelaimain aie 9 3 steisleip = weil eteratd = bg al arene 45 
Mucous Membrane of the Mouth) 22.0525 2.0.5)is oka osc one Meee ee eee eee 45 
Glands ‘of ‘the: Mouth; 25 Sooo Ss Nawisinice seo on nek cee eee 45 
Teeth;2 5) tis.eoit sons s nobis een cae he nas ay eee ioe aeTasicbiee bipe bleh oe 46 
"TORQUE, « \s'ccle crite a Sig 'eld ae eine a nara pale chaise Re eye os ee tr hye 46 
FAUCES 3s ccs cae as Kise SREB Se caniet Awatameeiete tots 6 rel ee eee ee 46 
Muscles of the Palate and Fatrees,q..5..~ -iblesic.cb ox1o< Suiniine er > oo ee aaah eee 47 
Pharynx; asc cco pie a os tap sini Aa Termeni Sire a ois a eS ig orotate maas aR te 47 
Digestive Mubess< nines earns Slaps alee Bike stwidcaisiss ats alg ocd laeal alts ee 47 
Ocsophagus, -s-/.iccinie stlangcale pet qsse vse c\clalesa eel. oie Sk ee 47 
Stomach, wo sce Oa kalp ob ye wniecwic o.< ew su larn eo lcle abe ale: often ee 47 
Small or Thin Intestine,. .eigcsi «cae: sie anes cients 6:10 e's OR ar 48 
Large or Thick Intestin€, tae n.cs cine bom + ernie pisces lane ae ae ieee eee 48 
Rectum. or Straight Gut... I. scence ese uees ce eens es seikete aan 49 
Pancreas, .. +. si so pene Siete eels Lae ware ues ew eee @ Acie ae eee 49 
Esler, - ..0.2 0 ajseu ens eae alee Rie are aie ieee en einraeres ETI Bee a os 49 
RESPIRATORY APPARATUS, .52\< 4 e's.cjoeieie isis neyo mittee ee ae aly ptee sk a Meet ne 50 
Nasal Cavity, .... . 2.2 sis:s disis neg eine Se pistes ee ole ele a arate te ee 50 
External Nose, ....... +2 <.. &<<tic.cls one'p a mee mien op la sa aaa 51 
TAT YDK, aca = o.oo ols e wid Side ~ set glu neta eet mere PaT eee eae ta te ea 51 
Muscles of Larynx,: . .25 55 suceelaaceseneee sc meter aie ain nr Emenee at 52 
Cavity of Larynx, ... 5.2. «aeWksaes res oes > Sane eee ee ee ee cee 52 
Trachea: and Bronchi,. ........:<.a¢aaeeewwatdces sc «Som ent oa ae eee ee fone 52 
DAING, «oc ooo nese nse ecee cobb es he able mie akie Bisse eats ait eee iam ESS ates 52 
‘Thoracic. Cavity,.........s<>3ssPee see eee ee oboe Seen PETS eee este 53 
‘Fhyreoid Gland... ...... ..... <2: i> vice ena Rie a bd en a eo 53 


Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland)ys<<<ssasnnccnassesencehube shee cwe'ees 53 


CONTENTS Vv 


RESPIRATORY APPARATUS (Continued) PAGE 
1 eer eee Oe ee ery toe reer Pad oe ee eee aoe a 53 
EE TOPROAL OD, 05g Sp Edy < oe on od reee eee send oa eens veuae 53 
MN RININEME Le Sie oiace was vay = SR Sunipae waka REE St Hae ROk ease eee 53 
DEN fad a on fa ac on ekg ok os Dh Sdn woman Ba eee oe Sie SREM EAE Sela as Wee 53 
EL PORTE, 3 SSA ashe 2a a og Me GO Se SESE he bol eee Daa 54 
mee cod DE ets e aioe SOc Sie, ace cla ae oes Magi catia ne 54 

(EE PES rere eee ee a asiMpned cia wee eis baie cl ses Bias Mats oe See mete 54 
CEM MNENE SES lelang cs Ss cau cee Rea Goes x hen Dae son as tadeaws ees 54 
MMM cca ya's ta wigm semana car eeb votes oe Sacy ud che oo sega weed 54 
EN PEERING ra aot ko 5 5 cys Sodan tala Foy ce tlce whan ols sie assed des tWen ass 55 
A OS Red vig vee atr aig eet aes Pras Crisis taaieeace nos 55 
MMR cts micrrclaiein ala ct id nak wee see ee esa vs KM eae Rs Ske caede 55 
Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord,..................--.--- 55 
MMBC RS es dots = soe id = ow na a Uaddphe dni Jacues an cebase buds 2 6b e css ae awees 55 
Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper’s Gland),...........----.-.2---------- 56 
Se MERCEMETIAE CREDILRIO, C5. wo a. cae Sina cecwade Soe tneds cdsicd bese a esclon 56 
RI Og a nrk es owe ao wn no gel bene Spb pein = Goh ea Bibav sd ened thas oe bam 56 
ES: Ss Saris aa aie e oping Phe ae Seas oaalee ae coe 56 
EMRE ian Vn ieiie asa ons dig As wip eb AMES kas 5 arom 2 Peis le merns 45,<586 56 
OOM Sn win iro as wa ve sci eatn 6 ¢6caneneduat Pemeehelthass's is 56 
SONU Ranson agle dave ss o's Sh Pern sa 6c sao sch aee ten Ue sn 83 CA es seen Fae 56 
Retna ee (es.0 2 Ballopian Tube), <2 52a sven dec se cb dodscuacnneses 56 
RCN, SINTER EE Rew ain So os 6 ab sssacnganny oheahe ifr dre PeseGuce nes ctad 57 
MNDUAPUN go ae on 52 ances cant Sve eaaar den odnpoaieiaee caer 57 
Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller),...........------ 57 
Pa RON 80 0 doco Sanna contsieanmth aces Wine week paacanee sane 57 
MAZEL ODORS Toe 5 D'S ane alread en Santen IP ew ot CSR ue closers ee 57 

Barge Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, . 0.6200 0154. 08st eatadedeccvcsdan SF 

MIN, <0 niin op 5 whe a oP UOEEs = Shorcaxsendes sedan de eeks Oe wes se ree 57 

Periaes ULCtnTa gett aude paw vinta 0.02820 eese Sa ee ces dees a5 access eee 58 
RICO ttn lar aa) Sst ie 3 pega ns Dek Soe ea Seo ae See eles Seas See 58 
MERE RCHNG DC Sore se ois 62 sais ke as akan ee de speemg hateee sae i tape ees 58 
INNS gh gar Siig Sis a's'sng = vie aisle blots nese socqi une ia sdb.c is escape Rada siee 60 
UL Wier EER ig OS ES pe and claicingarssuiages Se aie ee ee eee » ‘Go 
Right Hommes. sight auricle); . << .2 2.42. a 5 esmese case seaeeenkee se 61 
Weient Weptrietodes oho Uso os acinesecics> erica sede ste eee edo aacnaas 61 
Left Atrium (O. OO NEE FTICIC), o cciee ns >< euFe ee uuk<es poh waaees ca geueks as 61 
PDO ANE Ts ote Eat SE EA eee eg ee ae Cet Sea HR Ar ae Se ae pr 61 
MINCE CREAN ee gc mete a a nS SN cna dip mrearen Malo POG Mem ad aed oe wit er 61 
PUP E PRT LOU. a's Scielote cs ccs e aa'se Ss 5 pS b ogte aaa bo ee ape lae ees is oe ees 61 
EN a ee cen ate ORR ey ls Sieg be PORE CERES Ib eax ee eeke 61 
me SEE IN OEG A fa. eS cS - wep ss sab a ie Fh FARRER ae ees et eats 62 
StnmiiD CAPE Artery, os... 2.2. pte tee Maas betes son bae de des see 62 
ORECESIAY CATEIAETCLY 5 scan ina 5 ea on 9.0 eo ob See ELS is RarwnP EBay Orie 310 ovale 62 
SHUPELION PO YTEOIGATIONY,, << oti =m ona 25 wan on Saee giv oe een ge oi ss 62 
Ascending: Pharyngeal Artery;..-. <:sanacs- seeeet ves bass see esses 62 

PIO UBUATTOLY 5 <5 un ahaa s ss wn vee Rae ASPET At P-Ritaes ose’ 50s 62 

External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery),..2..-------.---------6- 62 
SEEAOCIMIGOMASIGLE ALLEL: a: apo saa ser ac aeas sae ose Othe a ae cae mews en 62 
BACMNNTIRTOER LS. ss oti Sie ea ee eee ates SERS ba ne Teele sas selon Se 62 
Posremarvovieniar Artery. 7 <2 2. Areck eon es dace opens Sean <isesbsee 62 
PRI IDOSRL ATICIY « «> «nance Sons saab ae sda sash SAE eos siawe 62 

RAC ERTURES ATIOU GS oe oon s Sonia wai gins Reta a Vatwe Ghee ease sss ee 62 
SRIGILRCR DEL, ATIROC., Cos ee  Le eda ee pause mer Graces ba PameN passe 63 

PID MERRIC ATES ates ov kneel vance ies 3. 6hora ase eset wsieS a sae = 63 
WoremenArtenics.\ 30 6 eo aes ions say kx Oe som Pelee Geese alte cece ses. 63 
ee TN 5 Bee ee ee ES Pee PE Ont) Pee eee 63 
RUieEFCIE SINK LOR Ye etn. Ne nc ces anerap irae bents cas atu gras ss <== a's 63 

RE RTO en ns 5s ocean eae DD ad aR eReP ree oats a 63 

Divermal Mammary ATTY. pos = o> «= sc sa aaiseh s 52 cur ocaivnr'de sc ceeeces 63 
Thyreocervical Trunk (0. yin "TRyrtold Axis) ye sons odes « ane ss tees nds owe 63 

Inferior Thyreoid Artery, . . . . 2. -< 22-2622 sce cewe nae sence rece ec ec wees 63 


Ascending Cervical Artery,..-.-.--------------- eee eee e cece eee eeeee 64 


vi CONTENTS 


AncroLoGy, Subclavian Artery (Continued) PAGE 
Superficial Cervical (Artery jis w<s cicincsno tare ono oe oe anes Soke e eee 64 
Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular),.................-.- 64 
Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal),......2..5......--..--- 64 
Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli),.................-- 64 

Axillary Artery. 9 Sadcis asec dig e's 6 civ Siete Ws pO aie e's os a ope «cae ee 64 
Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery),.............. 64 
Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis),...........2-+--+--00- 64 
Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic),.....225..5..0.0.-00200 64 
Subscapular Avteryys)osicue ss ha pip sway es 5's = ont clelp Seen 64 
Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, . 3 Ss5 5... «ctw ecebaeeaen een 64 
Posterior. Circumflex Artery-of- Humerusy.. 2225 ss. asaee So ew aes Soe ae 64 

Brachial Artery. 2225 Sc6os stew sie Bee cn ves pak epteene win rete e CaN ele phat ote 64 
Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda),...............-.-- 64 
Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda),.......-...... 64 
Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna),.........-..- 64 
RadialiArteryys'5 5 2 </om's Sta sss 5 oppose ws ac bly, 8 Ro nats kee oe NE 
Ulnar Artery; c/o cic sige efetetcionia oe ave le'x's Oa canety ose letra rs emer ote aa ene 65 

Thoracic Aorta) 34 as cata sas cue irio ee eee: rohge erate SRS ES ee ee 65 

Intercostel Arteries co\s wise cnr sagt aus SeemaeanSeiawe ae et 65 

Abdominal Aortay ./\< 2") sels os a 'saietr ats eieelaes siaia'a se <a epee a Rea ieee Se eee 65 
Inferior Phrenic Artery, co 9x J sincw sda says viet se sone pie ee ae 65 
Lumbar Artetieg; f2/4 ccc idan dt eeu eaetciste ae ss Lom Ok cee Eur 65 
Middle'Sacral ‘Attety,<s2 cu vores oso. n ne ont sito Stas wiaeieten ee ee eh ene 65 
Coeliac Artery ae ciean!- seisee ecaleore soe sls ee ait. 2 6 sk Ra ee ee 65 
Superior MesentericiArtery,oJ2 7. Se cc os ee sn oe cg ee ree 66 
Inferior Mesenteric Artery, jo<-.1. 0+ 0100. s - ideds Sle eaakioneseseSeas 66 
Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery),............... 66 
Renal. iArtery;:./5. 23. cea eis POSE Ao eh aa eee eee aoe 66 
Internals Spermatic Artery. « sr. )+5.0)eic cre o's oiniia alan eee eae a ee ee 66 
TPestictlar Artery, fecssaclsncke caus ++ tention Wan Sots sa 66 
Ovarian Atterya gnc ve ct aes uacaceneeeee (swe abe(aoke oe een eee eae 66 

Common Tliae Artery sic oo sic. Ses :socwe wee teioulo nau eee es apa eae Gaara 66 

Hypogastric Artery (O.'T. Internal Tiac),<- ..- 2c ceca ee een see eenen 66 
Tliolumibar SArtéryyvcice.cie awe = Samoa cys ais hee ole We dre ce aisle demeueee eae at RO 
Lateral Sacral Artery jeasccos sv eie site owes cue Meds dace, Wee a keen 66 
Obturator Artery, 25% S2icae sraies won Sratulc a wate Ere eee alee eee a een ene 66 
Superior Gluteal Artery ssa soci ca oalsis’s aed ee digs oe nem eee ects 66 
Inferior Glutedl Artery joven oi «5 cic ccncic (web ccm sae reese Tvigtem ale 66 
Umbilical Artery; -....d-cuwes'desjlenev cess os seb ace Sok ree aE nee eeee 66 
Inferior: Vesical“Artery,s. 122 siciwtacss 3:00 sso 5 wo: gee ee ee eae 66 
Deferential Artery,..-.-. Ro otararataie igterttw biel aU eb /ek ea ara an we ae ee ne PS) 
Uterine ALtetyjaoy cis Sas doce ns sew cao zee nw ae el eee ee <ee% 66 
Middle Hemorrhoidal ‘Artéry,..... -.20.050. Soci om. Sea cca ees 66 
Internal Pudendal Artety;.ce, <i.<y ce occ ost te eee pe eee 66 

External Iliac: Artety, 3205.2 ties was wins bettie mlatbreiae Gree oie te See rle eea 66 
Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric),..:..............---- 66 
Deep Circumflex iat Artery yc oa.0's cidivwcicwes aes ss Ja eee eee Ss Sete 67 
Femoral Artery, uct svn Cassia cis nines y wah aces Ss bes se ee one le 67 
Popliteal Artery yos5 c's 0 Geel cas = nce bate ae spas atte manele renee ene reap) NOP: 
Anterior Tibial Artery,i< <5 3 <a5 = bs siemiereb eee artes Ostet eee ere ee eee 67 
Posterior Tibial Artery,............-..-- Wola dine he SUE acaveee 67 

Veins, . .. 2... 50.0 2 ences ecw is'e't mis wate bate Ran niet are aa 68 
Pulmonary Veinsy. 22... «soins 5s ae owe cates wa iieate tales es Ree 68 
Veins of the Heart, .,2s0:csaeues eee selvape'etd te Seay eae ia, 
Superior Vena Cava,...<..«‘sssus0eer see ce ORR Ie eee tae Sees 68 
Right and Left Innominate Veins). £-Gcc. 2. fae te eS eee need teeee eas acne 68 
Internal Jugular Vein, ... .iswaesecezsoe ee cue bs Uae ah ene anaes bree 68 
Sinuses of the Dura Mater, : cise swe cies Sea cans Cea ee ae ieee ats oo 68 
Cerebral Veins, . ... <<. «cil ens ee ora ee ee ee aeiorese dito 69 
Superior Ophthalmic Veittyc.e< ces cate sae oa ate paeena acess 
Common Facial Vein}.....SS aac ee ae eee eines aiekar ele ate ois we 69 
Anterior Facial Vein,. =. /..2 saepiceieroe tee eee ees esa bas 69 


Posterior Facial Vein; . <<... Saw eeene eee coe eee a ails RE Ia eos ovine 69 


CONTENTS Vii 


ANGIOLOGY, Veins (Continued) PAGE 


SM MeNtIIL TORWIBE VOM oa wo os Sic WSsn vo ov Soe ee ors ded anatase de 69 
IMEAVARIY VE oe radi 0's tie vivo nas < oS deo dae Wo tae dea tase ee thas oes 70 
MO, transla spo cata tone we peme ceeds meek yo deba Sauces idee 70 
Azygos Vein (O. TL, Venus Azygos Majors 2750) St on hs vSaSime ie cece ak 70 
MIEN PERRIS hoe o ede ose s oh chon ee SES Sepa Ste ene ae bolewe nek 70 
MEAN RPMLUV CAs ceases rx cies x o1c vw iera ed eee Oe te ee ee A ee 70 
MRUEMECN DATES SUSUR CS. y Winn Satankin ann tae Ck CkGT we acted dL Sse stove o 3 71 
Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein),..........2......2.....--- 71 
ISIN UID, 5 5c sot San deed hoes bo cess oii Sea ees oh dese a's 71 
METERED ia'e'k o's o Wa po SSM Rb Ransie wa em aoseseesw asta suswe voade’ Se 
ENERO noo 0's arate BU NEW asaee eu sea wi oe Coed eee W wl Scaes 71 
SRNR Tio oth 5:4 3 ote cn aae yw dws San oo oe AE ids oe oe cee Bes Dales ask 72 
eR ES ory trtane SPR ph Sry Oe ee ae 72 
RCE ORI aie «iain wig icra interes «dda es soe ashe dass 5 s's 3 Sa 72 
7 i eae ie $s 50 Meet sae seein Sete esd sere edes ee se cipas 73 
UNUM EME OMEN Ns 3 Ricle owns Si 5 SSG awake Viwlas wale bi Ul dis b Uda Dam isin ae ae ¥ 73 
UNE IRE Fed xcs pitas pv 8 «3a! oa So acanle wees nash swe so eabde ts ceaaes's 73 
Sections of the Spinal CAN 5 wedte ee wt By ee Sara a Ae See oad sie hte 73 
A Ruins <oS Avb sx eendoiw erie of se au sweeten spt tut ides ed eewn 74 
POMRMEE Se IRONED TAIN 5 wg oa nos, Scere wenis so aidawelc ed eau eu'e a sees 74 
I DEINE he cic Sow alia nde este sé asad sgbeates Odes Seesavca ve 74 
pechions of Meduila Oblongata, « . <<... T@gen. Sensei ess ete w eee en 74 
MC MUMS G ae hoes oi Shida 42s casos ds daviahavcn tes oe ans edess 75 
IE ere Ee EE CET CELT COU. eee eee ey 75 
ein tihicger IV ALG. ooo os Sale ah ooo eee Saas so aos pleeee 75 
Sections of the Pons,.......-...- pivec SQaea see cee ees Soe 75 
Cereueiint OF; anal ‘DIAM (ac .\. <j s soos s- Uae eaters Iaaee cass enee 75 
PCIE UF. CUPNERONR, 5.50 han pk Solon earaneh dete ds «tus oes takes ne 
Eetemius.of Rhombentéphalonys <2... faa sda os cles Sees cche sae a dapetaaee 76 
Bectonstor IStnmMiUs tn thes coals Fhe 2a ae Shae Ne oamases = Lee eee 76 
COMPO MUIMA FIsAT Oe DIANE Ae sons wih nn cis bien Caco sails cctetewot esis as Sones 76 
INR ERID ee eae a ho as SAD tlacis a das SoeRsaalne soe tcp ok Meagan see 76 
PIM ANIOS SUTTACE: 5 ao 5's le aa Ske Saas a eee Sues cee see eens 76 
Peduncle'of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 2; . 222.2. ss22- 22s: 77 
wechunmor Cerebral Pedunicle, -\< <2 ...<.5% Sic os los's sates ans donee 77 
Quadrigeminal Bodies (O. T. Optic Lobes),......-....-...-..---- 77 
Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, . ......-.../..----------.2524-- 77 
MORERAND Fhe GEN Chek A.u os re Seas oe aa Seesaw seni aseegh Ne ods Tins 77 
PRCA Oa Nott con a Dias iieie Ta SO SSG ow SER sob san ta eee bows ooo 6 17 
Hypothalamus (QO. T.-Subthalamic Region); Js o2'so24 tet asa ons eens 77 
mecuiOns Of the + ypotnalamus, <7. <\5s.oscten ssc ewela wine sens ae wos 77 
PUDIATONG SERIE 228 tie ucla s onlsicw oan o 5 Ss Soa see g Sata sce casiay 78 
Tasamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus).0 0. ovis 55 ece do ok 78 
Toy SOLS NET Me ee es es ee hs diy, Se Ey 2 ee 78 
API AIRS 0 hea ons ota ww anise esos Sate Wee mee lewis Ama w ac 78 
Sections of the Thalamic Brain,...........----------++-++e0-- 78 
STRPCRCAI oe ass 2 \. pe G CCR oun 5 Seem Se Os cir cia Malan s misleads Oat ne 78 
Hemisphere, Lest oo oe Oe ee eee hee ee 5 ne 78 
TAINUMONUC es. 5 Ne eee e sf acetate tented igwosce seses 78 
Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 525. .5.6.-0.2 5500. essai es ween 79 
CR ito Ete Pn ee Gia sw KER BW babe alse ee ete ake cle a eee 79 
MMPMSUALOME OCDLUDT, > 26 avis a's 5 « kat sense oaieg. oot cesses tee 503s 80 
WOPEEERMMCHISICIE of 2 aStaldracin Oa SieeGk aac tee ee ee soles eas esas ce 80 
COROT Bin «oo eons Saw Get Mele das esdase ee balsyses.c 80 
Seetions: of Mn BPaiiigg 057 Asta ctcaane i sist ota Selnctet eect ccs s 80 
SED: C8 AIR Tbe, iris dae Sain Gui lowlpegeswsiu ad ldon Gis vaste ss 81 
EE ONORE SUBLEN, «Zc Seige trig asia 4a ~'aeaW awe eriastss ae demnieeeesesie ene 81 
PORE TOR UGSE fs ea fo Ss co Satin wa 2 a else wat ep ele hots Se de scl 81 
CE NORT NOR VUR Se aon is mia wie isn e egw ek wed oe dea deve woes cease ss 8t 
NNR sare eg ees os vin wb o's Cock cow e evn wees Ueetenelvscess 81 
Ocnlamotor-Nerve (OCLC. hind Nerve) jo. Soo efi a alee aie oa seams e ee 81 
Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Net: Be ete iad wa oe sae 81 


Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve),..........- .2----e2-eeeeee-eee- 82 


viii CONTENTS 
NeEvro.ocy, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerves (Continued) PAGE 
Ophthalmic Nerve; s6sa 0645 tinesonsassinte sewn t buss ett ivale unig ee 82 
Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary),............... ere ee 82 
Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary),................-..-- 82 
Abducent Nerve (O.'P. Sixth: Netve), 2.0 iiss. 62. ukcanedecpwasese tense 83 
Facial NGG) ce ws's sie Jud cen desenesisad <seem sya de uN at ts oo aky Lammas 83 
Acoustic (O."T, Auditory, Nerve) joo. cis. dane Ue 53 c <5 demen eei 83 
Gilossopharynpeal Nerves. i cass. ssatccccks....cbice ss teehee sehen 83 
Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve);....-..--s0.s<s0-0 0 cgmee 84 
Accessory Nerve (O. LT. Spinal ‘Accessory),= 4.2 -.0. sGitehaaecee come ee 84 
Hy poploscal INGrvess on secs «cnpoe se wayme ee aelp aks o, «'s aSala sme plete ee 84 
Spinal Netves;. 5 io. Tedd aodie a's dan dneneeh see rsg hula ds en Bemetee thee ocak ee 84 
Cervicn PING verge cain inan ie bidtn oR aiate a Suan eae alae oe a ern tara Se a tate 85 
Brachial Plexus A. Jeu eh ee ie ay aa ettoins hie ll nae eee eee 85 
Median Nerve, 55.035 i iscws sess ccaspidcsaescclkueh Wap cuenenaey 85 
Ulnar Netve;s fecic tae ea aw ees = eieisie Oe mad Sea futeebios 85 
Radial Nerve (Oo: T, Misculaipical). Sos e 5+ cps eety antes eek s Sees Spe!) 
"Thoracic Nerves)... cw 2.cn cote ent sison a cAine ome cee mete Op urate 86 
Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygéal Nerves, sais-!b oes owas. ot acces ste pee 86 
Lumbosacral"Plésus, snc sack satan. pawlepe vs Cts oe weap aa eee ee 86 
Soumibar Plexus, 3 ay Shee soe bis.= be as we de Celera s ee aE ore eee cee 86 
Tliohypogastric NNErve fernd ee win cars asaivinle «bis,» =| SA ts a heh serene oie ete 86 
Tie-inguinal Nerves. Soo5 nc... << ole Spaces baa wilee a a see ee alee eae 86 
Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve),...............-------- 86 
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. External Cutaneous),..........- 86 
Obturator-INGFvess 2 Petite pinta <i ceniows wintsS sis widia la yale Spee nee eee eee 86 
Femoral Nerve,(O.PoAnterior Crural),. cesc- dss. te ocumien sexi ne eee 87 
Sactal Plexus, ys..c siewias. cee cum ciste hie mit S eis Ua died a Bere ae ele et 87 
Sciatic: Nerve. (©. T., Great, Sciatic), 25.8 <tejct Sateen bese Remon eae 87 
Pudendal Plexviss: 1a /escpo piataie wie:<te.5. 0 Stn vin stk Daal lo taiwlely ot ieee Saas ee eee 87 
GoceypealINGrve) a: <2 sie piadinae ocean cn sm seeleg ts Sasa hes =e eee 87 
Sympathetic System of Nerves, s . 6c coe soos .sie's eacus sameiane heed ob yaihe aes aie 88 
Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System,..............--.- 88 
‘Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, ...: =..giesai- sw oe eine seu ce eee 88 
Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, ak Seale Soe meee ee 88 
SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT,...- 222-500 c cece eee eee cece eee ene eeee 89 
Organ. of Vision, 2.221 2s cw sisle wma bbe e «= oieicin he ricbiontee eee att Asie ee 89 
os lelSie win 1a 6 Rn oe hae a aemeeN aie be Kle pinie ask io 5 Ste Wieedis < by: Sates a Ree a 89 
Optic Nerves, scanck dee guace s+ ens pe 0 ttislees rst ss palate eee eee 89 
Hy eball ss a<icius wide ne See ata h a oe sine Mixes ei bless Pa PP AS A ae NO 
Fibrous Tunic of Bye Sl sears soni oto salon gc eee oe eee ree 89 
Sclera,(O. Ps Sclerqti¢ Coat), wad act 'ss 3's apa 's cw kw isle erecta oe ee 
Comeayss 2 araic's sista eag seis ee eld vine se bin Adee Sia sts ee ae nae 89 
Vascular. Coat of Bye, Sy shebied ot Ese ne sen elenbinur nein eisie eee 89 
Chorioidy, 552. oiuisigpe eres ss sis aislejale ales $/ahtta)S Blt ore tata Se a 89 
Ciliary Body)... op -:sis spisiets ost, ose oakd aah kis als bie sito ae en go 
Iris or Diaphragm of thé Byes. totais fos ne ceccnd ict i eenepe ee nee 90 
Layer of Pigment, o24 sje ee a> 5 sn asic Sle tale, = sie, = ee ee go 
Retina, . 2. 5.200 Sess oe teh oo can eae eo sla eek sik oleh eee go 
Anterior Chamber of the Baye) -< <2... Gin =a soa eel sials om biaww ele a nee ee go 
Posterior Chamber of the Eye,..2nsicc sc aws cic s am aaiee ee cee oe eles eee go 
Vitreous Body; 23/0 os Se letes « « w's eesete aie eile a elas oie mae go 
Crystalline Lens, <.<\..7.ce~ soca sates ee lala Sn aoe a lala eee go 
Ciliary Zonule :(O..‘T. Zonule of Zinn), .....- sewed a oes ee be eee (oe 
Accessory Organs of the Bye, ovs%s2/s ais «in'si> sunlsie bie Sees es om eer or 
Eye Muscles, Orbital Rasciac, s2 <4 fac .c ste tae ves ee ee Ces or 
Eyebrow, «0:0 0's icin ai wee be Se eae ens cee a Sebel: ene ea ee er ele tobe 
Eyelids, . 5 0ci0's 5 s/an'eie nis otohagseeale nie 6 ol aa T= 55 Sian ee ec ee see 91 
Conjunctiva, «oi. .0oo0 casei ec iain o scots oop Sees teers oI 
Lacrimal Apparatus, .... sone eexece reac ac eyo eee ene aie ere ae gI 
~ Organ of Hearing, .. ....<..0.000b baehe ee eens als Lee eT 92 
Internal Har, 21. .sc.05ces oe ge Cees tee alle hotel niet aE ae ees elele clalsye 92 
Membraneous Labyrinth, : ..:.t -ncweeepGe ele 2a apple iera eetaeneeyn <a crane 92 


Osseous Labyrinth, .. J. ..:s .c. ss cess eee ew ade sss SSRs bam bee Sie wials sins ckiele 92 


CONTENTS ; ix 

SENSE ORGANS AND CoMMON INTEGUMENT, Organ of Hearing (Continued) PAGE 
\ESTGT US Ae Pe ie SSO Cea year Bee tape arrays ime te. PEP eM se 92 
Retard sais oo <=, 0.5 wie sin dc ore, ot ae es. wise, cin cae le ne we vA Ee 92 
SepPmErETtaONES: NASBIUE. oo. a n'a x Sule tv sh ena baew esate as Co cae the Hue oe wens 93 
MR ORL VIMDONUIN 5 5 Aiys we vie'a,< suo onre san an soda ae sess kvasgpi dans anes 93 

_ Membrane of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead),...............-.--.------ 93 
NEE MMM ES. 5S: oS a Sad ovine s Suma das aswel edie to ew eta ee dw san wee sass 93 
EE EMS CPEUCHICORY CPNMICIOS 05 oo is ka wcda ua peees ee ugnsadcapeeese 94 
paguments or tne Auditory Ossicles, on na osies os occa ines ove saceees cus 94 

Piacie en tae Auditory Ossicles,. oi. Gece ke cb waeee ng ets cceccsulaetsees 94 
SMI ISTENTUS EOC ain. 6 ss dais w Secon Se saan e Adaee oc = 45's 5/540 So aun es 94 
Sree rustacniarr. -E UDE, 25. poms sans e's Somes tos ness ene sess heee ane 94 
REE METUCSCL TEL CALUS. 5-5 1c a aie matte ow beac S ce Doe bR's Soe clewiseceracds 94 
ER Rs oie okie asus sans abwaka sede «+ Set us Jaceindtond snvest cess dere 94 
SS I Oo ee EE St ee eee ee 95 
Ee a> SP ea dds a ase we a cies saws aang. ee Sy eins ew « seein 0 95 
ap EROR MORES Dre orale. = ain a 4\s° atsi= Reena tattle vin ofeid sinonnabinianiela saad ain be ale 95 
iS) 6 ees 95 
NEMO RMCLS SUL, 5 6 2 =:5sis dee ea tinkapngvetns toa eae oh vane chow see 95 
SIUM eA LURE SIGs oc Wisterens to saint na wun ce Bie nena eins w cco mnlea slow eia 95 

RAST EERE EISSN AGSUC. eros ole om sinicte ohio e ae oa cine times Aegis tha niniam slowness 95 
Lermupaecorpuscies OF the Nerves, <= < s<5.<:6.<03 see ects s odie esinacne se oot 95 

RAO oe Nr oa oso s. 0° = wale ain o'Sis's oie SEs aos Sw dae no w'e\ walla Sc ethels oe. 95 
LADIES ae DAE 9 a A eet Ae at ae eat ee ae 96 
ATS EE IRA eet aati d ai eS eo as iawn e cae Stee cialis eine ai sian 96 

COMM RDO RISE eat nae oi oe a aloe wc ward side ais ees Aaa ae wie <n eimai 96 
SREeeeeS Cr lANGR Ee ected Das B52 50s eis Solo etn Wolo cies ease ee wee 96 

POPES Tine. con «eR Re Pe RP a A eG ea ee eee et Oren er eee ea 96 
PREICNS OF THEA VEMAN BODY, csaiche oys.<'c 212 ons anidie sian owiwe awe eiere™ = slelnieielsie sole Zire o an OT 
SUT ORTS E20 Su AR De eigen et SE oot eee Se et APE ee IS Ie 98 
ne ECO fn 2. tig ted Seta te cis jein Peisitaa Sea Saisame ce pase Is eee 98 
PCS NECK etre c.Sara/2 SA as wis eens loess ce epis eee Ne win we Base Suse. sea se 08 
OVINE Big oc a LOS, SEU epee gS eS ee Rt ee ae are 99 
MEMEEIEN TN DO OMEN aetee she arcid as aca in wis ain a aetn 5) 5iai SiRlain nie oie a Cia eiRe mie Wie Siinig 0 8 Rysieia arate 99 
ECB ACR Nera p pose ds Seccta sna cltewasdeesmceene's ance saisss . 99 
Grthe Upper Fxtremity,... 2... 2.20. e wee cece cece secon case cece sessemsscence 99 
EMNGE SASWOY PC TIKOMMIEN, Diss oo men eSe oo Soe oo Sa is pa bed SASS s Eu siceneewes teresa - 100 
Dre AtATORY NOTES £O,GEBTAIN GieRMS, <2. lis cocc.occssbescciee sacs te dececusecssece IOI 


REET ATES OR. REGIONG, «2 3s cco - oS bee ow od bes he vncincenneventesvecsens= 105-107 














oa 


, es on: | 


THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN- 
CLATURE [BNAI. 





Introduction. 


Now that the BNA is being followed in medical and scientific schools 
throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language used in several of the 
_newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred 

to the publishers of secitigs Szatomy that a concise statement concerning the 
origin and exact nature of this [i8t of anatomical terms would be interesting 
and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and clinicians. 
They have asked me to prepare this statement, and I doso gladly, in the hope 
that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know 
of it, and make clear, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that have existed in 
the minds of some who have heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with 
it. To know its origin, nature, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of 
instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a general decision to 
adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research, 
and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following 
paragraphs to show. They have not been difficult to write, for, aside from the 
experience I have gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora- 
tories during the past ten years, the material for the account lay ready at hand 
in the articles of Krause* and His} and it has been necessary only to adapt 
it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by 
Professor His has been followed especially closely, and parts of my account are 
no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of 
Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston’s 
“Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of 
literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident 
- Physician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to 
prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it 
would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances 
anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen. 
Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he 
desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however, . 
to use the original Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only 
authorized ones. 


* Krause, W.: Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 
1893, X, 313. 

+ His, W.: “Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der 
anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen 
Eingeleitet und im Einverstindniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erliutert. Mit dreissig 
Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafeln”: Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the 
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.) 


2 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


What the ‘‘ BNA” is. 

The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical 
terms (nomina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 by the Anatomical Society 
as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy 
which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and have 
been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world, 
working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for 
the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the 
various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs 
not considered in the text-books, and a few of them are brand-new, introduced 
into the list, where an examination of the literature and of anatomical prep- 
arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory. 

One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which 
encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text- 
books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found 
employed, the-half of which are synonyms; and if the anatomical terms used in 
the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total number 
amounts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to have reduced the 
necessary number of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than 
5000,—an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must 
be thankful. 

Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig- 
uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable 
meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer- 
tain general principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical térms, 
and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology 
and keeping it uniform as anatomical science continues to develop. 


Why this revision of anatomical terminology was undertaken. 


Previous to undertaking this revision of the names used in gross anatomy, 
the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil 
had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris- 
tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves- 
tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator 
was often ignorant of the work done by others the same parts were frequently 
differently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who 
read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and 
jerected names from the lists used by his predecessors as he thought fit. 

It has thus come about that we have inherited from previous centuries an 
excess of anatomical terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul- 
tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric 
nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius 
muscle is known to some as the musculus cucullaris; the laryngeal prominence 
is also Adam’s apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter 
e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m, petro- 
salpingostaphylinus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from 
lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy 
in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous. 
Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent 
at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coli was known also variously as 
the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula 
Falloppii, a certain historical sense may have been aroused and opportunity 


Wuy THE REVISION WAS UNDERTAKEN 3 


given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the 
inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious. 

As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books or mono- 
graphs, a great many terms were proposed which never became current; others 

were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some 

attained to general anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met 
with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination 
has shown, it was fashion which in her imperious way decided, sometimes sud- 
denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better. 
The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the 
various anatomical systems, it was scarcely possible that anatomical terminol- 
ogy as a whole could manifest any general plan or have much uniformity of 
character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent,—full of inequalities, con- 
tradictions, and obscurities. 

The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well- 
known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a 
great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one 

_name to each structure, banishing all synonyms to the footnotes; he waged war 
against personal names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his- 
torical injustice was frequently done by their retention. It is to Henle, also, 
that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of 
orientation,—the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great 
an anatomist as Henle could not simplify anatomical terminology satisfac- 
torily without the sympathetic codperation of other anatomists. Each great 
medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the 
physician who tried to read articles in which the terms of schools other than 
that in which he had been brought up were used met with irritating difficulties. 
A student going from one university to another often found that the anatomical’ 
expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by 
another set of terms, equally hard to learn, in the other. 

This harmful and humiliating state of affairs stirred up in anatomists in 
various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so- 
cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much 
in the problem. In America it was Professor Burt G. Wilder, of Ithaca, who felt — 
most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his 
efforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as 
well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify 
anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely 
brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long 
ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in 
America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the 
Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned. : 

The movement for revision of terminology which originated in Germany 
in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its first meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the 


* Cf}. Wilder, B. G.: “The Fundamental Principles of Anatomical Nomenclature” 
(Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19); “ Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain,” presented 
to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; “ American 
Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature,” 1889-1890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor- 
nell University, February 5, 1892; “Anatomical Terminology,”’ by B. G. Wilder and S. H. 
Gage, in the first edition of Wood’s Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; oN eural 
Terms, International and National,” 1896; “Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification 
of the Nomenclature of Anatomy,’”’ 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ- 
ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted. 


4 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


one which resulted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that 
year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms, 
with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing. No sooner did these 
officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear, 
and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed. 
Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they 
were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the 
paragraphs which succeed. 


The Scope of the Work and the Workers. 


It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could 
deal more effectively with the problem than the officers of the Society. Again, 
an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a 
number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating 
from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on 
Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von Kélliker as Chairman 
and Professors O. Hertwig, His, Kollmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer, 
and v. Bardeleben as members,—a list of names as likely, surely, as any that 
could have been chosen to insure success from the start. 

This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of 
Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause’s literary ability 
made the choice especially suitable. During the six years’ work which fol- 
lowed his appointment he set an example, his collaborators tell us, of indefati- 
gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence 
of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks 
in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper place in the list. 

The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. ‘The 
work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The 
original estimate of the Commission ‘of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded ~ 
only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could have been accom- 
plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion of the cost (some 8090 
marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Munich, Berlin, Vienna, 
Leipsic, and Hungary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by 
the Anatomical Society itself. 

The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds 
of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore, 
to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are 
visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to 
be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi- 
gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. ‘The list 
was to be constructed in one language—viz.: Latin; those who use the termi- 
nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely, 
into their own tongues. 

The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international 
in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi- 
cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in 
which the German language is spoken, has never been exclusively German in 
membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from 
America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia, 
Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true; 
in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other- 
countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism, 


THe Way THE Work Was DONE 5 


undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use. 
It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning, 
to try rather to form a list of terms which should, in the first place, be acceptable 
to German-speaking anatomists and, later on, to attempt to gain the codperation 
of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis- 
sion originally appointed are all those of German or Austrian anatomists, the 
lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from 
French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists 
from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com- 
mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly 
owing, doubtless, to the relatively undeveloped state of anatomy at the time in 
American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists 
then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this 
country was invited to join the Commission. Were another revision to be made 
by the Society to-day, American anatomists would undoubtedly be requested 
to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac- 
cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there- | 
fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international 
only in as far as that Society and its affiliations may be so regarded. 


The Way the Work was done. 


It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the 
accomplishment of its task. The plan adopted at the beginning was greatly 
modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest, 
was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names used in 
the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were written down 
in a vertical column and the synonyms from a number of other much-used text- 
books placed in parallel columns. ‘The lists were manifolded and a copy sent 
to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or 
if he found none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concerned. 
Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Krause. 

When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was found that the 
names of 85 per cent. of the structures had received a majority vote,—more'than 
40 per cent. receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result 
was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted’ 
names, the terms still not decided‘ upon, and the list of new terms‘ proposed, and 
it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again 
distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed 
and settled in personal sittings of the Commission. By June, 1891, the myo- 
logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms. 

As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and 
third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first 
vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com- - 
ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and special knowl- 
edge, were insufficiently considered unless each new term and comment were 
verbally discussed in personal meetings 6f the commissioners. On attempting 
such verbal discussion, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made 
too slowly in the full Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the 
work to special committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned 
to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro- 


* This happened to be C. Gegenbaur’s “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.” 


6 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


_ fessors Merkel, Riidinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com- 
mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints. 

Another important step consisted in the appointment of a special editing 
committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com- 
mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology 
as a whole, a matter of no little difficulty. Since the single systems had been 
voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable 
majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the 
parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even 
.contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee 
found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three 
years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous system and of 
the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com- 
pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and 
advice he received from Professors von Kélliker, Toldt, and Waldeyer. 

During the last three of the six years’ work it was found that results were 
most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program: 
First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their special sugges- 
tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the first vote was taken, 
so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief, 
after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the 
editing committee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately 
and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to 
refer to the bibliography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The 
lists thus edited were returned to the Commission for final comments. These, 
when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895 
the definitive list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society 
as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption. 


The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded. 


As the six years’ work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of 
terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found, 
however, that while these principles were of value as general rules, none of them 
could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions 
arrived at were the following: 

(1) Each part shall have only one name. 

(2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct. 

(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. 

(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to 
description or to speculative interpretation. 

(5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar—e. g., Femur, Arteria 
femoralis, Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis. 

(6) Adjectives, in general, shall be arranged as opposites—e. g., dexter 
and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus. 

The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus, 
the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus- 
pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini- 
cians). The third rule, while usually easily followed (few would care to retain 
the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus), could not 
always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular 
term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the 
arteria meningea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a 


PRINCIPLES ARRIVED AT AS WORK PROCEEDED 7 


foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only 
when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission consent 
to depart from the principles mentioned. 

There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personal 
names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al- 
together. Much can be said on each side. The arguments pro and con have 
been marshalled by His. On the one hand (1) historical injustice is frequently 
done, the name borne by a part being not that of its real discoverer but of some 
later worker; (2) the personal names employed may vary in different countries, 
Lieberkiihn’s glands in Germany being Galeati’s in Italy, Vater’s corpuscles in 
the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literature of the 
specialties personal names are often used in great excess, names of no importance 
figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic plan seems to have been 
followed in adopting personal names; thus, even from among the immortals, 
the names of Eustachius and Malpighi have in more than one instance been 
chosen for anatomical structures, while the names of Vesalius and Harvey 
do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (1) the per- 
sonal names are usually good mnemotechnic material, a student easily 
retaining the names of Poupart’s, Gimbernat’s and Colles’s ligaments and 
having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest 
is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, or a 
ligamentum inguinale reflexum; (2) a certain feeling’ of piety should restrain 
us from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen- 
turies have been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the student’s advantgae 
in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of 
Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc., for through them his historical sense may be 
awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the 
names are always rightly used, this being a function of the history of anatomy 
rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by 
giving each part an objective name and putting widely used personal names in 
brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of 
leaving to time the final decision. The personal names are all put in the genitive 
case, following the precedent set by the Zodlogical Commission on terminology. 
Thus Poupart’s ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will 
be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou- 
part’s name. 

Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom- _ 
ical terms used in the medical specialties,—e. g., in neurology, ophthalmology, 
otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians have been reworking the 
anatomy of their special domains quite independently of the anatomical labora- 
tories. An examination of the literature of the specialties reveals an anatom- 
ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and 
presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. ‘The Commission soon 
convinced itself that the creation of this special language was due to the insuffi- 
ciency of the anatomies of the schools; it was its duty, therefore, to accept the terms 
introduced by the specialists or to supply better ones. While the average medi- 
cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely 
the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training 
goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and 
modern. For completeness’ sake, therefore, the Commission has included a full 
list of the names of macroscopic structures in the special organs, being led to do 
so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to 
accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs. 


8 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com- 
mission. Indeed, the first plan was so conservative that it expected to make no 
new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the 
text-books. Fortunately this plan was not adhered to. The only terms avail- 
able in the text-books for some structures were antiquated and unworthy of re- 
tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms used in the text-books are 
some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another, 
owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission 
was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis- 
sections, and even to make original investigations in connection with a given 
term. For the sake of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms 
had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the 
publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these 
new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being 
written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will have no 
difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might have seemed 
unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefly of 
carefully selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to 
speak of the BNA as the “new terminology” or ‘‘new nomenclature.” * 


The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain. 


Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA 
let us now turn fora moment to the matter of its adoption in this and 
in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that 
there would be great difficulties in the way. 

(1) Thus, though granting the desirability of an anatomical terminology 
which shall be the same in all civilized countries, some think that the time is not 
yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards 
anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fully identical. When it is remembered, 
however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom- 
ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning 
_ which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international 
codperation in the use of them for the sake of uniformity. The work of all 
anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be 
made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled 
every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several 
languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even 
medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now asked to 
read one or two modern languages other than their own before admission. 
How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography 
would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the same ana- 
tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures! 
Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable 
of all and agreeable to all. Evenif a small residue of names might be found 
objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but little, 
though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the sake of uni- 
formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking. 

(2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England 
who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German 
Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists. 


* Through an oversight in proof-reading, I have myself fallen into this error in my 
**Laboratory Manual.” 


THE ADOPTION OF THE BNA 9 


Aside from the facts referred to above—that the Anatomical Society had almost 
as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter- 
minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as German, 
Austrian and Swiss—it would not, it seems to me, have mattered much, or hin- 
dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If 
anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause, 
and their colleagues are willing and able to give a ‘large part of their time and 
energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense 
thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us,—if what they have done 
is really excellent,—are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was “ made 
in Germany”? I cannot believe that any one who reflects for a moment can be 
other than extremely grateful for the very valuable gift these men have made us; 
such a Chauvinistic attitude as I have described can surely not be assumed by more 
than a minute minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of 
this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the “best”? wherever it 
is to be found, even if it chance to be “‘ made in Thibet” or in Timbuctoo. 

(3) The ‘fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language 
has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is 
due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had 
no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed; it is matter 
of indifference whether one says “biceps muscle” or “musculus biceps,” “ fem- 
oral nerve” or “nervus femoralis,” ‘temporal bone” or “os temporale,” “ yellow 
spot” or “macula lutea.” As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical 
term for the first time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly 
on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked 
individual preferences, however, in this regard and I have known some teachers 
and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan. Cer- 
tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently, 
though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the 
custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become 
English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fornix, 
thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the 
like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations 
for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely, 
I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv- 
alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the 
Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears “ Riickenmark” rather than 
“Medulla spinalis,” ‘ Kopfnicker” (not “ Brustschliisselzitzenfortsatzmuskel’’) 
rather than “M. sternocleidomastoideus.” It is in books, and more particu- 
larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be used in its Latin 
form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas, 
or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule 
were followed. 

