Skip to main content

Full text of "The anatomy of melancholy"

See other formats 


Google 


This  is  a  digital  copy  of  a  book  that  was  preserved  for  generations  on  library  shelves  before  it  was  carefully  scanned  by  Google  as  part  of  a  project 

to  make  the  world's  books  discoverable  online. 

It  has  survived  long  enough  for  the  copyright  to  expire  and  the  book  to  enter  the  public  domain.  A  public  domain  book  is  one  that  was  never  subject 

to  copyright  or  whose  legal  copyright  term  has  expired.  Whether  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  may  vary  country  to  country.  Public  domain  books 

are  our  gateways  to  the  past,  representing  a  wealth  of  history,  culture  and  knowledge  that's  often  difficult  to  discover. 

Marks,  notations  and  other  maiginalia  present  in  the  original  volume  will  appear  in  this  file  -  a  reminder  of  this  book's  long  journey  from  the 

publisher  to  a  library  and  finally  to  you. 

Usage  guidelines 

Google  is  proud  to  partner  with  libraries  to  digitize  public  domain  materials  and  make  them  widely  accessible.  Public  domain  books  belong  to  the 
public  and  we  are  merely  their  custodians.  Nevertheless,  this  work  is  expensive,  so  in  order  to  keep  providing  tliis  resource,  we  liave  taken  steps  to 
prevent  abuse  by  commercial  parties,  including  placing  technical  restrictions  on  automated  querying. 
We  also  ask  that  you: 

+  Make  non-commercial  use  of  the  files  We  designed  Google  Book  Search  for  use  by  individuals,  and  we  request  that  you  use  these  files  for 
personal,  non-commercial  purposes. 

+  Refrain  fivm  automated  querying  Do  not  send  automated  queries  of  any  sort  to  Google's  system:  If  you  are  conducting  research  on  machine 
translation,  optical  character  recognition  or  other  areas  where  access  to  a  large  amount  of  text  is  helpful,  please  contact  us.  We  encourage  the 
use  of  public  domain  materials  for  these  purposes  and  may  be  able  to  help. 

+  Maintain  attributionTht  GoogXt  "watermark"  you  see  on  each  file  is  essential  for  in  forming  people  about  this  project  and  helping  them  find 
additional  materials  through  Google  Book  Search.  Please  do  not  remove  it. 

+  Keep  it  legal  Whatever  your  use,  remember  that  you  are  responsible  for  ensuring  that  what  you  are  doing  is  legal.  Do  not  assume  that  just 
because  we  believe  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  the  United  States,  that  the  work  is  also  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  other 
countries.  Whether  a  book  is  still  in  copyright  varies  from  country  to  country,  and  we  can't  offer  guidance  on  whether  any  specific  use  of 
any  specific  book  is  allowed.  Please  do  not  assume  that  a  book's  appearance  in  Google  Book  Search  means  it  can  be  used  in  any  manner 
anywhere  in  the  world.  Copyright  infringement  liabili^  can  be  quite  severe. 

About  Google  Book  Search 

Google's  mission  is  to  organize  the  world's  information  and  to  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful.   Google  Book  Search  helps  readers 
discover  the  world's  books  while  helping  authors  and  publishers  reach  new  audiences.  You  can  search  through  the  full  text  of  this  book  on  the  web 

at|http: //books  .google  .com/I 


rROHTtamtcK  *o  ««»    orioihai.  SDiriDur 


I 


-  -  1 . 


■■-.-1       '.    :       ' 


>i-"'':t.:r  ■    ..'  ;■,: 


■•"-     T»'jt; 


THE 


ANATOMY  OF  MEUNOHOLY, 


WHAT    IT    IS, 


WITH 

ALL  THE  KINDS,  CAUSES,  SYMPTOMS,  PROGNOS- 
TICS,  AND  SEVERAL  CURES  OF  IT. 

IN  THREE  PARTITIONS. 

WITH  THXIB  BBYXBAL 

BBOnONS,  MEBfBERS,  AND  SUBSBOTIONS,  PHILOSOPHIGALLT, 
MEDIOALLT,  HISTOSIOALLT  OPENED  AND  OUT  UP. 

By  DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR. 

WITH 

A  BATIBIOAL  PBEFAOE,  GONDUOINO  TO  THE  POLLOWZNO  DISG0UB8B 

A   NEW   EDITION. 
oonaozBD,  amo  bvbiohxo  bt  tbavslatioxs  ov  thb  mnoatovs  n  fttrtif  oii 

SZTBAOTS. 


Vol.  I. 


____  _  ^  -^         J 


_  ^        "     J      ^ 


NEW    YORK: 
W.   J.   WIDDLETON,   PUBLISHER. 

1875. 


CamMd^d: 
Presswork  by  John  WUson  and  Son, 


•• 


•  •  • 


•  V 


*.  *.  » 

b 

to   • 

1. 

•   •    w 


to».         •• 
•   •       «     • 

•      •       C    J,    • 

•  •        ■  • 


I    • 


ni 


HOMOBATISSIMO  DOSflBOi 
VOH  MINTS  VIBTUTE  Sui,  QUAM  OENEBIS  8PLBNDOSE, 

ILLTSTBISSIMO, 

GEORGIO  BERKLEIO, 

MILITI  DB  BALKEO,  BARONI  DB  BERKLBT,  HOUBRET,    SEORAVE 

D.  DB  BBUSE, 
DOMISO    8UO    HULTIS    KOMINIBUS    OBSERVAimo, 

HANO  8UAM 

MELANCHOLI-E    ANATOMEN, 

JAM  SEXTO  BEYISAM,  D.  D. 

DEMOCBITUS  JX7NI0B. 


54758 


The  work  now  restored  to  public  notice  has  had  an  ex- 
tiwirdinary  fate.  At  the  time  of  its  original  publication  it 
obtained  a  great  celebrity,  which  continued  more  than  half 
»  century.  During  that  period  few  hooka  were  more  read, 
3  deservedly  applauded.  It  was  the  delight  of  the 
med,  the  solace  of  the  indolent,  and  the  refuge  of  the 
uninformed.  It  passed  through  at  least  eight  editions,  by 
wliich  the  bookseller,  as  Wood  records,  got  an  estate ;  and, 
nottrithi'laiidiiig  (he  objection  sometimes  oppoiied  against  it, 
of  a  quaint  style,  and  too  great  an  accumulation  of  authori.' 
^es,  the  &Bcination  of  its  wit,  fancy,  and  sterling  sense,  have 
borne  down  all  censures,  and  extorted  praise  from  the  first 
writers  in  the  English  language.  The  grave  Johnson  has 
praised  It  in  the  warmest  terms,  and  the  ludicrous  Sternb 
has  interwoven  many  parts  of  it  into  his  own  popular  per- 
fonnance.  Miiton  did  not  disdain  to  build  two  of  his  finest 
](oe[ns  on  it;  and  a  host  of  inferior  writers  have  embellished 
llieir  works  with  beauties  not  their  own,  culled  from  a  per- 
fonnance  which  they  had  not  the  justice  even  to  mention. 
Change  of  times,  and  the  frivolity  of  fashion,  suspended,  in 
some  degree,  that  fame  which  had  lasted  near  a  century; 
wid  the  succeeding  generation  affected  indifierencc  towarda 
an  author,  who  at  length  was  only  looked  into  by  the  plun- 
derers of  literature,  the  poachers  in  obscure  volumes.     The 


▼i  Advertisement. 

plagiarisms  of  Tristram  Shandy^  so  successfully  brought  to 
light  bj  Db.  Ferriar,  at  length  drew  the  attention  of  the 
public  towards  a  writer,  who,  though  then  little  known, 
might,  without  impeachment  of  modesty,  lay  claim  to  every 
mark  of  respect ;  and  inquiry  proved,  beyond  a  doubt,  that 
the  calls  of  justice  had  been  little  attended  to  by  others,  as 
well  as  the  facetious  Yorick.  Wood  observed,  more  than 
a  century  ago,  that  several  authors  had  unmercifully  stolen 
matter  from  Burton  without  any  acknowledgment  The 
time,  however,  at  length  arrived,  when  the  merits  of  the 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy  were  to  receive  their  due  praise. 
The  book  was  again  sought  for  and  read,  and  again  it  be- 
came an  applauded  performance.  Its  excellences  once  more 
stood  confessed,  in  the  increased  price  which  every  copy 
offered  for  sale  produced ;  and  the  increased  demand  pointed 
out  the  necessity  of  a  new  edition.  This  is  now  presented  to 
the  public  in  a  manner  not  disgraceful  to  the  memory  of  the 
author ;  and  the  publisher  relies  with  confidence,  that  so 
valuable  a  repository  of  amusement  and  information,  will 
continue  to  hold  the  rank  to  which  it  has  been  restored, 
firmly  supported  by  its  own  merit,  and  safe  from  the  influ- 
ence and  blight  of  any  future  caprices  of  fashion.  To  open 
its  valuable  mysteries  to  those  who  have  not  had  the  advan- 
tage of  a  classical  education,  translations  of  the  countless 
quotations  from  ancient  writers  which  occur  in  the  work,  are 
now  for  the  first  time  given,  and  obsolete  orthography  is  in 
all  instances  modernized. 


ACCOUNT    OF    THE   AUTHOR 


BoBEBT  Burton  was  the  son  of  Ralph  Burton,  of  an  ancient 
and  genteel  family  at  Lindley,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  bom 
there  on  the  8th  of  February,  1576.*  He  received  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  learning  at  the  free  school  of  Sutton  Coldfield,  in  War- 
wickshire,! from  whence  he  was,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  in  the 
long  vacation,  1593,  sent  to  Brazen  Nose  College,  in  the  condition 
of  a  commoner,  where  he  made  a  considerable  progress  in  logic 
and  philosophy.  In  1599  he  was  elected  student  of  Christ  Church, 
and,  for  form  sake,  was  put  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  John  Ban- 
croft, afterwards  Bishop  of  Oxford.  In  1614  he  was  admitted  to 
the  reading  of  the  Sentences,  and  on  the  29th  of  November,  1616, 

*  Eia  elder  brother  was  William  Bar-  may  appear  by  his  '  Deacription  of  Leices- 

ton,  the  LeicestershJbre  antiquary,  bom  tershire.'"     His  weak  constitution  not 

24th  August,  1576,  educated  at  Sutton  permitting  him  to  follow  business,  he  re- 

Coldfield,  admitted  commoner,  or  gentle-  tired  into  the  country,  and  his  greatest 

man  commoner,  of  Brazen  Nose  Oollege,  work,   ''  The   Description   of  Leicester- 

1591 ;  at  the  Inner  Temple,  20th  May,  shire,"  was  published  in  folio,  1622.    He 

1593;  B.A.  22d  June,  l^j  and  after-  died  at  Falde,  after  suffering  much  in 

vrards  a  barrisfer  and  reporter  in  the  the  civil  war,  6th  April   1645,  and  was 

Court   of  Common   Pleas.      -^But   his  buried  in  the  parish  church  belonging 

natural  genius,"  says  Wood,   "  leading  thereto,  called  Hanbury. 

Um  to  the  studies  of  heraldry,  genealo-  f  This  is  Wood's  account,     ffis  will 

gies,  and  antiquities,  he  became  excellent  says,  Nuneaton ;   but  a  passage  in  this 

m  those  obscure  and  intricate  matters ;  work  [vol.  ii.  p.  159,]  mentions  Sutton 

and,  look  upon  him  as  a  gentleman,  was  Coldfield :  probably  he  may  have  been  at 

•eeounted,  by  all  that  knew  him,  to  be  both  schools, 
the  best  of  his  time  for  those  studies,  m 


8  Account  of  the  Author, 

had  the  ^carage  of  St  Thomas,  in  the  west  suburb  of  Oxford, 
conferred  on  him  by  the  dean  and  canons  of  Christ  Church,  which, 
with  the  rectory  of  Segraye,  in  Leicestershire,  given  to  him  in 
the  year  16S6,  by  George,  Lord  Berkeley,  he  kept,  to  use  the 
words  of  the  Oxford  antiquary,  with  much  ado  to  his  dying  day. 
He  seems  to  have  been  first  beneficed  at  Walsby,  in  Lincolnshire, 
through  the  munificence  of  his  noble  patroness,  Frances,  Count- 
ess Dowager  of  Exeter,  but  resigned  the  same,  as  he  tells  us,  for 
some  special  reasons.  At  his  vicarage  he  b  remarked  to  have 
always  given  the  sacrament  in  wafers.  Wood's  character  of  him 
b,  that  **  he  was  an  exact  mathematician,  a  curious  calculator  of 
nativities,  a  general  read  scholar,  a  thorough-paced  philologbt,  and 
one  that  understood  the  surveying  of  lands  well.  As  he  was  by 
many  accounted  a  severe  student,  a  devourer  of  authors,  a  melan- 
choly and  humorous  person ;  so  by  others,  who  knew  him  well,  a 
person  of  great  honesty,  plain  dealing  and  charity.  I  have  heard 
some  of  the  ancients  of  Chrbt  Church  oflen  say,  that  hb  com- 
pany was  very  merry,  facete,  and  juvenile ;  and  no  man  in  hb 
time  did  surpass  him  for  hb  ready  and  dexterous  interlarding  hb 
common  discourses  among  them  with  verses  from  the  poets,  or 
sentences  from  classic  authors ;  which  being  then  all  the  fashion 
in  the  Univer^ty,  made  his  company  the  more  acceptable."  He 
appears  to  have  been  a  universal  reader  of  all  kinds  of  books,  and 
availed  himself  of  his  multifarious  studies  in  a  very  extraordinary 
manner.  From  the  information  of  Heame,  we  learn  that  John 
Bouse,  the  Bodleian  librarian,  fumbhed  him  with  choice  books  for 
the  prosecution  of  his  work.  The  subject  of  hb  labour  and  amuse- 
ment, seems  to  have  been  adopted  from  the  infirmities  of  hb  own 
habit  and  constitution.  Mr.  Granger  says,  **He  composed  thb 
book  with  a  view  of  relieving  his  own  melancholy,  but  increased 
it  to  such  a  degree,  that  nothing  could  make  him  laugh,  but  going 
to  the  bridge-foot  and  hearing  the  ribaldry  of  the  bargemen,  which 
rarely  failed  to  throw  him  into  a  violent  fit  of  laughter.  Before 
he  was  overcome  with  this  horrid  disorder,  he,  in  the  intervab  of 
his  vapours,  was  esteemed  one  of  the  most  facetious  companions  in 
the  University." 

Hb  residence  was  chiefly  at  Oxford ;  where,  in  hb  chamber  in 
Christ  Church  College,  he  departed  thb  life,  at  or  very  near  the 
time  which  he  had  some  years  before  foretold,  from  the  calculation 
of  hb  own  nativity,  and  which,  says  Wood,  "  being  exact,  several 


Aecowat  of  the  Awlhor.  t 

f  the  students  did  not  forbear  to  whisper  among  themselveR,  that 
KMher  than  there  should  be  a  mistake  in  the  calculation,  he  sent 
up  his  soul  to  heaven  through  a  elip  about  his  neck."  Whether 
this  En^;e9tion  is  founded  in  truth,  we  have  no  other  evidence 
than  an  obscure  hint  in  the  epitaph  hereafter  inserted,  which  was 
written  hy  the  author  himself,  a  short  time  before  his  death.  His 
bodf,  with  due  Bolemnitj,  was  buried  near  that  of  Dr.  Robert 
Weaton,  in  the  north  ^sle  which  joins  next  to  the  choir  of  the 
_  Cathedral  of  Christ  Churi'h,  on  the  27th  of  January,  1639-10. 
r  Us  grave  was  soon  after  erected  a  comely  monument,  on 
I  upper  pillar  of  the  said  ^ale,  with  his  bust,  painted  to  the 
On   the   right    hand    is   the   following   calculation   of  hit 


10  Account  of  the  Author. 

and  under  the  bust,  this  inscription  of  his  own.  compontion  ^-* 

Panois  nottis,  paaoioribos  ignotns, 

Hio  jacet  Democritm  junior 

Cni  yitam  dedit  et  mortem 
Melancholia. 
Ob.  8  Id.  Jan.    A.  G.  mdcxzzix. 

Arms : — Azure  on  a  bend  O.  between  three  dogs'  heads  O.  a 
crescent  6. 

A  few  months  before  his  death,  he  made  his  will,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  copy : — 

Extracted  fbom  thb  Rboistbt  of  the  Prbbooative  Court 

OF  Cahterburt. 

In  Nomine  Dei  Amen,  August  15*^  One  thousand  six  hundred  thirty 
nine  because  there  be  so  many  casualties  to  which  our  life  is  subject 
besides  quarrelling  and  contention  which  happen  to  our  Successors  idler 
our  Death  by  reason  of  unsettled  Estates  I  Bobert  Burton  Student  of 
Christchurch  Oxon.  though  my  means  be  but  small  have  thought  good 
by  this  my  last  Will  and  Testament  to  dispose  of  that  little  which  I  have 
and  being  at  this  present  I  thank  God  in  perfect  health  of  Bodie  and  Mind 
and  if  this  Testament  be  not  so  formal  according  to  the  nice  and  strict 
terms  of  Law  and  other  Circumstances  peradyenture  required  of  which  I 
am  ignorant  I  desire  howsoever  this  my  Will  may  be  accepted  and  stand 
good  according  to  my  true  Intent  and  meaning  First  I  bequeath  Animam 
Deo  Corpus  Terrse  whensoever  it  shall  please  God  to  call  me  I  give  my 
Land  in  Higham  which  my  good  Father  Balphe  Burton  of  Lindly  in  the 
County  of  Leicester  Esquire  gave  me  by  Deed  of  Gift  and  that  which  I 
have  annexed  to  that  Farm  by  purchase  since,  now 'leased  for  thirty-eight 
pounds  per  Ann.  to  mine  Elder  Brother  William  Burton  of  Lindly  Esquire 
during  his  life  and  after  him  to  his  Heirs  I  mal^e  my  said  Brother  William 
likewise  mine  Executor  as  well  as  paying  such  Annuities  and  Legacies 
out  of  my  Lands  and  Goods  as  are  hereafter  specified  I  give  to  my  nephew 
Cassibilan  Burton  twenty  pounds  Annuity  per  Ann.  out  of  my  Land  in 
Higham  during  his  life  to  be  paid  at  two  equall  payments  at  our  Lady 
Day  in  Lent  and  Michaelmas  or  if  he  be  not  paid  within  fourteen  Days 
after  the  said  Feasts  to  distrain  on  any  part  of  the  Ground  on  or  any  of 
my  Lands  of  Inheritance  Item  1  give  to  my  sister  Eatherine  Jackson  dur- 
ing her  life  eight  pounds  per  Ann.  Annuity  to  be  paid  at  the  two  Feasts 
equally  as  above  said  or  else  to  distrain  on  the  Ground  if  she  be  not  paid 
a^er  fourteen  days  at  Lindly  as  the  other  some  is  out  of  the  said  Land 
Item  I  give  to  my  Servant  John  Upton  the  Annuity  of  Forty  Shillings  out 
of  my  said  Farme  during  his  life  (if  till  then  my  Servapt)  to  be  paid  on 
Michaelmas  day  in  Lindley  each  year  or  else  after  fourteen  days  to  dis- 
train Now  for  my  goods  I  thus  dispose  them  First  I  give  an  C^  pounds  to 


Aeeotmt  of  tha  AutAaf. 


llr 


1  long  lived  to  buy  flva  ponndi 


ri>t  Ohtirch  In  Oxfbni  where  I  b: 
s  per  Ann.  to  be  Yearly  besto- 
gi™  an  hundrfldth  pound  to  the  Univaraity  Library  of  Oiford  lo  be  be- 
llowed to  purobase  five  pound  Lund  per  Ann.  to  be  paid  out  Yoarly  on 
Books  SB  Mrs.  Brooks  fonnorly  ga»a  an  hundred  pounds  to  buy  Land  lo 
the  same  purpose  and  the  Rent  to  the  tame  ase  I  f:lve  lo  my  Brother 
George  Burton  twenty  ponoda  and  my  watch  I  give  to  my  iBrother  Kalph 
Burton  tire  pounds  Item  I  give  to  the  Parieb  of  Seagmve  in  Leionsterfliirs 

perpetual  good  of  the  eaid  ParvA  Oteon  *  Iiem  I  give  lo  my  Niece  Eupenia 
Burton  One  hundredth  pnnnds  Itotn  I  give  to  my  Nephew  Kiohard  Burton 
DOW  i'risoiier  in  London  au  hundredth  pound  to  redeem  him  Item  I  give 
to  tJiB  Poor  of  Higham  Forty  ShilliugB  vfhere  my  Lund  ia  to  the  Poor  of 
Noneatoo  where  I  was  onco  a  GraTumiir  Scholar  three  pound  to  my  Cousin 
Pnrfeyof  Wsdlake  [Wadloy]  my  Conain  Pnrfay  of  Calcott  my  Consul 
Halea  of  Coventry  my  Nephew  Bntdshaw  of  Drton  twenty  ahilliugs  a  pieca 
fiicaimall  remembrance  to  Mr,  Whitehall  Rector  of  Cherkby  myne  own 
Chamber  Fellow  twenty  shillinga  I  desire  my  Brother  George  and  my 
Conen  Pnrfsy  of  Oalcott  lo  bs  the  Overseers  of  this  part  of  my  Will  I  give 
moreover  five  pounds  to  make  a  small  Monument  for  my  Mother  where 
■ha  ie  buried  in  London  to  my  Brother  Juckaon  forty  Bhlllin£9  to  my  Ser- 
vant John  Upton  forty  shillings  besides  liii  former  Annuity  if  he  bo  my 
Servant  till  I  die  if  ha  ha  till  than  my  Servant  t—ROBKRT  BURTON— 
Charles  Hussell  WiUiBas^lobn  I'eppar  Witness. 


I  Give  W  Mr.  Doctor  Fell  Dean  of  Ohrisl  Church  Forty  Shillings  W  the 
Eight  Canons  twenty  Shilling!)  a  pieoe  as  a  small  rsmembranoe  tu  the  poor 
of  St.  Thomn«  parish  Twenty  Shillings  to  Braaauose  Library  five  ponuda 
to  Mr.  Rowse  of  Oriell  Colladge  twenty  Shillings  to  Mr.  Heywood  jos.  to 
Dr.  Metcalfe  aas.  to  Mr,  Sh»*^05ra.  If  T  have  any  Books  the  University 
Library  hRtb  not,  let  thom  take  "them  If  I  have  any  Books  our  own  Library 
halti  not,  let  them  tuko  thorn  I  give  to  Mra.  Fell  all  my  English  Books  of 
Husbandry  one  excepted  to  ber  Ilatighter  Mrs,  Kathe- 

^  Pell  my  Six  Pieces  of  Snvor  Piute  and  six  Silver  Spoons  to  Mrs  lies 
my  Gerards  Herball  to  Sirs.  Morris  my  Country  Farme  Tranalnlad  ont  of 
f^nch  4,  and  all  my  English  Chysick  Books  to  Mr.  Whiatler  tha  Kecorder 
of  Oxfmil  I  give  twenty  shillings  to  all  my  fellow  Stadenta  M"  of  Arts  a 
Book  in  (bl.  or  two  a  piece  as  Master  Morris  Treasurer  or  Mr  Dean  shall 
ippoinl  whom  I  request  to  be  the  Overseer  of  this  Appendii  nod  give  him 
for  hie  pains  Atlas  Geografer  and  Ortelina  Theatrum  Mond'  I  give  to  John 
Fell  the  Dean's  Son  Student  my  Mathematical  Instruments  except  my 
"     ""  lyt^rdofDonnol  if  hebe  thauoftha 


^^■^is  To  Thoma 
^^H  •BotDtl 


12  Account  of  the  Author* 

and  Lacian*8  Works  in  4  Tomes  If  any  books  be  left  let  mj  Executors  dis- 
pose of  them  with  all  such  Books  as  are  written  with  my  own  hands  and 
half  my  Melancholy  Copy  for  Crips  hath  the  other  half  To  Mr.  Jonea 
Chaplin  and  Chanter  my  Surveying  Books  and  Instruments  To  the  Ser- 
Tants  of  the  House  Forty  Shillings  BOB.  BURTON— Charles  Russell 
Witness — John  Pepper  Witness — This  Will  was  shewed  to  me  by  the 
Testator  and  acknowledged  by  him  some  few  days  before  his  death  to 
be  his  last  WUl  Ita  Testor  John  Morris  S  Th  D.  Prebendari'  Eccl  Chri' 
Ozon  Feb.  8, 1639. 

Probatum  fuit  Testamentum  suprascriptum,  &c.  11"  1640  Juramento 
Willmi  Burton  Fris*  et  Ezecutoris  cui  &c.  de  bene  et  fideliter  ad« 
ministrand.  &c.  coram  Mag'ris  Nathanaele  Stephens  Rectore  EccL 
de  Drayton,  et  Edwardo  Farmer,  Clericis,  vigore  conmiiBsioniBy 

&0. 

The  only  work  our  author  executed  was  that  now  reprinted, 
which  probably  was  the  principal  employment  of  his  life.  Dr. 
Ferriar  says,  it  was  originally  published  in  the  year  1617;  but 
this  is  evidently  a  mistake ;  *  the  first  edition  was  that  printed  in 
4to,  1621,  a  copy  of  which  is  at  present  in  the  collection  of  John 
Nichols,  Esq.,  the  indefatigable  illustrator  of  the  History  of  Lewes' 
tershire ;  to  whom,  and  to  Isaac  Reed,  Esq.,  of  Staple  Inn,  this 
account  is  greatly  indebted  for  its  accuracy.  The  other  impre»- 
sions  of  it  were  in  1624, 1628, 1692, 1638, 1651-2,  1660,  and  1676, 
which  last,  in  the  title-page,  is  called  the  eighth  edition. 

The  copy  from  which  the  present  is  reprinted,  is  that  of  1651-2 : 
ait  the  conclusion  of  which  is  the  following  address : — 

"To  THE  READER. 

**  Be  pleased  to- know  (Courteous  Reader)  that  since  the  last  Impression 
of  this  Book,  the  ingenuous  Author  of  it  is  deceased,  leaving  a  Copy  of  it 
exactly  corrected,  with  several  considerable  Additions  by  his  own  hand ; 
this  Copy  he  committed  to  my  care  and  custody,  with  directions  to  have 
those  Additions  inserted  in  the  next  Edition;  which  in  order  to  his  com- 
mand, and  the  Fublicke  Good,  is  faithfully  performed  in  this  last  Impres- 
sion." 

H,  a  (».  «.  HEN.  CRIPP8,) 

*0^nating,perhapB,inanote,p.448,  printed  in  1676,  there  seems  very  little 

6th  edit.  (vol.  iii,  p.  29,  of  the  present),  in  reason  to  doubt  that,  in  the  note  aboTt 

which  a  book  is  quoted  as  haying  been  alluded  to.  either  1624  has  been  a  mis- 

♦'  printed  at  Paris,  1624,  seven  years  after  print  for  1628,  or  seven  years  for  thret 

Burton's  first  edition."     As,  however,  years.    The  numerous  typographical  er> 

the  editions  after  that  of  1021,  are  regu-  rata  in  other  parts  of  the  work  stroni^ 

larly  marked  in  succersion  to  the  eighth,  aid  this  latter  supposition. 


>i.Y,  wherein  the  author  hnth  piled  up 
ig.  Scai-CB  any  book  ut  philulogy  iu 
ii  paeEed  go  many  editions." — FuUtr't 


e  Anatout  or  Melanc 
riety  of  iniioli  eiceilont  lanr 
S  hntli,  ia  so  short  a  ti 
"WortAiM,  foL  18. 

"  'Ti«  n  book  so  full  of  variaty  of  raailiiig,  that  gentlemtn  who  have 
loat  their  time,  and  are  put  to  a  push  for  ItiToiition,  may  fumiBh  them- 
■elvei  with  mutter  for  cotninun  ur  acholnstlciil  diicaurae  and  wrillsg." — 
Woo^iAlhtna  Oxom<intii,  vol.  i.  p.  SIS,  Id  edit. 


•I  Mtn.ANCHOLT,  prioted  leTS,  t  pny 
;e  of  his  Prefnce,  '  Democritus  to 
■e  which  CoHciies  the  point  we  are 


"If  yon  never  saw  Bertoii  v 
look  iulo  it,  and  rend  tlie  ninth  p: 
the  Reader.'    There  is  something  tt 

laamed,  and  the  most  full  of  iterllng  eenee.     The  wits  of  Queod  Anne'i 
nign,  and  the  beginning  of  Gsurge  tlie  Kirtt,  were  not  a  little  beholden  to 
^jm"      iJrnVr'j^'T  BtrHns't  LeUcri,  IZmo,  17T7,  p.  149. 


pi'BDKniB's  Ahatomt 

Of  Mei-incb 

OLT,   ha 

(Dr. 

Johnson)  said,  waa 

bl  only  book  that  ever 

took  him  ont 

of  bed 

wo  hours  sooner  than  ho 

SlWied  to  rise."-SDi-«£r 

.Llfi^/Joh^ 

w«,  vol. 

.p.  5 

0,  8V0.  edit. 

"Boetok's  Anatomt 

or  Mklascb 

ot.T  la  a 

'finable  book,"  said  Dr. 

Johnwn.    "  It  is  parhap 

oTerloaded  with  quo 

But  Oiare  In  great 

■plrit  and  great  power  ii 

what  Burton 

ays  when  he 

writes  from  his  own 

mini"-ftii.  vol.  ii.  p.  325. 

Ki-ltw 
iBd  inv. 
ttL'Aa 


be  DO  dalraction  fram  the  powers  of  Milton's  uriginal  genius 
tioii,  tu  remark,  that  he  seems  to  have  borrowed  the  subject 
H  L'ABegro  and  Tl  Ptmeroio  togelher  with  some  pnrticular  Ihougiils, 
eKpreesions,  and  rhymes,  more  especiHlly  the  Idea  of  n  contrast  between 
ItatM  two  disposilions,  from  a  forgotten  poem  prefi;tBd  lo  the  flrat  edition 
of  BdrtoM'S  Akatuhy  of  Mblanuhult,  entitled,  '  The  Author's  Ab- 
Uiut  of  Melancholy;  or,  A  Dialogne  between  Pleasure  and  Fain.'  Here 
pain  il  melanoholy.  It  was  written,  as  I  eonjeetnra,  about  the  year  IBOO. 
IwiU  nuke  no  apology  for  alistracring  fl4icl  citing  as  moch  of  Ibis  poem 
«■  will  bo  sufficient  to  prove,  to  a  discerning  reader,  how  far  it  had  taken 
poseeasion  of  Milton's  mind.  The  measure  will  appear  to  be  the  same; 
and  that  Onr  author  was  at  least  an  attentive  reader  of  Burton's  booh,  m^y 
be  already  concluded  from  the  tteces  of  resemblanoe  which  1  have  incl- 
ieulaily  noticed  In  passing  thrnuRh  the  L'AIIfffro  and  /(  Peiaereio," — 
After  extracting  the  lines,  Mr.  Werlon  adds,  "  as  to  the  very  elabomlo 

loiiTuiug,  ills  quotationi  from  scarce  and  carious  booki, 


14  Account  of  the  Author, 

neouB   matter,  intennixtnre  of  agreeable  tales  and  tnastratioiu,  and, 
perhaps,  abore  all,  the  singularities  of  his  feelings,  clothed  in  an  vn 
common  quaintness  of  style,  have  contributed  to  render  it,  even  to  modem 
readers,  a  valuable  repository  of  amusement  and  information." —  fFiarton't 
MUton^  2d  edit.  p.  94. 

^  The  Akatomt  of  Melancholy  is  a  book  which  has  been  univer- 
sally read  and  admired.  This  work  is,  for  the  most  part,  what  the  author 
himself  styles  it,  *a  cento;*  but  it  is  a  very  ingenious  one.  His  quota- 
tions, which  abound  in  every  page,  are  pertinent;  but  if  he  had  made 
more  use  of  his  invention  and  less  of  his  commonplace-book,  his  work 
would  perhaps  have  been  more  valuable  than  it  is.  He  is  generally  free 
from  the  affected  language  and  ridiculous  metaphors  which  disgrace  most 
of  the  books  of  his  time.** — Granger*8  Biogra^lUccU  Bitiory, 

^  Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  a  book  once  the  favourite  of 
the  learned  and  the  witty,  and  a  source  of  surreptitious  learning,  though 
written  on  a  regular  plan,  consists  chiefly  of  quotations :  the  author  has 
honestly  termed  it  a  cento.  He  collects,  under  every  division,  the  opin^ 
ions  of  a  multitude  of  writers,  without  regard  to  chronological  order,  and 
has  too  often  the  modesty  to  decline  the  interposition  of  his  own  senti* 
ments.  Indeed  the  bulk  of  his  materials  generally  overwhelms  him. 
In  the  course  of  his  folio  he  has  contrived  to  treat  a  great  variety  of 
topics,  that  seem  very  loosely  connected  with  the  general  subject;  and, 
like  Bayle,  when  he  starts  a  favourite  train  of  quotations,  he  does  not 
scruple  to  let  the  digression  outrun  the  principal  question.  Thus,  from 
the  doctrines  of  religion  to  military  discipline,  from  inland  navigation  to 
the  morality  of  dancing-schools,  everything  is  discussed  and  determined.** 
— Ferriar*8  Illustratioru  of  Sterne,  p.  58. 

"  The  archness  which  Burton  displays  occasionally,  and  his  indul- 
gence of  playful  digressions  from  the  most  serious  discussions,  often  give 
his  style  an  air  of  familiar  conversation,  notwithstanding  the  laborious 
collections  which  supply  his  text.  He  was  capable  of  writing  excellent 
poetry,  but  he  seems  to  have  cultivated  this  talent  too  little.  The  Eng- 
lish verses  prefixed  to  his  book,  which  possess  beautiful  imagery,  and 
great  sweetness  of  verHification,  have  been  frequently  published.  His 
Latin  elegiac  verses  addressed  to  his  book,  show  a  very  agreeable  turn  for 
raillery." — Ibid,  p.  68. 

"  When  the  force  of  the  subject  opens  his  own  vein  of  prose,  we  discover 
valuable  sense  and  brilliant  expression.  Such  is  his  account  of  the  first 
feelings  of  melancholy  persons,  written,  probably,  from  his  own  experi- 
ence."   [See  p.  161,  of  the  present  edition.]— 76^  p.  60. 

*'  During  a  pedantic  age,  like  that  in  which  Burton's  production 
appeared,  it  must  have  been  eminently  serviceable  to  writers  of  many 
descriptions.    Hence  the  unlearned  might  furnish  themselves  with  appro- 


Accauni  of  the  Author.  15 

priate  scraps  of  Greek  and  Latin,  whilst  men  of  letters  would  find  their 
inquiries  shortened,  by  knowing  where  they  might  look  for  what  both 
ancients  and  modems  have  adyanced  on  the  subject  of  human  pas- 
sions. I  confess  my  inability  to  point  out  any  other  English  author 
who  has  so  largely  dealt  in  apt  and  original  quotation.** — Manutcripi 
note  of  tht  laU  Qwrgt  Sieeoetu,  Eiq,,  m  bis  copy  qf  Thb  Anatoht  of 

IISLASCBOLT 


DEMOCMTUS  JUNIOR  AD  UBRTJM  SUUM. 


Vade  liber,  qnalis,  non  ansim  dicere,  foeliz, 

Te  nisi  foelicem  fecerit  Alma  dies, 
Vade  tamen  qaocunqne  Inbet,  qnascunqne  per  oras, 

£t  Genium  Domini  fac  imitere  tui. 
I  blandas  inter  Charites,  myst&mqne  salnta 

Musarum  qnemvis,  si  tibi  lector  erit. 
Bnra  colas,  urbem,  sabeksve  palatia  regnm, 

Snbmiss^,  placid^,  te  sine  dente  geras. 
Kobilis,  ant  si  quis  te  fort^  inspexerit  heros, 

Da  te  morigemm,  perlegat  asque  lubet. 
Est  quod  Nobilitas,  est  quod  desideret  heros, 

Gratior  hsec  forsan  charta  placere  potest. 
Si  quis  morosus  Cato,  tetricusque  Senator, 

Hunc  etiam  librum  fort^  videre  velit, 
Sive  magistratus,  tnm  te  reverenter  habeto; 

Sed  nullns ;  muscas  non  capiunt  Aquilae. 
Kon  vacat  his  tempus  fugitivnm  impendere  nugia, 

Nee  tales  cnpio;  par  mihi  lector  erit. 
Si  matrona  gravis  casu  diverterit  istue, 

Ulustris  domina,  ant  te  Comitissa  legat; 
Est  quod  displiceat,  placeat  quod  forsitan  illis, 

Ingerere  his  noli  te  modb,  pande  tamen. 
At  si  virgo  tuas  dignabitur  inclyta  chartas 

Tangere,  sive  schedis  hsereat  ilia  tuis: 
Da  modo  te  facilem,  et  qusedam  folia  esse  memento 

Conveniant  oculis  quae  magis  apta  snis. 
Si  generosa  ancilla  tnos  ant  alma  puella 

Visura  est  ludos,  annue,  pande  lubens. 
Die  utinam  nmic  ipse  mens  ^  (nam  diligit  istas) 

In  prsesens  esset  conspiciendus  hems. 
Ignotns  notusve  mlhi  de  gente  togat& 

Sive  aget  in  ludis,  pnlpita  sive  colet, 

*  HiBO  eomlei  dicta  cave  n«  mali  eajdas. 
VOL.  I.  2 


18  Democritut  Junior  ad  Librum  Suunu 

Bly«  In  LycGDOy  et  nugat  eToWerit  istas, 
HI  qiiiUKJnm  mundaii  vlderit  inspiciens, 
Dtt  Ytftiam  Autliori,  dices;  nam  plurima  yellet 

KxpiHiKii  qun  Jam  displicuisse  sciat. 
8lv«  Mtlaricliolicui  qtiinquam,  sea  blandos  Amator, 

Aulicus  nut  Civis,  seu  ben6  comptus  Eques 
Huo  flppflUat,  age  tt  tut6  te  crede  logenti, 

Multa  Istlo  forsan  non  mal6  nata  leget 
Quod  fuglnt,  caveat,  qiK)dque  amplexabitar,  ista 

pHgina  fortansls  promore  multa  potest. 
At  si  quis  Medlcus  coram  te  sistet,  amice 

Fac  circumnpeot^,  ot  te  sine  labe  geras: 
Inveniet  nnmque  ipso  mois  quoque  plurima  Bcriptia, 

Non  leve  subsldium  quo)  sibi  forsan  erunt. 
81  quU  Causldicus  chartas  impingat  in  istas, 

Nil  mllil  voblscum,  pessima  turba  vale; 
Bit  nUi  vir  bonus,  et  juris  sine  fraude  peritus, 

Turn  legaf,  et  forsan  dootlor  inde  siet. 
61  quis  cordatus,  faoiiis,  leotorque  benignus 

Hue  oculos  vertat,  quso  velit  ipse  legat; 
Candidas  ignoscet,  metuas  nil,  pande  iibenter, 

O/fensus  mendis  non  erit  ille  tuis, 
Laudiibit  nonnulla.    Venit  si  Rhetor  ineptos, 

Limuta  ot  tersa,  et  qui  ben6  cocta  petit, 
Claude  citus  librum;  nulla  hie  nisi  ferrea  verba, 

Offendent  stomoclium  qua  miniis  apta  suum. 
At  si  quis  non  eximius  de  plebe  poeta, 

Annue;  namque  Istic  plurima  ficta  leget. 
Kos  f  utnus  6  numero,  nullus  mihi  spirnt  Apollo, 

Orandiloquus  Vaten  quilibet  esse  neqnit. 
61  Critlcus  Lector,  tamidus  Censorque  molestus, 

Zolius  et  Momus,  si  rablosa  cohors: 
RIngo,  freme,  et  noli  tum  pandere,  turba  malignit 

Si  occurrat  sannis  invidiosa  suis : 
Fac  fuglHs;  si  nulla  tibi  sit  copia  eundi, 

Contemnes,  tacit6  scommnta  queeqae  feres. 
Frendeat,  allatret,  vacuas  gannitibus  auras 

Impleat,  baud  cures;  his  placuisse  nefas. 
Verum  age  si  fjrsan  divertat  purior  hospes, 

Cuique  saloR,  ludi,  displlceantque  joci, 
Objiciatque  tibi  sordes,  lasciv&que:  dices, 

Lasciva  est  Domino  et  Musa  jocosa  tuo, 
Kcc  lasciva  tnmen,  si  pensitet  omne;  sed  esto; 

Sit  lasciva  licet  pngina,  vita  proba  est. 
Barbaras,  indoctdsque  rudis  spectator  in  istam 

Si  messem  intrudat,  fuste  fugabis  eum, 
Fungura  peile  procul  ( jubeo)  nam  quid  mihi  fungo? 

Conveniunt  stomacho  non  minus  ista  suo. 


Democrittis  Junior  ad  Lihrum  Suum.  19 

Sed  neo  pelle  tamen;  Iseto  omnes  accipe  vulto, 

Qnos,  quas,  vel  quales,  inde  vel  nnde  viros. 
GratQS  erit  qnicunque  venit,  gratissimus  hospes 

Quisquis  erit,  facilis  dlfficilisque  mihi. 
Kam  si  culp&rit,  qusedam  culpasse  juvabit, 

Cnlpando  faciei  me  meliora  seqni. 
Sed  si  laudirit,  neqne  laudibus  efferar  nllis, 

Sit  satis  hisce  malis  opposuisse  bonam. 
Hsec  sunt  quae  nostro  placuit  mandare  llbello^ 

£t  qu»  dimittens  dicere  jussit  Herns. 


DEMOCBITUS  JUNIOR  TO  HIS  BOOK. 


PAHAPHBASnO    XKTRICAI.   TRAX8LATI0V. 

Go  forth  my  book  into  the  open  day; 

Happy,  if  made  so  by  its  garish  eye. 
0*6r  earth*8  wide  sarface  take  thy  vagrant  way. 

To  imitate  thy  ma8ter*8  genius  try. 
The  graces  three,  the  Muses  nine  salute, 

Should  those  who  love  them  try  to  con  thy  lore. 
The  country,  city  seek,  grand  thrones  to  boot, 

With  gentle  courtesy  humbly  bow  before. 
Should  nobles  gallant,  soldiers  frank  and  brave 

Seek  thy  acquaintance,  hail  their  first  advance: 
From  twitch  of  care  thy  pleasant  vein  may  save. 

May  laughter  cause  or  wisdom  give  perchance. 
Some  surly  Cato,  Senator  austere. 

Haply  may  wish  to  peep  into  thy  book: 
Seem  very  nothing — tremble  and  revere: 

No  forceful  eagles,  butterflies  e*er  look. 
They  love  not  thee :  of  them  then  little  seek, 

And  wish  for  readers  triflers  like  thyself. 
Of  ludeful  matron  watchful  catch  the  beck. 

Or  gorgeous  countess  full  of  pride  and  pelf. 
They  may  say  "  pish  I  "  and  frown,  and  yet  read  ont 

Cry  odd,  and  silly,  coarse,  and  yet  amusing. 
6honld  dainty  damsels  seek  thy  page  to  con. 

Spread  thy  best  stores:  to  them  be  ne'er  refusing: 
8av,  fair  one,  master  loves  thee  dear  as  life; 

would  he  were  here  to  gaze  ou  thy  sweet  look. 
fibonld  known  or  unknown  stndent,  freeM  from  strife 

Of  loglo  ftnd  the  schools,  explore  my  book: 
-  -Mflonoy  oritio,  and  thy  book  withhold: 

•  few  enoTB  pwdon*d  though  obserr'd: 
I  SSHior  to  implore  makes  bold. 
&  liidiilgeiiee,  efen  iindeaenr'd, 


Democrittu  Junior  to  his  Booh  21 

Should  melancholy  wight  or  pensiye  lover, 

Courtier,  snug  cit,  or  carpet  knight  so  trim 
Our  blossoms  cull,  he*  11  find  himself  in  cloyer. 

Gain  sense  from  precept,  laughter  from  our  whim. 
Should  learned  leech  with  solenm  air  unfold 

Thy  leaves,  beware,  be  civil,  and  be  wise: 
Thy  volume  many  precepts  sage  may  hold, 

His  well  fraught  head  may  find  no  trifling  prize. 
Should  crafty  lawyer  trespass  on  our  ground^ 

Caitiffs  avannt!  disturbing  tribe  awayl 
Unless  (white  crow)  an  honest  one  be  found; 
.  He*ll  better,  wiser  go  for  what  we  say. 
Should  some  ripe  scholar,  gentle  and  benign, 

With  candour,  care,  and  judgment  thee  peruse: 
Thy  faults  to  kind  oblivion  heUl  consign ; 

Nor  to  thy  merit  will  his  praise  refuse. 
Thou  may^st  be  searched  for  polishM  words  and  yene; 

By  flippant  spouter,  emptiest  of  praters: 
Tell  him  to  seek  them  in  some  mawkish  verse: 

My  periods  all  are  rough  as  nutmeg  graters. 
The  doggrel  poet,  wishing  thee  to  read, 

Beject  not;  let  him  glean  thy  jests  and  stories. 
His  brother  I,  of  lowly  sembling  breed: 

Apollo  grants  to  few  Parnassian  glories. 
MenacM  by  critic  with  sour  furrowed  brow. 

Mom  us  or  Troilus  or  Scotch  reviewer: 
Buflle  your  heckle,  grin  and  growl  and  vow: 

Ill-natured  foes  you  thus  will  find  the  fewer. 
When  foul-mouth*d  senseless  railers  cry  thee  downy 

Keply  not;  fly,  and  show  the  rogues  thy  stem: 
They  are  not  worthy  even  of  a  frown : 

Good  taste  or  breeding  they  can  never  learn; 
Or  let  them  clamour,  turn  a  callous  ear, 

As  though  in  dread  of  some  harsh  donkey^s  bray 
If  chid  by  censor,  friendly  though  severe, 

To  such  explain  and  turn  thee  not  away. 
Thy  vein,  says  he  perchance,  is  all  too  free: 

Thy  smutty  language  suits  not  learned  pent 
Beply,  Good  Sir,  throughout,  the  context  see; 

Thought  chastens  thought;  so  prithee  judge  again 
Besides,  although  my  master*s  pen  may  wander 

Through  devious  paths,  by  which  it  ought  not  stray 
His  life  is  pure,  beyond  the  breath  of  slander: 

So  pardon  grant;  *tis  merely  but  his  way. 
Some  nigged  ruffian  makes  a  hideous  rout — 

Brandish  thy  cudgel,  threaten  bim  to  baste; 
The  filthy  fungus  far  from  thee  cast  out; 

Such  noxious  banquets  never  suit  my  taste. 


22  Democritus  Junior  to  his  Booh 

Yet,  calm  and  oantions  moderate  thy  ire, 

Be  ever  courteous  should  the  case  allow^* 
Sweet  malt  is  ever  made  by  gentle  fire: 

Warm  to  thj  friends,  give  all  a  civil  bow. 
Even  censure  sometimes  teaches  to  improve, 

Slight  frosts  have  often  cured  too  rank  a  crop, 
So  candid  blame  my  spleen  shall  never  move, 

For  skilful  gard*ners  wayward  branches  lop, 
60  then,  my  book,  and  bear  my  words  in  mind; 
Guides  safe  at  once,  and  pleasant  them  you^ll  find. 


^^^EARGUMEST  OF 

THE  FRONTISPIECE." 

^Hh  dbUoct  Sannre)  hen  »n  spirt, 

^K  jol^d  In  d™  b,  0..l«r',  »rt. 

Ilen»th  them  kneeling  on  hi»  knufl, 

He'tiuia,  pra).,  ont,^ "idol  flit, 

att  on  a  ilone  wllh  book  on  insK; 

Por  bell  perhapa  be  takes  more  pi^n. 

About  him  haDK  ih™  many  rMlunw, 

Tbaa  thou  .lost  lie..veo  i.«lf  to  pS 

Of  Oaf,  Dogs.  >l>d  lucb  like  cc«lui«, 

Alas  peer  Bull  ply  thee. 

Of  which  he  mnket  mabomy, 

The  «»t<.r  block  choler  to  >^. 

AniiSiitoco  Iflrd  of  meUKlwly. 

Bot  m  the  madman  i^ge  dowDrlght 

inih  furloui  look',  a  KhutI/  debt 

Naked  la  chain!  bonnd  doth  lw!ls, 

P™.o«ll«lfnntQM,iiiee.ve, 

A  KingflnbEr,  a  Swan,  an  Ubtq, 

Ohserrehlm^forulnaglau, 

Tiro  fighdne-coclu  joii  mnv  iHaoeni, 

Thine  angry 'portraiture  It  nui 

Two  toaridg  Bulls  eaeh  other  Ue, 

HI.  irietare  keepi  atlll  lo  tbj  preHnea  i 

To  assaaHconceralug  ornery. 

'Twl«  hini  anil  Ihm,  there's  no  diaeiauH 

Conniye  Uu  rest  lij  Uial'a  afore. 

Owagt  »nd  H'Bibor  flU  [-0  Ksoia, 

SoTerelgn  pUnta  to  purge  the  Tulns 

Of  melanoSioly,  and  cheer  the  heart, 

Bjileejnngd^.cali   Booh  an  J  Doe, 

or  thoH  black  funwi  nbleh  make  It  Imart  [ 

Hares.  Uoui«  in  tlia  ii-^n  go : 
liUt,  OwIj  The  Bhiul!  bowers  orer, 

Td  eleu  th«  brsjh  of  inUty  IbgJi, 
IV-hlrh  dull  our  Huaea,  and  Boui  clon. 
Tbe  heat  medielne  that  e'er  Ood  ma£ 

In  melMicliolr  auknoffi  hover. 

Nirk  nell :  Ifl  be  not  u't  >lioulil  be. 

Tor  this  malady,  If  neU  iLUay'd.                                 • 

Bum  the  bwl  Uatwt,  Mil  not  me. 

I'  Cb'  na^er  ealDmn  there  doth  sUmd 

Now  hut  of  all  lo  flit  a  plue, 

Down  hai>ga  bU  hBid,  l^tae  siid  iiolile, 

go™dl«7.i.rBbedothm.liLe, 

Ills  image  la  the  world  appenn. 

HIg  mind  no  att  oui  well  eiprcei, 

That  b;  his  mitingl  yon  may  gnes>. 

IT  lbl>  do  uot  eiioggh  diacloM, 

It  WM  not  prfiJe,  nor  yet  ruin  glory. 

In  paint  him,  take  thj»eir  bj  th'  hdh. 

S&Si'SZSr"' 

Then  do  not  (town  or  Kolt  U  It, 

Windiii  hi.-  sM"  <lnili  lid"  mofh  bBrm, 

Deride  not,  or  detiset  a  whit. 

For  Burelj-  u  tbon  dost  by  him, 

He-lUdothei™eaif.lo. 

Theii  lock  upon't,  babrti  and  m. 

Aelbonlike'»tlt,«iltllke.(hee7 

T^u-...  i..  ■■  ., 1    .Vhe-kj. 

whieh  Is  diTldad  into  ten  eompartmecH 

UnlMehereMremllTenpliiluBd.    The 

autbot'i  portrait,  meatlitaed  la  the  tenth 

■iuu.,i.coplrfiopago7. 

1. 

m 

THE  AUTHOR'S  ABSTRACT  OF  MELANCHOLY, 

* 


Wmnf  T  go  mnring  all  alone, 
ThinkinK  of  (liven  thiii)^  fure-known, 
When  I  build  ciuttltM  in  the  uiFf 
Void  of  sorrow  and  void  of  fear, 
Plenninff  myaelf  with  pliantaflins  sweet, 
Methinks  the  time  runs  very  fleet. 
All  my  Joys  to  this  are  folly, 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melunclioly. 
^Vlien  I  lie  waking  all  alone, 
Recounting  what  I  have  ill  done. 
BIy  thoughts  on  me  then  tyraauize, 
Fear  and  sorrow  me  surprise, 
"Whether  I  tarry  still  or  go, 
Methinks  tlie  time  moves  very  slow. 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly, 
Naught  so  sad  as  melancholy. 
Wlien  to  myself  I  act  and  smile, 
With  pleasing  thoughts  the  time  beffuilei 
By  a  brook  side  or  wood  so  green, 
Unheard,  unsought  for,  or  unseeOf 
A  thousand  pleasures  do  me  bless. 
And  crown  my  soul  with  happiness. 
All  mv  Joys  besides  are  folly, 
None  so  sw(>et  as  melancholy. 
Wlien  I  lie,  sit,  or  walk  alone, 
I  sigh,  I  grieve,  making  great  mone| 
In  a  dark  grove,  or  irksome  den. 
With  discontents  and  Kuritts  then, 
A  tiiousand  mis(>ries  at  once 
Mine  heavy  heart  and  soul  ensconce, 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  Jolly, 
None  so  sour  as  melancholy. 
Bfethinks  I  hear,  methinks  I  see, 
Sweet  musio.  wondrous  melody, 
Towns,  palaces,  and  cities  fine : 
Here  now,  then  there  ;  the  world  is  mine, 
Rare  beautiea,  gallant  ladies  shine, 
Wliate^er  Is  lorelv  or  divine. 
All  other  Joys  to  th  ■  are  fblly, 
NoM  w  sweet  m  melanoholj. 
IMIilnki  I  bMTi  methlDki  I  Pee 

'^bViit,  flondi :  my  fcntuif 
-  thooMiid  iw  w»p«i, 
nn,  UMk  mm.  and  apei, 
teM,  and  ftarfVil  lights, 
«i  dismal  sonl  affHghts. 
to  this  are  jcMlj. 
•ui'dumAlaneholy. 


Methinks  I  conrt,  methinks  I  Uss, 
Methinks  I  now  embrace  my  mlstzess. 

0  blessed  days,  0  sweet  content. 
In  Paradise  my  time  is  spent. 

Buch  thoughts  may  still  my  Ikncj  movSj 
So  may  I  ever  be  in  love. 
All  my  Joys  to  this  are  fbU j. 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melancholj. 
When  I  recount  love's  many  fHghts, 
My  sighs  and  tears,  my  waking  nights, 
My  Jealous  fits  ;  0  mine  hard  fltte 

1  now  repent,  but  'tis  too  late. 
No  torment  is  so  bad  as  love. 
So  bitter  to  my  soul  can  prove. 

All  my  griefs  to  this  are  Jolly, 
Naught  so  liarsh  as  melancholj. 
Friends  and  companions  get  you  goo0, 
'Tis  my  desire  to  be  alone  ; 
Ne'er  well  but  when  my  thoughts  and  I 
Do  domineer  in  privacy. 
No  Uem,  no  treasure  like  to  this, 
>Tis  my  delight,  my  crown,  my  bliss. 
All  my  Joys  to  this  are  folly. 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
Tis  my  sole  plague  to  be  alone, 
I  »m  a  beast,  a  monster  grown, 
I  will  no  light  nor  company, 
I  find  it  now  my  misery. 
The  scene  is  turn'd,  my  Joys  are  gone, 
Fear,  discontent,  and  sorrows  come. 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  Jolly, 
Naught  so  fien'e  as  melancholy. 
I'll  not  change  life  with  any  King, 
I  ravisht  am :  can  the  world  bring 
Blore  Joy,  than  still  to  laugh  and  smfls, 
In  pleasant  toys  time  to  beguile  ? 
Do  not,  0  do  not  trouble  me. 
So  sweet  content  I  feel  and  see. 
All  my  Joys  to  this  are  folly, 
None  80  divine  as  melancholy. 
Pll  change  my  state  with  any  wretch. 
Thou  canst  flrom  J;iil  or  dunghill  fetch 
My  paints  past  cure,  another  hell, 
I  may  not  In  this  torment  dwell ! 
Now  desperate  I  hate  my  life, 
Lend  me  a  halter  or  a  knife; 
All  my  grlefit  to  this  are  Jolly. 
Naught  so  damn'd  as  melancholy. 


DEMOORITUS  JUNIOR 

TO   THE   READER. 


pENTLE  Header,  I  presume  thou  wilt  be  very  inquisitive 

f  inow  wLat  antic  or  personate  actor  this  is,  that  so  inso- 

lentlj  intrudes  upon  this  common  theatre,  to  the  world's 
view,  arrogating  another  man's  name ;  whence  he  is,  why  he 
doth  it,  aai  what  he  hath  to  eaj ;  although,  as '  he  said, 
Primum  si  noluero,  non  respondebo,  quig  coactarvs  tstf  I 
am  a  free  man  bora,  and  may  choose  whether  I  will  teU; 
who  can  compel  me  ?  If  I  be  urged,  I  will  as  readily  reply 
as  that  Egyptian  in  '  Plutarch,  when  a  curious  fellow  would 
need^  know  what  he  had  in  his  basket,  Quum  vides  velalam, 
^d  inqidrii  in  rem  ahgconditam  ?  It  was  therefore  covered, 
because  he  should  not  know  what  was  in  it.  Seek  not  ader 
that  which  is  hid ;  if  the  contents  please  thee,  "  *  and  be  for 
thj  use,  suppose  the  Man  in  the  lloon,  or  whom  thou  wilt  to 
be  the  Author  J "  I  would  not  willingly  be  known.  Yet  in 
some  sort  to  give  thee  satisfaction,  which  is  more  than  I 
need,  I  will  show  a  reason,  both  of  this  usurped  name,  title, 
Mid  subjecL  And  first  of  Ihe  name  of  Democritua ;  lest 
any  man,  by  reason  of  it,  should  be  deceived,  expecting  a 
pasquil,  a  satire,  some  ridiculous  treatise  (as  I  myself  should 
have  done),  some  prodigious  tenet,  or  paradox  of  the  ea'^'''- 


26  Dcmocritus  to  the  Reader, 

motion,  of  infinite  worlds,  in  infiniio  vacuo^  ex  fortuUA  aUh 
tnorum  collisione,  in  an  infinite  waste,  so  caused  by  an  aoci- 
dcntul  collision  of  motes  in  the  sun,  all  which  Democritos 
held,  Kpicui'us  and  their  master  Lucippus  of  old  maintained 
and  are  lately  revived  by  Copernicus,  Brunus,  and  some 
others.  B(;sides,  it  hath  been  always  an  ordinary  custom,  as 
^  Gellius  observes,  ''  for  later  writers  and  impostors,  to  broach 
many  absurd  and  insolent  fictions,  under  the  name  of  so 
uoble  a  ])hilosopher  as  Democritus,  to  get  themselves  credit, 
mid  by  that  means  the  more  to  be  respected,"  as  artifioera 
usually  do,  Novo  qui  marmori  aecrihunt  JPrcaxUilem  su<h 
Tis  not  so  with  me. 

3  Noil  hie  Centauros,  non  Qorgonas,  Harpyasqae 
Invoiiies,  hominem  pagina  noetra  sapit. 

No  Centaurs  here,  or  Gorgons  look  to  find, 
My  subject  is  of  man  and  human  kind. 

Thou  thyself  art  the  subject  of  my  discourse. 

A  Quicquid  agnnt  homines,  votum,  timor,  ira,  Yolnptaa, 
Gandia,  discursus,  nostri  farrago  libelli. 

Whatever  men  do,  vows,  fears,  in  ire,  in  sport, 
Joys,  wanderings,  are  the  sum  of  my  report. 

My  intent  is  no  otherwise  to  use  his  name,  than  Mercurins 
Gallobelgicus,  Mercurius  Britannicus,  use  the  name  of  Mer- 
cury, *  Democritus  Christianus,  &c. ;  although  there  be  some 
other  circumstances  for  which  I  have  masked  myself  under 
this  vizard,  and  some  peculiar  respect  which  I  cannot  so 
well  express,  until  I  have  set  down  a  brief  character  of  this 
our  Democritus,  what  he  was,  with  an  Epitome  of  his  life. 

Democritus,  as  he  is  described  by  *  Hippocrates  and  'Laer- 
tius,  was  a  little  wearish  old  man,  very  melancholy  by 
nature,  averse  from  company  in  his  latter  days,^  and  much 
given  to  solitariness,  a  famous  philosopher  in  his  age,  ^cocbvus 
with  Socrates,  wholly  addicted  to  his  studies  at  the  last,  and 

1  Lib.  10,  o.  12.    Malta  &  mali  ferfatls  seo  edit.  ColonlsB,  1016.         s  Hip.  Epist. 

in  Democritl  nomine  commenta  data,  no-  Dameget.       ^  LaSrt.  lib.  9.       ^  HortulO 

bilitatis,   anctoritatLsqae  cdus    perftigio  sibi   cellolam   seligens,  ibique   seipsum 

BttntUmt.         s  Martialis.  lib.  10.  epigr.  includen8,  vixit  solitarios.         B  Floruit 

U.       *  Jut.  Sat.  1.       *  Auth.  Pet.  Bat-  Olympiade  80 ;  700  annis  poet  Troiam. 


Demoerittu  to  the  Header.  27 

B  private  life;  wrote  many  excellent  works, a  great  divine, 
Tcconiing  to  the  divinity  of  those  times,  an  expert  physician, 
a  politician,  an  excellent  mathtmatician,  as  '  Diacosmua  and 
the  rest  of  hb  works  do  witness.  He  was  much  delighted 
with  the  studies  of  husbandry,  saith  ^  Coltimella,  and  often  I 
find  Lira  cited  by  *  Constantinua,  and  others  treating  of  that 
Bubject.  He  knew  the  natures,  differences  of  all  beae^ls, 
plants,  fishes,  hti-d) ;  and,  as  some  say,  could  *  understand  the 
tunes  and  voices  of  them.  In  a  word,  he  was  omnifariam 
ductus,  a  general  scholar,  a  great  student  i  and  to  the  intent 
he  might  better  contemplate,  'I  find  it  related  by  some,  that 
he  put  out  his  eyes,  and  was  in  his  old  age  voluntarily  bhnd, 
yet  saw  more  than  all  Greece  beaides,  and  'writ  of  every 
subject,  ^ihil  in  toto  opijicio  natariE,  de  quo  von  scripsic,^ 
A  man  of  an  excellent  wit,  profound  conceit;  and  to  attain 
knowledge  the  better  in  his  younger  years  he  travelled  to 
Egypt  and  'Athens,  to  confer  with  learned  men,  '"admired 
of  some,  despised  of  othem."  After  a  wandering  lil'e,  he 
settled  at  Abdera,  a  town  in  Thrace,  and  was  sent  for  thither 
to  be  their  lawmaker,  recorder,  or  town-clerk,  as  some  will ; 
or,  as  others,  he  was  there  bred  and  born.  Howsoever  it 
was,  there  he  lived  at  last  in  a  garden  in  the  suburbs,  wholly 
betaking  himself  to  his  studies  and  a  private  life,  '""saving 
that  sometimes  he  would  walk  down  to  the  haven,  "and 
laugh  heartily  at  such  variety  of  ridiculous  objects,  which 
there  he  saw."     Such  a  one  was  Deraocritus. 

But  in  the  mean  time,  how  doth  tills  concern  me,  or  upon 
what  reference  do  I  usurp  this  habit?  I  confess,  indeed,  that 
to  compare  myself  unto  him  for  aught  I  have  yet  said,  were 
bMh  impudenicy  and  arrogoucy.     1  do  not  presume  to  make 


eniietb  Dparibtu  ttcDt    In,  Ubenlu  dtiFlpllnu,  uMumqn*  on- 
9  Unl.  lib,  I,a.  1.    nlum  Hiilism  iuilli!)»it.       '  Nothing  In 


lUlllfflTB  »  Olrlt    hu  D 
m""lS"ullaj«prlT8i,.,  _ „.         

•  Nstonlb,  idomliii,  mathsQut-    mgluce  »let«l  DeniiKcltui.    Jni 


y 


28  Democritui  to  the  Reader, 

any  parallel,  AntistcU  miki  miUihue  trecentis,  ^parvus  sum^ 
miUits  sum,  dUum  nee  sptro,  nee  spero.  Yet  thus  much  I 
will  saj  of  myself,  and  that  I  hope  without  all  suspicion  of 
pride,  or  self-conceit,  I  have  lived  a  silent,  sedentary,  solitary, 
private  life,  mihi  ei  mtisis  in  the  University,  as  long  almost  as 
Xenocrates  in  Athens,  ad  senectam  fere  to  learn  wisdom  as 
he  did,  penned  up  most  part  in  my  study.  For  I  have  been 
brought  up  a  student  in  the  most  flourishing  college  of 
Europe,  ^  angustissimo  coUegio,  and  can  brag  with  'Jovius, 
almost,  in  ed  luce  domidUi  Vaticani,  totius  orbis  celeberrimi, 
per  37  annos  multa  oppartunaque  didici  ;**  for  thirty  years 
I  have  continued  (having  the  use  of  as  good  ^libraries  as 
ever  he  had)  a  scholar,  and  would  be  therefore  loth,  either 
by  living  as  a  drone,  to  be  an  unprofitable  or  unworthy  mem- 
ber of  so  learned  and  noble  a  society,  or  to  write  that  which 
should  be  any  way  dishonourable  to  such  a  royal  and  ample 
foundation.  Something  I  have  done,  though  by  my  profes- 
sion a  divine,  yet  turbine  raptus  ingenii,  as  '^he  said,  out  of  a 
running  wit,  an  unconstant,  imsettled  mind,  I  had  a  gi*eat 
desire  (not  able  to  attain  to  a  superficial  skill  in  any)  to  have 
some  smattering  in  all,  to  be  aliquis  in  omnibus,  nidlus  in 
singulis,^  which  ^  Plato  commends,  out  of  him  ®  Lipsius  ap- 
proves and  furthers,  "as  fit  to  be  imprinted  in  all  curious 
wits,  not  to  be  a  slave  of  one  science,  or  dwell  together  in 
one  subject,  as  most  do,  but  to  rove  abroad,  centum  puer 
artium,  to  have  an  oar  in  every  man's  boat,  to  •taste  of 
every  dish,  and  sip  of  every  cup,"  which,  saith  ^^  Montaigne, 
was  well  performed  by  Aristotle,  and  his  learned  countryman 
Adrian  Tumebus.  This  roving  humour  (though  not  with 
like  success)  I  have  ever  had,  and  like  a  ranging  spaniel, 
that  barks  at  every  bird  he  sees,  leaving  his  game,  I  have 
followed  all,  saving  that  which  I   should,  and  may  justly 

1  Xon  sum   dignus  prsestare  matella.  cupidis  et  curiosia  ingeniis  imprimendum, 

Mart.        2  Christ  Church  in  Oxford.  ut  sit  talis  qui  nulli  rei  serviat,  aut  ex- 

*  Prsefiit.  hist.        *  Keeper  of  our  college  tucth  unum  aliquid  elaboret,  alia  negli- 

library,  lately  revived  by  Otho  Nicolson,  gens,  ut  artifices,  &c.          9  Delibare  gr»- 

Esquire.        ^  Scaliger.        *  Somebody  in  turn  de  quocunque  cibo,  et  piisare  de 

everything,  noboay  iu  each  tluug.      7  Iq  quocunque  dolio  jucimd urn..      w Essays, 

Theat.       8  PhU.  Stoic.  U.  diff.  8.    Dogma  fib.  3. 


.Ai 


Demoeritta  to  the  Header. 


25 


mplaln,  and  truly,  qui  vinquo  etl,  nusquain  esl,^  ivliich 
'Geaner  did  in  modesty,  lliat  I  have  read  muay  books,  but 
to  little  purpose,  for  waut  of  good  method  ;  I  have  confusedly 
tumbled  over  divers  authors  in  our  libraries,  with  smiill  pi'ofit 
for  waut  of  art,  order,  memory,  judgment,  I  never  travelled 
but  ia  map  or  card,  in  whieb  my  uuconflned  thoughts  Lave 
freely  expatiated,  as  having  erer  been  especially  delighted 
with  the  study  of  coamogmphy.  'Saturn  was  loi-d  of  my 
geniturc,  culminating,  &c,  and  Mars  principal  sigaificator  of 
manners,  in  parlile  conjunction  vriih  my  ascendant;  bolb  ioi- 
tunate  in  their  houses,  &C.  I  am  not  poor,  1  am  not  rich  j 
nihil  est,  nihil  deest,  I  have  htde,  I  want  nothing ;  all  my 
treasure  ia  in  Minerva's  tower.  Greater  preferment  aa  I 
could  never  get,  so  am  I  not  in  debt  for  it,  I  have  a  compe* 
tenca  (lajis  Deo)  from  my  noble  and  munilicent  patrons, 
though  I  live  still  a  collegialc  student,  as  Democritus  in  his 
garden,  and  tend  a  monastic  life,  ipse  mihi  t/ieatnim,  acques* 
tered  from  those  tumults  and  troubles  of  the  world,  £!t  tim- 
quain  in  tpeeula  positui  (*as  he  said),  in  some  high  place 
above  you  all,  like  Stoicus  Sapiens,  omaia  siecvla,  praterita 
jirvterUiaque  vident.  vno  velui  ialmlu,  I  hear  anil  see  what  it 
done  abroad,  how  others  'run,  ride,  turmoil,  and  macerate 
themselves  in  court  and  country,  far  from  those  wrangling 
lawsuits,  atdte  vamtatenii  fori  ambiiionem,  ridere  mecum  soUo . 
I  laitgh  at  all,  'only  secure  lest  my  suit  go  amis^  my  ships 
perish,  com  and  cattle  miscarry,  trade  decay,  I  have  no  wife 
nor  children  good  or  bad  to  provide  for.  A  mere  spectator 
of  other  men's  fortunes  and  adventures,  and  how  they  act 
their  parts,  wliich  methinks  are  diversely  presented  unto  me 
fu  from  a  common  theatre  or  scene.  1  hear  new  news  every 
day,  and  those  ordinary  rumours  of  war,  plagues.  Area,  inun- 
dations, thefts,  murders,  massacres,  meteora,  comets,  spec- 


•Pnetit.  blblLgll 
mtunBll,  Man  I 


so  Oemoerttut  to  the  Reader- 

trums,  prodigieH,  apparitions,  of  towns  taken,  cities  besieged 
in  Fi-ance,  Germany,  Turkey,  Persia,  Poland,  &x.,  daily  mus- 
ters and  preparations,  and  such  like;wliicli  these  tempealuous 
times  afford,  battles  fought,  so  many  men  elain,  monomacfaies, 
shipwrecks,  piracies,  and  sea-fighta ;  peace,  leagues,  strato* 
gems,  and  fresh  alarms.  A  vast  confusion  of  tows,  wishea, 
actions,  edicts,  petitions,  lawsuits,  pleas,  laws,  proclamations) 
complaints,  grievances,  are  daily  brought  to  our  ears.  New 
books  every  day,  pamphlets,  curranloes,  stories,  whole  catap 
logues  of  volumes  of  all  sorts,  new  p3radox.eB,  opiulonB, 
echismfi,  heresies,  controversies  in  philosophy,  religion,  &c, 
Kow  come  tidings  of  weddings,  maskings,  mummeries,  enter- 
tainments, jubilees,  embassies,  tilts  and  tournaments,  IrophieB) 
triumphs,  revels,  sports,  plays  ;  then  again,  as  in  a  new  shifted 
scene,  treasons,  cheating  tricks,  robberies,  enormous  v 
in  all  kinds,  funerals,  burials,  deaths  of  princes,  new  discov- 
eries,  expeditions,  now  comical,  then  tragical  r 
day  we  hear  of  new  lords  and  officers  created,  I 
some  great  men  deposed,  and  then  again  of  fresh  hooonrs 
conferred ;  one  is  let  loose,  another  imprisoned ;  one  pur- 
chaseth,  another  breaketh  j  he  thrives,  his  neighbour  t 
bankrupt;  now  plenty,  then  again  dearth  and  femine;  ona 
runs,  another  rides,  wrangles,  laughs,  weeps,  &e.  Thus  I 
daily  hear,  and  such  hke,  both  private  and  public  news, 
amidst  the  gallantry  and  miseiy  of  the  world ;  jollity,  pride, 
perplexities  and  cares,  simplicity  and  villainy ;  subtlety, 
knavery,  candour,  and  integrity,  mutually  mixed  and  offering 
themselves;  1  rah  oa privtis  privaluB ;  as  I  have  still  lived, 
so  I  now  continue,  statu  quo  priiis,  left  to  a  solitary  life,  and  I 
mine  own  domestic  discontents ;  saving  that  sometimes,  M 
quid  mentiar,  as  Diogenes  went  into  the  city,  and  Democritua 
to  the  haven  to  see  fashions,  I  did  for  my  recreation  now  and 
then  walk  abroad,  look  into  the  world,  and  could  not  chooso 
but  make  some  little  obsei-vation,  non  tarn  sagax  observalor, 
ac  simplex  reciiator,^  not  as  they  did,  to  scoff  or  laugh  at  all. 
but  with  a  mixed  passion.  I 

1  Mot  so  niEacliias  an  obHrter  u  idint>la  a 


Bemoeritm  to  As  JRtader. 

"  Bilem  impi,  joi^iim  viiitri  movSre  tumuUns." 
Te  wrclclied  mimics,  whote  foDil  heats  hare  been, 
How  on !  The  oLjecla  if  m;  mirth  and  spleen. 

[  did  sometime  laugh  and  acoff  with  Lucian,  and  Biitiri* 
I  with  Menippiis,  lament  with  Heraclitus,  sometimes 
fLgain  I  was  'petulanti  splem  cac/iinno,  and  then  again, 
*7irere  bilis  jecur,  I  was  much  moved  to  see  that  abuse  whii'h 
I  could  not  mend.  Iq  which  passion  howsoever  I  may  sym- 
pathize with  liirn  or  them,  'tis  for  no  such  respect  I  shroud 
rayselF  under  his  name  ;  but  either  in  an  unknown  habit  to 
assume  a  little  more  liberty  and  freedom  of  aptecb,  or  if  you 
will  needs  know,  for  that  reason  and  only  respect  which  Hip- 
pooratea  relates  at  large  in  his  Epistle  to  Damegetus,  wherein 
be  doth  express,  how  coming  to  visit  him  one  day,  he  found 
Democrttus  in  his  garden  at  Abdera,  in  the  suburbs,  *  under 
a  shady  bower,  *  with  a  book  on  bis  knees,  buay  at  his  study, 
sometimes  writing,  sometimes  walking.  The  subject  of  hia 
book  was  melancholy  and  madness ;  about  him  lay  the  car- 
casses of  many  several  beasts,  Dewly  by  him  cut  up  and 
anatomized  ;  not  that  he  did  contemn  God's  creatures,  as  ho 
told  Hippocrates,  but  to  lind  out  the  seat  of  this  atnx  MUs,  or 
melancholy,  whence  it  proceeds,  and  how  it  was  engendered 
in  men's  bodiesj  to  the  intent  be  might  better  cure  it  in  him- 
self, and  by  hia  writings  and  observations  'teach  others  how 
to  prevent  and  avoid  it,  Wliich  good  intent  of  his,  Hippoc- 
rates iiighly  commended ;  Democritus  Junior  13  therefore 
bold  to  imitate,  and  because  he  lefl;  it  imperfecl,  and  it  is  noir 
lost,  quasi  mcceniuriator  DemocTiH,  to  revive  again,  pros- 
ecute, and  finish  in  this  treatise, 

You  have  had  a  reason  of  the  name.  If  the  title  and  !□• 
Bcriplion  offend  your  gravity,  wei-e  it  a  sufficient  justification 
to  accuse  others,  I  could  produce  many  sober  treatises,  even 


iMuhn  wllh  s  pBlulant  ibleen.      "  Hor. 


32 


Democrilut  to  the  Reader. 


i  themselves,  which  in  their  fronts  cany  more  fantas* 
tical  names.  Howsoever,  it  is  a  kind  of  poliuy  in  these  days, 
to  prefix  a  fantastical  title  to  a  book  which  ia  to  be  sold ;  for, 
aa  larks  come  down  to  a  day-net,  many  vain  readers  will 
tarry  and  stand  gazing  like  silly  passengers  at  an  antic  pic- 
ture in  a  painter's  shop,  that  will  not  look  at  a  judicioua 
piece.  And,  indeed,  as  'Scatiger  observes,  "nothing  more 
invites  a  reader  than  an  argument  unlocked  for,  unthought 
of,  and  sella  better  than  a  scurrile  pamphlet,"  turn  maxima 
cum  novilcu  excitai  •  palatum.  "  Many  men,"  saith  Gelliua, 
"  are  very  conceited  in  their  inscripliona,"  "  and  able  (as 
*  Pliny  quotes  out  of  Seneca)  to  make  him  loiter  by  the  way 
that  went  in  haste  to  fel^h  a  midwife  for  his  daughter,  now 
ready  to  lie  down."  For  my  part,  I  have  honourable  '  prece- 
dents for  this  which  I  have  done:  I  will  cite  one  for  all, 
Anthony  Zara,  Pap.  Episc,  his  Anatomy  of  Wit,  in  four 

«,  members,  subsections,  &&,  to  be  read  in  our  llbra- 


If  any  man  except  against  the  matter  or  manner  of  treat- 
ing of  this  my  subject,  and  will  demand  a  reason  of  it,  1  can 
allege  more  than  one ;  I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy 
to  avoid  melancholy.  There  is  no  greater  cause  of  melan- 
choly than  idleness,  "  no  better  cure  than  business,"  as 
*  Rhasis  holds ;  and  howbeit,  stuUus  labor  est  ineptiarum,  to 
be  buay  in  toys  is  to  small  purpose,  yet  hear  tliat  divine 
Seneca,  aliitd  agere  quarn  nihil,  better  do  to  no  end,  than 
nothing.  I  wrote,  therefore,  and  busied  myself  in  this  play- 
ing labour,  otiosaq.  diligentiii  ui  vilarem  torporem  feriatidi 
with  Tectius  in  Macrobius,  atq.  otium  in  vlile  verterem  neffo- 


1  Smlljer,  Ep.  sd  PttHioni 


mparlarientlfllisMroi 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  83 

Poets  would  profit  or  delight  mankind, 

And  with  the  pleasing  have  th*  instructive  joined* 

Profit  and  pleasure,  then,  to  mix  with  art, 
T'  inform  the  judgment,  nor  offend  the  heart, 
Shall  gain  all  votes. 

To  this  end  I  write,  like  them,  saith  Lucian,  that  "  recite 
to  trees,  and  declaim  to  pillars  for  want  of  auditors ; "  as 

*  Faiilus  JEgineta  ingenuously  confesseth,  "  not  that  anything 
was  unknown  or  omitted,  but  to  exercise  myself,"  which 
course  if  some  took,  I  think  it  would  be  good  for  their  bodies, 
and  much  better  for  their  souls ;  or  peradventure  as  others 
do,  for  fame,  to  show  myself  {Scire  tuum  nihil  est,  nisi  te 
scire  hoc  sciat  alter),     I  might  be  of  Thucydides's  opinion, 

*  "  to  know  a  thing  and  not  to  express  it,  is  all  one  as  if  he 
knew  it  not."  When  I  first  took  this  task  in  hand,  et  qiLod 
ait  *ill€,  impeUerUe  genio  negotium  sicscepi,  this  I  aimed  at; 
*vel  ut  lenirem  animum  scribendo,  to  ease  my  mind  by  writ- 
ing ;  for  I  had  gramdum  cor,foetum  caput,  a  kind  of  impos- 
thume  in  my  head,  which  I  was  very  desirous  to  be  unladen 
of,  and  could  imagine  no  fitter  evacuation  than  this.  Besides, 
I  might  not  well  refrain,  for  vM  dolor,  ihi  digitus,  one  must 
needs  scratch  where  it  itches.  I  was  not  a  little  offended 
with  this  malady,  shall  I  say  my  Mistress  "  melancholy,"  my 
^geria,  or  my  mcdus  genius  7  and  for  that  cause,  as  he  that 
is  stung  with  a  scorpion,  I  would  expel  clatmm  clavo,  ^  com- 
fort one  sorrow  with  another,  idleness  with  idleness,  ut  ex 
viperd  Theriacum,  make  an  antidote  out  of  that  which  was 
the  prime  cause  of  my  disease.  Or  as  he  did,  of  whom 
•Felix  Plater  speaks,  that  thought  he  had  some  of  Aris- 
lophanes's  frogs  in  his  belly,  still  crying  Brecc,  ckex,  coax, 
coax,  oop,  oop,  and  for  that  cause  studied  physic  seven  years, 
and  travelled  over  most  part  of  Europe  to  ease  himself- 
To  do  myself  good  I  turned  over  such  physicians  as  our 

1  Hon  qnod  de  novo  quid  addere,  aut  &  si  nesciret.     *  Jovius  Prsef.  Hist, 

veteribos  prsetermissum,  sed  proprisB  ex-  ^  Erasmus.       s  Otium  otic  dolorem  do- 

•reitationis  caosi.        >  Qui  novit,  neque  lore  sum  solatus.       ^  Obseryat.  1. 1. 
U  quod  sentit  exprimit,  perinde  est  ao 

VOL.  I.  8 


)4  Democritits  to  the  Header, 

9 

ibraries  would  afford,  or  my  *  private  friends  impart,  and 
liave  taken  this  pains.     And  why  not  ?     Cardan  professeth 
be  wrote  his  book,  "  De  Consolatione  "  after  his  son's  death, 
to  comfort  himself;  so  did  TuUy  write  of  the  same  subject 
with  like  intent  after  his  daughter's  departure,  if  it  be  his  at 
least,  or  some  impostor's  put  out  in  his  name,  which  Lipsius 
probably  suspects.     Concerning  myself,  I  can  peradventure 
affirm  with  IMarius  in  Sallust,  * "  that  which  others  hear  or 
read  of,  I  felt  and  practised  myself;  they  get  their  knowl- 
edge by  books,  I  mine  by  melancholizing."  JEJxperto  crede 
Roberto,     Something  I  can  speak  out  of  experience,  ^erum- 
nahilis  experientia  me  docuit;  and  with   her   in    the   poet^ 
•  Ilaud  ignara  mcdi  miseris  iuccurrere  disco  ;  I  w^ould  help 
others  out  of  a  fellow-feeling ;  and,  as  that  virtuous  lady  did 
of  old,  *  **  being  a  leper  herself,  bestow  all  her  portion  to 
build  an  hospital  for  lepers,"  I  will  spend   my  time   and 
knowledge,  which  are  my  greatest  fortunes,  for  the  common 
good  of  all. 

Yea,  but  you  will  infer  that  this  is  •  actum  agere,  an  un- 
necessary work,  cramben  bis  coctam  apponere^  the  same  again 
and  again  in  otlier  words.     To  what  purpose  ?     •  "  Nothing 
is  omitted  that  may  well  be  said,"  so  thought  Lucian  in  the 
like  theme.     How  many  excellent  physicians  have  written 
just  volumes  and  elaborate  tracts  of  this  subject  ?     No  news 
here ;  that  which  I  have  is  stolen  from  others,  "^  Dicitque  mihi 
mea  pagina,  fur  es.    If  that  severe  doom  of  «  Synesius  be 
true,  "  it  is  a  greater  offence  to  steal  dead  men's  labours,  than 
their  clothes,"  what  shall  become  of  most  writers  ?     I  hold 
up  my  hand  at  the  bar  among  others,  and  am  guilty  of  felony 
in  this  kind,  habes  corifitentem  reum,  I  am  content  to  be 
pressed  with  the  rest.     'Tis  most  true,  tenet  insanabile  midtoi 


1  M.  Joh.  Ron«   onr  Prot^bib.  Oxon     y-^af^cX^  Jv^Z&  IS 
M,Hopper,M.Outhridge&c_^^^^^^    SmconstruxiJ    5  IHada  post  Horn- 


ego  militando  dUici,  nunc  T03  ex  juma^    ^Saris     mpium    mortuorum   lucubr* 
focta  an  dicta  plurls8int.  ^.  *  »'^\o ;  "^8-    ti^erau^Lm  Testes  furari. 
•*  Taught  by  that  Power  that  pHies  me,    tlones,  «iu<uu  »«. 


Krihendi  cacoelhes,aRi^"  there  is  no  end  of  writing  of  books," 
as  Ihe  Wbe-man  found  of  old,  in  this  "scribbling  age,  especial^ 
ly,  wherein  '  "  the  number  of  books  is  wiihout  number,  (as  a 
worthy  man  Baitli,)  preaaes  be  oppressed,"  and  out  of  an  itch- 
ing humour  that  every  man  hath  to  show  himaelfi  ''dpsiroas 

of  feme  and  honour  (scrtliimvi  indocti  doetique ),  he  will 

write  uo  matter  what,  and  scrape  together  it  boots  not  whence. 
'"Bewitched  with  tiiia  desire  of  fame,  e(i'a»i  tnediis  in  morbif, 
to  the  disparagement  of  their  health,  and  scarce  able  to  hoW 
a  pcD,  they  muat  say  something,  ° "  and  get  themselves  a, 
name,"  saith  Scaliger,  "  though  it  be  to  Ihe  dowufall  and  ruin 
of  many  others."  To  be  counted  writers,  scnptares  vt  salu- 
teutur,  to  be  thought  and  held  Polumathea  and  Polyhistora, 
apud  imperilum  villous  ob  ventosce  noman  aiiis,  to  get  a  paper 
kingdom :  nuUd  spe  qutestus  sed  ampld  fiffit^,  in  thia  precip- 
itate, ambitious  age,  nunc  ut  eit  sceculum,  inter  immaturam 
eruditioiiem,  ambitioswn  et  prteceps  ('tis  '  Scaliger's  censure)  ; 
and  they  that  are  scarce  auditors,  vix  auditoret,  must  be  mas- 
ters and  teachers,  before  they  be  capable  and  fit  hearers. 
They  will  rush  into  all  learning,  tngaiam  armaiam,  divine, 
human  authors,  rake  over  all  indexes  and  pamphlets  for 
notes,  as  our  merchants  do  strange  havens  for  traffic,  write 
great  tomes,  Oum  non  sint  re  verd  docttores,  sed  loquaciorea, 
whereas  tliey  are  not  thereby  belter  scholars,  hut  greater 
praters.  They  commonly  pretend  public  good,  but  as  '  Ges- 
ner  observes,  'tis  pride  and  vanity  that  eggs  them  ou ;  no 
news  or  aught  worthy  of  note,  hut  the  same  in  other  terms. 
^a  feriarentitr  fortasse  tifporp-apbi,  vel  idea  scribendiim  ett 
Id  til  le  vixisse  testentw.  As  apothecaries  we  make  new 
res  every  day,  pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another ;  and 
Itose  old  Romans  robbed  all  the  cities  of  the  world,  to  set 


S6 


Demoeritut  to  the  Reader. 


out  their  bad-sited  Rome,  we  aklm  off  the  cre.im  of  other 
men's  wits,  pick  the  choice  flowers  of  their  tilled  gardeas 
eet  out  our  own  sterile  plots.  Castrant  alios  ut  tibros  mai  per 
le  graciks  alieno  adipe  suffarcianl  (so  'Jovius  inveighs). 
They  lard  theu-  lean  hooka  with  the  fat  of  other's  works. 
Jheniditi /ures,  &c.  A  fault  that  every  writer  finds,  as  I  do 
now,  and  yet  faulty  themselves,  ^Trium  Uterarum  hominei, 
all  thieves :  they  pilfer  out  of  old  writers  to  stuff  up  theii 
new  comtnenls,  scrape  Ennius's  dunghills,  and  out  of  ' 
mocritus's  pit,  as  I  have  done.  By  which  means  it  comei 
pass,  '"that  not'only  libraries  and  shops  are  full  of  our  putrid 
papers,  but  every  close-stool  and  jakes,  Scritmnt  earmina  gutt 
hgunt  cacanfet ;  they  serve  to  put  under  pies,  to  'lap  spice 
in,  and  keep  roast-meat  from  burning.  "  With  us  in  France," 
Baith  *Scaliger,  "  every  man  hath  liberty  lo  write,  but  few 
ability,  *  Heretofore  learning  was  graced  by  judicious  schol- 
ars, hut  now  noble  sciences  are  vilified  by  base  and  illiterate' 
scribblers,"  that  either  write  for  vainglory,  need,  to  get 
money,  or  as  parasites  to  fialter  'and  collogue  with  some 
great  men,  they  put  out  '  hurras,  quUquiliasqiie  in^liaxqite. 
'Amongst  so  many  thousand  authors  you  shall  scarce  find  , 
one,  by  reading  of  whom  you  shall  be  any  whit  better,  bu 
rather  much  worse,  quibua  inficUur  potiiii  quam  perficitut 
by  which  he  is  rather  infected  than  any  way  perfected. 


» Qui  tn 
Qnid  d!<!ioit  tandem,  quid  ec 


a  legit, 


So  that  oftentimes  it  falls  out  (which  Callimachus  taxed  of  1 
old)  a  great  hook  is  a  great  mischief.     '"  Cardan  finds  fault  ] 
with  Frenchmen  and  Germans,  for  their  scribbling  to 
purpose,  non  inquit  ah  edeitdo  deterreo,  modo  novujn  aliquid 
iniieniani,  he  doth  not  bar  them  to  write,  so  that  it  be  some 


Any  one,  whanadBAQch  worka,ltwnl 
h.  by  dc  Sap. 


^     J 

J 


new  invention  of  their  own ;  but  we  weave  tlie  same  web 
still,  twist  the  same  rope  again  and  again  ;  or  if  it  be  a  new 
invention,  'lis  but  some  bauble  or  toy  which  idle  fellows  wiite, 
for  a!  idle  fellows  to  read,  and  who  bo  cannot  invent?  *  "  He 
mu3t  have  a  barren  wit,  that  in  tliis  icribbling  age  can  foi^ 
nothing.  *  Princes  show  their  armies,  rich  men  vaunt  their 
buildinga,  soldiers  their  maahood,  and  scliolars  vent  their 
toys;"  theymust  read,  thejmusC  hear  whether  they  will  or  oo, 

kGutJet  &  furDO  rodoDntoa  tcire  Ucnqoe, 
Et  pueros  et  anus — - 
What  onoe  i>  saEd  and  wiil,  nil  mea  muit  knov, 

"What  a  company  of  poets  hath  this  year  brought  out,"  aa 
Pliny  complains  to  Sossiua  Siuesius.  *  "  This  April  every 
day  some  or  other  have  recit«d."  What  a  catalogue  of  new 
books  all  this  year,  all  this  age  (I  say),  have  our  Frankfort 
Harts,  our  domestic  Marts  brought  out?  Twice  a  year, 
a  ingenia  el  oilentant,  we  stretch  our  v/iu 
0  sale,  ntoffno  conalu  nihil  agimus.  So 
?  much  desires,  if  a  speedy  reformation 
e  Prince's  Edicts  and  grave  Supervisors, 
n  this  liberty,  It  will  run  on  in  inJaiitUTO.  Qui$  tarn 
aeidas  librorum  hellao,  who  can  read  them  ?  As  already,  we 
shall  have  a  vast  chaos  and  confusion  of  books,  we  are  'op- 
pressed with  them, '  our  eyes  ache  with  readings  our  fingers 
with  turning.  For  my  part  I  am  one  of  the  number  noj  numerus 
tumvs  (we  are  mere  ciphers)  :  I  do  not  detiy  it,  I  have  only 
this  uf  Macrohius  to  say  for  myself,  Oume  meum,  nihil  meum, 
'tis  all  mine  and  none  mine.  Aa  a  good  housewife  out  of 
divere  fleeces  weaves  one  piece  of  elolb,  a  bee  gathers  wax 


•  "  Proferunt  ee  n 
out,  and  set  them  t 
that  which  '  Gesn 
be  not  had,  by  s( 


88  Democrittfs  to  ffte  Reader. 

and  honey  out  of  many  flowers,  and  makes  a  new  bundle  rf 
all,  Flori/eris  tU  apes  in  saltibiu  omnia  libant,  I  have  labori-' 
ously  ^collecled  tbis  Cento  out  of  divert  writers,  and  that 
sine  iajuiid,  I  have  wronged  no  authors,  but  given  every 
man  hia  own  ;  which  *  Hierom  so  much  commends  in  Nepo- 
tian ;  he  stole  not  whole  verses,  pagea,  tracts,  as  same  do 
nowadays,  concealing  their  authors'  narae^,  but  still  said  this 
was  Cyprian's,  that  LactanCius,  that  liiliaiius,  so  said  Minu> 
tiua  Felix,  so  Victorinus,  thus  far  Amobins  :  I  cite  and  quota 
mine  authors  (which,  howsoever  some  illiterate  scribblers 
account  pedantical,  as  a  cloak  of  ignorance,  and  opposite  to 
thdr  affected  fine  style,  I  must  and  will  use)  suiapsi,  tum 
surripui ;  and  what  Varro,  lib.  6,  de  re  rust  speaks  of  bees, 
Tninime  mateficce  nuSiut  opus  veUicaitles  faciunt  deteritu,  X 
can  say  of  myself,  Whom  have  I  injured  ?  The  matter  is 
theirs  most  part,  and  yet  mine,  apparel  unde  sumptum  sit 
(which  Seneca  approves),  aliud  tamen  qicdm  unde  sumptum 
tit  apparet,  which  nature  doth  with  the  aliment  of  our  bodies 
incorporate,  digest,  assimilate,  I  do  concoqnen  quod  kausi,  dia* 
pose  of  what  1  take.  I  make  them  pay  tribute,  to  set  out  lliis 
my  Maceronicon,  the  method  only  is  mine  own,  I  must  usurp 
that  of  '  Wecter  i  Ter.  ni/tH  dictum  quod  -non  dictum  prius, 
methodus  sola  artijicem  oslendii,  we  can  say  nothing  but  what 
hath  been  said,  the  composition  and  method  is  ours  only, 
shows  a  Bcliolar.  Oribasius,  ^sius,  Avicenna,  have  all  out  of 
Gialen,  but  to  their  own  method,  diverse  stilo,  non  divers&jidi 
Our  poets  steal  from  Homer ;  he  spews,  saith  ^lian,  they  lick 
it  up.  Divines  use  Austin's  words  verbatim  still,  and  our  story- 
dresaers,  do  as  much;  he  that  comes  last  is  commonly  best. 

donee  quid  grnndiiis  letas 
Foatera  soreqiia  ferat  mellor.  < 

Though  there  were  many  giants  of  old  in  Physio  and  Philos- 


aphj,  yet  I  say  wiih  '  Didacns  Stella,  "  A  dwarf  Blandmg  on 
the  shoulders  oC  a  giant  may  see  lariher  than  a  giaul  hirn- 
■etf;"  I  may  likely  add,  alter,  and  see  farther  tlian  my 
predecessors ;  and  it  is  no  grealer  prejudice  for  me  to  indite 
after  others,  than  for  iEliaiiiis  MoutuJtus,  that  famous  physi- 
cian, to  write  de  morbU  capitis  after  JasoD  Frjtensis,  Heur- 
niu^  Hildesbeim,  &c.,  many  horses  lo  run  iu  a  race,  one 
logician,  one  rhetorician,  alter  another.  0]i{>09e  then  what 
thou  wilt, 

AllRtrea  lioet  titque  nM  et  nsquc, 
£t  GaaaitibuB  Improliii  iHoeaaas. 

I  solve  it  thus.  And  for  those  other  faults  of  barbarism, 
'Doric  dialect,  extemporanean  style,  tautologie:^,  api^li  imita- 
tion, a  rhapsody  of  rags  gathered  together  from  several  dung- 
Ulls,  excrements  of  authors,  toys  and  fopperies  confusedly 
tumbled  out,  without  art,  invention,  judgment,  wit,  learning, 
luusb,  raw,  rude,  fantastical,  absurd,  insolent,  indiscreet,  ill- 
composed,  indigested,  vain,  scurrile,  idle,  dull,  and  di'y ;  I 
confess  all  ('tis  partly  affected),  thou  canst  not  think  worse 
of  me  than  I  do  of  myself.  Tis  not  worth  the  reading,  I 
yield  it,  I  desire  thee  not  to  lose  time  in  perusing  so  vain  a 
flobject,  I  should  be  peradventure  loth  myself  to  read  him  or 
thee  so  writing ;  'tis  not  operie  pretium.  All  I  say  is  this, 
that  I  have  '  precedents  for  it,  which  lacerates  calls  perjugium 
~"'i  qui  peccant,  others  as  absurd,  vain,  idle,  illiterate,  &c 
mnuUi  alii  idem  fecenint ;  others  have  done  aa  much,  it 
liay  be  more,  and  perhaps  thou  thyself,  Novimus  el  qui  te. 
We  have  all  our  faults ;  sdmus,  et  hanc  veniam,  &c. ; 
thou  censurest  me,  so  have  I  done  others,  and  may  do  thee, 
dimtit  iiupte  mcem,&Q.,  'tis  lex  ialiones,  quid  pro  quo.  Go 
m,  censure,  criticize,  scoff,  and  rail. 

(NnsDtDi  sia  mqaa  licet,  sia  denlqao  Dasui: 

Nun  potaa  in  aaipa  dicere  plum  meas, 

Ipio  ego  qakm  dixi,  &a. 
in,tain.3,  Flpni4  Glnotam    apM.  Upi4ii3  Kdvenui  dlnlofllgt,      'Vaa 
iimitl  p^uAjuAUl  tlf*l  GiL^hlfift    nhsunlti  dilto  mlLEo  soquuntur.        t  NoD 
Nbc   aranearum  tevtui  idea    dnbito  multjw  lectonsa  hlo  ton  RtoltH- 
nineiaBl|^iunliir,nniiiM-    •  Usftlal,  IS,  2. 


40  Democrittu  to  the  deader, 

Wert  thou  all  scoffs  and  flouts,  a  yery  Momns, 
Than  we  ourselves,  thou  canst  not  say  worse  of  us. 

Thus,  as  when  women  scold,  have  I  cried  whore  first,  and 
in  some  men's  censures  I  am  afraid  I  have  overshot  myself, 
Laudare  se  vanty  vituperare  stvUi,  as  I  do  not  arrogate,  I  will 
not  derogate.  PrimvLS  vestrum  non  sum,  nee  tmus,  I  am  none 
of  the  best,  I  am  none  of  the  meanest  of  you.  As  I  am  an 
inch,  or  so  many  feet,  so  many  parasangs,  after  him  or  him,  I 
may  be  peradventure  an  ace  before  thee.  Be  it  therefore  as 
it  is,  well  or  ill,  I  have  essayed,  put  myself  upon  the  stage ; 
I  must  abide  the  censure,  I  may  not  escape  it.  It  is  most 
true,  8ti/lus  virum  arguit,  our  style  bewrays  us,  and  as  *  hunt- 
ers find  their  game  by  the  trace,  so  is  a  man's  genius  descried 
by  his  works,  MiUtd  melius  ex  sermone  quam  Uneamentis,  de 
morihus  hominum  judicamus ;  it  was  old  Cato's  rule.  I 
have  laid  myself  open  (I  know  it)  in  this  treatise,  turned 
mine  inside  outward :  I  shall  be  censured,  I  doubt  not ;  for, 
to  say  truth  with  Erasmus,  nihil  morosius  hominum  judiciis, 
there  is  naught  so  peevish  as  men's  judgments ;  yet  this  is 
some  comfort,  utpalata,  sicjudicia,  our  censures  are  as  vari- 
ous as  our  palates. 

*  Tres  mihi  convivfle  prope  dissentire  videntur, 
Poscentes  vario  multum  diversa  palate,  &c. 

Three  guests  I  have,  dissenting  at  my  feast, 
Kequiring  each  to  gratify  his  taste 
With  different  food. 

Our  writings  are  as  so  many  dishes,  our  readers  guests,  our 
books  like  beauty,  that  which  one  admires  another  rejects ;  so 
are  we  approved  as  men's  fancies  are  inclined. .  Pro  captu 
lectoris  habent  sua  fata  liheUi,  That  which  is  most  pleasing 
to  one  is  amaracum  sui,  most  harsh  to  another.  Qitot  homines, 
tot  sententicBj  so  many  men,  so  many  minds  ;  that  which  thou 
condemnest  he  commends.     •  Quod  petis,  id  sane  est  invisum 

1  nt  yenatores  feiam  d  restigio  impresso,  Tlmm  scrlptiuncula.    Lips.  *  Hor 

»  Hor. 


Democritus  to  the  Header.  41 

aetdumque  duobus.  He  respects  matter,  thou  art  wholly  for 
words ;  he  loves  a  loose  and  free  style,  thou  art  all  for  neat 
composition,  strong  lines,  hyperboles,  allegories  ;  he  desires  a 
fine  frontispiece,  enticing  pictures,  such  as  *  Hieron.  Natali 
the  Jesuit  hath  cut  to  the  Dominicals,  to  draw  on  the  reader's 
attention,  which  thou  rejectest;  that  which  one  admires, 
another  explodes  as  most  absurd  and  ridiculous.  If  it  be  not 
point  blank  to  his  humour,  his  method,  his  conceit,  ^si  quid 
forsan  omissum,  quod  is  animo  conceperit,  si  quce  dictio,  &c 
If  aught  be  omitted,  or  added,  which  he  likes,  or  dislikes, 
thou  art  mancipium  paucce  lectionis,  an  idiot,  an  ass,  nuUus 
es,  or  plagiarius,  a  trifler,  a  trivant,  thou  art  an  idle  fellow  ; 
or  else  it  is  a  thing  of  mere  industry,  a  collection  without  wit 
or  invention,  a  very  toy.  ^  Facilia  sic  putant  omnes  quce  jam 
facia,  nee  de  scdehris  cogitant  uhi  via  strata;  so  men  are 
valued,  their  labours  vilified  by  fellows  of  no  worth  them 
selves,  as  things  of  nought,  who  could  not  have  done  so  much. 
Unusquisque  ahundat  sensu  suo,  every  man  abounds  in  his 
own  sense ;  and  whilst  each  particular  party  is  so  affected, 
how  should  one  please  all  ? 

»  Quid  dem?  quid  non  dem?    Renuis  tu  quod  jubet  ille. 

What  courses  must  I  choose  ? 
What  not?    What  both  would  order  you  refuse. 

How  shall  I  hope  to  express  myself  to  each  man's  humoui 
and  *  conceit,  or  to  give  satisfaction  to  all  ?  Some  understand 
too  little,  some  too  much,  qui  similiter  in  legendos  lihros,  atque 
in  scdutandos  homines  irruunt,  non  cogitantes  qualeSj  sed  qui' 
has  vestihus  induti  sint,  as  *  Austin  observes,  not  regarding 
what,  but  who  write,  ^orexin  habet  auctoris  celebritas,  not 
valuing  the  metal,  but  stamp  that  is  upon  it,  Oantharum  aS" 
piciuni,  non  quid  in  eo.  If  he  be  not  rich,  in  great  place, 
polite  and  brave,  a  great  doctor,  or  full  fraught  with  grand 
titles,  though  never  so  well  qualified,  he  is  a  dunce ;  but,  as 

''Antwerp,  fol.  1607.  ^  Maretas.    Muretus.  >  Lib.  1,  de  ard.,  cap.  11 

*  Llpsius.       3  Hor.       *  Fieri  non  potest,    o  Erasmus. 
at  qaod  qolsque   cogitat,  dicat   unus. 


42  DemocrituB  to  the  Eeader, 

*  Baronius  hath  it  of  Cardinal  Carafia's  works,  he  is  a  fkiere 
hog  that  rejects  any  man  for  his  poverty.  Some  are  too  par- 
tial, as  friends  to  overween,  others  come  with  a  prejudice  to 
carp,  vilify,  detract,  and  scoff  (qui  de  me  forean^  quicqmd 
esty  omni  catitempiu  carUemptitis  judicant)  ;  some  as  bees  for 
honey,  some  as  spiders  to  gather  poison.  What  shall  I  do  in 
this  case  ?  As  a  Dutch  host,  if  you  come  to  an  inn  in  Germa- 
ny, and  dislike  your  fare,  diet,  lodging,  &c,  replies  in  a  surly 
tone,  ^  "  aliud  tihi  quceras  diversorium^  if  you  like  not  this, 
get  you  to  another  inn :  I  resolve,  if  you  like  not  my  writing, 
go  read  something  else.  I  do  not  much  esteem  thy  censure, 
take  thy  course,  it  is  not  as  thou  wilt,  nor  as  I  will,  but  when 
we  have  both  done,  that  of  *Plinius  Secundus  to  Trajan  will 
prove  true,  "  Every  man's  witty  labour  takes  not,  except  the 
matter,  subject,  occasion,  and  some  commending  favourite 
happen  to  it."  If  I  be  taxed,  exploded  by  thee  and  some 
such,  I  shall  haply  be  approved  and  commended  by  others, 
and  so  have  been  {Expertits  loquor),  and  may  truly  say  with 

•  Jovius  in  like  case,  (abstt  verbo  jactantia)  heroum  quorum' 
dam,  pontificurriy  et  virorum  nohilium  familiaritatem  et  amid'' 
tiam,  gratasque  gratias,  et  mvUorum  ^  bene  laudaiorum  hmdes 
sum  inde  promeritus,  as  I  have  been  honoured  by  some  wor- 
thy men,  so  have  I  been  vilified  by  others,  and  shall  be.  At 
the  first  publishing  of  this  book,  (which  *  Prbbus  of  Persius's 
satires),  editum  lihrum  coniinud  mirari  homines,  aique  avidh 
deripere  coeperunt,  I  may  in  some  sort  apply  to  this  my  work. 
The  first,  second,  and  third  editions  were  suddenly  gone, 
eagerly  read,  and,  as  I  have  said,  not  so  much  approved  by 
some,  as  scornfully  rejected  by  others.  But  it  was  Demoo- 
ritus  his  fortune.  Idem,  admirationi  et  "firrisioni  habitus. 
*Twas  Seneca's  fate,  that  superintendent  of  wit,  learning, 
judgment,  ®  ad  stuporem  doctus,  the  best  of  Greek  and  Latin 
writers,  in  Plutarch's  opinion ;  "  that  renowned  corrector  of 

*  Annal.  Tom.  3,  ad  annum  860.    Est  foator,  occasio,  commendatorque  contin- 

porcus  ille  qui  sacerdotem  ezamplitudine  gat.      ^  Praef.  hist.     ^  Laudari  a  laudato 

redituum  sordide  demetitur.       i  £rasm.  laus  est.         &  Vit.   Persii.         f  Minuet 

dial.  2  Epist,  lib.  6.    Gujusque  Inge-  prsesentia  fiunam.       >  Lipsius  Judic.  dt 

nium  noD  gtetim  emergit,  nisi  materias  Seneca. 


Jhnocritia  to  ike  Reader. 

,"  as  ^Fabius  lerma  him,  "and  painful  omniscious  pUilos- 
that  writ  so  excellently'  and  admirablj  well,"  could  not 
please  nil  parties,  or  escape  censure.  How  is  he  vilified  by 
'  Caligula,  Agellius,  Fabius,  and  Lipsius  liimseir,  hia  chief 
propugiter  ?  In  eo  pleraque  pemitiosa,  saith  the  same  Fabiua, 
manj  childish  tracts  and  eentences  he  hath  sermo  illahoratus, 
too  negligent  oilen  and  remiss,  as  Agellius  observes,  oratio 
vulgaris  el  pTOirita,  dieaces  el  inept€e  senientia,  eruditio  ple- 
heia,  an  horoelj  shullow  writer  as  he  is.  In  parlibus  spinai 
et  fastidia  Itabet,  i^ailh  "  Lipsius ;  and,  sa  in  all  his  other 
work$,  so  espeeiullj  in  his  epistles,  aJiiB  in  argutiis  et  meptiis 
ipantur,  iiUricatus  alieuhi,  et  parum  compositus,  sine  copid 
Jecit,  he  jumblea  up  man;  things  together  imme- 
ically,  after  the  Stoics'  fashion,  ^anrai  ordinant,  multa 
mmulavit,  &c.  If  Seneca  be  thus  lashed,  and  manj  famous 
men  that  I  could  name,  what  shall  I  eicpect  ?  How  shall  I 
that  am  vix  umbra  tanlt  phtlosophi,  hope  to  please ?  "No 
man  so  absolute  (°  Eiu^nus  holds)  to  satisfy  all,  except  an- 
tiquity, prescription,  &c.,  set  a  bar."  But  as  I  have  proved  ia 
Seneca,  this  will  not  always  take  place,  how  shall  1  evade? 
■Rh  the  common  doom  of  all  writers,  I  must  (I  aaj)  abide  itj 
not  applause ;  *Non  ego  ventota  venor  suffraffia  plebie; 
adeo  infoTTois,  I  would  not  be  *vihfied. 


^twup 
^ftodi< 


5,  and  to  their  favourable  acceptance 
it  iinguos  mEtDOipiarum 
As  the  barking  of  a  dog,  Z  securely  contemn  those  malicious 


malu  sdmliiiiidji.  iSueC.  Anna  Hins  tarn  M|d<l«  Isadnrl  nii  IntucUntcrilta- 
alM.  •InCRHlart.EdSen.  'Judla.  Knrl.  Phircrlnus  A.Oel.  Jib,  19.aip  3, 
fcSen.    Vli  sllqiiii  IXRi  HhBoliXai.  nC    iOild.  trisl.U,eleg.6.      TJnwn.ut.B 


44  J}emocritui  to  the  Beader^ 

and  Rcurrile  ol)1o<iiiie.s  flouts,  calumnies  of  nulers  and  do- 
tnirtor-i ;  I  si'orii  tlie  rc^t  What  therefore  I  have  sudy/w 
tcnuitnte  mftu  I  luive  suid. 

Oik*  or  two  thin<^  yut  I  was  desirous  to  have  amended  if 
I  niiilil,  roim'rnin;;  the  manner  of  handling  this  mj  subjecti 
for  wliirli  I  iinist  a|K)Io<;ize,  deprecari,  and  upon  better  advice 
pv()  thf  frifiuDy  rt'udtT  notice:  it  was  not  mine  intent  to 
|>itHitut('  my  in  use  in  English,  or  to  divulge  iecreta  MiHeirAf 
luit  to  havo  i*x|H>s(*d  this  more  contract  in  Latin,  if  I  oould 
hiivo  }^ot  it  printed.  Any  scurrile  pampldet  is  welcome  to 
our  mrnviuiry  8tutionors  in  English;  thej  print  all, 

cuduntque  libellos 
In  quuniin  fuliis  viz  simla  nuda  cacaret; 

\\\\{  in  Latin  tht^y  will  not  deal;  which  is  one  of  the  reasons 

*Nii'holjn  Car,  in  his  onition  of  the  paucity  of  English  writ- 

cr;4,  j^ivi's,  tliat  so  many  flourishing  wits  are  smothered  in 

oblivion,  liu  dead  and  buried  in  this  our  nation.     Another 

main  fault  is,  that  I  have  not  revised  the  copy,  and  amended 

the  style,  whioli  now  flows  remissly,  as  it  was  first  conceived ; 

but  my  leisure  would  not  permit ;  Feci  nee  qtwd  potui,  nee 

quod  voluif  I  confess  it  is  neither  as  I  would,  nor  as  it  should 

be. 

•  Ctixn  rcleRO  pcrip«i««e  pudet,  qu!a  plurima  cemo 
lie  quoqiio  quu)  fuoraut  judico  digiia  lini. 

When  I  peruse  this  tract  which  I  have  writ, 
I  am  abash' d,  and  much  I  hold  unfit. 

JUt  qiiod  gramssimumj  in  the  matter  itself,  many  things  I  dis- 
allow at  this  present,  which,  when  I  writ,  *N6n  eadem  est 
£etas,  non  mens  ;  I  would  willingly  retract  much,  &c.,  but  'tis 
too  late,  I  can  only  crave  pardon  now  for  what  is  amiss. 
I  might  indeed,  (had  I  wisely  done)  observed  that  precept 

of  the  poet, nonumqtte  premcUur  in  annum,  and  have 

taken  more  care :  or,  as  Alexander  the  physician  would  have 

1  Ant  artls  Inxctl  ant  qtUBntnl  magfs    Lond.  Ezciu.  167B.  *  Orld.  de  pont. 

VMin  Uterfa  student,  hab.  Cantab,  et    Eleg.  1,  6.       *  Uor. 


Demoeritus  to  the  Reader.  45 

done  by  lapis  lazuli,  fifty  timea  washed  before  it  be  ustd  I 
ibould  have  revised,  correcttid,  and  amended  this  tract ;  but  I 
had  not  (as  I  said)  that  happy  leisure,  no  amanuenses  or  os- 
BislODte.  Fancrates  in  '  Lucian,  wanting  a  servant  as  ha 
went  from  Memphis  to  Coplua  in  Egypt,  look  a  door-bar,  and 
after  some  superstitious  words  pronounced  (Eucrates  the  re- 
lator was  then  present)  made  it  stand  up  like  a  serving-num, 
fetch  him  wal«r,  turn  the  spit,  serve  in  supper,  and  what  work 
he  would  besides ;  and  when  he  had  done  that  service  he 
desired,  turned  his  man  to  a  stick  again.  I  have  no  such 
AUl  lo  make  new  men  at  my  pleasure,  or  me.ans  to  hire 
them ;  no  whistle  to  call  like  the  master  of  a  ship,  and  bid 
them  run,  &c.  I  have  no  such  authority,  no  such  benefao* 
tors,  as  that  noble  •  Ambroaius  was  to  Origen,  allowing  him 
BIX  or  seven  amanuenses  to  write  out  his  dictates ;  I  must  for 
that  cause  do  my  business  myself,  and  was  therefore  enforced, 
as  a  bear  doth  her  whelps,  to  bring  forth  this  confused  lump ; 
I  had  not  time  to  lick  it  into  form,  as  she  doth  her  young 
ones,  but  even  so  to  publish  it,  as  it  was  first  written,  quic- 
^id  in  hvccam  venxt,  in  an  estemporean  style,  as  °  I  do 
commonly  all  other  exercises,  effadi  quicqwid  dictavil  genitu 
tneut,  out  of  a  confused  company  of  notes,  and  writ  with  aa 
small  detiberalion  as  I  do  ordinarily  Speak,  without  all  affec- 
lacion  of  big  words,  fustian  phrases,  jingling  terms,  tropes, 
(trong  lines,  that  like  f  Acestes'  arrows  caught  fire  as  they 
flew,  strains  of  wit,  brave  heals,  elogies,  hyperbolical  exoma- 
tions,  elegances,  &c.,  which  nuiny  so  much  affect.  I  am 
*aquiE  polar,  drink  no  wine  at  all,  which  so  much  improves 
onr  modem  wits,  a  loose,  plain,  rude  wriler,_^cMni  vtico  JJcum, 
tt  liffrment  ligonem,  and  as  free,  as  loose,  idem  ealamo  quod  in 
mertte,  *  I  call  a  spade  a  spade,  animis  hcee  scrtbo,  non  auribtu, 
I  respect  matter,  not  words ;  remembering  that  of  Cardan, 
W,  nan  res  propter  verba:  and  seeking  with 


46  Demoeritui  to  the  JReader. 

Seneca,  quid  scrihamy  non  quemadmodumj  rather  what  tbaa 
how  to  write:  for  as  Philo  thinks,  ^^He  that  is  oonveiBant 
about  matter,  neglects  words,  and  those  that  excel  in  this  art 
of  speaking,  have  no  profound  learning, 

3  Verba  nitent  phaleris,  at  nnllas  yerba  medoUat 
Intus  habent-^ 

Besides,  it  was  the  observation  of  that  wise  Seneca,  ^  '  when 
you  see  a  fellow  careful  about  his  words,  and  neat  in  his 
speech,  know  this  for  a  certainty  that  man's  mind  is  busied 
about  toys,  there's  no  solidity  in  him.  Non  est  omamentum 
virile  condnnitcLs:  as  he  said  of  a  nightingale,  vox  es,  prceterea 
nihil^  &c  I  am  therefore  in  this  point  a  professed  disciple 
of  ^  ApoUonius  a  scholar  of  Socrates,  I  neglect  phrases,  and 
labour  wholly  to  inform  my  reader's  understanding,  not  to 
please  his  ear ;  'tis  not  my  study  or  intent  to  compose  neatly, 
which  an  orator  requires,  but  to  express  myself  readily  and 
plainly  as  it  happens.  So  that  as  a  river  runs  sometimes  pre- 
cipitate and  swifl,  then  dull  and  slow ;  now  direct,  then  per 
ambages;  now  deep,  then  shallow;  now  muddy,  then  clear; 
now  broad,  then  narrow ;  doth  my  style  flow :  now  serious, 
then  light ;  now  comical,  then  satirical ;  now  more  elaborate, 
then  remiss,  as  the  present  subject  required,  or  as  at  that 
time  I  was  affected.  And  if  thou  vouchsafe  to  read  this 
treatise,  it  shall  seem  no  otherwise  to  thee,  than  the  way  to 
an  ordinary  traveller,  sometimes  fair,  sometimes  foul ;  here 
champaign,  there  inclosed ;  barren  in  one  place,  better  soil  in 
another:  by  woods,  groves,  hills,  dales,  plains,  &c.  I  shall 
lead  thee  per  ardua  morUium,  et  lulrica  vallium^  et  roscida 
cespitum,  et  *  glehosa  camporum,  through  variety  of  objects 
that  which  thou  shalt  like  and  surely  dislike. 

1  Qui  rebus  se  ezercet.  verba  negligit,  dnm.    Epist.  lib.  1,  21.  <  Philostra- 

et  qui  callet  artem  dicendi,  nullam  dis-  tu8,  lib.  8,  vit.  Apol.    N^lii^bat  orato- 

ciplinam  habet  recogiiitam.        s  Pallin-  riam  facultatem,  et  penitus  a^pemabatur 

genius.    Wonis  may  be  resplendent  witli  ejus  professores,  quod  linguam  duntaxat, 

ornament,  but  they  contain  no  marrow  non  autem  mentem  redderent  eruditio- 

within.  8  Cujuscunque  orationem  rem.  *  Hie  enim,  quod  Seneca  de 

rides  politam  et  solicitam,  scito  animum  Ponto,  bos  herbam,  ciconia  larisam,  canif 

In  pusillis  occupatum,  in  scriptis  nil  soli-  leporem,  Tirgo  florem  legat. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader,  47 

Fop  the  matter  itself  or  method,  if  it  be  faulty,  consider  I 
pray  you,  that  of  Columella^  Nihil  perfectum,  avi  d  singulari 
cansummaium  industrid,  no  man  can  observe  all,  much  is  de- 
fective no  doubt,  may  be  justly  taxed,  altered,  and  avoided 
in  Galen,  Aristotle,  those  great  masters.  Boni  vencUoris 
Q  one  holds)  plures  feras  capere,  non  omnes ;  he  is  a  good 
huntsman,  can  catch  some,  not  all ;  I  have  done  my  endeav- 
our. Besides,  I  dwell  not  in  this  study,  Non  hie  sidcos  duci" 
mus,  non  hoc  pidvere  desuckimus,  I  am  but  a  smatterer,  I  con- 
fess, a  stranger,  ^  here  and  there  I  pull  a  flower ;  I  do  easily 
grant,  if  a  rigid  censurer  should  criticize  on  this  which  I  have 
writ,  he  should  not  find  three  sole  faults,  as  Scaliger  in  Te- 
rence, but  three  hundred.  So  many  as  he  hath  done  in 
Cardan's  subtleties,  as  many  notable  errors  as  *  Gul.  Laurem- 
bergius,  a  late  professor  of  Rostocke,  discovers  in  that  anat^ 
omy  of  Laurentius,  or  Barocius  the  Venetian  in  Sacro  boscus. 
And  although  this  be  a  sixth  edition,  in  which  I  should  have 
been  more  accurate,  corrected  all  those  former  escapes,  yet 
it  was  magni  laboris  opus,  so  difficult  and  tedious,  that  as 
carpenters  do  find  out  of  experience,  'tis  much  better  build 
a  new  sometimes,  than  repair  an  old  house ;  I  could  as  soon 
write  as  much  more,  as  alter  that  which  is  written.  If  aught 
therefore  be  amiss  (as  I  grant  there  is),  I  require  a  friendly 
admonition,  no  bitter  invective,  *  Sint  musis  socii  ChariteSy 
Furia  omnis  abesto,  otherwise,  as  in  ordinary  controversies 
funem  contentionis  nectamtis,  sed  cui  bono  f  We  may  con- 
tend, and  likely  misuse  each  other,  but  to  what  purpose  ?  We 
are  both  scholars,  say, 

6  Arcades  ambo, 
Et  cantare  pares,  et  respondere  parati. 

Both  young  Arcadians,  both  alike  inspired 
To  sing  and  answer  as  the  song  requirM. 

If  we  do  wrangle  what  shall  we  get  by  it?    Trouble  and 

1  Pet.  Nannins  not.  in  Hor.  >  Non  at  canis  NUnm  lambens.  »  Snpra  bia 
Mc  eolonns  domicilium  habeo,  sed  topi-  mille  notabiles  errores  Lanrentii  demon- 
arii  in  morem,  hinc  iiide  florem  rellico,    strayi,  &c.       *  Philo  de  Con.       *  Tiig 


48  Democritut  to  the  Eeader. 

wrong  ourselves,  make  sport  to  others.  If  I  be  convict  of 
aQ  error,  I  will  yield,  I  will  amend.  Si  quid  bants  moribuSf 
ii  quid  veritati  dissentaneum,  in  sacris  vel  humanis  Uteris  a 
me  dictum  sit^  id  nee  dictum  esto.  In  the  mean  time  I  re- 
quire a  favourable  censure  of  all  faults  omitted,  harsh  com- 
j)ositions,  pleonasms  of  words,  tautological  repetitions  (though 
Seneca  bear  me  out,  nunquam  nimis  dicitur,  qvod  nunquam 
satis  dicitur)  perturbations  of  tenses,  numbers,  printers' 
faults,  &C.  My  translations  are  sometimes  rather  paraphrases 
than  interpretations,  non  ad  verbum,  but  as  an  author,  I  use 
more  liberty,  and  that's  only  taken  which  was  to  my  purpose. 
Quotations  are  oflen  inserted  in  the  text,  which  makes  the 
style  more  harsh,  or  in  the  margin  as  it  happened.  Greek 
authors,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Athenaeus,  &c,  I  have  cited  out  of 
their  interpreters,  because  the  original  was  not  so  ready.  I 
have  mingled  sacra  prophanis,  hut  I  hope  not  profaned,  and 
in  repetition  of  authors*  names,  ranked  them  per  accidens,  not 
according  to  chronology;  sometimes  Neoterics  before  An 
cients,  as  my  memory  suggested.  Some  things  are  here  al- 
tered, expunged  in  this  sixth  edition,  others  amended,  much 
added,  because  many  good  *  authors  in  all  kinds  are  come 
to  my  hands  since,  and  'tis  no  prejudice,  no  such  indecomm^ 
or  oversight. 

1  Nunqnam  ita  qaicqnam  bene  subductft  ratione  ad  yitam  fuit, 
Quin  re»,  setas,  usus,  semper  aliquid  apportent  novi, 
Aliquid  moneant,  ut  ilia  quae  scire  te  credas,  nescias, 
£t  qu8B  tibi  put&ris  prima,  in  exercendo  ut  repudias. 

Ne'er  was  aught  yet  at  first  contrived  so  fit, 
But  use,  age,  or  something  would  alter  it; 
Advise  thee  better,  and,  upon  peruse, 
Make  thee  not  say,  and  what  thou  takest  refuse. 