(4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text- 
- books have been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers 
will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded 
memories,—that we shall have a “confusion worse confounded” than before. 
It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in 
which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors 
who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible 
to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un- 
known to themselves. 


Io ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be 
encountered are far less real than would at first sight appear. For, in the first 
place, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older 
text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority 
of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA 
resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names 
of choice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the 
few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed 
in them. Since Professor Mall called my attention to the BNA in 1895 and 
recommended it to me I have used it more or less consistently and with satis- 
faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in 
Chicago. Other American teachers who have done the same tell me that they 
have found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited, 
express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for- 
merly in use. The BNA is now used regularly.in several of the American 
anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others. 

That the student’s text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA 
is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous 
system, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively, 
for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in 
Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the student’s task could be greatly 
simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term 
being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in 
his practical work. ‘To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with 
the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, “ A Laboratory Manual 
of Human Anatomy.” Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases,—those 
of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt,—had appeared in Germany, each with the 
BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of 
students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mall, 
I undertook during the years 1900-1904 the translation into English of the text 
of Professor Spalteholz’s work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and 
brief, precise, anatomical descriptions have been available to American and 
English readers. The kind way in which these books have been received by 
American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this 
country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology 
more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise. 

In 1902, Dr. Hardesty used the BNA exclusively in his useful “ Neurological 
Technique,” and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph 
of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications, 
indeed, now point to its general acceptance by American and British writers. 
Besides Spalteholz’s Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available 
in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris’s 
Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur- 
rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms 
It would take too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these 
names figure. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis, 
entitled “'Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen,” 
should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one 
studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a 
human being; the BNA names are used throughout in its plates and descrip- 
tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in 
Professor J. B. Johnston’s book, “The Anatomy of the Nervous System of 


THE FuTuRE oF ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY II 


Vertebrates.” And, now that the newest edition of Gould’s Medical Dictionary 
is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for 
delay in general recognition and employment. 

The assumption that students who have been taught the BNA and their 
clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another’s presence— 
that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail—gives scarcely due credit to either 
student or clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran- 
sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few 
new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabulary; he can scarcely 
escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the 
‘“‘atria” of the heart as its “auricles,” or of the ‘‘omental bursa” as the “lesser 
peritoneum.” And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modern sci- 
entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un- 
familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of 
sufficient permanent importance to have been reflected in the BNA. The 
internist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the 
spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneum at least up to the level of precision 
indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon 
with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerves, the 
neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler- 
ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective— 
they will not—the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for 
prestige among the occupants of clinical chairs, would from now on, if it has not 
always so done in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to 
keep pace with progress in the fundamentals. We have seen above, as a mat- 
ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties have not only kept pace 
with the anatomists but, in part, have outstripped them in the race. Investi- 
gating the anatomy of their own special domains anew and independently, their 
inquiries have expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical 
vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be- 
come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl- 
edge of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt? 


The Future of Anatomical Terminology. 


No matter how many revisions of terminology are made, and entirely 
independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long run, only 
those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are precise in expression, 
and which are organically connected with whatever great general plan our ana- 
tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must 
satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians. 
It would be folly to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of 
anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A terminology must rely 
upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis- 
fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of general 
acceptance and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of 
the BNA should set an example by using it and may recommend its use to others. 
More than this we ought not to do. 

The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit 
the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from 
ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course, 
retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves 
understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously 


12 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


wholly provisional in character. Only when time has brought a certain repose 
to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out. 

It should be easy ina country like America, for anatomists to agree with their 
colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms 
for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to codperation, so charac- 
teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations 
no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among 
anatomists. 

Even when compromises have to be made, there is a certain special honor 
and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute 
to.the common weal. ‘That some concessions must necessarily be made in using 
the BNA cannot be denied; almost every codperative measure demands some 
self-denial among participants. ‘This need not, however, be great. Where the 
list does not supply in full the requirements of the individual teacher, there is 
no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the 
list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an 
easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard 
for one who has spoken of the ‘“‘M. complexus” all his life to get used to call- 
ing it the “‘M. semispinalis capitis,” or for another who has been brought up 
with an “anterior crural” to abandon it for the “femoral” nerve. But when 
the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry 
one far. It is only when a term is found to be incompatible with one’s scien- 
tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. ‘The BNA has, however, 
been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided affixing 
labels to structures still in dispute that we need have little fear on that score. 
Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard 
at this time to digest, the general acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great 
gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two. 

That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision will be 
desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending; 
our criteria of values are constantly changing; scientific needs in terminology 
vary, in spite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable. 
But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should 
be facilitated. ‘The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of 
observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be 
good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for 
instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers, 
more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human 
Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such 
a “merger” may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision, 
the terms in Professor Wilder’s lists which differ from those of the BNA maybe 
carefully considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the 
present BNA, may be adopted. 

Of one thing I am convinced,—co6peration is, from now on, essential for 
the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, accuracy, and 
serial connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common, 
for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher’s work will be simplified 
and the pupil’s task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research 
will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision. 





Nomina anatomica’ 


Termini, situm et directionem partium corporis 


indicantes 

Termini generales 
Verticalis - Anterior Longitudinalis 
Horizontalis Medius Transversus 
Medianus Posterior Cranialis an 
Sagittalis Ventralis Rostralis A 
Frontalis Dorsalis Caudalis 7 
Transversalis Internus Superior 
Medialis Externus Inferior 
Intermedius Dexter Superficialis [sublimis] 
Lateralis Sinister Profundus 


Termini ad extremitates spectantes 

VJ Tal 
Proximalis Ulnaris 4 Votan 
Distalis Tibialis 
Radialis Fibularis 





1 In the lists the following explanations are necessary: 

1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomic). 

2. Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included double 
names and personal names. 

3. Italics are used for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua, A. umbilicalis, etc.) 


14 


Anatomical names’ 


_ Terms indicating the position and direction of 
| parts of the body 


General terms 


Vertical Anterior Longitudinal 
Horizontal Middle Transverse 
Median Posterior Cranial 
Sagittal Ventral Rostral 
Frontal Dorsal Caudal 
Transversal Inner Superior 
Medial Outer Inferior 
Intermediate Right Superficial 
Lateral Left Deep 


Terms relating to the extremities 


Proximal Ulnar 
Distal Tibial 
Radial Fibular 





1 The letters O. T. following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology. 


14 


Accessorius 
Acinus 
Aditus 

Ala 


Alveolus 
Ampulla 
Angulus 
Ansa 
Antrum 
Apertura 
Apex 
Appendix 
Arcus 
Area 

_ Basis 
Brachium 
Canaliculus 
Canalis 
Capsula 
Caput 
Capitulum 
Cartilago 
Caruncula 
Cauda 
Caverna 
Cavum 
Cellula 
Circulus 
Cisterna 
Collum 
Columna 
Commissura 


Cornu 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Termini generales 


Corona 
Corpus 
Corpusculum 
Crista 
Crus 
Decussatio 
Dorsum 
Ductulus 
Ductus 
Eminentia 
Endothelium 
Epithelium 
Extremitas 
Facies 
Fascia 
Fasciculus 
Fibra 
Fibrocartilago 
Filum 
Fissura 
Flexura 
Folium 
Folliculus 
Foramen 
Formatio 
Fornix 
Fossa 
Fossula 
Fovea 
Foveola 
Frenulum 
Fundus 
Funiculus 
Geniculum 
Genu 


Glandula 
Glomerulus 
Glomus 
Hilus 
Humor 
Junctura 
Impressio 
Incisura 
Infundibulum 
Intestinum 
Isthmus 


-Labium 


Lacuna 
Lamina 
Latus 
Ligamentum 
Limbus 
Limen 
Linea 
Liquor 
Lobulus 
Lobus 
Macula 
Margo 
Massa 
Meatus 
Medulla 
Membrana 
Membrum 
Mucus 
Musculus 
Nervus 
Nodulus 
Nucleus 
Organon 


GENERAL ANATOMICAL ‘TERMS 


15 


General Anatomical Terms 


Accessory 

Berry 

_ Entrance 

Wing (contraction of 
axilla) 

Little hollow 

Flask 

Angle 

Handle or loop 

Cave 

Opening 

Tip 

Appendage 

Arch 

Space 

Base 

Arm 

Small channel 

Canal 

Capsule 

Head 

Little head 

Cartilage 

Small piece of flesh 

Tail 

Cavern 

Hole or cavity 

Little chamber or cell 

Circle 

Cistern 

Neck 

Column or pillar 


Connection or commis- 


sure 
Horn 
2 


Wreath, garland, or crown 
Body 

Little body or corpuscle 
Crest 

Leg or limb - 
Decussation or crossing 
Back 

Little duct 

Duct 

Eminence or protuberance 
Endothelium 

Epithelium 

Extremity 

Face or surface 

Bandage or band 

A little bundle or packet 
Fibre or filament 
Fibrocartilage 

Thread 

Fissure or cleft 

Bending 

Leaf 

Little sac or bag 

Hole, aperture, or opening 
Formation 

Arch or vault 

Ditch or trench 

Little fossa 

Pit 

Little pit 

Cord or rein 

Bottom 

Thin rope, cord, or string 
Little knee or knot 

Knee 


Gland 

Little skein 
Skein 

Hilus 

Liquid or fluid 
Joint 

Impression 
Incision or notch 
Funnel 

Intestine or inward 
Isthmus 

Lip 

Gap, defect 
Plate or layer 
Broad; flank 
Ligament 
Border or fringe 
Threshold, boundary 
Line 

Fluid or liquid 

A little lobe 
Lobe 

Spot 

Margin 

Mass 

Way or passage 
Marrow 
Membrane 

Limb or member 
Mucus 

Muscle 

Nerve 

Nodule 

Nucleus or kernel 


Organ 


16 


Orificium 

Os [oris] 

Os [ossis] 
Ostium 
Papilla 
Parenchyma 
Paries a 


Perichondrium 
' Periosteum 
Plexus 


Plica 

Polus 
Processus 
Prominentia 
Punctum 
Radix 
Ramulus 
Ramus 
Raphe 
Recessus 
Regio 

Rete 

Rima 
Rudimentum 
Septulum 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Septum 
Sinus 
Spatium 
Spina 
Stratum 
Stria 

Stroma 
Substantia 
Succus 
Sulcus 
Taenia 
Tegmen 
Tela 

Tela conjunctiva 
Tela elastica 
Torus 


Trabecula 
Tractus 
Trigonum 
Trochlea 
Truncus 
Tuber 
Tuberculum 
Tubulus 


Tunica 

Tunica propria 
Umbo 

Uvula 


Vagina 
Vallecula 
Vallum 
Valvula 
Vas 
Velum 


Vertex 
Vesica 
Vesicula 


Vestibulum 


Villus 
Viscus [viscera] 


Vortex 
Zona 


GENERAL ANATOMICAL TERMS 


Orifice 

Mouth 

Bone 

Entrance : 
Papilla or nipple 
Parenchyma 
Wall 
Perichrondrium 
Periosteum 
Plexus 

Fold 

Pole 

Process 


Partition 

Sinus 

Space 

Spine or thorn 
Layer or covering 
Furrow, stripe, or ridge 
Stroma, or bed 
Substance 

Juice 

Sulcus or furrow 
Ribbon; tape-worm 
A cover 

Web 


Prominence or projection Connecting web 
Point or small puncture Elastic web 


Root 

Little branch or twig 
Branch 

Raphe or seam 
Recess 

Region or territory 
Net or network 

Slit or fissure 
Rudiment 

Little septum 


Round swelling or protuber- 


ance 

Little beam 

Tract 

Trigone or triangle 
Pulley 

Trunk 

Swelling or hump 
Tubercle 

Tubule or little tube 


16 


Coat or covering 

Proper coat 

Boss or prominence 

Little cluster or 
bunch 

Sheath 

Crevice 

Wall or fortification 

Valve 

Vessel 

Sail, covering or cur- 
tain 

Crown of head 

Bladder 

Vesicle or little blad- 
der 

Vestibule or ante- 
chamber 

Shaggy hair 

Organ, internal 
organ 

Whirlpool 

Girdle or zone 


/~* 
ae 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Partes corporis humani 


Caput 
Collum 


. Vertex 
Sinciput 
Frons 
Occiput 


Oculus 


Palpebra superior | 
Palpebra inferior 
Rima palpébrarum 
Bulbus oculi 
Supercilium 

Sulcus infrapalpebralis 


Nasus 


Dorsum nasi 
Apex nasi 
Ala nasi 


Cervix 
Larynx 
Prominentia laryngea 


Thorax 
Cavum thoracis 
Pectus 
Mamma 
Papilla mammae 


Caput 
Cranium 


Facies 


Collum 


Truncus 


Truncus 
Extremitates 


Tempora 
Auris 
Auricula 


Os 


Sulcus nasolabialis 

Philtrum 

Labium superius 

Labium inferius 

Rima oris 

Cavum oris 
Lingua 
Fauces 

Bucca [Mala] 

Sulcus mentolabialis 

Mentum 


Pharynx 
Trachea 
Oesophagus 


Dorsum 
Columna vertebralis 
Canalis spinalis 


ParTs OF THE Human Bopy 17 


Parts of the human body 


Head 
Neck 


Head 
Skull 


Crown of the head 

Sinciput; bregma 
Forehead 

Occiput 


Face 


Eye 
Upper eyelid 
Lower eyelid 
Lid-slit 
Eyeball 
Eyebrow 
Infrapalpebral furrow 


Nose 


Back of the nose 
Tip of the nose 
Wing of the nose 


Neck 


Neck (posterior part) 
Larynx 
Laryngeal prominence (O. 
T. Adam’s apple) 


Trunk 


Thorax 
Thoracic cavity 
Breast 
Mammary gland 

Mammary nipple 


Trunk 
Extremities 


Temples 
Ear 
External ear, or pinna 


Mouth 


Nasolabial furrow 

Infranasal depression 

Upper lip 

Lower lip 

Mouth slit 

Mouth cavity 
Tongue 
Throat 

Cheek 

Mentolabial furrow 

Chin 


Pharynx 
Trachea 
Oesophagus 


Back 
Vertebral column 
Spinal canal 


18 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Abdomen 
Cavum abdominis Latus 
Scrobiculus cordis Lumbus 
Umbilicus Inguen 

Pelvis 

Cavum pelvis Anus 
Mons pubis Crena ani 
Coxa Perineum 


Nates [Clunes] 


Extremitas superior 


Axilla Manus 
Plica axillaris anterior Carpus 
Plica axillaris posterior Metacarpus 
Acromion Dorsum manus 
Brachium Vola manus [Palma] 
Facies anterior Thenar 
Facies posterior Hypothenar 
Facies lateralis Digiti manus 
Facies medialis : Pollex [Digitus T] 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis. Index[{, “ IT] 
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis Digitus medius [Digitus ITT] 
Cubitus Digitus annularis[ ‘“ IV] 
Antibrachium Digitus minimus [ - “ Vj 
Facies dorsalis ‘Facies dorsales 
Facies volaris Facies volares 
Margo radialis Margines radiales 
Margo ulnaris Margines ulnares 


Extremitas inferior 


Femur ’ Crus 
Facies anterior Facies anterior 
Facies posterior Facies posterior 
Facies lateralis Sura 
Facies medialis Malleolus lateralis 
Sulcus glutaeus ; Malleolus medialis 
Genu Pes 
Poples ; Tarsus 


Patella Metatarsus 


PARTS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 


Abdominal cavity 


“Heart fossa”; pit of stomach 


Navel 


Pelvic cavity 
Pubic eminence 
Hip 

Buttock 


Axilla; prominence of shoulder 


Anterior axillary fold 

Posterior axillary fold 
Acromion; tip of shoulder 
Arm 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface © 
Lateral bicipital groove 
Medial bicipital groove 
Elbow 
Forearm 

Dorsal surface 

Volar surface 

Radial margin 

Ulnar margin 


\ 


Thigh 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Lateral surface 
Medial surface 

Gluteal furrow 

Knee 

_ Posterior surface of knee 

Knee-cap 


Upper extremity 


Flank 
Loin 
Groin 
Anus 
Anal cleft 
Perineum 
Hand 
Wrist 
Metacarpus 
Back of the hand 
Palm of the hand 


Thenar or radial palm 
Hypothenar or ulnar palm 
Fingers 

Thumb 

Index finger 

Middle finger 


-Ring finger 


Little finger 
Dorsal surfaces 
Volar surfaces 
Radial margins 
Ulnar margins 


Lower extremities 


Leg 


Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Calf 

Lateral malleolus 
Medial malleolus 


Foot 


Root of foot 
Metatarsus 


18 


19 


Dorsum pedis 

Planta 

Margo pedis lateralis 
Margo pedis medialis 
Calx 

Digiti pedis 

Hallux [Digitus T] 


Os longum 

Os breve 

Os planum 

Os pneumaticum 
Epiphysis 
Diaphysis 


Vertebrae cervicales 
Vertebrae thoracales 
Vertebrae lumbales 
Vertebrae sacrales 
Vertebrae coccygeae 
Corpus vertebrae 
Fovea costalis superior 


Fovea costalis inferior 


Canalis vertebralis 
Foramen vertebrale 
Arcus vertebrae 
Radix arcus vertebrae 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Digiti II-IV 

Digitus minimus [Digitus V] 
Facies dorsales 
Facies plantares 
Margines laterales 
Margines mediales 


Osteologia 


Synchondrosis epiphyseos Cavum medullare 


Apophysis 


Facies articularis 

Substantia compacta 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia spongiosa 


Medulla ossium 
Medulla ossium flava 
Medulla ossium rubra 
Foramen nutricium 
Canalis nutricius 


Columna vertebralis. 


Incisura vertebralis superior 
Incisura vertebralis inferior 


Foramen intervertebrale 
_ Sulcus n. spinalis 
Processus spinosus 
Vertebra prominens 
Processus transversus 


Fovea costalis transversalis 


Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum 
cervicalium] 

Tuberculum  caroticum _ [vertebrae 
cervicalis VI] 

Foramen transversarium 

Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum 


cervicalium] ; 
Processus articulares superiores 
Facies articulares superiores 
Processus articulares inferiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 
Processus costarius 
Processus accessorius 

lumbalium] 
Processus mammillaris 


[vertebrarum 


. Atlas 


Massa lateralis 

Arcus anterior 

Tuberculum anterius 
Foveae articulares superiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 


. Fovea dentis - 


OSTEOLOGY 19 


Back of the foot 

Sole 

Lateral margin of the foot 
Medial margin of the foot 


IT-IV toes 

Little toe 
Dorsal surfaces 
Plantar surfaces 
Lateral margins 
Medial margins 


Osteology 


Heel 

Toes 

Great toe 
Long bone Epiphyseal synchondrosis 
Short bone Apophysis (“excrescence’’) 
Flat bone Articular surface - 


Hollow bone 


Compact substance 
Epiphysis (“ accretion’’) Cortical substance 


Medullary cavity 
Bone marrow 
Yellow bone marrow 
Red bone marrow 
Nutrient foramen 


Shaft Spongy substance Nutrient canal 
Vertebral column or spine 

Cervical vertebrae Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte- 

Thoracic vertebrae brae] 

Lumbar vertebrae Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver- 

Sacral vertebrae tebra] 

Coccygeal vertebrae Foramen of transverse process 

Body of vertebrae Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae] 


Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet 
for head of rib) 

Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for 
head of rib) 

Vertebral canal 

Vertebral foramen 

Vertebral arch 

Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle) 

Superior vertebral notch 

Inferior vertebral notch 

Intervertebral foramen 

Groove for spinal nerve 

Spinous process 

Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical) 

Transverse process 

Costal pit of transverse process (O. T. 
facet for tubercle of rib) 


Superior articular processes 

Superior articular surfaces 

Inferior articular processes 

Inferior articular surfaces 

Costal process 

Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae 


Mammillary process 


Atlas 


Lateral mass 

Anterior arch 

Anterior tubercle 
Superior articular pits 
Inferior articular surfaces 
Pit of the tooth 


20 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


. Arcus posterior 
Sulcus arteriae vertebralis 
Tuberculum posterius 


Epistropheus 


Dens 
Facies articularis anterior 
Facies articularis posterior 


Os sacrum 


Facies dorsalis 
Facies pelvina 
Basis oss. sacri 
Processus articularis superior 
Promontorium 


Pars lateralis 

Facies auricularis 

_ Tuberositas sacralis 
Foramina intervertebralia 
Foramina sacralia anteriora 
Lineae transversae 
Foramina sacralia posteriora 
Crista sacralis media 
Cristae sacrales laterales 
Cristae sacrales articulares © 
Cornua sacralia 

Canalis sacralis 

Hiatus sacralis 

Apex oss. sacri 


Os coccygis 
Cornua coccygea 


Thorax 


Costae 
Costae verae 
Costae spuriae 
Os costale 
Cartilago costalis 
Capitulum costae 
Facies articularis capituli costae 
Crista capituli 


Corpus costae 
Tuberculum costae 
Facies articularis tuberculi costae 


Collum costae 

Crista colli costae 

Angulus costae 

Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci] 
Sulcus subclaviae 

Tuberositas costae II 

Sulcus costae 


] | Sternum 


Manubrium sternj 


Angulus sterni 
Synchondrosis sternalis 
Corpus sterni 

Planum sternale 
Processus xiphoideus 


Incisura clavicularis 
Incisura jugularis 


Incisurae costales 
(Ossa suprasternalia) 


Thotas 


Cavum thoracis 

Apertura thoracis superior 
Apertura thoracis inferior 
Arcus costarum 

Spatia intercostalia 
Angulus infrasternalis 
Sulcus pulmonalis 


Ossa cranii 
Os basilare 


Os occipitale 


Foramen occipitale magnum 
Pars basilaris 

Sulcus petrosus inferior 
Pars lateralis 


OSTEOLOGY 20 


Posterior arch 
Groove for vertebral artery 
Posterior tubercle 


Epistropheus (‘‘a turning”) (0. T. 
axis) 

Tooth 

Anterior articular surface 

Posterior articular surface 


Sacrum 


Dorsal surface 

Pelvic surface 

Base of sacrum 

Superior articular process 

Promontory (O. T._ sacrovertebral 
angle) 

Lateral part © 

Auricular surface 

Sacral tuberosity 

Intervertebral foramina 

Anterior sacral foramina 

Transverse lines 

Posterior sacral foramina 

Middle sacral crest 

Lateral sacral crests 

Articular sacral crests 

Sacral horns 

Sacral canal 

Sacral hiatus 

Apex of sacrum 


Coccyx 
Coccygeal horns 


Thorax 
Ribs 

True ribs 
False ribs 
Rib bone 
Rib cartilage 
Head of the rib 
Articular surface of the head of the rib 
Crest of the head 


Body of the rib 

Tubercle of the rib 

Articular surface of the tubercle of the 
rib 

Neck of the rib 

Crest of neck of rib 

Angle of rib - 

Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc 

Subclavian groove 


-Tuberosity of the second rib 
Costal groove 


Breast Bone 
Handle of sternum 
Angle of sternum 
Sternal synchondrosis 
Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus) 
Sternal plain, or anterior surface 
Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform 
process) 
Clavicular notch 
Jugular notch (O. T._ presternal 
notch) 
Notches for the ribs 
Suprasternal bones 


Thorax 


Thoracic cavity 

Upper thoracic opening 
Lower thoracic opening 
Arch of the ribs 
Intercostal spaces 
Infrasternal angle 
Pulmonary sulcus 


Bones of the skull 
Basilar bone 
Occipital bone 


Large occipital foramen 
Basilar part 
Inferior petrosal groove 
Lateral part 


2I ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Squama occipitalis 
Margo mastoideus 
Margo lambdoideus 

(Os interparietale) 
Clivus 

Tuberculum pharyngeum 
Condylus occipitalis 
Canalis condyloideus 


Canalis hypoglossi 


Tuberculum jugulare 

Incisura jugularis 

Processus jugularis 

Fossa condyloidea 

Processus intrajugularis 
Planum occipitale 

Planum nuchale 

Protuberantia occipitalis externa 
(Torus occipitalis) 

Crista occipitalis externa 

Linea nuchae suprema 

Linea nuchae superior 

Linea nuchae inferior 
Eminentia cruciata 
Protuberantia occipitalis interna 
Sulcus sagittalis 


Sulcus transversus 
(Processus paramastoideus) 


Os sphenoidale 
Corpus 
Sella turcica 
Fossa hypophyseos 


Dorsum sellae 

Tuberculum sellae 

Processus clinoideus medius 
Processus clinoideus posterior 
Sulcus caroticus 


Lingula sphenoidalis 


Crista sphenoidalis 


Rostrum sphenoidale 

Sinus sphenoidalis 

Septum sinuum sphenoidalium 
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis 
Conchae sphenoidales 


Clivus 


Ala parva 
Sulcus chiasmatis 


Foramen opticum 
Processus clinoideus anterior 
Fissura orbitalis superior 


Ala magna 

Facies cerebralis 
Facies temporalis 
Facies sphenomaxillaris 
Facies orbitalis 

Margo zygomaticus 
Margo frontalis 
Angulus parietalis 
Margo squamosus 
Crista infratemporalis | 


Foramen rotundum 
Foramen ovale 
Foramen spinosum 
Spina angularis 


Processus pterygoideus 
Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei 
Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 
Fissura pterygoidea 

Fossa scaphoidea 

Processus vaginalis 

Hamulus pterygoideus 


Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei 
Fossa pterygoidea 


‘Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii] 


OSTEOLOGY 2I 


Occipital squama (“scale’’) 

Mastoid margin 

Lambdoid margin 

Interparietal bone 

Clivus (“slope’’) 

Pharyngeal tubercle 

Occipital condyle 

Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con- 
dyloid foramen) 

Hypoglossal canal (O. T. anterior 
condyloid foramen) 

Jugular tubercle 

Jugular notch 

Jugular process 

Condyloid fossa 

Intrajugular process 

Occipital plain 

Nuchal plain 

External occipital protuberance 

Occipital torus (“swelling’’) 

External occipital crest 

Supreme nuchal line 

Superior nuchal line 

Inferior nuchal line 

Cruciate eminence 

Internal occipital protuberance 

Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi- 
tudinal sulcus) 

Transverse sulcus 

Paramastoid process 


Sphenoid bone 

Body 
Turkish saddle 
Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary 

fossa) 
Back of sella 
Tubercle of sella or pommel 
Middle clinoid process 
Posterior clinoid process 
. Carotid sulcus (O. T. 


groove) 
Sphenoidal tongue 


cavernous 


Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal 
crest) 

Sphenoidal rostrum 

Sphenoidal sinus 

Septum of sphenoidal sinuses 

Opening of sphenoidal sinus 

Sphenoidal conchae (“shell”) (O. T. 
sphenoidal turbinated bones) 

Clivus (“slope’’) 


Small wing 

Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic 
groove) 

Optic foramen 

Anterior clinoid process 

Superior orbital fissure 


Large wing 

Cerebral surface 

Temporal surface 

Sphenomaxillary surface 

Orbital surface 

Zygomatic margin 

Frontal margin 

Parietal angle 

Squamosal margin 

Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid 
ridge) 

Round foramen 

Oval foramen 


Spinous foramen 


Angular spine (O. T. spinous process) 


Pterygoid process 

Lateral layer of pterygoid process 

Medial layer of pterygoid process 

Pterygoid fissure 

Scaphoid fossa 

Vaginal process 

Pterygoid hamulus (“hook”) (O. T. 
hamular process) 

Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus 

Pterygoid fossa 

Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal) 


22 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Canalis pharyngeus 


Canalis basipharyngeus 
Sulcus tubae auditivae 
Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
(Processus pterygospinosus [Civinini]) 


Os temporale 


Pars mastoidea 
Margo occipitalis 
Processus mastoideus 
Incisura mastoidea 
Sulcus sigmoideus 


Sulcus a. occipitalis 
Foramen mastoideum 
Pars petrosa [Pyramis] 
Facies anterior pyramidis 
Facies posterior pyramidis 
Facies inferior pyramidis 
Apex pyramidis 

Angulus superior pyramidis 
Angulus anterior pyramidis 
Angulus posterior pyramidis 
Sulcus petrosus superior 
Tegmen tympani 

Eminentia arcuata 


Canalis facialis [Falloppii] 
Hiatus canalis facialis 


Geniculum canalis facialis 
Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris 


Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris 
Impressio trigemini 

Porus acusticus internus 

Meatus acusticus internus 


Fossa subarcuata 
Aquaeductus vestibuli 


Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli 


Sulcus petrosus inferior 
Incisura jugularis 
Processus intrajugularis 
Fossa jugularis 
Canaliculus mastoideus 
Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei 
Processus styloideus 
Vagina processus styloidei 


Foramen stylomastoideum 

Fossula petrosa 

Canaliculus tympanicus 

Sulcus tympanicus 

Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanici 


Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici 


Canaliculus cochleae : 
Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae 


Canalis caroticus 

Canaliculi caroticotympanici 
Canalis musculotubarius 
Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani 


Semicanalis tubae auditivae 


Septum canalis musculotubarii 
Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus) 


Canaliculus chordae tympani 
Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri] 


Fissura petrosquamosa 
Pars tympanica 
Annulus tympanicus 
Meatus acusticus externus 
(Spina supra meatum) 


’ Fissura tympanomastoidea 


OSTEOLOGY 22 


Pharyngeal canal 
palatine canal) 
Basipharyngeal canal 
Sulcus of auditory tube 
Pterygopalatine sulcus 
Pterygospinous process 


(O. T.  pterygo- 


Temporal bone 

Mastoid part 

Occipital margin 

Mastoid process 

Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa) 

Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig- 
moidea) 

Groove for the occipital artery 

Mastoid foramen 

Petrous part (pyramid) 

Anterior surface of pyramid 

Posterior surface of pyramid 

Inferior surface of pyramid 

Apex of pyramid 

Superior angle of pyramid 

Anterior angle of pyramid 

Posterior angle of pyramid 

Superior petrosal groove 

Roof of tympanum 

Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for 
superior semicircular canal) 

Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal- 
lopius) 

Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus 
Fallopii) 

Little knee of facial canal 

Groove for the greater superficial 
petrosal nerve 

Groove’ for the lesser 
petrosal nerve 

Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres- 
sion for Gasserian ganglion) 

Internal acoustic pore 

Internal acoustic meatus 

Subarcuate fossa 

Aqueduct of vestibule 


superficial 


External opening of aqueduct of vesti- 
bule 

Inferior petrosal groove 

Jugular notch 

Intrajugular process 

Jugular fossa 

Mastoid canaliculus — 

Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus 

Styloid process 

Sheath of styloid process 
vaginal process) 

Stylomastoid foramen 

Petrosal fossula 

Tympanic canaliculus 

Tympanic sulcus 


(O..T: 


‘Inferior opening of tympanic canal- 


iculus 

Superior opening of tympanic canal- 
iculus (O. T. opening for smaller 
petrosal nerve) 

Canaliculus of the cochlea 

External opening of the canaliculus of 
the cochlea 

Carotid canal 

Caroticotympanic canaliculus 

Musculotubal canal - 

Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym- 
panum (O. T. canal for tensor 
tympani muscle) 

Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T. 
canal for the Eustachian tube) 

Septum of the musculotubal canal 

Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ of 
Hearing) 

Canaliculus of cord of tympanum 

Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian 
fissure) 

Petrosquamosal fissure 

Tympanic part 

T ympanic ring 

External acoustic meatus 

Spine above meatus 

Tympanomastoid fissure 


23 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Spina tympanica major 
Spina tympanica minor 
Porus acusticus externus 


Squama temporalis 


Margo parietalis 
Incisura parietalis 
Margo sphenoidalis 
Facies temporalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Fossa mandibularis 


Facies articularis 
Tuberculum articulare 
Facies cerebralis 


Sulcus a, temporalis mediae 


Os parietale 


Facies cerebralis 
Facies parietalis 
Margo occipitalis 
Margo squamosus 
Margo frontalis 
Margo sagittalis 
Angulus frontalis 
Angulus occipitalis 
Angulus sphenoidalis 
Angulus mastoideus 
Foramen parietale 
Tuber parietale 


Linea temporalis inferior 


Linea temporalis superior 
Sulcus sagittalis 
Sulcus transversus 


Os frontale 


Squama frontalis 
Facies frontalis 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Pars orbitalis 
Incisura ethmoidalis 


Pars nasalis 

Spina frontalis 

Margo nasalis 

Margo parietalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Facies temporalis 
Linea temporalis 
Tuber frontale 


Arcus superciliaris 


Glabella 4 

Foramen sive Incisura supraorbitalis 
Incisura sive Foramen frontale 

Facies orbitalis 

(Spina trochlearis) 

Fovea trochlearis 

Foramen ethmoidale anterius 
Foramen ethmoidale posterius 

Fossa glandulae lacrimalis 

Facies cerebralis 


Crista frontalis 

Sulcus sagittalis 

Foramen caecum 

Sinus frontalis 

Septum sinuum frontalium 


Os ethmoidale 


Lamina cribrosa 

Crista galli 

Processus alaris 
Lamina perpendicularis 
Labyrinthus ethmoidalis 


Cellulae ethmoidales 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 
Hiatus semilunaris 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Lamina papyracea 


Foramina ethmoidalia 
(Concha nasalis suprema) 


OsTEOLOGY 23 


Larger tympanic spine 
Smaller tympanic spine 
External acoustic pore 
Temporal squama (“scale”) 
Parietal margin 
Parietal notch 
Sphenoidal margin 
. Temporal surface 
Zygomatic process 
Mandibular fossa 
cavity) 
Articular surface 
Articular tubercle 
Cerebral surface 
Groove for middle temporal artery 


(O. Ty glenoid 


Parietal bone 


Cerebral surface 
Parietal surface 
Occipital margin 
Squamosal margin 
Frontal margin 
Sagittal margin 
Frontal angle 
Occipital angle 
Sphenoidal angle 
Mastoid angle 
Parietal foramen 
Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi- 
nence) 


Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal 


ridge) 

Superior temporal line 

Sagittal sulcus 

Transverse sulcus (O. T. groove for 
lateral sinus) 


Frontal bone 


Frontal squama (“scale’’) 
Frontal surface 
Supraorbital margin 
‘Orbital part 
Ethmoidal notch 

3 


Nasal part 

Frontal spine (O. T. nasal spine) 

Nasal margin 

Parietal margin 

Zygomatic process 

Temporal surface 

Temporal line 

Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi- 
nence) 

Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary 
ridge) - 

Glabella (“smooth”) 

Supraorbital foramen or notch 

Frontal notch or foramen 

Orbital surface 

Trochlear spine 

Trochlear pit 

Anterior ethmoidal foramen 

Posterior ethmoidal foramen 

Fossa of lacrimal gland 

Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur- 
face) - 

Frontal crest 

Sagittal sulcus 

Blind foramen 

Frontal sinus 

Septum of frontal sinuses 


Ethmoid bone 


Cribriform plate 

Cock’s comb 

Alar process 

Perpendicular plate 

Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T. lateral 
mass of ethmoid) 

Ethmoidal cells 

Ethmoidal funnel 
Semilunar hiatus 

Ethmoidal bulla (‘bubble’) 

Papyrus or paper plate (O. T. os 
planum) 

Ethmoidal foramina 

Supreme turbinated bone 


24 | ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Concha nasalis superior 
Concha nasalis media 
Processus uncinatus 


Concha nasalis inferior 
Processus lacrimalis 
Processus maxillaris 
Processus ethmoidalis 


Os lacrimale 


Crista lacrimalis posterior 


Sulcus lacrimalis 
Hamulus lacrimalis 


Fossa sacci lacrimalis 


Os nasale 
Foramina nasalia 
Sulcus ethmoidalis 


Vomer 
Ala vomeris 


Ossa faciei 
Maxilla 


Corpus maxillae 
Facies anterior 


Facies nasalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Facies infratemporalis 


Sinus maxillaris 

Margo infraorbitalis 
Canalis infraorbitalis 
Sulcus infraorbitalis 
Foramen infraorbitale 
Sutura infraorbitalis 
Fossa canina 


(Fossa praenasalis) 
Incisura nasalis 
Tuber maxillare 
Foramina alveolaria 
Canales alveolares 


Planum orbitale 
Margo lacrimalis 
Sulcus lacrimalis 
Canalis nasolacrimalis 


Crista conchalis 
Processus frontalis 
Crista lacrimalis anterior 
Incisura lacrimalis 
Crista ethmoidalis 
Processus zygomaticus 


Processus palatinus 
Crista nasalis 

Spina nasalis anterior 
Os incisivum 
Canalis incisivus 
Sutura, incisiva 
Spinae palatinae 
Sulci palatini 
Processus alveolaris - 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 
Juga alveolaria 
Hiatus maxillaris 
Foramen incisivum 


Os palatinum 
Pars perpendicularis 


Facies nasalis 

Facies maxillaris 

Incisura sphenopalatina 
Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
Processus pyramidalis 
Foramen palatinum majus 


OsSTEOLOGY 24 


Superior turbinated bone 

Middle turbinated bone 

Uncinate process (O. T. unciform 
process) 


Inferior turbinated bone 


Lacrimal process 
, Maxillary process 
Ethmoidal process 


Lacrimal bone 


Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri- 
mal crest) 

Lacrimal sulcus 

Lacrimal hamulus (“hooklet’”’) (O. T. 
hamular process) 

Fossa of lacrimal sac 


Nasal bone 
Nasal foramina 


Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for , 


nasal nerve) 


Vomer, or ploughshare bone 
Wing of vomer 


Bones of the face 


Maxilla, or upper jawbone (0. T. 
superior maxillary bone) 

Body of maxilla 

Anterior surface (O. T. external or 
facial surface) 

Nasal surface 

Orbital surface 
Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo- 

- matic surface) : 

Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 
Highm 

Infraorbital margin 

Infraorbital canal 

Infraorbital groove 

Infraorbital foramen 

Infraorbital suture 

Canine fossa 


Prenasal fossa 

Nasal notch 

Maxillary tuber 

Alveolar foramina 

Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental 
canals) 

Orbital plain 


_ Lacrimal margin 


Lacrimal sulcus 

Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal 
groove) 

Turbinated crest 

Frontal process (O. T. nasal process) 

Anterior lacrimal crest 

Lacrimal notch 

Ethmoidal crest 

Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc- 
ess) 

Palatine process 

Nasal crest 

Anterior nasal spine 

Incisive bone 

Incisive canal 

Incisive suture 

Palatine spines 

Palatine grooves 

Alveolar process 

Alveolar margin 

Tooth cavities 

Interalveolar septa 

Alveolar yokes 

Maxillary hiatus 

Incisive foramen 


Palate bone 


Perpendicular part (O. T. 
vertical plate) 

Nasal surface 

Maxillary surface 

Sphenopalatine notch 

Pterygopalatine sulcus 

Pyramidal process 

Larger palatine foramen 


25 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Foramina palatina minora 
Canales palatini 
Crista conchalis 


Crista ethmoidalis 


Processus orbitalis 
Processus sphenoidalis 
Pars horizontalis 


Facies nasalis 

Facies palatina 

Spina nasalis posterior 
Crista nasalis 


Os zygomaticum 


Facies malaris 
Facies temporalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Processus temporalis 


Processus frontosphenoidalis 


(Processus marginalis) 
Foramen zygomaticoorbitale 


Foramen zygomaticofaciale 


Foramen zygomaticotemporale 


Mandibula 


Corpus mandibulae 
Basis mandibulae 
Protuberantia mentalis 


Tuberculum mentale 
Spina mentalis 
Foramen mentale 
Linea obliqua 


Fossa digastrica 


Linea mylohyoidea 


Sulcus mylohyoideus 
Juga alveolaria 


_ Ramus mandibulae 


Angulus mandibulae 
(Tuberositas masseterica) 
(Tuberositas pterygoidea) 
(Crista buccinatoria) 
Incisura mandibulae 


Processus condyloideus 
Capitulum [proc. condyl.] mandibulae 
Collum [proc. condyloidei] mandibulae 
Fovea pterygoidea proc. condyloidei 
Processus coronoideus . 
Foramen mandibulare 


_ Lingula mandibulae 


Canalis mandibulae 


Fovea sublingualis 
(Fovea ‘submaxillaris) 


Pars alveolaris 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 


Os hyoideum 
Corpus oss. hyoidei 
Cornu minus 
Cornu majus 


Cranium 
Calvaria 
Pericranium ( 
Lamina externa 
Diploé 
Canales diploici [Brescheti] 


Lamina interna 
Facies [ossea] 


OsTEOLOGY 25 


Smaller palatine foramen 

Palatine canals 

Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur- 
binated crest) 

Ethmoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi 
nated crest) : 

Orbital process 

Sphenoidal process 

Horizontal part (O. T. hori- 
zontal plate) 

Nasal surface 

Palatine surface 

Posterior nasal spine 

Nasal crest 


Zygoma, or yoke bone (O. T. malar 
bone) 


Malar surface 

Temporal surface 

Orbital surface 

Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic 
process) 

Frontosphenoidal 
frontal process 

Marginal process 

Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T. 
temporo-malar canal) 

Zygomaticofacial foramen 
malar foramen) 

Zygomaticotemporal foramen 


process: -(O.. T. 


ai. 


Mandible, or lower jaw bone (0. 
T. inferior maxillary bone) 


Body of lower jaw bone 
Base of lower jaw 

Mental protuberance (O. T. mental 
process) 

' Meyyal tubercle 

Mental spine (O. T. genial tubercle) 

Mental foramen 

Oblique line (O. T. external oblique 
line) 

Digastric fossa 


Mylohyoid line (O. T. internal oblique 
line) 

Mylohoid groove 

Alveolar yokes 

Ramus of lower jaw (O. T. perpen- 
dicular portion) 

Angle of lower jaw 

Masseteric tuberosity 

Pterygoid tuberosity 

Buccinator crest 

Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid 
notch) 

Condyloid process 

Head of condyloid process of lower jaw 

Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw 

Pterygoid pit of condyloid process 

Coronoid process 

Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior 
dental foramen) 

Mandibular tongue 

Mandibular canal (O. T. 
dental canal) 

Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa) 

Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary 
fossa) 

Alveolar part 

Alveolar margin 

Tooth cavities 

Interalveolar septa 


inferior 


Hyoid bone 
Body of-hyoid bone 
Lesser horn 
Greater horn 


Skull 
Skull cap 
Periosteum of skull 
Outer plate 


‘Cancellous bone 


Diploic canals or canals of Breschet 
Inner table 
Bony portion of face 


26 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Cranium cerebrale 
Cranium viscerale 
Vertex 

Frons 

Occiput 

Basis cranii interna 
Basis cranii externa 
Fossa cranii anterior 
Fossa cranii media 
Fossa cranii posterior 
Juga cerebralia 
Impressiones digitatae 
Sulci venosi . 

Sulci arteriosi 
(Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni]) 


(Ossa suturarum) 
Planum temporale 
Fossa temporalis 
Arcus zygomaticus 
Fossa infratemporalis 
Fossa pterygopalatina 


Canalis pterygopalatinus 


Foramen sphenopalatinum 
Apertura piriformis 
Cavum nasi 

Septum nasi osseum 
Meatus nasi communis 
Meatus nasi superior 
Meatus nasi medius 
Meatus nasi inferior 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 
Choanae 


Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 
Foramen jugulare 

Fissura sphenopetrosa 
Fissura petrooccipitalis 
Fissura sphenooccipitalis 
Foramen lacerum 


Fibrocartilago basaiis 
Palatum durum 
(Torus palatinus) 
Orbita 

Aditus orbitae 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Margo infraorbitalis 
Paries superior 
Paries inferior 

Paries lateralis 
Paries medialis 
Fissura orbitalis superior 


Fissura orbitalis inferior 


Suturae cranii 


Sutura coronalis 

Sutura sagittalis 

Sutura lambdoidea 

Sutura occipitomastoidea 
Sutura sphenofrontalis 
Sutura sphenoorbitalis 
Sutura sphenoethmoidalis 
Sutura sphenosquamosa 
Sutura sphenoparietalis 
Sutura squamosa 

(Sutura frontalis) 

Sutura parietomastoidea 
(Sutura squamosomastoidea) 
Sutura nasofrontalis 
Sutura frontoethmoidalis 
Sutura frontomaxillaris 
Sutura frontolacrimalis 
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis 


_ Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris 


Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris 
Sutura sphenozygomatica 
(Sutura sphenomaxillaris) 
Sutura zygomaticotemporalis 
Sutura internasalis 

Sutura nasomaxillaris 


OSTEOLOGY 26 


Cerebral cranium or calvaria 

Visceral cranium or face 

Vertex or crown of head 

Forehead 

Back of head 

Internal base of skull 

External base of skull 

Anterior cranial fossa 

Middle cranial fossa 

Posterior cranial fossa 

Cerebral projections (‘“‘yokes’’) 

Digitate impressions 

Grooves of the veins 

Grooves of the arteries 

Granular foveolae (O. T. Pacchionian 
depressions) 

Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones) 

Temporal plain 

Temporal fossa 

Zygomatic arch 

Infratemporal fossa 

Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno- 
maxillary fossa) 

Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior 
palatine canal) 

Sphenopalatine foramen 

Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares) 

Nasal cavity 

Bony nasal septum 

Common meatus of nose 

Superior meatus of nose 

Middle meatus of nose 

Inferior meatus of nose 

Nasopharyngeal meatus 

Choanae (“funnels”) (O. T. posterior 
nares) 

Spheno-ethmoidal recess 

_Jugular foramen 

Sphenopetrosal fissure 

Petro-occipital fissure 

Spheno-occipital fissure 

Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen 
lacerum medium) 


Basal fibrocartilage 

Hard palate 

Palatine torus or protuberance 

Orbital cavity 

Orbital opening 

Supraorbital margin 

Infraorbital margin 

Superior wall 

Inferior wall 

Lateral wall 

Medial wall 

Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe- 
noidal fissure or foramen lacerum 
anterius) 

Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno- 
maxillary fissure) 


Sutures of the skull 


Coronal suture 

Sagittal suture 
Lambdoidal suture 
Occipitomastoid suture 
Sphenofrontal suture 
Spheno-orbital suture 
Spheno-ethmoidal suture 
Sphenosquamosal suture 
Sphenoparietal suture 
Squamosal suture 

Frontal suture 
Parietomastoid suture 
Squamosomastoid suture 
Nasofrontal suture 
Fronto-ethmoidal suture 
Frontomaxillary suture 
Frontolacrimal suture 
Zygomaticofrontal suture 
Zygomaticomaxillary suture 
Ethmoideomaxillary suture 
Sphenozygomatic suture 
Sphenomaxillary suture 
Zygomaticotemporal suture 
Internasal suture 
Nasomaxillary suture 


27 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Sutura lacrimomaxillaris 
Sutura lacrimoconchalis 
Sutura intermaxillaris 
Sutura palatomaxillaris 
Sutura palatoethmoidalis 
Sutura palatina mediana 
Sutura palatina transversa 


Synchondroses cranii 


Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa 
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis posterior 
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior 
Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis 
Fonticulus frontalis [major] 

Fonticulus occipitalis [minor] 
Fonticulus mastoideus 

Fonticulus sphenoidalis 


Ossa extremitatis superioris 


Cingulum extremitatis su- 
perioris \"" 


Scapula 
Facies costalis 
Lineae musculares 
Fossa subscapularis 
Facies dorsalis 
Spina scapule 
Fossa supraspinata 
Fossa infraspinata 
Acromion 
Facies articularis acromii 
Margo vertebralis 
Margo axillaris 
Margo superior 
Angulus inferior . 
Angulus lateralis 
Angulus medialis 
Cavitas glenoidalis 
Collum scapulae 
Tuberositas infraglenoidalis 


Tuberositas supraglenoidalis 
Incisura scapulae 


Processus coracoideus 


Clavicula 
Extremitas sternalis 
Facies articularis sternalis 
Tuberositas costalis 


Extremitas acromialis 
Facies articularis acromialis 
Tuberositas coracoidea 


Skeleton extremitatis 
perioris liberae 


Humerus 


Caput humeri 
Collum anatomicum 
Collum chirurgicum 
Tuberculum majus 


PTalbercubaes minus 
Sulcus intertubercularis 
Crista tuberculi majoris _ 
Crista tuberculi niteaile 


Corpus humeri 
Facies anterior medialis 


Facies anterior lateralis 


Facies posterior 
Margo medialis 
Margo lateralis 
Tuberositas deltoidea 
Sulcus n. radialis 


su- 


+ OSTEOLOGY 27 


Lacrimomaxillary suture 
Lacrimoconchal suture 
Intermaxillary suture 
Palatomaxillary suture 
Palato-ethmoidal suture 
Median palatine suture 
Transverse palatine suture 


Synchondroses of the skull 


Spheno-occipital synchondrosis 
Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis 
Petro-occipital synchondrosis 
Posterior intraocci pital synchondrosis 
Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis 
Intersphenoidal synchondrosis 
Larger frontal fontanelle 

Smaller occipital fontanelle 

Mastoid fontanelle 

Sphenoidal fontanelle 


Bones of upper extremity 
Shoulder girdle 


Shoulder-blade 


Costal surface 

Muscular lines 

Subscapular fossa 

Dorsal surface 

Spine of the scapula 

Supraspinous fossa 

Infraspinous fossa 

Acromion, or acromial process 
Articular surface of acromion 
Vertebral margin 

Axillary margin 

Superior margin 

Inferior angle 

Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle) 
Medial angle (O. T. superior angle) 
Glenoid cavity 

Neck of the scapula 

Infraglenoidal tuberosity 


Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su- 
praglenoid tubercle) 

Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular 
notch) 

Coracoid (“crow’s beak’’) process 


Collar bone or clavicle 

Sternal extremity 

Sternal articular surface 

Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression 
for rhomboid ligament) 

Acromial extremity 

Acromial articular surface 

Coracoid tuberosity (O. T. impression 
for conoid ligament) 


Skeleton of free upper 
extremity 


Humerus, or upper arm bone 

Head of humerus 

Anatomical neck 

Surgical neck 

Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber- 
osity) 

Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber- 
osity) 

Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital 
groove) 

Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior 
bicipital ridge) 

Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an- 
terior bicipital ridge) 

Body of humerus, or shaft 

Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal 
surface) 

Lateral anterior surface (O. T. external 
surface) 

Posterior surface 

Medial margin (O. T. internal border) 

Lateral margin (O. T. external border) 

Deltoid tuberosity 

Groove for radial nerve (O. T. muscu- 
lospiral groove) 


28 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 6 


Sulcus n. ulnaris 
Capitulum humeri 


Trochlea humeri 
-Epicondylus medialis 


Epicondylus lateralis 
Fossa olecrani 


Fossa coronoidea 
Fossa radialis 


(Processus supracondyloideus) 


Radius 


Corpus radii 

Capitulum radii 

Fovea capituli radii 
Collum radii 
Circumferentia articularis 
Tuberositas radii 


Crista interossea 


Facies dorsalis 

Facies volaris 

Facies lateralis 

Margo dorsalis 

Margo volaris 
Processus styloideus 
Incisura ulnaris 

Facies articularis carpea 


Ulna 
Corpus ulnae 
Olecranon 
Processus coronoideus 
Tuberositas ulnae 
Incisura semilunaris 


Incisura radialis 


Crista interossea 


Facies dorsalis 


Facies volaris 

Facies medialis 

Margo dorsalis 

Margo volaris 

Crista m. supinatoris 

Capitulum ulnae 
Circumferentia articularis 

Processus styloideus 


Carpus 
Ossa carpi 
(Os centrale) 
Os naviculare manus 


Tuberculum oss. navicularis 
Os lunatum 


Os triquetrum 


Os pisiforme 
Os multangulum majus 


Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris _ 
Os multangulum minus 


~ Os capitatum 


Os hamatum 

Hamulus oss. hamati 
Eminentia carpi radialis 
Eminentia carpi ulnaris 
Sulcus carpi 


Metacarpus 
Ossa metacarpalia I—V 
Basis 
Corpus 
Capitulum 


Os metacarpale IIT 
Processus styloideus 


Phalanges digitorum manus 
Phalanx prima 
Phalanx secunda 


OSTEOLOGY 28 


Groove for ulnar nerve 

Capitulum or little head of humerus 
(O. T. capitellum or radial head) 

Trochlea (“pulley”) of humerus 

Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con- 
dyle) 
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external 

condyle) 

Olecranon fossa 

Coronoid fossa 

Radial fossa 

Supracondyloid process 


Radius (‘‘spoke’’) 
Body of radius, or shaft 
Head of radius 
Pit of head of radius 
Neck of radius 
Articular circumference 
Tuberosity of radius (O. T. bicipital 
tuberosity) 
Interosseous crest. (O. T. internal or 
interosseous border) 
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Lateral surface (O. T. external surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Styloid process 
Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity) 
Carpal articular surface 


Uina, or elbow bone 


Body of ulna, or shaft 

Olecranon, or point of the elbow 

Coronoid process 

Tuberosity of the ulna 

Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig- 
moid cavity) 

Radial notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid 
cavity) 

Interosseous crest (O. T. external or 
interosseous border) 


Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur- 
face) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Medial surface (O. T. internal surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Ridge of supinator muscle 
Head of ulna 
Articular circumference 
Styloid process 


Wrist 
Bones of the wrist 
Central bone 
Navicular bone of the hand (O. T. 
scaphoid) 
Tubercle of navicular bone 
Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar) 
Three-cornered bone (O. T. cuneiform 
bone) 
Pisiform bone 
Large multangular bone (O. T. tra- 
pezium) 
Tubercle of large multangular bone 
Small multangular bone (O. T. trape- 
zoid) 
Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum) 
Hooked bone (O. T. unciform) 
Hook of os hamatum 
Radial eminence of wrist 
Ulnar eminence of wrist 
Carpal sulcus 


Metacarpus 
Metacarpal bones I—V 
Base 
Body, or shaft 
Head 


Third metacarpal bone 
Styloid process 


Phalanges of the fingers 
First phalanx 
Second phalanx 


29 


Phalanx tertia 

Basis phalangis 

Corpus phalangis 
Trochlea phalangis 
Tuberositas unguicularis 
Ossa sesamoidea 


Ossa extremitatis inferioris 


Cingulum extremitatis 
ferioris 


Os coxae 


Foramen obturatum 
Acetabulum 

Fossa acetabuli 
Incisura acetabuli 
Facies lunata 

Sulci paraglenoidales 


Os ilium 

Corpus oss. ilium 
Ala oss. ilium 
Linea arcuata 
Crista iliaca 

Labium externum 

Linea intermedia 

Labium internum 
Spina iliaca anterior superior 
Spina iliaca anterior inferior 
Spina iliaca posterior superior 
Spina iliaca posterior inferior 
Linea glutaea anterior 


Linea glutaea posterior 
Linea glutaea inferior 


Facies auricularis 
Tuberositas iliaca 
Fossa iliaca 


Os ischii 
Corpus oss. ischii 
Ramus superior oss. ischii 


in- 


\o 
Oy 


ANATOMICAL. NOMENCLATURE 


Ramus inferior oss. ischii 
Tuber ischiadicum 

Spina ischiadica 

Incisura ischiadica major 


Incisura ischiadica minor 


Os pubis 
Corpus oss. pubis 
Pecten oss. pubis 
Eminentia iliopectinea 
Tuberculum pubicum 
Crista obturatoria 
Sulcus obturatorius 
Tuberculum obturatorium anterius 


(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius) 


Ramus inferior oss. pubis 
Ramus superior oss. pubis 


Facies symphyseos 


Pelvis 

Symphysis ossium pubis 
Arcus pubis 
Angulus pubis 
Pelvis major 
Pelvis minor 
Linea terminalis 

Pars sacralis 

Pars iliaca 

Pars pubica 
Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior 


Apertura pelvis [minoris] inferior 


Axis pelvis 
Conjugata 


OsTEOLOGY 29 


Third phalanx 

Base of phalanx 

Body of phalanx, or shaft 
Pulley of phalanx 
Ungual tuberosity 
Sesamoid bones 


Bones of the lower extremity 
Pelvic girdle 


Hip bone (0. T. os innominatum) 
Obturator (“closed”) foramen 
Acetabulum (“cup’’) 

Fossa of the acetabulum 

Acetabular notch 

Lunate surface 

Paraglenoid grooves 


Ilium, or flank bone 

Body of ilium 

Wing of ilium 

Curved lines 

Iliac crest 
External lip 
Intermediate line 
Internal lip 

Superior anterior iliac spine 

Inferior anterior iliac spine 

Superior posterior iliac spine 

Inferior posterior iliac spine 

Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle 
curved line) 

Posterior gluteai line (O. T. superior 
curved line) 

Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior 
curved line) 

Auricular surface 

Iliac tuberosity 

Tliac fossa 


Ischium, or bone of the hip 


Body of ischium 
Superior ramus of ischium 


Inferior ramus of ischium (O. T. 
ascending ramus) 

Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the 
ischium) 

Sciatic spine (O. T. spine of the is- 
chium) 

Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great 
sacro-sciatic notch) 

Lesser sciatic notch (O, T. 
sacro-sciatic notch) 


lesser 


Pubic bone 
Body of pubic bone 


Pecten (“comb”) of pubic bone 


Iliopectineal eminence 

Pubic tubercle (O. T. spine of os pubis) 

Obturator crest 

Obturator sulcus 

Anterior obturator tubercle 

Posterior obturator tubercle 

Inferior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. 
descending ramus) | 

Superior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. 
ascending ramus) | 

Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis 
pubis) 


Pelvis (‘‘basin’’) 


Symphysis of pubic bones 


‘Pubic arch 


Angle of pubis 
Large pelvis (O. T. false pelvis) 
Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis) 
Terminal line 
Sacral part 
Iliac part 
Pubic part 
Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. 
pelvic inlet) 
Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. 
pelvic outlet) 
Axis of pelvis 
Conjugate diameter 


30 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE : : 


Diameter transversa Eminentia intercondyloidea 

Diameter obliqua 

Inclinatio pelvis _ Tuberculum intercondyloideum me- 

‘ Fp ioKe diale 
Skeleto ane re nny fatis IM-  Tyberculum intercondyloideum _late- 
ferioris liberae 
rale 
Femur Margo infraglenoidalis 


Tuberositas tibiae: 
Facies medialis 
Facies posterior 
Facies lateralis 
Margo medialis 
Crista anterior 
Crista interossea 
Linea poplitea 
Malleolus medialis 


Caput femoris 

Fovea capitis femoris 
Collum femoris 

Corpus femoris 
Trochanter major 
Fossa trochanterica 
Trochanter minor 
(Trochanter tertius) 
Linea intertrochanterica 


Crista intertrochanterica ; , 
Incisura fibularis 


Sulcus malleolaris 
Facies articularis inferior 
Facies articularis malleolaris 


Linea aspera 
Labium laterale 
Labium mediale 

Linea pectinea 


Tuberositas glutaea Fibula 
Fossa intercondyloidea Corpus ‘fibulae 
Linea intercondyloidea Crista interossea 
Planum popliteum Crista anterior 
Condylus medialis Crista lateralis 
Condylus lateralis Crista medialis 
Facies patellaris Facies medialis 
Epicondylus lateralis Facies lateralis 
Facies posterior 
Epicondylus medialis _Capitulum fibulae 
Facies articularis capituli 
Tibia Apex capituli fibulae 


Facies articularis superior Malleolus lateralis 


Corpus tibiae 


Condylus medialis Facies articularis malleoli 


Condylus lateralis scope 


Basis patellae 
Fossa intercondyloidea anterior Apex patellae 
Fossa intercondyloidea posterior Facies articularis 


OSTEOLOGY 30 


Transverse diameter 
Oblique diameter 
Pelvic incline 


Skeleton of free lower 


extremity 


Thigh bone 


Head of femur 
Pit of the head of femur 
Neck of femur 
Body, or shaft, of femur 
Great trochanter 
Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa) 
Lesser trochanter 
Third trochanter 
Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spiral line) 
Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter- 
trochanteric line) 
Rough line 
Lateral lip 
Medial lip 
Pectineal line 
Gluteal tuberosity 
Intercondyloid fossa 
Intercondyloid line 
Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space) 
Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle) 
Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle) 
Patellar surface 
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube- 
osity) 
Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber- 
osity) 


Shin bone 

Superior articular surface 

Body or shaft of tibia 

Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber- 
osity) 

Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber- 
osity) 

Anterior intercondyloid fossa 

Posterior intercondyloid fossa 


Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous 
process) 
Medial intercondyloid tubercle 


Lateral intercondyloid tubercle 


Infraglenoidal margin 

Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle) 

Medial surface 

Posterior surface 

Lateral surface 

Medial margin 

Anterior crest 

Interosseous crest 

Popliteal line 

Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal- 
leolus) 

Fibular notch 

Malleolar sulcus 

Inferior articular surface 

Malleolar articular surface 


Calf bone 


Body or shaft of fibula 

Interosseous crest 

Anterior crest 

Lateral crest 

Medial crest 

Medial surface 

Lateral surface 

Posterior surface 

Head of fibula 

Articular surface of head 

Apex of head of fibula 

Lateral malleolus (O. T. external mal- 
leolus) 

Articular surface of malleolus 


Knee-cap 


Base of patella 
Apex of patella 
Articular surface 


31 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Tarsus 
Ossa tarsi 


Talus 

Caput tali 
Corpus tali 
Collum tali 
Trochlea tali 

Facies superior 

Facies malleolaris medialis 

Facies malleolaris lateralis 
Sulcus tali 
Processus lateralis tali 
Facies articularis calcanea posterior 
Facies articularis calcanea media 
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 


Facies articularis navicularis 
Facies articularis calcanea anterior 
Processus posterior tali 

(Os trigonum) 


Calcaneus 


Corpus calcanei 
Tuber calcanei 


Processus medialis tuberis . cal- 


canei 


Processus lateralis tuberis cal- 


canei 
Sustentaculum tali 
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 


Sulcus calcanei 
Sinus tarsi 
Facies articularis anterior 


Facies articularis media 
Facies articularis posterior 
Sulcus m. peronaei 
(Processus trochlearis) 
Facies articularis cuboidea 


Os naviculare pedis 


‘“Tuberositas oss. navicularis 


Os cuneiforme primum 
Os cuneiforme secundum 
Os cuneiforme tertium 


Os cuboideum 


Sulcus m. peronaei 
Tuberositas oss. cuboidei 


Metatarsus 
Ossa metatarsalia I—V 
Basis 
Corpus 
Capitulum 


Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I 
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V 


Phalanges digitorum pedis 


Phalanx prima 

Phalanx secunda 

Phalanx tertia 
Tuberositas unguicularis 

Basis phalangis 

Corpus phalangis 


Trochlea phalangis 


Ossa sesamoidea 


OSTEOLOGY 31 


Root of the foot 
Tarsal bones 


Ankle bone (0. T. serecalue) 
Head of ankle bone 
Body of ankle bone 
Neck of ankle bone 
 Trochlea (“pulley”) of ankle bone 
Superior surface 
Medial malleolar surface 
Lateral malleolar surface 
Sulcus of ankle bone 
Lateral process of ankle bone 
Posterior calcanean articular surface 
Middle calcanean articular surface 
Groove for the long flexor muscle of 
the great toe 
Navicular articular surface 
Anterior calcanean articular surface 
Posterior process of ankle bone 
Triangular bone 


Heel bone (0. T. os calcis) 


_ Body of heel bone 
Calcanean tuber 
Medial process of calcanean tuber 


Lateral process of calcanean tuber 


Support of ankle bone . 

Groove for the long flexor muscle of 
great toe 

Calcanean sulcus 

Tarsal sinus 

Anterior articular surface 


Middle articular surface 
Posterior articular surface 
Groove for peroneal muscle 
Trochlear process 

Cuboid articular surface 


Scaphoid bone of foot 
Tuberosity of scaphoid bone 


First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Second Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 
Cuboid bone 


Groove for peroneal muscle 
Tuberosity of cuboid bone 


Metatarsus, or ‘‘after-root’’ of foot 


Metatarsal bones I—V 

Base 

Body 

Head 
Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone 
Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone 


Phalanges of toes 


First phalanx 

Second phalanx 

Third phalanx 
Ungual tuberosity 

Base of phalanx 

Body of phalanx 

Trochlea (“pulley or block”) of pha- 
lanx 

Sesamoid bones 


32 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Junctura ossium 
Synarthrosis 
Sutura 
‘Sutura serrata 
Sutura squamosa 
Harmonia 
Gomphosis 
Synchondrosis 
Symphysis 
Diarthrosis 
Articulatio 
Articulatio simplex 
Articulatio composita 
Arthrodia 
Articulatio sphaeroidea 
Enarthrosis 
Ginglymus 
Articulatio cochlearis 
Articulatio ellipsoidea 
Articulatio trochoidea 
Articulatio sellaris 
Amphiarthrosis 
Syndesmosis 
Cartilago articularis 
Cavum articulare 
Discus articularis 


Labrum glenoidale 
Meniscus articularis 
Capsula articularis 

Stratum fibrosum 

Stratum synoviale 
Plica synovialis 
Villi synoviales 
Synovia 


Syndesmologia 


Ligamenta columnae vertebralis 
et cranii 


Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales 
Annulus fibrosus 

Nucleus pulposus 

Ligg. flava 


Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. intertransversaria 
Ligg. interspinalia 

Lig. supraspinale 

Lig. nuchae 

Lig. longitudinale anterius 


Lig. longitudinale posterius 


Symphysis sacrococcygea 

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super- 
ficiale ey 

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro- 
fundum inne ae 

Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius 

Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale 

Lig. pterygospinosum 

Lig. stylohyoideum 


Articulatio atlantooccipitalis 


Capsulae articulares 
Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior 
Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior 


Articulatio atlantoepistrophica 


Capsulae articulares 


_ SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 32 


Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 


Joining of bones 
' Immovable articulation 
Suture or seam 
Serrated suture 
' Scaly suture 
Apposition suture 
Socket articulation 
Cartilaginous articulation 
Bony coalescence or junction 
Movable articulation 
Joint 
Simple joint 
Compound joint 
Gliding joint 
Spherical joint 
Ball-and-socket joint 
Hinge-joint 
Spiral joint 
Elliptical joint 
Trochoid or pivot joint 
Saddle joint 
Mixed articulation 
Ligamentous union 
Articular cartilage 
Joint cavity 
Articular disk (O. T. interarticular 
fibrocartilage) 
Glenoid lip 
Articular crescent 
Joint-capsule 
Fibrous layer 
Synovial layer 
Synovial fold 
Synovial tufts 
Joint-oil 


Ligaments of the spine and 
skull 

Intervertebral fibrocartilages 

Fibrous ring 

Pulp-like nucleus 

Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub- 
flava) 

Joint-capsules 

Intertransverse ligaments 

Interspinous ligaments 

Supraspinous ligament 

Ligament of the nape 

Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 
anterior common ligament) 

Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 
posterior common ligament) 

Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx 

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga- 
ment 

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament 

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament 

Pterygospinous ligament 

Stylohyoid ligament 


Joint between atlas and occipital 
bone 

Joint-capsules 

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane 

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane 


Joint between atlas and epis= 
tropheus or axis 


Joint-capsules 


4) 


33 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ligg. alaria 
Lig. apicis dentis 


Lig. transversum atlantis 
Lig. cruciatum atlantis 
Membrana tectoria 


Articulationes costovertebrales 


Articulationes capitulorum 


Capsulae articulares 
Lig. capituli costae radiatum 


Lig. capituli costae interarticulare 


; costotransversa- 
riae 
Capsulae articulares 
Lig. tuberculi costae 
Lig. colli costae 
Lig. costotransversarium anterius 
Lig. costotransversarium posterius 
Lig. lumbocostale 
Foramen costotransversarium 


Articulationes 


Articulationes sternocostales 


Capsulae articulares 
Lig. sternocostale interarticulare 


Ligg. sternocostalia radiata 


Membrana sterni 
Ligg. costoxiphoidea 


Ligg. intercostalia 
Ligg. intercostalia externa 
Ligg. intercostalia interna 
Articulationes interchondrales 


Articulatio mandibularis. 
Capsula articularis 


Discus articularis 
Lig. temporomandibulare 
Lig. sphenomandibulare 


Lig. stylomandibulare 


cinguli extremitatis su= 
perioris 


Ligg. 


Lig. coracoacromiale 
Lig. transversum scapulae superius 
Lig. transversum scapulae inferius 


Articulatio acromioclavicularis: 
Capsula articularis 
Lig. acromioclaviculare 
(Discus articularis) 
Lig. coracoclaviculare 
Lig.“trapezoideum 
Lig. conoideum 


Articulatio sternoclavicularis. 
Capsula articularis 
Discus articularis 
Lig. sternoclaviculare 


‘Lig. costoclaviculare 


Lig. interclaviculare 


Articulatio humeri 


Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 
Lig. coracohumerale 


Articulatio cubiti 


Articulatio humeroulnaris 
Articulatio humeroradialis 


SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 33 


Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid or 
check ligaments) 

Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus- 
pensory ligament) . 

‘Transverse ligament of atlas 

Cruciform ligament of atlas 

‘Tectorial (“roof”) membrane (O. T. 
posterior occipito-axial ligament) 


Joints between ribs and vertebrae 


Capitular joints, or articulations 
between the heads of the ribs 
and the vertebrae 

Joint-capsules 

Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T. 

anterior costovertebral or stellate 
ligament) 

Interarticular ligament of head of rib 


Costotransverse joints 


Joint-capsules 

Ligament of tubercle of rib 
Ligament of neck of rib 

Anterior costotransverse ligament 
Posterior costotransverse ligament 
Lumbocostal ligament 
Costotransverse foramen 


Sternocostal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O. 
T. interarticular chondrosternal liga- 
ment) 

Radiate sternocostal ligaments (O. T. 
anterior and posterior chondrosternal 
ligaments) 

Membrane of sternum 

Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon- 
droxiphoid ligaments) 

Intercostal ligaments 
External intercostal ligaments 
Internal intercostal ligaments 

Interchondral joints 


Jaw-joint 
Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga- 
ment) 
Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro- 
cartilage) 
Temporomandibular ligament (O. T. 
external lateral ligament) 
Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 
Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo- 
maxillary ligament) 


Ligaments of the girdle of upper 
extremity 

Coraco-acromial ligament 

Superior transverse ligament of scapula 

Inferior transverse ligament of scapula 


Acromioclavicular joint. 
Joint-capsule 
Acromioclavicular ligament 
Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage 
Coracoclavicular ligament 
Trapezoid ligament 
Conoid ligament 


Sternoclavicular joint 
Joint-capsule 
Articular disk 
Sternoclavicular ligament 
Costoclavicular ligament (O. T. rhom- 
boid ligament) 
Interclavicular ligament 


Shoulder=joint 
Joint-capsule 
Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament) 
Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces- 
sory ligament) 


Elbow-joint 
Humero-ulnar articulation 
Humeroradial articulation 


34 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis 


Capsula articularis 
Lig. collaterale ulnare 


Lig. collaterale radiale 

Lig. annulare radii 

Recessus sacciformis 

Membrana interossea antibrachii 
Chorda obliqua 

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis 


Capsula articularis 
Discus articularis 


Recessus sacciformis 


Articulatio manus 
Articulatio radiocarpea 


Articulatio intercarpea 


Capsula articularis 
Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale 


Lig. radiocarpeum volare 


Lig. carpi radiatum 
Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare 


Lig. collaterale carpi radiale 


Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia 
Ligg. intercarpea volaria 


Ligg. intercarpea interossea 


Articulatio ossis pisiformis 


Capsula articularis 


Lig. pisohamatum 
Lig. pisometacarpeum 


Canalis carpi 


Articulationes carpometacarpeae 


Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia 
Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria 


Articulatio carpometacarpea pol= 
licis 

Capsula articularis 

Articulationes intermetacarpeae 


Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] dorsalia 


Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] volaria 
Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] interossea 


Spatia interossea metacarpi 


Articulationes metacarpopha= 
langeae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. collateralia 

Ligg. accessoria volaria 


Ligg. capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium] 
transversa 


Articulationes digitorum manus © 


Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. collateralia 


Ligg. cinguli extremitatis infe= 
rioris 

Membrana obturatoria 

Canalis obturatorius 


Lig. iliolumbale 


SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 34 


Proximal radio-ulnar articulation (O. 
T. superior radio-ulnar) 

Joint-capsule 

Ulnar collateral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

‘Radial collateral ligament (O. T. ex- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

Annular ligament of radius (O. T. 
orbicular) 

Sacciform recess 

Interosseous membrane of forearm 

Oblique cord (O. T. oblique, or round 
ligament) 


Distal radio-ulnar articulation 
(O. T. inferior radio-ulnar) 

Joint-capsule 

Articular disk (O. T. triangular fibro- 
cartilage) 

Sacciform recess 


Joint of the hand 


Radiocarpal articulation (O. T. wrist- 
joint) 

Intercarpal articulation (O. T. carpal 
joints) 

Joint-capsule 

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (O. T. 
posterior ligament) 

Volar radiocarpal ligament (O. T. an- 
terior ligament) 

Radiate ligament of carpus 

Ulnar collateral ligament of carpus 
(O. T. internal lateral ligament) 

Radial collateral ligament of carpus 
(O. T. external lateral ligament) 

Dorsal intercarpal ligaments 

Volar intercarpal ligaments (O. T. 
palmar intercarpal) 

Interosseous intercarpal ligaments 


‘Joint of the pisiform bone 
Joint-capsule 


Ligament between pisiform and hook- 
shaped bone 

Ligament between pisiform and meta- 
carpal bones 

Carpal canal 


Carpometacarpal joints 
Joint-capsules 
Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments 
Volar carpometacarpal ligaments 


Carpometacarpal joint of the 


thumb 
Joint-capsule 


Intermetacarpal joints 
Joint-capsules 
Dorsal ligaments of basal extremities 
of metacarpal bones 
Volar ligament of basal extremities of 
metacarpal bones 
Interosseous ligament of basal ex- 
tremities of metacarpal bones 
Interosseous space of metacarpus . 


Metacarpophalangeal joints 


Joint-capsules 

Collateral ligaments 

Volar accessory ligaments (O. T. 
palmar ligaments) 

Transverse ligaments of the heads of 
the metacarpal bones 


_ Joints of the fingers 
Joint-capsules 
Collateral ligaments (O. T. 
ligaments) 


lateral 


Ligaments of the girdle of lower 
extremity (O. T. pelvic girdle) 

Obturator membrane 

Obturator canal 

Tliolumbar ligament 


35 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Lig. sacrotuberosum 
Processus falciformis 
Lig. sacrospinosum 


Foramen ischiadicum majus 
Foramen ischiadicum minus 


Articulatio sacroiliaca 


Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora 

Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum 


Symphysis ossium pubis 
Lig. pubicum superius 
Lig. arcuatum pubis 
Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica 


Articulatio coxae 


Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 

Lig. transversum acetabuli 
Lig. teres femoris 

Zona orbicularis 


Lig. iliofemorale 
Lig. ischiocapsulare 


Lig. pubocapsulare 


Articulatio genu 


Capsula articularis 
Meniscus lateralis 


Meniscus medialis 


Lig. transversum genu 
Ligg. cruciata genu 


Lig. cruciatum anterius 
Lig. cruciatum posterius 
Plica synovialis patellaris 


Plicae alares 
Lig. collaterale fibulare 


Lig. collaterale tibiale 
Lig. popliteum obliquum 


Lig. popliteum arcuatum 
Retinaculum lig. arcuati 

Lig. patellae 

Retinaculum patellae mediale 
Retinaculum patellae laterale 


Articulatio tibiofibularis 


Capsula articularis 
Ligg. capituli fibulae 


Membrana interossea cruris 


Syndesmosis tibiofibularis 


Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius 
Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius 


Articulationes pedis 
Articulatio talocruralis 
Capsula articularis 
Lig. deltoideum 


Lig. tibionaviculare 
Lig. calcaneotibiale 
Lig. talotibiale anterius 
Lig. talotibiale posterius 
Lig. talofibulare anterius 


SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 35 


Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste- 
rior or great sacrosciatic ligament) 
Falciform process (O. T. falciform 

ligament) 
Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior 
or small sacrosciatic ligament) 
Greater sciatic foramen 
Lesser sciatic foramen 


Sacro=iliac joint 
Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments 
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments 
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament 
Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament 


Symphysis of pubic bones 
Superior pubic ligament 
Arcuate ligament of pubis 
Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina 


Hip-joint 
Joint-capsule 
Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament) 
Transverse ligament of acetabulum 
Round ligament of the femur 
Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or 
. ring ligament) 
Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped 
ligament of Bigelow) 
Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio- 
capsular band) 
Pubocapsular ligament (O. T. pubo- 
capsular band, or pubofemoral liga- 
ment) 


Knee=joint 
Joint-capsule 
Lateral meniscus (O. T. 
semilunar fibrocartilage) 
Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage) 
Transverse ligament of the knee 
Crucial ligaments of the knee 


external 


Anterior crucial ligament 
Posterior crucial ligament 
Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen- 
tum mucosum) 
Alar folds (O. T. ligamentum alaria) 
Fibular collateral ligament (O. T. 
long external lateral ligament) 
Tibial collateral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 
Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T. 
posterior ligament) 
Arcuate popliteal ligament 
Retaining band of arcuate ligament 
Ligament of the patella 
Medial retaining band of patella 
Lateral retaining band of patella 


Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior 
tibiofibular articulation) 

Joint-capsule 

Ligaments of the head of the fibula 
(O. T. anterior and posterior supe- 
rior tibiofibular ligaments) 

Interosseous membrane of leg (O. T. 
middle tibiofibular ligament) 


Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T. 
inferior tibiofibular articulation) 
Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus 

Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus 


Joints of the foot 
' Ankle=joint 
Joint-capsule 
Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat- 
eral ligament and anterior and 
posterior tibiotarsal ligaments) 
Tibionavicular ligament 
Calcaneotibial ligament 
Anterior talotibial ligament 
Posterior talotibial ligament 
Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 
anterior fasciculus of external lateral 
ligament) 


36 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Lig. talofibulare posterius Pars calcaneonavicularis 


Lig. calcaneofibulare ; Pars calcaneocuboidea 


Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale 


y , : Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia 
Articulationes intertarseae 


Articulatio talocalcaneonavicu-= Ligg. tarsi plantaria 


laris Lig. plantare longum 
Articulatio talocalcanea 
Capsula articularis Ligg. tarsi profunda 
Lig. talocalcaneum laterale Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare~ 


Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare 


Lig. talocalcaneum. mediale 
Fibrocartilago navicularis 


Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan- 


Lig. talocalcaneum anterius taria 

Lig. talocalcaneum posterius Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare 
Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria 

Articulatio tarsi transversa — Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare 
[Choparti] F ; 
Articulationes tarsometatarseae 
Articulatio talonavicularis Capsulae articulares 
Capsula articularis Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia 


Ligg. tarsometatarsea ‘plantaria 


Articulatio calcaneocuboidea Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea 


Capsula articularis 


Articulatio cuneonavicularis Articulationes intermetatarseae 


Capsulae articulares 


Ligg. tarsi interossea ‘ 4 ; 
id Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] interossea 


Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum 
Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum 


tes ; eek Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia 
Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea 


Ligg. tarsi dorsalia Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria 


Ee: onic ae Spatia interossea metatarsi 


Articulationes metatarsophalan= 
Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale geae 


Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale Capsulae articulares 
Lig. bifurcatum Ligg. collateralia 


SYNDESMOLOGY, OR JOINT ARTICULATION 36 


Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 
posterior fasciculus of external lat- 
eral ligament) . 

Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid- 
dle fasciculus of external lateral 
ligament) 


Intertarsal joints 
Talocalcaneonavicular joint 


Talocalcanean joint 

Joint-capsule 

Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
external calcaneo-astragaloid liga- 

- ment) 

Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
internal calcaneo-astragaloid _liga- 
ment) 

Anterior talocalcanean ligament 

Posterior talocalcanean ligament 


Chopart’s transverse articulation 
of the tarsus 


Talonavicular joint 


Joint-capsule 


Calcaneocuboid joint 
Jcint-capsule 


Cuneonavicular joint 


Interosseous ligaments of tarsus 


Interosseous talocalcanean ligament 
Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament 
Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments 


Dorsal ligaments of tarsus 


Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T. 
superior astragalonavicular  liga- 
ment) 

Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament 

Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament 

Bifurcate ligament 


Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su 
perior or external calcaneonavicu- 
lar ligament) 

Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in- 
ternal calcaneocuboid ligament) 

Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament 
Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments 


Plantar ligaments of tarsus 
Long plantar ligament (O. Ty. long 
calcaneocuboid ligament) 
Deep ligaments of tarsus 
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament 
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament 
(O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular 
ligament) 
Navicular fibrocartilage 
Plantar navicular cuneiform liga- 
ments . 
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament 
Plantar intercuneiform ligaments 
Plantar cuneocuboid ligament 


Tarsometatarsal joints 
Joint-capsules 
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Interosseous cuneometatarsal 
ments 


liga- 


Intermetatarsal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interosseous ligaments of the bases of 
the metatarsal bones 

Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the 
metatarsal bones 

Plantar ligaments of the bases of the 
metatarsal bones 

Interosseous spaces of metatarsus 


Metatarsophalangeal joints 


Joint-capsules 
Collateral ligaments 


37 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ligg. accessoria plantaria Articulationes digitorum pedis 
Ligg. capitulorum f[oss. metatars.] Capsulae articulares 
transversa ; Ligg. collateralia 


Myologia 


Musculus < Aponeurosis 

Caput A Perimysium — 

Venter Fascia = 

; he, 
Musculus fusiformis ee 
Musculus unipennatus ~ Fascia superficialis 
Musculus bipennatus =f Inscriptio tendinea — 
Musculus sphincter = Arcus tendineus — 
Musculus orbicularis <~ Ligamentum vaginale — 
Musculus articularis ’ Vagina fibrosa tendinis ~~ 
Musculus skeleti Vagina mucosa tendinis 
Musculus cutaneus Trochlea muscularis ~ 
Tendo Bursa mucosa * 
Musculi dorsi M. iliocostalis cervicis 
M. trapezius — i 
(M. transversus nuchae) — M. longissimus 
M. latissimus dorsi — M. longissimus dorsi 
M. rhomboideus major _ M. longissimus cervicis 
M. rhomboideus minor 
M. levator scapulae M. longissimus capitis 
M. serratus posterior inferior ~ M. spinalis 
M. serratus posterior superior M. spinalis dorsi 
M. splenius cervicis — M. spinalis cervicis 
M. splenius capitis ~ M. spinalis capitis 
M. sacrospinalis =~ ce M. semispinalis 
M. semispinalis dorsi 

M. iliocostalis - M. semispinalis cervicis 


M. iliocostalis lumborum : 
M. semispinalis capitis 
M. iliocostalis dorsi 


2 Myotocy, oR MuscuLaTuRE 


Plantar accessory ligaments 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of 
the metatarsal bones 


Myology, or 


Muscle 

Head 

Belly 
Fusiform muscle 
Unipennate muscle 
Bipennate muscle 
Sphincter muscle 
Orbicular muscle 
Joint muscle 
Skeletal muscle 
Skin muscle 
Tendon 


Muscles of the back 


Trapezius muscle 
Transverse muscle of nape 
Broadest muscle of back 
Greater rhomboid muscle 
Lesser rhomboid muscle 
Levator muscle of scapula (O. T. 
levator anguli scapulae) 
Inferior posterior serratus muscle 
Superior posterior serratus muscle 
Splenius (“bandage”) muscle of neck 
(O. T. splenius colli) 
Splenius muscle of head 
Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector 
spinae) 
Tliocostal muscle 
Tliocostal muscle of loins (O. T. 
sacrolumbalis) 
Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T. 
musculus accessorius) 


37 


Joints of the toes 
Joint-capsules 
Collateral ligaments 


Musculature 


Tendinous expansion 
Perimysium, or muscle sheath 
Fascia (“band or swathe’’), or fibrous 
covering 

Superficial fascia 
Tendinous inscription 
Tendinous arch 
Sheath ligament 
Fibrous sheath of tendon 
Mucous sheath of tendon 
Muscle pulley 
Mucous bursa or sac 


Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer- 
vicalis ascendens) 
Longest muscle 
Longest muscle of back 
Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans- 
versalis cervicis) 
Longest muscle of head (O. T. 
trachelomastoid) 
Spinal muscle 
Spinal muscle of back 
Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinalis 
colli) 
Spinal muscle of head 
Semispinal muscle 
Semispinal muscle of back 
Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T. 
semispinalis colli) 
Semispinal muscle of head (O. T. 
complexus) 


38 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


M. multifidus 
a 

Mm. rotatores 
M. rotatores longi 
M. rotatores breves / 

M. interspinales eg, 

Mm. intertransversarii " 
Mm. intertransversarii laterales 
Mm. intertransversarii mediales 
Mm. intertransversarii anteriores 
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores 

M. rectus capitis posterior major 


M. rectus capitis posterior minor 


| 


M. rectus capitis lateralis 
M. obliquus capitis superior 
M. obliquus capitis inferior 
Fascia lumbodorsalis 

Fascia nuchae i 


Musculi capitis 


M. epicranius 


M. frontalis 
M. occipitalis 
M. procerus 


M. nasalis 
Pars transversa 
Pars alaris 
M. depressor septi 
M. orbicularis oculi 


Pars palpebralis 
Pars orbitalis 
Pars lacrimalis [Horneri] 


M. auricularis anterior 


M. auricularis superior 


M. auricularis posterior 


M. orbicularis oris 
M. triangularis 


(M. transversus menti) 

M. risorius 

M. zygomaticus 

M. quadratus labii superioris 
Caput zygomaticum 


Caput infraorbitale 

Caput angulare 
M. quadratus labii inferioris 
M. caninus 


M. buccinator 

Mm. incisivi labii superioris 
Mm. incisivi labii inferioris 
M. mentalis 

M. masseter 

M. temporalis 

M. pterygoideus externus 
M. pterygoideus internus 
Galea aponeurotica 


Fascia buccopharyngea 
Fascia parotideomasseterica 
Fascia temporalis 


Musculi oss. hyoidei 
M. digastricus 
Venter anterior 
Venter posterior 
M. stylohyoideus 
M. mylohyoideus- 
M. geniohyoideus 


Musculi colli 
Platysma 


Myo.Locy, OR MUSCULATURE 38 


Multifidus (“much divided”) muscle 
(O. T. multifidus spinae) 
Rotator muscles 
Long rotator muscles 
Short rotator muscles 
Interspinal muscles 
Intertransverse muscles 
Lateral intertransverse muscles 
Medial intertransverse miuscles 
Anterior intertransverse muscles 
Posterior intertransverse muscles 
Larger posterior straight muscle of the 
head 
Lesser posterior straight muscle of the 
head 
Lateral straight muscle of the head 
Superior oblique muscle of. the head 
Inferior oblique muscle of the head 
Lumbodorsal fascia 
Fascia of the nape 


Muscles of the head 


Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito- 
frontalis) 
Frontal muscle 
Occipital muscle 
Procerus (“prolonged’’) muscle (O. 
T. pyramidalis nasi) 
Muscle of the nose 
Transverse part 
Alar part 
Depressor muscle of the septum 
Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T. 
orbicularis palpebrarum) 
 Palpebral part 
Orbital part 
Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or 
Horner’s muscle) 
Anterior auricular muscle (O. T. 
attrahens auriculam) 
Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto- 
lens auriculam) 


Posterior auricular muscle (O. T. 
retrahens auriculam) 

Orbicular muscle of the mouth 

Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor 
anguli oris) 

Transverse muscle of the chin 

Muscle of laughing 

Zygomatic muscle 

Quadrate muscle of upper lip 
Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus 

minor) 
Infraorbital head (O. T. levator 
labii superioris) 
Angular head (O. T. levator labii 
‘ superioris alaeque nasi) 

Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T. 
depressor labii inferioris) 

Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli 
oris) 

Cheek muscle 

Incisive muscles of upper lip 

Incisive muscles of lower lip 

Chin muscle 

Masseter muscle 

Temporal muscle 

External pterygoid muscle 

Internal pterygoid muscle 

Aponeurotic helmet (O. T. epicranial 
aponeurosis) 

Buccopharyngeal fascia 

Parotideomasseteric fascia 

Temporal fascia 


Muscles of the hyoid bone 
Digastric muscle 
Anterior belly 
Posterior belly 
Stylohyoid muscle 
Mylohyoid muscle 
Geniohyoid muscle 


Muscles of the neck 
Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla- 
tysma myoides) 


39 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


M. sternocleidomastoideus 
‘M. sternohyoideus 
M. omohyoideus 
Venter superior 
Venter inferior 
M. sternothyreoideus 
M. thyreohyoideus 
(M. levator glandulae thyreoideae) 


M. longus colli 
. longus capitis 


. rectus capitis anterior 


M 

M 

M. scalenus anterior 
M. scalenus medius 
M. scalenus posterior 
(M., scalenus minimus) 
Fascia colli 

Fascia praevertebralis 


Musculi Thoracis 


(M. sternalis) 

M. pectoralis major 
Pars clavicularis 
Pars sternocostalis 
Pars abdominalis 

M. pectoralis minor 

M. subclavius 

M. serratus anterior 


Mm. levatores costarum 
Mm. levatores costarum longi 
Mm. levatores costarum breves 
Mm. intercostales externi 
Mm. intercostales interni 
Mm. subcostales 
M. transversus thoracis 


Diaphragma 
Pars lumbalis 
Crus mediale 
Crus intermedium 


Crus laterale 

Pars costalis 

Pars sternalis 
Hiatus aorticus 
Hiatus oesophageus 
Centrum tendineum 
Foramen venae cavae 
Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri] 


Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri] 


Fascia pectoralis Y 
Fascia coracoclavicularis ls On 


Musculi abdominis 


M. rectus abdominis 
Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis 


. pyramidalis 
. obliquus externus abdominis 
. obliquus internus abdominis 
. cremaster 
. transversus abdominis 
. quadratus lumborum 
Annulus umbilicalis 
Linea alba 

Adminiculum lineaé albae 
Inscriptiones tendineae 
Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis 


SSSSESE 


Lig. fundiforme penis 

Vagina m. recti abdominis 
Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] 
Lig. inguinale [Pouparti] 

Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati] 

Lig. inguinale reflexum [Collesi] 


Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus 
Crus superius 


Crus inferius 
Fibrae intercrurales 


Myo.ocy, oR MUSCULATURE 39 


Sternocleidomastoid muscle 

Sternohyoid muscle 

Omohyoid muscle 
Superior belly 
Inferior belly 

Sternothyreoid muscle 

Thyreohyoid muscle 

Elevating muscle of the thyreoid 
gland 

Long muscle of the neck 

Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus 
capitis anticus major) 

Anterior straight muscle of the head 
(O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor) 

Anterior scalene muscle 

Middle scalene muscle 

- Posterior scalene muscle 

Smallest scalene muscle 

Cervical fascia 

Prevertebral fascia 


Muscles of the chest 


Sternal muscle 
Greater pectoral muscle 
Clavicular part 
Sternocostal part 
Abdominal part 
Smaller pectoral muscle 
Subclavius muscle 
Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser- 
-  ratus magnus) 
Elevators of the ribs 
Long elevators of the ribs 
Short elevators of the ribs 
External intercostal muscles 
Internal intercostal muscles 
Subcostal muscles 
Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T. 
triangularis sterni) 
Diaphragm 
Lumbar part 
Medial crus 
Intermediate crus . 
5 


Lateral crus 
Costal part 
Sternal part i 
Aortic opening 
Oesophageal opening 
Central tendon 
Opening of the vena cava 
Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 
mentum arcuatum internum) 
Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 
mentum arcuatum externum) 
Pectoral fascia 


_Coracoclavicular fascia 


Muscles of the abdomen 


Straight muscle of the abdomen 
Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con- 
joined tendon) 
Pyramidal muscle 
External: oblique muscle of éeaohe 
Internal oblique muscle of abdomen 
Cremasteric muscle 
Transverse muscle of abdomen 
Quadrate muscle of the loins 
Umbilical ring 
White line 
Stay of the white line 
Tendinous inscriptions 
Suspensory ligament of the penis or 
clitoris 
Sling-like ligament of penis 
Sheath of the rectus muscle 
Semicircular fold of Douglas 
Inguinal ligament of Poupart 
Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat 
Reflex ligament of Colles (O. T. tri- 
angular fascia of the abdomen) 
Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex- 
ternal abdominal ring) 
Superior pillar 
Inferior pillar 
Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar 


fibres) 


4o ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] 
Linea semilunaris [Spigelii] 
Fascia ‘transversalis 


Canalis inguinalis 
Annulus inguinalis abdominalis 


Lig. interfoveolare [Hesselbachi] 


Plica epigastrica 

Fovea inguinalis lateralis 
Fovea inguinalis medialis 
Fovea supravesicalis 


Musculi coccygei 


M. coccygeus 
M. sacrococcygeus anterior 
M. sacrococcygeus posterior 


Musculi extremitatis superioris 


. deltoideus 
supraspinatus 

. infraspinatus 

. teres minor 

. teres major 

. subscapularis 

. biceps brachii 
Caput longum 
Vagina mucosa intertubercularis 
Caput breve 
Lacertus fibrosus 


SSSSSS8S 


M. coracobrachialis 
M. brachialis 


M. triceps brachii 
Caput longum 
Caput laterale 
Caput mediale 
M. anconaeus 
(M. epitrochleoanconaeus) 
M. pronator teres 


Se ad A 


Caput humerale 
Caput ulnare 
M. flexor carpi radialis 
M. palmaris longus 
M. flexor carpi ulnaris 
Caput humerale 
Caput ulnare 
M. flexor digitorum sublimis 
Caput humerale 
Caput radiale 
. flexor digitorum profundus 
. flexor pollicis longus 
. pronator quadratus 
. brachioradialis 


. extensor carpi radialis longus 
. extensor carpi radialis brevis 
. extensor digitorum communis 
Juncturae tendinum 


SSS SSS&S 


. extensor digiti quinti proprius 


. extensor carpi ulnaris 
. supinator 


Ss 


. abductor pollicis longus 


. extensor pollicis brevis 


Oh 5° ini a 


. extensor pollicis longus 


we 
“ 


{. extensor indicis proprius 


* 


a 


. palmaris brevis 
. abductor pollicis brevis 


a 


. flexor pollicis brevis 

. opponens pollicis 

. adductor pollicis 

. abductor digiti quinti 

. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
. opponens digiti quinti 
Mm. lumbricales 


Myoxocy, oR MUSCULATURE 40 


Lumbar triangle of Petit 

Semilunar line of Spigelius 

Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse 
fascia) 

Inguinal canal 

Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in- 
ternal abdominal ring) 

Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel- 
bach’s ligament) 

Epigastric fold 

Lateral inguinal fovea 

Medial inguinal fovea 

Supravesical fovea 


Coccygeal muscles 


Coccygeal muscle 
Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle 
Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle 


Muscles of the upper extremity 


Deltoid muscle 
Supraspinous muscle 
Infraspinous muscle 
Smaller round muscle 
Larger round muscle 
Subscapular muscle 
Biceps muscle of upper arm 
Long head 
Intertubercular mucous sheath 
Short head 
Fibrous lacertus (“muscle”) (O. T. 
bicipital fascia) 
Coracobrachial muscle 
Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an- 
ticus) 
Triceps muscle of upper arm 
Long head 
Lateral head 
Medial head 
Elbow muscle 
Epitrochlear elbow muscle 
Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro- 
nator radii teres) 


Humeral head 
Ulnar head (O. T. coronoid head) 
Radial flexor muscle of wrist 
Long palmar muscle 
Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist 
Humeral head 
Ulnar head 
Superficial flexor muscle of fingers 
Humeral head 
Radial head 
Deep flexor muscles of fingers 
Long flexor muscle of thumb 
Quadrate pronator muscle 
Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator 
longus) 
Long radial extensor muscle of carpus 
Short radial extensor muscle of carpus 
Common extensor muscle of fingers 
Junctions of the tendons; aponeu- 
rotic bridges 
Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger 
(O. T. extensor minimi digiti) 
Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist 
Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator 
brevis) 

Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. 
extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis) 
Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 
extensor primi internodii pollicis) 
Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor secundi internodii pollicis) 
Proper extensor muscle of index-finger 
(O. T. extensor indicis) 
Short palmar muscle 
Short abductor muscle of thumb (O. 
T. abductor pollicis) 
Short flexor muscle of thumb 
Opposing muscle of thumb 
Adductor muscle of thumb 
Abductor muscle of fifth finger 
Short flexor muscle of fifth finger 
Opposing muscle of fifth finger 
Lumbrical muscles 


4I ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


- Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei volares 
Fascia axillaris 

Fascia subscapularis 
Fascia supraspinata 
Fascia infraspinata 
Fascia brachii 


Septum  intermusculare  [humeri] 
mediale 

Septum — intermusculare [humeri] 
laterale 


Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
Fascia antibrachii 

Fascia dorsalis manus 
Lig. carpi dorsale 


Aponeurosis palmaris 
Fasciculi transversi 


Lig. carpi transversum 


Lig. carpi volare 

Chiasma tendinum 

Vinculum tendinum 

Vaginae mucosae 

Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus 
Ligg. annularia digitorum manus 
Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus 


Musculi extremitatis inferioris 
. lliopsoas 

. iliacus 

. psoas major 

psoas minor 

. glutaeus maximus 
. glutaeus medius 

. glutaeus minimus 

. tensor fasciae latae 
. piriformis 

. obturator internus 


SSSSSS5 58565 


M. gemellus superior 
M. gemellus inferior 
M. quadratus femoris 


M. sartorius de 
M. quadriceps femoris 

M. rectus femoris 

M. vastus lateralis 


M. vastus intermedius 
M. vastus medialis 
. articularis genu 


. pectineus 

. adductor longus 
gracilis 

adductor brevis 

. adductor magnus 
. adductor minimus 


obturator externus 
: biceps femoris 
Caput longum 
Caput breve 
semitendinosus 

. semimembranosus 
. tibialis anterior 


. extensor digitorum longus 
. peronaeus tertius 
. extensor hallucis longus 
. peronaeus longus 
. peronaeus brevis 
. triceps surae 
M. gastrocnemius 
Caput laterale 
Caput mediale 
M. soleus 
Arcus tendineus m. solei 
Tendo calcaneus [Achillis] 


SSSSS858 SES 


Myo.Locy, OR MUSCULATURE 41 


Dorsal interosseous muscles 

Palmar interosseous muscles 

Axillary fascia 

Subscapular fascia. 