But  I  am  now  resolved  never  to  put  this  treatise  out  again, 
Ne  quid  nimis,  I  will  not  hereafter  add,  alter,  or  retract ;  I 
have  done.  The  last  and  greatest  exception  is,  that  I,  being 
a  divine,  have  meddled  with  physic, 

*  Frambesarius,  Sennertus,  FeranduB,  &o.       ^  Ter.  Adelph. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader,  49 

1  Tantnmne  est  ab  re  tu&  otii  tibi, 
Aliena  ut  cures,  eaque  nihil  quse  ad  te  attinent? 

Whicli  Menedemus  objected  to  Chremes ;  have  I  so  much 
leisure,  or  little  business  of  mine  own,  as  to  look  after  other 
men's  matters  which  concern  me  not  ?  What  have  I  to  do 
with  physic  ?  Quod  medicorwm  est  promittant  medici.  The 
*  Lacedemonians  were  once  in  counsel  abojt  state  matters,  a 
debauched  fellow  spake  excellent  well,  and  to  the  purpose, 
his  speech  was  generally  approved :  a  grave  senator  steps 
Tip,  and  by  all  means  would  have  it  repealed,  though  good, 
because  dehonestabatur  pessimo  auctore,  it  had  no  better  an 
author;  let  some  good  man  relate  the  same,  and  then  it 
should  pass.  This  counsel  was  embraced,  ybfc^wm  est,  and  it 
was  registered  forthwith.  £!t  sic  bona  sententia  mansit,  mar 
lu8  auctor  mutatus  est.  Thou  say  est  as  much  of  me,  stoma- 
chosus  as  thou  art,  and  grantest,  peradventure,  this  which  I 
have  written  in  physic,  not  to  be  amiss,  had  another  done  it, 
a  professed  physician,  or  so  ;  but  why  should  I  meddle  with 
this  tract  ?  Hear  me  speak.  There  be  many  other  subjects, 
I  do  easily  grant,  both  in  humanity  and  divinity,  fit  to  be 
treated  of,  of  which  had  I  written  ad  ostentationem  only,  to 
show  myself,  I  should  have  rather  chosen,  and  in  which  I 
have  been  more  conversant,  I  could  have  more  willingly  lux- 
uriated, and  better  satisfied  myself  and  others ;  but  that  at 
this  time  I  was  fatally  driven  upon  this  rock  of  melancholy, 
and  canned  away  by  this  by-stream,  which,  as  a  rillet,  is  de- 
ducted from  the  main  channel  of  my  studies,  in  which  I  have 
pleased  and  busied  myself  at  idle  hours,  as  a  subject  most 
necessary  and  commodious.  Not  that  I  prefer  it  before  divin- 
ity, which  I  do  acknowledge  to  be  the  queen  of  professions, 
and  to  which  all  the  rest  are  as  handmaids,  but  that  in  divin- 
ity I  saw  no  such  great  need.  For  had  I  written  positively, 
there  be  so  many  books  in  that  kind,  so  many  commentators, 
treatises,  pamphlets,  expositions,  sermons,  that  whole  teams 
of  oxen  cannot  draw  them ;  and  had  I  been  as  forward  and 

1  Heaut.  Act  1,  seen.  1.       *  Gellios,  lib.  18,  cap.  8. 
TOL.  I.  4 


50 


Demoerihts  to  the  Reader. 


ambitious  as  some  others,  I  might  hnye  haply  prinleil  a 
mon  at  Paul's  Cross,  a  sennon  is  St.  Marie's  Oxon,  a  ?ennoo] 
in  Christ- Church,  or  a  sermon  before  ibe  right  horonrabld; 
right  reverend,  a  sermon  before  the  right  worshipful,  t 
mon  in  Latin,  in  English,  a  sermon  with  a  niune,  a  ec 
without,  a  sermon,  a  ttermon,  &c.     But  1  hu\'e  been  ever  a 
desirous  to  suppress  my  labours  in  this  kind,  aa  others  har^J 
been  to  press  and  publish  theirs.     To  have  ■written  i 
versy  had  been  to  cut  off  an  hydra's  headj^lii  litem  ffetieral,o 
begets  another,  so  many  duplioations,  triplicalious,  and  swacmf  9 
of  questions.     Jn  saero  hello  hoc  guod  itili  mucrone  agiiltTiX 
that  having  once  begun,  I  should  never  make  an  end.     One 
had  much  better,  as  *  Alexander,  the  sixth  pope,  long  since 
observed,  provoke  a  great  prince  than  a  begging  iriar,  a 
Jesuit,  or  a  seminary  priest,  I  will   add,  for  imxpugndbUt  \ 
genus  hoc  hominum,  they  are  an  irrefragable   society,  ; 
must  and  will  have  the  last  word;  and  tliat  with  such  ea 
ness,  impudence,  abominable  lying,  falsifying,  and  bitterneatS 
ID  their  questions    lliey  proceed,  that,  as  be  *  fxaH,  furomtM 
emeus,  an  rapit  vis  acrior,  an  culpa,  reeponsuia  dale  ?     Blind  1 
fiiry,  or  error,  or  rashness,  or  what  it  is  that  eggs  them,  IM 
know  not,  I  am  sure  many  times,  which  'Austin  perceived:! 
long  since,  lempeslaie  contenlionis  serenilas  charitatis  olmnbit^ 
hiur,  with  this  tempest  of  contention,  the  serenity  of  chatit^  ■ 
is  overclouded,  and  there  be  too  many  spirits  conjured  upl 
already  in  this  kind  in  all  sciences,  and  more  than  n 
tell  how  (0  lay,  which  do  so  furiously  rage,  and  keep  suoh  1 J 
racket,  thnt  as  '  Fabiiis  said,  "  It  had  been  much  better  fbf  I 
some  of  them  to  have  been  bom  dumb,  and  altogether  illit>  1 
ernte,  tlian  so  far  to  dote  to  their  own  destruction." 


J)emoeritiu  to  th»  Reader. 


51 


Tis  a  general  faulty  so  Severinus  the  Dane  compluins  ^ia 
physic,  '*  uuLappy  mcu  as  we  are,  we  apuad  uiir  duya  in 
unprofitable  qutiatidna  and  disputations,"  intricate  Bubtleties, 
de  land  caprind,  about  moonshine  in  the  water,  "  leaving  in 
the  mean  time  those  cliiejest  [feasurea  of  aature  unloucljcd, 
wherein  the  best  medieinea  for  all  manner  of  diseases  are  to 
be  found,  and  do  not  only  neglect  them  ourselves,  but  hinder, 
eondernn,  forbid,  and  scofT  at  others,  tnat  are  willing  to  in- 
quire after  them."  These  motives  at  this  present  hare 
induced  me  to  make  choice  of  this  medicinal  subject. 

If  any  physician  in  the  mean  time  shall  infer,  Na  nilor 
tiltra  crepidam,  and  find  himself  grieved  that  I  have  intrudfed 
into  his  profession,  I  will  tell  him  in  brief,  I  do  not  otiienvise 
by  them,  than  they  do  by  us.  If  it  be  for  their  advantage,  I 
know  many  of  their  sect  which  have  taken  orders,  in  hope 
of  a  benefice,  'tis  a  common  transition  ;  and  why  may  not  a 
melancholy  divine,  that  can  get  nothing  but  by  simony,  pro- 
fess physie  ?  Drusianus  an  Italian  (Crusianus,  but  corruptly, 
Trithemios  calls  him)  ^  "  because  he  was  not  fortunate  in  his 
practice,  forsook  his  profession,  and  writ  ailerwards  in  divin- 
ity." Murciliua  Ficinus  was  semel  et  stmiil;  a  priest  and  a 
physician  at  once,  and  '  T.  Linaeer,  in  hia  old  age,  took  orders. 
The  Jesuits  profess  both  at  this  time,  divers  of  them  permism 
tuperiorKm,  chirurgeons,  panders,  bawds,  and  midwives,  &x. 
Many  poor  countiy  views,  for  want  of  other  means,  are 
driven  to  their  sliiiVs ;  to  turn  mountebanks,  quacksalvers, 
empirics,  and  if  our  greedy  patrons  hold  us  to  such  hard 
conditions,  as  commonly  they  do,  ihey  will  make  most  of  ua 
work  at  some  trade,  as  Paul  did,  at  last  turn  taskers,  malt- 
sters, coslermongere,  graziers,  sell  ale  as  some  have  done,  or 
worse.  Howsoever  in  undertaking  this  task,  I  hope  I  shall 
commit  no  great  error  or  indecorum,  if  all  be  considered 


52  Demoerihu  to  the  Reader. 

aright,  I  can  vindicate  mjself  with  Greorgias  BrauniiSy  anJ 
llioronyinus  Ileniingius,  those  two  learned  divines ;  who  (to 
borrow  a  line  or  two  of  mine  ^  elder  brother)  drawn  by  a 
**  natural  love,  the  one  of  picture?  and  maps,  prospectives 
and  chorogntphical  delight^  writ  that  ample  theatre  of  cities; 
the  other  to  the  study  of  genealogies,  penned  theatrum  ^ 
nealofficum"  Or  else  I  can  excuse  my  studies  with  '  Lessios 
the  Jesuit  in  like  tMise.  It  is  a  disease  of  the  soul  on  which  I 
am  to  treat,  and  as  much  appertaining  to  a  divine  as  to  a  phy- 
sician, and  who  knows  not  what  an  agreement  there  is  betwixt 
these  two  professions  ?  A  good  divine  either  is  or  ought  to 
be  a  good  physician,  a  spiritual  physician  at  least,  as  our  Sa< 
viour  calls  himself,  and  was  indeed,  Mat  iv.  23 ;  Luke,  v. 
18;  Luke,  vii.  8.  They  differ  but  in  object,  the  one  of  the 
body,  the  other  of  the  soul,  and  use  divers  medicines  to  core; 
one  amends  animam  per  corpus,  the  other  corpus  per  ani' 
mam^  as  our  Regius  Pix>fessor  of  physic  well  informed  us  in  a 
learned  lecture  of  his  not  long  since.  One  helps  the  vices 
and  passions  of  the  soul,  anger,  lust,  desperation,  pride,  pre- 
sumption, &c,  by  applying  that  spiritual  physic ;  as  the  other 
uses  proper  remedies  in  bodily  diseases.  Now  this  being  a 
common  infirmity  of  body  and  soul;  and  such  a  one  that  hath 
as  much  need  of  spiritual  as  a  corporal  cure,  I  could  not  find 
a  fitter  task  to  busy  myself  about,  a  more  apposite  theme,  so 
necessary,  so  commodious,  and  generally  concerning  all  sorts 
of  men,  that  should  so  equally  participate  of  both,  and  re- 
quire a  whole  physician.  A  divine  in  this  compound  mixed 
malady  can  do  little  alone,  a  physician  in  some  kinds  of  mel- 
ancholy much  less,  both  make  an  absolute  cure. 

^  Alterias  sic  altera  poscit  opem. 

when  in  friendship  joined 
A  mutual  succour  in  each  other  find. 

1  M.  W.  Burton,  pre&ce  to  his  descrip-  alienarideri  debet  ^  tbeologo,  &c.,  a|^tii> 

tion  of  I^icfstershire,  printed  at  London  de  morbo  animie.        *  D.  Clayton  In  co* 

by  W.  Ja«gard,  for  J.  White,  1622.      « In  mitiia,  anno  1621         «  Hor 
Hygiasticon,  neque  enim  haec  tractatio 


Democntus  to  the  Header,  53 

And  'tis  proper  to  them  both,  and  I  hope  not  unbeseeming 
me,  who  am  by  mj  profession  a  divine,  and  by  mine  inclina- 
tion a  physician.  I  had  Jupiter  in  my  sixth  house ;  I  say 
with  ^  Beroaldus,  non  sum  medicus,  nee  medidnce  prorsus  eX' 
perSy  in  the  theory  of  physic  I  have  taken  some  pains,  not 
with  an  intent  to  practice,  but  to  satisfy  myself,  which  was  a 
cause  Ukewise  of  the  first  undertaking  of  this  subject. 

If  these  reasons  do  not  satisfy  thee,  good  reader,  as  Alex- 
ander Munificus,  that  bountiful  prelate,  sometimes  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  when  he  had.  built  six  castles,  ad  invidiam  opens 
eluendam,  saith  ^  Mr  Cambden,  to  take  away  the  envy  of  his 
work  (which  very  words  Nubrigensis  hath  of  Roger  the  rich 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  who  in  king  Stephen's  time  built  Shir- 
bum  castle,  and  that  of  Devizes),  to  divert  the  scandal  or 
imputation,  which  might  be  thence  inferred,  built  so  many 
religious  houses.  If  this  my  discourse  be  over-medicinal,  or 
savour  too  much  of  humanity,  I  promise  thee  that  I  will 
hereafter  make  thee  amends  in  some  treatise  of  divinity. 
But  this  I  hope  shall  suffice,  when  you  have  more  fully  con- 
sidered of  the  matter  of  this  my  subject,  rem  substrcUam,  mel- 
ancholy, madness,  and  of  the  reasons  following,  which  were 
my  chief  motives :  the  generality  of  the  disease,  the  necessity 
of  the  cure,  and  the  commodity  or  common  good  that  will 
arise  to  all  men  by  the  knowledge  of  it,  as  shall  at  large  ap- 
pear in  the  ensuing  preface.  And  I  doubt  not  but  that  in 
the  end  you  will  say  with  me,  that  to  anatomize  this  humour 
aright,  through  all  the  members  of  this  our  Microcosmus,  is 
as  great  a  task,  as  to  reconcile  those  chronological  errors  in 
the  Assyrian  monarchy,  find  out  the  quadrature  of  a  circle, 
the  creeks  and  sounds  of  the  northeast,  or  northwest  pas- 
sages, and  all  but  as  good  a  discovery  as  that  hungry  '  Span- 
iard's of  Terra  Australis  Incognita,  as  great  trouble  as  to 
perfect  the  motion  of  Mars  and  Mercury,  which  so  crucifies 

iLlb.  depestil.  « In  Newark,  in  coenobia,  et  collegia  reUgiosla   impleyit. 

Nottfnghamshlre.    Cum  duo  edific3L9set  ^  Ferdlnando  de  Quir.  anno  1612.    Axa> 

sastella,  ad  tollendam  structloais  inndi-  stcrdami  impress, 
im,  etexpiaudam  maculam,  duo  instituit  * 


Democritat  to  the  Reader. 

our  a^Ironomers,  or  to  rectify  llie  Gregorian  Kalmdsr.  I  artt 
BO  affected  for  my  part,  and  hope  as  'Tlieoplirastus  did  by 
his  cliaracters,  "  That  our  posterity,  0  friend  Polides,  sbiill 
be  the  better  for  this  which  we  have  written,  by  correcting 
and  rectifying  what  is  amiss  in  themselves  by  our  exiunpies, 
and  applying  our  precepts  and  cautions  to  tlieir  own  u 
And  as  that  great  captun  Ziica  would  have  a  drum  made  of  • 
his  skin  when  he  was  dead,  because  he  thought  the  very 
noise  of  it  would  put  his  enemies  to  fijglit,  I  doubt  not 
that  these  following  lines,  when  they  shall  be  recited,  op 
hei'cafter  read,  will  drive  away  raelanchoiy,  (though  I  ban 
gone)  as  rnucb  as  Zisca's  drum  could  terrify  his  foea.  Tefr ' 
one  caution  let  me  give  by  the  way  to  my  present,  or  my' 
future  reader,  who  is  actually  melancholy,  that  he  read  n 
the  'symptoms  or  prognostica  in  this  following  tract,  lest  by 
applying  that  which  he  reads  lo  himself,  aggravating,  appro* 
prialing  things  generally  spoken,  to  his  own  person  (as  mel . 
ancboly  men  for  the  most  part  do),  he  trouble  or  hurt  hin> 
Belf,  and  get  in  conclusion  more  harm  than  good.  I  advisa 
them  therefore  warily  to  peruse  that  tract,  Lapidea  hquitnt 
(so  said  'Agi'ippa  de  occ.  Phil.)  el  caoeant  lectores  ne  cen^ 
brum  lis  exeuHta.  The  rest  I  doubt  not  they  may  securelyi 
read,  and  to  their  benefit.     But  I  am  over-tedious,  I  pro- 

Of  the  necessity  and  generahty  of  this  which  I  have  said, 
if  any  man  doubt,  1  shall  desire  him  to  make  a  brief  survey 
of  the  world,  as  *  Cyprian  adviseth  Donat,  "  supposing  him- 
self  to  be  transported  to  the  top  of  some  high  mountain, 
thence  to  behold  the  tumults  and  chances  of  this  wavering:  1 
world,  he  cannot  choose  but  either  laugh  at,  or  pity  it,"     3J  I 
Hierom,  out  of  a  strong  imagination,  being  in  the  wildernea^  I 
conceived  with  himself,  that  he  then  saw  them  dancing  is  I 


•  Sf.  2,  1,  2,  ai  DolU- 


Democritus  to  the  Header.  55 

Rome ;  and  if  thou  shalt  either  conceive,  or  climb  to  see, 
thou  shalt  soon  perceive  that  all  the  world  is  mad,  that  it  is 
melancholy,  dotes ;  that  it  is  (which  Epichthonius  Cosmopo* 
lites  expressed  not  many  years  since  in  a  map)  made  like  a 
fool's  head  (with  that  motto,  Capvt  heUehoro  dignum)  a 
crazed  head,  cavea  stultorum,  a  fool's  paradise,  or  as  Apollo- 
nius,  a  common  prison  of  gulls,  cheaters,  flatterers,  &c.,  and 
needs  to  be  reformed.  Strabo,  in  the  ninth  book  of  his  geog- 
raphy, compares  Greece  to  the  picture  of  a  man,  which  com- 
parison of  his,  Nic.  Gerbelius,  in  his  exposition  of  Sophia- 
nus's  map,  approves ;  the  breast  lies  open  from  those  Acroce- 
raunian  hills  in  Epirus,  to  the  Sunian  promontory  in  Attica ; 
Pagae  and  Magaera  are  the  two  shoulders ;  that  Isthmus  of 
Corinth  the  neck ;  and  Peloponnesus  the  head.  If  this  allu- 
sion holds  'tis  sure  a  mad  head ;  Morea  may  be  Moria,  and 
to  speak  what  I  think,  the  inhabitants  of  modern  Greece 
swerve  as  much  from  reason  and  true  religion  at  this  day,  as 
that  Morea  doth  from  the  picture  of  a  man.  Examine  the 
rest  in  like  sort,  and  you  shall  find  that  kingdoms  and  prov- 
inces are  melancholy,  cities  and  families,  all  creatures,  veg- 
etal, sensible,  and  rational,  that  all  sorts,  sects,  ages,  condi- 
tions, are  out  of  tune,  as  in  Cebes's  table,  omnes  errorem 
hibunt,  before  they  come  into  the  world,  they  are  intoxicated 
by  error's  cup,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest  have  need  of 
physic,  and  those  particular  actions  in  ^  Seneca,  where  father 
and  son  prove  one  another  mad,  may  be  general ;  Porcius 
Latro  shall  plead  against  us  all.  For  indeed  who  is  not  a 
fool,  melancholy,  mad  ? — ^  Qui  nil  molitur  inepte,  who  is  not 
brain-sick  ?  Folly,  melancholy,  madness,  are  but  one  disease, 
-Delirium  is  a  common  name  to  all.  Alexander,  Gordonius, 
Jason  Pratensis,  Savanarola,  Guianerius,  Montaltus,  confound 
them  as  differing  secundum  magis  et  minus ;  so  doth  David, 
Psal.  xxxvii.  5.  "  I  said  unto  the  fools,  deal  not  so  madly," 
and  'twas  an  old  stoical  paradox,  omnes  stuUos  insanire,  *  all 

1  Gontror.  1,  2,  cont.  7,  &  1,  6,  cont.    Damasippiu  Stoicus  probat  omnes  stultoa 
Horatiua.      ^Idem,  Hor.  1,2.  SatjraS.    insanire. 


56  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

fools  are  mad,  though  some  madder  than  others.  And  who 
is  not  a  fool,  who  is  free  from  melancholy  ?  Who  is  not 
touched  more  or  less  in  hahit  or  disposition  ?  If  in  disposi- 
tion, "  ill  dispositions  beget  habits,  if  they  persevere,"  saith 
^  Plutarch,  habits  either  are,  or  turn  to  diseases.  'Tis  the 
same  which  Tully  maintains  in  the  second  of  his  Tusculans, 
omnium  insipientum  animi  in  morbo  sunt,  et  perturbatorumj 
fools  are  sick,  and  all  that  are  troubled  in  mind ;  for  what  is 
sickness,  but  as  *  Gregory  Tholosanus  defines  it,  "  A  dissolution 
or  perturbation  of  the  bodily  league,  which  health  com- 
bines ; "  and  who  is  not  sick,  or  ill-disposed  ?  in  whom  doth 
not  passion,  anger,  envy,  discontent,  fear  and  sorrow  reign  ? 
Who  labours  not  of  this  disease  ?  Give  me  but  a  little  leave, 
and  you  shall  see  by  what  testimonies,  confessions,  argu- 
ments, I  will  evince  it,  that  most  men  are  mad,  that  they 
had  as  much  need  to  go  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Anticyne  (as  in 
•  Strabo's  time  they  did)  as  in  our  days  they  run  to  Compos-, 
tella,  our  Lady  of  Sichem,  or  Lauretta,  to  seek  for  help ;  that 
it  is  like  to  be  as  prosperous  a  voyage  as  that  of  Guiana,  and 
that  there  is  much  more  need  of  hellebore  than  of  tobacco. 

That  men  are  so  misafFected,  melancholy,  mad,  giddy- 
headed,  hear  the  testimony  of  Solomon,  Eccl.  ii.  12.  "And 
I  turned  to  behold  wisdom,  madness  and  folly,"  c&c  And 
ver.  23 :  "  All  his  days  are  sorrow,  his  travel  grief,  and  his 
heart  taketh  no  rest  in  the  night."  So  that  take  melancholy 
in  what  sense  you  will,  properly  or  improperly,  in  disposition 
or  habit,  for  pleasure  or  for  pain,  dotage,  discontent,  fear,  sor- 
row, madness,  for  part,  or  all,  truly,  or  metaphorically,  'tis  all 
one.  Laughter  itself  is  madness  according  to  Solomon,  and 
as  St.  Paul  hath  it,  "  Worldly  sorrow  brings  death."  **  The 
hearts  of  the  sons  of  men  are  evil,  and  madness  is  in  their 
hearts  while  they  live,"  Eccl.  ix.  3.  "  Wise  men  themselves 
are  no  better,"  Eccl.  i.  18.     "  In  the  multitude  of  wisdom  is 

^  Tom.  2,  Sympos.  lib.  6,  c.  6.    Animi  foederis   in  corpore  existentis,   sicut   et 

affectiones,  si  diutius  inhaereant,  pravos  sanitas  est  cousentientis  bene    corporii 

generant  habitus.  2  Lib.  28,  cap.  1,  consummatio    quaedam.  8  Lib.    9. 

Pynt.  art.  mir.    Morbus  nihil  est  aliui  Oeojjr.      Plures  olim  gentes  nayigabauft 

^oam  dissolutio  qusedam  ac  pertorbatio  illuc  sanitatis  causl. 


Democrittis  to  the  Reader,  57 

mnch  grief,  and  he  that  increaseth  wisdom  increaseth  sorrow," 
chap.  ii.  17.  He  hated  life  itself,  nothing  pleased  him ;  he 
hated  his  labour,  all,  as  ihe  concludes,  is  "sorrow,  grief, 
vanity,  vexation  of  spirit"  And  though  he  were  the  wisest 
man  in  the  worid,  sanctuarium  sapienticBj  and  had  wisdom  in 
abundance,  he  will  not  vindicate  himself,  or  justify  his  own 
actions.  "  Surely  I  am  more  foolish  than  any  man,  and  have 
not  the  understanding  of  a  man  in  me,"  Prov.  xxx.  2.  Be 
they  Solomon's  words,  or  the  words  of  Agur,  the  son  of 
Jakeh,  they  are  canonical.  David,  a  man  after  God's  own 
heart,  confesseth  as  much  of  himself,  Psal.  xxxvii.  21,  22. 
"  So  foolish  was  I  and  ignorant,  I  was  even  as  a  beast  before 
thee."  And  condemns  all  for  fools,  Psal.  liii. ;  xxxii.  9 ; 
xlix.  20.  He  compares  them  to  "  beasts,  horses,  and  mules, 
in  which  there  is  no  understanding."  The  Apostle  Paul 
accuseth  himself  in  like  sort,  2  Cor.  xi.  21.  "I  would  you 
would  suffer  a  little  my  foolishness,  I  speak  foolishly."  "  The 
whole  head  is  sick,"  saith  Esay,  "  and  the  heart  is  heavy," 
cap.  i.  5.  And  makes  lighter  of  them  than  of  oxen  and 
asses,  "  the  ox  knows  his  owner,"  &c. :  read  Deut  xxxii.  6 ; 
Jer.  iv. ;  Amos,  iii.  1 ;  Ephes.  v.  6.  "  Be  not  mad,  be  not 
deceived,  foolish  Galatians,  who  hath  bewitched  you  ? " 
How  often  are  they  branded  with  this  epithet  of  madness  and 
folly  ?  No  word  so  frequent  amongst  the  fathers  of  the 
Church  and  divines  ;  you  may  see  what  an  opinion  they  had 
of  the  world,  and  how  they  valued  men's  action. 

I  know  that  we  think  far  otherwise,  and  hold  them  most 
part  wise  men  that  are  in  authority,  princes,  magistrates, 
'rich  men,  they  are  wise  men  born,  all  politicians  and 
statesmen  must  needs  be  so,  for  who  dare  speak  against 
them  ?  And  on  the  other,  so  corrupt  is  our  judgment,  we 
esteem  wise  and  honest  men  fools.  Which  Democritus  well 
signified  in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Hippocrates :  ®  the  *'  Abde- 
rites  account  virtue  madness,"  and  so  do  most  men  living. 

1  Eccleif.  i.  24.  *  Jnre  hsereditario    >  Apud  quos  yirtus,  insania  et  fiiror 

tpere  jubentar   Euphormio  Satyr.  dicitur. 


68 


Democritut  to  the  Header. 


Shall  I  U'l]  you  tbe  reason  of  it?  '  Fortune  and  Virtue, 
Wisdom  and  Folly,  their  seconds,  upon  a  time  eootended  in 
the  Olympics;  every  man  thought  that  Fortune  and  Folly 
would  have  the  worst,  and  pitied  their  ca^ea ;  but  it  fell  out 
otherwise.  Fortune  was  blind  and  cared  not  where  sbs- 
stroke,  nor  whom,  without  laws,  Andabatanim  instar,  && 
FoUj,  rash  and  inconeiderale,  esteemed  as  little  what  sha 
said  or  did.  Virtue  and  Wisdom  gave  *place,  were  hissed) 
out,  and  exploded  by  the  common  people ;  Folly  and  For-' 
tune  admired,  and  so  are  all  their  followers  ever  since; 
knaves  and  fools  commonly  fare  and  deserve  best  in  world«i 
lings'  eyes  and  opinions.  Many  good  men  have  no  better' 
fate  in  their  ages ;  Achish,  1  Sam.  xxi.  14,  held  David  for  a: 
madman,  *  Eliaha  and  tbe  rest  were  no  otherwise  esteemed. 
David  was  derided  of  the  common  people,  Ps.  ix.  7,  "  I  am 
become  a  monster  to  many,"  And  generally  we  are  ao« 
counted  fools  for  Christ,  1  Cor.  xiv.  "  We  fools  thought  luS' 
life  madness,  and  his  end  without  honour,"  Wisd.  t.  t 
Christ  and  his  Apostles  were  censured  in  like  sort,  John  x.; 
Mark  iii. ;  Acts  xxvl.  And  so  were  all  Christiana  iiL 
*  Pliny's  limt,  fueritnf  et  alii  similit  dementia,  &c  Ani 
called  not  long  afler,  '  Vesaniis  sectalores,  eversores  liominiim^' 
poUuti  novatores,  fanoiiei,  canes,  maleflci,  venefici,  G<dilcd 
homunciones,  &c  Tis  an  ordinary  thing  with  us,  to  ao- 
count  honest,  devout,  orthodox,  divine,  religious,  plaindealing 
men,  idiots,  asses,  that  cannot,  or  will  not  lie  and  dissemble,- 
shifl,  flatter,  accommodare  m  ad  sum  locum  ubi  nati  tunt, 
omke  good  bargains,  supplant,  thrive,  paironu  imervir«) 
tolennes  ascendendi  modoi  apprekendere,  leges,  mores,  consvo- 
tudines  rede  obaervare,  candide  laudare,  fortiter  defenden, 
tentmitias  amplecti,  duMlare  de  nullis,  credere  omnia,  accip- 
ere  omnia,  nihil  reprehendere,  cateraque  quec  promolioTiem 
^erunt  el  securitatem,  qiice  sine  amhage  fcelicem  reddunt  homi- 

put*"*'    U""um  Iri  «luLtHiiidi.      Sod    tills.       5  Non  m  reapDiideniamn  ntDlla 


Democritua  to  the  Readei\  59 

nemy  et  vere  sapientem  apud  nos ;  that  cannot  temporize  as 
other  men  do,  i  hand  and  take  bribes,  &c.,  but  fear  Grod,  and 
make  a  conscience  of  their  doings.  But  the  Holy  Ghost  that 
knows  better  how  to  judge,  he  calls  them  fools.  "  The  fool 
hath  said  in  his  heart/*  Psal.  liii.  1.  "  And  their  ways  utter 
their  folly,"  Psal.  xlix.  14.  ^"For  what  can  be  more  mad, 
than  for  a  little  worldly  pleasure  to  procure  unto  themselves 
eternal  punishment?"  As  Gregory  and  others  inculcate 
imto  us. 

Yea  even  all  those  great  philosophers  the  world  hath  ever 
had  in  admiration,  whose  works  we  do  so  much  esteem,  that 
gave  precepts  of  wisdom  to  others,  inventors  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  Socrates  the  wisest  man  of  his  time  by  the  Oracle 
of  Apollo,  whom  his  two  scholars,  '  Plato  and  *  Xenophon, 
80  much  extol  and  magnify  with  those  honourable  titles, 
"  best  and  wisest  of  all  mortal  men,  the  happiest  and  most 
just ; "  and  as  *  Alcibiades  incomparably  commends  him ; 
Achilles  was  a  worthy  man,  but  Bracides  and  others  were  as 
worthy  as  himself;  Antenor  and  Nestor  were  as  good  as 
Pericles,  and  so  of  the  rest;  but  none  present, . before,  or 
after  Socrates,  nemo  veterum  neque  eorum  qui  nunc  sunty 
were  ever  such,  will  match,  or  come  near  him.  Those  seven 
wise  men  of  Greece,  those  Britain  Druids,  Indian  Brach- 
manni,  -Ethiopian  Gymnosophists,  Magi  of  the  Persians, 
ApoUonius,  of  whom  Philostratus,  Nan  doctus,  sed  natus 
sapiens,  wise  from  his  cradle,  Epicurus  so  much  admired  by 
his  scholar  Lucretius : 

Qui  genus  humanum  ingenio  superavit,  et  omnes 
Perstrinxit  Stellas  exortus  ut  setherius  sol. 

Whose  wit  excell'd  the  wits  of  men  as  far, 
As  the  sun  rising  doth  obscure  a  star, 
Or  that  80  much  renowned  Empedocles. 

t  Ut  vix  humana  videatur  stirpe  creatus. 

1  Quia  nisi  mentis  inops,  &o.      *  Quid  apprime    sapientisslmi,    et     justiRsiml . 

huanias  quam  pro  momentanea  fbelici-  *  Xenop.  1,4,  de  dictis  Socratis  ad  finem- 

tate  teternis    te    mandpare    suppliciis?  talis  fuit  Socrates  quern  omnium  ODti> 

*  Inflne  Phsedonis.    Ilic  finis  fuit  amici  mumetfoelicissimum  statnara.        * 

nostri,  d  Eucrates,  nostro  quidem  judicio  25,  Platonis  Conyivio.        t  Lucre' 
■^"<"*"  qaos  experti  sumus  optimi  et 


\ 


Christ  : 
Jlark    i 

*  Plinj-": 
calitMl  not  lot 
poUuti  morafti 
homuncionetf 
coQDt  honest, 
men,  idiota,  aaao 
ehxR,  flatter,  anf 
muke  good   barj 

tuditiM  recte   oSwi 
tmteittiat  ampheti. 
en  omniii,  nihil  re, 
*^ntM  el  Kcuritattm, 


iw(  «tgl«s  bnt 

And  aliliou^ 

io  [beir  a^,  as 

ere  10.000  in  bia 

a  pbce  oT  coio- 

mrriads  trf*  men 

«f  rfa^  tlirT  oo^  to 

tf  TOJw.  [m>T«$  ih^^u  lo  be 

M*  aifcmrd  and  ridicn- 

w  kir  thiukiiig  ni 

Dt-iaocritlir    J 
ke, '  liie  bbentai 

od  ibir  I 
hoK^,  vai  in^  iliat  •] 
Dt  car.  ^rec>.M 


track  of  ApoTlo  confirmed  to  be  tlie  wisest  nm  Acs  ^in^ 
Oil  ^ved  hiiD  from  pla^e,  irbtNn  2000  yrto*  hm  adwni^ 
f  whom  some  will  as  soaa  spfak  eril  u  of  Clin!L7<^  nMm, 
le  was  ao  Sltteraie  idiol,  as  >  Ansio^aaes  alb  bim,  unMr 
t  ambttiotut,  as  hU  master  AriatMle  (enas  bim,  «acm  Jo^ 
ut,  as  Zancs  an  *  eaemy  to  all  arts  and  soenctK,  «£  Ai)hb 
leus,  to  pliilosoptiers  and  trarelln^  an  ^aatoaadTB  msa,  a 
»Tiller,  a  kind  of  pedant ;  for  hu  mannets,  as  Theod.  Cf- 
reo^  de^cribe^  him,  a  *  Sodomite,  an  aibei^  (m  convict  b; 
&nytu=,)  iraeundia  tt  rbriiu,  dicac  JfC-,  a  pot-oampaiuiB,  bj 
Plato*3  own  confe^ion,  a  Btiirdr  drinker;  and  ibai  of  all 
Dtherj  be  nas  most  eotli^b,  a  verj  madman  in  bis  accions  aad 
opinions.  Pjdia^ras  was  part  pbilo^pber,  pan  m^ieian, 
or  pait  witch.  If  you  desire  to  hear  mor«  of  Apc^kuda^  a 
great  wise  m^i,  sometime  parallelod  by  Jnlian  tbe  apostate  to 
Christ,  I  refer  yoii  to  that  learned  tract  of  Eos^us  ^aiost 
Hierocle^,  and  for  ihein  all  to  I>acian'a  Piscator,  Jcaromaup- 
fu,  Ntcyomantia :  their  actions,  opinions  in  general  were  so 
litodi^ous^  absurd,  ridiculous,  Trhieb  tbey  broached  and  onun- 
binml,  tlieir  books  and  elaborate  treatises  were  full  of  dotage^ 
Tliich  TuUy  ad  Atticum  long  since  observed,  ddirant  pfc- 
,•  tcriploret  in  libn't  suit,  their  lives  being  opposite  to 
I,  they  commended  poverty  to  others,  and  were 
3  themselves,  eslolled  love  and  peace,  and  yet 
w  another  with  Tirnleni  hate  and  malice.  Thej 
i  and  prose,  but  not  a  man  rf 
a  tclla  them  home)  a 
1  sho« 


60  Democritus  to  the  Header. 

All  those  of  whom  we  read  such  *  hyperbolical  eulogiuma, 

RS  of  Aristotle,  that  he  was  wisdom  itself  in  the  abstract,  *  a 

miracle  of  nature,  breathing  libraries,  as  Eunapius  of  Lon- 

ginus,  lights  of  nature,  giants  for  wit,  quintessence  of  wit, 

divine  spirits,  eagles  in  the  clouds,  fallen  from  heaven,  gods, 

spirits,  lamps  of  the  world,  dictators,  Nulla  ferani  talent  secla 

futura  virum:  monarchs,  miracles,  superintendents  of  wit 

and  learning,  oceanus,  phoenix,  atlas,  monstrwn,  portentum 

hominis,  orhis  universi  musceum,  ultimas  humance  naiura 

conatus,  naturce  maritus, 

meritb  cni  doctior  orbis 
Submissis  defert  fascibus  imperiam. 

As  -^lian  writ  of  Protagoras  and  Gorgias,  we  may  say  of 
them  all,  tantum  a  sapientibus  abfuerunt,  quantum  d  viris 
>  pueri,  they  were  children  in  respect,  infants,  not  eagles  but 
kites ;  novices,  illiterate,  Eunuchi  sapientice.  And  although 
they  were  the  wisest,  and  most  admired  in  their  age,  as 
he  censured  Alexander,  I  do  them,  there  were  10,000  in  his 
army  as  worthy  captains  (had  they  been  in  place  of  com- 
mand), as  valiant  as  himself;  there  were  myriads  of  men 
wiser  in  those  days,  and  yet  all  short  of  what  they  ought  to 
be.  •  Lactantius,  in  his  book  of  wisdom,  proves  them  to  be 
dizzards,  fools,  asses,  madmen,  so  full  of  absurd  and  ridicu- 
lous tenets,  and  brain-sick  positions,  that  to  his  thinking  never 
any  old  woman  or  sick  person  doted  worse.  *  Democritus 
took  all  from  Leucippus,  and  left,  saith  he,  "  the  inheritance 
of  his  folly  to  Epicurus,"  ^insanienti  diim  sapienti/e,  S^c. 
The  like  he  holds  of  Plato,  Aristippus,  and  the  rest,  making 
no  difference,  ® ''  betwixt  them  and  beasts,  saving  that  they 
could  speak."  '  Theodoret  in  his  tract,  De  cur,  grec.  affect, 
manifestly  evinces  as  much  of  Socrates,  whom  though  that 

1  Anaxagoras    olim    mens    dictus   ab  de  sap.  c.  17  et  20,  omnes  Philosoptai, 

antiquifl.         <  Rcgula  naturae,  natures  aut    stulti,  aut    insani ;    nulla    anas, 

mirAciilura,    ipsa    eruditio,    dsemonium  nullus  aeger  ineptias  deliravit.        *  De- 

hominis,  sol  soiontiirum,  mare,  sophia,  mocritua  i   Leucippo  doctus,   hieredit&> 

antistes  literarum  et  sapientiae,  ut  Sci-  tem  stultitiaB  reliquit   Epic.           6  Hor. 

oppius  olim  de  Seal,  et  Ileinsius.    Aquila  car.  lib.  1,  od.  S4,  1,  epicur.      «  Nihil  in- 

iu  nubibus,  Imperator  litenitonim.  col-  terest  inter  boa  et  bestijis  nisi  quod  lo- 

nmen    literarum,    abvssus    eruditiouis,  quantur.  de  sa.  1,  26,  c.  8.           '  Cap.  d« 

octtllus    Europae,    Scaliger.         ^  Lib.  8,  Tirt. 


Deinoeritus  to  tha  Beader.  61 

racle  of  Apollo  confirmed  to  be  the  wisest  man  then  living, 
d  saved  him  from  plague,  whom  2000  yeara  have  admired, 
of  whom  some  will  us  aoon  speak  evil  03  of  Christ,  yet  revera, 
he  was  an  illiterate  idiot,  as  i  Aristophanes  calls  him,  im'tor 
et  amintioaas,  as  his  master  Aristotle  terms  him,  sciirra  Alti- 
cas,  as  Zeno,  an  'enemy  to  all  arts  and  sciences,  as  Aths* 
neus,  [o  phil(»ophera  and  travellers,  an  opinionativo  ass,  a 
caviller,  a  kind  of  pedant ;  for  his  manners,  as  Tlieod.  Cy- 
rensis  describes  him,  a  *  Sodomite,  an  atheist,  (so  convict  by 
Anytus,)  iraeundus  et  ebrius,  dicax.  S;c.,  a  pot-comp union,  by 
Plato's  own  confession,  a  sturdy  drinker ;  and  that  of  all 
others  he  was  most  sottish,  a  very  madman  in  his  actions  and 
opiuions.  Pythagoras  was  pait  philosopher,  part  magician, 
or  part  witch.  If  you  desire  to  hear  more  of  ApolJonius,  a 
great  wise  man,  sometime  paralleled  by  Julian  the  apostale  to 
Chrisl,  I  refer  you  to  that  learned  tract  of  Euseliiu:^  aj^-ain^t 
Hierocles,  and  for  them  all  to  Lncian's  Fiscator,  Icaromenip- 
pus,  Necjiomantia :  their  actions,  opinions  in  general  were  so 
prodigious,  absurd,  ridiculous,  which  they  broached  and  main- 
tained, tlieir  books  and  elaborate  treatises  were  full  of  dotage, 
which  TuUy  ad  Auicwm  long  since  observed,  ddiraiit  ple- 
rmnq. ;  icriptores  iti  Ubrii  suig,  iheir  lives  being  opposite  to 
their  words,  they  eommended  poverty  lo  others,  and  were 
most  covetous  themselves,  extolled  love  and  peace,  and  yet 
persecuted  one  another  with  virulent  hate  and  malice.  They 
oould  give  precepts  for  verse  and  prose,  but  not  n  man  of 
Ihera  (as  t  Seneca  tells  them  home)  could  moderate  his  affec- 
tions.  Their  music  did  show  us  JleMles  modos,  Sfc,  how  to 
rise  and  fiill,  but  they  could  not  bo  contain  themselves  as  in 
adversity  not  to  make  a  lamentable  tone.  They  will  measure 
ground  by  geometry,  set  down  limits,  divide  and  subdivide, 
lut  cannot  yet  prescribe  quantum  Itomini  satis,  or  keep 
filhin  compass  of  reason  and  discretion.  They  can  square 
circles,  but  understand  not  the  state  of  their  own  souls,  de- 


lift 


62  Democntus  to  the  Reader, 

scribe  right  lines  and  crooked,  <&c.,  but  know  not  what  is  right 
in  this  life,  quid  in  vitd  rectum  sit,  ignorant ;  so  that  as  he 
said,  Nescio  an  Anticyram  ratio  illis  destinet  omnem,  I  think 
all  the  Anticyrae  will  not  restore  them  to  their  wits,  ^  if  these 
men  now,  that  held  ^Xenodotus  heart,  Crates  liver,  Epic- 
tetus  lantern,  were  so  sottish,  and  had  no  more  brains  than 
BO  many  beetles,  what  shall  we  think  of  the  commonalty? 
what  of  the  rest  ? 

Yea,  but  will  you  infer,  that  is  true  of  heathens,  if  they  be 
conferred  with  Christians,  1  Cor.  iii.  19.  "  The  wisdom  of 
this  world  is  foolishness  with  Grod,  earthly  and  devilish,"  as 
James  calls  it,  iii.  15.  "They  were  vain  in  their  imagina- 
tions, and  their  foolish  heart  was  fuU  of  darkness,'  Rom.  L  21, 
22.  "  When  they  professed  themselves  wise,  became  fools." 
Their  witty  works  are  admired  here  on  earth,  whilst  their 
souls  are  tormented  in  hell  fire.  In  some  sense,  Christiani 
Crassiani,  Christians  are  Crassians,  and  if  compared  to  that 
wisdom,  no  better  than  fools.  Quis  est  sapiens  f  Solus  Deus, 
*  Pythagoras  replies,  "  God  is  only  wise,"  Rom.  xvi.  Paul 
determines,  "only  good,"  as  Austin  well  contends,  "and  no 
man  living  can  be  justified  in  his  sight."  "  Grod  looked  down 
from  heaven  upon  the  children  of  men,  to  see  if  any  did  un- 
derstand," Psalm  liii.  2,  3,  but  all  are  corrupt,  err.  Rom.  iiL 
12,  "None  doth  good,  no  not  one."  Job  aggravates  this,  iv. 
18,  "Behold  he  found  no  steadfastness  in  his  servants,  and 
laid  folly  upon  his  angels,"  19.  "  How  much  more  on  them 
that  dwell  in  houses  of  clay  ?  "  In  this  sense  we  are  all  fools, 
and  the  '  Scripture  alone  is  arx  MinervcB,  we  and  our  writ- 
ings are  shallow  and  imperfect.  But  I  do  not  so  mean ;  even 
in  our  ordinary  dealings  we  are  no  better  than  fools.  "  All 
our  actions,"  as  *  Pliny  told  Trajan,  "  upbraid  us  of  folly,"  our 
whole  course  of  life  is  but  matter  of  laughter ;  we  are  not 
soberly  wise ;  and  the  world  itself,  which  ought  at  least  to  be 
wise  by  reason  of  his  antiquity,  as  *  Hugo  de  Prato  Florido 

1  Ab  uberibus  sapientia  lactati  caecu-    >  Hio    profundisRimsB    SophisB    fbdinn. 
tire  non  po»8unt.  2  Cor  Xenodoti  et    *  Panegyr.    Trajano  omnes  actiones  ex- 

l«cur  Cratetis  *  Lib.  de  nat.  boni.    probraro  stuUitiam  videatur.        ^  Ser.  4| 


Democntus  to  the  Header.  63 

will  Lave  it,  semper  stuUtzcU,  "  is  every  day  more  foolish  than 
other ;  the  more  it  is  whipped,  the  worse  it  is,  and  as  a  child 
will  still  be  crowned  with  roses  and  flowers."  We  are  apish 
in  it,  asini  bipedes,  and  every  place  is  full  inversorum  Apuk' 
torum,  of  metamorphosed  and  two-legged  asses,  inversorum 
Silenorumn  childish,  piLeri  instar  bimtdi,  tremuld  patris  dor' 
mientis  in  ulna.  Jovianus  Pontanus,  Antonio  Dial,  brings 
in  some  laughing  at  an  old  man,  that  by  reason  of  his  age 
was  a  little  fond,  but  as  he  admonisheth  there,  Ne  mireris  mi 
hospes  de  hoc  sene,  marvel  not  at  him  only,  for  tota  hcec  civ* 
lias  delirat,  all  our  town  dotes  in  like  sort,  ^  we  are  a  com- 
pany of  fools.  Ask  not  with  him  in  the  poet,  ^  Larvce  hunc 
iniemperice  insaniceque  agitant  senem  f  What  madness  ghosts 
this  old  man,  but  what  madness  ghosts  us  all  ?  For  we  are 
ad  unum  omnes,  all  mad,  semel  insanivimus  omnes,  not  once, 
but  always  so,  et  semel,  et  simul,  et  semper,  ever  and  altogether 
as  bad  as  he ;  and  not  senex  his  puer,  delira  anus,  but  say  it 
of  us  all,  semper  pueri,  young  and  old,  all  dote,  as  Lactantiua 
proves  out  of  Seneca ;  and  no  difference  betwixt  us  and  chil- 
dren, saving  that,  majora  ludimus,  et  grandiorihxis  pupis,  they 
play  with  babies  of  clouts  and  such  toys,  we  sport  with 
greater  baubles.  We  cannot  accuse  or  condemn  one  another, 
being  faulty  ourselves,  deliramenta  loqueris,  you  talk  idly,  or 
as  '  Mitio  upbraided  Demea,  insanis,  auferte,  for  we  are  as 
mad  our  ownselves,  and  it  is  hard  to  say  which  is  the  worst. 
Nay,  'tis  universally  so,  *  Vitam  regit  fortuna,  non  sapi" 
cntia. 

When  ^  Socrates  had  taken  great  pains  to  find  out  a  wise 
man,  and  to  that  purpose  had  consulted  with  philosophers, 
poets,  artificers,  he  concludes  all  men  were  fools ;  and  though 
it  procured  him  both  anger  and  much  envy,  yet  in  all  com- 
panies he  would  openly  profess  it.  When  ®  Supputius  in  Pon- 
tanus had  travelled  all  over  Europe  to  confer  with  a  wise 

in  domi  Pal.    Mandas  qtii  ob  antiquita-  puellse.    Hor.  *  Plaatiu  Anbniar. 

tem  deberet  esse  sapiens,  semper  stultiznt,  8  Adelph.    act    5,    seen.  8.  ^  Tully 

•tnullis  flagellis  alteratur,  sed  ut  puer  Tusc.  6,  fortune,  not  wisdom,  governf 

▼ult  rosis  et  floribus  coronari.  our  lives.  6  Plato  Apologia  Socratia. 

1  Insanum  te  omnes  pueri,  clamantque  >  Ant.  diaL 


64  DemocntuB  to  the  Reader, 

man,  he  returned  at  last  without  his  errand,  and  could  find 
none.  ^  Cardan  concurs  with  him,  "  Few  there  are  (for 
aught  I  can  perceive)  well  in  their  wits."  So  doth  ^  Tully, 
"  I  see  everything  to  be  done  foolishly  and  unadvisedly." 

nie  sinistrorsum,  hie  dextrorsum,  unus  utrique 
Error,  sed  variis  illudit  partibus  omnes. 

One  reels  to  this,  another  to  that  wall ; 
*Tis  the  same  error  that  deludes  them  all. 

•  They  dote  all,  but  not  alike,  Uavia  yap  nuaiv  ofiota,  not  in 
the  same  kind,  "  One  is  covetous,  a  second  lascivious,  a  third 
ambitious,  a  fourth  envious,"  &c.  as  Damasippus  the  Stoic 
hath  well  illustrated  in  the  poet, 

^  Desipiunt  omnes  sqne  ac  tn. 

And  they  who  call  you  fool,  with  equal  claim 
May  plead  an  ample  title  to  the  name. 

Tis  an  inbred  malady  in  every  one  of  us,  there  is  seminar 
rium  stukiticB,  a  seminary  of  folly,  "  which  if  it  be  stirred  up, 
or  get  ahead,  will  run  m  infinitum,  and  infinitely  varies  as 
we  ourselves  are  severally  addicted,"  saith  *  Balthazar  Cas- 
tillo ;  and  cannot  so  easily  be  rooted  out,  it  takes  such  fast 
hold,  as  Tully  holds,  aUcB  radices  stultiticB,  *  so  we  are  bred, 
and  so  we  continue.  Some  say  there  be  two  main  defects  of 
wit,  error,  and  ignorance,  to  which  all  others  are  reduced ; 
by  ignorance  we  know  not  things  necessary,  by  error  we 
know  them  falsely.  Ignorance  is  a  privation,  error  a  positive 
act.  From  ignorance  comes  vice,  from  error,  heresy,  &c 
But  make  how  many  kinds  you  will,  divide  and  subdivide, 
few  men  are  free,  or  that  do  not  impinge  on  some  one  kind 
or  other.  '  Sic  plerumque  agitat  stuUos  inscitia,  as  he  that 
examines  his  own  and  other  men's  actions  shall  find. 

1  Lib.  8,  de  sap.  panci  nt  yideo  same  Est  in  nnoqnoq. ;  nostrum  seminarinm 

mentiR  sunt.       <  Stult^  et  incante  omnia  aliquod  stultitiae.  quod  si  quando  excite* 

agi  yideo.           «  Insania  non  omnibus  tur  in  infinitum  facili  excrescit.    «  Pri- 

eadem,  Erasm.  cliil.  8,  cent.  10,  nemo  maque  lux  vitae  prima  erroris  erat.    ^  Tl- 

mortalium  qui  non  aliqua  in  re  desipit,  bullus,  stulti  pretaereunt  dies,  their  vritf 

licet  alius  alio  morbo  laboret.  hie  libid-  are  a  wool-gathering.    So  fools  commonlj 

Inis,  file  avaritiae,   ambitionis,  invidiss.  dote. 
*  Hor  1.  2,  sat.  8.        »  lib.  1,  de  aulico 


65 

F  Cfaaron  in  Lucian,  as  he  wittily  feigns,  was  conducted  by 
o  such  a  place,  where  he  might  see  all  the  world  at 
(mce;  after  he  had  Bufficiently  vieweil,  and  looked  about, 
Mercury  would  needs  know  of  him  what  he  had  observed 
He  told  him  that  he  saw  a  vast  multitude  and  a  prouiiscuoua, 
their  hubiiations  like  molehills,  the  men  as  emiuets,  "  hs 
could  diswm  cities  like  so  many  hives  of  bees,  wherein  every 
bee  had  a  sting,  and  they  did  nought  else  but  sting  one 
another,  some  domineering  Uke  hornets  bigger  than  the  rest, 
some  Uke  filching  wasps,  others  as  drunes."  Over  their 
heads  were  hovering  a  confused  company  of  perturbations, 
hope,  fear,  anger,  avarice,  ignorance,  &c.,  and  a  multitude  of 
diseases  hanging,  which  they  Btill  pulled  on  their  patea. 
Some  were  brawling,  some  fighting,  riding,  running,  soUiciti 
antlnenles,  caBidi  litigantes,  for  toys  and  trifles,  and  such 
momentary  things.  Their  towns  and  provinces  mere  fac- 
tions, rich  against  poor,  poor  against  rich,  nobles  against 
lutificers,  they  against  nobles,  and  so  the  rest.  In  conclusion, 
he  condemned  them  all  for  madmen,  fools,  idiobi,  asses,  0 
tlxtltXi  qiuenam  hoc  est  amentia  ?  0  fooLs,  0  madmen,  he 
exclaims,  intana  ituclia,  insarti  loboreg,  Ifc.  Mad  endeav- 
onis,  mad  actions,  mad,  mad,  mad,  '  0  teclum  insipiens  ^ 
infaeetuin,  a  giddy-headed  age.  Heraclitus  the  philosopher, 
out  of  a  serious  meditation  of  men's  lives,  fell  a  weeping,  and 
with  continual  tears  bewailed  their  misery,  madness,  and 
foUy.  Democritus  on  Che  other  side,  burst  out  a  laughing, 
their  whole  life  seemed  to  liira  so  ridiculous,  and  he  was  so 
far  carried  with  this  ironical  passion,  that  the  citizens  of 
AI>dera  took  him  to  be  mad,  and  sent  therefore  ambassadors 
to  Hippocrates,  the  physician,  that  he  would  exercise  his  skill 
upon  him.  But  the  story  is  set  down  at  large  by  Hippocra- 
tes, in  his  epistle  to  Damogetus,  which  because  it  is  not 
impertinent  to  this  discourse,  I  will  insert  verbatim  almost  as 
it  is  delivered  by  Hippocrates  himself,  with  all  the  rarcnm- 
■tancea  belonging  unto  it. 

■  Dial.  eodtsmiilaDMi, 


66  Democrtius  to  the  Header. 

When  Hippocrates  was  now  come  to  Abdera,  the  people 
of  the  city  came  flocking  about  him,  some  weeping,  some 
entreating  of  him,  that  he  would  do  his  best  After  some 
little  repast,  he  went  to  see  Democritus,  the  people  following 
him,  whom  he  found  (as  before)  in  his  garden  in  the  suburbs 
all  alone,  * "  sitting  upon  a  stone  under  a  plane  tree,  without 
hose  or  shoes,  with  a  book  on  his  knees,  cutting  up  several 
beasts,  and  busy  at  his  study.**  The  multitude  stood  gazing 
round  about  to  see  the  congress,  Hippocrates,  after  a  little 
pause,  saluted  him  by  his  name,  whom  he  resaluted,  ashamed 
almost  that  he  could  not  call  him  likewise  by  his,  or  that  he 
had  forgot  it.  Hippocrates  demanded  of  him  what  he  was 
doing ;  he  told  him  that  he  was  ^  **  busy  in  cutting  up  several 
beasts,  to  find  out  the  cause  of  madness  and  melancholy." 
Hippocrates  commended  his  work,  admiring  his  happiness 
and  leisure.  And  why,  quoth  Democritus,  have  not  you 
that  leisure  ?  Because,  replied  Hippocrates,  domestic  affairs 
hinder,  necessary  to  be  done  for  ourselves,  neighbours, 
friends ;  expenses,  diseases,  frailties  and  mortalities  which 
happen  ;  wife,  children,  servants,  and  such  businesses  which 
deprive  us  of  our  time.  At  this  speech  Democritus  profusely 
laughed  (his  friends  and  the  people  standing  by,  weeping  in 
the  mean  time,  and  lamenting  his  madness).  Hippocrates 
asked  the  reason  why  he  laughed.  He  told  him,  at  the  vani- 
ties and  the  fopperies  of  the  time,  to  see  men  so  empty  of  all 
virtuous  actions,  to  hunt  so  far  af^er  gold,  having  no  end  of 
ambition  ;  to  take  such  infinite  pains  for  a  little  glory,  and  to 
be  favoured  of  men ;  to  make  such  deep  mines  into  the  earth 
for  gold,  and  many  times  to  find  nothing,  with  loss  of  their 
lives  and  fortunes.  Some  to  love  dogs,  others  horses,  some  to 
desire  to  be  obeyed  in  many  provinces,*  and  yet  themselves 
will  know  no  obedience.     *  Some  to  love  their  wives  dearly 

1  Bub  ramofla  platano   wdentem,  so-  inqult  animaliaqnaB  Tides  pTO|ytereaiieeOi| 

Inm,  discalceatum,  super  lapidem,  valde  non  Dei  opera  perosus,  sed  felUs  bilisq. 

pallidum  ac  macilentum,promi88abarba,  paturam  disquirens.         *  Anst.  I.  1,  fai 

librum  super  f^enibus  habentem.        ^  De  Qen.   Jumenti  et  servl  tui    obseqnium 

furore,  maniA,    melancholia    scribo,   ut  rit^de  postulafl,  et  tu    nullum   prsBstai 

sciam  quo  pacto  in  hominibus  gignatur,  aliis,  nee  ipai  Deo.         *  Oxores  ducunt, 

flat,  crescat,  cumuletur,  mlnuatur;  haec  mox  foras  tgiciunt. 


Hemoeritus  to  the  Reader, 

\A  afler  awhile  to  forsake  and  hate  them ;  beget* 
Ig  children,  with  much  care  and  cost  for  their  education, 
yet  when  they  grow  to  man's  ealate,  '  to  despise,  neglect,  and 
leave  them  naked  to  the  world's  mercy.  '  Do  not  these  be- 
haviours express  their  intolerable  folly  ?  When  men  live  in 
peace,  they  covet  war,  detesting  quietness,  'deposing  kings, 
and  advancing  otliera  in  their  stead,  murdering  some  men  to 
beget  children  of  their  wives.  How  many  strange  huinoura 
are  in  men  1  "When  they  are  poor  and  needy,  they  seek 
riches,  and  when  they  have  them,  they  do  not  enjoy  them, 
but  hide  them  under  ground,  or  else  wostefully  spend  them. 
O  wise  Hippocrales,  1  laugh  at  such  things  being  done,  but 
touch  more  when  no  good  comes  of  them,  and  when  they  are 
done  to  so  ill  purpose.  There  is  no  truth  or  justice  found 
amongst  them,  for  they  daily  plead  one  against  another,  *  the 
son  against  the  father  and  the  molher,  brother  against 
brother,  kindred  and  friends  of  the  same  quality ;  and  all 
thia  for  riches,  whereof  after  death  they  cannot  be  possessors! 
And  yet,  notwithstanding,  they  will  defame  and  kill  one 
another,  commit  all  unlawful  actions,  contemning  God  and 
men,  friends  and  country.  They  make  great  account  of 
many  senseless  things,  esteeming  them  as  a  great  part  of 
their  treasure,  statues,  pictures,  and  such  like  movables,  dear 
bought,  and  so  cunningly  wrought,  as  nothing  but  speech 
wanteth  in  them,  *  and  yet  they  hate  living  persons  speuking 
to  them."  Others  affect  difficult  things;  if  they  dwell  on 
firm  land  they  will  remove  to  an  island,  and  thenee  to  land 
again,  being  no  way  constant  to  their  desires.  They  com- 
mend courage  and  strength  in  wars,  and  let  themselves  be 
conquered  by  lust  and  avarice ;  they  are,  in  brief,  as  dis- 
«dered  in  their  minds,  as  Thersites  was  in  bis  boily.  And 
now,  methinks,  O  most  worthy  Hippocrates,  you  should  not 
reprehend  my  laughing,  perceiving  so  many  fooleries  in  men  j 


68  Democritui  to  the  Rtadtr* 

^  for  no  man  will  mock  his  own  follj,  but  that  which  he  seetfa 
in  a  second,  and  so  thej  justly  mock  one  another.  The 
drunkard  calls  him  a  glutton  whom  he  knows  to  be  sober. 
Manj  men  love  the  sea,  others  husbandry ;  briefly,  they  can- 
not agree  in  their  own  trades  and  professions,  much  less  in 
their  lives  and  actions. 

When  Hippocrates  heard  these  words  so  readily  uttered, 
without  premeditation,  to  declare  the  world's  vanity,  full  of 
ridiculous  contrariety,  he  made  answer,  that  necessity  com- 
pelled men  to  many  such  actions,  and  divers  wills  ensuing 
from  divine  permission,  that  we  might  not  be  idle,  being  noth- 
ing is  so  odious  to  them  as  sloth  and  negligence.  Besidesi 
men  cannot  foresee  future  events,  in  this  uncertainty  of 
human  affairs ;  they  would  not  so  marry,  if  they  could  fore- 
tell the  causes  of  their  dislike  and  separation ;  or  parents,  if 
they  knew  the  hour  of  their  children's  death,  so  tenderly 
provide  for  them ;  or  an  husbandman  sow,  if  he  thought  there 
would  be  no  increase ;  or  a  merchant  adventure  to  sea,  if  he 
foresaw  shipwreck ;  or  be  a  magistrate,  if  presently  to  be 
deposed.  Alas,  worthy  Democritus,  every  man  hopes  the 
best,  and  to  that  end  he  doth  it,  and  therefore  no  such  cause, 
or  ridiculous  occasion  of  laughter. 

Democritus  hearing  this  poor  excuse,  laughed  again  aloud, 
perceiving  he  wholly  mistook  him,  and  did  not  well  under- 
stand what  he  had  said  concerning  perturbations  and  tran- 
quillity of  the  mind.  Insomuch,  that  if  men  would  govern 
their  actions  by  discretion  and  providence,  they  would  not 
declare  themselves  fools  as  now  they  do,  and  he  should  have 
no  cause  of  laughter ;  but  (quoth  he)  they  swell  in  this  life 
as  if  they  were  immortal,  and  demigods,  for  want  of  under- 
standing. It  were  enough  to  make  them  wise,  if  they  would 
but  consider  the  mutability  of  this  world,  and  how  it  wheels 
about,  nothing  being  firm  and  sure.  He  that  is  now  aboye^ 
to-moiTow  is  beneath ;  he  that  sate  on  this  side  to-day,  to-mor- 
row is  hurled  on  the  other ;  and  not  considering  these  mat- 

1  Bvarn  itnltltiam  penpicit  nemO|  sed  alter  alteram  deridet. 


ters,  they  fell  Into  many  inconveniences  and  troubles,  covet- 
ing things  of  no  profit,  and  thirsting  after  them,  tumbling 
headlong  inlo  many  calamiiiea.  So  that  if  men  would  attempt 
DO  more  than  what  they  can  bear,  they  should  lead  contented 
lives,  and  learning  to  know  ihcmBelve^,  would  limit  their 
ambiiion,  '  they  would  percuive  then  that  nature  hath  enough 
without  seeking  such  superfluities,  and  unprofitable  things, 
which  bring  nothing  with  them  but  grief  and  molestation. 
As  a  fat  body  is  more  subject  to  diseosea,  so  ate  rich  men  to 
absurdities  and  fooleries,  to  many  casualties  and  cross  incon- 
veniences. There  are  many  that  take  no  heed  what  hap- 
peneth  to  others  by  bad  conversation,  and  therefore  over- 
throw themselves  in  the  same  manner  through  their  own 
fault,  not  foreseeing  dangers  manifest  These  are  things  (0 
more  than  mad,  quoth  he,)  that  give  me  matter  of  laughter, 
by  suffering  the  pains  of  your  impieties,  as  your  avarice, 
envy,  malice,  enormous  vilhmies,  mutinies,  unsatiable  desires, 
conspiracies,  and  other  incurable  vices;  besidea  your  ^dis- 
simnlation  and  hypocrisy,  bearing  dcjfcdly  hatred  one  lo  tha 
other,  and  yet  shadowing  it  with  a  good  face,  flying  out  into 
all  filthy  lusts,  and  Iram-gressions  of  all  laws,  both  of  nature 
and  civility.  Many  things  which  they  have  left  off,  after  a 
wltile  they  fall  lo  again,  husbandry,  navigation  ;  and  leave 
again,  fickle  and  inconstant  as  Ihey  are.  When  they  are 
young,  they  would  be  old ;  and  old,  young.  '  Princes  com- 
mend a  private  life  ;  private  men  itch  after  houour;  a  magis- 
trate commends  a  quiet  life  ;  a  quiet  man  would  be  in  his 
oflice,  and  obeyed  as  he  i^  ;  and  what  is  the  cause  of  all  this, 
but  that  ihey  know  not  themselves  ?  Some  dcliglit  to  de- 
slroy,  *  one  to  build,  another  to  spoil  one  country  to  enrich 
another  and  himself.     '  In   all  these   tilings  they  are  like 

>  Dnnlnufl  idC  flnli  quBFenill.  cnmqus  demerit.  Kn  urn  Dli)iiwri(.  iUl  FDdUntiu 
luhtnji  pluji.  pnnperiein  metuu  minus,  YivBt.  ke.  Bor.  *  J>lTiiit,  mliaut, 
rt  flnire  lAboppm  iadplu,  pftrda  quol    rauC&t    (loadrflJa    rDtiinil]«,      Tntjtnqi 


i^ 


70 


Demoeritta  to  ike  Jieader. 


cliildren,  in  whom  is  do  judgineot  or  counsel,  and  reseinltltT 
beast?,  saving  that  beanls  are  better  tbao  thej,  as  being  a 
tented  with  nature.  '  Wben  shall  you  see  a  lion  liiile  gold 
in  the  ground,  or  a  bull  contend  for  better  pflature?  Wbea 
a  boar  is  thirsty,  he  driuks  what  will  serve  him,  and  no 
more  ;  and  when  hie  b«Ily  ia  full,  c«aselh  to  eat ;  but  men; 
are  immoderate  in  both,  as  in  lust — they  covet  carnal  copula* 
tion  at  set  tiuics ;  men  always,  ruinating  thereby  the  health 
of  their  bodies.  And  doth  it  not  deserve  laughter  to  see  an 
amorous  fool  torment  himself  for  a  wench ;  weep,  bowl  for  A 
misshapen  slut,  a  dowdy  sometimes,  that  might  have  h^ 
choice  of  the  finest  beauties  F  Is  there  any  remedy  for  lUfe 
in  physic?  I  do  anatomize  and  cut  up  these  poor  beasts^ 
*to  see  these  distempers,  vanities,  and  follies,  yet  such  proirf| 
were  better  made  on  man's  body,  if  my  kind  nature  v 
endure  it ;  '  who  from  the  hour  of  his  birth  is  most  miserably 
weak,  and  siekly ;  when  be  sucks,  be  is  guided  hy  othen 
when  he  is  grown  great,  practiselh  unhappiness  'and  i 
sturdy,  and  when  old,  a  child  again,  and  repenteth  him  of  hi 
life  pasL  And  here  being  interrupted  by  one  that  broug^ 
books,  he  fell  to  it  again,  that  all  were  mad,  careless,  Blupict/ 
To  prove  my  foi-mer  speeches,  look  into  courts,  or  privat»< 
bouses.  *  Judges  give  judgment  according  to  their  own  ad^. 
Tanlnge,  doing  manifest  wrong  to  poor  innocents  to  plea 
others.  Notaries  alter  sentences,  and  for  money  lose  thet 
deeds.  Some  make  fahe  moneys ;  others  counterfeit  fals 
weights.  Some  abuse  their  parents,  yea,  corrupt  Iheir  om 
Bisters ;  others  make  long  libels  and  pasquils,  defaming  mota 
of  good  life,  and  extot  such  as  are  lewd  and  vicious,  Somi 
rob  one,  some  another ;  *  magistrates  make  laws  against^ 
thieves,  and  are  the  veriest  tliieves  themselves.  Some  kill 
themselves,  others  despair,  not  obtaining  their  desires.    Some 

ildemPlut.         ■  trMmiitiiiB  awKiu    Qui    »lpt    (irlmlm    Jndlutiinu.    fta. 


ig,  laugh,  fea^l,  and  banquet,  whilst  otliers  sigh, 
^iib,  mourn,  and  lament,  having  neither  meat,  drink,  nor 
clothes.  ^Some  prank  up  Clieir  bodies,  and  have  their  minda 
fill!  of  execrable  vices.  Some  trot  about  '  to  bear  false 
witness,  and  say  anything  for  money ;  and  though  judges 
know  of  it,  yet  for  a  bribe  they  wink  at  it.  and  suffer  false 
contracts  to  prevail  against  equity.  Women  are  all  day 
a  dressing,  to  pleasure  other  men  abroad,  and  go  like  ?luli  at 
home,  not  caring  to  please  their  own  husbands  whom  they 
should.  Seeing  meu  are  so  fickle,  so  sottish,  so  intemperate, 
why  should  not  1  laugh  at  those  to  whom  *  folly  aeema  wis- 
dom, will  not  be  cured,  and  perceive  it  not  ? 

It  grew  late  i  Hippocrates  left  him  ;  and  no  sooner  was  lie 

come  away,  but  all  the  citizens  came  about  docking,  to  know 

how  he  hbed  him.     He  lo!d  them  in  brief,  that  notwilhsland- 

iiig  those  small  neglects  of  his  attire,  body,  diet,  '  tlie  world 

had  not  a  wiser,  a  more  learned,  a  more  honest  man,  and 

^^ttiey  were  much  deceived  to  say  that  he  was  mad. 

^^^^faus  Democritus  esteemed  of  the  world  in  his  time,  and 

^^^b  was  the  cause  of  his  laughter;    and  good   cause  he 

^^bob  an 


Deidooritus  did  woll  tt 

Good  CHUM  he  had,  I 

This  life  of  ann  is  mo 


lugh  of  oW, 


I  much  cause  of  laughter  as  now, 
sols  and  madmen.  'Tis  not  one  '  Democritus 
to  lauph  in  these  days  ;  we  have  now  need  of  a  "  Democritus 
lo  laugli  at  Democritus  ; "  one  jester  to  ilout  at  another,  one 
&cl  to  flare  at  another ;  a.  great  stentorian  Democritus,  as  big 


.  MawbI.  'Hon 


prorn-    sapieDtlMln]  i: 


>nii 


72  Democrihti  to  the  Reader. 

as  that  Rhodian  Colossus.  For  now,  as  ^  Salisbariensis  said  in 
his  time,  iohu  mundtu  hutrionem  agitj  the  whole  world  plays 
the  fool ;  we  have  a  new  theatre,  a  new  scene,  a  new  oomedjr 
of  errors,  a  new  company  of  personate  actors,  vchipuB  8(xcra 
(as  Calcagninns  ¥rillingl7  feigns  in  hb  Apologues)  are  cele- 
brated all  the  world  over,  *where  all  the  actors  were  madmen 
jnd  fools,  and  every  hour  changed  habits,  or  took  that  which 
'dinie  next.  He  that  was  a  mariner  to-day,  is  an  apothecary 
to-morrow ;  a  smith  one  while,  a  philosopher  another,  in  hii 
volupim  ludis ;  a  king  now  with  his  crown,  robes,  sceptre, 
attendants,  by  and  by  drove  a  loaded  ass  before  him  like  a 
carter,  &c.  If  Democritus  were  alive  now,  he  should  see 
strange  alterations,  a  new  company  of  counterfeit  vizards, 
whifflers,  Cumane  asses,  maskers,  mummers,  painted  puppets, 
outsides,  fantastic  shadows,  gulls,  monsters,  giddy-heads,  but- 
terflies. And  so  many  of  them  are  indeed  (^  if  all  be  true 
that  I  have  read).  For  when  Jupiter  and  Juno's  wedding 
was  solemnized  of  old,  the  gods  were  all  invited  to  the  feast^ 
and  many  noble  men  besides :  Amongst  the  rest  came  Chrys- 
alus,  a  Persian  prince,  bravely  attended,  rich  in  golden  at- 
tires, in  gay  robes,  with  a  majestical  presence,  but  otherwise 
an  ass.  The  gods  seeing  him  come  in  such  pomp  and  state, 
rose  up  to  give  him  place,  ex  hahitu  hominem  metienies  ;  *  but 
Jupiter  perceiving  what  he  was,  a  light,  fantastic,  idle  fellow, 
turned  him  and  his  proud  followers  into  butterflies ;  and  so 
they  continue  still  (for  aught  I  know  to  the  contrary)  roving 
about  in  pied  coats,  and  are  called  chrysalides  by  the  wiser 
sort  of  men ;  that  is,  golden  outsides,  drones,  flies,  and  things 
of  no  worth.     Multitudes  of  such,  && 

"  nbique  inyenies 
Stultos  avaros,  sycophantas  prodigos."  t 

1  Polyerat.  lib.  8,  cap.  8,  e  Petron.  spicung,  levis  alioquin  et  nulHus  coiudlH. 
*  XJbl  omnes  delirabantf  omnes  ioRani,  &c.,  magno  fkstu  in^n^dienti  asfargiint 
fto., hodie  nanta.  eras  philosophus ;  hodie  dii,  &c.  >  Sed  hominis  leyitatein  Jnpi- 
ikber,  eras  pharmacopola;  hie  modo  re-  ter  penpiciens,  at  tu  (inquit)  esto  bom- 
gem  agebat  multo  satellitio,  tiara,  et  bilio,  &c.,  protinusq.  Testis  ilia  manicata 
■ceptro  ornatus,  nunc  yili  amictus  cen-  in  auia  versa  est,  et  mortales  inde  Chiy* 
tionlo,  aslnum  oUtellariam  impellit.  salides  vocant  hiyusinodi  homines. 
i  Calcagnians  Apol.  Grysalus  h  cseteris  t  You  will  meet  covetous  fools  and  prodi- 
Muo  divM,  manicato  popio  et  Uara  con-  gal  sjcophants  everywhere. 


Many  additions,  much  increase  of  madness,  folly,  vanity, 
should  Democritus  observe,  were  he  now  to  travel,  or  could 
gel  leave  of  Pluto  to  come  and  aee  fashions,  as  Charon  did 
in  Lucian  to  visit  our  cities  of  Morooia  Fia,  and  Moronia 
Foolix ;  sure  I  think  he  would  break  the  rim  of  his  beliy 
with    laughing.     ^Si  forei  in    lerris    rideret    Democritut, 

A  satirical  Boman  in  his  time,  thought  all  vice,  folly,  and 
madness  were  all  at  full  sea,  'Omne  in  pritcipiii  vilium  iletiL 

"  Josephus  the  historian  iaxeth  his  countrymen  Jews  for 
bragging  of  iheir  vices,  publishing  their  follies,  and  that  ihey 
did  contend  amongst  themselves  who  should  be  most  notori- 
ous in  viilanies  ;  but  we  flow  higher  in  madness,  far  beyond 


Hud 


the  latter  end  (you  know  whose  oraele  it  is)  is  like  to  ba 
worse.  Tis  not  to  be  denied,  the  world  alters  every  day, 
Saunt  urbe&,  regna  IraoMferantur,  SfC,  varianlur  habitus,  legeg 
inaovanttif,  aa  *  Petrarch  observes,  we  change  language,  hab- 
its, laws,  customs,  manners,  but  not  vices,  not  diseases,  not 
the  symptoms  of  folly  and  madness,  they  are  siill  the  same. 
And  OS  a  river,  we  see,  keeps  the  lilie  name  and  place,  but 
not  waler,  and  yet  ever  runs,  f  Labitur  et  labetur  in  omne 
wlabilis  tsBUm ;  our  times  and  persons  alter,  vices  are  the 
same,  and  ever  will  be ;  look  how  nightingales  sang  of  old, 
cocks  crowed,  kine  lowed,  sheep  bleated,  sparrows  chirpied, 
dogs  barked,  so  they  do  still ;  we  keep  our  madness  still,  p1ny 
the  fools  still,  nee  dum  finitus  Orestes ;  we  are  of  the  same 
homours  and  inclinations  as  our  predecessors  were ;  you  shall 
find  ua  all  alike,  much  at  one,  we  and  our  sons,  et  noli  nolo- 
ntm,  et  qui  nasciiMur  ah  iUis.  And  so  shall  our  posterity 
continue  to  the  last.     But  to  speak  of  times  present. 


Ti 


Demoerifat  to  the  Reader. 


If  Deniocritua  were  alive  now,  and  should  but  see  the 
perstition  of  our  age,  our  '  religioua  iimdness,  as  '  Meteran 
calls  it,  Religioiam  ijuaniam,  so  many  pi'ofei^gcd  Christians^ 
yet  BO  few  imitators  of  Christ ;  so  much  lalk  of  religion,  so 
much  science,  so  little  conscience;  so  much  knowledge,  so 
many  preachers,  so  little  practice  ;  such  variety  of  sects,  such 

have  and  hold  of  all  sides,* ohvia  siffnii  Siffna,  &c,  such 

absurd  and  ridiculous  traditions  and  ceremonies:  If  he  should 
meet  a  '  Capuchin,  a  Franciacan,  a  Pharisaical  Jesuit,  a  m 
serpent,  a  shave-crowned  Monk  in  Ills  robes,  a  begging  Friai^ 
or  see  their  three-crowned  Sovereign  Lord  the  Pope,  poor 
Peter's  successor,  tervut  servorum  Dei,  to  depose  kings  v 
his  foot,  to  tread  on  emperors'  necks,  make  them  stand  bare-' 
foot  and  hare-legged  at  his  gales,  hold  his  bridle  and  stirrup, 
&c.  (0  that  Peter  and  Paul  were  alive  to  see  this !)  If  ha 
should  observe  a  *  Prince  creep  so  devoutly  to  kiss  his  to«^ 
and  those  Red-cap  Cardinals,  poor  parish  priests  of  old,  now 
Princes'  companions ;  what  would  he  say  ?  Cceluin  ipsuM 
pelitur  stultitia.  Had  he  met  some  of  our  devout  pilgrims 
going  barefoot  to  Jerusalem,  our  Lady  of  Lauretlo,  Rome,  8. 
lago,  S.  Thomas's  Shrine,  to  creep  to  those  counterfeit  and 
maggoi-eaten  relics ;  had  he  been  present  at  a  mass,  i 
seen  such  kissing  of  Paxes,  cruciRxes,  cringes,  duckings,  theii 
several  attires  and  ceremonies,  pictures  of  saints,  '  indal*' 
genees,  pardons,  vigils,  fasting,   feasts,   crossing,   knocking, 

kneeling  at  Ave-Marias,  belb,  with  many  such ; -Jucunda 

rudi  speclacula  plehU,  "praying  in  gibberish,  and  mumbling' 
of  beads.     Had  he  heard  an  old  woman  say  her  prayers  i 
Ladn,  their  sprinkling  of  holy-water,  and  going  a  procef^'* 


than 

1^ 


Demoeritut  to  the  Rtader,  75 

'"iDceduDt  monncbonini  a^^ina  millc; 
menidrem  vexilln,  crucea,  idnlBqae  citJta,  &c." 

Tlieir  breviaries,  hull?,  hallowed  beans,  exorcisms,  pipturea, 
curious  crosses,  tables,  and  baubles.  Had  he  read  tlie  Golden 
Jjegend,  the  Turks'  Alcoran,  or  Jews'  Talmud,  tbe  Eabbina' 
Comments,  what  would  he  have  thought  ?  How  dost  ihoo 
think  he  might  hitve  been  affected  ?  Had  he  more  particu- 
larlj  examined  a  Jesuit's  life  amongst  the  rest,  he  should 
have  seen  an  hypocrite  profess  poverty,  '  and  yet  possess 
more  goods  and  lands  than  many  princes,  to  have  infinite 
treasures  and  revenues ;  teach  others  to  fast,  and  play  the 
gluttons  themselves  ;  like  the  watermen  that  row  one  way 
and  look  another.  *  Vow  virginity,  talk  of  hoiinesp,  and  yet 
notorious  bawd,  and  famous  fornicator,  lascivum  pecut, 
■very  goat.  Monks  by  profession,  ■  such  as  give  over  the 
■Id  and  the  vanities  of  it,  and  yet  a  Mackiavelian  rout 
iterested  in  all  manner  of  state ;  holy  men,  peacemakers, 
yet  composed  of  envy,  lust,  ambition,  hatred,  and  mftlice  ; 
firebrands,  adalta  patria  peilis,  traitors,  asaassinals,  hdc  itur 
ad  aitra,  and  this  is  to  eupererogEite,  and  merit  heaven  for 
themselves  and  others.  Had  he  seen  on  the  advei-se  side, 
some  of  our  nice  and  curious  schismatics  in  another  extreme, 
abhor  all  ceremonies,  and  rather  lose  their  lives  and  livings, 
than  do  or  admit  anything  Papists  have  formerly  used, 
Lgs  indifferent,  (they  alone  are  llie  true  Church, 
terne  oum  sint  omnium  tnsutsissimi).  Formalists,  out  of 
and  base  flattery,  like  so  many  weathercocks  turn 
roand,  a  rout  of  temporizers,  ready  to  embrace  and  maintain 
all  that  is  or  shall  be  proposed  in  hope  of  preferment ; 
another  Epicurean  company,  lying  at  lurch  like  so  many 
Tulture?,  watching  for  a  prey  of  Church  goods,  and  ready  to 
rise  by  the  downfall  of  any;  as  'Lucian  said  in  like  cose, 

IpumiTB,  ncciqlalysninb  dbi  30  ■Pnorum    »11  msn.        l  BonisnlMd!  finm  BOltbmt 

Arnold.         '  Elquum  lnWnilu  Je  virtulo    BuJlHi.         '  QillJ  libl  viili'lur  Diclllriu 

toBllmborenoctlirno.Agrjppl.  5  1    Bl  I 

Bm,  ill.  13.    But  Oai  tbaH  pnnU  on 


8. 

An-.' 


76  De/nocritus  to  t/ie  Reader, 

w'-i:  ilo-t  thou  think  Democritus  would  liave  dt-ne,  had  he 
>.-.:;  •jM.rtator  of  these  things  ? 

0.'  iial  he  but  oh.-erved  tlie  common  people  fijllow  like  so 
s^ir.'/  *:ie«'p  one  of  their  fellows  drawn  by  the  burns  over 
iiT  r.»:».  >ome  for  zeal,  some  for  fear,  quo  se  cunfjue  rapit 
'vr.-yfS,  to  credit  all,  examine  noilnn«r,  and  yet  readv  to 
'^K  Vr.re  they  will  abjure  any  of  tliose  ceremonies  to  which 

•  -.^T  Live  been  accustomed  ?  others  out  of  hvnoeri-v  ivf- 
;...-:  i#;rnion3,  knock  their  bn'asts,  turn  up  thr-ir  fv*.-^,  p^r- 
•.rf!'!  z-.^i^*  desire  reformation,  and  yet  prof<.'-s<'d  u-ur»rrs 
r- >..-?.  mon-ters  of  men,  harpies,  devils  in  tlieir  lives,  to 
ii:i-^-?  nothing  Ie>s. 

'.Vli!  WMuld  he  have  said  to  see,  hear,  and  read  so  mar.j 
J,,  ««iv  .  .t::Ies  so  many  thoU'i:invN  slain  at  once,  such  streams 
II  .••.«.'".  uL'le  to  turn  mills;  unius  ob  mwam  furiasfjue,  or  to 
xij^t  r'vrt  Ibr  pnnces,  wilhiuit  any  just  eauso,  *"  fur  vain 
.  ^  .^'-.a  Austin),  pnTcdcncy,  some  wench,  or  such  like 
i,v.  :r  out  of  doire  of  d«»mineerin,«i:,  vaiiin:lory,  mab'ce, 
^v..::r%  •'-''b''  m«»^l'"*'''*'»"  (ir^HHlly  cau<es   all,  oh  fjiws  uni- 

'  .^'s  leilis  et  acMiis  misrcafur,)   whilst  statesm'^-n 

^-m^T"*  in  the   nn'au   time   are   secure  at   home   f»ara- 

I  y-.:2  all  deligiits  and  plea^ui*es,  take  their  ease,  anl 

"  -  -^•"-  lu-sts.  not  consiihTing  what    intolerable  miserv 

'  ^.[."f^  enduns  thiM'r  ollen  wounds,  hun^r(fr,  thirst,  d:c., 

amttr-able  cuh'H,  torments  calamines,  and  oppressions 

*  it--'ompanj  m-h   pitJcetMlin-rs  llu'y  f«'(d   not,   take  no 

ir'  it.    So  wars  ait*  iM'gun,  by  the  jx-rsuasion  of  a  few 
^^^l  hair-bmin.  |HH»r,  dissc»lul«s  hun^rry  cfiptains,  pai^ 


.^j^  unquiet  Hotspurs,  n'sth'ss  innovators,  gn 

^ff  one  iniur.H  private  spleen,  lust,  ambidoi^ 
to;  tofei  rapiuiU  $ve/fntfu  in  prcdia  eautr     ™- 
^  iiwper  men,  well  pn»|H)rtioned,  OM«Ad!||f 
JuiVn      ^T^!Z  body  nnd  mind,  Hound,  led 

HMa  aiui.  ,^^k*JjJp5JJg|j  fil  •   IwlliMi  nun  vot 


Democrilui  to  lie  Etader. 


77 


and  fiill  strength,  wilhont  all  remoree  and  pity,  sacrificed  to 
PlQto,  killed  up  as  so  many  sheep,  for  devili"  food,  <0,000  M 
once.  At  once,  said  I,  ibal  were  tolerable,  Imt  these  w»n 
last  always,  and  for  many  age^ ;  nothing  M>  ffunOiar  u  this 
hacking  and  hewing,  massacres,  murders,  dewlaUooi — tgiialo 
etnlum  clanpore  renmgit,  they  care  iwt  what  mischkf  they 
procure,  so  that  ihey  may  enrich  themselves  for  the  present  i 
they  will  so  long  blow  the  coals  of  contention,  till  all  the 
world  be  consumed  with  fire.  The  '  siege  of  Troy  huted 
ten  year?,  eight  monlhs,  there  died  870,000  Greduu, 
670,000  Trojans,  at  the  taking  of  the  city,  aod  after  vera 
BlaJn.  276,000  men,  women,  and  children  of  aU  xma. 
Ctesar  killed  a  million,  *  Mahomet  the  second  Turk,  300,000 
persons ;  Sicinius  Deniatuj  fought  in  a  hundred  battles, 
eight  times  in  single  combftt  he  overcame,  had  forty  wounds 
before,  was  rewarded  with  140  crowns,  triumphed  nine 
times  for  his  good  service.  M.  Sergius  had  32  wotmds; 
Scteva,  the  Centurion,  I  know  not  how  many ;  every  nation 
had  their  Hectors,  Scipioa,  Ciesara,  and  Aleiandere  I  Onr 
'Edward  the  Fourth  was  in  26  battles  afoot;  and  as  they 
do  all,  he  glories  in  it,  'tis  related  to  his  honour.  At  the 
riege  of  Uierusalem,  1,100,000  died  with  sword  and  famine. 
At  Ihe  battle  of  Cannes,  70,000  men  were  slain,  as  •  Polyb- 
ios  records,  and  as  many  at  Battle  Abbey  with  as;  and 
'tis  no  news  to  fight  from  sun  to  ann,  as  they  did,  aa  Con- 
ine and  Licinius,  &c  At  the  siege  of  Ostend  (the 
'a  academy)  a  poor  town  in  respect,  a  small  fort,  but  a 
ra»e,  1-20,000  men  lost  their  Lves,  besides  whole 
I,  and  hospilalfl  fiAj^^sted  soldiers ;  ihere 
,  fire-works,  mdjj^BbW  the  devil  could 
piischief  with  2|^||^HL<,btiUets  shot  of  40 
"  H^^^^fcyld  t«nsomed. 

tf;  amazed  U 
irbo  irilbcnt 


78  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

any  likelihood  of  good  success,  hazard  poor  soldiers,  and  lead 
them  without  pity  to  the  slaughter,  which  may  justly  he 
called  the  rage  of  furious  heasts,  that  run  without  reason 
upon  their  own  deaths ; "  ♦  quie  nudus  genitUy  qtus  faria^ 
qu<B  pestis,  ^c. ;  what  plague,  what  fury  brought  so  devilish, 
so  brutish  a  thing  as  war  first  into  men's  minds?  Who 
made  so  soil  and  peaceable  a  creature,  born  to  love,  mercy, 
meekness,  so  to  rave,  rage  like  beasts,  and  run  on  to  their 
own  destruction  ?  how  may  nature  expostulate  with  mankind, 
Ego  te  divinum  animal  finxi^  S^c.  f  I  made  thee  an  harm- 
less, quiet,  a  divine  creature ;  how  may  Grod  expostulate,  and 
all  good  men  ?  yet,  horum  facta  (as  f  one  condoles)  tonfton 
ojdmirantuTy  et  heroum  numero  haherU :  these  are  the  brave 
spirits,  the  gallants  of  the  world,  these  admired  alone,  tri- 
umph alone,  have  statues,  crowns,  pyramids,  obelisks  to  their 
eternal  fame,  that  immortal  genius  attends  on  them,  hde 
itur  ad  astra.  When  Rhodes  was  besieged,  ^ fossa  urhu 
cadaverihus  repleta  sunt,  the  ditches  were  full  of  dead  car- 
casses ;  and  as  when  the  said  Solyman,  great  Turk,  belea- 
guered Vienna,  they  lay  level  with  the  top  of  the  walls. 
This  they  make  a  sport  of,  and  will  do  it  to  their  friends  and 
confederates,  against  oaths,  vows,  promises,  by  treachery  or 

otherwise ;   ^ dolus  an  virtus  f  quis  in  hoste  requirai  f 

leagues  and  laws  of  arms,  (*  silent  leges  inter  armd),  for  their 
advantage,  omnia  jura,  divina,  hwnana,  proculvata  plerum" 
qu£  sunt;  God's  and  men's  laws  are  trampled  under  foot,  the 
sword  alone  determines  all ;  to  satisfy  their  lust  and  spleen, 
they  care  not  what  they  attempt,  say,  or  do,  *  Hara  fides, 
prohitasque  viris  qui  castra  seqtmntur.  Nothing  so  com- 
mon as  to  have  *"  father  fight  against  the  son,  brother 
against  brother,  kinsman  against  kinsman,  kingdom  against 
kingdom,  province  against  province,  Christians  against  Chris- 

*  Erasmns  de  bello.    Ut  placidum  illud  >  Tallj.       4  Lncan.       B  Pater  in  fiUum, 

animal  benevolentisB  natum  tarn  ferina  af&nis  in  afRnem,  amletu  in  amicam,  fro. 

TecordiSL  ia  mutuam  rueret  pemiciem.  Regio  cum  regione,  regnum  regno  colUdl- 

t  Rich.  Bin^th.  praefet.    Belli  ciyilis  Gal.  tur.     Populus  populo  in  mutuam  per- 

1  JoTius.        s  Dolus,  asperitas,  in  Jus-  niciem,  belluarum  iustar  sanguinoleatt 

titla  propria  bellorum  negotia.    Tertul.  ruMitiam. 


tiaDS ; "  a  quihus  nee  ungnani  cogiiaixone  fuenmt  Iteai,  of 
whom  ihey  uever  had  ofience  in  tliouglit,  word  or  deed. 
Infinite  treaaurea  consumed,  towaa  burned,  flouristiing  ciLiea 
Backed  and  ruinated,  quodgue  animvg  meminisse  horrel, 
goodlj  countries  depopulated  and  lefi  desolate,  old  inhabitants 
expelled,  trade  and  traffic  decayed,  maJJa  deflowered,  FiV- 
giiles  noitdum  ihalamig  jngatm,  eC  comii  nondam  ponllt 
ephasbi ;  cliaste  matrona  cry  out  with  Andromache,  *  Con^ 
ettbilum  max  cogar  pati  ejus,  qui  inteTemit  Htctorem,  they 
shall  bo  compelled  perodventure  to  lie  with  iheiu  tliat  orst 
killed  their  husbands ;  to  see  rich,  poor,  sick,  sound,  lords, 
servant^  eodem  omn^i  incommodo  macti,  consumed  aU  or 
maimed,  &c.  El  quiequid  gaitdens  icelere  animus  audet,  et 
perversa  mejis,  saith  Cyprian,  and  whatsoever  torment, 
misery,  mischief,  hell  itself,  the  devil,  '  fury  and  rage  can 
invent  to  their  own  ruin  and  destruction ;  so  abominable  a 
thing  is  ^  war,  as  Gurbelius  concludes,  adeo  fada  et  abom- 
inandu  res  est  helium,  ex  quo  hominam  etedes,  vasUtlione),  S[c., 
the  scourge  of  Glod,  cause,  effect,  fruit  and  punishment  of  sin, 
and  not  tomura  humani  generis,  as  TertuUJun  colls  it,  but 
rmna.     Had  Democritus  been  present  at  the  late  civil  wars 

in  Fi'ance,  those  abomiouble  wars beliaque  malribas  deles- 

lala, '  "  where,  in  less  than  ten  years,  ten  thousand  men  were 
consumed,  saith  Collignius,  twenty  thousand  churches  over- 
thrown ;  nay,  the  whole  kingdom  subverted  (as  *  Richard 
Dinolh  adds).  So  many  myriads  of  the  commons  were 
hulchered  up,  with  sword,  famine,  war,  lanto  odio  utritiqae 
vl  barbari  ad  ahhorrendum  lanienain  obslupeseerent,  with 
such  feral  hatred,  the  world  wils  amazed  at  it ;  or  at  our  late 
Pbarsalian  fields  in  the  time  of  Henry  the  Sixtli,  betwixt  the 
bouses  of  Lanca.4ter  and  York,  a  hundred  thonsand  men 
slain,  tone  Writes;  'another,  ten  thousand  families  were 
•IJbiudId«lii<n.      UnndmetfUnr    tls«cl».       4Be1U  cMIIfi  Gsl.  1. 1,  bos 

MMrioM aunt.  'Bellum'qaaMbiillua  tt  raKamn  anipliMlinuin  4  rundnmeiiUi 
•t  (4  omnii  iMleni  fiirop  ImmlifflaB.  pooo  BwptMunt,  plotjls  tnl  myrtailM  gl»- 
•Qillorqui  OerlM  rantum  idllKi  uciiln-    din,  luUo.  AkDiP  iDlHnbiUWF  p^rlanint. 


80  Democritus  to  the  Header. 

rooted  out,  ^  That  no  man  can  but  marvel,  saith  Cominens, 
at  that  barbarous  immanitj,  feral  madness,  committed  betwixt 
men  of  the  same  nation,  language,  and  religion."  ^  Quii 
furor,  0  ctves  f  "  Why  do  the  Gentiles  so  furiously  rage," 
saith  the  Prophet  David,  Psal.  iL  1.  But  we  may  ask,  why 
do  the  Christians  so  furiously  rage  ?  *  Arma  volant,  quare 
poscuni,  rapiuntque  juventusf"  Unfit  for  Gentiles,  much 
less  for  us  so  to  tyrannize,  as  the  Spaniard  in  the  West 
Indies,  that  killed  up  in  forty-two  years  (if  we  may  believe 

*  Bartholomaeus  k  Casa,  their  own  bishop)  twelve  millions  of 
men,  with  stupend  and  exquisite  torments  ;  neither  should  I 
lie  (said  he)  if  I  said  fifty  millions.  I  omit  those  French  mas- 
sacres, Sicilian  even-songs,  *the  Duke  of  Alva*s  tyrannies, 
our  gunpowder  machinations,  and  that  fourth  fury,  as  ^  one 
calls  it,  the  Spanish  inquisition,  which  quite  obscures  those 

ten  persecutions,  * scevit  toto  Mars  impius  orbe.     Is  not 

this  ^  mundus  furioeus,  a  mad  world,  as  he  terms  it,  insanum 
helium  ?  are  not  these  mad  men,  as  f  Scaliger  concludes, 
qui  in  prcelio  acerhd  morte,  insanice  sua  memoriam  pro  per» 
petuo  teste  relinquunt  posteritati ;  which  leave  so  frequent 
battles,  as  perpetual  memorials  of  their  madness  to  all  suc- 
ceeding ages?  Would  this,  think  you,  have  enforced  our 
Democritus  to'  laughter,  or  rather  made  him  turn  his  tune, 
aittr  his  tone,  and  weep  with  '  Heraclitus,  or  rather  howl, 

•  rear,  siad  tear  his  hair  in  commiseration,  stand  amazed ;  or 
as  the  poets  feign,  that  Niobe  was  for  grief  quite  stupefied, 
and  turned  to  a  st>ne  ?  I  have  not  yet  said  the  worst,  that 
which  is  more  absurd  and  •  mad,  in  their  tumults,  seditions, 
civil  and  unjust  wars,  ^®  quod  stulte  suscipiiur,  impie  geritur, 
misere  finitur.  Such  wars  I  mean ;  for  all  are  not  to  be 
condemned,  as  those  fantastical  anabaptists  vainly  conceive. 

nnllus  non  ezecretur  et  admiretnr  cm-  "  Impious  war   rages    throughout   fii« 

delitatem,  et  barbaram  insaniam,  quae  whole  world."       *  Jansenius  Qallobelgl- 

inter   homines  eodem  mib  ccelo   natos,  ens  1596.    Maodos  fUHosus,  inscriptio 

ejusdem  linguse,  sanguinia^U^onis.  ex-  libri.        t  Exercitat.  250,    Derm.  4. 

ercebatur.     i  Lucan.      *  Vlrg.     >  Bish-  7  pieat  Heraclitus  an  rideat  Democritofl. 

2»  of  Cuseo,  an  eye-witness.       'Bead  s Curse Ieye8loquuntur,ingent«88tupent. 

eteran  of  his  stupend   cruelties.  *  Arma  amens  caplo,  nee  sat  ntionia  te 

«Henaia8  Aostriaco.         *Virg.  Georg.  armls.        lOBnsmiu 


Jkmoeritia  to  the  Header. 


Out  Christian  tactics  ai-e  all  out  as  necessary 
aciea,  or  Grecian  phalanx ;  lo  be  a  aoltlier  ia 


Koman 

and  honourable  profession  (as  the  world  is),  not  to  bti  spared, 
they  are  our  best  walLs  and  bulwarks,  aad  I  do  therefore 
acknowledge  tliat  of  •  TuUy  to  be  most  true,  "  All  our  eiril 
afiairs,  all  our  studies,  all  our  pleading,  indualiy,  and  cora- 
mendation  lies  under  the  protection  ol'  warUke  virtuoa,  and 
whensoever  lliere  is  any  euspicion  of  tnmuli,  all  our  aria 
cease ; "  wars  are  most  beiioveful,  et  bellalores  agricoUt 
dvitaCi  STint  tUiliores,  as  f  Tyrius  defend.i ;  and  valour  is 
much  to  be  commended  in  a  wise  man  j  but  they  mistake 
mo^t  part,  au/erre,  trucidare,  ropere,  fohit  nominibus  vir- 
tuitm  voeanl,  &c.  ('Twas  Galgacua's  observation  in  Tncitua) 
they  term  theft,  murder  and  rapine,  virtue,  by  a  wrong 
name,  rapes,  slaughters,  massacres,  &c.,  jocus  et  ludus,  are 
pretty  pastimes,  as  Ludoineua  Vivet  notes,  '"They  com- 
monly call  the  most  harebrain  blood-suckers,  strongest 
thieves,  the  most  desperate  villains,  treacherous  rogues, 
inhuman  murderers,  rash,  cruel  and  dissolute  caitifls,  courage 
ous  and  generous  spirits,  heroical  and  worthy  captains, 
'brave  men  at  arms,  valiant  and  renowned  soldiers,  pos- 
eesscl  with  a  bmte  persuasion  of  false  honour,"  as  Pontus 
Huter  in  Lis  Burgundian  history  complains.  By  means  of 
which  it  comes  to  pass  that  doily  so  many  voluntaries  offer 
themselves,  leaving  their  sweet  wives,  children,  friends,  for 
rixpence  (if  ihey  can  get  it)  a  day,  prostitute  their  lives  and 
limbs,  desire  to  enter  upon  breaches,  lie  sentinel,  perdue, 
give  llie  first  onset,  stand  in  the  fore-front  of  the  battle, 
marching  bmvely  on,  with  a  cheerful  noise  of  di'ums  and 
trampets,  such  vigour  and  alacrity,  so  many  banners  stream- 
ing in  the  air,  glittering  armours,  motions  of  plumes,  wooda 
of  pikes,  and  swords,  variety  of  colours,  cost  and  magnifi- 

BCB  vlrlDliE,  eC  fllmul  oX^nv  iDCIvpulC  m^BTltA  placet,  nDH  all&JuTat  nlpl  morto, 
■DHpkSo    CumuUtki    trteH    lUiUD    nostrffi    nee  ullani  euifl  pnLau(  TJUUD,  ^OB  DOS 


82  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

cence,  as  if  they  went  in  triumph,  now  victors  to  the  Q^\\fX^ 
and  with  such  pomp,  as  when  Darius's  armj  marched  to 
meet  Alexander  at  Issus.  Void  of  all  fear  thej  run  into 
imminent  dangers,  cannon's  mouth,  &c.,  ijA  vtUneribus  suU 
ferrum  hostium  hebetent,  saith  ^  Barletius,  to  get  a  name  of 
valour,  honour  and  applause,  which  lasts  not  neither,  for  it  is 
but  a  mere  flash  this  fame,  and  like  a  rose,  intra  diem  unum 
extinffuitur,  'tis  gone  in  an  instant.  Of  15,000  proletaries 
slain  in  a  battle,  scarce  fifteen  are  recorded  in  history,  or  one 
alone,  the  General  perhaps,  and  after  awhile  his  and  their 
names  are  likewise  blotted  out,  the  whole  battle  itself  is  for- 
gotten. Those  Grecian  orators,  summa  vi  ingenii  et  eUh 
quentia,  set  out  the  renowned  overthrows  at  ThereniopyltBy 
SalaniiSf  Marathon,  Miccde,  Mantinea,  Cheroncea,  Platcecu 
The  Romans  record  their  battle  at  Cannas,  and  Pharsalian 
fields,  but  they  do  but  record,  and  we  scarce  hear  of  them. 
And  yet  this  supposed  honour,  popular  applause,  desire  of 
immortality  by  this  means,  pride  and  vainglory  spur  them  on 
many  times  rashly  and  unadvisedly,  to  make  away  them- 
selves and  multitudes  of  others.  Alexander  was  sorry,  be- 
cause there  were  no  more  worlds  for  him  to  conquer,  he  is 
admired  by  some  for  it,  animosa  vox  videtur,  et  regia,  'twas 
spoken  like  a  Prince;  but  as  wise  ^Seneca  censures  him, 
'twas  vox  iniquissima  et  stuUissima,  'twas  spoken  like  a  Bed- 
lam fool ;  and  that  sentence  which  the  same  '  Seneca  ap- 
propriates to  his  father  Philip  and  him,  I  apply  to  them  all, 
I^on  minores  fuere  pestes  mortalium  quam  inundatio,  qudm 
conjlagratio  quibus,  &c.,  they  did  as  much  mischief  to  mortal 
men  as  fire  and  water,  those  merciless  elements  when  they 
rage.  *  Which  is  yet  more  to  be  lamented,  they  persuade 
them  this  hellish  course  of  life  is  holy,  they  promise  heaven 
to  such  as  venture  their  lives  beUo  sacro,  and  that  by  these 

1  Lib.  10,  yit.  Scanperbeg.  *  NulU  eos,  qui  in  proelio  fadfirit  animam.    Dt 

beatiores  habiti,  quJim  qui  in  proeliis  ceci-  Benef.  lib.  2,  c.  1.        ^  Nat.  queest.  Ub.  8. 

dissent.    Brisonius  de  rep.  Persarum.  1.  *  Boterus     Amphitridion.      Busbequiof 

8,  fol.  3, 44.    Idem  Lactantios  de  Romania  Turc.  hist.    Per  caedes  et  sanguinem  pft> 

et  Grsecis.    Idem  Ammiauus,  lib.  23,  de  rare  hominibus  ascensum  in  coelum  pup 

Parthis.    Judicatur  is  solus  beatus  apud  taut,  Lactan.  de  fklsa  relig.  1. 1,  cap.  8> 


Demomtm  to  the  Header.  83 

ars,  as  Persians,  Greeks  and  Eoinans  of  old,  aa 
modern  Turks  do  now  their  common*,  to  eocouruge  tliera  lo 
fight,  iU  cadanl  infelieiler.  "  If  they  die  in  the  fi  Id  th  y 
go  direcilj  to  heaven,  and  ehall  be  canonized  f  an 
(O  diaboliL-ai  invention  !)  put  in  the  Chronicles,  i  p  rp  m 
rex  memoriam,  to  their  eternal  memory ;  when  an  h 
aa  *  some  hold,  it  were  much  better  (since  wa  a  he 
scourge  of  God  for  sin,  by  which  he  punisheth  mama 
peevishness  and  folly)  such  brutish  stories  were  suppresEed, 
because  ad  moram  inititutionem  nihil  hahent,  they  conduce 
not  at  all  to  manners,  or  good  Hfe.  But  they  will  have  it 
thus  nevertheless,  and  so  they  put  note  of  *  "  divinity  upon 
the  most  cruel  and  pernicious  plague  of  human  kind,"  adore 
soch  men  with  grand  titles,  degrees,  statues,  images, 'honour, 
applaud,  and  highly  reward  them  for  tlieir  good  service,  no 
gpcttter  glory  than  to  die  in  the  field.  So  Africanus  is  ex- 
lolled  by  Ennius ;  Mars,  and  *  Hercules,  and  I  know  not 
liow  many  besides  of  old,  were  deified ;  went  this  way  to 
heaveu,  that  were  indeed  bloody  butchers,  wicked  destroyers, 
and  tronblera  of  the  world,  prodigious  monsters,  helt-hounds, 
feral  plagues,  devourers,  conmion  executioners  of  human 
kind,  as  Lactantius  truly  proves,  and  Cyprian  to  Donat,  such 
as  were  desperate  in  wars,  and  precipitately  mads  away 
themselves,  (like  those  Celtes  Id  Damascen,  with  ridiculous 
valour,  ut  dedecoTOium  pularent  muro  ruenii  se  subductre,  a 
disgrace  lo  run  away  for  a  rotten  wall,  now  ready  to  fall  on 
their  heads,)  such  as  will  not  rush  on  a  sword's  point,  or 
eeek  to  shun  a  cannon's  shot,  are  base  cowards,  and  no 
valiant  men.  By  which  means,  Model  orbis  mutuo  sanguine, 
die  earth  wallows  in  her  own  blood,  'Sisait  amor  ferri  et 
lederati  {mania  belli  ;  and  for  that,  which  if  it  be  done  in 
private,  a  man  shall  be  rigorously  executed,  '"and  which  is 

I  Qnonlim  belli  ucrbMinR  Del  flu-    BlndDnt.  >  Bt  quod  dolenduin,  a^ 


84 


Democritut  io  the  Reader. 


no  less  (iiati  muriJer  ilself ;  if  the  same  fact  be  done  in  pub- 
lic wars  it  ia  culled  manhood,  and  the  party  is  honoured  for 

it." ^  Prosperum  etfielix  scelus,  viriiu  voeaCur, 

We  mL-aaure  all  as  Turks  do,  hy  the  event,  and  most  part, 
as  Cyprian  notes,  in  all  ages,  counlriea,  places,  ixvitiie  mag- 
nitudo  impunitatem  scelerii  acipiirit,  the  fouloeaa  of  the  fact 
vindicates  the  offender.  '  One  is  crowned  for  that  for  which 
another  is  tormented:  Jlle  crueem  sceUrit  prelium  ttdit,  Hit 
diadema;  made  a  kniglit,  a  lord,  an  earl,  a  great  duke,  (a* 
■Agrippa  notes)  for  which  another  should  have  hung  in  gil^ 
bets,  as  a  terror  to  the  rest,  ^ 


Si  fboluet  idem,  c 


A  poor  sheep-stealer  is  hanged  for  stealing  of  victuals,  com- 
pelled peraiiventure  hy  neceaaity  of  that  intolerable  cold, 
hunger,  and  thirst,  to  aava  himself  from  starving  [  but  a 
*  great  man  in  office  may  securely  rob  whole  provinces,  undo 
thousands,  pill  and  poll,  oppress  ad  libilam,  flea,  grind,  tyran- 
nize, enrich  liimself  by  spoils  of  the  commons,  be  uncontrol- 
lable in  his  actions,  and  ailer  all,  he  recompensed  with  tur- 
gent  titles,  honoured  for  his  good  service,  and  no  man  dare 
find  fault,  or  '  mutter  at  it. 

How  would  our  Democritua  hare  been  affected  to  see  a 
wicked  caitiff,  or  ' "  fool,  a  very  idiot,  a  funge,  a  golden  ass,  a 
monster  of  men,  to  have  many  good  men,  wise  men,  learned 
men  to  attend  upon  him  with  all  submission,  as  an  appendix 
to  his  riches,  for  that  respect  alone,  because  he  hath  more 
wealth  and  money,  *and  to  honour  him  with  divine  titles,  and 
bombast  epithets,"  to  smother  him  with  fumes  and  eulogies, 


^l'^ 


Demoerilut  to  the  Jitader.  65 

1  they  know  to  be  a  dizzard,  a  fool,  a  covetous  wretch, 
I  &c.,  "because  be  is  rich?"  To  see  sub  exuviiM 
leonii  onagrum,  a.  filthy  loathsome  carcAan,  a  Gorgon's  head 
puffed  up  by  parasites,  assume  tbis  unto  bim^eili  glorioua 
titles,  ia  worth  an  iofojit,  a  Cuman  ass,  a  painted  sepulchre, 
ao  Egyptian  temple?  To  see  a  withered  face,  a  diseased, 
deformed,  cankered  complexion,  a  rotten  carcass,  a  viperous 
mind,  aud  Epicurean  soul  set  out  with  orient  pearls,  jewels, 
iliadema,  perfumes,  curious  elaborate  works,  as  proud  of  hia 
clothes  as  a  child  of  his  new  coats  ;  and  a  goodly  person, 
an  angel-like  divine  countenance,  a  saint,  an  humble  miud,  a 
meek  spirit  clothed  in  r^s,  beg,  and  now  ready  to  be  starved  ? 
To  see  a  silly  contemptible  sloven  in  apparel,  ragged  in  hii 
coat,  polite  in  speech,  of  a  divine  spirit,  wise?  another  neat 
in  clothes,  spruce,  full  of  courtesy,  empty  of  grace,  wit,  talk 
nonsense  ? 

To  see  ao  many  lawyers,  advocates,  so  many  tribunals,  so 
little  justice ;  so  many  magistrates,  so  little  care  of  common 
good  i  so  many  laws,  yet  never  more  disorders ;  Tribwud 
Utium  gegetem,  the  Tribunal  a  labyrinth,  so  many  thousand 
suits  in  one  court  sometimes,  so  violently  followed.  ?  To  see 
injuittisimum  s/epe  juri  prrssidenlem,  impium  religioni,  im- 
peritiaimam  erudhioni,  oliosim'miim  labori,  mamtrosum  Au< 
manttoHf  to  see  a  lamb  ^executed,  a  wolf  pivnounce  sen- 
tence, lairo  arraigned,  and  fur  sit  on  the  bench,  the  judga 
severely  punish  others,  and  do  worse  himself,  "^eiindem  fur- 
luinjacere  et  punire,  *  rapi nam  plectere,  quant  git  ipse  raptor  t 
Laws  altered,  misconstrued,  interpreted  pro  and  cim,  as  the 
'Judge  is  made  by  friends,  bribed,  or  otherwise  atFected  as  a 
nose  of  wax,  good  to-day,  none  to-morrow  i  or  firm  in  his 
opinion,  east  in  his  ?  Sentence  prolonged,  changed,  ad  ar- 
bitrium  Judicii,  still  the  same  case,  ^  "  one  thrust  out  of  his 
inheritance,  another  falsely  put  in  by  favour,  false  forged 

lG;rp.  3.  kdDniut,  ap.  Ot  nni  laaa-    monwi.    Pttronliis.     Quid  IVclsnE  Ie|M 
Rrpi  jndLidom  mMl  tit  nkl  paUka    (oiCiuDflatuQ  carrump^t,  &d.    lieni 


86  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

deeds  or  wills."  Inciem  leges  negliguniur,  laws  are  made  and 
not  kept ;  or  if  put  in  execution,  ^  thej  be  some  sillj  ones 
that  are  punished.  As  put  case  it  be  fornication,  the  father 
will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child,  quite  cashier  him  (oul^ 
villain,  begone,  come  no  more  in  mj  sight) ;  a  poor  man  is 
miserably  tormented  with  loss  of  his  estate  perhaps,  goods, 
fortunes,  good  name,  forever  disgraced,  forsaken,  and  must 
do  penance  to  the  utmost ;  a  mortal  sin,  and  yet  make  the 
worst  of  it,  nunquid  aliud  fecit,  saith  Tranio  in  the  'poet, 
nisi  quod  faciunt  summis  nati  generihus  f  he  hath  done  no 
more  than  what  gentlemen  usually  do.  *  Neque  novum,  neque 
mirum,  neque  secus  quam  alii  solent.  For  in  a  great  person, 
right  worshipful  Sir,  a  right  honourable  Grandy,  'tis  not  a 
venial  sin,  no,  not  a  peccadillo,  'tis  no  offence  at  all,  a  common 
and  ordinary  thing,  no  man  takes  notice  of  it;  he  justifies  it 
in  public,  and  peradventure  brags  of  it, 

^  "  Nam  quod  turpe  bonis,  Titio,  Seloqne,  decebat 
Crispinam  " 

For  what  would  be  base  in  good  men,  Titios,  and  Seius,  became  Crispinns. 

•  Many  poor  men,  younger  brothers,  &c.,  by  reason  of  bad 
policy  and  idle  education  (for  they  are  likely  brought  up  in 
no  calling),  are  compelled  to  beg  or  steal,  and  then  hanged 
for  theft;  than  which,  what  can  be  more  ignominious,  nan 
minus  enim  turpe  principi  midta  suppUcia,  quam  medico 
multa  funera,  'tis  the  governor's  fault  LiherUiiis  verheramt 
quam  docent,  as  schoolmasters  do  rather  correct  their  pupils, 
than  teach  them  when  they  do  amiss.  •"They  had  more 
need  provide  there  should  be  no  more  thieves  and  beggars, 
as  they  ought  with  good  policy,  and  take  away  the  occasions, 
than  let  them  run  on,  as  they  do  to  their  own  destruction ;  root 
out  likewise  those  causes  of  wrangling,  a  multitude  of'  law- 

1  Vexat  censurJl  colmnbM.        «  Plaut.  1.         •  Decemuntar  fiiri  (ifraTla  et  hof 

mostel.  3  Idem.  *  Juven.  Sat.  4.  renda  supplicia,  quam  potios  proTiden- 

*Quod  tot  Rint  fures  et  mendiri,  mafias-  dum  multoforetnefiireffsint.  necuiq 

tratuum  culpl  fit,  qui  malo<i  imitantur  tarn  dira  fiirandi  aut  pereondi  sit 

prseceptores,  qui  discipuloR  libentius  yer-  sitas.    Idem, 
berant  quam  docent.    Morus,  Utop.  lib. 


jDtmoentut  to  cX«  Sta£r. 


yers,  and  compose  conlroveraies,  litea  luttrales  et  secularen,  by 
some  more  compeadiims  meaus,"  Whereas  now  for  every 
toy  imd  trifle  tbey  go  Co  lav.;  >  mugit  lilibus  {laanvm  forum, 
tt  tcevit  incicem  discordantium  i-abiet,  thej  ara  ready  to  pull 
out  one  anollier's  throats  ;  and  for  commodity  '  "  to  squeezg 
blood,"  Baltt  Hierom,  "out  of  their  brotlier'a  heart,"  defame, 
lie,  disgrace,  backbite,  rail,  bear  false  witueas,  swear,  forswear, 
fight  and  wrangle,  spend  their  goods,  lives,  forlunes,  friends, 
undo  one  another,  to  enrich  an  harpy  advoeale,  that  preya 
upon  them  both,  and  cries  Eia  Socrates,  Eia  Xantippe ;  or 
some  corrupt  Judge,  that  like  the  '  Kite  in  ^^op,  while 
the  mouse  and  frog  fought,  carried  both  away.  Generally 
they  prey  one  upon  another  as  so  many  ravenous  birds,  brute 
beasis,  devouring  fishes,  no  medium,  *  omnes  Mc  aut  caplanlur 
cut  eaptani;  aut  cadaoera  qua  lacerautur,  aitt  corvi  qui  lace- 
rant,  either  deceive  or  lie  deceived ;  tear  others  or  be  torn 
in  pieces  themselves  ;  like  so  many  buckets  in  a  well,  as  one 
riseth  another  falletb,  one's  empty,  another's  full ;  his  ruin  ia 
a  ladder  to  the  third ;  sueh  are  our  ordinary  proceedings. 
What's  the  market  ?  A  place,  according  to  '  Anacbarsis, 
wherein  they  cozen  one  another,  a  trap ;  nay,  what's  the 
world  itself?  '  A  vast  chaos,  a  confusion  of  manners,  as 
fickle  as  the  air,  domicilium  intanorum,  a  turbulent  troop  full 
of  impurities,  a  mart  of  walking  spirits,  goblins,  the  theatre 
of  hypocrisy,  a  shop  of  knavery,  flattery,  a  nursery  of  villainy, 
the  scene  of  babbling,  the  school  of  giddiness,  the  ai:ademy 
of  vice  ;  a  warfare,  uH  velU  noKs  pugnandam,  aut  vincat  au( 
tHeeumhai,  in  which  kill  or  be  killed  ;  wherein  every  man  is 
for  himself,  his  private  ends,  and  stands  upon  his  own  guard. 
No  charity, '  love,  friendship,  fear  of  God,  alliance,  affinity, 
uinity,  Christianity,  can  contain  them,  but  if  they  be 
f  ways  offended,  or  that  string  of  commodity  be  touched. 


io>.   ke. 


Demoeritiu  to  the  Reader. 


they  fall  fuul.  Old  fnends  become  bitter  enemies  on  a  sud^ 
den  for  iayi  and  small  ofTencee,  and  they  Ibat  erst, ' 
ing  to  do  all  mutual  ojficea  of  love  and  kindness,  now  revilo^ 
and  perijecute  one  another  to  death,  with  more  than  VatJiiuia' 
hatred,  and  will  not  be  reconciled.  So  long  as  they  are  be* 
hoveful,  they  love,  or  may  bestead  each  other,  but  when  therQ 
ia  no  more  good  to  be  expected,  aa  they  do  by  an  old  doft 
bang  him  up  or  cashier  him ;  which  ^  Calo  counts  a  great 
indecorum,  to  use  men  like  old  shoes  or  broken  glosses,  v 
are  fiung  to  the  dunghill  j  he  could  not  find  in  his  heart  toi 
Bell  an  old  ok,  much  leas  lo  turn  away  an  old  servant ; 
they,  instead  of  recompense,  revile  him,  and  when  they  bavA 
made  him  an  instrument  of  their  villainy,  as  ^  Bajazet  ihft 
second  Emperor  of  the  Turks  did  by  Acomethea  Bassa,  raakct 
him  away,  or  instead  of  'reward,  hate  him  to  death,  aa  Silintf 
was  servfcd  by  Tiberius.  In  a  word  avery  man  for  his  c 
ends.  Our  siimmum  honum  is  commodity,  and  the  goddeW 
wo  adore  Dca  moneta,  Queen  money,  to  whom  we  daily  oHfl 
sacrifice,  which  steers  our  hearts,  hands,  *  affections,  all ;  tluti 
most  powerful  goddess,  by  whom  we  are  reared,  depressed 
elevated,  *  esteemed  the  sole  commandress  of  our  actions,  fia 
which  we  pray,  run,  ride,  go,  corae,  labour,  and  contend  a 
fishes  do  for  a  crumb  that  falleth  into  the  water.  It's  na 
worth,  virtue,  (that's  bonitm  thealrale,)  wisdom,  valour,  li 
ing,  honesty,  religion,  or  any  sufficiency  for  which  we  ar4 
respected,  but  '  money,  greatness,  office,  honour,  aulhorityj 
honesty  is  accounted  folly ;  knavery,  policy  ;  '  men  admirdS 
out  of  opinion,  not  as  they  are,  but  aa  they  seem  to  be ;  sud 
shifting,  lying,  cogging,  plotting,  counterplotting,  temporizing 
flattering,  cozening,  dissembling,  '  "  that  of  necessity  o 


It  fldiK  qnim  pernnU.      Salaii 
t  prriUl  Kd  sb  am 


Danoeritug  bt  the  Header. 

igWy  offend  God  if  he  be  conformable  to  the  world,"  Creti- 
um  Crete,  "  or  else  live  in  contempt,  disgrace,  und  mia- 
ery."  One  takes  upon  liim  temperance,  holiness,  another 
ansterit}',  a  tliird  an  affected  kind  of  aimplicitj,  when  as  in- 
deed  he,  ond  he,  and  he,  and  the  rest  are  ^ "  hypocrites,  ambi- 
dexters," outrides,  so  many  turaiag  pictures,  a  hon  on  the 
one  side,  a  lamb  on  the  other.^  How  would  Democritus  have 
been  affected  lo  see  these  tilings  I 

To  see  a  man  tuiTi  himself  iato  all  shapes  like  a  chameleon, 
or  as  Proteus,  omnia  transformauB  sese  in  miracula  rerum, 
to  act  twenty  parts  and  persons  at  once,  for  bia  advantage,  to 
temporize  and  rary  Uke  Mercury  the  Planet,  good  with  good*, 
bad  with  had;  having  a  several  face,  garb,  and  character  for 
every  one  he  meets  ;  of  all  I'eligions,  humours,  inclinations  ; 
to  fawn  like  a  spaniel,  mentitis  et  miinieU  obsequiis,  rage  like 
a  lion,  bark  like  a  cur,  fight  like  a  dragon,  sting  like  a  serpent, 
as  meek  as  a  lamb,  and  yet  again  grin  like  a  tiger,  weep  like 
a  crocodile,  insult  over  some,  and  yet  others  domineer  over 
him,  hei-e  command,  there  crouch,  tyrannize  in  one  place,  be 
baffled  in  another,  a.  wise  man  at  home,  a  fool  abroad  to  make 
others  merry. 
^^To  see  so  much  difference  betwixt  words  and  deeds,  so 
kny  parasangs  betwixt  tongue  and  heart,  men  like  stage- 
byers,  act  variety  of  parls,  "give  good  precepts  to  others, 
r  aloft,  whilst  they  themselves  grovel  on  the  ground. 
To  see  a  man  protest  friend'^hip,  kiss  his  hand,  *  queni  maU 
fet  truncaitim  videre,  'smile  with  an  intent  to  do  mischief,  or 
cozen  him  whom  he  salutes,  •  magnify  his  friend  unworthy 
with  hyperbolical  eulogiums;  his  enemy  albeit  a  good  man, 
to  vilify  and  disgrace  hira,  yea  all  his  action?,  witli  tho  ut- 
^^^Wt  lliat  livor  and  malice  can  invent. 
^^Hffo  eee  a  'servant  able  lo  buy  out  his  ma.iter,  him  that 

^^^tl  Dm  dlJ<i>l1«n.  nl  Bb  hninlnlhus    apT._  _   i  Anldera  hoinl^neo  iiMicTlBiit, 


others 


■Oiipiut  BimlUa   lel   cenuurti. 


nnltlpllei. 


a   b4b«[u   qumu   pattonaA 


90  Demoeritui  to  the  Reader. 

carries  the  mace  more  worth  thtm  the  magistrate,  whjcb 
Plato,  lib.  II,  (le  leg.,  absolutely  tbrbids,  Epicletua  abhors. 
A  hoi'ae  that  tills  tLo  ^lEmd  fed  with  chaff,  an  idle  jade  have 
provender  in  abundance;  him  that  makes  sboea  go  barefoot 
hiiDEeir,  him  that  sells  meat  almost  pined ;  a  toiling  drudge 
starve,  a  drone  flourish. 

To  see  men  buy  smoke  for  wares,  caatles  built  with  fooW 
head«,  men  like  apca  liillow  the  fashions  in  tires,  gesture^ 
actions ;  if  the  king  laugli,  all  laugh ; 


'"Rides?  n 
Conoutitu 


r,  Qet  Bi  lacbrymiu 


nspaiil 


'Alexander  stooped,  bo  did  his  courtiers;  Alpbonsus  turned 
his  head,  and  so  did  his  parasites.  '  Sabina  Poppea,  Nero'l 
wife,  wore  amber-coioured  hair,  so  did  all  the  Roman  ladies 
in  an  instant,  her  fashion  was  theirs. 

To  see  men  wholly  led  by  affection,  admired  and  censured 
out  of  opinion  without  judgment;  an  inconsiderate  multitude, 
like  BO  many  dogs  in  a  village,  if  one  bark  all  bark  without  % 
cause ;  as  fortune's  fan  turns,  if  a  man  be  in  favour,  or  com* 
jnanded  by  some  great  one,  all  the  world  applauds  him ;  '  if 
in  disgrace  in  an  instant  all  hate  him,  and  as  at  the  sua  when 
he  is  eclipsed,  that  erst  look  no  notice,  now  gaze  and  stare 
upon  him. 

To  see  a  man  *wcar  his  brains  in  his  belly,  his  guts  in 
bead,  an  hundred  oaks  on  his  back,  lo  devour  a  hundred  oxen 
at  a  meal,  nay  more,  to  devour  houses  and  towns,  or  as  those 
anthropophagi,  '  to  eat  one  another. 

To  see  a  man  roll  himself  up  like  a  snowball,  from  base 
beggary  to  right  worshipful  and  right  honourable  titles,  un- 
justly to  screw  himself  into  honours  and  offices ;  another  to 
starve  his  genius,  damn  his  soul  to  gather  wealth,  which  be 


bell 


aughter  ; 


I  BltX.    TliBj  a 


Dmecritiu  to  tha  Beadar.  91 

[I  not  eDJ07,  wHich  his  prodigal  soa  melts  and  consumes 
t>  an  instunt* 

To  see  ihe  Koitoiiiiiav  of  our  times,  a.  man  bend  all  his 
forces,  means,  time,  fortunes,  to  be  a  favouiite's  favourite's 
favourite,  &c,  a  parasite's  parasite's  parasite,  that  maj  Ecom 
the  servile  world  as  having  enough  already. 

To  see  an  hirsute  beggar's  brat,  that  lately  fed  on  Bcra];Hi, 

crept  and  whined,  ciying  to  all,  and  for  an  old  jerkin  ran  of 

errands,  now  ruffle  in  silk  and  satin,  bravely  mounted,  jovial 

and  poUtc,  now  scorn  his  old  friends  and  familiars,  neglect  his 

kindred,  insult  over  his  betters,  domineer  over  all. 

y    To  see  a  scholar  crouch  and  creep  to  an  illiterate  peasant 

Wkt  a  meal's  meat ;  a  scrivener  better  paid  for  an  obligation ; 

Wt  felooner  receive  greater  wages  than  a  student ;  a  lawyer 

get  more  in  a  day  than  a  philosopher  in  a  year,  better  reward 

for  an  hour,  than  a  scholar  for  a  twelvemonlli's  study  ;  him 

thai  can  *  paint  Thais,  play  on  a  fiddle,  curl  hair,  i&c,  sooner 

get  preferment  than  a  philologer  or  a  poet. 

To  see  a  fond  mother,  like  ^sop's  ape,  hug  her  child  to 
death,  a  ^witlol  wink  at  his  wife's  honesty,  and  too  perppic- 
uous  in  all  other  aifaira  j  one  stumble  at  a  straw,  and  leap 
over  a  block ;  rob  Peter,  and  pay  Paul ;  scrape  unjust  suras 
with  one  band,  purchase  great  manors  by  corruption,  fraud 
and  cozenage,  and  liberally  to  distribute  to  the  poor  with  the 
other,  give  a  remnant  to  pious  uses,  &c.  Pennywise,  pound- 
foolish  ;  blind  men  judge  of  colours ;  wise  men  silent,  foola 
talk ;  '  find  fault  with  others,  and  do  worse  themselves ;  f  de- 
nounce that  in  pubhc  which  he  doth  in  secret ;  and  which 
Aurelius  Victor  gives  out  of  Augustus,  severely  ceasure  that 
in  a  third,  of  which  he  is  most  guilty  himself. 