Supraspinous fascia 

Infraspinous fascia 

Brachial fascia 

Medial intermuscular septum of arm 
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Lateral intermuscular septum of arm 

-(O. T. external intermuscular sep- 

tum) 

Medial bicipital furrow 

Lateral bicipital furrow 

Antibrachial fascia 

Fascia of back of hand 

Dorsal ligament of wrist (C. T. pos- 
terior annular ligament) 

Palmar aponeurosis 
Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse 

superficial ligament) 

Transverse carpal ligament (O. T. 
anterior annular ligament) 

Palmar carpal ligament 

Crossing of the tendons 

Bands of union of the tendons 

Mucous sheaths 

Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers 

Annular ligaments of the fingers 

Cruciate ligaments of the fingers 


Muscles of the lower extremity 


Tliopsoas muscle 

Iliac muscle 

Greater psoas muscle 

Lesser psoas muscle 

Greatest gluteal muscle 
Middle gluteal muscle 

Least gluteal muscle 

Tensor muscle of broad fascia 
Piriform muscle 

Internal obturator muscle 


Superior twin muscle 
Inferior twin muscle 
Quadrate muscle of thigh 
Sartorius (“tailor”) muscle 
Quadriceps (“four-headed’’) muscle of 
thigh 
Straight muscle of thigh 
Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus 
externus) 
Intermediate great muscle (O. T. 
crureus) 
Medial great muscle (O. T. vastus 
internus) 
Articular muscle of knee (C. T. sub- 
crureus) 
Pectineus muscle 
Long adductor muscle 
Slender muscle 
Short adductor muscle 
Great adductor muscle 
Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper 
portion of adductor magnus) 
External obturator muscle 
Biceps (‘‘two-headed’’) muscle of thigh 
Long head 
Short head 
Semitendinosus muscle 
Semimembranosus muscle 
Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis 
anticus) 
Long extensor of digits 
Third peroneal muscle 
Long extensor of great toe 
Long peroneal muscle 
Short peroneal muscle 
Triceps muscle of calf 
Gastrocnemius muscle 
Lateral head 
Medial head 
Soleus muscle 
Tendinous arch of soleus muscle 
Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T. 
tendo Achillis) 


as 
LS) 


. plantaris 
. popliteus 
. tibialis posterior 


flexor digitorum longus 
flexor hallucis longus. 

. extensor hallucis brevis 
extensor digitorum brevis 
abductor hallucis 

flexor hallucis brevis 
adductor hallucis 

Caput obliquum 

Caput transversum 

. abductor digiti quinti 

. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
. opponens digiti quinti 

. flexor digitorum brevis 

. quadratus plantae 

Mm. lumbricales 

Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei plantares 
Fascia lata 

Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati] 


SSSS8S8 


Septum  intermusculare [femoris] 
laterale 

Septum  intermusculare [femoris] 
mediale ; 


Canalis adductorius [Hunteri] 


Hiatus tendineus [adductorius] 

Fascia iliaca 

Fascia iliopectinea 

Lacuna musculorum 

Lacuna vasorum 

Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae 
major] 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Fossa iliopectinea 
Fascia pectinea 


Canalis femoralis 
Annulus femoralis 
Septum femorale [Cloqueti] 
Fossa ovalis 
Margo falciformis 
Cornu superius 
Cornu inferius 
Fascia cribrosa 
Fascia cruris 


Septum  intermusculare  anterius 
[fibulare] 

Septum intermusculare _ posterius 
[fibulare] 


Lig. transversum cruris 


Lig. laciniatum 


Lig. cruciatum cruris 


Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup. 


Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in- 
ferius 

Fascia dorsalis pedis 

Aponeurosis plantaris 
Fasciculi _transversi 

plantaris 

Vaginae mucosae 

Ligg. annularia 

Ligg. vaginalia 

Ligg. cruciata 


aponeurosis 


Myo.ocy, OR MUSCULATURE 42 


Plantaris muscle Iliopectineal fossa 
Popliteus muscle Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion 
Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis of fascia lata) 

posticus) Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal) 
Long flexor of the digits Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring) 
Long flexor of the great toe Femoral septum of Cloquet 
Short extensor of the great toe Oval fossa 
Short extensor of the digits Falciform margin 
Abductor of the great toe Superior horn 
Short flexor of the great toe Inferior horn 
Adductor of the great toe :; Cribriform fascia 

Oblique head Fascia of the leg 

Transverse head Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
Abductor of the fifth toe tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep- 
Short flexgr muscle of fifth toe tum) 
Opposing pl of fifth toe Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
Short flexot muscle of the toes ‘, tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep- 
Quadrajé muscle of the sole \ tum) 
Lumbrital muscles Transverse ligament of the leg (0. T,. 
Dorsal Niterosseous muscles upper or broad part of anterior an- 
Plantar interosseous muscles ' nular ligament) 
Broad fasc Wringed ligament (O. T. internal annu- 





Tliotibial bai 


Ve ligament) 
Lateral intefMmuscular septum of thigh Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T. 


‘ 







(O. T.,external intermuscular sep- lower part of anterior annular liga- 
tum) c | nt of leg) 
Medial irfermuscular septum of thigh Uppd@r retaining band of peroneal 
(G65: fgternal intermuscular sep- mufcles 
tum) : Lowef retaining band of peroneal 
Adductor i of Hunter (O. T. Hun- scles 
ter’s canal) Dorsal fascia of the foot 
Tendinous agductor gap ~ Plantar aponeurosis 
Tliac fascia, Transverse bundles of plantar apo- 
Tliopectinepl fascia neurosis 
Muscle ga Mucous sheaths 
Vessel gap Annular ligaments 
Femoral tridgngle (greater fossa of Sheath ligaments 


Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa’s triangle) Cruciate ligaments 


oars 


43 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Bursae et Vaginae mucosae 


Bursa mucosa subcutanea 
Bursa mucosa submuscularis 
Bursa mucosa subfascialis 


. musculi trochlearis 

. m. tensoris veli palatini 

. subcutanea praementalis 

. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae 


Dow w 


. m, sternohyoidei 

. m, thyreohyoidei 

. subcutanea sacralis 

. coccygea 

subcutanea acromialis 

. subacromialis 

subdeltoidea 

. coracobrachialis 

. infraspinati 

. subscapularis 

. teretis majoris 

. latissimi dorsi 

. subcutanea olecrani 

. intratendinea olecrani 

. subtendinea olecrani 
subcutanea _ epicondyli 

lateralis 

B. subcutanea_ epicondyli 
medialis 

B. bicipitoradialis 

B. cubitalis interossea 

Vagina tendinum mm. _ abductoris 

longi et extensoris brevis pollicis 


DH DDH DD ld oD 
BBB BB 


[humeri] 


[humeri] 


Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum 
carpi radialium 

Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis 
longi 

Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi- 
torum communis et extensoris indicis 


Bursa mucosa subtendinea 
Vagina mucosa tendinis 


Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti 
minimi 

Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi 
ulnaris 

B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis 


Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan- - 
geae dorsales 

Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales 

B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris 

B. m. flexoris carpi radialis 

Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com- 
munium 

Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi 

Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae 

Vaginae tendinum digitales 

B. trochanterica subcutanea 

B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior 

B. troch. m. glutaei minimi 

B. m. piriformis 


B. m. obturatorii interni 
Bursae glutaeofemorales 


Myo.ocy, OR MUSCULATURE 43 


Bursae and mucous sheaths 


Subcutaneous mucous bursa 
Submuscular mucous bursa 
Subfascial mucous bursa 


Bursa of the trochlear muscle 

Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palate 

Subcutaneous premental bursa 

Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence 
of the larynx 

Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle 

Bursa of the thyreohyoid muscle 

Subcutaneous sacral bursa 

Coccygeal bursa 

Subcutaneous acromial bursa 

Subacromial bursa ’ 

Subdeltoid bursa 

Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle 

Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle 

’ Bursa of the subscapular muscle 

Bursa of the greater round muscle 

Bursa of the broadest muscle of back 

Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon 

Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon 

Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon 

Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi- 
condyle of humerus 

Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi- 
condyle of humerus 

Bicipitoradial bursa 

Interosseous bursa of the elbow 

Sheath of the tendons of the long ab- 
ductor and short extensor muscles of 
the thumb 

Sheath of the tendons of the radial 
extensor muscles of the wrist 

Sheath of the tendon of the long ex- 
tensor muscle of the thumb 

Sheath of the tendons of the common 
extensor muscle of the digits and 


Subtendinous mucous bursa 
Mucous sheath of tendon 


of the extensor muscle of the index 
finger * 

Sheath of the tendon of the extensor 
muscle of the little finger 

Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex- 
tensor muscle of the wrist 

Bursa of the short radial extensor 
muscle of the wrist 

Dorsal subcutaneous 
langeal bursa 

Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the 
digits 

Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the 
wrist 

Bursa of the radial flexor muscle of the 
wrist 

Sheath of the tendons of the common 
flexor muscles 

Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor 
muscle of the thumb 

Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae 

Digital sheaths of the tendons 

Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa 

Trochanteric bursa of the great glu- 
teal muscle 

Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid- 
dle gluteal muscle 

Posterior trochanteric bursa of the 
middle gluteal muscle 

Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu- — 
teal muscle 

Bursa of the piriform muscle 

Bursa of the internal obturator muscle 

Glutaeofemoral bursae 


metacarpopha- 


BDHnonwnns BDaOwene ies) 


BDwWwh 


HwWwh 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi 


. m. recti femoris 
. iliopectinea 
. iliaca subtendinea 


m. pectinei 


. m. bicipitis femoris superior 


. praepatellaris subcutanea 

. praepatellaris subfascialis 

. praepatellaris subtendinea 

. suprapatellaris 

. infrapatellaris subcutanea 

. infrapatellaris profunda 

. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae 


. m. sartorii propria 

. anserina 

. m. bicipitis femoris inferior 
. m. poplitei 

. bicipitogastrocnemialis 

. m. gastrocnemii lateralis 


. m. gastrocnemii medialis 


. m. semimembranosi 
. subcutanea malleoli lateralis 


. subcutanea malleoli medialis 


Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris 


Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis 
longi 

Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi- 
torum pedis longi 


Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi- 
torum pedis longi 


Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris 

Vag..tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Vag. tendinum mm. _ peronaeorum 
communis 

Bursa sinus tarsi 

B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris 


B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris 


B. subcutanea calcanea 
B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis] 


Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan- 
taris 

Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae 

Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis 


Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis 


Myorocy, oR MuscuLATURE 44 


Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal 
muscle 

Bursa of the straight thigh muscle 

Iliopectineal bursa - 

Subtendinous iliac bursa 

Bursa of the pectineus muscle 

Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of 
the thigh 

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa 

Subfascial prepatellar bursa 

Subtendinous prepatellar bursa 

Suprapatellar bursa 

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa 

Deep infrapatellar bursa 

Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity 
of the tibia 

Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle 

Anserine bursa 

Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of 
the thigh 

Bursa of the popliteus muscle 

Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa 

Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius 
muscle 

Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius 
muscle 

Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle 

Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal- 
leolus 

Subcutaneous bursa of the medial 
malleolus 


Sheath of the tendon of the anterior 
tibial muscle 

Sheath of the tendon of the long exten- 
sor muscle of the great toe 

Sheaths of the tendons of the long 
extensor muscle of the digits of the 
foot 

Sheaths of the tendons of the long 
flexor muscle of the digits of the 
foot 

Sheath of the tendon of the posterior 
tibial muscle 


Sheath of the tendon of the long 


flexor muscle of the great toe 

Common sheath of the tendons of the 
peroneal muscles 

Bursa of the hollow of the ankle 

Subtendinous bursa of the anterior 
tibial muscle 

Subtendinous bursa of the posterior 
tibial muscle 

Subcutaneous calcanean bursa 

Bursa of the calcanean tendon of 
Achilles | 

Sheath of the plantar tendon of the 
long peroneal muscle 

Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae 

Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of 
the foot 

Digital sheaths of the tendons of the 
foot 


45 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Splanchnologia 


Tunica albuginea 
. Tunica fibrosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica mucosa 
Lamina propria mucosae 
Lamina muscularis mucosae 
Tela submucosa 
Plica mucosa 
Mucus 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica serosa 
Tela subserosa 
Plica serosa 


Ligamentum serosum 
Serum 
Epithelium 
Endothelium 
Organon parenchymatosum 
Parenchyma 
Stroma 
Glandula 
Lobus 
Lobulus 
Glandula mucosa 
Musculus viscerum 





Apparatus digestorius 


Cavum oris 
Bucca 
Corpus adiposum buccae 
Vestibulum oris 
Cavum oris proprium 
Rima oris 
Labia oris 
Labium superius 
Labium inferius 
Commissura labiorum 
Angulus oris 
Palatum 
Palatum durum 
Palatum molle 
Raphe palati 


Tunica mucosa oris 
Frenulum labii superioris 


Frenulum labii inferioris 
Gingiva . 
Caruncula sublingualis 
Plica sublingualis 

Plicae palatinae transversae 
Papilla incisiva 


Glandulae oris 


Gl. labiales 
Gl. buccales 
Gl. molares 
Gl. palatinae 
Gl. linguales 


Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini, Nuhni] 


Gl. sublingualis 
Ductus sublingualis major 
Ductus sublinguales minores 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 45 


Splanchnology 


Albugineous coat 
Fibrous coat 
Adventitious (external) coat 
Mucous coat 
Proper layer of the mucosa 
Muscular layer of the mucosa 
Submucous web 
Mucous fold 
Mucus 
Muscular coat 
Serous coat 
Subserous web 
Serous fold 


Serous ligament 
Serum 

Epithelium 

Endothelium 

Parenchymatous organ 
Parenchyma 
Stroma 

Gland 

Lobe 

Little lobe 

Mucous gland 

Muscle of the viscera 





Digestive apparatus 


Mouth cavity 
Cheek 
Fat body of cheek 
Entrance to mouth 
Mouth cavity proper 
Mouth-slit 
Lips of mouth 

Upper lip 

Lower lip 
Junction of lips 
Angle of mouth 
Palate 

Hard palate 

Soft palate 
Middle ridge of palate 


Mucous membrane of mouth 
Check-cord of upper lip 


Check-cord of lower lip 
Gum 

Sublingual caruncle 
Sublingual fold 
Transverse palatine folds 
Incisor papilla 


Glands of mouth 


Labial glands 

Buccal glands 

Molar glands 

Palatine glands 

Lingual glands 

Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland 
of Nuhn) 

Sublingual gland 

Larger sublingual duct 

Smaller sublingual ducts 


46 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Gl. submaxillaris 
‘ Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni] 


Gl. parotis 
Processus retromandibularis 
Gl. parotis accessoria 


Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] 
Saliva 


Dentes 


Corona dentis 
Tubercula [coronae] dentis 

Collum dentis 

Radix [Radices] dentis 

Apex radicis dentis 

Facies masticatoria 

Facies labialis [buccalis] 

Facies lingualis 

Facies contactus 
Facies medialis) dentium incisivo- 
Facies spa Se et caninorum 
Facies anterior ) dentium praemola 
Facies ners, rium et molarium 

Cavum dentis 

Pulpa dentis 

Papilla dentis 

Canalis radicis dentis 

Foramen apicis dentis 

Substantia eburnea 

Substantia adamantina 

Substantia ossea 

Canaliculi dentales 

Spatia interglobularia 

Prismata adamantina 

‘Cuticula dentis 

Periosteum alveolare 

Arcus dentalis superior 

Arcus dentalis inferior 

Dentes incisivi 

Dentes canini 

Dentes praemolares 

Dentes molares 


Dens serotinus 
Dentes permanentes 
Dentes decidui 

Lingua 
Dorsum linguae 
Radix linguae 
Corpus linguae 
Facies inferior [linguae] 

Plica fimbriata 
Margo lateralis [linguae] 
Apex linguae 
Tunica mucosa linguae 
Frenulum linguae 
Papillae linguales 
Papillae filiformes 
Papillae conicae 
Papillae fungiformes 
Papillae lenticulares 
Papillae vallatae 


Papillae foliatae 
Sulcus medianus linguae 
Sulcus terminalis 
Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii) 
(Ductus lingualis) 
Ductus thyreoglossus 
Tonsilla lingualis 

Folliculi linguales 
Septum linguae 
Musculi linguae 
. genioglossus 
. hyoglossus 
. chondroglossus 
. styloglossus 
. longitudinalis superior 


. longitudinalis inferior 


. transversus linguae 
. verticalis linguae 


SS S§& SEEES 


Fauces 
Isthmus faucium 


— F 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 46 ~ 


Submazxillary gland 

Submaxillary duct (O. T. Wharton’s 
duct) 

Parotid gland 
Retromandibular process 

Accessory parotid (O. T. socia paro- 
tidis) 

Parotid duct (O. T. Steno’s duct) 

Mixed mouth secretions 


Teeth 


Crown of tooth 
Tubercles of crown of tooth 

Neck of tooth 

Root of tooth 

Apex of root of tooth 

Chewing-surface 

Labial surface 

Lingual surface 

Contact surface 
Medial surface of incisor 
Lateral surface } and canine teeth 
Anterior surface ) of premolars 
Posterior surface k and molars 

Tooth cavity 

Tooth pulp 

Papilla of tooth 

Root canal of tooth 

Foramen of apex of tooth 

Dentine 

Enamel 

Cement 

Smaller dental canals 

Granular layer 

Enamel prisms 

Cuticle of tooth 

Alveolar periosteum 

Superior dental arch 

Inferior dental arch 

Incisor teeth 

Canine teeth 

Premolar teeth (O. T. bicuspids) 

Molar teeth 


Late tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth) 
Permanent teeth 
Deciduous teeth 


Tongue 
Dorsum of tongue 
Root of tongue 
Body of tongue 
Inferior surface 
Fimbriated fold 
Lateral margin 
Tip of the tongue 
Mucous membrane of tongue 
Frenulum (check-rein) of tongue 
Lingual papillae 
Filiform papillae 
Conical papillae 
Fungiform papillae 
Lenticular papillae 
Vallate papillae (O. T. circumvallate 
papillae) 
Foliate papillae 
Median sulcus of tongue 
Terminal sulcus 
Blind foramen of tongue 
Lingual duct 
Thyreoglossal duct 
Lingual tonsil 
Lingual folliculi 
Septum of tongue 
Muscles of tongue 
Genioglossus muscle 
Hyoglossus muscle 
Chrondroglossus muscle 
“Styologlossus muscle 
Superior longitudinal muscle (O. T. 
superficial lingual) 
Inferior longitudinal muscle (O. T. 
inferior lingual) 
Transverse muscle of tongue 
Vertical muscle of tongue 


Fauces, or throat 
Isthmus of fauces 


47 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Velum palatinum 
Uvula [palatina] 
Arcus palatini 

Arcus glossopalatinus 


Arcus pharyngopalatinus 


Plica salpingopalatina 

Tonsilla palatina 
Fossulae tonsillares 

Sinus tonsillaris 

Plica triangularis 

Fossa supratonsillaris 


Musculi palati et faucium 
M. levator veli palatini 


M. tensor veli palatini 


M. uvulae 
M. glossopalatinus 


M. pharyngopalatinus 


Pharynx 

Cayum pharyngis 

Fornix pharyngis 

Pars nasalis 

Pars oralis 

Pars laryngea 

Ostium pharyngeum tubae 
Labium anterius 
Labium posterius 
Torus tubarius 

Plica salpingopharyngea 


Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri] 


(Bursa pharyngea) 
Recessus piriformis 

M. stylopharyngeus 
Fascia pharyngobasilaris 
Tunica mucosa 


Gl. pharyngeae 

Tonsilla pharyngea 

Fossulae tonsillares 
Tela submucosa 


Tunica muscularis pharyngis 
Raphe pharyngis 
Raphe pterygomandibularis 
M. constrictor pharyngis superior 
M. pterygopharyngeus 
M. buccopharyngeus 
M. mylopharyngeus 
M. glossopharyngeus 
M. salpingopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis medius 
M. chondropharyngeus 
M. ceratopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis inferior 
M, thyreopharyngeus 
M. cricopharyngeus 


Tubus digestorius 


Oesophagus 


Pars cervicalis 
Pars thoracalis 
Pars abdominalis 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
M. bronchooesophageus 
M. pleurooesophageus 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Gl. oesophageae 


Ventriculus 
[Gaster] 
Paries anterior 
Paries posterior 
Curvatura ventriculi major 
Curvatura ventriculi minor 
Cardia 


_ Fundus ventriculi 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 47 


Palatine curtain 
Uvula 
Palatine arches 
Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior 
pillar of fauces) 
Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos- 
terior pillar of fauces) 
Tubopalatine fold 
Palatine tonsil 
Tonsillar crypts 
Tonsillar sinus 
Triangular fold 
Supratonsillar fossa 


Muscles of palate and fauces 


Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O. 
T. levator palati) 

Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O. 
T. tensor palati) 

Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos uvulae) 

Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato- 
glossus) 

Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal- 
-atopharyngeus) 


Pharynx 

Cavity of pharynx 
Vault of pharynx 
Nasal part (O. T. nasopharynx) 
Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx) 
Laryngeal part (O. T. laryngopharynx) 
Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube 

Anterior lip 

Posterior lip 

Tubal projection 
Salpingopharyngeal fold 
Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O 

T. recessus infundibuliformis) 
Pharyngeal bursa 
Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis) 
Stylopharyngeus muscle 
Pharyngobasilar fascia 
Mucous membrane 

6 


Pharyngeal glands 
Pharyngeal tonsil 
Tonsillar crypts 

Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal 
aponeurosis) 

Muscular coat of pharynx 

Raphe of pharynx 

Pterygomandibular raphe 

Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx 
Pterygopharyngeal muscle 
Buccopharyngeal muscle 
Mylopharyngeal muscle 
Glossopharyngeal muscle 

Salpingopharyngeal muscle 

Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx 
Chrondropharyngeal muscle 
Ceratopharyngeal muscle 

Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx 
Thyreopharyngeal muscle 
Cricopharyngeal muscle 


Digestive tube 
Oesophagus 

Cervical part 
Thoracic part 
Abdominal part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Broncho-oesophageal muscle 
Pleuro-oesophageal muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous membrane 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Oesophageal glands 


Stomach 


Anterior wall 

Posterior wall 

Greater curvature of stomach 
Lesser curvature of stomach 
Cardia . 

Fundus of stomach 


48 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Corpus ventriculi 
Pylorus 
Pars cardiaca 
Pars pylorica 
(Antrum cardiacum) 
Antrum, pyloricum 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 
Stratum longitudinale 
Ligg. pylori 
Stratum circulare 
M. sphincter pylori 
Fibrae obliquae 
Valvula pylori 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Areae gastricae 
Plicae villosae 
Foveolae gastricae 
Glandulae gastricae [propriae] 
Glandulae pyloricae 
Noduli lymphatici gastrici 
Succus gastricus 


Intestinum tenue 


Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 
Stratum longitudinale 
Stratum circulare 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Plicae circulares [Kerkringi] 


Villi intestinales 
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 


Noduli lymphatici solitarii 
Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri] 


Chymus 
Chylus 


Succus entericus 
Duodenum 
Pars superior 
Pars descendens 
Pars inferior 
Pars horizontalis [inferior] 
Pars ascendens 
Flexura duodeni superior 
Flexura duodeni inferior 
Flexura duodenojejunalis 
M. suspensorius duodeni 


Plica longitudinalis duodeni 

Papilla duodeni [Santorini] 

G]. duodenales [Brunneri] 

Intestinum tenue mesen- 
teriale 

Intestinum jejunum 

Intestinum ileum 


Intestinum crassum 


Intestinum caecum 
Valvula coli 


Labium superius 

Labium inferius 

Frenula valvulae coli 
Processus vermiformis-~™ 


(Valvula processus vermiformis) 

Noduli aggregati processus vermifor- 
mis 

Colon 

Colon ascendens 

Flexura coli dextra 

Colon transversum 

Flexura coli sinistra 

Colon descendens 

Colon sigmoideum 

Plicae semilunares coli 

Haustra coli 

Tunica serosa 

Appendices epiploicae 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 48 


Body of stomach 

Pylorus 

Cardiac part 

Pyloric part 

Cardiac antrum 

Pyloric antrum 

Serous coat 

Muscular coat 
Longitudinal layer 
Pyloric ligaments 
Circular layer 
Sphincter muscle of pylorus 
Oblique fibres 

Pyloric valve 

Submucous layer 

Mucous membrane 
Muscular layer of mucosa 

Gastric areas 

Folds of villi 

Gastric pits 

Gastric glands proper 

Pyloric glands 

Gastric lymph-nodules 

Gastric juice 


Small or thin intestine 


Serous coat 

Muscular coat 
Longitudinal layer 
Circular layer 

Submucous coat 

Mucous coat 
Muscular layer of mucosa 

Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con- 
niventes) 

Intestinal villi 

Intestinal glands (O. T. crypts of 
Lieberkuehn) 

Solitary lymph-nodules 

Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer 
(O. T. Peyer’s patches) 

Chyme 

Chyle 


Intestinal juice 
Duodenum 
Superior part 
Descending part 
Inferior part 
Horizontal part 
Ascending part 
Superior duodenal flexure 
Inferior duodenal flexure 
Duodenojejunal flexure 
Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O. 
T. muscle of Treitz) - 
Longitudinal fold of duodenum 
Duodenal papilla 
Duodenal glands of Brunner 
Mesenterial small intestine 


Empty intestine (O. T. jejunum) 
Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum). 


Large or thick intestine 


Blind intestine 
Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal 
valve) . 

Superior lip 
Inferior lip 
Frenula of valve of colon 

Vermiform process, or ap- 
pendix 

Valve of the vermiform process 

Aggregated nodules of the vermiform 
process 

Colon, or great gut 

Ascending colon 

Right colic flexure 

Transverse colon 

Left colic flexure 

Descending colon 

Sigmoid colon 

Semilunar folds of colon 

Sacculations of colon 

Serous coat 


Epiploic (fatty) appendages 


49 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Tunica muscularis 
Taeniae coli 

Taenia mesocolica 

Taenia omentalis 

Taenia libera 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. ‘muscularis mucosae 
GI. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici solitarii 


Intestinum rectum 


Flexura sacralis 
Flexura perinealis 
Ampulla recti 
Tunica muscularis 
M. sphincter ani internus 
M. rectococcygeus 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Lam. m. mucosae 
GI. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici 
Plicae transversales recti 


Parscanatiie recti 
Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] 
Sinus rectales 

Annulus haemorrhoidalis 


Pancreas 


Caput pancreatis 
Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins- 
lowi] 

Incisura pancreatis 
Corpus pancreatis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Facies inferior 
Margo superior 
Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 
Tuber omentale 


Cauda pancreatis 

Ductus pancreaticus [Wirsungi] 

Ductus pancreaticus accessorius 
[Santorini] 

(Pancreas accessorium) 

Succus pancreaticus 


Hepar 

Facies superior 

Facies posterior 

Facies inferior 

Margo anterior 

Incisura umbilicalis 

Fossae sagittales dextrae 
Fossa vesicae felleae 
Fossa venae cavae 

Fossa sagittalis sinistra 
Fossa venae umbilicalis 
Fossa ductus venosi 

Tunica serosa 

Lig. teres hepatis 

Lig. venosum [Arantii] 

Porta hepatis 

Lobus ‘hepatis dexter 

Lobus quadratus 

Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] 
Processus papillaris 
Processus caudatus 

Lobus hepatis sinister 

(Appendix fibrosus hepatis) 

Impressio cardiaca 

Tuber omentale 

Impressio oesophagea 

Impressio gastrica 


Impressio duodenalis 


Impressio colica 
Impressio renalis 
Impressio suprarenalis 
Lobuli hepatis 


‘Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni] 


Rami arteriosi interlobulares 
Venae interlobulares 
Venae centrales 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 49 


Muscular coat 
Bands of the colon 

Mesocolic band 

Omental band 

Free band 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 
Solitary lymph-nodules 


Rectum, or straight gut 
Sacral flexure 
Perineal flexure 
Ampulla of rectum 
Muscular layer 
Internal sphincter muscle of anus 
Rectococcygeus muscle 
Submucous coat 
Mucous membrane 
Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 
Lymphatic nodules 
Transverse folds of rectum (O. T. 
valves of Houston) 
Anal part of rectum 
Rectal columns of Morgagni 
Rectal sinuses 
Hemorrhoidal ring 


Pancreas 


Head of pancreas 
Uncinate process 


Notch of pancreas 

Body of pancreas 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Inferior surface 
Superior margin 
Anterior margin 
Posterior margin 

Omental tuber 


Tail of pancreas 
Pancreatic duct of Wirsung 
Accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini 


Accessory pancreas 
Pancreatic juice 


Liver 
Superior surface 
Posterior surface 
Inferior surface 
Anterior margin 
Umbilical notch 
Right sagittal fossae 
Fossa for gall-bladder 
Fossa for vena cava 
Left sagittal fossa 
Fossa for umbilical vein 
Fossa for venous duct 
Serous coat 
Round ligament of liver 
Venous ligament of Arantius 
Porta, or door of liver 
Right lobe of liver 
Quadrate lobe 
Caudate lobe of Spigelius 
Papillary process 
Caudate process 
Left lobe of liver 
Fibrous appendix of liver 
Cardiac impression 
Omental tuber 
Oesophageal impression 
Gastric impression 
Duodenal impression 
Colic impression 
Renal impression 
Suprarenal impression 
Lobules of liver 
Fibrous capsule of Glisson 
Interlobular arteries 
Interlobular veins 
Central veins 


50 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ductus biliferi 

Ductus interlobulares 

Ductus hepaticus 

Vasa aberrantia hepatis 

Fel [Bilis] 

Vesica fellea 

Fundus vesicae felleae 

Corpus vesicae felleae 

Collum vesicae felleae 

Ductus cysticus 

Tunica serosa vesicae felleae 

Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae 

Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae 
Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae 

Valvula spiralis [Heisteri] 

Ductus choledochus 

Gl. mucosae biliosae 


Lien 
Facies diaphragmatica 
Facies renalis 
Facies gastrica 
Extremitas superior 
Extremitas inferior 
Margo posterior 
Margo anterior 
Hilus lienis 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica albuginea 
Trabeculae lienis 
Pulpa lienis 
Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] 
Penicilli 
Noduli lymphatici lienales [Malpighii] 


(Lien accessorius) 





Apparatus respiratorius 


Cavum nasi 

Nares 
Choanae 
Septum nasi 

Septum cartilagineum 

Septum membranaceum 
Vestibulum nasi 
Limen nasi 
Sulcus olfactorius 
(Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini]) 


Concha nasalis superior 
Concha nasalis media 
Concha nasalis inferior 
Membrana mucosa nasi 
Plexus cavernosi concharum 


Agger nasi 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 


Meatus nasi 
Meatus’ nasi superior 
Meatus nasi medius 

Atrium meatus medii 

Meatus nasi inferior 
Meatus nasi communis 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 

Regio respiratoria 

Regio olfactoria 

Gl. olfactoriae 

Sinus paranasales 
Sinus maxillaris [Highmori] 


Sinus sphenoidalis 
Sinus frontalis 
Cellulae ethmoidales 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 
Hiatus semilunaris 
Gl. nasales 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 50 


Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi) 

Interlobular ducts 

Hepatic duct 

Aberrant vessels of liver 

Bile 

Gall bladder 

Fundus of gall bladder 

Body of gall bladder 

Neck of gall bladder 

Cystic duct 

Serous coat of gall bladder 

Muscular coat of gall bladder 

Mucous coat of gall bladder 
Folds of mucous coat of gall bladder 

Spiral valve of Heister 

Common bile duct 

Glands of biliary mucosa 


Spleen 
Diaphragmatic surface 
Renal surface 
Gastric surface 
Superior extremity 
Inferior extremity 
Posterior margin 
Anterior margin 
Hilus of the spleen 
Serous coat 
Albugineous coat 
Trabeculae (“cords’’) of spleen 
Spleen pulp 
Splenic rami of splenic artery 
Arterial tufts 
Splenic lymph-nodules (O. T. Mal- 
pighian corpuscles) 
Accessory spleen 





Respiratory system 


Nasal cavity 

Anterior apertures 

Posterior apertures 

Nasal septum 
Cartilaginous septum 
Membranous septum 

Vestibule of nose 

Threshold of nose 

Olfactory sulcus 

Highest nasal concha (O. T. upper- 
most turbinated bone) 

Superior nasal concha (O. T. superior 

_ turbinated bone) 

Middle nasal concha (O. T. middle 

turbinated bone) 

Inferior nasal concha (O. T. inferior 
turbinated bone) 

Mucous membrane of nose 

Cavernous layer of conchae 

Agger (“elevation”) of nose 

Spheno-ethmoidal recess 


Meatuses of the nose 
Superior meatus 
Middle meatus 
“Entrance-hall” of middle meatus 
Inferior meatus 
Common meatus 
Nasopharyngeal meatus 
Respiratory region 
Olfactory region 
Olfactory glands 
Sinuses near nose 
Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 
Highmore) 
Sphenoidal sinus 
Frontal sinus 
Ethmoidal cells 
Ethmoidal bulla (“ bubble’’) 
Ethmoidal infundibulum (“funnel’’) 
Semilunar opening 


Nasal glands 


51 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Nasus externus 


Basis nasi 

Radix nasi 

Dorsum nasi 

Margo nasi 

Apex nasi 

Ala nasi 

Septum mobile nasi 
Cartilagines nasi 
Cartilago septi nasi 


Processus sphenoidalis septi car- 


tilaginei 

Cartilago nasi lateralis 
Cartilago alaris major 

Crus mediale 

Crus laterale 
Cartilagines alares minores 
Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi 
_Organon vomeronasale [Jacobsoni] 
Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni] 
(Ductus incisivus) 


Larynx 


Prominentia laryngea 


Cartilagines laryngis 
Cartilago thyreoidea 
-Lamina [dextra et sinistra] 
Incisura thyreoidea superior 
Incisura thyreoidea inferior 
Tuberculum thyreoideum superius 
Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius 
(Linea obliqua) 
Cornu superius 
Cornu inferius 
(Foramen thyreoideum) 
Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale 
Cartilago triticea 
Lig. hyothyreoideum medium 
Membrana hyothyreoidea 


Cartilago cricoidea 
Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae] 


Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae] 

Facies articularis arytaenoidea 

Facies articularis thyreoidea 
Articulatio cricothyreoidea 
Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia 
Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora 
Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium] 


Lig. cricotracheale 
Cartilago arytaenoidea 
Facies articularis 
Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 
Crista arcuata 
Colliculus 
Fovea oblonga 
Fovea triangularis 
Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 
Processus vocalis 
Processus muscularis 
Cartilago corniculata [Santorini] 


Synchondrosis arycorniculata 
Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricopharyngeum 

Lig. corniculopharyngeum 


Lig. ventriculare 
Lig. vocale 


(Cartilago sesamoidea) 
Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius 
Epiglottis 

Petiolus epiglottidis 

Tuberculum epiglotticum 


Cartilago epiglottica 
Lig. thyreoepiglotticum 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 5I 


External nose 


Base of nose 
Root of nose 
Dorsum of nose 
Margin of nose 


Tip of nose 


Wing of nose 
Movable septum of nose 
Nasal-cartilages 
Cartilage of nasal septum 
Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous 
septum 
Lateral nasal cartilage 
Greater alar cartilage 
Medial crus 
Lateral crus 
Lesser alar cartilages 
Sesamoid cartilages of nose 
Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson 
Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson 
Incisor canaliculus 


Larynx 
Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam’s 
apple, or pomum Adami) 
Laryngeal cartilages 
Thyreoid cartilage 
Right and left plates 
Superior thyreoid notch 
Inferior thyreoid notch‘ 
Superior thyreoid tubercle 
_ Inferior thyreoid tubercle 
Oblique line ; 
Superior horn 
Inferior horn 
Thyreoid foramen 
Lateral hyothyreoid ligament 
Triticeous (‘“‘wheat-like’’) cartilage 
Middle hyothyreoid ligament 
Hyothyreoid membrane (O. T. thyro- 
hyoid membrane) 
Cricoid cartilage 
Arch of cricoid cartilage 


Lamina of cricoid cartilage 
Arytaenoid articular surface 
Thyreoid articular surface 
Cricothyreoid articulation _ 
Capsule of cricothyreoid joint 
Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments 
Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T. 
middle portion of cricothyroid mem- 
brane) 
Cricotracheal ligament _ 
Arytaenoid cartilage 
Articular surface 
Base of arytaenoid cartilage 
Arched ridge 
Nodule or hillock 
Oblong depression 
Triangular depression m 
Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage 
Vocal process 
Muscular process 
Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage 
of Santorini) , 
Arycorniculate synchondrosis 
Cricoarytaenoid joint 
Cricopharyngeal ligament 
Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T. 
Lig. jugale) 
Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior 
thyro-arytenoid ligament) 
Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro- 
arytenoid ligament) 
Sesamoid cartilage 
Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint 
Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament 
Epiglottis 
Stem of epiglottis 
Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of 


epiglottis) 
Epiglottic cartilage 
Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. 


thyro-epiglottidean ligament) 


52 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Lig. hyoepiglotticum 


Cartilago. cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini] 


Musculi laryngis 
M. aryepiglotticus 


M. cricothyreoideus 
Pars recta 


Pars obliqua 


M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior 
(M. ceratocricoideus) 

. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis 
. ventricularis 

. vocalis 


. thyreoepiglotticus 
. thyreoarytaenoideus [externus] 


. arytaenoideus obliquus 
. arytaenoideus transversus 


Sees. Bess 


Cavum laryngis 

Vallecula epiglottica 

Aditus laryngis 

Vestibulum laryngis 

Rima vestibuli 

Labium vocale 

Glottis 

Rima glottidis 

Pars intermembranacea 


Pars intercartilaginea 
Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] 
Appendix ventriculi laryngis 


Tunica mucosa laryngis 


Membrana elastica laryngis 
Conus elasticus 


Plica glossoepiglottica mediana 


Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis 


Plica aryepiglottica 
Plica nervi laryngei 
Plica ventricularis 


Plica vocalis 
Macula flava 
Aditus glottidis inferior 
Aditus glottidis superior 
Incisura interarytaenoidea 
Gl. laryngeae 
Gl. laryngeae anteriores 
Gl. laryngeae mediae 
Gl. laryngeae posteriores 
Noduli lymphatici laryngei 


Trachea et bronchi 


Cartilagines tracheales 
Ligg. annularia [trachealia] 
Paries membranacea 
Gl. tracheales 
Bifurcatio tracheae 
Bronchus [dexter et sinister] 
Rami bronchiales 
Ramus bronchialis eparterialis 
Rami bronchiales hyparteriales 
Tunica muscularis 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. tracheales 
Gl. bronchiales 


Pulmo 
Basis pulmonis 
Apex pulmonis 
Sulcus subclavius 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 52 


Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo- 
epiglottidean ligament) 

Cuneiform cartilage 

Cuneiform tubercle: 

Corniculate tubercle of Santorini 


Muscles of larynx 


Aryepiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno- 
epiglottidean muscle) 
Cricothyreoid muscle 
Straight part (O.T. 
oblique part) 
Oblique part (O. T. posterior or 
horizontal part) 
Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle 
Ceratocricoid muscle 
Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle 
Ventricular muscle 
Vocal muscle (O. T. internal thyro- 
arytenoid muscle) . 
Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro- 
epiglottidean muscle) 
Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external) 
Oblique arytaenoid muscle 
Transverse arytaenoid muscle 


anterior or 


Cavity of larynx 
Epiglottic vallecula 
Laryngeal aperture 
- Vestibule of larynx 
Slit of vestibule (O. T. false glottis) 
Vocal lip 
Glottis (O. T. glottis vera) 
Slit of glottis 
Intermembranous part (O. T. glot- 
tis vocalis) 
Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis 
respiratoria) 
Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal 
sinus) 
Appendage of ventricle of larynx 
(O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac) 
Mucous coat of larynx 


Elastic membrane of larynx 
Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid 

membrane) 

Median glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. 
middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or 
fraenum of the epiglottis) 

Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. 
lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds) 

Ary-epiglottic fold 

Fold of laryngeal nerve 

Ventricular fold (O. T. false vocal 
cord) 

Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord) 
Yellow spot 

Inferior entrance to glottis 

Superior entrance to glottis 

Interarytaenoid notch 

Laryngeal glands 
Anterior laryngeal glands 
Middle laryngeal glands 
Posterior laryngeal glands 

Lymph-nodules of larynx 


Trachea and bronchi 


Tracheal cartilages 
Annular ligaments 
Membranous wall 
Tracheal glands 
Bifurcation of trachea 
Right and left bronchus 
Bronchial rami 
Eparterial bronchial ramus 
Hyparterial bronchial ramus 
Muscular coat 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 
Tracheal glands 
Bronchial glands 


Lung 
Base of lung 
Apex of lung 
Subclavian sulcus 


53 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Facies costalis 

Facies mediastinalis 

Facies diaphragmatica 
Margo anterior 

Margo inferior 

Hilus pulmonis 

Radix pulmonis 

Incisura cardiaca 

Lingula pulmonis 

Lobus superior 

Lobus medius 

Lobus inferior 

Incisura interlobaris 

Lobuli pulmonum 

Rami bronchiales 

Bronchioli 

Bronchioli respiratorii 
Ductuli alveolares 

Alveoli pulmonum 
Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 
Noduli lymphatici bronchiales 
Lymphoglandulae pulmonales 


Cavum thoracis 


Fascia endothoracica 
Cavum pleurae 
Pleura 
Cupula pleurae 
Pleura pulmonalis 
Pleura parietalis 


Pleura mediastinalis 
Laminae mediastinales 
Pleura pericardiaca 

Pleura costalis 

Pleura diaphragmatica 

Sinus pleurae 
Sinus phrenicocostalis 
Sinus costomediastinalis 
Lig. pulmonale 
Plicae adiposae 
Villi pleurales 
Septum mediastinale 
Cavum mediastinale anterius 
Cavum mediastinale posterius 


Gl. thyreoidea, 


Isthmus gl. thyreoideae 
(Lobus pyramidalis) 
Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Lobuli gl. thyreoideae 
Stroma gl. thyreoideae 
(Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae) 
(Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra- 
hyoidea) 
Glomus caroticum 

Thymus 

Lobus [dexter et sinister] 


Tractus centralis 
Lobuli thymi 





Apparatus urogenitalis 


Organa uropoetica 
Ren 

Margo lateralis 
Margo medialis 

Hilus renalis 

Sinus renalis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Extremitas superior 


Extremitas inferior 

(Impressio muscularis) 

(Impressio hepatica) 

(Impressio gastrica) 

Capsula adiposa 

Tunica fibrosa 

Tunica muscularis 

Tubuli renales 
Tubuli renales contorti 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 53 


Costal surface 
Mediastinal surface 
Diaphragmatic surface 
Anterior margin 

Inferior margin 

Hilus of lung 

Root of lung 

Cardiac notch 

Lingula, or little tongue, of lung 
Upper lobe 

Middle lobe 

Inferior lobe 

. Interlobar incisure 
Pulmonary lobules 
Bronchial rami 
Bronchioles 

Respiratory bronchioles 
Alveolar ductules 
Pulmonary alveoli 
Bronchial lymph glands 
Bronchial lymph-nodules 
Pulmonary lymph glands 


Thoracic cavity 


Endothoracic fascia 

Pleural cavity 

Pleura 
Dome or cupola of pleura 
Pulmonary pleura 
Parietal pleura 


Mediastinal pleura 
Mediastinal layers 
Pericardiac pleura 

Costal pleura 

Diaphragmatic pleura 

Sinuses of the pleura 
Phrenicocostal sinus 
Costomediastinal sinus 

Pulmonary ligament 

Adipose folds 

Pleural villi 

Mediastinal septum 
Anterior mediastinal cavity 
Posterior mediastinal cavity 


Thyreoid gland 

Isthmus of thyreoid 
Pyramidal lobe 
Right and left lobes 
Lobules of gland 
Stroma of gland 
Accessory thyreoid glands 

Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland 


Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid 
gland) 
Thymus 

Right and left lobe 

Central tract 

Lobules of thymus 





Urogenital system 


Uropoietic organs 
Kidney 

Lateral margin 
Medial margin 

Renal hilus 

Renal sinus 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Superior extremity 


Inferior extremity 
Muscular impression 
Hepatic impression 
Gastric impression 
Adipose capsule 
Fibrous coat 
Muscular coat 
Renal tubules 

Convoluted renal tubules 


54 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Tubuli renales recti 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia medullaris 
Lobi renales 
Pyramides renales [Malpighii] 
Basis pyramidis 
Papillae renales 
Area cribrosa 
Foramina papillaria 
Columnae renales [Bertini] 
Lobuli corticales 

Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini] 


Pars convoluta 
Corpuscula renis [Malpighii] 


Glomeruli 
Capsula glomeruli 


Pelvis renalis 
Calyces renales 
Calyces renales majores 
Calyces renales minores 
Gl. pelvis renalis 


Arteriae renis 


Aa. interlobares renis 
Arteriae arciformes 
Arteriae interlobulares 

Vas afferens 
Vas efferens 

Rami capsulares 

Arteriolae rectae 

Aa. nutriciae pelvis renalis 


Venae renis 


Vy. interlobares 
Venae arciformes 
Venae interlobulares 
Venulae rectae 
Venae stellatae 


Ureter 


Pars abdominalis 


Pars pelvina 

Tunica adventitia 

Tunica muscularis 
Stratum externum 
Stratum medium 
Stratum internum 

Tunica mucosa 

Gl. mucosaé ureteris 


Vesica urinaria 


Vertex vesicae 
Corpus vesicae 
Fundus vesicae 
Lig. umbilicale medium 
Urachus 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 
Stratum externum 
Stratum medium 
Stratum internum 
M. pubovesicalis 
M. rectovesicalis 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica.mucosa 
Gl. vesicales 
Noduli lymphatici vesicales 
Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] 
Uvula vesicae 
Plica ureterica 
Orificium ureteris 
Orificium urethrae internum 
Annulus urethralis 


Glandula suprarenalis 


Substantia corticalis 
Substantia medullaris 

Hilus gl. suprarenalis 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Basis gl. suprarenalis 

Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] 
Margo superior 

Margo medialis 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 54 


Straight renal tubules 
Cortical substance 
Medullary substance 
Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi) 
Renal pyramids 
Base of pyramid 
Renal papillae 
Cribriform area 
Papillary foramina 
Renal columns 
Cortical lobules 
Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of 
Ferrein) 
Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth) 
Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian 
corpuscles) 
Glomeruli 
Capsule of glomerulus 
Renal pelvis 
Renal calyces 
Greater renal calyces 
Smaller renal calyces 
Glands of renal pelvis 


Renal arteries 


Interlobar arteries of kidney 
Arciform arteries or renal arches 
Interlobular arteries 

Afferent vessel 
Efferent vessel 
Capsular branches 
Straight arterioles 
Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis 


Renal veins 
Interlobar veins 
Arciform veins 
Interlobular veins 
Straight venules 
Stellate veins 


Ureter 
Abdominal part 


Pelvic part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Mucous coat 
Mucous glands of ureter 


Urinary bladder 


Apex of bladder 
Body of bladder 
Fundus of bladder 
Middle umbilical ligament 
Urachus 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 
External layer 
Middle layer 
Internal layer 
Pubovesical muscle 
Rectovesical muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 
Vesical glands 
Vesical lymph-nodules 
Lieutaud’s trigone of the bladder 
Vesical uvula 
Ureteral fold 
Orifice of ureter 
Internal orifice of ureter 
Urethral ring 


Suprarenal gland 


Cortical substance 
Medullary substance 
Hilus of suprarenal gland 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 

Base of suprarenal gland 
Apex of right suprarenal 
Superior margin 

Medial margin 


55 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Vena centralis Tunica muscularis 
(Gl. suprarenales accessoriae) Stratum externum 
Stratum medium 
Stratum internum 
Organa genitalia virilia Tunica mucosa 
Ductus ejaculatorius 


Organa genitalia 


Testis 


Extremitas superior Vesicula seminalis 
Extremitas inferior ; 
Facies lateralis 

Facies medialis 

Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 

Tunica albuginea 

Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori] 
Septula testis 

Lobuli testis 


Corpus vesiculae seminalis 
Tunica adventitia 

Tunica muscularis 

Tunica mucosa 

Ductus excretorius 


Funiculus spermaticus et 
tunicae testis et funiculi spermatici 


Parenchyma testis (Rudimentum processus vaginalis) 
Tubuli seminiferi contorti Tunica vaginalis propria testis 
Tubuli seminiferi recti Lamina parietalis 
Tunica propria Lamina visceralis 
Rete testis [Halleri] Lig. epididymidis superius 
Ductuli efferentes testis Lig. epididymidis inferius 
Sperma [Semen] Sinus epididymidis 
Epididymis Tunica vaginalis communis [testis et 
Caput epididymidis funiculi spermatici] 
Corpus epididymidis M. cremaster 
Cauda epididymidis Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] 
Lobuli epididymidis Descensus testis 
Ductus epididymidis Gubernaculum testis [Hunteri] 
Ductuli aberrantes 
(Ductulus aberrans superior) Prostata 
Appendices testis Basis prostatae 
Appendix testis [Morgagnii] Apex prostatae 
é Facies anterior 
(Appendix epididymis) Facies posterior 
Paradidymis Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Isthmus prostatae 
Ductus deferens (Lobus medius) 
Corpus glandulare 
Ampulla ductus deferentis : Ductus prostatici 
Diverticula ampullae Succus prostaticus 


Tunica adventitia M. prostaticus 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 55 


Central vein 
Accessory suprarenal glands 


Genital organs 
Male genital organs 


Testicle 


Superior extremity 

Inferior extremity 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface 

Anterior margin 

Posterior margin 

Albugineous coat 

Mediastinum of testicle 

Septules of testicle 

Lobules of testicle 

Parenchyma 

Convoluted seminiferous tubules 

Straight seminiferous tubules 
Proper coat . 

Network 

Efferent ductules 

Sperm or semen 

Epididymis 

Head of epididymis 

Body of epididymis 

Tail of epididymis 

Lobules of epididymis 

Ducts of epididymis 

Aberrant ductules 

Superior aberrant ductule 

Appendages of the testicle 
Morgagni’s appendage of testicle (O. 

T. hydatid of Morgagni) 

Appendage of epididymis 

Paradidymis (O. T. organ of 
Giraldes) 

Deferent duct (O. T. vas def- 
erens) 

Ampulla of deferent duct 

Diverticula of ampulla 

Adventitious coat 


7 


Muscular coat 
External layer 
Middle layer 
Internal layer 

Mucous coat 

Ejaculatory duct 


Seminal vesicles 


Body of seminal vesicles 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

Mucous coat 

Excretory duct 


Spermatic cord and coats of the 
testicle and cord 


Rudiment of vaginal process 
Proper sheath of testicle 
Parietal layer 
Visceral layer 
Superior ligament of epididymis 
Inferior ligament of epididymis 
Sinus of epididymis 
Common sheath of testicle and sper- 
matic cord 
Cremasteric muscle 
Cremasteric fascia 
Descent of the testicle 
Gubernaculum (“pilot”) of testicle 


Prostate 


Base of prostate 
Apex of prostate 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Right and left lobe 
Isthmus of prostate 
Middle lobe 
Glandular body 
Prostatic ducts 
Prostatic fluid 
Prostatic muscle 


56 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi] Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii] 
(Valvula fossae navicularis) 

Corpus gl. bulbourethralis Orificium urethrae externum 

Ductus excretorius Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii] 


Gl. urethrales [Littrei] 
Partes genitales externae 


: Scrotum 
Penis 


Raphe scroti ¢, 
Septum scroti 
Tunica dartos 


Radix penis 
Corpus penis 
Crus penis 
Dorsum penis 


Pee ene ite Organa genitalia muliebria 


Glans penis: Ovarium 
Corona glandis Hilus ovarii 
Septum glandis Facies medialis 
Collum glandis Facies lateralis 
Praeputium Margo liber 
Frenulum praeputii Margo mesovaricus 
Raphe penis Extremitas tubaria 
Corpus cavernosum penis Extremitas uterina 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae Stroma ovarii 
Bulbus urethrae Folliculi oophori primarii 
Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae Folliculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi] 


Septum bulbi urethrae .d 
Tunica albuginea corporum caverno- Theca folliculi 


sorum . Tunica externa 
Septum penis Tunica interna 
Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum Liquor folliculi 
Cavernae corporum cavernosorum Stratum granulosum 
Arteriae helicinae Cumulus oophorus 
Venae cavernosae 
Lig. suspensorium penis Ovulum 
Fascia penis Corpus luteum 
Gl. praeputiales ~ Corpus albicans 
Smegma praeputii Lig. ovarii proprium 

Urethra virilis Tuba uterina [Falloppii] 

Pars prostatica Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae 
Crista urethralis Infundibulum tubae uterinae 
Colliculus seminalis Fimbriae tubae 
Utriculus prostaticus Fimbria ovarica 
Pars membranacea Ampulla tubae uterinae 


Pars cavernosa Isthmus tubae uterinae 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 56 


Bulbo-urethral gland (0. T. Cow- 
per’s gland) 

Body of gland 

Excretory duct 


Parts of external genitals 


Penis 
* Root of penis 
Body of penis 
Crus of penis 
Dorsum of penis 
Urethral surface 
Glans (‘“‘acorn”’) of penis 
Corona of glans 
Septum of glans 
Neck of glans 
_ Prepuce 
Frenulum of prepuce 
Raphe of penis 
Cavernous body of penis 
Cavernous body of urethra 
Bulb of urethra 
Hemispheres of bulb of urethra 
Septum of bulb of urethra 
Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies 


Septum of penis 

Trabeculae of cavernous bodies 
Caverns of cavernous bodies 
Spiral arteries 

Cavernous veins 

Suspensory ligament of penis 
Fascia of penis 

Preputial glands 

Smegma of prepuce 


Male urethra 


Prostatic 
Urethral crest 
Seminal hillock 

Prostatic utricle 
Membranous part 
Cavernous part 


part 


‘Navicular fossa of urethra 


Valve of navicular fossa 
External urethral orifice 
Urethral lacunae of Morgagni 
Urethral glands of Littre 


Scrotum 


Raphe of scrotum 
Septum of scrotum 
Dartos (“flayed”) coat 


_ Female genital organs 


Ovary 
Hilus of ovary 
Medial surface 
Lateral surface 
Free margin 
Mesovarian margin 
Tubal extremity 
Uterine extremity 
Stroma of ovary 
Primary ovarian follicles 
Vesicular ovarian follicles (O. T. 
Graafian follicles) 
Theca of follicle 
External coat 
Internal coat 
Liquor of follicle 
Granular layer 
Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro- 
ligerus) 
Ovule 
Corpus.luteum: “yellow body” 
Corpus albicans: “white body” 
Proper ligament of ovary 


Uterine tube (O. T. Fallopian tube) 


Abdominal mouth of uterine tube 
Infundibulum of uterine tube 
Fimbriae of tube 

Ovarian fimbria 
Ampulla of uterine tube 
Isthmus of uterine tube ‘ 


57 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Pars uterina 
Ostium uterinum tubae 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
Stratum longitudinale 
Stratum circulare 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Plicae tubariae 
Plicae ampullares 
Plicae isthmicae 


Uterus 


Corpus uteri 

Fundus uteri 

Margo lateralis 

Facies vesicalis 

Facies intestinalis 
Cavum uteri 

Orificium internum uteri 


Cervix [uteri] 

Portio supravaginalis [cervicis] 
Portio vaginalis [cervicis] 
Orificium externum uteri 


Labium anterius 
Labium posterius 
Canalis cervicis uteri 
Plicae palmatae 
Gl. cervicales [uteri] 
Parametrium 
Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica muscularis cervicis 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. uterinae 
M. rectouterinus 
Lig. teres uteri 
(Processus vaginalis peritonaei) 


Vagina 
Fornix vaginae 
Paries anterior 
Paries posterior 
Hymen [femininus] 
Carunculae hymenales 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica mucosa 
Noduli lymphatici vaginales 
Rugae vaginales 
Columnae rugarum 
Columna rugarum posterior 
Columna rugarum anterior 
Carina urethralis [vaginae] 


Epoophoron 


Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart- 
neri] 
Ductuli transversi 
Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii] 


Paroophoron 


Partes genitales externae 


Pudendum muliebre 

Labium majus pudendi 
Commissura labiorum anterior 
Commissura labiorum posterior 
Frenulum labiorum pudendi 
Rima pudendi 

Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae] 
Labium minus pudendi 
Vestibulum vaginae 

Bulbus vestibuli 

Gl. sebaceae 

Gl. vestibulares minores 
Orificium vaginae 


Gl. vestibularis major [Bartholini] 
Clitoris 

Crus clitoridis 

Corpus clitoridis 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 57 


Uterine part 
Uterine mouth of tube 
Serous coat 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Longitudinal layer 
Circular layer 
Submucous tela 
Mucous coat 
‘Tubal folds 
Ampullar folds 
Isthmian folds 


Uterus 


Body of uterus 
Fundus of uterus 
Lateral margin 
Vesical surface 
Intestinal surface 
Cavity of uterus 
Internal orifice of uterus (O. T. in- 
ternal os) 
Neck of uterus 
Supravaginal portion of cervix 
Vaginal portion of cervix 
External orifice of uterus (O. T. 
external os) 
Anterior lip 
Posterior lip 
Canal of neck of uterus 
Palmate folds 
Cervical glands of uterus 
Parametrium 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 
Muscular coat of neck 
Mucous coat 
Uterine glands 
Rectouterine muscle 
Round ligament of uterus 
Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T. 
canal of Nuck) 


Vagina (“‘sheath”’) 

Fornix of vagina 
Anterior wall 
Posterior wall 
Hymen 
Hymeneal caruncles 
Muscular coat 
Mucous coat 
Vaginal lymph-nodules 
Ruge (“wrinkles”) of vaginal wall 
Columns of the rugae 

Posterior column 

Anterior column 

Urethral carina (“keel”) of vagina 


Epo-ophoron (O. T. parovarium or 
organ of Rosenmueller) 
Longitudinal duct of epo-ophoron 

(O. T. Giartner’s duct) 
Transverse ductules 
Vesicular appendages of Morgagni 
(O. T. hydatids of Morgagni) 


Paro-ophoron 


External genital parts 
Vulva (“wrapper’’) 
Greater lip of vulva 
Anterior labial commissure 
Posterior labial commissure 
Frenulum of pudendal labia 
Pudendal slit 
Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina 
Lesser lip of vulva 
Vestibule of vagina 
Vestibular bulb 
Sebaceous glands 
Lesser vestibular glands 
Orifice of vagina 


Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin 
Clitoris 

Crus of clitoris 

Body of clitoris 


58 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Glans clitoridis 
Frenulum clitoridis 
Praeputium clitoridis 
Smegma clitoridis 
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis 
Septum corporum cavernosorum 
Fascia clitoridis 
Lig. suspensorium clitoridis 


Urethra muliebris 


Orificium urethrae externum 
Corpus spongiosum urethrae 
Tunica muscularis 
Stratum circulare 
Stratum longitudinale 
Tunica submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. urethrales 
Crista urethralis 
(Ductus paraurethrales) 
Termini ontogenetici 
Membranae deciduae 
Decidua vera 
Decidua capsularis 
Decidua basalis 
Placenta 
Placenta uterina 
Placenta foetalis 
Funiculus umbilicalis 
Corpus Wolffi 
Ductus Wolff 
Ductus Muelleri 
Sinus urogenitalis 


Perineum 

Raphe perinei 
Musculi perinei 
Diaphragma pelvis 
M. levator ani 

Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani 
M. coccygeus [vide p. 40] 
M. sphincter ani externus 


Lig. anococcygeum 
Fascia pelvis 
Fascia endopelvina 
Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior 


Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] 
medium 


Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] 
laterale 


Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior 
Diaphragma urogenitale 


M. transversus perinei profundus 
M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae 


Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su- 
perior 


Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- 
ferior 


Lig. transversum pelvis 


Fascia prostatae 

Fascia obturatoria 

Fossa ischiorectalis 

M. transversus perinei superficialis 
M. ischiocavernosus 


M. bulbocavernosus 


Fascia superficialis perinei 


Peritonaeum 


Tunica serosa 
Tela subserosa 
Peritonaeum parietale 
Peritonaeum viscerale 


SPLANCHNOLOGY ; 58 


Glans of clitoris 
Frenulum of clitoris 
Prepuce of clitoris 

Smegma of clitoris 
Cavernous body of clitoris 
Septum of cavernous bodies 
Fascia of clitoris 
Suspensory ligament of clitoris 


Female urethra 


External orifice of urethra 
Spongy body of urethra 
Muscular coat 
Circular layer 
Longitudinal layer 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 
Urethral glands 
Urethral crest 
Para-urethral ducts 
Ontogenetic terms 
Deciduous membranes 
True decidua 
Capsular decidua 
Basal decidua 
Placenta (“cake’’) 
Uterine placenta 
Foetal placenta 
Umbilical cord 
Wolffian body 
Wolffian duct 
Muellerian duct 
Urogenital sinus 


Perineum 


Perineal raphe 
Perineal muscles 
Pelvic diaphragm 
Levator muscle of anus 
Tendinous arch of levator ani mus- 
cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis) 
Coccygeus muscle 
External sphincter muscle of anus 


Anococcygeal ligament 

Pelvic fascia 
Endopelvic fascia 
Superior fascia of the peivic dia- 

phragm 

Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia 

Middle puboprostatic or puboves- 
ical ligament (O. T. anterior true 
ligament of bladder) 

Lateral puboprostatic or puboves- 
ical ligament (O. T. lateral true 
ligament of bladder) 

Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm 

Urogenital diaphragm (O. 
T. triangular ligament) 

Deep transverse muscle of perineum 

Sphincter muscle of the membranous 
urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae) 

Superior fascia of urogenital dia- 
phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian- 
gular ligament) 

Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm 
(O. T. superficial layer of triangular 
ligament) 

Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T. 
median puboprostatic ligament of 
Krause) 

Prostatic fascia 

Obturator fascia 

Ischiorectal fossa 

Superficial transverse perineal muscle 

Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector 
penis [vel clitoridis] muscle) 

Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac- 
ulator seminis or accelerator urinae; 
sphincter vaginae) 

Superficial perineal fascia 


Peritoneum 
Serous coat 
Subserous tela 
Parietal peritoneum 
Visceral peritoneum 


59 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Cavum peritonaei 
Mesenterium commune 
Mesenterium 
Radix mesenterii 
Lamina mesenterii propria 
Mesocolon 
Mesocolon transversum 
Mesocolon ascendens 
Mesocolon descendens 
Mesocolon sigmoideum 
Mesorectum 


Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis 


Mesogastrium 
Omentum minus 
Lig. hepatogastricum 
Lig. hepatoduodenale 
(Lig. hepatocolicum) 
Lig. gastrolienale 


Lig. gastrocolicum 
Omentum majus 
Bursa omentalis 


Vestibulum bursae omentalis 
Recessus superior omentalis 
Recessus inferior omentalis 
Recessus lienalis 

Plica gastropancreatica 
Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi] 


Lig. phrenicocolicum 


Lig. phrenicolienale 

Lig. falciforme hepatis 
Lig. coronarium hepatis 
Lig. triangulare dextrum 


Lig. triangulare sinistrum 
Lig. hepatorenale 


(Lig. duodenorenale) 


Recessus duodenojejunalis 
Plica duodenojejunalis 
(Plica duodenomesocolica) 
Recessus intersigmoideus 
Recessus iliocaecalis superior 
Recessus iliocaecalis inferior 
Plica iliocaecalis 
Fossa caecalis 
Recessus retrocaecalis 
Plica caecalis 
Recessus paracolici 
(Fossa iliacosubfascialis) 
(Recessus phrenicohepatici) 
Plica umbilicalis media 
Plica umbilicalis lateralis 
Plica epigastrica 
Plica pubovesicalis 
Plica vesicalis transversa 
Mesorchium 
Processus vaginalis peritonaet 
Lig. latum uteri 
Mesometrium 
Mesosalpinx 
Mesovarium 
Bursa ovarica 
Lig. suspensorium ovarii 
Plica rectouterina [Douglasi] 


Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou- 


glasi} 
Excavatio vesicouterina 
Excavatio rectovesicalis 
Spatium retroperitonaeale 


SPLANCHNOLOGY 59 


Peritoneal cavity 
Common mesentery 
Mesentery 
Root of the mesentery 
Proper layer of the mesentery 
Mesocolon 
Transverse mesocolon 
Ascending mesocolon 
Descending mesocolon 
Sigmoid mesocolon 
Mesorectum 
Meso-appendix 
Mesogastrium 
Lesser omentum 
Hepatogastric ligament 
Hepatoduodenal ligament 
Hepatocolic ligament 
Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas- 
trosplenic omentum) 
Gastrocolic ligament 
Greater omentum 
Omental bursa (O. T. 
neal sac) 
Vestibule of omental bursa 
Superior omental recess 
Inferior omental recess 
Splenic recess 
Gastropancreatic fold 
Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen 
of Winslow) 
Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos- 
tocolic ligament) 
Phrenicosplenic ligament 
Falciform ligament of liver 
Coronary ligament of liver 
Right triangular ligament 


lesser perito- 


Left triangular ligament 
Hepatorenal ligament 
Duodenorenal ligament 
Duodenojejunal recess 
Duodenojejunal fold 
Duodenomesocolic fold 
Intersigmoid recess 
Superior ileocaecal recess 
Inferior ileocaecal recess 
Tleocaecal fold 

Caecal fossa 
Retrocaecal recess 
Caecal fold 

Paracolic recess 
Iliaco-subfascial fossa 
Phrenicohepatic recess 
Middle umbilical fold 
Lateral umbilical fold 
Epigastric fold 
Pubovesical fold 
Transverse vesical fold 


. Mesorchium 


Sheath process of peritoneum 
Broad ligament of uterus 
Mesometrium 
Mesosalpinx 
Mesovarium 
Ovarian bursa 
Suspensory ligament of ovary 
Recto-uterine fold 
Recto-uterine excavation, or cul-de- 
sac of Douglas 
Vesico-uterine excavation 
Rectovesical excavation 
Retroperitoneal space 


60 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Vas collaterale 

Vas anastomoticum 
Ramus communicans 
Plexus vasculosus 
Rete vasculosum 
Rete mirabile 
Arteria 

Arteriola 

Vena 

Vena cutanea 
Vena comitans 
Venula 

Plexus venosus 
Rete venosum 
Sinus [venosus] 


Basis cordis 

Facies sternocostalis 
Facies diaphragmatica 
Apex cordis 

Incisura [apicis] cordis 


Sulcus longitudinalis anterior . 


Sulcus longitudinalis posterior 
Sulcus coronarius 


Pericardium 

Liquor pericardii 

Ligg. sternopericardiaca 
Sinus transversus pericardii 


Angiologia 


Emissarium 

Corpus cavernosum 
Vas capillare 

Vas lymphaticum 
Plexus lymphaticus 
Lymphoglandula 
Nodulus lymphaticus 
Cisterna 

Tunica externa [adventitia] 
Tunica media 
Tunica intima 

Vasa vasorum 
Vagina vasorum 
Sanguis 

Lympha 





Cor 


Epicardium 

Myocardium 

Endocardium 

Ventriculus cordis 

Septum ventriculorum 
Septum musculare ventriculorum 
Septum membranaceum ventricu- 

lorum 

Atrium cordis 

Auricula cordis 

Septum atriorum 
Pars membranacea septi atriorum 


Ostium venosum 
Ostium arteriosum 


ANGIOLOGY 


Angiology 


Collateral vessel 
Anastomotic vessel 

* Communicating branch 
Vascular plexus 
Vascular rete 

Rete mirabile (“wonderful network’’) 
Artery 

Arteriole 

Vein 

Cutaneous vein 
Accompanying vein 
Venule 

Venous plexus 


Emissary (vessel) 
Cavernous body 
Capillary vessel 
Lymphatic vessel 
Lymphatic plexus 
Lymph gland 
Lymph nodule 
Cistern 

External coat 
Middle coat 
Inner coat 


’ Vessels of the vessels 


Sheath of the vessels 





Venous rete Blood 

Venous sinus Lymph 
Heart 

Base of heart Epicardium 

Sternocostal surface Myocardium 

Diaphragmatic surface Endocardium 


Apex of heart 

Notch at apex of heart 

Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 
anterior interventricular groove) 

Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 
posterior interventricular groove) 

Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven- 
tricular groove) 

Pericardium 

Pericardial fluid 

Sternopericardiac ligaments 

Transverse sinus of pericardium 


Ventricle of heart 

Septum of ventricles 
Muscular septum of ventricles 
Membranous septum of ventricles 


Forechamber (O. T. auricle) 
Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix) 
Septum of atria 
Membranous part of septum of 
atria 
Venous orifice 
Arterial orifice 


61 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Trabeculae carneae 
Vortex cordis 

Mm. papillares 
Chordae tendineae 
Trigona fibrosa 
Annuli fibrosi 


Atrium dextrum 


Mm. pectinati 

Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri 
Crista terminalis 

Sinus venarum [cavarum] 
Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii] 


Auricula dextra 


Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri] 

Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu- 
stachii] 

Fossa ovalis 

Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii] 


Foramina venarum minimarum [The- 
besii] 


Ventriculus dexter 


Valvula tricuspidalis 


Cuspis anterior 


Cuspis posterior 


Cuspis medialis 

Crista supraventricularis 

Conus arteriosus 

Valvulae semilunares a. pukmonalis 
Valvula semilunaris anterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 

Lunulae valvularum semilunarium 


Atrium sinistrum 


Auricula sinistra 


Valvula foraminis ovalis 


Ventriculus sinister 


Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis] 


Cuspis anterior 
Cuspis posterior 

Valvulae semilunares aortae 
Valvula semilunaris posterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 
[Arantii] 

Lunulae valvularum semilunarium ~ 





Arteriae 


A. pulmonalis 


Ramus dexter 

Ramus sinister 

Ductus arteriosus [Botalli] 
Ligamentum arteriosum 


Aorta 


Aorta ascendens 


Bulbus aortae 
Sinus aortae [Valsalvae] 


Arcus aortae 

Isthmus aortae 

Aorta descendens 

A. coronaria [cordis] dextra 
Ramus descendens posterior 

A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra 


ANGIOLOGY 61 


Fleshy cords (O. T. columnae carnae) 

Vortex of heart 

Papillary muscles 

Tendinous cords 

Fibrous trigones 

Fibrous rings 

Right atrium 

Pectinate (“comb-like”) muscles 

Terminal sulcus of the right atrium 

Terminal crest 

Venous sinus ; 

Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus 
ovalis) 

Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap- 
pendix) 

Intervenous tubercle of Lower 

Valve of inferior vena cava (O. T. 
Eustachian valve) 

Oval fossa 

Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary 
valve, of valve of Thebesius) 

Foramina of the smallest veins (O. T. 
foramina Thebesii) 


Right ventricle 


Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo- 
ventricular valve) 
Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular 


cusp) 


Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal 
cusp) 
Medial cusp (O. T. septal cusp) 
Supraventricular crest 
Arterial cone 
Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery 
Anterior semilunar valve 
Right semilunar valve 
Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves 
Crescents of the semilunar valves 


Left atrium (0. T. left auricle) 


Left auricle (O. T. left auricular 
appendix) 
Valve of the foramen 


Left ventricle 


Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left 
auriculoventricular valve) 
Anterior cusp 
Posterior cusp 
Semilunar valves of aorta 
Posterior semilunar valve 
Right semilunar valve 
Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T. 
corpora Arantii) 
Crescents, or “sails” 
valves 


of semilunar 





Arteries 


Pulmonary artery 


Right ramus 
Left ramus 
Arterial duct 
Arterial ligament 


Aorta 


Ascending aorta 


Bulb of aorta 

Sinuses of aorta (O..T. sinus Val- 
salyae) 

Arch of aorta 

Isthmus of aorta 

Descending aorta 

Right coronary artery of heart 
Posterior descending ramus 

Left coronary artery of heart 


62 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ramus circumflexus 
Ramus descendens anterior 


A, anonyma 
(A. thyreoidea ima) 


A. carotis communis 
A. carotis externa 


A. thyreoidea superior 
Ramus hyoideus 
Ramus sternocleidomastoideus 
A. laryngea superior 
Ramus cricothyreoideus 
Ramus anterior 
Ramus posterior 
Rami glandulares 


A. pharyngea ascendens 
A. meningea posterior 
Rami pharyngei 
A. tympanica inferior 


A. lingualis 


Ramus hyoideus 

A. sublingualis 

Rami dorsales linguae 
A. profunda linguae 


A. maxillaris externa 


A. palatina ascendens 
Ramus tonsillaris 

_ A. submentalis 

Rami glandulares 

A. labialis inferior 

A. labialis superior 
A. angularis 


A. sternocleidomastoidea 


A. occipitalis 


Ramus mastoideus 
Ramus auricularis 


Rami musculares 
Ramus descendens 

(Ramus meningeus) 

Rami occipitales 


A. auricularis posterior 


A. stylomastoidea 
A. tympanica posterior 
Rami mastoidei 
Ramus stapedius 
Ramus auricularis 
Ramus occipitalis 


A. temporalis superficialis 


Rami parotidei 

A. transversa faciei 

Rami auriculares anteriores 
A. zygomaticoorbitalis 

A. temporalis media 
Ramus frontalis 

Ramus parietalis 


A. maxillaris interna 


A. auricularis profunda 
A. tympanica anterior 
A. alveolaris inferior 


R. mylohyoideus 

A. mentalis 

A. meningea media 

(Ramus meningeus accessorius) 


Ramus petrosus superficialis 
A. tympanica superior 
A. masseterica 
A. temporalis profunda posterior 
A. temporalis profunda anterior 
Rami pterygoidei 
A. buccinatoria 
A. alveolaris superior pnsterior 


A. infraorbitalis 
Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores 


ANGIOLOGY 62 


Circumflex ramus 
Anterior descending ramus 


Innominate artery 
Lowest thyreoid artery 


Common carotid artery 
External carotid artery 


Superior thyreoid artery 


Hyoid ramus 
Sternocleidomastoid ramus 
Superior laryngeal artery 
Cricothyreoid ramus 
Anterior ramus 

Posterior ramus 
Glandular rami 


Ascending pharyngeal artery 


Posterior meningeal artery 
Pharyngeal rami 
Inferior tympanic artery 


Lingual artery 
Hyoid ramus 
Sublingual artery 
Dorsal rami of tongue 
Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine 
artery) 


External maxillary artery (0. T. 
facial artery) 


Ascending palatine artery 
Tonsillar rami 
Submental artery 
Glandular rami 

Inferior labial artery 
Superior labial artery 
Angular artery 


Sternocleidomastoid artery 


Occipital artery 


Mastoid ramus 
Auricular ramus 


Muscular rami 
Descending ramus 

Meningeal ramus 

Occipital rami 


Posterior auricular artery 


Stylomastoid artery 
- Posterior tympanic artery 
Mastoid rami 
Stapedial ramus 
Auricular ramus 
Occipital ramus 


Superficial temporal artery 


Parotid rami . 
Transverse artery of face 
Anterior auricular rami 
Zygomatico-orbital artery 
Middle temporal artery 
Frontal ramus 
Parietal ramus 


Internal maxillary artery 


Deep auricular artery 

Anterior tympanic artery 

Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in- 
ferior dental) 

Mylohyoid ramus 


- Mental artery 


Middle meningeal artery 
Accessory meningeal ramus (O. T. 
small meningeal) 
Superficial petrosal ramus 
Superior tympanic artery 
Masseteric artery 
Posterior deep temporal artery 
Anterior deep temporal artery 
Pterygoid rami 
Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal) 
Posterior superior alveolar artery (O. 
T. posterior dental) 
Infraorbital artery 
Anterior superior alveolar arteries 
(O. F. anterior superior dental) 


63 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


A. palatina descendens 

A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
A. palatina major 

Aa. palatinae minores 

A. sphenopalatina 


Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et 


septi 


A. carotis interna 


Ramus caroticotympanicus 


A. ophthalmica 


A. centralis retinae 

A. lacrimalis 

Aa. palpebrales laterales 
Rami musculares 

Aa. ciliares posteriores breves 
Aa. ciliares posteriores longae 
Aa. ciliares anteriores 

Aa. conjunctivales anteriores 
Aa. conjunctivales posteriores 
Aa. episclerales 

A. supraorbitalis 

A. ethmoidalis posterior 

A. ethmoidalis anterior 

A. meningea anterior 

’ Aa. palpebrales mediales 
Arcus tarseus superior 

Arcus tarseus inferior 

A. frontalis 

A. dorsalis nasi 


Aa. cerebri 


A. communicans posterior 
A. chorioidea 


. cerebri anterior 
. communicans anterior 
. cerebri media 


> PS 


A. subclavia 
A. vertebralis 


Rami spinales 

A. spinalis posterior 
A. spinalis anterior 
Ramus meningeus 


A. cerebelli inferior posterior 


A. basilaris 


A. cerebelli inferior anterior 
A. auditiva interna 


Rami ad pontem 


A. cerebelli superior 
A. cerebri posterior 
Circulus arteriosus [Willisi] 


A. mammaria interna 


Aa. mediastinales anteriores 
Aa. thymicae 

Rami bronchiales 

A. pericardiacophrenica 


Rami sternales 
Rami perforantes 
Rami mammarii 
Rami musculares 
Rami cutanei 
(Ramus costalis lateralis) 
Rami intercostales 


A. musculophrenica 


A. epigastrica superior 


Truncus thyreocervicalis 


A. thyreoidea inferior 
A. laryngea inferior 
Rami pharyngei 
Rami oesophagei 


ANGIOLOGY 63 


Descending palatine artery 

Artery of pterygoid canal 

Greater palatine artery 

Lesser palatine arteries 

Sphenopalatine artery 

Posterior lateral arteries of the nose 
and of septum 


Internal carotid artery 


Caroticotympanic ramus (O. T. tym- 
panic branch) 


Ophthalmic artery 


Central artery of retina 
Lacrimal artery 

Lateral palpebral arteries 
Muscular rami 

Short posterior ciliary arteries 
Long posterior ciliary arteries 
Anterior ciliary arteries 
Anterior conjunctival arteries 
Posterior conjunctival arteries 
Episcleral arteries 
Supraorbital artery 

Posterior ethmoidal artery 
Anterior ethmoidal artery 
Anterior meningeal artery 
Middle palpebral arteries 
Superior tarsal arch 

Inferior tarsal arch 

Frontal artery 

Dorsal artery of nose 


Cerebral arteries 


Posterior communicating artery 
Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho- 
roidal) 
Anterior cerebral artery 
Anterior communicating artery 
Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria 
fossae Sylvii) 
8 


Subclavian artery © 
Vertebral artery 


Spinal rami 

Posterior spinal artery 

Anterior spinal artery 

Meningeal ramus (O. T. posterior 
meningeal branch) 

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery 


Basilar artery 


Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 

Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi- 
tory artery) 

Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter- 
ies) | 

Superior cerebellar arteries 

Posterior cerebral artery 

Arterial circle of Willis 


Internal mammary artery 


Anterior mediastinal arteries 
Thymic arteries 
Bronchial rami 
Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T. 
arteria comes nervi phrenici) 
Sternal rami 
Perforating rami 
Mammary rami 
Muscular rami 
Cutaneous rami 
Lateral costal ramus 
Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter- 
costals) 
Musculophrenic artery 
Superiop epigastric artery 


Thyreocervical trunk (O. T. thy- 
roid axis) 
Inferior thyreoid artery 
Inferior laryngeal artery 


Pharyngeal rami 
Oesophageal rami 


64 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Rami tracheales 
Rami glandulares 


A. cervicalis ascendens 


Rami spinales 
Rami musculares 
Ramus profundus 


A. cervicalis superficialis 
A. transversa scapulae 


Ramus acromialis 


Truncus costocervicalis 


A. intercostalis suprema 


Rami dorsales 
Rami spinales 
A. cervicalis profunda 


A. transversa colli 


Ramus ascendens 
Ramus descendens 


A. axillaris 


Rami subscapulares 


A. thoracalis suprema 


A. thoracoacromialis 


Ramus acromialis 
Rete acromiale 
Ramus deltoideus 
Rami pectorales 


A. thoracalis lateralis 
Rami mammarii externi 


A. subscapularis 
A. thoracodorsalis 


A. circumflexa scapulae 


A. circumflexa humeri anterior 


A. circumflexa humeri posterior 


A. brachialis 


A. profunda brachii 


Aa. nutritiae humeri 
R. deltoideus 

A. collateralis media 
A. collateralis radialis 


A. collateralis ulnaris superior 


A. collateralis ulnaris inferior 


A. radialis 


A. recurrens radialis 
Rami musculares 
Ramus carpeus volaris 


Ramus volaris superficialis 
Ramus carpeus dorsalis 


Rete carpi dorsale 
Aa. metacarpeae dorsales 
Aa. digitales dorsales 
A. princeps pollicis 
A. volaris indicis radialis 


Arcus volaris profundus 


Aa. metacarpeae volares 
Rami perforantes 


ANGIOLOGY 64 


Tracheal rami 
Glandular rami 


Ascending cervical artery 
Spinal rami 
Muscular rami 
Deep ramus 


Superficial cervical artery 


Transverse artery of scapula (O.T. 
suprascapular) 


Acromial ramus 


Costocervical trunk (O. T. superior 
intercostal) 
Highest intercostal artery (O. T. 
superior intercostal proper) 
Dorsal rami 
Spinal rami 
Deep cervical artery 


Transverse artery of neck (0. T. 
transversalis colli) 

Ascending ramus 

Descending ramus 


Axillary artery 


Subscapular rami 


Highest thoracic artery (0. T. supe- 
rior thoracic artery) 


Thoraco-acromial artery (O. T. 
acromiothoracic or thoracic axis) 


Acromial ramus 
Acromial rete 
Deltoid ramus 
Pectoral rami 


Lateral thoracic artery (O. T. long 
thoracic) 


External mammary rami 


Subscapular artery 
Thoracodorsal artery 


Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T. 
dorsalis scapulae) 


Anterior circumflex artery of hu- 
merus 


Posterior circumflex artery of hu- 
merus 


Brachial artery 


Deep artery of upper arm (O. T. 
superior profunda) 


Nutrient arteries of the humerus 

Deltoid ramus 

Middle collateral artery 

Radial collateral artery (O. T. articu- 
lar branch of superior profunda) 


Superior ulnar collateral artery (O. 
T. inferior profunda) 


Inferior ulnar collateral artery (O. 
T. anastomotica magna) 


Radial artery 


Radial recurrent artery 

Muscular rami 

Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior 
radial carpal) 

Superficial volar ramus 

Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior 
radial carpal) 

Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior 
carpal rete) 

Dorsal metacarpal arteries 
dorsal interosseous arteries) 

Dorsal digital arteries 

Principal artery of thumb 
Radial volar artery of index-finger 

(O. T. arteria radialis indicis) 

Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmar 
arch) 

Volar metacarpal arteries 

Perforating rami 


(oO. T 


65 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


A. ulnaris 


Aa. recurrentes ulnares 
Rete articulare cubiti 
A. interossea communis 
A. interossea dorsalis 


A. interossea recurrens 
A. interossea volaris 


A. mediana 

Rami musculares 

. . 
Ramus carpeus dorsalis 


Ramus carpeus volaris 


Ramus volaris profundus 
Arcus volaris superficialis 


Aa. digitales volares communes 


Aa. digitales volares propriae 


Aorta thoracalis 
Rami viscerales 


Aa. bronchiales 
Aa. oesophageae 
Rami pericardiaci 
Rami parietales 


Rami mediastinales 
Aa. phrenicae superiores 


Aa. intercostales 


Rami posteriores 
Ramus spinalis 
Rami musculares 
~ Ramus cutaneus medialis 
Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
Rami anteriores - 
Rami musculares 


Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales 


et abdominales] 


Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 


Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto- 


rales et abdominales] 
Rami mammarii mediales 


Aorta abdominalis 


Rami parietales 


A. phrenica inferior 


Rami suprarenales superiores 


Aa. lumbales 


Ramus dorsalis 
Ramus spinalis 


A. sacralis media 


A. lumbalis ima 
Glomus coccygeum 


. 


Rami viscerales 


A. coeliaca 


A. gastrica sinistra 
Rami oesophagei 
A. hepatica 
A. gastrica dextra 
A. hepatica propria 
Ramus dexter 
A. cystica 
Ramus sinister 
A. gastroduodenalis 
A. pancreaticoduoden. superior 
Rami pancreatici 
Rami duodenales 
A. gastroepiploica dextra 
Rami epiploici 
A. lienalis 
Rami pancreatici 
A. gastroepiploica sinistra 
Aa. gastricae breves 
Rami lienales 


ANGIOLOGY 65 


Ulnar artery 


Recurrent ulnar arteries 

Articular rete of elbow 

Common interosseous artery 

Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T. 

posterior interosseous) 
Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T. 
posterior interosseous recurrent) 

Volar interosseous artery (O. T. 
anterior interosseous) 

Median artery 

Muscular rami 

Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior 
ulnar carpal) 

Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior 
ulnar carpal) 

Deep volar ramus 

Superficial volar arch (O. T. super- 
ficial palmar arch) 

Common volar digital arteries (O. T. 
palmar digital arteries) 

Volar digital arteries proper soe fie 
collateral digital arteries) 


Thoracic aorta 


Visceral rami 
Bronchial arteries 
‘Oesophageal arteries 
Pericardial rami 

Parietal rami 


Mediastinal rami 
Superior phrenic arteries 


Intercostal arteries 


Posterior rami 
Spinal rami 
Muscular rami 
Medial cutaneous ramus 
Lateral cutaneous ramus 
Anterior rami 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 


Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Anterior cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 
Medial mammary rami 


Abdominal aorta 


Parietal rami 


Inferior phrenic artery 


Superior suprarenal rami 


Lumbar arteries 


Dorsal ramus 
Spinal ramus 


Middle sacral artery 


Lowest lumbar artery 
Coccygeal skein 


Visceral rami 


Coeliac artery 


Left gastric. artery 
Oesophageal rami 
Hepatic artery 
Right gastric artery 
Proper hepatic artery 
Right ramus 
Cystic artery 
Left ramus 
Gastroduodenal artery 
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Duodenal rami 
Right gastro-epiploic artery 
Epiploic rami 
Splenic artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Left gastro-epiploic artery 
Short gastric arteries 
Splenic rami 


66 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


A, mesenterica superior 


Aa. intestinales 
A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior 
Aa. jejunales 
Aa. ileae 


A. ileocolica 

A. appendicularis 
A. colica dextra 
A. colica media 


A. mesenterica inferior 


A. colica sinistra 
Aa. sigmoideae 
A. haemorrhoidalis superior 


A. suprarenalis media 


A. renalis 


A. suprarenalis inferior 


A. spermatica interna 
A. testicularis 


A. ovarica 
A. iliaca communis 
A. hypogastrica 
Rami parietales 


A. iliolumbalis 


Ramus lumbalis 
Ramus spinalis 
Ramus iliacus 


A. sacralis lateralis 


Rami spinales 


A. obturatoria 


Ramus pubicus 

Ramus anterior 

Ramus posterior 
A. acetabuli 


A. glutaea superior 


amus superior 
Ramus inferior 


A. glutaea inferior 
A. comitans n. ischiadici 


Rami viscerales 


A. umbilicalis 


Aa. vesicales superiores 
[Ligamentum umbilicale laterale] 


A. vesicalis inferior 
A. deferentialis 


A. uterina 
A. vaginalis 
Ramus ovarii 
Ramus tubarius 


- A, haemorrhoidalis media 


A. pudenda interna 


A. haemorrhoidalis inferior 
A. perinei 

Aa. scrotales posteriores 
Aa. labiales posteriores 

. penis 

. urethralis 

. bulbi urethrae 

. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] 
. profunda penis 

. dorsalis penis 

. clitoridis 

. profunda clitoridis 

. dorsalis clitoridis 


i ll ll i ll a 


A. iliaca externa 
A. epigastrica inferior 


Ramus pubicus 
Ramus obturatorius 
A. spermatica externa 


ANGIOLOGY 66 


Superior mesenteric artery 


Intestinal arteries 

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

Jejunal arteries 

Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini 
tenuis) 

Tleocolic artery 
Appendicular artery 

Right colic artery 

Middle colic artery 


- Inferior mesenteric artery 


Left colic artery 
Sigmoid arteries 
Superior hemorrhoidal artery 


Middle suprarenal artery (O. T 
middle capsular artery) 


Renal artery 
Inferior suprarenal artery 


Internal spermatic artery 
Testicular artery 


Ovarian artery 


Common iliac artery 
Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter= 
nal iliac) 


Parietal rami 


Iliolumbar artery 


Lumbar ramus 
Spinal ramus 
Tliac ramus 


Lateral sacral artery 
Spinal rami 


Obturator artery 


Pubic ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Posterior ramus 
Artery of acetabulum 


Superior gluteal artery 


Superior ramus 
Inferior ramus 


Inferior gluteal artery 
Companion artery of sciatic nerve 


Visceral rami 


Umbilical artery 


Superior vesical arteries 
[Lateral umbilical ligament] 


Inferior vesical artery 
Deferential artery 


Uterine artery 
Vaginal artery 
Ovarian ramus 
Tubal ramus 


Middle hemorrhoidal artery 
Internal pudendal artery 


Inferior hemorrhoidal artery 
Artery of perineum 

Posterior scrotal arteries 
Posterior labial arteries 
Artery of penis 

Urethral artery 

Artery of the bulb of urethra 
Artery of the. vestibular bulb of vagina 
Deep artery of penis 

Dorsal artery of penis 
Artery of clitoris 

Deep artery of clitoris 
Dorsal artery of clitoris 


External iliac artery 


Inferior epigastric artery (O. T. deep 
epigastric) 
Pubic ramus 
Obturator ramus 
External spermatic artery (O. T. 
cremasteric) 


67 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


A. lig. teretis uteri 


A. circumflexa ilium profunda 


A. femoralis 


A. epigastrica superficialis 
A. circumflexa ilium superficialis 
Aa. pudendae externae 


Aa. scrotales anteriores 

Aa. labiales anteriores 

Rami inguinales 

A. profunda femoris 
A. circumflexa femoris medialis 


Ramus superficialis 
Ramus profundus 
Ramus acetabuli 
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis 


Ramus ascendens 
Ramus descendens 
A. perforans prima 
A. nutritia femoris superior 
A. perforans secunda 
A. perforans tertia 
A. nutritia femoris inferior 
Rami musculares 
A. genu suprema 
Rami musculares 
Ramus saphenus 
Rami articulares 


A. poplitea 


A. genu superior lateralis 
. A. genu superior medialis 
A. genu media 


Aa. surales 
A. genu inferior lateralis 


A. genu inferior medialis 


Rete articulare genu 
Rete patellae 


A. tibialis anterior 


(A. recurrens tibialis posterior) 
A. recurrens tibialis anterior 
A. malleolaris anterior lateralis 


A. malleolaris anterior medialis 


Rete malleolare mediale 
Rete malleolare laterale 

A. dorsalis pedis 

A. tarsea lateralis 

Aa, tarseae mediales 

A. arcuata 

Rete dorsale pedis 

Aa. metatarseae dorsales 
Aa. digitales dorsales 
Ramus plantaris profundus 


A. tibialis posterior 


Ramus fibularis 
A. peronaea 

A. nutritia fibulae 
Ramus perforans 


Ramus communicans 
A. malleolaris posterior lateralis 


Rami calcanei laterales 


A. nutritia tibiae 
A. malleolaris posterior medialis 


Rami calcanei mediales 


Rete calcaneum 
A. plantaris medialis 


Ramus profundus 


ANGIOLOGY 67 


Artery of round ligament of uterus 


Deep circumflex iliac artery 


Femoral artery 
_ Superficial epigastric artery 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery 
External pudendal arteries (O. T. 
superficial and deep external pudic 
arteries) 
Anterior scrotal arteries . 
Anterior labial arteries 
Inguinal rami 
Deep artery of thigh 
Medial circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. internal circumflex) 
Superficial ramus 
Deep ramus 
Ramus to acetabulum 
Lateral circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. external circumflex) 
Ascending ramus 
Descending ramus 
First perforating artery 
Superior nutrient artery of femur 
Second perforating artery 
Third perforating artery 
Inferior nutrient artery of femur 
Muscular rami 
Highest artery of knee 
Muscular rami 
Saphenous ramus 
Articular rami 