To  see  a  poor  fellow,  or  an  hired  servant  venture  his  life 
for  his  new  master  that  will  scarce  give  him  his  wages  at 

■  AbnmUhigrafraoiiln  dlgnlnr  »r-  obllrlscri sunrum.  Td«n  ArlitlppunCharl- 
nt«  nntum  fliMTibai]  et  mero  distinlrueC  domD  apud  LBCl^uluni,  OmbLDO  AtulCitis 
p«*lD]vai1«  ffnpprbo,  ponELAtaip  patLorg    Di^iMdmii  Mio  pato.  to.  t  EKecnri 

IMUk  Htilom.crhpsnTHnm.  '  DoclIM  de  pro  uns  alciai-iinilll  vltUa  qulhiu  Iptl 
■pKtare  Isrnnrtr.      >Tull1>ii.    Kstenim    TsbemsDlai  Indulgint. 


92  Demoeriiui  to  the  Reader. 

m 

jear^s  end ;  A  oountry  oolone  toil  and  moil,  till  and  drudge 
for  a  prodigal  idle  drone,  that  devours  all  the  gain,  or  lasdT- 
iooslj  consumes  with  fantastical  expenses ;  A  noble  man  in 
.a  bravado  to  encounter  death,  and  for  a  small  flash  of  honour 
to  cast  awaj  himself;  A  worldling  tremble  at  an  executor, 
and  yet  not  fear  heU-fire ;  To  wish  and  hope  for  immortality, 
desire  to  be  happy,  and  yet  by  all  means  avoid  death,  a  neces- 
sary passage  to  bring  him  to  it 

To  see  a  foolhardy  fellow  like  those  old  Danes,  gui  deed' 
lari  malunt  quam  verberari,  die  rather  than  be  punished,  in  a 
sottish  humour  embrace  death  with  alacrity,  yet  ^  scorn  to 
lament  his  own  sins  and  miseries,  or  his  dearest  friend^ 
departures. 

To  see  wise  men  degraded,  fools  preferred,  one  govem 
towns  and  cities,  and  yet  a  silly  woman  overrules  him  aft 
home ;  *  Command  a  province,  and  yet  his  own  servants  or 
children  prescribe  laws  to  him,  as  Themistocles's  son  did  in 
Greece ;  *  ^  What  I  will  (said  he)  my  mother  will,  and  what 
my  mother  will,  my  father  doth."  To  see  horses  ride  in  a 
coach,  men  draw  it ;  dogs  devour  their  masters ;  towers  build 
masons  ;  children  rule ;  old  men  go  to  school ;  women  wear 
the  breeches  ;  *  sheep  demolbh  towns,  devour  men,  &c.  And 
in  a  word,  the  world  turned  upside  downward.  0  viverel 
Democritus  ! 

*To  insist  in  every  particular  were  one  of  Herculesi'a 
labours,  there's  so  many  ridiculous  instances,  as  motes  in  the 
sun.  Quantum  est  in  rehue  inane!  (How  much  vanity 
there  is  in  things !)  And  who  can  speak  of  all  ?  Crimine 
ah  uno  disce  omnes,  take  this  for  a  taste. 

But  these  are  obvious  to  sense,  trivial  and  well  known, 
easy  to  be  discerned.  How  would  Democritus  have  been 
moved,  had  he  seen  f  the  secrets  of  their  hearts  ?    If  eveiy 

1  Adamns  eed.  ktaL  «q^  US.    fl^«l■  fluBalnin  legit  sine  streplto  dooiL 

damnatas  AmsH.  I-*—  «— •  "jtoilft  «ii;  *  Qaieqnid  ego  rolo  boe  tqU  mUer  mm, 

nam  laehij——  '^                    '"'"MMl—  ot  qood  mater  mlt,  fikcit  pater.      »0wi^ 

eoanpno^*"                                       >^wift  Mm  ndte  pectts,  nnne  tain  indomitna  m 

tmatmr                                               -M9  edaz  at  hominies  derorent,  Ac.    Uom 

pro  pe-*                                                  rill  Iftop.  Ub.  1.         *  DiTenw  Turiis  tribiM 

flanl                                                 lis  HftaiafiuonA.       t I>Boioeiit. ep. poii 


wcrilui  to  the  Reader. 

else,  say  that  these  men  were  well  in  their  wits  ?     H<ec 
esse  homiiiis  quis  sanusjuret  Orestes  f     Can  all  the  heUebon 
in  the  Antic jTffi  cure  these  mcnP     No  sure,  •"an  acr 
hellebore  will  not  do  it." 

That  which  is  more  to  be  lamented,  they  are  mad  like 
Senecn'a  hiind  woman,  and  will  not  acknowledge,  or  '  seek 
for  any  cure  of  it,  for  patter  indent  morbum  mum  oi 
amant.  If  our  leg  or  arm  offend  us,  we  covet  by  all  raeaas 
possible  to  redres?  it ;  '  and  if  we  labour  of  a  bodily  disease, 
we  send  for  a  physician ;  but  for  the  diseases  of  the  mind 
we  take  no  nolice  of  them  ; '  Lust  harrows  us  on  the  one 
Bide ;  envy,  anger,  ambition  on  the  other.  We  are  torn  in 
pieces  by  our  passions,  as  so  many  wild  horses,  one  in  dispo* 
sition,  another  in  habit;  one  is  melancholy,  another  mad) 
*  and  which  of  us  all  seeks  for  help,  doth  acknowledge  bia 
error,  or  knows  he  is  sick  ?  As  that  stupid  fellow  put  out 
the  candle  because  the  biting  fleas  should  not  And  him ;  hs 
shrouds  himself  in  an  unknown  habit,  Iiorrowed  titles,  be- 
cause nobody  should  discern  him.  Every  man  thinks  with 
himself,  Egomet  videor  mifii  sanus,  I  am  well,  I  am  wise,  and 
laughs  at  others.  And  'tis  a  general  fault  amongst  them  all, 
that  *  which  our  forefathers  have  approved,  diet,  appare^ 
opinions,  humours,  customs,  manners,  we  deride  and  reject  in 
our  time  as  absurd.  Old  men  account  juniora  all  fools,  when 
they  are  mere  dizzards;  and  as  to  sailors,  — —terrmqtie 

hesque  recedunt they  move,  the  land  stands  still,  the  world 

hath  much  more  wit,  they  dote  themselves.  Turks  deride  ug, 
we  them  ;  Italians,  Frenchmen,  accounting  ihem  light-headed 
fellaws  1  the  French  scoff  again  at  Italians,  and  at  their  sev- 
eral customs ;    Greeks  have  condemned  all  the  world  bat 


llncri 

IBoqu 

rmHrbunq 

olgn 

ttarp* 

pwt«  Bialipiiin 

a-lBlfffli. 

Cdcd 

tM,  fi«tl- 

DUdB 

imuic 

,dlBon 

nor 

>S1 

KpUt 

i'i«'!b?2j'u' 

,niBJl- 

prlnrla  esprolini 

Mttlin 

,Blli»r 

faonBproitulU 

.    Joh.  FclEDiu  Ji 


DeTiioerittts  to  At  Seader. 


!» 


iselvo  of  barbarism,  ihe  world  as  much  vilifies  thorn 
account  Germans  heavy,  dull  fellow^  explode  ican; 
IS ;  they  as  contemptibly  tliink  of  us ;  Span- 
all,  and  all  again  at  them.     So  are  we  foola 
actions,  carriages,  diet,  apparel, 
we   ^  scoff   aud   point  one  at 
n  all  are  fools,  "  "  and  ihyy  the 


of  tlieir  fasbia 
iards  laugh  a 

ridiculous,  absurd  in  oi 
Bstoms,  and  consultation; 
tother,  when  as  in  coocluf 
<  tbat  hide  tliei 
te  be  resolved  with  himself,  or  set  on  an  opinion,  accounts 
all  idiots  and  asses  that  are  not  aiFecfcd  as  he  is,— —  'ni7 
rtetu/n,  nUi  quod  plaeuil  sibi,  dudt,  that  are  not  so  minded, 

K[_qitodque  volunt  hoininet  se  bene  veUe  pulanf,)  all  fouU  that 
link  not  as  he  doth  ;  he  will  not  say  with  Atticus,  Sjiam 
tuque  sponsam,  mtht  me^m,  let  every  man  enjoy  his  own 
»use  i  but  his  alone  is  fair,  mus  amor,  Sfc,  and  scoms  aU 
in  respect  of  himself,  *  will  imilate  none,  hear  none  'but  hint- 
Belf,  as  Fhny  said,  a  law  and  example  to  himself.     And  that 
^jrhich  Hippocrates,  in  his  epistle  to  Dionyslus,  reprehended 
^Btf  old,  ii  verified  in  our  times,  QuUqite  in  alio  ntperjtmtm 
^^be  censet,  ipse  quod  non  habel  nee  curat,  that  which  he  hath 
^BK>t  him^lf,  or  doth  not  esteem,  he  accounts  superfluity,  an 
idle  quality,  a  mere  foppery  in  another ;  like  ^sop's  fox, 
when  he  had  lost  his  tail,  would  have  all  his  fellow  foxes  cut 
off  theii-s.     The  Chinese  say,  that  we  Europeans  have  one 
eye,  they  themselves  two,  all  the  world  else  ia  blind ;  (though 
t  Sealiger  accounts  them  brutes  too,  meTum  pecas,)  so  thou 
and  thy  sectaries  are  only  wise,  others  indilT^^rent,  the  rest 
beside   themselves,  mere    idiots   and  asses.     Thus   not  ac- 
knowledging our  own  errors  and  imperfections,  we  securely 
deride  oihers,  as  if  we  alone  were  free,  and  Bpectators  of  the 
^^Ast,  accounting  it  an  excellent  thing,  as  indeed  it  is,  Aliend 
^^Hb'mi(fl)  Jrui  insanid,  to  muke  ourselves  merry  with  other 
^^^■n's  obliquities,  when  as  he  himself  is  more  faulty  than  the 

^^Houdidr  mnnC  idi«h«.         •  Om-  ImllKntur,  <i»ri  i^U  ciemplo.   Plln.cpbl. 

I  Blum  UultUalTuI  qui  lutV.ulu  stndilHii  lib.   B.        "  Nu]n  nlUri  mj^n  rancedlt, 

■rgoat.    SaC.  Sleuip,       ^  Unr.  Bpint-  !!  oe  dmdpflrp  riJenlur.  Affrip.        t  Omnll 

■Fnwper-  ^Stalim  Mpiant^  ittittm  crt^pflrtHct 


96  Democritus  to  the  Recider. 

rest,  mutato  nomine j  de  tefabtda  narratur,  he  maj  take  him« 
self  by  the  nose  for  a  fool ;  and  which  one  calls  maximum 
stuUitice  specimen,  to  be  ridiculous  to  others,  and  not  to  per- 
ceive or  take  notice  of  it,  as  Marsjas  was  when  he  contended 
with  Apollo,  non  intettigens  ie  deridiculo  haberi,  saith  *  Apu- 
leius;  'tis  his  own  cause,  he  is  a  convicted  madman,  as 
*  Austin  well  infers  "  in  the  eyes  of  wise  men  and  angels  he 
seems  like  one,  that  to  our  thinking  walks  with  his  heels 
upwards."  So  thou  laughest  at  me,  and  I  at  thee,  both  at  a 
third ;  and  he  returns  that  of  the  poet  upon  us  again,  ^  Hei 
mihiy  insanire  me  aiunt,  quum  ipsi  ultrd  insaniant.  We 
accuse  others  of  madness,  of  folly,  and  are  the  veriest  diz- 
zards  ourselves.  For  it  is  a  great  sign  and  property  of  a 
fool  (which  Eccl.  x.  3,  points  at)  out  of  pride  and  self-<x)nceit 
to  insult,  vilify,  condemn,  censure,  and  call  other  men  fools 
(Non  videmiLS  manticce  quod  a  tergo  est)  to  tax  that  in  others 
of  which  we  are  most  faulty ;  teach  that  which  we  follow  not 
ourselves ;  For  an  inconstant  man  to  write  of  constancy ;  a 
profane  liver  prescribe  rules  of  sanctity  and  piety ;  a  dizzard 
himself  make  a  treatise  of  wisdom ;  or  with  Sallust  to  rail 
downright  at  spoilers  of  countries,  and  yet  in  f  office  to  be  a 
most  grievous  poller  himself.  This  argues  weakness,  and  is 
an  evident  sign  of  such  parties'  indiscretion.  ^Peccat  uter 
nostrum  cruce  dignius  ?  "  Who  is  the  fool  now  ?  "  Or  else 
peradventure  in  some  places  we  are  all  mad  for  company, 
and  so  'tis  not  seen,  Satietas  erroris  et  dementice,  pariter 
ahsurditatem  et  admirationem  toUit,  'Tis  with  us,  as  it  was 
of  old  (in  *  Tully's  censure  at  least)  with  C.  Fimbria  in  Rome, 
a  bold,  hairbrain,  mad  fellow,  and  so  esteemed  of  all,  such 
only  excepted,  that  were  as  mad  as  himself;  now  in  such  a 
case  there  is  '  no  notice  taken  of  it 

*  2  Florid.     1  Anf^nst.  Quails  in  ocnlls  um  est  insanientinm   tnrba.    Sen. 

hominum  qui  inversis  pedibus  ambnlat,  *  Pro  Roscio  Amerino,  et  quod  inter  om- 

talis  in  oculis  sapientum  et  angelorum  nes  constat  insaniasimus,  nisi  inter  eo6, 

qui  sibi  placet,  aut  cui  passiones  domi-  qui  ipsi  quoque  insaniunt.         *  Necesse 

nantur.  *  Plautus  Menechmi.  est  cum  insanientibus  furere,  nisi  aolaf 

t  OoTernor  of  Asnich  by  Caesar's    ap-  relinqueris.    Petronius. 
pointoaent.      *  Nunc  sanitatis  jMktrociid- 


Demoentut  to  the  Seadtr. 


Jluxima  pE«  b< 


('Sut  put  case  they  Ho  perceive  it,  and  some  one  be  mani- 
festlj  ctiiivieted  of  madness,  -'be  now  lakes  notice  of  liis  folij, 
be  it  in  action,  gesture,  speec:b,  a  vain  bumour  be  batb  ia 
building,  bra™;ing,  jangling,  spending,  gaming,  conning,  scrib- 
bling, piuting,  for  which  he  is  ridiculous  lo  others,  "on  which 
he  dotes,  he  doth  acknowledge  aa  much ;  yet  with  all  the 
rfaotoric  tbou  hnst,  thou  canst  not  so  recall  him,  but  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding,  he  wiD  persevere  in  bia  dotage. 
Tis  amabilis  insrmia,  el  mentis  gratusimris  error,  so  pleasing, 
BO  delicious,  that  he  'cannot  leave  iL  He  knows  his  error, 
but  will  not  seek  to  decline  it,  tell  him  what  ilie  event  will  be, 
beggary,  sorrow,  sickness,  disgrace,  shame,  loss,  madness,  yet 
• "  an  angry  man  will  prefer  vengeance,  a  lascivious  hia 
whore,  a  thief  bis  booty,  a  glutton  bis  belly,  before  hia  wel- 


t  a  little,  pol  m 
idone  him,  and 


fare."     Tell  an  epicure,  a  covetous  ran 

of  his  jrregiiiiu"  course,  wean  him  from 

dittii  caniei,  he  cries  anon,  you  have  u 

^^^^^  to  his  vomit,"  he  returns  to  it  ogai 

^^^Bb  place,  no  counsel,  say  what  thou  on 

^^^^  "  Clamea  licet  et  nrnre  ocbIo 

'  Confundoa.  aurdo  nun 


demonstrate  as  Ulysses  did  to  *  Elpenor  and  Gryllus,  and  the 
rest  of  his  companions,  "  those  swinish  men,"  be  is  irrefraga- 
ble in  his  bumour,  he  will  be  a  hog  still ;  bray  him  in  a  mor- 
tar, be  will  ba  the  same.  If  he  be  in  an  hei-e-^y,  or  some 
perverse  opinion,  settled  as  some  of  our  ignorant  Papists  are. 


iQooqimoi  nnn  wigenoi  onnm  italtl-  rulun. 

On  STUt  rD"   liiMnln  poEnl.      ■  Slnltnm  Jkc.Dd 

u  huoi,  ll<-«t  eanndxn  nriim.  AC-  1.  2,  d 

(»..0Mi.in«nQOi.^0(  >OiUil«  "Althn 

iu  rindlcUa;   tat  prB»dAm,  parultiu 


98  Democritus  to  the  Reader, 

convince  his  understanding,  show  him  the  several  follies  and 
absurd  fopperies  of  that  sect,  force  him  to  say,  veris  mncor, 
make  it  as  clear  as  the  sun,  ^  he  will  err  still,  peevish  and  ob- 
stinate as  he  is  ;  and  as  he  said  *  si  in  hoc  erro,  libenter  errOy  nee 
hunc  errorem  auferri  mihi  volo  ;  I  will  do  as  I  have  done,  as 
my  predecessors  have  done,  *  and  as  my  friends  now  do ;  I 
will  dote  for  company.  Say  now,  are  these  men  *  mad  or 
no,  '  Heus  age  responde  ?  are  they  ridiculous  ?  cedo  quemvii 
arbitrum,  are  they  sarue  mentis,  sober,  wise,  and  discreet? 

have  they  common  sense  ? *  uter  est  insanior  horum  f 

I  am  of  Democritus's  opinion  for  my  part,  I  hold  them 
worthy  to  be  laughed  at ;  a  company  of  brainsick  dizzards, 
as  mad  as  '  Orestes  and  Athamas,  that  they  may  go  "  ride 
the  ass,"  and  all  sail  along  to  the  Anticyrae,  in  the  "  ship  of 
fools'*  for  company  together.  I  need  not  much  labour  to 
prove  this  which  I  say  otherwise  than  thus,  make  any  sol- 
emn protestation,  or  swear,  I  think  you  will  believe  me  with- 
out an  oath ;  say  at  a  word,  are  they  fools  ?  I  refer  it  to 
you,  though  you  be  likewise  fools  and  madmen  yourselves, 
and  I  as  mad  to  ask  the  question ;  for  what  said  our  comical 
Mercury  ? 

8  "  Justum  ab  injustis  petere  insipientia  est. 

I'll  stand  to  your  censure  yet,  what  think  you  ?  " 

But  forasmuch  as  I  undertook  at  first,  that  kingdoms, 
provinces,  families,  were  melancholy  as  well  as  private  men, 
I  will  examine  them  in  particular,  and  that  which  I  have 
hitherto  dilated  at  random,  in  more  general  terms,  I  will  par* 
ticularly  insist  in,  prove  with  more  special  and  evident  argu- 
ments, testimonies,  illustrations,  and  that  in  brief.  ^  I^unc 
accipe  quare  desipiant  omnes  ceque  ac  tu.  JSly  first  argu- 
ment is  borrowed  from  Solomon,  an  arrow  drawn  out  of  his 

1  Non  persuadebis,  etiamsi  perfltiaseris.  is  the  more  mad.        f  Vemnum  ezagUil 

«Tully      3  Malocum  illis  insanire,  quam  pueri,  innuptaeqne  puellse.        •  Plautofl. 

cum  a'iis  bene  sentire.       '*  Qui  inter  hos  &  Ilor.  I.  2,  8at.  2.    Superbam  stultitiaiB 

enutriuntnr  non  ma^s  sapere  poRsunt,  Pliniusvocat.  7,  epist.21,  quodsemisLdill^ 

?uim  qui  ia  culinSL  bene  olere.     Petron.  fixum  ratumque  sit. 
Persiua.        •  Ilor.  2,  ser.  which  of  these 


JDtmocriltts  to  Ike  Reader, 


,  Pro. 


1  (hiiie  own 


"     Isaiuli  pro- 
"  that  are  wise 


Inenttoiis  quiv 

And  xxvi.  12,  "  Seest  thou  a  man 
coDCeil  ?  more  hope  is  of  a.  fool  (ban  of  hi 
nouDCtlU  a  woe  against  Euch  men,  chap.  t.  2 
in  their  own  eyes,  and  prudent  in  their  own  sighl."     For 
hence  we  may  gather,  that  it  ia  a  great  offence,  and  men  are 
much  deceived  that  think  loo  well  of  themselves,  an  especial 
argument  lo  convince    them   of  folly,      ilany  men    (.^aiih 
^^Kfeneca)  "had  been  without  question  wise,  had  they  not  had 
^^B  opiujon  that  they  had  attained  to  perfection  of  knowledge 
^^Hcaily,  eyea  before  they  had  gone  half-way,"  too  forward, 
^lOo  ripe,  prteproperi,  too  quick  and  ready,  ^citd  prudentet, 
dto  pit,  did  marili,  did  patres,  cita  Mocerdotcs,  eitd  omnet 
o^ieii  capaca  et  curiosi,  they  had  too  good  a  conceit  of  them- 
eelves,  and  that  marred  all ;  of  their  worth,  valour,  skill,  art, 
learning,  judgment,  eloquence,  their  good  parts ;   all   their 
geese  are  swans,  and  that  manifestly  proves  them  to  be  no 
^^tatter  than  fools.     In  former  times  they  had  but  Reven  wise 
^^ka,  now  you  can  scarce  find  bo  many  fools.     Thales  sent 
^^H^  golden  Tripos,  which  the  fishermen  found,  and  t!ie  oracle 
^^^^imanded  to  he  *  "  g^ven  to  the  wisest,  to  Bias,  Bias  to 
Solon,"  &C.     If  such  a  thing  were  now  found,  we  should  all 
fight  for  it,  as  the  three  goddesses  did  for  the  golden  apple, 
we  are  so  wise ;  we  have  women  politicians,  children  melar 
physicians ;    every   silly   fellow  can    square   a   circle,   make 
perpetual   motions,  find   the    philosopher'a   stone,   interpret 
Apocalypses,  make  new  Theories,  a  new  system  of  the  world, 
new  logic,  new  Pliilosophy,  &c.     Nostra  viique  reffi'o,  saith 
'  Petronius,  "  our  country  is  so  full  of  deified  spirits,  divine 
souls,  that  you  may  sooner  find  a  god  than  a  man  amongst 
na,"  we  think  so  well  of  ourselves,  and  that  is  an  ample  testi- 
mony of  much  folly. 
My  second  argiuncnt  is  grounded  upon  the  like  place  of 


1  HiilH  opienM  pr 
Sbione.   Detur  Hp[e[ 


■    DlfTi" 


imlnn 


100 


Demoerititt  to  the  Reader, 


I 


Irv.  U, 
for  sorr 


Scripture,  which  though  before  mentioned  in  effect,  jet  foT' 
some  reasons  is  to  be  repealed  (and  by  Plato's  good  leave,  I 
may  do  if,  '  (if  ri  KaJUv  pijflSv  obiiv  ^iairrei)  "  Fools  (saith  David) 
by  reason  of  their  transgressions,"  &c.  Psal.  tvii.  17.  Ilencs 
Musculiis  infers  all  transgressors  must  needa  be  fools, 
we  read  Bom.  ii.  "Tribulation  and  anguish  on  llie  soul  of' 
every  man. that  doelh  evil ;"  but  all  do  evil.  And  Isaiab,. 
My  servants  shall  sing  for  joy,  and  '  je  shall  cryt 
of  heart,  and  vexation  of  mind."  Tis  ratified  by 
consent  of  all  philosophers.  "  Dishonesty  (saith 
Cardan)  is  nothing  else  but  folly  and  madness."  '  Prohus  quit 
nobiscum  vivit  ?  Show  me  an  honest  man,  Mmo  tnaliis  ^ 
non  stulltts,  'tis  Fabius's  aphorism  to  the  same  end.  If  none 
honest,  none  wise,  then  all  fools.  And  well  may  they  be  so 
accounted  j  for  who  will  account  him  otherwise,  Qui  iter' 
adomal  in  occiderUem,  ^tum  properaret  in  orieniem  f  thafr 
goes  backward  all  his  life,  westward,  when  he  is  bound  to  thai 
east  ?  or  hold  him  a  wise  man  (saith  •  Musculus)  "  that  prew 
fers  momentary  pleasures  to  eternity,  that  spends  his  raasteiV 
goods  in  his  absence,  forthwith  to  he  condemned  for  it?" 
Nequicquam  sapit  qui  tibi  non  sapit,  who  will  say  that  • 
sick  man  is  wise,  that  eats  and  drinks  to  overthrow  the  tent- 
perature  of  his  body  ?  Can  you  account  him  wise  or  discreet 
that  would  willingly  have  his  health,  and  yet  will  do  nothu^ 
that  should  procure  or  continue  it  ?  "Theodore!,  out  of  Pl(h 
tinus  the  Plalonist,  "  holds  it  a  ridiculous  thing  for  a  man  to' 
live  after  his  own  laws,  to  do  that  which  is  offensive  to  Go^ 
and  yet  to  hope  that  be  should  save  him  ;  and  when  he  vol-: 
unfarily  neglects  his  own  safety,  and  contemns  the  means,  to^ 
think  to  be  delivered  by  another;"  who  will  say  these  men' 

A  third  argument  may  be  derived  from  the  precedent,  'all 

t  FnlFhrnm  bla  ^Mie  non  n«rt.  ml  Hntentlit  yiien,  «t  i|ii»  dun  1 


J)mwcritus  to  th«  Jieader.  Idl 

1  are  carried  awaj  with  passion,  discontent^  lust,  pleas- 
'  lires,  &C.  i  they  generally  hate  tiiose  virtues  tliey  should  love, 
and  love  such  viyes  they  should  hate.  Therefore  more  than 
melancholy,  quite  mad,  hrute  beasts,  and  void  of  reason,  bo 
Clirysoaiom  eontenda ;  "  or  rather  dead  and  buried  alive,"  as 
'  Philo  Judeus  concludes  it  for  a  certainty,  "  of  all  such  that 
are  carried  away  with  passions,  or  labor  of  any  disease  of 
Ihe  mind."     "  Where  ia  feai"  and  sorrow,"  there  °  Laclonliufl 

ry  maintains,  "  wisdom  cannot  dwell. 
'  qni  cnpiflt,  mefuet  quoqua  pnrrii, 
Qnl  matuena  vivit,  libar  loilii  uoa  etU  unquata.'  "  • 

Seneca  and  the  rest  of  the  stoics  are  of  opinion,  that  where  la 
any  the  least  perturbation,  wisdom  may  not  be  found. 
"  What  more  ridiculous,"  as  *  Lactantius  ui^s,  "  than  to  hear 
how  Xerxea  whipped  the  Hellespont,"  threatened  tlie  Moun- 
Uun  Athos,  and  the  like  ?  To  speak  ad  rem,  who  is  free  from 
passion  ?  '  MuHalU  nemo  est  guem  non  aUingat  dolor,  mor- 
busce,  OS  'Tully  determines  out  of  an  old  poem,  no  mortal 
men  can  avoid  sorrow  and  sickness,  and  sorrow  ia  an  insep- 
arable eomjianioii  from  melancholy,  '  Chrysostom  pleads  far- 
ther yet,  that  they  are  more  than  mad,  very  beasts,  Hlupetied, 
and  void  of  common  sense  :  "  For  how  (saith  he)  shall  I  know 
thee  to  be  a  man,  when  thou  kickest  like  an  ass,  neighest  like  a 
horse  after  women,  raveat  in  lust  hke  a  bull,  ravenest  like  a 
bear,  slingest  like  a  scorpion,  nikeat  like  a  wolf,  as  subtle  as  a 
fox,  as  impudent  as  a  dog  ?  Shall  I  say  thou  art  a  man,  that 
hast  all  the  symptoms  of  a  beast  ?  How  shall  I  know  thee  to 
be  a  man  ?  by  thy  shape  ?  That  affrights  me  more,  when 
I  see  a  beast  in  likeness  of  a  man." 


**iio..  i.rd«>fi»iifiil,  MidhBThoil™.    rnullBTPii,    nt   urem    >pntrt    fnJulBBU, 
■tni    Xfnm    Ho'lwpDntum    YrTbrnintBr    fcrainiq  hnrni.ils  hnl.m/ld  mniri'ltemtj 


102 


Democnlut  to  ihe  Seader. 


•  Seneca  caila  that  of  Epicurus,  magn\ficam  rocem,  an 
roit^l  speech,  "  A  fool  still  begins  to  live,"  and  accounts  it  ■ 
filtb^  lightness  in  men,  every  day  to  lay  new  foundations  of 
their  life,  but  who  doth  otherwise  ?  One  travels,  another 
builds  ;  one  for  this,  another  for  that  business,  and  old  folks 
are  sa  far  out  as  the  rest ;  0  dtme.jilem  senecttUem,  TuUy  e» 
claims.  Therefore  younj,  old,  middle  age,  all  are  stupid, 
and  dote. 

"^neas  Sylvius,  amongst  many  other,  sets  down  thrw 
special  ways  to  find  a  fool  by.  He  is  a  fool  that  seeks  that 
he  cannot  find ;  he  is  a  fool  that  seeks  that,  which  being 
found  will  do  him  more  harm  than  good ;  he  is  a  fool,  that 
having  variety  of  ways  lo  bring  him  to  his  journey's  en^ 
takes  that  which  is  worst.  If  so,  methinks  most  men 
fools ;  examine  their  courses,  and  you  shall  soon  perceivO 
what  dizKards  and  mad  men  Ihe  major  part  are. 

Beroaldus  will  have  drunkards,  afternoon  men,  and 
Hs  more  than  ordinarily  delight  in  drink,  to  be  mad.  Tha 
first  pot  quencheth  thirst,  so  Fanynsis  the  poet  determines  i4 
Atherueiii,  secunda  ffratiis,  horis  et  Dionysio ;  the  second 
makes  merry,  the  third  for  pleasure,  guarfa  ad  I'/wojiiaD^ 
the  fouith  makes  them  mad.  If  this  position  be  true,  what' 
a  catalogue  of  mad  men  shall  we  have  ?  what  shall  they  ba 
that  drink  four  times  four  ?  Nonne  supra  omnem  furor 
lupra  omnem  insaniam  reddunt  imaniiaimos  ?  1  am  of 
opinion,  they  are  more  than  mad,  much  worse  than  mad. 

The  'Abderites  condemned  Democritus  for  a  mad  man(' 
because  he  was  sometimes  sad,  and  sometimes  again  prO" 
fusely  merry,  Mtic  Pairid  (saith  Hippocrates)  o&  risunt 
furere  et  insanire  di'cuni,  his  countrymen  hold  him  mad 
because  he  laughs;  'and  therefore  "he  desires  him  to  a 
vise  all  his  friends  at  Rhodes,  that  they  do  not  laugh  fos 


pit  Xore,  ftad'u  h< 
qui  qavrit  qnnd  im 


AllH,  duteriona 


«Lpian 

que  pa 

perifi,  nequB  more,  noqn 

ncu 

TdIbI'p 

o'uZi  te^Ttqu^rDtu 

id 

a." 

e  Chat  cnn  command  hEs  own  u 

11. 

ndooa 

tBnt  ED  himself  Etill, 

verty 

or  death,  nor  bauds  can 

fr- 

ht. 

t  to  3i»  Mta£er, 

,  or  be  over  sad."  Hud  those  ALderites  been  con- 
ot  witii  ua,  and  but  seen  what  'fleering  and  grinning 
is  ID  this  age,  tbej  would  certainly  have  concluded, 
ad  been  all  out  of  our  wits, 
xiatotle  in  hU  ethics  holds  ft^ix  idemque  sapiens,  to  be 
wise  and  happj,  are  reciprocal  terms,  bonus  idemque  sapient 
honfsCus.  'Tia  '  Tully'a  paradox,  "  wise  men  are  free,  but 
foots  ane  slaves,"  liberty  is  a  power  to  live  accoi'diiig  to  hla 
own  laws,  aa  we  will  ourselves ;  who  bath  this  hberij  ?  who 

IQnon.  ne 
Respoasa 
Fortii,  eC 
"  Ha  iB  wit 
Valiant  a 
Whompi 
Checks  hia  deal 
where  shall  such  a  man  be  found  ?  If  nowhere,  then 
)  diametro,  we  are  all  slaves,  senseless,  or  worse.  Nemo 
malus  fcelix.     But  iio  man  is  happy  in  this  life,  none  good, 

therefore  no  man  wise.      *  Ran  quippe  honi For  one 

virtue  you  shall  find  tea  vices  in  the  same  parly )  paud 
Pnmelhei,  mulli  Spimeliiei.  We  may  peradventure  usurp 
the  name,  or  attribute  it  to  others  for  favour,  as  Carolua 
Sapiens,  Pliilippus  Bonus,  Lodovicus  Piii9,  &c.,  and  describe 
the  properties  of  a  wiae  man,  as  Tully  doth  an  orator,  Xeno- 
phon  Cyrus,  Castillo  a  couriier,  Galen  temperament,  an  aris- 
icy  b  described  by  politicians.  But  where  shall  such  a 
e  found  ? 

"  Vir  bonus  at  anpiena,  qnnlem  Tin  repperit  unani 
llillibus  6  mullia  hominum  oonmltua  Apollo." 

"  A  wise,  a  good  man  in  a  million, 
Apollo  consullod  conld  scarce  find  ono." 

?  a  miracle  of  himself,  but  Trismegistus  adds,  Maxi' 

lorn  rlBum  poterij  POKntwe-    do,  '  itor.  2,  ei-r.  7.  •  lana. 


104  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

mum  miraculum  homo  saptenSy  a  wise  ma 
multi  Thirsigeriy  pauci  Bacchu 

Alexander  when  he  was  presented  with  tL 
casket  of  king  Darius,  and  every  man  ad\ " 
pot  in  it,  he  reserved  it  to  keep  Homer's  ^ 
precious  jewel  of  human  wit,  and   yet  * 
Homer's   muse,  Xutricem   insance  sapien 
madness,  ^  impudent  as  a  court  lady,  that  '- 
Jacobus  Mycillus,  Gilbertus  Cognatus,  E 
all   posterity  admire   Lucian's   luxuriant 
rejects  him  in  his  censure,  and  calls  hi 
the  muses.     Socrates,  whom  all  the  wo; 
fied,  is  by  Lactantius  and  Theodoret  ci 
Plutarch  extols   Seneca's  wit  beyond  : 
secunduSy  yet  '  Seneca  saith  of  himself,  *' 
myself  with  a  fool,  I  reflect  upon  myt 
him."     Cardan,  in  his  Sixteenth  Book 
up  twelve  supereminent  acute  philoso 
tlety,  and  wisdom :  Archimedes,  Gralt 
Tarentinus,  Euclid,  Geber,  that  firsl 
Alkindus   the   Mathematician,  both 
But  his  triumviri  terrarum  far  beyc 
mseus,  Plotinus,  Hippocrates.  Scalige 
this  censure  of  his,  calls  some  of  the* 
anicians,  he  makes  Galen  Jimhrtam 
Hippocrates  ;  and  the  said  ^  Caidai 
demns  both  Galen  and  Hippocratet 
oonfiuion.    Faraoelsas  will  have  |] 
fimts  in  physic  and  philosophy.    Sc^ 
SuiflBet  the  Calculator,  qui  pene  a^ 
gtmiif  and  yet  *Lod.  Vivea  — '^ 
1  s  Opposite  to  him 

1  in  respect  of  timeB. 


*  Ut  nroBor  aalte 

•  XpM.  88.    Qaando 

S  man.  «t  looflB  qua- 

*  Primo  flonteMJi- 


I 


-ZTflnombtt  to  the  Reada:  105 

i  prestMieg  eoUaloa  jiisle  puerot  appeUari.  In  conclusion 
e  said  '  Cardan  and  Saint  Bernard  will  admit  none  into  this 
catalogue  of  wise  men,  'but  oolj  prophets  and  apostles  ;  how 
they  eateem  Ibemaelves,  you  have  heard  before.  We  are 
worldly-wise,  admire  ourselves,  and  seek  for  applause ;  but 
hear  Saint  'Bernard,  guanlA  magis  foras  es  sapiens,  tanla 
maffis  intus  stuUm  efficeris,  ^c,  in  omnibus  es  prudens,  circa 
tetpsum  insipiens ;  the  more  wise  thoo  art  to  others,  the  more 
fool  to  thyself.  I  may  not  deny  but  that  there  ia  some  folly 
approved,  a  divine  fury,  a  lioly  madness,  even  a  spiritual 
di'unkenness  Ju  the  saints  of  God  themselyes ;  mnctam  in- 
taniam  Bernard  calls  it,  (though  not  as  blaspheming 'Vors- 
tius  would  infer  it,  oa  a  passion  incident  to  God  himself,  but) 
familiar  to  good  men,  as  that  of  Paul,  2  Cor.  "  be  was  a  fool," 
&c.,  and  Rom.  ix.  he  wisheth  himself  to  be  anal  hem  atisied  for 
tliem.  Such  is  that  drunkennesa  which  Ficinus  speaks  of, 
when  the  soul  is  elevated  and  raviiihed  with  a  divine  taste 
of  that  heavenly. nectar,  which  poets  deciphered  by  the  sac- 
rifice of  Dionysius,  and  in  this  sen^e  with  the  poet,  ^imanire 
lubfi,  as  Austin  exhorts  us,  ad  ebrietatem  m  quisque  paret, 
let's  all  be  mad  and  'drunk.  But  we  commonly  mistake, 
and  go  beyond  our  commission,  we  reel  to  the  opposite  part, 
'we  are  not  capable  of  it,  'and  as  he  said  of  the  Greeks,  Vo» 
Graci  semper  pueri,  vos  Britanni,  Galli,  Germmii,  Itali,  Sfc, 
you  are  a  company  of  fools. 

Proceed  now  a  parlibus  ad  toium,  or  from  the  whole  to 
parts,  and  you  shall  find  no  other  issue,  the  parts  shall  be 
lufficienlly  dilated  in  this  following  Preface.  The  whole 
must  needs  follow  by  a  sorites  or  induction.  Every  mulli- 
tode  is  mad,  ^hellua  muUontm  enpttum,  (a  many-headed 
bca&l.)  precipilate  and  rash  without  judgment,  slullum  ani- 
mal, a  roaring  rout.    "  Koger  Bacon  proves  it  out  of  Aristotle, 

tUb,1,d«iffip.  ITMemlMrhnmo,  <nm  rt  aiWani  In  n<n  nrem  ponlt. 
lab  Wtom  »t  TsnltMi.  toCum  itluUitiil,    '  ^Irff,  1,  Erl.  3  «  Pb,  Ini'lirinhuntot 


106 


Dtmoeritut  to  t 


Valgus  dividi  in  oppositicm  corUra  tapienies,  quod  vulgo  tnds' 
tar  verum,  fafsum  est ;  that  which  the  commonalty  accounW  ■ 
true,  is  most  part  false,  they  are  atjll  opposite  to  wise  raeoi 
but  all  the  world  is  of  tills  humoar  (vulgus),  and  thou  thyself 
art  a!e  vttigo,  one  of  the  commoDalty  ;  and  he,  and  he,  and  si 
are  all  (he  rest ;  and  therefoi-c,  as  Phocion  concludes,  to  bj' 
approved  in  nouglit  you  say  or  do,  mere  idiots  and  agse& 
Begin  then  where  you  will,  go  backward  or  forward,  choosB 
out  of  the  whole  pack,  wink  and  choose,  you  shall  &n.A  theoi' 
all  alike,  "  never  a  barrel  better  herring." 

Copernicus,  Atlas  hia  successor,  is  of  opinion,  the  earth  is 
a  planet,  moves  and  shines  to  others,  as  the  moon  doth  to  US. 
Digges,  Gilbert,  Keplerua,  Origanus,  and  otliers,  defend  this 
hypothesis  of  his  io  sober  sadness,  and  that  the  moon  if 
habited ;  if  it  be  so  that  the  earth  is  a  moon,  then  are 
also  giddy,  vertiginous,  and  lunatic  within  this  subluna^ 

I  could  produce  such  argumenta  till  dai'k  night ;  if  yo9- 
should  hear  the  1*631, 

"  Ante  diem  cliiiiso  compoMnt  yospar  Olympo:  " 

"  Throagh  such  a,  train  of  words  [r  I  Bhould  ran, 

Tlio  day  would  aoooer  than  the  tale  ba  done ;  " 

but  according  to  my  promise,  I  will  descend  to  particulam. 
This  melancholy  extends  itself  not  to  men  only,  but  eve 
vegetals  and  sensibles.  I  speak  not  of  those  creatures  whidt 
are  saturnine,  melancholy  fay  nature,  as  lead,  and  such  likV 
minerals,  or  those  plants,  rue,  cypress,  &c.,  and  bellebord 
itself,  of  which  ^Agrippa  treats,  fishes,  birds,  and  beasts, 
hares,  coniea,  dormice,  &c.,  owls,  bats,  night-birds,  but  thfJi 
artificial,  which  is  perceived  in  them  all.  Remove  a  plant, 
will  pine  away,  which  is  especially  perceived  in  date-trees,  t 
you  may  read  at  large  in  Conatanline's  husbandry,  that  ai 
tipalhv  betwixt  tlie  vine  and  the  cabbage,  wine  and  oil.  Put 
a  bird  in  a  cage,  he  will  die  for  sulleimeas,  or  a  beast  ia 


JDemoerifut  to  the  RmAer.' 


107 


In,  or  take  his  young  ones  or  companions  froni  him,  and  see 
laC  effect  it  will  cause.  But  who  perceives  Dot  these  com- 
mon passions  of  sensible  creatures,  fear,  sorrow,  &c.  Of  all 
other,  dogs  are  mo:^t  subject  lo  tliis  malady,  insomuch  some 
hold  they  dream  as  men  do,  and  through  violence  of  melan- 
choly run  mad ;  I  could  relate  many  stories  of  dogs  that  have 
died  for  grieti  aod  pined  away  for  loss  of  their  masters,  but 
they  are  common  in  every  'author. 

Kingdoms,  provinces,  and  politic  bodies  are  likewise  sensi- 
ble and  subject  to  this  disease,  as  ^Bolerua  in  his  politics  bath 
innTed  at  large.     "As  in  human  bodies  (saith  he)  there  be 
^HKrers  alterations  proceeding  from  hmnours,  bo  there  be  many 
^^Bteases  in  a  commonwealth,  which  do  as  diversely  Impjien 
^^pom  several  distempers,"  as  you  may  easily  perceive  by  their 
particular  symptoms.     For  where  you  shall  see  the  people 
dvil,  obedient  lo  God  and  princes,  judicious,  peaceable  and 
quiet,  rich,  fortunate,  'and  flourish,  to  live  in  peace,  in  unity 
^^wd  concord,  a  country  well  tilled,  many  fair  built  and  popn- 
^^h)s  dties,  i^'  incolnE  niUnt,  as  old  *  Calo  5aid,  the  people  are 
^^Hat,  polite  and  terse,  vii  ^ene,  bealeque  vivunl,  which  our 
^^pniticians  make  the  chief  end  of  a  commonwealth  ;  and  which 
'     ■  Aristolls  PoHL  lib.  3,  cap.  4,  calls  Commune  bonum,  Poli/biui, 
Sb.  G,  optabilem  et  selectum  staium,  that  country  is  free  from 
melancholy  ;  as  it  waa  in  Italy  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  now 
in  China,  now  in  many  other  flourishing  kingdoms  of  Europe. 
But  whereas  you  shall  see  many  discontents,  common  griev- 
ance complaints,  poverty,  barbarism,  beggary,  plagues,  wars, 
^^HtellioDS,  seditions,  mutinies,  contentions,  idleness,  riot,  epi- 
^^^Ksm,  the  land  lie  uotilled.  waste,  full  of  bogs,  fens,  deserts, 
^^Bb,  cities  decayed,  base  and  poor  towns,  villages  depopulated, 
^^Be  people  squalid,  ugly,  uncivil ;  that  kingdom,  tiiat  country, 
must  needs  be  discontent,  melancholy,  hath  a  sick  body,  and 
had  need  to  be  reformed. 

1  Sm  IJpsIoi  Bpisl.      IDopoUltamm.    1  LRi.  do  re  rruit.       1  Vel  imhllwni  ntlll- 
forti,  .nLmlqnf, 


106  Dtmoeritta  to  At  Beader. 

Now  that  cannot  well  be  effected,  till  the  causes  of  these 
moliLdies  be  fir^t  removed,  which  commonly  proceed  fnaai 
their  own  defuult,  or  some  accidenlal  inconv<fnicnc« 
eituated  iu  a  bad  clime,  too  tor  nonb,  sterile,  in  a  barm 
[place,  OS  the  desert  of  Lybia,  deserts  of  Arabia,  places  yrfi 
of  waters,  as  tho^  of  Lop  and  Belgian  in  Asia,  or  in  a  ba 
mr,  as  at  Alexandretia,  Bantam,  Pisa,  Dura^^o,  S.  John  d 
UBoa,  SfC,  or  in  danger  of  the  sea's  continual  inundations,  ai 
in  many  places  of  the  Low  Countries  and  elsewliere,  ( 
some  bad  neighbours,  as  Hungarians  to  Turk^,  Fodolians  U 
Tartars,  or  almost  any  bordering  counlries,  they  live  in  fe 
Blill,  and  by  reason  of  hostile  incursions  are  oftentimes  I 
desolate.  So  are  cities,  by  reason  *  of  wars,  fii'cs,  plagues 
ioandations,  ^  wild  beasts,  decay  of  trades,  barred  havens,  tbi 
sea's  violence,  as  Antwerp  may  wilness  of  late,  Syra 
old,  lirundusium  in  Italy,  Itye  and  Dover  with  us,  an 
that  at  this  day  suspect  the  sea's  fury  and  rage,  and  labom 
against  it  as  tlie  Venetians  to  their  inestimable  charge, 
the  most  frequent  maladies  are  such  as  proceed  from  ihent! 
selves,  as  iii'st  when  religion  and  God's  service  is  neglected] 
innovated  or  altered,  where  they  do  not  fear  God,  obey  th^ 
prince,  where  atheism,  epicurism,  sacrilege,  simony,  i&e.,  i 
all  such  impieties  are  freely  committed,  that  country  caniu 
prosper.  When  Abraham  came  to  Gerar,  and  s 
land,  he  said,  sure  the  fear  of  God  was  not  in  that  [ 
•  Cyprian  Echovius,  a  Spanish  chorographer,  above  all  otliCJ 
cities  of  Spain,  commends  "Borcino,  in  whicli  there  was  i 
beggar,  no  man  poor,  &c.,  but  all  rich,  and  in  good  estate,  ai 
he  gives  llie  reason,  because  they  were  more  religious  Ihi 
their  neighbours  ;"  why  was  Israel  so  often  spoiled  by  thei 
enemies,  led  into  captivity,  &c.,  but  for  their  idolatry,  negleol 
of  God's  word,  for  sacrilege,  even  for  one  Achan's  fault?" 
And  what  shall  we  expecl  that  have  such  multitudes  of. 


Demoeriiiu  to  At  Keader. 

Achana,  church  robbers,  simoniacal  pafrons,  &c,  how  can 
they  Lope  to  fiourish,  that  neglect  divine  duties,  tLat  live 
moat  part  like  Epicures  ? 

Oilier  common  grievancea  are  generally  noxionK  to  a  body 
politic ;  alteration  of  laws  and  customs,  breaking  privileges, 
genei-al  oppreaaions,  seditions,  &c.,  observed  by  '  AriatoiJe, 
Bodin,  Boierus,  Junius,  Amiscus,  &c.  I  will  only  point  at 
some  of  the  cliiefest.  "  Impotentia  ffuberaatidi,  ataxia,  con- 
fusion, ill-government,  which  proceeds  from  unskilful,  slothful, 
griping,  covetous,  unjust,  rash,  or  tyrannizing  magistratea, 
when  they  arc  fools,  idiots,  children,  proud,  wilful,  partial, 
indiscreet,  oppressors,  giddy  bends,  tyrants,  not  able  or  unfit 
lo  manage  such  offices ;  '  many  noble  cities  and  flourishing 
kingdoms  by  that  means  are  desolate,  the  whole  body  groana 
under  such  heads,  and  all  the  members  must  needs  be  dis- 
affected, as  at  this  day  those  goodly  provinces  in  Asia  Minor, 
&C.,  groan  under  the  burden  of  a  Turkish  government ;  and 
those  vast  kingdoms  of  Muscovia,  Eusfia,  *  under  a  tyran- 
nizing duke.  "Wlio  ever  heard  of  more  civil  and  rich  popu- 
lous counlriea  than  those  of  "  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  abounding 
with  all  °  wealth,  multitudes  of  inhabitants,  force,  power, 
eplendour,  and  magnificence?"  and  that  miracle  of  countries, 
'the  Holy  Land,  that  in  so  small  a  compass  of  ground  could 
maintain  so  many  towns,  cities,  produce  bo  many  fighting 
men  ?  E^ypt  another  paradise,  now  barbarous  and  desert, 
and  almost  waste,  by  the  despotlcal  government  of  on  impe- 
rioua  Turk,  inlolerabili  servitvtU  jugo  premitur  {'  one  saith) 
not  only  Are  and  water,  goods  or  lands,  ted  ipse  spiritus  ab 
iniolcntissi'mi  vicloris  ptndet  nutu,  such  is  their  slavery,  their 
^ves  and  souls  depend  upon  his  insolent  will  and  command. 
A  tyrant  that  spoils  all  wheresoever  he  comes,  insomuch  that 
ui  'historian  complains,  "if  an  old  inhabitant  should  now  see 


110  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

them,  he  would  not  know  them ;  if  a  traveller,  or  strange 
would  grieve  his  heart  to  behold  them."  Whereas  *  Aria 
notes,  Novce  exactiones,  nova  onera  impogita,  new  bur 
and  exactions  daily  come  upon  them,  like  those  of  w 
Zosimus,  lib.  2,  so  grievous,  tU  viri  uxores,  paJtresJUios  pi 
tuerent  tit  exactorihus  e  guestu,  Sfc,  they  must  needs  be  dig 
tent,  hinc  ctmtatum  gemitus  et  ploratus,  as  *  Tully  holds ;  h 
come  those  complaints  and  tears  of  cities,  "poor,  miser 
rebellious,  and  desperate  subjects,"  as  '  Hippolitus  adds ; 
*  as  a  judicious  countryman  of  ours  observed  not  long  s 
in  a  survey  of  that  great  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  the  people  j 
much  grieved  and  discontent,  as  appeared  by  their  man 
and  manifest  complainings  in  that  kind.  ^^That  the 
was  like  a  sick  body  which  had  lately  taken  physic,  w 
humours  are  not  yet  well  settled,  and  weakened  so  mucl 
purging,  that  nothing  was  left  but  melancholy.** 

Whereas  the  princes  and  potentates  are  immoderaf 
lust,  hypocrites,  epicures,  of  no  religion,  but  in  show  ;  < 
hypocrisi  fra^lius  f  what  so  brittle  and  unsure  ?  what  sc 
subverts  their  estates  than  wandering  and  raging  lusfa 
their  subjects'  wives,  daughters  ?  to  say  no  worse.  That 
should  facem  praferre,  lead  the  way  to  all  virtuous  acl 
are  the  ringleaders  oftentimes  of  all  mischief  and  diss 
courses,  and  by  that  means  their  countries  are  pla< 
* "  and  they  themselves  often  ruined,  banished,  or  mure 
by  conspiracy- of  their  subjects,  as  Sardanapalus  was,  D 
sius,  junior,  Heliogabalus,  Periander,  Pisistratus,  Tarqui 
,  Timocrates,  Childericus,  Appius  Claudius,  Andronicus,  G 

}ri[  cius  Sforsia,  Alexander  Medices,"  &c. 

Whereas  the  princes  or  great  men  are  malicious,  en^ 
factious,  ambitious,  emulators,  they  tear  a  commonw 
asunder,  as  so  many  Guelfs  and  Gihelines  disturb  the  q 
ness  of  it,  ®  and  with  mutual  murders  let  it  bleed  to  di 

1  Polit.  1. 5,  c.  6.  Crudelitaa  principiim,  1598,  eonclurfo  libri.        *  Botem 

Impanitasscelerum.  violatio  legam,  peca-  c.  4.    Polit.  Quo  fit  at  aat  rebus 

latus  pecuniae  publicse,  etc.  >  Epist.  ratis  exulent,  aat  conjuratione  sv 

8De  increni.  arb.  cap.20,  subditi  misMsri,  rum  crudelissime  tandem   trucid 

rebelles,  desperati,  &c.     4  r.  Darlington.  •  Mutuis  odiis  et  csedibos  exhausi 


Sr.  Ill 

histories  are  too  full  of  such  barbarous  inhumanities,  and 

miseries  that  issue  from  them. 
Whereas  ihey  be  like  bo  many  horseleeches,  hungry, 
griping  corrupl,  '■  covetous,  aaaritiis  mancipia,  ravenous  as 
wolves,  for  as  TuEy  writes :  qui  present  prodesl,  et  gui  pecudi- 
ina  pr<Besl,  debet  eortim  utililati  insercire :  or  such  as  prefer 
their  private  before  the  public  good.  For  as  'he  snid  long 
since,  res  privaCa  pubiicis  setnper  ojfkere.  Or  whereas  lliey 
be  illiterate,  ignorant,  empirics  in  policy,  ubi  deesC  facutlai 
'virtus  (Ariitol.  poL  5,  cap.  8,)  et  scientia,  wise  only  hy  in- 
heritance, and  in  authority  by  birthright,  (iivour,  or  tor  their 
wealth  and  titles  ;  there  must  needs  bo  a  fault,  'a  great  de- 
fect! becHUge,  as  an  'old  philUfOpher  aiTirmj,  such  men  ore 
not  always  fit.  "  Of  an  infinite  number,  Itiw  noble  are  sena- 
tors, and  of  those  few,  fewer  good,  and  of  tbat  small  number 
of  honest,  good,  and  noble  men,  few  that  are  learned,  wise, 
discreet,  and  sufficient,  able  to  discharge  such  places,  it  must 
the  confusion  of  a  state." 

'or  us  the  •  Princes  are,  so  are  the  people ;   Qualis  Rex, 
grex  !  and  which  'Antigonus  right  well  said  of  old,  qui 

■edonitB  regem  entdit,  omnes  etiam  mbdifoi  erudit,  he  that 
teaches  the  king  of  Macedon,  teaches  all  his  subjects,  is  a 
true  saying  still. 

"  For  Princes  are  the  glass,  the  school,  tha  hook, 

B^Tiera  Bubjeeta'  eyea  do  lanrn,  do  read,  do  look." 
Comimpunt  Tiliomm  esempla  dnmostioa,  mngais 

Their  examples  tire  soonest  followed,  vices  entertained,  if 


^^Med 


lint  lp9l  Tirlnclpe^.  1411  «UKin  hi- 
iwcslo  oocont,'  &l"rt^*l^baii. 


1 


112  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

they  be  profane,  irreligious,  lascivious,  riotous,  epicures,  fac- 
tious, covetous,  ambitious,  illiterate,  so  will  the  commons  most 
part  be,  idle,  unthrifts,  prone  to  lust,  drunkards,  and  therefore 
poor  and  needy  (7  Trma  ariiaiv  iunoiu  koI  KcucovpyiaVy  for  poverty 
begets  sedition  and  villany)  upon  all  occasions  ready  to 
mutiny  and  rebel,  discontent  still,  complaining,  murmuring, 
grudging,  apt  to  all  outrages,  thefts,  treasons,  murders,  inno- 
vations, in  debt,  shifters,  cozeners,  outlaws,  Profligat<E  fanut 
ac  vitcB.  It  was  an  old  ^  politician's  aphorism,  "  They  that 
are  poor  and  bad  envy  rich,  hate  good  men,  abhor  the  pres- 
ent government,  wish  for  a  new,  and  would  have  all  turned 
topsy  turvy."  When  Catiline  rebelled  in  Rome,  he  got  a 
company  of  such  debauched  rogues  together,  they  were  his 
familiars  and  coadjutors,  and  such  have  been  your  rebels 
most  part  in  all  ages.  Jack  Cade,  Tom  Straw,  Kette,  and  his 
companions. 

Where  they  be  generally  riotous  and  contentious,  where 
there  be  many  discords,  many  laws,  many  lawsuits,  many 
lawyers  and  many  physicians,  it  is  a  manifest  sign  of  a  dis- 
tempered, melancholy  state,  as  ^  Plato  long  since  maintained ; 
for  where  such  kind  of  men  swarm,  they  will  make  more 
work  for  themselves,  and  that  body  politic  diseased,  which 
was  otherwise  sound.  A  general  mischief  in  these  our  times, 
an  insensible  plague,  and  never  so  many  of  them ;  "  which 
are  now  multiplied  (saith  Mat  Gerald  us,  •  a  lawyer  himself,) 
as  so  many  locusts,  not  the  parents,  but  the  plagues  of  the 
country,  and  for  the  most  part  a  supercilious,  bad,  covetous, 
litigious  generation  of  men.  *  Crumenimulga  natio,  S^c.  A 
purse-milking  nation,  a  clamorous  company,  gowned  vultures, 
*  qui  ex  injuria  vivent  et  sanguine  civium,  thieves  and  semi- 
naries of  discord;  worse  than  any  pollers  by  the  highway 
Bide,  aurt  acctpitres,  auri  exterebronides,  pecuniarum  hamiolcB, 

1  Sallast.    Semper  in   civitate  quibus  Juris.    Maltiplicantur  nanc  in  terris  ut 

opes  nullse  sunt,  bonis  inyideat,  Vetera  locustaD  non  patriae  parentes.  sed  pestes, 

odere,    nova    exoptant,    odio     suarum  pessimi  homines,  majore  ex  parte  super- 

Verum  mutari  omnia  petunt.  ^  De  ciliosi,  contentiosi,  &c.,  licitum  latrocini- 

leffibus.    Profligatae  in  repub.  disciplines  tun  exercent.        «  Dousa  epid.  loquielda 

Mt  indicium  jurisperitorum  numerus,  et  turba,  vultures  togati.        •  Baro.  ArgMi. 
medicorum  copia.         sin  prsef.  stud. 


Denueritut  to  (ha  Reader. 


113 


tdrvplatorrs,  eurite  harpagones,  fori  tintinabidii,  monsira 
I,  wxngonea,  ^c.,  that  take  upon  tbem  lu  miike  peace, 
but  are  indeed  [lie  very  diatiirbera  of  our  ptiai'e,  a  company 
of  iiTeligiou3  liarpies,  scraping,  griping  cal  eh  poles,  (I  mean 
our  common  hungry  pettifoggers,  ^  ra&alai  Jorense^,  lore  and 
honour  in  the  raeiin  time  all  good  laws,  and  worthy  lawjere, 
that  are  so  many  ^oraclea  and  pilots  of  a  well-governed  com- 
monwealth.) Without  art,  witbout  jodgmeni,  that  do  more 
barm,  as  *  Livy  said,  qiiam  heUa  externa,  fames,  marbive,  than 
sickues?,  wars,  hunger,  diseaaes  ;  "  and  cause  a  mo^t  inuredi-' 
ble  destruction  of  a  commonwealth,"  eaith  *  Sesellius,  a 
famous  civilian  sometimes  in  Paris,  as  ivy  dotli  by  an  oak, 
embrace  it  so  long,  until  it  hath  got  the  heart  out  of  it,  so  do 
tbey  by  such  places  they  inhabit ;  uo  counsel  at  all,  no 
justice,  no  speech  lo  be  had,  wis*  eitm  premuheris,  he  must 
be  fed  9lill,  or  else  he  is  a^  mute  as  a  li^h,  belter  open  an 
oyster  without  a  knife.  Experto  crede  (saith  '  Salisburiensis) 
in  vtamii  eorum  miSies  intddi,  et  Charon  immttis,  qui  mtUi 
ptpercit  uniptam,  his  longe  cUmentior  est;  "  I  speak  out  of 
experience,  I  have  been  a  thousand  times  amongst  them,  and 
Charon  bimself  is  more  gentle  than  they ;  *  he  is  contented 
with  his  single  pay,  but  they  multiply  still,  they  are  never 
latisRed,"  besides  they  have  damnijicas  Unguas,  m  he  terma 
h,  win  funibus  argenteis  vineias,  they  must  be  fed  to  say 
nothing,  and  *  get  more  to  hold  their  peace  than  we  can  to 
lay  our  best.  Tbey  will  speak  tbeir  clients  fair,  and  invite 
tliem  to  their  tables,  but  as  he  follows  it,  '  ■'  of  all  injustice 
there  is  none  so  pernicious  as  that  of  theirs,  which  when  they 
deceive  most,  will  seem  to  be  honest  men."  They  take  upon 
llietn  to  be  peacemakers,  et  fovere  causas  humiUum,  to  help 
)  their  right,  patrocinaniur  affliclig,  "  but  all  is  for 
d,  vt  ioeaioB  pleniorum  exhaurianl,  they  plead 


*  mat  aKlplunC  tuen,  tnum    a 


114  Demoeritia  to  the  Reader. 

for  poor  men  gratis,  but  they  are  but  aa  a  stale  to  c 
others.  If  llitre  be  no  jar,  '  they  can  make  a  jar,  out  of  Ha. 
law  itself" find  still  some  quirk  or  other,  lo  set  them  at  odd^j 
and  continue  causes  80  long,  luslra  aliquot,  I  kn< 
many  years  before  the  cause  is  heard,  and  when  'tis  judgrf 
and  detcrioined  by  reaion  of  some  tricks  and  errors,  it  is  iii 
fresh  to  begin,  after  twice  seven  years  some  tini 
at  first ;  and  fo  they  prolong  time,  delay  suits  till  they  hafl^ 
enriched  themselyei",  and  beggared  their  clients.  And,  I 
'  Cato  inveighed  against  Isocrates's  scholars,  we  may  j 
tax  our  wrangling  lawyers,  they  do  consenescere  in  litihus,wi 
so  litigious  and  busy  here  on  earth,  that  I  think  they  wi 
plead  their  client's  causes  hereafl^r,  some  of  them  in  hel 
*  Simlcrus  complains  amongst  the  Sulssers  of  the  advoc 
in  his  time,  that  when  they  should  make  an  end,  they  begij 
controversies,  and  "  protract  their  causes  many  years,  p« 
suading  iheni  their  title  is  good,  till  their  patrimonies  be  eo 
Eumed,  and  that  they  have  spent  more  in  seeking  than  ti 
thing  is  worth,  or  they  shall  get  by  the  recovery."  So  th 
he  that  goes  to  law,  as  the  proverb  is,  '  holds  a  wolf  by  t] 
ears,  or  aa  a  sheep  in  a  storm  runs  for  shelter  to  a  brier,  ii 
he  prosecute  his  cause  he  is  consumed,  if  he  surcease  h 
he  loseth  all ; '  what  difference  ?  They  had  wont  1 
fore,  eaith  Austin,  to  end  matters,  per  communes  aTbUroi\ 
and  BO  in  Swilnerland  (we  are  informed  by  '  Simlcro^ 
"they  had  some  common  arbitrators  or  daysmen  in  av 
town,  that  made  a  friendly  composition  betwixt  man  and  n 
and  ho  much  wonders  at  their  honest  simplicity,  that  c 
keep  peace  so  well,  and  end  such  great  t^uses  by  that  n 
At '  Fez  in  Africa,  they  have  neither  lawyers  nor  advocatol 

1  CHmdaa  In  NdHoIIt  ;  qui  b1  olhU  ilt    ■  Hot.    ^  Lib.  de  flclTet.  npob.   Jofl 
UUiiiii  h  Juriii  nvk^lbui  I1fj!a  bun^D  t^nta    qiincuDquB  pn^  canKtUnunt  qni  tu 

(vnenmt,    ptttroclalo    vuo    tuebantur,    tBlfflnuluitror^fiiil  BkcaoBKB 

dlfl,  Hd  piDjIflhiUfl  controverwnfl  opemm    HI  r^uv  rtmlwTer^lB  nCrani  .  ^ 

dniit.  It4  ut  Utfri  \i\  nulCnn  nnnoB  eitn-    dWin  ^dU,  is  Hmiel  tt  (domf  rem  truN 


Deatoenttu  to  the  Seaikr. 


lis 


It  if  there  be  any  controversies  aiwrngst  Ihem,  both  parties 
plaintiS' and  defendant  come  lo  their  Alfiikias  or  chief  judge, 
"and  at  once,  williout  any  farllier  appeals  or  pitiful  delajBj 
the  (auae  is  heard  and  ended."  Our  forefathers,  as  '  a  northy 
chorographer  of  ours  observes,  had  wont  pauculis  crucvUi 
aiireis,  with  a  few  goHen  crosses,  and  lines  in  verse,  make  all 
conveyances,  assurances.  And  such  was  the  candour  and 
integrity  of  succeeding  ages,  that  a  deed  (as  I  have  oilea 
Been)  lo  convey  a  whole  manor,  was  impUcite  contained  in 
some  twenty  lines  or  thereabouts;  Uke  that  acede  or  Sytala 
Laconiea,  so  much  renowned  of  old  in  all  contracts,  which 
'  TitUy  so  earnestly  commends  to  Atticus,  Plutarch  in  hia 
Lysander,  Aristotle  polit,!  Tkucydides,  lib.  1.  *  Diodorus 
and  Suidaa  approve  and  magnify,  for  that  laconic  brevity  in 
this  kind ;  and  well  Ihey  might,  for,  according  lo  '  TertuUian, 
eerta  stmt  panels,  there  ia  much  more  certainty  in  fewer 
words.  And  so  was  it  of  old  throughout ;  but  now  many 
tkina  of  parchment  will  scarce  serve  turn  ;  he  that  buys  and 
tells  a  house,  must  have  a  house  ftill  of  writings,  there  be  so 
many  circumstances,  so  many  words,  such  tautological  repeti- 
tions of  all  particulars,  (io  avoid  cavillation  they  say ;)  bat 
we  find  by  our  woful  esperience,  that  lo  subtle  wits  it  is  a 
cause  of  much  more  contention  and  variance,  and  scarce  any 
conveyance  so  accurately  penned  by  one,  wliich  another  will 
Dot  find  a  crack  in,  or  cavil  at ;  if  any  one  word  be  mis- 
placed, any  little  error,  all  is  disannulled.  That  which  is  a 
law  to-day,  is  none  to-morrow;  that  which  is  sound  in  on© 
man's  opinion,  is  most  faulty  to  another;  that  in  conclusion, 
here  is  nothing  amongst  us  hut  contention  and  confusion,  wa 
landy  one  against  another.  And  that  which  long  since 
'Plutarch  complained  of  them  in  Asia,  may  be  verified  in 

ir  timea.     "  These  men  here  assembled,  come  not  to  sacri- 

0  their  gods,  to  ofl^er  Jupiter  their  first-fruits,  or  merri- 

ndm.        >Ub.  10,  «pW.  »d  At-    Jari  piimlUsu  oBorsnl,  lot  Bniwho  coni- 
•niat.  11.  <  Blhllnth.  I.  3.    mawnilnnai.  wl  imnlTi'rairins  QiDrbiu 


116  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

ments  to  Bacchus  ;  but  an  yearly  disease,  exasperating  Asia, 
hath  brought  them  hither,  to  make  an  end  of  their  contro- 
versies and  lawsuits."  'Tis  mtdtitudo  perdenttum  et  pereun* 
Hum,  a  destructive  rout  that  seek  one  another's  ruin.  Sudi 
most  part  are  our  ordinary  suitors,  termers,  clients,  new  stirs 
every  day,  mistakes,  errors,  cavils,  and  at  this  present,  as  I 
have  heard  in  some  one  court,  I  know  not  how  miany  thoa« 
sand  causes  ;  no  person  free,  no  title  almost  good,  with  sudi 
bitterness  in  following,  so  many  slights,  procrastinations, 
delays,  forgery,  such  cost  (for  infinite  sums  are  inconsidep* 
ately  spent),  violence  and  malice,  I  know  not  by  whose  faulty 
lawyers,  clients,  laws,  both  or  all ;  but  as  Paul  reprehended 
the  *  Corinthians  long  since,  I  may  more  positively  infer  now: 
"  There  is  a  fault  amongst  you,  and  I  speak  it  to  your  shame. 
Is  there  not  a  *  wise  man  amongst  you,  to  judge  between  his 
brethren  ?  but  that  a  brother  goes  to  law  with  a  brother.* 
And  *  Christ's  counsel  concerning  lawsuits,  was  never  so  fit 
to  be  inculcated  as  in  this  age :  •  "  Agree  with  thine  adver- 
sary quickly,"  &c.  Matth.  v.  25. 

I  could  repeat  many  such  particular  grievances,  which 
must  disturb  a  body  politic.  To  shut  up  all  in  brief,  where 
good  government  is,  prudent  and  wise  princes,  there  all 
things  thrive  and  prosper,  peace  and  happiness  is  in  that 
land ;  where  it  is  otherwise,  all  things  are  ugly  to  behold, 
incult,  barbarous,  uncivil,  a  paradise  is  turned  to  a  wilder- 
ness. This  island  amongst  the  rest,  our  next  neighbonrs 
the  French  and  Germans,  may  be  a  sufficient  witness,  that 
in  a  short  time  by  that  prudent  policy  of  the  Romans,  was 
brought  from  barbarism ;  see  but  what  CaBsar  reports  of  us, 
and  Tacitus  of  those  old  Germans,  they  were  once  as  undyfl 
as  they  in  Virginia,  yet  by  planting  of  colonies  and  good  lawa^ 
they  became  from  barbarous  outlaws,  *  to  be  full  of  rich  and 


1 1  Cor.  tI.  5,  6.  *  Stulti  qnando  mons.  *  Ssepitis  bona  materia  < 

demum  sapietis?     Ps.  xlix.  8.        *  So  sine  artifice.     Sabellicus  de  Germaniap 

intituled,    and    preached    by   our    Re-  Si  quia  videret  Germaniam  nrbibuB  hodi* 

glus    Professor,    D.    Prideaax;    printed  excultam,  non  diceret  ut  oUm  trtofeeoi 

at   London    by   Foelix   Kingston,  1621.  cultu,  asperam  coelo,  tenam  inlbniMa 
'Of  wliich  Text  read  two  learned  Ser- 


Dunomttu  to  tfu  Reader. 

populous  cities,  as  now  tlicy  are,  and  most  flourishing  kmg^ 
doma.  Even  so  might  Virgiuiit,  aod  tLose  wild  Iriiih  have 
been  civilized  long  since,  if  that  order  had  been  heretofore 
taken,  which  now  begins,  of  planting  colonies,  &c.  1  have 
read  a  'discourse,  primed  anno  1612.  "Discovering  the 
true  causes  why  Ii'eland  was  never  entirely  subdued,  or 
brought  under  obedience  to  the  crown  of  England,  until  the 
beginning  of  his  Majesty's  hapjiy  reign."  Yet  if  his  rciisona 
were  thoroughly  scanned  by  a  judicious  politician,  I  am  afraid 
he  would  not  altogether  he  approved,  hut  that  it  would  turn 
to  the  dishonour  of  our  nation,  to  suffer  it  to  lie  so  long  waste. 
Yea,  and  if  some  travellers  should  see  (to  come  nearer  home) 
those  rieh,  united  provinces  of  HoUaiid,  Zealand,  &c.,  over 
agwnst  us;  those  neat  cities  and  populous  towns,  lull  of  most 
industrious  artificers,  *eo  much  land  recovered  from  llie  sea, 
and  so  painfully  preserved  by  those  artificial  inventions,  so 
wonderfully  approved,  as  that  of  Bemster  in  Holland,  uf  nihil 
kuic  par  aut  simile  invenias  in  lolo  orbe,  saitii  Bcrtius  the 
geographer,  all  tbe  world  caunot  match  it,  *so  many  navi- 
gable channels  from  place  to  place,  made  by  men's  bands, 
&e.,  and  on  the  other  side  so  many  thousand  acres  of  our  fens 
Me  drowned,  our  cities  thin,  and  tho^e  vile,  poor,  and  ugly  to 
behold  in  respect  of  theire,  our  trades  decaj'ed,  our  still  run- 
mng  rivers  stopped,  and  that  beneficial  use  of  transportation, 
wholly  neglected,  so  many  havens  void  of  ships  and  towns, 
■0  niany  parks  and  forests  for  pleasure,  barren  heathy  so 
many  villages  depopulated,  &c.,  I  think  sure  he  would  find 
Miae  fault. 

I  may  not  deny  but  that  this  nation  of  ours,  dolh  bent 
OHilire  apud  exteros,  is  a  most  noble,  a  most  flourialiing  king- 
dom, by   common    consent   of  itlL   *  geographer.-*,    historiana, 
.   politicians,  'tis  unica  velut  an,'  and  whicK  Quintius  in  Livy 
id  of  the  inhabitants  of  Peloponnesus,  may  be  well  applied 
haa. we  are  latadtnei  teitd  »ud  inclusi,  like  so  many  tor- 

t  hl>  U^t.i'i  Attornsr-Oencnd  Bragss  la  the  ten,,  &c.  <  OrtellDf, 
i  •  Ai  ZeipLlDd,  BtuiaWr  In  Hill-  BoWniB,  Mcronlor,  MEtorinua,  to.— 
^It.     •Vmn  Ouiut  lo  Slun,  ttam    •'-Tbgcltmliil  (lu  euseUcncs." 


118  Democritug  to  the  Reader. 

toises  in  our  slielh,  safely  defended  bj  an  angry  sea,  as  a  wall 
on  all  sides.  Our  island  hath  many  such  honoarable  eulogi- 
urns  ;  and  as  a  learned  countryman  of  ours  right  well  hath  it, 
^^Ever  since  the  Normans  first  comma;  into  Enorland.  this 
country  both  for  military  matters,  and  all  other  of  civility, 
hath  been  paralleled  with  the  most  flourishing  kingdoms  of 
Europe  and  our  Christian  world,"  a  blessed,  a  rich  country, 
and  one  of  the  fortunate  isles ;  and  for  some  things  ^  preferred 
before  other  countries,  for  expert  seamen,  our  laborious  dis- 
coveries, art  of  navigation,  true  merchants,  they  carry  the 
bell  away  from  all  other  nations,  even  the  Portugals  and 
Hollanders  themselves ;  ' "  without  all  fear,"  saith  Boteros, 
"  furrowing  the  ocean  winter  and  summer,  and  two  of  their 
captains,  with  no  less  valour  than  fortune,  have  sailed  round 
about  the  world."  *  We  have  besides  many  particular  bless- 
ings, which  our  neighbours  want,  the  Gospel  truly  preached, 
church  discipline  established,  long  peace  and  quietness  free 
from  exactions,  foreign  fears,  invasions,  domestical  seditions, 
well  manured,  *  fortified  by  art,  and  nature,  and  now  most 
happy  in  that  fortunate  union  of  England  and  Scotland, 
which  our  forefathers  have  laboured  to  effect,  and  desired 
to  see.  But  in  which  we  excel  all  others,  a  wise,  learned, 
religious  king,  another  Numa,  a  second  Augustus,  a  true 
Josiah ;  most  worthy  senators,  a  learned  clergy,  an  obedient 
commonalty,  &c  Yet  amongst  many  roses,  some  thistles 
grow,  some  bad  weeds  and  enormities,  which  much  disturb 
the  peace  of  this  body  politic,  eclipse  the  honour  and  gloiy 
of  it,  fit  to  be  rooted  out,  and  with  all  speed  to  be  reformed. 

The  first  is  idleness,  by  reason  of  which  we  have  many 
swarms  of  rogues,  and  beggars,  thieves,  drunkards,  and  dis- 
contented persons  (whom  Lycurgus  in  Plutarch  calls  tnorhos 
reipuUicce,  the  boils  of  the  commonwealth),  many  poor  people 
in  all  our  towns.     Civitates  ignohiles  as  ®  Polydore  calls  them, 

1  Jam   inde   non   minus   belli  glori^i,  duo  illorum  duces  non  minore  audactt 

qukm  humanitatis  cuitu  inter  tlorentis-  quXm  fortuni  totius  orbem   term  eir> 

Bimas   orbis  Cbristiani  gentes  imprimis  cumnavigarunt.    Ampbitheatro  Boterus. 

floruit.      Camden  Brit,  de  Normannis.  *  A  fertile  soil,  good  air,  &c.     Tin,  Lead, 

«Geog.  Keeker.         »  Tarn  hieme  quira  Wool,  Safifron,  &c.  »  Tota  Britannia 

estate   intrepid^   sulcant  Oceanum,  et  unica  yelut  arz.  Boter.       •  Lib.  1«  hifi 


base-built  cities,  inglonous,  poor,  snuill,  rare  in  sight,  ruiaous, 
and  thin  of  inhabilants.  Our  laud  is  ttirtile  we  may  not  denj', 
full  of  all  good  tilings,  and  why  doth  it  not  tlieii  abound  with 
cities,  as  well  as  Italy,  France,  Gercaany,  the  Low  Countries? 
becau.se  their  policy  hath  beeu  ollicrwise,  and  we  are  not  ao 
thrifty,  cii'cu aspect,  industrious.  Idleness  is  lUe  mains  ffenita 
of  our  natioa.  For  as  I  Bolerus  justly  argues,  fertility  of  a 
country  is  not  enough,  except  art  and  industry  bu  joined  unto 
it;  accoitiing  to  Aristotle,  riches  are  either  natural  or  arti- 
fidal ;  natural,  are  good  land,  fair  mines,  &c.,  arliRcial,  are 
manufactures,  coins,  &c.  Many  kingdoms  are  fertile,  but 
thin  of  inhabitants,  as  that  Duchy  of  Piedmont  in  Italy, 
which  Leander  Albertus  so  much  magnifies  for  com,  wine, 
fruits,  &c.,  yet  notliing  near  so  pojralous  as  those  wliieh  are 
more  barren.  ' "  England,"  saith  he,  "  London  only  ex- 
cepted, hath  never  a  populous  city,  and  yet  a  fruitful  coiu- 
try."  I  find  46  cities  and  walled  towns  iu  Alsalia,  a  small 
province  in  Germany,  50  castles,  on  infinite  number  of  vil- 
lageB,  DO  ground  i<lle ;  no,  not  rocky  places,  or  topa  of  hilla 
are  umilled,  as  'Munster  informeth  us.  In  ^Greichgea,  & 
small  territory  on  the  Necker,  24  Italian  miles  over,  I  read 
of  20  walled  towns,  innumerable  villages,  each  one  containing 
150  houses  most  part,  besides  castles  and  noblemen's  palaceSi 
I  observe  in  'Turinge,  in  Dutcbland  (twelve  miles  over  by 
tbeir  seale),  12  counties,  and  in  them  144  cities,  2,000  vil- 
lages, 144  towns,  250  castles.  In  'Bavaria,  34  cities,  46 
towns,  &c  ''  Portugallia  interamnis,  a  small  plot  of  ground, 
luuh  1.460  parishes,  130  monasteries,  200  bridges.  Malta, 
■  barren  island,  yields  20,000  inhabitants.  But  of  all  the 
Rst,  I  admire  Lues  Guicdardine's  relations  of  the  Low 
CouDtiics.  Holland  hath  26  cities,  400  great  villages.  Zea- 
Ituid,  10  cities,  102  parishes.  Brabant,  26  cities,  102  parishes. 
Flanders,  23  cities,  90  towns,  1,154  villages,  besides  abbeys, 

. 1..,.,    .1...    _   L..^ p,y  „„.    I  Majinm  Qcog,        «  OfluHiis  *  Vl«o  el 


lfi,"^UB'.'"''i 


ViUunUD  HI 


120  DemocrituM  to  the  Reader. 

eastles,  &c.  The  Low  Coantries  generallj  bave  three  dtiefl 
at  least  for  one  of  ours,  and  those  far  more  populous  and 
rich ;  and  wliat  is  the  cause,  but  their  industry  and  excel- 
lencj  in  all  manner  of  trades  ?  Their  commerce,  which  is 
maintained  bj  a  multitude  of  tradesmen,  so  many  excellent 
channels  made  by  art  and  opportune  havens,  to  which  thej 
build  their  cities ;  all  which  we  hare  in  like  measure,  or  at 
least  may  have.  But  their  chiefest  loadstone  which  draws  all 
manner  of  commerce  and  merchandise,  which  maintains  their 
present  estate,  is  not  fertility  of  soil,  but  industry  that  en- 
ricbeth  them ;  the  gold  mines  of  Peru,  or  Nova  Hispania  may 
not  compare  with  them.  They  have  neither  gold  nor  silver 
of  their  own,  wine  nor  oil,  or  scarce  any  com  growing  in 
those  united  provinces ;  little  or  no  wood,  tin,  lead,  iron,  silk, 
wool,  any  stuff  almost,  or  metal ;  and  yet  Hungary,  Transyl- 
vania, that  brag  of  their  mines,  fertile  England,  cannot  com- 
pare with  them.  I  dare  boldly  say,  that  neither  France^ 
Tarentum,  Apulia,  Lorabardy,  or  any  part  of  Italy,  Valence 
in  Spain,  or  that  pleasant  Andalusia,  with  their  excell^t 
fruits,  wine  and  oil,  two  harvests,  no  not  any  part  of  Europe 
is  so  flourishing,  so  rich,  so  populous,  so  full  of  good  ships,  of 
well-built  cities,  so  abounding  with  all  things  necessary  for 
the  use  of  roan.  'Tis  our  Indies,  an  epitome  of  China,  and 
all  by  reason  of  their  industry,  good  policy,  and  commerce. 
Industry  is  a  loadstone  to  draw  all  good  things ;  that  alone 
makes  countries  flourish,  cities  populous,  ^and  will  enforce 
by  reason  of  much  manure,  which  necessarily  follows,  a  bar- 
ren soil  to  be  fertile  and  good,  as  sheep,  saith  ^  Dion,  mend  a 
bad  pasture. 

Tell  me,  politicians,  why  is  that  fruitful  Palestina,  noble 
Greece,  Egypt,  Asia  Minor,  so  much  decayed,  and  (mere 
carcasses  now)  fallen  from  that  they  were  ?  The  ground  is 
the  same,  but  the  government  is  altered ;  the  people  are 
grown  slothful,  idle;  their  good  husbandry,  policy,  and  in- 

1  Popnll  multitudo  diligente  ealturil    *  Orat.  85.    Terra  abi  OTes  stabulantnr 
foecundat  soluin      Boter.  1.  8,  c.  8  optima  agricolis  ob  sterciu. 


Stmixintui  to  the  SeaAr, 


121 


s  decayed.  Wonfaiigata  aut  effala  humua,  as  *  Colu- 
a  well  informs  Syivinus,  ted  nottrd  Jit  inertid,  ^c.  May 
ft  man  believe  that  which  Aristotle  in  his  politics,  Pausanias, 
Stepiianus,  Sopiuanua,  Gerbelius  relate  of  old  Greece  ?  I  find 
Lerelofore  seventy  cities  in  Epiroa  overthrown  by  Paulus 
JEmilius,  a  goodly  province  in  limes  past,  *now  letl  desolate 
of  good  towns  aad  almost  inhabitants.  Sixty-two  cities  in 
Macedonia  in  Strabo's  time.  I  find  thirty  in  Laconia,  but  now 
scarce  so  many  Tillages,  saith  Gerbelius.  If  any  man  from 
Jlount  Taygetus  should  view  the  country  round  about,  and  see 
iot  delicias,  tot  urbes  per  Peloponnemm  dispersas,  so  many  deli- 
cate and  brave  built  cities  with  such  cost  and  exquisite  cun- 
ning, so  neatly  set  out  in  Peloponnesus,  '  he  should  perceive 
them  now  ruinous  and  overthrown,  burnt,  waste,  desolate, 
and  laid  level  with  the  ground.  Incrediblle  dictu,  S^c.  And 
as  he  laments,  Quis  lalia  fando  Temperet  a  lac/irymii  ?  Quii 
tarn  diirus  aut  ferreutf  (so  he  prosecutes  it.)*  Who  is  lie 
that  can  sufficiently  condole  and  commiserate  these  ruins  ? 
Where  are  those  4,000  cities  of  Egypt,  tliose  100  cilies  in 
Crete  ?  Are  they  now  come  to  two  ?  What  saiih  Pliny 
and  ^lian  of  old  Italy?  There  were  in  former  ages  1,166 
cities  ;  Blondus  and  Machiavel,  both  grant  them  now  iiolhing 
near  so  populous,  and  fuU  of  good  towns  as  in  the  time  of 
Augustus  (for  now  Leajider  Albertus  can  find  but  300  at 
most),  and  if  we  may  give  credit  to  *  Livy,  not  then  so  strong 
and  puissant  as  of  old  :  They  mustered  sevenly  Legions  in  for- 
mer times,  wliich  now  the  known  world  will  scarce  yield.  Al- 
exiwder  built  sevenly  dlies  in  a  short  space  for  his  part,  our 
Sullons  and  Turks  demolish  twice  as  many,  and  leare  all 
d^olate.  Many  will  not  believe  but  that  our  island  of  Great 
Britain  is  now  more  populous  tlian  ever  it  was ;  yet  let  them 


itetu  rijauH  tvU  nlthouC  >  Uu. 


122  Democritus  to  the  Reader 

read  Bede,  Leiand,  and  others,  they  shall  find  it  most  f 
ished  in  the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  and  in  the  Conqneror^s 
was  far  better  inhabited  than  at  this  present  See 
Domesday-Book,  and  show  me  those  thousands  of  paris 
which  are  now  decayed,  cities  ruined,  villages  depopuL 
&C.  The  lesser  the  territory  is,  commonly,  the  richer  i 
Parvus  sed  bene  ctdltus  ager.  As  those  Athenian,  Lac 
monian.  Arcadian,  Aelian,  Sycionian,  Messenian,  &c,  < 
monwealths  of  Greece  make  ample  proof,  as  those  imp* 
cities  and  free  states  of  Germany  may  witness,  those  Can 
of  Switzers,  Rheti,  Grison?,  Walloons,  Territories  of  Tusc 
Luke  and  Senes  of  old.  Piedmont,  Mantua,  Venice  in  I 
Hagusa,  &c. 

That  prince,  therefore,  as  *  Boterus  adviseth,  that  will  1 

a  rich  country,  and  fair  cities,  let  him  get  good  trades,  p 

leges,  painful  inhabitants,  artificers,  and  suffer  no  rude  mj 

unwrought,  as  tin,  iron,  wool,  lead,  &c.,  to  be  transported 

of  his  country, — *  a  thing  in  part  seriously  attempted  amo 

us,  but  not  effected.     And  because  industry  of  men,  and  i 

titude  of  trade  so  much  avails  to  the  ornament  and  enric 

of  a  kingdom ;  those  ancient  *  Massilians  would  admit  no 

into  their  city  that  had  not  some  trade.      Selym,  the 

Turkish  emperor,  procured  a  thousand  good  artificers  t< 

,j^  brought  from  Taurus  to  Constantinople.     The  Polandera 

'j;j  dented  with  Henry,  Duke  of  Anjou,  their  new-chosen  I 

J  to  brinir  with  him  an  hundred  families  of  artificers  into 


land.     James  the  First,  in  Scotland,  (as  *  Buchanan  wri 

sent  for  the  best  artificers  he  could  get  in  Europe,  and  j 

them  great  rewards  to  teach  his  subjects  their  several  tra 

/     :  Edward  the  Third,  our  most  renowned  king,  to  his  ete 

memory,  brought  clothing  first  into  this  island,  transpoi 
some  families  of  artificers  from  Gaunt  hither.  How  n 
goodly  cities  could  I  reckon  up,  that  thrive  wholly  by  tr 
where  thousands  of  inhabitants  live  singular  well  by  t 

1  Polit.  I.  8,  e.  8.  s  For  dyeing  of    propositis  prsemiis,  ut  Scoti  ab  iia  ^ 

cloths,  and  dressing,  &c.        «  Valer.  1.  2,    rentur. 
0.  1.         *  Ilist.  Scot    Lib.  10     Magois 


Vmioertiui  ft)  th«  Seader. 


338 


rs*  ends  !  Aa  Florence  in  Italy  by  making  clolh  of  gold ; 
t  Milan  liy  silk,  and  all  curioua  worka  ;  Arraa  in  Artoia 
by  those  fiilr   hangings ;    mitny   cities  in    Spain,  many  in 
France,  Germany,  have  none  other  maintenance,  especially 
those  within  the  land.     '  Mecca  in  Arabia  Fetnea,  stands  in 
a  most  unfruitful  country,  that  vants  water,  amongst  the 
rocks  (as  Vertomanus  describes  it),  and  yet  it  is  a  most  ele- 
gant and  pleasant  city,  by  reason  of  the  traffic  of  the  east 
and  west      Ormua  in  Persia  is  a  most  famous  marl-town, 
hath  nought  else  but  the  opportunity  of  the  haven  to  make  it 
flourish.     Corinth,  a  noble  city,  (Lumen  Gneeiie,  Tully  calls 
it,)  the  Eye  of  Greece,  hy  reason  of  Cenchreas  and  Lecheus, 
those  esirellent  ports,  drew  all  that  traffic  of  the  Ionian  and 
^gean  seas  (o  it ;  and  yet  the  country  about  it  was  eurva  et 
tupereiliota,  as  '  Slrabo  terms  it,  rugged  and  harsh.    "We  may 
»ay  the  same  of  Atliens,  Actium,  Thebes,  Sjtarta,  and  most 
of  those  towns  in  Greece.     Nuremberg  in  Germany  is  sited 
in  a  most  barren  soil,  yet  a  noble,  imperial  city,  by  the  sole 
industry  of  artificers,  and  cunning  trades,  they  draw  the  riches 
of  most  countries  to  them,  so  expert  in  manufactures,  that  aa 
^^&llnst  long  since  gave  out  of  the  like,  Sedem  aniirus  in  ex- 
^Biiffiu  digilii  habent,  their  soul,  or  intettectm  agent,  was  placed 
^^B  their  fingers'  end ;  and  so  we  may  say  of  Basil,  Spire, 
^^^mbray,  Frankfort.  &c.     It  is  almost  incredible  to  speak 
what  some  write  of  Mexico  and  the  cities  adjoining  to  it,  no 
place  in  the  world  at  their  first  discovery  more  populous, 
'Mat.  Riccius,  the  Jesuit,  and  some  others,  relate  of  the  in- 
^^^>try  of  the  Chinese  most  populous  countries,  not  a  beggar 
^^K  an  idle  person  to  be  seen,  and  how  by  that  means  they 
^^MMper  and  flourish.     We  have  the  same  means,  able  bodies, 
^^^feant  wits,  matter  of  all  sorts,  wool,'  flax,  iron,  (in,  lend,  wood, 
&C.,  many  excellent  subjects  to  work  upon,  only  indiistiy  is 
wanting.     We  Eend  our  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas, 

iMnnit.   rarm.   1.   6.   e,  74.      Ajtro    Orc.Idpntli.         •  Lib.  S.  Okhtt.  ob  m[w- 


124  Democrihu  to  the  Reader. 

which  they  make  good  use  of  to  their  necessities,  set  them* 
selves  a  work  about,  and  severally  improve,  sending  the  same 
to  us  back  at  dear  rates,  or  else  make  toys  and  baubles  of  the 
tails  of  them,  which  they  sell  to  us  again,  at  as  great  a  reck- 
oning as  the  whole.  In  most  of  our  cities,  some  few  ex- 
cepted, like  ^  Spanish  loiterers,  we  live  wholly  by  tippling- 
inns  and  alehouses.  Malting  are  their  best  ploughs,  their 
greatest  traffic  to  sell  ale.  '  Meteran  and  some  others  object 
to  us,  that  we  are  no  whit  so  industrious  as  the  Hollanders : 
^  Manual  trades  (saith  he)  which  are  more  curious  or  trouble- 
some, are  wholly  exercised  by  strangers  ;  they  dwell  in  a  sea 
full  of  fish,  but  they  are  so  idle,  they  will  not  catch  so  much 
as  shall  serve  their  own  turns,  but  buy  it  of  their  neighbours." 
Tush  •  Mare  liherum^  they  fish  under  our  noses,  and  sell'  it  to 
us  when  they  have  done,  at  their  own  prices. 

"  Pudet  haec  opprobria  nobis 
£t  dici  potnisse,  et  non  potuisse  refelli.** 

I  am  ashamed  to  hear  this  objected  by  strangers,  and  know 
not  how  to  answer  it. 

Amongst  our  towns,  there  is  only  *  London  that  bears  the 
face  of  a  city,  *  Epitome  BritannicBy  a  famous  emporium^  sec- 
ond to  none  beyond  seas,  a  noble  mart ;  but  sola  crescttj  de- 
crescentibus  aliis  ;  and  yet  in  my  slender  judgment,  defective 
in  many  things.  The  rest  ('some  few  excepted)  are  in 
mean  estate,  ruinous  most  part,  poor,  and  full  of  beggars,  by 
reason  of  their  decayed  trades,  neglected  or  bad  policy,  idle- 
ness of  their  inhabitants,  riot,  which  had  rather  beg  or  loiter, 
and  be  ready  to  starve,  than  work. 

I  cannot  deny  but  that  something  may  be  said  in  defence 
of  our  cities,  ^  that  they 'are  not  so  fair  built,  (for  the  sole 

1  Ubi  nobilefl  probi  loco  habent artem  ali-  tnm  non  piscanttir  quantum  insnlie  snf^ 

Juamprofiteri.  Cleonard.ep.  1. 1.      *Lib.  feoerit,   8ed   k  vicinia   emere  cognntnr 

3,  Beljr.  Flist.  non  tarn  laboriosi  nt  Belgie,  3  Grotii  Liber.        *  Urbs  animte  nnmero- 

icd  ut  Ilispani  otiatores  vitam  ut  pluri-  que   potens,  et  robore  ^ntis      Scaliger. 

mum  otiosam  aji^ntefl;  artes  manuarifle  *  Camden.        •  York,  Bristol,  Norwich, 

quae  plurimum  habent  in  se  laboris  et  dif-  Worcester,  &c.        7  M.  Gainrford's  Argu- 

flcultatis,  majoreraque  requirunt  indus-  ment:  Because  irentlemen  dwell  with  of 

fcriam.  a  pereffrinis  et  exteris  exercentur:  in  the  country  villages  our  citira  are  kat, 

habitant  la  piscosLsaimo  marl,  iaterea  tan  Ib  nothing  to  the  purpose;   put  thvM 


Demoeriiut  to  iJa  Seaebr.  I2S 

liRcence  of  this  kingdom,  concerning  buildinga,  halh  been 
old  in  thoae  Korman  ca^llcs  and  religious  houses,)  so  rich, 
lick  sited,  populous,  as  in  some  otiier  countries ;  besides  the 
ins   Cardan  gives,  Subtil.  Lib.  11,  we  want  wine  and  oil, 
two  harvests ;  we  dwell  in  a  colder  air,  and  for  that 
mu=t  a  little  more  liberally  ^  feed  of  fleah,  as  all  north- 
countries  do  :  our  provisions  will  not  therefore  extend  to 
maintenance  of  so  many ;  yet  nnl withstanding  we  have 
matter  of  all  sorts,  an  open  sea  for  trailic,  as  well  as  (he  rest, 
goodly  havens.     And  how  can  we  excu^  our  negligence,  our 
riot,  drunkenness,  &c.,  and  such  enormities  that  follow  it  ? 
We  have  excellent  laws  enacted,  you  will  say,  severe  stat- 
utea,  houses  of  correction,  &c.,  to  small  purpose  it  seems;  it 
is  not  houses  will  serve,  hut  cities  of  correclioa  ;  *  onr  trades 
generally  ought  to  be  reformed,  wants  supplied.      In  olher 
countries  they  have  the  same  grievances,  I  confess,  hut  that 
dolh  not  excuse  ua,  '  wants,  defects,  enormities,  idle  drones, 
Lults,   discords,    contention,    lawsuits,    many    laws   made 
linst  tbem  to  repress  those  innumerahle  hrawls  and  law- 
its,  excess  in  apparel,  diet,  decay  of  tillage,  depopulations, 
ipecially  against  rogues,  beggars,  Egyptian  vagabonds  (so 
termed  at  least)  which  have  *  swarmed  all  over  Germany, 
France,  Italy,  Poland,  as  you  may  read  in  *  Munster,  Craa- 
rias,  and  Aventinus;  as  those  Tartars  and  Arabians  at  this 
day  do  in  the  eastern  countries  i  yet  such  has  been  the  initjnity 
of  all  age.i,  as  it  seems  to  small  purpose.      Nemo  in  nostril 
cimtate   mendicus   eafo,'\  saith   Plato ;    he   will   have   them 
purged  from  a  '  commonwealth,  ^  "  as  a  bad  humour  from  the 

hnndnd  or  tnm  hundred  rllligH  Id  b    tHutn  snnvnt  JnJitltliiin.    Mor.  Dtop. 
niB.' wlHt  l>  tom  hiindml  fidilllni  to    Oippidncnni  rex.    Dor.       *Re^'>diKnl- 


carpore  [11  ds  lem.)  c 


126  Democ,  itvLs  to  the  Reader. 

body/'  that  are  like  so  manj  ulcers  and  boils,  and  must  be 
cured  before  the  melancholy  bodj  can  be  eased. 

What  Carolus  Magnus,  the  Chinese,  the  Spaniards,  the 
Duke  of  Saxony,  and  many  other  states  have  decreed  in 
this  case,  read  Amiseus,  cap.  19;  Boterus,  libra  8,  cap,  2; 
Osorius  de  Rebus  gest.  JSman.  lib.  11.  When  a  country  is 
overstocked  with  people,  as  a  pasture  is  oft  overlaid  with 
cattle,  they  had  wont  in  former  times  to  disburden  them- 
selves, by  sending  out  colonies,  or  by  wars,  as  those  old 

_  ■ 

Bomans ;  or  by  employing  them  at  home  about  some  public 
buildings,  as  bridges,  road-ways,  for  which  those  Romans 
were  famous  in  this  island ;  as  Augustus  Csesar  did  in  Rome, 
the  Spaniards  in  their  Indian  mines,  as  at  Potosi  in  Peru, 
where  some  30,000  men  are  still  at  work,  6,000  furnaces 
ever  boiling,  &c,  ^  aqueducts,  bridges,  havens,  those  stupend 
works  of  Trajan,  Claudius,  at  *  Ostium,  Dioclesiani  Therma, 
Fucinus  Lacus,  that  Piraeum  in  Athens,  made  by  Themisto- 
cles,  amphitheatrums  of  curious  marble,  as  at  Verona,  Civitas 
Philippi,  and  Heraclea  in  Thrace,  those  Appian  and  Fla- 
minian  ways,  prodigious  works  all  may  witness ;  and  rather 
than  they  should  be  'idle,  as  those  *  Egyptian  Pharaohs, 
Maris,  and  Sesostris  did,  to  task  their  subjects  to  build  un- 
necessary pyramids,  obelisks,  labyrinths,  channels,  lakes,  gi- 
gantic works  all,  to  divert  them  from  rebellion,  riot,  drunken- 
ness, *  Quo  scilicet  alantur,  et  ne  vagando  laborare  desuescarU. 
Another  eyesore  is  that  want  of  conduct  and  navigable 
rivers,  a  great  blemish  as  ®  Boterus,  '  Hippolitus  a  CoUibus, 
and  other  politicians  hold,  if  it  be  neglected  in  a  common- 
wealth. Admirable  cost  and  charge  is  bestowed  in  the 
Low  Countries  on  this  behalf,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  territory 
of  Padua,  in  ^France,  Italy,  China,  and  so  likewise  about  cor- 

extermiuari.      i  See  Lipsias  Admiranda.  discursu  polit.  cap.  2,  "  whereby  th^  are 

s  De  quo   Suet,  in  Claudio,  et   Plinius,  supported,  and  do  not  become  Tagraats 

c.  86.        3  Ut  egestati  simul  et  ignavisB  by   being  less   accustomed  to  lab<>ur.'' 

occarratur,  opificia  condiscantur,  tenues  •  Lib.  1.  de  increm.  Urb.  cap.  6.        '  Cap. 

subleventur.    Bodin.  1.  6, c.  2,  num.6,  7.  5,  de  increm.  urb.    Quas  flumen,  laeui 

*  Amasis  iEgypti  rex  legem  promulgavit,  aut  mare  alluit.  ^  Incredibilem  com- 

at  omnes  subditi    quotannis    rationem  moditatem,  vecturi  mercium  tres  fluTii 

ledderent  unde  vivereut.        6  Buscoldus  navigabiles,  &c.    Boterus  de  GallUu 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  171 

rivations  of  water  to  moisten  and  refresh  barren  grounds,  to 
drain  fens,  bogs,  and  moors.     Massinissa  made  many  inward 
parts  of  Barbary  and  Numidia  in  Africa,  before  his  time  in- 
cult  and  horrid,  fruitful  and  bartable  by  this  means.     Great 
industry  is  generally  used  all  over  the  eastern  countries  in 
this  kind,  especially  in  Egypt,  about  Babylon  and  Damascus, 
as  Vertomannus  and  ^  Gotardus  Arthus  relate  ;  about  Barce- 
lona, Segovia,  Murcia,  and   many  other   places   of  Spain, 
Milan  in  Italy ;  by  reason  of  which  their  soil  is  much  im- 
poverished, and  infinite  commodities  arise  to  the  inhabitants. 
The   Turks  of  late  attempted   to   cut    that   Isthmus  be- 
twixt Africa  and  Asia,  which   ^  Sesostris  and    Darius,  and 
some  Pharaohs  of  Egypt  had  formerly  undertaken,  but  with 
ill  success,  as  '  Diodorus  Siculus  records,  and  Pliny,  for  that 
Red  Sea  being  three  *  cubits  higher  than  Egypt,  would  have 
drowned  all  the  country,  ccepto  destiteraiU,  they  left  off;  yet 
as  the  same  *  Diodorus  writes,  Ptolemy  renewed  the  work 
many  years  after,  and   absolved  it  in  a  more  opportune 
place. 

That  Isthmus  of  Corinth  was  likewise  undertaken  to  be 
made  navigable  by  Demetrius,  by  Julius  Caesar,  Nero,  Domi- 
tian,  Herodes  Atticus,  to  make  a  speedy  ®  passage,  and  less 
dangerous,  from  the  Ionian  and  JEgean  seas ;  but  because  it 
could  not  be  so  well  aflfected,  the  Peloponnesians  built  a  wall 
like  our  Picts's  wall  about  Schaenute,  where  Neptune's  tem- 
ple stood,  and  in  the  shortest  cut  over  the  Isthmus,  of  which 
Diodorus,  lib.  11,  Herodotus,  lib.  8,  Vran.  Our  latter 
writers  call  it  Hexamilium,  which  Amurath  the  Turk  de- 
molished, the  Venetians,  anno  1453,  repaired  in  15  days  with 
30,000  men.  Some,  saith  Acosta,  would  have  a  passage  cut 
from  Panama  to  Nombre  de  Dios  in  America ;  but  Thuanus 
and  Serres  the  French  historians  speak  of  a  famous  aqueduct 

1  HerodottMi.         *  Tnd.  Orient,  cap.  2.  Archimedes,   who  holds  the  stiperflcfes 

Botam  in  medio  flumine  constitutint,  cui  of  all  waters  even.        *  i^jb.  1,  cap.  8. 

oc  pelHbus  animalium  consutos  uteres  ^  Dion.    Pau8ania.«,    et  Nic.     Gerbelius. 

Appendant,  hi  dum  rota  mpvetur.  aquam  Munster.  Cosm.  Lib.  4,  cap.  38.    Ut  bre- 

per  eanales.  &c.        ^  Centom  pedes  lata  Tior  foret  nayigatio  et  minus  pericuic 
iMsa,  aO  aita.       «  Contrary  to  that  of 


128  Demoerihu  to  the  Reader* 

in  France,  intended  in  Henry  the  Fourth's  time,  from  the 
Loire  to  the  Seine,  and  from  Rhodanus  to  the  Loire.  The 
like  to  which  was  formerly  assayed  by  Domitian  the  em- 
peror, *from  Arar  to  Moselle,  which  Cornelius  Tacitus 
speaks  of  in  the  13  th  of  his  Annals,  after  by  Charles  the 
Great  and  others.  Much  cost  hath  in  former  times  been  be- 
stowed in  either  new  making  or  mending  channels  of  rivers, 
and  their  passages,  (as  Aurelianus  did  by  Tiber  to  make  it 
navigable  to  Rome,  to  convey  com  from  Egypt  to  the  city, 
vadum  aloei  tumentie  effodit  saith  Vopiscus,  et  Tiberis  ripai 
extruxit^  he  cut  fords,  made  banks,  &c,)  decayed  havens, 
which  Claudius  the  emperor,  with  infinite  pains  and  charges, 
attempted  at  Ostia,  as  I  have  said,  the  Venetians  at  this  day 
to  preserve  their  city  ;  many  excellent  means  to  enrich  their 
territories,  have  been  fostered,  invented  in  most  provinces  of 
Europe,  as  planting  some  Indian  plants  amongst  us,  silk- 
worms, '  the  very  mulberry  leaves  in  the  plains  of  Granada 
yield  30,000  crowns  per  annum  to  the  king  of  Spain's  coffers, 
besides  those  many  trades  and  artificers  that  are  busied  about 
them  in  the  kingdom  of  Granada,  Murcia,  and  all  over 
Spain.  In  France  a  great  benefit  is  raised  by  salt,  &c, 
whether  these  things  might  not  be  as  happily  attempted  with 
us,  and  with  like  success,  it  may  be  controverted,  silk-worms 
(I  mean,)  vines,  fir-trees,  &c.  Cardan  exhorts  Edward  the 
Sixth  to  plant  olives,  and  is  fully  persuaded  they  would  pros- 
per in  this  island.  With  us,  navigable  rivers  are  most  part 
neglected ;  our  streams  are  not  great,  I  confess,  by  reason  of 
the  narrowness  of  the  island,  yet  they  run  smoothly  and  even, 
not  headlong,  swift,  or  amongst  rocks  and  shelves,  as  foam- 
ing Rhodanus  and  Loire  in  France,  Tigris  in  Mesopotamia, 
violent  Durius  in  Spain,  with  cataracts  and  whirlpools,  as  the 
Rhine,  and  Danubius,  about  Shaffausen,  Lausenburgh,  Linz, 
and  Cremmes,  to  endanger  navigators ;  or  broad  shallow,  as 

1  Charles  the  Great  went  about  to  make  Rednich  to  Altimul.   Ut  TiaTi$;pibi1ia  fntef 

a  channel  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Danube,  se    Occidentis    et    Septentrionis    litton 

Bil.  Pirkimerus  deacript.  Ger.  the  ruins  fierent.  *  Mas^inus  €^eo^.    Simlernf 

an  yet   seen   about  Wessenburg  from  de  rep.  Helvet.  lib.  1,  describit 


HuMcritiu  to  the  Seader. 


1S9 


le  Palatinate,  Tibris  in  Iialy ;  bnt  calm  and  fair 
'ranee,  Hebrus  in  UaceJonia,  Eurotas  in  Laco- 
lua,  thftj  gently  glide  along,  and  migliC  a^  well  be  repaired 
many  of  them  (I  mean  Wye,  Trent,  Ouse,  Tliamisia  at 
Osfoi-d,  the  defect  of  which  we  feel  in  the  mean  time)  as  the 
Elver  of  Lee  from  Ware  to  London.  E.  Atwater  of  o!d,  or 
as  eome  will  Henry  I.,  'made  a  channel  from  Trent  to  Lin- 
coln, navigable ;  which  now,  saith  Mr.  Camden,  is  decayed, 
and  much  mention  is  made  of  anchors,  and  such  like  monu- 
ments found  about  old  'Verulamium,  good  ships  have  for- 
mcrly  come  to  Exeter,  and  many  such  places,  whose  chan- 
nels, bavena,  ports,  are  now  barred  and  rejected.  We  con- 
temn ihifl  benefit  of  carriage  by  waters,  and  are  therefore 
compelled  in  the  inner  parts  of  this  island,  because  portage  is 
so  dear,  to  eat  up  our  commodities  ourselves,  and  live  like  so 
many  boars  in  a  sly,  for  want  of  vent  and  utterance. 

We  have  many  excellent  havens,  royal  havens,  Falmouth, 
Porti^mouth,  Milford,  &c.,  equivalent  if  not  to  be  preferred 
to  that  Indian  Havanna,  old  £rundu9iuni  in  Italy,  Aulia  in 
Greece,  Anibracia  in  Acamia,  Suda  in  Crete,  which  have 
few  ships  in  them,  Uttle  or  no  traffic  or  trade,  which  have 
scarce  a  village  on  iLem,  able  to  bear  great  cities,  sed  viderint 
folitici.  I  could  here  justly  tax  many  other  neglects,  abuses, 
Errors,  defects  among  us,  and  in  other  countries,  depopular 
bong,  riot,  drunkeimess,  &c.,  and  many  such,  qiue  nunc  in 
aurem  siaunare  non  libel.  But  I  must  lake  heed,  tic  quid 
fravitts  dicam,  that  I  do  not  overshoot  myself.  Sag  Minervam, 
lun  forth  of  my  element,  as  you  peradventure  suppose;  and 
letimea  Veritas  odium parit,  as  he  said,  "  verjuice  and  oat- 
d  is  good  for  a  parrot."  For  as  Lucian  said  of  an  histo- 
1,  I  say  of  a  politician.  He  that  will  fi-eely  speak  and 
it  be  forever  no  subject,  under  no  prince  or  law,  but 
e  matter  truly  as  it  is,  not  caring  what  any  can, 
I,  like  or  dislike. 


180  Democritus  to  the  Recider. 

We  have  good  laws,  I  deny  not,  to  rectify  such  enormitieay 
and  80  in  all  other  countries,  hut  it  seems  not  always  to  good 
purpose.  We  had  need  of  some  general  visitor  in  our  age^ 
that  should  reform  what  is  amiss ;  a  just  army  of  Rosie-crosse 
men,  for  they  will  amend  all  matters  (they  say),  religion,  pol- 
icy, mannei*s,  with  arts,  sciences,  &c.  Another  Attila,  Tam- 
erlane, Hercules,  to  strive  with  Achelous,  Augecs  stahuium 
purgare^  to  subdue  tyrants,  as  ^  he  did  Diomedes  and  Busiris; 
to  expel  thieves,  as  he  did  Cacus  and  Lacinius ;  to  vindicate 
poor  captives,  as  he  did  Hesione ;  to  pass  the  torrid  zone,  the 
deserts  of  Lybia,  and  purge  the  world  of  monsters  and 
Centaurs ;  or  another  Theban  Crates  to  reform  our  manners, 
to  compose  quarrels  and  controversies,  as  in  his  time  he  did, 
and  was  therefore  adored  for  a  god  in  Athens.  "  As  Her- 
cules '  purged  the  world  of  monsters,  and  subdued  them,  so 
did  he  fight  against  envy,  lust,  anger,  avarice,  &c.,  and  all 
those  feral  vices  and  monsters  of  the  mind."  It  were  to  be 
wished  we  had  some  such  visitor,  or  if  wishing  would  serve^ 
one  had  such  a  ring  or  rings,  as  Timolaus  desired  in  '  Luciail; 
by  virtue  of  which  he  should  be  as  strong  as  10,000  men,  or 
an  army  of  giants,  go  invisible,  open  gates  and  castle  doors, 
have  what  treasure  he  would,  transport  himself  in  an  instant 
to  what  place  he  desired,  alter  affections,  cure  all  manneir  of 
diseases,  that  he  might  range  over  the  world,  and  reform  all 
distressed  states  and  persons,  as  he  would  himself.  He  miglit 
reduce  those  wandering  Tartars  in  order,  that  infest  China 
on  the  one  side,  Muscovy,  Poland,  on  the  other ;  and  tame 
the  vagabond  Arabians  that  rob  and  spoil  those  eastern  coim- 
tries,  that  they  should  never  use  more  caravans,  or  janizaries 
to  conduct  them.  He  might  root  out  barbarism  out  of  Amesp* 
ica,  and  fully  discover  Terra  Austrcdis  Incognita,  find  out  the 
northeast  and  northwest  passages,  drain  those  mighty  Max>- 
tian   feiis,  cut   down    those   vast   Hircinian  woods,  irrigate 

1  Liaius  0!ra1d.  Nat.  comes.        2  Apu-  diam,    inyidiam,    ayaritiam,    Ubidinem, 

leiug,  lib.  4,  Flor.  Lar.  familiaris  inter  ceteraque  aniini  humani  vitia  et  monsta 

homines  retatis  8u»r,  cultus  est,  litium  philosophus  iste  Hercalas  fuit.     Pcstii 

omnium  et  jur^iorum  inter  propinquos  eas  mentibus  exegit  omnes,  &o.       *¥•• 

arbiter  et  dkceptator.  Adrer^us  iracun-  tis  nayig. 


Damoerilas  to  Iht  Header.  181 

those  barren  Arabian  deserls,  &c.,  cure  us  of  oar  epidemical 
Aiseaae!^,  gcorbtilam,  plica,  morbus  ffeapolilantu,  ^c,  eudallouF 
idle  controversies,  cut  ofT  our  tumultuous  desires,  inordinntd 
lusts,  root  out  atheism,  impiety,  heresy,  achbm,  and  superstition, 
which  now  ao  crucify  the  world,  catechize  gross  ignorance, 
pnrge  Italy  of  luxury  and  riot,  Spain  of  superstition  and 
jealousy,  Germany  of  drunkenness,  all  our  nortliern  country 
of  gluttony  and  intemperance,  castigate  our  hard-hearted  par- 
ents, masters,  tutors  ;  lash  disobedient  children,  negligent  ser- 
vants,  correct  these  spendthrifts  and  prodigal  sons,  enforca 
idle  persons  to  work,  drive  drunkards  off  the  aleiiouae,  re- 
press thieves,  visit  corrupt  and  tyrannizing  magistrates,  Ac 
But  as  L.  Liciniua  taxed  Timolaua,  you  may  us.  These  are 
vain,  absurd  and  ridiculous  wishes  not  to  be  hoped  ;  all  must 
be  as  it  is,  *  Bocchalinus  may  cite  commonwealths  to  coma 
before  Apollo,  and  seek  lo  reform  the  world  itself  by  com- 
missioners, but  there  is  no  remedy,  it  may  not  be  redressed, 
dttinent  hominu  turn  demum  slallescere  quando  esse  desineiU, 
to  long  as  they  can  wag  their  beards,  they  will  play  the 
Iraaves  and  fools. 

Because,  therefore,  it  is  a  thing  so  difficult,  impossible,  and 
&r  beyond  Hercules'a  labours  to  be  performed ;  let  them  ba 
rode,  stupid,  ignorant,  incult,  lapii  super  lapidem  tedeat,  and 
as  the  *  apologist  will,  reap,  tussi,  el  graveolentia  laborel,  mun- 
dut  vitio,  let  them  be  barbarous  as  they  are,  let  them  *tyran- 
nize,  epicnrize,  oppress,  luxuriate,  consume  themselves  with 
fcotions,  superstitions,  lawsuits,  wars  and  conl«nlions,  live  in 
not,  poverty,  want,  miseiy ;  rebel,  wallow  as  so  many  swine 
la  their  own  dung,  with  Ulysses's  companions,  gtidlos  Juheo  mm 
Shnter,  I  will  yet,  to  satisfy  and  please  myself,  make  an 
A  of  mine  own,  a  new  Atlantis,  a  poetical  commonwealth 
(vn,  in  which  I  will  freely  domineer,  build  cities, 

Lelaws,  stiitules,  as  I  list  myself.     And  why  may  I  not? 
*  Pictoribus  atque  poells,  SfC.     Tou  know  what  liberty 

Is  ever  had,  and  besides,  my  predecessor  Deraocritus  waa 

.pnrt  a,  <Mip.2.  ■(  port  3.    004.       ■  Qui  BorlldiD  «t,  ■oidHOt  14 
lb.  Aadna  Apolog.  maalp.    hoo.        *  Qoe 


132  Demacritus  to  the  Reader. 

a  politician,  a  recorder  of  Abdera,  a  lawmaker  as  some  saj; 
and  why  may  not  I  presume  so  much  as  he  did  ?  Howsoerer 
I  will  adventure.  For  the  site,  if  you  will  needs  urge  me  to 
it,  I  am  not  fully  resolved,  it  may  be  in  Terra  Atistrali  Licog^ 
nitdy  there  is  room  enough  (for  of  my  knowledge  neither  that 
hungry  Spaniard,*  nor  Mercurius  Britannicus,  have  yet  di»- 
covered  half  of  it),  or  else  one  of  those  floating  islands  in 
Mare  del  Zur,  which  like  the  Cyanian  isles  in  the  Euxine 
sea,  alter  their  place,  and  are  accessible  only  at  set  times,  and 
to  some  few  persons  ;  or  one  of  the  Fortunate  isles,  for  who 
knows  yet  where,  or  which  they  are  ?  there  is  room  enough 
in  the  inner  parts  of  America,  and  northern  coasts  of  As]& 
But  I  will  choose  a  site,  whose  latitude  shall  be  forty-five  de- 
grees (I  respect  not  minutes)  in  the  midst  of  the  temperate 
zone,  or  perhaps  under  the  equator,  that  f  paradise  of  the 
world,  uhi  semper  virens  laums,  Sfc,  where  is  a  perpetual 
spring ;  the  longitude  for  some  reasons  I  will  conceaL  Yet 
"  be  it  known  to  all  men  by  these  presents,**  that  if  any  hon- 
est gentleman  will  send  in  so  much  money,  as  Cardan  allows 
an  astrologer  for  casting  a  nativity,  he  shall  be  a  sharer,  I 
will  acquaint  him  with  my  project,  or  if  any  worthy  man  wiU 
stand  for  any  temporal  or  spiritual  office  or  dignity,  (for  as  he 
said  of  his  archbishopric  of  Utopia,  'tis  sanctus  amlnius,  and 
not  amiss  to  be  sought  after,)  it  shall  be  freely  given  without 
all  intercessions,  bribes,  letters,  &c,  his  own  worth  shall  be 
the  best  spokesman ;  and  because  we  shall  admit  of  no  dep- 
uties or  advowsons,  if  he  be  sufficiently  qualified,  and  as  able 
as  willing  to  execute  the  place  himself,  he  shall  have  present 
possession.  It  shall  be  divided  into  twelve  or  thirteen  prov- 
inces, and  those  by  hills,  rivers,  roadways,  or  some  more  emi- 
nent limits  exactly  bounded.  Each  province  shall  have  a 
metropolis,  which  shall  be  so  placed  as  a  centre  almost  in  a 
circumference,  and  the  rest  at  equal  distances,  some  twelve 
Italian  miles  asunder,  or  thereabout,  and  in  them  shall  be  sold 
all  things  necessary  for  the  use  of  man ;  statis  horis  et  diebut% 

•  Fexdinando  Qulr.  1612.        t  Vide  Acosta  et  Lalet 


Dtmocrittu  to  the  Eeadgr. 


J8S 


i  market  towns,  markets  or  fairs,  for  thaj  do  but  beggar 
'  dties  (no  village  shall  stand  above  six,  seven,  or  eight  miles 
from  a  cily),  except  those  emporiuma  which  are  by  the  sea- 
side, general  staples,  raarta,  as  Antwerp,  Venice,  Bergen  of 
old,  London,  &c.,  cities  most  part  shall  be  situated  upon  nav- 
igable  rivers  or  lakes,  creeks,  havens ;  and  for  their  form, 
regular,  round,  square,  or  long  square,  *  with  fair,  broad,  and 
straight  'ttreets,  houses  uniform,  built  of  brick  and  slone, 
like  Bruges,  Brussel-i,  Ehegium  Lepidi,  Berne  in  Switzer- 
land, Milan,  Mantua,  Crema,  CamLalu  in  Tartary,  described 
by  M,  Polus,  or  that  Venetian  palma.  I  will  admit  very  few 
or  no  suburbs,  and  those  of  baser  building,  walls  only  to  keep 
out  man  and  horse,  except  it  be  in  some  frontier  towns,  or  by 
the  aeajide,  and  thoae  to  be  forlilied  *  after  the  latest  manner  of 
fortification,  and  situated  upon  convenient  havens,  or  opportune 
plnces.  In  every  so  built  city,  I  will  have  convenient  ehurehes, 
and  separate  places  to  bury  the  dead  in,  not  in  churchyards  j 
a  eitadeUa  (in  some,  not  all)  to  command  it,  prisons  for  ofiend- 
ers,  opportune  market-places  of  all  sorts,  for  com,  meat,  cattle, 
fbel,  fisb,  commodious  courts  of  justice,  public  halls  for  all 
societies,  bourses,  meeting-places,  armouries,  *  in  which  shall 
be  kept  engines  for  quenching  of  fire,  artillery  gardens,  pub- 
Uc  walks,  theatres,  and  spacious  fields  allotted  for  all  gymnastic 
Eports,  and  honest  recreations,  hospitals  of  all  kinds,  for  chil- 
dren, orphans,  old  folks,  sick  men,  mad  men,  soldiers,  peat- 
houses,  &c.,  not  built  precario,  or  by  gouty  benefactors,  who, 
when  by  fraud  and  rapine  they  have  CKiorted  all  their  Uvea, 
oppressed  whole  provinces,  societies,  &&,  give  something  to 
pous  uses,  build  a  satisfactory  almshouse,  school  or  bridge, 
^  at  their  last  end  or  before  perhaps,  which  is  no  other- 
«iM  than  to  steal  a  goose,  and  stick  down  a  feather,  rob  a 
Unasand  to  relieve  ten ;  and  those  hospitals  so  built  and 
iiimtained,  not  by  collections,  benevolences,  donaries,  for  a 
tet  number,  (as  in  onrs,)  just  so  many  and  no  more  at  sncb 


11,  »t 


la  PKo.  apist.  12,  li: 


184  Democritui  to  the  Reader^ 

a  rate,  bat  for  all  those  who  stand  in  need,  be  thej  more  or 
less,  and  that  ex  publico  arario,  and  so  still  maintained,  fum 
nobis  solum  ncUi  sumus,  S^c.    I  will  have  conduits  of  sweet 
and  good  water,  aptly  disposed  in  each  town,  common  ^  gran- 
aries, as  at  Dresden  in  Misnia,  Stetein  in  Pomerland,  Nor- 
emberg,  &c.      Colleges  of  mathematicians,  musiciamt,  and 
actors,  as  of  old  at  Labedum  in  Ionia,  'alchemists,  physi- 
cians, artiste,  and  philosophers ;  that  all  arts  and  sciences  may 
sooner  be  perfected  and  better  learned  ;  and  public  hbtoriog- 
raphers,  as  amongst  those  ancient  '  Persians,  qui  in  commei^ 
tarios  referebant  qius  memorcUu  digna  gerehantUTy  informed 
and  appointed  by  the  state  to  register  all  famous  acts,  and  not 
by  eaxih  insufficient  scribbler,  partial  or  parasitical  pedant,  as 
in  our  times.     I  will  provide  public  schools  of  all  kinds,  an^ 
ing,  dancing,  fencing,  &c.,  especially  of  grammar  and  lan- 
guages, not  to  be  taught  by  those  tedious  precepts  ordinarily 
used,  but  by  use,  example,  conversation,*  as  travellers  leain 
abroad,  and  nurses  teach  their  children ;  as  I  will  have  aU 
such  places,  so  will  I  ordain  ^  public  governors,  fit  officers  to 
each  place,  treasurers,  aediles,  questors,  overseers  of  pupils^ 
widows'  goods,  and  all  public  houses,  &c.,  and  those  once  a 
year  to  make  strict  accounts  of  all  receipts,  expenses,  to 
avoid  confusion,  et  sic  fiet  ut  nan  ahsumant  (as  Pliny  to  Trar 
jan,)  quodpudeat  dicere.    They  shall  be  subordinate  to  those 
higher  officers  and  governors  of  each  city,  which  shall  not 
be  poor  tradesmen,  and  mean  artificers,  but  noblemen  and 
gentlemen,  which  shall  be  tied  to  residence  in  those  towns  ' 
they  dwell  next,  at  such  set  times  and  seasons ;  for  I  see  no 
reason  (which  '  Hippolitus  complains  of)  "  that  it  should  bo 
more  dishonourable  for  noblemen  to  govern  the  city  than  tho 
country,  or  unseemly  to  dwell  there  now,  than  of  old."    'I  j 

1  Vide    Bri<«oniuin    de    reg^no    Perse  alia  procurent.  Vide  Tsaaemn  PoatMlOi 

lib.  3,  de  his  et  Vej^tium,  lib.  2,  cap.  3,  de  cir.  Amstel.  hsec  omnia,  &c.,  fl<>*5J' 

de  Annona.        ^  Not  to  make  e:oId,  but  dumetalioii.     A  De  Increm.  urb.  eftp»]» 

for  matten  of  physic.  a  Brasoaius  Inf;enu&  fdteor  me  non  iateliigere  cur  K* 

Josephus,  lib.  21,  antiquit.  .Tud.  cap.  6.  nobilius  sit  urbes  bene  munitM  eolKt     ^ 

Heroi.  lib.  3.        *  So  Loi.  Vives  thinks  nunc  quXm  olim,  aut  casae  rusticaB  IgJ* 

best.  Ooinmineus,  and  others.        6  Plato  esse  qu\m  urbi.    Idem  Ubertus  FoUotj 

8»  de  le{?<5.  iEiiles  creari  vult,  qui  fora,  de  Neapoli.       7  Ne  taotillum  quidemi" 

fontes,  yids,  portus,  plateas,  et  id  genua  iacultum  relinquitur,  ut  Teram  A%  » 


JJ  have  no  bogs,  fens,  marshes,  vast  wooils,  deserts,  lioatha, 
IBinons,  but  all  indosed ;  (yet  not  depopulated,  and  there- 
fore take  heed  yoa  mbtake  uie  not ;)  for  that  which  b  common, 
and  cverj  man's,  is  no  man's ;  the  richest  countries  are  still 
inclosed,  as  £;«sex,  Kent,  with  us,  &c^  Spain,  Italy ;  and 
where  inclosiii'ea  are  least  in  quantity,  they  are  best  ^hua- 
bandeil,  as  about  Florence  in  Italy,  Damascus  in  Syria,  &c^ 
which  are  liker  gardens  than  fields.  I  will  not  have  a  baiv 
ren  acre  in  all  my  territories,  not  so  much  as  the  lops  of 
mouulains ;  where  natura  fails,  it  shall  be  supplied  by^  art ; 
■lakes  and  rivera  shall  not  be  left  desolate.  All  common 
highways,  bridges,  banks,  corrivations  of  waters,  aijueducta, 
channels,  public  works,  building,  &c,  out  of  a  '  comnion  stock, 
curiously  maintained  and  kept  in  repair;  no  depopulations, 
engros^ing^,  alterations  of  wood,  arable,  but  by  the  consent 
of  some  supervisors  that  shall  be  appointed  for  tliat  purpose, 
to  see  what  reformation  ought  to  be  had  in  all  planes,  what  13 
amiss,  how  to  help  it,  el  quid  qumqueferai  regio,  el  quid  qua- 
que  recusel,  what  ground  ia  aptest  fijr  wood,  what  for  com, 
what  for  rattle,  gardens,  orchards,  fishpouds,  itc,  wiih  a  char- 
itable division  in  every  village,  (not  one  domineering  house 
greedily  to  swallow  up  all,  which  is  too  common  with  us) 
what  for  lords,  *  what  for  tenants ;  and  because  they  shall  be 
better  encouraged  to  improve  such  lands  they  hold,  manure, 
plant  trees,  drain,  fence,  &c.,  they  shall  have  long  leases,  a 
known  rent,  and  known  fine  to  free  them  fi'om  those  intoler- 
sble  exactions  of  tyrannizing  landlords.  These  supervisora 
ihtdl  likewise  appoint  what  quantity  of  land  in  each  manor 


I    cnmmonntur,     M.  ntrcEUn  eipedit   la 

Sinu,  I.  1,  F.  3  "  Id  (his  purpoH 

I    Ariit.  pDllt.  S.  n.  n,  illDwi  s  tblnl  jurt  a( 


136  Democriius  to  the  Header. 

is  fit  for  the  lord's  demesnes,  ^  what  for  holding  of  tenant^ 
how  it  ought  to  be  husbanded,  tU  *  maffnetis  equts,  AKnyiB  gem 
cognita  remiSj  how  to  be  manured,  tilled,  rectified,  *  hie 
segetes  veniurU,  iUic  fceilicius  uvcb^  arborei  fcstus  alihiy  cUque 
infussa  virescunt  Gramina,  and  what  proportion  is  fit  for  all 
callings,  because  private  professors  are  manj  times  idiots,  ill 
husbands,  oppressors,  covetous,  and  know  not  how  to  improve 
their  own,  or  else  wholly  respect  their  own,  and  not  public 
good. 