Popliteal artery 


Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T. 
superior external articular artery) 

Medial superior artery of knee (O. T. 
superior internal articular artery) 

Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos 
articular artery) 

Sural arteries, or arteries of calf 

Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T, 
inferior external articular artery) 


Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T. 

inferior internal articular artery) 
Arterial network about knee-joint 
Patellar network 


Anterior tibial artery 


Posterior recurrent tibial artery 

Anterior recurrent tibial artery 

Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 
external malleolar) 

Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 
internal malleolar) 

Medial malleolar network 

Lateral malleolar network 

Dorsal artery of foot 

Lateral tarsal artery 

Medial tarsal arteries 

Arcuate artery 

Dorsal network of foot 

Dorsal metatarsal arteries 

Dorsal digital arteries 

Deep plantar ramus 


Posterior tibial artery 


Fibular ramus 

Peroneal artery 

Nutrient artery of fibula 

Perforating ramus (O. T. anterior 
peroneal) 

Communicating ramus 

Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. posterior peroneal) 

Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter- 
nal calcanean) 

Nutrient artery of tibia 

Medial posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. internal malleolar) 

Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal 
calcanean) 

Network of heel 

Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal 

plantar) 

Deep ramus 


68 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ramus superficialis 
A. plantaris lateralis 


Arcus plantaris 


Aa. metatarseae plantares 


Rami perforantes 
Aa. digitales plantares 





Venae 


Venae pulmonales 


Vy. pulmonales dextrae 
Vv. pulmonales sinistrae 


Vv. cordis 


Sinus coronarius 
V. cordis magna 


V. posterior ventriculi sinistri 
V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli] 


Lig. v. cavae sinistrae 


V. cordis media 

V. cordis parva 

Vv. cordis anteriores 
Vv. cordis minimae 


Vena cava superior 


Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra 


Vv. thyreoideae inferiores 
V. thyreoidea ima 

Plexus thyreoideus impar 
V. laryngea inferior 

Vv. thymicae 

Vv. pericardiacae 

Vv. phrenicae superiores 
Vv. mediastinales anteriores 
Vv. bronchiales anteriores 
Vv. tracheales 

Vv. oesophageae 

V. vertebralis 


V. cervicalis profunda 

V. mammaria interna 

Vy. subcutaneae abdominis 
V. epigastrica superior 

V. intercostalis suprema 


V. jugularis interna 
Bulbus venae jugularis superior 
V. canaliculi cochleae 
Bulbus vy. jugularis inferior 
Plexus pharyngeus 
Vv. pharyngeae 
Vv. meningeae 
Vy. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
V. lingualis 
Vv. dorsales linguae 
V. sublingualis 
V. comitans n. hypoglossi 
(Vv. thyreoideae superiores) 
V. sternocleidomastoidea 
V. laryngea superior 


Sinus durae matris 


Sinus transversus 
Confluens sinuum 


Vy. auditivae internae 
Sinus occipitalis 

Plexus basilaris 

Sinus sagittalis superior 


Sinus sagittalis inferior 


ANGIOLOGY 68 


Superficial ramus 

Lateral plantar artery (O. T. external 
plantar) 

Plantar arch 


Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T. 
digital branches) 

Perforating rami 

Plantar digital arteries (O. T. collat- 
eral digital branches) 





Veins 


Pulmonary veins 
Right pulmonary veins 
Left pulmonary veins 


Veins of heart 


Coronary sinus 

Large vein of heart 
cardiac vein) 

Posterior vein of left ventricle 

Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T. 
oblique vein of Marshall) 

Ligament of left vena cava (O. T. 
vestigial fold of Marshall) 

Middle vein of heart 

Small vein of heart 

Anterior veins of heart 

Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv. 
Thebesii) 


(O. T. great 


Superior vena cava 


Right and left innominate veins 


Inferior thyreoid veins 
Lowest thyreoid vein 
Unpaired thyreoid plexus 
Inferior laryngeal vein 
Thymic veins 
Pericardiac veins 
Superior phrenic veins 
Anterior mediastinal veins 
Anterior bronchial veins 
Tracheal veins 
Oesophageal veins 
Vertebral vein 


Deep cervical vein 

Internal mammary vein 

Subcutaneous veins of abdomen 

Superior epigastric vein 

Highest intercostal vein (O. T. left 
superior intercostal vein) 


Internal jugular vein 
Upper bulb of jugular vein 
Vein of canaliculus of cochlea | 
Inferior bulb of jugular vein 
Pharyngeal plexus 
Pharyngeal veins 
Meningeal veins 
Veins of the pterygoid canal 
Lingual vein 
Dorsal veins of tongue 
Sublingual vein 
Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve 
Superior thyreoid veins 
Sternocleidomastoid vein 
Superior laryngeal vein 


Sinuses of the dura mater 


Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus) 

Confluence of the sinuses (O. T. 
torcular Herophili) 

Internal auditory veins 

Occipital sinus 

Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus) 

Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior 
longitudinal sinus) 

Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior 
longitudinal sinus) 


69 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Sinus rectus 

Sinus petrosus inferior 

Sinus petrosus superior 

Sinus cavernosus 

Sinus intercavernosus anterior 
Sinus intercavernosus posterior 
Sinus circularis 

Sinus sphenoparietalis 


Venae diploicae 
V. diploica frontalis 
V. diploica temporalis anterior 
V. diploica temporalis posterior 
V. diploica occipitalis 
Emissarium parietale 
Emissarium mastoideum 
Emissarium condyloideum 
Emissarium occipitale 
Rete canalis hypoglossi 
Rete foraminis ovalis 
Plexus venosus caroticus internus 


Venae cerebri 


Vv. cerebri superiores 
V. cerebri media 

Vv. cerebri inferiores 
Vv. cerebelli superiores 
Vy. cerebelli inferiores 
Vy. cerebri internae 


V. cerebri magna [Galeni] 


V. septi pellucidi 
V. terminalis 


V. basalis: [Rosenthali] 
V. chorioidea 
V. ophthalmomeningea 


V. ophthalmica superior 


. nasofrontalis 
. ethmoidalis anterior 
. ethmoidalis posterior 


<<< 


V. lacrimalis 

Vv. musculares 

Vv. vorticosae 

Vv. ciliares posteriores 

Vv. ciliares anteriores 

V. centralis retinae 

Vv. episclerales 

Vy. palpebrales 

Vy. conjunctivales anteriores 
Vv. conjunctivales posteriores 
V. ophthalmica inferior 


V. facialis communis 


V. facialis anterior 


V. angularis 

Vv. frontales 

. supraorbitalis 

. palpebrales superiores 
. nasales externae 

. palpebrales inferiores 
. labialis superior 

. labialis inferior 

Vv. massetericae 

Vv. parotideae anteriores 
V. palatina 

V. submentalis 


<<=a42 5 


V. facialis posterior 


Vv. temporales superficiales 
Vv. auriculares anteriores 
Vv. parotideae posteriores 
Vy. articulares mandibulae 
Vv. tympanicae 

V. stylomastoidea 

V. transversa faciei 

V. temporalis media 
Plexus pterygoideus 

Vv. meningeae mediae 

Vv. temporales profundae 
V. thyreoidea superior 


V. jugularis externa 
V. occipitalis 


ANGIOLOGY 


Straight sinus 
Inferior petrosal sinus 
Superior petrosal sinus 
Cavernous sinus _ 
Anterior intercavernous sinus 
Posterior intercavernous sinus 
Circular sinus 
Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae 
parvae) 
Diploic veins 
Frontal diploic vein 
Anterior temporal diploic vein 
Posterior temporal diploic vein 
Occipital diploic vein 
Parietal emissary 
Mastoid emissary 
Condyloid emissary 
Occipital emissary 
Network of hypoglossal canal 
Network of oval foramen 
Venous plexus of internal carotid 


Cerebral veins 


Superior cerebral veins 

Middle cerebral vein . 

Inferior cerebral veins 

Superior cerebellar veins 

Inferior cerebellar veins 

Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins 
of Galen) 

Large vein of cerebrum (O. T. véna 
magna Galeni) 

Vein of septum pellucidum 

Terminal vein (O. T. vein of the cor- 
pus striatum) 

Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein) 

Chorioid vein 

Ophthalmomeningeal vein 


Superior ophthalmic vein 


Nasofrontal vein 
Anterior ethmoidal vein 
Posterior ethmoidal vein 


Lacrimal vein 

Muscular veins 

Vortex veins 

Posterior ciliary veins 
Anterior ciliary veins 
Central vein of retina 
Episcleral veins 

Palpebral veins 

Anterior conjunctival veins 
Posterior conjunctival veins 
Inferior ophthalmic vein 


Common facial vein 


Anterior facial vein 
Angular vein 


Frontal veins 
Supraorbital vein 
Superior palpebral veins 
External nasal veins 
Inferior palpebral veins 
Vein of upper lip 

Vein of lower lip 
Masseteric veins 
Anterior parotid veins 
Palatine vein 
Submental vein 


Posterior facial vein 


Superficial temporal veins 
Anterior auricular veins 
Posterior parotid veins 
Articular mandibular veins 
Tympanic veins 
Stylomastoid vein 
Transverse vein of face 
Middle temporal vein 
Pterygoid plexus 

Middle meningeal veins 
Deep temporal veins 
Superior thyreoid vein 


External jugular vein 


Occipital vein 


69 


70 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


V. auricularis posterior 
V. jugularis anterior 
Arcus venosus juguli 
(V. mediana colli) 

V. transversa scapulae 


V. subclavia 


V. thoracoacromialis 


Vv. transversae colli 


V. axillaris 


V. thoracalis lateralis 


Vv. costoaxillares 
Vv. thoracoepigastricae 
Plexus venosus mamillae 
Vv. brachiales 
Vv. radiales 
Vv. ulnares 
V. cephalica 
V. cephalica accessoria 
V. basilica 
V. mediana cubiti 
(V. mediana antibrachii) 
(V. mediana basilica) 
(V. mediana cephalica) 


Rete venosum dorsale manus 


Vy. intercapitulares 


Arcus volaris venosus superficialis 
Arcus volaris venosus profundus 
Vv. digitales volares communes 


Vv. metacarpeae dorsales 
Vy. metacarpeae volares 


Vv. digitales volares propriae 


Arcus venosi digitales 


V. azygos 


V. hemiazygos 


a 


V. hemiazygos accessoria 


Vv. intercostales 
Ramus dorsalis 
Ramus spinalis 

Vv. oesophageae 

Vv. bronchiales posteriores 

V. lumbalis ascendens 

Vv. basivertebrales 

Plexus venosi vertebrales externi 
Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores 
Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores 

Plexus venosi vertebrales interni 
Retia venosa vertebrarum 

Sinus vertebrales longitudinales 

Vv. intervertebrales 

Vv. spinales externae anteriores 

Vv. spinales externae posteriores 

Vv. spinales internae : 


V. cava inferior 
Radices parietales 


V. phrenica inferior 
Vy. lumbales 


Radices viscerales 


Vv. hepaticae 

Vv. renales 

Vv. suprarenales 

V. spermatica: 

V. testicularis 

V. ovarica 

Plexus pampiniformis 


Vena portae 


V. coronaria ventriculi 
V. mesenterica superior 
Vv. intestinales 
V. gastroepiploica dextra 
Vv. pancreaticae 
V. ileocolica 
Vv. colicae dextrae 
V. colica media 
Vv. pancreaticoduodenales 


ANGIOLOGY 


Posterior auricular vein 

Anterior jugular vein 

Venous jugular arch 

Median vein of neck. 

Transverse vein of scapula (O. T. 
suprascapular vein) 


Subclavian vein 


Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro- 
miothoracic, or thoracic axis) 

Transverse veins of neck (O. T. 
transversalis colli) 


Axillary vein 


Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long 
thoracic) 
Costo-axillary veins 
Thoraco-epigastric veins 
Venous plexus of mammary gland 
Brachial veins 
Radial veins 
Ulnar veins 
Cephalic vein 
Accessory cephalic vein 
Basilic vein © 
Median vein of elbow 
Median vein of forearm 
Median basilic vein 
Median cephalic vein 
Dorsal venous network of hand 
Intercapitular veins 
Superficial venous volar arch 
Deep venous volar arch 
Common volar digital veins 
Dorsal metacarpal veins 
Volar metacarpal veins 
Volar digital veins proper 
Venous arches of digits 


Azygos vein (O. T. vena azygos 
major) 


Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos 
minor inferior) 


. 70 


Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. 
azygos minor superior) 
Intercostal veins 
Dorsal ramus 
Spinal ramus 
Oesophageal veins 
Posterior bronchial veins 
Ascending lumbar vein 
Basivertebral veins 
External vertebral venous plexuses 
Anterior vertebral venous plexuses 
Posterior vertebral venous plexuses 
Internal vertebral venous plexuses 
Venous networks of the vertebrae 
Longitudinal vertebral sinuses 
Intervertebral veins _ 
Anterior external spinal veins 
Posterior external spinal veins 
Internal spinal veins 


Inferior vena cava 


Parietal radicals 
Inferior phrenic vein 


Lumbar veins 
Visceral radicals 
Hepatic veins 
Renal veins 
Suprarenal veins 
Spermatic vein 
Testicular vein 
Ovarian vein 
Pampiniform plexus 


Portal vein 


Coronary vein of stomach 
Superior mesenteric vein 
Intestinal veins 
Right gastro-epiploic vein 
Pancreatic veins 
Tleocolic vein 
Right colic veins 
Middle colic vein 
Pancreaticoduodenal veins 


71 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Vy. duodenales 
V. mesenterica inferior 
V. colica sinistra 
Vy. sigmoideae 
V. haemorrhoidalis superior 
V. lienalis 
Vv. gastricae breves 
V. gastroepiploica sinistra 
V. cystica 
Vena umbilicalis 
Ductus venosus [Arantii] 
Vy. parumbilicales [Sappeyi] 


Vena iliaca communis 


V. sacralis media 


V. hypogastrica 


Vv. glutaeae superiores 
Vy. glutaeae inferiores 
Vv. obturatoriae 

Vv. sacrales laterales 

V. iliolumbalis 

Plexus sacralis anterior 
Plexus haemorrhoidalis 
Plexus vesicalis 

Plexus pudendalis 

V. dorsalis penis 

Vv. profundae penis 

V. dorsalis clitoridis 

Vv. profundae clitoridis 
Vy. uterinae 

Plexus uterovaginalis 

V. haemorrhoidalis media 
Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores 
Vy. scrotales posteriores 


V. iliaca externa 


V. epigastrica inferior 


V. circumflexa ilium profunda 
V. femoralis 

Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae 
Vv. scrotales anteriores 

Vv. pudendae externae 

V. epigastrica superficialis 

V. saphena magna 


V. saphena accessoria 

V. circumflexa ilium superficialis 
Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales 
Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales 
Vv. comitantes 

Vv. profundae femoris 

Vv. perforantes 

V. saphena parva 


V. femoropoplitea 
Vv. peronaeae 
Vv. popliteae 
Vy. tibiales posteriores 
Vv. tibiales anteriores 
Rete venosum dorsale pedis 
Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis 
Vy. digitales communes pedis 
Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis 
Vv. intercapitulares 
Rete venosum plantare 
Arcus venosus plantaris 
Vv. metatarseae plantares 
Vv. digitales pedis dorsales 
Vv. digitales plantares 





Systema lymphaticum 


Vasa lymphatica 
Vasa lymphatica superficialia 


Vasa lymphatica profunda — 
Truncus jugularis 


ANGIOLOGY 71 


Duodenal veins 
Inferior mesenteric vein 
Left colic vein 
Sigmoid veins 
Superior hemorrhoidal vein 
Splenic vein 
Short gastric veins 
Left gastro-epiploic vein 
Cystic vein 
Umbilical vein 
Venous duct of Arantius 
Paraumbilical veins 


Common iliac vein 
Middle sacral vein 


Hypogastric vein (O. T. internal 
iliac vein) 

Superior gluteal veins 

Inferior gluteal veins 

Obturator veins 

Lateral sacral veins 

Iliolumbar vein 

Anterior sacral plexus 

Hemorrhoidal plexus 

Vesical plexus 

Pundendal plexus 

Dorsal vein of penis 

Deep veins of penis 

Dorsal veins of clitoris 

Deep veins of clitoris 

Uterine veins 

Uterovaginal plexus 

Middle hemorrhoidal vein 

Inferior hemorrhoidal veins 

Posterior scrotal veins 


External iliac veins 


Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep 
epigastric) 

Deep circumflex iliac vein 

Femoral vein 

Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis 

Anterior scrotal veins 

External pundenal veins 

Superficial epigastric veins 

Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal 
saphenous) 

Accessory saphenous vein 

Superficial circumflex iliac vein 

Medial circumflex veins of thigh 

Lateral circumflex veins of thigh 

Accompanying veins 

Deep veins of thigh 

Perforating veins 

Small saphenous vein (O. T. external 

saphenous vein) 

Femoropopliteal vein 

Peroneal veins 

Popliteal veins 

Posterior tibial veins 

Anterior tibial veins 

Dorsal venous network of foot 

Dorsal venous arch of foot 

Common digital veins of foot 

Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot 

Intercapitular veins 

Plantar venous network 

Plantar venous arch 

Plantar metatarsal veins 

Dorsal digital veins of foot 

Plantar digital veins 





Lymphatic system 


Lymphatic vessels 


Superficial lymphatic vessel 
9 


Deep lymphatic vessel 
Jugular trunk 


72 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Truncus subclavius Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 
Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter ‘«  intercostales 

Ductus lymphaticus dexter mediastinales posteriores 
mediastinales anteriores 


Ductus thoracicus st eectelga 
Trunci lumbales “« ~ jliacae 
Truncus intestinalis “ — lumbales 
Cisterna chyli **  coeliacae 
_  — gastricae superiores 
‘* ~ gastricae inferiores 
Lymphoglandulae ap ee 
hepaticae 
Vasa afferentia ‘“‘  pancreaticolienales 
Vasa efferentia ‘« — mesentericae 
Substantia corticalis ““  mesocolicae 
Substantia medullaris ““ hypogastricae 
Hilus **  sacrales 
Ey mpop serene occipitales “‘  inguinales 
auriculares posteriores “« subinguinales superficiales 
‘‘ auriculares anteriores ‘“‘ - subinguinales profundae 
“ submaxillares “«  popliteae 
‘“‘ faciales profundae (Lymphoglandula tibialis anterior) 
‘“«  parotideae | 
‘““ cervicales superficiales Plexus lymphatici 


“« cervicales profundae superiores Plexus jugularis 
“ — cervicales profundae inferiores Plexus axillaris 


“« ~ linguales Plexus mammarius 

“«  axillares Plexus lumbalis 

*“«  subscapulares ; Plexus aorticus 

“«  pectorales Plexus sacralis medius 
“  epigastricae Plexus hypogastricus 
“« — cubitales superficiales Plexus coeliacus 

*« cubitales profundae Plexus iliacus externus 


tracheales Plexus inguinalis 


Subclavian trunk 
Right bronchomediastinal trunk 
Right lymphatic trunk 


Thoracic duct 


Lumbar trunks 
Intestinal trunk 


- Chyle-cistern (O. T. receptaculum 


. chyli) 
Lymph glands 


Afferent vessels 

Efferent vessels 

Cortical substance 

Medullary substance 

Hilus 

Occipital lymph glands 

Posterior auricular lymph glands 
Anterior auricular lymph glands 
Submaxillary lymph glands 

Deep facial lymph glands 
Parotid lymph glands 

Superficial cervical lymph glands 
Upper deep cervical lymph glands 
Lower deep cervical lymph glands 
Lingual lymph glands 

Axillary lymph glands 
Subscapular lymph glands 
Pectoral lymph glands 

Epigastric lymph glands 
Superficial lymph glands of elbow 
Deep lymph glands of elbow 
Tracheal lymph glands 


ANGIOLOGY 72 


Bronchial lymph glands 
Intercostal lymph glands 

Posterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Anterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Sternal lymph glands 

Iliac lymph glands 

Lumbar lymph glands 

Coeliac lymph glands 

Superior gastric lymph glands 
Inferior gastric lymph glands 
Hepatic lymph glands 
Pancreaticolienal lymph glands 


‘Mesenteric lymph glands 


Mesocolic lymph glands 

Hypogastric lymph glands 

Sacral lymph glands 

Inguinal lymph glands 

Superficial subinguinal lymph glands 
Deep subinguinal lymph glands | 
Popliteal lymph glands 

Anterior tibial lymph glands 


Lymphatic plexuses 
Jugular plexus 
Axillary plexus 
Mammary plexus 
Lumbar plexus 
Aortic plexus 
Middle sacral plexus 
Hypogastric plexus 
Coeliac plexus 
External iliac plexus 
Inguinal plexus 


73 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Nervus 
Ganglion 
Substantia alba 
Substantia grisea 

Substantia gelatinosa 
Taenia telarum 
Ependyma ventriculorum 
Sulcus limitans ventriculorum 
Nuclei nervorum cerebralium 


Neurologia 


Nuclei originis 
Nuclei terminales 
Ramus communicans 


+ Ramus anastomoticus 


Ramus muscularis 

Nervus cutaneus 

Nervus articularis 

Plexus nervorum spinalium 





Systema nervorum centrale 


Medulla spinalis 


Pars cervicalis 
Intumescentia cervicalis 
Pars thoracalis 

Pars lumbalis 
Intumescentia lumbalis 
Conus medullaris 

Filum terminale 
Ventriculus terminalis 
Fissura mediana anterior 
Sulcus medianus posterior 
Sulcus lateralis anterior 
Sulcus lateralis posterior 
Sulcus intermedius posterior 


(Sulcus intermedius anterior) 

Funiculi medullae spinalis 

- Funiculus anterior 
Funiculus lateralis 
Funiculus posterior 


Sectiones medullae spinalis 
Canalis centralis 
Substantia grisea centralis 
Commissura anterior alba 
Commissura anterior grisea 
Commissura posterior - 
Columnae griseae: 
Columna anterior 
Columna lateralis 
Columna posterior 


Cervix columnae posterioris 

Apex columnae posterioris 
Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi] 
Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, Clarkii] 


Formatio reticularis 
Funiculus anterior 
Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior 
[pyramidalis anterior] 


NEUROLOGY ; 73 


Neurology 


Nerve 
Ganglion 
White matter 
Gray matter 

Gelatinous substance 
Band of the telae (“web”) 
Ependyma (“cover’’) of ventricles 
Limiting sulcus of the ventricules 
Nuclei of the cerebral nerves 


Nuclei of origin 

End-nuclei 
Communicating ramus 
Anastomotic ramus 
Muscular ramus 
Cutaneous nerve 
Articular nerve 
Plexus of spinal nerves 





Central nervous system 


Spinal cord 


Cervical portion 
Cervical enlargement 
Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part) 
Lumbar portion 
Lumbar enlargement 
Medullary cone 
Terminal thread 
(Swelling due to) terminal ventricle 
Anterior median fissure 
Posterior median sulcus 
Anterior lateral sulcus 
Posterior lateral sulcus 
Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T. 
paramedian furrow) 
Anterior intermediate sulcus 
Funiculi of spinal cord 
Anterior funiculus 
Lateral funiculus 
Posterior funiculus 


Transverse sections of the spinal cord 
Central canal 
Central gray matter 
Anterior white commissure 
Anterior gray commissure 
Posterior commissure 
Gray columns 
Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn) 
Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn) 
Posterior column (O. T. posterior 

horn) 
Neck of posterior column 
Apex of posterior column 
Gelatinous substance of Rolando 
Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark’s col- 
umn) 
Reticular formation 
Anterior funiculus 
Anterior cerebrospinal or pyrami- 
dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr- 
amidal tract) 


74 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech- 


sigi] 
Funiculus lateralis 


Fasciculus cerebrospinalis — lateralis 


[pyramidalis lateralis] 


Fasciculus cerebellospinalis 


Fasciculus anterolateralis super- 


ficialis [Gowersi] 


Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech- 


sigi] 
Funiculus posterior 
Fasciculus gracilis [Golli] 


Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi] 





Encephalon 


Rhombencephalon 


Myelencephalon 
Medulla oblongata 


Fissura mediana posterior 
Fissura mediana anterior 
Foramen caecum 

Pyramis [medullae oblongatae] 
Decussatio pyramidum 

Sulcus lateralis anterior 
Sulcus lateralis posterior 

Oliva 

Corpus restiforme 


Funiculus lateralis 
Funiculus cuneatus 


Tuberculum cinereum 
Funiculus gracilis 


Clava 
Fibrae arcuatae externae 


Sectiones medullae oblongatae 


Raphe 

Stratum nucleare 
Nucleus n. hypoglossi 
Nucleus ambiguus 
Nucleus alae cinereae 


Tractus solitarius 


Nucleus tractus solitarii 
Tractus. spinalis n. trigemini 


Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 


Nucleus funiculi gracilis 
Nucleus funiculi cuneati 
Nuclei laterales 


Nucleus olivaris inferior 
Hilus nuclei olivaris 


Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis 
Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis 


Nuclei arcuati 

Fibrae arcuatae internae 
Substantia reticularis grisea 
Substantia reticularis alba 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 


Stratum interolivare lemnisci 
Decussatio lemniscorum 


Corpus restiforme 


NEUROLOGY 74 


Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T. 


anterior ground bundle) 
Lateral funiculus 


Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal 
fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami- 


dal tract) 
Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T. 
direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig) 


Superficial anterolateral fasciculus 
(O. T. Gowers’ tract) 
Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T. 
lateral ground bundle) 
Posterior funiculus 
Slender fasciculus (O. T. column 
or tract of Goll) 
Wedge -shaped fasciculus (O. T. 
column or tract of Burdach) 





Brain 


Lozenge-shaped brain 


Medullary or after-brain 
Oblong medulla 


Posterior median fissure 

Anterior median fissure 

Blind foramen 

Pyramid of medulla oblongata 

Decussation of pyramids 

Anterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior lateral sulcus 

Olive (O. T. olivary eminence) 

Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere- 
bellar peduncle) 

Lateral funiculus 

Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of 
Burdach) 

Gray or ashen tubercle 

Slender funiculus (O. T. column of 

Goll) 

Club 

External arcuate fibres (O. T. super- 
ficial arcuate fibres 

Transverse sections of medulla 
oblongata 

Median raphe 

Nuclear layer 

Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve 

Ambiguous nucleus 

Nucleus of ala cinerea 


Solitary tract (O.  T. 
bundle) 

Nucleus of solitary tract 

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (O. T. 
ascending root of trigeminal nerve) 

Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 
nerve 

Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T. 
nucleus of Goll’s column) 

Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus 
(O. T. nucleus of Burdach’s column) 

Lateral nuclei 

Inferior olivary nucleus 

Hilus of olivary nucleus 

Medial accessory olivary nucleus 

Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus 

Arcuate nuclei 

Internal arcuate fibres 

Gray reticular substance 

White reticular substance 

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 
posterior longitudinal bundle) 

Interolivary layer of lemniscus 

Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O. 
T. sensory decussation of medulla 
oblongata) 

Restiform body (O._ T. 
cerebellar peduncle) 


respiratory 


inferior 


"5 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Fasciculi corporis restiformis 
Fibrae cerebelloolivares 
Fasciculi: pyramidales 

Fibrae arcuatae externae 


Ventriculus quartus 
Fossa rhomboidea 
Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae 


[Calamus scriptorius] 

Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae 
Recessus_ lateralis fossae rhom- 

boideae 

Pars superior fossae rhomboideae 

Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae] 
Fovea inferior 
Fovea superior 

Trigonum n. hypoglossi - 

Striae medullares 

Eminentia medialis 


Colliculus facialis 
Ala cinerea 
Area acustica 


Locus _caeruleus 

Tegmen ventriculi quarti 
Velum medullare posterius 
Taenia ventriculi quarti 


Obex 
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
(Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti 
_v [Foramen Magendii}) 


~~ (Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti) 


Fastigium 
Metencephalon 
Pons [Varolii] 
Sulcus basilaris 
Fasciculus obliquus [pontis] 


(Fila lateralia pontis) 
Brachium pontis 


Sectiones pontis 


Pars dorsalis pontis 
Raphe 
Nucleus n. abducentis 


Nuclei motorii n. trigemini 

Radix descendens [mesencephalica] 
n. trigemini 

Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 


Nucleus n. facialis 

Radix n. facialis 
Pars prima 
Genu [internum] 
Pars secunda 

Nuclei n. acustici 


Nuclei n. cochlearis 

Nuclei n. vestibularis 
Nucleus olivaris superior 
Nucleus lemnisci lateralis 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 


Formatio reticularis 
Corpus trapezoideum 
Lemniscus 
Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus] 
Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus] 
Pars basilaris pontis 
Fibrae pontis profundae 
Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales] 
Nuclei pontis 
Fibrae pontis superficiales 


Cerebellum 


Gyri cerebelli 

Sulci cerebelli 

Vallecula cerebelli 
Incisura cerebelli anterior 


Incisura cerebelli posterior 


NEUROLOGY 15 


Fasciculi of restiform body 
Cerebello-olivary fibres 
Pyramidal fasciculi 
External arcuate fibres 


Fourth ventricle 


Rhomboid fossa 

Inferior part of rhomboid fossa 
Writing pen 

Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa 
Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa 


Superior part of rhomboid fossa 

- Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa 
Inferior pit 
Superior pit 

Trigone of hypoglossal nerve 

Medullary striae 

Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia 
teres) 

Facial hillock 

Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi) 

Acoustic area (O. T.  trigonum 
acustici) 

Blue place 

Roof of fourth ventricle 

Posterior medullary velum 

Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction 

of epithelial part of roof with 
compact nerve substance 

Bar 

Epithelial chorioid layer 

Median aperture of fourth ventricle 
(foramen of Magendie) 

Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle 

Fastigium: “summit of roof” 


Hind-brain 
(“bridge”) Varolii 
Basilar groove 
Oblique bundle of pons 


Lateral fibres of pons 
Brachium (“arm”’) of pons 


Pons 


Sections of the pons 


Dorsal part of pons 

Median raphe 

Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O: T. 
nucleus of sixth nerve) 

Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve 

Descending or mesencephalic root of 
trigeminal nerve 

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 


Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 


nerve 
Nucleus of facial nerve 
Root of facial nerve 
First part 
Internal knee 
Second part 
Nuclei of acoustic nerve 
auditory nucleus) 
Nuclei of cochlear nerve 
Nuclei of vestibular nerve 
Superior olivary nucleus 
Nucleus of lateral lemniscus 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 
posterior longitudinal bundle) 
Reticular formation 
Trapezoid body 
Fillet or lemniscus 
Medial (sensory) fillet 
Lateral (acoustic) fillet 
Basilar part of pons 
Deep fibres of pons 
Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi 
Nuclei of pons" 
Superficial fibres of pons 


(Oy. 


Cerebellum, or small brain 


Convolutions of cerebellum 

Sulci of cerebellum 

Cerebellar vallecula 

Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 
semilunar notch) 

Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 
marsupial notch) . 


76 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli 


Fissura transversa cerebelli 
is 

Lingula cerebelli 

Vincula lingulae cerebelli 
Lobulus centralis 
Monticulus 

Culmen 

Declive 
Folium vermis 


Tuber vermis 
Pyramis [vermis] 
Uvula [vermis] 
Nodulus 
Hemisphaerium cerebelli 
Facies superior 
Ala lobuli centralis 
Lobulus quadrangularis 


Pars anterior 
Pars posterior 
Lobulus semilunaris superior 


Facies inferior 
Lobulus semilunaris inferior 


Lobulus gracilis 

Lobulus biventer 

Tonsilla cerebelli 

Flocculus 

(Flocculi secondarii): 

Pedunculus flocculi 
Nidus avis 


Sectiones cerebelli 


Corpus medullare 

Laminae medullares 

Arbor vitae 

Substantia corticalis 
[Lamina basalis] 
[Stratum cinereum] 
[Stratum gangliosum] 
[Stratum granulosum] 

Nucleus dentatus 

Hilus nuclei dentati 

Nucleus fastigii 

Nucleus globosus 


. Nucleus emboliformis 


Capsula nuclei dentati 


Isthmus rhombencephali 


Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli] 


Lemniscus 
Lemniscus lateralis 
Lemniscus medialis 
Trigonum lemnisci 
Velum medullare anterius 


Frenulum veli medullaris anterioris 


Sectiones isthmi 
[vide Pedunculus cerebri] 


Ganglion interpedunculare ~ 
Nucleus n. trochlearis 





Cerebrum 


Facies convexa cerebri 
Facies medialis cerebri 
Basis cerebri 


. Mesencephalon 
[Facies inferior] 
Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini] 


NEUROLOGY 76 


Horizontal sulcus of cerebellum (O. T. 
great horizontal fissure) 
Transverse fissure of cerebellum 
Vermis (“worm”) 
Lingua (“tongue ’’) of cerebellum 
Vincula of the lingua 
Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis) 
Monticulus (“little mountain ”’) 
Culmen (“summit ’’) 
Declive (“slope or descent ’’) 
Folium of vermis (“leaflet of worm”’) 
(O. T. folium cacuminis) 
Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus) 
Pyramid of vermis 
Uvula of vermis 
Nodule 
Hemisphere of cerebellum 
Superior surface 
Wing of central lobule 
Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad- 
rate lobule) 
Anterior part 
Posterior part 
Superior semilunar lobule (O. T. 
posterior crescentic lobule) 
Inferior surface 
Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos- 
tero-inferior lobule) 
Slender lobule 
Biventral lobule 
Tonsil of cerebellum 
Flocculus (“ wool-tuft-like body’’) 
Secondary flocculi 
Peduncle of flocculus 
Nidus avis (“‘ bird’s nest ’’) 


Sections of cerebellum 


Medullary body 
Medullary laminae 
Arbor vitae (“tree of life ’’) 
Cortical substance 
Basal lamina 
Gray layer 
Ganglion-cell layer 
Granular layer 
Dentate nucleus 
Hilus of dentate nucleus 
Nucleus of fastigium (“roof ’’) 
Spherical nucleus 
Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or 
plug) 
Capsule of dentate nucleus 


Isthmus of rhombencephalon 


Brachium conjunctivum (‘‘ connecting 
arm’’) of cerebellum (O. T. superior 
cerebellar peduncle) 

Fillet or ribbon 
Lateral fillet 
Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil) 
Trigone of fillet 

Anterior medullary velum (O. T. valve 
of Vieussens) 

Frenulum (‘‘check-rein’’) of anterior 
medullary velum) 


Sections of isthmus 
[See Cerebral peduncle] 


Interpeduncular ganglion 
Nucleus of trochlear nerve 





Cerebrum (large brain) 


Convex surface of cerebrum 
Medial surface of cerebrum 
Base of cerebrum 


Midbrain 


Inferior surface 


Interpeduncular fossa 


"7 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Recessus anterior 
Recessus posterior 
Substantia perforata posterior 


Pedunculus cerebri 


Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii] 


Sulcus lateralis 
Sulcus n. oculomotorii 


Sectiones pedunculi cerebri 


Tegmentum 

Stratum griseum centrale 
Formatio reticularis 

Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 


Radix descendens n. trigemini 

Nucleus radicis descendentis n. tri- 
gemini 

Nucleus n. oculomotorii 


Nuclei tegmenti 
Nucleus ruber 

Decussationes tegmentorum 
Decussatio brachii conjunctivi 


Lemniscus lateralis 
‘Lemniscus medialis 
Substantia nigra 
Basis pedunculi 


Corpora quadrigemina 


Lamina quadrigemina 
Colliculus superior 


Colliculus inferior 


Brachium quadrigeminum superius 
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius 


Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum 


Stratum zonale 
Stratum griseum colliculi superioris 


Nucleus colliculi inferioris 
Stratum album profundum 


Prosencephalon 


Diencephalon 


Ventriculus tertius 
Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri 


Commissura posterior [cerebri] 
Foramen interventriculare [Monroi] 
Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi] 


Massa intermedia 


Recessus opticus 

Recessus infundibuli 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 
Recessus triangularis 


Hypothalamus 


Pars mamillaris hypothalami 


Corpus mamillare 
Pars optica hypothalami 


Tuber cinereum 
Infundibulum 
Hypophysis 
Lobus anterior 
Lobus posterior 
Tractus opticus 
Radix medialis 
Radix lateralis 
Chiasma opticum 
Lamina terminalis 


Sectiones hypothalami 


Nucleus 
Luysi] 
Pars grisea hypothalami 
Commissura superior [Meynerti] 
Commissura inferior [Guddeni] 
Nuclei corporis mamillaris 


hypothalamicus [Corpus 


NEUROLOGY 77 


Anterior recess 
Posterior recess 
Posterior perforated substance 


of cerebrum 
crus cerebri) 


Peduncle 
(OOF; 


Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e 
tertio ad quartum ventriculum) 

Lateral sulcus 

Sulcus of oculomotor nerve 


Sections of cerebral peduncle 


Tegmentum (“cover”) 

Central gray layer — 

Reticular formation 

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T 
posterior longitudinal bundle) 

Descending root of trigeminal nerve 

Nucleus of descending root of trigemi- 
nal nerve 

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu- 
cleus of III. nerve) 

Nuclei of tegmentum 
Red nucleus 

Decussations of tegmenta 
Decussation of brachium conjunc- 

tivum 

Lateral fillet 

Medial fillet 

Black substance 

Base of peduncle 


Quadrigeminal bodies (O. 
_T. optic lobes) 

Quadrigeminal layer 

Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body 
or nates) - 

Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body 
or testis) 

- Superior quadrigeminal brachium 

Inferior quadrigeminal brachium 


Sections of quadrigeminal bodies 


Zonal layer 
Gray layer of superior colliculus 


Nucleus of inferior colliculus 
Deep white layer 


Forebrain 
Interbrain 


Third ventricle 

Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere- 
brum 

Posterior commissure of the cerebrum 

Interventricular foramen of Monroe 

Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe 

Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or 
soft, or gray, commissure) 

Optic recess 

Recess of infundibulum 

Anterior commissure of cerebrum 

Triangular recess 


Hypothalamus (0. T. subthalamic 
region) 
Mammillary part 
pothalamus 
Mammillary body 
Optic part of hypothala- 
mus 
Tuber cinereum (“ash-like tuber ’’) 
Infundibulum (“funnel ’’) 
Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body) 
Anterior lobe 
Posterior lobe 
Optic tract 
Medial root 
Lateral root 
Optic chiasm 
Terminal lamina 


of hy- 


Sections of hypothalamus 


Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy’s body 
(O. T. subthalamic nucleus) 

Gray part of hypothalamus 

Superior commissure of Meynert 

Inferior commissure-of v. Gudden 

Nuclei of mammillary body 


78 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq’ 


d’Azyri] 

Fasciculi pedunculomamillares 
Pars tegmentalis 
Pars basilaris 

Ansa peduncularis 
Ansa lenticularis 
Pedunculus thalami inferior 


Thalamencephalon 


Thalamus 


Pulvinar 

Tuberculum anterius thalami 
Taenia thalami 

Stria medullaris 


Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
Metathalamus 


Corpus geniculatum mediale 


Corpus geniculatum laterale 


Epithalamus 


Corpus pineale 


Recessus pinealis 
Recessus suprapinealis 
Habenula 


Commissura habenularum 
Trigonum habenulae 

Sectiones thalamencephali 
Stratum zonale 
Nucleus anterior thalami 
Nucleus medialis thalami 
Nucleus lateralis thalami 
Laminae medullares thalami 


Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis 
Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis 


Nucleus habenulae 


Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti] 


Telencephalon 
Hemisphaerium 
Pallium 


Fissura longitudinalis cerebri 
Fissura transversa cerebri 
Gyri cerebri 

Gyri profundi 

Gyri transitivi 


Sulci cerebri 

Impressio petrosa 

Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 
Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 


Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior ascendens 
Ramus anterior horizontalis 
Lobi cerebri 
Insula 


Gyri insulae 

Gyrus longus insulae 
Gyri breves insulae 
Sulcus circularis [Reili] 


Operculum 
Pars frontalis 
Pars parietalis 
Pars temporalis 
Sulcus centralis [Rolandi] 


Gyrus centralis anterior 
Gyrus centralis posterior 
Lobus frontalis 
Polus frontalis 
Sulcus praecentralis 
Gyrus frontalis superior 
Sulcus frontalis superior 
Gyrus frontalis medius 
Pars superior 
Pars inferior 
Sulcus frontalis inferior 


NEUROLOGY 78 


Thalamomammillary fasciculus 
T. bundle of Vicq d’Azyr) 
Pedunculomammillary fasciculi 

Tegmental part 
Basilar part 
Peduncular loop 
Lenticular loop 
Inferior peduncle of thalamus 


(O. 


Thalamic brain 


Thalamus (“bed”) (O.T. op- 
tic thalamus) 


Pulvinar (‘“‘cushion’’) 
Anterior tubercle of thalamus 
Thalamic taenia 
Medullary stria (O. T. stria fornicis or 
stria pinealis) 
Epithelial chorioid layer 
~Metathalamus 


Medial geniculate body (O. T. internal 
geniculate body) 

Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter- 
nal geniculate body) 


Epithalamus 


Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or 
epiphysis cerebri) 
Pineal recess 
Suprapineal recess 
Habenula (“strap”) (O. T. peduncle - 
of the pineal body) 
Commissure of the habenula 
Trigone of the habenula 
Sections of the thalamic brain 
Zonal layer 
Anterior nucleus of thalamus 
Medial nucleus of thalamus 
Lateral nucleus of thalamus 
Medullary layers of thalamus 
Nucleus of medial geniculate body 
Nucleus of lateral geniculate body 
Nucleus of habenula 
Retroflex fasciculus 


Island 


End-brain 


Hemisphere 
Brain mantle 


Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum 
Transverse fissure of cerebrum 
Convolutions of cerebrum 
Deep convolutions 
Transitional convolutions (O. T. an- 
nectant gyri) 
Grooves of cerebrum 
Petrosal impression 
Lateral fossa of cerebrum 
Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T. 
fissure of Sylvius) 
Posterior ramus 
Ascending anterior ramus 
Horizontal anterior ramus 
Lobes of cerebrum 
Oo 5. Leland of 
Reil, or central lobe) 
Convolutions of island 
Long convolution of island 
Short convolutions of island 
Circular sulcus of Reil (O. T. limiting 
sulcus of Reil) 
Operculum (‘‘cover’’) 
Frontal part 
Parietal part 
Temporal part 
Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis- 
sure of Rolando) 
Anterior central convolution 
Posterior central convolution 
Frontal lobe 
Frontal pole 
Precentral sulcus 
Superior frontal convolution 
Superior frontal sulcus 
Middle frontal convolution 
Superior part 
Inferior part 
Inferior frontal sulcus 


79 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Gyrus frontalis inferior 
Pars opercularis 
Pars triangularis 
Pars orbitalis 
Gyrus rectus 
Sulcus olfactorius 
Gyri orbitales 
Sulci orbitales 
Lobus temporalis 
Polus temporalis 
Sulci temporales transversi 
Gyri temporales transversi 
Gyrus temporalis superior 


Sulcus temporalis superior 
Gyrus temporalis medius 
Sulcus temporalis medius 
Gyrus temporalis inferior 
Sulcus temporalis inferior 


Fissura collateralis 
Gyrus fusiformis 


Gyrus lingualis 
Lobus occipitalis 
Polus occipitalis 


Sulcus occipitalis transversus 


Gyri occipitales superiores 
Sulci occipitales superiores 
Gyri occipitales laterales 
Sulci occipitales laterales 
Lobus parietalis 
Lobulus parietalis superior 
Sulcus interparietalis 


Lobulus parietalis inferior 
Gyrus supramarginalis 
Gyrus angularis 


Facies medialis hemisphaerii 
Sulcus corporis callosi 


Sulcus cinguli . 


Pars subfrontalis 
Pars marginalis 
Sulcus subparietalis 
Fissura hippocampi 


Gyrus fornicatus 


Gyrus cinguli 


Isthmus gyri fornicati 
Gyrus hippocampi 


Uncus [gyri hippocampi] 
Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi] 
Lobulus paracentralis 
Praecuneus 
Fissura parietooccipitalis 
Fissura ealcarina 
Cuneus 


Corpus callosum 


| Splenium corporis callosi 


Truncus corporis callosi 

Genu corporis callosi 

Rostrum corporis callosi 
Lamina rostralis 

Striae transversae 

Stria longitudinalis medialis 

Stria longitudinalis lateralis 

Fasciola cinerea 


Fornix 


Crus fornicis 


NEUROLOGY 79 


Inferior frontal convolution 
Opercular part 
Triangular part 
Orbital part 

Straight convolution 

Olfactory sulcus 

Orbital convolutions 


*. Orbital sulci 


Temporal lobe 
Temporal pole 
Transverse temporal sulci 
Transverse temporal convolutions 
Superior temporal convolution (O. T. 
first temporal gyrus) 
Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral- 
lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus) 
Middle temporal convolution (O. T. 
second temporal gyrus) 

Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second 
temporal sulcus) 

Inferior temporal convolution (O. T. 
third temporal gyrus) 

Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc- 
cipitotemporal sulcus) 

Collateral fissure 

Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito- 
temporal convolution) 

Lingual convolution 

Occipital lobe 

Occipital pole 

Transverse occipital sulcus 

Superior occipital convolutions 

Superior occipital sulci 

Lateral occipital convolutions 

Lateral occipital sulci 

Parietal lobe 

Superior parietal lobule 

Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal 
sulcus of Turner) 

Inferior parietal lobule 

Supramarginal convolution 

Angular convolution 


Io 


Medial surface of hemisphere 


Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal- 
losal sulcus) 
Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol- 
marginal fissure) 
Subfrontal part 
Marginal part 
Subparietal sulcus 
Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate 
fissure, or fissura dentata) 
Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or 
falciform lobe) 

Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal- 
losal convolution, or gyrus forni- 
catus) 

Isthmus of fornicate gyrus 

Convolution of hippocampus (O. T. 
hippocampal convolution) 

Hook of gyrus hippocampi 

White reticular substance of Arnold 
Paracentral lobule 

Precuneus 

Parieto-occipital fissure 

Calcarine fissure 

Cuneus (“ wedge ”’) 


Corpus callosum (great 
transverse commissure 
of cerebrum) 

Splenium (‘f bandage ’’) of corpus cal- 
losum 

Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body) 

Knee of corpus callosum 

Beak of corpus callosum 
Rostral lamina 

Transverse striae 

Medial longitudinal stria 

Lateral longitudinal stria 

Fasciola cinerea (“ash-like little ban- 
dage ’’) 

Fornix 

Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar 

of fornix) 


Bo ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Corpus fornicis 
Taenia fornicis 
Columna fornicis 


Pars libera columnae fornicis 
Pars tecta columnae fornicis 


Septum pellucidum 


Lamina septi pellucidi 
Cavum septi pellucidi 


Ventriculus lateralis 


Pars centralis 

Cornu anterius 

Cornu posterius 

Cornu inferius 

Corpus striatum 

Nucleus caudatus 
Caput nuclei caudati 
Cauda nuclei caudati 

Stria terminalis 


Lamina affixa 

Taenia chorioidea 

Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 

Calcar avis 

(Bulbus cornu posterioris) 

Eminentia collateralis 
Trigonum collaterale 

Hippocampus 

Fimbria hippocampi 

Taenia fimbriae 

Digitationes hippocampi 

Fascia dentata hippocampi 


Commissura hippocampi 


Rhinencephalon 


Sulcus parolfactorius anterior 
Pars anterior [rhinencephali] 


Lobus olfactorius 
Bulbus olfactorius 
Tractus olfactorius 
Trigonum olfactorium 
Stria medialis 
Stria intermedia 
Area parolfactoria [Brocae] 
Sulcus parolfactorius posterior 
Pars posterior [rhinencaphali] 


Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor- 
poris callosi] 

Substantia perforata anterior 
Stria olfactoria lateralis 
Limen insulae 

Sectiones telencephali 

Substantia corticalis 
Centrum semiovale 
Decursus fibrarum cerebralium 


Fibrae‘arcuatae cerebri 
Cingulum 
Fasciculus longitudinalis superior 
Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior 
Fasciculus uncinatus 
Radiatio corporis callosi 
Pars frontalis 
Pars parietalis 
Pars temporalis 
Pars occipitalis 


Tapetum 
Nucleus lentiformis 


Putamen 

Globus pallidus 
Claustrum 
Capsula externa 
Capsula interna 

Genu capsulae internae 


NEUROLOGY 80 


Body of fornix 
Taenia (‘“‘ribbon”) of fornix 
Column of fornix (O. T. anterior pil- 
lar of fornix) 
Free part of column of fornix 
Covered part of column of fornix 


Transparent septum 


Layer of septum pellucidum 
Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T. 
fifth ventricle) 


Lateral ventricle 


Central part 

Anterior horn 

Posterior horn 

Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn) 

Striate body 

Caudate nucleus 
Head of caudate nucleus 
Tail of caudate nucleus 

- Terminal stria (O. T. taenia semicir- 
cularis) 

Lamina affixa (‘“‘ fastened layer”) 

Chorioid taenia 

Epithelial chorioid layer 

Calcar avis (“cock’s spur”) (O. T. 
hippocampus minor) 

Bulb of posterior horn 

Collateral eminence 
Collateral trigone (O. T. trigonum 

ventriculi) 

Hippocampus (“‘sea-horse”) (O. T. 
hippocampus major, cornu Am- 
monis, or Ammon’s horn) 

Fimbria (‘‘ fringe”) of hippocampus 

Taenia of fimbria 

Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T. 
pes hippocampi) 

Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T. 
gyrus dentatus) 

Commissure of the hippocampus (O. 
T. lyra, or lyre of David) 

Olfactory brain 


Anterior parolfactory sulcus 
Anterior part of rhinen- 
cephalon 
Olfactory lobe 
Olfactory bulb 
Olfactory tract 
Olfactory trigone 
Medial stria 
Intermediate stria 
Parolfactory area of Broca 
Posterior parolfactory sulcus 
Posterior part of rhinen- 
cephalon 
Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of 
corpus callosum) 
Anterior perforated substance 
Lateral olfactory stria 
Threshold of island 
Sections of endbrain 
Cortical substance 
Semioval centre 
Decursus (‘‘running down”) of cerebral 
fibres 
Arcuate fibres of cerebrum 
Cingulum (“ girdle ’’) 
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 
Uncinate (‘‘ hooked”’) fasciculus 
Radiation of corpus callosum 
Frontal part (forceps minor) 
Parietal part 
Temporal part 
Occipital part (O. T. forceps 
major) 
Tapetum (“‘carpet,” or “‘tapestry’’) 
Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu- 
cleus) 

Putamen (“ shell,” or “ paring ’’) 
Globus pallidus (‘‘ pale sphere ’’) 
Claustrum (“ bulwark,”’ or ‘“barrier’’) 

External capsule 


Internal capsule 


Knee of internal capsule 


81 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Pars frontalis capsulae internae 


Pars occipitalis capsulae internae 


Nucleus amygdalae 
Corona radiata 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 

Pars occipitalis 
Radiatio corporis striati 
Radiatio occipitothalamica 

[Gratioleti] 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 

Pars anterior 

Pars posterior 


Meninges 


Dura mater encephali 
Falx cerebri 
Tentorium cerebelli 


Falx cerebelli 
Diaphragma sellae 


Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae] 


Incisura tentorii 

Dura mater spinalis 

Filum durae matris spinalis 
Cavum epidurale 

Cavum subdurale 


Arachnoidea spinalis 
Arachnoidea encephali 
Cavum subarachnoideale 
Cisternae subarachnoidales 
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris 


Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri 
[Sylvii] 

Cisterna chiasmatis 

Cisterna interpeduncularis 


Cisterna venae magnae cerebri 
Granulationes arachnaideales [Pac- 
chioni] 
Pia mater spinalis 


Lig. denticulatum 
Septum cervicale intermedium 
Pia mater encephali 


Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti 


Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti 
Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii 


Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis 
Glomus chorioideum 

Acervulus 





Systema nervorum periphericum 


Nervi cerebrales 


Nn. olfactorii 


N. opticus 


N. oculomotorius 


Ramus superior 


Ramus inferior 
Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris 


N. trochlearis 


Decussatio nervorum trochlearium 


NEUROLOGY 8x 


Frontal part of internal capsule (O. 
T. anterior limb) 
Occipital part of internal capsule (O. 
T. posterior limb) ' 
Amygdaloid (“‘almond”’) nucleus 
Corona radiata (‘‘radiate crown’’) 
Frontal part 
Parietal part 
Temporal part 
Occipital part 
Radiation of corpus striatum 
Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op- 
tic radiation) 
Anterior commissure of cerebrum 
Anterior part 
Posterior part 


Membranes 


Dura mater of brain 

Falx (“sickle’’) of cerebrum 

Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar 
tent) 

Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar sickle) 

Diaphragm of saddle 

Foramen of diaphragm of saddle 

Notch of tentori'um 

Hard membrane of spine 

Thread of spinal dura mater 

Epidural cavity 

Subdural cavity 


Arachnoid (‘‘spider-web’’) of spine 
Arachnoid (‘‘ spider-web”’) of brain 
Subarachnoid space 
Subarachnoid cisterns 
Cerebellomedullary cistern (O. T. 
cisterna magna) 
Cistern of the lateral fossa of the 
cerebrum 
Cistern of the chiasm 
Interpeduncular cistern (O. T. cis- 
terna basalis) 
Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum 
Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac- 
chionian bodies) 
Pia mater of spine (soft membrane of 
cord) 
Denticulate ligament 
Intermediate cervical septum 
Pia mater of brain (soft membrane of 
brain) 
Chorioid tela of fourth ventricle (O. T. 
tela chorioidea inferior) 
Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle 
Chorioid tela of third ventricle (O. T. 
velum interpositum, or tela chorioidea 
superior) 
Chorioid plexus of third ventricle 
Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle 
Chorioid skein 
Brain sand 





System of peripheral nerves 


Cerebral nerves 


Olfactory nerves 
Optic nerve 


Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third 
nerve) 


Superior ramus 


Inferior ramus 


Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T. 
motor root of lenticular ganglion) 


Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus 
or fourth nerve) 


Decussation of trochlear nerves 


82 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


N. trigeminus 


Portio major 
Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri] 


Portio minor 


N. ophthalmicus 


N. tentorii 
N. lacrimalis 


Ramus anastomoticus cum n. 


matico 
N. frontalis 
N. supraorbitalis 
Ramus frontalis 
N. supratrochlearis 
N. nasociliaris 
Radix longa ganglii ciliaris 
Nn. ciliares longi 
N. ethmoidalis posterior 
N. ethmoidalis anterior 
Rami nasales anteriores 
Rami nasales interni 
Rami nasales laterales 
Rami nasales mediales 
Ramus nasalis externus 
N. infratrochlearis 
Ramus palpebralis superior 
R. palpebralis inferior 


G. ciliare 
Nn. ciliares breves 
N. maxillaris 
N. meningeus [medius] 
N. zygomaticus 
Ramus zygomaticotemporalis 


Ramus zygomaticofacialis 
Nn. sphenopalatini 


_ZYgZo 


Nn. alveolares superiores 
Rami alveolares superiores poste- 
riores 
N. infraorbitalis 
R. alveolaris superior medius 


Rami alveolares superiores ante- 
riores 
Plexus dentalis superior 
Rami dentales superiores 
Rami gingivales superiores 
Rami palpebrales inferiores 
Rami nasales externi 
Rami nasales interni 
Rami labiales superiores 


Ganglion sphenopalati- 
num 
Rami orbitales 
N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
N. petrosus superficialis major 
N. petrosus profundus 


Rami nasales posteriores superiores 
laterales . 

Rami nasales posteriores superiores 

mediales 

N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae] 

Rami nasales posteriores inferiores 
[laterales] 

Nn. palatini 
N. palatinus anterior 
N. palatinus medius 


N. palatinus posterior 


N. mandibularis 


N. spinosus 
N. masticatorius 
N. massetericus 
Nn. temporales profundi 
N. temporalis profundus posterior 


NEUROLOGY 82 


Trigeminal nerve (O. T. fifth 
nerve) 


Larger (sensory) root 

Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian 
ganglion) 

Smaller (motor) root 


Ophthalmic nerve 


Nerve to the tentorium 
Lacrimal nerve 
Ramus anastomosing with zygomatic 
nerve 
Frontal nerve 
Supraorbital nerve 
Frontal ramus 
Supratrochlear nerve 
Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasal nerve) 
Long rooi of the ciliary ganglion 
Long ciliary nerves 
Posterior ethmoidal nerve 
Anterior ethmoidal nerve 
Anterior nasal rami 
Internal nasal rami 
Lateral nasal rami 
Medial nasal rami 
External nasal ramus 
Infratrochlear nerve 
Superior palpebral ramus 
Inferior palpebral ramus 
Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len- 
ticular or ophthalmic 
ganglion 
Short ciliary nerves 


Maxillary nerve (O. T. superior 
maxillary) 


Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur- 
rent) 
Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or 
temporomalar) 
Zygomaticotemporal ramus 
Zygomaticofacial. ramus 
Sphenopalatine nerves 


Superior alveolar nerves 
Posterior superior alveolar rami (O. 
T. posterior superior dental) 
Infraorbital nerve 
Middle superior alveolar ramus (O. 
T. middle superior dental) 
Anterior superior alveolar rami (O. 
T. anterior superior dental) 
Superior dental plexus 
Superior dental rami 
Superior gingival rami 
Inferior palpebral rami 
External nasal rami 
Internal nasal rami 
Superior labial rami 
Sphenopalatine ganglion 
(O. T. Meckel’s ganglion) 
Orbital rami 
Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian 
nerve 
Larger superficial petrosal nerve 
Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep 
petrosal branch of carotid plexus) 
Lateral superior posterior nasal rami 


Medial superior posterior nasal rami 


Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa 
Lateral inferior posterior nasal rami 


Palatine nerves 
Anterior palatine nerve 
Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal palatine) 
Posterior palatine nerve 


Mandibular nerve (O. T. inferior 
maxillary) 
Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve) 
Masticator nerve 
Masseteric nerve 
Deep temporal nerves 
Posterior deep temporal nerve 


83 : ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


N. temporalis profundus anterior 
N. buccinatorius 
N. pterygoideus externus 
N. pterygoideus internus 
N. auriculotemporalis 
N. meatus auditorii externi 
R. membranae tympani’ 
Rami parotidei 
Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali 
Nn. auriculares anteriores 
Rami temporales superficiales 
N. lingualis 
Rami isthmi faucium 
Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo- 
glosso 
N. sublingualis 
Rami linguales 
N. alveolaris inferior 


Plexus dentalis inferior 
Rami dentales inferiores 
Rami gingivales inferiores 

N. mylohyoideus 

N. mentalis 
Rami mentales 
Rami labiales inferiores 


Ganglion oticum 


N. petrosus superficialis minor 
N. tensoris veli palatini 


N. tensoris tympani 
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso 


R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo- 
temporali 

Ramus anastomoticus cum’ chorda 
tympani 


Gan glion submaxillare 


Rami communicantes cum n. linguali 


Rami submaxillares 


N. abducens 
N. facialis 


Geniculum n. facialis 

Ganglion geniculi 

N. stapedius 

Ramus _ anastomoticus 
tympanico 

N. auricularis posterior 
Ramus occipitalis 

Ramus digastricus 
Ramus stylohyoideus 

Ramus anastomoticus cum n. glosso- 
pharyngeo 

Plexus parotideus 

Rami temporales 

Rami zygomatici 

Rami buccales 

Ramus marginalis mandibulae 

Ramus colli 

N. intermedius 


cum  plexu 


Chorda tympani 


N. acusticus 


Radix vestibularis 

Radix cochlearis 

Fila anastomotica 

N. vestibuli 
Ganglion vestibulare 
N. utricularis 
N. ampullaris superior 
N. ampullaris lateralis 
N. ampullaris inferior 

N. cochleae 
Ganglion spirale 
N. saccularis 


N. glossopharyngeus 
Ganglion superius 


NEUROLOGY 83 


Anterior deep temporal nerve 
Buccinator nerve 
External pterygoid nerve 
Internal pterygoid nerve 
Auriculotemporal nerve 
Nerve of external auditory meatus 
Ramus to tympanic membrane 
Parotid rami 
Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve 
Anterior auricular nerves 
Superficial temporal rami 
Lingual nerve 
Rami to the isthmus of the fauces 
Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal 
nerve 
Sublingual nerve 
Lingual rami 
Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior 
dental) 
Inferior dental plexus 
Inferior dental rami 
Inferior gingival rami 
Mylohyoid nerve 
Mental nerve 
Rami to chin 
Rami to lower lip 


Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion 
of Arnold) 

Lesser superficial petrosal nerve 

Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine 
curtain 

Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanum 

Anastomotic ramus with spinosus 
nerve 

Anastomotic ramus with auriculo- 
temporal nerve 

Anastomotic ramus with chorda tym- 
pani 


Submaxillary ganglion 


Rami communicating with lingual 
nerve 
Submaxillary rami 


Abducent nerve (O. T. sixth 


nerve) 
Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve) 


Knee of the facial nerve 
Ganglion of the knee (official nerve) 
Nerve to the stapedius muscle 
Ramus anastomosing with tympanic 
plexus (O. T. tympanic branch) 
Posterior auricular nerve 
Occipital ramus 
Digastric ramus 
Stylohyoid ramus 


Ramus anastomosing with glossopha- 


ryngeal nerve 

Parotid plexus 

Temporal rami 

Zygomatic rami 

Buccal rami 

Ramus of margin of jaw 

Ramus to neck 

Intermediate nerve (O. T. 
pars intermedia of 
Wrisberg, or sensory 
part of facial nerve) 


Cord of tympanum 


Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory 


nerve) 
Vestibular root 


Cochlear root 
Anastomotic fibres 
Vestibular nerve 
Vestibular ganglion 
Utricular nerve 
Superior ampullar nerve 
Lateral ampullar nerve 
Inferior ampullar nerve 
Nerve of the cochlea 
Spiral ganglion 
Saccular nerve 
Glossopharyngeal nerve 
Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang- 
lion) 


84 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ganglion petrosum 
N. tympanicus 


Intumescentia tympanica 

Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni] 

‘ N. caroticotympanicus superior 
N. caroticotympanicus inferior 
Ramus tubae 

R. anastomoticus cum ramo auriculari 
n. vagi 

Rami pharyngei 

Ramus stylopharyngeus 

Rami tonsillares. 


Rami linguales 


N. vagus 


Ganglion jugulare © 
Ganglion nodosum 
Ramus meningeus 
Ramus auricularis 


R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha- 
ryngeo 
Rami pharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus 
N. laryngeus superior 
Ramus externus 
Ramus internus 
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. laryn- 
geo inferiore 
Rami cardiaci superiores 
(N. depressor) 


N. recurrens 
Rami cardiaci inferiores 


Rami tracheales 


Rami oesophagei 
N. laryngeus inferior 
Ramus anterior 
Ramus posterior 
Rami bronchiales anteriores 
Rami bronchiales posteriores 
Plexus pulmonalis anterior 
Plexus pulmonalis posterior 
Rami oesophagei 
Plexus oesophageus anterior 


Plexus oesophageus posterior 


Rami gastrici 
Plexus gastricus anterior 
Plexus gastricus posterior 
Rami hepatici 
Rami coeliaci 

Rami lienales 

Rami renales 


N. accessorius 


Ramus internus 


Ramus externus 


N. hypoglossus 


Ramus descendens 
Ansa hypoglossi 
Ramus thyreohyoideus 
Rami linguales 


N. spinales 


Fila radicularia 
Radix anterior 
Radix posterior 
Ganglion spinale 
Ramus anterior 
Ramus posterior 
Ramus communicans 
Ramus meningeus 
Cauda equina 

Ansae 


NEUROLOGY 84 


Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 
Andersch) 

Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson’s 
nerve) ; 

Tympanic swelling 

Tympanic plexus 
Superior caroticotympanic nerve 
Inferior caroticotympanic nerve 

_ Tubal ramus 

Ramus anastomosing with the auricu- 


lar branch of the vagus 
Pharyngeal rami 


Stylopharyngeal ramus 
Tonsillar rami (O. T. 
_ branches) 

Lingual rami (O. T. terminal rami) 


tonsillitic 


Vagus nerve (O. T. pneumogas= 
tric nerve) 
Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 
the root) 
Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the 


trunk) 
Meningeal ramus (O. T. recurrent” 
branch) 
Auricular ramus (O. T. Arnold’s 
nerve) 
Ramus anastomosing with  glosso- 


pharyngeal nerve 
Pharyngeal rami 
Pharyngeal plexus 
Superior laryngeal nerve 
External ramus 
Internal ramus 
Ramus anastomosing with inferior 
laryngeal nerve 
Superior cardiac rami 
Depressor nerve 
Recurrent nerve (O. T. 
laryngeal) 
Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac 
branches of recurrent laryngeal) 
Tracheal rami 


recurrent 


Oesophageal rami 
Inferior laryngeal nerve 
Anterior ramus 
- Posterior ramus 
Anterior bronchial rami 
Posterior bronchial rami 
Anterior pulmonary plexus 
Posterior pulmonary plexus 
Oesophageal rami 
Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 
plexus gulae) 
Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 
plexus gulae) 
Gastric rami 
Anterior gastric plexus 
Posterior gastric plexus 
Hepatic rami 
Coeliac rami 
Splenic rami 
- Renal rami 


Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal 
accessory) 

Internal ramus (O. T. accessory por- 

tion) 
External ramus (O. T. spinal portion) 
.Hypoglossal nerve 

Descending ramus 

Loop of the hypoglossus 

Thyreohyoid ramus 

Lingual rami 


Spinal nerves 


’ Radicular fibres 


Anterior root 

Posterior root 

Spinal ganglion 

Anterior ramus 

Posterior ramus j 
Communicating ramus 
Meningeal ramus 

Cauda equina (“horse’s tail ’’) 
Loops 


85 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Nn. cervicales 


Rami posteriores 


Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 
N. suboccipitalis 


N. occipitalis major 
(N. occipitalis tertius) 


Rami anteriores 


Plezus cervicales 

N. occipitalis minor 

N. auricularis magnus 
Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior 

N. cutaneus colli 


Rami superiores 
Rami inferiores 
Nn. supraclaviculares 
Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores 


Nn. supraclaviculares medii 
Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores 


N. phrenicus 
Ramus pericardiacus 
Rami phrenicoabdominales 


Plexus brachialis 
Pars supraclavicularis 
Nn. thoracales posteriores 
N. dorsalis scapulae 


N. thoracalis longus 


Nn. thoracales anteriores 
N. subclavius 

N. suprascapularis 

Nn. subscapulares 

N. thoracodorsalis 


N. axillaris 
Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis 
Pars infraclavicularis 
Fasciculus lateralis 
Fasciculus medialis 
Fasciculus posterior 


N. musculocutaneus 
Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis 


N. cutaneus brachii medialis 


N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis 


Ramus volaris 
Ramus ulnaris 


N. medianus 


Rami musculares 
N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris 


Ramus palmaris n. mediani 


Ramus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 


N. ulnaris 


Ramus cutaneus palmaris 
Ramus dorsalis manus 


NEUROLOGY 85 


Cervical nerves 


Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri- 
mary divisions) 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 

Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior 
primary division of first cervical 
nerve) 

Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great 
occipital, or medial branch of pos- 
terior primary division of second cer- 
vical nerve) 

Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc- 
cipital, or medial branch of the pos- 
terior primary division of the third 
cervical nerve) 

Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary 
divisions) 

Cervical plexus 

Lesser occipital nerve 

Great auricular nerve 
Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 

Cutaneous nerve of the front of the 

neck (O. T. superficial cervical) 
Upper rami 
Lower rami 

Supraclavicular nerves 

Anterior supraclavicular nerves (O. 
T. suprasternal) 

Middle supraclavicular nerves (O. 
T. supraclavicular) 

Posterior supraclavicular nerves (O 
T. supra-acromial) 

Phrenic nerve 
Pericardiac ramus 
Phrenicoabdominal rami 


Brachial plexus 


Supraclavicular part 
Posterior thoracic nerves 
Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve 
to the rhomboids) 


Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external 
respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos- 
terior thoracic) 

Anterior thoracic nerves 

Subclavius nerve 

Suprascapular nerve 

Subscapular nerves 

Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub- 
scapular nerve) , 

Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex) 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm 

Infraclavicular part 

Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord) 

Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord) 

Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior 
cord) 

Musculocutaneous nerve 

Muscular branches 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. terminal cutaneous branch) 

Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les- 
ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of 

Wrisberg) 

Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter- 
nal cutaneous) 

Volar ramus (O. T. anterior branch) 

Ulnar ramus (O. T. posterior branch 


Median nerve 


Muscular rami 

Volar interosseous nerve of forearm 

’ (O. T. anterior interosseous) 

Palmar ramus of median nerve (O.T. 
median palmar cutaneous) 

Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve 

Common volar digital nerves 

Proper volar digital nerves (O. T. col- - 
lateral palmar digital nerves) 


Ulnar nerve 


Palmar cutaneous ramus 
Dorsal ramus of hand (O. T. dorsal 
cutaneous) 


86 ANATOMICAL 


Nn. digitales dorsales 
Ramus volaris manus 
Ramus superficialis 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 


Ramus profundus 
Rami musculares 


N. radialis 


N. cutaneus brachii posterior 


Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis 


Ramus profundus 
N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis 


Ramus superficialis 
Ramus anastomoticus ulnaris 


Nn. digitales dorsales 


Nn. thoracales 


Rami posteriores 
Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
Ramus cutaneus medialis 
Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales] 
Rami musculares 
Ramus cutaneus lateralis [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 
Nn. intercostobrachiales 


Ramus. cutaneus anterior [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Rami mammarii mediales 


NOMENCLATURE 


Nn. lumbales, sacrales, coccygeus 


Nn. lumbales 
Rami posteriores 
Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 
Nn. clunium superiores 


Rami anteriores 


Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: 
Rami posteriores 
Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 
Nn. clunium medii 
Plexus lumbosacralis 
Plexus lumbalis 
Rami musculares 
N. iliohypogastricus 


Rami musculares 
Ramus cutaneus lateralis 


Ramus cutaneus anterior 


N. ilioinguinalis 
Rami musculares 


Nn. scrotales anteriores 
Nn. labiales anteriores 


N. genitofemoralis 


N. lumboinguinalis 


N. spermaticus externus 


N. cutaneus femoris lateralis 


N. obturatorius 


Ramus anterior 
Ramus cutaneus 
Ramus posterior 


NEUROLOGY 86 


Dorsal digital nerves 
Volar ramus of hand 
Superficial ramus 
Common volar digital nerves 
Proper volar digital nerves (O. T 
collateral palmar digital) 
Deep ramus 
Muscular rami 


Radial nerve (O. T. musculospiral) 


Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper 
arm (O. T. upper external cuta- 
neous branch of musculospiral) 

Muscular rami 

Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. lower external cutaneous 
branch of musculospiral) 

Deep ramus 
Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm 

(O. T. posterior interosseous) 
Superficial ramus (O. T. radial branch 
of musculospiral) 
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar 
nerve 
Dorsal digital nerves 


Thoracic nerves 


Posterior rami 
Lateral cutaneous ramus 
Medial cutaneous ramus 
Anterior rami [intercostal nerves] 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous ramus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Intercostobrachial nerves (O. T. in- 
tercosto-humeral nerves) 
Anterior cutaneous ramus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Medial mammary rami 


Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal 
nerves 
Lumbar nerves 
Posterior rami 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 
Superior clunial nerves 
Anterior rami 
Sacral and coccygeal nerves 
Posterior rami 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 
' Middle clunial. nerves 


Lumbosacral plexus 
Lumbar plexus 
Muscular rami 


Iliohypogastric nerve _ 


Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous ramus (O. T. iliac 
branch of hypogastric) 

Anterior cutaneous ramus (O. T. hy- 
pogastric branch) 


Ilio-inguinal nerve 
Muscular rami 
Anterior scrotal nerves 
Anterior labial nerves 


Genitofemoral nerve (0. T. genito- 
crural nerve) 


Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural 
branch of genitocrural) 

External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni- 
tal branch of genitocrural) 


Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 
(O. T. external cutaneous) 


Obturator nerve 


Anterior ramus 
Cutaneous ramus 
Posterior ramus 


87 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


N. femoralis 


Rami cutanei anteriores 
Rami musculares 
N. saphenus 


Ramus infrapatellaris 


Rami cutanei cruris mediales 


Plexus sacralis 


Truncus lumbosacralis 


N. glutaeus superior 

N. glutaeus inferior 

N. cutaneus femoris posterior 
Nn. clunium inferiores 
Rami perineales 


N. ischiadicus 


Rami musculares 
N. peronaeus communis 


Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus surae lateralis 
Ramus anastomoticus peronaeus 


N. peronaeus superficialis 


Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis 
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius 
Nn. digitales dorsales pedis 
N. peronaeus profundus 


Rami musculares 


Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late- 


ralis et digiti secundi medialis 


N. tibialis 


Rami musculares 
N. interosseus cruris 
N. cutaneus surae medialis 


[N. suralis] 


Rami calcanei laterales 
N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis 
Rami calcanei mediales 
N. plantaris medialis 


Nn. digitales plantares communes 
Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
N. plantaris lateralis 


Ramus superficialis 
Nn. digitales plantares com- 
munes 
Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
Ramus profundus 


Plexus pudendus 


Nn. haemorrhoidales medii 
Nn. vesicales inferiores’ 
Nn. vaginales 
N. pudendus 
Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores 
N. perinei 
Nn. scrotales posteriores 
Nn. labiales posteriores 
N. dorsalis penis 
N. dorsalis clitoridis 


N. coccygeus 


Plexus coccygeus 
Nn. anococcygei 


NEUROLOGY 87 


Femoral nerve (O. T. anterior 


crural) 


Anterior cutaneous rami 
Muscular rami 
Saphenous nerve (O. T. long saphe- 
nous) 
Infrapatellar ramus (O. T. patellar 
branch or long saphenous) 
Medial cutaneous rami of leg 


Sacral plexus 


Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa- 
cral cord) 

Superior gluteal nerve 

Inferior gluteal nerve 

. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh 

Inferior nerves of buttock 

Perineal rami 


Sciatic nerve (O. T. great sciatic) 
Muscular rami 
Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal popliteal) 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf 
Peroneal anastomotic ramus (O. T. 
nervus communicans fibularis) 
Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus- 
culocutaneous) 
Muscular rami 
Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Dorsal digital nerves of foot 
Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior 
tibial) 
Muscular rami 
Dorsal digital nerves to lateral sur- 
face of hallux and to medial sur- 
face of second digit 


It 


Tibial nerve (QO. T. internal popliteal 
nerve) 
Muscular rami 
Interosseous nerve of the leg 
Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf 
(O. T. nervus communicans tib- 
ialis) 
Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe- 
nous nerve) 
Lateral calcanean rami 
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Medial calcanean rami 
Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal 
plantar) 

Common digital plantar nerves 
Proper digital plantar nerves 
Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external 

plantar) 
Superficial ramus 
Common digital plantar nerves 


Proper digital plantar nerves 
Deep ramus 


Pudendal plexus 


Middle hemorrhoidal nerves 
Inferior vesical nerves 
Vaginal nerves 
Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve) 
Inferior hemorrhoidal nerves 
Nerve of perineum ~ 
Posterior scrotal nerves 
Posterior labial nerves 
Dorsal nerve of penis 
Dorsal nerve of clitoris 


Coccygeal nerve 


Coccygeal plexus 
Anococcygeal nerves 


88 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Systema nervorum sympathicum 


Truncus sympathicus 

Ganglia trunci sympathici 
Plexus sympathici 

Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum 


Pars cephalica et cervicalis s. 
sympathici 


Ganglion cervicale superius 

N. jugularis 

N. caroticus internus 

Plexus caroticus internus 

Plexus cavernosus 

Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris 
Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae 
Plexus arteriae chorioideae 
Plexus ophthalmicus 

Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris 
Nn. carotici externi 

Plexus caroticus externus 

Plexus thyreoideus superior 
Plexus lingualis 

Plexus maxillaris externus 


Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil- 


laris 
Plexus occipitalis 
Plexus auricularis posterior 
Plexus temporalis superficialis 
Plexus maxillaris internus 
Plexus meningeus 
Plexus caroticus communis 
Rami laryngopharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus ascendens 
N. cardiacus superior 
Ganglion cervicale medium 
N. cardiacus medius 
Ganglion cervicale inferius 
Ansa. subclavia [Vieussenii] 
N. cardiacus inferior 
Plexus subclavius 
Plexus mammarius internus 


Plexus thyreoideus inferior 
Plexus vertebralis 


Pars thoracalis s. sympathici 


Ganglia thoracalia 

N. splanchnicus major 

Ganglion splanchnicum 

N. splanchnicus minor 
Ramus renalis 

(N. splanchnicus imus) 


Plexus aorticus thoracalis 

Plexus cardiacus 

Plexus coronarius cordis anterior 
Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] 
Plexus coronarius posterior 
Rami. pulmonales i 
Plexus pulmonalis 


Pars abdominalis et pelvina s. 
; ‘sympathici 

Ganglia lumbalia 

Ganglia sacralia 

Plexus aorticus abdominalis 

Plexus coeliacus 

Ganglia coeliaca 

Ganglion mesentericum superius 

Plexus phrenicus 

Ganglia phrenica 

Plexus hepaticus 

Plexus lienalis 

Plexus gastricus superior 


‘Plexus gastricus inferior 


Plexus suprarenalis 

Plexus renalis 

Plexus spermaticus 

Plexus arteriae ovaricae 
Plexus mesentericus superior 
Plexus myentericus 


NEUROLOGY 88 


Sympathetic system of nerves 


Sympathetic trunk | 

Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk 
Sympathetic plexuses 

Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses 


Cephalic and cervical portions of 
the sympathetic system 


Superior cervical ganglion 
Jugular nerve 

Internal carotid nerve 

Internal carotid plexus 
Cavernous plexus 

Plexus of anterior cerebral artery 
Plexus of middle cerebral artery 
Plexus of chorioid artery 
Ophthalmic plexus 

Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion 
External carotid nerves 
External carotid plexus 
Superior thyreoid plexus 
Lingual plexus 

External maxillary plexus 
Sympathetic root of the submaxillary 

ganglion 

Occipital plexus 

Posterior auricular plexus 
Superficial temporal plexus 
Internal maxillary plexus 
Meningeal plexus 

Common carotid plexus 
Laryngopharyngeal rami 
Ascending pharyngeal plexus 
Superior cardiac nerve 

Middle cervical ganglion 
Middle cardiac nerve 

Inferior cervical ganglion 
Subclavian loop 

Inferior cardiac nerve 
Subclavian plexus 

Internal mammary plexus 


Inferior thyreoid plexus 
Vertebral plexus 


Thoracic portion of the sympa= 
thetic system 


Thoracic ganglia 


Greater splanchnic nerve 
Splanchnic ganglion 
Lesser splanchnic nerve 
Renal ramus 
Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T. 
smallest splanchnic) 
Thoracic aortic plexus 
Cardiac plexus 
Anterior coronary plexus of heart 
Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg 
Posterior coronary plexus 
Pulmonary rami 
Pulmonary plexus 


Abdominal and pelvic portions of 
the sympathetic system | 


Lumbar ganglia 
Sacral ganglia 
Abdominal aortic plexus 
Coeliac plexus 
Coeliac ganglia 
Superior mesenteric ganglion 
Phrenic plexus 
Phrenic ganglia 
Hepatic plexus 
Splenic plexus 
Superior gastric plexus 
Inferior gastric plexus 
Suprarenal plexus 
Renal plexus 
Spermatic plexus 
Plexus of the ovarian artery 
Superior mesenteric plexus 
Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of 
Auerbach) 


89 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Plexus submucosus 


Plexus mesentericus inferior 
Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores 
Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior 
Plexus iliacus 

Plexus hypogastricus 

Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius 
Plexus prostaticus 

Plexus deferentialis 

Plexus uterovaginalis 


Plexus vesicalis 
Nn. vesicales superiores 
Nn. vesicales inferiores 
Plexus cavernosus penis 
N. cavernosus penis major 
Nn. cavernosi penis minores 
Plexus cavernosus clitoridis 
N. cavernosus clitoridis major 
Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores 
Plexus femoralis 
Plexus popliteus 





Organa sensuum et Integumentum commune 


Organon visus 
Oculus 
N. opticus 


Vaginae n. optici 
Spatia intervaginalia 


Bulbus oculi 


Polus anterior 

Polus posterior _ 
Aequator 

Meridiani 

Axis oculi externa 
Axis oculi interna 
Axis optica 

[Linea visus] 

_Vesicula ophthalmica 
Caliculus ophthalmicus 


Tunica fibrosa oculi 


Sclera 
Sulcus sclerae 
Rima cornealis 
Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis 
Schlemmi, Lauthi] 
Lamina fusca 


Lamina cribrosa sclerae 
(Raphe sclerae) 


(Funiculus sclerae) 


Cornea 


Annulus conjunctivae 

Vertex corneae 

Limbus*‘corneae 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Epithelium corneae 

Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani] 


Substantia propria 

Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi, 
Descemeti] 

Endothelium camerae anterioris 


Tunica vasculosa oculi 
Chorioidea 
Iamina suprachorioidea 
Spatium perichorioideale 
Lamina vasculosa , 
Lamina choriocapillaris 


Lamina basalis 
(Raphe chorioideae) 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 89: 


Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus 
of Meissner) 

Inferior mesenteric plexus 

Superior hemorrhoidal nerves 

Superior hemorrhoidal plexus 

Iliac plexus 

Hypogastric plexus 

Middle hemorrhoidal plexus 

Prostatic plexus 

Deferential plexus 

Uterovaginal plexus 


Vesical plexus 
Superior vesical nerves 
Inferior vesical nerves 
Cavernous plexus of penis 
Larger cavernous nerve of penis 
Lesser cavernous nerves of penis 
Cavernous plexus of clitoris 
Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris 
Lesser cavernous nerves of clitoris 
Femoral plexus 
Popliteal plexus 





Sense organs and common integument 


Organ of vision 
Eye 
Optic nerve 


Sheaths of the optic nerve 
Intervaginal spaces 


Eyeball 


Anterior pole 
Posterior pole 
Equator 

Meridian 

External axis of eye 
Internal axis of eye 
Optic axis 

Line of vision 
Ophthalmic vesicle 
Ophthalmic cup 


Fibrous tunic of eye 


Sclera (O. T. sclerotic coat) 
Sulcus of the sclera 
Cleft for the cornea 
Venous sinus of the sclera, or canal of 
Schlemm 
Brown layer 


t 


Perforated layer of the sclera 
Ridge of the sclera 
Funiculus of the sclera 


Cornea 


Ring of conjunctiva 
Vertex of cornea 
Border of cornea 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Epithelium of cornea 
Anterior elastic layer 
man’s membrane) 
Proper substance 
Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce- 
met’s membrane) 
Endothelium of anterior chamber 


(O. T. Bow- 


Vascular coat of eyé@ 
Chorioid 


Suprachorioid layer 

Perichorioideal space 

Vascular layer 

Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica 
Ruyschiana) 

Basal layer 

Raphe of chorioid 


90 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Corpus ciliare 


Corona ciliaris 
Processus ciliares 
Plicae ciliares 
Orbiculus ciliaris 
M. ciliaris 
Fibrae meridionales [Brueckei] 
Fibrae circulares [Muelleri] 
Plexus gangliosus ciliaris 


Iris 
Margo pupillaris 
Margo ciliaris 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Annulus iridis major 
Annulus iridis minor 
Plicae iridis 
Pupilla 
M. sphincter pupillae 
Stroma iridis 
M. dilatator pupillae 
Lig. pectinatum iridis 


Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae] 


Circulus arteriosus major 
Circulus arteriosus minor 
Membrana pupillaris 


Stratum pigmenti 


Stratum pigmenti retinae 
Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris 
Stratuna pigmenti iridis 


Retina 

Pars optica retinae 

Ora serrata 
Pars ciliaris retinae 
Papilla n. optici 
Excavatio papillae n. optici 
Macula lutea 
Fovea centralis 


Vasa sanguinea retinae 

Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri] 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
inferior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis  retinae 
inferior 


Arteriola [Venula] macularis su- 
perior 
Arteriola [Venula] macularis — in- 
ferior 


Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis 


Camera oculi anterior 
Angulus iridis 


Camera oculi posterior 


Corpus vitreum 


A. hyaloidea 

Canalis hyaloideus 

Fossa hyaloidea 

Membrana hyaloidea - 
Stroma vitreum 
Humor vitreus 


Lens crystallina 


Substantia lentis 
Substantia corticalis 
Nucleus lentis 

Fibrae lentis 

Epithelium lentis 

Capsula lentis 

Polus anterior lentis 

Polus posterior lentis 

Facies anterior lentis 

Facies posterior lentis 

Axis lentis 

Aequator lentis 

Radii lentis 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT go 


Ciliary body 
Ciliary wreath 
Ciliary processes 
Ciliary folds 
Ciliary disk 
Ciliary muscle 
Meridional fibres 
Circular fibres 
Ciliary ganglionic plexus 


Iris, or diaphragm of the eye 


Pupillary margin 

Ciliary margin 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Greater ring of iris 

Lesser ring of iris 

Folds of iris 

Pupil 

Sphincter muscle of pupil 

Stroma of iris 

Dilator muscle of pupil 

Pectinate (“comb-like”) ligament of 
iris (O..T. pillars of the iris) 

Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T. 
spaces of Fontana) 

Greater arterial circle 

Lesser arterial circle 

Pupillary membrane 


Layer of pigment 


Pigment layer of the retina 
Pigment layer of ciliary body 
Pigment layer of iris 


Retina . 

Optic part of retina 

Serrated edge 
Ciliary part of retina 
Papilla of optic nerve 
Excavation of papilla of optic nerve 
Yellow spot 
Central fovea 


Blood vessels of the retina 

Vascular circle of the optic nerve 

Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Superior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- 
ina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- 
ina 

Superior macular arteriole (venule) 


Inferior macular arteriole (venule) 


Medial arteriole (venule) of retina 


Anterior chamber of the eye 


Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal 
angle) i 


Posterior chamber of the eye 


Vitreous body 


Hyaloid artery ; 
Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling) 
Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris) 
Hyaloid membrane 

Vitreous stroma 

Vitreous humor 


Crystalline lens 


Substance of the lens 
Cortical substance 
Nucleus of the lens 

Fibres of the lens 

Epithelium of the lens 

Capsule of the lens 

Anterior pole of lens 

Posterior pole of lens 

Anterior surface of lens 

Posterior surface of lens 

Axis of the lens 

Equator of the lens 

Radii of the lens 


gi ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Zonula ciliaris [Zinni] 


Fibrae zonulares 
Spatia zonularia 


Organa oculi accessoria 


Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales 


. orbitalis 

. rectus superior 
. rectus inferior 
. rectus medialis 


SSS8S 


M. rectus lateralis 


Lacertus musculi recti lateralis 
Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni] 
M. obliquus superior 

Trochlea 
M. obliquus inferior 
M. levator palpebrae superioris 
Periorbita 
Septum orbitale 


Fasciae musculares 

Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] 
Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] 
Corpus adiposum orbitae 


Supercilium 
Palpebrae . 

Palpebra superior 
Palpebra inferior 
Facies anterior palpebrarum 
Facies posterior palpebrarum 
Rima palpebrarum 
Commissura palpebrarum lateralis 


Commissura palpebrarum medialis 


Angulus oculi lateralis 
Angulus oculi medialis 
Limbi palpebrales anteriores 
Limbi palpebrales posteriores 


Tarsus superior 

Tarsus inferior 

Lig. palpebrale mediale 
Raphe palpebralis lateralis 
Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi] 


Sebum palpebrale 
M. tarsalis superior 
M. tarsalis inferior 


Conjunctiva 


Plica semilunaris conjunctivae 
Caruncula lacrimalis 

Tunica conjunctiva bulbi 
Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum 
Fornix conjunctivae superior 
Fornix conjunctivae inferior 

Gl. mucosae [Krauisei] 

Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales 
(Pinguecula) 


Apparatus lacrimalis 


Glandula lacrimalis superior 

Glandula lacrimalis inferior 

(GL. lacrimales accessoriae) 
Ductuli excretorii [gl. lacrimalis] 

Rivus lacrimalis 

Lacus lacrimalis 

Puncta lacrimalia 

Ductus lacrimales 

Papillae lacrimales 

Ampulla ductus lacrimalis 

Saccus lacrimalis 

Fornix sacci lacrimalis 

Ductus nasolacrimalis 

Plica lacrimalis [Hasneri] 

Lacrimae 


SENSE ORGANS AND ComMON INTEGUMENT gi 


Ciliary zonule (O. T. zonule of 
Zinn) 

Zonular fibres 

Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit) 


Accessory organs of eye 


Eye muscles, orbital fasciae 


Orbital muscle 

Superior straight muscle 

Inferior straight muscle 

Medial straight muscle (O, T. internal 
rectus) 

Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external 
rectus) 

Lacertus of lateral straight muscle 

Common tendinous ring of Zinn 

Superior oblique muscle 
Pulley 

Inferior oblique muscle 

Levator muscle of superior lid 

Periorbit 

Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga- 
ments) 

Muscular fasciae 

Fascia of ball (O. T. capsule of Tenon) 

Interfascial space 

Fat body of orbit 


Eyebrow 


Eyelids 

Upper eyelid 

Lower eyelid 

Anterior surface ‘of eyelids 

Posterior surface of eyelids 

Palpebral fissure : 

Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T. 
external canthus) 

Medial palpebral commissure (O. T. 
internal canthus) ~* 

Lateral angle of the eye 

Medial angle of the eye 

Anterior palpebral margins 

Posterior palpebral margins 


Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal 
plate) 

Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal ° 
plate) 

Medial palpebral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal tarsal ligament) 

Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter- 
nal tarsal ligament) 

Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian 

glands) 

Palpebral sebum 

Superior tarsal muscle 

Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor 
tarsi) 


Conjunctiva or connecting 
membrane 


Semilunar fold of conjunctiva 
Lacrimal caruncle 
Conjunctival coat of eyeball 
Conjunctival coat of eyelids 
Superior fornix of conjunctiva 
Inferior fornix of conjunctiva 
Mucous glands of Krause 
Conjunctival lymphatic nodules 
Conjunctival fat 


Lacrimal apparatus 


Superior lacrimal gland 

Inferior lacrimal gland 

Accessory lacrimal glands 
Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland 

Lacrimal stream 

Lacrimal lake 

Lacrimal (punctate) openings 

Lacrimal ducts 

Lacrimal papillae 

Ampulla of lacrimal duct 

Lacrimal sac 

Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac 

Nasolacrimal duct 

Lacrimal fold of Hasner 

Tears 


92 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Organon auditus 
Auris interna 


Labyrinthus membranaceus 


Ductus endolymphaticus 

Saccus endolymphaticus 

Ductus utriculosaccularis 

Utriculus 

Ductus semicirculares 
Ductus semicircularis superior 
Ductus semicircularis posterior 
Ductus semicircularis lateralis 


Ampullae membranaceae 
Sulcus ampullaris 
Crista ampullaris 
Ampulla membranacea superior 
Ampulla membranacea posterior 
Ampulla membranacea lateralis 
Sacculus 
Ductus reuniens [Henseni] 
Maculae acusticae 
Macula acustica utriculi 
Macula acustica sacculi 
Otoconia 
Endolympha 
Perilympha 
Spatium perilymphaticum 
Ductus perilymphatici 
Ductus cochlearis 


Caecum cupulare 
Caecum vestibulare 
Lamina basilaris 
Membrana vestibularis [Reissneri] 
Lig. spirale cochleae 
Prominentia spiralis 
Stria vascularis 
Sulcus spiralis 
Labium tympanicum 
Foramina nervosa 
Labium vestibulare 


Ganglion spirale cochleae 
Organon spirale [Cortii] 
Vasa auris internae 
A. auditiva interna 

Rami vestibulares 

Ramus cochleae 

Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae 
Vv. auditivae internae 

V. spiralis modioli 

Vas prominens 

Vv. vestibulares 

V. aquaeductus vestibuli 

V. canaliculi cochleae 


Labyrinthus osseus 


Vestibulum 
Recessus sphaericus 


Recessus ellipticus 


Crista vestibuli 

Pyramis vestibuli 

Recessus. cochlearis 

Maculae cribrosae 
Macula cribrosa superior 
Macula cribrosa media 
Macula cribrosa inferior 

Canales semicirculares ossei 
Canalis semicircularis superior 
Canalis semicircularis posterior 
Canalis semicircularis lateralis 


Ampullae osseae 
Ampulla ossea superior 
Ampulla ossea posterior ; 
Ampulla ossea lateralis 

Crura ampullaria 

Crus commune 

Crus simplex” 


Cochlea 


Cupula 
Basis cochleae 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT g2 


‘ 


Organ of hearing 
Internal ear 


_ Membranous labyrinth 


Endolymphatic duct 
Endolymphatic sac 
Utriculosaccular duct 
Utricle 
Semicircular ducts 
Superior semicircular duct 
Posterior semicircular duct 
Lateral semicircular duct (O. T. ex- 
ternal) 
Membranous ampullae 
Ampullary sulcus 
Ampullary crest 
Superior membranous ampulla 
Posterior membranous ampulla 
Lateral membranous ampulla 
Saccule 
Uniting duct (O. T. canalis reuniens) 
Acoustic spots 
Acoustic spot of utricle 
Acoustic spot of saccule 
Ear-stones 
Endolymph 
Perilymph 
Perilymphatic space 
Perilymphatic ducts 
Cochlear duct (O. T. mem- 
branous cochlea, or scala 
media) 
Cupular blind sac 
Vestibular blind sac 
Basilar layer 
Vestibular membrane of Reissner 
Spiral ligament of cochlea 
Spiral prominence 
Vascular stripe 
Spiral sulcus 
Tympanic lip 
Openings for nerves 
Vestibular lip 


Spiral ganglion of cochlea 
Spiral organ of Corti 
Vessels of internal ear 
Internal auditory artery 

Vestibular rami 

Cochlear ramus 

Arterial glomeruli of cochlea 
Internal auditory veins 

Spiral vein of modiolus 

Prominent vessel 

Vestibular veins 

Vein of aqueduct of vestibule 

Vein of canaliculus of cochlea 


Osseous labyrinth 
Vestibule 


Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi- 
sphaerica) , 
Elliptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel- 
liptica) 
Crest of vestibule 
Pyramid of vestibule 
Cochlear recess 
Perforated spots 
Superior perforated spot 
Middle perforated spot 
Inferior perforated spot 
Osseous semicircular canals 
Superior semicircular canal 
Posterior semicircular canal 
Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex- 
ternal) 
Osseous ampullae 
Superior osseous ampulla 
Posterior osseous ampulla 
Lateral osseous ampulla 
Ampullary limbs 
Common limb 


Simple limb 


Cochlea (‘‘ snail shell ’’) 


Cupola 
Base of cochlea 


93 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Canalis spiralis cochleae 
Modiolus 

Basis modioli 

Lamina modioli 

Lamina spiralis ossea 
Hamulus laminae spiralis 
Scala vestibuli 

Scala tympani 
Helicotrema -° 
Lamina spiralis secundaria 
Canalis spiralis modioli 
Canales longitudinales modioli 


Meatus acusticus internus 


Porus acusticus internus 

Fundus meatus acustici interni 
Crista transversa 
Area n. facialis 
Area cochleae 

Tractus spiralis foraminosus 

Area vestibularis superior 
Area vestibularis inferior 
Foramen singulare 


Cavum tympani 


Paries tegmentalis 
Recessus epitympanicus 
Pars cupularis 
Paries jugularis 
Prominentia styloidea 
‘Paries labyrinthica 


Fenestra vestibuli 

Fossula fenestrae vestibuli 
Promontorium 

Sulcus promontorii 


Subiculum promontorii 


Sinus tympani 
Fenestra cochleae 


Fossula fenestrae cochleae 


Crista fenestrae cochleae 
Processus cochleariformis 
Paries mastoidea 


Antrum tympanicum 


Prominentia canalis semicircularis 
lateralis 
Prominentia canalis facialis 
Eminentia pyramidalis 
Fossa incudis 
Sinus posterior 
Apertura tympanica canaliculi 
chordae 
Cellulae mastoideae 
Cellulae tympanicae 
Paries carotica 


Paries membranacea 


Membrana tympani 


Pars flaccida 

Pars tensa 

Limbus membranae tympani 
Plica malleolaris anterior 
Plica malleolaris posterior 
Prominentia malleolaris 
Stria malleolaris 

Umbo membranae tympani 


Stratum cutaneum 
Annulus fibrocartilagineus 
Stratum radiatum 
Stratum circulare 
Stratum mucosum 


Ossicula auditus 


Stapes 
Capitulum stapedis 
Crus anterius 

Crus posterius 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 93 


Spiral canal of cochlea 
Modiolus (‘‘ screw ’’) 

Base of modiolus 

Shelf of modiolus - 

Osseous spiral shelf 

Hooklet of spiral shelf 
“Staircase” of vestibule 
“Staircase” of tympanum 
Helicotrema (“pore of the helix”’) 
Secondary spiral shelf 

Spiral canal of modiolus 
Longitudinal canals of modiolus 


Internal acoustic meatus 


Internal acoustic opening 
Bottom of internal acoustic meatus 
Transverse crest 
Area of facial nerve 
Area of cochlea 
Foraminous spiral tract 
Superior vestibular area 
Inferior vestibular area 
Isolated foramen 


Cavity of tympanum 


Tegmental wall 
Epitympanic recess 
Cupular portion 
Jugular wall (O. T. floor) 
Styloid prominence 
Labyrinthic wall (O.T. in- 
ner wall) 
Fenestra (‘‘ window’’) of vestibule 
(O. T. fenestra ovalis) 
Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule 
Promontory 
Sulcus of promontory 
Subiculum (“support”) of promon- 
tory 
Sinus of tympanum 
Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra 
rotunda) 
Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea 


Crest of fenestra of cochlea 
Cochleariform process 
Mastoid wall (O. T. pos- 
terior wall) 
Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal 
antrum) 
Prominence of lateral semicircular 
canal 
Prominence of facial canal ~ 
Pyramidal eminence 
Fossa of incus 
Posterior sinus 
Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of 
chorda 
Mastoid cells 
Tympanic cells 
Carotid wall (OQ. T. ante- 
rior wall) 
Membranous 
outer wall) 


wall 


(O. T. 