Utopian  parity  is  a  kind  of  government,  to  be  wished  for, 

*  rather  than  effected,  Respuh.  Christianopolitanay  Campanel- 
la's  city  of  the  Sun,  and  that  new  Atlantis,  witty  fictions,  baft 
mere  chimeras  and  Plato*s  community  in  many  things  is  im- 
pious, absurd  and  ridiculous,  it  takes  away  all  splendour  and 
magnificence.  I  will  have  several  orders,  degrees  of  nobility, 
and  those  hereditary,  not  rejecting  younger  brothers  in  the 
mean  time,  for  they  shall  be  sufficiently  provided  for  by  pen- 
sions, or  so  qualified,  brought  up  in  some  honest  calling,  they 
shall  be  able  to  live  of  themselves.  I  will  have  such  a  pro- 
portion of  ground  belonging  to  every  barony,  he  that  buys 
the  land  shall  buy  the  barony,  he  that  by  riot  consumes  his 
patrimony,  and  ancient  demesnes,  shall  forfeit  his  honours.* 
As  some  dignities  shall  be  hereditary,  so  some  again  by  elec- 
tion, or  by  gift,  (besides  free  offices,  pensions,  annuities,)  like 
our  bishoprics,  prebends,  the  Basso's  palaces  in  Turkey,  the 

•  procurator's  houses  and  offices  in  Venice,  which,  like  the 
golden  apple,  shall  be  given  to  the  worthiest,  and  best  de- 
serving both  in  war  and  peace,  as  a  reward  of  their  worth 
and  good  service,  as  so  many  goals  for  all  to  aim  at  {hona 
alit  artes),  and  encouragements  to  others.  For  I  hate  those 
severe,  unnatural,  harsh,  German,  French,  and  Venetian  de- 
crees, which  exclude  plebeians  from  honours,  be  they  never 
so  wise,  rich,  virtuous,  valiant,  and  well  qualified,  they  must 

1  IIic8effete8,inicveiiiuiitfoeliciu8uy8B,  Andreas,  Lord  Verulam.  4  So  fe  11 

Arborei  foetus  alibi,  arque  injussa  vires-  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  France. 

cunt  Gr.imlna.    Virg.  1  Georg.        *  Lu-  &  See  Contarenus  and  Osorius  de  rebnf 

eanus,  1.  6.        *  Vii^.       »  Joh.  Valent.  gestis  Emanuelis. 


Dentocriiut  to  &e  Seadtr. 


1S7 


be  patricians,  but  keep  their  own  rank,  this  is  hoturts 
lion  iaferre,  odious  to  God  and  roen,  I  abhor  it.  My  form 
governmeiit  shall  he  monarcliical. 

"  nunqiiam  liberlai  gratior  eitat, 
sub  liega  pio,"  &a. 

Few  laws,  but  those  severely  kept,  plainly  put  down,  and  in 
ihc  moiher  tongue,  that  evei'y  man  may  understand.  Every 
cily  shall  have  a  peculiar  trade  or  privilege,  by  which  it  sliatl 
be  chiefly  maintained  :  ■"  and  parents  shall  teach  their  chil- 
dren one  of  three  at  least,  bring  up  and  instruct  them  in  the 
mysteries  of  iheir  own  trade.  In  each  town  these  several 
tradesmen  shall  be  bo  aptly  disposed,  as  tliey  shall  free  the 
rest  from  danger  or  offence  ;  Sre-lrades,  as  Bmiths,  forge-men, 
brewers,  bakers,  metal-men,  iSic.,  shall  dwell  apart  by  them- 
selves ;  dyers,  tanners,  felmangers,  &nd  such  as  use  water  m 
convenient  places  by  themselves;  noisome  or  fulsome  for  bad 
BmeUs,  as  butchers'  slaughter-houses,  chandlers,  curriers,  in 
remote  places,  and  some  back  lanes.  Fraternities  and  com- 
panies, I  approve  of,  as  merchants'  bourses,  colleges  of  drug- 
gists, |)byaicians,  musicians,  &c.,  but  all  trades  to  be  rated  in 
&&  sale  of  wares,  as  our  clerks  of  the  market  do  hakera  and 
m  itself,  what  scarcity  soever  shall  come,  not  to 
:d  such  a  price.  Of  such  wares  as  are  transported  or 
if  they  be  necessary,  commodious,  and  such  as 
nearly  concern  man's  life,  as  com,  wood,  coal,  &c.,  and  such 
provision  we  cannot  want,  1  will  have  little  or  no  custom 
paid,  no  taxes ;  but  for  such  things  as  are  for  pleasure,  de- 
light, or  ornament,  as  wine,  spice,  tobacco,  silk,  velvet,  cloth 
of  gold,  lace,  jewehi,  &e.,  a  greater  imposL  I  will  have  cer- 
tain ships  sent  out  for  new  discoveries  every  year, '  and  some 
discreet  men  appointed  to  travel  into  all  neighbouring  king- 

li    EnBiiaels  ntn  Lndlnnc 


138  Democritut  to  the  Header. 

doms  by  land,  which  shall  observe  what  artificial  inventioiis 
and  good  laws  are  in  other  countries,  customs,  alterations,  or 
aught  else,  concerning  war  or  peace,  which  may  tend  to  the 
common  good.  Ecclesiastical  discipline,  penes  Epiecopae^ 
subordinate  as  the  other.  No  impropriations,  no  laj  patrons 
of  church  livings,  or  one  private  man,  but  common  societies, 
corporations,  &c.,  and  those  rectors  of  benefices  to  be  chosen 
out  of  the  Universities,  examined  and  approved,  as  the  literati 
in  China.  No  parish  to  contain  above  a  thousand  auditors. 
If  it  were  possible,  I  would  have  such  priests  as  should  imi- 
tate Christ,  charitable  lawyers  should  love  their  neighbours 
as  themselves,  temperate  and  modest  physicians,  politicians 
contemn  the  world,  philosophers  should  know  themselves, 
noblemen  live  honestly,  tradesmen  leave  lying  and  cozening 
magistrates,  corruption,  &c,  but  this  is  impossible,  I  must  gel 
such  as  I  may.  I  will  therefore  have  ^  of  lawyers,  judges, 
advocates,  physicians,  chirurgeons,  &c.,  a  set  number,  ^  and 
every  man,  if  it  be  possible,  to  plead  his  own  cause,  to  tell 
that  tale  to  the  judge  which  he  doth  to  his  advocate,  as 
at  Fez  in  Africa,  Bantam,  Aleppo,  Ragusa,  suam  qtiisque 
catisam  dicere  tenetur.      Those  advocates,  chirurgeons,  and 

•  physicians,  which  are  allowed  to  be  maintained  out  of  the 

*  common  treasury,  no  fees  to  be  given  or  taken  upon  pain 
of  losing  their  places ;  or  if  they  do,  very  small  fees,  and 
when  the  *  cause  is  fully  ended.  •  He  that  sues  any  man 
shall  put  in  a  pledge,  which  if  it  be  proved  he  hath  wrong- 
fully sued  his  adversary,  rashly  or  maliciously,  he  shall  for- 
feit, and  lose.  Or  else  before  any  suit  begin,  the  plaintiff 
shall  have  his  complaint  approved  by  a  set  delegacy  to  that 
purpose ;  if  it  be  of  moment  he  shall  be  suffered  as  before,  to 
proceed,  if  otherwise,  they  shall  determine  it.      All  causes 

1  Simlerxis  in  Ilelyetia.       >  Utopienses  no;  sic  minns  erit  ambagum,  et  Teritat 

eausidicos  excludunt,  qui  causas  callide  fkcilius    elicietur.     Mor.    Utop.    1.    2. 

et  vafre  tractent  et  disputent.    Iniquissi-  s  Medici   ex   publico   victam    sumani. 

mum  censent  hominem  uUis  obligari  legi-  Boter.  1.  1,  c  5,  de  ^gvptiis.        <  De  htt 

bus,  quae  aut  numerosiores  sunt,  qu^m  lege  Patrit.  1.  3,  tit.  8,  de  reip.  Instift. 

ot  perlegi  quean t,  aut  obscuriores  qukm  6  Nihil   i,  clientibus    patroni  accipiant, 

Ut  k  quovis  posgint  intelUgi.    Yolunt  ut  priu»quam  lis  finita  est.    Barcl.  Argea. 

Buam  quisque  causam  agat,  eamque  refe-  lib.  8.        ^  it  is  so  in  most  free  cititti  tn 

rat  Judici  quam  narraturus  fuerat  patro-  Germany. 


DemoeritVM  to  the  Reader.  139 

hall  be  pleaded  tupprwso  nomine,  the  parties'  namea  con* 
eal«d,  if  some  circumstances  do  not  otherwise  require. 
Judges  and  other  officers  shall  be  aptlj  disposed  in  each 
province,  village?,  cities  an  common  arbilralors  to  bear 
causes,  and  ead  all  cod  trover-si  es,  and  those  Dot  single,  but 
three  at  least  on  the  bench  at  once,  to  determine  or  give  sen' 
tence,  and  tho^  again  to  sit  by  turns  or  lots,  and  not  to  coD' 
tiaoe  Btill  in  the  game  office.  Mo  controversy  to  depend 
■bore  a  year,  but  without  all  delays  and  further  appeals  to 
be  speedily  despatched,  and  finally  concluded  in  that  time 
allotted.  These  and  all  other  inferior  magistrates  to  be 
diosen  *  as  the  literati  in  Cliina,  or  by  those  exact  suffrages  of 
tfae  *  Venetians,  and  such  again  not  to  be  eligible,  or  capable 
of  ma^tracies,  honours,  olBcea,  except  they  be  sufficiently 
*  qualified  for  leamiug,  manners,  and  that  by  the  strict  appro- 
batioii  of  reputed  examiners ;  '  first  scholars  to  lake  place, 
then  soldiers ;  for  I  am  of  Vigetiua  his  opinion,  a  scholar  de- 
■erres  better  (ban  a  soldier,  because  Uiiiui  mlafis  t-il  qua 
Jbrtiier  Jiunl,  qiue  vera  pro  utililate  Reipub.  scrilunlur,  aier- 
■a;  a  soldier's  work  lasts  for  an  age,  a  Bcholar's  forever.  If 
fli^  •  misbehave  themselves,  they  shall  bo  dejKJsed,  and  ao- 
ctffdingly  punished,  and  whether  their  offices  be  annual  '  or 
otherwise,  once  a  year  they  shall  be  called  in  question,  and 
^Te  an  account ;  for  meu  are  partial  and  passionate,  mer- 
aksa,  covetous,  corrupt,  subject  lo  love,  hale,  fear,  favour, 
&a,  omru  sub  regno  ffraviore  regnum  ;  like  Solon's  Areopa- 
^tes,  or  those  Boman  Censors,  some  shall  visit  others,  and 
^beTisited  invicem  themselves,  *  they  shall  oversee  that  no 
prowling  officer,  under  colour  of  authority,  shall  insult  over 


(optsM  agit,    nluce  liur^tor,  miirbbni  i 


It  grtdoa  mUltibut  a»igiAtar,  pot-  poAd.    Slml«ru9- 

mi  prvfrrfHT.  el  qiu  A  pluriml?  Ap-  Gral^dk.    Qui  non  et^ahHml  Jr«| 

l*tBr,    Mipllonw    in    rsp.   dlzT,itAI«  in&riorea«  iwc  ul  bwda*  conpalpei 

M^oitDr-     ^id  in  lu»  ***'"^'"  pri-  mbditoa,  kUotDrittUi  Dotnlui  coufli 


Vi1liDr(«,  In 


140 


Demoeritus  to  the  Reader. 


his  inferiors,  aa  so  many  wild  beasts,  oppress,  domineer,  fien, 
grind,  or  trample  on,  be  partial  or  corrupt,  but  tbat  there  be 
aguabile  jut,  justice  equally  done^  live  as  friends  and  breth- 
ren together ;  and  which  '  Sesellius  would  have  and  so  mach 
'desires  in  his  kingdom  of  France,  "a  diapason  and  sweet 
mony  of  kingii,  princes,  nobles,  and  plebeians  so  mutually  tied 
and  involved  in  love,  as  well  as  laws  and  authoriEy,  as  thai 
Ihey  never  disagree,  insult  or  encroach  one  upon  another' 
a  deserve  well  in  bis  office  he  shall  be  rewarded. 


jnpIectUor  ipaam, 


He  that  invents  anything  for  public  good  in  any  art  or 
sdence,  writes  a  treatise,  *or  performs  any  noble  exploit, 
home  or  abroad,  *sliall  be  accordingly  enriched,  *  honoured, 
and  preferred.  I  say  with  Hannibal  in  Ennius,  Hoslem  ^ 
feriel  erit  ndhi  Carlhaginiensii,  let  him  be  of  what  condition 
he  will,  in  all  offices,  actions,  he  that  deserves  best  shall 
have  best. 

Tiliaiius  in  Philonius,  out  of  a  charitable  mind  no  doubt,' 
wished  all  his  books  were  gold  and  silver,  jewels  and  pr&- 
dous  stones,  f  lo  redeem  cnplives,  set  free  prisoners,  and 
relieve  all  poor  distressed  souls  that  wanted  means ;  relig* 
iously  done,  I  deny  not,  but  to  what  purpose?  Suppose  this 
■were  bo  well  done,  within  a  little  after,  though  a  ma 
Croesus's  wealth  lo  bestow,  there  would  be  aa  many 
Wherefore  I  will  suffer  no  '  beggars,  rogues,  vagabonds,  <»■ 
idle  persons  at  all,    that  cannot  give   an  account  of  their 

iRevllliudereti.aBllDruni.Ub.l  &2.  Inlercelcru 

»  "  Far  wlio  woolJ  cuIBtuM  rlrtuB  Itwlf,  n.biii'tlisiinc 

It  Tou  wera  til  Uke  atiiiir  ths  nwanir  ''  nl  In  hu  re)  in  TiEiols  iivloiilbiu  dib-' 

■  Slqilli  Di^regltUJlhUb  bvilDAU^pjLco  por-  pervm^  nallam  DhBntnm,  ttc.        'IW 

tonrll,    Sunl.  LI.  '  ki  ngeudam  lua  mendlmu  spud  Slnu,  Mmldi  bM 

lempuli.KillLlteRHljMliniUantor,  n«c»d  qannnU  ooalU  '— ^ '■ — — ^ 

•HD  niQk  jCHtia  mKEtotntailin  aqt  rcgU  permltUtur,  Dmi 

Kinddnt.    Itleuliip,  Ub.  I.    dbtadiU^'uutur^sdliboKpieniigmndBiili,! 

-■'     " —  1.  11,  — , 


t.  DWI«MI 


■uhrogirl.  rtui  Inter 


.»ptl.    Own 


Demoerilug  to  the  Ssadtr, 


141 


'es  how  they  ^  maintain  themselves.  If  they  be  impotent, 
le,  blinJ,  and  single,  they  shall  be  suiricienlly  maintaineil 
in  several  hospitals,  built  for  that  purpose ;  if  married  and 
infirm,  past  work,  or  by  inevitable  loss,  or  some  euch  like 
misfortune  cast  behind,  by  distributioa  of  *corn,  house-rent 
free,  annual  pensions  or  money,  they  shall  ho  ruliereil,  and 
highly  rewarded  for  their  good  service  they  have  formerly 
done ;  if  able,  they  shall  be  enforced  to  work.  '  "  For  I  see 
(as  '  he  said)  why  an  epicure  or  idle  drone,  a  rich 
itlon,  a  usurer,  should  live  at  ease  and  do  nothing,  live 
honour,  in  all  manner  of  pleasures,  and  oppre'^a  olhers, 
■when  as  in  the  mean  time  a  poor  labourer,  a  smith,  a  car- 
penter, an  husbandman  that  hath  spent  his  time  in  continual 
labour,  aa  an  ass  to  carry  burdens  to  do  the  commonwefllih 
'ithout  whom  we  cannot  live,  shall  he  left  in  hia 
age  to  beg  or  starve,  and  lead  a  miserable  life  worse  than 
iment."  As  '  all  conditions  shall  he  lied  to  their  task,  so 
shall  be  overtired,  hut  have  their  set  times  of  recrea- 
tions and  holidays,  \ndulgere  genio,  feasts  and  merrymeet- 
ings,  even  to  the  meanest  artificer,  or  basest  servant,  once  a 
week  to  sing  or  dance,  (though  not  all  at  once,)  or  do  what- 
soever he  shall  please;  like  "that  Saccarvm  festum  amongst 
the  Persians,  those  Saturnals  in  Rome,  aa  well  as  his  master. 
'If  any  be  drunk,  he  shall  drink  no  more  wine  or  strong 
drink  in  a  twelvemonth  after.  A  banknipt  shall  be  '  Cata- 
demiaftts  in  AmphHheatro,  publicly  shamed,  and  he  that  can- 
not pay  his  debts,  if  by  riot  or  negligence,  he  have  been  im- 
poverished, shall  be  for  a  twelvemonth  imprisoned,  if  iu  that 


^doni 


laDom 
Hpod, 
■fca« 

iKe"" 


MUb.        •  QiuE  1 


loLiu  mp    quB  ilAt  ] 


poEVflltld.  ikdulit-    llelTet- 


U2 


iJemoerittti  to  the  Reader. 


EpacG  his  creditors  be  not  satisGed,  *  he  shall  be  hanged.  Ha 
'that  commits  sacrilege  shall  lose  his  bands;  he  that  bean 
false  witness,  or  is  of  perjurj  convicted,  ehall  have  hia  tongue 
cut  out,  except  he  redeem  it  with  his  head.  Murder,  *ailul- 
terj,  shall  be  punished  by  death,  *but  not  ihefV,  except  itba 
Bome  more  giievoua  offence,  or  notorious  offenders!  otbe> 
wise  they  shall  be  condemned  to  the  gallevB,  mines,  be  his 
slaves  whom  they  have  offendpJ,  during  their  lives.  I  hate 
aU  hereditary  slaves,  and  that  daram  Persarum  legem  ss 
*  lirisonius  calls  it ;  or  as  *  Ammianus,  impendio  formidaia 
et  abominandag  leges,  per  qiioM  oh  rtoxam  unitu,  omnit  pnh 
pinquiliii  peril,  hard  law  that  wife  and  children,  Mends 
allies,  should  suffer  for  the  father's  offence. 

No  man  shall  marry  until  he  '  be  twenty-five,  no  womai 
she  be  twenty, 'wisi  aliler  ditpensalam  Jiieril.  If  one  'die,  th« 
other  parly  shall  not  marry  till  six  months  afi«r ;  and  because) 
many  families  are  compelled  to  live  niggardly,  exhaust 
undone  by  great  dowers,  '"  none  shall  be  given  at  all,  or  very 
little,  and  that  by  supervisors  rated,  they  that  are  foul  shaS 
have  a  greater  portion;  if  fair,  none  at  all,  or  very  little; 
"  howsoever  not  to  exceed  such  a  rale  as  those  supervisora 
shall  think  fit.  And  when  once  they  come  to  those  yeanit 
poverty  shall  hinder  no  man  from  marriage,  or  any  othtf 
respect,  '"but  all  shall  be  rather  enforced  than  hindered,' 
"except  they  be  "dismembered,  or  grievously  deformed,  ii 


H  till  funllr,    nlHam,   NerinDni 


»Ap>t 


Botor.  1.  S,  0.  a-         ■!  Lege  nmtUB.  ooW 

''™ciijlu'r'"l""n'li'a^''   '''"  ''"^"'  ^ 

fill   prldrm  «pnd  VenBlw,  na  qui!  B*. 

IrlMui    doCem    Hodent   1.G00   noHHu 

pr".^lilll,mir.'  WftitflVlm.  "b*  l^^'iM 

UBiu.ByTiiiE.Jiid.  SKUndEl.   ImAM 

Afri™   llMwipl.   ™  alnt  lUtaF  iDSSBtl' 

(OMirnim  nllensm  caillunt,    McldnoaC, 

„^„a,  Ob  ™ip«b,  tnnuai.    Cl  Angort; 

Rtenir.  ont.  id  <^cLlln■  RomioM  oUS 

pS'fcdiB  diffuBS!j^'^"^»3?'h? 

a,    rte    r™.    Ptr«iranl.              ■  Ub.    M. 

conmrBo  Tlrorum  .bldpinCnr,  fto.    BW 

(or  Soechhis  hlal.  lib.  1,  d>  Tct.  SuU- 

run.    moribus.             >■  Speciorioilml  ]» 

Mtmoerittu  to  tha  Reader.  143 

visited  with  some  enarmous  hereditary  disease,  in 

tnind;   io  such  ca^es  upon  a  great  pain,  or  mulct, 

woman  shall  Dot  murry,  other  order  shall  he  tiiken 

t  them  to  their  content.     If  people  overahouud,  they  shall 

i  by  '  colonies. 

man  shall  wear  weapons  in  any  city.     The  same 
kre  ehnll  be  kept,  and  timt  proper  to  several  callings,  by 
hich  they  shall  be  distinguished.     *  Luxus  fanerum  shall  he 
iaken  away,  that  intempestive  expense  moderated,  and  many 
Others.     Brokera,  lakers  of  pawns,  biting  usurers,  I  will  not 
admit;  yet  because  hie  cum  hominihm  non  cum  diis  agitur, 
we  converse  here  with  men,  not  with  gods,  and  for  the  hurd- 
nesd  of  men's  hearts,  I  will  tolerate  Eome  kind  of  usury." 
If  we  were  honest,  I  confess,  si  probi  essemus,  we  should 
have  no  use  of  it,  but  being  as  it  is,  we  must  necessarily 
admit  it.     Howsoever   most  divines  contradict   it,  dicimut 
inficias,  ted  vox  ea  sola  reperta  est,  it  must  be  winked  at  by 
politicians.     And  yet  some  great  doctors  approve  of  it,  Cal- 
vin, Bucer,  Zanchius,  P.  Martyr,  because  by  so  many  grand 
lawyers,  dea'aes  of  emperors,  princes'  statutes,  customs  of 
aummon wealths,  churches'  approbations,  it  is  permitted,  &c., 
^^Ufill  therefore  allow  it.     But  to  no  private  pej'^^ns,  nor  to 
^^Kgiy  man  that  will,  to  orphans  only,  maids,  widows,  or  such  as 
^H^.reason  of  their  s^,  sex,  educutiou,  ignorance  ol'  trading, 
i,      bww  not  otherwise  how  to  employ  it ;  and  those  so  approved, 
not  lo  let  it  out  apart,  hut  to  bring  their  money  to  a  '  common 
bank  which  shall  be  allowed  in  every  city,  as  in   Grenoa, 
Geneva,  Nuremberg,  Venice,  at  '  five,  six,  seven,  not  above 
right  per  centum,  as  the  supervisors,  or  mrarii  prcefecli  shall 


hough  ^ 


U.  ll.'a(i   5,  de  Simrum  a 


bhoAe  liombardd  be^ctml 


144  Democritus  to  the  Reader, 

think  fit.  *  And  as  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  each  man  to  l»e  an 
usurer  that  will,  so  shall  it  not  be  lawful  for  all  to  take  up 
money  at  use,  not  to  prodigals  and  spendthrifts,  but  to  mer- 
chants, young  tradesmen,  such  as  stand  in  need,  or  know  hon- 
estly how  to  employ  it,  whose  necessity,  cause  and  condition 
the  said  supervisors  shall  approve  of. 

I  will  have  no  private  monopolies,  to  enrich  one  man,  and 
beggar  a  multitude,  '  multiplicity  of  offices,  of  supplying  by 
deputies,  weights  and  measures,  the  same  throughout,  and 
those  rectified  by  the  Primum  mohih,  and  sun's  motion, 
threescore  miles  to  a  degree  according  to  observation,  1,000 
geometrical  paces  to  a  mile,  five  foot  to  a  pace,  twelve  inches 
to  a  foot,  &c.,  and  from  measures  known  it  is  an  easy  matter 
to  rectify  weights,  &c.,  to  cast  up  all,  and  resolve  bodies  by 
algebra,  stereometry.  I  hate  wars  if  they  be  not  ad  popvU 
salutenij  upon  urgent  occasion,  *^^odimus  accipitrem,  quia 
semper  vimt  in  armis"  •  offensive  wars,  except  the  cause  be 
very  just,  I  will  not  allow  of.  For  I  do  highly  magnify  that 
paying  of  Hannibal  to  Scipio,  in  *Livy,  "It  had  been  a 
blessed  thing  for  you  and  us,  if  God  had  given  that  mind 
to  our  predecessors,  that  you  had  been  content  with  Italy, 
we  with  Africa.  For  neither  Sicily  nor  Sardinia  are  worth 
such  cost  and  pains,  so  many  fleets  and  armies,  or  so  many 
famous  Captains'  lives."  Omnia  prius  tentanda,  fair  means 
shall  first  be  tried.  *  Peragit  tranquiUa  potestas^  Quod  via- 
lenta  nequit.  I  will  have  them  proceed  with  all  moderation ; 
but  hear  you,  Fabius  my  general,  not  Minutius,  nam  f  9«» 
Consilio  nititur  plus  hostibus  nocet,  quam  qui  sine  anind 
ratione,  viribus  ;  And  in  such  wars  to  abstain  as  much  as 
is  possible  from  'depopulations,  burning  of  towns,  massacring 

1  Hoc  fere  Zanchius  com.  In  4  cap.  ad  the  hawk,  because  he  always  lires  in  bat- 

Ephefl.  fl^quissimam  vocat   usuram,  et  tie."       >  Idem  Plato  de  legibus.      <  Lib. 

charitati  Christianse consentaneam,  modo  90.  Optimum  quidem  ftierateam  patrihns 

non  exigant,   &c.,  nee  omnes  dent  ad  nostris  mentem  a  diis  datam  ewe.  ut  tos 

foenus.  fled  ii  qui  in  pecuniifl  bona  habent,  Italise,  nos  Africte  imperio  content!  eaw* 

et  ob  setatem,  sexum,  artis  alicuju?  ig-  muR.    Neque  enim  Sicilia  aut  Sar^nia 

norantiam,  non  possunt  uti.    Nee  omni-  satis  digna  precio  sunt  pro  tot  classibos, 

bus  sed  mercatoribus  et  iis  qui  honeste  &c.  &  Claudian.  f  Thacydides. 

Impendent,  &c.        >  Idem  apud  Persas  o  A  depnpulatione,  agrcrum  incendiis,  •! 

Dlim,  lege  Brisonium  *  ''  We  hate  cjuamodi  factis  immaoibus.    Plato. 


Dtmocritui  to  At  I2taehr.  115 

of  infanta,  &c  For  defensive  wars,  I  will  havo  forces  etiU 
reaclj  at  a  small  warning,  b;  land  and  sea,  a  jircpaied  navy, 
Boldiera  j'n  procinctu,  et  quivm  *  Bonfiniiis  apud  Hangaroi 
SUos  vtilt,  virffam  ferream,  nnd  money,  wbich  h  nervui  belli, 
Blill  in  a  readiness,  and  a  sufficient  revenue,  a  third  giarl  as 
la  old  '  Kome  and  Egypt,  reser%'ed  for  tlie  commonwealth ; 
to  avoid  lliose  heavy  taxes  and  impoiiitionfi,  as  wtU  lo  defray 
tills  cliarge  of  wars,  as  also  all  otiier  public  defulciilions,  ex- 
penses, fees,  pensions,  reparations,  chaste  sports,  feasts,  dona- 
ries,  rewarvb,  and  entertainments.  All  things  in  this  nature 
especially  I  will  have  maturely  done,  and  wiili  great  ^delib- 
eration :  tie  tpiid  '  temere  ne  quid  remisse  ac  tiinide  Jiat ;  Sed 
quo  feror  hospei?  To  prosecute  the  rest  would  require  a 
Tolume.  Mannm  de  iahella,  I  liave  been  over  tedious  in 
this  subject ;  I  could  have  here  willingly  ranged,  but  these 
Btrails  wherein  I  am  included  will  not  permit. 

From  commonwealths  and  cities,  I  will  descend  to  families, 

which  have  as  many  corsives  and  molestations,  as  frequent 

discontents  as  the  rest.     Great  affinity  there  is  betwixt  a 

political  and  economical  body  ;  they  differ  only  in  magnitude 

and  proportion  of  business  (so  Scaliger  *  writes)  as  they  have 

bolh  likely  the  same  period,  as  '  Bodin  and  '  Peucer  hold,  out 

of  Plaro,  six  or  seven  hundred   years,  so  many  limes  they 

We  the  same  means  of  their  vexation  and  overlhrows ;  as 

namt-ly,  riot,  a  common  ruin  of  both,  riot  in  buildini;,  riot  in 

profuse  spending,  riot  in  apparel,  &c.,  be  it  in  what  kind 

soever,  it  producelh   the  same  effects.     A  'corographer  of 

ours  speaking  obiter  of  ancient  families,  why  tliey  are  ho 

frequent  in  the  uorlh,  continue  BO  long,  are  so  soon  extin- 

gnlslied  in  the  soutli,  and  so  few,  gives  no  other  reason  but 

tliis,  Inxits   omnia  diitipavil,  riot   halh  consumed  all,  fine 

dollies  and  curious  buildings  came  into  this  island,  as  he 


146  Democritui  to  the  JReader. 

notes  in  his  annals,  not  so  manj  years  since ;  nan  sine  die 
pendio  hospitalitatis,  to  the  decay  of  hospitality.  Howbeit 
many  times  that  word  is  mistaken,  and  under  the  name  of 
bounty  and  hospitality,  is  shrouded  riot  and  prodigality,  and 
that  which  is  commendable  in  itself  well  used,  hath  been  mis- 
taken heretofore,  is  become  by  his  abuse,  the  bane  and  utter 
ruin  of  many  a  noble  family.  For  some  men  live  like  the 
rich  glutton,  consuming  themselves  and  their  substance  by 
continual  feasting  and  invitations,  with  ^Axilon  in  Homer, 
keep  open  house  for  all  comers,  giving  entertainment  to  such 
as  visit  them,  *^  keeping  a  table  beyond  their  means,  and  a 
company  of  idle  servants  (though  not  so  frequent  as  of  old) 
are  blown  up  on  a  sudden  ;  and  as  Actseon  was  by  his 
hounds,  devoured  by  their  kinsmen,  friends,  and  multitude 
of  followers.  '  It  is  a  wonder  that  Paulus  Jovius  relates  of 
our  northern  countries,  what  an  infinite  deal  of  meat  we  con- 
sume on  our  tables ;  that  I  may  truly  say,  'tis  not  bounty, 
not  hospitality,  as  it  is  often  abused,  but  not  and  excess, 
gluttony  and  prodigality ;  a  mere  vice ;  it  brings  in  debt, 
want,  and  beggary,  hereditary  diseases,  consumes  their  for- 
tunes, and  overthrows  the  good  temperature  of  their  bodies. 
To  this  I  might  here  well  add  their  inordinate  expense  in 
building,  those  fantastical  houses,  turrets,  walks,  parks,  &c^ 
gaming,  excess  of  pleasure,  and  that  prodigious  riot  in  ap- 
parel, by  which  means  they  are  compelled  to  break  up  house, 
and  creep  into  holes.  Sesellius  in  his  commonwealth  of 
*  France,  gives  three  reasons  why  the  French  nobility  were 
so  frequently  bankrupts  :  "  First,  because  they  had  so  many 
lawsuits  and  contentions  one  upon  another,  which  were 
tedious  and  costly ;  by  which  means  it  came  to  pass,  tliat 
commonly  lawyers  bought   them   out  of  their  possessions. 

1  niad.  6  lib.  ^  Vide  Puteani  Co-  causae  forenses,  aliae  ferantur  ex  alfit,  In 

mum,  Gocleninm  de  portentous  coenis  immensum     producantur,    et*    magnoi 

nostrorum  temporum.     » MirabUe  dictu  sumptus    requirant,  unde  fit    ut  jurfl 

Mt,  quantum  opsoniorum   una   domus  administri  plerumque  nobilium  possef* 

dngulis    dicbus    absumat,     sturnuntur  siones  adquirant,  turn  quod  sumptuofli 

mensae  in  omnos  pene  boras,  calentibus  vivant,  et  k  mercatoribus  absorbentur  el 

■einper  eduHis.    I)e.<«crip.  Britan.     *  Lib.  gpleadidissim^  yestiantur,  &c. 
1,  de  lep.  Gallorum;  quod  tot  lites  et 


Oanoerilia  to  the  Seader.  147 

Becond  cause  was  their  riol,  they  lived  beyonij  iheir  means, 
'ere  therefore  swallowed  up  by  raerchatita."  (La  Nove, 
a  French  writer,  yields  five  rensona  of  iiis  countrymen's  pov- 
erly,  1o  ihe  same  effect  almost,  and  thinks  verily  if  the  gi'Utry 
of  France  were  dividetl  into  ten  parts,  eight  of  tliem  would 
be  found  much  impaired,  by  sales,  mortgnges,  and  dehts,  or 
wholly  sunk  in  iLeir  estates.)  "  Tlie  last  was  immoderate 
excess  in  apparel,  which  consumed  their  revenues."  How 
this  concerns  and  agrees  with  our  present  slate,  look  you. 
But  of  this  elsewhere.  As  it  is  in  a  man's  body,  if  either 
head,  heart,  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  or  any  one  part  ba  mjs- 
affeeterl,  all  the  rest  suffer  with  it ;  so  is  it  with  this  econom- 
ical body.  If  the  head  be  naught,  a  spendthrift,  a  drunkard, 
horemaster,  a  gamester,  how  shall  the  family  live  at  ease  ? 
isa  n  eupiat  aalus  tervare  prorms,  non  potest,  hane  famil- 
L  said  in  the  comedy.  Safely  herself  cannot 
it.  A  good,  honest,  painful  man  many  times  hath  a 
his  wife ;  a  sickly,  dishonest,  slothful,  foolish,  careless 
woman  to  his  male ;  a  proud,  peevish  flirt ;  a  liquorish,  prodi- 
gal quean,  and  by  that  means  all  goes  to  ruin  j  or  if  they  differ 
in  nature,  he  is  thrifty,  she  spends  all ;  he  wise,  she  sottish  and 
loft ;  what  agreement  can  there  be  ?  what  friendship  ?  Like 
that  of  the  thrush  and  swallow  in  .ffisop,  instead  of  mutual 
lovi!,  kind  compel lal ions,  whore  and  thief  is  heard,  they  fling 
stools  at  one  another's  heads.  "  Qua  inlempenes  vexat  hane 
faimliam?  All  enforced  marriages  commonly  produce  such 
effects,  or  if  on  their  behatfs  it  be  well,  as  to  live  and  agree 
lovingly  together,  they  may  have  disobedient  and  unruly 
tbildren,  that  take  ill  courses  to  disquiet  them,  '  "  their  son 
»  a  Ihiefi  a  spendthrift,  their  daughter  a  whore;"  a  step 
'moilier,  or  a  daughter-in-law,  distempers  all ;  *  or  else  fof 
*iint  of  means,  many  torturers  arise,  debts,  dues,  fees,  dowries, 
jointures,  legacies  to  be  paid,  annuities  issuing  out,  by  means 
of  uliich,  tliey  have  not  wherewithal  to  maintain  thcmselvea 

AmphU.PUtot        'PollrB.    nunqnuni  vlTnnt  elne  UtB.  ■  Its  SB- 


^^■P«  i 


148 


Uemomtut  to  the  Reader. 


in  lliat  pomp  b»  their 
bestow  their  ciiildren 
qoalitj,  'and  will  not 
OAentimes,  too,  to  ag' 


predecessors  have  done,  hring  np  of 
to  their  callinga,  to  their  birth  and 
descend  to  their  present  fortuncat 
ravale  tlie  rest,  concur  many  olhef 
in  thankful  friends,  decayed  friends,  badj 
neighbours',  negligent  servants,  ^  tervi  faraeeg,  veimpeHea,  eah 
lidi,  ocehua  gibi  miHe  elavibut  meranl,  furtimque ;  rt^tont^ 
eottiumunt,  Ugununt ;  casualties,  taxes,  mulcts,  cbargeabis 
offices!,  vain  expenses,  entertain  men  L%  loss  of  slock,  enmities 
emulations,  frequent  invitations,  losses,  suretyship,  sicknessi 
death  of  friend-j,  and  that  which  is  the  gulf  of  all,  improvi- 
dence, iU  husbandry,  disorder  and  confusion,  by  whii;h  meant 
they  are  drenched  on  a  sudden  in  their  estates,  and  at  uiH 
awarea  precipitated  insensibly  into  an  inextricable  labyrinth 
of  debts,  cares,  woes,  want,  grief,  discontent,  and  melancholy 
itself. 

I  have  done  with  families,  and  will  now  briefly  run  over 
some  few  sorts  and  conditions  of  men.  The  moat  secure- 
happy,  jovial,  and  merry  in  the  world's  esteem  are  princes  an4, 
great  men,  free  from  melancholy ;  but  for  their  cares,  mig* 
eries,  suspicions,  jealousies,  discontents,  folly,  and  madness,  1 
refer  you  to  Xenophon's  Tyrannus,  where  king  Hieron 
coursetl)  at  large  with  Simonides  the  poet,  of  this  subject* 
Of  all  others  they  are  most  troubled  with  perpetuaj  fears, 
anxieties,  insomuch  that,  as  he  said  in  'Valerius,  if  lhoa< 
knewest  with  what  cares  and  miseries  this  robe  were  stuffed, 
thou  wouldst  not  sloop  to  take  it  up.  Or  put  case  fhey  b« 
secure  and  free  from  fears  and  discontents,  yet  they  are  void 
*of  reason  too  oft,  and  precipitate  in  their  actions,  read  all 
our  histories,  qnos  de  stultis  prodidere  slutii,  Illades,  .Xncide^ 
Annales,  and  what  is  the  subject  ? 

"  Stultorom  regam,  et  pnpiilonim  continet  oatns." 


1    ptBBUt,ilgMl[urn».  1 


Dejnoerittu  to  the  Reader, 


llillts  nnd  Iho  rDoliab 


ta  feci  the  sconrjre. 


How  mad  they  are,  how  furioua,  and  upon  small  o 

rash  and  inconsideraie  in  their  proceedings,  how  they  dote^ 

[y  page  ahnost  will  witness, 
m™  doting  modBTDb-n, 
Unsmind  rcsalTeE,  their  Bi 
"ext  in  place,  next  in  miseries  and  discontents,  in  all  man- 
of  hairbrain  actions,  are  great  men,  procul  a  Jove,  procul 
it  Jill/nine,  the  nearer  the  worse.  If  they  Vivn  in  court,  they 
are  up  and  down,  ebb  and  flow  with  their  princes'  favours, 
Jngeniiim  wUu  statque  cadilqjte  suo,  now  aloft,  to-morrow 
down,  as  '  Poljbius  deserihea  them,  "  like  so  many  casting 
counters,  now  of  gold,  to-raorrow  of  silver,  that  vary  in 
worth  as  the  computant  will ;  now  they  stand  for  units,  to- 
morrow for  thousands ;  now  before  all,  and  anon  behind," 
Beside,  they  torment  one  another  with  mutual  factions,  emu- 
UtiODS ;  one  is  ambitious,  another  enamoured,  a  tliird  in  debt, 
ft  prodigal,  overruns  his  fortunes,  a  fourth  solicitous  with 
tares,  gets  nothing,  &c.  But  for  these  men's  discontents, 
mxieties,  I  refer  you  to  Lucian's  Tract,  de  mercede  con' 
ivetU,  *jSmas  SylEtus  {libidiius  el  itidtitia  servos,  he  calls 
Ihem),  Agrippa,  and  many  others. 

Of  philosophers  and  scholars  prisc/B  sapientifB  dielatores,  I 
We  already  spoken  in  general  terms,  those  superintendents 
of  wit  and  learning,  men  above  men,  those  refined  men,  min- 
ionj  of  ik3  muses, 


Etes 


trnqne  hnbara  qn6 


'These  acute  and  subtle  soplusters,  so  much  honoured,  liava 

lUb.l. hist.  Rom.    Blmilrt  tnt  bMin-    Bpld.  Ub.l.  o.  13.         <  Hoo f ojfdomoota 

«"illrtum.  nimii  crel  !unt,  modfl  untsl;  IBplenlil  roMtiroQl,  lenlls  Plln.  lib.  T, 
■Jnulldn  renin  nunc  bratl  Idnt  nmo  Mp.S+,  s  Inwnireinimnl  rerta  mthm* 
BlKr],       *  £rdinnn!<1qav  Salonn  In  Sa.    mthloque,  mul  b;  tbu  book  thaj,  JtcL 


ISO  Democritua  to  the  SmSer. 

aa  much  netd  of  hellebore  as  others.    '0  mediei  mediam 

pcrtundite  venam.  Retid  Lucian's  Piscalor,  and  tell  how  ho 
esl^emed  them ;  Agrippa'a  Tract  of  the  vanily  of  Sciences^ 
nay,  read  their  own  works,  their  absurd  teneti,  prodigioi 
paradoses,  el  risrnn  teneedU  amiei  f  You  shall  find  that  of ■ 
Aristotle  true,  nuSam  madman  ingenium  sine  tnixtura  ^' 
mentim,  limy  have  a  worm  aa  well  as  others  ;  you  shall  find  a 
fanlastical  strain,  a  fustian,  a  bombast,  a  vainglorious  humooi^ 
an  afieeted  style,  &x.,  like  a  prominent  thread  in  an  ur 
woven  cloth,  run  parallel  throughout  their  works.  And  iheV 
that  teach  wisdom,  patience,  meekness,  are  the  veriest  dii^ 
aard?,  hairbrains,  and  most  discontent.  *"In  the  moltitud* 
of  wisdom  is  grief,  and  he  that  inoreaseth  wisdom,  increfiseth* 
sorrow."  I  need  not  quote  mine  author ;  they  that  lauglf 
and  contemn  others,  condenm  the  world  of  folly,  deserve  tw 
be  mocked,  are  as  giddy-headed,  and  lie  as  open  as  any  olhtf^ 
•Democritus,  that  common  floiiler  of  folly,  was  ridiculoul 
himself,  l)arking  Meni]ipus,  seofling  Lucian,  satirical  LucilluS^ 
Petronius,  Varro,  Persius,  &c.,  may  be  censured  with  t 
rest,  Loripedem  reetus  deHdeat,  ^ikiopem  alhut,  ^eSl^. 
Erasmus,  Hospinian,  Vives,  Kemnisius,  explode  as  a  vat 
ocean  of  obs  and  sols,  school  divinity.  *A  labyrinth  of  Si 
tricable  questions,  unprofitable  contentions,  incredibilem  ddiH 
rtUiimem,  one  calls  it.  If  school  divinity  be  so  censure^ 
tubtilii  *  Sr.oCm  lima  veritatis,  Occam  iTrefragahiUs,  ciijiu  !»'■ 
ifenium  Vetera  omnia  ingenia  stthverlit,  S^e.  Baconthrope,  Dr. 
Resoiutus,  and  Corculum  Theohgiig,  Thomas  himself,  DocU^ 
'Seraphicus,  eui  dielavil  Angehis,  S^c,  What  shall  becomt 
of  humanity  ?  Ars  stulla,  what  can  she  plead  ?  What  c 
her  followers  say  for  themselves  ?  Much  learning,  ^  ea 
tUminuit-hrum,  hath  cracked  their  sconce,  and  taken  such 
root,  that  tribus  AnCicyris  caput  insanahile,  hellebore  itself 
can  do  no  good,  nor  that  renowned  'lantern  of  Epictetus,  hj 


Demoentia  to  the  Reader.  151 

!iiich  if  any  man  sludied,  he  should  he  tm  wi^e  as  lie  was. 
;  rlicUirician^  in  ostentationem  loquaci- 
talis  multa  agilant,  out  of  their  volubility  of  tongue,  will  talk 
much  to  no  [lurpose,  oralora  can  persuade  other  men  what 
they  will,  quo  volant,  unde  volunt,  move,  pacify,  &c.,  but  can- 
not settle  their  own  brainy  what  eaith  Tully?  Mah  indaer- 
(am  pivdentiam,  guam  loquacem  Hultitiam  ;  and  as  '  Seneca 
seconds  him,  a  ivise  man's  oration  should  not  be  pohte  or 
BOlicitaua,  ^  Fubiua  esteems  no  better  of  most  of  them,  either 
in  speecii,  action,  gesture,  tlian  as  men  beside  themselves, 
intanoi  declamaiores  ;  so  dotli  Gregory,  ^oa  miki  sapit  qui 
lermone,  ted  qui  factis  sapit.  Make  the  best  of  him,  a  good 
onilor  is  a  turncoat,  an  evil  man,  bo/tut  orator  pessimus  irir, 
his  tongue  is  set  to  sale,  he  is  a  mere  voice,  as  *  he  said  of  a 
nightingale,  dot  sine  tnente  sonum,  aa  hyperbolical  liar,  a 
flatterer,  a  parasite,  and  as  'Ammianus  Marc«llinua  will,  a 
corrupting  cozener,  one  that  doth  more  mischief  by  his  fair 
speeches,  than  he  that  bribes  by  moneys  for  a  man  may  with 
more  facility  avoid  him  that  circumvents  by  money,  than  him 
that  deceives  with  glozing  terms ;  which  made  '  Socrates  so 
much  abhor  and  explode  them.  *  Fracaatorius,  a  famous  poet, 
freely  grants  all  poets  to  be  mad  ;  so  doth  '  Sealiger ;  and 
who  doth  not  ?  Aut  imanil  homo,  aut  versut  facit  (He's 
CUkd  or  making  veraes),  Hor.  Sat.  vli.  1,  2,  Insanire  lubet,  i.  e. 
versus  componere.  Virg.  S  Eel ;  So  Servius  interprets  it,  all 
poets  are  mad,  a.  company  of  bitter  satirists,  detractors,  or  else 
parasitical  apptauders  \  and  what  is  poetry  itself,  but  as  Aus- 
tin holds,  Viiiwn  erroris  ab  ehriis  doctoribus  propinatum  I 
Tou  may  give  that  censure  of  them  in  general,  which  Sir 
Thomas  More  once  did  of  Germanus  Brixjua's  poems  in  par- 
ticular. 

"THhuntur 

n  hnbitanl  Fnriffi."  > 

htm  TldBlup  qui  omflons  qiiim   qui 

"  "'    "  Bit  L^teun,  fcc,  quat]«  fuHt, 


In  rate  BtnltltiiE, 

sjl. 

|nu™>alt 

'.: 

litu 

I 


152  Demoeritta  to  ihe  Jieader. 

Badfcns,  in  an  epistle  of  hU  to  Lup=etus,  will  Iiave 
law  to  be  the  tower  of  wisdom  ;  another  honours  physii 
quiotensence  of  nature ;  a  third  liimbles  thera  both  down,  anl 
sets  up  the  flag  of  hia  own  peculiar  science.  Tour  f 
cilioua  critics,  granimutical  triflers,  note-makers,  curious  anItJ 
quarief!,  find  out  all  the  ruins  of  wit,  xneptiarum  <Utiei 
amongst  the  rubbish  of  old  wriiei's ;  '  Fro  gtvllis  hahent  m 
aUquid  su^iant  invenire,  quod  in  cdiorum  seriptis  vertt 
vitio,  all  fools  with  them  that  cannot  find  fault;  they  com 
others,  and  are  hot  in  a  cold  cause,  puzzle  thetdselvea  to  fiiH 
oot  how  many  streets  in  Rome,  houses,  gates,  lowers,  1 
mer's  country,  iEneas's  mother,  Niobe's  daughters,  an  S(^ 
pho  publica  faent  ?  ovum,  "priiis  extiterit  an  gollina!  4^ 
et  alia  qua  dediacenda  essent  scire,  si  scirei,  as  '  SenecM 
holds.  What  clothes  the  senators  did  wear  in  Itome,  1 
Bhoes,  how  they  sat,  where  they  went  to  the  closestooi,  ho#. 
many  dishes  in  a  mess,  what  sauce,  which  for  the  present  tat 
an  historian  to  relate,  'according  to  Lodovic.  Vivea,  is 
ridiculous,  is  to  them  most  precious  elaborate  stuflT,  they 
admired  for  i(,  and  an  proud,  as  triumphant  in  the 
time  for  this  discovery,  as  if  thoy  liad  won  a  city,  or  con* 
qucred  a  province  ;  as  rich  as  if  they  had  found  a  mine 
gold  ore.  Quotvis  auetores  absurd!)  commenlis  sm's  j 
eacant  et  stereorant,  one  saitli,  they  bewray  and  daub  a  Ci 
pany  of  books  and  good  authors,  with  their  absurd  commeiit% 
eorreetorum  sferqviltnia  *  Scaliger  calls  them;  and  show  theiKi 
wit  in  censuring  others,  a  company  of  foolish  note-maken^ 
hurablebees,  dors,  or  beetles,  inter  sitrcora  vi  plurimum  i 
tantur,  they  rake  over  all  those  rubbish  and  dunghills,  t 
prefer  a  manuscript  many  times  before  the  Gospel  itsdi 
'licnm,  before  any  treasure,  and  with  thd 
rg,  alit  UgMit  sic,  tneus  codex  sic  habet,  with  them 
posfremce  editiones,  annotation^,  castigalions,  &c.,  make  boob 
dear,  themselves  ridiculous,  and  do  nobody  good,  yet  if  a 

■nd  iwiil  in  the  iiotb  of  mudnert."  poirnp.aHlnm.  >  Mb.  S.in  ADKDliia 
IMomiOtop,  lib.  !l.  'H-uTOh.  Situp,  cap.  19  ol  82.  •  KOit.  T,  TOioIB.  JD 
7,10.         •KlJsl.ia.         •  Ub.  <H  eiQSil    Qularo.  ^^ 


Detnoeritut  to  (he  Reader. 


isa 


a  dnre  oppose  or  contmilict,  they  are  mftd,  up  in  arms  on 
""a  suililen.  Low  many  slieets  are  wrillen  in  defenre,  bow  bilter 
invectives  what  apologies  ?  ^EpiphiUedei  hts  mnt  ul  rnera 
nvgee.  But  I  tiare  say  no  more  of,  for,  with,  or  iigainst 
them,  i^ecnu^  I  am  liable  to  their  lash  oa  well  as  others. 
Of  lliese  and  the  rest  of  our  artists  and  phiIoi<opher<^  I  will 
generally  conclude  they  are  a  kind  of  madmen,  as  *  Seneca 
esteems  of  ihem,  to  make  doubts  and  scruples,  how  to  read 
them  truly,  to  mend  old  auttiors,  but  will  not  mend  their  own 
lires,  or  teach  us  iiigema  sanare,  metnoriam  officiorum  in- 
yerere,  ae  fidem  in  rebtu  htimanii  relinere^  to  keep  our  wits 
in  order,  or  rectify  our  manners.  Numqjtid  tihi  demena  vidS' 
titr,  n  intit  operam  impenderit^  Is  not  he  mad  that  draws 
Unes  with  Archimedes,  whilst  his  house  is  ransneked,  and  his 
dty  besieged,  when  ihe  whole  world  ia  in  combustion,  or  we 
whilst  our  souls  are  in  danger,  (niorj  sequititr,  vita  fugit)  to 
spend  our  lime  in  toys,  idle  questions,  and  things  of  no 
worth? 

Tliat  *  lovers  are  mad,  I  think  no  man  will  deny,  Amare 
timul  et  mpere,  ipsi  Jam  ntm  datur,  Jupiter  himself  cannot 


^^Afend  both  at  c 

^^V  *  "  Koi 

^^^B        UajetTas  et 

^^Tully.  when  I 


Tully.  when  he  was  invited  lo  a  second  marriafre,  replied^ 
he  could  not  simid  amare  el  tapere,  be  wise  and  love  both 
briber.  '  Est  orciis  iUe,  fi$  est  {mmedicahilin,  est  raiiei 
ituana,  love  is  madneai,  a  hell,  an  incurable  disease ;  i7»- 
potrntem  ft  i/wanom  lihidinem  *  Seneca  calls  it,  an  impotent 
and  ra^TJng  lust.  I  shall  dilate  this  subject  apart ;  in  thfi 
mean  time  let  lovers  sigh  out  the  rest. 

'Xevisanus  the  lawyer  holds  it  for  an  axiom,  "most 
women  are  fook,"  *  consilium  fmminii  invalidum  ;  Seneca, 


154  Dimoeritus  to  the  Reader. 

mfin,  be  llipy  young  or  old  i  who  doubta  it,  youth  b  mad  us 
EUua  in  Tully,  SlviU  adoleicentuli,  old  age  litile  better,  c  " 
tenei,  Src.  Theophmstua,  \a  the  107th  year  of  his  t^e, '; 
he  then  begun  to  be  wise,  fum  sapere  ccepil,  and  thcr«f(a4 
lamented  his  departure.  If  wisdom  come  eo  late, 
shall  we  6nd  a  wise  man  P  Our  old  ones  dole  at  thre 
and-ten.  I  would  cite  more  prooft,  and  a  belter  author,  but 
for  the  present,  let  one  fool  point  at  another.  '  Nevisani* 
halh  OS  hard  aa  opinion  of 'rich  men,  "wealth  aod  n 
cannot  dwell  Uigelher,"  ttuUitiam  patiuntvr  qpejf,  *and  thq 
do  commonly  ^in/aluare  cor  hominis,  besot  men  ;  and  as  Wi 
Bee  it,  "  fools  have  fortune ; "  *  Sapient'ia  non  invenitur  A 
terra  ttiaviter  viventiwm.  For  beside  a  natural  contempt  d 
learning,  which  accompanies  such  hind  of  men,  innate  idle 
Dess  (for  they  will  take  no  pains),  and  which  '  AristoUl 
observes,  nhi  mem  plurima,  ibi  minima  fortuna,  ubi  plvr 
fortuaa,  ihi  mens  perexigna,  great  wealth  and  little  wil 
commonly  together :  they  have  as  much  brains  some 
them  in  their  heads  as  in  their  heels;  besides  this  inbrad 
neglect  of  libera!  sciences,  and  all  arts,  which  should  exeoW^^ 
mentem,  polish  the  mind,  tliey  have  most  part  some  gullid 
humour  or  other,  by  which  they  are  ledj  one  is  an  Epicont 
an  Atheist,  a  second  a  gamester,  a  third  a  whoremaster  (Si 
subjects  all  for  a  satirist  to  work  upon)  ; 

8  "  HIo  nuptamm  iosanit  amoribui,  liio  paerorum." 


'  one  19  mad  of  hawhing,  hunting,  cocking ;  another  of  caroQ*^ 
ing,  horae-riding,  spending ;  a  fourth  of  building,  fighting,  &^' 
Insanit  veteres  staluas  Bamasippui  emendo,  Damasippus 

T  TViUto  bv  di]dt  quod  turn  vlte  eicred-    e  Fortuns.  nlmlam  qu«n  tnrst.  At 


Danoeriha  to  the  Reader.  155 

an  humour  of  his  own,  to  be  lalked  of;  '  Helioilonin  (he 
Canhaginian,  ajiother.  In  a  word,  as  Scaliger  concludes  of 
them  aU,  lliey  are  StcUute  erects  stidtitice,  the  very  stnlues  or 
pillars  of  folly.  Choose  out  of  all  stories  him  that  halh  been 
most  admired,  you  ehall  still  litid,  nwUa  ad  laudem,  malCa  ad 
mtuperationem  magnijica,  as  '  Berosus  of  Somiramis ;  vmrtet 
mortaies  mililiU,  triumphh,  diviliii,  Sfc,  twn  et  luxu,  eicde, 
ee^erisque  vitiis  anteceasil,  aa  ehe  faad  some  good,  so  had  ahe 
many  bad  parts. 

Alexander,  a  worthy  man,  but  furious  in  his  anger,  ovei^ 
taken  in  driok;  Cfe^r  and  Scipio  valiant  and  wise,  but  vain- 
glorious, ambitious;  Vespaaiftn  a  worthy  prince,  but  covet- 
ous j  '  Hannibal,  aa  he  had  mighty  virtues,  bo  had  he  many 
Tices  i  imam  virtutem  mille  vilia  comitarUw,  aa  Machiavel  of 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  he  bad  two  distinct  persons  in  him.  I 
win  delermine  of  lliem  all,  they  are  like  these  double  or 
turning  pictures ;  stand  before  which  you  see  a  fair  maid,  on 
the  one  aide  an  ape,  on  the  other  an  owl ;  look  upon  them 
at  the  first  sight,  all  is  well,  but  further  examine,  you  shall 
find  tltem  wise  on  the  one  side,  and  foola  on  the  olliei- ;  in 
tome  few  things  praiseworlliy,  in  the  rest  incomp;irably 
feulty.  I  will  say  nothing  of  their  diseases,  emulations,  dis- 
oonient3,  wants,  and  such  miseries ;  let  poverty  plead  the 
rest  in  Arislophaiies's  Plutus. 

Covetous  men,  amongat  others,  are  most  mad,  '  They  havo 
»D  the  symptoms  of  melancholy,  fear,  sadness,  suspicion,  Aa, 
iadall  be  proved  in  its  proper  place. 

mullo  pnn  mnxima  aracis.' 
1  for  tham  ulons. 

And  yet  methlnfca  prodigals  are  much  madder  than  they, 

'lUIIMmn*  CarthiinlnlBTiiilii  id  ex-  nuiwra.       'Llry.    Inupntpj  Tlrlntas, 

■WomittUlsKrrophiwolMOinifbtonie  InieTitLl  tIMh.        '  llnp,     Q  1.^,11..  no. 

^MuH  rmidler.  et  DCTldcn>iii  >n  qnl<  bItlniH  mM  sill  ansi.tl  t>"I1tl   nmen, 

"■"li-r  Id  oi>  TinndniD  uaque  id  luec  Qiiliquii  lunrll,  bbliquaEupunlLIIori. 


i 


156  Demoeritut  to  (A«  Reader. 

he  of  what  condition  they  will,  thai  hear  a.  public  or  private 
parse ;  as  '  Duich  writer  censured  Richard  the  rich  duke  cf 
Cornwall,  suing  to  be  emperor,  for  his  profuse  Bpendin^ 
ywi  effiidil  pecuniam  ante  pedes  priiieipium  Eleetorunt  neA 
aquam,  that  «»tlered  money  like  water;  1  do  censure  lhei% 
StuUa  AngHa  (saith  he)  qute  tot  denariii  sponle  ett  privata, 
gtnlli  prineipei  Alemanite,  qui  nobile  j'tu  suum  pro  pecanii 
eendiderunt ;  spendlhrifts,  bribers,  and  bribe-takers  are  " 
and  so  are  *all  the;  that  cannot  keep,  disburse,  or  speol 
their  raoneja  well. 

I  might  say  the  like  of  angry,  peevish,  envious,  ambitionil; 
•  Anlicyras  melior  torbere  meracae;  Epicures,  Atheists,  Schis* 
inatic?,  Heretics ;  hi  omnei  kahent  iTnatjinationem  lastam  (saiBJ 
Nymannua)  "and  their  madni^ss  shall  be  evident."  2  Titti 
iii.  9.  *  Fnbalus,  an  Italian,  holds  seafaring  men  all  mad^ 
"  the  ship  is  raaJ,  for  it  never  stand.s  still ;  the  mariners  at 
mod,  to  expose  themselves  to  such  imminent  dangers 
waters  are  raging  mad,  in  perpetual  motion;  the  winds  bM' 
as  mad  as  the  rest,  ihey  know  not  whence  they  come,  whithe^ 
they  would  go  ;  and  those  men  are  maddest  of  all  that  go  Iff 
sea ;  for  one  fool  at  home,  they  find  forty  abroad."  He  wt 
a  madman  that  said  it,  and  thou  peradventure  aa  mad  to  rea 
it.  •Fielix  Plateiua  is  of  opinion  all  alchemists  are  mad, « 
of  their  wits  ;  °  Al.heneus  saith  ea  much  of  fiddlers,  el  miai 
rum  liisciaias,  *  Musicians,  omnes  libicines  insanluitt ;  hI 
temel  tfflaiii,  avolat  ilh'co  mens,  in  comes  music  at  one  eAI 
out  goes  wit  at  another.  Proud  and  vainglorious  peraol 
are  certainly  mad ;  and  so  are  '  lascivious ;  I  can  feel  the 
pulses  beat  hither ;  horn-mad  some  of  them,  to  let  others  U 
with  their  wives,  and  wink  at  it. 

To  insist  '  io  all  particulars,  were  an  Herculean  task,  1 


Democrilua  to  the  Reader. 


atanas  tuhalructionea, 
taxam,  mad  labours,  mad  booka,  en 
ignorance,  ridiculous  actions,  absurd  gestures ;  insanam  gulcaa, 
inscmiam  viUarum,  insana  jurgia,  aa  TuUy  terms  them,  mad- 
ness of  villages,  stupend  structures ;  as  those  Egyptian  VyrOr 
mids,  Labyrintbs  and  Spliinses,  which  a  company  of  crowned 
esses,  ad  ostcntationem  opum,  vainly  buill,  when  neither  ths 
architect  nor  king  that  made  tliem,  or  to  what  use  and  pui> 
pose,  pre  yet  known  ;  to  insist  in  their  hypoci-iay,  inconstancy, 
blindness,  rashnes?,  demenlem  iemeritatem,  fraud,  cozenage, 
malice,  anger,  impudence,  ingratitude,  ambition,  gross  super- 
stition, '  tempora  infecfa  el  adulatione  sordida,  as  in  Tiberius'i 
times,  such  base  flattery,  stupend,  parasitical  fawning  and 
colloguing,  &C.,  brawls,  conflicbi,  desires,  contentions,  it  wonid 
ask  an  expert  Veaalius  to  anatomize  every  member.  Shall 
I  say  ?  Jupiter  himself,  Apollo,  Mars,  Ac.,  doted ;  and 
monster-con ijuering  Hercules  tliat  subdued  the  world,  and 
helped  othere,  could  not  relieve  himself  in  this,  but  mad  he 
was  at  last.  And  where  shall  a  man  walk,  converse  with 
whom,  in  what  province,  city,  and  not  meet  with  Signior 
Deliro,  or  Ilercules  Purens,  Mienades,  and  Corybantea? 
Their  speeche')  say  no  less.  *  Efangis  nati  homines,  or  else 
they  fetched  their  pedigree  from  those  that  were  struck  by 
Samson  with  the  jawbone  of  an  ass.  Or  from  Deucalion 
«bA  Pyrrha's  stone',  for  diiriim  genua  sumits,  '  marmorei 
tmui,  we  are  a  tony-bear  ted,  and  savour  too  much  of  Ihe 
if  llicy  had  all  heard  that  enchanted  horn  of  Aitol- 
Engliih  duke  in  Ariosto,  which  never  sounded  but 
idilors  were  mad,  and  for  fear  ready  to  make  away 
themselves ;  '  or  landed  in  the  mad  haven  in  the  Euxine 
6*a  of  Daphnii  insana,  which  had  a  secret  qualily  to  dcmen- 
talflj  they  are  a  company  of  giddy-heads,  afternoon  men,  it 

'niwmln«Blorhonudr  nor.  Ovia.    wmlBPnlpll.  «  Ari»nn«  wniM"  ""!• 

nil.Pltii.        >  PHn.  tlh.  36.        "TBd-    KnilTti  jKirtiti  ^lu  mfmlnll.  et  OIlllM, 
"lA-mU      10rt4.T,nn;t    Kfiirisli    l.a.Jonn.pUor.Thmdoi'tlanm'I'imM 


158  Democritui  to  the  Xeader. 

is  Midsummer  moon  9til],  and  the  dogdajs  last  all  the  yen 
long,  they  are  all  mad.  Whom  shall  I  then  except  ?  Ulricas 
Huttenus  ^  nemo,  nam  nemo  omnibus  horis  sapit^  Nemo  nasei* 
tur  sine  ritiisj  Crimine  Nemo  carets  Nemo  sorts  sua  vivit  conh 
tentuSy  Nemo  in  amore  sanity  Nemo  honuSy  Nemo  sapiens, 
Nemo  est  ex  omni  parte  heatusy  ^c.,*  and  therefore  Nich- 
olas Nemo,  or  Monsieur  Nobody  shall  go  free,  Quid  vakat 
nemo,  Nemo  referre  potest  f  But  whom  shall  I  except  in  the 
second  place  ?  such  as  are  silent,  vir  sapit  qui  pauca  hqid- 
tur ;  'no  better  way  to  avoid  folly  and  madness,  than  by 
taciturnity.  Whom  in  a  third?  all  senators,  magbtrates; 
for  all  fortunate  men  are  wise,  and  conquerors  valiant,  and  so 
are  all  great  men,  non  est  honum  Judere  cum  diis,  they  are 
wise  by  authority,  good  by  their  office  and  place,  his  Ued 
impune  pessimos  esse  (some  say)  we  must  not  speak  of  them, 
neither  is  it  fit ;  per  me  sint  omnia  protinus  alba,  I  wiU  not 
think  amiss  of  them.  Whom  next  ?  Stoics  ?  Sapiens 
Stoicus,  and  he  alone  is  subject  to  no  perturbations,  as  *  Plu- 
tarch scoffs  at  him,  '^  he  is  not  vexed  with  torments,  or  burnt 
with  fire,  foiled  by  his  adversary,  sold  of  his  enemy ;  though 
he  be  wrinkled,  sand-blind,  toothless,  and  deformed ;  yet  he 
is  most  beautiful,  and  like  a  god,  a  king  in  conceit,  though  not 
worth  a  groat''  "  He  never  dotes,  never  mad,  never  sad, 
drunk,  because  virtue  cannot  be  taken  away,"  as  *  Zeno  holds, 
"  by  reason  of  strong  apprehension,"  but  he  was  mad  to  say 
so.  *  Ant{cyr<B  coslo  huic  est  opus  aut  dolahrd,  he  had  need 
to  be  bored,  and  so  had  all  his  fellows,  as  wise  as  they  would 
seem  to  be.  Chrysippus  himself  liberally  grants  them  to  be 
fools  as  well  as  others,  at  certain  times,  upon  some  occasions, 
amitii  virtutem  ait  per  ebrietatem,  aut  atribilarium  morlvm,  it 

iLepidnm  poema  sfc  inMrfptam.  tag.      Etol    mg^oRtiH,   Penex    eJentQliu, 

•  *'No  one  i<  wine  at  all  hourn, — no  one  lawti«,  defbrmiff,  formosua  tamen,  et  deo 

born  without  faaltn. — no  one  free  from  pimiliit,  fuHx,  diyeR,   rex  nuUios  efteofl, 

crime, — no  one  content  with  his  lot. — no  etrf  denario  non  sit  dienuH.           4  Illnm 

one  in  love  wise, — ^no  jrood.  or  wise  man  contendnnt  "oninjurilafflcl,  nonlnwunll, 

>prfeot,Iy  happy."          «  Stultitiam  eimu-  non  inebriari.  quia  virtus  non  eripitur  ob 

nrp  non  potes  ni«i  tacitumitate.       3  Ex-  constantes  conipi«hen8ione«.    Lips.  phyt. 

ort'is    non    cruciatur.    anibuntus    non  Stoic,  lib.  S,  diffl  18.        *  Tarreus  BMtUI 

eeditar.  prostratus  In  lucta.  non  vinci-  epig.  102, 1,  8. 
tur ;  non  fit  captivus  ab  hoste  venunda- 


may  be  lost  Ly  drunkenness  or  mtilancLoIy,  lie  innj  be  some- 
times crazed  as  well  as  the  rest ;  ^  ad  summum  sajiiens  nin 
qbitm  pituila  molesta.  I  sliould  here  exiu^pL  some  Cynics, 
Menippus,  Diogenea,  that  Tbeban  Crates ;  or  to  descend  to 
these  times,  that  omniacious,  only  wise  fraternity  "  of  the 
Eoiicrucians,  those  gn>at  theologues,  politicians,  philosophers, 
physicians,  philologers,  aj'tists,  &c.,  of  whom  S.  Bridget, 
Albas  Joacchimus,  Leicenbergius,  and  such  divino  spirits 
have  propliesied,  and  made  promise  to  the  world,  if  at  least 
Uiere  be  any  such  [Hen.  *  Neuhusius  makes  a  doubt  of  it, 
*  Valentinus  Andii^as  and  others)  or  an  Elias  ai'tifex  their 
Theophrastian  master ;  whom  though  Libavlus  and  many 
deride  and  cai'p  at,  yet  some  will  have  to  be  ■'  the  '  renewer 
of  all  arts  and  sciences,"  relbrmer  of  the  world,  and  no*v  liv- 
ings tor  so  Johannes  Montanus  Slrigoniensis,  thai  gi'cat  patron 
of  Paracelsus,  contends,  and  certainly  avers  '"a  most  divine 
nan,"  and  the  quintessence  of  wisdom  wheresoever  he  is ;  for 
he,  his  fraternity,  friends,  &c.,  are  all ' "  betrothed  to  wisdom," 
if  we  may  believe  iheir  disciples  and  followers.  I  must  needa 
except  Lipsius  and  the  Pope,  and  expunge  their  name  out 
'      of  the  catalogue  of  fools.     For  besides  that  parasitical  testi- 

Lipsius 


\,B  IfXotldl 


laitb  of  himself,  that  he  was  '  human i  generis  qitidem 
el  sfylo,  a  grand  signior,  a  master,  a  tutor  of 
iM  all,  and  for  thirteen  years  he  brags  how  he  sowed  wisdom 
in  the  Low  Countries,  as  Ammoniua  the  philosojiher  somo- 
limes  did  in  Alexandria,  '  cum  kvmamlate  Ultras  el  sapieti- 
Ham  cum  prudentia :  amistes  sapiealite,  he  shall  be  Sapientum 
Oetennu.     The  Pope  is  more  than  a  man,  as  '"  his  pnrala 

IBor.     I  Fnlru  innrt.  ItoffiB  omclt.    lug  3aa  to  the  Mimdd  Lake,  ttxre  na 


Dfmoerihu  to  the  Baadtf, 

oflen  make  him,  a  demi-god,  oiid  besides  his  hollnes;  c 
err,  in  Cathedrd  belike ;  and  yet  Gome  of  them  have 
magicians,  Heretics,  Atheists,  children,  and  as  Flalina 
of  John  22.     Etsi  vir  literatut,  multa  ttoliditatem  et  Itmtati 
prce  M  ferentia  egil,  slolidi  el  tocordts  vir  ingeitU,  a  scliol 
suHiricnt,  yet  many  things  he  did  foohshlj,  ligjitly.     I  ai 
eay  no  more  than  in  particular,  but  in  general  terras  to  tlW 
rest,  they  are  all  mad,  llieir  witfl  are  evajmrated,  and  Ml 
Ariosto  feigns  L  34,  kept  in  jars  above  the  moon. 

"  Some  la^e  their  vrita  with  Ioyd,  soma  with  iimbitiiin, 
Some  following  '  Lords  nod  men  of  liigh  coudiiian. 
Some  [n  fuir  Jeu'els  rich  mid  costly  set, 
Otiiers  111  I'netry  tlioir  wits  forget, 

Till  all  be  Bpanl,  and  that  hig  numbec'i  mist." 

Convicted  fools  they  are,  madmen  upon  recoril  j  and  I 
afraid  past  cure  many  of  Ihem,  ■  erepunt  ingriina,  the 
toma  are  manifest,  they  are  all  of  Gotam  parish: 

'"  Qaum  faror  hand  dubius,  quum  elt  mttnifesla  phronasU,'' 
(Since  madness  la  initispntsble,  since  Trenzy  is  obvioas,) 

what  remains  then  'hut  lo  Bend  for  Lorarios,  those  office! 
to  carry  them  all  logelher  for  company  to  Bedlam,  and  J 
Eabelaig  to  be  iheir  physician. 

If  any  man  shall  ask  in  the  mean  time,  who  I  am  that 
boldly  cenSQTC  others,  tu   nuUmie  hahes  vitial  have  I  I 
nore  than  thou  ha'it,  whatsoever  thou  a 
tu,  I  confess  it  again,  I  am  oa  foolish, 


faults 
JVos 
mad  as 


I  do  not  deny  it,  demens  de  popwlo  demalur.     My  comfort 


:;r*".s 


Jjemoentia  to  the  Setter. 

more  fellows,  and  those  of  excellent  note   And  though 
it  so  right  or  so  discreet  as  I  should  be,  yet  not  bo 
mad,  so  bad  neither,  as  thou  perhaps  takest  me  to  be. 

To  conclude,  this  being  granted,  that  all  tlie  world  ie 
melancholy,  or  mad,  dotes,  and  eveiy  member  of  it,  I  have 
ended  my  task,  and  sufficiently  illustrated  that  wliieh  I  took 
upon  me  (o  demonstrate  at  firsL  At  thia  present  I  hare  no 
more  to  say;  Ms  tanam  mentem  Democribts,  I  can  but  wish 
myself  and  them  a  good  physician,  and  all  of  us  a  better 
mind. 

And  although  for  the  abore-named  reasons,  I  had  a  just 
cause  to  undertake  this  subject,  to  point  at  these  particular 
species  of  dotage,  that  so  men  might  acknowledge  their  im- 
perfections, and  Beek  to  reform  what  is  amiss ;  yet  I  have  a 
more  serious  Intent  at  thia  time  ;  and  to  omit  all  impertinent 
digreasionf,  to  say  no  more  of  anch  as  are  improperly  melan- 
choly, or  metaphorically  mad,  lightly  mad,  or  in  disposition, 
as  stupid,  angry,  drunken,  silly,  sottish,  sullen,  proud,  Taio- 
glorious,  ridiculoua,  booetly,  peevish,  obstinate,  impudent,  ex- 
travagant, dry,  doting,  dull,  desperate,  hairbrain,  &c.,  mad, 
frantic,  foolish,  heteroclites,  ■which  no  new  ^  hospital  can  hold, 
no  physic  help ;  my  purpose  and  endeavour  is,  in  the  fol- 
lowing discourse  to  anatomize  this  humour  of  melancholy, 
thiougli  all  its  parts  and  species,  ha  it  is  an  habit,  or  an  ordi- 
najy  disease,  and  that  philoaophieally,  medicinally,  to  show 
tlie  causes,  symptoms,  and  several  cures  of  it,  that  it  may  be 
fl>e  better  avoided.     Moved  thereunto  for  the  generality  of 
ill  and  to  do  good,  it  being  n  disease  so  frequent,  as  '  Mercu- 
tiilvs  observes,   "  in  these  our  days ;  so  often  happening,* 
iailli  'Laurentius,   "in  our  miserable  times,"  as  lew  [here 
»re  that  feel  not  the  smart  of  it.    Of  the  same  mind  is  ^lian 
Mooialius,  *Melancthon,  and  others;  'Julius  Coi.'far  Claudir 
Ins  culls  it  the  "  fountain  of  all  other  diseases,  and  so  coni- 

^^^  T  IDIAn  of  Andr.  V&If.  Apclng,    e  ConiUlt.   9&h  niUa   nnatrlp    tr>inpaTlblU 
aonoiifi,    Icmportbas    ^quennvlraft.     Labs  tiniDUnlARperliitur  eL  omiiium  bl«   ^ 


1G2 


Demoerilut  to  lAt  Seader. 


mon  in  this  crazed  age  of  ours,  that  scarce  one  of  a  ihousanj 
is  free  from  it ; "  and  that  splenetic  hypochoadriacal  wind 
especiolly,  which  proceeds  from  the  spleen  and  short  rite 
Being  then  a  disease  so  grievous,  so  common,  I  know  not 
wherein  to  do  a  more  general  service,  and  spend  my  time 
better,  than  to  prescrihe  means  how  to  prevent  and  cure  » 
nniversHl  a  malady,  an  epidemical  disease,  that  80  often, » 
mach  crucifies  the  body  and  mind. 

If  I  have  overshot  myself  in  this  which  hath  been  hithertl 
said,  or  that  it  is,  which  I  am  sure  some  will  object,  loo  fau- 
taatical,  "  too  light  and  comical  for  a  Divine,  too  satirical  fw 
one  of  my  profession,"  I  will  presume  to  answer 
*  Erasmus,  in  like  case,  'tis  not  I,  but  Democritus,  Demo* 
ritua  dixit ;  you  must  consider  what  it  is  to  speak  in  onei 
own  or  another's  person,  an  assumed  habit  and  nam 
difference  betwixt  him  that  affects  or  acts  a  prince's,  a  phf* 
losopher's,  a  magistrate's,  a  fool's  part,  and  him  that  is  » 
indeed ;  and  what  liberty  those  old  satirists  have  had ;  it  ia 
cento  collected  from  others  ;  not  I,  but  they  that  say  it. 

*  "  Diiero  ii  qnJil  forte  jocosEm,  hoc  mihi  JQria 


Take  heed,  you 
myself,  1  hope  you 
should  any 


itake  n 
be  offended,  or  take  exceptions  at  iti* 


If  I  do  a  little 
And  to  say  truth,  wb# 


I  hate  their  vices,  not  their  persons.  If  any  be  displease^ 
or  take  aught  unto  himself,  let  him  not  expostulate  or  cavil 
with  him  that  said  it  (so  did  '  Erasmus  excuse  himself  t* 


it  hoc  b4  iq  propriB  pq 


Semoeriltu  io  the  Etader. 


163 


ura  a  little  of  Demoo- 
II  quid  vetat  ;  one  may 
It  li  somewhat  tart,  I 


rpioa,  n ptBva  licet  componere  magnig)  and  so  do  I ;  "but 
1  be  angry  with  himself",  that  so  betmyed  and  opened 
his  own  faults  ia  applying  it  lo  himself; "  '  if  he  be  guilty 
and  deserve  it,  let  bim  amend,  whoever  he  is,  and  not  be 
angry,  "  He  that  hateth  correction  ia  a  fool,"  Prov.  xiL  1. 
If  he  be  not  guilty,  it  concerns  bim  not;  it  is  not  my  freeneas 
of  speech,  but  a  guilty  conscience,  a  galled  back  of  his  own 
that  makes  him  wince. 

t"  Suspicions  si  quia  errabll;  anil, 
I  Et  rnpiet  sd  ae,  quod  erit  comninnB  omnium, 

deny  not  this  which  I  have  said  save 
rilus;  "  Quamvis  ridentem  dicere  verm 
Bpeak  in  jest,  and  yet  speak  truth, 
grant  it ;  acriora  orewM  ftr 
sharp  sauces  increase  appetite, 'nee  cibus  ipse  juvat  morsu 
Jraudatiu  aceti.  Object  then  and  cavil  what  thou  wilt,  I 
ward  all  with  •  Deraocritus's  buckler,  his  medicine  shall  salve 
it;  strike  where  thou  wilt,  and  when;  Democritia  dixit, 
Democritua  will  answer  it.  It  was  written  by  an  idle  fellow, 
at  idle  times,  about  our  Saturnaliaa  or  Dyonisian  feasts,  when 
as  he  said,  nullum  UbeHati  periculwn  est,  servants  in  old  Rome 
had  liberty  to  say  and  do  what  them  list  When  our  coun- 
hymen  sacrificed  to  their  goddess  'Vacuaa,  and  sat  tippling 
by  their  Vacunal  fires,  I  writ  this,  and  published  this  oCm 
He/w,  it  is  aeminis  nihil  The  time,  place,  persons,  and  all 
circumstances  apologize  for  me,  and  why  may  I  not  then  bo 
idle  with  others?  speak  my  mind  freely?  K  you  deny  me 
Ilia  liberty,  upon  these  presumptions  I  will  take  it ;  I  say 
Kgain,  I  will  take  it. 

>  "  Si  qul9  eat  qui  dictam  in  Be  inclementioB 


f  l»Jr.  iih.  8.    -S-Dp.  Pub.  • 

■mi  K  ill.  he  Hill  (boibihiv  hBlmi 


EUDUob. 


164 


Demaeritut  I 


B  Header. 


If  any  mnn  Iiike  esceptionii,  let  him  turn  the  but^kle  i 
girille,  I  care  not.     I  owe  lliee  nothing  (Header),  I  look  f« 
no  favour  at  thy  handi,  I  am  independent,  1  fear  nol. 

No,  I  recant,  I  will  not,  I  care,  I  fear,  I  confeaa  my  fault, 
acknowledge  a  great  offence. 


I 


(let's  flnt  III 


■M.) 


I  hare  overshot  myself,  I  have  spoken  foolishly,  rashly,  i 
advisedly,  absurdly,  I  hnve  nnalomized  mine  own  fully.    J 
now  methinka  upon  a  sudden  I  am  awaked  as  it  were  out 
a  dream  ;  I  have  hnd  a  raving  Ht,  a  fantastical  fit,  ranged  op 
and  down,  in  and  out,  I  have  insulted  over  the  moat  kind  d' 
men,  abused   some,  offended  others,  wronged  myself; 


,  cry  V 


*  Orlando,  Solvile  me,  pardon  (o  boni)  that  which  is  past,  ani 
I  will  make  you  amends  in  that  which  is  to  come;  I  promiiM 
you  a  more  sober  discourse  in  my  following  treatise. 

If  tlirougb  weakness,  folly,  passion,  '  discontent,  ignoi 
I  have  said  amigs,  let  it  be  foi'gotten  and  foi^ven.     I 
knowledge  that  of  '  Tacitus  to  be  true,  Asperce  faeetia 
nimig  ex  vero  traxere,  acrem  sui  memoriam  relinquunt,  a  bitia 
jest  leaves  a  sting  behind  it;  and  as  an  honourable  man  di 
Berves,  * "  Tiiey  fear  a  satirist's  wit,  he  their  mem 
may  justly  suspect  the  worst ;   and  though  I  hope  I  haw 
wronged  no  man,  yet  in  Medea's  words  I  will  crave  pardooi 


And  in  my  last  vords  this  I  do  desira, 
Tlutt  whHt  In  pnsslon  I  hnve  said,  or  In 
May  bo  forftotten,  and  a  better  mind 
Bb  bml  of  us,  hareaftBr  ag  yon  Bnd. 


1.    ^llnjiu  Uiilmo  sua,    1 


Demoeritut  to  lh«  Jieadtr. 


16S 


sstly  request  every  private  man,  as  Scaliger  did  Cap- 
it  to  take  ofience.  I  will  coDclude  in  liia  lines,  iSV  me 
eoffnitum  haheres,  non  solum  donares  nobis  kas/acetias  nostrat, 
ted  etiam  indigmim  duceres,  tarn  Aumanum  animum,  lene  t'n- 
geniwn,  vel  minimam  suspicionem  depreeari  oportere.  If  thou 
knewest  my  *  modesty  and  eimplicity,  thou  wouldst  easily 
pardon  and  forgive  what  is  here  amiss,  or  by  iLce  miscon- 
coii'ed.  If  hereafter  anatomizing  this  surly  humour,  my 
liand  slip,  as  an  unskilful  'prentice  I  lance  too  deep,  and  cut 
through  skin  and  all  at  unawares,  make  it  smart,  or  cut  awry, 
>  pardon  a  rude  hand,  an  unskilful  knife,  'tis  a  most  difficult 
thing  to  keep  an  even  tone,  a  perpetual  tenor,  and  not  some- 
times to  lash  out ;  difficile  est  Satyram  non  scrihere,  there  be 
BO  many  objects  to  divert,  inward  perturbations  to  molest,  and 
the  very  best  may  sometimea  err ;  aHqvajido  bonus  dormitat 
Uomerus  (sometimes  that  excellent  Homer  takes  a  nap),  it 

is  impossible  not  in  so  much  to  overslioot ; opere  (n  longo 

fas  est  obrepere  somnum.  But  what  needs  alt  this?  I  hope 
there  will  no  such  cause  of  offence  be  given ;  if  there  be, 
'"  A'emo  aliquid  recognoscat,  nos  meniimw  omnia.  I'll  deny 
bU  (my  last  refuge),  recant  all,  renounce  all  I  have  said,  if 
Kny  man  except,  and  with  as  much  facility  excuse,  as  he  can 
iccuse  ;  but  I  presume  of  thy  good  favour,  and  gracious  ao- 
txptance  (gentle  reader).  Out  of  an  assured  hope  and  con- 
idence  thereof,  I  will  tiegin. 

*  llncid  Pnbiu  Vena  Bioypdioc  f^r-    '  Prol.  qnst.  Plant.    "  Let  Dot  inr  Dm 
itill  teiwundil  PinHum  fiUaaa  didt,    '»'"'  "■"■>  'hJ^B-  <"  Uauelt,  IHb,  ma  11 


i 


t 


\i 


iiUCTORI  MALfi  FERIATO. 

caresis  edico  qaisqiiis  as,  ne  tcmcTO  sugilles  Aiictorem  hnjusc* 
cavUlntoT  irrldefls.  Imo  lie  vel  ox.  uliurum  caiisura  iHcito  oLlo> 
gnaris  (vis  dicamTerbo)  ne  quid  uasntulus  Inepte  improbes,  nut  Calao  Rngaa. 
Nun  si  Ifilia  rereri  sit,  qanlem  prn  se  fert  Juniirr  DemBcrilui,  senlorl  D»- 
taocnlo  KOltem  affinis,  aut  ejus  Guilnm  vd  tautillum  sapiat;  actum  da  ta, 
Musorera  leqne  no  delaWrBm  'agel  a  contra  (pttalaati  iiiUns  cma  lit),  sof- 
fiabit  te  in  Juuos,  commiaust  in  Enlej,  addo  eLiam,  cC  deo  Titui  ts  aacrificv 


GO  quid  cavillorc,  nedum  Democrilum  Jamorem  conviciLi 

mmioEse  vituperaa,  ds  te  HDD  mule  Benliciitein :  tu  ideal 

cordato,  quod  olim  -vnlgua  JiJerilunum  ab  'i/i/ipowote, 

IHsne  merituQi  et  poputarem    buuiu  Bemocrilum,  pro  InBano 

Nt  fu  Oemocritt  eofiii,  nalH  autem  el  inaani  Aidcrila. 

monitam  voIq  (malS  feriate  Lector),  abi. 


TO  THE  READER  AT  LEISURE. 

:R  you  mtij  be,  I  caution  jou  a^inat  rashij  deramlng  tha  an- 
DT  of  this  work,  or  cavilling  in  jest  Against  him.  Nay,  do  not  sileutljr 
npnjach  him  in  consequenua  of  otbera'  censure,  nor  employ  your  wit  in 
Sniisb  disapproval,  or  falss  accusation.  For,  abonld  Demoaritus  Junior 
prure  to  be  what  ha  prereases,  even  Bi  kinsinfln  of  his  elder  nnmasake,  or 
bg  ever  so  little  of  the  same  kidney.  It  is  all  over  with  you;  he  will  bo- 
QOms  both  BCcnsBr  and  judge  of  you  in  your  spleen,  wiil  dissipate  you  ia 
)«ils,  pulveriiB  yon  iiilo  salt,  and  Baciifiee  yon,  1  can  promiso  you,  to  tha 
tud  of  Jlirth. 

1  further  advise  yon,  not  to  (ispflne,  or  calnmnlnte,  or  slander,  Demoori- 
ImJiinior,  who  possibly  does  not  think  ill  of  yon,  lest  you  may  hear  from 
;t  friend,  the  same  remark  tbe  people  of  Abdora  did  from  Dip 
PMratet,  of  their  meritorioua  and  popular  fallow-citizen,  whom  they  had 
a  madman ;  "  It  la  not  that  yon,  Democritus,  that  art  wis* 
«lhit  the  people  of  AbdBra  are  fools  and  madmen."  "  You  hiira  your- 
^ in  Abdoritian  soul;"  and  having  juat  given  you,  gsntla  readBr,  these 
di  of  admDDitlou,  farewell. 

rit,  melius  non  CanKin    DegDHuiB,  led  rerein  nmninm  recenUen- 


IlBfJiCLTrB  fleas,  misero  sio  conyenit  rnxOf 

Nil  nisi  turpe  vides,  nil  nisi  triste  vides. 
Bide  etiam,  quantumque  lubet,  Democrite  ridfly 

Non  nisi  vana  vides,  non  nisi  stulta  vides. 
Ib  flotu,  hie  risu  mod6  gaudeat,  anus  utrique 

Sit  licet  usque  labor,  sit  licet  usque  dolor. 
Nunc  opus  est  (nam  totus  eheu  jam  desipit  orbis) 

Mille  Horaclitis,  milleque  Democritis. 
Kunc  opus  est  (tanta  est  insania)  transeat  omnia 

Mmidus  in  Anticyras,  gramen  in  Helleborom. 


Weep,  0  Heraclitus,  it  suits  the  age, 

Unless  you  see  nothing  base,  nothing  sad. 
Laugh,  0  Domocritus,  as  much  as  you  please. 

Unless  you  see  nothing  either  vain  or  foolish. 
Let  one  rejoice  in  smiles,  the  other  in  tears; 

Let  the  same  labour  or  pain  be  the  office  of  both. 
Now  (for  alas!  how  foolish  the  world  has  become), 

A  thousand  Heraclitus*,  a  thousand  Democritus*  are  required. 
Now  (so  much  does  madness  prevail),  all  the  world  must  be 

Sent  to  Anticyra,  to  graze  on  Hellebore. 


P 

1 

1 

^ 

■BTNOi-bltJ    Ui'    TMK    J5111ST    i'AitTiTiUJS.                          ■ 

P 

Th^            r»>pul«l«j 

■ 

«-«.i.          i„,i,aa,entali 

Of  tb=  tad7 

EpIJumlcBl,  na  Pl^BD,  PUa,  tc.                               ■ 

Ot 

P(u1ioiil»r,  u  Oou^  Dropsy,  to.                                       1 

fcK 

ST 

Dt^idHon, 

Or 

e<rili.a>cUi>ii,  kc.                                      ^^^^t 

I 

Mtmjwr. 

Of  the  bad 

Or 

S.           ^M 

■ 

slii'.2l' 

"sSiX' 

m 

Eob^'^'                                       ^^^H 

SS-i" 

Lrantbrapta.                             ^^^W 

■ 

■ 

ChoreusBiiodBa.                                 M 

B 

lljdmphohlA.                                             1 

faxwvtioii  or  obnHioa  of                          LI 

Devil..                                                            1 

■ 

UelnDcHolr.    Baaqi).                                 jt 

■ 

JM..W6.  a.                    f  .„,.,_^..  1  llmnourm4.  B1«J,  PhlBRm.&B,                          J 

TDiUHpU- 

1 

lUgnwdoo 

^™,     "   rs.'i'^ns^r'fiJ'ri 

1 

V^l^^' 

.^..„.^.|,^^pt£5,--t4           , 

piHlot 

dnaluxHUb-nlblM   ( 'e«f  «»l-       «"*'■  6. 

£Mt..l. 

Eouland  iU  (VcoltiM,    g.„,|b|,.     a^,  6.  7, 8. 

V 

'    ~                            (Ibitioaal.    Suiaca.9,LD,U. 

^*, 

Urmb.  S. 

IH  il»fl.,ttlm,  nanifi,  dllKnDC*.  Sul..  1, 

ThopiiHBi.dpnrtlMiiB«tod,  BHacKtim,  So.    Subs.  2. 

UUdcr 

HuDutUiiDrmeluicbol;,  sslund,  uaaBiunl,&ii,    £u6i.  4. 

K 

SK-" 

1 

■•IMimn 

Indts'iltB ;  u  LoTB-mBtaoeliidy.  th>  inibi«t  of  lb.  thlrf                          1 
Putldoi.                                                                                           J 

Iti  CuoHS  In  REDBAl.    &el.  2.  A.                                                               _^^^fl 

Iti  PrngMoxtiM  ar  IndJaHoria,    &irl.  4.                                                   ^^^^H 

L 

11*  SUM ;  Ua  lUlgKl  at  chs  Hmnd  Pailitiaii.                                        ^^^^^M 

[  m 

170 


Synapns  of  the  First  ParUtion. 


'Saper> 
natunL 


A. 
8eet.2. 
Gauges  of 
Melancholy 
are  either 


§ 

a 

9 


Or 


'  Ab  firom  Ood  immediately,  or  by  Moond  eaoaes.  &A$,  1 
Or  firom  the  deril  immediately,  with  a  digression  of  tht 

nature  of  spirits  and  deriis.     8*^.  2. 
Or  mediately,  by  magicianSf  witolias.    Subs,  8. 

'  Primary,  as  stars,  prored  by  aphorisms,  signs  firom 
physiogaomy,  metoposcopy,  chiromancy.     Sttbs.  4. 

'  Congenite,  i  Old  age,  temperament.  Subs.  & 
inward       <  Parents,  it  being  an  hereditary  dis 
from  (     ease.  Subs.  6 


Necessary,  see  y. 


NatnraL 


Or 


Or 


'Evident, 
ontward, 
remote,    ad- 
TentitiooB, 


Outward 
or  adven- 
titious, 
wiiichare 


Or 


Contingent, 
inward,  an- 
tecedent, 
nearest. 
Memb.  6. 
Sect.  2. 


04 

3 


Particular  to  ihA  three  species.    Seen* 


Nurses,  Subs.  L 

Education.  S.  2. 

Terrors,  affiri^toi 
Subs.Z, 

Seofb,calumolM. 
bitter  jests,  &4 

Loss  of  liberty, 
servitude,  iB> 
prisonm't,  &i. 

Poverty  and 
want,  Subs.9» 

A  heap  of  oCbar 
accidents,dBatil 
of  firiends,  loMy 
&c.  Subs,  7* 

fin  which  the  bo^T 
works  on  the  mind, 
and  this  malady  if 
caused  by  precedent 
diseases;  as  agues, 
pox,  &c. or  tempera- 
ture innate,  Subs.l, 
Oc  by  particular  parti 
distempered,  as 
brain,  heart,  spleeiii 
li  ver,mesentery ,  py- 
lorus,  stomach,  se. 
Subs.  2. 


a 
o 


rOf  head   Mel- 
ancholy are, 
Subs.^ 


n. 

Particular 
sauses. 
Sect.  2. 
BSemb  5. 


Of  hypochon- 
driacal, or 
windy    Melan- 
choly are. 

Over  all  the 
body  are, 
,  Subs.  6. 


Inward 


or 


Ontward 


Inward 


or 


X 

1 


Innate  humour,  or  firom  distempeiatiiM 

adust. 
A  hot  brain,  corrupted  blnod  in  the  brain* 
Excess  of  venery,  or  defect. 
Agues,  or  some  precedent  disease. 
^  Fumes  arising  from  the  stomach,  &e. 

Heat  of  the  sun  immoderate. 

A  blow  on  the  head. 

Overmuch  use  of  hot  wines,  spices,  girllo^ 

onion8,hot  baths,overmuch  waking,fto*- 
Idleness,  solitariness,  or  overmuch  sta4f» 

vehement  labour,  &o. 
Passions,  perturbations,  &c. 

'  Defiiult  of  spleen,  belly,  bowels,  stomach, 

mesentery,  miseraio  veins,  liver,  &o. 
Months  or  hemorrhoids  stopped,  or  any 
other  ordinary  evacuation. 
,  Outwurd  {  Those  six  non-natural  things  ahused. 

Inward  t  Liver  distempered,  stopped,  over-Iiot,  apt 
)  to  engender  melancholy,  temperature 
i     innate. 

^  ''Bad  diet,  suppression  of  hemorrfaoldi, 
&c.,  and  such  evacuations,  passions, 
cares,  &o.,  those  six  non-natund  thingi 
abused. 


Outward. 


JSifnapnw  of  ihs  Fint  PartUim, 


"'*''       (Qmlnmi  ileUgBt/iipiBlJliI,  ilIOBlJ,  ic,  SuJi.  8. 


Mcml.3,  S 


Ins,  &!].,  SUAi.  10. 
'eh»o»Dt  daunn,  Binbitian,  SKti.ll.  CoT- 
etnuinM,  ^lAapjTJpiai.,  Su"-  12.  Low 
af  plouuns^  fnuUllg  Ea  «xoeai^  ba.,  Silfij. 
13.  Desire  ofpraile,priile,  Tiinjlorr,  &0., 
iViSj.  11.  Low  of  iBMning,  sluJy  (n  ei- 
qHB^  wltli  4  dlffraaalai]  of  tbB  uiUvry  of 

cbolf,  ^uAi.  IS. 


tloui,  natlHss  tlioughU^nila  lumitliiaUane,  &d.,5ii2].3. 
CelesdulinUuanlw!,  u  ij  T(  rf,  ic,  pirW  oT tbe  body, 


lunilJlMMr«H^ut'ii'alli  WTOlS 


THE  FIRST  PAKTITION. 


L  THE  FIRST  SECTION,  MEMBEE,  SUBSECTION. 


s  Excellency,  FaS,  Miseries,  Tnfirmities  ;  Ths  causes  of 

Xan'g  Excellency.']  Man,  tJie  most  excellent  and  noble 
(realiire  of  the  wodd,  "  the  principal  and  mighty  work  of 
God,  woniier  of  nalure,"  as  Zuroaater  calla  him  \  audacii 
nature  miraeulum,  "  the  '  marvel  of  marvels,"  as  Plato  j 
"the *  abridgment  and  epiforae  of  the  world,"  ns  Pliny ; 
Microcosmus,  a  little  world,  a  model  of  the  world,  'soveiw 
eign  lord  of  the  eitrth,  viceroy  of  the  world,  sole  commander 
tad  guTemor  of  all  the  creatures  in  it ;  to  whose  empire  they 
ace  Guhject  in  particular,  and  yield  obedience  ;  far  surpaasii^ 
ril  the  rest,  not  in  body  only,  but  in  soul ;  *  Imaginit  Imago, 
'treated  to  God's  own  •  image,  to  that  immortal  and  incoiv 
porcal  suljstance,  with  all  the  faculties  and  powers  belonging 
Onto  it ;  was  at'  first  pure,  divine,  perfect,  happy,  '  "  created 
oftpT  God  in  true  holinesa  and  righteousneas;"  Deo  con- 
Jiwii*.  free  from  al!  manner  of  infirmities,  and  put  in  Para- 
&«  to  know  God,  to  praise  and  glorify  him,  to  do  hi^  will, 

' l^nni  mtnuiiilutn.  •Nutidl    Imaita,  nlc  intaomlne  Ttel.  >0«n.lL   j 

■~  '  Ffnls  remm    ■  Imago  muDill  In  corpore,  Del  In 

Villi" dB  nr:r.    ^n.       ^Efb.ly.SA. 


I 


Ditealti 


tit  diU  eonsimlles  parlurial  deos  (as  an  old  poet  Baitli)  f 
propngafe  the  church. 

Man's  FaU  and  Misery,']  But  this  most  noble  creator 
-Sea  trhtia,  el  laehrymosa  eommutalio  ('  one  exclaims)  0  pi 
ful  change !  is  fallen  from  tliat  he  was,  and  forfeited  I; 
estate,  become  muerabi'lis  homtincio,  a  cast-away,  a  caiti 
one  of  the  most  miserable  creatures  of  the  world,  if  he  ( 
considered  in  lijs  own  nature,  an  unregenerale  r 
much  obscured  by  liis  fall  that  (some  few  relics  escepid 
he  is  inferior  to  a  beast,  '  ■'  llan  in  honour  that  understand^ 
not,  is  like  unto  beasts  that  perish,"  so  David  esteems  hin 
a  monster  by  stupend  metamorphosis,  *a  foic,  a  dog,  a  h 
what  not  ?  Qwmtum  mtitatiu  ah  illo  f  How  much  alten 
from  that  he  was ;  before  blessed  and  bappy,  n 
and  accursed ;  * "  He  must  eat  his  meat  in  sorrowi"  snbja 
to  death  and  all  manner  of  infirmities,  all  kind  of  calamitieK 
A  Description  of  Melancholy.']  '  "  Great  travail  is  crea 
for  all  men,  and  an  heavy  yoke  on  the  sons  of  Adam,  it 
the  day  that  they  go  out  of  their  mother's  womb,  unto  tl 
day  ihcy  return  to  the  motiier  of  all  things.  Namely,  til 
thoughts,  and  fear  of  their  hearts,  and  their  imagination  ( 
things  they  wait  for,  and  the  day  of  death.  From  him  & 
sittetb  in  Ihe  glorious  throne,  to  him  that  sitteth  beneath  i 
the  earth  and  ashes ;  from  him  that  is  clothed  in  blue  i 
and  wearcth  a  crown,  to  liim  that  is  clothed  in  simple  lin 
Wrath,  envy,  trouble,  and  unquietness,  and  fear  of  death,  s 
rigour,  and  strife,  and  such  things  come  to  both  man  a 
beast,  but  sevenfold  to  the  ungodly."  All  this  befalls  h 
in  this  life,  and  peradventure  eternal  misery  in  the  life  1 

Impulsive  Cause  of  JUan'g  Misery  and  Infirmities.']     1 
impulsive  cause  of  these  miseries  in  Klan,  this  privation 
deslnictiou  of  God's  image,  the  cause  of  death  and 
of  all  temporal  and  eternal  punishments,  was  the  si 

iPalanterioa.  « Pud.  nil.  ao.    Chrju.  E3,  Gen.       'Oon.lii. 

'LawirlJ    8Uf*r»t    eiiunni,    impudpntil    dua.  It.  ),  2,  B,  4,  5,  8. 


first  parent  Adam,  'in  eating  of  tbe  forbidden  fruit,  by  tlia 
devil'a  instigalion  and  ullurcaient.  His  disobtidient-e,  pride, 
ambition,  intemperance,  incredulity,  curiosity ;  from  whenco 
proceeded  originnl  ain,  and  tbat  general  corniption  of  man- 
kind, as  from  a  futmlain  flowed  nil  bad  inclinations  and  actual 
transgressions  which  cause  our  several  calamities  inflicted 
upon  us  for  our  sins.  And  this  belike  is  that  which  our 
fabulous  poeta  have  shadowed  unto  us  in  the  tale  of  "  Pan- 
dora's bos,  which  being  opened  through  her  curiosity,  filled 
the  world  full  of  all  manner  of  diseases.  It  is  not  curiosity 
aktne,  but  those  other  crying  sins  of  ours,  which  pull  these 
Beverai  plagues  and  miseries  upon  our  heads.  For  CTs  pee-  - 
eatum,  ibi  proceUa,  as  '  Chryaoatom  well  observes.  *  "  Fools 
by  reason  of  Iheir  transgression,  and  because  of  their  iniqui- 
ties, are  afflicted.  '  Fear  Cometh  like  sudden  desolation,  and 
destnictiou  like  a  whirlwind,  afiliclion  and  anguii^h,"  because 
tliey  did  not  fear  God, '"Are  you  shaken  with  wars?"  as 
Cyprian  well  nrgeth  to  Demetrius,  "  are  you  molested  with 
dearth  and  famine  ?  is  your  health  crushed  with  raging  dis- 
eases ?  is  mankind  generally  tormented  with  epidemical  mal- 
adies ?  'tis  all  for  your  sins,"  Hag.  i.  9,  10  ;  Amos  i,  ;  Jer. 
vii.  God  is  angry,  punishelh  and  threatenelh,  because  of 
their  obstinacy  and  stubbornness,  they  will  not  turn  unto 
him.  '  "  If  the  earth  be  barren  then  for  want  of  rain,  if  dry 
Kid  squalid,  it  yield  no  fruit,  if  your  fountains  be  dried  up, 
your  wine,  com,  and  oil  blasted,  if  the  air  be  corrupted,  and 
Bien  troubled  with  diseases,  'tis  by  reason  of  their  sinss" 
irhich  like  the  blood  of  Abel  cry  loud  to  Heaven  for  ven- 
geance, Lam.  T.  15.  "That  we  have  sinned,  therefore  our 
hearts  are  heavy,"  Isa,  lis.  II,  12.  "We  roar  like  bears, 
nd  mourn  like  doves,  and  want  health,  &c,  for  our  sins  and 


>8n.iH.n.         «n 

<»de 

■  tegmen 

tmOim  d«u»d(,  It  an 

sietnlm- 

tm:  ..b  peH 

■UtmiiiHlaiiioitiUhiu 

s;  c>rd  d«« 

VP*-           *  Horn.  G.  ad  inp 

AnQocb! 

dcBcnxUc.  a  tern 

W™  mbrla.  Win  c 

-l,  quM 

&8.    Cjpr. 

tal,  q«4il  •BrieoabJ 

morbia 

TlUMlldO 

176  Diteatet  in  GenereU.  [P&rt.I.Ms.i 

trespasses."  But  this  we  cannot  endure  to  hear  or  1 
DOtice  of,  Jer.  ii.  30.  "  We  are  emiilen  in  vain  and  recaw 
no  correction  ; "  and  cap.  v,  3.  "  Thou  hast  Etricken  t 
but  they  have  not  sorrowed ;  they  have  refused  to  reeeiya 
correction;  they  have  not  returned,'  Pestilence  he  hath san^ 
but  they  liave  not  turned  to  him,"  Amos  iv.  *  Herod  coidi 
not  ahide  John  Baptist,  nor  '  Domitian  endure  ApoUonimi  tft 
tell  the  causes  of  the  plague  at  Ephesus,  hts  injustice,  it 
adultery,  and  the  like. 

To  punish  therefore  this  blindnesa  and  obstinacy  of  ou 
a  concomitant  cause  and  principal  agent,  ia  God's  just  juc^ 
ment  in  bringing  these  calamities  upon  us,  to  chastise  u 
Bay,  for  our  ains,  and  to  satisfy  God's  wrath.  For  the  laii; 
requires  obedience  or  punishment,  as  you  may  read  at  ]arg<i 
Deut.  xxviii.  15.  "  If  ihey  will  not  obey  the  Lord,  and  kea 
his  commandments  and  ordinances,  then  all  these  cursea  sh 
come  upon  them.  '  Cursed  in  the  town  and  in  the  field,  i 
*  Cursed  in  the  fruit  of  the  body,  &C.  *  The  Lovd  shall  se 
thee  trouble  and  shame,  because  of  thy  wickedness."  And; 
little  afler,  ' "  The  Lord  shall  smite  thee  with  the  botdi  < 
Egypt,  and  with  emrods,  and  scab,  and  itch,  and  thou  c 
not  be  healed.  '  With  madness,  blindness,  and  astonishin] 
of  heart."  This  Paul  seconds,  Rom.  ii.  9,  "  Tribulation  a 
anguish  on  the  soul  of  every  man  that  doth  evil."  Or  e 
these  chastisements  are  inflicted  upon  us  for  our  humiliation 
to  exercise  and  try  our  patience  here  in  this  life,  to  bring  n 
home,  to  make  us  to  know  God  ourselves,  to  inform  ai 
teach  us  wisdom.  ' "  Therefore  is  my  people  gone  in 
captivity,  because  they  had  no  knowledge ;  therefore  is  tJ 
wrath  of  tlie  Lord  kindled  against  his  people,  and  he  hati 
stretched  out  his  hand  upon  them."  He  is  desirous  of  a 
salvation.  ^Nostrm  salutis  avidm,  saith  Lemnius,  and  fiff 
that  cause  pulls  us  by  the  ear  many  times,  to  put  ua  ir 

I  KM.  iIt.  8.        ■  Phllcaln^ni',  llh.  8,    Deuii  qnoa  djUirft.  cullgat.      >  L 
Til.  ApoUonil.    lnjn»tltii.ineji«,  atBcols-    «t™I6.       '  NoBtne  uIuHiitIi 


n:  1,  snlis.  1.] 


Diseasa  in   Gmeral 


177 


of  our  duties :  "  That  they  wliicli  erred  might  have  under- 
standing, (as  IsaJaia  apeaks  xxix.  21.)  and  so  to  be  reformed." 
I  am  afflicted,  and  at  the  point  of  death,"  eo  David  coufess- 
eth  of  himself,  PsBlm  Ixxxviii.  9,  15.  "  Mine  eyea  are 
sorrowful  through  mine  affliction  ; "  and  that  made  liim  tura 
unto  God.  Great  Alexander  in  the  midst  of  all  hia  proa- 
perity,  by  a  company  of  parasites  deified,  and  now  made  a 
god,  when  he  saw  one  of  his  wounds  bleed,  remembered  that 
he  was  but  a  man,  and  remitted  of  his  pride.  In  morha  recol- 
Uffit  »i!  anintui,"  as  ^  Pliny  well  perceived  ;  "  In  sickness  the 
mind  reflects  upon  itself,  with  judgment  surveys  itself,  and 
abhors  its  former  courses ; "  insomuch  that  he  concludes  to 
bis  friend  Mariua,  '"that  it  were  the  period  of  all  philosophy, 
if  we  could  so  continue,  sound,  or  perform  but  a  pai't  of  that 
which  we  promised  to  do,  being  sick."  Whoso  ia  wise  then, 
will  consider  these  things,  as  David  did  (Psal.  cxliv.,  versa 
last)  ;  and  whatsoever  fortune  befall  him,  make  use  of  iL  If 
he  be  in  sorrow,  need,  sickness,  or  any  other  adversity,  seri- 
ously to  recount  with  himself,  why  this  or  that  malady,  mia- 
ery,  this  or  that  incurable  disease  is  inflicted  upon  him ;  it 
may  be  for  his  good,  °  sie  expedit,  as  Peter  said  of  his  daugh- 
ter's ague.  Bodily  sickness  is  for  hia  soul's  health,  periistet 
msi  penitMl,  had  he  not  been  visited,  he  had  utterly  per- 
ished I  for  * "  the  Lord  correcteth  him  whom  he  loveth,  even 
u  a  father  doth  his  child  in  whom  he  delighteth."  If  he  be 
safe  and  sound  on  the  other  side,  and  free  from  all  manner  of 
in&miity ;  ^  el  tmi 

"  GraliH,  formn,  vnlstado  oontlngnt  abandi 


leaolf  diet.  Hud  abound  in  weultb." 

It  in  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  let  hin 

•Tnwiodiit  Intel imtmn.  Im.  nyiH.  ImiifocprU  nm  mn 
^biWinsn  tInrulDdrmnllKtiltaelf.  <  SaiDmum  hk 
■■T.  OlliD  Jodldo,  moras  ot  hcta  re-    tnlwiiiPM  penwvcr 

a,  km  »llgioD)>  tmoima.    BipEn    <  ProT.  lU.  13. 
13 


Sq 


178  Diseases  in  General,  [PartLseo.! 

caveat  of  Moses,  ^  '^  Beware  that  he  do  not  forget  the  Lord 
his  God ;  "*  that  he  be  not  puffed  up,  but  acknowledge  them 
to  be  his  good  gifts  and  benefits,  and  *  ^  the  more  he  hath,  to 
be  more  thankful,"  (as  Agapetianus  adviseth)  and  use  them 
aright 

Instrumental  Causes  of  our  Infirmities.']     Now  the  instra- 
mental  causes  of  these  our  infirmities,  are  as  diverse  as  the 
infirmities  themselves ;   stars,  heavens,  elements,  &c.     And 
all  those  creatures  which  God  hath  made,  are  armed  against 
sinners.     They  were  indeed  once  good  in  themselves,  and 
that  they  are  now  many  of  them  pernicious  unto  us,  is  not  in 
their  nature,  but  our  corruption,  which  hath  caused  it.    F(^ 
from  the  fall  of  our  first  parent  Adam,  they  have  been 
changed,  the  earth  accursed,  the  influence  of  stars  altered, 
the  four  elements,  beasts,  birds,  plants,  are  now  ready  to 
offend  us.     "  The  principal  things  for  the  use  of  man,  are 
water,  fire,  iron,  salt,  meal,  wheat,   honey,  milk,  oil,  wine^ 
clothing,  good  to  the  godly,  to  the  sinners  turned  to  evil,* 
Ecclus.  xxxix.  26.  "  Fire,  and  hail,  and  famine,  and  dearth, 
all  these  are  created  for  vengeance,"  Ecclus.  xxxix.  29.  The 
heavens  threaten  us  with  their  comets,  stars,  planets,  with 
their  great  conjunctions,  eclipses,  oppositions,  quartiles,  and 
such  unfriendly  aspects.     The  air  with  his  meteors,  thunder 
and  lightning,  intemperate  heat  and  cold,  mighty  winds,  tem- 
pests,  unseasonable  weather;    from  which  proceed  dearth, 
famine,  plague,  and  all  sorts  of  epidemical  diseases,  consaJB- 
ing  infinite  myriads  of  men.     At  Cairo  in  Egypt,  every  third 
year,  (as  it  is  related  by  ^  Boterus,  and  others)  300,000  die 
of  the  plague ;  and  200,000,  in  Constantinople,  every  fiW^ 
or  seventh  at  the  utmost     How  doth  the  earth  terrify  and 
oppress  us   with  terrible  earthquakes,  which   are  most  fr^ 
quent  in  *  China,  Japan,  and  those  eastern  climes,  swallowing 
up  sometimes  six  cities  at  once  ?     How  doth  the  water  rag8 
with  his  inundations,  irruptions,  flinging  down  towns,  cities, 

1  Deut.  vlii.  11.    Qui  stat  videat  ne    debitorem  &teri.  >  Botenu  de  Itft* 

eadat.  *  Quanto  majoribus  beneficiis    urbium.         8  Lege  hist,  relationem  liOi^ 

%  Deo  comulatur,  taato  oblij^tiorein  se    Frois  de  rebus  Japooiois  ad  annum  IflBS* 


Kttn.  1,  mbs:  1.] 


DiaeoMs  in  General. 


179 


Tillages,  biidgea,  &(;,,  besides  sliipwrects  ;  whole  islands  exe 
sometimes  suddenly  overwhelmed  wilh  all  their  inhabitants 
in  '  Zealand,  Holland,  and  many  parts  of  the  continent 
drowned,  as  the  ^  lake  Erne  in  Ireland  ?  '  Nihilqiie  prteter 
OTcium  cadavers  paUnIi  cemimus  freto.  In  the  fens  of 
Friesland  ]  230,  by  reason  of  tempeata,  *  the  sea  drowned 
mvlta  hominnm  miUia,  et  jummiia  tins  numero,  all  the  coun- 
try almost,  men  and  cattle  in  it.  How  dot))  the  lire  rage, 
that  merciless  element,  consuming  in  an  instant  whole  cities? 
"What  town  of  any  antiquity  or  note  hath  not  been  once, 

fand  again,  by  the  fury  of  this  merciJess  element,  do- 
ruinated,  and  leil  desolate?     In  a.  woi'd, 
s  "  Ignia  papercit,  anda  mei^tt,  aeris 


Bello  superstea,  tubidns 
"  Whom  lire  Bpareti,  tea  i 
Pestilent  nir  iloth  send  i 
Vi'liom  ■war  'scapes,  aid 


To  descend  to  more  particulars,  how  many  creatures  are 
at  deadly  feud  with  men  ?  Lions,  wolves,  bears,  &c.  Soma 
vitb  hoo&,  horns,  tusks,  teeth,  naiUi  How  many  noxious 
serpents  and  venomous  creature?,  ready  to  offend  us  with 
Stings,  breath,  sight,  or  quite  kill  us?  How  many  pernicious 
fiihes,  plants,  gums,  fruits,  seeds,  flowers,  &c.,  could  I  reckon 
Qp  on  a  sudden,  which  by  their  very  smell  many  of  them, 
touch,  taste,  cause  some  grievous  malady,  if  not  death  itself? 
Boiae  make  mention  of  a  thousand  several  poisons ;  but  these 
are  bat  trifles  in  respect.  The_  greatest  enemy  to  man,  la 
turn,  who  by  the  devil's  instigation  is  still  ready  to  do  mis- 
ebiof,  his  own  executioner,  a  wolf,  a  devil  to  himself,  and 
We  are  all  brethren  in  Christ,  or  at  least  should 
lli  members  of  one  body,  servants  of  one  Lord,  and  yet  no 
ao  torment,  insult  over,  tyrannize,  ves,  as  one  man 

,  AMlipl.  Bple.  snnn  1421.     tho  open  «».  I  Munater.  I.  S 


180  UUecues  in  General  (Tart.tMa.L 

doth  anotlier.  Let  me  not  fall  therefore  (saith  David,  whan 
wars,  plague,  fitmine  were  offered)  ialo  the  hands  of  men, 
mercilesa  ajid  wicked  men  : 

*  "  Vii  BDDt  homlnea  hoc  nomine  d[gnt, 
Quhmquo  Jupj,  bsvk  plus  feritutie  habunt." 

We  can  Taa?X  part  foresee  these  epidemical  dlaeases,  and. 
likelj  avoid  them  ;  Dearths,  tempesl?,  plagues,  our  astrologei»i 
foretell  us ;  Earthquakes,  inundations,  ruins  of  houses,  c 
Burning  fires,  come  bj  little  and  little,  or  make  some  nc 
beforehand ;  but  the  knaveries,  impostures,  injuries  and  vit 
lauies  of  men  no  art  can  avoid.  We  can  keep  our  profesBei- 
enemies  from  our  cities,  by  gates,  walls,  and  lowers,  defenf 
ourselves  from  thieves  and  robbers  by  watchfulness  ant 
weapons ;  but  this  malice  of  men,  and  their  pernicious  en 
deavoure,  no  caution  can  divert,  no  vigilancy  foresee,  Kl 
have  80  many  secret  plots  and  devices,  to  mischief  oal 
another. 

Sometimes  by  the  devil's  help  as  magicians,  '  witches 
sometimes  by  impostures,  mixtures,  poisons,  stratagems,  siO 
gle  combats,  wars,  we  hack  and  hew,  aa  if  we  were  ad  ifUtr. 
necionem  nati,  like  Cadmus's  soldiers  bom  to  consume  ow 
another.  '  Tis  an  ordinary  thing  to  read  of  a  hundred  aW 
two  hundred  thousand  men  slain  in  a,  battle.  Besides  >! 
manner  of  tortures,  brazen  bulls,  racks,  wheels,  strappadoedi 
guns,  engines,  &c.  *  Ad  unum  carpus  /lumanum  tuppSoA 
plura,  gaam  membra :  We  have  invented  more  torturing  i 
strumenta  than  there  be  several  members  in  a  man's  bodjj 
as  Cyprian  well  observes.  To  come  nearer  yet,  oui 
parents  by  their  offences,  indiscretion  and  intemperance,  aM 
our  mortal  enemies.  *"  The  fathers  have  eaten  sour  grapo^ 
and  the  children's  teeth  are  set  on  edge,"  They  cause  oan 
grief  many  times,  and  put  upon  us  hereditary  diseases,  ineri" 
table  infirmities ;  they  torment  us,  and  we  are  ready  to  injnn 
our  posterity ; 


da  TriBt.  1. 


JXgeata  tn  General. 


"  And  yet  wilh  orlraBi  lo  us  unknown. 
Our  B0119  shall  mark  the  coming  oga  their  OWTI." 

aniil  the  latter  end  of  the  world,  as  '  Paul  foretold,  is  still 

like  lo  be  the  worst.     We  are  thus  bad  by  nature,  bad  by 

kind,  but  far  worse  by  art,  every  man  the  greatest  enemy 

unto   himself.     We   study  raany  times   to   undo   ouraelvea, 

abasing  lliose  good  gifts  which  G«d  hath  beslowed  upon  us, 

health,  wealth,  strength,  wit,  learning,  art,  memory  to  our 

own  deslructioa,  *  Perdiiia  tua  tx  te.     As  *  Judas  MaccaGftua 

killed  Apollonius  with  his  own  weapons,  we  arm  ourselves 

to  our  own  overthrows ;  and  use  reason,  art,  judgment,  all 

that  should  help  us,  as   eo   many  instruments  to  undo  us. 

Hector  gave  Ajax  a  sword,  which  so  long  as  he  fought 

against  enemies,  served  for  his  help  and  defence ;  but  after 

he  began  to  hurt  harmless  creatures  with  it,  turned  lo  hia 

own    hurtless  bowels.      Those   excellent   means    G!od  hath 

bestowed  on  us,  well  employed,  cannot  but  much  avail  uh  j 

hut  if  otherwise  perverted,  they  ruin  and  confound  us  i  and 

80  by  reason  of  our  indisciiition  and  weakness  they  commonly 

do.  we  have  too  many  instances.     This  St.  Austin  acknowl- 

edgeth  of  himself  in  his  humble  confessions,  "  promptness  of 

wit,  memory,  eloquence,  they  were  God's  good  gifts,  but  ha 

did  not  use  them  to  his  glory."     If  you  will  particularly 

know  how,  and  by  wliat  means,  consult  pliysicians,  and  Ihey 

will  tell  you,  that  it  is  in  offending  in  some  of  those  six  non- 

Mlural  tilings,  of  which  I  shall  'dilate  more  at  large  ;  they 

■re  lie  causes  of  our  infirrailies,  our  surfeiting,  and  drunken- 

nn,  our  immoderate  insatiable   lust,  and  prodigious   riot. 

Jfuwi  ertqntia,  qitam  giadiwi,  is  a  true  paying,  tlie   board 

wnanmcs  more  than  the  sword.     Our  intemperance  it  is, 

Uwt  pulls  BO  raany  several  incurable  diseases  upon  our  heads, 

"*t  lastens  'old  age,  perverts  our  temperature,  and  brinj 

opcm  ns  sudden  death.     And  last  of  all,  that  which  crucif 


>  PBrt.  1,  See.  2.  Mem 


I  Muo,  111.  n. 


bring^^B^^H 
crucific^^^^^^^^ 


182  I>ef.y  Mm^  JKv.  of  JXseases.      [ParLLieo.li 

us  most,  is  our  own  follj,  madness,  (quoi  Jupiter  perdit,  d^ 
mentat ;  by  subtraction  of  his  assisting  grace  God  permits  it,) 
weakness,  w^mt  of  government,  our  facility  and  proneness  in 
yielding  to  several  lusts,  in  giving  way  to  every  passion  and 
perturbation  of  the  mind ;  by  which  means  w^e  metamorphose 
ourselves  and  degenerate  into  beasts.  All  which  that  prince 
of  ^  poets  observed  of  Agamemnon,  that  when  he  was  well 
pleased,  and  could  moderate  his  passion,  he  was — os  octdoi* 
que  Jovi  pear  ;  like  Jupiter  in  feature,  Mars  in  valour,  Pallas 
in  wisdom,  another  god ;  but  when  he  became  angry,  he  was 
a  lion,  a  tiger,  a  dog,  &c,  there  appeared  no  sign  or  likeness 
of  Jupiter  in  him ;  so  we,  as  long  as  we  are  ruled  by  reason, 
correct  our  inordinate  appetite,  and  conform  ourselves  to 
God's  word,  are  as  so  many  saints ;  but  if  we  give  reins  to 
lust,  anger,  ambition,  pride,  and  follow  our  own  ways,  we 
degenerate  into  beasts,  transform  ourselves,  overthrow  our 
constitutions,  ^  provoke  God  to  anger,  and  heap  upon  us  this 
of  melancholy,  and  all  kinds  of  incurable  diseases,  as  a  just 
and  deserved  punishment  of  our  sins. 