Membrane of the tympanum (0. T. 
drumhead) 


Flaccid part 

Tense part 

Border of membrane of tympanum 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Posterior malleolar fold 

Malleolar prominence 

Malleolar stripe 

Umbo (“prominent part’’) of tympanic 
membrane 

Cutaneous layer 

Fibrocartilaginous ring 

Radiate layer 

Circular layer 

Mucous layer 


Auditory ossicles 


Stirrup 
Head of stirrup 
Anterior limb 
Posterior limb 


94 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Basis stapedis 
Incus 
Corpus incudis 
Crus longum 
Processus lenticularis 
Crus breve 
Malleus 
Manubrium mallei 
Capitulum mallei 
Collum mallei 
Processus lateralis 


Processus anterior [Folii] 


Articulationes ossiculorum auditus 


Articulatio incudomalleolaris 
Articulatio incudostapedia 
Syndesmosis tympanostapedia 


Ligg. ossiculorum auditus 
Lig. 
Lig. 
Lig. 


mallei anterius 
mallei superius 
mallei laterale 


Lig. incudis superius 

Lig. incudis posterius 
Membrana obturatoria (stapedis) 
Lig. annulare baseos stapedis 
[M. fixator baseos stapedis] 


Musculi ossiculorum auditus 


M. tensor tympani 
M. stapedius 


Tunica mucosa tympanica 


(Gl. tympanicae) 

Plica malleolaris posterior 

Plica malleolaris anterior 

Recessus membranae tympani anterior 
Recessus tympani membranae superior 
Recessus membranae tympani posterior 
Plica incudis 


Plica stapedis 
Membrana tympani secundaria 


Tuba auditiva [Eustachii 


Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae 
Pars ossea tubae auditivae 

Isthmus tubae auditivae 

Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae 
Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae 

Cartilago tubae auditivae 

Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis 

Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis 
Lamina membranacea 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. mucosae 

Noduli lymphatici tubarii 
Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae 


Meatus acusticus externus 
Porus acusticus externus 
Incisura tympanica [Rivini] 
Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi- 
neus 
Cartilago meatus acustici 
Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus- 
tici externi [Santorini] 
Lamina tragi 


Auriculae 


Lobulus auriculae 
Cartilago auriculae 
Helix 

Crus helicis 

Spina helicis 
Cauda helicis 
Anthelix 

Fossa triangularis [auriculae] 
Crura anthelicis 
Scapha 

Concha auriculae 
Cymba conchae 
Cavum conchae 
Antitragus 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 94 


Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece) 
Anvil 
Body of anvil 
Long limb 
Lenticular process 
Short limb 
Hammer 
Handle of hammer 
Head of hammer 
Neck of hammer 
Lateral process 
brevis) 
Anterior process (O. T. processus 
gracilis) 


(O. T. processus 


Joints of the auditory ossicles 


Joint between anvil and hammer 
Joint between anvil and stirrup 
Junction of stirrup and tympanum 


Ligaments of the auditory ossicles 


Anterior ligament of hammer 

Superior ligament of hammer 

Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T. 
external ligament) 

Superior ligament of anvil 

Posterior ligament of anvil 

Obturator membrane of stirrup 

Annular ligament of base of stirrup 

Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup 


Muscles of the auditory ossicles 


Tensor muscle of the tympanum 
Stapedius muscle 


Tympanic mucous coat 


Tympanic glands 

Posterior maleolar fold 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Anterior recess of tympanic membrane 
Superior recess of tympanic membrane 
Posterior recess of tympanic membrane 
Fold of anvil 


Fold of stirrup 
Secondary tympanic membrane 


Auditory or Eustachian tube 
Tympanic opening of auditory tube 
Bony part of auditory tube 

Isthmus of auditory tube 

Tubal air cells 
Cartilaginous part of auditory tube 

Cartilage of auditory tube 

Medial layer of cartilage 

Lateral layer of cartilage 
Membranous layer 
Mucous membrane 

Mucous glands 

Tubal lymphatic nodules 
Pharyngeal opening of afiditory tube 


External acoustic meatus 
External acoustic opening 
Tympanic incisure 
Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus 


Cartilage of acoustic meatus 
Notches in cartilage of external 
acoustic meatus 
Layer of tragus 


External ear, or auricle (O. T. 
pinna) 

Lobule of auricle 

Cartilage of auricle 

Coil 

Limb of coil 

Spine of coil 

Tail of coil 

Anthelix 

Triangular fossa of auricle 

Limbs of anthelix 

Scapha (“skiff ’’) 

Concha (“shell ”’) of auricle 

Cymba (“boat”) of auricle 

Cayity of concha 

Antitragus 


95 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Tragus 
Incisura anterior [auris] 
Incisura intertragica 
(Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini]) 
(Apex auriculae [Darwini]) 
Sulcus auriculae posterior 
(Tuberculum supratragicum) 
Isthmus cartilaginis auris 
Incisura terminalis auris 
Fissura antitragohelicina 
Sulcus ‘anthelicis transversus 
Sulcus cruris helicis 
Fossa anthelicis 
Eminentia conchae 
Eminentia scaphae 
Eminentia fossae triangularis 
Ligg. aurictflaria [Valsalvae] 

Lig. auriculare anterius 

Lig. auriculare superius 

Lig. auriculare posterius 
M. helicis major 
M. helicis minor 
M. tragicus © 
(M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi]) 
M. antitragicus 
M. transversus auriculae 
M. obliquus auriculae 
(M. incisurae helicis [Santorini]) 


Organon olfactus 


Organon gustus 


Calyculi gustatorii 


Integumentum commune 


Cutis 


Sulci cutis 
Crist cutis 
Retinacula cutis 
Toruli tactilés 
Foveola coccygea 
Lig. caudale 


Epidermis 


Stratum corneum 
Stratum germinativum [Malpighii] 


Corium 


Tunica propria 
Corpus papillare 
Papillae 


Tela subcutanea 


Panniculus adiposus 


- Corpuscula nervorum terminalia 


Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii] 


Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini] 


Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] 
Corpuscula nervorum genitalia 
Corpuscula nervorum articularia 
Pili 
Lanugo 
Capilli 
Supercilia 
Cilia 
Barba 
Tragi 
Vibrissae 
Hirci 
Pubes 
Folliculus pili 
Fundus folliculi pili 
Collum folliculi pili 
Papilla pili 
Scapus pili 
Radix pili 
Bulbus pili 
Mm. arrectores pilorum 
Flumina pilorum 
Vortices pilorum 
(Vortex coccygeus) 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 95 


Tragus (“goat ’’) 

Anterior notch of ear 

Intertragic notch 

Darwinian tubercle. of auricle 

Tip of ear 

Posterior sulcus of auricle 

Supratragic tubercle 

Cartilaginous isthmus of ear 

Terminal notch of ear 

Antitragohelicine fissure 

Transverse groove of anthelix 

Groove of crus of helix 

Fossa of anthelix 

Eminence of concha 

Eminence of scapha 

Eminence of triangular fossa 

Auricular ligaments of Valsalva 
Anterior auricular ligament 
Superior auricular ligament 
Posterior auricular ligament 

Larger muscle of helix 

Smaller muscle of helix 

Muscle of tragus 

Pyramidal muscle of ear 

. Muscle of antitragus 

Transverse muscle of auricle 

Oblique muscle of auricle 

Muscle of notch of helix 


Organ of smell 


Organ of taste 
Taste buds 


Common integument 


Skin 
Grooves of skin 
Ridges of skin 
Retaining bands or folds of skin 
Tactile elevations 
Coccygeal depression 


Caudal ligament 
I2 


Epidermis, or scarf skin 


Horny layer 
Germinative, or Malpighian layer 


Corium, or leather skin 
Proper tunic 
Papillary body 
Papillae 


. Subcutaneous tissue 


Adipose panniculus (“garment”) (O. 
T. subcutaneous areolar tissue) 


Terminal corpuscles of the nerves 


Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause 

Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or 
Pacini 

Touch corpuscle of Meissner 


‘Genital corpuscles of the nerves 


Articular corpuscles of the nerves 


Hairs 


Woolly hair 
Hairs of the head 
Hairs of the eyebrows 
Eyelashes 
Hairs of the beard 
Hairs of the ear 
Hairs of the nose 
Axillary hairs 
Pubic hairs 
Hair follicle 
Fundus of hair follicle 
Neck of hair follicle 
Papilla of hair 
Shaft of hair 
Root of hair 
Bulb of hair 
Arrector muscles of the hairs 
Hair streams has 
Hair whirlpools 
Coccygeal whirlpool 


96 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Ungues 


Matrix unguis 
Cristae matricis unguis 
Sulcus matricis unguis 
Vallum unguis 
Corpus unguis 
Radix unguis 
Lunula 
Margo occultus 
Margo liber 
Margo lateralis 
Stratum corneum unguis 
Stratum germinativum unguis 


Glandulae cutis 


Gl. glomiformes | 


Gl. sudoriferae 
Corpus gl. sudoriferae 
Ductus sudoriferus 
Porus sudoriferus 
Sudor 

Gl. ciliares [Molli] 


Gl. circumanales 
Gl. ceruminosae 
Cerumen 


Glandulae sebaceae 


Sebum cutaneum 


Mamma 


Papilla mammae 
Corpus mammae 
Lobi mammae 
Lobuli mammae 
Ductus lactiferi 
Sinus lactiferi 
Lac femininum 
Colostrum 
Areola mammae 
Gl. sebaceae 
Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] 
Mamma virilis 
(Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et 
viriles]}) te 


SENSE ORGANS AND COMMON INTEGUMENT 96 


Nails 
Bed of the nail 
Crest of ungual matrix 
Sulcus of ungual matrix 
Wall of nail 
Body of nail 
Root of nail 
Lunule 
Hidden margin 
Free margin 
Lateral margin 
Horny layer of nail 
Germinative layer of nail 


Glands of the skin 


Coil glands 


Sweat glands 
Body of sweat gland 
Sweat duct 
Sweat pore 
Sweat 
Glands of the eyelashes of Moll 


Circumanal glands 
Wax glands 
Wax 


Sebaceous glands 


Cutaneous sebum 


Breast 


Nipple of the breast 
Body of the breast 
Lobes of the breast 
Lobules of breast 
Lactiferous duct 
Lactiferous sinus 
Female milk 
Colostrum 
Areola of breast 
Sebaceous glands 
Areolar glands of Resaizomery 
Male breast 
Accessory breasts, female and male 


97 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Regiones corporis humani 


auctoribus Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt. 


Linea mediana anterior Linea mamillaris 
Linea mediana posterior Linea axillaris 
Linea sternalis Linea scapularis 


Linea parasternalis © 


&. brali. 
palpe apr sia 


inferior 





REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 97 


Regions of the human body 


After the authors Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt, 


Anterior median line Mammillary line 
Posterior median line Axillary line 
Sternal line Scapular line 


Parasternal line 


98 ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Regiones capitis Regio parotideomasseterica 


Regio frontalis Fossa retromandibularis 
Regio supraorbitalis Regiones colli 
Regio parietalis Regio colli anterior 


Regio occipitalis 

Regio temporalis 
Regio auricularis 
Regio mastoidea 
Regiones faciei 
Regio nasalis 


Regio submentalis 
Regio hyoidea 
Regio subhyoidea 
Regio laryngea 
Regio thyreoidea 
Regio suprasternalis 








Regio oralis Fossa jugularis 

Regio labialis superior Regio submaxillaris 

Regio labialis inferior Fossa carotica 

Regio mentalis Regio sternocleidomastoidea 
Regio orbitalis Fossa supraclavicularis minor 
Regio palpebralis superior Regio colli lateralis 

Regio palpebralis inferior Fossa supraclavicularis major 
Regio infraorbitalis Trigonum omoclaviculare 
Regio buccalis Regio colli posterior 


Regio zygomatica Regio nuchae 


REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 98 


Regions of the head _ Parotideomasseteric region 
Region of the forehead Retromandibular fossa 
Supraorbital region Regions of the neck 
Parietal region Anterior region of neck 
Region of the occiput Region under the chin 
Region of the temple Region of the hyoid 
Region of the ear Region below hyoid 
Region of the mastoid Region of the larynx 
Regions of the face Region of the thyreoid 

- Region of the nose Region above sternum 
Region of the mouth Jugular fossa 
Region of the upper lip Region below lower jaw 
Region of the lower lip. Carotid fossa 
Region of the chin Region of the sternocleidomastoid 
Region of the eye Lesser supraclavicular fossa 
Region of upper eyelid Region of the side of the neck 
Region of lower eyelid Larger supraclavicular fossa 
Infraorbital region Omoclavicular triangle 
Region of the cheek Region of the back of the neck 


Region of the zygoma Region of the nape 


* 


99 : ANATOMICAL, NOMENCLATURE 


Fovea nuchae 
Regiones pectoris 
Regio pectoris anterior 

Regio sternalis 
Regio clavicularis 
Regio infraclavicularis 


Trigonum deltoideopectorale 


Regio mammalis 
Regio inframammalis 
Regio pectoris lateralis 
Regio axillaris 
Fossa axillaris 


Regio costalis lateralis 
Regiones abdominis 
Regio epigastrica 
Regio hypochondriaca 
Regio mesogastrica 

Regio umbilicalis 

Regio abdominalis lateralis 
Regio hypogastrica 

Regio pubica 

Regio inguinalis 
Regiones dorsi 








Regio mediana dorsi 

Regio interscapularis 

Regio scapularis 

Regio suprascapularis 

Regio infrascapularis 

Regio lumbalis 

Regio coxae 

Regio sacralis 

Regio glutaea 

Regio perinealis 
Regio analis 
Regio urogenitalis 


Regio pudendalis 

Regionesextremitatis su- 
perioris 

Regio acromialis 

Regio deltoidea 

Regio brachii lateralis 

Regio brachii medialis 

Regio brachii anterior 

Regio brachii posterior 

Regio cubiti anterior 
Fossa cubitalis 


REGIONS OF THE HUMAN Bopy 


Nuchal depression 


Regions of the breast 


Anterior region of breast 
Region of the sternum 
Region of the clavicle 
Region below clavicle 

Deltoideopectoral triangle 


Region of the mammary gland 
Region below mammary gland 


Lateral region of the breast 
Region of the axilla 
Axillary pit 


Lateral region of ribs 
Regions of abdomen 
Epigastric region 
Hypochondriac region 

Mesogastric region 
~ Region of umbilicus 

Lateral region of abdomen’ 
Hypogastric region 

Region of the pubes 

Region of the groin 
Regions of the back 


Median region of the back 
Interscapular region 
Region of the scapula 
Region above scapula 
Region below scapula 
Lumbar region 
Region of the hip 
Region of the sacrum 
Region of the buttocks 
Region of the perineum 
Anal region 
Urogenital region 


Pundendal region 


99 


Regions of upper extrem- 


ity 
Region of the acromion 
Region of the deltoid 
Lateral region of upper arm 
Medial region of upper arm 
Anterior region of upper arm 
Posterior region of upper arm 
Anterior region of elbow 
Fossa of elbow 


Ioo 


Regio cubiti posterior 
Regio olecrani 
Regio cubiti lateralis 
Regio cubiti medialis 
Regio antibrachii volaris 
Regio antibrachii dorsalis 
Regio antibrachii radialis 
Regio antibrachii ulnaris 
Regio dorsalis manus 
Regio volaris manus 
Regiones digitales [manus] 
Regiones dorsales digitorum 
Regiones unguiculares 
Regiones volares digitorum 
Regiones extremitatis in- 
ferioris 
Regio femoris anterior 
Fossa subinguinalis 
Regio femoris lateralis 
Regio trochanterica 
Regio femoris posterior 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 


Regio femoris medialis 
Regio genu anterior 
Regio patellaris 
Regio genu posterior 
Fossa poplitea 
Regio cruris anterior 


Regio cruris posterior 


Regio suralis 
Regio cruris lateralis 
Regio cruris medialis 
Regio malleolaris lateralis 
Regio malleolaris medialis 
Regio retromalleolaris lateralis 
Regio retromalleolaris medialis 
Regio calcanea 
Regio dorsalis pedis 
Regio plantaris pedis 
Regiones digitales pedis 
Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis 
Regiones unguiculares 
Regiones plantares digitorum pedis 


REGIONS OF THE HuMAN Bopy 


Posterior region of elbow 
Region of olecranon 
Lateral region of elbow 
Medial region of elbow 
Volar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of forearm 
Radial region of forearm 
Ulnar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of the hand 
Volar region of the hand 
Regions of the digits of the hand 
Dorsal regions of digits 
Regions of the nails 
Volar regions of digits 
Regions of lower extrem- 
ity 
Anterior region of the thigh 
Fossa below the groin 
Lateral region of thigh 
Region of the trochanter 
Posterior region of thigh 


Ioo 


Medial region of thigh 
Anterior region of the knee 
Region of the patella 
Posterior region of knee 
Popliteal fossa 
Anterior region of the leg 
Posterior region of leg 
Region of the calf 
Lateral region of leg 
Medial region of leg 
Region of lateral malleolus 
Region of medial malleolus 
Lateral retromalleolar region 
Medial retromalleolar region 
Region of the heel 


_ Region of the dorsum of foot 


Region of the sole of the foot 
Regions of the digits of the foot 
Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot 
Regions of the nails 

Plantar regions of the digits of the foot 


IOI EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CERTAIN OF THE TERMS 


Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms. 


While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the 
names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto have been used 
with different meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term, 
not to be found in any of the text-books, is included. 

To indicate the exact meaning of these, Professor His, with the approval of 
the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for 
example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the 
body are explained, ¢ransversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus 
across the axis of the organ concerned. ‘The word intermedius is used for the 
position midway between medialis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta- 
position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medialis; between 
anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is 
retained. ‘The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of “ glands” 
and “lymphglands.” In connection with general terms it is noted that discus 
means “disc,” while meniscus means “crescent.” In the osteological notes 
the terms glabella, infundibulum ethmoidale, and sulci paraglenoidales are, 
among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Pars lacrimalis m. orbicularis 
or Horner’s muscle, the M. quadratus labii superioris (the old “Mm. levator labii 
superioris proprius, levator labii superioris aleeque nasi and zygomaticus minor?’ 
combined), the Raphe pterygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transversi of the palmar 
aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum fundiforme penis, the Falx 
inguinalis (the old “conjoined” tendon or Henle’s ligament), and the Ligamen- 
twm interfoveolare (Hesselbach’s ligament) are made in connection with myology. 

Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer- 
tain new terms have been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological 
grounds. The Kecessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as 
is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Pars analis 
recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato- 
mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and 
larynx have been drawn from the special literature. The less familiar of these 
in the nose—Limen nasi, atrium meatus medii, agger nasi, Sulcus olfactorius, 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus nasi communis, 
Processus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei—are explained. In the larynx marked 
precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been 
made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria have been done away 


ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE 102 


with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names 
for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annulus 
urethralis vesice, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostate, Isthmus prostate, 
Colliculus seminalis (the old Caput gallinaginis) are especially dealt with. 

As might have been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic 
floor and the pelvic fascia. After the notes were written the Commission changed 
Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale. The floor of the pelvic ~ 
cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus- 
cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis, suggested by H. Meyer, is given; 
the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica fasciae pelvis, that below 
it the Fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis. The two parts of the Fascia pelvis 
are designated Pars diaphragmatica and Pars endopelvina, instead of, as of 
yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms 
are used only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus 
fendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to 
the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities 
reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable 
from one another. 

The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across 
between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua- 
tum) open for the passage of the Vena dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described 
as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia- 
phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old “deep layer of the triangular liga- 
ment”), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old “superficial 
layer of the triangular ligament”). These two fascie are fused at their upper 
and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper 

“margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis. The compartment between 
the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous 
urethra with its M. sphincter urethrae membranacee. In the compartment lie 
the M. transversus profundus, Cowper’s glands, and numerous venous plexuses. 
The term “Fascia perinei propria” has been dropped; it was used in so many 
different ways that students were confused by it. 

The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By 
Membrana mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining 
after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels, 
lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal 
cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus 
lienalis, is important. The Plica gastropancreatica is explained. 

_ The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig. 
jalciforme hepatis for obvious reasons. 

On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made: 
Lig. suspensorium ovarii, Bursa ovarica, and Parametrium. 


103 EXPLANATORY NOTES TO CERTAIN OF THE TERMS 


The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are 
in general wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented 
on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated. 

The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature 
based on the embryological studies of His, and those familiar with his work 
will find but little new in them. 

These notes are not more fully incorporated into this volume for two reasons: 
(1) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch. 
f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), and (2) they would have incon- 
veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication. 


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A 


LIST oF BOOKS 


Anatomy, Physiology, 
Histology, Biology, 
Embryology, Zoology 


Published by 


P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. 


Philadelphia 


Illustrated Circulars sent to 
any Address upon Application 

















Arranged upon an Embryological Basis 
. Just Ready 


Stohr’s Histology 


Sixth American, from the Twelfth German Edition. 


Revised and Arranged by FREDERIC T. LEWIS 
Assistant Professor of Embryology at the Harvard Medical School. 





With 450 Illustrations, 45 in Colors. Octavo; ix+ 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 met. 


HE need of a text-book of- histology arranged upon an embryological basis 
has long been felt, and the opportunity to accomplish this arrangement 
was promptly embraced when Professor Stohr’s generous permission was 

given to adapt a new edifion of his book to American needs. As a leading 
Professor of Histology says, ‘‘ the book is now in its arrangement and treatment 
something adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject. 
The illustrations illustrate; the text instructs.” 


The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is used throughout. 


Ss, 


Lilimp 





Fic. 159 (Reduced).—EmpBryonic Hearts. 


A and B, jrom Rabbits 9 days after coitus, C, from a human embryo of 3 (?) weeks; D and 
E, from a 12 mm. pig (D sectioned on the left of the median septum, and E on the right of 
it); F, jrom a 13.6 mm. human embryo, sectioned like E. 


Synopsis of Contents.—Microscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell; 
Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of 
Cells; Cytomorphosis. GENERAL Histotocy: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes- 
enchymal, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood 
Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital 
Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. THE PREPARA- 
TION AND EXAMINATION OF MICROSCOPICAL SPECIMENS: Fresh Tissues; Isola- 
tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcification; Imbedding; Staining and Mount- 
ing; General Stains; Special Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction. ° 


2 


An Americanized Fourth Edition Rewritten and Revised 


NEARLY READY 


Morris’ Human Anatomy 


A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and English Authors 








EDITED BY 


HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH 
F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D. 
Consulting Surgeon to, and formerly Lecturer Professor of Anatomy, University of Michi- 
on Surgery and Anatomy at Middlesex gan; Member Association of American 


Hospital, London. and Examiner in Anat- Anatomisis; Member of Advisory Board, 
omy, University of Durham, etc. Wistar Institute of Anatomy, etc. 


For the first time in the history of this famous work, American anatomists have been 
asked to contribute original articles and to rewrite and revise sections, the object in 
this being the desire to incorporate the very important results of recent investigations 
in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become internat- 
ional in scope, and with its widening 
of view, of even greater usefulness 
to all English-speaking students. 

Among the American contributors 
will. be noted J. Playfair McMur- 
rich, R. J. Terry, Irving Hardesty, 
G. Carl Huber, Abram T. Kerr, 
Charles R. Bardeen and Florence 
R. Sabin. Henry Morris, R. Marcus 
Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head 
the English contributors. 


( ie z : The text has been completely 
Note:—It is not possible in this space to give a . 2 

thoroughly representative illustration. That shown ts revised, and = additional feature 
one of a series depicting—according to Projessor Mac- of merit will be found in its con- 


Callum, of Johns Hopkins University—the fact that formity with the new Anatom- 
the heart may be considered as three flat bands.) ical Nomenclature (BNA).* 
Very especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra- 
tions, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially 
increased. 






Illustration 
reduced 
one-halj in size. 


Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One 
Handsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, $6.00. Sheep or Half Morocco, 
$7.00, net. Or in Five Parts, as follows, each part sold separately. 


PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index. 

PART II. Muscles. Organs of Circulation. Index. 

PART III. Nervous System. Organs of Special Sense. Index. 

PART IV. Organs of Digestion; of Voice and Respiration. Urinary and Reproductive 
Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Index. 

PART V. Surgical and Topographical Anatomy. Index. 


Entomology 
With Special Reference to Its Biological and Eco- 
nomic Aspects 


By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc.D. (Harv.) 


Instructor in Entomology at the University of Iilinois. 
Five Plates, 1 Colored, and 300 other Illustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 


““*Entomology,’ by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other 
American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist 
or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful 
work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore 
known where to find.”—MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereal and 
Forage Crops Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture at Washingion. 


A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing 
demand for a biological treatment of entomology. The aim has been to introduce 
much material that, hitherto, has not appeared in the text-books; and though 
adapted for students and teachers of entomology and zoology (being the only book 
that fills the actual teaching requirements) it will also be valuable to the profess- 
ional and amateur entomologists and to the general reader, especially on account 
of its consideration of economic subjects. The book contains, in small compass, 
authenticated facts that have had to be sought in many foreign languages. The 
new illustrations, which are many, have been prepared by the author; the others 
have been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources. 


Synopsis of Contents: Classification —Anatomy and Physiology.—De- 
velopment.—Adaptations of Aquatic Insects.—Color and Coloration.—Adap- 
tive Coloration.—Origin of Adaptations and of Species.—Insects in Relation 
to Plants; to other Animals.—Interrelations of Insects.—Insect Behavior.— 
Distribution.—Insects in Relation to Man.—Literature.—Index. 

“This is an eminently satisfactory work on insects, both from the 
standpoint of the school and of the general reader. It is the first 
adequate treatment of this subject as adapted to the science of 
entomology, and at the same time to agriculture, horticulture and 
forestry. It teaches every fact about insects that it is desirable to 
know from the point of view of popular science, and literally all 
that need be known from the economic. This is an admirable real- 
ization of the dream of the schoolmaster and of the general reader 
for a book at once comprehensive, concise and attractive.’”’—Journal 
of Education, Boston. i 

“Of high, practical importance ” (Owflook). “it is a complete and concise account 
of insect life, planned to meet the growing interest in biology” (School). “The book 
is a noteworthy one” (Psyche), “ and is a very valuable addition to the general work 
on the subject. It covers much ground not touched by the other books on insects” 
(Entomological News). “It is a book to lean upon and draw upon” (Schoo] Bulletin). 
“‘ Will be most useful to the general student”’ (Science). 


Embryology 





The Development of the 
Human Body 


By J. Playfair McMurrich, A. M., Ph. D. 


Projessor of Anatomy in the University 
of Michigan. 


Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged. 
With 272 Illustrations. 
r2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 met. 


CONCISE statement of the develop- 
ment of the human body and a foun- 
dation for the proper understanding 

of the facts of anatomy. The comparative 
anatomy and development of the lower ani- 
mals, too, is constantly referred to, a different 
style type being used for these references. 
The assimilation of the enormous mass of 
facts which constitute what is usually known 
as descriptive anatomy has always been a 
difficult task for the student. Part of the 
difficulty has been due.to a lack of informa- 
tion regarding the causes which have de- 
termined the structure and relations of the 
parts of the body, for without some knowl- 
edge of the “‘ why ”’ things are so, the facts of 
anatomy stand as so many isolated items, 
while with such knowledge they become 
bound together to a continuous whole and 
their study assumes the dignity of a science. 
The great key to the significance of the 
structure and relations of organs is their de- 
velopment, recognizing by that term the his- 
torical as well as the individual development, 


Synopsis of Contents: Part I.—Gen- 
eral Development: The Spermatozoon and 
Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura- 
tion and Fertilization; the Segmentation of the 
Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers; 
The Development of the External Form of the 
Human Embryo; The Medullary Groove, 
Notochord, and .Mesodermic Somites; The 
Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem- 
branes. Part I1.—Organogeny: The De- 
velopment of the Integumentary System; Con- 
nective Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys- 
tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems; 
Digestive Tract and Glands; Pericardium 
and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and 
the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino- 
genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies; 
Nervous System; Organs of Special Sense; 
Post-Natal Development; Index. 


“Right up to date.’’—Lancet, London. 





A Laboratory Text-Book 
of Embryology 


By Charles S. Minot, S.D., LL. D. 


Professor of H istology and Human Em- 
bryology, Harvard University 
Medical School. 


With 218 Illustrations, mainly original. 
Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 nef. 


This work is intended primarily for the use 
of students taking a practical laboratory 
course in Embryology. The author’s experi- 
ence has led him to believe that the study of 
carefully selected sections of embryos, accom- 
panied by directions and explanations of the 
significant structures in each section, offers 
many advantages. This conviction has de- 
termined the arrangement of the book. At- 
tention is given chiefly to such points as serve 
to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus- 
trate general biological principles, and to 
afford insight into pathological processes. 


Synopsis of Contents: General Concep- 
tions—The Early Development of Mam- 
mals.—The Human Embryo.—Study of Pig 
Embryos.—Study of Young Chick Embryos. 
—Study of, the Blastodermic Vesicle and the 
Segmentation of the Ovum.—Study of the 
Uterus and the Foetal Appendages in Man.— 
Methods.—Index. 


“This new laboratory text-book of 
Embryology is worthy of particular 
attention. It is a practical guide of 
a novel and original type, which is to 
be recommended as a valuable aid in 
laboratory teaching of a difficult na- 
ture. It is a valuable addition to the 
list of available text-books of Embry- 
ology. In fact, the book stands by 
itself and is an original departure in 
a very desirable direction, introduc- 
ing the student to the subject by a 
practical method which promises ex- 
cellent results. After a year’s experi- 
ence with it, we feel much confidence 
in its success.’”—Bulletin of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. 





First Course In Z oOo ] oO ZY 


A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, 
NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES 


By T. W. Galloway, Ph. D. 


Professor of Biology, James Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois. 
With 240 Illustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. 


HE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course 
in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of 
the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically 

for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and 
field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the 
science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus- 
sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus- 
tration of these general principles. 

Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give 
the work especial merit: (1) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of 
practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can 
cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and 
laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader 
problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to the environment, and of 
the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and 
minute anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work 
is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the 
more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations; 
(7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries. 


Synopsis of Contents :—Introduction.—Protoplasm: Its Morphology and 
Physiology—The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology.—From the 
Simple Cell to the Complex Animal.—Cellular Differentiation.—Tissues.—Gen- 
eral Animal Functions and Their Appropriate Organs.—Promorphology.—In- 
dividual Differentiation and Adaptation.—A General Preview of the Animal — 
Kingdom.—Protozoa.—Porifera.— Coelenterata.— Unsegmented ‘* Worms.”— 
Echinodermata.—Annulata: Segmented “ Worms.’’—Mollusca.—Arthropoda.— 
Chordata: Proto-vertebrata.—Chordata: Vertebrata.—Pisces.—Amphibia.—Rep- 
tilia.—Aves.—Mammalia.—General Summary.—A Review Outline—Appen- 
dix.—Suggestions to Teachers.—Index. — 


‘‘Galloway’s ‘First Course in Zoology’ is one of the authoritative 
text-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot 
fail to do so with profit.”—School Bulletin. 


6 


The Nervous System of 


Vertebrates 


By J. B. Johnston, Ph. D. 
Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University. 


With 180 Illustrations, the majority from original drawings. 
Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 


HE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous 
system as a whole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac- 
tors which have determined the course of evolution. The functional point 

of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat- 
ment of the nervous system into close relation with the work of recent years on 
the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the 
actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous 
system aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and 
adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the 
present time must meet the needs of workers of all grades, students, investi- 
gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who 
have had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and 
embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included 
all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat- 
ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance 
and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the 
student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and 
evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, have 
been employed so far as possible. Much material has been collected which is 
published here for the first time. 


Two prominent instructors say: 





“Tt is an exceedingly useful piece of work,—well done.” ‘“‘ Profes- 
sor Johnston’s text-book makes a valuable addition to our researches 
and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way 
which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted.” 


Synopsis of Contents :—Study of the Nervous System.—General Morphol- 
ogy of the Nervous System.—Development of the Nervous System.—Nerve Ele- 
ments and their Functions.—The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System.— 
Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdivision; Special Cutaneous 
Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus.—Visceral Afferent Division—Olfactory Appar- 
atus.—Somatic Motor Division.—Visceral Efferent Division.—Sympathetic 
System.—Centers of Correlation —Cerebellum.—Centers of Correlation; Mesen- 
cephalon and Diencephalon.—Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere.—Neopal- 
lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter. 


7 


Surgical Anatomy 


A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application 
to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery 


By John B. Deaver, M.D. 
' Surgeon-in-Chief to the German Hospital, Philadelphia, etc., etc. 


‘‘ The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages from the 
more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important 
regional landmarks are also indicated by schematic tracing. . . In 
summing up the general excellences of this remarkable work, we can 
accord our unqualified praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system- 
atic manner in which the author has carried out his plan, and we can 
commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be 
appreciated.””—WMedical Record, New York. 


Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 Full-page 
Plates engraved from original drawings made by special artists from dissec- 
tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection-rooms of the University of 
Pennsylvania. Sold by Subscription, in Complete Sets Only. Leather or 
Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, $30.00; MHalf-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges, 
$33.00 met. 


Synopsis of Contents: (umber of Jllustrations in Parentheses.) 
Vol. I.—Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24); 
Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. Il.—Neck (47); 
Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14); 
Ear (12); Brain (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17); 
Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. IIJ.—Abdomen (74); 
Pelvis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates. 


‘In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention 
that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to 
accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt- 
ful whether any better description exists in any work in the English 
language.’’—Journal of the American Medical Association. 


“The illustrations are lavishly supplied and are both helpful and 
informing. . . .. No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in 
existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied 
the needs of the profession for at least a generation.”—The British Medical 
Journal, London. 


8 


THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM 
OF LABORATORY NOTES 


FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND 
ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES 


Prepared by 
THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A.M. 
Assistant Professor of Zoology, Kansas State Agricultural College. 
Octavo ; vi+ 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $1.00 net. 
Excerpts From the Preface: 


InstRucToRS in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of 
written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes 
hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets furnished the 
student at various times are not uniform in size and will not fit in with any system of 
notes which he may be keeping. 

The Loose Lear guides are the results of several years’ experience in directing 
zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the 
work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the 
student’s drawings and notes on that particular type. The recorded information on 
the subject is thus collected together, not only simplifying at the time the work of 
studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future 
reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratory guides being thus 
bound in with the student’s notes, do not become scattered or lost. 

The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief general 
survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each 
type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given (Parker and 
Haswell’s classification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints 
on collecting the material for class. study. Details of structure that are very obscure 
are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is called to them without demonstration. 


Synopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Ameba; Paramecium; Vorticella. POR- 
IFERA. Marine Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid; 
Hydroid Medusa. PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat-Worm. ECHINODER- 
MATA. Starfish, ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-fea; 
Lobster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider. MOLLUSCA. Fresh-water 
Mussel; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA. Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow. 


“The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college 
courses.”—The Nation. 

“Tt isa most capital idea ’’(School Bulletin), ‘and is a most excellent sys- 
tem of keeping notes.””—Couniry Lije in America. 





8G@FScheffer’s “ Loose Leaf System” is not bound in the usual manner. Each 
leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves 
may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any place. 


9 


Blakiston’s Manikins 


A Series of Twelve Manikins of the Head, Nose, Throat, 
Eye, Ear, Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Kidney, Liver, Foot, 
and Hand, with Descriptions of each “* * “* % 


One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, $1.50 mez. 


The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of 
the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows 
61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the HAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the 
KIDNEY, 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the 
LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33,—A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES. 


The work is issued in book form, octavo in size, and embraces twelve 
manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on 
heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact 
when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the 
organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the 
other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only 
when all the outer layers have been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap 
is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature. 





A Manual and Atlas of Dissection 


By Simon Menno Yutzy, M.D. 


Instructor in Osteology and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University 
of Michigan. 


With an Introduction by J. Playfair McMurrich, A.M., Ph.D. 
Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan ; author of 
‘‘4 Manual of Human Embryology.’’ 


This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of 
the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions 
for procedure. 


With 314 Illustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages. 
Cloth, $2.50 mez. 


‘‘The author’s experience as a teacher has effected an arrange- 
ment likely to be very useful to the student.”—New York Medical Journal. 


Io 


Mammalian Anatomy 


With Special Reference to the Cat 


By Alvin Davison, Ph. D. 
Projessor of Biology in Lafayette College. 


With over 100 Illustrations made by 
W. H. Reese, A.M., from the 
author’s dissections. 12mo0; 250 
pages. Cloth, $1.50 met. 


HIS work is intended to acquaint 
the student with the general 
structure of the cat, and at the 

same time introduce him to some of 
the most important morphologic fea- 
tures of the Mammalian. All eminent 
zoologists agree on the desirability of 

inning zoological work by studying 
one of the higher animals. Again, 
since the majority of college students 
have not time for the acquisition of a 
fruitful knowledge of both vertebrates 
and invertebrates, the study of the 
former is a matter of vital importance, 
as it enables the student to become 
familiar with the anatomy and physi- 
ology of his own body. It also has 
the advantage of throwing light on the 
significant problem of organic evolu- 
tion, such as is not to be derived from 
the study of invertebrate forms. Pro- 
fessor Davison’s work has a distinct 
place in biological study. 





Synopsis of Contents :—The Bio- 
logical Sciences—Classification of the 
Animal Kingdom—Preparation and 
Preservation of Material — General 
Structure of a Vertebrate—The Skel- 
eton—The Joints—The Muscles—Or- 
gans of Digestion—The Vascular 
System—Respiratory System—Excre- 
tory and Reproductive Systems— 
Nervous System—Index. 





VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE BRAIN. 


““Itis designed to fill the gap between the more detailed works and those 
which are merely laboratory guides, and to afford the student who cannot 
pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a general idea of the structure 
of a mammal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy. The book 
furnishes an excellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superfluity 
of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative 
nature, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions or suggestions, 
for the most part of a general nature, which will serve as excellent topics for 
comment by the teacher or for collateral investigation under his direction by 
the student. An introductory chapter is devoted to an account of useful 
methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated’ 
by numerous figures and diagrams.””—Science. 


II 


A Text-Book of 


Anatomy for Nurses 


Just Ready 





By Elizabeth R. Bundy, M.D. 


Member of the Medical Staff of the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, etc., etc.; 
late Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania; formerly 
Superintendent of Connecticut Training School 
Jor Nurses, New Haven. 


HE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the 
study of text-books, and conciseness, clearness and accuracy are essential 
requisites of any work written for her use.“ In this ‘‘ Anatomy for 
Nurses’’ these requisites are observed, and nurses—pupil or graduate—will find 
in it a satisfactory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human 


body which is necessary to the full understanding of their important duties. 


Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is 
particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily 
burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of 
the physician, nor does it concern itself with useless abstract or theoretical 
matters. On the contrary, it fills a void for a work that is simple, terse, 
didactic,—one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet 


complete in all details of moment therein. 


With a Glossary and 191 Illustrations, 34 of which are Colored. 
12mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, $1.75 met, postage prepaid. 


I2 


Miscellaneous Books 





Holden. 


Holden’s Anatomy 


A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body 
By John Langton, F.R.C.S. 


Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew's Hospital . 


Seventh Edition, Carefully Revised by A. Hewson, M.D. 
Demonstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. 


320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. 12mo. 


Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity. 
435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, $1.50 wet. 


Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary 
Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations. 
Oil Cloth, $1.50 wet. 


“The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead 
of one as formerly. A few alterations have been made in the text, but 
the general character of the book is still maintained throughout, which 
is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic.’’—Medical 
Record, New York. 





Human Osteology 


Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored 
-Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. 
The General and Microscopical Structure 
of Bone and Its Development 


Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised. 


Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S. 
and R. W. Reid, M.D., F.R.C.S. 


With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, $5.25 mev. 





Landm ark S—Medical and Surgical 


Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, § .75 xe? 
13 


Miscellaneous Books (Continued) 
Gordinier. 


The Gross and Minute Anatomy of the 
Central Nervous System 


With a Chapter on the Embryology of the 
Central Nervous System 


By H. C. Gordinier, A.M., M.D. 

Professor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the 
Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association. 
With 48 Full-page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which 

are printed in Colors and many of which are original. Large 8vo. Cloth, 

$6.00; Sheep or Half-Morocco, $7.00, me?. . 

“It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp 
of original investigation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra- 
tions, many of which are original, are well chosen. It is destined to take 
its place among the standard books of its class.’—N. Y. Medical Journal. 











Broomell. 
Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth 
and Teeth 
By Dr. I. N. Broomell 


Professor of Dental Anatomy, Dental Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the 
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. 

Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome 
Illustrations, the majority of which are original. Large Octavo. Cloth, 
$4.50; Leather or Half-Morocco, $5.50, mez. 

“A most excellent manual and one of the most up-to-date text- 
books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared 
in recent years.”,—The American Journal of Medical Sciences. 





Box and Eccles. 


Clinical Applied Anatomy 
or, the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery 


By Charles R. Box, M.D., F.R.C.S. 
Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St. Thomas's Hospital, 


and W. McAdam Eccles, F.R.C.S. 


. Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew’ s Hospital. 
With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 figures. 8vo; 471 pages. Cloth, $4.00 mez. 


“This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable - 
to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet 
appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The plan pursued by the 
authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical 
point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making 
the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this 
with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical 
value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit.”— 
Medical Record, New York. 


14 


\ 


Miscellaneous Books (Continued 











Tomes. 


Dental Anatomy 


A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative 
By C. S. Tomes, D.D.S. 


263 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised. I2mo. Cloth, $4.00 mef#. 


“This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor- 
oughly up to date and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions. 
At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the 
requisite knowledge for his qualifying examination it has since become a 
text-book for the student of biology in general. This fact, combined 
with the rapidly increasing literature on the subject, has, as the author 
points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to 
date. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been 
carried out in an admirable way.”—Lancet, London. 





Ballou. 
Equine Anatomy ana Physiology 


By Wm. R. Ballou, M.D. 
Late Professor of Equine Anatomy, New York College of Veterinary Surgeons. 


With 29 Graphic Illustrations. 12mo. Slakiston’s ? Quiz-Compend ? Series. 
Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, $1.25, mez. 


“One of Blakiston’s series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends 
are based on popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors, 
and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present state 
of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies 
for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will 
answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the 
dissecting room.’’—Science. 





Potter. 


Compend of Anatomy 
Including Visceral Anatomy 
By Samuel O. L. Potter, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. 


(London) 
Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical 
College, San Francisco ; Major and Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol. 


Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables, 
16 Plates and 138 other Illustrations. B/akiston’s ? Quiz-Compend ? Series. 
Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for Taking Notes, $1.25, met. 


“ Through the opportunity afforded a revision by the frequent editions 
of this manual, the author has given a concise and accurate work of 
anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to 
enlarge upon the information given as the exigencies of the class-room 
demand.”—Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine. 


15 


A Text-Book of 
Human Physiology 


By A. P. Brubaker, M.D. 


Professor of Phystology and Hygiene at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of 
Physiology, Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. 


Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356 
other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages. 


Cloth, $3.00; Leather or Half-Morocco, $4.00, met. 


“An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down 
to the latest date. . . . The author’s style is lucid, concise, and 
pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every 
respect.”—New York Medical Journal. 





Landois’ 


Human Physiology 


Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy, 
with Special Reference to the Require- 
ments of Practical Medicine 


By Dr. L. Landois 


Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the 
University of Greifswald. 


Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 


Edited and Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D. 
Professor of Physiology at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., 


and Augustus A. Eshner, M.D. 
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc. 


With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages. 
Cloth, $7.00 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, $8.00, mef. 


‘‘There is no other work of its kind in the English language which 
deals with the normal physiological processes so as to show where the 
physiological merges into the pathological, and how the facts of pathology 
are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the same essence as, 
those of physiology. . . . The book will be useful to practitioners 
of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex- 
aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of 
physiology and histology, and an encyclopedia of reference as well as an 
exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology.’”’—The Lan- 
cet, London, 


“The author, editor, translator and publisher have unitedly produced 
a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended 
upon as authoritative.’”-—A merican Medicine. 


16 











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