SuBSECT.  n. — Hie  Definition,  Numher,  Division  ofDisecaei, 

What  a  disease  is,  almost  every  physician  defines.  •  Fer- 
nelius  calleth  it  an  "  Affection  of  the  body  contrary  to  na- 
ture." *  Fuschius  and  Crato,  "  an  hinderance,  hurt,  or  alter- 
ation of  any  action  of  the  body,  or  part  of  it"  *  Tholosanus, 
"  a  dissolution  of  that  league  which  is  between  body  and  soul, 
and  a  perturbation  of  it ;  as  health  the  perfection,  and  makes 
to  the  preservation  of  it"  *  Labeo  in  Agellius,  "  an  ill  habit 
of  the  body,  opposite  to  nature,  hindering  the  use  of  it* 
Others  otherwise,  all  to  this  effect 

Number  of  Diseases.']  How  many  diseases  there  arc,  is  a 
question  not  yet  determined ;  '  Pliny  reckons  up  three  hun- 

1  ITomer.  Iliad.  *  Tntemperantia,  c.    8,    &    qno    primum    Titlatar   actio- 

luxufl,  ingluviefl,  et  inflnita  bujusmodi  &  Dissolutio  foederis  in  corpore,  ut  sanital 

flagitii,  quae  divinafl   poenns  merentur.  e8t  consummatio.  ^  Lib.   4,   cap.  2> 

Crato.  3  Fern.  Path.  1.  1,  c.  1.    3Ior-  Morbus  est  babitos  contra  naturam,  qui 

bus  est  affectus  contra  naturam  corpori  usum  etjos,  &o.        '  Cap.  11,  lib  7 
liuidens.        *  Fusch.  lustit.  1.  3,  Sect.  1, 


1. 1,  wain.  2.]    Def,,  Nitm.,  Div,  of  Diseases. 

dred  from  the  crown  of  the  head  to  the  sole  of  (he  foot ;  ebe- 
where  he  saith,  morbomm  injinita  muUitudo,  theii"  numher  is 
infinite.  Howsoever  it  was  in  tho^e  times,  it  boots  not ;  in 
our  days  I  am.  sure  the  number  is  much  augmented : 


L 


*  ""^  mfici«i,  et  nova  febrinnt 
U  incubat  oohora." 


EoT  besides  many  epidemical  diseases  unheard  of,  and  alto- 
gether unknown  to  Galen  and  Hippocrates,  as  Bcorbutum, 
Bmaltpox,  plica,  sweating  sickness,  morbus  Gallicus,  &&,  we 
have  mauy  proper  and  peculiar  almost  to  every  part. 

No  man  free  from  some  Digease  or  other.']  No  man 
BBiougat  ua  so  sound,  of  so  good  a  constitution,  that  hath 
not  some  impediment  of  body  or  mind.  Qu'tsqae  suoa 
patimur  manes,  we  have  all  our  infirmities,  first  or  last,  more 
or  less.  TJiere  will  be  peradventuro  in  an  age,  or  one  of  a 
thousand,  like  Zenophtlus  the  musician  in  '  Pliny,  that  may 
happily  live  one  hundred  and  five  years  without  any  manner 
of  impediment ;  a  PoUio  Homulus,  that  can  preserve  himself 

"  with  wine  and  oil ; "  a  man  as  fortunate  as  Q.  Metellus, 
sf  whom  Valerius  so  much  bragui;  a  man  as  healthy  as 
Otto  Herwardus,  a  senator  of  Augsburg  in  Germany,  whom 
*Leovi(iu3  the  astrologer  brings  in  for  an  example  and 
instance  of  certainty  in  his  art ;  who  because  he  had  the 
eigniticii(ors  in  his  geniture  fortunate,  and  free  from  the 
hostile  aspects  of  Saturn  and  Mars,  being  a.  very  cold  man, 
*"  could  not  remember  that  ever  he  wa-s  sick."     °  Paracelsus 

(y  brag  that  he  could  make  a  man  live  four  hundred  years 
more,  if  he  might  bring  him  up  from  his  infancy,  and  diet 
1  as  he  list ;  and  some  physicians  hold,  that  there  is  no 
tain  period  of  man's  life ;  but  it  may  still  by  temperance 
1  physic  be  prolonged.  We  find  in  the  mean  time,  by 
-Bent.  lib.  l.cdsS.  "nnidotlaa,  ■  Biemplli  gmltup.  prsniHi  BphniDn. 
ma  ■  ntw  rohort  of  fe.e«  broods  o.sr  hid.  de  iTianulUt.  •  Qui,  quinid  puft- 
th«»r[h.''        1  Cip. 50.11b  7.    Centum    rilto  altiiqiuii  moninriiin recortlJirl polMi 

■Dill.       <  latui  mnl»,  lOru  sin.  >  Lib.  de  rlU  longii 


184  DiseoMei  of  the  Head.  [Part  L  sec  1 

oommon  experience,  that  no  man  can  escape,  but  that  of 
1  Hesiod  is  true : 

"  IIAc/17  ijhf  ydp  ydla  kokuv,  irXdfi  Si  ^^aXaaoa* 

kiToiMToi  ^tChjl** 

**  Th'  earth's  full  of  maladies,  and  fall  the  sea, 
Which  set  upon  us  both  by  night  and  day." 

Divinon  of  DiseasesJ]  If  you  require  a  more  exact 
division  of  these  ordinary  diseases  which  are  incident  to 
men,  I  refer  you  to  physicians  ;  *  they  will  tell  you  of  acute 
and  chronic,  first  and  secondary,  lethales,  salutares,  errant, 
fixed,  simple,  compound,  connexed,  or  consequent,  belonging 
to  parts  or  the  whole,  in  habit,  or  in  disposition,  <&c  My 
division  at  this  time  (as  most  befitting  my  purpose)  shall  be 
into  those  of  the  body  and  mind.  For  them  of  the  body,  a 
brief  catalogue  of  which  Fuschius  hath  made,  Institut.  lib.  3, 
sect.  1,  cap.  11,  I  refer  you  to  the  voluminous  tomes  of 
Galen,  Areteus,  Rhasis,  Avicenna,  Alexander,  Paulus  -^tiu% 
Grordonerius ;  and  those  exact  Neoterics,  Savanarola,  Capi- 
vaccius,  Donatus  Altomarus,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Mer- 
curialis,  Victorius  Faventinus,  Wecker,  Piso,  &c,  that  have 
methodically  and  elaborately  written  of  them  all.  Those  tf 
the  mind  and  head  I  will  briefly  handle,  and  apart. 

SuBSECT.  m. — Division  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Head. 

These  diseases  of  the  mind,  forasmuch  as  they  have  their 
chief  seat  and  organs  in  the  head,  which  are  commonly  re- 
peated amongst  the  diseases  of  the  head  which  are  divers,  and 
vary  much  according  to  their  site.  For  in  the  head,  as  there 
be  several  parts,  so  there  be  divers  grievances,  which  accord- 
ing to  that  division  of  *  Heurnius,  (which  he  takes  out  of  Ar» 
culanus,)  are  inward  or  outward  (to  omit  all  others  which 
pertain  to  eyes  and  ears,  nostrils,  gums,  teeth,  mouth,  palate, 
tongue,  wesel,  chops,  face,  &c.)  belonging  properly  to   the 

1  Oper.  et  Dies  *  See  Fernelius  Path.  *  Pnefat.  de  morbia  capitis.  In  capite  ut 
lib.  1,  cap.  9, 10, 11, 12.  FuRchius  instit.  varitB  habitant  partes,  ita  variaB  qaerete 
I.  8|  sect.  1,  c.  7.    Wecker.  Syut.  ibi  eTeniunt. 


brain,  as  baldaeas,  falling  of  hair,  furfaire,  lice,  &C.  ^Inward 
belonging  to  the  skina  next  to  the  brain,  called  dura  and  pia 
mater,  as  all  headiiches,  &c.,  or  to  the  ventricles,  cauled,  kels, 
tuoicle^  crtii'.k^,  and  part^  of  it,  and  their  passions,  ea  caro, 
vertigo,  incubus,  apoplexy,  falling  sickneas.  The  diseases  of 
the  nerves,  crampB,  stupor,  convulsion,  tremor,  palsy ;  or 
belon^ng  to  the  excrements  of  the  brain,  catarr!t.<i,  sneezing, 
rheum=,  distillations;  or  else  those  that  pertain  to  the  sub- 
stance of  the  brain  itself,  in  which  are  conceived  frenzy, 
lethargy,  melancholy,  madness,  weak  memory,  sopor,  or  Coma 
Yigilia  el  vigil  Coma.  Out  of  these  again  I  will  single  such. 
as  properly  belong  to  the  fantasy,  or  imagination,  or  reason 
itself,  which  *  Laurcntius  calls  the  diseases  of  the  mind  ;  and 
Hildesheiro,  morbo)  imaginationi»,  ant  rationis  l<Bsm,  (diseases 
of  the  imagination,  or  of  injured  reason,)  which  are  three  or 
four  in  number,  frenzy,  madness,  melancholy,  dotage,  and 
their  kinds ;  as  hydrophobia,  lycanthropia,  Chorus  Sancti  Vilt, 
norbi  dximniad,  (St.  Vitus's  dance,  possession  of  devils,) 
which  I  will  briefly  touch  and  point  at,  insisting  especially  in 
this  of  melancholy,  as  more  eminent  than  the  rest,  and  tliat 
through  all  his  kinds,  causes,  symptoms,  prognostics,  cures ; 
aa'Lonicerus  halh  done  de  apoplexid,  and  many  other  of  such 
particular  diseases.  Not  that  I  tind  fault  with  tlio^e  which 
have  written  of  this  subject  before,  as  Jason  Praleusis,  Lau- 
reniius,  Montallus,  T.  Bright,  &c.,  they  have  done  very  well 
in  their  several  kiniis  and  methods  ;  yet  that  which  one  omits, 
wiolber  may  haply  see ;  that  which  one  contracts,  another 
nny  enlarge.  To  conclude  with  *  Scribaniits,  "  tliat  which 
lliey  had  neglected,  or  profunctorily  handled,  we  may  more 
Iboroughly  examine ;  that  which  is  obscurely  delivered  in 
Ihem,  may  be  perspicuously  dilated  and  amplified  by  usj" 
toi  ao  made  more  familiar  and  easy  for  every  man's  capacity, 
»ml  the  common  good,  which  is  the  chief  end  of  my  dis- 


OPibnbcltn,  quEireUn,  JuKin  Prntctiati,    r 
i  di  FliUoIoilm   Higuami  Qowl  alii 


uoguJ 


Diseases  of  the  Mini.  tP*rt-  ■ 

StmsECT.  IV. — Dolaije,  Frensy,  Madness,  Sydrrrphohia,  Lg- 
eanlhropia,  Chorta  lancti  Viti,  Extaais. 

Delirium,  Dotage.^  Dotage,  fatuity,  or  folly,  is  a  o 
EQon  name  to  all  the  following  epecies,  as  some  will  hare  it. 
'Laurentiu^  and  ^Alloraarus  comprebended  madne^  melan- 
choly, and  the  rest  under  this  name,  and  call  it  the  summuM 
genus  of  them  all.  If  it  be  diatinguished  from  them,  it  ii' 
natural  or  ingeniie,  which  comes  by  some  defect  of  lb*' 
organs,  and  over-much  brain,  as  we  see  in  our  common  fools}" 
and  is  for  the  most  part  JntenJed  or  remitted  in  particnlW 
men,  and  tliereupon  some  are  wiser  than  others ;  or 
is  aci[iiisite,  an  appendix  or  symptom  of  some  other  diseosV 
which  comes  or  goes  ;  or  if  it  continue,  a  sign  of  melancholT' 
itself. 

JFVmiy.]  PArenitis,  which  the  Greeks  derive  from  Q» 
word  ft^v  is  a  disease  of  the  mind,  with  a  continual  madnefll 
or  dotage,  which  haih  an  acute  fever  annexed,  or  else  an  ii> 
flammation  of  the  brain,  or  the  membranes  or  kels  of  it,  witfc 
an  acute  fever,  wliich  causeth  madness  and  dotage.  It  diffes 
from  melancholy  and  madness,  because  their  dotage  is  with" 
out  an  ague ;  this  continual,  with  waking,  or  memory  d 
cayed,  dec.  Melancholy  ia  most  part  silent,  thia  clamoroOBf; 
and  many  such  like  differences  are  assigned  by  physician* 

Madness.^  Madness,  frenzy,  and  melancholy  are  KnH> 
founded  by  Celsus  and  many  writers ;  others  leave  c 
frenzy,  and  make  madness  and  melancholy  but  one  disease; 
which  'Jason  Pratensis  especially  labours,  and  that  thcj 
differ  only  secundum  majus  or  minus,  in  quantity  alone,  th» 
one  being  a  degree  to  the  other,  and  both  proceeding  froBI 
one  cause.  They  differ  intmso  et  remisso  gradu,  sailh  *  Goi* 
doiiius,  as  the  humour  is  intended  or  remitted.  Of  the  8 
mind  is  'Areteus,  Alexander  Tertulhanus,  Guianerius,  Savu* 

^  a»  mgl.       •  Art.  Mrf.  T.    tudiie  el  mniio  nollra  lUiWal 


L  1,  sabi.  t.]         Difeases  of  the  Mind, 


is; 


aroln,  Heiimius ;  and  Galen  himself  writes  promiscuously  of 
Ihem  boih.  by  reasoa  of  their  affiniiy ;  but  most  of  our  ne- 
oterics  do  handle  them  apart,  whom  I  will  follow  in  this  trea- 
tise. Madness  is  therefore  defined  to  be  a  vehement  dotage  | 
or  rSTing  without  a  fever,  far  more  violent  than  melancholy, 
Ml  of  anger  and  clamour,  horrible  looks,  actions,  gestures, 
troubling  the  patients  with  far  greater  vehemencj  bolh  of 
body  and  mind,  ^rithoot  all  fear  and  sorrow,  with  hucIi  impet- 
uous force  and  boldness,  that  sometimes  three  or  four  men 
cannot  hold  them.  Differing  only  in  this  from  frenzy,  that 
it  is  without  a  fever,  and  their  memory  is  most  part  better. 
It  hath  the  same  causes  as  the  other,  as  choler  adust,  and 
blood  incensed,  brains  inflamed,  &c  ^  FraML«torius  adds, 
**  a  due  time,  and  full  age  to  this  definition,  to  di$tin;ruidh  it 
from  children,  and  will  have  it  confirmed  impotency,  to  sepa- 
rate it  from  such  as  accidentally  come  and  go  again,  as  by 
taking  henbane,  nightshade,  wine,"  &c.  Of  this  fury  there 
be  divers  kinds ;'  ecstasy,  which  is  familiar  with  some  per- 
aonf,  as  Cardan  saiili  of  himself,  he  could  be  in  one  when  he 
Het  J  in  which  the  Indian  priests  deliver  their  oracles,  and  the 
witches  in  Lapinnd.  as  Olaus  Magnus  writeth,  1.  3,  cap.  18. 
EiUui  omnia  jtrcedicere,  answer  all  questions  in  an  extasis 
yoa  will  ask ;  what  your  friends  do,  where  they  are,  how 
lliey  fare,  &C.  The  other  species  of  this  fury  are  eiithusi- 
Mnts,  revelations,  and  visions,  bo  oflen  mentioned  by  Gregory 
ind  Beda  in  their  works;  obsession  or  posession  of  devils, 
Rbylline  prophets,  and  poetical  furies  ;  such  as  come  by  eat- 
ing noxious  herbs,  taraatuks' stinging,  &C.,  which  some  reduce 
Mlhis.  The  most  known  are  these,  lycanlhropia,  hydropho- 
lu.  chorng  gancti  viti. 

Lyeantkropia.'l  Lycanthropia,  which  Avieenna  calls  Cn- 
mbnth,  others  Lupinam  in^aniam,  or  "Wolf-madness,  when 
■■n  iDB  howling  about  graves  and  fields  in  the  niglit,  and 

■6"n»«»l,qnlie»t*!lehltt.et  Wm-  rmndl  clns  Inlsllocti'in  llh  2.ilelrif<t 

•<nMIW|>CF«,iian  mnmonUmsiniet  iHtione.       :0r»hk 

■Vna.  Dt  Tinl.  uUni.  llviw.vnnil,  «^1  rap.  3,  ae  mcnUj  ill' 
*Wr^ia(iM  hibet  ItDpountium  betw  op. 


188  Diseatei  of  the  Mnd.  [Part  L  net 

will  not  be  persuaded  but  that  thej  are  wolves,  or  some  sod 
beasts,  ^^tius  and  'Paulus  call  it  a  kind  of  melancholy; 
but  I  should  rather  refer  it  to  madness,  as  most  do.  Some 
make  a  doubt  of  it  whether  there  be  any  sach  disease. 
*  Donat  ab  Altomari  saith,  that  he  saw  two  of  them  in  his 
time ;  ^  Wierus  tells  a  storj  of  such  a  one  at  Padua,  1541, 
that  would  not  believe  to  the  contrary,  but  that  he  was  a 
wolf.  He  hath  another  instance  of  a  Spaniard,  who  thought 
himself  a  bear ;  '  Forrestus  confirms  as  much  bj  many  ex- 
amples ;  one  amongst  the  rest  of  which  he  was  an  eye-wit- 
ness, at  Alcmaer  in  Holland,  a  poor  husbandman  that  still 
hunted  about  graves,  and  kept  in  churchyards,  of  a  pale, 
black,  ugly,  and  fearful  look.  Such  belike,  or  little  better, 
were  King  Prsetus's  •  daughters,  that  thought  themselves  kinei 
And  Nebuchadnezzar  in  Daniel,  as  some  interpreters  hold, 
was  only  troubled  with  this  kind  of  madness.  This  disease 
perhaps  gave  occa-^ion  to  that  bold  assertion  of  ^  Pliny,  "  some 
men  were  turned  into  wolves  in  his  time,  and  from  wolves  to 
men  again  ; "  and  to  that  fable  of  Pausanias,  of  a  man  that 
was  ten  years  a  wolf,  and  afterwards  turned  to  his  former 
shape ;  to  *  Ovid's  tale  of  Lycaon,  &c  He  that  is  desirons 
to  hear  of  this  di.^ease,  or  more  examples,  let  him  read  Austm 
in  his  eighteenth  book  de  Civitate  Dei,  cap,  5.  Mizaldus,  cetU 
5,  77.  Schenhus^  lib.  1.  Hildesheim,  spiceL  2,  de  Mania, 
Forrestus,  lib,  \0,  de  morbis  cerebri,  Glaus  Magnus,  Vin' 
eentius's  BeUavicensis,  spec,  met,  lib,  31,  c.  122.  Pierius,  Bo- 
dine,  Zuinger,  Zeilger,  Peucer,  "Wierus,  Spianger,  &c  This 
malady,  saitli  Avicenna,  troubleth  men  most  in  February, 
and  is  nowadays  frequent  in  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  accord- 
ing to  •  Heurnius.  Schernitzius  will  have  it  common  in  Li- 
vonia. They  lie  hid  most  part  all  day,  and  go  abroad  in  the 
night,  barking,  howling,  at  graves  and  deserts;**  ♦"they 
have  usually  hollow  eyes,  scabbed  legs  and  thighs,  very  dry 

1  Lib.  6,  cap.  11.        *  Lib.  8.  cnp.  16.  22,  homines  interdum  lupod  fieri ;  et  con* 

■  Cap.  9,  Art.  med.        *  De  praestiji.  Dae-  tra.        «  Met.  lib.  1.        »  Cap.  de  Bfan 

monum.  1.  3.  cap.  21.         &  Obnenrat.  lib.  *  Ulcerata  crura,  sitifi  Ipsis  adest  inimoA* 

10,  de  morbii*  cerebri,  cap.  15.        *  Hip-  ca,  pallidi,  lingua  sicca, 
pocrates,  lib.  de  insania.        7  Lib.  8,  cap. 


DUeasei  of  the  JtliTtd. 

and  pale,"  '  aaith  Altomarus  ;  he  gives  a  reason  there  of  all 
the  symptom.',  and  seta  down  a  brief  cure  of  tlieni. 

Hydrophobia  is  a  kind  of  madness,  well  known  in  evciy 
village,  which  comes  by  the  biting  of  a  mad  dog,  or  scratch- 
ing, ^ailh  '  Aurelianus ;  touching,  or  Emelling  oloue  sometimes 
as  *  Sckenkiua  proves^,  and  is  incident  to  many  other  creat- 
ures as  well  as  men ;  so  called  because  the  parties  affected 
cannot  endure  the  sight  of  water,  or  any  liquor,  supposing 
still  they  see  a  mad  dog  in  it.  And  which  is  more  wonder^ 
fill ;  though  they  be  very  dry,  (as  in  this  malady  they  are,) 
they  will  rather  die  than  di-ink  j  •  CteliuH  Aurelianus,  an  an- 
dent  writer,  makes  a  doubt  whether  this  Hydrophobia  be  a 
passion  of  the  body  or  the  mind.  Tlie  part  afiijcted  is  the 
brain  ;  the  cause,  poison  that  comes  from  the  mad  dog,  which 
i«  SQ  hot  and  di-y,  that  it  consumes  all  the  moisture  in  the 
body.  *  Hildesheim  relates  of  some  that  died  so  mad  ;  and 
being  cut  up,  had  no  water,  scarce  blood,  or  any  moisture  lefl 
in  them.  To  such  as  arc  so  aSecled,  the  fear  of  water  begins 
at  fourteen  days  after  they  are  bitten,  (o  some  again  not  till 
forty  or  sixty  days  after ;  commonly,  saith  Heumius,  they 
begin  to  rave,  fly  water  and  glasses,  to  look  red,  and  swell  in 
the  face,  about  twenty  days  after  (if  some  remedy  be  not 
taken  in  tlio  mean  time)  to  lie  awake,  to  be  penaire,  saA,  to 
see  sti'ange  visions,  to  bark  and  howl,  to  fall  into  a  swoon,  and 
nfleDtimes  fits  of  the  falling  sickness.  °  Some  say,  little  things 
Bke  whdpa  will  be  seen  in  their  urine.  If  any  of  these  Bigna 
^ear,  they  are  past  recovery.  Many  times  the^e  symptoms 
*ill  not  appear  till  six  or  seven  months  after,  saith  '  Codion- 
chus)  and  sometimes  not  till  seven  or  eight  years,  as  Guia- 
iio4u» ;  twelve  as  Albertus ;  six  or  eight  months  after,  as 
Qslea  holds.  Baldus,  the  great  lawyer,  died  of  it ;  an  Au- 
ps^ne  friar,  and  a  woman  in  Delft,  that  were  '  Forrestus' 
pMieats,  were  miserably  consumed  with  it.  The 
""s  ill  the  country  (for  such  at  least  as  dwell  near 

'0ip,9.iirt.nyilr( 

•p.*.     'U6.  i,  d. 


t 


190 


Diseatm  of  tht  Wni.         •  fPwtl'J* 


side)  is  to  (luck  tliem  over  hend  and  ears  in  sea-water  i  sonU 
uae  charms  ;  every  good  wife  can  prescribe  medicines.  Bat 
the  beat  cure  U>  iie  had  in  such  cases,  is  from  the  most  ap- 
provfd  phjBiciani ,  fhey  fiiat  wiU  read  of  ihem,  may  consult 
with  Dio'corides,  lib  6,  c  37,  Heumiua,  Hildesheim,  Cspt- 
vaccma,  Forreslufl,  Stkenkiu=i,  and  before  all  others  CwlnMH 
chua  an  Itahan,  who  hath  lately  writlen  two  exquisite  books 
OD  the  subject 

Chorus  iotictt  Vxtt,  or  S.  Vitug'  dance ;  the  lascivloa 
dance,  '  Paracelaua  calls  it,  becauae  they  that  are  taken  from 
it,  can  do  nothing  but  dance  till  they  be  dead  or  cnred. 
so  called,  for  that  the  parties  so  troubled  were  wont  to  go  to 
S.  Vitus  for  help,  and  after  they  had  danced  there  awhilBt 
they  were  *  certainly  freed.  'Tis  strange  to  hear  how  long 
they  will  dance,  and  in  what  manner,  over  stools,  foniMi 
tablea ;  even  great  bellied  women  sometimes  (and  yet  never 
hurt  their  children)  will  dance  so  long  that  they  c 
neither  hand  nor  foot,  but  seem  to  be  quite  dead.  Oi»> 
in  red  clothes  ihey  cannot  abide.  Music  above  all  ihiny 
they  love,  and  therefore  magistrates  in  Germany  will  hii» 
musicians  to  play  to  them,  and  some  lusty,  sturdy  e 
paniona  to  dance  with  them.  This  disease  hath  t 
very  common  in  Germany,  as  appears  by  those  relations  ol 
*  Sckenkius,  and  Paracelsus  in  hia  hook  of  madneas,  ' 
brags  how  many  several  persona  he  hath  cured  of  iL  JiSi 
PlateiiLa  de  mentis  cdienat.  cap.  3,  reports  of  a  woman  S 
Basil  whom  he  saw,  that  danced  a  wiiole  month  togethi 
The  Arabians  call  it  a  kind  of  paJsy.  Bodine,  in  1 
book  de  Hepuh.  cap.  1,  speaks  of  this  infii-mity  ;  MonaviC 
in  his  last  epistle  to  Scolti;!ius,  and  in  another  to  Dudithlf 
where  you  may  read  more  of  it, 
'  The  last  kind  of  madness  or  melancholy,  is  that  demonis^ 
(if  I  may  so  call  it)  obsession  or  possession  of  devils,  wliM 
Plalerus  and  others  would  have  to  be  preternatural ;  stupeil 


Hen.  1,  cnbs.  S.]      Jlf^ancho^  in  Dispotitvm.  191 

things  are  said  of  them,  [heir  aclions,  gestures,  contortions, 
fasting,  prophesying,  epeabing  languages  Ihey  were  never 
taught,  &C.  Many  strange  Btori«fl  ai-e  related  of  them,  wliich, 
because  some  will  not  allow,  (for  Deacon  and  Darre!  have 
^vritten  large  volumes  on  this  subject  pro  and  con.)  I  volun 
tarily  omit. 

*Fu3chias,  institut.  Ub.  3,  sau.  1,  cap.  11,  Felix  Plater, 
'  Laurentius,  ndd  lo  these  another  fury  tliat  proceeds  fi-om 
lore,  and  another  from  study,  another  divine  or  religious 
fury  i  but  these  more  properly  belong  to  melancholy ;  of  all 
which  1  will  speak  "  apart,  intending  to  write  a  whole  book 
of  them. 

SuBSECT.    V. — Mdanchohj   in    Disposition,   improperly  so 


^^^per 


BLANCHOLT,  the  subject  of  our  present  discourse,  is 
in  disposition  or  habiL  In  disposition,  is  that  tran- 
melancholy  which  goes  and  comes  upon  every  small 
occasion  of  sorrow,  need,  sickness,  trouble,  fear,  grief,  pas- 
Hion,  or  perturbation  of  (lie  mind,  any  manner  of  care,  dis- 
content, or  thought,  wjiich  causeth  angui:^li,  dulness,  heaviaess 
and  vexation  of  spirit,  any  ways  opposite  to  pleasure,  mirth, 
joy,  delight,  causing  frowardness  in  us,  or  a  dislike.  In 
which  equivocal  and  improper  eenae,  we  call  him  melancholy 
that  is  dull,  sad,  sour,  lumpish,  ill-disposed,  solitary,  any  way 
moved,  or  displeased.  And  from  these  melancholy  dispo- 
utions, '  no  man  living  is  free,  no  stoic,  none  so  wise,  none  eo 
happy,  none  so  patient,  so  generous,  ho  godly,  so  divine,  that 
can  viiidieate  himself;  so  well  composed,  but  more  or  loss, 
lome  time  or  other  he  feels  the  smart  of  it  Melancholy  in 
ttia  sense  is  the  character  of  mortality,  t  "  Man  that  is  horn 
of  a  woman,  is  of  short  continuance,  and  full  of  trouble," 
Zaio,  Cnlo,  Socrates  himself,  whom  *  JElian  so  highly  com- 

•  C«p.  a.  flo  mpnHt  ullcnsL        'Cap.    h  Pml-Tllf,6.        t.To1j.1.l4.        tOmnt 


192  Melanchofy  in  Ditponttmu        [Port.  I.  mo.  1 

mends  for  a  moderate  temper,  that  ^  notLing  could  distuHs 
him,  but  going  out,  and  coming  in,  still  Socrates  kept  the 
same  seivnity  of  countenance,  what  misery  soever  befell  him," 
(if  we  may  Ixdieve  Phito  his  disciple,)  was  much  tormented 
with  it.  Q.  Metellus,  in  whom  ^  Valerius  gives  instance  of 
all  hnpj)ine3.s,  *'  the  most  fortunate  man  then  li^dng,  bom  in 
that  mast  flounshing  city  of  Rome,  of  noble  parentage,  a 
proper  man  of  person,  well  qualified,  healthful,  rich,  honour- 
able, a  senator,  a  consul,  happy  in  his  wife,  happy  in  his 
children,*'  &c.,  yet  this  man  was  not  void  of  melancholy,  he 
had  his  share  of  sorrow.  *  Polycrates  Samius,  that  flung  his 
ring  into  the  sea,  because  he  would  participate  of  discontent 
with  others,  and  had  it  miraculously  restored  to  him  again 
shortly  after,  by  a  fish  taken  as  he  angled,  was  not  free  from 
melancholy  dispositions.  No  man  can  cure  himself;  the  very 
gods  had  bitter  pangs,  and  frequent  passions,  as  their  own 
•poets  put  upon  them.  In  general,  *'*as  the  heaven,  sola 
our  life,  sometimes  fair,  sometimes  overcast,  tempestuous,  and 
serene  ;  as  in  a  rose,  flowers  and  prickles  ;  in  the  year  itself, 
a  temperate  summer  sometimes,  a  hard  winter,  a  drought, 
and  then  again  pleasant  showers;  so  is  our  life  intermixed 
with  joys,  hopes,  fears,  sorrows,  calumnies  ; "  Invicem  ceduni 
dolor  et  voluptds,  there  is  a  succession  of  pleasure  and  pain. 

*  "  medio  de  fonte  leporum, 
Snrgit  amari  aliquid  in  ipsis  floribus  angat*' 

"  Even  in  the  midst  of  laughing  there  is  sorrow,**  (as  •  Solo- 
mon holds ;)  even  in  the  midst  of  all  our  feasting  and  jollity, 
as,  ^Austin  infers  in  his  Com.  on  the  41st  Psalm,  there  is 
grief  and  discontent     Inter  delicias  semper  aliquid  scevi  not 

1  Lib.  7,  cap.  1.    Natus  In  florent!fl<<!ma  obscnratur.    Tn  rosario  fforen  8plnte  Iti- 

totlus  orbis  civitate,  nobillswimia  par«nt!-  termixti.    Vita  8liniH«i  aeri.  udum  modi, 

bus,  corporis  vires  habuit  et  rariasimas  sndum.  tempestas.  serenifas:   ita  Ticel 

animi  dnfes.  uxorem  coispicunm.  pu'li-  rerum  sunt,  prncmia  ^udi!<(.  et  seqnncfll 

cam,  faeliops  liberos,  consulate  decns.  se-  curae.        <^  Lucretius.  1.4. 1124.       •Pror. 

quentes    trinraphos.    &c.  «  ^lian.  xiv.  13.    Extremum  gnndii  luctns  oocn- 

*  Homer.  Iliad.        *  Lipsius.  cent.  3.  ep.  pat.  f  Natalitia  i"quit  celebrantur, 

45,  ut  oielum.  sic  nos  homines  snmus :  nuptlae  hie  sunt;  at  ibi  quid  celebratul 

Ulud  ejr  intervallo  nubibus  obducitur  et  quod  non  dolet,  quod  non  traiudtf 


Hen.  1,  mtn.  e  ]      JIfctanehofy  in  Ditpontion.  198 

ttrangvlatf  for  a  pint  of  Iioney  lliou  shall  Lere  likely  find  a 
gallon  of  gall,  for  a  dram  of  pleasure  a  pound  of  p^iin,  for  an 
incrli  of  tnirth  an  ell  of  moan  ;    as  ivy  doth   an   oak,  these 
miseries  encompass  our  life.      And  it  is  most  ab^ni-d  and 
ridiculous  for  any  mortal  man  to  look  for  a  perpetual  tenure 
of  happiness  in  this  life.     Nothing  io  prof^perous  and  pleaa* 
ant,  but  it  hath  '  some  bitterness  in  it,  some  complaining,  some 
grudging ;  it  is  all  yTjini^uipav,  a  mixed  passion,  and  like  a 
checker  table,  black  and   white  men,  families,  eiiies,  have 
ihtir  falls  and  wanes  ;  now  trines,  sextilea,  then  quartilea  and 
epposilions.     We  are  not  here  as  tho^e  angels,  celestial  pow- 
ers and  bodies,  etta  and  moon,  to  finish  our  course  without  all 
offence,  with  such  constancy,  lo  continue  Ibr  so  many  ages  ; 
but  subject  to  infirmities,  miseries,  interrupted,  tossed  and 
tumbled  up  and  down,  carried  about  with  every  small  blast, 
often  molested  and  disquieted  upon  eath  slender  occasion, 
*  uncertain,  brittle,  and  so  is  all  that  we  trust  unto.     *  "  And 
be  Uiat  knows  not  this  is  not  armed  to  endui'e  it,  is  not  fit  to 
I     Etc  in  this  world  (as  one  condoles  our  time),  he  knows  not 
I      (he  condition  of  it,  where,  with  a  reciprocaiity,  pleasure  and 
pain  are  still  united,  and  succeed  one  another  in  a  ring." 
SsA  «  mundo,  get  thee  gone  hence  if  thou  canst  not  brook  it  j 
tbere  is  no  way  to  avoid  it,  but  to  arm  thyself  with  patience, 
I      «ilh  magnanimity,  to  *  oppose  thyself  unlo  it,  to  suffer  afflic- 
tion as  a  good  soldier  of  Christ ;  as  '  Paul  adviseth  constantly 
lo  bear  it.     But  forasmuch  as  so  few  can  embrace  this  good 
tOunwl  of  bis,  or  use  it  aright,  but  rather  as  so  many  brute 
It  way  to  their  passion,  voluntary  subject  and  pre- 
optaie  themselves  into  a  labyrinth  of  cares,  woe,i,  miseries, 


'Wnitini  |ifoin»ruDi  dWIiilt-ii'dMum,  ruaf,  1inprotdi< 

('■•■lilllllliluidottidJciuIildllRi'altlillB.  prafundD  mlscri 

5l«spiin  nl  ^r™  qiiwlmonln,  »nl  i'llSl^''uio  n! 

Agfau    quadsm     me1]!l     -E     fclllii,  anmlnm  nn°(ror 

IWm  nlminini  at  ftsgllta,  ft  pnsriU-  qulbimwfiimoi: 

"■MHinBinH  rnpundlii,  rant   liM  chnnui  OolJnhel 

]JJrtiW.IO|>Mhuin»ntttD™n[ur,jif-  )5fl8.        •  Uorei 

J'M.aiUta'inpenonB.it.blLibM  uL™  "aHuill.a. 
■wliB  onulstnnt,  lid   Imntimlnio 


194  Melaneholff  in  Ditponticn.         [Part.LiM.i 

and  suffer  tlieir  souls  to  be  OTeroome  by  tbem,  cannot  am 
thenL<clves  with  that  patience  as  they  ought  to  do,  it  fiilkft 
out  oAen times   that  these  dispositions   become  habits,  aai 
"•  many  affects  contemned  (as  ^  Seneca  notes)  make  a  diaeua 
Even  as  one  distillation,  not  yet  grown  to  custom,  makes  t 
cough ;  but  continual  and  inveterate  causetb  a  consamptkn 
of  the  lungs ;  *'  so  do  these  our  melancholy  proTocations ;  and 
according  as  the  humour  itself  is  intended,  or  remitted  it 
men,  as  their  temperature  of  body,  or  rational  soul  is  bottcf 
able  to  make  resistance ;  so  are  they  more  or  less  affected 
For  that  which  is  but  a  flea-biting  to  one,  causeth  insufferable 
torment  to  another ;  and  which  one  by  his  singular  moderfr* 
tion,  and  well-composed  carriage  can  happily  overcome,  s 
second  is  no  whit  able  to  sustain,  but  upon  every  small  oceir 
sion  of  misconceived  abuse,  injury,  grief,  disgrace,  loss,  crofl^ 
humour,  &c,  (if  solitary,  or  idle,)  yields  so  far  to  passion,  that 
his  complexion  is  altered,  his  digestion  hindered,  his  slet^ 
gone,  his  spirits  ob^^cured,  and  his  heart  heavy,  his  hypocbon* 
dries  misaffected ;  wind,  crudity,  on  a  sudden  oyertake  hiflV 
and  he  himself  overcome  with  melancholy.     As  it  is  with  a 
man  imprisoned  for  debt,  if  once  in  the  jail,  every  creditor 
will  bring  his  action  against  him,  and  there  likely  hold  biDi 
If  any  discontent  seize  upon  a  patient,  in  an  instant  all  other 
perturbations  (for — qua  data  porta  ruunt)  will  set  up(Mi  liii% 
and  then  like  a  lame  dog  or  broken-winged  goose  he  droop! 
and  pines  away,  and  is  brought  at  last  to  that  ill  habit  or 
malady  of  melancholy  itself.     So  that  as  the  philosophy  • 
make  *  eight  degrees  of  heat  and  cold,  we  may  make  eighty- 
eight  of  melancholy,  as  the  parts  affected  are  diversely  seiiei 
with  it,  or  have  been  plunged  more  or  less  into  this  infernd 
gulf,  or  waded  deeper  into  it.     But  all  these  melancholy  fit^ 
howsoever  pleasing  at  first,  or  displeasing,  violent  and  tyran* 
nizing  over  those  whom  they  seize  on  for  the  tjme ;  yet  these 
fits  I  say,  or  men  affected,  are  but  improperly  so  called,  be» 

1  Epist.  96,  lib.  10,  affeotus  frequenteti  tufwim  facit,  assidua  et  violenta  phthtafant 
eontemptique  morbum  faciunt.  Distil-  ^  Calidum  ad  octo  frigidum  ad  oelo 
latio  uaa  nee  adhuc  in  morem  adaucta,    Una  birundo  non  ftcit  aestatem. 


1,  subB.  1.]        Diffrestion  of  Anatomy. 


19S 


cause  they  continue  not,  but  come  and  go,  as  by  some  objecia 
they  are  moved.  This  melancholy  of  which  we  are  to  treat, 
is  a  habit,  morbus  aaniicm,  or  cfirom'cus,  a.  chronic  or  contin- 
late  disease,  a  settled  humoKr,  as  ^  Aurelianus  and  '  others 
all  it,  not  errant,  but  fixed  ;  and  as  it  waa  long  increasing,  so 
BOW  being  (pleaMnt,  or  painful)  grown  to  an  habit,  it  will 
hardly  be  removed. 


SECT.  I.     MEMB.  H. 

ScBSECT.  I. — Digression  of  Anafomy. 
Before  I  proceed  to  define  the  disease  of  melancholy, 
vhat  it  is,  or  to  discourse  farther  of  it,  I  hold  it  not  imperti- 
nent (o  mtike  a  brief  digression  of  the  anatomy  of  the  body 
■od  faculties  of  the  soul,  for  the  better  understanding  of  that 
which  is    to  follow  j    because  many  hard  words  will  often 
occur,  as  myrache,  hypochondries,  emrods,  &c.,  imagination, 
reason,  humours,  spirits,  vital,  natural,  animal,  nerves,  veins, 
trteries,  cbylus,  pituila;    which  by  the  vulgar  nill  not   so 
txaXj  be  perceived,  what  they  are,  how  cited,  and  to  what 
«id  ihey  serve.      And  besides,  it  may  peradventure  give 
Ktasion  to  some  men  to  examine  more  accurately,  search 
fiitlber  into  this  most  excellent  subject,  and  thereupon  with 
that  royal  *  prophet  to  praise  God,  ("for  a  man  is  fearfully 
and  wondei4ully  made,  and  curiously  wrought,")  tliat  have 
tiiH  ttnd  leisure  enough,  and  are  sufficiently  informed  in  all 
olliar  worldly  businesses,  as  to  make  a  good  bargain,  buy  and 
•dl,io  keep  and  make  choice  of  a  fair  hawk,  hound,  horse, 
fe-  But  for  such  matters  as  concern  the  knowledge  of  them- 
•^tiS,  they  are  wholly  ignorant  and  careless ;  they  know  not 
*W  this  body  and  soul  are,  how  combined,  of  what  parts 
"•i  facnlties  they  consist,  or  how  a  man  differs  from  a  dog. 


196  Divition  of  the  Bodg.  [PartLMo.li 

And  what  can  be  more  ignominious  and  filthy  (as  ^  Melamy 
thon  well  inveighs)  ^  than  for  a  man  not  to  know  the  Btmo 
ture  and  composition  of  his  own  body,  espedallj  since  Um 
knowledge  of  it  tends  so  much  to  the  preservation  of  hii 
health,  and  information  of  his  manners  ?"  To  stir  them  op^ 
therefore,  to  this  study,  to  peruse  those  elaborate  works  of 
*  Galen,  Bauhines,  Plater,  Yesalius,  Falopius,  Laurentins, 
Bemelinus,  &c.,  which  have  written  copiously  in  Latin ;  or 
that  which  some  of  our  industrious  countrymen  have  done  in 
our  mother  tongue,  not  long  since,  as  that  translation  of  '  Co- 
lumbus and  ^  Microcosmographia,  in  thirteen  books,  I  have 
made  this  brief  digression.  Also  because  •  Wecker,  'Melane- 
thon,  '^  Femelius,  •  Fuschius,  and  those  tedious  Tracts  dt 
Animd  (which  have  more  compendiously  handled  and  ¥nitten 
of  this  matter)  are  not  at  all  times  ready  to  be  had,  to  give 
them  some  small  taste,  or  notice  of  the  rest,  let  this  epi* 
tome  suffice. 

SuBSECT.  n. — Division  of  the  Body^  Humours^  Spiriti, 

Op  the  parts,  of  the  body  there  may  be  many  divisions; 
the  most  approved  is  that  of  •  Laurentius,  out  of  Hippocrates; 
which  is,  into  parts  contained,  or  containing.  Contained  aie 
either  humours  or  spirits. 

Jlumours.^  A  humour  is  a  liquid  or  fluent  part  of  tbB 
body,  comprehended  in  it,  for  the  preservation  of  it ;  and  ii 
either  innate,  or  bom  with  us,  or  adventitious  and  acqaisitfr 
The  radical  or  innate,  is  daily  supplied  by  nourishment 
which  some  call  cambium,  and  make  those  secondary  bo* 
mours  of  ros  and  gluten  to  maintain  it ;  or  acquisite,  to  main- 
tain these  first  four  primary  humours,  coming  and  proceed- 
ing from  the  first  concoction  in  the  liver,  by  which  meatf 
chylus  is  excluded.  Some  divide  them  into  profitable  and 
excrementitious.     But  *^  Crato  out  of  Hippocrates  will  h«»« 


1  De  anima.    Turpe  enim  est  homini  •  Be  nsn  part.  »  History  ^  .^ 

Ignorare  sui  corporis  (ut  ita  dicam)  ledi-  ♦  D.   Crooke.         *  In  Sjntazl.       "J* 

flciunifpreesertim  cum  adyaletudinemet  Anima.        7  jnstit.  lib.  1.       '^'^^fni 

mores  hasc  cognitio  plurimum  condacat.  1. 1,  2.       *  Anat.  1. 1,  o.  18.  ''  ^ 


all  four  to  be  juice,  and  not  excrements,  witliout  which  no 
living  creature  can  be  suslained  ;  which  four,  though  they  ba 
compreliended  in  the  mass  of  blood,  yet  they  have  their 
several  affections,  by  which  they  are  diatinguislied  from  one 
another,  and  ft-om  [hose  adventitious,  peccant,  or  •  diseased 
buroours,  as  Melanctlion  calls  them. 

£tood,~\  Blood  is  a  hot,  sweet,  temperate,  red  humour,  pre- 
pared in  the  meseraic  veins,  and  made  of  the  most  temperate 
parts  of  the  ehylus  in  the  liver,  whose  office  is  to  nourish  the 
whole  body,  to  give  it  strength  and  colour,  being  dispersed 
by  the  veins  through  every  part  of  it.  And  from  it  apirita 
are  first  begotten  in  the  heart,  which  afterwards  by  the  arte- 
ries are  communicated  to  the  other  parts. 

Piluita,  or  phlegm,  is  a  cold  and  moist  humour,  begotten 
of  the  colder  part  of  the  chylus  (or  white  juice  coming  out 
of  the  meat  digested  in  the  stomach),  in  the  liver  j  Lis  office 
ia  lo  nourish  and  moisten  the  members  of  t!ie  body,  which  aa 
the  tongue  are  moved,  that  Ihej'  be  not  over  dry. 

Choler  is  hot  and  dry,  bitter,  begotten  of  the  hotter  parts 
of  the  chylus,  and  gathered  lo  (he  gall ;  it  helps  the  ratural 
leat  and  senses,  and  serves  to  llie  expelling  of  excrements. 

Jiilancfio/i/.']  Melancholy,  cold  and  dry,  thick,  black,  and 
BOUr,  begotten  of  the  more  feculent  part  of  nourishment,  and 
purged  from  the  spleen,  is  a  bridle  to  the  other  two  hot 
lamours,  blood  and  choler,  preserving  them  in  the  blood, 
aid  nourishing  the  bones.  These  four  humours  have  some 
uiology  with  the  four  elements,  and  lo  the  four  ages  in  man. 
Sirum,  Sweat,  Tears.']  To  these  humours  you  may  add 
Wnm,  which  is  the  matter  of  urine,  and  those  excremen- 
WioDi  humours  of  the  third  concoction,  sweat  and  tears, 

^nriU."]     Spirit  is  a  most  suhtiie  vapour,  which  is  ex- 

P^tased  B-om  the  blood,  and  the  instrument  of  the  soul,  to 

,    Psriiirm  all  his  actions ;  a  common  tie  or  medium  between 

I     "'=  My  and  the  soul,  as  some  will  have  it ;  or  as  '  Taracel- 


198  Similar  ParU.  [Part.Laie.L 

8U%  a  fourth  soul  of  itself.  Melancthon  holds  the  fonntain  d 
these  spirits  to  he  the  heart  hegotten  there^  and  afterward 
conveyed  to  the  hrain,  they  take  another  nature  to  them^ 
Of  these  spirits  there  he  three  kinds,  according  to  the  three 
principal  parts,  hrain,  heart,  liver;  natural,  vital,  animaL 
The  natural  are  hegotten  in  the  liver,  and  thence  dispersed 
through  the  veins,  to  perform  those  natural  actions.  The 
vit»l  spirits  are  made  in  the  heart  of  the  natural,  whidi  hf 
the  arteries  are  transported  to  all  the  other  parts;  if  the 
spirits  cease,  then  life  ceaseth,  as  in  a  syncope  or  swooning^ 
The  animal  spirits  formed  of  the  vital,  hrought  np  to  the 
hrain,  and  diffused  hy  the  nerves,  to  the  subordinate  meoH 
hers,  give  sense  and  motion  to  them  all. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Similar  Farts. 

Similar  Parts."]  Containing  parts,  hy  reason  of  their 
more  solid  substance,  are  either  homogeneal  or  heterogeneal) 
similar  or  dissimilar ;  so  Aristotle  divides  them,  lib.  1,  cBf» 
1,  de  Hist.  Animal. ;  Laurentiiu,  cap.  20,  lib.  1.  Simihry 
or  homogeneal,  are  such  as,  if  they  be  divided,  are  stiB 
severed  into  parts  of  the  same  nature,  as  water  into  water. 
Of  these  some  be  spermatical,  some  fleshy  or  camaL  *  Spe^ 
matical  are  such  as  are  immediately  begotten  of  the  seett 
which  are  bones,  gristles,  ligaments,  membranes,  nerr% 
arteries,  veins,  skins,  fibres  or  strings,  fat 

Bones.']  The  bones  are  dry  and  hard,  begotten  of  the 
thickest  of  the  seed,  to  strengthen  and  sustain  other  parts » 
some  say  there  be  304,  some  307,  or  813  in  man's  body* 
They  hare  no  nerves  in  them,  and  are  therefore  wilhoat 
sense. 

A  gristle  is  a  substance  softer  than  bone,  and  harder  thtf* 
the  rest,  flexible,  and  serves  to  maintain  the  parts  of  motion 

liigaments  are  they  that  tie  the  bones  together,  and  othe* 
parts  to  the  bones,  with  their  subserving  tendons ;  mei** 
braiies'  office  is  to  cover  the  rest. 

^  LaurentiaB,  cap.  20,  lib.  1.    Anat. 


Heir.  9,  mliBi  8.]  Similw  J\irti.  199 

Nerves,  or  sinewa,  are  membranea  without,  aud  full  of 
marrow  wilhtn ;  tliey  proceed  from  Ilie  brain,  and  carry  the 
animal  spirits  for  sense  and  moliori.  Of  tbese  some  be 
balder,  some  softer ;  the  sotler  serve  the  senses,  and  tliera 
be  seven  pair  of  Ihem.  The  first  be  the  optic  neryea,  by 
irliicb  we  see ;  the  second  move  (he  eyea ;  the  tiiird  pair 
serve  for  the  lougue  to  taste ;  the  fourth  pair  for  the 
taste  in  the  paiate;  tlie  fifth  belong  to  the  ears;  the  sixth 
pair  is  most  ample,  and  runs  almost  over  all  the  bowels  %  the 
eeventh  pair  moves  the  tongue.  The  bardiir  sinews  servo 
for  the  motion  of  the  inner  parts,  proceeding  i'vam.  tlie  mar- 
row in  the  back,  of  whom  there  be  thirty  comhiaations,  seven 
of  the  neck,  twelve  of  the  breast,  Ac. 

A.rteries.'\  Arteries  are  long  and  hollow,  with  a  double  skm 
to  convey  tiie  vilal  spirits ;  to  discern  whicb  the  better,  they 
say  that  Vesalius  the  anatomist  was  wont  to  cut  up  men 
alive.  '  They  arise  in  the  left:  side  of  the  heart,  aad  are 
principally  two,  from  wliidi  tlie  rest,  are  derived,  a<ir(a  aod 
venosa;  aorta  is  the  root  of  all  the  other,  which  sei"ve  the 
whole  body ;  the  other  goes  to  the  lunga,  to  fetch  air  to  re- 
frigerate the  heart 

FeiVi*.]  Veins  are  hollow  and  round,  like  pipes,  arising 
from  the  liver,  carrying  blood  and  natural  spirits  ;  they  feed 
bS  the  parts.  Of  thcfis  there  be  two  chief,  Vtna  porta  and 
Vma  cava,  from  which  the  rest  are  corrivated.  That  Vena 
forta  13  a.  vein  coming  from  the  concave  of  the  liver,  and 
receiving  those  meseraical  veins,  by  whom  be  takes  the 
thylua  from  the  stomach  and  guts,  and  conveys  it  to  the 
Bfer.  The  other  derives  blood  from  the  liver  to  nourish  all 
•he  other  dispersed  membera.  The  branches  of  (hat  Vena 
porta  are  the  meseraical  and  hamorrhoides.  The  branches 
if  llie  Cava  are  inward  or  outward.  Inward,  seminal  or 
mulgent  Outward,  in  the  head,  arms,  feet,  &c.,  and  have 
Kveral  names. 
Fibrie,  Fat,  Fleth.']  FibriE  are  strings,  white  and  solid, 

1  In  thtn  tbej  obnrn  the  beadog  af  thi  pulu. 


200  DiuimUar  Parts.  [PartLseo.! 

dispersed  through  the  whole  member,  and  right,  obliqaev 
transverse,  all  which  have  their  several  uses.  Fat  is  i 
similar  part,  moist,  without  blood,  composed  of  the  most  thick 
and  unctuous  matter  of  the  blood.  The  i  skin  covers  (he 
rest,  and  hath  Cuttcidumy  or  a  little  skin  under  it  Flesh  is 
Bofb  and  ruddy,  composed  of  the  congealing  of  blood,  &c 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Dissimilar  Parts, 

Dissimilar  parts  are  those  which  we  call  organical,  or 
instrumental,  and  they  be  inward  or  outward.  The  chiefeet 
outward  parts  are  situate  forward  or  backward; — ^forward, 
the  crown  and  foretop  of  the  head,  skull,  face,  forehead) 
temples,  chin,  eyes,  ears,  nose,  &c,  neck,  breast,  chest,  upper 
and  lower  part  of  the  belly,  hypochondries,  navel,  groin, 
flank,  &c. ;  backward,  the  hinder  part  of  the  head,  back, 
shoulders,  sides,  loins,  hipbones,  os  sacrum^  buttocks,  &c  Or 
joints,  arms,  hands,  feet,  legs,  thighs,  knees,  &c.  Or  com- 
mon to  both,  which,  because  they  are  obvious  and  well 
known,  I  have  carelessly  repeated,  eaque  prcecipua  d 
grandiora  tantum ;  quod  reliquum  ex  lihris  de  animd  q}i 
volet,  accipiat. 

Inward  organical  parts,  which  cannot  be  seen,  are  divers 
in  number,  and  have  several  names,  functions,  and  divisions; 
but  that  of  *  Laurentius  is  most  notable,  into  noble  or  ignoble 
parts.     Of  the  noble  there  be  three  principal  parts,  to  which 
all  the   rest  belong,  and  whom   they   serve — ^brain,  heart» 
liver ;  according  to  whose  site,  three  regions,  or  a  threefold 
division,  is  made  of  the  whole  body.     As  first  of  the  head,  \^ 
which  the  animal  organs  are  contained,  and  brain  itself,  whid^ 
by  his  nerves  give  sense  and  motion  to  the  rest,  and  is,  as  i* 
were,  a  privy  counsellor  and  chancellor  to  the  heart.    Tho 
second  region  is  the  chest,  or  middle  belly,  in  which  the  heart' 
as  king  keeps  his  court,'  and  by  his  arteries  communicated 
life  to  the  whole  body.     The  third  region  is  the  lower  belly^ 

1  Cnjus  est  para  simularifi  a  vi  outi-    ris  est  et  pervulgata  partium  diTisio  fai 
flea  ut  interiora  muniat.    Capivac.  Anat.    priacipes  et  ignobiled  partes, 
pag.  252.        s  Anat.  Ub.  1,  c.  19.    Celeb- 


in  which  (he  liver  resides  as  a.  l^gat  a  latere,  wiih  tlie  rest  of 
those  natural  organs,   serving  for  concoction,  noui'ishment^ 
expelling  of  excitements.     This  lower  region  is  distinguisliea 
from  tbe  upper  by  the  midritf,  or  diaphmgraa,  and  is  sub- 
divided again  by  'some  into  three  concavitiea  or  regions, 
upper,  middle,  and  lower.     The  upper  of  the  hypochon dries, 
in  whose  right  side  is  the  liver,  the  left  the  spleen ;  from 
which   b   denominated   hypochondriacal  melancholy.      The 
second  of  the  navel  and  flanks,  divided  from  the  first  by  the 
rim.    The  last  of  the  water  course,  which  is  again  subdivided 
into  three  other  parts.     Tbe  Arabians  make  two  parts  of  this 
region,   Epigastrium    and  ffypogaslrium,   upper   or   lower. 
MpiffosCrium  they  call  3Iirach,  from  whence  comes  Aliraehi- 
•  tii*  Melancfiolia,  sometimes  mentioned  of  them.     Of  theso 
^^Peral  regions  I  will  ti'eat  in  brief  apart ;  and  first  of  the 
^^■tl  region,  in  which  the  natural  organs  are  contained. 
^Hpa  Animd. — Tlie  Lower  Region,  Natural  Organs.'^    But 
^^h  that  are  readers  in  the  mean  time,  "  Suppose  you  were 
now  brought  into  some  sacred  temple,  or  majestical  palace 
(ss  ^Melancthon  saitli),  to  behold  not  the  matter  only,  but 
e  singular  art,  workmanship,  and  counsel  of  this  our  great 
And  it  is  a  pleasant  and  profitable  speculatioji,  if  ic 
(onsidered  aright."     The  parts  of  this  region,  which  pre- 
ilvea  to  your  consideration  and  view,  are  such  as 
e  to  nutrition  or  generation.     Those  of  nutrition  serve  to 
irst  or  second  concoction ;  as  the  ossophagus  or  gullet, 
h  brings  meat  and  drink  into  tlie  stomach.    The  ventricle 
(omach,  which  is  seated  in  the  midst  of  that  part  of  the 
^  beneftth  the  midriff,  the  kitchen,  as  it  were,  of  the  first 
1,  and  which  turns  our  meat  into  chylus.     It  hath 
1  mouths,  one  above,  another  beneath.     The   upper  ia 
tonetimes  taken  for  tlie  stomach  itself  i  the  lower  and  nether 
4»r  (as  Wetker  calls  it)  ia  named  Pylorus.     This  stomach 
imsiained  by  a  large  kell  or  kanll,  called  omentum ;  which 


IE  lunh-    Tl9  et  utlUi  cognlUg. 


202  Anatomy  of  the  Bodf.  [PariLMe.1 

fome  will  have  the  same  with  peritonemiif  or  rim  of  ^  b^J* 
From  the  stomach  to  the  very  fundament  are  produced  the 
guts,  or  intestina,  which  serve  a  little  to  alter  and  distribiite 
the  chylus,  and  convey  away  the  excrements.     They  are 
divided  into  small  and  great,  by  reason  of  their  site  and  sub- 
stance, slender  or  thicker;    the  slender  is   duodenum,  or 
whole  gut,  which  is  next  to  the  stomach,  some  twelve  inches 
long,  saith  ^  Fuschius.     Jejunum,  or  empty  gut  continuate  t9 
the  other,  which  hath  many  meseraic  veins  annexed  to  it, 
which  take  part  of  the  chylus  to  the  liver  from  it.     Ilion  the 
third,  which  consists  of  many  crinkles,  which  serves  with  the 
rest  to  receive,  keep,  and  distribute  the  chylus  from  the 
stomach.    The  thick  guts  are  three,  the  blind  gut,  colon,  and 
right  gut     The  blind  is  a  thick  and  short  gut,  having  one- 
mouth,  in  which  the  ilion  and  colon  meet;  it  receives  the 
excrements,  and  conveys  them  to  the  colon.     This  colon  hath 
many  windings,  that  the  excrements  pass  not  away  too  hsA\ 
the  right  gut  is  straight,  and  conveys  the  excrements  to  the 
fundament,  whose  lower  part  is  bound   up   with    certain 
muscles  called  sphincters,  that  the  excrements  may  foe  the 
better  contained,  until  such  time  as  a  man  be  willing  to  go  to 
the  stool.     In  the  midst  of  these  guts  is  situated  the  mesen- 
terium  or  midriff,  composed  of  many  veins,  arteries,  and 
much  fat,  serving  chiefly  to  sustain  the  guts.     All  these  parts 
serve  the  first  concoction.     To  the  second,  which  is  busied 
either  in  refining  the  good  nourishment  or  expelling  the  bad, 
is  chiefly  belonging  the  liver,  like  in  colour  to  congealed 
blood,  the  shop  of  blood,  situate  in  the  right  hypercondry,  in 
figure  like  to  a  half-moon — Generosum  membrum,  Melanctbon 
styles  it,  a  generous  part;  it  serves  to  turn  the  chylus  to 
blood,  for  the  nourishment  of  the  body.     The  excrements  of 
it  are  either  choleric  or  watery,  which  the  other  subordinate 
parts  convey.     The  gall  placed  in  the  concave  of  the  liver, 
extracts  choler  to  it ;  the  spleen,  melancholy ;  which  is  sit- 
uate on  the  left  side,  over  against  the  liver,  a  spongy  matter 

1  Lib.  1,  cap.  12,  Sect.  6. 


1. 1,  Bubs.  i.]         Anatojm/  of  the  Body. 


203 

tat  draws  this  black  choler  to  it  by  a  secret  virtue,  Bud  feeds 
npon  it,  conveying  the  rest  to  the  bottom  of  the  stomiieh,  to 
Etir  up  appetite,  or  el^e  to  the  guEj)  as  an  excremenl.  That 
watery  matter  the  two  kidneys  expurgate  by  those  eoiulgent 
Teins  and  ureters.  The  emulgent  draw  this  aupeilluous 
moi^ure  from  the  blood ;  the  two  ureters  convey  it  to  the 
bladder,  which  by  reason  of  his  site  in  the  lower  belly,  is  apt 
to  receive  it,  having  two  pnrta,  neck  and  bottom ;  the  bottom 
holds  the  water,  the  neck  ia  conslringed  with  a  muscle,  which, 
ea  R  porter,  keepa  the  water  from  running  out  against  our 
wUI. 

Members  of  generation  are  common  to  both  sexes,  or  pe- 
culiar to  one ;  which,  because  they  are  impertinent  to  my 
purpose,  I  do  volanfarily  omit. 

Middle  Jieffion.']  Next  in  order  ia  the  middle  region,  or 
chest,  which  comprehends  the  vital  faculties  and  part-i  ;  which 
(as  I  have  said)  is  separated  fram  the  lower  belly  by  the 
diaphragma  or  midriff,  which  is  a  skin  consisting  of  many 
nerves,  membranes ;  and  amongst  other  uses  it  hath,  is  the 
instrument  of  laughing.  There  is  also  a  certain  thin  mem- 
brane, full  of  sinews,  which  coverelh  the  whole  chest  within, 
and  is  called  pleura,  the  seat  of  the  disease  called  pleurisy, 
when  it  is  inflamed ;  some  add  a  tliird  akin,  which  is  termed 
Uediastinus,  which  divides  the  chest  into  two  parts,  right  and 
left  i  of  this  region  the  principal  part  is  the  heart,  which  ia 
the  seat  and  fountain  of  life,  of  heat,  of  spirits,  of  pulse  and 
respiration — the  sun  of  our  body,  the  king  and  sole  com- 
mander of  it — the  seat  and  organ  of  all  pa^isions  and  affeo- 
tions.  Primum  vivens,  uUirrmm  moriens,  it  lives  first,  and 
dies  last  in  aU  creatures.  Of  a  pyramidical  form,  and  not 
much  unlike  to  a  pineapple ;  a  part  worthy  of  '  admiration, 
tliai  can  yield  such  variety  of  affeclions,  by  whose  motion  it 
is  dilated  or  contracted,  to  stir  and  command  the  humours  in 
the  body.     As  in  sorrow,  melancholy ;  in  anger,  choler  ;  in 

^  n«e  nt  rtt  prH«lpd6  dlj^na  ulmlra'    tur,  cDr.  quod  (tmnefl  r«i  trl^ta  et  iKtfl 


Anatomy  of  the  Botfy.  fTitrt.  L  »e.  t 


204 

joy,  to  Bend  Ibe  blood  outwardly ;  in  sorrow,  to  call  it  ir 
moving  the  humours,  as  horses  do  a  charioU  This  heart, 
thougli  it  be  one  sole  member,  yet  it  may  be  divided  into  In 
creeks  right  atid  left.  The  right  la  like  the  moon  increasing 
bigger  than  the  other  part,  and  receives  blood  from  Venaeaea 
disttibuting  some  of  it  to  the  lungs  to  nourish  them ;  the  rt 
to  the  lefl  side,  to  engender  spirits.  The  left  creek  hath  the 
form  of  B  cone,  and  is  the  seat  of  life,  which,  as  a  torch  dolh 
oU,  draws  blood  unto  it,  begetting  of  it  spirits  and  fire ; 
as  fire  in  a  torch,  so  are  spirits  in  the  blood ;  and  h;  lliat 
great  arlery  called  aorta,  it  sends  vital  spirits  over  the  bodj", 
and  takes  air  from  the  lun^  by  that  artery  which  is  ciillrf 
venoaa ;  so  that  both  creeks  Lave  their  vessels,  the  right  two 
veins,  the  left  two  arteries,  besides  those  two  common  anfiajr 
tuous  ears,  which  serve  them  both ;  the  one  to  hold  blood, 
the  other  air,  for  several  uses.  The  lungs  i 
part,  like  an  ox  hoof  (saith  *  Fernclius),  the  town-clerk  or 
crier  ('  one  terras  tt),  the  instrument  of  voice,  as  an  orator  to 
a  king ;  annexed  to  the  heart,  to  express  their  thoughts  by 
voice.  That  it  is  tlie  instrument  of  voice,  is  manifest,  ii 
no  creature  can  speak,  or  utter  any  voice,  which  wanteth' 
these  liglita.  It  is  besides  the  instrument  of  respiration,  o* 
breathing  ;  and  its  office  is  to  cool  the  heart,  by  sending  a' 
unto  it,  by  the  venosal  artery,  which  vein  comes  to  the  lungt 
by  that  aspera  arieria,  which  consists  of  many  gristles,  n; 
branes,  nerves,  taking  in  air  at  the  nose  and  mouth,  and  b)i 
It  likewise  exhales  the  fumes  of  the  heart. 

In  the  upper  region  serving  the  animal  faculties,  the  chie& 
oi^an  is  the  brain,  which  is  a  soft,  marrowish,  and  white  auW 
stance,  engendered  of  the  purest  part  of  seed  and  spirits,  io*' 
eluded  by  many  skins,  and  seated  within  the  skull  or  brain*' 
pan ;  and  it  is  the  most  noble  organ  under  heaven,  thft 
dwelling-house  and  scat  of  the  soul,  the  habitation  of  wisdom^ 
memory,  judgment,  reason,  and  in  which  man  is  most  likB 


ccrdl,  'ka. 


0,1.1 


'tltomUifregl:  i 


Una.  i,  niln.  S-l         AnatoriMf  of  tht  Send.  205 

imlo  God  ;  and  (berefore  nature  Iiuth  covered  it  irith  a  skull 
of  hard  bone,  and  two  skins  or  membranes,  wliereof  th(  one 
b  called  dura  maier,  or  meninx,  ihe  olher  pia  mater.  The 
dora  maler  ia  next  lo  the  skull,  above  the  other,  which  in- 
cludes and  protects  the  brain.  When  this  is  taken  away,  the 
pia  mater  is  lo  be  seen,  a  thin  membrane,  Ihe  next  and  im- 
mediate cover  of  the  brain,  and  not  covering  onlj,  but  enter- 
ing into  it.  The  brain  itself  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
lore  and  hinder  part ;  the  fore  part  is  much  bigger  than  tbe 
olber,  which  is  called  tlie  little  brain  in  respect  of  it.  This 
fore  part  hath  many  concavities  distingui:-hed  by  certain  ven- 
tricles, which  are  the  receptacles  of  the  spirits,  brought 
hither  by  the  arteries  from  (he  heart,  and  are  there  refined 
to  a  more  heavenly  nature,  to  perform  the  actions  of  the  souL 
Of  these  ventricles  there  are  three — right,  left,  and  middle. 
The  right  and  led  answer  lo  their  sight,  and  beget  animal 
spirits  ;  if  they  be  any  way  hurt,  sense  and  motion  ceaselh. 
These  ventrieles,  moreover,  ore  held  lo  be  the  seat  of  the 
comrooD  sense.  The  middle  ventricle  is  a  common  concourse 
and  concavity  of  them  both,  and  hath  two  passages — ihe  one 
to  receive  pitniia,  and  the  other  extends  itself  to  the  fourth 
creek  ;  in  this  they  place  imagination  and  cogitation,  and  so 
the  three  ventricles  of  the  fore  part  of  the  brain  are  used. 
The  fourth  creek  behind  the  head  is  common  to  the  cerebel 
or  little  brain,  and  marrow  of  the  backbone,  the  last  and 
most  solid  of  all  the  rest,  which  receives  the  animal  spirits 
from  the  other  ventricles,  and  conveys  them  to  the  marrow 
in  the  back,  and  is  the  place  where  they  say  the  memory  13 
nsted. 

Sdbsect.  V. — 0/  the  Soul  and  her  Faculties. 

AccoKDiXG  to  'Aristotle,  tbe  soul  is  defined  lo  he  ivrcTi- 

V^  perfectio  et  actus  primits  corporis  organicl,  vitam  haheiUit 

i»  polentia ;  the  perfection  or  first  act  of  an  organieal  body 

laving  power  of  life,  which  most   'philosophers  approvf 


206  Anatomy  of  the  SouL  [PtxtLMe.1. 

But  many  doubts  arise  about  the  essence,  subject,  seat,  dis- 
tinction, and  subordinate  faculties  of  it  For  the  essence  and 
particular  knowledge,  of  all  other  things  it  is  most  hard  (be  it 
of  man  or  beast)  to  discern,  as  i  Aristotle  himself,  'ToDj, 
*Picus  Mirandula,  ^Tolet,  and  other  Neoteric  philosophers 
confess : — *  "  We  can  understand  all  things  by  her,  but  what 
she  is  we  cannot  apprehend."  Some  therefore  make  one 
soul,  divided  into  three  principal  faculties  ;  others,  three 
distinct  souls.  Which  question  of  late  hath  been  much 
controverted  by  Picolomineus  and  Zabarel.  '  Paracelsus  will 
have  four  souls,  adding  to  the  three  grand  faculties  a  spiritual 
soul ;  which  opinion  of  his,  Campanclla,  in  his  book  de  sensn 
reruniy*  much  labours  to  demonstrate  and  prove,  because  car- 
casses bleed  at  the  sight  of  the  murderer ;  with  many  such 
arguments :  And  ^  some  again,  one  soul  of  all  creatures  what* 
soever,  differing  only  in  organs ;  and  that  beasta  have  reascm 
as  well  as  men,  though,  for  some  defect  of  organs,  not  in  such 
measure.  Others  make  a  doubt  whether  it  be  all  in  all,  and 
all  in  every  part;  which  is  amply  discussed  in  Zabarel 
amongst  the  rest  The  'common  division  of  the  soul  is 
into  three  principal  faculties — vegetal,  sensitive,  and  rational, 
which  make  three  distinct  kinds  of  living  creatures — ^vegetal 
plants,  sensible  beasts,  rational  men.  How  these  three  prin- 
cipal faculties  are  distinguished  and  connected,  Humano  tJi- 
genio  inaccessum  videtur,  is  beyond  human  capacity,  as 
•Taurellus,  Philip,  Flavins,  and  others  suppose.  The  in- 
ferior may  be  alone,  but  the  superior  cannot  subsist  without 
the  other ;  so  sensible  includes  vegetal,  rational  both  ;  which 
are  contained  in  it  (saith  Aristotle)  tU  trigonus  in  tetragonOj 
as  a  triangle  in  a  quadrangle. 

Vegetal  Sotd,']     Vegetal,  the  first  of  the  three  distinct  fac- 
ulties, is  defined  to  be  '^  a  substantial  act  of  an  organical  body, 

1 1,  De  anima.  cap.  1.     tTum;uI.qn»8t.  ^  Coelius.  lib.  2,  e.  81.      Plutarch,    in 

*  Lib.  6,  Doct.  Va.  Oeutil.  c.  18,  png.  1216.  Orillo  Lips.  Cen.  1,  ep.  60.    Jossius  dt 

*  Aristot.  ^  AnimSl  quseque  iiitelligi-  Risu  et  Fletu,  Averroes,  Oampanella,  &e. 
mu8,  et  tamen  quse  8it  ipsa  intelligere  ^  Philip,  de  Anima.  ca.  1.  Coelius  20i| 
non  TalemuA.  o  Spiritualem  animam  a  antiq.  cap.  8.  Plutarch,  deplacit.  pbtlot. 
reliquls  distinctam  tuetnr,  etiam  in  ca-  ^  De  vit.  et  mort.  part.  2,  c.  8,  prop,  1,  dt 
daverfc  inhserentem  post  mortem  per  all-  Tit.  et  mort.  2,  c.  22. 

qtuot  meases.        *Lib.  8,  cap.  81. 


lUn.  1,  mba.  &]  JtuHoms  of  the  Soul.  207 

by  which  it  is  nourished,  augmented,  and  hegela  no  jlliei  like 

onto  itself."    In  which  definition,  tliree  several  opemlions  ara 

BpecifieJ — altrix,  auctris,  procreatrix  (  the  first  is  '  nutrition, 

whose  object  is  nourishment,  meat,  drink,  and  (he  hke ;  hia 

oi^an  the  liver  in  sensible  creatures ;  in  plant?,  the  root  or 

Bap.     IIiR  office  is  to  turn  the  nutriment  into  the  substance 

of  the  body  nuurished,  which  he  performs  by  natural  heat 

I     This  nutritive  operation  hath  four  other  subordinate  functions 

^^K  powers   belonging  to  it — attraction,  retention,  digestion, 

^^^DulfiiOD. 

^^KAlCraction.^     'Attraction  is  a  ministering  racnlty,  which, 

^■8  a  loadstone  doth  iron,  draws  meat  into  the  stomach,  or  aB 

a  lamp  doth  oil ;  and  this  attractive  power  is  very  necessary 

m  plants,  which  suck  up  moisture  hy  the  root,  as  another 

mouth,  into  the  sap,  as  a  like  stomach. 

Jielmlion.']     Retention  keeps  it,  being  attracted  into  the 

stomacb,  until  such  time  it  be  concocted ;  for  if  it  should  pass 

^^Mfay  straight,  t!ie  body  could  not  be  nourished. 

^^^Difffstioji.']     Digestion  is  performed  by  natural  heat ;  for 

^^Kthe  flame  of  a  torch  consumes  oil,  wax,  tallow,  so  doth  it 

^^^er  and  digetit  the  nutritive  matter.     Indigestion  is  opposite 

onto  it,  for  want  of  natural  heaL     Of  this  digestion  there  be 

three  diSi^rences — maturation,  elixation,  assation. 

Maiuraiion.']  Maturation  is  especially  observed  in  the 
fruits  of  trees!  which  are  then  said  to  be  ripe,  when  the 
neds  are  fit  to  be  sown  again.  Crudity  is  opposed  to  it, 
"hich  gluttons,  epicures,  and  idle  persons  are  most  subject 
unto,  that  use  no  exercise  to  stir  natural  heat,  or  else  choke 
it,  Oj  loo  much  wood  puts  out  a  fire. 

SlixalioTi/]  Elixalion  is  the  seething  of  meat  in  the  stom- 
adi,  by  the  said  natural  heat,  as  meat  is  boiled  in  a  pot ;  to 
*liieh  corruption  or  putrefaction  is  opposite. 

Assalioa.']  Assation  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture 
^J  lipat;  his  op|X>site  is  a  semiustulation. 
Order  of  Concoction  fourfold.'^     Besides  these  three  sev- 

'NulHlln  r>t  mimentl  ImntoiaCgU".  Tin  nabonlla.    Bol.  tan.  I9L  hc  IT,  , 
>■  mm  of  Altnctioa  In  ScU.  «Hr.  Si3.  ' 


208  Anatomy  of  the  SouL  [PBrt.L8ee.l 

eral  operations  of  digestion,  there  is  a  fourfold  order  of  con« 
ooction : — mastication,  or  chewing  in  the  mouth  ;  chilification 
of  tills  80  chewed  meat  in  the  stomach ;  the  third  is  in  the 
liver,  to  turn  this  chylus  into  blood,  called  sanguification ;  the 
last  is  &ssimulation,  which  is  in  every  part 

£j3cpuIsion.2  Expulsion  is  a  power  of  nutrition,  by  which 
it  expels  all  superfluous  excrements,  and  relics  of  meat  and 
drink,  by  the  guts,  bladder,  pores ;  as  by  purging,  vomiting, 
spitting,  sweating,  urine,  hairs,  nails,  &c. 

Augmentation,']  As  this  nutritive  faculty  serves  to  nourish 
the  body,  so  doth  the  augmenting  faculty  (the  second  opera- 
tion or  power  of  the  vegetal  faculty)  to  the  increasing  of  it 
in  quantity,  according  to  all  dimensions,  long,  broad,  thick, 
and  to  make  it  grow  till  it  come  to  his  due  proportion  and 
perfect  shape ;  which  hath  his  period  of  augmentation,  as  of 
consumption  ;  and  that  most  certain,  as  the  poet  observes  :— 

^  Stat  sua  caique  dies,  breve  et  irreparabile  tempos 
Omnibus  est  vitas.'* 

"  A  term  of  life  is  set  to  every  man, 
Which  is  but  short,  and  pass  it  no  one  can.** 

Generation."]  The  last  of  these  vegetal  faculties  is  gener- 
ation,  which  begets  another  by  means  of  seed,  like  unto  itself, 
to  the  perpetual  preservation  of  the  species.  To  this  faculty 
they  ascribe  three  subordinate  operations : — the  first  to  turn 
nourishment  into  seed,  <&c 

Life  and  Death  concomitants  of  the  Vegetal  Fa€uUie$!\ 
Necessary  concomitants  or  affections  of  this  vegetal  faculty 
are  life  and  his  privation,  death.  To  the  preservation  of  life 
the  natural  heat  is  most  requisite,  though  siccity  and  humid- 
ity, and  those  first  qualities,  be  not  excluded.  This  heat  is 
likewise  in  plants,  as  appears  by  their  increasing,  fructifying, 
&c,  though  not  so  easily  perceived.  In  all  bodies  it  must 
have  radical  *  moisture  to  preserve  it,  that  it  be  not  con- 
sumed ;  to  which  preservation  our  clime,  country,  tempera- 
ture, and  the  good  or  bad  use  of  those  six  non-natural  things 
avail  much.     For  as  this  natural  heat  and  moisture  decajSi 

I  Vita  consistik  in  ealido  et  humido. 


0.  t,  nta.  6-1  Anatomy  of  th»  Sotd. 


S09 


io  doth  our  life  itself;  mid  if  not  prevented  before  by  aome 
violent  acciiienl,  or  interrupted  (hrough  our  own  default,  iB 
in  ibe  end  dried  up  b^  old  a^e,  and  e xt in gui Pitied  by  death 
for  want  of  matter,  as  a  lamp  for  defect  of  oil  to  maintain  it. 

ScBSECT.  VI. — Of  the  sensible  Soul. 
Next  in  order  is  the  sensible  faculty,  which  is  as  far  be- 
jobH  the  other  in  dignity  as  a  beast  is  preferred  to  a  plnnt, 
having  those  I'egetal  powers  included  in  it.     'Tis  defined  an 
"Act  of  an  oiwiinical  body  by  which  it  lives,  hath  sense,  ap- 
petite, judgment,  breath,  and  motion."     His  object  in  general 
is  a  sensible  or  passible  quality,  because  the  sense  is  affected 
with  it.     The  general  organ  is  the  brain,  from  which  princi- 
jKdly  the  sensible  operations  are  derived.     Thia  sensible  soul 
ia  divided  inlo  (wo  paits,  apprebeniJing  or  moving.     By  tho 
apprehensive  power  we  perceive  the  species  of  sen?ible  things 
present,  or  absent,  and  retain  them  as  wax  dolh  the  print  of 
B  seal.     By  the  moving,  the  body  is  outwardly  carried  from 
one  place  (o  another ;  or  inwardly  moved   by  spiriU  and 
pulse.      The  apprehensive   faculty  is   subdivided   into   two 
parts,  inward  or  outward.     Outward,  as  the  five  senses,  of 
touching,  hearing,  seeing,  smelting,  tasting,  to  which  you  may 
ftdd  Scaliger's  sixth  sense  of  titiUation,  if  you  please ;  or  that 
of  speech,  which  is  the  sixth  external  sense,  according  to 
LnUius,     Inward  are  three — common  sense,  fantasy,  mem- 
ory.   Those  five  outward  senses  have  their  object  in  outward 
filings  only  and  such  as  are  present,  as  (he  eye  sees  no  colour 
eieept  it  be  at  hand,  the  ear  sound.     Three  of  these  senses 
ire  of  commodity,  hearing,  sight,  and  smell ;  two  of  necessity, 
toadi,  and  taste,  without  which  we  cannot  live.     Besides,  the 
lenitive  power  is  active  or  passive.     Aclive  in  sight,  the  eye 
•MS  the  colour;  passive  when  it  is  hurt  by  his  object,  as  the 
*yebythe  sunbeams.    According  to  that  axiom,  Visihileforta 
i^Hntit  geiuum.^     Or  if  the  object  be  not  pleasing,  as  a  bad 


id  to  the  ear,  a  stinking  smell  to  the  n 


;e,&c. 


'^Tdo  bright  an  object  destroy  Cbtorgui." 


210  Anatomy  of  the  SouL  [PartLsee.! 

Sight']  Of  these  five  senses,  sight  is  held  to  be  most 
precious,  and  the  best,  and  that  bj  reason  of  his  object,  it 
sees  the  whole  bodj  at  once.  Bj  it  we  learn,  and  discern 
all  thiugfl,  a  sense  most  excellent  for  use ;  to  the  sight  thiee 
things  are  required ;  the  object,  the  organ,  and  the  mediam. 
The  object  in  general  is  visible,  or  that  which  is  to  be  seen, 
as  colours,  and  all  shining  bodies.  The  medium  is  the  illo- 
mination  of  the  air,  which  comes  from  ^  light,  commonlj 
called  diaphanum  ;  for  in  dark  we  cannot  see.  The  organ  is 
the  eye,  and  chiefly  the  apple  of  it,  which  by  those  optie 
nerves,  concurring  both  in  one,  conveys  the  sight  to  the  oomr 
mon  sense.  Between  the  organ  and  object  a  true  distance 
is  required,  that  it  be  not  too  near,  nor  too  far  off.  Many 
excellent  questions  appertain  to  this  sense,  discussed  by  pfai- 
lo3ophei*s ;  as  whether  this  sight  be  caused  intra  mittendo,  ffd 
eoctra  mittendo,  Sfc,  by  receiving  in  the  visible  species,  <Mr 
sending  of  them  out,  which  ^  Plato,  *  Plutarch,  *  Macrobia% 
*  Lactantius,  and  others  dispute.  And  besides  it  is  the  sub* 
ject  of  the  perspectives,  of  which  Alhazen  the  Arabian,  Vi- 
tellio,  Roger  Bacon,  Baptista  Porta,  Guidus  Ubaldus,  Aquif 
lonius,  &c,  have  written  whole  volumes. 

Hearing,']  Hearing,  a  most  excellent  outward  sense,  "by 
which  we  learn  and  get  knowledge."  His  object  is  sound, 
or  that  which  is  heard ;  the  medium,  air;  organ  the  ear.  To 
the  sound,  which  is  a  collision  of  the  air,  three  things  are 
required ;  a  body  to  strike,  as  the  hand  of  a  musician ;  the 
body  struck,  which  must  be  solid  and  able  to  resist ;  as  t 
bell,  lutestring,  not  wool,  or  sponge;  the  medium,  the  airi 
which  is  inward,  or  outward ;  the  outward  being  struck  C 
collided  by  a  solid  body,  still  strikes  the  next  air,  until  i* 
come  to  that  inward  natural  air,  which  as  an  exquisite  org>B 
is  contained  in  a  little  skin  formed  like  a  drum-head,  and 
struck  upon  by  certain  small  instruments  like  drum-sticks, 
conveys  the  sound  by  a  pair  of  nerves,  appropriated  to  that 

1  Lumen  est  actus  perspicni.    Lumen    pract.  Philos.  4.       *  Lae.  cap.  8,  de  cftf 
&  luce  provenit,  lux  est  in  corpora  lucido.    Dei,  1. 
*  Satur.  7,  c.  14.       » In  Phaedon        *  De 


0.]  Anatomy  of  the  Sofd. 


Sli 


;e,  as  to  a  judge  of  soiin<1s.  There  ia 
great  variety  and  much  delight  in  them ;  for  the  knowledge 
of  which,  consult  with  Boethius  and  other  musitiians. 

SmeHinff,']  Smelling  is  an  "  outward  sense,  which  appre- 
bends  by  the  nostrils  drawing  in  air ; "  and  of  all  the  rest  it 
is  the  weakest  sense  in  men.  The  organ  in  the  nose,  or  two 
Email  hollow  pieces  of  fle^h  a  little  above  it ;  the  medium  the 
air  to  men,  as  water  to  fish ;  the  object,  smell,  arising  from  a 
mixed  body  resolved,  which,  whether  it  be  a  quality,  fume, 
vapour,  or  exhalation,  I  will  not  now  dispute,  or  of  their 
differences,  and  how  they  are  caused.  This  sense  is  an  organ 
of  health,  as  sight  and  hearing,  saith  *  Agellius,  are  of  dis- 
dpb'ne ;  and  that  by  avoiding  bad  smells,  aa  by  choosing 
good,  which  do  as  much  alter  and  affect  the  body  many  liraea, 
as  diet  iUelf. 

Taste.2  Taste,  a  necessary  sense,  "  which  perceives  all 
savours  by  the  tongue  and  palate,  and  that  by  means  of  a 
thin  spittle,  or  watery  juice."  His  organ  is  the  tongue  with 
his  lasting  nerves  ;  the  medium,  a  watery  juice  ;  the  object, 
laate,  or  savour,  which  is  a  quality  in  the  juice,  arising  from 
the  mixture  of  things  tasted.  Some  make  eight  species  or 
kinds  of  savour,  bitter,  sweet,  sharp,  salt,  &c.,  all  which  sick 
men  (as  in  an  ague)  cannot  discern,  by  reason  of  their  organs 
misaffected. 

Touching.']  Touch,  the  last  of  the  senses,  and  most  ignoble, 
jet  of  as  great  necessity  as  the  other,  and  of  as  much  pleas- 
ure. This  sense  is  exquisite  in  men,  and  by  his  nerves 
dispereed  all  over  the  body,  perceives  any  tactile  quality. 
ffis  ot^an  the  nerves ;  his  object  those  first  qualities,  hot, 
^ry,  moist,  cold ;  and  those  that  follow  them,  hard,  sofl,  thick, 
thin,  &a.  Many  delightaome  questions  are  moved  by  phi- 
losophers about  these  five  senses;  their  organs,  objects, 
liedimna,  wlucb  for  brevity  I  omit. 
1  Ub.  19,  »p.  3. 


212  Anatomy  of  the  SatiL  [PartLNe-L 

SuBSECT.  VIL — Of  the  Liward  Senses. 

Common  Sense.']  Inner  senses  are  three  in  nomber,  so 
called,  because  they  be  within  the  brain-pan,  as  common 
sense,  fantasy,  memory.  Their  objects  are  not  only  thingp 
present,  but  they  perceive  the  sensible  species  of  things  to 
come,  past,  absent,  such  as  were  before  in  the  sense.  This 
common  sense  is  the  judge  or  moderator  of  the  rest,  hj 
whom  we  discern  all  differences  of  objects ;  for  by  mina 
eye  I  do  not  know  that  I  see,  or  by  mine  ear  that  I  hear,  baft 
by  my  common  sense,  who  judgeth  of  sounds  and  colours; 
they  are  but  the  organs  to  bring  the  species  to  be  censured; 
80  that  all  their  objects  are  his,  and  all  their  offices  are  Ida. 
The  fore  part  of  the  brain  is  his  organ  or  seat. 

Fantasy."]     Fantasy,  or  imagination,  which  some  call  esti- 
mative, or  cogitative  (confirmed,  saith  ^Femelius,  by  fre- 
quent meditation),  is  an  inner  sense  which  doth  more  fbll^ 
examine  the  species  perceived  by  common  sense,  of  things 
present  or  absent,  and  keeps  them  longer,  recalling  them  to 
mind  again,  or  making  new  of  his  own.     In  time  of  sle^ 
this  faculty  is    free,   and  many  times   conceives  strange^ 
stupend,  absurd  shapes,  as  in  sick  men  we  commonly  observ6b 
His  organ  is  the  middle  cell  of  the  brain ;  his  objects  all  the 
species  communicated  to  him  by  the  common  sense,  by  com- 
parison of  which  he  feigns  infinite  other  unto  himself.    In 
melancholy  men  this  faculty  is  most  powerful  and  strong,  and 
often  hurts,  producing  many  monstrous  and  prodigious  things, 
especially  if  it  be  stirred  up  by  some  terrible  object,  pre- 
sented to  it  from  common  sense  or  memory.     In  poets  and 
painters  imagination  forcibly  works,  as   appears  by  theif 
several  fictions,  antics,  images ;  as  Ovid's  house  of  sleep» 
Psyche's  palace  in  Apuleius,  &c     In  men  it  is  subject  and 
governed  by  reason,  or  at  least  should  be ;  but  in  brutes  rt 
hath  no  superior,  and  is  ratio  brutorum,  all  the  reason  tbej 
have. 

1  Phis.  1.  5,  0. 8. 


Uem.  9, intiB.  SI         JncUomy  of  the  Soul.  213 

Memort/.2  Memory  luya  up  all  the  epecies  nliicb  the  senses 
have  brought  in,  and  records  tfaein  as  a  good  register,  Ihat 
they  may  be  forthcoming  when  they  are  called  for  by  fan- 
tasy and  reason.  lib  object  is  Iho  same  with  funtaay, 
his  seat  and  organ  the  back  part  of  the  brain. 

jtffhctions  of  the  Senses,  sleep  and  ■waking.']  The  affec- 
tions  of  these  senses  are  sleep  and  waking,  common  lo  all 
sensible  creatures.  "  Sleep  is  a  rest  or  binding  of  the  out> 
ward  senses,  and  of  the  common  sense,  for  the  preservation 
of  body  and  soul"  (as  '  Scaliger  defines  it);  for  when  the 
common  sense  reslelh,  the  outward  senses  rest  also.  The 
fantasy  alone  is  free,  and  his  commander  reason  i  as  ap- 
pears by  those  imr^inary  dreams,  which  are  of  divers  kinds, 
natural,  divine,  deraonincal,  &c.,  which  vary  according  to 
humours,  diet,  actions,  objects,  &c.,  of  which  Artemidorus, 
CaiOanus,  and  Sambucus,  with  their  several  interpreters, 
have  written  great  volumes.  This  ligation  of  senses  pro- 
ceeds from  an  inhibition  of  spirits,  the  way  being  stopped  by 
which  they  should  come ;  this  slopping  is  caused  of  vapours 
arising  out  of  the  stomach,  filling  the  nerves,  by  which  the 
spirits  should  be  conveyed.  When  these  vapours  are  spent, 
the  passage  13  open,  and  (he  spirits  perform  their  accustomed 
duties ;  so  ihat  "  waking  is  llie  action  and  motion  of  the 
jni6s,  which  the  spirits  dispersed  over  all  parts  cause." 


^V  Sdbsect,  Vlir. —  Of  Ifte  Moving  FacuHy. 

'  Appetite.']  Tnis  moving  faculty  is  the  other  power  of  the 
(ensilive  soul,  which  causeth  all  those  inward  and  outward 
Mima]  motions  in  the  body.  It  is  divided  into  two  faculties, 
llie  power  of  appetite,  and  of  moving  from  place  lo  place. 
This  of  appetite  is  threefold,  so  some  will  have  it ;  natural,  as 
itGignilies  any  such  inclination,  as  of  a  stone  to  full  downward, 
Md  such  actions  as  retention,  expulsion,  which  depend  not 
M  tense,  but  are  vegetal,  as  the  appetite  of  meat  and  drink ; 


21i  Jnatomjf  of  the  &«£  [Part. L  no.! 

hunger  and  thirst  Sensitive  is  common  to  men  and  hratea. 
Yoluntarj,  the  third,  or  intellective,  which  commands  the 
other  two  in  men,  and  is  a  curh  unto  them,  or  at  least  ahoald 
he,  hut  for  the  most  part  is  captivated  and  overruled  by 
them ;  and  men  are  led  like  beasts  bj  sense,  giving  reins  to 
their  concupiscence  and  several  lusts.  For  bj  this  appetite 
the  soul  is  led  or  inclined  to  follow  that  good  which  tbe 
senses  shall  approve,  or  avoid  that  which  thej  hold  evil;  hii 
object  being  good  or  evil,  the  one  he  embraceth,  the  other  he 
rejecteth ;  according  to  that  aphorism.  Omnia  appdunt  iomiMi 
all  things  seek  their  own  good,  or  at  least  seeming  good 
This  power  is  inseparable  from  sense,  for  where  sense  iSi 
there  are  likewise  pleasure  and  pain.  His  organ  is  the  same 
with  the  common  sense,  and  is  divided  into  two  powers,  or 
inclinations,  concupiscible  or  irascible ;  or  (as  ^  one  translates 
it)  coveting,  anger,  invading,  or  impugning.  Concupiscible 
covets  always  pleasant  and  delightsome  things,  and  abhon 
that  which  is  distasteful,  harsh,  and  unpleasant  Irascible, 
'  quasi  aversans  per  tram  et  odium,  as  avoiding  it  with  anger 
and  indignation.  All  aflTections  and  perturbations  arise  ont 
of  these  two  fountains,  which,  although  the  Stoics  make  h'ght 
of,  we  hold  natural,  and  not  to  be  resisted.  The  good  affec- 
tions are  caused  by  some  object  of  the  same  nature ;  and  if 
present,  they  procure  joy,  which  dilates  the  heart  and  pie* 
serves  the  body ;  if  absent,  they  cause  hope,  love,  desire,  and 
concu[)iscence.  The  bad  are  simple  or  mixed ;  simple  for 
some  bad  object  present,  as  sorrow,  which  contracts  the  heart, 
macerates  the  soul,  subverts  the  good  estate  of  the  body, 
hindering  all  the  operations  of  it,  causing  melancholy*  and 
many  times  death  itself;  or  future,  as  fear.  Out  of  theie 
two  arise  these  mixed  affections  and  passions  of  anger,  wbiA 
is  a  desire  of  revenge ;  hatred,  which  is  inveterate  anger 5 
zeal,  which  is  offended  with  him  who  hurts  that  he  loves; 
and  kmxaipeKaKia,  a  compound  affection  of  joy  and  hate,  when 
we  rejoice  at  other  men's  mischief,  and  are  grieved  at  theU 

I T.  W.  Jef  uite,  in  his  Passiona  of  the  Blluda.       *  Velourio. 


Anatomy  of  the  SouL 

prosperity;  pride,  aelf-Iove,  emulation,  envy,  shame,  &c.,  of 
vhicli  elsewhere. 

Moving  from  place  to  place,  is  a  faculty  neceasariiy  follow- 
ing the  other.  For  in  vaia  were  it  olLerwise  to  dHsire  and 
to  abhor,  if  we  had  not  likewise  pDw«?r  Ut  prosecute  or  eschew, 
by  moving  the  body  from  place  to  place ;  by  this  faculty, 
therefore,  we  locally  move  tlio  body,  or  any  part  of  it,  and  go 
from  one  place  to  anothur.  To  the  better  performance  of 
which,  three  things  are  requisite  :  that  which  moves ;  by 
what  it  moves ;  that  which  ia  moved.  That  which  moves,  is 
rither  the  efficient  cause,  or  end.  The  end  is  the  object, 
which  is  desired  or  eschewed ;  as  in  a  dog  to  catch  a  hare, 
&K.  The  efficient  cause  in  man  is  reason,  or  his  subordinate 
fontasy,  which  apprehends  good  or  bad  objects ;  in  brutes  ■ 
imagination  alone,  which  moves  the  appetite,  the  appetite  this 
fiicalty,  which,  by  an  admirable  league  of  nature,  and  by  me- 
diation of  the  spirit,  commands  the  organ  by  which  it  moves  j 
ftnd  that  consists  of  nerves,  muscles,  cords,  dispersed  through 
the  whole  body,  contracted  and  relaxed  as  the  spirits  wiH, 
which  move  the  muscles,  or  *  nerves  in  the  midst  of  them, 
and  draw  the  cord,  and  so  per  eomequen$,  the  joint,  to  the 
place  intended.  That  'nhich  is  moved,  is  the  body  or  some 
member  apt  to  move.  The  motion  of  the  body  is  divers,  aa 
going,  running,  leaping,  dancm^,  sitting,  and  such  like,  re- 
ferred to  the  predicament  of  sttus  Worms  creep,  birds  fly, 
fishes  swim  ;  and  so  of  parts,  the  chief  of  which  is  respiration 
or  breathing,  and  is  thus  performed  The  outward  air  ia 
drawn  in  by  the  vocal  artery,  and  sent  by  mediation  of  the 
midriff  to  the  lungs,  which,  dilating  themselves  as  a  pair  of 
bellows,  reciprocally  fetch  it  in,  and  send  it  out  to  the  heart 
to  cool  it  ;  and  from  thence  now  being  hot,  convey  it  again, 
Mill  taking  in  fresh.  Such  a  like  motion  is  that  of  the  pulse^ 
of  which,  because  many  have  wrillen  whole  books,  I  will  say 

^  H«t1  &  liplriEn  iDOTBDtDr,  Ap[rittu  ab  onlma,  UelulDt 


Anatomij  of  ike  Soul.  [ 

ScBSECT.  IX. — 0/lhe  national  SovL 
In  the  precedent  subsections  I  hare  anatomiied  those  in- 
ferior facullies  of  the  sou! ;  the  rational  remainelh,  "  a  pleas- 
ant but  a  doubtful  subject  "  (as  '  one  lenns  il),  and  wilt  lbs 
like  brevity  to  be  discussed.  Many  erroneous  opinions  aa 
about  llie  essence  and  original  of  it ;  ivheliier  it  be  fire,  li 
Zeno  held  ;  harmony,  as  Arisloxenus  ;  number,  US  Xenocn- 
les  1  whether  it  he  organical,  or  inor^nieal ;  seated  in  1*8 
brain,  heart  or  blood  ;  mortal  or  immortal ;  how  it  comes  inll 
the  body.  Some  hold  tlint  it  is  ex  traduce,  as  Ph^  I,  (fc 
Anima,  TertulUan,  Lactantias  de  nptfic.  Dei,  cap.  19.  ^i^ 
lih,  de  Spiritu  el  Anima,  Vincentita  SeSavie.  spec,  naiiinii 
■  lib.  23,  cap.  2,  el  11.  Hippocrates,  Avicenna,  and  nui^ 
'  late  writers  ;  ihat  one  man  begets  another,  body  and  sonlt 
or  as  a  candle  from  a  candle,  to  be  produced  from  the  seed) 
otherwise,  say  ihey,  a  man  begets  but  half  a  man,  and  il 
worse  than  a  beast  that  begets  both  mailer  and  form ;  vw 
besides  the  three  faculties  of  the  soul  must  be  together  i>< 
fused,  which  is  most  absurd  as  they  hold,  because  Id  beu> 
they  are  begot,  the  two  inferior  I  mean,  and  may  not  be  wJl 
separated  in  men.  '  Galen  supposeth  the  soul  crasin  em,  to 
be  the  temperature  itself;  Trismegiatus,  Musceus,  OrpheiH 
Homer,  Pindarus,  Phierecidea  Syrus,  Epictetus,  with  tbe 
Chaldees  and  .Egyptians,  affirmed  the  soul  to  be  immorWl, 
as  did  those  British  •  Druids  of  old.  The  *  Pythagorea»' 
defend  Metempsychosis ;  and  Palingenesia,  Ihat  souls  go  frcw 
one  body  to  another,  epotu  priua  Letkei  undd,  as  men  in" 
wolves,  bears,  dogs,  hogs,  as  they  were  inclined  in  their  livi 
or  participated  in  conditions. 


jBCtum.  ■  Qoclrnlns  In  tvxoX.  pns.  t»l"T  of  the  Snul.  f  Oliil.  Sl«-^ 
KZ.  Br^ht  In  Phvs.  iVrlb.  1,1.  IhiM  '^^  Wb, whomsTtalie  uponr.boilf  InrfJ 
Crurtm.  MpUm.alinn,  mp^irna  H.mlaB,    bMl«,  or  b.  lodiiud  in  [ha  bnnrtl 


*  liudan's  cock  was  first  Euphorbus  a  captai 


I 


horse,  a  man,  a  sponge.  ^  Julian  the  Apostate  thought 
Alexander'^  ^oul  was  descended  into  bis  body :  Flato  in 
Timieo,  and  in  his  Phiedon  (for  aught  I  can  perceive),  differs 
not  much  from  thia  opinion,  that  it  was  from  God  at  first,  and 
knew  aU,  but  being  inclosed  in  the  body,  it  forgeta,  and  leama 
view,  which  he  calls  Teminiscentia,  or  recalling,  and  that  it 
ivas  put  into  tJie  body  for  a  punishment ;  and  thence  it  goea 
into  a  beast's,  or  man's,  sa  appears  Ly  his  pleasant  fiction  de 
torlilione  animarum,  lib.  10,  de  rep.  and  after  *  ten  thousand 
years  is  to  return  into  the  former  body  again. 


™. 


"  poel  vHrios  ai 


nillfl  Aguras, 


deny  the  immoHalily  of  it,  which  Fomponatas  of 
Padua  decided  out  of  Aristotle  not  long  since,  PUnius  Avm^ 
adus,  cap.  1,  Uh.  2,  et  lib.  7,  ea}).  55  ;  Seneca,  lib.  7,  episC.  ad 
Lueiliiim  epist.  55 ;  Dicearckus  in  TuU.  Tasc.  Epicurai, 
Araius,  inppocTaiea,  Galen,  Lucretius,  lib.  1, 


Arerroes,  and  I  know  not  how  many  Neoterics,  J  "  Thia 
question  of  the  ininiortality  of  the  soul,  is  diversely  and  won- 
derfully imjiugned  and  disputed,  especially  among  the  Ifalinna 
of  late,"  saith  Jab.  Colents,  lib.  de  immort.  animce,  cap,  1. 
The  popes  themselves  have  doubled  of  it ;  Leo  Deciraus,  that 
epicurean  pope,  as  §  some  record  of  him,  caused  this  ques- 
tion to  be  discussed  pro  and  con  before  him,  and  concluded 
at  last,  as  a  profane  and  atheistical  moderalor,  with  that 


218  Anatomy  of  the  SauL  [Part.  I.  sec  1 

verse  of  Cornelius  Gallus,  Et  redit  in  nihilumj  quodfuit  anU 
nihiL  It  began  of  nothing,  and  in  nothing  it  ends.  Zeno 
and  his  Stoics,  as  *  Austin  quotes  him,  supposed  the  soul  so 
long  to  continue,  till  the  body  was  fully  putrefied,  and  re- 
Bolved  into  tnateria  prima  ;  but  after  that,  in  fumos  evanet- 
cere,  to  be  extinguished  and  vanished ;  and  in  the  mean  time, 
whilst  the  body  was  consuming,  it  wandered  all  abroad,  ei  I 
longinquo  mtdta  annunciare,  and  (as  that  Qazomenian  Her- 
motimus  averred)  saw  prettj  visions,  and  suffered  I  know  not 
what  ^Errant  exangues  si?ie  corpore  et  assihus  umbra. 
Others  grant  the  immortality  thereof,  but  thej  make  many 
fabulous  fictions  in  the  mean  time  of  it,  after  the  departure 
from  the  body ;  like  Plato's  Elysian  fields,  and  that  Turkey 
paradise.  The  souls  of  good  men  they  deified;  the  bad 
(saith  ^  Austin)  became  devils,  as  they  supposed  ;  with  many 
such  absurd  tenets,  which  he  hath  confuted.  EUerome,  Aus- 
tin, and  other  Fathers  of  the  Church,  hold  that  the  soul  is 
immortal,  created  of  nothing,  and  so  infused  into  the  child  or 
embryo  in  his  mother's  womb,  six  months  after  the  ^  concep- 
tion ;  not  as  those  of  brutes,  which  are  ex  iraduce,  and  dying 
with  them  vanish  into  nothing.  To  whose  divine  treatises, 
and  to  the  Scriptures  themselves,  I  rejourn  all  such  atheis- 
tical spirits,  as  Tully  did  Atticus,  doubting  of  this  point,  to 
Plato's  Phaedon.  Or  if  they  desire  philosophical  proofs  and 
demonstrations,  I  refer  them  to  Niphus,  Nic  Faventinus's 
tracts  of  this  subject.  To  Fran,  and  John  Picus  in  digress; 
sup.  3,  de  Anim^  Tholosanus,  Eugubinus,  to  Soto,  Canas, 
Thomas,  Peresius,  Dandinus,  Colerus,  to  that  elaborate  tract 
in  Zanchius,  to  Tolet's  Sixty  Reasons,  and  Lessius's  Twenty- 
two  Arguments,  to  prove  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Cam^ 
paneUa  lib.  de  Sensu  rerum,  is  large  in  the  same  discourse, 
Albertinus  the  Schoolman,  Jacob.  Nactantus,  torn.  2,  opi 
handleth  it  in  four  questions,  Antony  Brunus,  Aonius  Pale- 
arius,  Marinus  Marcennus,  with  many  others.     This  reason- 

*'  De  eccles.  dog.  cap.  16.       t  Ovid.  4,    rum  lares,  malomm  rerd  larras  et  lem- 
Met.    *^  The   bloodless   shades   without    ures.       >  Some  say  at  three  days,  son 
either  body  or  bones  wander.''      ^  Bono-    six  weeks,  others  otherwise. 


Ibm.  2,  aaba.  10.]         AncUomi/  of  the  Soitl  2lE 

able  soul,  which  Auslin  calls  a  ppiritual  substance  moving 
iteelf,  is  defined  by  pliilosophera  to  be  "  the  first  substantial 
act  of  a  natural,  humane,  organical  body,  by  which  a  man 
lives,  perceives,  and  underalands,  freely  doing  all  tilings,  and 
with  election."  Out  of  ivLiiih  dufluition  we  may  gnlher,  that 
this  rational  soul  includes  the  powers,  and  performs  the  duties 
of  the  other  two,  which  are  contained  in  it,  and  all  three  fac- 
ulties make  one  soul,  which  ia  inorganical  of  itself,  although 
it  be  in  all  parts,  and  incorporeal,  using  their  organs,  and 
working  by  them.  It  ia  divided  info  two  chief  parts,  differ- 
ing in  office  only,  not  in  essence.  The  understanding,  which 
is  the  rational  power  apprehending ;  the  will,  which  is  tho 
TEtional  power  moving ;  to  which  two,  all  the  other  rational 

ters  are  subject  and  reduced. 
ScDSECT.  X. —  0/the  Understanding 
Ui!DBK3TANi>irJG  is  a  power  of  the  soul,  '  by  which  we 
|.     px-,jeive,  know,  remember,  and  judge  aa  well  singulara,  as 
nniversBls,  having  certain  innate  nolices  or  beginnings  of  arts, 
a  reflecting  action,  by  which  it  judgeth  of  his  own  doings,  and 
oamines  them."     Out  of  this  definition  (besides  his  chief 
office,  which  is  to  apprehend,  judge  all  that  he  performa, 
without  the  help  of  any  instrumenls  or  organs)  three  differ- 
^^goes  appear  betwixt  a  man  and  a  beast.     As  Rrst,  the  sense 
^^■fc' comprehends  singularities,  the  understanding  universal* 
^|Bb.     Secondly,  the  sense  hath  no  innate  notions.     Thirdly^ 
^^■iKea  cannot  reflect  upon  themselves.     Beea  indeed  make 
I      Heat  and  curious  works,  and  many  other  creatures  besides  i 
but  when  they  have  done,  they  cannot  judge  of  them.     Hia 
object  is  God,  Em,  all  nature,  and  whatsoever  is  to  be  undep- 
stood ;  which  successively  it  apprehends.     The  object  first 
moving  the  understanding,  is  some  sensible  thing;  after  by 
discoursang,  the  mind  finds  out  the  corporeal  subslance,  and 
irom  thence  the  spiritual.    His  actions  (some  say)  are  appr^ 
hension,  composition,  division,  discoursing,  reasoning,  memory. 


220  Anatomy  of  the  Soul  [PartLieol 

which  some  include  in  invention,  and  judgment.    The  com- 
mon divisions  are  of  the  understanding,  agent,  and  patient; 
speculative,  and  practical ;  in  habit,  or  in  act ;  simple,  or 
compound.    The  agent  is  that  which  is  called  the  wit  of  man, 
acttmen  or  subtiltj,  sharpness  of  invention,  when  he  doth 
invent  of  himself  without  a  teacher,  or  learns  anew,  which 
abstracts   those  intelligible  species  from   the  fantasy,  and 
transfers  them  to  the  passive  understanding,  ^  '^  because  there 
is  nothing  in  the  understanding,  which  was  not  first  in  the 
sense."     That  which  the  imagination  hath  taken  from  the 
sense,  this  agent  judgeth  of,  whether  it  be  true  or  false ;  and 
being  so  judged  he  commits  it  to  the  passible  to  be  kept 
The  agent  is  a  doctor  or  teacher,  the  passive  a  scholar;  and 
his  office  is  to  keep  and  further  judge  of  such  things  as  are 
committed  to  his  charge ;  as  a  bare  and  rased  table  at  first, 
capable  of  all  forms  and  notions.    Now  these  notions  are  two- 
fold, actions  or  habits ;  actions,  by  which  we  take  notions  of, 
and  perceive  things ;  habits,  which  are  durable  lights  and 
notions,  which  we  may  use  when  we  will.     Some  reckon  up 
eight  kinds  of  them,  sense,  experience,  intelligence,  faith, 
suspicion,  error,  opinion,  science;  to  which  are  added  art, 
prudency,  wisdom ;   as  also   ^  synteresis,  dictamen  raiionih 
conscience;  so  that  in  all  there  be  fourteen  species  of  the 
understanding,  of  which  some  are  innate,  as  the  three  last 
mentioned ;  the  other  are  gotten  by  doctrine,  learning,  and 
use.     Plato  will  have  all  to  be  innate ;  Aristotle  reckons  up 
but  five  intellectual  habits ;  two  practical,  as  prudency,  whose 
end  is  to  practise ;  to  fabricate ;  wisdom  to  comprehend  the 
use  and  experiments  of  all  notions  and  habits  whatsoever. 
Which  division  of  Aristotle  (if  it  be  considered  aright)  is  all 
one  with  the  precedent ;  for  three  being  innate,  and  five 
acquisite,  the  rest  are  improper,  imperfect,  and  in  a  more 
strict  examination  excluded.     Of  all  these  I  should  more 
amply  dilate,  but  my  subject  will  not  permit     Three  of  them 

1  Nihil  in  intellectu,  quod  non  prios  Aierat  in  seniu.  Velourio.       >  The  p  ire  p«l 
of  the  conzcience. 


1,  2,  tnbi.  11.]        Anatomy  of  itie  SouL 


S31 


i  more  necessaty  to  in^  following  di»- 


I  will  only  point  al,  a 
course. 

Synteresis,  or  Ihe  purer  part  of  the  ci 
labit,  and  doth  signify  "  a.  conversation  of  the  knowledge  of 
the  law  of  God  and  Nature,  to  know  good  or  evil."  And  (as 
onr  c^vinea  hold)  it  ia  rather  in  the  understanding  than  in  the 
will.  This  makes  the  major  proposition  in  a  practieal  syllo- 
gism.  The  dictamen  ratimih  is  iliat  which  doih  admonish  U9 
to  do  good  or  evil,  and  is  the  minor  in  ijie  ejllogiBm.  Tha 
conscience  is  that  which  approves  good  or  evil,  justifyiog  or 
oondemning  our  actions,  and  is  llie  conclusion  of  the  sjUo- 
gism  ;  as  in  that  familiar  example  of  Regulus  the  Koman, 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Carthaginians,  and  suffered  to  go  to 
Borne,  on  that  condition  he  should  relum  again,  or  pay  so 
!  much  t'oT  his  ransom.  The  eynteresis  proposelh  the  ques- 
I  tion ;  his  word,  oath,  promise,  ia  to  be  religiously  kept, 
although  to  his  enemy,  and  that  by  tlie  law  of  nature,  ^  "  Do 
not  that  to  anoliicr  which  thou  wouldeat  not  have  done  lo 
thysell'."  Dictamen  applies  it  to  iiim,  and  dictates  this  or  the 
like ;  Regulus,  thou  wouldst  not  anotlier  man  should  falsify 
his  oath,  or  break  promise  with  thee  ;  conscience  concludes, 
therefore,  Kegulus,  thou  dost  well  to  perform  thy  promise, 
and  ouglitest  to  keep  thine  oath.  More  of  this  in  Religious 
Uelancboly. 

H  SuBSECT.  XL— 0/  th«   Win. 

^P  "Will  is  the  other  power  of  the  rational  bouI,  * "  which 

covets  or  avoids  such  thinga  as  have  been  before  judged  and 
sppreliended  by  the  understanding."  If  good,  it  approves ; 
if  evil,  it  abhors  it ;  so  that  liis  object  is  either  good  or  cviL 
Aristotle  calls  this  our  rational  appetite  ;  for  an,  in  the  sensi- 
Uve,  we  are  moved  (o  good  or  bad  by  our  appetite,  ruled  and 
directed  by  sense  ;  so  in  this  we  are  carried  by  reason,  Be- 
e  appetite  hath  a  particular  object,  good  or 

'el  Eornitat, 


•  BuablDUUesiu  I 


u  »■     PUUj.     IgnaU 


222  Anatomy  of  the  Soid.  [P«t.Liie.l 

bad  ;  this  an  universal,  immaterial ;  that  respects  only  thingl 
delectable  and  pleasant ;  this  honest  Again,  thej  differ  in 
liberty.  The  sensual  appetite  seeing  an  object,  if  it  be  a 
convenient  good,  cannot  but  desire  it ;  if  evil,  avoid  it ;  bat 
this  is  free  in  his  essence,  ^^'much  now  depraved,  obscared, 
and  fallen  from  his  first  perfection ;  jet  in  some  of  his  opeinr 
tions  still  free,''  as  to  go,  walk,  move  at  his  pleasure,  and  to 
choose  whether  it  will  do  or  not  do,  steal  or  not  steal.  Othe^ 
wise,  in  vain  were  laws,  deliberations,  exhortations,  counsels, 
precepts,  rewards,  promises,  threats  and  punishments;  and 
God  should  be  the  author  of  sin.  But  in  *  spiritual  things 
we  will  no  good,  prone  to  evil  (except  we  be  regenerate,  and 
led  by  the  Spirit),  we  are  egged  on  by  our  natural  concupis" 
cence,  and  there  is  &Ta^ta,  a  confusion  in  our  powers,  '"oar 
whole  will  is  averse  from  God  and  his  law,"  not  m  nataisl 
things  onlj,  as  to  eat  and  drink,  lust,  to  which  we  are  led 
headlong  bj  our  temperature  and  inordmate  appetite, 

^  '*  Nee  nos  obniti  contra,  neo  tendere  tantiun 
Sufficimus,*' 

we  cannot  resist,  our  concupiscence  is  originallj  bad,  oof 
heart  evil,  the  seat  of  our  affections  captivates  and  enforoeth 
our  will.     So  that  in  voluntary  things  we  are  averse  from 
God  and  goodness,  bad  by  nature,  by  *  ignorance  worse,  by 
art,  discipline,  custom,  we  get  many  bad  habits ;  suffering 
them  to  domineer  and  tyrannize  over  us ;  and  the  devil  i8 
still  ready  at  hand  with  his  evil  suggestions,  to  tempt  oof 
depraved  will  to  some  ill-disposed  action,  to  precipitate  us  to 
destruction,  except  our  will  be  swayed  and  counterpoised 
!  again  with  some  divine  precepts,  and  good  motions  of  th6 
I  spirit,  which  many  times  restrain,  hinder  and  check  us,  when 
we  are  in  the  full  career  of  our  dissolute  courses.     So  David 
corrected  himself,  when  he  had  Saul  at  a  vantage.     Revengd 

1  Melanothon.  Operationes  plemmque  "  We  are  neither  able  to  eontend  afahist 

fene,  etoi  libera  sit  ilia  in  eftiientia  8ua.  them,  nor  only  to  make  wny.*'          *  V«l 

s  In  oivilihus  libera.  8ed  non  in  spirituali-  propter  ignorantiam,  qaod  bonis  etndOl 

bus  Osiander.         *  Tota  voluntas  aversa  non  sit  instrueta  mens  ut  debuit,  aatdt 

^  Deo.   Omnis  homo  mendax.        *  Virg.  yinls  praeceptis  exculta. 


I.  2,  Bitb*.  11-1        Anatomy  of  Oie  Sotd, 

and  malice  were  as  two  Tiolent  oppugners  on  the  one  side ; 
but  honesty,  religion,  fear  of  God,  ivi(h!ield  him  on  the  olher. 

The  actions  of  the  will  are  veUe  and  nolle,  to  will  and  nill| 
which  two  worda  comprehend  all,  and  they  are  good  or  bad, 
Kccordingly  as  they  are  directed,  and  some  of  them  freely  per- 
formed by  hiniaelf ;  although  the  Stoics  absolutely  deny  i^ 
and  will  have  all  things  inevitably  done  by  destiny,  imposing 
a  fatal  necessity  upon  us,  which  we  may  not  resist ;  yet  we 
tay  that  our  will  ia  free  in  respect  of  «s,  and  things  contin- 
gent, howsoever  in  respect  of  God's  determinate  counsel,  they 
ore  inevitable  and  necessary.  Some  other  actions  of  the  will 
are  performed  by  the  inferior  powers,  which  obey  him,  as  the 
sensitive  and  moving  appetite;  as  to  open  our  eyes,  to  go 
hither  and  thither,  not  to  touch  a  book,  to  speak  fair  or  foul  j 
but  this  appetite  is  many  times  rebellious  in  us,  and  will  not 
be  contained  within  the  lists  of  sobriety  and  temperance.  It 
■was  (as  I  said)  once  well  agreeing  with  reason,  and  there  was 
an  excellent  consent  and  harmony  between  them,  but  that  is 
now  dissolved,  they  often  jar,  retKon  is  overborne  by  passion : 
Fertur  egm's  auriga,  nee  audit  ctimis  habenas,  as  so  many 

gld  horses  run  away  with  a  chariot,  and  will  not  be  curbed. 
i  know  many  times  what  is  good,  but  will  not  do  it,  as  she 


Hens  nliud  Euadet," 


cnptdo, 


t  counsels  one  thing,  reason  another,  there  ia  a  new  re- 

1  men.     *Odi,  nee  possum,  cvpiens,  non  esse  quod 

"We  cannot  resist,  but  as  Phtedra  confessed  to  her  nursc^ 

K  hqaeris,  vera  sunt,  sed  furor  suggerit  sequi  pejora  ;  she 

3  well  and  true,  she  did  acknowledge  it,  but  headstrong 

1  and  fury  made  her  to  do  that  which  was  opposite. 

So  David  knew  the  filthiness  of  his  fact,  what  a  loathsome, 

foul,  crying  sin  adulleiy  was,  yet  notwithstanding,  he  would 

mmit  murder,  and  take  away  another  man's  wife,  enforced 

inet  reason,  religion,  to  follow  his  appetite. 

1  Had.  Ofld.       •  Ofld.       •  Bmeci.  mpik 


224  Definition  of  Melanehofy.         [Part.  L  see.  t 

Those  natural  and  vegetal  powers  are  not  commanded  \ff 
will  at  all;  for  *^who  can  add  one  cubit  to  his  stature?" 
These  other  may,  but  are  not ;  and  thence  come  all  those 
headstrong  passions,  violent  perturbations  of  the  mind ;  and 
many  times  vicious  habits,  customs,  feral  diseases ;  became 
we  give  so  much  \\'ay  to  our  appetite,  and  follow  our  indina- 
tion,  like  so  many  beasts.  The  principal  habits  are  two  in 
number,  virtue  and  vice,  whose  peculiar  definitions,  descrip- 
tions, differences,  and  kinds,  are  handled  at  large  in  the  ethic% 
and  are,  indeed,  the  subject  of  moral  philosophy. 


MEMB.  m. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Definition  of  Melanckohfj  Name^  DiffereMe. 

Haying  thus  briefly  anatomized  the  body  and  soul  of  ma% 
as  a  preparative  to  the  rest ;  I  may  now  fi*eely  proceed  to 
treat  of  my  intended  object,  to  most  men's  capacity;  and 
afler  many  ambages,  perspicuously  define  what  this  melan- 
choly is,  show  his  name  and  differences.  The  name  is  im- 
posed from  the  matter,  and  disease  denominated  from  the 
material  cause ;  as  Bruel  observes,  'ULekavxoXia  quasi  Wkasf^ 
XoT^,  from  black  choler.  And  whether  it  be  a  cause  or  an 
effect,  a  disease  or  symptom,  let  Donatus  Altomarus  and 
Salvianus  decide ;  I  will  not  contend  about  it  It  bath 
several  descriptions,  notations,  and  definitions.  ^Fracasto- 
rius,  in  his  second  book  of  intellect,  calls  those  melancholjf 
"  whom  abundance  of  that  same  depraved  humour  of  black 
choler  hath  so  misaffected,  that  they  become  mad  thence,  and 
dote  in  most  things,  or  in  all,  belonging  to  election,  will,  or 
other  manifest  operations  of  the  understanding."  *  Melanelios 
out  of  Galen,  Ruffus,  iEtius,  describe  it  to  be  ^'  a  bad  and 

1  Melancholicos  TAcamuK,  qtioa  exube-  rectara  rationem,  Toltintatein  pertiMiiti 

ran tia  Tel  pra vitas  Melancholiae  ita  male  Telelectionem,Telintellectil8operatioiiei> 

habet,  ut  inde  InRaniant  yel  in  omnibus,  ^  Pessimum  et  pertinacissimum  morbaB 

Tel  in  pluribus  iisque  manifestis  sire  ad  qui  homines  in  bruta  d«genexare  ooglt^ 


jobs.  1.]       Definition  of  Melancholy. 


225 

vish  disease,  which  makes  men  degenerate  info  beasts  r" 

;Ca]en,  "  a  privation  or  infection  of  the   middle  coll  of  the 

,'  &C.,  defining  it  from   the   part  affected,  ivliicli  '  Her- 

de  Saxonia   approves,  Ub.  1,  cap.  IG,  calling  it  "a 

depravation  of  the  principal  function  ;"  Fuschius,  Ub.  1,  cap. 

^3.  Amuldus  Breviar.  lib.  1,  cnp.  18,  Guianerius,  and  olheras 

"  By  reason  of  black  choler,"  Paulus  adds.     llaJyabba^  aim- 

plj talis  it  a  "commotion  of  the  mind."     Aretieus,  '"a  per- 

Iietual  anguish  of  the  soul,  fastened  on  one  thing,  without  an 

•sue;"  which  definition  of  Lis,  Mercurialis  de  affect,  cap.  lib. 

heap.  10,  taxeth  ;   bnt  ^lianns  Montallua  defends,  Ub.  dt 

de  Melon,  for  sufficient  and  good.    Tlie  common 

to  be  "  a  kind  of  dotage  without  a  fever,  having 

bis  ordinary  companions,  fear  and   sadness,  without  any 

rent  occa:»ion.      So  doth  Laurenliiis,  cap.  4,  Piso,  Ub.  1, 

43,  Donatus  Altomarus,  cap.  7,  art.  medic,  Jaechinns, 

coMi.  in  lib.  9,  Riiasia  ad  Almansor,  cap.  15.     Valeaiua 

•"*»«.  17,   Fuschius,  inslitul.    3,  sec.    1,   c.   11,  ^c,  which 

**tt[iion  definition,  howsoever  approved  by  most,  '  Hercules 

"^  Sasonia  will  not  allow  of,  nor  David  Crucius,  Theat.  morb. 

"*'"ni.  lib.  2,  cap.  6,  he  holds  it  insufficient;  "as  'rather 

■'"^Wing  what  it  ia  not,  than  what  it  is;"  as  omitting  the 

"P^^^ifio  difference,  the  fantasy  and  brain  ;   but  I  descend 

Particulars.     The  summum  genus  ia  ■'  dotage,  or  anguish 

"    tlie  mind,"  eaith  Areticua  ;  "of  the  principal  parti,"  Her- 

'^"1^9  de  Saxortia  adds,  to  distinguish  it  from  cramp  and  palsy, 

^^  vMch  diseases  as  belong  to  the  ontward  sense  and  motions 

L^*:praved]  •  to  dislinguiab  it  from  folly  and  madness  (which 

ontaltus  makes  angor  animi,  to  separate)  in  which  those 

'*1«tions  are  not  depraved,  but  rather  abolished  ;  [without 

"*   ague]  is  added  by  all,  to  separate  it  from  frenzy,  and 

"^t  melancholy  which  ia  in  a  pestilent  fever.     (Fear  and 

*^<^w)  make  it  differ  from  madness ;  [without  a  cause]  is 

?5*  Mnl^Bttoiiii  drfim,  Bbmine  frhw,  naolur,  In  MaiMtr,  Hillumnr  in  mm- 
K^P- 16,  1.  L  •  Bwum  duflnilto  ator-  nls.  Ufpnuantur  !"lum  In  melnnchoU*, 
''■U  i|uiil  Dim  lit  potfua  qiuid  ^uld  sll,    tluni.  da  Sni.  up.  1,  (racl,  dn  Uelinsh 


It, 


226  Of  the  Parts  affected,  ^.        [ParLLNe.! 

lastly  inserted,  to  specify  it  from  all  other  ordinary  pasooni 
of  [feiir  and  sorrow].     We  properly  call   that  dotage,  tt 
^  Laurentius  interprets  it,  ^  when  some  one  principal  fisuailtf 
of  the  mind,  as  imagination,  or  reason,  is  oormpted,  as  aU 
melancholy  persons  liave/*     It  is  without  a  fever,  becaose  ' 
the  humour  is  most  part  cold  and  dry,  contrary  to  putre&o* 
tion.     Fear  and  sorrow  are  the  true  characters  and  ina^ 
arable   companions   of  most  melancholy,   not  all,  as  He& 
de  Saxonia,  Tract,  de  posthumo  de  MeUmcholiOj  cap,  2,  wdl 
excepts  ;  for  to  some  it  is  most  pleasant,  as  to  such  as  lan^ 
most  part ;  some  are  bold  again,  and  free  from  all  manner  of 
fear  and  grief,  as  hereafler  shall  be  declared. 

SuBSECT.   II. —  Of  the  Part  affected.    Affection.    Pariim 

affected. 

Some  difference  I  find  amongst  writers,  about  the  principal 
part  affected  in  this  disease,  whether  it  be  the  brain,  or  heul^ 
or  some  other  member.  Most  are  of  opinion  that  it  is  tha 
brain ;  for  being  a  kind  of  dotage,  it  cannot  otherwise  be  but 
that  the  brain  must  be  affected,  as  a  similar  part,  be  it  bj 

•  consent  or  essence,  not  in  his  ventricles,  or  any  obstructions 
in  them  for  then  it  would  be  an  apoplexy,  or  epilepsy,  as 

*  Laurentius  well  observes,  but  in  a  cold,  dry  distemperatma 
of  it  in  his  substance,  which  is  corrupt  and  become  too  ool^ 
or  too  dry,  or  else  too  hot,  as  in  madmen,  and  such  as  are  in- 
clined to  it ;  and  this  '  Hippocrates  confirms,  Gralen,  the  Alt' 
bians,  and  most  of  our  new  writers.  Marcus  de  Oddis  (in» 
consultation  of  his,  quoted  by  *  Hildesheim)  and  five  others 
there  cited  are  of  the  contrary  part ;  because  fear  and  sorroWj 
which  are  passions,  be  seated  in  the  heart.  But  this  objection 
is  sufficiently  answered  by  •  Montaltus,  who  doth  not  deny  iW 
the  heart  is  affected  (as  '  Melanelius  proves  out  of  Galen)  fcj 
reason  of  his  vicinity,  and  so  is  the  midriff  and  many  othtf 

1  Cap.  4.  de  inel.  ♦  Per  consensum  sive  per  cerebrum  continf^t,  et  proctfO* 

sive  per  eHsentiam.  2  Cap.  4,  de  mel.  auotoritate  et.  ratione  fitabilitar.      *I^ 

»  Sec.  7,  de  mor.  vulgar.  Hb.  6.         *  Spi-  de  Mel.    Cor  vero  vicinitatis  ratione  vm 

«el.  de  melancholia.        ^  Cap.  8,  de  mel.  af&citur,  acceptum  transTenum  M I 

pars  aJIecta  cerebrum  sive  per  consensum,  achus  cum  dorsali  gpina^  &o. 


S,  anbs.  S.]        Of  <Ae  Paris  qffecfed,  ^e. 


227 

parts.  They  do  compali,  and  liave  a  feUow-feeling  by  tbo 
law  of  nalure  j  but  foraBiniich  as  (his  malady  is  caused  by 
precedent  imagination,  wiih  llie  appetite,  to  whom  apirita 
obey,  and  are  subject  to  those  principal  parts,  the  brain  must 
needs  primarily  be  misafiected,  as  the  seat  of  reason ;  and 
Iheti  the  heart,  as  the  seat  of  affection.  *  Cappivacciua  and 
Hercurialid  have  copiously  discussed  this  question,  and  both 
conclude  the  subject  is  the  inner  brain,  and  from  thence  it  is 
conununicated  lo  the  heart  and  other  inferior  parts,  which 
sympathize  and  are  much  troubled,  especially  when  it  comes 
by  consent,  and  is  caused  by  reason  of  the  stomach,  or 
myracb,  as  the  Arabians  term  il,  whole  body,  liver,  or 
*  spleen,  which  are  seldom  free,  pylorus,  meseraic  veins,  &c 
For  our  body  is  like  a  clock,  if  one  wheel  be  amiss,  all  tlie 
rest  are  disordered ;  the  whole  fabric  suffers ;  with  such 
Admirable  art  and  harmony  is  a  man  composed,  such  excel- 
lent proportion,  as  Ludovicus  Yives  in  his  Fable  of  Mao 
bath  elegantly  declared. 

As  many  doubts  almost  arise  about  the  'affection,  whether 
it  be  imagination  or  reason  alone,  or  both,  Hercules  de 
Saxonii  proves  it  out  of  Galen,  ^tius,  and  Altomarus,  that 
tlie  sole  fault  is  in  *  imagination.  Bruel  is  of  the  same 
mind ;  Alontaltus  in  liis  2  cap.  of  Melancholy  confutes  this 
tenet  of  theirs,  and  illustrates  the  contrary  by  many  ex- 
amples: as  of  him  that  thought  him.'^elf  a  ghell-flsh,  of  a  nun, 
kA  of  a  desperate  monk  that  would  not  be  persuaded  but 
lliat  he  was  damned  ;  reason  was  in  fault  as  well  as  imagiua- 
■ion,  which  did  not  correct  this  error;  they  make  away  thera-> 
Kites  oflentimes,  and  suppo.se  many  absurd  and  ridiculoua 
lliiDgs.  Why  dolh  not  reason  detect  the  fallacy,  settle  and 
persuade,  if  she  be  free?  'Avicenna  therefore  holds  both 
(ornipt,  to  whom  moat  Arabians  subscribe.  The  same  is 
iiainiained  by  *Areteus,  '  Gorgonius,  Guianerius,  &C.     To 


■mm  >flugic  ll»nl>.  qot 


228  Of  the  Parts  qffectedf  S^.         [Part.LMo.1 

end  the  controversj,  no  man  doubts  of  imagination,  but  that 
it  is  hurt  and  misaffected  here ;  for  the  other,  I  determine 
with  ^  Albertinus  Bottonus,  a  doctor  of  Padua,  that  it  is  first 
in  ^  imagination,  and  afterwards  in  reason ;  if  the  disease  be 
inveterate,  or  as  it  is  more  or  less  of  continuance ;  but  by 
accident,''  as  *  Her.  de  Saxonia  adds ;  '^  faith,  opinion,  dis* 
course,  ratiocination,  are  all  accidentally  depraved  bj  the 
default  of  imagination." 

Parties  affected,'] .  To  the  part  affected,  I  may  here  add 
the  parties,  which  shall  be  more  opportunely  spoken  of  else- 
where, now  only  signified*  Such  as  have  the  moon,  Saturn, 
Mercury  misafiected  in  their  genitures,  such  as  live  in  over 
cold,  or  over  hot  climes ;  such  as  are  bom  of  melancholy 
parents ;  as  offend  in  those  six  non-natural  things,  are  black, 
or  of  a  high  sanguine  complexion,  ^  that  have  little  headfly 
that  have  a  hot  heart,  moist  brain,  hot  liver  and  cold  stomach, 
have  been  long  sick ;  such  as  are  solitary  by  nature,  great 
students,  given  to  much  contemplation,  lead  a  life  out  cf 
action,  are  most  subject  to  melancholy.  Of  sexes  both,  bat 
men  more  often ;  yet  •  women  misaffected  are  far  nwae 
violent,  and  grievously  troubled.  Of  seasons  of  the  year,  the 
autumn  is  most  melancholy.  Of  peculiar  times :  old  age,  from 
which  natural  melancholy  is  almost  an  inseparable  accident; 
but  this  artificial  malady  is  more  frequent  in  such  as  are  cf 
a  *  middle  age.  Some  assign  forty  years,  Gariopontus  thirty. 
Jubertus  excepts  neither  young  nor  old  from  this  adven- 
titious. Daniel  Sennertus  involves  all  of  all  sorts,  out  of 
common  experience,  *in  omnibus  omnino  corporibus  cuj^ 
cunque  constittUionis  dominatur,  -^tius  and  Aretius  t  ascribe 
into  the  number  "  not  only  '  discontented,  passionate,  and 
miserable   persons,  swarthy,  black;  but  such  as  are  mort 

1  Hildestaeim  spicel.  2,  de  Melanc.  fol.  >  Areteus,  lib.  8,  cap.  5.  *  Qni  VVji 

207,  et  fol.  127.    Quandoque  etiam  ra-  statum  sunt.      Aret.     He<Uis  conveBH 

tionalis  si  affectus  inveteratua  sit.     *  Lib.  aetatibus,    Piso.  *  De    quarten** 

posthiimo  de  Melanc.  edit,  1620,  depriva-  .  t  Lib.   1,  part.  2,  cap.  11.        •  ^*'2I 

lur   fides,    discursus,    opinio,   &c.,  per  ad  MelanchoUam  non  tarn  mcestitfM 

Titium    Imaginationis,    ex    Accident!. —  et  hilares,  jocosi,  cachinnantes,  iniso(*l| 

*  Qui  parvum  caput  habent,  insensati  et,  qui  plerumque  praerabri  sunt, 
plerique  sunt.    Arist.  in  physiognomia. 


lfEni.S,iLba.3.]  Matter  of  Mutancholi/.  229 

"i^tTyand  pleasanl,  scoffers,  and  high  coloured."     "  Gtaer- 

•"y,"  saith  Rlmais,    ^"the  finest  wits  and  most   generoas 

1       't'uitit,  are  before  other  ohnoxioua  to  it ;  "  I  cannut  except 

I       WiJ  complexion,  any  condition,  sex,  or  age,  but  'foob  and 

r       Stoics,  which,  according  to  '  Syneaiua,  are  never   troubled 

Willi  any  manner  of  passion,  but  as  Anacreon's  cicada,  due 

'      Kngttine  el  dolore  ;  similes  J'eri  diis  sunt.     Erasmua  vindi- 

•Wej  fools  from  this  melancholy  catalogue,  because  they  have 

"lint  pari  moist  bi-ains  and  light  hearts ;  *  they  are  free  from 

»iiibiiion,  envy,  shame  and  fear;  they  are  neither  troubled  in 

Conscience,  nor  macerated  wilh  cares,  to  which  our  whole  lifa 

M  iDost  subject. 

ScBSECT.  Iir. —  0/ ihe  Matter  of  Melanchuly. 
Op  the  matter  of  melancholy,  there  is  much  question  be- 
twixt Avicen  and  Galen,  an  you  may  read  in  '  Cardju'g 
Contradict  ions,  °  Valeaius'a  Controversies,  Montanus,  Prosper 
Colenus,  Cappivaccius,  '  Bright,  '  Ficinus,  that  have  written 
either  whole  tracts,  or  copiously  of  it,  in  their  several  trea- 
tises of  this  subject.  *  "  What  this  humour  is,  or  whence  it 
prcx^eds,  how  it  is  engendered  in  the  body,  neither  Galen, 
nor  any  old  writer,  hath  sutHciently  discus^d,  as  Jacchinua 
thioks  ;  the  Neoterics  cannot  agree.  Montanus,  in  his  Con- 
sultations, holds  melancholy  to  be  materia!  or  immaterial ;  and 
eo  doili  ArcuUnus ;  the  material  is  one  of  the  four  humours 
before  mentioned,  and  natural.  The  immaterial  or  adventi- 
tious, acqiiisile,  redundant,  unnatural,  artificial ;  which  ■  Her- 
cules de  Saxonia  will  have  reside  in  the  spirits  alone,  and  to 
proce^  from  a  "  liot,  cold,  dry,  moist  distemperature,  which, 


^m^^t,' 


280  MatUr  of  Mdanehohf.  [PartLiee.1 

widiout  matter,  alter  the  brain  and  functions  of  it  Para- 
celsus wholly  rejects  and  derides  this  division  of  foar  ho* 
moura  and  complexions,  but  our  Gralenists  generally  appioTe 
of  it,  subscribing  to  this  opinion  of  Montanus. 

This  material  melancholy  is  either  simple  or  mixed;  <rf* 
fending  in  quantity  or  quality,  varying  according  to  his  place, 
where  it  settleth,  as  brain,  spleen,  meseraic  veins,  heart, 
womb,  and  stomach ;  or  differing  according  to  the  mixtare 
of  those  natural  humours  amongst  themselves,  or  four  unnat- 
ural adust  humours,  as  they  are  diversely  tempered  and 
mingled.  If  natural  melancholy  abound  in  the  body,  which 
is  cold  and  dry,  "  so  that  it  be  more  ^  than  the  body  is  well 
able  to  bear,  it  must  needs  be  distempered,"  saith  Faventius, 
"  and  diseased ; "  and  so  the  other,  if  it  be  depraved,  whether 
it  arise  from  that  other  melancholy  of  choler  adust,  or  from 
blood,  produceth  the  like  effects,  and  is,  as  Montaltus  con- 
tends, if  it  come  by  adustion  of  humours,  most  part  hot  and 
dry.  Some  difference  I  find,  whether  this  melancholy  mat- 
ter may  be  engendered  of  all  four  humours,  about  the  colour 
and  temper  of  it.  Galen  holds  it  may  be  engendered  of 
three  alone,  excluding  phlegm,  or  pituita,  whose  true  asse^ 
tion  ^  Valesius  and  Menardus  stiffly  maintain,  and  so  doth 
•  Fuscliius,  Montaltus,  *  Montanus.  How  (say  they)  can 
white  become  black  ?  But  Hercules  de  SaxoniA,  lib.  posi»  ^ 
mela,  c,  8,  and  *  Cardan  are  of  the  opposite  part  (it  may  he 
engendered  of  phlegm,  etsi  rard  contingat,  though  it  seldom 
come  to  pass),  so  is  '  Guianerius  and  Laurentius,  c  1,  with 
Melanct.  in  his  Book  de  Anima,  and  Chap,  of  Humours ;  he 
calls  it  Asininam,  dull,  swinish  melancholy,  and  saith  that  he 
was  an  eye-witness  of  it ;  so  is  "^  Wecker.  From  melancholy 
adust  ariseth  one  kind ;  from  choler  another,  which  is  most 
brutish  ;  another  from  phlegm,  which  is  dull ;  and  the  last 
from  blood,  which  is  best     Of  these  some  are  cold  and  dry? 

1  Secundum  magis  aut  minus  Pi  in  cor-  *Concil.  26.     6  Lib.  2,  connfadic.  cap. l^* 

I>ore  fnerit.  ad  intemperiem  pluRquam  «  De  feb.  tract,  diff.  2.  cap.  1.  non  efltn** 

corpus  !!ialubriter  fcrre  poterit :  inde  cor-  gandum    ex    hac    fieri    MelancboUo^)* 

pus  n>orbosum  effltur.  2  Lib.  1,  con-  ^  Iq  Syntax, 

trovers,  cap.  21.      >  Lib.  1,  sect.  4,  cap.  4. 


Hhb.  8.  labc  4.]         i%M«0f  of  JI/eJoneAo^. 

others  hot  and  dry,  *  varying  according  lo  their  mlxturea,  as 
they  ftre  intendfd,  and  remiited.  And  incleed  as  Rodericoa 
&  Foas.  cons.  12,  1,  determine?,  ichors,  and  ihose  gerous  mat- 
ters being  thickened  become  phlegm,  and  phlegm  degenerates 
into  dioler,  choler  adust  becomes  teniginosa  melanchoHa,  aa 
vinegar  out  of  purest  wine  putrefied  or  by  exhalation  of  purer 
epii'Hs  is  so  made,  and  becomes  «iur  and  sharp ;  and  from  tho 
sliariiness  of  tbi^  humour  proceeds  mucb  waking,  troublesoma 
Ilioughts  and  dreams,  &c.,  so  that  I  conclude  as  bet'cre.  If 
the  humour  be  cold,  it  is,  eaith  *  Faventinus,  "  a  wiuse  of 
dolQgc,  and  prodaceth  milder  symptoms ;  if  hot,  they  aro 
rash,  raving  mad,  or  inciiniug  to  it."  If  the  brain  be  bo^ 
the  animal  spiriCa  are  hot ;  much  madness  follows,  with  vio- 
lent actions  ;  if  cold,  fatuity  and  sottishness,  '  Cappivaccius. 
'"The  colour  of  this  mixture  varies  likewise  according  to 
Ibe  mixture,  be  it  hot  or  cold;  'tis  somelimes  black,  some- 
tiroes  not,  Altomarus.  The  same  *  Melanclius  proves  out  of 
Oalea ;  and  Hippocrates  in  bis  Book  of  Melancholy  (if  at 
least  it  be  his),  giving  instance  in  a  burning  coal,  "  wtich, 
when  it  is  hot,  shines  ;  when  it  is  cold,  looks  black  ;  and  so 
doth  the  humour."  Thia  diversity  of  melancholy  matter  pro- 
duceth  diversity  of  effecta.  If  it  be  within  the  '  body,  and 
not  putrciied,  it  causeth  black  jaundice  ;  if  putrefied,  a  quar- 
tan ague  ;  if  it  break  out  to  the  skin,  leprosy ;  if  lo  parts, 
several  maladies,  as  scurvy,  &c.  If  it  tj-ouble  the  mind,  as 
it  is  diversely  mixed,  it  produceth  several  kinds  of  madness 
"i  uid  dotage ;  of  which  in  their  place. 

^BfiuBSECT.  IV, —  Of  l/ie  spsciet  or  kinds  of  Melancholy. 
^BIFhen  the  matter  is  divers  and  confused,  how  should  it 
^TOBrwtse  be,  but  that  the  species  should  be  divers  and  con- 
(iised  ?     Many  new  and  old  writers  have  spoken  confusedly 


m.1,       lu« 


&liquandD    HiLpflrMpI 


232  Species  of  Mdanchofy.  [Part  L  see.! 

of  it,  confounding  melancholy  and  madness,  as  ^  Heurnim, 
Guianerius,  Gordonius,  Salustius,  Salvianus,  Jason  Praten- 
618,  Savanarola,  that  will  have  madness  no  other  than  melan- 
choly in  extent,  differing  (as  I  have  said)  in  degrees.  Some 
make  two  distinct  species,  as  Ruffus  Ephesius,  an  old  writer, 
Constantinus  Africanus,  Aretaeus, "  Aurelianus,  *  PaulusiEgi* 
neta ;  others  acknowledge  a  multitude  of  kinds,  and  leave 
them  indefinite,  as  ^tius  in  his  Tetrabiblos,  ^  Avicenna,  lUk 
8,  Fen,  1,  Tract,  4,  cap,  18.  Arculanus,  cap,  16,  in  9.  Basis, 
Montanus,  med,  part,  1.  *  "  K  natural  melancholy  be  adast, 
it  makcth  one  kind ;  if  blood,  another ;  if  choler,  a  third,  dif- 
fering from  the  first ;  and  so  many  several  opinions  there  are 
about  the  kinds,  as  there  be  men  themselves."  *  Hercules 
de  Saxonia  sets  down  two  kinds,  *^  material  and  immaterial; 
one  from  spirits  alone,  the  other  from  humours  and  spirits.' 
Savanarola,  Hub,  11,  TVact,  6,  cap,  1,  de  cegritud,  capiHii 
will  have  the  kinds  to  be  infinite ;  one  from  the  myracfaf 
called  myrachialis  of  the  Arabians ;  another  stomachalis, 
from  the  stomach ;  another  from  the  liver,  heart,  wom^ 
hemrods ;  '  "  one  beginning,  another  consummate."  Melano- 
thon  seconds  him,  '  "  as  the  humour  is  diversely  adust  and 
mixed,  so  are  the  species  divers ; "  but  what  these  men  speak 
of  species  I  think  ought  to  be  understood  of  symptoms,  and  so 
doth  'Arculanus  interpret  himself;  infinite  species,  id  es^ 
symptoms ;  and  in  that  sense,  as  Jo.  Grorrheus  acknowledgetb 
in  his  medicinal  definitions,  the  species  are  infinite,  but  they 
may  be  reduced  to  three  kinds  by  reason  of  their  seat ;  head, 
body,  and  hypochondries.  This  threefold  division  is  approved 
by  Hippocrates  in  his  Book  of  Melancholy,  (if  it  be  his,  which 
some  suspect,)  by  Galen,  lib,  3,  de  he,  affectis^  cap,  6,  hy 
Alexander,  lib,  1,  cap,  16,  Rasis,  lib,  1,  Continent,  Tract  % 
lib,  1,  cap.  16,  Avicenna,  and  most  of  our  new  writers.    Th« 

iNon  est  mania,  nisi  extenoa  melan-  et  tot  Doctorum  gententiee,  qnotiprfn*" 

cholla.         2  Cap.  6,  lib.  1.         3  2  Ser.  2.  mero  sunt.        *  Tract,  de  inel.  cap.  »• 

cap.    9.      Morbus    hie    est    onmifirius.  *  Quecdam  incipiens  qutedam    consttiO' 

<  Species  indefinit«  sunt.  ^  gi  adura-  mata.        i  Cap.  de  humor,  lib.  de  anim*- 

tur  natura  lis  melancholia,  alia  fit  species,  Tarie  aduritur  et  miscetur  ipsa  meta* 

si  sanguis  alia,  si  flavubilis  alin.  diversa  ^  cholia,  unde    Tariae   amentium  spedM' 

primis :  maxima  est  inter  lias  difTerentia,  ^  Cap.  16,  in  9  Rasis. 


Erastua  inal(e.s  two  kinds ;  one  perpetual,  which  is  Iiead  mel- 
anclioly ;  the  other  interrupt,  which  cornea  and  goes  by  fits, 
which  be  subdivides  into  the  other  two  kinds,  so  that  all 
comes  to  the  sane  pass.  Some  again  make  four  or  five  kinds, 
Willi  EoderJcus  4  Costro,  ds  morU»  mulier.  lib.  2,  cap.  3,  and 
Lod.  Mercatus,  who,  in  hia  second  book  de  mulier.  affect, 
cap,  4,  wili  have  that  melancholy  of  nuns,  widows,  and  more 
ancient  maida,  to  he  a  peculiar  species  of  melancholy  differing 
from  the  rest ;  some  will  reduce  enthusiasts,  ecalatical  and 
demoniacal  persons  to  this  rank,  adding  '  love  melancholy  to 
the  first,  and  lycanthropia.  The  most  received  division  is 
into  three  kinds.  The  first  proceeds  from  the  sole  fault  of 
the  brain,  and  is  called  head  melancholy ;  the  second  sympa- 
thetically proceeds  from  the  whole  body,  when  the  whole  tem- 
perature is  melancholy ;  the  thii-d  ariseth  from  the  bowels, 
liver,  spleen,  or  membrane,  called  mcsentcHum,  named  hj'po- 
chondriacal  or  windy  melancholy,  which  '  Lanrentius  soh- 
dtridea  into  three  parts,  from  those  three  members,  hepatic, 
epleuetic,  meseraic.  Love  melancholy,  which  Avicenna  calls 
Iliaha ;  and  Lycanthropia,  which  he  calls  cucubuthe,  are  com- 
monly included  in  head  melancholy ;  but  of  this  last,  which 
Gerardus  de  Solo  calls  amoreus,  and  most  knight  melancholy, 
with  that  of  religions  melancholy,  virginum  et  viiluantjn,  main- 
tained by  Rod.  &  Castro  and  Mercatus,  and  the  other  kinds 
of  love  melancholy,  I  will  speak  of  apart  by  themselves  in 
my  third  partition.  The  three  precedent  species  are  the 
subject  of  my  present  discourse,  which  I  will  anatomize  and 
treat  of  through  all  their  cjiuses,  symptom?,  cures,  together 
and  apart ;  that  every  man  thai  is  in  any  measure  affected 
with  this  malady,  may  know  how  to  examine  it  in  himself, 
and  apply  remedies  unlo  it. 

Il  is  a  hard  matter,  I  confess,  to  distinguish  these  three 
Species  one  from  the  other,  to  express  their  several  causes, 
symplonis,  cures,  being  that  they  are  so  ofleu  confounded 
unongst    themselves,    having    such    alRnily,   that    they   can 

t  kuRHiUiu,  ap.  4,  ««  Dwl.  ■  Cop.  IS 


284  Species  of  Mehmehofy.  [Part.  L  mo.  1 

scarce  be  discerned  bj  the  most  accurate  physicians;  and 
80  often  intermixed  with  other  diseases  that  the  best  ex- 
perienced have  been  plunged.    Montanus  canstL  26,  names  a 
patient  that  had  this  disease  of  melancholy  and  caninns  appe- 
titus  both  together ;  and  consiL  23,  with  vertigo,  *  Julius  CJae- 
Bar  Claudinus,  with  stone,  gout,  jaundice.     Trincavellius  wilh 
an  ague,  jaundice,  caninus  appetitus,  &c.     ^  Paulus  Regoline, 
a  great  doctor  in  his  time,  consulted  in  this  case,  was  so  con- 
founded with  a  confusion  of  symptoms,  that  he  knew  not  to 
what  kind  of  melancholy  to  refer  it     •  Trincavellius,  Fallo- 
pius,  and  Francanzanus,  famous  doctors  in  Italy,  all  three 
conferred  with  about  one  party,  at  the  same  time,  gave  three 
different  opinions.    And  in  another  place,  Trincavellius  being 
demanded  what  he  thought  of  a  melancholy  young  man  to 
whom  he  was  sent  for,  ingenuously  confessed  that  he  was 
indeed  melancholy,  but  he  knew  not  to  what  kind  to  reduce 
it     In  his  seventeenth  consultation  there  is  the  like  disagree- 
ment about  a  melancholy  monk.     Those  symptoms,  which 
others  ascribe  to  misaffected  parts  and  humours,  *  Here  de 
Saxonia  attributes  wholly  to  distempered  spirits,  and  those 
immaterial,  as  I  have  said.     Sometimes  they  cannot  well  dis- 
cern  this  disease  from  others.      In  Reinerus   Solinander's 
counsels,  (Sect,  consil.  5,)  he  and  Dr.  Brande  both  agreed, 
that  the  patient's  disease  was  hypochondriacal  melancholy* 
Dr.  Matholdus  said  it  was  asthma,  and  nothing  else.    *Soh- 
nander  and  Guarionius,  lately  sent  for  to  the  melancholy 
Duke  of  Cleve,  with  others,  could  not  define  what  species  it 
was,  or  agree  amongst  themselves.     The  species  are  so  con- 
founded, as  in  CaBsar  Claudinus,  his  forty-fourth  consultation 
for  a  Polonian  Count,  in  his  judgment  •  "  he  laboured  of  head 
melancholy,  and  that  which  proceeds  from  the  whole  tempe^ 
ature  both  at  once."    I  could  give  instance  of  some  that  have 
had  all  three  kinds  semel  et  simul,  and  some  successively.  So 
that  I  conclude  of  our  melancholy  species,  as  f  many  politicians 

1  480    et    116,    consnlt.    consil.    12.    13,  tract,  posth.  de  melan.        *Ouarion. 
8  Hildeshelm,  spicel.  2,  fol.  166.      »  Trin-    cons.  med.  2.  »  Laboravit  per  essen- 

caTellius  torn.  2,  consil.  15  et  16.     *  Cap.    tiam  et  a  toto  corpore.  f  Machtofai 


Vw.l,inl>i.l.l  Qtiaeg  of  3&Iimehob/.  235 


do  of  thdr  pure  forms  of  common  wealtli a,  monarcliies,  aris- 
tocracies, democracies,  are  most  famoiLs  in  conttimpktioQ,  but 
in  practice  they  are  temperate  and  usually  mixed,  (so  *  Po- 
lybius  informeih  us,)  as  the  Lacedemonian,  the  Roman  of  old, 
German  now,  and  many  others.  Wliat  physicians  say  of  dis- 
tinct speciea  in  their  books  it  much  matters  not,  since  tiiat  in 
their  patients'  bodies  they  are  commonly  mised.  In  such  ob- 
scurity, therefore,  variety  and  confused  mixture  of  symptoms, 
causes,  how  diSIciiU  a  thing  is  it  to  treat  of  several  kinds 
apart ;  to  make  any  certainty  or  distinction  among  so  many 
casualties,  distractions,  when  seldom  two  men  shall  be  like 
affected  per  omnia  f  'Tis  hard,  I  confess,  yet  neverlheless  I 
vrill  adventure  through  the  midst  of  these  perplexities,  and, 
led  by  Ihe  clue  or  thread  of  the  best  writers,  extricate  my- 
self out  of  a  labyrinth  of  doubts  aad  erroi's,  and  so  proceed 
to  the  causes. 


^H  SECT.  n.     MEMB.  I. 

SuBflECT.  I. — Causes  of  Melaneholy.  God  a  e 
"It  is  in  vain  to  speak  of  cures,  or  think  of 
until  such  time  as  we  have  considered  of  the  causes,"  so 
*  Galen  prescribes  Glauco ;  and  the  common  experience  of 
others  confirms  that  those  cures  must  be  imperfect,  lame, 
and  to  no  purpose,  wherein  the  causes  have  not  first  been 
searched,  as  *  Prosper  Caleniua  well  observes  in  his  tract  de 
tttrS  bile  to  Cardinal  Ctesius.  Insomuch  that  *  "  Fernelius  puts 
a  kind  of  necessity  in  the  knowledge  of  the  causes,  and  without 
which  it  is  impossible  to  cure  or  prevent  any  manner  of  dis- 
ease."   Empirics  may  ease,  and  sometimes  help,  but  not  thor- 


lAl?  1!^    m"';' 


p.  8,  lib.  1 


236 


CfatMM  of  BTekmehofy. 


[?irt.r.!M.t 


oughly  rool  out ;  niNatd  causa  toUUur  effectug,  as  the  saybj 
\i,  if  the  cause  be  remuved,  the  effect  is  likewise  vanqnisheiL 
It  li  a  moat  difficult  tiling  (I  confess)  to  be  able  to  disceni 
these  causes  whence  tliey  are,  and  in  such  *  vai-iely  to  aaj 
'  what  the  beginning  waa.  '  He  is  happy  that  can  perform  it 
aright.  1  will  adventure  lo  guess  as  near  a^  I  can,  anil  rip 
them  all  up,  from  the  first  to  the  last,  general  and  pariieular, 
to  every  species,  that  so  Lliey  may  the  better  be  descried. 

General  causea  are  either  gupematural  or  natural.  "  S 
pernalurul  are  from  God  and  hia  angels,  or  by  God'=  pe^ 
mission  from  the  devil "  and  his  ministers.  That  God  bl 
self  is  a  cause  for  the  punishment  of  sin,  and  satisfaction  of 
his  justice,  many  examples  and  testimonies  of  holy  Scriptntfii' 
make  evident  unto  us,  Ps.  cvii,  17.  "  Foolish  mei 
plagued  for  ihcir  oBTeDcc,  and  by  reason  of  tlieir  wickedness." 
Gehazi  was  strucken  with  leprosy,  2  Rog.  v.  27.  JehoraO 
with  dysentery  and  flux,  and  gi-eat  diseases  of  the  bowels,  J 
Chron.  xxi.  15  David  plagued  for  numbering  his  peopICi, 
1  Par.  21.  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  swallowed  up.  Anil  tlii> 
disease  is  peculiarly  specified.  Psalm  cxxvii.  12. 
brought  down  their  heart  through  heaviness."  Deut.  xxviiii 
28.  "  He  siruck  them  with  madness,  blindness,  and  asUw^ 
ishment  of  hearL"  '"An  evil  spirit  was  seat  by  the  Lori 
upon  Saul,  to  vex  him."  '  Nebuuhadnezzar  did  eat  g 
like  an  oic,  and  his  "  heart  was  made  like  the  beasts  of  iW 
field,"  Heathen  stories  are  full  of  such  punishments.  Lj^' 
curgu^  because  lie  cut  down  the  vines  in  the  country, » 
by  Bacclius  driven  into  madness ;  so  was  Pentheus  and  lul 
mother  Agave  for  neglecting  their  sacrifice.  *  Censor  Fulvii* 
ran  mad  for  untiling  Juno's  temple,  to  cover  a  new  one  i 
own,  which  ho  had  dedicated  to  Fortune,  *"and  was  con- 
founded to  dealh,  with  grief  and  sorrow  of  heart"  ^Vliea 
Xerxes  would  liave  spoiled  ■  Apollo's  temple  at  Delphoa  i£ 

'  T«nt»  inlio  morbl  Tiutatat  M  dlffe-  nap.  8.       ■MeBtB»pliia,«tiPinni(iMt 

nntl»,  ut  nor,  fiiriL.  dignoscatur  upde  mi  motroro  coiummpma.  **"'°',?5 

OrtlbPD,        f  KfllLx  qui  potult  roFUTn  DOg-  banCnr.  tanqu&m  LiuUbl  du  nxlB  ] 

Sui.T.21.         llAatuClu^Ut,  lib.  2!  ' 


T/Sem.  1,  snbB.  I.]  Chnus  of  Mehncho^.  237 

those  infinite  riches  it  posseased,  a  terrible  thunder  came  /roni 
heaven  and  struck  four  thousand  men  dead,  the  re^t  ran  mad. 
'A  litde  after,  the  like  happened  to  Brenaus,  iightning,  thun- 
der, earthquakes,  upon  such  a  sacrilegious  occasion.  If  we 
may  Relieve  our  pontifical  writers,  they  will  relate  unto  tia 
many  strange  and  prodigious  punishments  in  this  kind,  in- 
flicted by  their  saints.  How  "Ciodoveus,  sometime  King  of 
France,  the  son  of  Dagobert,  lost  hi«  wits  for  uncovering  the 
body  of  St.  Denis;  and  how  a  'sacrilegious  Frenchman,  that 
would  have  stolen  a  silver  image  of  St.  John,  at  Birgburge, 
became  frantic  on  a  sudden,  raging,  and  tyrannizing  over  his 
own  flesh  J  of  a  '  Lord  of  Ehadnor,  that  coming  from  hunt- 
ing late  at  night,  put  his  dogs  into  St.  Avau's  church,  (Llan 
Avan  they  called  it),  and  rising  betimes  next  morning,  aa 
hunters  use  to  do,  found  all  his  dugs  mad,  'himself  being  sud- 
denly stricken  blind.  Of  Tyridalea,  an  'Armenian  king,  for 
violating  some  holy  nuns,  that  was  punished  in  like  sort,  with 
bs3  of  his  wits.  But  poets  and  papists  may  go  together  for 
fabulous  tales;  let  them  free  their  own  credits;  howsoever 
Ihey  feign  of  their  Nemesis,  and  of  their  saints,  or  by  the 
devil's  means  may  be  deluded  ;  we  find  it  true,  that  ullor  a 
tergo  Deus,  *  "  He  is  God  the  avenger,"  as  David  styles  him ; 
and  that  it  is  our  crying  sins  that  pull  this  and  many  other 
maladies  on  our  own  heads.  That  he  can  by  his  angels, 
which  are  his  ministers,  strike  and  heal  (saith  '  Dionyaius) 
>rliom  he  will ;  that  he  can  plague  us  by  his  creatures,  sun, 
moon,  and  stars,  which  he  nseth  as  his  instruments,  as  a  hus- 
bandman (saith  Zanchius)  d&th  a  hatchet;  hail,  snow,  winds, 
&C.  '"^i  conjurali  veniunl  in  clasitca  vtnti ;"  as  in 
Joshua's  time,  as  in  Pharaoh's  reign  in  Egypt ;  they  are  but 
■s  M)  many  execulioners  of  his  justice.  He  can  make  the 
prondest  spirits  stoop,  and  cry  out  with  Julian  the  apostate, 

3S.       •  OngnEo,  I.  3, 0. 4,    motn  •Mriloguii  nwnUs  Inotw.  inqne  In 

mi^wlKdmnD^J^aaniiiir^n-    a.qllifflt.'a.  t  Pja'l.  ill'.  1.  '  Utl 

■-" eramtspBmcODtendll.ilnin-    8,  cap.  da  Htorar.       :  CUodlan. 


238  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  1 

Victsti,  GalilcBe  ;  or  with  Apollo's  priest  in  ^  Chiysostom,  0 
codum  I  6  terra  !  unde  hosiis  Jnc  f  What  an  enemy  is  this  ? 
And  pray  with  David,  acknowledging  his  power,  ^I  am 
weakened  and  sore  broken,  I  roar  for  the  grief  of  mine 
heart,  mine  heart  panteth,"  &c.  Psalm  xxxviii.  8.  ^'0 
Lord  rebuke  me  not  in  thine  anger,  neither  chastise  me 
in  thy  wrath,"  Psalm  xxxviii.  1.  "Make  mc  to  hear 
joy  and  gladness,  that  the  bones  which  thoa  hast  broken, 
may  rejoice,"  Psahn  li.  8 ;  and  verse  12,  "  Restore  to 
me  the  joy  of  thy  salvation,  and  stablish  me  with  thy  free 
spirit."  For  these  causes  belike  ^  Hippocrates  would  have  a 
physician  take  special  notice  whether  the  disease  come  not 
from  a  divine  supernatural  cause,  or  whether  it  follow  the 
course  of  nature.  But  this  is  farther  discussed  by  Fran. 
Valesius  de  sacr.  philos.  cap.  8.  •  Femelius,  and  *  J.  Caesar 
Claudinus,  to  whom  I  refer  you,  how  this  place  of  Hippoc- 
rates is  to  be  understood.  Paracelsus  is  of  opinion,  that 
such  spiritual  diseases  (for  so  he  calls  them)  are  spiritually 
to  be  cured,  and  not  otherwise.  Ordinary  means  in  sadi 
cases  will  not  avail ;  Non  est  reluctandum  cum  Deo  (we  most 
not  struggle  with  God).  When  that  monster-taming  Her- 
cules overcame  all  in  the  Olympics,  Jupiter  at  last  in  an 
unknown  shape  wrestled  with  him ;  the  victory  was  uneer 
tain,  till  at  length  Jupiter  descried  himself,  and  Hercules 
yielded.  No  striving  with  supreme  powers.  Nil  juvat  !«• 
mensos  Cratero  promittere  montes,  physicians  and  physic  can 
do  no  good,*  "we  must  submit  ourselves  unto  the  migfatf 
hand  of  God,"  acknowledge  our  offences,  call  to  him  for 
mercy.  If  he  strike  us,  una  eademque  manus  vulnus  openh 
gueferet,  as  it  is  with  them  that  are  wounded  with  the  spear 
of  Achilles,  he  alone  must  help  ;  otherwise  our  diseases  are 
incurable,  and  we  not  to  be  relieved. 

1  De  Bubill  Martjre.         SLib.  cap.  6,    sis.        <  Bespons.  med.  12,  N«p.        *1 
prog.         >  Lib.  1,  de  Abditis  rerom  can-    Pet.  t.  6. 


SCBSECT.  II, — A  Digression  of  the  nature  of  Spirits,  had 
Angch,  or  Devils,  and  how  they  came  Melancholy. 
How  far  ihe  power  of  spirits  and  devils  doth  extend,  and 
■whether  they  can  causo  this,  or  iiny  other  disease,  is  a  serioua 
question,  and  wortby  to  he  cuosiilered  ;  for  the  belter  undnr- 
Bbmding  of  whicli,  I  will  make  a  brief  digression  of  the  naluro 
of  spirits.  And  although  the  question  be  very  obscure,  no- 
cording  to  ^  Posfellup,  "  ful!  of  controversy  and  ambiguity," 
beyond  the  reach  of  human  capacity,  fateor  eicedere  viret 
ialeniionig  mete,  saith  •Austin,  I  confess  1  am  not  able  to 
undei'.'tand  it,_fiiiitam  de  infinita  non  potest  ttcdaere,  we  can 
sooner  determine  with  Tully,  de  nai.  deorum,  quid  non  tint 
quam  quid  sint,  our  subtle  schoolmen,  Cardans,  Scaligera, 
profound  Thomists,  Fracastoriana  and  Ferneiiaoa  acfet,  aro 
weak,  dry,  obscure,  defective  in  these  mysteries,  and  all  our 
qnickest  wits,  as  an  owl's  eyes  at  the  sun's  light,  wax  dull, 
and  are  not  sufficient  to  apprehend  them ;  yet,  as  in  the  rest, 
I  will  adventure  to  say  something  to  this  point.  In  form'ir 
times,  a3  we  read  Acta  xxiii.,  the  Sadducees  denied  that 
there  were  any  suph  spirits,  devils,  or  angels.  So  did  Galen 
the  physician,  the  Peripatetics,  even  Aristotle  himself,  as 
Pomponaliua  sloutly  maintains,  and  Scaliger  in  some  Eort 
graiiL".  Though  Dandinus  the  Jesuit,  com.  in  lib.  2,  de 
atii'/nd.  stiffly  denies  it;  tuhsUtatiis  separatte  and  inlelligenceSj 
■re  the  same  which  Christians  call  angels,  and  Plnloniats 
devils,  for  they  name  all  the  spirits,  damones,  be  they  good 
or  bad  angels,  as  Julius  Pollux  Onomaslicon,  lib.  1,  cap.  1, 
observes.  Epicures  and  atheists  are  of  the  same  mind  in 
general,  because  they  never  saw  them.  Plato,  Plntinus, 
Porphyrius,  Janihiiehus,  Proclus,  insisting  in  the  steps  of 
Trismegistus,  Pythagoras  and  Socratea,  make  no  doubt  of  it; 
Kit  Stoics,  but  that  there  are  such  spirits,  though  much 
erring  from  the  truth.     Concerning  the  first  beginning  of 


240  iVo(Kr«  of  Deeih. 

them,  the  ^TalmudisLs  sny  tlint  Atlam  had  a  wife  called  Lllii, 
before  he  married  Eve,  and  of  her  lie  begat  nothing  but  ilfvib. 
The  Turks'  '  Alcoran  is  altogeilier  as  absnrd  and  ridiculoM 
in  thia  point;  but  the  Scriplure  inrorms  us  Christion«, liW 
Lucifer,  the  chief  of  them,  iviih  his  associnles,  • 
heaven  for  hii<  pride  and  umbition ;  created  of  Gkid,  pliMd 
in  heaven,  and  Eometinies  an  angel  of  light,  now  ca^t  dwnti 
into  the  lower  aerial  sublunary  parts,  or  into  hell,  "ami  * 
livered  into  cliains  of  darkness  (2  Pet.  ii.  4),  to  be  kept  uiit« 
damnation." 

Nature  of  J}evih.']  There  is  a  foolish  opinion  v 
hold,  that  lliey  are  the  iiouU  of  men  departed,  gond  anil  men 
noble  were  deified,  Itie  baser  grovelled  on  the  ground,  or  il 
the  lower  parts,  and  were  devil^  ihe  which  with  TertuHiaH 
Porphyrius  the  philosopher,  M.  Tyrius  ser,  27  raaintaiot 
"  These  spirits,"  he  ■  saith,  "  which  we  call  angela  and  devi!*, 
are  nought  but  souls  of  men  departed,  which  either  iliroti^; 
love  and  pity  of  their  friends  yet  living,  help  and  assist  tlisnw 
or  else  persecute  their  enemies,  whom  they  hated,"  aa  Sii 
threatened  to  persecute  ^neas  : 

"  Omnlbai  nmbralocls  adero:  dabia,  Improbe,  pcBiiai." 
"  Jly  nngry  ghost  arising  from  Iho  deep, 
SIibII  hnnnt  IheB  waking,  and  disturb  thy  sleep; 
At  l«ii>t  my  shade  thy  puniehraeut  ahill  kno-w. 
And  Fame  sbnll  spread  tba  pleasing  news  below." 

They  are  (as  others  suppose)  appointed  by  those  higbrt 
powers  to  keep  men  from  their  nativity,  and  to  protect  01 
punish  them  a»  (hey  see  cause  ;  and  are  called  boni  et  fltaS 
Ginii  by  the  Romans.  Heroes,  lares,  if  good,  leraures  01 
LirviB  if  bad.  by  the  Stoics,  governors  of  countries,  n 
cilios,  saith  f  Apuleius,  Deos  appelkmt  qui  ex  komiium  * 
merojuili  ac  prndmier  vilce  curricula  guliemato,  pro  nvjmiti 

1  Pcrerlai  In  Gemwln.  lib.  *.  In  okp.  S.    po™  depwlw  prton-m   mlwioll  ^"Jf 
*.  23.    ■  Bh  Stnniiai  Clnvu  omniCxiiB.    nigmtis  nuKdrrant  raminatl  ii>l>^°|' 


QQilB  ■Olma  iOK  K 


jtoslea  ab  hominibws  prcedili  fanis  el  ceremoniia  vu!i/6  a 
tunlur,  ut  in  ^gt/plo  Osyria,  Sfc.  Praatites,  Capella  ealla 
them,  "  which  protected  purticular  men  as  well  as  princes;" 
Socmtes  hud  liis  Diemonium  Satuminum  et  ignium,  which 
of  all  spirits  is  best,  ad  tuUimea  cogitationes  animiim  eri- 
fenCem,  as  lltu  Platoiiists  supposed ;  Flotiaua  }iis,  and  we 
Christians  onr  aeaisting  angel,  as  Andreas  Victorellua,  a 
copious  writer  of  this  subject,  Lodovicus  de  Lu-Cerdu,  the 
Jesuit,  in  his  voluminous  tract  de  Angela  Oiistode,  Zunchius, 
and  some  divines  think.  But  this  ahsurd  tenet  of  Tjrens, 
Proclus  confutes  at  lajge  in  his  book  de  Animil  et  dcemone. 
'■Psellus,  a.  Christian,  and  sometimes  tutor  (>ailh  Cuspin- 
iaij)  to  Michael  Parapinatius,  Emperor  of  Graece,  a  great 
observer  of  the  nature  of  devils,  holds  they  arc  *  corporeal, 
and  have  "  aerial  bodies,  that  they  are  mortal,  live  and  die," 
(which  Martianus  Capella  likewise  maintains,  but  our  Chria- 
lian  philosophers  explode,)  "that  'they  ai'e  nourished  nod 
have  excrejnents,  they  feel  pain  if  they  he  hurt  (which  Car- 
dan confirms,  and  Scaliger  justly  laughs  him  to  scorn  for; 
Sipaseantur  aere,  eur  non  pugnant  ob pttriorem  atra?  ifc.) 
Or  stroken ; "  and  if  their  bodies  he  cut,  with  admirable 
celerity  they  come  together  again.  Austin,  in  Gen.  lib.  iii. 
Ub.  arbit.,  approves  as  much,  mulala  casu  corpora  in  deleri- 
own  qualilatem  aerii  spisiioris,  so  doth  Hieromo.  Com- 
ment, in  epist.  ad  Epbes.  cap.  3,  Oriiren,  Tertullian,  Lac- 
tantiuj,  and  many  ancient  fathers  of  the  Church ;  that  in 
their  fall  their  bodies  were  changed  into  a  more  neria!  and 
piKs  substance.  Bodine,  lib.  4,  Theatri  Naturas,  and  David 
CrusinE,  llermeticce  Plulosopluoe,  lib.  L  cap.  4,  by  several 
ugnments  proves  angels  and  spirits  to  be  corporeal ;  guic- 
jaid  eonlinelur  in  loco  Corporeum  est :  Al  spiritiis  continetur 
IS  foco,  ergo.*  Si  epirilui  aunt  quanti,  erunt  Corporei  :  At 
iwK  quanti,  ergo.     Sunt  ^7iiti,  ergo  quanti,  ^c.     \  Bodino 


Mb;  (piriU) 


sasoO]'! 


-spirit  OD 


242  Nature  of  Devils.  [Part.  L eecS 

goes  fartlier  jet,  and  will  have  these,  Antnue  separata  genii^ 
spirits,  angels,  devils,  and  so  likewise  souls  of  men  departed, 
if  corporeal  (which  he  most  eagerly  contends)  to  be  of  some 
shape,  and  that  absolutely  round,  like  Sun  and  Moon,  be- 
cause that  is  the  most  perfect  form,  qtuB  nihil  hdbet  asperi* 
tatis,    nihil  angulis    inctsum,   nihil  anfractihus    involvium^ 
nihil  eminens,  sed  inter  corpora perfecta  est  perfectissimum ;^ 
therefore  all  spirits  are  corporeal  he  concludes,  and  in  their 
proper  shapes  round.     That  they  can  assume  other  aerial 
bodies,  all  manner  of  shapes  at  their  pleasures,  appear  in 
what  likeness  they  will  themselves,  that  they  are  most  swift 
in  motion,  can  pass  many  miles  in  an  instant,  and  so  likewise 
^  transform  bodies  of  others  into  what  shape  they  please,  and 
with  admirable  celerity  remove  them  from  place  to  place 
(as  the  Angel  did  Habakkuk  to  Daniel,  and  as  Philip  the 
deacon  was  carried  away  by  the  Spirit,  when  he  had  bap- 
tized the  eunuch  ;  so  did  Pythagoras  and  ApoUonius  remove 
themselves   and  others,  with   many  such  feats) ;  that  thej 
can  represent  castles  in  the  air,  palaces,  armies,  spectroma, 
prodigies,  and  such  strange  objects   to  mortal  men's  eyes, 
♦  cause  smells,  savours,  &c.,  deceive  all  the  senses ;  most  writ' 
ers  of  this  subject  credibly  believe  ;  and  that  they  can  foretell 
future  events,  and  do  many  strange  miracles.     Juno's  image 
spake   to   Camillus,   and    Fortune's   statue   to  the  Roman 
matrons,  with  many  such.     Zanchius,  Bodine,   Spondanu^ 
and   others,  are   of  opinion   that   they  cause  a  true  metar 
morphosis,  as  Nebuchadnezzar  was  really  translated  into  a 
beast,  Lot's  wife  into  a  pillar  of  salt ;  Ulysses's  companiom 
into  hogs  and  dogs,  by  Circe's  charms ;  turn  themselves  ai»d 
others,  as  they  do  witches  into  cats,  dogs,  hares,  crows,  &^ 
Strozzius  Cicogna  hath  many  examples,  lib.  iii.  omnif.  magi 
cap.  4  and  5,  which  he  there  confutes,  as  Austin  likewise 

1  Which   has   no   roughness,  angles,  Strozzius  Cicogna,  lib.  8,  cap.  4,  oM"^ 

ftuctures,  prominences,  but  is  the  most  mag.     Per  aera  subducere  et  la  sabllB* 

perfect  amongst  perfect  bodies.        8  Cyp-  corpora  ferre  possunt,  Biarmanns.   I* 

rianus  in  Epist    montes  etiam  et  ani-  cussi  dolent  et  uruntur  in  conspiciK** 

malia  transferri  possunt :  as  the  devil  did  neres,  Agrippa,  lib.  3,  cap.  de  o^c'^^^Jfjf 

Christ  to  the  top  of  the  pinnacle;   and  los.        *  Agrippa  de  occult.  Philofl.  UD*^ 

witches  ore  often  translated.  See  more  iu  cap.  18. 


Ifdture  of  DeoHt. 


243 


4rth,  de  civ.  Dei,  HI),  xviii.  That  they  cnn  be  seen  when 
ud  in  what  thape,  and  to  whom  they  will,  ^aith  Fsellus, 
Tamelsi  nil  tale  viderim,  nee  optem  videre,  ihough  he  hiiu- 
lelf  never  saw  them  nor  desired  it ;  and  use  sometimea  car- 
nil  copulation  (as  elsewhere  I  shall  '  prove  more  at  large) 
»idi  women  and  men.  Many  will  not  believe  they  can  be 
Ken,  and  if  any  man  shall  say,  swear,  and  stiffly  maintain, 
lliough  be  be  di.screet  :ind  wise,  judlcioits  and  learned,  that 
lie  balh  seen  them,  they  account  him  a  timorous  foo!,  a 
melsaulioty  dizzard,  a  weak  fellow,  a  dreamer,  a  sick  or  a 
nad  man,  they  eoolemn  him,  laugh  him  to  acorn,  and  yet 
Maregg  of  his  credit  told  Paellus  that  he  had  often  seen  them. 
And  Leo  Suaviua,  a  Frenehman,  e.  8,  in  Commentar.  1.  1, 
PoToetUi  de  vitd  lonjd,  out  of  some  Plafonists,  will  have  the 
sir  to  be  as  full  of  them  as  snow  falling  in  the  skies,  and  that 
Ihey  may  be  seen,  and  withal  aela  down  the  means  how  men 
■"flj  see  them  ;  Si  irreverberalis  ocuUt  sole  *j 
M^m  coDlinuaverijit  obtutus,  SfC.,"*  and  sail 
••wd  ii,  prfemUsoTum  fed,  exper'tmentum,  and  it  was  true, 
IhU  the  PJatonista  Sfud.  Paracelsus  confesselh  that  he  saw 
Hiem  divers  times,  and  conferred  with  them,  and  so  doth 
^xander  ab  'Alejandro,  "that  he  so  found  it  by  esperi- 
"we,  when  as  before  he  doubted  of  it."  Many  deny  it,  saith 
'^Wer  de  spectris,  part  i.  c.  2,  and  part  ii.  c.  1),  "because 
^y  never  saw  them  themselves ; "  but  as  he  reports  at 
Isfge  all  over  his  hook,  especially  e.  19,  part  1,  they  are 
""fn  Been  and  heard,  and  familiarly  converse  with  men,  as 
**■!.  Vives  awarelh  us,  innumerable  records,  histories,  and 
'^monies  evince  in  all  ages,  times,  places,  and  'all  travel- 
*^  Ijesides ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  our  northern  climes, 
"^il  familiariui  qumn  in  affris  et  wrbibug  spiritui  videre, 
'"din  qui  vetent,  jiibeant,  Sfc.  Hieronimus  vita  Paul!,  Basil 
■w,  40,  Nicephorus,  Eusebius,  Socrates,  Sozomenus,  f  Jfco- 

'ftn.  s,  bki.  a,  K( 


,'P»rt,  S,  Best,  a,  Kem.  1.  Snb>,  1,    ItosiM  »lBi 
«Jta.liiIirholJ.        •"Bygiriniti.Wiii-    anfwentw 


244  Nature  of  Devih,  [PartLseo.! 

bas   Boissardus  in  his   tract  de  spirituum   appariUonihu^ 
Petrus   Loyeru3  1.   de  spectris,  Wierus  1.  1,  have  infinite 
variety  of  such  examples  of  apparitions  of  spirits,  for  him  to 
read   that  farther  doubts,  to  his   ample   satisfaction.    One 
alone  I  will  briefly  insert     A  nobleman  in  Grermany  was 
sent  ambassador  to  the  King  of  Sweden  (for  his  name,  the 
time,  and  such  circumstances,  I   refer  you   to   Boissardus, 
mine  ^  Author).     Afler  he  had  done  his  business,  he  sailed  \Q 
Livonia,  on  set  purpose  to  see  those  familiar  spirits,  which  are 
there  said  to  be  conversant  with  men,  and  do  their  drudgery 
works.     Amongst  other  matters  one  of  them  told  him  where 
his  wife  was,  in  what  room,  in  what  clothes,  what  doing,  and 
brought  him  a  ring  from  her,  which  at  his  return,  non  tint 
omnium  admiratione,  he  found  to  be  true ;  and  so  believed 
that  ever  after,  which  before  he  doubted  of.     Cardan  L  19, 
de  subtil,  relates  of  his  father,  Facius  Cardan,  that  after  the 
accustomed  solemnities.  An.  1491,  13  August,  he  conjured 
up  seven  devils,  in  Greek  apparel,  about  forty  years  of  age^ 
some  ruddy  of  complexion,  and  some  pale,  as  he  thought; 
he  asked  them  many  questions,  and  they  made  ready  answer, 
that  they  were  aerial  devils,  that  they  lived  and  died  as  men 
did,  save  that  they  were  far  longer  lived  (700  or  800  ^  yean); 
they  did  as  much  excel  men  in  dignity  as  we  do  jumenis, 
and  were  as  far  excelled  again  of  those  that  were  above 
them;  our  *  governors   and    keepers   they   are   moreover, 
which  t  Plato  in  Critias  delivered  of  old,  and  subordinate  to 
one   another,    Ut  enhn  homo  homini,   sic  damon  damofii 
dommatur,  they  rule  themselves   as  well   as   us,  and  the 
spirits  of  the  meaner  sort  had  commonly  such  offices,  as  we 
make  horse-keepers,  neat-herds,  and  the  basest  of  us,  ove^ 
seers  of  our  cattle ;  and  that  we  can  no  more  apprehend  thdr 
natures  and  functions,  than  a  horse  a  man's.     They  knew  all 
things,  but  might  not  reveal  them  to  men;  and  ruled  and 

1  Cap.  8.     Transportayit  in  Livoniain  liores  hominibns,  qnanto  hi  brntif  vA 

enpiditate  videndi,  &c.       2  gic  Hesiodus  mantlbus.  t  Pnesides.  Pastoni^ 

de  Nyinphis  vivere  dicit  10  eetates  phoe-  GabematoreB  hominain,  et  illi  anini' 

ninum  yel  9,  7,  20.         *  Custodes  homi-  Uum. 
nam  et  prcyinciarum,  &c.,  tanto  me- 


Ihm.  1,  mht.  3.]  IfiOure  of  i^riti. 

domineered  over  us,  as  we  do  over  our  horses ;  the  best 
kings  amongst  us,  and  the  most  generous  spirits,  were  not 
comparable  to  the  baseBt  of  them.  Sometimes  they  did 
instruct  men,  and  communicate  their  skill,  reward  and  cher- 
ish, and  sometimes,  again,  terrify  and  puni-ih,  to  keep  them 
in  awe,  as  they  thought  fit,  MJiil  magit  cvptenUa  (saith 
Lysius,  Phia.  Stolcorum)  quam  adorationem  kominum." 
The  Pame  Aulhor,  Cardan,  in  his  Hyperchen,  out  of  the 
doctrino  of  Stoics,  will  have  some  of  thase  Genii  (for  so  he 
calls  them)  to  be  *  desirous  of  men's  company,  very  affable 
and  familiar  with  lliem,  as  dogs  are ;  others,  again,  to  abhor  aa 
serpents,  and  care  not  for  them.  The  same  belike  Tritemlua 
calls  Ignios  et  suMunnres,  qui  nnnqaam  demergunt  ad  inferi- 
orot  aiU  vix  ultum  habent  in  terris  eoininercium  ;  '''Gener- 
ally they  far  excel  men  in  worth,  as  a  man  the  meanest 
worm  i  though  some  of  them  are  inferior  to  those  of  their 
»wn  rank  in  worth,  as  the  blackguard  in  a  prince's  cour^ 
and  to  mpa  again,  as  some  degenerate^  base,  rational  creatures, 
are  excelled  of  bnite  Leasts." 

That  they  are  mortal,  besides  these  testimonies  of  Cardan, 
Mariianns,  &c.,  many  other  divines  and  philosophers  hold, 
pott  proUxnm  temput  moriitnltir  omnes ;  The  '  Platonists, 
and  I'ome  Rabbins,  Porphyrius  and  Plutarch,  as  appears  by 
that  rolalion  of  Thamus :  '"The  great  god  Pan  is  dead;" 
Apollo  Pylhius  ceased ;  and  so  the  rest.  St.  Hierome,  in 
the  life  of  Paul  the  Hermit,  tells  a  story  how  one  of  Ihem 
appeared  to  St.  Anthony  in  the  wilderness,  and  told  him  aa 
much.  °  Paracelsus  of  our  late  writers  stiffly  maintains  that 
lliey  are  mortal,  live  and  die  as  other  creatures  do.  Zozimus, 
I.  2,  fuilher  adds,  that  religion  and  policy  dies  and  alters  with 
Ihem.  The  "Gentiles'  gods,  he  saith,  were  expelled  by  Con- 
staniine,  and  together  wilh  them,  Imperii  Romani  ntajettai, 

•  "OnrvdnB  oothlns  more  thun  the    tci.       "Clioolpoto  nl!  olTonem  cmm 

hnilltm  Ul  <snM  bDmlnlbui  mum  part.  Lib,  2, 0,  3.  •  PlqUn'h.  dc  defect, 
iwm.itlir  ct  ftbhomnl.        'Ahhnmlne    orniiuL«rDm.        •  Ub.  de  ZllphlH  et  Flp- 


L 


246  Nature  of  Spiriti.  [Partt86o.Si 

etfortuna  interiit,  et  profiigata  est ;  The  fortune  and  majest/ 
of  the  Roman  Empire  decayed  and  vanished,  as  that  heathen 
in  ♦  Minutius  formerly  bragged,  when  the  Jews  were  over- 
come by  the  Romans,  the  Jews'  Grod  was  likewise  captivated 
by  that  of  Rome ;  and  Rabsakeh  to  the  Israelites,  no  God 
should  deliver  them  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Assyrians.    Bat 
these  paradoxes  of  their  power,  corporeity,  mortality,  taking 
of  shapes,  transposing  bodies,  and  carnal  copulations,  are  suf- 
ficiently confuted  by  Zanch.  c.  10, 1.  4.     Pererius  in  his  com- 
ment, and  Tostatus  questions  on  the  6th  of  Gen.  Th.  AquiiL, 
St.  Austin,  Wierus,  Th.  Erastus,  Delrio,  torn.  2, 1.  2,  quasst 
29  ;  Sebastian  Michoelis,  c.  2,  de  spiritibus,  D.  Reinolds  Led. 
47.     They  may  deceive  the  eyes  of  men,  yet  not  take  true 
bodies,  or  make  a  real  metamorphosis ;  but  as  Cicogna  proves 
at  large,  they  are  ^  lUusorice  et  prcBStigiatrtces  transformoh 
iiones,  omnif.  mag.  lib,  4,  cap,  4,  mere  illusions  and  cozen- 
ings,  like  that  tale  of  Pasetis  obulus  in  Suidas,  or  that  rf 
Autolicus,  Mercury's  son,  that  dwelt  in  Parnassus,  who  got 
80  much  treasure  by  cozenage  and  stealth.     His  father  Me^ 
cury,  because  he  could  leave  him  no  wealth,  taught  him  many 
fine  tricks  to  get  means,  f  for  he  could  drive  away  men*8 
cattle,  and  if  any  pursued  him,  turn  them  into  what  shapes 
he  would,  and  so  did  mightily  enrich  himself,  hoc  astu  nujai' 
mam  j^rcedam  est  adsecutus.     This,  no  doubt,  is  as  true  afl 
the  rest ;  yet  thus  much  in  general.     Thomas,  Durand,  and 
others,  grant  that  they  have  understanding  far  beyond  men, 
can  probably  conjecture  and  *  foretell  many  things ;  they  can 
cause  and  cure  most  diseases,  deceive  our  senses  ;  they  have 
excellent  skill  in  all  Arts  and  Sciences ;  and  that  the  most 
illiterate  devil   is   Quovis  homine  scientior  (more  knowing 
than  any  man),  as  *  Cicogna  maintains  out  of  others.     They 

*  Ootovian  dial.  Judaeorum  deum  fu-  que  formaa  vertebat  Pausaniaii,  TIjgiBiil* 

ls8e  Romanorum  numinibus  una  cum  2  Austin  In  1.  2,  de  Gen.  ad  literam,  eap> 

gente  captivum.         1  Omnia  spiritibus  17*     Partim  quia  subtilioris  fiensas  aeii* 

plena,  et  ex  eorum  concordia  et  discordia  mine,  partim  scientia  calidiore  rijEent  ^ 

omnes  boui  et  mali  eflectus  pmmanant,  experientia  propter  mafrnam  longitndl* 

omnia  humana  reguntur    paradoxa  vote-  nem  vitee.  partim  ab  Angflis  diacunfc,  ftCi 

rum  de  quo  Cicogna.  omnif.  mag.  1. 2,  c.  3.  >  Lib.  8,  omnif.  mag.  cap.  8. 
t  Oves  quu8  abacturus  erat  in  quascun- 


Mem.  1,  »nb«.  t.']  Nittrnv  of  ^nV».  247 

know  the  virtuea  of  herbf,  plants,  stones,  miiiuml.^,  &c. ;  of 
all  creatures,  birds,  beasts,  tlie  four  elements,  siai-s,  pUineta, 
can  aptiy  appljr  and  make  use  of  them  as  they  see  good ; 
peruelving  the  causes  of  all  meteors,  aud  the  like  ;  Diint  m 
eolorihui  (as  •  Austin  hath  it)  accominodant  se  fgiirU,  ad' 
hareni  stmts,  subjiciunt  se  odoribus,  infundunt  se  saporibut, 
cmnes  senius  etiam  ipsam  iiilettigeniiam  dtemoaes  fallunt, 
they  deceive  all  our  senses,  even  our  understanding  itst:if 
at  once.  '  They  can  produce  miraculous  alterations  in  the 
air,  and  most  wonderful  effects,  conquer  armies,  give  vic- 
tories, help,  further,  hurt,  cross  and  alter  bumau  attempts 
Bud  projects  {Z>ei  permfssu)  as  they  see  good  tliemselvea. 
I  Wben  Charles  the  Great  intended  to  make  a  ciiannel  be- 
twixt  the  Rliine  and  the  Danube,  look  what  his  workmen  did 
in  the  day,  these  spii-iCs  flung  down  in  the  night,  Ut  conattt 
Sex  desistervl,  pervicere.  Such  feata  can  they  do.  But  tbat 
which  Bodice,  1.  4,  Theat.  nat.,  thiuks  (following  Tyrius 
belike,  and  the  Platonists,)  lliey  can  lell  the  secrets  of  a 
man's  heart,  aat  cogilationes  hominum,  is  most  fake ;  his 
reasons  are  weak,  and  sufficiently  confuted  by  Zanch.  lib.  4j 
cap.  9,  Hierom.  lib.  3,  com.  in  Iklat.  ad  cap.  15,  Allmnasius 
quiest.  27,  and  Antiochum  Principem,  and  others. 

Onfers.]  As  for  those  orders  of  good  and  bad  Devils, 
■wMch  the  Plalonists  hold,  is  altogether  erroneous,  and  those 
Ethnics  boni  et  mali  Genii,  are  to  be  exploded  j  these  hea- 
then writers  agree  not  in  this  point  among  themselves,  aa 
Dandinus  notes,  An  stnt  Imaii  non  conremunt,  some  will 
have  all  spirits  good  or  bad  to  us  by  a  mistake,  as  if  an  Ox 
or  Horse  could  discourse,  he  nould  say  the  Butcher  was  hia 
enemy  becau.se  he  killed  him,  the  Grazier  his  friend  because 
he  fed  liim ;  a  Hunter  preserves  and  yet  kills  bis  game,  and 
ii  haled  nevertheless  of  his  game;   nee  piscatorem  piscii 

■Hunllum  npequiu'iniiitiiDiellnt  Inte)-    diuriuiinaUm  maam  tplritoM  iiamoam 
Upiiil.  mallD<|»D  pertCiu  lulB  Inrli  •[    iDoil. 
lBaip«1btu  appJicain  ddeuuI,  c^oLm  hv. 


.  248  Nature  of  Spirits.  [Part  L  eec  l 

amare  potest,  S^c,  But  Jamblichus,  Psellas,  Plutarch,  and 
most  Platonists  acknowledge  bad,  et  ab  eorum  malefieiii 
cavendum,  and  we  should  beware  of  their  wickedness,  for 
thej  are  enemies  of  mankind,  and  this  Plato  learned  in 
Egypt,  that  they  quarrelled  with  Jupiter,  and  were  driven 
by  him  down  to  hell.*  That  which  ^Apuleius,  Xenophou, 
and  Plato  contend  of  Socrates'  Dsemonium,  is  most  absurd; 
That  which  Plotinus  of  his,  that  he  had  likewise  Deum  pro 
Dcemonio  ;  and  that  which  Porphiry  concludes  of  them  all  in 
general,  if  they  be  neglected  in  their  sacrifice  they  are  angry; 
nay  more,  as  Cardan  in  his  Hyperchen  will,  they  feed  on 
men's  souls,  EUmenta  sunt  plantis  aUmentum,  animal^ 
planta,  hominibus  animalia,  erunt  et  homines  aliis,  wm 
aviem  diis,  nimis  enim  remota  est  eorum  natura  a  nostrdf 
quapropter  dcemjonihus  ;  and  so  belike  that  we  have  so  many 
battles  fought  in  all  ages,  countries,  is  to  make  them  a  feast, 
and  their  sole  delight ;  but  to  return  to  that  I  said  before,  if 
displeased  they  fret  and  chafe  (for  they  feed  belike  on  tlie 
souls  of  beasts,  as  we  do  on  their  bodies),  and  send  many 
plagues  amongst  us ;  but  if  pleased,  then  they  do  much  good; 
is  as  vain  as  the  rest  and  confuted  by  Austin,  1.  9,  c  8,  de 
Civ.  Dei,  Euseb.  1.  4,  praepar.  Evang.  c  6,  and  others.  Yet 
thus  much  I  find,  that  our  Schoolmen  and  other  ^  Divines 
make  nine  kinds  of  bad  spirits,  as  Dionysius  hath  done  rf 
Angels.  In  the  first  rank  are  those  false  gods  of  the  Gen 
tiles,  which  were  adored  heretofore  in  several  Idols,  and  gave 
Oracles  at  Delphos,  and  elsewhere ;  whose  Prince  is  Beelze- 
bub. The  second  rank  is  of  Liars  and  -^quivocators,  a8 
Apollo  Pythius,  and  the  like.  The  third  are  those  vessels 
of  anger,  inventors  of  all  mischief;  as  that  Theutus  in  Plato; 
Esay  calls  them  *  vessels  of  fury ;  their  Prince  is  BeliaL 
The  fourth  are  malicious  revenging  Devils  ;  and  their  Prince 
is  Asmodoeus.     The  fifth  kind  are  cozeners,  such  as  belong 

•  A  Jove  ad  inferos  pulrf,  &«.        i  De  nonnnnquam      instar      oris,     ^^ 

Deo   Socratis.  adest   milii   divina  sorte  «  Agrippa,  lib.  8,  de  occult,  ph.  o.  IJ 

Dffiinnninin  quoddam  di  prima  pueritia  Zanch.  Pictorus,  Pereriua  Cicogna.  '  * 

^im,  Hepe  diasuadet,  impellit  cap.  1.       s  yasa  irae.  o.  18. 


^  I,  ta^a.  a.]  Nature  of  ^Wtt.  249 

Fllagicians  anj  Wilchea ;  their  Prince  is  Salan.  Tlia 
■utth  are  those  aerial  devils  that  '  corrupt  the  air  and  causa 
plagues,  thunders,  fires,  &c ;  t^poken  of  in  the  Apocalypse, 
and  Paul  lo  the  Ephesians  names  them  the  Piinces  of  the 
air ;  Slereain  is  their  Prince.  The  sevenlli  is  a  destroyer, 
Cnplain  of  the  Furies,  causing  wars,  tumults,  combustions, 
uproars,  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypse  ;  and  called  Abaddon. 
The  eighth  is  that  accusing  or  calumniating  Devil,  whom  the 
Greeks  call  Am^oAoc,  tliat  drives  men  to  despair.  The  ninth 
are  those  tempters  in  seveml  kinds,  and  their  Prince  is  Mam- 
mon. Psellus  makes  six  kinds,  yet  none  above  the  Moon ; 
Wierus  in  his  Fseudomonarchia  Dicmonis,  out  of  an  old 
book,  makes  many  more  divisions  and  subordinations,  with 
their  several  name^  numbers,  ofiices,  &c.,  but  Gtizieus  cited 
by  "  Lipsius  will  have  al!  places  full  of  Angels,  Spii'ila,  and 
Devils,  above  and  beneath  the  Moon,"  ethereal  and  aerial, 
which  Austin  cites  out  of  Varro  1.  vii.  de  Civ.  Dei,  c.  6. 
"The  celestial  Devils  above,  and  aerial  beneath,"  or,  as  some 
will,  gods  above,  Seraidei  or  lialf  gods  beneath.  Lares,  He 
roes.  Genii,  which  climb  higher,  if  they  lived  well,  as  the 
Stoics  held ;  but  grovel  on  the  ground  as  they  were  baser 
in  their  lives,  nearer  to  the  earth  ;  and  are  Manes,  Lemures, 
lamiiB,  &e.  *  They  will  have  no  place  but  all  full  of  Spii'its, 
Devils,  or  some  other  inhabitants !  Plenum  Cieliim,  aer,  aqita, 
Urra,  el  omnia  nih  terra,  sailh  *  Gazieus  ;  though  Anthony 
Busca  in  his  book  de  Inferno,  lib.  v.  cap.  7,  would  confine 
them  to  the  middle  Region,  yet  they  will  have  tiiem  every- 
"  Not  so  much  as  a  hair-breadth  empty  in  hea\-en, 

r  waters,  above  or  under  the  earth."  The  air  is  not 
fill!  of  flies  in  summer,  as  it  is  at  ail  limes  of  invisible 
b  ;  this  '  Paracelsus  stiffly  maintains,  and  that  they  have 
y  one  their  several  Chaos,  others  will  have  inlinite  worlds, 

h  world  his  peculiar  Spirits,  Gods,  Angels,  and  Devila 

:n  and  punish  it. 

'  PhvBlol.    Stolrarnm    i    6  Slhil'racuum  all  hiB  nbi  .qI  cslOTlim  fn 
mt/t  w*  BthitrBM  rocuEqiia 


250  Digression  of  Spirits.  [Part  L  see.  ft 

"  Singnia  *  nonnulli  credunt  quoque  sidera  posse 
Dici  orbes,  terramque  appellant  sidus  opacom, 
Cui  minimus  divdm  priBsit.** 

**  Some  persons  believe  each  star  to  be  a  world,  and  this  earth  an  opaqns 
star,  over  which  the  least  of  the  gods  presides.** 

iGregorius    Tholsanus    makes   seven  kinds   of   ethereal 
Spirits  or  Angels,  according  to  the  number  of  the  seven 
Planets,   Saturnine,  Jovial,  Martial,  of  which   Cardan  dis- 
oourseth  lib.  xx.  de  subtil,  he  calls  them  substantias  primaSf 
Olympicos  dcBmones  Tritemius,  qui  prasunt   Zodiaco,  SfCf 
and  will    have    them    to  be  good  Angels    above,   Devils 
beneath  the  Moon,  their  several  names  and  offices  he  there 
aets  down,  and  which  Dionysius  of  Angels,  will  have  several 
spirits  for  several  countries,  men,  offices,  &c,  which  live  about 
them,  and  as  so  many  assisting  powers  cause  their  operation^ 
will  have  in  a  word,  innumerable,  as  many  of  them  as  there 
be  Stars  in  the  Skies,     t  Marcilius  Ficinus  seems  to  second 
this  opinion,  out  of  Plato,  or  from  himself,  I  know  not,  (still 
ruling  their  inferiors,  as  they  do  those  under  them  again,  all 
subordinate,  and  the  nearest  to  the  earth  rule  us,  whom  we 
subdivide  into  good  and  bad  angels,  call  gods  or  devils,  as 
they  help  or  hurt  us,  and  so  adore,  love  or  hate)  but  it  is 
most  likely  from  Plato,  for  he  relying  wholly  on  Socrates, 
quern  mori  potius  qtuim  mentiri  voluisse  scribit,  whom  hfl 
says  would  rather  die  than  tell  a  falsehood  out  of  Socrates  8 
authority  alone,  made  nine  kinds  of  them ;   which  opinion 
belike  Socrates  took  from  Pythagoras,  and  he  from  TnsmegJS" 
tus,   he  from  Zoroasties,  first   God,  second   idea,  3.  Intelli- 
gences;  4.  Archangels ;   5.  Angels;    6.  Devils;   7.  Heroes; 
8.  Principalities ;    9.  Princes ;   of  which  some  were  abso- 
lutely good,  as  gods,  some  bad,  some  indifferent  inter  d^ 
et  homines,  as  heroes  and  daemons,  which  ruled  men,  and 
were  called  genii,  or  as  %  Proclus  and  Jamblichus  will,  the 

*  Palingenius.        1  Lib.  7,  cap.  34  et  5.  tes,  nt  habet  nostra.        %  Lib.  de  AijJ* 

Syntax,  art.   mirab.         t  Comment  in  et  dsemone  med.  infer  deoa  et  l»oniiD*j 

dial.  Plat,  de  amore,  cap.  5.    Ut  spheera  dicta  ad  nos  et  nostra  aequaliter  ad  <V" 

quaelibet   super    nos,  ita   prsestantiores  ferunt. 
babent  Iiabitatores  stue  sph£er«e  cousor- 


Q.  1,  rain,  a.]  Digressitm  of  Spiritt. 

middle  betwixt  God  and  men.  Principaliliea  and  Princes, 
which  commanded  and  swayed  Kings  and  countries ;  and 
had  several  places  in  the  Spheres  perhaps,  Tor  as  every 
sphere  is  higher,  so  Imth  it  more  excellent  inhabitants  j 
which  belike  is  that  Gulilieiis  h  Galileo  and  Eepler  aims  at 
in  his  Nuncio  Sjderio,  when  he  will  have  '  Saturnine  and 
Jovial  uihabilanEs  ;  and  which  Tjcho  Brahe  doth  in  some 
Bort  touch  or  insinuate  in  one  of  his  Epistles ;  but  these 
things  "Zanchius  justly  explodes,  cap.  3,  lib.  4,  P.  Hartyr. 
in  4  Sam.  28. 

So  that  according  to  these  men  the  number  of  ethereal 
epirits  must  needs  be  infinite ;  for  if  that  be  true  that  some 
of  our  mathematicians  say :  if  a  stone  could  fall  from  the 
starry  heaven,  or  eighth  sphere,  and  should  pass  every  hour 
an  hundred  miles,  it  would  be  sixty-five  years  or  more,  before 
it  would  come  to  ground,  by  reason  of  the  gi-eat  distance  of 
heaven  from  earth,  wjiich  contains,  as  some  say,  one  hundred 
and  seventy  millions  eiglit  hundre<l  and  three  miles,  besides 
those  other  heavens,  whether  they  be  crystalline  or  watery 
which  Magious  adds,  which  peradventure  holds  as  much 
mure,  how  many  such  spirits  may  it  contain?  And  jet  for 
all  this  ^Thomas  Alhertus,  and  most  hold  that  there  be  far 
more  angels  than  devils. 

Sublunary  devils,  and  their  Hnds.'J  But  be  they  more  or 
less.  Quod  supra  nos  nihil  ad  noa  (what  is  beyond  our  com-  . 
prehension  does  not  concern  us).  Howsoever  as  Martianus 
foolishly  supposeth,  j^therii  Dismones  non  curanl  tm  htl- 
ntanat,  they  care  not  for  us,  do  not  attend  our  actions,  or  look 
■for  ns,  thoi^  ethereal  ppirita  have  other  worlds  to  reign  in 
lelike  or  business  to  follow.  We  are  only  now  to  speak  in 
brief  of  these  sublunary  spirits  or  devils ;  for  the  vest,  our 
divines  determine  that  the  Devil  had  no  power  over  stars,  or 
heavens ;  '  Carmlnibua  ccelo  possuiU  deducere  lunum,  ^e.  (by 
r  charms  [verses]  they  can  seduce  the  moon  from  the 
It  JoTlsleg  trcnlmii.     •  In    Knivnll  rwiiirmstiir.       ■  i-  80.  nit.  •. 


252  Digresnon  of  Spirits,  [Part.  L  seo.  1 

heavens).     Those  are  poetical  fictions,  and  that  thej  can 
^sistere  aquam  fluviis,  et  vertere  sidera  retro^  S^c,  (stop  rivers 
and  turn  the  stars  backwards  in  their  courses)  as  Canadia  in 
Horace,  'tis  all  false.     ^  They  are  confined  until  the  day  of 
judgment  to  this  sublunary  world,  and  can  work  no  farther 
than  the  four  elements,  and  as  God  permits  them.     Where- 
fore of  these  sublunary  devils,  though  others  divide  them 
otherwise  according  to  their  several  places  and  offices,  Pael- 
las makes  six  kinds,  fiery,  aerial,  terrestrial,  watery,  and 
subterranean  devils,  besides  those  fairies,  satyrs,  nymphs,  &c 
Fiery  spirits  or  devils  are  such  as  commonly  work  by 
blazing   stars,  fire-drakes,  or   ignes  fatui ;  which  lead  men 
often  in  Jlamina  aut  prcecipitia,  saith  Bodine,  lib.  2,  Theat 
naturae,  fol.  221.      Quos  inguit  arcere  si  volunt  viaiores,  clarA 
voce  Deum  appeilare,  aut  pronam  facie  terram  contingenU 
adorare  oportety  et  hoc  amuletum  majorihus  nostris  acceptum 
ferre  debemus,  S^c,  (whom  if  travellers  wish  to  keep  off  they 
must  pronounce  the  name  of  Grod  with  a  clear  voice,  or  adore 
him  with  their  faces  in  contact  with  the  ground,  &c.)  ;  like- 
wise they  counterfeit  suns  and  moons,  stars  oftentimes,  and 
sit  on  ship  masts:   In  navigiorum   summitatibus   visuntur; 
and  are  called  dioscuri,  as  Eusebius  1,  contra  Philosophos, 
c  xlviii.  informeth  us,  out  of  the  authority  of  Zenophanes ; 
or  little  clouds,  ad  motum  nescio  quern  volantes  ;  which  never 
,  appear,  saith  Cardan,  but  they  signify  some  mischief  or  other 
to  come  unto  men,  though  some  again  will  have  them  to  pre- 
tend good,  and  victory  to  that  side  they  come  towards  in  sea- 
fights,  St.  Elmo's  fires  they  commonly  call  them,  and  they  do 
likely  appear  after  a  sea-storm  ;  Radzivillius,  the  Poloniaa 
duke,  calls  this  apparition,  Sancti  Germani  sidus  ;  and  saith 
moreover  that  he  saw  the  same  after  in  a  storm  as  he  was 
sailing,  1582,  from  Alexandria  to  Rhodes.*     Our  stories  are 
full  of  such  apparitions  in  all  kinds.     Some  think  they  keep 

1  ^n.  4.        <  Austin :  hoe  dixi,  ne  qnis  habltare  cum  Angelis  suis  tinde  lapenm 

exintimet  habitare  ibi  mala  daemonia  ubi  credimu8.      Idem  Zanch.  1.  4,  c.  &,  dt 

Solemet  Lu  nam  et  Stellas  Dcus  ordinavit,  Angel,  mails.     Pererius  in  Gen.  cap.  8| 

ct  alibi  nemo  arbitrareturDsemonemcoelis  lib.  8,  in  ver.  2.        *  Perigram  UiemoL 


Rm.  1,  toIm.  8]  Digremon  of  Spiritt.  253 

Beir  residence  in  tLat  Hecla,  a  mountain  in  Icf  land,  2EAna 
Bn  Sii-'Hj-,  Lipari,  Vteuvius,  &c.  These  devils  were  wor- 
Bjiipped  lieretofore  b/  that  superatitious  nvpo^avreio, '  (uid  tha 

m.  Aerial  spirits  or  devils,  are  Euch  as  keep  quarter  most  part 
lb  the  *air,  cause  many  tempests,  thunder,  and  lightnings, 
■bir  oaks,  fire  steeples,  houses,  strike  men  and  hcasii,  muke 
Bt  rain  stones,  as  in  Livy's  time,  wool,  frogs,  &c.     Counterfeit 
RRnies  ia  the  air,  strange  noises,  swords,  &c.,  as  at  Vienna 
Before  the  coming  of  the  Turks,  an<l  many  times  in  Kome, 
p8  Sclieretzius  1,  de  spect.  c.  1,  parL  1.     Lavater  de  specL. 
pvt  1,  c  17.    Julius  Ohaequens,  an  old  Roman,  in  his  hook 
BjF  prodigies,  ab  urb.  cond.  505.     *  Machiavel  hath  illustrated 
M'  many  examples,  and  JosepLus,  ia  his  book  du  bello  Ju- 
■kico,  before  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.     All  which  GuiL 
Jhstellus,  in  his  first  book,  c.  7,  de  orbis  concordid,  useth  as 
^B  effectual  argument  (as  indeed  it  is)  to  persuade  them  that 
^nl  not  believe  there  be  spirits  or  devils.    They  cause  whirl- 
H^ds  on  a  sudden,  and  tempestuous  storms;  which  though 
Miff  meteorologists  generally  refer  to  natural  causes,  yet  I  am 
RWBodine's  mind, Theat.  Nat.  \.  2,  they  are  more  oi^cn  caused 
bT  those  aerial  devib,  in  their  several  quarters;  for  7'empei- 
VAihia  se  ingerutU,  saith  *  Kich.  Argentine ;  as  when  a  des- 
perate man  makes  away  with  himself,  which  by  hanging  or 
dwwning  they  frequently  do,  as  Komraannus  observes,  de 
nirae.  morl.  part.  7,  c.   76,   tn'pudium  agentes,  dancing  and 
rejoicing  at  the  death  of  a  sinner.     These  can  corrupt  the 
'^1  and  cause  plagues,  sickoess,  storms,  shipwrecks,  fires,  in- 
l  Urfntions.    At  Slons  Draconis  in  Italy,  there  is  a  most  mem- 
|.DrablQ  example   in   'Jovianus   Fontanus ;   and   nothing  so 
iuniliar  (if  we  may  believe  those  relations  of  Saxo  Grara- 
i,  Olaus  Magnus,  Damianua  A.  Goes)  as  for  witches 
il  aorcerera,  in  Lapland,  Lithuania,  and  all  over  Scandia, 


:.  ClcDgno,    •  Da  IhUo  I 


254  Digre8si\)n  of  Spirits.  [Part  I.  mg.  & 

to  sell  winds  to  mariners,  and  cause  tempests,  which  Marcos 
Paulus  the  Venetian  relates  likewise  of  the  Tartars.    These 
kind  of  devils  are  much  *  delighted  in  sacrifices  (saith  Pop- 
phiry),  held  all  the  world  in  awe,  and  had  several  names, 
idols,  sacrifices,  in   Rome,  Greece,  Egypt,  and  at  this  daj 
tyrannize  over,  and  deceive  those  Ethnics  and  Indians,  being 
adored  and  worshipped  for  ^gods.     For  the  Gentiles'  gods 
were  devils  (as  *  Trismegistus  confesseth  in  his  Asclepius), 
and  he  himself  could  make  them  come  to  their  images  by 
magic  spells ;    and  are  now  as  much    "  respected  by  oar 
papists  (saith  •  Pictorius)  under  the  name  of  saints."    These 
are  they  which  Cardan   thinks  desire  so  much  carnal  cop- 
ulation with  witches  (Incuhi  and  Succubi),  ti-ansform  bodies, 
and  are  so  very  cold  if  they  be  touched ;   and  that  senre 
magicians.     His  father   had   one  of   them    (as   he  is  not 
ashamed  to  relate*),   an    aerial  devil,   bound  to  him  for 
twenty  and  eight  years.     As  Agrippa's  dog  had  a  devil  tied 
to  his  collar;  some  think  that  Paracelsus  (or  else  Erastos 
belies  him)  had  one  confined  to  his  sword-pummel;  others 
wear  them  in  rings,  &c     Jannes   and  Jambres  did  many 
things  of  old  by  their  help ;  Simon  Magus,  Cinops,  Apollo- 
nius  Tianeus,  Jamblichus,  and  Tritemius  of  late,  that  showed 
Maximilian  the  emperor  his  wife,  after  she  was  dead ;  S 
verrucam  in  colh  ejus  (saith  ^Grodolman)  so  much  as  the  wart 
in  her  neck.     Delrio,  lib.  ii.  hath  divers  examples  of  their 
feats ;  Cicogna,  lib.  iii.  cap.  3,  and  Wierus  in  his  book  « 
prcestig.  dcemonum,     Boissardus  de  magis  et  venefids. 

Water-devils  are  those  Naiads  or  water-nymphs  which 
have  been  heretofore  conversant  about  waters  and  rivers. 
The  w  ater  (as  Paracelsus  thinks)  is  their  chaos,  wherein  they 
live ;  some  call  them  fairies,  and  say  that  Habundia  is  their 
queen ;  these  cause  inundations,  many  times  shipwrecks,  aod 
deceive  men  divers  ways,  as  Succuba,  or  otherwise,  appe*'^ 

1  Sufintibus   gaudent.     Idem    Justin,  statuas  pellexi.      *  Et  nunc  Rttb  ^^!^ 

Martyr  Apolog.  pro  Christianis.        *  In  nomine  coluntnr  k  Pontificiia.       ^V 

Dei  itnitationem,  saith  Eusebius.        *  Dii  11,  de  rerum  ver.        *  Lib.  8.  cap.  8j  ■■ 

gentium  Dsemonia,  &c.,  ego  in  eorum  magis  et  yeneficis,  &e.  Neieidef. 


Mem.  1,  sabs.  2.]         Digression  of  Spirits.  255 

iDg  most  part  (saith  Tritemius)  in  women's  shapes.  ^  Para- 
celsus hath  several  stories  of  them  that  have  lived  and  been 
married  to  mortal  men,  and  so  continued  for  certain  years 
with  them,  and  after,  upon  some  dislike,  have  forsaken  them. 
Such  a  one  as  -^geria,  with  whom  Numa  was  so  familiar, 
Diana,  Ceres,  &c  ^  Olaus  Magnus  hath  a  long  narration  of 
one  Hotherus,  a  king  of  Sweden,  that  having  lost  his  com- 
pany, as  he  was  hunting  one  day,  met  with  these  water- 
nymphs  or  fairies,  and  was  feasted  by  them ;  and  Hector 
Boethius,  of  Macbeth,  and  Banquo,  two  Scottish  lords,  that 
as  they  were  wandering  in  the  woods,  had  their  fortunes  told 
them  by  three  strange  women.  To  these,  heretofore,  they 
did  use  to  sacrifice,  by  that  iJpo/iavma,  or  divination  by 
waters. 

Terrestrial  devils  are  those  'Lares,  Genii,  Fauns,  Satyrs, 
♦  Wood-nymphs,  Foliots,  Fairies,  Robin  Groodfellows,  TruUi, 
&c.,  which  as  they  are  most  conversant  with  men,  so  they  do 
them  most  harm.  Some  think  it  was  they  alone  that  kept 
the  heathen  people  in  awe  of  old,  and  had  so  many  idols  and 
temples  erected  to  them.  Of  this  range  was  Dagon  amongst 
the  Philistines,  Bel  amongst  the  Babylonians,  Astartes 
amongst  the  Sidonians,  Baal  amongst  the  Samaritans,  Isis 
and  Osiris  amongst  the  Egyptians,  &c ;  some  put  our  f  fairies 
into  this  rank,  which  have  been  in  former  times  adored  with 
much  superstition,  with  sweeping  their  houses,  and  setting  of 
a  pail  of  clean  water,  good  victuals,  and  the  like,  and  then 
they  should  not  be  pinched,  but  find  money  in  their  shoes, 
and  be  fortunate  in  their  enterprises.  These  are  they  that 
dance  on  heaths  and  greens,  as  *  Lavater  thinks  with  Trite- 
mius, and  as  *  Olaus  Magnus  adds,  leave  that  green  circle, 
which  we  commonly  find  in  plain  fields,  which  others  hold  to 
proceed  from  a  meteor  falling,  or  some  accidental  rankness 
of  the  ground,  so  nature  sports  herself;  they  are  sometimes 

J  Mb.  de  Zflphis.       «  Lib.  3.        s  Pro  4  Part.  1,  cap.  19.        «  Lib.  3,  cap.  11. 

•aliife  hotiiiniim  exciibaro  se  simulant,  Elyarum  choreas  Glaus,  lib  3,  Tocat  sal- 

■HliQuoium  pernidom  omnia moliuntur.  turn  adeo  profundi  in  terras  imprimuni. 

Au8t.         *  Dryades,  Oriades,  Hamadry-  ut  locus  insigid  deinceps  virore  orb&o' 

■dfls.  t  ElTaH   OLaus  yocat,  lib.  8.  laris  sit,  et  graioeu  noa  pereat. 


256  Digression  of  Spirits.  [Part.  L  sec  1 

Been  by  old  women  and  children.  Hierom.  Pauli,  in  his 
description  of  the  city  of  Bercino  in  Spain,  relates  how  they 
have  been  familiarly  seen  near  that  town,  about  fountains  and 
hills  ;  Nonnunquam  (saith  Tritemius)  in  sua  loUilula  monH* 
um  simpliciores  homines  ducant,  stupenda  mirantibus  ostein 
denies  niiracula,  nolarum  sonitus,  speciacula,  Sfc.^  Giraldns 
Cambrensis  gives  instance  in  a  monk  of  Wales  that  was  so 
deluded.  ^  Paracelsus  reckons  up  many  places  in  Germany, 
where  they  do  usually  walk  in  little  coats,  some  two  feet  long. 
A  bigger  kind  there  is  of  them  called  with  us  hobgoblins, 
and  Robin  Goodfellows,  that  would  in  those  superstitious 
times  grind  corn  for  a  mess  of  milk,  cut  wood,  or  do  any 
manner  of  drudgery  work.  They  would  mend  old  irons  in 
those  -ZEolian  isles  of  Li  pari,  in  former  ages,  and  have  been 
often  seen  and  heard.  *  Tholosanus  calls  them  Trullos  and 
GetuL)s,  and  saith,  that  in  his  days  they  were  common  in 
many  places  of  France.  Dithmarus  Bleskenius,  in  his  de- 
scription of  Iceland,  reports  for  a  certainty,  that  almost  in 
every  family  they  have  yet  some  such  familiar  spirits ;  and 
Foelix  Malleolus,  in  his  book  de  crudeL  dcemon.  affirms  as 
much,  that  these  Trolli  or  Telchines  are  very  common  in 
Norway,  "  and  *  seen  to  do  drudgery  work  ; "  to  draw  water, 
saith  Wierus,  lib.  i.  cap,  22,  dress  meat,  or  any  such  thing. 
Another  sort  of  these   there  are,   which  frequent  forlorn 

*  houses,  which  the  Italians  call  foliots,  most  part  innoxiouS| 

*  Cardan  holds :  "  They  will  make  strange  noises  in  the  night, 
howl  sometimes  pitifully,  and  then  laugh  again,  cause  great 
ilarae  and  sudden  lights,  fling  stones,  rattle  chains,  shave  men, 
open  doors  and  shut  them,  fling  down  platters,  stools,  chests, 
sometimes  appear  in  the  likeness  of  hares,  crows,  black  dogs, 
&c"  of  which  read  *  Pet.  Thyraeus  the  Jesuit,  in  his  Tract 

1  Sometimes   they  seduce  too  simple  gant,  patinas  mundant,  li^a  portant, 

men  into  their  mountain  retreats,  where  equos  curant,    &c.  *  Ad  minlsterte 

they  exhibit  wonderful  t\f^\\XA  to  thuir  utuntur.        ^  Where  treasure  is  hid  (ai 

niarrelling  eyes,  and  astonish  their  ears  some  think)  or  some  murder,  or  such  like 

by  the  sound  of  bells,  &c.        «  Lib.  de  villany  committed.         •  FJb.  16,  de  »• 

Zilph.  et  Pigmseis  Olaus,  lib.  3.        3  i^ib.  rum  varietat.        «  Vel  spiritus  sunt  ha« 

7,  cap.  14,  qui  et  in  fomulitio  viris  et  jusmodi  damnatorum,  vel  h  purgatotto, 

fieminis  Inserviunt,  conclaTia  scopis  pur-  yel  ipsi  dsemones,  c.  4.' 


Ifmi.  1,  fflb*.  9.]         DiffivniiM  of  j^iritt.  257 

de  foci's  infettii,  pari.  1,  et  cap.  4,  who  will  have  Iheni  to  ba 
dovils  or  the  eoula  of  damned  mcD  tliaC  seek  revenge,  or  else 
souls  out  of  purgatory  that  seek  ease;   for  such  examples 
peruse  ^  Sigismmidus  Scheretzius,  lib.  Je  spectris,  part  1,  c.  1, 
wliich  he  saith  he  took  out  of  Luther  nio~t  part ;  tliero  be 
man^  instances.     'Flinius  Seeundus  remembers  such  a  house 
at  Athens,  which  Atlienodorua  the  pbilosopber  liired,  wliieh 
no  miin  durst  inhabit  for  fear  of  devils.     Austin,  de   Civ. 
Hex,  Uli.  22,  cap.  1,  relates  as  mueli  of  llesperius  tjie  Trib- 
une's house,  at  Zubeda,  near  their  city  of  Hippos,  vexed  with 
evil  spirits,  to  his  great  hindrance,  Cam  affUctiitne  animaltum 
ei  servorum  suorum.     Many  such  instances  are  to  be  read  in 
Niderius  Formicar,  lib.  5,  cap.  xii.  3,  &c.     Whether  I  may 
eaU  these  Zim  and  Ochim,  which  Isaiah,  cap.  xiii.  21,  speaks 
of,  I  make  a  doubt.     See  more  of  these  in  the  said  Seberetz 
Hb.  I,  de  speei.  cap.  4,  lie  is  full  of  examples.     These  kinds 
of  devils  many  times  appear  to  men,  and  afinglit  them  out 
of  tlieir  wits,  sometimes  walking  at  'noonday,  aometimes  at 
nights,  counterfeiting  dead  men's  ghosts,  as  that  of  Caligula, 
■which  (aaiih  Suetonius)  was  seen  to  walk  in  Lavinia's  gar- 
den, where  his  body  was   buried,  spirits  haunted,  and  the 
hooso  where  he  died,  'NuSa  nox  sine  terrore  trantacta,  donee 
inemdio  ctmsumpta;  every  night  this  happened,  there  was 
no  quietness,  till  the  house  was  burned.     About  Heclo,  in 
Iceland,  ghosts  commonly  walk,  animas  mortuoram  timulaTt' 
tit,  faith  Job.  Anan.  lib.  3,  de  tuU.  dtsm.  Olmis,  lib.  2,  cap.  2, 
Jteot  Tallopid.  lib.  de  apparit.  tpir.  Kornmannus  de  mirac. 
"wrt.  part.  1,  cap.  44,  such  sights  are  frequently  seen  circa 
itpnkhra  el  tiwnasteria,  saith  Lavat.  lib.  1,  cap.  19,  in  monas- 
teries and  about  churchyai'ds,  loca  paludinosa,  ampla  ledijicia, 
tAitaria,  et  crnde  hominum  nolaia,  ^c.  (marshes,  great  build- 
logs,  solitary  places,  or  remarkable  as  the  scene  of  soma 
"mriler.)  Thyreus  adds,  ubl  gramas  peccaium  est  commissum, 

'iDrdim  IcDmm  Ooinntlcli  Initru-    b-B.       lEpInt,  lib.  T.       •  HirldtonslBi 

l^iOallniaM  c1^lriunl,'et  qirirlam    I.  3.  «p.  8.  *  HiuUm.  D.  B9,  In  C* 

^'^uQtLtunt,  pjulant.  rUum  emltbant,    UgiiiA. 
►8.,  m  csflet  d1^,  aIbIi  tetUi  fi>nnt«, 


258  Digremon  of  Spirits,  [Part.  1  seel 

impii  pauperum  oppressares  et  nequiter  instgnes  habitant 
(where  some  very  heinous  crime  was  committed,  there  the 
impious  and  infamous  generally  dwell).     These  spirits  often 
foretell  men's  deaths  by  several  signs,  as  knocking,  groaninga^ 
&c.,  *  though  Rich.  Argentine,  c.  18,  cfe  prcestigiis  dcemonumf 
will  ascribe  these  predictions  to  good  angels,  out  of  the  au- 
thority of  Ficinus  and  others ;  prodigia  in  obitu  principum 
stepins  contingunt,  S^c,  (prodigies  frequently  occur  at  the 
deaths  of  illustrious   men),  as  in  the   Lateran   church  k 
t  Rome,  the  popes'  deaths  are  foretold  by  Sylvester's  tomk 
Near  Rupes  Nova  in  Finlandj^in  the  kingdom  of  Sweden 
there  is  a  lake,  in  which,  before  the  governor  of  the  castle 
dies,  a  spectrum,  in  the  habit  of  Arion  with  his  harp,  appean^ 
and  makes  excellent  music,  like  those  blocks  in  Cheshin^ 
which  (they  say)  presage  death  to  the  master  of  the  family^ 
or  that  *  oak  in  Lanthadran  park  in  Cornwall,  which  for^ 
shows  as  much.     Many  families   in   Europe  are  so  put  il 
mind  of  their  last  by  such  predictions,  and  many  men  art 
forewarned  (if  we  may  believe  Paracelsus)  by  familiar  spiifti, 
in  divers  shapes,  as  cocks,  crows,  owls,  which  often  ho?* | 
about  sick  men's  chambers,  vel  quia  morientium  fcedit 
sentiunty  as  ^  Baracellus  conjectures,  et  ideo  super  tectum  •*.] 
Jirmorum  crocitant^  because  they  smell  a  corse  ;  or  for 
(as  '  Bernardinus  de  Bustis  thinketh)  God  permits  the  dfl 
to  appear  in  the  form  of  crows,  and  such  like  creatures, 
scare  such  as  live  wickedly  here  on  earth.     A  little  bei 
Tully's  death  (saith  Plutarch)  the  crows  made  a  mighty 
about   him,  tumuUuose  perstrepentes,  they  pulled  the 
from  under  his  head.     Rob.  Gaguinus  hist.   Franc  l^ 
telleth  such  another  wonderful  story  at  the  death  of  Jol 
de  Monteforti,  a    French   lord,  anno  1345,  tanta  corvi 
multitudo  cedihus  morientis  insedit,  quantam  esse  in 
nemo  judicdsset  (a  multitude  of  crows  alighted  on  the 
of  the  dying  man,  such  as  no  one  imagined  existed  in  Fi 

*  Strozzins  Cicogna,  lib.  3.  mag.  cap.  5.    GeniaH,  folio  137.         •  Part.  1, 
t  Idem  c.  18.  i  M.  Carew,  Survey  of    Abducunt  eos  ^  recta  yia,  et  Tia 

Cornwall,  lib.  2,  folio  140.  >  Horto    facientibus  intercluduni. 


fMB.  1,  lui*.  1.]         Digrettion  of  Spiriig. 

luch  prodigies  are  rery  frequent  in  aulhors.  See  more  of 
hese  in  the  eaiil  Lavaler,  Thyre'is  de  hcis  infatU,  pearl  3, 
op.  58.  J'ictorius,  Delrio,  Cicogna,  lib.  3,  cap.  9.  Necro- 
lonccTii  take  upon  iliem  lo  rai^  and  liiy  them  tU  their  pleoa- 
:re9  ;  and  so  likewise  those  which  MIzaldus  calls  Ambulonea, 
hat  walk  about  midnight  on  great  lieaths  and  desert  places, 
rhich  (aaiih  ^  Lavater)  "  draw  men  out  of  the  way,  nnd  kitd 
heni  ail  night  a  by-way,  or  quite  bar  them  of  their  wuy;" 
hese  have  several  niimea  in  several  plates ;  we  commonly 
all  them  Pucks.  In  the  deserts  of  Lop,  in  Asia,  such  iilu- 
lions  of  walking  spirits  are  of^en  perceived,  as  you  may  read 
in  M.  Faulu9,  llie  Venetian  his  travels ;  if  one  lose  hid 
company  by  chance,  these  devils  will  call  hira  by  his  name, 
Mid  counterfeit  voices  of  his  companions  to  seduce  him, 
Hieronyra.  Fauli,  id  his  book  of  the  hills  of  Spain,  relates 
of  a  great  ^  mount  in  Cantabria,  where  such  spectrums  are 
to  be  seen ;  Lavater  and  Cicogna  have  variety  of  examples 
of  spirits  and  walking  devils  in  this  kind.  Sometimes  they 
dc  by  the  highway  side,  to  give  men  falls,  and  make  their 
hffses  stumble  and  start  as  they  ride  (if  y<iu  will  believe  the 
nlBtion  of  that  holy  man  Ketcllus  in  *  Nubri(;;eDfiis,  that  had 
>n  especial  grace  lo  see  devils,  Graiiam  divimtits  collatatn, 
ttA  talk  with  them,  Et  impavidvs  cum  spintibus  sermonem 
{'  wwtre,  without  offence,)  and  if  a  man  curse  or  spur  his  horse 
'Ac  stumbling,  they  do  heartily  rejoice  at  it ;  with  many  auch 
!j«tiy  feafs. 

Subterraneao  devils  are  as  common  as  the  rest,  and  do  aa 
UOch  harm.  Olaus  Magnus,  lib.  6,  ct^.  19,  mnkes  six  kinda 
W  litem ;  some  bigger,  some  less.  These  (saith  °  Munaler) 
ommonly  seen  about  mines  of  metals,  and  are  some  of 
noxious !  some  again  do  no  harm.  The  melal-men  in 
ly  jilaces  account  it  good  luck,  a  sign  of  treasure  and  rich 


h  lubHBipoaCft  WKtB  UJ 


2G0  Digresnan  of  Spirits*  [Part.  L  tee.  1 

6re  when  tbej  see  them.  Greorgius  Agrioola,  in  his  hook  <& 
suhterraneis  animaniibus,  cap.  37,  reckons  two  more  notable 
kinds  of  tliem,  which  he  calls  ^  Getuli  and  Gobali,  both  ^  ars 
clothed  afler  the  manner  of  metal-men,  and  will  many  times 
imitate  their  works."  Their  office,  as  Pictorius  and  Paracel- 
sus think,  is  to  keep  treasure  in  the  earth,  that  it  be  not  all 
at  once  revealed;  and  besides,  *  Cicogna  avers  that  they  are 
the  frequent  causes  of  those  horrible  earthquakes  '^whidi 
oflen  swallow  up,  not  only  houses,  but  whole  islands  and 
cities  ; "  in  his  third  book,  cap,  11,  he  gives  many  instances. 

The  last  are  conversant  about  the  centre  of  the  earth  to 
torture  the  souls  of  damned  men  to  the  day  of  judgment; 
their  egress  and  regress  some  suppose  to  be  about  ^tnai 
Lipari,  Mons  Hecla  in  Iceland,  Vesuvius,  Terra  del  Fu^ 
&C.,  because  many  shrieks  and  fearful  cries  are  continuall/ 
heard  thereabouts,  and  familiar  apparitions  of  dead  meot 
ghosts  and  goblins. 

Their  Offices,  Operations,  Studt/.']  Thus  the  devil  reign% 
and  in  a  thousand  several  shapes,  ''as  a  roaring  lion  still 
seeks  whom  he  may  devour,"  1  Pet  v.,  by  earth,  sea,  land, 
air,  as  yet  unconfined,  though  *  some  will  have  his  proper 
place  the  air ;  all  that  space  between  us  and  the  moon  for 
them  that  transgressed  least,  and  hell  for  the  wickedest  of 
them,  Hic  velut  in  carcere  ad  Jinem  mundi,  tunc  in  hewn 
funestiorem  trudendi,  as  Austin  holds  de  Oivit  Dei,  c,  22,  U^ 
14,  cap.  3  et  23;  but  be  where  he  will,  he  rageth  while  he 
may  to  comfort  himself,  as  'Lactantius  thinks,  with  other 
men*s  falls,  he  labours  all  he  can  to  bring  them  into  the  same 
pit  of  perdition  with  him.  "  For  *  men's  miserieis,  calamitiesi 
and  ruins  are  the  devil's  banqueting  dishes.'*  By  many 
temptations  and  several  engines,  he  seeks  to  captivate  (Mff 


1  Vestiti  more  inetallioornm,  gesttis  et  bus.     Idem  Thyrens   de  locb  ^'O^'"^ 

opera  eorum  imitantur.        *  Immlsso  in  >  Lactantius  2,  de  origlne  errorlSf  cap.  l»i 

terrae  carreres  vento  horribiles  terrse  mo-  hi  maligni  spiritus  per  omnem  terfftt 

tus  efficiunt,  quibus  saepe  non  domns  vagantur,  et  solatium    perdittonis  nB 

mode  ct  turres,  sed  civitates  integrae  et  perdendis  hominibus  operantur.     4lfo^ 

tnsulae  haustae  sunt.        *  Hierom.  in  3  taUum  calamitates  epulie  Bunt  mabv^ 

Bphos.    Ide*u  Miohaelis,  e.  4,  de  spiriti-  dsBmoniim,  Synesiiu. 


n.  1,  Bubs.  a.]         Diffreision  of  JSpittit. 


2GL 

The  Lord  of  Lies,  aaith  *  Austin,  "As  lie  was  d©- 
1  himself,  he  seeks  to  deceive  others,  the  ringleader  la 
lughtiness,  as  he  did  hy  Eve  and  Catn,  Sodom  and  Go- 
,  so  would  he  do  by  alt  the  world.  Sometimes  he 
\  by  covetousne.=8,  drunkennesg,  pleasure,  pride,  &c, 
i,  dejeets,  saves,  kills,  protects,  and  rides  some  men,  as 
r  do  Iheir  horses.  He  studies  our  overthrow,  and  gcn- 
rally  seeks  our  destruction  ; "  and  although  he  pretend  many 
limes  human  good,  and  vindicate  himeelf  for  a  god  by  curiug 
of  seveiiil  diseases,  isffris  sanitatem,  et  cmcis  luminis  tmim 
raliluendo,  as  Austin  declares,  lib.  10,  de  Civil.  Dei,  cap.  6, 
as  Apollo,  .^^ulapius,  Isis,  of  old  have  done  ;  divert  plagues, 
assist  them  in  wars,  pretend  their  happiness,  yet  nihil  hit 
impurius,  sceleslius,  nihil  humano  genen  infeslitu,  nothing  so 
impure,  nolhing  so  pernicious,  as  may  well  appear  by  their 
tyrannical  and  bloody  sacrifices  of  men  to  Saturn  and  Moloch, 
which  are  still  in  use  among  those  barbarous  Indians,  their 
several  deceits  and  cozenings  to  keep  men  in  obedience,  their 
&lse  oracles,  sacrifices,  their  auperatilious  impositions  of  fasts, 
penury,  &c.  Heresies,  superstitious  observations  of  meats, 
times,  &c.,  by  which  they  "crucify  the  souls  of  mortal  mon,. 
as  shall  be  showed  in  our  Ti-eatise  of  Religious  Melancholy. 
Modico  adhuc  tempore  siaifur  malignari,  as  '  Bernard  ex- 
presseth  it,  by  God's  permission  he  rageth  awhile,  hereafter 
to  be  confined  to  hell  and  darkness,  "  which  ia  prepared  for 
liim  and  his  angels,"  MaL  x)cv. 
^  How  far  their  power  doth  extend  it  is  hard  to  determine ; 
Hbt  the  ancients  held  of  their  effects,  force  and  operations, 
^ferill  briefly  show  you  :  Plato  in  Crilias,  and  after  him  his 

^Knomlntu  mendu 


hum.ni    £3.<n 


n.  Orrs;,  In  1.  c 


BHitem. 


b-B.  18,  lib.  10, 31.    TtKophll.  in  ll 


followers,  gave  out  that  these  spirits  or  devils,  "  were  n 
governors  and  keepers,  our  lordd  and  masters,  as  we  ai 
our  catllfl."  '"They  govern  provinces  and  Itingdoma  bf 
oracles,  auguries,  dreams,  reward*,"  and  punbhmenta,  proplB* 
cies,  inspirations,  sacrifices,  and  religious  euperstitioDS,  w 
in  as  many  forms  as  there  be  diversity  of  spirits  ;  they  aeaJ' 
wars,  plagues,  peace,  sickness,  health,  dearth,  plenty,  ' 
ilaiUa  hie  jam  noHi,  ipeetantei,  et  arUtrantei,  S^.,  as  appHOt 
by  those  histories  of  Tlmcydides,  Livius,  Dionysius  Halicur 
nassus,  wi[h  many  others  that  are  full  of  their  wondorM 
Btratagems,  and  were  therefore  by  those  Roman  and  GrtA 
commonwealths  adored  and  worshipped  for  gods  with  prajed 
and  sacrifices,  &c.  *Ia  a  word,  ^ihit  magis  guxrurU  ymw 
metum  et  admirationem  hommum  ;  *  and  as  nnolher  halh  i^ 
Dici  turn  potest,  quam  impotenti  ardore  in  homines  domi 
9t  Divinos  cvltot  matigni  ipiritus  affectent?  Tritemiaa  in  1^ 
book  de  sepiem,  seeundU,  assigns  names  lo  such  angels  i 
governors  of  particular  provinces,  by  what  authority  I  knoit 
not,  and  gives  them  several  jurisdictions.  Asclepiades  I 
Grecian,  Rabbi  Achiba  the  Jew,  Abraham  Avenezra,  sai 
Rabbi  Azariel,  Arabians  (as  I  find  them  cited  by  '  Cicogn^ 
fiirlher  add,  that  tliey  are  not  our  governors  only,  Swi  <* 
eorum  concordia  et  discordia,  boni  et  mali  affectus  promanOlSt. 
but  as  they  agree,  so  do  we  and  our  princes,  or  di'^agresi 
etand  or  fall.  Juno  was  a  bitter  enemy  lo  Troy,  Apollo  * 
good  friend,  Jupiter  indifferent,  ^qua  Venus  Teacris.  PaSai 
iniqtia  ftiit ;  some  are  for  us  slill,  some  against  us,  iVetnw" 
J)eo,feH  -Deui  alter  opem.  Religion,  pohcy,  public  and  pi> 
vate  quarrels,  wars  are  procured  by  them,  and  tliey  IB 
*  delighted  perhaps  to  see  men  fight,  as  men  are  with  e(ick% 
bulls,  and  dogs,  bears,  &c,  plagues,  dearths  depend  on  ill*!*' 
our  he7ii  and  mcdi  esse,  and  almost  all  our  otlier  pecuiiM 


be.  S.]         Dijreasion  of  ^irits. 

sctions,  for  (as  Anthony  Rusca  contends,  Uh.  5,  cap.  18, 
every  man.  baih.  a  good  and  a  bad  angel  atlending  on  hira 
in  particular,  all  his  lire  lon^,  which  Jamhiichus  calls  d<Emo- 
Kittn,)  preferments,  losses,  weddings,  deaths,  rewards,  and 
punishments,  and  aa  *  Froclus  will,  all  ollicea  tthatsoever, 
<dii  genetrieem,  alii  opijlcem  polestaiem  habent,  SfC.,  and  ser- 
eml  namea  they  give  them  according  to  their  offices,  ai  Lares 
InilijeleB,  Prastites,  &c  When  the  Arcades  in  that  battle 
at  Cheronie,  which  was  fought  against  King  Fhilip  for  tha 
h'bcriy  of  Greece,  had  deceitfully  carried  themselves,  long 
»fler,  in  the  yery  same  place,  Hits  Gracia  uUoribu-e  (saith 
mine  author)  tliey  were  miserably  slain  by  Metellua  the 
Boman  ;  so  likewise,  in  smaller  matters,  they  will  have 
things  fall  out,  as  these  bon%  and  mn/i  genii  favour  or  dia- 
Eke  us  ;  Salurni  nan  conveaiuiU  Jovialibu3,  ^.  He  tliat  is 
Satuminua  shall  never  likely  be  preferred.  *That  baae  fel- 
bws  are  otlen  advanced,  undeserving  Gnathoes,  and  vicious 
parasites,  whereas  discreet,  wise,  virtuous  and  worthy  men  are 
neglected  and  unrewarded;  they  refer  to  those  domineering 
spirits,  or  subordinate  Genii ;  as  they  are  inclined,  or  favour 
men,  so  they  thrive,  are  ruled  and  overcome ;  for  as  '  Liba- 
nius  eupposeth  in  our  ordinary  conflicts  and  contentions, 
Genius  Genio  cedit  et  ohtemperat,  one  genius  yields  and  is 
overcome  by  another.  All  particular  events  almost  they 
refer  to  these  private  spirits  ;  and  (as  Paracelsus  adds)  they 
direct,  teach,  inspire,  and  Inairuct  men.  Never  waa  any  man 
extraordinary  famous  in  any  art,  action,  or  great  commander, 
that  had  not  familiarem  diemonem  to  inform  him,  as  Noma, 
Socrates,  and  many  sncb,  aa  Cardan  illustrates,  cap.  128, 
Jwcanis  prudentitB  civilis,  *  Speciali  siquidem  gratia,  si  ft 

t»  donari  asserunt  magi,  d  Geniis  cahslibus  instrui,  ah 
doceri.  But  these  are  moat  erroneous  paradoxes,  inepta 
'lb.  de  iinlins  et  dicnione.  1  Qno-  loBoptiJnoTi  mnnnpreTitiir,  cum  warm  dI 
fit,  ut  Pri.ir)[Wi  noviUum  .ulicum  IncrtnE.  Ob  Ir.Bulfon.  Joruin  Ker"  P* 
lli  Ft  dlgnlutibai  pens  Qbruiirit,  el    nilun;  rpporlrt,  iniB  Bt.  k'.       '  Ub.  a» 


264  Nature  of  Spirits.  [Part  I.  sec.  1 

et  fahjUosm  nugm^  rejected  bj  our  divines  and  Christian 
churches.     'Tis  true  they  have,  by  God*s  permission,  power 
over  us,  and  we  find  by  experience,  that  they  can  *  hurt  not 
our  fields  only,  cattle,  goods,  but  our  bodies  and  minds.    At 
Hammel  in  Saxony,  Aru  1484,  20  Junii,  the  devil,  in  like- 
ness of  a  pied  piper,  carried  away  one  hundred  and  thirty 
children  that  were  never  ailer  seen.     Many  times  men  are 
•affrighted  out  of  their  wits,  carried  away  quite,  as  Sche- 
retzius  illustrates,  lib,  1  c.  iv.,  and  severally  molested  by  his 
means,  Plotinus  the  Platonist,  UK  14,  advers,  Gnos,  laughs 
them  to  scorn,  that  hold  the  devil  or  spirits  can  cause  any 
such  diseases.     Many  think  he  can  work  upon  the  body,  bat 
not  upon  the  mind.     But  experience  pronounceth  otherwise, 
that  he  can  work  both  upon  body  and  mind.     Tertullian  ia 
of  this  opinion,  c,  22.    •  "  That  he  can  cause  both  sickness  and 
health,"  and  that  secretly.     *Taurellus  adds  "by  clancular 
poisons  he  can  infect  the  bodies,  and  hinder  the  operations 
of  the  bowels,  though  we  perceive  it  not,  closely  creeping  into 
them,'*  saith  *  Lipsius,  and  so  crucify  our  souls :  Et  nociva 
melancholia  funosos  efficit.     For  being  a  spiritual  body,  he 
struggles  with  our  spirits,  saith  Rogers,  and  suggests  (accord- 
ing to  ®  Cardan,  verba  sine  voce,  species  sine  visu^  envy,  lusl^ 
anger,  &c.)  as  he  sees  men  inclined. 

The  manner  how  he  performs  it,  Biarmannus,  in  his  Oi** 
tion  against  Bodine,  sufficiently  declares.  "^ "  He  begins  first 
with  the  fantasy,  and  moves  that  so  strongly,  that  no  reason 
is  able  to  resist.  Now  the  fantasy  he  moves  by  mediation 
of  humours ;  although  many  physicians  are  of  opinion,  that 
the  devil  can  alter  the  mind,  and  produce  this  disease  of  hini- 

1  Oodelmauus  cap.  3,  lib.  1.  de  Magis.  et  yenenis  nobis  Ignotis  corpiis  infietf*> 

Idem  Zanchius  lib.  4,    cap.  10  et  11,  de  6  Irrepentes  corporibu«   occulto  morbfll 

malis  angelis.  2  Nociva  Mel  ncholia  fingunt,  menten  terrent,  membra  distoj- 

furiosos  edicit,  et  quandoque  penitus  in-  quent.   Lipa.  Phil.  Stoic.  1  1,  c.  19.     •  W 

terficit.   G.  Ficolomineus  IdemqueZanch.  rerum  var.  1.  16,  c.  93.        '  Quum  menl 

cap.  10,  lib.  4.  si  Deus  permittat,  corpora  immediate  decipi  nequit,  primum  mow 

nostra  movere  possunt,  alterare,  quovis  phantasiam.et  ita  obfirmat  vanis  concep" 

morborum  et  malorum  genere  afflcere,  tibus  aut  ut  ne  quern  facultati  K9^aBMr 

Imo  et  in  ipsa  penetrare  et  psevire.      »In-  tivae  ration!  locum  relinquat.     Splritm 

ducero  potest  morbos  et  sanitates.     *Vi9-  malus  invadit  animam,  turbat  wnsu8.  i* 

cerum  actiones  potest  inhibere  latenter,  furorem  coi^jicit.    Austin,  de  Tit.    Bot 


eeir.  Quihtidam  medlcorum  visum,  saith  'Avicenna,  quHA 
Melancholia  contingat  a  dcemomo.  Of  the  Rame  mind  is 
Psellua  and  Rhftsis  the  Arab.  lid.  1,  Tract.  9,  Cont.  "  "  That 
this  di^ase  proceeds  especiallj  from  the  devil,  and  from  him 
alone."  Aj-culanua,  cap.  6  in  9,  Rhasis,  ^lianua  Slontaltua 
ID  his  9  cup.,  Daniel  Sennertus,  lid.  1,  part  2,  cap.  11,  con- 
fimi  08  much,  that  ihe  devil  can  cauae  this  disease ;  by  reason 
many  times  that  the  parties  affected  prophesy,  speak  stninge 
language,  but  tion  sine  inferventu  humoris,  not  without  tha 
humour,  as  he  interprets  himself;  no  more  doth  Aviceana, 
(t  Bontingat  d  tUsmonio,  suj^eit  nobis  tU  converiat  complex- 
ioHem  ad  cholerain  m'ffram,  el  sit  causa  ^vs  'propinqna  chdera 
nigra  ;  Ihe  immediate  cause  is  choler  adusr,  which  •  Pompo- 
natiu9  likewise  labours  to  make  good  ;  Galgci-andus  of  Man- 
tua, a  famous  physician,  so  cured  a  diemoniaeal  woman  in  hia 
time,  that  spake  all  langunges,  by  purging  black  choler,  and 
thereupon  belike  this  humour  of  Melancholy  is  called  Bal- 
neum Dlaboli,  the  Devil's  Balh ;  the  devil  spying  hia  oppor- 
tunity of  such  humours  drives  them  many  times  to  despair, 
fury,  rage,  &&,  mingling  himself  amongst  these  humours. 
This  ia  tliat  which  TertuUian  avers,  Oorporibus  injligant 
aeerhos  casus,  animceque  repentinos,  membra  distorquent,  oo 
eu&e  repentes,  ^c,  and  wliicb  Lemnius  goes  about  to  prove, 
Imndscenl  se  mali  Genii  pravis  humoribus,  atque  atriB  bill, 
ifc.  And  '  Jason  Pratensi,",  "  that  the  devil,  being  a  slender, 
incomprehensible  spirit,  can  easily  insinuate  and  wind  him- 
self into  human  bodies,  and  cunningly  couched  in  our  bowels 
MTiliate  our  healths,  terrify  our  souls  with  fearful  dreams,  and 
shake  our  mind  with  furies."  And  in  another  place,  *■  These 
unclean  sjiirits  settled  in  our  bodies,  and  now  mixed  with  our 
melancholy  humours,  do  triumph  as  it  were,  and  sport  tliem- 
■elves  as  in  another  heaven."    Thus  be  arguoa,  and  that  ihey 


266  Nature  of  ^rit$.  [PartLteo.! 

go  in  and  out  of  our  bodies,  as  bees  do  in  a  hive,  and  so  pro- 
voke and  tempt  us  as  thej  perceive  our  temperature  inclined 
of  itself,  and  most  apt  to  be  deluded.     ^  Agrippa  and  ^  Lava- 
ter  are  persuaded,  that  this  humour  invites  the  devil  to  % 
wheresoever  it  is  in  extremity,  and  of  all  other,  melancliolj 
persons  are  most  subject  to  diabolical  temptations  aud  ilia- 
eions,  and  most  apt  to  entertain  them,  and  the  devil  best  able 
to  work  upon  them.     But  whether  by  obsession,  or  poeses* 
sion,  or  otherwise,  I  will  not  determine  ;  'tis  a  difficult  ques- 
tion.    Delrio  the  Jesuit,  Tom.  3,  lib,  6,  Springer  and  his 
colleague,  mdlL  mcdef.  Pet  Thyreus  the  Jesuit,  lib.  de  iam^ 
oniacis,    de    hcis    tnfestis,   de    TerriJiccUtombus   nocturmtf 
Hieronimus  Mengus  FlageL  deem,  and  others  of  that  rank 
of  pontifical  writers,  it  seems,  by  their  exorcisms  and  conjura* 
tions  approve  of  it,  having  forged  many  stories  to  that  pu^ 
pose.      A  nun  did  eat  a  lettuce  •  without  grace,  or  signing 
it  with  the  sign  of  the  cross,  and  was  instantly  possessed. 
Durand.  lib,  6,  Rationall.  c.  86,  nundf.  8,  relates  that  he  saw 
a  wench  possessed  in  Bononia  with  two  devils,  by  eating  an 
unhallowed  pomegranate,  as  she  did  afterwards  confess,  when 
she  was  cured  by  exorcisms.     And  therefore  our  Papists  do 
sign  themselves  so  often  with  the  sign  of  the  cross,  iVe  damffa 
ingredi  ausit,  and  exorcise  all  manner  of  meats,  as  being  an- 
dean or  accursed  otherwise,  as  Bellarmine  defends.    Many 
such  stories  I  find  amongst  pontifical  writers,  to  prove  their 
issertions,  let  them  free  their  own  credits ;  some  few  I  will 
recite  in  this  kind  out  of  most  approved  physicians.     Corne- 
lius Gemma,  lib.  2,  de  not.  mirac,  c.  4,  relates  of  a  young 
maid,  called   Katherine   Gualter,  a  cooper's  daughter,  -i^ 
1571,  that  had  such  strange  passions  and  convulsions,  three 
men  could  not  sometimes  hold  her ;  she  purged  a  live  eel, 
which  he  saw  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  and  touched  it  himself  J 
but  the  eel  afterwards  vanished ;  she  vomited  some  twenty* 
four  pounds  of  fulsome  stuff  of  all  colours,  twice  a  day  f^' 

*  Lib.  1.  cap.  6,  occult.  Philos.  part  1,    sanctlflcatione  sic  k  dsemooe  obacfl*** 
^P>  1,  de  spectris.        s  Sine  cruce  et    dial.        s  Qreg.  pag.  c.  9. 


Kern.  1,  (nbs.  a.]  Natun  of  SpinU.  267 

fourteen  days ;  nnd  after  that  she  voided  great  balls  of  hair, 
pieces  of  wood,  pigeons*  dung,  parehment,  goo=e  dung,  coalsj 
and  afler  them  two  pounds  of  pure  blood,  and  then  again 
coals  and  stones,  of  which  some  had  inscriptions  bigger  than 
a  walnut,  some  of  them  pieces  of  glass,  brass,  &e,,  besides 
paroxysms  of  laughing,  weeping,  and  eeslasies,  &&  M  hoc 
(inqiiit)  cum  horrore  vidi,  thia  I  saw  with  horror.  TJiey 
could  do  no  good  on  her  by  physic,  but  left  her  lo  the  clergy. 
Mareelius  Donatus,  Ub.  2,  c,  1,  de  med.  mirab.  hath  such  an- 
other sloiy  of  a  country  fellow,  that  had  four  knives  in  hia 
belly,  Iiutar  serree  denfatot,  indented  like  a  saw,  every  one  a 
span  long,  and  a  wreath  of  hair  like  a  globe,  with  much  bag- 
gage of  like  sort,  wonderful  to  behold ;  how  it  should  coma 
into  his  guts,  Le  concludes,  Ceria  non  alio  quam  damonia  at- 
tutid  et  dolo,  (couid  assuredly  only  have  been  through  the 
artifice  of  ihe  devil).  Langius,  Hpiit.  med.  lib.  1,  Episl.  38, 
bath  many  relations  lo  this  eSect,  and  so  hath  Christopherua 
i  Vega  i  Wierus,  Skenkius,  Scribonius,  all  agree  that  they 
are  done  by  the  subtlety  and  illusion  of  the  devil.  If  yoa 
shall  ask  a  reatioo  of  this,  'tis  to  exercise  our  patience ;  for  as 
•Tertuilian  holds.  Virtus  non  eat  virlua,  nt'si  comparem  hahet 
tdiquem,  in  quo  avperando  vim  mam  oalendai,  'tis  to  try  us 
and  oar  faith,  'lis  for  our  offences,  and  for  the  punishmenl  of 
I,  by  God's  permission  they  do  it,  Camifices  vindictm 
Dei,  as  '  Tolosanus  styles  them.  Executioners  of  hia 
i  or  rather  as  David,  Ps.  78,  yer.  40.  "  He  cast  upoa 
a  the  fierceness  of  his  anger,  indignation,  wrath,  and  vexsr 
a,  by  sending  out  of  evil  angels;"  so  did  he  afilieC  Job,  Saul, 
B  Lunatics  and  demoniacal  persons  whom  Christ  cured, 
'.  8,  Luke  iv.  11,  Luke  xiii.,  Mark  is.,  Tohit  viii,  3, 
•  This,  I  say,  happeneth  for  a.  punishment  of  sin,  for  theif 
ptoffailh,  incredulity,  weakness,  distrust,  &.C. 


268  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  sec  s 

SuBSECT.  III. —  0/  Witches  and  Magicians,  how  they  cauti 

Melancholy. 

You  have  heard  what  the  devil  can  do  of  himself,  now  you 
shall  hear  what  he  can  perform  by  his  instruments,  who  are 
many  times  worse  (if  it  be  possible)  than  he  himself,  aod  to 
satisfy  their  revenge  and  lust  cause  more  mischief,  MiUta  enim 
mala  non  egisset  daemon^  nisi  provocatus  a  sagis,  as  ^  Erastas 
thinks ;  much  harm  had  never  been  done,  had  he  not  been 
provoked  by  witches  to  it.  He  had  not  appeared  in  SamueFs 
shape,  if  the  Witch  of  Endor  had  let  him  alone ;  or  repre- 
sented those  serpents  in  Pharo's  presence,  had  not  the  magi- 
cians urged  him  unto  it ;  Nee  morbus  vel  hominibtis,  vel  brutii 
injligeret  (Erastus  maintains)  si  sagce  quiescerent ;  men  and 
cattle  might  go  free,  if  the  witches  would  let  him  alone 
Many  deny  witches  at  all,  or  if  there  be  any  they  can  do  no 
harm  ;  of  this  opinion  is  Wierus,  lib,  3,  cap,  53,  de  prastig* 
deem,  Austin  Lerchemer,  a  Dutch  writer,  Biarmannus,  Ewich- 
ius,  Euwaldus,  our  countryman  Scot ;  with  him  in  Horace, 

"  Sorania,  terrores  ^lagicos,  rairacula,  sagas, 
Nocturnos  Lemures,  portentaque  Thessala  risu 
Excipiunt." 

Say,  can  you  laugh  indignant  at  the  schemes 
Of  magic  terrors,  visionary  dreams, 
Portentous  wonders,  witching  imps  of  Hell, 
The  nightly  goblin,  and  enchanting  spoil  ? 

They  laugh  at  all  such  stories  ;  but  on  the  contrary  are  most 
lawyers,  divines,  physicians,  philosophers,  Austin,  HemingioS) 
Danaeus,  Chytraeus,  Zanchius,  Aretius,  &c.,  Delrio,  Springer> 
*  Niderius  lib,  5,  Fomicar.  Cuiatius,  Bartolus,  c(msil,  6,  iff^ 
1,  Bodine  dcemoniant,  lib,  2,  cap,  8,  Godelman,  Damhode- 
rius,  &c,  Paracelsus,  Erastus,  Scribanius,  Camerarius,  ^ 
The  parties  by  whom  the  devil  deals,  may  be  reduced  to 
these  two,  such  as  command  him  in  show  at  least,  as  con- 
jurors, and  magicians,  whose  detestable  and  horrid  mysterieB 

1  D«  LamiiB.  *  Et  quomodo  yenefici  fiant  enarrat. 


Mem.  1,  snbi.  B.]  Cinuef  of  Mdanekoly. 

are  conlaiiied  in  tlieir  book  called  "  Arbatell ;  da/nones  eitim 
adeocati  pnesto  runi,  segue  exorciamU  ei  conjurcUionihus 
quaii  cogi  paiiuntur,  tU  miaentm  magorum  genus,  in  impie- 
tale  detineant.  Or  such  as  are  uommimded,  as  witches,  that 
deal  ex  parte  implidte,  or  explicite,  as,  Ihe  'king  hath  well  de- 
fined ;  many  subdivisions  there  are,  and  many  severol  species 
of  Borcerers,  witches,  cnchunlers,  chiinners,  &c.  Tiioy  linTe 
buen  tolerated  hei-eiofore  Eome  of  them  ;  and  magic  halh  beea 
pnblidy  professed  in  former  times,  in  *  Salamanca,  t  Cracow, 
aod  other  places,  though  after  censured  by  several  '  Uni- 
Terslties,  and  now  generally  contradicted,  though  practised 
by  eome  still,  maintained  and  excused,  Taaquam  res  seereia 
5u<»  ntm  nisi  fin's  magnis  et  peeiiliari  beneficio  de  Casio 
inslrueCis  eommunicalur  (I  use  I  Boefartus  his  words)  and 
so  far  approved  by  some  princes.  Hi  nihil  ausi  aggredi  in 
polilicis,  in  sacris,  in  consitiis,  sine  eonim  arbitrio;  they 
consult  still  with  them,  and  dare  indeed  do  nothing  without 
their  advice,  Nero  and  Heliogahalus,  Maientius,  and  Juli- 
anus  Apostata,  were  never  so  much  addicted  to  magic  of 
old,  as  some  of  our  modern  princes  and  popes  themselves 
are  nowadays,  Erricus  King  of  Sweden  had  an  Sen- 
chanted  cap,  by  virtue  of  which,  and  some  mngical  murmur 
or  whispering  terms,  he  could  command  spirits,  trouble  the 
air,  and  make  the  wind  stand  which  way  he  would,  insomuch 
that  when  there  was  any  great  wind  or  storm,  (he  common 
people  were  wont  lo  say,  the  king  now  had  on  his  conjunng 
cap.  But  such  examples  are  intiniSe.  That  which  they  can 
do,  is  as  much  almost  as  tbe  devU  himself,  wLo  is  still  ready 
to  satisfy  iheir  desires,  lo  oblige  them  the  more  unto  him. 
Tliey  can  cause  tempests,  storms,  which  is  familiarly  prac- 
tised by  witches  in  Norway,  Iceland,  as  I  have  proved. 
They  can  make  friends  enemies,  and  enemies  friends  by 
philters ;  *  Turpei  amorei  eonciliare,  enforce  love,  tell  any 

'DeqnaplDnlpffSBl^  HoisMrdoUb.l,    P-  Lombardl.        t  Pncnit,  tIb  inni^i  el 
fcpmsag.       1  Rbi  Jflcohm  OiFinrinDl.    loneads.        (  BnUituiii  rilcum  hiibohit, 

W^  >  OiCOtd  nsd  Pull,  see  finiun    tiu. 


270  CoHtes  of  Mdan^ofy.  [Part.  L  teo.i 

man  where  his  friends  are,  about  what  employed  though  in 
the  moit  remote   phices;  and  if  thej  will,  *^  bring  tbeir 
sweethearts  to  them  by  night,  upon  a  goat's  back  fljiog  in 
the  air."     Sigismund  Scheretzius,  part  1,  co^.  9,  de  specLy 
reports  confidentlj,  that  he  conferred  with  sundry  such,  that 
had  been  so  carried  many  miles,  and  that  he  heard  witches 
themselves  confe:^  as  much ;  hurt  and  infect  men  and  beasts, 
vines,   com,  cattle,   plants,  make  women   abortive,  not  to 
conceive,  i  barren,  men  and  women  unapt  and  unable,  mar- 
ried and  unmarried,  fifty  several  w^ays,  saith  Bodine,  lib.  2, 
c.  2,  fiy  in  the  air,  meet  when  and  where  they  will,  as 
Cicogna  proves,  and  Lavat  de  spec.  parL  2,  c  17,  ^  steal 
young  children  out  of  their  cradles,  minxsterio  damanwnf 
and  put  deformed  in  their  rooms,  which  we  call  changelings^ 
saith  {  Scheretzius,  part,  1,  c.  6,  make  men  yictorious,  forto- 
nate,  eloquent;  and  therefore  in  those  ancient monomachies 
and  combats  they  were  searched  of  old,  ^  they  had  no  magical 
charms ;  they  can  make  ^  stick  frees,  such  as  shall  endure  a 
rapier's  point,  musket  shot,  and  never  be  wounded  ;  of  which 
read  moi*e  in  Boissardus,  cap.  6.  de  Magidj  the  manner  of 
the  adjuration,  and  by  whom  'tis   made,  where  and  how 
to  be   used  in  expeditianihus   heUicis,  pr€eUis,  dueUiSj  S^t 
with  many  peculiar  instances  and  examples ;  they  can  walk 
in  fiery  furnaces,  make  men  feel  no  pain  on  the  rack,  fltt* 
cUias  torturas  sentire  ;  they  can  stanch  blood,  •  represent  dead 
men's  shapes,  alter  and   turn   themselves   and  others  into 
several   forms,   at  their   pleasures.     §  Agaberta,  a  famous 
witch  in  Lapland,  would  do  as  much  publicly  to  all  specta- 
tors,  Modo  Pusilla,  modo   amis,  modd  proceva  ut  qverc^ 
modb  vacca,,  avis,  coluber^  Sfc.     Now  young,  now  old,  hign> 
low,  like  a  cow,  like  a  bird,  a  snake,  and  what  not?  she 
could  represent  to  others  what  forms  they  most  desired  to 
see,    show   them    friends    absent,    reveal    secrets,   maxtff^ 

*  MiniRterio  hire!  noctumi.         t  Ster-  Terorum  conjectis.         *  MilleB.      ^* 

lies  Tiupto<*  et  inhabilea,  vide  Petrum  de  Luther,  in  primum  pneceptom, «' "*°S 

Palude,    lib.  4,   distinct.  84.     Paulum  Varius,  lib.   1,  de  Pasclno.       » I*^** 

Guiclandum.  %  Infantefl  matribas  Cicog.        §  Bolssaidos  de  Magis. 

•uffurantur,  aliis  8uppositi>^  ia  locum  « 


Mem.  1,  subs.  8.]         Causes  of  Melancholy.  271 

omnium  admiratione,  SfC,  And  yet  for  all  this  subtlety  of 
theirs,  as  Lypsius  well  observes,  Physiolog.  Stoicor.  lib,  1, 
cap,  17,  neither  these  magicians  nor  devils  themselves  can 
take  away  gold  or  letters  out  of  mine  or  Crassus's  chest,  et 
Clientelis  suis  larffiri,  for  they  are  ba^e,  poor,  contemptible 
fellows  most  part :  as  *  Bodine  notes,  they  can  do  nothing  in 
Judicum  decreta  aut  pcenas^  in  regum  concilia  vel  arcana, 
nihil  in  rem  numpiariam  aut  thesauros,  they  cannot  give 
money  to  their  clients,  alter  judges'  decrees,  or  councils  of 
kings,  these  minitti  Genii  cannot  do  it,  aUiores  Genii  hoc  sihi 
adservdrunt,  the  higher  powers  reserve  these  things  to  them- 
8<jlves.  Now  and  then  peradventure  there  may  be  some 
more  famous  magicians  like  Simon  Magus,  f-^poHonius 
Tyaneus,  Pasetes,  Jamblicus,  tOdo  de  Stellis,  that  for  a 
time  can  build  castles  in  the  air,  represent  armies,  &c.,  as 
they  are  ^  said  to  have  done,  command  wealth  and  treasure, 
feed  thousands  with  all  variety  of  meats  upon  a  sudden, 
protect  themselves  and  their  followers  from  all  princes*  per- 
secutions, by  removing  from  place  to  place  in  an  instant, 
reveal  secrets,  future  events,  tell  what  is  done  in  far  coun- 
tries, make  them  appear  that  died  long  since,  and  do  many 
such  miracles,  to  the  world's  terror,  admiration,  and  opinion 
of  deity  to  themselves,  yet  the  devil  forsakes  them  at  last, 
they  come  to  wicked  ends,  and  raro  avt  nunquam  such  im- 
postors are  to  be  found.  The  vulgar  sort  of  them  can  work 
no  such  feats.  But  to  my  purpose,  they  can,  last  of  all,  cure 
and  cause  most  diseases  to  such  as  they  love  or  hate,  and 
this  of  *  melancholy  amongst  the  rest.  Paracelsus,  Tom.  4, 
de  morbis,  amentium.  Tract  1,  in  express  words  affirms; 
Mtlii  fascinantur  in  melancholiam,  many  are  bewitched 
into  melancholy,  out  of  his  experience.  The  same  saith 
DandBus,  lib,  3,  de  sortiariis,  Vidi,  inquit,  qui  Melan^ 
eholicos  morbos  gravissimos  induxerunt:  I  have  seen  those 

•  Piemon.  lib.   3,  cap.  3.         t  "Vide  2  Virg.  iBneld.  4.    Incantatrlcem  descri- 

^iloAtratum  yita  cgas,  Boissardum  de  bens:  Ilasc  se  carminibus  proinittit  sol- 

Magifl.       X  Nubrif^nfles  lege,  lib.  1,  c.  19.  vere  men  tea.    Quas  relit,  ast  aliL}  duns 

Vide  Suidam  de  Paaet.    De  Cruent.  Cada-  immittere  curas. 
ter.       ijfirastofl.  Adolphos  Soribanius. 


272  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  1 

tbat  have  caused  melancholy  in  the  most  grievons  manner, 
*  dried  up  women's  paps,  cured  gout,  palsy;  this  and  apo- 
plexy, falling  sickness,  which  no  physic  could  help,  soh  iaetUj 
by  touch  alone.  Ruland,  in  his  3  Cent.  Cura  91,  gives  an 
instance  of  one  David  Helde,  a  young  man,  who  by  eat- 
uig  cakes  which  a  witch  gave  him,  mox  delirare  ccepit^ 
began  to  dote  on  a  sudden,  and  was  insttmtly  mad ;  F.  H.  D. 
in  *  Hildesheim,  consulted  about  a  melancholy  man,  thought 
his  disease  was  partly  magical,  and  partly  natural,  because 
he  vomited  pieces  of  iron  and  lead,  and  spake  such  lan- 
guages as  he  had  never  been  taught ;  but  such  examples  are 
common  in  Scribanius,  Hercules  de  Saxonia  and  others. 
The  means  by  which  they  work  are  usually  charms,  images, 
as  that  in  Hector  Boethius  of  King  Duffe;  characters 
stamped  of  sundry  metals,  and  at  such  and  such  constella- 
tions, knots,  amulet«»,  words,  philters,  &c,  which  generallj 
make  the  parties  affected,  melancholy ;  as  *  Monavius  dis- 
courseth  at  large  in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Acolsius,  giving 
instance  in  a  Bohemian  baron  that  was  so  troubled  by  a 
philter  taken.  Not  that  there  is  any  power  at  all  in  those 
spells,  charms,  characters,  and  barbarous  words ;  but  that  the 
devil  doth  use  such  means  to  delude  them.  Ut  Jldeles  indt 
magos  (saith  *  Libanius)  in  officio  retinecU,  turn  in  consortitM 
malefactorum  vocet. 

Subs  EOT.  IV. — Stars  a  Cause,     Signs  from  Physiogi^i 

Metoposcopy^  Chiromancy. 

Natural  causes  are  either  primary  and  universal,  or  sec- 
ondary and  more  particular.  Primary  causes  are  the  heav- 
ens, planets,  stars,  &c,  by  their  influence  (as  our  astrologers 
hold)  producing  this  and  such  like  effects.  I  will  not  here 
stand  to  discuss  obiter,  whether  stars  be  causes,  or  signs ;  or 
to  apologize  for  judicial  astrology.     If  either  Sextus  Empin- 

1  Qodelmannus,  cap.  7,  lib.  1,  nutri-  fol.  147.        '  Omnia  pMltra  etsi  J"**J2 

cum    mammafl    praesiccant,    solo  tactu  difTerant,  hoc    habent   commnne,  %^ 

podagram,  apoplexiam,  paralysin,  et  alios  hominem  efflciant  melancholicnm ;  epv"* 

morbos,  quos  medicina  curare  non  pot-  231.    Scholtzii.  •  De  Cruant.  Oai* 

erat        a  Factus  ^de  Idaiiiacus,  spec  2,  xer. 


Causa  of  Mdancfidfy. 


273 


8  Mirandula,  Sextus  ab  Ileminga,  Pereriu^,  Eraslue, 
s,  &c,  have  bo  far  prevailed  with  any  man,  that  he 
biile  no  virtue  at  all  to  the  heavens,  or  to  sun,  or 
ire  than  he  doth  lo  their  signs  at  an  innkeeper's  post, 
man'a  shop,  or  generally  condemn  all  suuh  aslrologi- 
risms  approved  by  experience ;  I  refer  him  to  Bel- 
'irovanua,  Marascallenis,  Goclenius,  Sir  Christopher 
&&  If'lhou  shult  ask  me  what  I  think,  I  nnu^t  an- 
n  el  doetis  hisce  erroribus  versattis  sum  (for  I  am 
nt  with  these  learned  errors),  they  do  incline,  but  not 
;  no  necessity  at  all ;  J  agunt  n<m  eogunt ;  and  so 
icline,  that  a  wise  man  may  resist  them  ;  sapiens  dom- 
astris;  they  rule  us,  but  God  rules  lliem.  All  thia 
ts)  'Job.  de  Indagiae  hatii  comprised  lu  brief,  QitcB- 
'quanlum  in  ttohis  opernnlur  aslra?  SfC.  "Wilt  thou 
t  far  the  stars  work  upon  us  ?  I  say  they  do  but 
and  that  so  gently,  that  if  we  will  be  ruled  by  reason, 
re  no  power  over  us ;  but  if  we  follow  our  own  na- 
i  be  led  by  sense,  thpy  do  as  much  in  us  as  in  brul« 
/e  are  no  better,"  So  that,  I  hope,  T  may  justly 
t  witii  *  Cajetan,  Cmlum  est  veMculum  dimiiie  virtulii, 
%  the  heaven  is  God's  instrument,  by  mediation  of 
prerns  and  disposeth  these  elementary  bodies;  or 
:,  whose  letters  are  the  stars  (as  one  calls  it), 
are  written  many  strange  things  for  such  as  can 
if  an  excellent  harp,  made  by  an  eminent  workman, 
,  he  that  can  but  play,  will  make  most  admii-able 
But  to  the  purpose, 
hcelsus  is  of  opinion,  "  ihat  a  p1i3rFiician  without  the 
^  of  stars  can  neither  understand  the  cause  or  cure 
iiseose,  either  of  this  or  gout,  not  so  much  as  tooth- 


Guam  of  Melaneholy.  p*art.I.««.l 


271 

Bclie ;  eroppt  lio  see  the  peculiar  geniture  and  scheme  of  ih^ 
party  affecleti."  And  for  this  profier  mjilaiiy,  be  will  h 
the  principal  and  primarj  cause  of  it  proceed  from  Ib^ 
heaven,  ascribing  more  to  stars  than  humours,  ' "  and  that  tb 
constellation  alone  many  times  producelb  melancholy,  i 
other  causes  *et  apart  "    He  gives  instance  in  lunatic  per« 


that  are  dep 
another  pta  f  rs 

true  and  ch    f  ca 

phers,  ihou^I  I  y  I 
"This  vari  y  f  ra 
Btars,"  saith    M  I 


that  of  Aug 
Jupiter  in  L  bra. 


to  the  ascendant,  and  will  have  I 

be  sought  from  ihc  stars.    K 

b  t  of  many  Galenists  and  philo 

peremptorily  maintaiu  as  ma 

h  ly  symptoms  proceeds  from  t 

generous  melancholy, 


from  the  conjunction  of  Satora 
b  d,  as  that  of  Catiline's,  from 
n;  of  Saturn  and  the  moon  in  Scorpio.  Jovianus  P 
tanua,  in  his  tenth  book,  and  thirteenth  chapter  de  rebua  ca 
tibus,  discourseth  to  this  purpose  at  large,  £x  atriX  bile  w 
ffeneraiitur  morbi,  S^e.,  ' "  many  diseases  proceed  irom  bb 
choler,  as  it  shall  he  hot  or  coid ;  and  though  it  be  cold  ia 
own  nature,  yet  it  is  apt  to  be  heated,  as  water  may  be  nu 
to  boil,  and  burn  as  bad  as  Hre ;  or  made  cold  as  ice;  I 
thence  proceed  such  variety  of  symptoms,  some  mad,  so 
eolitary,  some  laugh,  some  rage,"  &Q.  The  cause  of  all  wh 
intemperance  he  will  have  chiefly  and  primarily  proceed  fc 
the  heavens,  '"from  the  position  of  Mars,  Saturn,  and  M 
cury."  Ilia  aphorisms  be  these,  *"  Mercury  in  any  genllu 
if  he  shall  be  found  in  Virgo,  or  Pisces,  his  opposite  sign,  b 
that  in  the  hoioscope,  irradiated  by  tliose  quai-tile  aspectn 

lCDnaMUs.t1aInnn««C;  gt  InSni-ii-    tametal  mlnlii  nsCail  Mgldii  iH.  in 


I  til>,  &c.       >  0  Qlinties  ldliItijui(Hll 

-  ia  m  et  K  ninnn  i^o  ponHu,  I 

I  ■Fopum  puMitUr  UnuerlC  atqucia 

1  ^y^'  b   a  niillD  peniiuaiB  (muit,  B 


Dtn^ae  Hunclpkudo  qqun  *pbi 


Saturn  or  Mars,  the  child  shall  be  mad  or  melancholy." 
Again,  ' "  IIu  that  shall  inive  Saturn  and  Mars,  the  one  cul- 
minating, the  otber  in  the  fourth  house,  when  he  shall  ha 
bom.  sliall  be  melancholy,  of  which  he  shall  be  cured  in  time, 
if  Mercury  behold  ihcm,"  *  ■'  If  ibe  moon  be  in  conjunr.tion 
or  opposition  at  the  birth  time  with  the  gun,  Saturn  or  Mnrs, 
or  iu  a  quartile  aspect  with  them  (i  malo  call  loco,  Leovilius 
sdiib),  many  diseases  are  signitied,  especially  the  head  atul 
brain  is  like  lo  be  misaffected  with  pernicious  humours,  to  bo 
melauchoiy,  lunatic,  or  mad,"  Cardan  adds,  quea-td  land  nolo*, 
eclipses,  earthquakes.  GarciGiis  and  Leovitius  will  have  the 
chief  judgment  to  he  taken  from  the  lord  of  the  geniture,  or 
■where  there  ia  an  aspect  between  the  moon  and  Blercury,  and 
neither  behold  the  horoscope,  or  Saturn  and  Mars  shall  be 
lord  of  the  present  conjunction  or  op[)Ojition  in  Sagittarius  or 
Pisces,  of  the  sun  or  moon,  such  persons  are  commonly  epi- 
leptic, dote,  daemonittcal,  melancholy ;  but  see  more  of  theBft 
aphorisms  in  the  above-named  Pontanus.  GarcKus,  cap.  23, 
de  Jud,  genitur.  Schoner.  lib.  1,  cap.  8,  which  he  hath  gath- 
ered out  of  '  Ptolemy,  Albubater,  and  some  other  Arabians, 
Janctine,  Ranzovius,  Lindhoul,  Orlgen,  &e.  But  these  men 
you  will  reject  peradventure,  aa  astrologers,  and  tlierefore 
partial  judges;  then  hear  the  testimony  of  physicians, 
Galeuists  themselves,  '  Carlo  confesseth  the  influence  of 
Bi^rs  to  have  a  great  hand  to  this  peculiar  disease,  so  doth 
Jason  Fratcnsis,  Lonicerius  ■prafai.  de  Apaplexici,  Ficinus, 
Pemelius,  &c.  *P.  Cnemander  acknowledgeth  the  stars  an 
nniveriol  cause,  the  particular  from  parents,  and  the  uae  of 
Uui  six  non-natural  things.  Baptista  PorL  map.  I.  1,  c.  10, 
12, 15,  will  have  them  causes  to  every  particular  indiviiUum, 
Instances  and  eitaraples,  to  evince  the  truth  of  these  aphor- 
isms, are  common  amongst  those  astrologian  treatises.      Car- 


I     i«kK  H  quadriparEita  tj 


27b  Cau»e$  of  Mdomcholy.  [PartLMcl 

dan,  in  hi<  tliirty-seyentli  geniture,  gives  instance  in  MatL 
Bologniu«i.  Camerar.  hor,  ncttalit,  cerUur.  7,  genxL  6  ^  7,  of 
Daniel  Gare,  and  others;  but  see  Garcaeus,  cap,  33,  Loe. 
Gaiiricus,  Tract.  6,  de  Azemenisy  S^c,  The  time  of  this  md^ 
ancholy  L<,  when  the  significators  of  any  geniture  are  directed 
according  to  art,  as  the  hon  moon,  hylech,  &c.,  to  the  hostile 
beams  or  terms  of  g  and  ^  especially,  or  any  fixed  star  of 
their  nature,  or  if  ^  by  his  revolution,  or  transitus,  shall 
ofiend  any  of  those  radical  promissors  in  the  geniture. 

Other  signs  there  are  taken  from  physiognomy,  metopos- 
oopy,  chiromancy,  which  because  Joh.  de  Indagine,  and  Rot- 
man,  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  his  mathematician,  not  long 
since  in  his  Chiromancy ;  Baptista  Porta,  in  his  celestial 
Physiognomy,  have  proved  to  hold  great  affinity  with  astrol- 
ogy*, to  sati^fy  the  curious,  I  am  the  more  willing  to  insert 

The  general  notions  *  physiognomers  give,  be  these ;  "  blaA 
colour  argues  natural  melancholy ;  so  doth  leanness,  hirsate- 
ness,  broad  veins,  much  hair  on  the  brows,"  saith  *  Gratanar 
rolus,  c»p.  7,  and  a  little  head,  out  of  Aristotle,  high  sanguine, 
reil  colour,  shows  head  melancholy  ;  they  that  stutter  and  are 
bald,  will  be  soonest  melancholy  (as  Avicenna  supposeth),  by 
reason  of  the  dryness  of  their  brains ;  but  he  that  will  know 
more  of  the  several  signs  of  humour  and  wits  out  of  physio^ 
nomy,  let  him  consult  with  old  Adamantus  and  Polemus,  that 
comment,  or  rather  paraphrase  upon  Aristotle's  Physiognomy, 
Baptista  Porta's  four  pleasant  books,  Michael  Scot  de  secretU 
nature,  John  de  Indagine,  Montaltus,  Antony  Zara.  anoL  inr 
geniorum,  sect  1,  memb.  13,  et  lib,  4. 

Chiromancy  hath  these  aphorisms  to  foretell  melancholy 
Tasneir.  Kb,  5,  cap,  2,  who  hath  comprehended  the  sum  of 
John  de  Indagine;  Tricassus,  Corvinus,  and  others  in  his 
book,  thus  hath  it;  *"The  Saturnine  line  going  from  the 
rascetta  through  the  hand,  to  Saturn's  mount,  and  there  inte^ 

I  Joh.  de  Indag.  cap.  9.    Montaltus,  Galeno.       *  Satumlna  k  Basoetta  p« 

cap.  22.        *  Caput  parvum  qui  habent  mediam  manum    decunens,  usque  ad 

oerebrum  et  itpiritus  plenunque  angus-  radicem  montto  Satumi,  k  parvb  lineli 

toe,  fiulle  incident  in  Melancholiam  rubi-  intenecta,  arguit  melancholicos.    Aj/hlh 

eundi.    MOva  Idem  Montaltus,  c.  21,  h  riem.  78. 


fleeted  by  certain  little  lines,  argues  meloncboly ;  so  if  the 
vital  and  natural  make  an  acute  angle.  Aphorism  100.  The 
Balurnine,  epatic,  and  natural  lines,  making  a  gross  triangle 
in  tlie  hand,  aigue  as  much ; "  wliicfa  Goclenius,  tap.  5  Chiros. 
repeats  Terbatim  oat  of  him.  In  general  they  conclude  nil, 
that  if  Saturn's  mount  be  full  of  many  email  lines  and  inter- 
eectioiis,  ^ "  such  men  are  mo^t  part  mclimcboly,  mii^erahle, 
nnd  full  of  disquietness,  care  and  trouble,  conlinunlly  vesed 
witli  anxious  and  bitter  thoughts,  always  sorrow'ful,  fear- 
ful, auspicious ;  they  delight  in  husbandry,  buildings,  pools, 
marshes,  springs,  wood^,  walks,  &c."  Tliaddieus  Hagge^ius, 
in  his  Mettiposcopia,  bath  certain  aphorisms  derived  from 
Saturn's  lines  in  the  forehead,  by  which  he  collects  a  melan- 
ctioly  disposition;  and  *  Baptista  Foria  makes  observations 
from  thosd  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  if  a  spot  be  over  the 
Bpleen ;  ■  "  or  in  the  nails !  if  it  appear  black,  it  signifieth 
much  care,  grief,  contention,  and  melancholy;"  tlie  reason 
he  refers  to  the  humours,  and  gives  instance  in  himself,  that 
for  seven  years'  space  he  had  such  black  spots  in  his  nails, 
and  all  that  while  was  in  perpetual  lawsuits,  controversiee 
for  his  inheritance,  fear,  loss  of  honour,  banishment,  grie^ 
care,  &C.,  and  when  his  miseries  ended,  the  black  spots  vai^ 
bhed.  Cardan,  in  his  book  de  Ubris  propriis,  tells  such  a 
story  of  his  own  person,  that  a  little  before  his  son's  death,  he 
had  a  black  spot,  which  appeared  in  one  of  his  nails ;  and 
dilated  itself  as  he  came  nearer  to  his  end.  But  I  am  over 
tedious  in  these  toys,  which  howsoever,  in  some  men's  too 
Betere  censures,  they  may  be  held  absurd  and  ridiculous,  I 
am  tlie  holder  to  insert,  as  not  borrowed  from  clrcuniforanean 
rogues  and  gypsies,  bnt  out  of  the  writings  of  worthy  philoso- 
phers and  physicians,  yet  hving  some  of  them,  and  religious 
professors  in  famous  unirersities,  who  are  able  to  patronize 

■  AjtltinlaT  mlivrtK  mntlnuLo  Inqile-    1ad«,  fcc.     3a    ii    InclSEJns,   Ub.   L 
tll«nH,iil,  ncqui'  un.tu«ni  i  Mllclluillna    "  CielBtU  Phyplosnom.  lib.  10.  '  DIB, 


(^tutet  of  Melaneholi/. 

thst  which  (hey  liave  said,  and  vindicate  themselves  from  iD 
cavillers  and  ignorant  persons. 

SuBSECT.  V. —  Old  Age  a  Caiise. 
Secondxht  peculiar  causes  efficient,  so  called  ii 
of  the  other  precedent,  are  either  etmffenila  irtlenue,  innalM, 
as  lliej  term  them,  inward,  innate,  inbred  ;  or  else  outnaid 
and  adventitious,  which  happen  to  u8  after  we  are  born;  «»■ 
gentte  or  born  with  us,  are  cither  natural,  as  old  age,  fl 
prteter  naturam  (as  '  Fernelios  calls  it)  that  disteraperaluil 
which  we  have  from  our  parents'  seed,  it  being  an  liereditsif. 
disease.  The  first  of  these,  which  is  natural  to  all,  and  w 
no  man  living  can  avoid,  ia  *old  age,  which  being  cold  and 
dry,  and  of  the  same  quality  as  melancholy  \: 
cause  it,  by  diminution  of  spirits  and  substance,  and  increa^ 
ing  of  adust  humours ;  therefore  *  Melnncthon  avers  out  * 
Aristotle,  as  an  undoubted  truth,  Senes  pkrungtte  deliriUsi  it 
Menectd,  that  old  men  familiarly  dote,  oh  atram  bilem,  fil 
black  choler,  which  is  then  superabundant  in  them ;  an^ 
Bhosis,  that  Arabian  physician,  in  his  Cont.  lib.  1,  cap.i 
calls  it  *"a  necessary  and  inseparable  accident,"  to  all  ol 
and  decrepit  persons.  After  seventy  years  (as  the  Psalorid 
Bailh)  •  "  all  is  trouble  and  sorrow  ; "  and  common  cspOJ 
ence  conlirma  the  truth  of  it  in  weak  and  old  persons,  esped-^ 
ally  such  as  have  lived  in  action  all  their  lives,  had  grot! 
employment,  much  business,  much  command,  and  manysB^ 
vants  to  oversee,  and  leave  off  ex  ahrtipto  /  as  ^  Charles  thO 
Fif^h  did  to  King  Philip,  resign  up  all  on  a  sudden;  lli^ 
are  overcome  with  melancholy  in  an  instant ;  or  if  they  dt 
continue  in  such  courses,  they  dote  at  last  {senex  hit  puer), 
and  are  not  able  to  manage  their  estates  through  common  iw 
finnities  incident  in  their  age  ;  full  of  ache,  sorrow  and  grirf 
children  again,  dlzzards,  they  carle  many  times  as  they  a^ 


.  1,  snbs.  C]  Causes  of  Melancholy,  *   279 

and  talk  to  themselves,  they  are  angry,  waspish,  displeased 
with  everything,  "  suspicious  of  all,  wayward,  covetous,  hard 
(saith  Tully),  self-willed,  superstitious,  self-conceited,  brag- 
gers  and  admirers  of  themselves,"  as  *  Balthasar  Castalio 
hath  truly  noted  of  them.*  This  natural  infirmity  is  most 
eminent  in  old  women,  and  such  as  are  poor,  solitary,  live  in 
most  base  esteem  and  beggary,  or  such  as  are  witches ;  inso- 
much that  Wierus,  Baptista  Porta,  Ulricus  Molitor,  Edwicus, 
do  refer  all  that  witches  are  said  to  do,  to  imagination  alone, 
and  this  humour  of  melancholy.  And  whereas  it  is  con- 
troverted, whether  they  can  bewitch  cattle  to  death,  ride  in 
the  air  upon  a  coulstaff  out  of  a  chimney-top,  transform  them- 
selves into  cats,  dogs,  &c.,  translate  bodies  from  place  to 
place,  meet  in  companies,  and  dance,  as  they  do,  or  have 
carnal  copulation  with  the  devil,  they  ascribe  all  to  this  re- 
dundant melancholy,  which  domineers  in  them,  to  ^  somnifer- 
ous potions,  and  natural  causes,  the  devil's  policy,  ^on 
kedunt  omnino  (saith  Wierus)  aut  quid  mirum  faciunt  {de 
LamiiSj  lib,  3,  cap,  36),  z^^  piUatur,  solam  vitiatam  haberU 
phantasiam;  they  do  no  such  wonders  at  all,  only  their 
*  brains  are  crazed.  *  "  They  think  they  are  witches,  and  can 
do  hurt,  but  do  not."  But  this  opinion  Bodine,  Erastus, 
Danaeus,  Scribanius,  Sebastian  Michaelis,  Campanella  de 
sensu  rerum,  lib,  4,  cap,  9,  *  Dandinus  the  Jesuit,  lib,  2,  de 
Animdy  explode  ;  •  Cicogna  confutes  at  large.  That  witches 
are  melancholy,  they  deny  not,  but  not  out  of  corrupt  fan- 
tasy alone,  so  to  delude  themselves  and  others,  or  to  produce 
such  effects. 

SiJBSECT.  VI. — Parents  a   Catise  by  Propagation. 

That  other  inward  inbred  cause  of  Melancholy  is  our 
temperature,  in  whole  or  part,  which  we  receive  from  our 

1  Sunt  morosi,  anxii,  et  invcundi  et  guis  infantum,  &c.        *  Oornipta  est  iis 

difflciles  senes,  si  quserimus,  etiam  avari,  ab  humore  Melancholico  phantasia.    Ny- 

Toll.  de  aenectute.        ^  Lib.  2.  de  Aulico.  manus.        &  Putant  se   l«dere    quando 

Benes  araun.  morosi,  Jactabundi,  philauti,  non  laedunt.        *  Qui  Iibbc  in  imagina- 

deiii!,  superstitiosi.  suspiciosi,  j&c.     Lib.  tionia  vim  referre  conati  sunt,  atrae  bilis, 

SidelAmiis,  cap.l7etl8.        » Solanum,  inanem    prorsus    laborem   susceperunk 

opium,  lupi  adeps,  lacr.  asLol,  &c.,  san-  o  Lib.  3,  cap.  4,  omuif.  mag. 


280  Causes  of  Mskmchofy.  [Paxu  L  teo.  l 

parents,  which  *  Femelius  calls  Prater  naturcun,  or  un- 
natural, it  being  an  hereditary  disease ;  for  as  he  justifies 
'  Qtude  parentum  maxime  patris  semen  obtigerit,  tales  evadunt 
similares  spermcUicceque  partes,  quacungue  etiam  morbo  Pater 
quum  generat  tenetur,  cum  semine  transfert  in  Prolem  ;  such 
as  the  temperature  of  the  father  is,  such  is  the  son's,  and  look 
what  disease  the  father  had  when  he  begot  him,  his  son  will 
have  after  him  ;  *  "  and  is  as  well  inheritor  of  his  infirmities, 
as  of  his  lands."  "And  where  the  complexion  and  constitution 
of  the  father  is  corrupt,  there  (*  saith  Roger  Bacon)  the  com- 
plexion and  constitution  of  the  son  must  needs  be  corrupt^ 
and  so  the  conniption  is  derived  from  the  father  to  the  son.* 
Now  this  doth  not  so  much  appear  in  the  composition  of  the 
body,  according  to  that  of  Hippocrates,  *  "  in  habit,  propor- 
tion, scars,  and  other  lineaments ;  but  in  manners  and  con- 
ditions of  the  mind,  Et  patrum  in  natos  adeunt  cum  semins 
mores. 

Seleucus  had  an  anchor  on  his  thigh,  so  had  his  posterity, 
as  Trogus  records,  1.  15.     Lepidus  in  Pliny,  1.  7,  c  17,  was 
purblind,  so  was  his  son.     That  famous  family  of  -^nobarbi 
were  known  of  old,  and  so  sumamed  from  their  red  beards ; 
the  Austrian  lip,  and  those  Indian  flat  noses  are  propagated, 
the  Bavarian  chin,  and  goggle  eyes  amongst  the  Jews,  as 
•  Buxtorfius  observes ;  their  voice,  pace,  gesture,  looks,  are 
likewise  derived  with  all  the  rest  of  their  conditions  and  in- 
firmities ;  such  a  mother,  such  a  daughter ;  the  very  ^  affec- 
tions Leranius  contends  "  to  follow  their  seed,  and  the  malice 
and  bad  conditions  of  children  are  many  times  wholly  to  be 
imputed  to  their  parents ; "  I  need  not  therefore  make  any 
doubt  of  Melancholy,  but  that  it  is  an  hereditary  disease. 
^  Paracelsus  in  express  words  affirms  it,  lib,  de  morb,  amen* 

*  Lib.  1,  cap.  11,  path.        i  Ut  arthiit*  cormptio  k  patribus  ad  filloR.        *  Non 

lei,  cpilep.  &c.        2  ut  fllii  non  tarn  pos-  tam  (inquit  IlippocmteR)  fnbbos  et  cicar 

sessionum  qnam  morborumheeredessint.  trices  oris  et  corporis  habitum  agnoKlf 

>  Epist.  de  secretin  artis  et  naturae,  c.  7,  ex  iifl,  sed  verum  incessum.  gestus,  mores, 

nam  in  hoc  quod  patres  corrupti  sunt,  morbos,  &c.        *  Synag(^.  Jud.        •Af- 

generant  filios  corruptee  complexionis,  et  fectus  parentum  in  foetus  transeunt,  «t 

compositionis,  et  filii  eorum  eadem   de  puerorum  maliciaparentibusimputanda, 

oausA  86  corrumpunt,  et  sic  derixatur  lib.  4,  cap.  8,  de  occult,  nat.  mirac.     '  Bx 


fium,  to.  4,  Ir.  li  so  doth  '  Crato  in  an  Epistle  of  his  to 
Monaviuj.  So  doth  Bruno  Stidulius  in  hia  Look  de  tnorbo 
encurab.  Monlallus  proves,  cap.  11,  out  of  Hippocrates  and 
Plularyh,  that  such  hereditary  dispositions  are  frequent,  et 
nave  (inquif)  Jieri  rear  oh  partictpalam  melanc/iolicam  in- 
lemperatttiam  (spcnking  of  a  patient)  I  think  he  became  so 
by  partJ(!ipation  of  Mclanclioly.  Daniel  Sennertus,  lib.  1, 
part  '2,  cap.  9,  will  have  hia  mi'lancholy  constitution  derived 
not  only  from  the  father  to  the  son,  but  to  the  whole  family 
Bomeliines;  Quandoqwe  totisfamiliit  hereditativam  ;  'Fores- 
tus,  in  hia  medidnal  observulions,  illustrates  this  point,  with 
an  example  of  a  merchant,  his  patient,  that  had  this  infirmity 
by  inberitiince  ;  so  dolh  Rodericus  k  Fonseca,  torn.  1,  con.iuL 
69,  by  an  instance  of  a  young  man  that  was  so  affected 
ex  matre  frukmckoUca,  had  a  melancholy  mother,  et  victu 
ntehnckolico,  and  bad  diet  logctber.  Lodovicus  Mercatus, 
B  Spanish  physician,  in  that  excellent  Tract  wliich  he  hath 
lately  written  of  hereditary  diseases,  torn.  2,  oper.  lib.  5, 
reckons  np  leprosy,  as  those  *  Galbols  in  Gaacony,  hereditary 
lepers,  pox,  Blone,  gout,  epilepsy,  &c.  Amongst  the  rest,  this 
and  madne^  afler  a  set  time  comes  to  many,  which  lie  ca\h  a 
miraculous  thing  in  nature,  and  sticks  forever  to  iLem  as  an 
incurable  habit.  And  that  which  is  more  to  he  wondei-ed  at, 
it  skips  in  some  families  the  father,  and  goes  to  the  son,  *  "  or 
lakes  every  other,  and  sometimes  every  third  in  a  lineal  de- 
scent, and  doth  not  always  produce  the  same,  but  some  like, 
and  a  symbolizing  disease."  These  secondary  causes  hence 
derived,  are  commonly  so  powerful,  that  (aa  *  Wolphius  holds) 
K^e  mutant  decreia  liderum,  they  do  often  alter  the  primary 
canscs,  and  decrees  of  tlie  heavens.  For  these  reasons,  b»> 
like,  the  Church  and  commonwealth,  human  and  Divine  laws, 
have  conspired  to  avoid  hereditary  diseases,  forbidding  such 

■KotlDidi  plCultivl.  CI  tni<»f«  bllinal.  rx  Ciiutn,  >  Ub.  10,  ob'^mt  16,  ■  Hs. 
UHEDdH   et    nie^iincholicis    mplaiipholicl.    gUiug  Oong.  iSh'P?  noil  eiindfrm,  Md 

■  Bpbi.  174.  Iti  ScoIU,  iifuiclCur  Tifll)1i<rum    pEniElem  prmjiicit  «nVrtiini,  ttt  i[L»iD  pa- 


282  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  sec  1 

marriages  as  are  any  whit  allied ;  and  as  Mercatus  adviseth 
all  families  to  take  such,  si  fieri  possit  qtue  maxime  distani 
natura,  and  to  make  choice  of  those  that  are  most  differing 
in  complexion  from  them ;  if  they  love  their  own,  and  respect 
the  common  good.  And  sure,  I  think,  it  hath  been  ordered 
by  God's  especial  providence,  that  in  all  ages  there  should  be 
(as  usually  there  is)  once  in  ^  600  years,  a  transmigration  of 
nations,  to  amend  and  purify  their  blood,  as  we  alter  seed 
upon  our  land,  and  that  there  should  be  as  it  were  an  inun- 
dation of  those  northern  Goths  and  Vandals,  and  many  sach 
like  people  which  came  out  of  that  continent  df  Scandia  and 
Sarmatia  (as  some  suppose)  and  overran,  as  a  deluge,  most 
part  of  Europe  and  Afric,  to  alter  for  our  good,  our  com- 
plexions, which  were  much  defaced  with  hereditary  infirmi- 
ties, which  by  our  lust  and  intemperance  we  had  contracted. 
A  sound  generation  of  strong  and  able  men  were  sent 
amongst  us,  as  those  northern  men  usually  are,  innocuoosi 
free  from  riot,  and  free  from  diseases ;  to  qualify  and  make 
us  as  those  poor  naked  Indians  are  generally  at  this  day; 
and  those  about  Brazil  (as  a  late  *  writer  observes),  in  the 
Isle  of  Maragnan,  free  from  all  hereditary  diseases,  or  other 
contagion,  whereas  without  help  of  physic  they  live  commonly 
120  years  or  more,  as  in  the  Orcades  and  many  other  places. 
Such  are  the  common  effects  of  temperance  and  intemperance^ 
but  I  will  descend  to  particular,  and  show  by  what  means, 
and  by  whom  especially,  this  infirmity  is  derived  unto  us. 

Mill  ex  senihus  nati,  rard  sunt  firmi  temperamenti,  old 
men's  children  are  seldom  of  a  good  temperament,  as  Scolt- 
zius  supposeth,  consult.  177,  and  therefore  most  apt  to  this 
disease ;  and  as  *  Levinus  Lemnius  farther  adds,  old  men 
beget  most  part  wayward,  peevish,  sad,  melancholy  sons, 
and  seldom  merry.  He  that  begets  a  child  on  a  full  stom- 
ach, will  either  have  a  sick  child,  or  a  crazed  son  (as  *  Cardan 

1  Bodin.  de  rep.  cap.  de  periodic  reip.  cina.    Idem  Hector  Boethius  de  insnUi 

s  ClauiliuR  Abaville  Capuchion    in    his  Orchad.  et  Damianus  k  Ooes  le  Scandia. 

Toyage  to  Mara^^an,  1614,  cap.  45.    Nemo  «  Lib.  4,  c.  8.  de  occult,  nat.  mir.    T*t* 

fere  aagrotufl,  saiio  omnes  et  robusto  cor-  cos  plerumqiie  Alios  senes  progenerantet 

pore,  Tivunt  annos  120,  140,  sine  medi-  tristes,  rarios  exliilaratoa.         *  Coituf 


.  1,  adba.  9.]  Cktutet  of  Mklaneholy. 

ks),  contradict,  med.  lib.  1,  conlTadict.  18,  or  if  t!ie  pnreots 
1  sick,  or  have  any  great  pain  of  tlie  head,  or  megrim,  head- 
le,  (Hieronimus  Wolliits  *  doth  ioatance  in  a  child  of  Sebas- 
I  Castalio's) ;  if  a  drunken  man  get  a  child,  it  will  never 
Eely  have  a  good  brain,  as  Gelliua  ai'guea,  lib.  12,  cap.  1. 
i  gignunt  Ebriot,  one  drunkard  begets  anotfitr,  saith 
Plutarch,  $t/inp.  tib.  1,  guest.  5,  whose  sentence  '  Lemnius 
iprovea,  I.  1,  c.  4,  Alsiiriu:;  Criitiu9  Gen.  tie  gut  sit  vied. 
r.  3,/ot  182.  Macrobius,  lib.  1.  Avicenns,  lib.  3.  Fen. 
Tract  1,  cap.  8,  and  Aristotle  himself,  sect,  2,  prov.  4, 
plish,  drunken,  or  hiiir-bvain  women,  most  part  bricg  forth 
ildren  like  unto  themselves,  morosog  et  langaidos,  and  SO 
J  he  that  lies  with  a  nienftruoiis  woman.  lalempe- 
n  nautis  preeserlim  inseetalur  *Lemniua, 
(  uxorea  ineunt,  nulld  menatrai  decursus  rcdione  hablta,  nee 
inierlimio,  prixcipua  cmisa  est,  noxia,  pemitiosa, 
'.lialem  ideo,  et  pesli/erum  vocat.  "  Rod- 
3,  Castro  Lu)!itanu9,  detestantnT  ad  unum  omnes  mcdtci, 
B  et  qaartA  lund  eoneepti,  in/teliees  plerwnque  et  amentes, 
orboti,  impiiri,  invalidi,  teira  lite  sordiiii,  min' 
i  vitahi,  omnibus  bonis  corporis  atque  animi  destituti :  ad 
t  noli,  ei  seniores,  ijtgait  Eustathius,  ttt  Hercules,  el 
i.  ^Jvdaii  maxinie  inseelantur  fiedum  hunc,  et  immundwn 
td  Ohritiianos  Cmteubitwm,  vi  illicilum  aihorrent,  et  apud 
a  prohibent ;  et  quod  Christiani  totieg  leprosi,  amentes,  tot 
rbili,  impetigines,  atphi,  psora,  cuiig  el  faciei  decotorcdiones 
»  mtdti  morbi  epidemici,  acerbi,  et  venenosi  tint,  in  hunts 
Wndam  eoneuUtum  rejieiunt,  et  crudeles  in  pignora  vacant, 
I  quarts  lund  profiuente  fide  mensium  iUuvie  cmicuhilum 
n  perhorreseunt.  Damnetvit  olim  divina  Lex  et  mort» 
't  hujusmodi  homines.  Lev.  18,  20,  et  inde  nati,  sigiti 
a  aul  mtiiili,  paler  dilapidatus,  quod  non  r.ontineret  ah 
mWidd  muliere.     Gregorius  Magnus,  petenti  Augiistinn 

"        ""   *"  '     llhlli™oi~Sl,    SVn"^. 

>  ]>niriiu  DbL  lib.  S,  c 


284  (htues  of  Melancholy.  [Part  I.  tec  i 

nunquid  opud  ^  Britannos  hujtismodi  concuhitum  tolerard^ 
severe  prohihuit  viris  suis  turn  misceri  fcemrnas  in  consuetU 
suis  menstruis,  Sfc.  I  spare  to  English  tliiti  which  I  have 
said.  Another  cause  some  give,  inordinate  diet,  as  if  a  man 
eat  garlic,  onions,  fast  overmuch,  study  too  hard,  he  ove^ 
sorrowful,  dull,  heavy,  dejected  in  mind,  perplexed  in  his 
thouglits,  fearful,  &c.,  "  their  children  (saith  *  Cardan  suMl 
Uh.  18)  will  he  much  subject  to  madness  and  melancbolj, 
for  if  the  spirits  of  the  brain  be  fusled,  or  uisafiected  by  such 
means,  at  such  a  time,  their  children  will  be  fusled  in  the 
brain ;  they  will  be  dull,  heavy,  timorous,  discontented  all 
their  lives."  Some  are  of  opinion,  and  maintain  that  paradox 
or  problem,  that  wise  men  beget  commonly  fools ;  Suidas 
gives  instance  in  Aristarchus  the  Grammarian,  dvos  rdiqwt 
JiUos  Aristarchum  et  Aristachorum,  amhos  stidlos  ;  and  which 
•  Erasmus  urgeth  in  his  Moria,  fools  beget  wise  men.  Card. 
suht,  I,  12,  gives  this  cause,  Qtumiam  spiritiis  sapientum  d 
studium  resolvuntuTy  et  in  cerebrum  feruntur  a  corde:  because 
their  natural  spirits  are  resolved  by  study,  and  turned  into 
animal ;  drawn  from  the  heart,  and  those  other  parts  to  the 
brain.  Lemnius  subscribes  to  that  of  Cardan,  and  assigns 
this  reason,  Quod  persolvant  dehitum  languide,  et  ohscitanter^ 
unde  foetus  a  parentum  generositate  descisdt :  they  pay  their 
debt  (as  Paul  calls  it)  to  their  wives  remissly,  by  which 
means  their  children  are  weaklings,  and  many  times  idiots 
and  fools. 

Some  other  causes  are  given,  which  properly  pertain,  and 
do  proceed  from  the  mother:  if  she  be  over-dull,  heavy, 
angry,  peevish,  discontented,  and  melancholy,  not  only  at  the 
time  of  conception,  but  even  all  the  while  she  carries  the  child 
in  her  womb  (saith  Femelius,  path.  1.  1,  11)  her  son  will  be 
so  likewise  affected,  and  worse,  as  *  Lemnius  adds,  1.  4,  c.  7, 
if  she  grieve  overmuch,  be  disquieted,  or  by  any  casualty  be 

1  Beda.  Eccl.  hist.  lib.  1.  c.  27,  respons.  bus  tristes,  ex  jucundis  jucnndl  naseim 

10.       2  Nam  splritus  cerebri  si  turn  male  tur.  &c.        »  Pol.    129.  mer.  Socrateii 

ftfflciantur,    tales    procreant,  et    quales  children  were  fools.    Sabel.        <  De  00* 

nerlnt  afEoctusi  tales  fiUorum :  ex  tridti-  cuL  nat.  mir.    Pica  morbus  mulieranu.. 


affrighled  iind  terrified  bj  some  fearful  object  heard  or  seen, 
she  endangers  her  child,  and  spoils  the  temperature  of  it  i  for 
tiie  Birange  imaginntion  of  a  woman  works  eflectualiy  upon 
her  infanl,  that  as  Baptista  Porta  proves,  Physiog.  cakslii  L 
5,  c.  3,  she  leaves  a  mark  upon  it,  which  is  most  especiall}' 
seen  in  such  as  prodigiously  long  for  such  and  such  meats, 
the  child  will  love  those  meats,  saith  Femeliua,  and  be  ad- 
dicted to  like  humours  ;  '"  if  a  great-bellied  woman  see  a 
hare,  her  child  will  often  have  a  hare-lip,"  as  we  call  it, 
Garcieus  dt  Judieiis  gimituraru-m,  eap.  33,  hath  a  memora- 
ble example  of  one  Thomas  Ni  irk  ell,  horn  in  the  city  of  Bran- 
debni^,  1551,  '"that  went  reeling  and  staggering  all  thedaya 
of  his  life,  as  if  he  would  fall  to  the  ground,  because  hia 
mother  being  great  with  cliild  saw  a  drunken  man  reeling  in 
the  street."  Such  another  I  find  in  Martin  Wenrichius  com. 
de  orlu  mofistromm,  c.  17,  I  saw  {?ailh  he)  at  Wittenberg,  in 
Germany,  a  citizen  that  looked  like  a  carcass ;  I  asked  him 
the  cause,  he  replied,  •  "  His  mother,  when  she  hore  him  in 
her  womb,  saw  a  carcass  by  chance,  and  was  so  sore  affrighled 
with  it,  that  ex  eofcttv*  ti  Oininilatus,  from  a  ghastly  impres- 
sion the  child  was  like  it." 

So  many  several  ways  are  we  plagued  and  punished  for 
onr  father's  defaults  ;  insomuch  that  as  Femelius  truly  sailh, 
•"It  is  the  greatest  part  of  our  felicity  to  be  well  born,  and 
it  were  happy  for  human  kind,  if  only  such  parents  as  are 
sound  of  body  and  mind  should  be  suffered  to  marry."  An 
husbandman  will  sow  none  but  the  best  and  choicest  seed 
npon  his  land,  he  will  not  rear  a  bull  or  a  horse,  except  he 
be  right  shapen  in  all  parts,  or  permit  him  to  cover  a  mare, 
except  he  be  well  assured  of  hia  breed ;  we  make  choice  of 
the  best  rams  for  our  sheep,  rear  the  neatest  kine,  and  keep 
the  best  dogs.   Quanta  id  diligenliu$  in  proereandia  Uherit 


a"   iiiirijot 


n  DiaCfr  gr«Tlla  e 


286  Causes  of  Mdanchokf,  [Part L see.) 

ohservandum  f  And  how  careful  then  should  we  be  in  beget* 
ting  of  our  children  ?  In  former  times  some  *  countries  have 
been  so  chary  in  this  behalf,  so  stem,  that  if  a  child  were 
crooked  or  deformed  in  body  or  mind,  they  made  him  away; 
60  did  the  Indians  of  old  by  the  relation  of  Curtius,  and  many 
other  well-governed  commonwealths,  according  to  the  disci- 
pline of  those  times.  Heretofore  in  Scotland,  saith  *  Hect 
Boethius,  "  if  any  were  visited  with  the  falling  sickness,  mad- 
ness, gout,  leprosy,  or  any  such  dangerous  disease,  which  was 
likely  to  be  propagated  from  the  father  to  the  son,  he  was 
instantly  gelded ;  a  woman  kept  from  all  company  of  men; 
and  if  by  chance  having  some  such  disease,  she  were  fomid 
to  be  with  child,  she  with  her  brood  were  buried  alive ;  '*  and 
this  was  done  for  the  common  good,  lest  the  whole  nation 
should,  be  injured  or  corrupted.  A  severe  doom,  you  will 
say,  and  not  to  be  used  amongst  Christians,  yet  more  to  be 
looked  into  than  it  is.  For  now  by  our  too  much  facility  in 
this  kind,  in  giving  way  for  all  to  marry  that  will,  too  much 
liberty  and  indulgence  in  tolerating  all  sorts,  there  is  a  vast 
confusion  of  hereditary  diseases,  no  family  secure,  no  man 
almost  free  from  some  grievous  infirmity  or  other,  when  no 
choice  is  had,  but  still  the  eldest  must  marry,  as  so  many 
stallions  of  the  race ;  or  if  rich,  be  they  fools  or  dizzards, 
lame  or  maimed,  unable,  intemperate,  dissolute,  exhaust 
through  riot,  as  he  said,  *jure  hcBreditario  sapere  juhentur; 
they  must  be  wise  and  able  by  inheritance ;  it  comes  to  pass 
that  our  generation  is  corrupt,  we  have  many  weak  persons, 
both  in  body  and  mind,  many  feral  diseases  ^ging  amongst 
us,  crazed  families,  parentes  pereniptores ;  our  fathers  bad, 
and  we  are  like  to  be  worse. 

1  TndinteA  infirmi    pnecipitio   necati.  orantes  Inter  eos,  fngentf  fiictA  IndagiM) 

Bohemun,  lib   8,  c.  a.    Apud  Lacones  inventor,  ne  gens  foed^lcontagionelffdei^ 

olim.    LypsiuR,  eplst.  85.  cent,  ad  Belgas,  tur  ex  lis  nata,  castrnverunt,  muKerei 

Diony8io  Villerio,  si   quos  aliqua  mem-  hujusmodi  procul  a  virorum  conaortif 

brorum  parte  inutiles  notayerint,  necari  ableglrunt,  quod  si  harum  aliqua  coin 

jubent.        2  Lib.  1.    De  veterum  Scoto-  cepiase    inveniebatar,  simal  cum  fte^ 

rum  moribns.    Morbo  comitiali,  demen-  nondum  edito,  defodiebataryiTa.     '^ 

tii,   mani«l,  ieprOi,  &e.,  aut  simili  labe,  phormio  Satyr 
pu«  fiusile  in  prolem  traoonittitur.  lab* 


Iftem.  2,  rabs.  1.]         Causes  of  Melancholy,  287 


MEMB.  n. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Bad  Diet  a  Cause.     Substance.     Quality  of 

f  Meats. 

According  to  my  proposed  method,  having  opened  hith- 
erto these  secondary  causes,  which  are  inbred  with  us,  I  must 
now  proceed  to  the  outward  and  adventitious,  which  happen 
nnto  us  after  we  are  bom.  And  those  are  either  evident, 
remote,  or  inward,  antecedent,  and  the  nearest;  continent 
causes  some  call  them.  These  outward,  remote,  precedent 
causes  are  subdivided  again  into  necessary  and  not  neces- 
sary. Necessary  (because  we  cannot  avoid  them,  but  they 
will  alter  us,  as  they  are  used,  or  abused)  are  those  six  non- 
natural  things,  so  much  spoken  of  amongst  physicians,  which 
are  principal  causes  of  this  disease.  For  almost  in  every 
consultation,  whereas  they  shall  come  to  speak  of  the  causes, 
the  fault  is  found,  and  this  most  part  objected  to  the  patient ; 
Peccavit  circa  res  sex  nan  naturales  ;  he  hath  still  offended 
in  one  of  those  six.  Montanus,  consiL  22,  consulted  about  a 
melancholy  Jew,  gives  that  sentence,  so  did  Frisemelica  in 
the  same  place ;  and  in  his  244  counsel,  censuring  a  mel- 
ancholy soldier,  assigns  that  reason  of  his  malady,  * "  he 
offended  in  all  those  six  non-natural  things,  which  were  the 
outward  causes,  from  which  came  those  inward  obstructions : 
and  so  in  the  rest. 

These  six  non-natural  things  are  diet,  retention,  and  evac- 
uation, which  are  more  material  than  the  other  because  they 
make  new  matter,  or  else  are  conversant  in  keeping  or  expel- 
ling of  it.  The  other  four  are  air,  exercise,  sleeping,  waking, 
and  perturbations  of  the  mind,  which  only  alter  the  matter. 
The  first  of  these  is  diet,  which  consists  in  meat  and  drink, 
and  causeth  melancholy,  as  it  offends  in  substance,  or  acci- 

1  Ferit  omnia  delicta  quae  fieri  p-Kifiunt    canise  extrinsecn,  ezquibuB  postea  ortii 
Mita  res  sex  non  natuiales,  et  ese  fuerunt    suat  obBtructlones. 


288  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  see.  i 

dents,  that  is  quantity,  quality,  or  the  like.  And  well  it  may 
be  called  a  material  cause,  since  that,  as  i  Fernelius  holds, 
"  it  hath  such  a  power  in  begetting  of  diseases,  and  yields  the 
matter  and  j^ustenance  of  them  ;  for  neither  air,  nor  perturba- 
tions, nor  any  of  those  other  evident  causes  take  place,  or 
work  this  effect,  except  the  constitution  of  body,  and  prei;ara- 
tion  of  humours,  do  concur.  That  a  man  may  say,  this  diet 
is  the  mother  of  diseases,  let  the  father  be  what  he  will,  and 
from  this  alone,  melancholy  and  frequent  other  maladies 
arise."  Many  physicians,  I  confess,  have  written  copious  vol- 
umes of  this  one  subject,  of  the  nature  and  qualities  of  all 
manner  of  meats ;  as  namely,  Galen,  Isaac  the  Jew,  Haly- 
abbas,  Avicenna,  Mesne,  also  four  Arabians,  Gordonius,  Vil- 
lanovanus,  Wecker,  Johannes  Bruerinus,  sitohgia  de  Escuhi^ 
tis  et  Poctdentts,  Michael  Savanarola,  Tract,  2,  c.  8,  Anthony 
Fumanellus,  lib.  de  regimine  senum^  Curio  in  his  Comment 
on  Schola  Salema,  Godefridus  Stekius  arte  med,,  Marsilius 
cognatus,  Fieinus,  Ranzovius,  Fonseca,  Lessius,  Magninos, 
regim.  sanitaiis,  Frietagius,  Hugo  Fridevalliua,  &c.,  besides 
many  other  in  ^  English,  and  almost  every  peculiar  physician, 
discourseth  at  large  of  all  peculiar  meats  in  his  chapter  of 
melancholy ;  yet  because  these  books  are  not  at  hand  to 
every  man,  I  will  briefly  touch  what  kind  of  meats  engender 
this  humour,  through  their  several  species,  and  which  are  to 
be  avoided.  How  they  alter  and  change  the  matter,  spirits 
first,  and  after  humours,  by  which  we  are  preserved,  and  the 
constitution  of  our  body,  Fernelius  and  others  will  show  you. 
I  hasten  to  the  thing  itself :  and  fii*st  of  such  diet  as  offends 
in  substance. 

Beef,]  Beef,  a  strong  and  hearty  meat  (cold  in  the  first 
degree,  dry  in  the  second,  saith  Gal,  I.  3,  c.  1,  de  alim,fac,) 
is  condemned  by  him  and  all  succeeding  authors,  to  breed 

1  Path.  1.  1,  c.  2.    Maximam  in  gig-  conatitutio.    Ut  semel  dioam,  una  gttto 

nendin    morbia  yim    obtinet,  pabulum,  est  omnium  morborum  mater,  etiamd 

materiamque  morbi  suggerens :  nam  nee  aliuH  est  genitor.    Ab  hac  morbi  sponti 

ab  aere.  nee  k  perturbatioiiibus,  vel  aliis  Mep&  emanant,  nuUJL  alii  cogeato  i%iuA» 

eviditntibufl  cauxis  morbi  snnt.  nisi  con-  *  Oogan,  Eliot,  Vauhan,  Vener. 
sentlat  corporis  pneparatio,  et  homorum 


HB».2,»nTis.  ].]  Oaaias  of  Melfxnckoly.  289 

gross  melancholy  tilood ;  good  Tor  such  aa  are  souuil,  and  of 
B  strong  constitution,  for  lubouring  men  if  ordureil  aright, 
corned,  young,  of  an  ox  (for  all  gelded  meats  in  every  spe- 
cies are  held  best),  or  if  old,  '  such  as  have  been  tired  out 
with  labour,  are  preferred.  Aubanus  and  Sabullicua  com- 
mand Portugal  buef  to  be  the  moj^t  savoury,  best  and  easiest 
of  digestion ;  we  commend  ours ;  but  all  is  rejected,  and 
unfit  fiir  sueli  as  lead  a  resly  life,  any  ways  inclined  lo  Melan- 
choly, or  ilry  of  complexion :  Tales  (Gulen  thinks)  de  facila 
tnelaitc/iolicis  mgritudimhw  eapiarUur. 

Ptirk.']  Pork,  of  all  meats,  ia  most  nutritive  in  his  own 
tuture,  'but  altogether  unfit  for  such  as  live  at  ease,  are 
any  ways  unsound  of  body  or  mind;  too  moist,  full  of  hu- 
mours, and  therefore  noxia  delicalii,  saith  Savmiarola,  ex 
earam  uau  ul  dubiletur  anfebris  quartana  gmeretur  ;  nought 
for  queasy  stomachs,  insomuch  that  frequent  uso  of  it  may 
breed  a  quartan  ague. 

Goal.2  Savanarola  discommends  goat's  flesh,  and  bo  doth 
'  Bruerinus,  /.  13,  e.  19,  calling  it  a  filthy  beast,  and  rammish  { 
and  therefore  supposeth  it  will  breed  rank  and  filihy  sub- 
Bta*ce ;  yet  kid,  such  as  are  young  and  tender,  Isaac  ac- 
cepts, Bruerinus  and  Galen,  L  1,  e.  1,  de  (dimenturum  facvl' 
taiibiis, 

HarL]  Hart  and  red  deer  "hath  an  evil  name:  it  yields 
gross  nutriment;  a  strong  and  great  grained  meat,  next  unto 
a  horee.  Which  although  some  countries  eat,  as  Tarlars,  and 
[hey  of  China ;  yet  *  Galen  condemns.  Young  foals  are  03 
commonly  eaten  in  Spain  as  red  deer,  and  lo  furnish  their 
navies,  about  Malaga,  especially,  oflen  used  ;  but  such  meats 

I      uk  long  baking,  or  seething,  to  qualify  them,  and  yet  all  will 

JH^B«erve. 

^^^B^ntftm,  Fallow  Deer.']     All  venison  is  melancholy,  and 

^^Hpts  bad  blood ;  a  pleasant  meat ;  in  great  esteem  with  us 


290  Ccojtses  of  Mdanehokf.  IPartLne.! 

(for  we  have  more  parks  in  England  than  there  are  in  aD 
Europe  besides)  in  our  solemn  feasts.  'Tis  somewhat  better 
hunted  than  otherwise,  and  well  prepared  by  cookery ;  bat 
generally  bad,  and  seldom  to  be  used. 

Hare,"]  Hare,  a  black  meat,  melancholy,  and  hard  of  di- 
gestion, it  breeds  incubus,  often  eaten,  and  causeth  fearfiil 
dreams,  so  doth  all  venison,  and  is  condemned  by  a  juiy  of 
physicians.  Mizaldus  and  some  others  say,  that  hare  iB  a 
merry  meat,  and  that  it  will  make  one  fair,  as  Martial's  E(H- 
gram  testifies  to  Gellia ;  but  this  is  per  acctdenSj  because  rf 
the  good  sport  it  makes,  merry  company  and  good  disooune 
that  is  commonly  at  the  eating  of  it,  and  not  otherwise  to  be 
understood. 

ConiesJ]  ^  Conies  are  of  the  nature  of  hares.  Magninas 
compares  them  to  beef,  pig,  and  goat,  JReg.  sanit,  part  3,  t* 
17 ;  yet  young  rabbits  by  all  men  are  approved  to  be  good. 

Generally,  all  such  meats  as  are  hard  of  digestion  breed 
melancholy.  Areteus,  lib.  7,  cap.  5,  reckons  up  heads  and 
feet,  *  bowels,  brains,  entrails,  marrow,  fat,  blood,  skins,  and 
those  inward  parts,  as  heart,  lungs,  liver,  spleen,  &c  Thef 
are  rejected  by  Isaac,  lib,  2,  part  3.  Magninus,  part,  3,  op. 
17,  Bruerinus,   lib,  12,  Savanarola,  Rub,  32,  TVact,  2. 

Milk,']  Milk,  and  all  that  comes  of  milk,  as  butter  and 
cheese,  curds,  &c.,  increase  melancholy  (whey  only  excepted, 
which  is  most  wholesome)  ;  *  some  except  asses'  milk.  Tbe 
rest,  to  such  as  are  sound,  is  nutritive  and  good,  especial^ 
for  young  children,  but  because  soon  turned  to  corruptioB, 
*  not  good  for  those  that  have  unclean  stomachs,  are  subject 
to  headache,  or  have  green  wounds,  stone,  &c  Of  al 
cheeses,  I  take  that  kind  which  we  call  Banbury  cheese  to  1» 
the  best,  ex  vetustis  pessimus,  the  older,  stronger,  and  harder, 
the  worst,  as  Langius  discourseth  in  his  Epistle  to  Melano- 
thon,  cited  by  Mizaldus,  Isaac,  p,  5,  Gal.  3,  de  eibts  hci* 
sued,  S^c, 

1  Parum  obrant  k  natun   Leponun.  *  Gurlo.  Frietagiua,   Maginvs.  part  ^ 

BruBrinuR,  1. 13,  cap.  25.  pallorum  tene-  cap.  17.    Mereurialis,  de  affect,  lib.  fi 

xa  et  optima.       *  lilaadabilis  sued  nau-  c.  10.  exeeptfl  all  milk  meats  in  971** 

Mun  provooant.  *  Piso.  Altomar.  ehoadriacal  Melanoholjr. 


1. 3,  nibi.  ].]  CdiUM  of  Jfidaneholy. 


291 

Fowl.'\  Amongst  fowl,  *  peacocks-  and  pigeons,  all  fenny 
(bwl  are  forbidden,  as  duckfi,  geeae,  an-ans,  herona,  cranea, 
cools,  diUappers,  water-hens,  with  all  those  tenia,  cura,  nbel- 
drakes,  and  peckled  fowlii,  that  come  hither  in  winter  out  of 
ScBodia,  Muficov}',  Greenland,  Friezland,  which  half  the 
year  are  covered  all  orer  with  enow,  and  frozen  up.  Though 
these  be  fair  in  feathera,  pleasant  in  iBste,  and  hare  a  good 
outside,  like  hypocrilea,  white  in  plumea,  and  eoft,  their  fleah 
is  hard,  black,  unwhotesDine,  dangerous,  melancholy  meat; 
GravaTtl  el  ptUrefacitmt  slomaehum,  eailh  Isaac,  part.  5,  de 
vol.,  their  young  onea  are  more  lolerable,  but  young  pigeona 
he  quite  disapproves. 

Fis/ies/]  Rha.4is  and  '  Magninus  discommend  all  tish,  and 
Bay,  they  breed  wi$coeities,  slimy  nutriment,  little  and  humour- 
ous nourishment  Savanarola  addi,  cold,  moi^t;  and  plilegm- 
Btic,  Isaac ;  and  therefore  unwholesome  for  all  cold  and  mel* 
ancholy  complexions  ;  others  make  a  diiference,  rejecting  only 
amongst  fre^h-waler  fish,  eel,  tench,  lamprey,  crawfish  (which 
Bright  approves,  cap.  G),  and  such  as  are  bred  in  muddy  and 
standing  woi«rs,  ami  have  a  taste  of  mud,  as  Franciacus  Boo- 
BUetus  poetically  defines,  Lib.  de  aijuatiUbut, 

"  Nbd  piacBS  omiiea,  qni  staRnn,  IflcunqaB  frcquentant. 
Semper  plua  euecL  dQlflriorla  hHbent." 


Lampreys,  Paulus  Jovius,  e.  34,  de  piecihii  finvtal.  highly 
Bm^iHes,  and  saith,  Kooe  speak  against  tliem,  but  inepti  H 
aerupuiosi,  aome  scrupulous  persons[  but  'eels,  e.  33,  "ho 
^horreth  in  all  places,  at  all  times,  all  physicians  detest 
them,  especially  about  the  solstice."  Gomesius,  lib.  1.  c.  22, 
de  tale,  doth  immoderately  extol  sea-fisli,  which  others  as 
teuch  vilify,  and  above  the  rest,  dried,  soused,  indurate  fish, 
M  ling,  fumados,  red-herrings,  sprats,  stock-fish,  haberdine, 
poor-john,   all  shell-fiah.     *  Tim.  Bright  except*  lobsti 

tuti    '•  Omai  low  ut  omul  MmjiDra    luu  tesili.       ic*f.  0,  la'uiinui'iA 


292  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [PaitLseci 

vab.  Mesarius  commends  salmon,  which  Braerinus  contift* 
iicts,  lib,  22,  c.  17.  Magninus  rejects  conger,  sturgeon,  tiu<- 
bot,  mackerel,  skate. 

Carp  is  a  fish  of  which  I  know  not  what  to  determmei 
Franciscus  Bonsuetus  accounts  it  a  muddy  fish.     Hippolitos 
Salvianus,  in  his  Book  de  Piscium  ncUurd  et  prtjeparatioMj 
which  was  printed  at  Rome  in  folio,  1554,  with  most  el^ant 
pictures,  esteems  carp  no  better  than  a  slimy  watery  meat 
Paulus  Jovius  on  the  other  side,  disallowing  tench,  approves 
of  it ;  so  doth  Dupravius  in  his  Books  of  Fish-ponds.     Frie- 
tagius  ^  extols  it  for  an  excellent  wholesome  meat,  and  puts 
it  amongst  the  fishes  of  the  best  rank ;  and  so  do  most  of  onr 
country  gentlemen,  that  store  their  ponds  almost  with  do 
other  fish.     But  this  controversy  is  easily  decided,  in  mj 
judgment,  by  Bruerinus,  /.  22,  c,  13.     The  difference  riseth 
from  the  site  and  nature  of  pools,  ^  sometimes  muddy,  some- 
times sweet ;  they  are  in  taste  as  the  place  is  from  whence 
they  be  taken.     In  like  manner  almost  we  may  conclude  of 
other  fresh  fish.     But  see  more  in  Rondoletius,  BelloninS) 
Oribasius,  lib,  7.  cap.  22,  Isaac,  L  1,  especially  Hippolitus 
Salvianus,  who  is  instar  omnium  solus,  Sfc.     Howsoever  thej 
may  be  wholesome  and  approved,  much  use  of  them  is  DOt 
good;  P.  Forestus,  in  his  medicinal  observations,  'relates, 
that  Carthusian  friars,  whose  living  is  most  part  fish,  are 
more  subject  to  melancholy  than  any  other  order,  and  that 
he  found  by  experience,  being  sometimes   their  physician 
ordinary  at  Delft,  in  Holland.     He  exemplifies  it  with  an 
instance  of  one  Buscodnese,  a  Carthusian  of  a  ruddy  colonr, 
and  well  liking,  that  by  solitary  living,  and  fish-eating,  be- 
came so  misaffected. 

IIerbs.2  Amongst  herbs  to  be  eaten  I  find  gourds,  cucoa- 
bers,  coleworts,  melons,  disallowed,  but  especially  cabbage* 
It  causeth  troublesome  dreams,  and  sends  up  black  vaponis 

Helancholy.       l  Optima  nntrit  omnium  mentomm  sortiantnr  dififerentliit  i^ 

Jtidldo  inter  prfmsB  notae  pisces  gustu  suaviorefl,  alibi  lutolentiores.        'vP* 

pranrtaTitl.       *  Non  est  doblum  qnln,  senrat.  16,  lib.  10. 
ffvff  JvAenm  dtn  ae  naturft,  magnas  all- 


U«m.  3,  tabs.  1.]  Ccoues  of  Melancholy.  293 

to  the  brain.  Galen,  he.  affect.  I.  3,  c.  6,  of  all  lierbs  co»- 
demna  cabba^ ;  and  Isauc,  lib.  2,  e.  1,  Aninue  gracitalem 
facit,  it  brings  heaviness  to  the  soul.  Some  are  of  opinion 
that  all  raw  herbs  and  salads  breed  melancholy  blood,  except 
bogloss  and  lettuce.  Cmto,  eonaH.  21,  lib.  2,  speuks  a^tnst 
ali  herbs  and  worts,  eseept  borage,  biiglos?,  fennel,  parsley, 
dill,  balm,  succory.  Magninus,  regim,  sanilalii,  pari.  3,  cap, 
31.  Omnes  kerb<e  simpUciler  mala,  vid  cibi ;  all  herbs  are 
Bimply  evil  to  teed  on  (as  he  thinks).  So  did  that  scoffing 
eook  in  '  Plautus  hold ; 


I 


"Non  ego  ooena 


Our  Italians  and  Spaniards  do  make  a  whole  dinner  of 
herbs  and  salads  (which  our  said  Plaulus  calls  canas  terrei- 
breM,  Horace,  comas  stne  sanguiiu),  by  which  meana,  as  ho 

Ins  it, 
•  "Hie  homines  tarn  brovein  vitam  colnrt 
Qui  herbiia  luiju?imoill 


3  abort, 


FormidolosDm  dictu,  non  esu  modb 
Quu  herbiu  pacudoi  non  edunt,  liomi 
"  Their  llTes,  thnt  ent  such  herbs,  iDust 
And  'tis  a  fearTiil  thing  for  to  report, 
ThntmenshontdfeeJ  on  such  n  kind  orraent, 
Which  vary  jumenta  would  refuse  to  eat." 

■  They  are  windy,  and  not  fit  therefoi-e  to  be  eaten  of  aH 
men  raw,  though  qualified  with  oil,  but  in  broths,  or  othei^ 
ni^c.    See  more  of  these  in  every  *  husbnndman  and  herbah'st 

Root».'\  Roots,  Elsi  quorundam  gentium  apes  siid,  saith 
Bruerinus,  the  wealth  of  some  countries,  and  sole  food,  are 


294  Oame$  of  Mdancho^.  [PtftLseo.! 

windy  and  bad,  or  troublesome  to  the  head ;  as  onions,  guii<i; 
Bcallions,  turnips,  carrots,  radishes,  parsnips;  Crato,  lik  % 
eansiL  11,  disallows  all  roots,  though  ^some  approve  of  pais- 
nips  and  potatoes.  ^  Magninns  is  of  Crato's  opinion,  *  ^  The^ 
trouble  the  mind,  sending  gross  fumes  to  the  brain,  make 
men  mad,  especially  garlic,  onions,  if  a  man  liberally  feed  on 
them  a  year  together."  Guianerius,  tract  15,  cap.  2,  com- 
plains of  all  manner  of  roots,  and  so  doth  Bruerinns,  even 
parsnips  themselves,  which  arc  the  best.  Lib  9,  cap,  14 

IVuits.^  Pastinacarum  usus  succos  gignit  improhos.  Crato^ 
cansil.  21,  lib.  1,  utterly  forbids  all  manner  of  fruits,  as  pears, 
apples,  plums,  cherries,  strawberries,  nuts,  medlars,  serves, 
&c  Sanguinem  infidunt,  saith  Yillanovanus,  they  infect  the 
blood,  and  putrefy  it,  Magninus  holds,  and  must  not  therefore 
be  taken  via  cibi,  aiU  qiuzntitate  maffnd,  not  to  make  a  meal 
of,  or  in  any  great  quantity.  ^  Cardan  makes  that  a  caose 
of  their  continual  sickness  at  Fessa  in  Africa,  "  because  thej 
live  so  much  on  fruits,  eating  them  thrice  a  day."  Lauren- 
tins  approves  of  many  fruits,  in  his  Tract  of  Melancholy, 
which  others  disallow,  and  amongst  the  rest  apples,  which 
some  likewise  commend,  sweetings,  pcarmains,  pippins^  ai 
good  against  melancholy ;  but  to  him  that  is  any  way  in- 
clined to,  or  touched  with  this  malady,  *  Nicholas  Piso  in  his 
Practics,  forbids  all  fruits,  as  windy,  or  to  be  sparingly  eaten 
at  least,  and  not  raw.  Amongst  other  fruits,  •  Bruerinus, 
out  of  Galen,  excepts  grapes  and  figs,  but  I  find  them  like- 
wise rejected. 

Pulse.']  All  pulse  are  nought,  beans,  peas,  vetches,  &c.» 
they  fill  the  brain  (saith  Isaac)  with  gross  fumes,  breed 
black  thick  blood,  and  cause  troublesome  dreams.  And 
therefore,  that  which  Pythagoras  said  to  his  scholars  of  old) 
may  be  forever  applied  to  melancholy  men,  A  f obis  ahstiw^ 
eat  no  peas,  nor  beans  ;  yet  to  such  as  will  needs  eat  then^ 

1  Cap.  13,  part.  3.  Bright  In  his  Tract.  13.    Improb!  sued  sant.cap.  12.      *ni 

of  Mel.        3  iQtellectum  turbant.  pmila-  rerum   varietat.      In  Fef«a   plennnqoj 

eunt  insaniam.        a  Audivi  (inquit  Mag-  morbosi,  quod  fiructiu  comedant  tern 

nin.)  quod  r1  qnls  ex  iis  per  annum  con-  die.       >  Cap.  de  UeL       *  lib.  11|  o* » 
M«»^  comedat,  in  inaaniam  caderet,  cap. 


Uem.  a,  sabs.  1.]  Camel  of  Melaneht^. 

I  would  give  this  counsel,  lo  prepare  llicm  according  to  those 
rules  tiiat  Amoldus  Villanovanus,  and  Frietagius  prescribe, 
tor  ealing,  and  dressing,  fruits,  herbs,  roots,  pulse,  && 

Spices."]  Spices  cause  hot  and  head  melancholy,  nud  are 
ibr  ihat  cause  forbidden  by  our  physicians  lo  such  mea  as  ara 
inclined  lo  this  malady,  as  pepper,  ginger,  cinnamon,  cIove% 
mace,  dates,  &.e.,  honey  and  sugar.  ^  Some  except  honey ; 
to  those  that  are  cold  it  may  be  tolerable,  but  ^  Dulcia  se  i'm 
bikm  ceritini  (aweeta  turn  into  bile),  Diey  are  ohsH'octive. 
Crato  therefore  fbrbida  all  spice,  in  a  consultation  of  his,  for 
a  melantholy  schoolmaster,  Omnia  aromatica,  el  qaicqvid 
tanffuinent  adurit ;  so  doth  Femelius,  cojisiL  io,  Gulaue- 
rius,  IraeL  15,  cap.  2,  Mercurialis,  eons.  189.  To  these  I 
may  add  all  sharp  and  aour  things,  luscious,  and  over-sweel, 
or  fat,  aa  oil,  vinegar,  verjuice,  mustard,  salt ;  aa  sweet  Ihings 
are  obstructive,  so  these  are  corrosive.  Goraesius,  in  hia 
books,  de  sale,  I  1,  c.  21,  highly  commends  salt ;  so  doth 
CodroDcIius  ill  his  tract,  de  sale  Ahsynikii,  Lemn.  L  3,  c.  9, 
de  occult,  not.  mir.,  yet  common  experience  fi.ndi  salt,  and 
salt  meats,  to  he  great  procurers  of  this  disease.  And  for 
that  cuuse  behke  those  Egyptian  priests  abstained  from  salt, 
even  so  much,  as  in  their  bread,  ul  sine  perlurbatione  aatma 
tuet,  saiih  mine  author,  that  their  eoub  might  be  free  from 
perturbations. 

Bread."]  Bread  that  is  made  of  baser  grain,  as  peas, 
beans,  oats,  ryo,  or  'over-hard  baked,  crusty,  and  black,  is 
often  spoken  ag^nst,  as  causing  melancholy  Juice  and  wind. 
Job.  Mayor,  in  tlie  first  book  of  his  History  of  Scotland,  con- 
tends much  for  the  wholesomeness  of  oaten  bread ;  it  waa 
objected  to  him  then  living  at  Paris  in  France,  Ihat  his  couti- 
trymen  fed  on  oats,  and  base  grain,  as  a  disgrace ;  but  he 
doth  ingenuously  confess,  Scotland,  Wales,  and  a  third  part 
of  England,  did  most  part  use  that  kind  of  bread,  ihaf  it  waa 
as  wholesome  as  any  grain,  and  yielded  as  good  nourishmentp 


296  (huses  of  MeUmchciliy,  [PartLseo.! 

And  jet  Wecker  out  of  Galen  calls  it  horse-meat,  and  fitter 
for  juments  than  men  to  feed  on.  But  read  Galen  himself 
lib,  1,  De  cibis  honi  et  mali  succi,  more  largely  discoursing 
of  corn  and  bread. 

Wine.']  All  black  wines,  over-hot,  compound,  strong  thick 
drinks,  as  Muscadine,  Malmsey,  Alicant,  Rumnej,  Brown- 
bastard,  Metheglen,  and  the  like,  of  which  they  have  thirty 
several  kinds  in  Muscovy,  all  such  made  drinks  are  hurtful 
in  this  case,  to  such  as  are  hot,  or  of  a  sanguine  choleric  com- 
plexion, young,  or  inclined  to  head-melancholy.  For  many 
times  the  drinking  of  wine  alone  causeth  it.  Arculanus, 
ۥ  16,  in  9  Rkasisj  puts  in  *  wine  for  a  great  cause,  especially 
if  it  be  immoderately  used.  Guianerius,  tract,  15,  c.  2,  tells 
a  story  of  two  Dutchmen,  to  whom  he  gave  entertainment  io 
his  house,  "  that  ^  in  one  month's  space  were  both  melancholy 
by  drinking  of  wine,"  one  did  nought  but  sing,  the  other  sigh. 
Galen,  L  de  causis  morh,  c.  3.  Matthiolus  on  Dioscorides, 
and  above  all  other  Andreas  Bachius,  /.  3,  18,  19,  20,  have 
reckoned  upon  those  inconveniences  that  come  by  wine ;  yefc 
notwithstanding  all  this,  to  such  as  are  cold,  or  sluggish 
melancholy,  a  cup  of  wine  is  good  physic,  and  so  doth 
Mercurialis  grant,  consih  25,  in  that  case,  if  the  tempera- 
ture be  cold,  as  to  most  melancholy  men  it  is,  wine  is  much 
commended,  if  it  be  moderately  used. 

dder^  Perry.]  Cider  and  perry  are  both  cold  and  windy 
drinks,  and  for  that  cause  to  be  neglected,  and  so  are  all  those 
hot  spiced  strong  drinks. 

Beer.~\  Beer,  if  it  be  over-new  or  over-stale,  over-strong, 
or  not  sodden,  smell  of  the  cask,  sharp,  or  sour,  is  most  un- 
wholesome, frets,  and  galls,  &c.  Henricus  Ayrerus,  in  a 
•  consultation  of  his,  for  one  that  laboured  of  hypochondriacal 
melancholy  discommends  beer.  So  doth  *  Crato  in  that  ex- 
cellent counsel  of  his,  Lib.  2,  consil.  21,  as  too  windy,  be- 
cause of  the  hop.  But  he  means  belike  that  thick  black 
Bohemian  beer  used  in  some  other  parts  of  *  Germany, 

1  yintim  turbidnm.  2  Ex  rlni  pat«n-  spicel.  fol.  278.  *  Cnwram  f?ewri* 
tis  bibitione,  duo  Alemani  In  nno  niense  tianguinem.  sAboutDantxicinSpniflti 
melancholici  fiusti  sunt.       *  Hildesheim,    Hamburgh,  Leipsio. 


Bl,  nibi.  1-1  Cbutei  of  MeUmeholy. 


As  that  'old  poet  scofied,  calling  it  StygiiB  monstrum  com- 
forme  palludi,  a  monstrous  drink,  like  the  river  Styx.  But 
lei  them  aaj  as  they  list,  to  such  as  are  accustomed  unto  it, 
"  'tis  a  most  wholesome  (so  '  Poljdor  Virgil  calleth  it)  and  a 
pleasant  drink,"  it  is  more  eubtile  and  better,  for  the  bop  that 
rarefied  it,  hath  an  especial  virtue  against  mel^icbolj,  aa  out 
herbalists  eoiifesa,  Fui'hsius  approves,  Lib.  2,  tec.  2,  instil, 
cap,  1 1,  and  mony  others, 

Watera.'\  Standing  waters,  thick  and  ill-coloured ;  8ucli 
as  come  ibrth  of  pools,  and  moats,  where  hemp  hath  been 
Eieeped.  or  slimy  fishes  live,  are  most  unwholesome,  putre- 
fied, and  full  of  mites,  creepers,  slimy,  muddy,  unclean,  cor- 
rupt, impure,  by  reason  of  (he  sun's  heat,  and  still-standing  j 
they  cause  foul  distemperaturea  in  the  body  and  mind  of  man, 
are  unfit  to  make  drink  of,  to  dress  meat  with,  or  to  be  *  used 
about  men  inwardly  or  outwardly.  They  are  good  for  many 
domestic  uses,  to  wash  horses,  water  cattle,  itc-,  or  in  time 
of  necessity,  but  not  otherwise.  Some  are  of  opinion,  that 
sach  fat,  standing  waters  make  the  best  beer,  and  that  seeth- 
ing dolh  defecate  it,  aa  *  Cardan  holds.  Lib.  13,  mbiil.  "  It 
mends  the  substance,  and  savour  of  it,"  bat  it  is  a  paradox. 
Such  beer  may  be  stronger,  but  not  so  wholesome  as  the 
other,  03  *Jobertus  truly  justifieth  out  of  Galen,  Paradox, 
dec.  1,  Paradox  o,  that  the  seething  of  such  impure  watera 
doth  not  purge  or  purify  them,  Pliny,  lib.  31,  e.  8,  is  of  iha 
same  tenet,  .and  P,  Crescentius,  agricvU.  lib.  1,  et  lib.  4,  c.  11, 
tt  t.  45.     Pamphilius  Herilachus,  /.  4,  dt  not.  aqaartim,  such 


298  Causes  of  Mdanchohf.  [Part  L  sec.  1 

waters  are  nought,  not  to  be  used,  and  bj  the  testimony  of 
^  Galen,  '^  breed  agues,  dropsies,  pleurisies,  splenetic  and  mel- 
ancholy passions,  hurt  the  eyes,  cause  u  bad  temperature,  and 
ill  disposition  of  the  whole  body,  with  bad  colour.**  This 
Jobertus  stiffly  maintains,  Paradox,  lib.  1,  part*  5,  that  it 
causeth  blear  eyes,  bad  colour,  and  many  loathsome  diseases 
to  such  as  use  it ;  this  which  they  say,  stands  with  good  rea- 
son ;  for  as  geographers  relate,  the  water  of  Astracan  breeds 
worms  in  such  as  drink  it  *  Axius,  or  as  now  called  Ver- 
duri,  the  fairest  river  in  Macedonia,  makes  all  cattle  black 
that  taste  of  it  Aleacman,  now  Peleca,  another  stream  in 
Thessaly,  turns  cattle  most  part  white,  si  potui  ducas.  L 
Aubanus  Rohemus  refers  that  •  struma  or  poke  of  the  Bava- 
rians and  Styrians  to  the  nature  of  their  waters,  as  *  Monster 
doth  that  of  the  Yalesians  in  the  Alps,  and  ^Bodine  snp- 
poseth  the  stuttering  of  some  families  in  Aquitania,  about 
Labden,  to  proceed  from  the  same  cause,  "  and  that  the  filth 
is  derived  from  the  water  to  their  bodies.**  So  that  they  that 
use  filthy,  standing,  ill-coloured,  thick,  muddy  water,  must 
needs  have  muddy,  ill-coloured,  impure,  and  infirm  bodies. 
And  because  the  body  works  upon  the  mind,  they  shall  have 
grosser  understandings,  dull,  foggy,  melancholy  spirits,  and 
be  really  subject  to  all  manner  of  infirmities. 

To  these  noxious  simples,  we  may  reduce  an  infinite  num- 
ber of  compound,  artificial,  made  dishes,  of  which  our  cooks 
afford  us  a  great  variety,  as  tailors  do  fashions  in  our  apparel 
Such  are  •  puddings  stuffed  with  blood,  or  otherwise  com- 
posed ;  baked  meats,  soused  indurate  meats,  fried  and  broiled 
buttered  meats ;  condite,  powdered  and  over-dried,  ^  all  cakes, 
simnels,  buns,  cracknels  made  with  butter,  spice,  &c.,  fritters, 

1  Lib.  de  bonltate   aqnaB,   hydropcm  derlvantnr.        •  Edulia  ex  gangalne  «* 

anget,  febres  putridas,  gplenem,  tushes,  suffocato  parta.    Ilildefiheim.        '  Cup^- 

nocet  oculis.  malum  habitum  corporis  et  dia  yero,  placentae,  bellaria,  commenta> 

colorem.        ^  Mag.  Nigritatem  iDducit  si  que  alia  curiona  pistorum  et  coquorum, 

pecora  biberint.        »  Aquae  ex  nivibus  gustui    servientium    conciliant    morbof 

coactae  strumosos  facinnt.        <  Coemog.  turn    corpori    turn    animo    insanabilfll 

1.  8,  cap.  86.        ft  Method,  hi^t.  cap.  5,  Philo  Judaeus,  lib.  de  yictiinis.    P.  Jof< 

balbutiunt    Labdoni    in    Aquitania   ob  Titaejus. 
•quae,  atque  hi  morbi  ab  aquis  in  corpora 


Vum.  i,  KStM.  3.] 


Dtel,  a   Cemst. 


299 


paiK^akes,  pies,  8uusan;e3,  and  those  several  saucer,  sharp,  or 
over-sweet,  of  which  tcieniia  popina,  as  Seneca  calls  it,  hath 
Berved  those  'Apician  tricks,  and  perfumed  dislies,  which 
Adrian  the  sixth  Pope  so  much  admired  in  the  accounts  oi 
his  predecessor  ieo  decimiis  ;  and  which  prodigious  riot  ana 
prodigality  have  invented  in  this  age.  These  do  generally 
engender  gross  humours,  fill  ihe  stomach  with  crudities,  and  all 
those  innard  parts  with  obstructions.  Montanus,  conpil.  22, 
gives  instance,  in  a  melancholy  Jew,  that  by  eating  such  tart 
sauces,  made  dishes,  and  salt  meats,  with  which  lie  was  over- 
niQch  delighted,  became  melancholy,  and  was  evil  affected. 
HSuch  examples  are  familiar  and  » 

^■telfol 
Hither: 


StiBSEOT,  n. — Quantify  of  Diet  a  Cause. 
Y  TnERE  ia  not  so  much  harm  proceeding  from  the  substance 


self  of  meat,  and  quality  of  it,  in  ill-dressing  and  preparing, 
s  from  the  quantity,  disorder  of  time  and  pliice,  un- 
aonable  use  of  it,  '  intemperance,  overmuch,  or  overlittle 
taking  of  it.  A  true  saying  it  is,  Plures  erapvia  quhm 
gladius.  This  gluttony  kills  more  than  the  sword,  this  omni' 
voranda  et  komidda  gula,  this  ali-devouring  and  murdering 
gut.  And  that  of  *  Pliny  i«  truer,  "  Simple  diet  is  the  best  { 
heaping  up  of  several  meats  is  pernicious,  and  sauces  worse ; 
many  dishes  bring  many  diseases."  *  Avicen  cries  out,  "  That 
nothing  ia  worse  than  to  feed  on  many  dishes,  or  to  protract 
the  lime  of  meats  longer  than  ordinary;  from  thence  proceed 
oar  infirmities,  and  'tis  the  fountain  of  all  diseases,  which  arise 
ont  of  the  repugnancy  of  gross  humours."  Thence,  saith 
'  Femelius,  come  crudities,  wind,  oppilations,  cacochymia, 
plethora,  cachexia,  bradiopepsia,  '  Hinc  subita  morlei,  atque 
iTitettata  genectus,  sudden  death,  Sec.,  and  what  not. 


300  JKetf  a  Came.  [Part L see.! 

As  a  lamp  is  choked  with  a  multitude  of  oil,  or  a  little  fira 
with  overmuch  wood  quite  extinguished,  so  is  the  natural 
heat  with  immoderate  eating,  stran^rled  in  the  bodj.  Per* 
nitiosa  seiitina  est  abdomen  insaturabile :  one  saith.  An  insa- 
tiable paunch  is  a  pernicious  sink,  and  the  fountain  of  all 
diseases,  both  of  body  and  mind.  *  Mercurialis  will  have  it 
a  peculiar  cause  of  this  private  disease ;  Solenander,  consiL  5, 
sect.  3,  illustrates  this  of  Mercurialis,  with  an  example  of  one 
80  melancholy,  ab  intempestivts  commesscUionihuSy  unseason- 
able feasting.  *  Crato  confirms  as  much,  in  that  oflen  cited 
Counsel,  21,  lib.  2,  putting  superfluous  eating  for  a  main 
cause.  But  what  need  I  seek  farther  for  proofs?  Ilear 
•  Hippocrates  himself,  Lib.  2,  Aphor.  10,  "  Impure  bodies 
the  more  they  are  nourished,  the  more  they  are  hurt,  for  the 
nourishment  is  putrefied  with  vicious  humours.'* 

And  yet  for  all  this  harm,  which  apparently  follows  surfeit- 
ing and  drunkenness,  see  how  we  luxuriate  and  rage  in  this 
kind ;  read  what  Johannes  Stuckius  hath  written  lately  of 
this  subject,  in  his  great  volume  De  Antiquorum  Convivttif 
and  of  our  present  age  ;  Quam  *portentos(B  ccence^  prodigious 
suppers,  *  Qui  dum  inmtant  ad  ccenam  efferunt  ad  septdchrum^ 
what  Fagos,  Epicures,  Apetios,  Heliogables,  our  times  afford  ? 
Lucullus's  ghost  walks  still,  and  every  man  desires  to  sup  in 
Apollo ;  iEsop's  costly  dish  is  ordinarily  served  up.  ^Magis 
ilia  juvant,  quce  pluris  emuntur.  The  dearest  cates  are  best, 
and  *tis  an  ordinary  thing  to  bestow  twenty  or  thirty  pounds 
upon  a  dish,  some  thousand  crowns  upon  a  dinner ;  ^  MuUy- 
Hamet,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco,  spent  three  pounds  on  the 
sauce  of  a  capon  ;  it  is  nothing  in  our  times,  we  scorn  all  that 
is  cheap.    "  We  loathe  the  very  •  light  (some  of  us,  as  Seneca 


1  NimK  repletio  cibortim  fiiclt  melan-  tomb."         •  JuTensl.     "  The  hlgbeil* 

eholicum.        *  Comestio  superflua  oibi,  priced  (Ushex  afford  the  g^reate^t  gratiftea* 

et  potufl  qiiantitas  nimia.        *  Tmpura  tion.*'        f  Guiccardin.        >  Na.  qnaert* 

eorpora  qnanto  inaglfl  nutrin,  tanto  mafHfl  4.  ca.  ult.  fisti'Uo  est  lumen  in^tuitom, 

leedis :  putreCicit  enim  allmentum  riti-  dolet  qaod  sole,  quod  spiritam  «n«rt 

osus  humor.        <  Vid.  Oorlen.  de  porten-  non  posalmua,  quod  h!c  aSr  non  emprof 

tosis  roenifi,  &r.    Puteani  Cora.       &  Amb.  ex  farili,  &c.,  adeo  nihil  placet,  nisi  qnod 

lib.  de  Jeju.  cap.  14.    **  They  who  inrite  caruin  est. 
Ds  to  onr  supper,  only  coadact  us  to  oar 


a.  I,  s&bi.  S.] 


Diet,  a  Cams. 


SOI 


es)  because  it  cotoea  free,  and  we  are  offended  wilh  the 
\  heat,  and  those  cool  blasts,  because  we  buy  them  not." 
This  air  we  breatlie  is  so  common  we  care  not  for  it ;  nothing 
pleaseth  but  what  is  dear.  And  if  we  be  '  wiltj  in  anything, 
it  is  ad  gulata  ;  If  we  study  at  nil,  it  is  eritdilo  luxu,  to  please 
the  palate,  and  to  satisfy  the  gut.  "  A  cook  of  old  was  a  base 
knave  (as  'Livy  complains),  but  now  a  great  man  in  request; 
cookery  is  become  an  art,  a  noble  science ;  cooks  are  gentle- 
men ; "  Venter  Deus  ;  They  wear  "  their  brains  in  their  Ijellies, 
and  their  gats  in  their  heads,"  as  'Agrlppa  taxed  some  para- 
Biles  of  his  time,  rushing  on  their  own  destruction,  as  if  a 
man  should  run  upon  the  point  of  a  sword,  uique  dum  rum- 
vatUur  eomedunt.  "  They  eat  till  they  burst ; "  '  All  dny,  all 
nigliL,  let  the  physician  say  what  he  will,  imminent  danger, 
and  feral  diseases  are  now  ready  to  seize  upon  tliem,  that 
will  eat  till  they  vomit,  Edunt  ul  vomant,  vomuni  vl  edanl, 
Eaith  Seneca ;  which  Dion  relates  of  Vitellius,  Solo  IraTtsitu 
cibortm  nutriri  judicaivs ;  His  meat  did  pass  Ihrough  and 
away,  or  till  they  burst  again.  '  Strage  animantiwm  ventrem 
tmerant,  and  rake  over  all  the  world,  as  so  many  'slaves, 
bolly-gods,  and  land-serpents,  St  Coltts  orbls  vetilri  nimh  ait- 
fftahu,  the  whole  world  cannot  satisfy  Iheir  appetite.  ' "  Sea, 
land,  risers,  lakes,  &c.,  may  not  give  content  to  their  raging 
gots,"  To  make  up  the  mess,  what  immoderate  drinking  in 
every  place  ?  Senem  potum  pota  trahehai  aniK,  how  they 
flock  to  the  tavern  ;  as  if  they  were  fniges  comianere  noli, 
bom  to  no  other  end  but  to  eat  and  drink,  like  Offellius 
Bibulus,  that  famous  Roman  parasite.  Qui  dum  vixit,  avt 
bibi'l  mit  miTUcit;  as  so  many  casks  to  hold  wine,  yea  worse 
than  a  ca.=k,  that  mars  wine,  and  itself  is  not  marred  by  it; 
yet  these  are  brave  men,  Silenus  Ebrius  was  no  braver. 
Et  qua  fverunl  viliOf  mores  sunt ;  'tis  now  the  fashion  of  our 
limes,  an  honour ;  Nunc  verd  res  ista  eo  rediit  (as  Chrysost. 

I  Tnj):fTnloe]  ad  Oulnin.        ■OlLm   tIIh    torini-        *3eiHCH.        ^HAnrlpla  ^tlB, 
muiclptuin,  nnnc  In  Dmnl  mCliniitViiiflf    dnppa  naninporenfit  sDinptLi  iHlimHrir#4, 

28, 1-  7,  quDTum  In  Tsntre  In^nlunXn  In    anelfl  jnittura  bhCIaiv  nnn  po'Hunt  HutU 


302  Diet,  a  Cante.  p 

B<?rm.  30,  in  t.  Ephea.  comments)  Ui  effminaiiB  : 
iffoavite  loco  habeatur,  nolle  inebriari  ;  'tis  now  co 
pass  that  he  is  no  gentluman,  a  very  milk-Bop,  a  c 
bringing  up,  that  will  not  drink ;  fit  for  no  comp 
your  only  gallant  that  plays  it  off  finest,  no  dis] 
now  to  sla<^er  in  the  streets,  reel,  rave,  &c,  bi 
his  fame  and  renown  ;  as  in  like  case  Epidicus  tol 
his  fellow-servant,  in  the  '  Poet.  .^dipUfaeinut 
ona  oi^d,  the  other  replied,  At  jam  alii  Jeeere  id 
illit  ret  honori,  'tis  now  no  fault,  there  be  so  manj 
amples  to  bear  one  out ;  'tis  a  credit  to  faave  a  sti 
and  carry  hia  liquor  well ;  the  sole  contention  wh( 
most,  and  fos  his  fellow  the  soonest.  Tis  the  mrnn 
of  our  tradesmen,  their  felicity,  life,  and  soul,  Tanti 
affectant,  eaiih  Fliny,  lib.  14,  cap.  12,  vt  ritagtio 
aliud  vil/E  prtemium  inteUigat,  their  chief  comfort,  li 
together  in  an  alehouse  or  tavern,  as  our  modem  '. 
do  in  their  mede-inns,  and  Turks  in  their  coffee-ho 
much  resemble  our  taverns ;  they  will  labour  hai 
long  to  be  drunk  at  night,  and  spend  totitu  armi 
St.  Ambrose  adds,  in  a  tippling  feast ;  convert  day 
as  Seneca  taxes  some  in  his  times,  Perverivnt  offie 
hidt;  when  we  rise,  they  commonly  go  to  bed,  111 
tjpodes, 


So  did  Fetronius  in  Tadtus,  Heliogabalus  in  Lam] 


Snymdiris  the  Sybarite  never  saw  the  sun  risi 
much  as  once  in  twenty  years,  Verres,  against  w 
so  much  inveighs,  in  winter  he  never  was  extra 

1  Plutiu.       >  nor.  Ub.  1   fot.  8. 


».2.1 


Diet,  a   Cta*. 


t  leetum,  never  almost  out  of  bed,  *  still  wencliing  and 
iing ;  so  did  he  spend  his  lime,  and  so  do  myriads  in 
our  days.  They  have  gi/mnana  bihonum,  schools  and  ren- 
dezvous ;  these  centaurs  and  lapillim  toss  pots  and  bowls  aa 
to  maoy  biillj^ ;  invent  new  tricks,  as  sausages,  anchovies,  to- 
bacco, caviare,  pickled  oysters,  herrings,  fumadoes,  &c. ;  in- 
numerable Bait  meats  to  increase  tlieir  nppetite,  and  study 
bow  to  iiurt  themselves  by  faking  antidotes  '"to  cirry  their 
drink  the  better ;  '  and  when  nought  else  serves,  they  will 
go  forth,  or  be  conveyed  out,  to  empty  their  goi^e,  tliat  they 
may  return  to  drink  afresh."  They  make  laws,  insanaa  Uges, 
eontra  hibendi  fallacias,  and  *  brag  of  it  when  they  have  done, 
crowning  that  man  that  is  soonest  gone,  as  their  drunken  pred- 
ecessors have  done, ^  quid  ego  video  f    Ps.    Oum  coronA 

Pieitdoliim  ebriicm  tuum .     And  when  they  are  dead,  will 

have  a  can  of  wine  with  ^Maron's  old  woman  to  be  engraven 
on  their  tombs-  So  they  triumph  in  viliany,  and  justify  their 
wickedness ;  with  Knbelais,  tliat  French  Lucian,  drunkenness 
is  belter  for  the  body  than  physic,  because  there  be  more  old 
drunkards  ttian  old  phy.^icians.  Many  such  frothy  arguments 
they  have, '  inviting  and  encouraging  others  to  do  as  they  do, 
and  love  them  dearly  for  it  (no  glue  like  lo  that  of  good  fellow- 
ship). So  did  Alcibiades  in  Greece ;  Nero,  Bonosus,  Hclto- 
gabaius  in  Rome,  or  Alegabalus  rather,  as  he  was  styled  of 
old  (as  '  Ignatius  proves  out  of  some  old  coins).  So  do  many 
great  men  still,  as  '  Heresbacliius  observes.  When  a  prince 
drinks  till  his  eyes  stare,  like  Bitias  in  the  Foot, 


fhii  wXn't.' 


»  "  (ilia  impigr 
m  vino  patBram). 
"  a.  thirsty  bo 
He  took  ehallenKe  luid  einb 
With  pleii«ure  HwillVI  the  p 
Til!  he  the  bottom  of  the  bi 


ir  censed  to  draw 


304  Dietf  a  Cause.  [Part L  seel 

and  comes  off  clearly,  sound  trumpets,  fife  and  drums,  the 
spectators  will  applaud  him,   "  the  *  bishop  himself  (if  he 
belie  them  not)  with  his  chaplain,  will  stand  by  and  do  as 
much,"   0  dignum  principe  hatistum,  'twas  done  like  a  prince. 
"  Our  Dutchmen  invite  all  comers  with  a  pail  and  a  dish,* 
Veltit  tnfundtbula  integras  ohhas  exhauriunt,  et  in  monstrosU 
pocuUs,  ipsi  monsirosi   monstrosius  epotant,  "  making  ba^ 
rels  of  their  bellies."      IncrediUle  dictu,  as  ^one  of  their 
own  countrymen  complains :    *  Quantum  liquoris  immode^ 
ttsstma  gens   capiat^  S^c.      "How   they  love   a   man  that 
will  be  drunk,  crown  him  and  honour  him  for  it,"  hate  hhn 
that  will  not  pledge  him,  stab  him,  kill  him ;  a  most  intoler* 
able  offence,  and  not  to  be  forgiven.     * "  He  is   a  mortal 
enemy  that  will  not  drink  with  him,"  as  Munster  relates  of 
the  Saxons.     So  in  Poland,  he  is  the  best  servitor,  and  the 
honestest  fellow,  saith  Alexander  Gaguinus,  *  "  that  drinketh 
most  healths  to  the  honour  of  his  master,  he  shall  be  re- 
warded as  a  good  servant,  and  held  the  bravest  fellow  that 
caiTies  his  liquor  best,"  when  a  brewer's  horse  will  bear  much 
more  than  any  sturdy  drinker,  yet  for  his  noble  exploits  in 
this  kind,  he  shall  be  accounted  a  most  valiant  man  for  •  Tarn 
inter  epulas  fortis  vir  esse  potest  ac  in  hello^  as  much  valour 
is  to  be  found  in  feasting  as  in  fighting,  and  some  of  our  city 
captains,  and  carpet  knights  will  make  this  good,  and  prove 
it.    Thus  they  many  times  wilfully  pervert  the  good  tempera- 
ture of   their  bodies,  stifle  their  wits,  strangle  nature,  and 
degenerate  into  beasts. 

Some  again  are  in  the  other  extreme,  and  draw  this  mis- 
chief on  their  heads  by  too  ceremonious  and  strict  diet,  being 
over-precise,  cockney-like,  and  curious  in  their   observation 

1  Idem  strenui  potatoris  Eplscopi  Sacel-  fminodeBta  gens  capiat,  plus  potantem 

lanu8,  cum  injeente  n  pateram  exhaurit  amicinsimam  habent,  et  fterto  coronanft. 

princeps.        ^  Bohemus  in  Sax^nia.   Ad-  inimicifwimum  h  contra  qui  non  yult,  w 

eo  immoderate  et  immodeste  ab  ipsis  bibi-  csede  et  fustibus  expiant.        <  Qui  potart 

tur,  ut  in  compotationibus  suis  non  eya-  recusat,  hostia  habetur,  et  csBde  nonnnn- 

this  solum  et  cantharis  sat   infundere  quam  res  expiatur.       ^  Qui  melius  biUI 

possint,  sed   impletum    mulctrale    ap-  pro  salute  domini,  melior  habetur  minil- 

ponant,  et    scutella   ii\}ecta    hortantur  ter.        0  Qraeo.  Poeta  apud  Stobadonii 

quern  libet  ad  libitum  potare.        s  Dfctu  ser.  18. 
Incredibile,  quantum   lii^usce  liquoris 


Hem.  3,  idIii.  3.]  Causes  of  Metanchofy.  30S 

of  meats,  (imca,  as  that  Medicina  atatica  prescribes,  j»gl  so 
raanj  ounces  at  dinner,  whicli  Lessins  enjoinjt,  bo  much  at 
supper,  not  a  liltle  more,  nor  a  little  less,  of  fuch  ment^  and 
at  Bueli  hours,  a  ditt-drltik  in  the  morning,  cock'broth,  China- 
broth,  at  dinner,  plum-broth,  a  chiL-ken,  a  rabbit,  rib  of  a  rack 
of  mutton,  wing  of  a  capon,  the  merry-thougiit  of  a.  hen,  &c. ; 
to  sounder  bodies  this  is  too  nice  and  most  ub-urd.  Othera 
offend  in  overmuch  fasting  ;  pining  adiiys,  saith  ^  Guianerlus, 
and  waking  anights,  as  many  Moors  and  Turks  in  these  our 
times  do.  "  Anchorites,  monks,  nnd  Ihe  rest  of  thst  Hupersti- 
tious  nmk  (as  the  same  Guionerius  witnesseth,  that  he  hath 
oflen  seen  to  have  happened  in  his  time)  through  immoderate 
fasting,  have  been  Iretjuenlly  mad."  Of  such  men  belike 
nippocrales  apeak?,  1  Aphor.  5,  when  as  be  aaith,  '  "  They 
more  oiTend  in  loo  sparing  diet,  and  are  worse  damnlliedj 
tiian  they  that  feed  hberally,  and  are  ready  to  surfeit. 

ScBSEGT.  III. — Custom  of  Diet,  Delight,  Appetite,  ^ecesnly, 
how  ikey  cause  or  kinder. 
No  rule  la  so  general,  which  admits  not  some  exception; 
to  tills,  therefore,  which  hath  been  hitherto  Baiil  (for  I  shall 
otherwise  put  most  men  out  of  commons),  and  ihose  incon- 
veniences which  proceed  from  the  substance  of  meats,  an 
intemperate  or  unseasonable  use  of  them,  custom  somewhat 
detracts  and  qualifies,  according  to  that  of  Hippocrates  2, 
Aphorism.  50,  ' "  Such  things  as  we  have  been  long  accus- 
tomed to,  though  they  be  evil  in  their  own  nature  yet  they 
are  less  offensive."  Otherwise  it  might  well  be  objected  that 
it  trere  a  mere  *  tyranny  to  live  after  thoie  strict  rules  of 
physic;  for  custom  *doth  alter  nature  itself,  and  to  such  as 
are  used  to  them  it  makes  bad  meats  wholesome,  and  unseason- 
able limes  to  cause  no  disorder.     Cider  and  perry  are  windy 

I  Qui  de  die  Wumnl,  et  norta  rtj^linl 
■cdillt  qai  tAito  cum  ferron  I> 


qui    iat\  kinrlHDt 


806  Oama  of  JUHanchofy.  { 

drinks,  so  are  all  fruits  windy  in  themaeWes,  col 
yet  in  mrae  shires  of  '  England,  Normandy 
Guipuscoa  in  Spain,  'lis  tlieir  common  drink,  and 
whit  offended  with  it.  In  Spain,  Italy,  and  Afri 
most  on  roota.  raw  herbs,  camel's  *  milk,  and  it 
with  them ;  which  to  a  stranger  will  causo  mue 
In  Wales,  lactieiniii  vetcuntur,  aa  Humphrey 
fusaelh,  a  Cambro-Briton  himself,  ia  his  elega] 
Abrahaca  Onelius,  they  live  most  on  white  me: 
land  on  fi^li,  roots,  '  hutter ;  and  so  at  this  day  ii 

•  Bellonius  observes,  they  had  much  rather  feed 
flesh.  With  us,  Maxima  part  victus  in  came 
feed  on  flesh  most  part,  saith  *  Polydor  Virgil,  as 
countries  do ;  and  it  would  be  very  offensive  U 
after  their  diet,  or  they  to  live  after  ours.  We 
they  wine ;  they  use  oil,  we  butter ;  we  in  tb 

*  great  eaters ;  they  most  sparing  in  those  hotte 
and  yet  they  and  we  following  our  own  custoi 
pleased.  An  Ethiopian  of  old  seeing  an  Europer 
wondered,  <faomodo  itercarihja  vescentes  viverim 
could  eat  such  kind  of  meats  ;  so  much  differed 
men  from  ours  in  diet,  that  as  mine  t  author  in 
iUoTum  victum  apud  itos  terrailari  veUet ;  if  any 
Eo  feed  with  us,  it  would  bo  all  one  to  nourisi; 
Aconitum,  or  Hellebore  itself.  At  this  day  in 
common  people  live  in  a  manner  altogether  o 
herbs,  and  to  the  wealthiest,  horse,  ass,  mule,  do| 
is  as  deliglit'^ome  as  the  rest,  ^  'Mat.  Ricciu 
relates,  who  lived  many  years  amongst  them.     ' 

1  Ilortlbrdrtil™,  GloncMMwhtre.  Wor^  Itnll.KaBCOTy.iuidthoii 
rvDi  amblUDt.  iFlnndrivlnuin  but)ro  •  Bipedit.  In  Slnu,  Kb. 
Jncum  ohtliiet.     Stvph  pra^it-  H^Tail.    cnmpluresqalppe  dcToli 


X.  Rlcidug,  Ub.  fi,  op. 


a.  S,  sabg.  S.]  CavMS  of  Melaneholt/. 


307 


eat  raw  meal,  and  most  commonly  '  horse-flesh,  drink  milk 
snd  Llood,  as  the  Komades  of  old.  £C  lie  concrelum  cum 
Monffuine  potat  eqw'no.  They  scofl^  at  our  Europeans  for  Bal- 
ing bread,  which  they  call  tops  of  weeds,  and  horse  meal,  not 
fit  for  men ;  and  yet  Scalipier  accounts  tliem  a  sound  and 
wiJty  nation,  living  a  hundred  years  ;  even  in  the  civilest 
country  of  them  they  do  thus,  as  Benedict  the  Jesuit  ob- 
■ervcd  in  liis  Iravela,  from  the  great  Mogul's  Court  by  land 
lo  Pekin,  which  Riccius  contends  to  be  the  same  witli  Cam- 
bula  in  Calala.  In  Scnndia  their  bread  is  usually  dried  fish, 
and  BO  likewise  in  the  Shetland  Isles  ;  and  their  other  fare,  aa 
in  Iceland,  saith  'Dithmarus  Bleskenius,  buller,  cheese,  and 
fish !  their  drink  water,  their  lodging  on  the  ground.  In 
America  in  many  places  Iheir  bread  is  roots,  their  meat 
palmitos,  pinas  potatoes,  &c.,  and  such  fniils.  There  be  of 
tliem  too  that  familiarly  drink  *  salt  sea-water  all  their  liveH, 
eat  t  'aw  meat,  graa?,  and  Ihat  wilh  delight,  "With  some, 
fish,  serpents,  spiders ;  and  in  divers  places  they  '  eat  man's 
flesh,  raw  and  roasled,  even  the  Emperor '  Montezuma  hira- 
relf.  In  some  coasts,  again,  'one  tree  yields  them  cocoa- 
nuts,  meat  and  drink,  fire,  fuel,  apparel ;  with  his  leaves,  oil, 
vinegar,  cover  for  houses,  &c.,  and  yet  these  men  going 
naked,  feeding  coarse,  live  commonly  a  hundred  years,  are 
seldom  or  never  sick;  all  which  diet  our  physicians  forbid. 
In  "Westphalia  they  feed  most  part  on  fat  meats  and  wourta, 
knuckle  deep,  and  call  it  '  eerehrum  lovis  ;  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries with  roots,  in  Italy  frogs  and  snails  are  used.  The 
Turks,  saith  Busbeqiiiu^,  delight  mnat  in  fried  meats.  In 
lluscoiy,  garlic  and  onions  are  ordinary  meat  and  nauce, 
which  would  be  pernicious  to  sueh  as  are  unaccustomed  to 
Oteai,  delightsome  to  others  ;  and  all  b  ''  because  they  have 

Mtn  locaplinliibiibpnE,  priCufi.>iqn&    nUt  toClir*  arbliiu^orlhiu  lonipi  prv^tniK 
irum.  iIr  TiTiiot    fiIiiii   medlFlnji    Vna.       '  Uft.  epliC       I  Tsouli  uM- 


u 


508  Caatet  of  Mekmehofy.  [ 

been  brought  up  unto  iL  Husbandmen,  and  such 
can  eat  fat  bacon,  gait  grosa  meat,  hard  cheese,  & 
mctsorum  ilia) ,  coarse  bread  at  all  times,  go  to  bee 
upon  a  full  stomach,  which  to  some  idle  person 
present  death,  and  is  against  the  rules  of  phjsic,  i 
torn  is  all  in  all.  Our  travellers  find  this  bj  comi 
ence  when  tliey  come  in  far  countries,  and  aai 
(hey  are  suddenly  ofiended,  i  as  our  Hollanders  a 
men  when  they  touch  upon  the  coasts  of  Africa,  t 
capes  and  i.sknds,  arc  commonly  molested  with 
fluxes,  and  much  distempered  by  reason  of  i 
*  Peregrina,  eUi  suavia,  talent  vesceMibiu  pertw 
Kgnes  adferre,  strange  meats,  though  pleasant,  ca 
alterations  and  distempers.  On  the  other  side,  as 
mitigates  or  makea  all  good  again.  Mithridates  b 
which  Pliny  wonders  at,  was  able  to  drink  poi. 
maid,  as  Curtius  record%  sent  to  Alexander  from 
was  brought  up  with  poison  from  her  infancy.  ' 
gaith  Bellonius,  lib.  3,  c.  15,  eat  opium  familiarly 
at  once,  which  we  dare  not  take  in  grains.  • 
Horto  writes  of  one  whom  he  saw  at  Goa  in  the  '. 
Uiat  look  ten  drachms  of  opium  in  three  days  ;  aj 
ttdlo  loquebatur,  spake  understandingly,  so  much 
do.  *  Theophrastus  speaks  of  a  shepherd  that  coul 
bore  in  subi^tance.  And  therefore  Cardan  concli 
Galen,  Consttetudinem  itttrmique  ferendam,  nisi  vc 
Custom  is  howsoever  to  be  kept,  except  it  be  extr 
he  adviseth  all  men  to  keep  their  old  customs,  and 
authority  of  "  Hippocrates  himself,  Dandum  cdiqi 
alati,  regioni,  eotisuetndini,  and  therefore  lo  *i 
they  began,  be  it  diet,  bath,  exercise,  &C.,  or 

Another  exception  is  delight,  or  appetite,  to  sue 

Int.  nfppocnt.  Aphorism.  21,  Eplnt.  ^  In  ilubMl  MnHuetudliHr 
'StaDpl.  mad.  «.  i,  L  1.       <  Haoniius, 


Hem.  2,  snbs.  4.]   Settntion  and  Evcumationy  Causes,  309 

meats ;  though  thej  be  hard  of  digestion,  melancholy;  yet  as 
Fuchsius  excepts  cap.  6,  lib.  2,  Institut  sect.  2.  *"The 
stomach  doth  really  digest,  and  willingly  entertain  such  meats 
we  love  most,  and  are  pleasing  to  us,  abhors  on  the  other 
side  such  as  we  distaste."  Which  Hippocrates  confirms, 
Aphorism.  2,  38.  Some  cannot  endure  cheese  out  of  a 
secret  antipathy,  or  to  see  a  roasted  duck,  which  to  others  is 
a  ^  delightsome  meat 

The  last  exception  is  necessity,  poverty,  want,  hunger, 
which  drives  men  many  times  to  do  that  which  otherwise 
they  are  loth,  cannot  endure,  and  thankfully  to  accept  of  it ; 
as  beverage  in  ships,  and  in  sieges  of  great  cities,  to  feed  on 
dogs,  cats,  rats,  and  men  themselves*  Three  outlaws  in 
•Hector  Boethius,  being  driven  to  their  shifts,  did  eat  raw 
flesh,  and  flesh  of  such  fowl  as  they  could  catch,  in  one  of  the 
Hebrides  for  some  few  months.  These  things  do  mitigate  or 
disannul  that  which  hath  been  said  of  melancholy  meats,  and 
make  it  more  tolerable ;  but  to  such  as  are  wealthy,  live 
plenteously,  at  ease,  may  take  their  choice,  and  refrain  if 
they  will,  these  viands  are  to  be  forborne,  if  they  be  inclined 
to,  or  suspect  melancholy,  as  they  tender  their  healths; 
Otherwise  if  they  be  intemperate,  or  disordered  in  their  diet, 
at  their  peril  be  it.     Qui  monet  amaty  Ave  et  cave. 

He  who  advises  is  your  friend, 
Farewel],  and  to  your  health  attend 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Retention  and  Evacuation  a  cause,  and  how. 

Op  retention  and  evacuation,  there  be  divers  kinds,  which 
are  either  concomitant,  assisting,  or  sole  causes  many  times 
of  melancholy.  *  Galen  reduceth  defect  and  abundance  to 
this  head;   others   ****A11  that  is  separated,  or  remains." 

Costiveness."]  In  the  first  rank  of  these,  I  may  well  reckon 
up  costiveness,  and  keeping  in  of  our  ordinary  excrements, 

J  Qni  rnm  Tolnptate  aKRtuntintnr  clbl,  Btomach,  as  the  Rayinar  Is.       *  Lib.  7, 

fentriculus  avidius  complectitur,  expe-  Hist.  Scot.        *  30,^  artis.        6  Qiub  «i« 

(Bticuiqne  concoqiiit,  et  quie  dixplicent  cerauntur  aut  subsLjtunt. 
ifenatul.       *  Nothing  against  a  good 


310  SeUntion  and  EvaciuUumj  Ocmses*   [Part  L  sec  i 

which  as  it  oflen  causeth  other  diseases,  so  this  of  melanchcdy  ' 
in  particular.  ^  Celsus,  lib.  1,  cap.  3,  saith,  "  It  producetli 
infiamiuation  of  the  head,  dulness,  cloudiness,  headache,  &c! 
Prosper  Calenus,  lib,  de  atrd  bile,  will  have  it  distemper  not 
the  organ  only,  **'but  the  mind  itself  by  troubling  of  it;" 
and  sometimes  it  is  a  sole  cause  of  madness,  as  you  may  read 
in  the  first  book  of  '  Skenkius's  Medicinal  Observations.  A 
young  mei'chant  going  to  Nordeling  fair  in  Germany,  for  ten 
days*  space  never  went  to  stool;  at  his  return  he  was 
^grievously  melancholy,  thinking  that  he  was  robbed,  and 
would  not  be  persuaded  but  that  all  his  money  was  gone; 
his  friends  thought  he  had  some  philtrum  given  him,  bnt 
Cnelius,  a  physician,  being  sent  for,  found  his  *•  costiveneas 
alone  to  be  the  cause,  and  thereupon,  gave  him  a  clyster,  by 
which  he  was  speedily  recovered.  Trincavellius,  consult 
85,  lib.  1,  saith  as  much  of  a  melancholy  lawyer,  to  whom  he 
administered  physic,  and  Rodericus  k  Fonseca,  consult.  85, 
tom.  2,*  of  a  patient  of  his,  that  for  eight  days  was  bound, 
and  therefore  melancholy  affected.  Other  retentions  and 
evacuations  there  are,  not  simply  necessary,  but  at  some 
times ;  as  Fernelius  accounts  them.  Path.  lib.  1,  cap.  15, 
as  suppression  of  haemorrhoids,  or  monthly  issues  in  women, 
bleeding  at  nose,  immoderate  or  no  use  at  all  of  Venus;  or 
any  other  ordinary  issues. 

•Detention  of  haemorrhoids,  or  monthly  issues,  Villano- 
vanus  Breviar.  lib.  1,  cap.  18,  Arculanus,  cap.  16,  in  9. 
Rhasis,  Vittorius  Faventinus,  pract.  mag.  Tract.  2,  cap.  15» 
Bruel,  &c.,  put  for  ordinary  causes.  Fuchsius,  1.  2,  sect.  5,  d 
80,  goes  farther,  and  saith,  ^ "  That  many  men  unseasonably 
cured  of  the  haemorrhoids  have  been  corrupted  with  melan- 
choly, seeking  to  avoid  Scylla,  they  fall  into  Charybdis. 
Galen,  /.  de  hum.  commen,  3,  ad  text.  26,  illustrates  this  by  an 

1  Ex  Tentre  Buppreaso,  Inflammationes,  dies  alytun  sfccum  habet,  et  nihil  wddlfc 

capitis  dolore8.caligine8crem:unt.      2  Ex-  «  Sive    per    nareo.  sive    haemorrhoM* 

erementa  reteota  mentis  aptationem  par-  7  Multi  intempestivi  ab  hiemorrhoi^bal 

ere  Rolent.        3  Cap.  de  Mel.        *  Tarn  curati.  melanchoUSl  corrupti  sunt.   iBe 

^^Ilrus,  ut  vix  86  hominem  agnosceret.  cidit  in  ScyUam,  &c 

^▼08  astrictos  causa.        *  Per  octo 


Hem.  2,  rabs.  4.]    JReterUian  and  Evacuation,  Causes.  311 

example  of  Lncias  Martius,  whom  he  cured  of  madness^ 
contracted  by  this  means;  And  ^Skenkius  hath  two  other 
instances  of  two  melancholy  and  mad  women,  so  caused  from 
the  suppression  of  their  months.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
bleeding  at  the  nose,  if  it  be  suddenly  stopped,  and  have 
been  formerly  used,  as  *  ViUanovanus  urgeth  ;  And  *  Fuch- 
sius,  lib.  2,  sect  5,  cap.  83,  stiffly  maintains  '^  Tliat  without 
great  danger,  such  an  issue  may  not  be  stayed.'* 

Venus  omitted  produceth  like  effects.  Mathiolus,  epist  5, 
1,  penult.  *  "  avoucheth  of  his  knowledge,  that  some  through 
bashfulness  abstained  from  venery,  and  thereupon  became 
very  heavy  and  dull ;  and  some  others  that  were  very  timo- 
rous, melancholy,  and  beyond  all  measure  sad."  Oribasius, 
med.  collect.  I  6,  c.  37,  speaks  of  some,  * "  That  if  they  do  not 
use  carnal  copulation,  are  continually  troubled  with  heaviness 
and  headache ;  and  some  in  the  same  case  by  intermission  of 
it"*  Not  use  of  it  hurts  many,  Arculanus,  c.  6,  in  9.  RhasiSy 
et  Magninus,  part,  3,  cap.  5,  think,  because  it  ® "  sends  up 
poisonous  vapours  to  the  brain  and  heart."  And  so  doth 
Gralen  himself  hold,  "  That  if  this  natural  seed  be  over-long 
kept  (in  some  parties),  it  turns  to  poison."  Hieronymus  Mer- 
curialis,  in  his  chapter  of  Melancholy,  cites  it  for  an  especial 
cause  of  this  malady,  *  Priapismus,  Satyriasis,  &c.,  Ilaliabbas, 
5  Theor.  c.  36,  reckons  up  this  and  many  other  diseases. 
ViUanovanus  Breviar.  I.  1,  c.  18,  saith,  "  He  knew  '  many 
monks  and  widows  grievously,  troubled  with  melancholy,  and 
that  for  this  sole  cause."  •Lodovicus  Mercatus,  L  2,  de 
mtdierum  affect,  cap.  4,  and  Rodericus  k  Castro,  de  morlis 
mulier.  I.  2,  c.  3,  treat  largely  of  this  subject,  and  will  have 
it  produce  a  peculiar  kind  of  melancholy  in  stale  maids,  nuns, 

1  TJb.  1,  de  Mania.  <  BroTiar.  I.  7,  tiistes  et  {tafacto8exintenni»f>ioneVene- 
e.  18.  >  Non  sine  maf;^o  incommodo  ris.  o  Vapores  vencn-itos  niittit  8perma 
^Ofi,  cui  sanj^uia  a  naribus  promanat,  ad  cor  et  cerebrum.  Sperma  plus  diu  re* 
noxli  sanguinis  yacuatio  impetUri  potest,  tentum,  transit  in  veiiennm.  ^  Graves 
1  NoTi  quosdam  prsB  pudore  k  coitu  ab-  producit  corporis  et  animi  ap^tudines. 
■ttoentes.  torpidos,  pigrosqne  fkctos;  8  Exsperniatesupranioduin  retentomon- 
nonnuUos  etiam  melanchoUcos,  prseter  achos  et  viduas  melancholicos  ssepe  fieri 
modam  moestofi,  timidosque.  6  Non-  vidi.  >  Melancholia  orta  k  yaeis  semi- 
nnlli  nisi  coeant,  assidui  capitis  gravitate  nariis  in  utero. 
Infastantur.    Dicit  se  novisse  quosdam 


812  Setenttan  and  Evacuation^  Cau$e$.    [PartLseo.! 

and  widows,  Oh  suppremonem  mensium  et  venerem  omissamf 
Hmidce,  mcestm,  anxia,  verecundts,  stispiciosee,  lanffuentes,  conr 
silii  tnopeSf  cum  summa  mtce  et  rerum  meliorum  desperatwM^ 
4pc.,  they  are  melancholy  in  the  highest  degree,  and  all  for 
want  of  husbands,  ^lianus  Montaltus,  cap.  37,  de  melanchoL 
confirms  as  much  out  of  Galen  ;  so  doth  Wierus,  Christofenu 
a  Vega  de  art.  med,  lib.  3,  c.  14,  relates  many  such  examples 
of  men  and  women,  that  he  had  seen  so  melancholy.  Foclix 
Plater,  in  the  first  book  of  his  Observations,  ^ "  tells  a  story 
of  an  ancient  gentleman  in  Alsatia,  that  married  a  youog 
wife,  and  was  not  able  to  pay  his  debts  in  that  kind  for  a  long 
time  together,  by  reason  of  his  several  infirmities ;  but  she^ 
because  of  this  inhibition  of  Venus,  fell  into  a  horrible  fury, 
and  desired  every  one  that  came  to  see  her,  by  words,  looks, 
and  gestures,  to  have  to  do  with  her,"  &c.  ^  Bernardus  Pa- 
temus,  a  physician,  saith,  "  He  knew  a  good  honest,  godly 
priest,  that  because  he  would  neither  willingly  marry,  nor 
make  use  of  the  stews,  fell  into  grievous  melancholy  fits." 
Hildesheim,  spicel.  2,  hath  such  another  example  of  an  Ital- 
ian melancholy  priest,  in  a  consultation  had  Anno  1580. 
Jason  Pratensis  gives  instance  in  a  married  man,  that  from 
his  wife's  death  abstaining,  *  "  after  marriage,  became  exceedr 
ingly  melancholy,"  Rodericus  k  Fonseca  in  a  young  man  so 
misaffected,  Tom.  2,  consult.  85.  To  these  you  may  add,  if 
you  please,  that  conceited  tale  of  a  Jew,  so  visited  in  like 
sort,  and  so  cured,  out  of  Poggius  Florentinus. 

Intemperate  Venus  is  all  but  as  bad  in  the  other  extreme. 
Galen,  I,  6,  de  morhis  poptdar.  sect.  5,  text.  26,  reckons  up 
melancholy  amongst  those  diseases  which  are  *  "  exasperated 
by  venery;"  so  doth  Avicenna,  2,  3,  c.  11.  Oribasius, /bd 
citat.     Ficinus,  lib.  2,  de  sanitate  tuendd.     Marsilius  Cogna- 

1  Nobilis  fienex  Almitus  juvenem  nx-  sentirent,  molossos    AnprlirAnos    mtiffno 

orem  duxit,  at  ille  colico  dolore,  et  mul-  expetiit  clamore.         >  Vidi  mcerdotem 

tiR  morbis  correptus,  non  potuit  prsestare  optimum  et  plum,  qui  quod  nollet  nti 

ofHcium    mariti,  vix    Inito    matrimonio  Venere,  in  melancholica  symptomata  to- 

«ej?rotue.    Ilia    in    horrendum  furorera  cidit.        *  Ob  abntinentiam  k,  concuWtB 

Incidit,  ob  Yenerem  cohibitam,  ut  omni-  incidit  in   melancholiam.  *  Quib  A 

am  earn  invlsentium  congressum,  voce,  coitu  ezacerbantur. 
volta,  ge«tu  expeteret,  et  quum  non  con- 


his,  Montallua,  cap.  27.  Gm'aneriua,  Tract.  3,  cap.  2.  Ma*- 
niRDS,  cap.  5,  part.  3,  *  gives  the  renson,  bet'ause  ' "  it  infrigi 
dat&s  and  dries  up  Ihe  body,  consumes  the  spirits,  and  would 
iLereibre  have  at)  such  as  are  cold  and  dry  to  take  heed  of 
and  to  avoid  it  as  a  mortal  enemy."  Jacchinus  in  0  liltaiit, 
«^.  15,  ascribes  the  same  cause,  and  instanceth  in  a  patient 
of  his,  that  married  a  young  wife  in  a  hot  suniraer,  *  "  and  80 
dried  himself  with  chamber- work,  that  he  became  in  short 
space  from  melancholy,  mad ; "  he  cured  him  by  moistening 
remedies.  The  like  example  I  find  in  Laslius  a  Fonte  Eu- 
gubinus,  consult.  129,  of  a  gentleman  of  Venice,  that  upon 
the  same  occasion  was  first  melancholy,  afterwards  mad. 
Kead  in  him  the  story  at  large. 

■Any  other  evacuation  stopped  will  cause  it,  as  well  as  these 
above  named,  he  it  bile,  *  ulcer,  issue,  &c  Hercules  de  Sax- 
onia,  lib,  1,  c.  16,  and  Gordonius,  verify  this  out  of  their  ex- 
perience. They  saw  one  wounded  in  the  beid,  who  as  long 
as  the  sore  was  open,  Lueida  kaliatt  mfttUs  interoalla,  was 
irell;  but  when  it  was  stopped,  Reihit  melancholia,  hid  mel- 
ancholy fit  seized  on  him  again. 

Artificial  evacuations  are  much  like  in  effect,  as  hot  houses, 
baths,  bloodletling,  purging,  unseasonably  and  immoderately 
used.  *  Baths  dry  too  much,  if  used  in  excess,  be  they  nat- 
ural or  artificial,  and  offend  extreme  hot  or  cold  ;  'one  dries, 
the  other  refrigerates  overmuch.  Montanus,  conaiL  137, 
eaith,  they  overheat  the  liver.  Joh.  Strutliius,  Sligmat.  artli, 
Z.  4,  e.  9,  contends,  ' "  that  if  one  stays  longer  than  ordinary 
at  the  bath,  go  in  too  oil,  or  at  unseasonable  times,  he  putre- 
fies the  humours  in  his  body,"  To  this  purpose  writes 
Magniiius,  /.  3,  c.  5.  Guiancrins,  Tract,  l.i,  c.  21,  utterly 
disallows  all  hot  hatha  in  melancholy  adust.    '"Isaw(Baith  he) 


l>  lonilul 


814  detention  and  Evacuationj  Cause$.     [Part L seel 

a  man  that  laboured  of  the  gout,  who  to  be  freed  of  his  mal« 
adj  came  to  the  bath,  and  was  instantly  cured  of  his  disease, 
but  got  another  worse,  and  that  was  madness/'  But  this 
judgment  varies  as  the  humour  doth,  in  hot  or  cold ;  baths 
maj  be  good  for  one  melancholy  man,  bad  for  another ;  that 
which  will  cure  it  in  this  party,  maj  cause  it  in  a  second. 

Phlebotomy,']  Phlebotomy,  manj  times  neglected,  may  do 
much  harm  to  the  body,  when  there  is  a  manifest  redundance 
of  bad  humours,  and  melancholy  blood ;  and  when  these  ha- 
mours  heat  and  boil,  if  this  be  not  used  in  time,  the  parties 
affected,  so  inflamed,  are  in  great  danger  to  be  mad  ;  but  if 
it  be  unadvisedly,  importunely,  immoderately  used,  it  doth  as 
much  harm  by  refrigerating  the  body,  dulling  the  spirits,  and 
consuming  them ;  as  Joh.  ^  Curio  in  his  10th  Chapter  well 
reprehends,  such  kind  of  letting  blood  doth  more  hurt  than 
good ;  *  "  The  humours  rage  much  more  than  they  did  before, 
and  is  so  far  from  avoiding  melancholy,  that  it  increaseth  it, 
and  weakeneth  the  sight"  *  Prosper  Calenus  observes  as 
much  of  all  phlebotomy,  except  they  keep  a  very  good  diet 
afler  it ;  yea,  and  as  ^  Leonartus  Jacchinus  speaks  out  of  his 
own  experience,  *  "  The  blood  is  much  blacker  to  many  men 
after  their  letting  of  blood  than  it  was  at  first"  For  this 
cause  belike  Salust  Salvinianus,  I.  2,  c.  1,  will  admit  or  hear 
of  no  bloodletting  at  all  in  this  disease,  except  it  be  man- 
ifest it  proceed  from  blood ;  he  was  (it  appears)  by  his  o?rn 
words  in  that  place,  master  of  an  hospital  of  mad  men, 
•  "  and  found  by  long  experience,  that  this  kind  of  evacua- 
tion, either  in  head,  arm,  or  any  other  part,  did  more  harm 
than  good."     To  this  opinion  of  his,  *  Felix  Plater  is  quite 

1  On  Schola  Salernitana.      *  Calefoctio  spiiitns  debilitatur  inde,  et  ^  longOl  «z 

et  ebuIHtio  per  venae  incisionem.  magis  pierientiSl  observavi   ia  proprio  Xenodo* 

ssepeincitutur  et  auc^etur,  majore  impeta  chio,  quod  desipientea  ex  phlebotomii 

humores  per  corpus  discurrunt.       ^  Lib.  magis  Iseduntur,  et  mai^  desipiunt,  et 

de    flatulenta    Slelancholia.      Frequens  melancholic!    8«epe  flunt    inde    pejores. 

sanguinis  missio  corpus  extenuat.      <  In  *  De  mentis  alienat.  cap.  3,  etsi  multoa 

9  Rhasis.  atram  bilem  parit,  et  visum  de-  hoc  improbSisse   sciam.  innumeros  hte 

bilitat.       6  Multo  nigrior  spectatur  san-  ratione  sanatos  long^l  observatione  cog> 

rois  post  diesquosdiun,  qu^mfuit  ab  ini-  novi,  qui  vicies,  sezagies  Tenajs  tonden* 

tto.       *  Non  laudo  eos  qui  in  desipientia  do,  &o. 
dooent  leoaiidaia  mm  yenam  frontiSi  quia 


Hem.  2,  lObi.  6.] 


Bad  Air,  a  Caiae. 


315 


opposite,  "though  some  wink  at,  disallow,  and  quite  contra- 
dict all  phlebotomy  in  melancholy,  yet  by  long  expenenca 
I  have  found  innumerable  bo  saved,  after  they  had  been 
twenty,  nay,  sixty  times  let  blood,  and  to  live  happily  after  it. 
It  waa  an  ordiaaiy  thing  of  old,  in  Giden's  time,  to  take  at 
once  from  such  men  six  pounds  of  blood,  whieh  now  we  dare 
scarce  take  in  ounces  ;  sed  videnni  mediei  ;  "  great  books  are 
written  of  this  subjecL 

Purging  upward  and  downward,  in  abundance  of  bad 
humours  omitted,  may  be  for  the  wor^t ;  so  likewise  as  in  the 
precedent,  if  overmuiih,  too  frequent  or  violent,  it '  weakeneth 
their  ylrength,  saith  Fuchrfus,  i  2,  seel.  2,  c.  17,  or  if  thi-y  be 
Strong  or  able  lo  endure  pliy^e,  yet  it  brings  them  to  an  ill 
habit,  they  make  their  bodies  no  better  than  apothecaries 
ihia  and  such  like  infirmities  must  needs  fallow. 


^n<^ 


SuBSECT.  V. — Bad  Air,  a  Cause  of  Melanclioly. 
Ais  13  a  cause  of  great  moment,  in  producing  thi»,  oi 


other  disease,  being  that  it  is  still  taken  into  our  bodies  by 
respiration,  and  our  more  inner  parts,  ^  "  If  it  be  impure  and 
foggy,  it  dejects  the  spirits,  and  causeth  diseases  by  infection 
of  the  heart,"  as  Paulus  hath  it,  lib.  1,  e.  43.  Avicenna  Ub. 
1.  Gcd.  de  son.  tuenda.  Blercurialis,  Monlaltu?,  &e.,  '  Fer- 
nelius  saith,  "  A  thick  air  thickeneth  the  blood  and  Jiumonrs." 
*  Lemnius  reckons  up  two  main  tilings  most  profitable,  and 
most  pernicioua  to  our  bodies  ;  air  and  diet ;  and  this  peculiar 
disea:^e,  nothing  sooner  causeth  ('Jobertua  holds)  "than  the 
air  wliei-ein  we  breathe  and  live."  •  Such  as  is  the  air,  such 
be  our  spirits  ;  and  as  our  spirits,  such  are  our  humours.  IL 
olTonda  commonly  if  it  be  too  *  hot  and  dry,  thick,  fuliginous, 
cloudy,  blustering,  or  a  tempestuous  air.  Bodine  in  hii  fiftb 
Book,  Db  Tepuh.  cap.  1,  5,  of  his  Method  of  History,  proves 
that  hot  countries  are  most   troubled  with  melancholy,  and 

•pirllui  daiPlt.  Inlailocnrfle  giina  mnr-    ^f'-  M11>»plritn«:  rl  cujii-moll  jplritm. 


816  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part  L  seo.  1 

that  there  are  therefore  in  Spain,  Africa,  and  Asia  Minor, 
great  numbers  of  mad  men,  insomuch  that  thcj  are  com* 
pelied  in  all  cities  of  note,  to  build  peculiar  hospitals  for 
them.  Leo  ^  Afer,  lib.  3,  de  Fessa  urbe,  Ortelius  and  Zuin- 
ger,  confirm  as  much  ;  they  are  ordinarilj  so  choleric  in  their 
spee«ihes,  that  scarce  two  words  pass  without  railing  or  chid- 
ing in  common  talk,  and   often  quarrelling  in   the  streets. 

*  Gordonius  will  have  every  man  take  notice  of  it :  "  Note 
this  (saith  he)  that  in  hot  countries  it  is  far  more  familiar 
than  in  cold.**  Although  this  we  have  now  said  be  not  con- 
tinually so,  for  as  *  Acosta  truly  saith,  under  the  Equator 
itself,  is  a  most  temperate  habitation,  wholesome  air,  a  para- 
dise of  pleasure ;  the  leaves  ever  green,  cooling  showers. 
But  it  holds  in  such  as  are  intemperately  hot,  as  *  Johannes 
h  Meggen  found  in  Cyprus,  others  in  Malta,  Apulia,  and  the 

*  Holy  Land,  where  at  some  seasons  of  the  year  is  nothing 
but  dust,  their  rivers  dried  up,  the  air  scorching  hot,  and 
earth  inflamed  ;  insomuch  that  many  pilgrims  going  barefoot 
for  devotion  sake,  from  Joppa  to  Jerusalem  upon  the  hot 
sands,  often  run  mad,  or  else  quite  overwhelmed  with  sand, 
profundis  arenis,  as  in  many  parts  of  Africa,  Arabia  Deserta, 
Bactriana,  now  Charassan,  when  the  west  wind  blows 
t  Involuti  arenis  transeuntes  necantur.  ^  Hercules  de  Saxonia, 
a  professor  in  Venice,  gives  this  cause  why  so  many  Venetian 
women  are  melancholy,  Qudd  dlu  svh  sole  degant,  they  tarry 
too  long  in  the  sun.  Montanus,  consiL  21,  amongst  other 
causes  assigns  this ;  Why  that  Jew  his  patient  was  mad, 
Quod  tarn  multum  exposuit  se  calori  et  frigori  :  he  exposed 
himself  so  much  to  heat  and  cold,  and  for  that  reason  in 
Venice,  there  is  little  stirring  in  those  brick  paved  streets  in 
summer  about  noon,  they  are  most  part  then  asleep  ;  as  they 
are  likewise  in  the  great  Mogol's  countries,  and  all  over  the 

1  Malta  hie  in  Xenodochiisfanaticorum  ut   ante  finem    Mali  pene   exn^ta   rit 

mil lia  quae  Rtrictii!wim6  catenata  Hervan-  t  **  They  perish  in  cloudd  of  8and."  Afo* 

kur.        3  Lib.  med  part.  2,  cap.  19.    In-  ginua  Pera.        6  Pantheo  fteu  Pract.  med. 

teliige,  quod  in  calidis  regionibuR,  fre-  i.  1  cap.  18.    Venetae  mulieruR.  quae  ditt 

qaenter  accidit  mania,  in  fdf^dis  antem  sub  sole  vivunt,  aliquando  melauchollca 

tardd.      >Ub.  2.      <  Ilodopericon,  cap.  7.  evadunt. 
•  Apulia  fBitiyo  ealore  maximi  fervet,  ita 


stem.  3,  sobs.  6.J 

East  Indies.  At  Aden  in  Arabia,  aa  ^  LoJovicus  Vertoman- 
nu3  relates  io  hid  tmvels,  tliey  keep  Ibeir  markets  in  the 
night,  to  avoid  extreiii]t7  of  lieat;  and  in  Ormns,  like  cattle 
in  a  pasture,  people  of  all  sorts  lie  up  to  the  chin  in  water  all 
day  long.  At  Braga  in  Portugal ;  Burgos  in  Castile;  Me*- 
iina  in  Sicily,  all  over  Spain  and  Italy,  their  streets  are  most 
part  narrow,  to  avoid  the  aunbeams.  The  Turk*  wear  great 
turbana  ad  fugandot  soUs  radios,  to  refract  the  sunbeams  i 
and  much  inconvenience  that  hot  air  of  Bantam  in  Java 
yields  to  our  men,  that  sojourn  there  for  traffic  ;  where  it  ia 
BO  hot,  ' "  that  they  that  are  sick  of  the  pox,  lie  commonly 
bleaching  in  the  sun  to  dry  up  their  sores.V  Such  a.  com- 
plaint I  read  of  those  isles  of  Cape  Verde,  fourteen  degrees 
from  the  Equator,  ihey  do  mali  aiidire;  •  One  calls  them 
the  unhealthiest  clime  of  the  world,  for  fluxes,  fevers,  fren- 
zies, calentures,  which  commonly  seise  on  seafaring  men  that 
touch  at  them,  and  all  by  Tcason  of  a  hot  di^temperature  of 
the  air.  The  hardiest  men  are  oSended  with  this  heat,  and 
BtiBest  clowns  cannot  resist  it,  as  Constaotine  alBrms,  AgricuU. 
L  2.  c.  45.  They  that  are  natm^lly  bom  in  sucli  air,  may 
not  ■  endure  it,  a3  Niger  records  of  some  part  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, now  called  Diarbecha:  Quibugdam  in  locis  sievienti 
astui  adeo  mhjecla  est,  ul  pkraque  animalia  fsrvore  solis  el 
eceli  extingiumtur,  'tis  so  hot  there  in  some  pluc&'i,  that  men 
of  the  country  and  cattle  are  killed  with  it ;  and  f  Adrico- 
mius  of  Arabia  Felix,  by  reason  of  myrrh,  frankincense,  and 
bot  spices  there  growing,  the  air  is  bo  obnoxious  to  their 
bnuns,  (hat  the  very  inhabitants  at  some  times  cannot  avoid 
it,  nitich  less  weaklings  and  strangers.  %  Amatus  Luiiitanus, 
cent  1,  curat  45,  reports  of  a  young  maid,  that  was  one  Vin- 
cent a  currier's  daughter,  some  thirteen  years  of  age,  that 
would  wash  her  hair  in  the  heat  of  the  day  (in  July)  and  so 
let  it  dry  in  the  sun,  *  "  to  make  it  yellow,  but  by  that  means 

■  Null?,  lib.  2,  c»p.  4,  (ocnniBrrtJi  noota  kim  In  tils  ObsarTstloni.,  »ct.  13.  ■  nle- 
brdJB  iwluii,  cxEFiKnC  <  Morbo  Oalll-  t  Idem  Ua^noatn  IVraln..  tnuKript. 
Bsrixit  eulcceot.       •  Sir RIcluud lIiH-    lEumlDDgua  monui  tnberal.  utcBiilUH 


818  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.! see.! 

tanying  too  long  in  the  heat,  she  inflamed  her  head,  and 
made  herself  mad." 

Cold  air  in  the  other  extreme  is  ahnost  as  bad  as  hot,  and 
AO  doth  Montaltus  esteem  of  it,  c,  11,  if  it  be  dry  withaL  In 
those  northern  countries,  the  people  are  therefore  generally 
dull,  heavy,  and  many  witches,  which  (as  I  have  before  quoted) 
Saxo  Grammaticus,  Glaus,  Baptista  Porta  ascribe  to  melan- 
choly. But  these  cold  climes  are  more  subject  to  natural 
melancholy  (not  this  artificial)  which  is  cold  and  dry;  for 
which  cause  ^  Mercurius  Britannicus  belike  puts  melancholy 
men  to  inhabit  just  under  the  Pole.  The  worst  of  the  three 
is  a  ^  thick,  cloudy,  misty,  foggy  air,  or  such .  as  come  from 
fens,  moorish  grounds,  lakes,  muckhills,  draughts,  sinks,  where 
any  carcasses  or  carrion  lies,  or  from  whence  any  stinking 
fulsome  smell  comes;  Galen,  Avicenna,  Mercurialis,  new 
and  old  physicians,  hold  that  such  air  is  unwholesome,  and 
engenders  melancholy,  plagues,  and  what  not?  'Alexan- 
dretta  an  haven-town  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Saint  John 
de  Ulloa,  an  haven  in  Nova-Hispania,  are  much  condemned 
for  a  bad  air,  so  are  Durazzo  in  Albania,  Lithuania,  Dit- 
marsh,  Pomptinae  Paludes  in  Italy,  the  territories  about  Pisa, 
Feri'ara,  &c.,  Romney  Marsh  with  us ;  the  Hundreds  in 
Essex,  the  fens  in  Lincolnshire.  Cardan,  de  rerum  varietate, 
L  17.  c.  96,  finds  fault  with  the  sight  of  those  rich,  and  most 
populous  cities  in  the  Low  Countries,  as  Bruges,  Ghent, 
Amsterdam,  Leyden,  Utrecht,  &c.,  the  air  is  bad  ;  and  so  at 
Stockholm  in  Sweden ;  Regium  in  Italy,  Salisbury  with  us, 
Hull  and  Lynn;  they  may  be  commodious  for  navigation, 
this  new  kind  of  fortification,  and  many  other  good  necessary 
uses;  but  are  they  so  wholesome?  Old  Rome  hath  de- 
scended from  the  hills  to  the  valley,  'tis  the  site  of  most  of 
our  new  cities,  and  held  best  to  build  in  plains,  to  take  the 
opportunity  of  rivers.  Leander  Albertus  pleads  hard  for  the 
air  and  site  of  Venice,  though  the  black  Moorish  lands  ap* 

flavos  redderet,  in  maniam  {ncidit.  aSr,  tristem  efflcit  animam.  *  Cook 
1  Mundu8  alter  et  idem,  seu  Terra  Aus-  monly  called  Scandaroon  ia  Asia  Minor 
*— '^"  Incc^oita.       *  Crassus  et  turbid  lu 


Mem.  2,  subs.  6.]  Bad  Air,  a  Cause.  819 

pear  at  every  low  water;  the  sea,  fire,  and  smoke  (as  he 
thinks)  qualify  the  air;  and  ^some  suppose  that  a  thick 
foggy  ail*  helps  the  memory,  as  in  them  of  Pisa  in  Italy; 
and  our  Cambden,  out  of  Plato,  commends  the  site  of  Cam 
bridge,  because  it  is  so  near  the  fens.  But  let  the  site  of 
such  places  be  as  it  may,  how  can  they  be  excused  that  have 
a  delicious  seat,  a  pleasant  air,  and  all  that  nature  can  aflTord, 
and  yet  through  their  own  nastiness,  and  sluftishness,  im* 
mund  and  sordid  manner  of  life,  suffer  their  air  to  putrefy, 
and  themselves  to  be  choked  up  ?  Many  cities  in  Turkey  do 
male  audire  in  this  kind ;  Constantinople  itself,  where  com- 
monly carrion  lies  in  the  street.  Some  find  the  same  fault 
in  Spain,  even  in  Madrid,  the  king's  seat,  a  most  excellent 
air,  a  pleasant  site  ;  but  the  inhabitants  are  slovens,  and  the 
streets  uncleanly  kept. 

A  troublesome,  tempestuous  air  is  as  bad  as  impure,  rough 
and  foul  weather,  impetuous  winds,  cloudy  dark  days,  as  it  is 
commonly  with  us,  Ccelum  visu  fcedum,  ^  Polydore  calls  it  a 
filthy  sky,  et  in  quo  facile  generantur  nuhes ;  as  TuUy's 
brother  Quintus  wrote  to  him  in  Rome,  being  then  Quaestor 
in  Britain.  "  In  a  thick  and  cloudy  air  (saith  Lemnius)  men 
are  tetric,  sad,  and  peevish ;  And  if  the  western  winds  blow, 
and  that  tliere  be  a  calm,  or  a  fair  sunshine  day,  there  is 
a  kind  of  alacrity  in  men's  minds ;  it  cheers  up  men  and 
beasts  ;  but  if  it  be  a  turbulent,  rough,  cloudy,  stormy  weath- 
er, men  are  sad,  lumpish,  and  much  dejected,  angry,  waspish, 
dull,  and  melancholy."  This  was  'Virgil's  experiment  of 
old, 

**  Verum  ubi  tempestas,  et  coeli  tnobilis  humor 
Mutavere  vices,  et  Jupiter  humidus  Austro, 
Vertuntur  species  animorum,  et  pectore  motus 
Concipiuut  alios  ** 

•*  But  when  the  face  of  heaven  changed  is 
To  tempests,  rain,  from  season  fair: 

1  Atlas  freojin^phlcus.    Memoria  valent  Zpphyro,  maxima  in  mentibus  hominum 

Pisani.  qnoJ    crassiore  fruantur    agre.  alacritas  existit,  mentisque  erectio  ubi 

<Ijib.  1,  hi:4t.  lib.  2,  cap.  41.    Aura  deris^L  telum  soils  splendore  nite.scit.  Maxima 

ae  caliginos2L  tetrici  homines  existunt,  et  dejectio  moerorque  siquando  aura  caligi- 

sabteistes,  et  cap.  8,  stante  subaolano  et  noaa  est.        *  Geor. 


320  CaiLses  of  Melancholy,  [Part  L seel 

Our  minds  are  altered,  and  in  our  breasts 
Forthwith  some  new  conceits  appear." 

And  who  is  not  weather-wise  against  such  and  such  conjunc- 
tions of  planets,  moved  in  foul  weather,  dull  and  heavj  in 
such  tempestuous  seasons  ?  *  Gelidum  contristat  Aqnariw 
annum  ;  the  time  requires,  and  the  autumn  breeds  it ;  winter 
is  like  unto  it,  uglj,  foul,  squalid,  the  air  works  on  all  men, 
more  or  less,  but  especially  on  such  as  are  melancholy,  or  in- 
clined to  it,  as  Lemnius  holds,  ^"  They  are  most  moved  with 
it,  and  those  which  are  already  mad,  rave  downright,  either 
in,  or  against  a  tempest  Besides,  the  devil  many  times 
takes  his  opportunity  of  such  storms,  and  when  the  humours 
by  the  air  be  stirred,  he  goes  in  with  them,  exagitates  our 
spirits,  and  vexeth  our  souls ;  as  the  sea  waves,  so  are  the 
spirits  and  humours  in  our  bodies  tossed  with  tempestuous 
winds  and  storms."  To  such  as  are  melancholy,  therefore, 
Montanus,  consiL  24,  will  have  tempestuous  and  rough  air  to 
be  avoided,  and  consiL  27,  all  night  air,  and  would  not  have 
them  to  walk  abroad,  but  in  a  pleasant  day.  Lemnius,  I  3, 
c.  3,  discommends  the  south  and  eastern  winds,  commends 
the  north.  Montanus,  consiL  31,  '"wills  not  an}"  windows 
to  be  opened  in  the  night"  ConsiL  229,  et  consiL  230,  he 
discommends  especially  the  south  wind,  and  nocturnal  air; 
so  doth  *  Plutarch.  The  night  and  darkness  makes  men  sad, 
the  like  do  all  subterranean  vaults,  dark  houses  in  caves  and 
rocks,  desert  places  cause  melancholy  in  an  instant,  especially 
such  as  have  not  been  used  to  it,  or  otherwise  accustomed. 
Read  more  of  air  in  Hippocrates,  Otitis,  LS^d  c  171,  ad  175» 
Oribasius,  a  c  1,  ad  21.  Avicen.  L  1,  can.  Fen,  2,  doc,  2, 
Fen,  1,  c.  123,  to  the  12,  &c 

1  nor.        s  Mens  quibus  vacillat   ab  iimnuaTit,  earnqne  rexant,  exagitant,  el 

aSre  cito  offenduntur,  et  multi  insani  ut    fluctus    marini,  humanum    corpol 

apud  Belf^as  ante  tempefltates  sseviunt,  ventis  aj^tatur.        >  A^r  noctu  denmtur. 

aliter  quieti.    Spiritus  quoque  aSriM  et  ct  cogit  moestitiain.        « lib.  de  LddeM 

mail  genii    aliquando  se  tempestatibns  Otfyride. 
Ingerunt,  et  menti  humanse  se  lateuter 


Mem.  2,  sabs.  6.]  MUnesSy  a  Cause,  321 

SuBSECT.  VI. — ImmodercUe  Exercise  a   Cause^  and  how. 

Solitariness,  Idleness, 

Nothing  so  good  but  it  maj  be  abused ;  nothing  better 
than  exercise  (if  opportunely  used)  for  the  preservation  of 
the  body ;  nothing  so  bad  if  it  be  unseasonable,  violent,  or 
overmuch.  Femelius  out  of  Galen,  Path.  lib.  1,  c.  16,  saith, 
* "  That  much  exercise  and  weariness  consumes  the  spirits 
and  substance,  refrigerates  the  body;  and  such  humours 
which  Nature  would  have  otherwise  concocted  and  expelled, 
it  stirs  up  and  makes  them  rage ;  which  being  so  enraged, 
diversely  affect  and  trouble  the  body  and  mind."  So  doth  it, 
if  it  be  unseasonably  used,  upon  a  full  stomach,  or  when  the 
body  is  full  of  crudities,  which  Fuchsius  so  much  inveighs 
against,  lib,  2,  instit,  sect  2,  c.  4,  giving  that  for  a  cause  why 
school-boys  in  Germany  are  so  often  scabbed,  because  they 
use  exercise  presently  after  meats.  '  Bayerus  puts  in  a 
caveat  against  such  exercise,  because  "  it  *  corrupts  the  meat 
in  the  stomach,  and  carries  the  same  juice  raw,  and  as  yet 
undigested,  into  the  veins  (saith  Lemnius),  which  there 
putrefies  and  confounds  the  animal  spirits."  Crato,  consiL 
21,  /.  2,  *  protests  against  all  such  exercise  after  meat,  as 
being  the  greatest  enemy  to  concoction  that  may  be,  and 
cause  of  corruption  of  humours,  which  produce  this,  and 
many  other  diseases.  Not  without  good  reason  then  doth 
Salust.  Salvianus,  1.  2,  c,  1,  and  Leonartus  Jacchinus,  in  9, 
Rhasis.  Mercurialis,  Arcubanus,  and  many  other,  set  down 
•immoderate  exercise  as  a  most  forcible  cause  of  melancholy. 

Opposite  to  exercise  is  idleness  (the  badge  of  gentry)  or 
want  of  exercise,  the  bane  of  body  and  mind,  the  nurse  of 
naughtiness,  step-mother  of  discipline,  the  chief  author  of  all 

J  Malta  defttlgatio,  spfrltns,  Tlriuin(|tie  que.         « In  Veni  mecum  :  Llbro  sic  in- 

•Qbstantiam  exhanrifc,  et  corpus  refrij;^  scripto.      »  Instit.  ad  vit.  Christ,  cap.  44, 

tat.  Iluroorescorruptosquialiter&natu-  cibos  crudos  in  venas  rapit.  qui  putres* 

neoiicoqui.  etdomaripomint.  etdemum  cente<<  iUic  spiritus  animnles  infloiunt. 

I>!and6  exclurli.  irrit-vt.  et  quasi  in  furo-  *  Crudi  haec  humoria  copia  per  venaa  ag. 

>«n  agit.  qui  postea  mota  camerina.  tetro  greditur.  unde  morbi  multiplices.     ^  Im> 

Hpore  corpus  yari^  laoeasunt,  animum-  modicum  exercitium. 

VOL.  I.  21 


822  Causes  of  Mdaneholym  [Part  L  see.! 

mischief,  one  of  the  seven  deadly  sins,  and  a  sole  canse  of 
this  and  many  other  maladies,  the  devil's  cushion,  as  *  Guat 
ter  calls  it,  his  pillow  and  chief  reposaL  ^  For  the  mind  can 
never  rest,  but  still  meditates  on  one  thing  or  other,  except  it 
be  occupied  about  some  honest  business,  of  his  own  accord  it 
rusheth  into  melancholy.  ^  As  too  much  and  violent  exercise 
offends  on  the  one  side,  so  doth  an  idle  life  on  the  other 
(saith  Crato),  it  fills  the  body  full  of  phlegm,  gross  humoun^ 
and  all  manner  of  obstructions,  rheums,  catarrhs,"  &a 
Rhasis,  conU  UK  1,  tract.  9,  accounts  of  it  as  the  greatest 
cause  of  melancholy.  ' "  I  have  often  seen  (saith  he)  that 
idleness  begets  this  humour  more  than  anything  else/'  Moih 
taltus,  c.  1,  seconds  him  out  of  his  experience,  *"  They  that 
are  idle  are  far  more  subject  to  melancholy  than  such  as  ars 
conversant  or  employed  about  any  office  or  business."  *  Plu- 
tarch reckons  up  idleness  for  a  sole  cause  of  the  sickness  of 
the  soul :  "  There  are  they  (saith  he)  troubled  in  mind,  that 
nave  no  other  cause  but  this."  Homer,  Hiad,  1,  brings  in 
Achilles  eating  of  his  own  heart  in  his  idleness,  because  he 
might  not  fight.  Mercurialis,  cansiL  86,  for  a  melancholy 
young  man  urgeth  ®  it  is  a  chief  cause ;  why  was  he  melan- 
choly ?  because  idle.  Nothing  begets  it  sooner,  increaseth 
and  continueth  it  oftener  than  idleness.'^  A  disease  familiar 
to  all  idle  persons,  an  inseparable  companion  to  such  as 
live  at  ease,  Pingui  otio  desidiose  agentes,  a  life  out  of  action, 
and  have  no  calling  or  ordinary  employment  to  busy  them- 
selves about,  that  have  small  occasions;  and  though  they 
have,  such  is  their  laziness,  dulness,  they  will  not  com* 
pose   themselves    to   do  aught ;    they  cannot  abide  work, 

1  nom.  81,  in  1  Cor.  tI.    Nam  qci9L    ponitnr  otium  ab  alils  caiua,  et  boe  I 
mens  hominis  quiescere  non  possit,  sed    nobis  observatum  eo8  huic  malo  — ^ 


continuo  circa  varias  cogitationes  discur-  obnoxios  qui  plane  otioRi  sunt,  quam  eoi 

rat,  nisi  honesto  aliquo  negotio  occupe-  qui  aliquo  munere  versantur  exequeadOi 

tur,  ad  nitilancholiam  sponte  delabitur.  ^  De  Tranquil,  animae.    Sunt  quos  ipton 

>  Orato  consil.  21.    Ufc  immodica  corporis  otium    in   animi  conjicit   flegritudiiMia. 

exercitatio    nocet   corporibus,   ita   vita  0  Nihil  est  quod  »qu^  melancholiam  abt 

deses  et  otiosa :  otium  animal  pituitosum  ac  augeat,  ac  otium  et  abatinentia  k  eof 

reddit,  Tlscerum  obstructiones  et  crebras  poris  et  animi  pxercitationibus.         '  NI* 

fluxionfM,  et  morboa  concitat.         *  Et  hil    magis   excae«at   intellectum,  qruM 

tidi  quod  ufw  d«  nbva  quas  magis  gene-  otium.   Gordooius  de  obaenrat.  Tit.  hvm. 

1^"— ' — ^*"^lwa,Mt<»ttMltu.        ♦B«-  lib.l. 


Uem.i,  mil.  (.]  Tdletteis,  a  Cause.  32S 

IhougTi  it  be  neceasary ;  easy  as  to  dress  thprnaelves,  write  a 
lelter  or  tbe  like  ;  yet  aa  he  thiat  is  benumbed  with  cold  eita 
stilt  shaking,  that  might  relieve  himself  with  a  little  esercisB 
or  glirring  do  ibey  complain,  but  will  not  use  tbe  facile  and 
ready  means  to  do  themselves  good ;  and  so  are  Btill  tor- 
mented with  melancholy.  Especially  if  Ibey  hava  been 
formerly  brought  up  to  busineas,  or  to  keep  much  compnny, 
and  apon  a  sudden  come  to  lead  a  sedentary  life ;  it  crucifies 
their  lioul^,  and  seizeth  on  them  in  an  instant ;  for  whilst 
lliey  are  any  ways  employed,  in  action,  discourse,  about 
any  business,  sport  or  recreation,  or  in  company  lo  their 
liking !  they  are  very  well ;  but  if  alone  or  idle,  tormented 
instantly  again  ;  one  day's  solitariness,  one  hour's  sometimes, 
doth  them  more  harm,  than  a  week's  physic,  labour,  and 
company  can  do  good.  Melancholy  seizeth  on  them  forth- 
with being  alone,  and  is  such  a  torture,  that  aa  wise  Seneca 
well  saiih,  Malo  mihi  male  quam  moUiter  esse,  1  had  rather 
be  sick  than  idle.  This  idleness  is  either  of  body  or  mind* 
That  of  body  is  nothing  but  a  kind  of  benumbing  laziness, 
intermitting  exercise,  which  if  we  may  believe  '  Fernelius, 
"  causetb  crudities,  obstructions,  excremental  humours,  quencb- 
etfa  the  natural  beat,  dulls  the  spirits,  and  makes  them  unapt 
to  do  anything  whatsoever." 

k*  "  Neglectia  urendiL  fllii  iDnascitor  agris." 
"for,  a  neglected  field  ,1 

ShaU  fnr  the  Bre  ita  llioma  and  Ihialles  yield."  ' 

As  fern  grows  in  untilled  grounds,  and  all  manner  of  weeda, 
so  do  gross  humours  in  an  idle  body,  Tgnamim  corrurnpunt 
ofia  corpus.  A  horse  in  a  stable  that  never  travels,  a  hank 
in  a  mew  that  seldom  flies,  are  both  subject  to  diseases  | 
which  left  unto  themselves,  are  most  free  from  any  such  ia- 
cumbrances.  An  idle  dog  will  be  mangy,  and  how  shall  an 
idle  person  think  to  escape  ?     Idleness  of  the  mind  is  much 

^bUoi,  at'iguTH.  eC  ul  omaes  ucUodu    cdt.     '  i  [Igr.  Su.  1,  Sat.  8. 


321 


Cauia  of  MelancMy. 


worse  tfiftn   this  of  the  boclj ;  wit  without  empIoynieDt  is  a 
dLjen»e,  ^jErui/o  animi,  ruUgo  ingenii :  the  rust  of  the  sou^ 
'  B  plague,  a  hell  iUelf,  Maximum  animi  noeumertium,  Galeaj 
ealls  JL     *"  A4  in  a  standing  pool,  worms  and  filih^  creepeni 
increase  (et  vitium  capiunt  tii  moveantar  oqtue,  the  water 
itself  putrt-fies,  and  air  likewise,  if  it  be    not  conlinuall/ 
stirred  by  tlie  wind),  bo  do  evil  and  corrupt  itjouglits  in  an 
idle  person,"  the  soul  is  contaminated.     In  a  cam moii wealth, 
where  is  no  public  enemy,  there  ia  likely  civil  wars,  and  they 
rage  upon  themselves  ;  tliia  body  of  ours,  when  it  is  idle,  and 
knows  not  how  to  bestow  itself,  macerates  and  vexelh  itself 
with  cures,  griefs,  faUe  fears,  discontent^  and  suspicions;  it 
tortures  and  preys  upon  his  own  bowels,  and  is  never  at  rest. 
Thus  much  I  dare  boldly  say,  "  He  or  she  that  is  idle,  be 
they  of  wliat  condition  they  will,  never  so  rich,  bo  well  allied, 
fortunate,  happy,  let  them  have  all  things  in  abundance  and 
felicity  that  heart  can  wish  and  desire,  all  contentment,  ffl 
long  as  be  or  she  or  they  are  idle,  they  shall 
pleased,  never  well  in  body  and  mind,  but  weary  atill,  sic 
Still,  vexed  still,  loathing   still,  weeping,   sighing,  grievii 
Buspecting,  offended  with  the  world,  with  every  object,  wis 
ing  themselves  gone  or  dead,  or  else  cai'ried  away  with  soi 
foolish  fantasy  or  other.     And  this  is  the  true  cause  that 
many  great  men,  ladies,  and  gentlewomen,  labour  of  this  dU 
ease  in  country  and  city ;    for   idleness  is  an  appendix  I 
nobility  J  tbey  count  it  a  disgrace   to  work,  and   spend  a 
their  days  in  sports,  recreations,  and  pastimes,  and  will  then 
fore  take  no  pains ;  bo  of  no  vocation ;  ihey  feed  liberallj 
fare  well,  4vant  exercise,  action,  employment  (for  to  work. 
Bay,  they  may  not  abide),  and  company  to  their  desires,  bd 
thence  their  bodies  become  full  of  groas  humours,  wind,  cnid 
ties  ;  their  rainds  disquieted,  dull,  heavy,  &c,  care,  jealousy) 
fear  of  some  diseases,  sullen  flts,  weeping  fits  seize  t 
iarly  on  them.     For  what  will  not  fear  and  fantasy  work  ill 


i 


I.  i,  »Ai.  S.]  TdUnett,  a  Came.  32S 

i  Wle  body?  what  distempers  will  they  not  cause?  whe» 
tne  children  of  •  Israel  murmured  against  Pharaoh  in  Egypt, 
he  commanded  his  officers  to  double  tlicir  task,  and  let  them 
get  straw  themselves,  and  yet  make  (heir  full  number  of 
bricks;  for  the  sole  cause  why  tliey  mutiny,  and  are  evil  at 
ease  is,  "  ihey  are  idle."  When  you  ehall  hear  and  sec  so 
many  discontented  persons  in  all  places  where  you  come, 
so  many  several  grievances,  unnecessary  complaints,  feai^ 
sajpicions,t  the  best  means  to  redress  it  is  to  set  them  awork, 
GO  to  busy  iheir  minds ;  for  the  truth  is,  they  are  idle.  Well 
they  may  build  castles  in  the  air  for  a  time,  and  soothe  up 
themselves  with  fantastical  and  pleai^ant  humours,  but  in  tUs 
end  they  will  prove  as  bitter  as  gall,  they  shall  be  stili  I  say 
discontent,  suspicious, '  fearful,  jealous,  sad,  fretting  and  ve:^ 
ing  of  themselves ;  so  long  as  they  be  idle,  it  is  impossible  to 
please  them.  Olio  qui  nescit  uti,  plus  Aabet  negotii  quam  qvi 
neffolitim  in  negotio,  as  that  *Agelliu3  could  observe:  Ho 
that  knows  not  how  to  spend  his  time,  halh  more  business, 
care,  grief,  angui:ih  of  mind,  than  he  that  is  most  busy  ia  tha 
midst  of  all  his  business,  Oliosits  animus  ntscil  quid  volel  i 
An  idle  pereon  (as  he  follows  it)  knows  not  when  he  ia  well, 
what  he  would  have,  or  whither  he  would  go,  Quum  iUua 
venlum  est  i7/ina  liibfl,  he  is  tired  out  with  everything,  dis- 
pleased with  all,  weary  of  his  life ;  Nee  bene  domi,  nee  miliu'tM 
neither  at  home  nor  abroad,  tT-rat,  tl  preeter  vilam  vivitur, 
he  wanders  and  lives  besides  himself.  In  a  word,  What  the 
mischievous  effects  of  laziness  and  idleness  are,  I  do  not  find 
anywhere  more  accurately  expressed,  than  in  these  verses  of 
I'hilolaehes  in  the  %  Comical  Poet,  which  for  their  elegancj 
1  will  in  part  insert 
^^V  "  Kovarnni  icdinm  esse  nrliitror  limllem  ego  liomlncni, 
^^K  QnnnOo  hie  nntus  est:  E[  rei  Brgumenla  dicaizi. 

^^K  XAen  qunndo  sunt  nd  nmuaslm  expolitie, 


Qutisque  iHudut  Tub 

urn,  alque  eie 

™p) 

elliHiMn.orwIwtlhy 

J,  mj    Prol.MMttl. 

S26  Causes  of  Melaawhofy.  -  [Pait  t  mo.! 

At  nbi  ill6  migrat  nequam  homo  indiligensqne,  ^eo. 
Tempestas  yenit,  confringit  tegulas,  imbrioeaque, 
Putrifacit  aer  operam  fabri,  &c. 
Dicam  ut  homiues  similes  esse  sdium  arbitremini, 
Fabri  parentes  fundamentum  substruunt  liberonim« 
Expoliunt,  decent  litems,  nee  parcunt  sumptoi. 
Ego  autem  sub  fabrorum  potestate  frugi  fui, 
Postquam  autem  migravi  in  ingenium  meom, 
Perdidi  operam  fabrorum  illico,  oppidb, 
Venit  ignavia,  ea  mihi  tempestas  fuit, 
Adventuque  suo  grand inem  et  imbrem  attolit, 
Ilia  mihi  virtu tem  deturbavit,  &c.'* 

^  A  young  man  is  like  a  fair  new  house,  the  carpenter  leavei 
it  well  built,  in  good  repair,  of  solid  stuff;  but  a  bad  tenant 
lets  it  rain  in,  and  for  want  of  reparation,  &11  to  decay,  &c. 
Our  parents,  tutors,  friends,  spare  no  cost  to  bring  us  up  in 
our  youth,  in  all  manner  of  virtuous  education ;  but  when 
we  are  left  to  ourselves,  idleness  as  a  tempest   drives  all 
virtuous  motions  out  of  our  minds,  et  nihili  sumits,  on  a 
sudden,  by  sloth  and  such  bad  ways,  we  come  to  nought" 
Cousin-german  to  idleness,  and  a  concomitant  cause,  which 
goes  hand  in  hand  with  it,  is  ^  nimia  soUtudoy  too  much  soli- 
tariness, by  the  testimony  of  all  physicians,  cause  and  symp- 
tom both  ;  but  as  it  is  here  put  for  a  cause  it  is  either  coact» 
enforced,  or  else  voluntarily.     Enforced  solitariness  is  conn 
monly  seen  in  students,  monks,  friars,  anchorites,  that  by 
their  order  and  course  of  life  must  abandon  all  company, 
society  of  other  men,  and  betake  themselves  to  a  private 
cell ;   Otio  superstitioso  seclusi,  as  Bale  and  Hospinian  weQ 
teinn  it,  such  as  are  the  Carthusians  of  our  time,  that  eat  no 
flesh   (by  their  order),  keep  perpetual   silence,   never  go 
abroad.     Such  as  live  in  prison,  or  some  desert  place,  and 
cannot  have  company,  as  many  of  our  country  gentlemen  do 
in  solitary  houses,  they  must  either  be  alone  without  com- 
panions, or  live  beyond  their  means,  and  entertain  all  comers 
as  so  many  hosts,  or  else  converse  with  their  servants  and 
hinds,  such  as  are  unequal,  inferior  to  them,  and  of  a  con<* 

1  Piso,  MontaltuB,  Alercurialis,  &o. 


Kmt.  3,  nba.  6.] 


Idlmest,  a  Cauw. 


Uvy  disposition  i  or  else  as  some  do,  to  avoid  solitarioeaa, 
spend  llieir  time  witii  lewd  fdlowjs  in  taverns,  and  in  ale- 
Louses,  and  thence  addict  them.solvcs  to  Buiue  uiilawful  dis 
ports,  or  dissolulti  couf^jes.  Divers  again  are  ca^t  upon  thig 
rock  of  eulitarinesa  for  want  of  meang,  or  out  of  a  strong 
apprelieosion  of  some  infii'mily,  disgrace,  or  through  basbiiil- 
ncds,  rudeness,  simpliciiy,  they  cannot  apply  themselves  to 
otiierd'  company.  NuUnm  solum  infeiici  graliui  solitudint, 
libi  nuRiM  sit  qui  miseriam  exprohret;  \.\ni  enforced  eolitari- 
ness  takes  place,  and  produceth  Li:;  e&ect  soonest  in  such  as 
have  spent  their  time  jovially,  peradventure  in  all  honest 
recreations,  in  good  company,  in  some  great  family  or  popu- 
lous city,  and  are  upon  a  sudden  confined  to  a  desert  coun- 
try cottage  far  otT,  restrained  of  their  liherly,  and  barred  from 
their  ordinary  associates ;  solitariness  ia  very  irksome  to 
finch,   most   tedious,   and  a  sudden   cause   of  great  incon- 


Voluntary  solitariness  is  thnt  which  is  farailiar  with  melan- 
choly, and  gently  brings  on  like  a  siren,  ft  alioeing-horn,  or 
some  sphinx  to  this  irrevocable  gulf,  ^  a  primary  cause,  Piso 
calls  it ;  most  pleasant  it  is  at  fii'st,  lo  such  us  are  melancholy 
given,  to  lie  in  bed  whole  days,  and  keep  their  chambers,  to 
walk  alone  in  some  solitary  grove,  betwixt  wood  and  water, 
by  a  brook  side,  to  meditate  upon  some  deligbL'^ime  and 
pleasant  subject,  which  shall  affect  them  most ;  amahilh  in- 
mnia,  et  mentis  ^ratissimita  error ;  a  most  incomparable  de- 
light it  is  BO  to  melancbolize,  aod  build  castles  in  the  air,  to 
go  smiling  to  themselves,  acting  an  intioite  variety  of  parts, 
trhi^li  tliey  suppose  and  strongly  imagine  they  i'eprei=ent,  or 
that  they  see  acted  or  done  ;  Btandee  quidem  ah  initio,  saith 
Zieunius,  to  conceive  and  meditate  of  such  pleasant  things, 
sometimes,  '"present,  past,  or  to  come,"  as  Rhaais  speaks. 
So  delightsome  these  toys  are  at  first,  they  could  spend  whole 
s  and  nights  without  sleep,  even  whole  years  alone  in 


lIuid,  VBlul  L  prlmmi 


828  Catuet  of  Mdancholy.  [Part.  L  t6(N  1 

such  contemplations,  and  fantastical  meditations,  which  are 
like  unto  dreams,  and  they  will  hardly  be  drawn  from  them, 
or  willingly  interrupt,  so  pleasant  their  vain  conceits  are,  that 
they  hinder  their  ordinary  tasks  and  necessary  business,  they 
cannot  address  themselves  to  them,  or  almost  to  any  study  or 
employment,  these  fantastical  and  bewitching  thoughts  so 
covertly,  so  feelingly,  so  urgently,  so  continually  set  upon, 
creep  in,  insinuate,  possess,  overcome,  distract,  and  detain 
them,  they  cannot,  I  say,  go  about  their  more  necessary 
business,  stave  off  or  extricate  themselves,  but  are  ever 
musing,  melancholizing,  and  carried  along,  as  he  (they  say) 
that  is  led  round  about  a  heath  with  a  Puck  in  the  night, 
they  iiin  earnestly  on  in  this  labyrinth  of  anxious  and  solic- 
itous melancholy  meditations,  and  cannot  well  or  willingly 
refrain,  or  easily  leave  off,  winding  and  unwinding  them- 
selves, as  so  many  clocks,  and  still  pleasing  their  humours, 
until  at  last  the  scene  is  turned  upon  a  sudden,  by  some 
bad  object,  and  they  being  now  habituated  to  such  vain 
meditations  and  solitary  places,  can  endure  no  company, 
can  ruminate  of  nothing  but  harsh  and  distasteful  subjects. 
Fear,  sorrow,  suspicion,  suhrusticus  pudor,  discontent,  cares, 
and  weariness  of  life  surprise  them  in  a  moment,  and  they 
can  think  of  nothing  else,  continually  suspecting,  no  sooner 
are  their  eyes  open,  but  this  infernal  plague  of  melancholy 
seizeth  on  them,  and  terrifies  their  souls,  representing  some 
dismal  object  to  their  minds,  which  now  by  no  means,  no 
labour,  no  persuasions  they  can  avoid,  hceret  lateri  lethalU 
arundo  (the  arrow  of  death  still  remains  in  the  side),  tliey 
may  not  be  rid  of  it,  ^  they  cannot  resist.  I  may  not  deny 
but  that  there  is  some  profitable  meditation,  contemplation, 
and  kind  of  solitariness  to  be  embraced,  which  the  fathers 
so  highly  commended,  ^  Hierom,  Chrysostom,  Cyprian,  Aus- 
tin, in  whole  tracts,  which  Petrarch,  Erasmus,  Stella,  and 

1  Facilis  descensus  Avern! :  Sed  revo-  dinem  Paradlsam :  solum  scorpionfbiif 

-care   gradiim,    superasque   eradere    a4  infectum,  sacco  amictus,  hum!  cubani, 

auras.  Ilic  labor,  hoc  opus  est.    Virg.  aqua  et  herbis  yictitaos,  Romanis  pne- 

t  Ilieronimus  ep.   72.   dixit   oppida  et  tulit  deliciis. 
orbes  Tideii  idbi  tetros  carceres,  solitu- 


Mem.  2,  fculw.  6.]  IdUnesSj  a  Cause.  829 

others,  so  much  magnify  in  their  books ;  a  paradise,  a  heaven 
on  earth,  if  it  be  used  aright,  good  for  the  body,  and  better 
for  the  soul ;  as  many  of  those  old  monks  used  it,  to  divine 
contemplations,  as  Simulus  a  courtier  in  Adrian's  time,  Dio< 
desian  the  emperor,  retired  themselves,  &c,  in  that  sense, 
Vaiia  solus  scit  mvere,  Yatia  lives  alone,  which  the  Romans 
were  wont  to  say,  when  they  commended  a  country  life.  Or 
to  the  bettering  of  their  knowledge,  as  Democritus,  Cleanthus, 
and  those  excellent  philosophers  have  ever  done,  to  sequester 
themselves  from  the  tumultuous  world,  or  as  in  Pliny's  villa 
Laurentana,  TuUy's  Tusculan,  Jovius's  study,  that  they  might 
better  vacare  studtis  et  Deo,  serve  God,  and  follow  their 
studies.  Methinks,  therefore,  our  too  zealous  innovators 
were  not  so  well  advised  in  that  general  subversion  of 
abbeys  and  religious  houses,  promiscuously  to  fling  down 
all ;  they  might  have  taken  away  those  gross  abuses  crept 
in  amongst  them,  rectified  such  inconveniences,  and  not  so 
far  to  have  raved  and  raged  against  those  fair  buildings,  and 
everlasting  monuments  of  our  forefathers'  devotion,  conse- 
crated to  pious  uses ;  some  monasteries  and  collegiate  cells 
might  have  been  well  spared,  and  their  revenues  otherwise  em- 
ployed, here  and  there  one,  in  good  towns  or  cities  at  least 
for  men  and  women  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  to  live  in,  to 
sequester  themselves  from  the  cares  and  tumults  of  the  world, 
that  were  not  desirous,  or  fit  to  marry ;  or  otherwise  willing 
to  be  troubled  with  common  affairs,  and  know  not  well  where 
to  bestow  themselves,  to  live -apart  in,  for  more  conveniency 
good  education,  better  company  sake,  to  follow  their  studies 
(I  say),  to  the  perfection  of  arts  and  sciences,  common  good 
and  as  some  truly  devoted  monks  of  old  had  done,  freely  and 
truly  to  serve  Grod.  For  these  men  are  neither  solitary,  nor 
idle,  as  the  poet  made  answer  to  the  husbandman  in  ^sop, 
that  objected  idleness  to  him  ;  he  was  never  so  idle  as  in  hia 
company ;  or  that  Scipio  Africanus  in  ^  Tully,  Nunquam 
minus  solus,  quam  cum  solus  ;  nunqtmm  minus  otiosus,  quam 

1  Offlo.3 


830  Cauies  of  Mdanchcfy.  [Part  L  lee.  a 

quum  esset  otiostis ;  nerer  less  solitaiy,  than  when  he  was 
alone,  never  more  busj,  than  when  he  seemed  to  be  moat 
idle.  It  19  reported  bj  Plato  in  his  dialogue  da  Amare,  in 
that  prodigious  commendation  of  Socrates,  how  a  deep  medi- 
tation coming  into  Socrates's  mind  by  chance,  he  stood  still 
musing,  eodem  vestigio  cogitabundtts,  from  morning  to  noon, 
and  when  as  then  he  had  not  yet  finished  his  meditatioo, 
perstabat  cogitans,  he  so  continued  till  the  evening,  the  eo^ 
diers  (for  he  then  followed  the  camp)  observed  him  with 
admiration,  and  on  set  purpose  watched  all  night,  but  he 
persevered  immovable  ad  exortum  soUs,  till  the  sun  rose  in. 
the  morning,  and  then  saluting  the  sun  went  his  ways.  In 
what  humour  constant  Socrates  did  thus,  I  know  not,  or  how 
he  might  be  affected,  but  this  would  be  pernicious  to  another 
man  ;  what  intricate  business  might  so  really  possess  him,  I 
cannot  easily  guess ;  but  this  is  otiosum  otium,  it  is  far  other- 
wise with  these  men,  according  to  Seneca,  Omnia  nohis  mala 
solitudo  persuadet ;  this  solitude  undoeth  us,  pugnat  cum  vitd 
sociali ;  'tis  a  destructive  solitariness.  These  men  are  devils 
alone,  as  the  saying  is.  Homo  solus  ant  JDeus^  atU  Damon: 
a  man  alone,  is  either  a  saint  or  a  devil,  mens  ejus  aut  koh 
guescit,  aut  tumescit ;  and  *  Vce  soli  in  this  sense,  woe  be  to 
him  that  is  so  alone.  These  wretches  do  frequently  degener- 
ate from  men,  and  of  sociable  creatures  become  beasts,  mon- 
sters, inhumane,  ugly  to  behold,  Misanthropi  ;  they  do  even 
loathe  themselves,  and  hate  the  company  of  men,  as  so  many 
Timons,  Nebuchadnezzars,  by  too  much  indulging  to  these 
pleasing  humours,  and  through  their  own  default  So  that 
which  Mercurialis,  consil,  11,  sometimes  expostulated  with 
his  melancholy  patient,  may  be  justly  applied  to  every  soli- 
tary and  idle  person  in  particular.  ^  Naiura  de  te  videtur 
conqueri  posse,  Sfc,  "Nature  may  justly  complain  of  thee, 
that  whereas  she  gave  thee  a  good  wholesome  temperature,  a 

•  Eccl.  4    1  Natura  de  te  yidetur  con-  tempsisti  modOf  Temm  cormpisti,  ■•• 

aneri  posse,  quod  cam  ab  ea  temperatis-  dasti,  prodidisti,  optimam  temperaturaa 

mum   corpus  adeptus  sis,  tarn  prse-  otio,  crapuU,  et  aliis  yitie  erroribus,  &e. 
clarum  k  Deo  ao  ntito  donum,  non  con- 


Usoi.  2,  Miti*.  7-1       Seeping  and  Waking,   Cautes. 


SSt 


sound  body,  and  God  hath  giren  Ihee  so  divine  and  excel- 
lent a  soul,  so  manj  good  parU,  and  profitable  glll^,  ihoa 
bast  not  only  contemned  and  rejected,  but  hast  corrupted 
thera,  poUuled  tlicm,  overthrown  their  temperature,  and  per- 
verted Uioae  gifls  with  riot,  idleness,  soli lariii ess,  and  many 
Dtlier  ways,  thou  art  a  traitor  to  God  and  nature,  an  enemy 
to  thyself  and  to  the  world."  P^ditio  lua  ex  te  ;  lliou  haat 
lost  thyself  wilfully,  cast  away  thyself,  "  thou  thyself  an  the 
efficient  cause  of  thine  own  misery,  by  not  resisting  such  vain 
cogitations,  but  giving  way  unto  them," 

Sdbsect.  VTI. — Sleeping  and  Woking,  Cauaet. 
What  I  have  formerly  aiid  of  exercise,  I  may  now  repeat 
of  sleep.  Nothing  belter  than  moderate  sleep,  nothing  worse 
than  it,  if  it  be  in  extremes,  or  un9(^a:-onab]y  u:^ed.  It  is  a 
received  opinion,  that  a  melancholy  man  cannot  sleep  over- 
much ;  Somnui  supra  modam  prodest,  as  an  only  antidote, 
and  nothing  offends  them  more,  or  cauaeth  this  malady 
sooner,  than  waking,  yet  in  some  cases  sleep  may  do  mora 
harm  than  good,  in  that  phli?gmalic,  swinish,  cold,  and  slug- 
gish  melancholy  which  Melaticthon  speaks  of,  that  thinks  of 
waters,  sighing  most  part,  Ac  '  It  dulls  the  spirits,  if  over- 
much, and  senses ;  fills  (he  head  full  of  gross  humours ;  eaus- 
eth  distillations,  rheums,  great  store  of  excrements  in  the 
brain,  and  all  the  otlier  parts,  as  '  Fuchsius  speaks  of  ihem, 
that  sleep  like  so  many  dormice.  Or  if  it  be  used  in  the 
daytime,  upon  a  full  stomach,  the  body  ill-composed  to  rest, 
or  after  hard  meats,  it  increuseth  fearful  dreams,  incubus 
night  walking,  crying  out,  and  much  unquietness  ;  such  ilccp 
prepares  the  body,  as  '  one  observes,  "  to  many  perilous  dis- 
eases." But  as  I  have  said,  waking  overmuch,  is  both  a 
aympiom,  and  an  ordinary  cause.  "  It  causeth  dryness  of  the 
brain,  frenzy,  dotage,  and  makes  the  body  dry,  lean,  hard, 

1  Puth.   lib.   ap.  IT.   Fsmil.    rarpm    1>nl  rt  Bltil  InrtlhiDi  canHmt.        •  Jo. 
bfH|(i<Ut.ntnn«i»QBu><.<n^i»L«|ui-Ttn9    Rjtulai'  llb,.I<,  nhui- B  nnn  nalonllbu. 


832  Causes  of  Melanchofy.  [Part.  L  sao.  S 

and  ugly  to  beliold,**  as  *  Lemnius  hath  it.  "  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  brain  is  corrupted  bj  it,  the  humours  adust,  the 
eyes  made  to  sink  into  the  head,  choler  increased,  and  the 
whole  body  inflamed ;  **  and,  as  may  be  added  out  of  Galen 
3,  lie  sanitate  tttendd,  Aviccnna  3,  1.  *"It  overthrows  the 
natural  heat,  it  causeth  crudities,  hurts  concoction,"  and  what 
not?  Not  without  good  cause  therefore  Crato  consiL  21,  lik 
2 ;  Ilildesheim,  spiceL  2,  de  JDelir,  et  Manioj  Jacchinus, 
Arculanus  on  Rhasis,  Guianerius  and  Mercurialise  reckon  np 
this  overmuch  waking  as  a  principal  cause. 


MEMB.  nL 

SuBSECT.  I. — Passions  and  Perturbations  of  the  Mind,  how 

they  cause  Melancholy, 

As  that  gymnosopliist  in  *  Plutarch  made  answer  to  Alex- 
ander (demanding  which  spake  best),  Every  one  of  his  fel- 
lows did  speak  better  than  other;  so  I  may  say  of  these 
causes ;  to  him  that  shall  require  which  is  the  greatest,  every 
one  is  more  grievous  than  the  other,  and  this  of  passion  the 
greatest  of  all.  A  most  frequent  and  ordinary  cause  of 
melancholy,  *fulmen  perturhationum  (Piccolomineus  calls  it) 
this  thunder  and  lightning  of  perturbation,  which  causeth 
such  violent  and  speedy  alterations  in  this  our  microcosm, 
and  many  times  subverts  the  good  estate  and  temperature  of 
it.  For  as  the  body  works  upon  the  mind  by  his  bad  hu- 
mours, troubling  the  spirits,  sending  gross  fumes  into  the 
brain,  and  so  per  consequens  disturbing  the  soul,  and  all 
the  faculties  of  it, 

1  InRtit.  ad  Titam  optimam  cap.  26,  profandns  reddit  ocuIoa,  ealorom  anget 
cerebro  fdroitatcm  adfert,  phrenei^in  et  >  NHturalem  calorem  disdpat.  \Kfl  eon- 
delirium,  rorpu  ariduxn  fiu-it,  squali-  coctione  cruditaten  Ikcit.  Attenuaotjo* 
dum,  gtriKWuni.  humores  adurit,  tempe*  venum  yigiiatie  corpora  ooctet.  *  Titi 
ramentom  rerebri  corrumpit,  maciem  Alexan.  «  Grad.  1,  e.  14 
indueit :  eziloGat  corpus,  bilem  acceudit, 


n.  8,  BQbi.  1.1    Perhtrbatiom  of  the  Mind.  3M 

with  fear,  sorrow,  &e.,  which  are  ordinary  symptoms  of  this 
disease ;  bo  on  the  other  side,  the  mind  most  effectually  works 
upOD  the  Imdy,  producing  by  his  passions  and  perlurbationa 
miraculous  alterations,  as  melaneholy,  despair,  cruel  diseases, 
and  sometimes  death  itself.  Ia=oniuch  (hat  it  is  most  true 
wliich  Plato  saith  in  his  Charmides,  omnia  corporis  mala  ai 
animd  procedere ;  all  the  *  mischiefs  of  the  body  prowled 
fi'om  the  soul;  and  Democrilus  in  ^Plutarch  urgelh,  Dam- 
vatwm  iri  animam  d  corpore,  if  the  body  should  in  this  he- 
half  bring  an  action  against  the  soul,  surely  the  soul  would  be 
cast  and  convicted,  that  by  her  supine  negligence  had  caused 
Buch  inconveniences,  having  authority  over  the  body,  and 
using  it  for  an  instrument,  as  a  smith  does  his  hammer  (saith 
'Cyprian),  imputing  all  those  vices  and  maladies  to  the 
mind.  Even  so  do  *  Philostratus,  non  eoinqmaatur  eorpui, 
niii  consensu  anima;  the  body  is  not  corrupted,  but  by  the 
soul.  Lodovlcus  Vives  will  have  such  turbulent  commoliona 
proceed  from  igporance  and  indiscretion.'  All  philo=ophera 
impute  [he  mi'ieries  of  the  body  to  the  soul,  that  should  have 
governed  it  better,  by  command  of  reason,  and  hath  not  done 
iu  The  Stoics  are  altogether  of  opinion  (as  ■  Lipsius  and 
'  Plccolomine'is  record),  that  a  wise  man  should  ha  &iraS^t, 
without  h'I  manner  of  passions  and  perturbations  whatsoever, 
as  '  Seneca  reports  of  Cato,  the  •  Greeks  of  Socrates,  and  "  lo. 
Aubamis  of  a  nation  in  Africa,  so  free  from  passion,  or  rather 
eo  stupid,  that  if  they  be  wounded  with  a  sword,  liiey  will 
only  look  back.  '•  Laclantius  2  inslit,  will  exclude  "  fear 
from  a  wise  man  ; "  others  except  all,  some  the  greatest 
passions.  But  let  them  dispute  how  they  will,  set  down 
in  Thesi,  give  precepts   to  the   contrary;  we  find  that  of 


•  VIU  Apol-    npleata  « 


834  Causes  of  Melaneholff,  [Part.  L  see.  1 

1  Lemnius  true  by  common  experience  ;  "  No  mortal  man  is 
free  from  these  perturbations ;  or  if  he  be  so,  sure  he  is  either 
a  god,  or  a  block."  They  are  bom  and  bred  with  us,  we 
have  them  from  our  parents  by  inheritance.  A  parerUihus 
hahomus  malum  hunc  assem,  saith  ^  Pelezius,  Nascitur  tmd 
nobiscum,  aliturque,  'tis  propagated  from  Adam,  Cain  was 
melancholy,  *as  Austin  hath  it,  and  who  is  not?  Good 
dLicipline,  education,  philosophy,  divinity  (I  cannot  deny), 
may  mitigate  and  restrain  these  passions  in  some  few  men  at 
some  times,  but  most  part  they  domineer,  and  are  so  violent, 
•  that  as  a  torrent  (torrens  velut  aggere  rupto)  bears  down  all 
before,  and  overflows  his  banks,  stemit  agrosy  stemtt  sata, 
(lays  waste  the  fields,  prostrates  the  crops,)  they  overwhelm 
reason,  judgment,  and  pervert  the  temperature  of  the  body ; 
Fertur  *  equis  auriga,  nee  audit  currus  hahenas.  Now  such 
a  man  (saith  'Austin),  "  that  is  so  led,  in  a  wise  man's  eye, 
is  no  better  than  he  that  stands  upon  his  head."  It  is 
doubted  by  some,  Gramoresne  morhi  a  perturhatiomhis,  on 
ah  humorihis,  whether  humours  or  perturbations  cause  the 
more  grievous  maladies.  But  we  find  that  of  our  Saviour, 
Mat.  XX vi.  41,  most  true,  "  The  spirit  is  willing,  the  flesh  is 
weak,"  we  cannot  resist ;  and  this  of  *  Philo  Judaeus,  **  Per- 
turbations often  offend  the  body,  and  are  most  frequent 
causes  of  melancholy,  turning  it  out  of  the  hinges  of  his 
health."  Vives  compares  them  to  '"Winds  upon  the  sea, 
some  only  move  as  those  great  gales,  but  others  turbulent 
quite  overturn  the  ship."  Those  which  are  light,  easy,  and 
more  seldom,  to  our  thinking,  do  us  little  harm,  and 
arc  therefore  contemned  of  us ;  yet  if  they  be  reiteratedi 


1  Dd  occult,  nat.  mfr.  1.  1.  e.   16.  eal.  pAftsfones  maxlini  corpus  oflbndnnt 

Nemo  mortalinm  qui  affectibus  non  du-  et   animauif   et   frequentimiinflB   causa 

catur:  qui  non  nioretur,  aut  saxum,  melanchoIiaB,  dlmoventes  ab  ingnnio  et 

aut  dens  est.        >  In8tit.  1.  2.  de  hu-  sanitate  prbtina.  I  8,  de  anima.      7  Ft» 

manorum   affect,   morborumque  curat,  na  et  stimuli  animi,  velut  in  mart  qun- 

*  Epiflt.  105.      8  Qranatensifl.      *  Virg.  dam  aurae  leves,  quasdam  placidse,  qa«- 

B  De  civit.  Dei,  1.  14,  c.    9,  qualis  in  dam  turbulentee:   sio  in  corpore  qa«- 

oculis  hominum   qui   inversis   pedibus  dam  affectiones  excitant  tantum,  qnaedam 

ambulat,  talis,  in  oculis  sapientum,  cui  ita  movent  ut  de  statu  judicii  depiU 

faadODM  dominantur.        *  Lib.  de  De-  lant. 


1.8,  rabi.  1.]      Ptrtwriationa  of  th*  ^nd. 


&SS 


'"as  the  rain  (saith  Auslin)  dolli  a  stone,  fo  do  these  pertoi" 
bations  penetrate  the  mind  ; "  *  and  (:ia  one  observes)  "  pro- 
duce a  iialiit  of  melanciioly  at  the  last,  which  having  gotten 
the  mastery  in  our  aoula,  may  well  be  called  diseasea." 

How  these  pa-'sions  produce  this  effect,  *  Agrippa  hath 
handled  at  large,  Occalt.  Philos.  I.  11,  e.  63,  Cardan,  L  14, 
tubliL  Lemniua,  L  1,  e.  12,  lie  oeeuU.  nat.  mir.  ei  lib.  1,  cap. 
IC,  Suiirez,  Mel.  dispjU.  18,  tect.  1,  art.  2o,  T.  Brigiil,  cap. 
12,  of  hia  Melancholy  Treatise.  Wright  the  Jesuit  in  his 
book  of  the  Passions  of  the  Alind,  &c.  Thus  in  brief,  to  our 
intagination  cometb  by  the  outward  sense  or  memory,  some 
object  to  be  known  (residing  in  the  foremost  part  of  the 
brain),  which  he  misconceiving  or  amplifj'ing  presently 
Commiinicntes  to  the  heart,  the  seat  of  all  atfeclioii!.  The 
pure  spirits  forthwith  flock  Ci-om  the  brain  to  tlie  heart,  by 
certain  secret  channels,  and  signify  what  good  or  bad  object 
was  presented ;  *  which  immediately  benda  itself  to  prosecute, 
or  avoid  it ;  and  wilhal  drawelh  with  it  other  humours  to  help 
it;  BO  in  pleasure,  concur  great  store  of  purer  Bpirits;  in 
sadness,  much  melancholy  blood;  in  ire,  choler.  If  the  ima^ 
inafion  be  very  apprehensive,  intent,  and  violent,  it  sends 
great  store  of  spirits  to,  or  from  the  heart,  and  makes  a 
deeper  impression,  and  greater  tumult,  aa  the  humours  in  the 
body  be  likewise  prepared,  and  the  temperaiure  it^self  ill  oi 
■well  disposed,  the  passions  are  longer  and  stronger ;  so  that 
the  firrit  step  and  fountiiin  of  all  our  grievances  in  this  kind) 
is  'hem  imaffinatio,  which  misinforming  the  heart,  causeth 
all  these  distemperatures,  alteration,  and  confusion  of  spirits 
and  humours.  By  means  of  which,  so  dir^turhed,  concoction 
is  hindered,  and  the  principal  parts  are  much  dehilitateij 
aa  *  Dr.  Navarra  well  declared,  being  consulted  by  Montonus 


if  the  T«dy.» 


olpiiUi  debUlMal. 


336  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  I.  sec  S. 

about  a  melancholy  Jew.  The  spirits  so  confounded,  the 
nourishment  must  needs  be  abated,  bad  humours  increased, 
crudities  and  thick  spirits  engendered  with  melancholy  blood. 
The  other  parts  cannot  perform  their  functions,  having  the 
spirits  drawn  from  them  by  vehement  passion,  but  fail  in 
sense  and  motion ;  so  we  look  upon  a  thing,  and  see  it  not ; 
bear,  and  observe  not ;  which  otherwise  would  much  affect 
us,  had  we  been  free.  I  may  therefore  conclude  with  *  Ar 
noldus,  Maxima  vis  est  phantasice,  et  huic  untjere,  non  autem 
corporis  intemperiei,  omnis  melancholia  causa  est  ascrihenda; 
"  Great  is  the  force  of  imagination,  and  much  more  ought  the 
cause  of  melancholy  to  be  ascribed  to  this  alone,  than  to  the 
distemperature  of  the  body."  Of  which  imagination,  because 
it  hath  so  great  a  stroke  in  producing  this  malady,  and  is  so 
powerful  of  itself,  it  will  not  be  improper  to  my  discourse,  to 
make  a  brief  digression,  and  speak  of  the  force  of  it,  and  how 
it  causeth  this  alteration.  Which  manner  of  digression  how- 
soever some  dislike,  as  frivolous  and  impertinent,  yet  I  am 
of  *  Beroaldus's  opinion,  "  Such  digressions  do  mightily  de- 
light and  refresh  a  weary  reader,  they  are  like  sauce  to  a 
bad  stomach,  and  I  do  therefore  most  willingly  use  them.** 

SuBSECT.  II. — Of  the  force  of  Imagination, 

What  imagination  is,  I  have  sufficiently  declared  in  my 
digression  of  the  anatomy  of  the  soul.  I  will  only  now  point 
at  the  wonderful  effects  and  power  of  it ;  which,  as  it  is  emi- 
nent in  all,  so  most  especially  it  rageth  in  melancholy  per- 
sons, in  keeping  the  species  of  objects  so  long,  mistaking, 
amplifying  them  by  continual  and  ^strong  meditation,  until 
at  length  it  produceth  in  some  parties  real  effects,  causeth 
this  and  many  other  maladies.  And  although  this  fantasy 
of  ours  be  a  subordinate  faculty  to  reason,  and  should  be 
ruled  by  it,  yet  in  many  men,  through  inward  or  outward 

1  Breviar.  1.  1,  cap.  18.         ♦  Solent  libenter  excurro.         «  Ab  imagfnatione 

htijusmodi  ejprewiones  favorabiliter  ob-  oriuntur  affectiones,  quibus  anima  coah 

lectare,  et  lectorem  lassum  jucund^  ref-  ponitur,  aut    turbata    deturbatur,    J<»> 

OTere,  stomach umque  nauiteantem,  quo-  Sarisbur.  Matoiog.  lib.  4,  o.  10. 
dam  quaai  condimento  reficexe,  et  ogo 


Mflm.  a,  tubs.  2.]      (y  the  Forct  of  Imaginalio: 

distemperatures,  defect  of  organ*,  which  ore  unapt,  or  other- 
wise contaminated,  it  ia  likewise  unapt,  or  hindered,  and  hurt. 
This  we  see  verified  in  sleepers,  which  by  reason  of  humoura 
and  concourse  of  vapours  troubling  the  fantasy,  imagine  many 
times  absurd  and  prodigious  thingfi,  and  in  such  as  arc  Iroub- 
led  with  incubus,  or  witch-ridden  (as  we  call  il),  if  they  lie  on 
tlicir  backs,  they  suppose  an  old  woman  rides,  and  sits  so 
hard  upon  tlictn,  thiit  they  are  almost  stifled  for  want  of 
breath  ;  when  there  is  nothing  offends,  but  a  concourse  of  bad 
humours,  which  trouble  the  fantasy.  This  is  likewise  evi- 
dent in  such  as  walk  in  the  night  in  tlicir  sleep,  and  do 
strange  feats ;  '  these  vapours  move  the  fantasy,  the  fantasy 
the  appetite,  which  moving  the  animal  spiiits  eauselh  the 
body  to  walk  up  and  down  as  if  they  were  awake.  FracasU 
I.  3,  de  intellect,  refers  all  ecstasies  1o  this  force  of  imnginar 
tion  Euch  as  lie  whole  days  together  in  a  trance ;  as  that 
priest  whom  'Celsus  speaks  of,  that  could  separate  himself 
from  his  senses  when  ha  list,  and  lie  like  a  dead  man,  void  of 
life  and  sense.  Cardan  brags  of  himself,  that  lie  could  do  as 
much,  and  that  when  he  list.  Many  times  such  men  when 
they  come  lo  themselves,  lell  strange  things  of  heaven  and 
bell,  what  visions  they  have  seen  ;  as  that  St.  Owen,  in  Mat- 
thew Paris,  that  went  into  St.  Patrick's  purgatory,  and  the 
monk  of  Evesham  in  the  same  author.  Those  common  ap- 
paritions in  Bede  and  Gregory,  Saint  Bridget's  revelations, 
"Wier,  I,  3,  de  lamiis,  e.  11.  Csesar  Vanninus,  in  his  Dia- 
logues, &c.,  reducelh  (a?  I  have  formerly  said),  with  all  those 
tales  of  witch      p  dancing,  riding,  transformations, 

operations,  &  h    fo    e    f  '  imagination,  and  the  *  devil'fl 

illusions.  Th  k  ff  ta  a  most  are  to  be  seen  in  such  as 
are  awake ;  h  m  y  h  meraa,  antics,  golden  mountains 
and   castles  in    h    a     do     hey  bnild  onto   themselves  ?  I 

1  B™Ug.  Bxerdt.  d  u  ph«ntu1»ra  reel'.  dud'U"*  »*  '°™  •" 

don  Kunll.  >  tOeni  Nrtdsnnut  nnt,  de  dlitlioliu,  uC  until  Hint  Fon?picua.  el  pmt, 
Inu^nxl.         •  Vcrbli  lit  uictloiilbui »    ombrl  lubluta,  prDpriii  racpulbiia  aM 

f nl  lis  mil  Dput  luum  Btllor,  >t  anrum 


336  CaJMBS  of  Melam-kQli). 

about  a   mi^Iaiicholy  Jew.     The  f^pirils  so  f 
nouritibment  iDUst  needs  be  ubaled,  bad  V 
cmdiliea  and  thick  ppirila  engendered  with 
The  other  parts  cannot  pert'onn  iheir  ' 
spirita  drawn  from  them  by  veheme* 
sense  nnd  niolion ;  so  we  look  upon 
hear,  and  observe  not  j  which  othf 
ua,  had  we  been  free.     I  may  tb' 
noldus,  Maxima  vis  est  phantatia 
corporis  iiilemperiti,  omnh  melc  iviil  DO'  *  ^ 

"  Great  is  the  force  of  imaginp  ■.  mrige  form*  <» 

cause  of  melancholy  to  be  a'  ^ler  iroputea  ihegK*' 

diatetoperalure  of  the  body.'  Apparitions,  lo  fear,''"^ 

it  hftlli  Ko  great  a  stroke  it  tlie   strongest  imagintW' 

powerful  of  itself,  it  will  .L'wise,  love,  sorrow,  joji  ** 

make  a  brief  digression,  ihat  saw  ber  Bon  come  from  tlw 

it  cau.'^etli  this  alteratio  .Jb  the  patriarcli,  by  f< 
soever  some  dislike,  jinbs,  laying  speckled  rods  before  w 
of  •  Beroaldos's  opi  i  iEthiopian  queen  in  Heliodorua,  ^ 
light  and  refresh  i  jf  Perseus  and  Andromed-o,  instead  of  i 
bad  stomach,  and  ^Kmught  to  bed  of  &  fair  white  child.  I 
Ji  belike,  a  hard-favoured  fellow  in  Grew 
SuBSE'  ^^  „jfg  „g^g  i^ijj  jcfopmed,  to  get  a  g« 
Elegantissimai  imagines  in  ihcjatno  oA 
3  fairest  pictures  he  could  buy  for  mow 
"Tliat  his  wife  by  frequent  sight  of  th« 
ft  and  bear  such  children."  And  if  we  may! 
t  of  Pope  Nicholas  the  Third's  concubines 

3  brought  to  bed  of  a 

*  Lemnius),  at  tbe  time  of  her  conception  iW 

fi  present  or  absent,  the  child  will  be  like  hii 

women,  when  they  long,  yield  us  prodigi< 

t  this  kind,  as  moles,  warts,  scars,  harelips,  nu 


BiMellte,  4|  lU  etHj(Ul  «Jl«t  ia  &e 


838  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part  L  sec » 

appeal  to  painters,  mecbanicians,  mathematicians.  Some 
ascribe  all  vices  to  a  false  and  corrupt  imagination,  anger 
revenge,  lust,  ambition,  covetousness,  which  prefers  falsehood 
before  that  which  is  right  and  good,  deluding  the  soul  with 
false  shows  and  suppositions.  ^  Bemardus  Penottus  will  ' 
have  heresy  and  superstition  to  proceed  from  this  fountain ; 
as  he  falsely  imagineth,  so  he  believeth ;  and  as  he  conceiv- 
eth  of  it,  so  it  must  be,  and  it  shall  be,  contra  gentes,  he  will 
have  it  so.  But  most  especially  in  passions  and  afiections,  it 
shows  strange  and  evident  effects ;  what  will  not  a  fearful 
man  conceive  in  the  dark?  What  strange  forms  of  bug- 
bears, devils,  witches,  goblins  ?  Lavater  imputes  the  greatest 
cause  of  spectrums,  and  the  like  apparitions,  to  fear,  which 
above  all  other  passions  begets  the  strongest  imagination 
(saith  ^  Wierus),  and  so  likewise,  love,  sorrow,  joy,  &c. 
Some  die  suddenly,  as  she  that  saw  her  son  come  from  the 
battle  at  Cannae,  &c  Jacob  the  patriarch,  by  force  of  imagi- 
nation, made  speckled  lambs,  laying  speckled  rods  before  his 
sheep.  Persina  that  iEthiopian  queen  in  Heliodorus,  by 
seeing  the  picture  of  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  instead  of  a 
blackamoor,  was  brought  to  bed  of  a  fair  white  child.  In 
imitation  of  whom  belike,  a  hard-favoured  fellow  in  Greece, 
because  he  and  his  wife  were  both  deformed,  to  get  a  good 
brood  of  children,  Elegantissimas  imagines  in  thalamo  coUih 
cavit,  S^c,  hung  the  fairest  pictures  he  could  buy  for  money 
in  his  chamber,  "  That  his  wife  by  frequent  sight  of  them, 
might  conceive  and  bear  such  children."  And  if  we  may  be- 
lieve Bale,  one  of  Pope  Nicholas  the  Third's  concubines  by 
seeing  of  '^  a  bear  was  brought  to  bed  of  a  monster.  "  If  a 
woman  (saith  *  Lemnius),  at  the  time  of  her  conception  think 
of  another  man  present  or  absent,  the  child  will  be  like  him." 
Great-bellied  women,  when  they  long,  yield  us  prodigious 
examples  in  this  kind,  as  moles,  warts,  scars,  harelips,  mon- 

1  nenario  medico.      >  Solet  timor,  pne  cap.  4,  de  occult,  nat.  mlr.  A  inter  aa* 

omnibus  aflectibua,  fortes  Imaginationes  plexus  et  suavia  cogitet  de  uno,  aut  alii 

fignere,    po^it,   amor,    &c.    1.    8,   c.  8.  absente,  ^us  efBgies  solet  in  fbetu  elttocn> 
JBx  TiBO  urso,  talem  peperit.        *  Lib.  1, 


Hem.  8,  rabs.  3.]       Of  the  Force  of  Tmaginatioji. 

Bters,  especially  caiused  in  their  children  by  force  of  a  de- 
praved fantasy  in  tliem  :  Ipsam  tpeciem  quam  aitimo  tffigiat, 
fatai  indacit:  She  imprints  that  etamp  upon  her  child  which 
fihe  *  conceives  unto  liersi^lf.  And  therefore  LoiJovicus  Vives, 
lib,  2,  de  Christ,  /am.  gives  a  special  caution  to  great-bellied 
women,  *  "  That  they  do  not  admit  such  nhsurd  conceits  and 
cogitation?,  but  by  all  means  avoid  those  horrible  objects, 
lieard  or  seen,  or  filthy  specLocles,"  Some  will  lough,  weep, 
sigh,  groali,  blush,  tremble,  sweat,  at  such  things  as  are  sug- 
gested unto  them  by  their  imagination.  Avicenna  sipeaks  of 
one  that  could  cast  himsell'  into  a  palsy  when  he  list;  and 
eome  can  imitate  the  tunes  of  bird^  and  beasts  that  they  can 
hardly  be  discerned  ;  Dngeberlus's  and  Saint  Francis's  scars 
and  wounds,  like  those  of  Christ's  (if  at  the  least  any  such 
were),'Agrippaaupposelh  to  have  happened  by  force  of  imagi- 
nation ;  that  some  are  turned  to  wolves,  from  men  to  women, 
and  women  again  to  men  (which  is  constantly  believed)  to 
the  aame  imagination;  or  from  men  to  asses,  dogs,  or  any 
other  shapes.  *  Wierua  ascribes  all  those  famous  ti'ansforma- 
tiona  to  imagination ;  that  in  hydrophobia  they  seem  to  sea 
the  picture  of  a  dog,  still  in  their  water,  °  that  melancholy 
men  and  siek  men  conceive  so  many  fantastical  visions,  ap- 
paritions to  themselves,  and  have  such  absurd  apparitions,  as 
liiat  they  are  king^,  lords,  cocks,  bears,  apes,  owls ;  that  they 
are  heavy,  light,  transparent,  great  and  little,  senseless  and 
dead  (as  shall  be  showed  more  at  large,  in  our  '  sections  of 
symptoms),  can  be  imputed  to  nought  else,  but  to  a  con-upt, 
false,  and  violent  imagination.  It  works  not  in  sick  and 
melancholy  men  only,  but  even  most  forcibly  sometimes  in 
each  as  are  sound ;  it  makes  them  suddenly  sick,  and  '  altera 


nMa  fptrituum  TibntHnns  per 
tDlbuB  mik^Hx  MnbrotronJuiirCAi 
Mmlt  Imoppffnol*  initial M lk>  ? 


'B^PI™.  lib.  1.  an.  ft 
,    KgtlladlDei,    u    fbrtl    ippn 


840  Catues  of  Melancholy,  [Part.  L  sec  L 

their  temperature  in  an  instant  And  sometimes  a  strong 
conceit  or  apprehension,  as  *  Valesius  proves,  will  take  away 
diseases  ;  in  both  kinds  it  will  produce  real  effects.  Men,  if 
they  see  but  another  man  tremble,  giddy  or  sick  of  some  fear- 
ful disease,  their  apprehension  and  fear  is  so  strong  in  this 
kind,  that  they  will  have  the  same  disease.  Or  if  by  some 
soothsayer,  wiseman,  fortune-teller,  or  physician,  they  be  told 
they  shall  have  such  a  disease,  they  will  so  seriously  appre- 
hend it,  that  they  will  instantly  labour  of  it.  A  thin^  familiar 
in  China  (saith  Riccius  the  Jesuit),  ^  "  If  it  be  told  them  they 
shall  be  sick  on  such  a  day,  when  that  day  comes  they  will 
surely  be  sick,  and  will  be  so  terribly  afflicted,  that  sometimes 
they  die  upon  it.*'  Dr.  Cotta  in  his  discovery  of  ignorant 
practitioners  of  physic,  cap.  8,  hath  two  strange  stories  to  this 
purpose,  what  fancy  is  able  to  do.  The  one  of  a  parson's 
wife  in  Northamptonshire,  An,  1607,  that  coming  to  a  physi- 
cian, and  told  by  him  that  she  was  troubled  with  the  sciatica, 
as  he  conjectured  (a  disease  she  was  free  from),  the  same 
night  after  her  return,  upon  his  words,  fell  into  a  grievous  fit 
of  a  sciatica ;  and  such  another  example  he  hath  of  another 
good  wife,  that  was  so  troubled  with  the  cramp,  after  the 
same  manner  she '  came  by  it,  because  her  physician  did  but 
name  it.  Sometimes  death  itself  is  caused  by  force  of  fan- 
tasy. I  have  heard  of  one  that  coming  by  chance  in  com- 
pany of  him  that  was  thought  to  be  sick  of  the  plague  (which 
was  not  so)  fell  down  suddenly  dead.  Another  was  sick  of 
the  plague  with  conceit  One  seeing  his  fellow  let  blood  falls 
down  in  a  swoon.  Another  (saith  '  Cardan  out  of  Aristotle), 
fell  down  dead  (which  is  familiar  to  women  at  any  ghastly 
sight),  seeing  but  a  man  hanged.  A  Jew  in  France  (saith 
*  Lodovicus  Vives),  came  by  chance  over  a  dangerous  pas- 
sage or  plank,  that  lay  over  a  brook  in  the  dark,  without 

1  Fr.  Vales.  1.  6,  eont.  6,  nonnunqnam  tali  die  eos  morbo  conipieDdon,  II,  nM 

0tiam    morbi    diuturni    consequuntur,  dies  advenerit,  iu  morbum  incidunt,  6l 

quandoque  cnrantur.  9  Expedit.  in  yi  metils  afflicti,  cum  spgritudlne,  all 

Nnas,  1  l,c.  9,  tantum  (orro  multi  pne-  qnando  etiam  cum  morte  coUuctantar 

dictoribus  hisce  tribuunt  ut  ipse  metus  >  Subtil.  18.  «  Lib.  8,  de  anima,  o^ 

Mem  &ciat :  nam  si  pnedictum  Us  fuerit  de  meL 


i-  S,  enbi.  3.]       Of  the  Force  of  Imagination.  341 

I,  the  next  day  perceiving  what  danger  he  was  in,  fell 
down  dead.  Many  will  not  believe  such  stories  to  be  trua, 
but  laugh  commonly,  and  deride  when  they  hear  of  them  • 
but  let  these  men  consider  with  themselves,  as  '  Peter  Byanu 
illustrates  it,  If  they  were  set  to  walk  upon  a  plank  on 
high,  they  would  he  giddy,  upon  which  they  dare  securely 
walk  upon  the  ground.  M.any  {sailh  Agrippa),  ""stiong- 
liearted  men  otherwise,  tremble  at  such  sights,  dazzle,  atid 
nre  sick,  if  they  look  but  ilown  from  a  high  place,  and  what 
moves  thera  but  conceit  ?  "  As  some  are  so  molested  by  fan- 
tasy ;  60  some  again,  by  fancy  alone,  and  a  good  conceit,  are 
as  eai^ily  recovered.  We  see  commonly  the  toothache,  gout, 
falling-sickne.ss,  bititig  of  a  mad  dog,  and  many  such  mala- 
dies cured  by  spella,  words,  characters,  and  charms,  and 
many  green  wounds  by  tliat  now  so  much  used  IMgiicrUwh 
Armanuin,  magnetically  cured,  which  CroUius  and  Goclenius 
in  a  book  of  lute  hath  defended,  Libavius  in  a  just  tract  as 
stiffly  contradicts,  and  most  men  controvert.  All  the  world 
knows  there  is  no  virtue  in  such  charms  or  cures,  but  a  strong 
conceit  and  opinion  alone,  as  *  Pomponatius  holds,  "  which 
forceth  a  motion  of  the  humours,  (spirits,  and  blood,  which 
takes  away  the  cause  of  iho  malady  from  the  parts  affected." 
The  like  we  may  say  of  our  magical  effects,  superstitious 
^^ores,  and  such  aa  are  done  by  mountebanks  and  wizards. 
^^B&s  by  wicked  incredulity  many  men  are  hurt  (so  sailb 
^^^■Tierus  of  charms,  spells,  &c.),  we  tind  in  our  experience, 
^^Ipthe  name  means  many  ai-e  relieved."  An  empiric  often- 
times, and  a  silly  chirui'geon,  doth  more  strange  cures  than  a 
rational  physician.  Nymannus  gives  a  reason,  because  the 
ftatieot  puts  his  confidence  in  him,  *  which  Avicenna  "  pre- 
1  before  art,  precepts,  and  all  remedies  whatsoever."     Tia 


342  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  Lwcli 

opinion  alone  (saith  ^  Cardan),  that  makes  or  mars  physicians, 
and  he  doth  the  best  cures,  according  to  Hippoci'ates,  in  whom 
most  trust.  So  diversely  doth  this  fantasy  of  ours  affect, 
turn,  and  wind,  so  imperiously  command  our  bodies,  which  as 
another  ^  ^'  Proteus,  or  a  chameleon,  can  take  all  shapes ;  and 
is  of  such  force  (as  Ficinus  adds),  that  it  can  work  upon 
others,  as  well  as  ourselves."  How  can  otherwise  blear  eyes 
in  one  man  cause  the  like  affection  in  another  ?  Why  doth 
one  man's  yawning  *  make  another  yawn  ?  One  man's  piss- 
ing provoke  a  second  many  times  to  do  the  like  ?  Why  doth 
scraping  of  trenchers  offend  a  third,  or  hacking  of  files? 
Why  doth  a  carcass  bleed  when  the  murderer  is  brought  be- 
fori  it,  some  weeks  after  the  murder  hath  been  done  ?  Why 
do  witches  and  old  women  fascinate  and  bewitch  children: 
but  as  Wierus,  Paracelsus,  Cardan,  Mizaldus,  Valleriola, 
Caesar  Vanninus,  Campanella,  and  many  philosophers  think, 
the  forcible  imagination  of  the  one  party  moves  and  alters 
the  spirits  of  the  other.  Nay  more,  they  can  cause  and  cure 
not  only  diseases,  maladies  and  several  infirmities,  by  this 
means,  as  Avicenna  de  anim.  L  4,  sect  4,  supposeth  in  parties 
remote,  but  move  bodies  from  their  places,  cause  thunder, 
lightning,  tempests,  which  opinion  Alkindus,  Paracelsus,  and 
some  others,  approve  of.  So  that  I  may  certainly  conclude 
this  strong  conceit  or  imagination  is  astrum  hon  ints,  and  the 
rudder  of  this  our  ship,  which  reason  should  steer,  but  over* 
borne  by  fantasy  cannot  manage,  and  so  suffers  itself  and  this 
whole  vessel  of  ours  to  be  overruled,  and  often  overturned. 
Read  more  of  this  in  Wierus,  /.  3,  de  Lamits,  c,  8,  9,  10. 
Franciscus,  Valesius  med.  controv,  L  5,  cont.  6.  Marcellus 
Donatus,  h2,c.\,de  hist.  med.  miraUL  Levinus  Lemnius,  di 
occult,  not.  mir.  I.  1,  c.  12.  Cardan,  /.  18,  de  rerum  vcff* 
Com.  Agrippa,  de  occult,  philos.  cap.  64,  65.  Camerarius, 
1  cent.  cap.  54,  horarum  suhcis.     Nymannus,  morai.  de  Imag* 

*  PltireB  (tanat  !n  qnem  plnrfw  confl-  Cbamaeleon,  corptw  proprlnm  et  aWenu* 

dunt.  lib.  tie  mpientia.             3  Marcilios  nonnunquam  afflcieaa.     *  Cur  oaAtMxML 

llclnuR,  1. 18.  c.  18.  d«  theolojr.  Platonica.  oscitent,  >nerua. 
Imaginatio    est   tanquam   Proteus    yel 


Mem.  8,  sobB,  8.]      JXvtsion  of  Perturbations,  349 

Laurendus,  and  him  that  is  instar  omnium^  Fienus,  a  famous 
physician  of  Antwerp  that  wrote  three  books  de  viribus  imagi^ 
nationis,  I  have  thus  far  digressed,  because  this  imagination 
is  the  medium  deferens  of  passions,  bj  whose  means  thej 
work  and  produce  many  times  prodigious  effects  ;  and  as  the 
fantasy  is  more  or  less  intended  or  remitted,  and  their  hu- 
mours disposed,  so  do  perturbations  move,  more  or  less,  and 
take  deeper  impression. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Division  of  Perturbations. 

Perturbations  and  passions,  which  trouble  the  fantasy, 
though  they  dwell  between  the  confines  of  sense  and  reason, 
yet  they  rather  follow  sense  than  reason,  because  they  are 
drowned  in  corporeal  organs  of  sense.  They  are  commonly 
*  reduced  into  two  inclinations,  irascible  and  concupiscible. 
The  Thomists  subdivide  them  into  eleven,  six  in  the  covet- 
ing, and  five  in  the  invading.  Aristotle  reduceth  all  to 
pleasure  and  pain,  Plato  to  love  and  hatred,  ^  Vives  to  good 
and  bad.  If  good,  it  is  present,  and  then  we  absolutely  joy 
and  love ;  or  to  come,  and  then  we  desire  and  hope  for  it 
If  evil,  we  absolutely  hate  it ;  if  present,  it  is  sorrow ;  if  to 
come,  fear.  These  four  passions  '  Bernard  compares  "  to  the 
wheels  of  a  chariot,  by  which  we  are  carried  in  this  world." 
All  other  passions  are  subordinate  unto  these  four,  or  six,  as 
some  will :  love,  joy,  desire,  hatred,  sorrow,  fear  ;  the  rest,  as 
anger,  envy,  emulation,  pride,  jealousy,  anxiety,  mercy,  shame, 
discontent,  despair,  ambition,  avarice,  &c.,  are  reducible  unto 
the  first ;  and  if  they  be  immoderate,  they  *  consume  the 
spirits,  and  melancholy  is  especially  caused  by  them.  Some 
few  discreet  men  there  are,  that  can  govern  themselves,  and 
curb  in  these  inordinate  affections,  by  religion,  philosophy, 
and  such  divine  precepts,  of  meekness,  patience,  and  the 
like  ;  but  most  part  for  want  of  government,  out  of  indiscre- 
tion, ignorance,  they  suffer  themselves  wholly  to  be  led  by 

1 T.  W.  Jesuit.  3  3,  de  Anima.    hoc  mundo.      ^  Ilarum  quippe  immode- 

*  8er.  85.  lite  quatuor  pasRiones  sunt  ratione,  spiritua  marcescunt.  Fernel. 
tanquam  rotse  ia  curru,  quibus  Tehimur    1. 1.  Path.  c.  18. 


844  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  see.  2. 

sense,  and  are  so  far  from  repressing  rebellious  inclinations, 
that  thej  give  all  encouragement  unto  them,  leaving  the 
reins,  and  using  all  provocations  to  further  them  ;  bad  by  na- 
ture, worse  by  art,  discipline,  *  custom,  education,  and  a  per- 
verse will  of  their  own,  they  follow  on,  wheresoever  their 
unbridled  affections  will  transport  them,  and  do  more  out  of 
custom,  self-will,  than  out  of  reason.  Contumax  voluntas 
as  Melancthon  calls  it,  malvm  factt :  this  stubborn  will  of 
ours  perverts  judgment,  which  sees  and  knows  what  should 
and  ought  to  be  done,  and  yet  will  not  do  it.  Mancipia 
gtdce^  slaves  to  their  several  lusts  and  appetite,  they  precipi- 
tate and  plunge  ^  themselves  into  a  labyrinth  of  cares  blinded 
with  lust,  blinded  with  ambition  ;  •  "  They  seek  that  at  God*8 
hands  which  they  may  give  unto  themselves,  if  they  could 
but  refrain  from  those  cares  and  perturbations,  wherewith 
they  continually  macerate  their  minds."  But  giving  way  to 
these  violent  passions  of  fear,  grief,  shame,  revenge,  hatred, 
malice,  &c.,  they  are  torn  in  pieces,  as  Actaeon  was  with  bis 
dogs,  and  *  crucify  their  own  souls. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Sorrow^  a  Cause  of  Melancholy. 

Sorrow,  Insanus  dolor,']  In  this  catalogue  of  passions^ 
which  so  much  torment  the  soul  of  man,  and  cause  this 
malady  (for  I  will  briefly  speak  of  them  all,  and  in  their 
order),  the  first  place  in  this  irascible  appetite,  may  justly  be 
challenged  by  sorrow.  An  inseparable  companion,  *"The 
mother  and  daughter  of  melancholy,  her  epitome,  symptom, 
and  chief  cause ; "  as  Hippocrates  hath  it,  they  beget  one 
another,  and  tread  in  a  ring,  for  sorrow  is  both  cause  and 

1  Mali  consnetndine  deprayatnr  inge-  turbationibns,  qnlbus  assidu^  m  maee* 

nium  nn  bene  faciat.    Prosper  Calenus,  rant,  imperare  vellent.        *  Tanto  studic 

1.  de  atr<l  bile.    Plura  fatiunt  homines  i  xniseriarum  cauHas.  et  alimenta  doloram 

consuetu'line.  quam  ^  ratione.   A  teneris  quserimus,  Tittimque  secus  feliciseimam, 

assuescere  multum  est.     Video  meliora  tristem  et  miserabilem  efficimus.      Po* 

proboque.  deteriora  ftequor.  Ovid.     *  Ne-  trarch.  praefat.  de  Kemedila,  &c.       "ll* 

mo  Iseditur  nisi  k  seipso.        '  Multi  se  in  mor  et  moestitia,  si  diu  perseverent,  ransft 

!nquie^udinem     praecipitant    ambitione  et  soboles  atri  humoris  sunt,  et  in  circu- 

etcupi(litatibusexca>cati,  non  intelligunt  lum  se  procreant.    Hip.  Aphoris.28,  !•  6. 

ee  illud  k  diis  petere,  quod  sibi  ipsis  si  Idem  Montaltus,  cap.  19.    Victorius  Fa?- 

velint  prsestare  iM)ssiii^i,  ai  curia  et  per-  eatinus  pract.  imag. 


Mem.  8,  snos.  4.]  Sorrow^  a  Cause.  345 

sjmptom  of  this  disease.  How  it  is  a  symptom  shall  be 
shown  in  its  place.  That  it  is  a  cause  all  the  world  acknowl- 
edgeth,  Dolor  nonntdlus  insanice  causa  fuit^  et  aliorum  mor- 
horum  insanabilium,  saith  Plutarch  to  ApoUonius ;  a  cause 
of  madness,  a  cause  of  manj  other  diseases,  a  sole  cause  of 
this  mischief,  ^  Lemnius  calls  it.  So  doth  Rhasis,  cont.  L  1, 
tract.  9.  Guianerius,  Tract.  15,  c.  5.  And  if  it  take  root 
once,  it  ends  in  despair,  as  ^  Felix  Plater  observes,  and  as  in 

•  Cebes's  table  may  well  be  coupled  with  it.  *  Chrysostom 
in  his  seventeenth  epistle  to  Olympia,  describes  it  to  be  a 
cruel  torture  of  the  soul,  a  most  inexplicable  grief,  poisoned 
worm,  consuming  body  and  soul,  and  gnawing  the  very  heart, 
a  perpetual  executioner,  continual  night,  profound  darkness,  a 
whirlwind,  a  tempest,  an  ague  not  appearing,  heating  worse 
than  any  fire,  and  a  battle  that  hath  no  end.  It  crucifies 
worse  than  any  tyrant ;  no  torture,  no  strappado,  no  bodily 
punishment  is  like  unto  it.  'Tis  the  eagle  without  question 
which  the  poets  feigned  to  gnaw  *  Prometheus  heart,  and  "  no 
heaviness  is  like  unto  the  heaviness  of  the  heart,"  Eccles. 
XXV.  15,  16.  • "  Every  perturbation  is  a  misery,  but 
grief  a  cruel  torment,"  a  domineering  passion  ;  as  in  old 
Rome,  when  the  Dictator  was  created,  all  inferior  magistra- 
cies ceased ;  when  grief  appears,  all  other  passions  vanish. 
"It  dries  up  the  bones,"  saith  Solomon,  ch.  17,  Pro  v., 
**  makes  them  hollow-eyed,  pale,  and  lean,  furrow-faced,  to 
have  dead  looks,  wrinkled  brows,  shrivelled  cheeks,  dry  bod- 
ies, and  quite  perverts  their  temperature  that  are  misaffected 
with  it     As  Eleonora,  that  exiled  mournful  duchess  (in  our 

*  English  Ovid),  laments  to  her  noble  husband  Humphrey, 
duke  of  Glocester, 

1  Maltl  ex  moerore  et  metn  hno  delaptd  eonfnimenn,  Jugio  nox,  et  tenebne  proftin* 

font.    Lemn.  lib.  1,  rap.  16.        *  Multl  dae,  tempeRtas  et  turbo  et  febri'4  non  ap- 

eorlct  tristitia  faciunt  accedere  melan-  parenfl.  omni  igne   valiJiufl  inrendens; 

eholiam  (cap.  8,  de  mentis  alien.)  si  altas  longior,  et  pugnse  finem  non  habenn 

radices  agat.  in  Teratn  flxamque  degene-  crueem  circumfert  dolor,  facicnique  omni 

Tat  melanchoIi\m  et  in   desperationem  tyranno  crudeliorem  prae  Re  furt.      &  Nat. 

lesinit.        *  Ille  luctuR,  ejus  verd  soroi-  Comes  Mythol.  I.  4.  c.  6.        «  Tully  8, 

ieKperatio  Riinul  ponitur.       *  Animarnm  Turc.  omniR  perturbatio  niiReria  et  car- 

crudele  tomientum,  dolor  inexplicabilis,  nificina  est  dolor.        "  M.  Draytou  iu  liif 

tinea,  non  solum  ossa  sed  corda  pertin-  Her.  ep. 
^enSf  perpetuus  carnifex.  Tires   auimsB 


846  Cattses  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  & 

"  Sawest  thon  those  eyes  in  whose  sweet  c  heerflil  look 
Duke  Humphry  once  such  joy  and  pleasure  took, 
Sorrow  hath  so  despoil' d  me  of  all  grace, 
Thou  could*st  not  say  this  was  my  £lnor*8  face. 
Like  a  foul  Gorjijon,"  &c. 

*"it  hinders  concoction,  refrigerates  the  heart,  takes  away 
stomach,  colour,  and  sleep,  thickens  the  blood  (*  Femelius 
/.  1,  cap.  18,  de  morh,  causis),  contaminates  the  spirits." 
(•  Piso.)  Overthrows  the  natural  heat,  perverts  the  good 
estate  of  body  and  mind,  and  makes  them  weary  of  their 
lives,  cry  out,  howl  and  roar  for  very  anguish  of  their  souls. 
David  confessed  as  much.  Psalm  xxxviii.  8,  "  I  have  roared 
for  the  very  disquietness  of  my  heart."  And  Psalm  cxix. 
4  part,  4  v.  "My  soul  melteth  away  for  very  heaviness," 
V.  83,  "  I  am  like  a  bottle  in  the  smoke."  Antiochus  com- 
plained that  he  could  not  sleep,  and  that  his  heart  fainted  for 
grief,  *  Christ  himself,  Vir  dolorum,  out  of  an  apprehension 
of  grief,  did  sweat  blood,  Mark  xiv.  "  His  soul  was  heavy  to 
the  death,  and  no  sorrow  was  like  unto  his."  Crato  consiL 
21,  /.  2,  gives  instance  in  one  that  was  so  melancholy  by  rea- 
son of  *  grief ;  and  Montanus  consiL  30,  in  a  noble  matron, 
• "  that  had  no  other  cause  of  this  mischief."  I.  S.  D.  in 
Hildesheim,  fully  cured  a  patient  of  his  that  was  much 
troubled  with  melancholy,  and  for  many  years,  '  "  but  after- 
wards, by  a  little  occasion  of  sorrow,  he  fell  into  his  former 
fits,  and  was  tormented  as  before."  Examples  are  common, 
how  it.causeth  melancholy,  ®  desperation,  and  sometimes  death 
itself;  for  (Eccles.  xxxviii.  15),  "Of  heaviness  comes  death; 
worldly  sorrow  causeth  death."  2  Cor.  vii.  10,  Psalm  xxxi. 
10.  "  My  life  is  wasted  with  heaviness,  and  my  years  with 
mourning."  Why  was  Hecuba  said  to  be  turned  to  a  dog  ? 
Niobe  into  a  stone  ?  but  that  for  grief  she  was  senseless  and 

1  Crato  consil.  21.  lib.  2,  moestitii  unl-  vl.  18,  11.  ^Moerore  maceror,  mar- 

Tersum  infHgidat    corpus,   calorem  in-  cesco  et  conf^nesco    miser,   (issa  atqai 

natum    extin<;uit,    appetitum    destruit.  pellis  sum  misera  macritudiGe.    Plaai. 

8  Cor   refrigerat    tristitia,    spiritus    ex-  <>  Malum  inceptum  et  actum  a  trisdtb 

Biccat,     innatumque     calorem     obruit,  sola.  7  HHdeaheim,  spicel.  2.  de  mel- 

vigili.'is  inducit,  concoctionem  labefactat,  ancholia,  moerore  animi  postea  accedent»| 

sanguinem  iDcriiswit,  exa(;^eratque  mel-  in  priora  symptomata  incidit.         ^  Mm 

ancholicum  succum.       ^  Spiritus  et  mn-  8.  de  auima,  c.  de   moerore.   Sabin.  is 

guu  hoc  coutamiuatur.   Piao.       *  Marc,  Ovid. 


».S.] 


^^Ktr,  a  Cause, 


Si7 


Severus,  the  Emperor,  ^clied  for  grief;  and  how 
"'many  myriads  besides?  Tanta  iUi  at  ferilas,  lanla  ett 
inaania  ladiit.'  Melancthon  gives  a  reason  of  it,  * "  the 
gathering  of  much  melancjioly  blood  about  the  heart,  which 
collection  exlinguisheth  the  good  spirits,  or  at  least  dulleth 
them,  sorrow  strikes  the  heart,  makea  it  tremble  and  pine 
away,  with  great  pain  ;  and  the  black  blood  drawn  from  the 

En,  and  diffused  under  the  ribs,  on  the  left  siJe,  makea 
perilous  hypochondriacal  convulaions,  which  happen  to 
that  are  troubled  with  sorrow." 
SuBSECT.  V. — Fear,  a  Cause. 
>uaiN-GEi{MAN'  lo  sorrow  is  fear,  or  ralher  a  sister,  JidoM 
1s»,  and  continual  companion,  an  assislanl  and  a  prin- 
cipal  agent  in  procuring  of  thia  mischief;  a  cause  and  symp- 
tom as  the  other.  In  a  word,  as  *  Virgil  trf  tlie  Harpiea, 
I  may  justly  say  of  them  both, 

f"  Tristius  hnutl  illlfl  monstram,  nee  aiETlor  ulla 
\  Peitb  et  ira  Denni  Biygiia  aese  extullt  undis." 

f        "A  Bddder mo 
y  Or  Teagesnc 

'This  foul  fiend  of  fear  was  worshipped  heretofore  as  a  god 
^  the  Lacedaimonians,  and  most  of  those  other  torturing 
affections,  and  so  was  sorrow  amongst  the  rest,  nniier  the 
name  of  Angerona  Dea,  they  stood  in  such  awe  of  them,  as 
Austin  de  Civilat.  Dei,  lib.  4,  cap.  8,  noteth  out  of  Varro,fear 
was  commonly  '  adored  and  painted  in  their  temples  with  a 
^Hed'a  head;  and  as  Macroblus  records,  L  10,  Satnmalhim; 
^^Pln  the  tadends  of  January,  Angerona  had  her  holy  day,  to 


■.  TD,gi-  q. 


I    arel^lt  l|.<  q 


Jb,8, 


ringltur,    Ginlil.  SynB 


''"«.cllo'rn*i''1!S 


fajpocLi<^Dddu>u  tUtiu  &^t,  <iaoil  to 


318  CauMf  of  Melanehofy.  [Pi 

whom  in  (he  temple  of  Tolupia,  or  goddess  of  plea 
Biigurs  and  bi^hop^  did  yearly  sacrifice ;  that,  being 
to  lliem,  she  might  expfi]  all  cares,  anguish,  and  vi 
the  mind  for  that  year  following."  Many  lamenlf 
tliis  fear  causeth  in  men,  as  to  be  red,  pale,  trem 
'  it  makes  sudden  cold  and  heat  to  come  over  all 
pnlpltation  of  the  heart,  syncojie,  &a.  It  amazeth  : 
that  are  to  speak,  or  show  themselves  in  public  assi 
before  some  great  personages,  as  Tuljy  confessed  i 
tlmt  he  trembled  still  at  the  beginning  of  his  sp 
Decno.sthenea,  that  great  orator  of  Greece,  before 
It  confounds  voice  and  memory,  as  Lucian  wittin 
in  Jupiter  Tragcedus,  so  much  afraid  of  his  auditory 
was  10  make  a  speech  to  the  reat  of  the  gods,  thai 
rot  utter  a  ready  word,  but  was  compelled  to  nse 
help  in  prompting.  Many  men  are  so  amazed  and 
with  fear,  they  know  not  where  they  are,  whati 

*  whfit  they  do,  and  that  which  ia  worse,  it  torti 
mnny  days  before  with  continual  atfrights  and  sua] 
binders  most  honourable  attempts,  and  makes  th 
ache,  sad  and  heavy.     They  that  live  in  fear  are  i 

*  re^cjute,  secure,  never  merry,  but  in  continual  p 
as  Vivea  truly  s^d,  Nalla  est  miseria  major  quam 
greater  mi>erj',  no  rack,  nor  torture  like  unto  it, 
picions,  anxious,  solicitous,  they  are  cliildishly  droo 
out  reason,  without  judgment,  *"  especially  if  son 
object  be  offered,"'  as  Plutarch  hath  it.  It  causeth 
Buddnn  madness,  and  almost  all  manner  of  diseases, 
sufficiently  illustrated  in  my  'digression  of  the  forci 
ination,  and  shall  do  more  ut  large  in  my  section  o: 
Fear  makes  our  imagination  conceive  what  it  list, : 


Mem.  8,  ^tibs.  6.]  Shame  and  Disgrace,  Causes.  3iS 

devil  to  come  to  us,  as  *  Agrippa  and  Cardan  avouch,  and 
tjrannizeth  over  our  fantasy  more  than  all  other  afFectionSi 
especially  in  the  dark.  We  see  this  verified  in  most  men,  as 
*  Lavater  saith,  Qiub  metutmi,  Jingunt ;  what  they  fear  they 
<»onceive,  and  feign  unto  themselves ;  they  think  they  see 
goblins,  hags,  devils,  and  many  times  become  melancholy 
thereby.  Cardan,  subtil,  lib.  18,  hath  an  example  of  such  an 
one,  so  caused  to  be  melancholy  (by  sight  of  a  bugbear)  all 
his  life  after.  Augustus  Caesar  durst  not  sit  in  the  dark,  nisi 
aliquo  assidente,  saith  '  Suetonius,  Nunquam  tenebris  evigilaviL 
And  'tis  strange  what  women  and  children  will  conceive  unto 
themselves,  if  they  go  over  a  churchyard  in  the  nigbt,  lie,  or 
be  alone  in  a  dark  room,  how  they  sweat  and  tremble  on  a 
sudden.  Many  men  are  troubled  with  future  events,  fore- 
knowledge of  their  fortunes,  destinies,  as  Severus  the  em- 
peror, Adrian  and  Domitian,  Quod  sciret  ultimum  vitce  diemy 
saith  Suetonius,  valde  soh'citus,  much  tortured  in  mind  because 
he  foreknew  his  end ;  with  many  such,  of  which  I  shall  speak 
more  opportunely  in  another  place  *  Anxiety,  mercy,  pity, 
indignation,  &c.,  and  such  fearful  branches  derived  from  these 
two  stems  of  fear  and  sorrow,  I  voluntarily  omit ;  read  more 
of  them  in  *  Carolus  Pascalius,  ®  Dandinus,  &c. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Shame  and  Disgrace,  Causes. 

Shame  and  disgrace  cause  most  violent  passions  and  bitter 
pangs.  Ob  pudorem  et  dedecus  publicum,  ob  errorem  commis^ 
sum  scepe  moventur  generosi  animi  (Felix  Plater,  lib.  3,  de 
alienat.  mentis)  :  Generous  minds  are  often  moved  with 
shame,  to  despair  for  some  public  disgrace.  And  he,  saith 
Philo,  lib.  2,  de  provid.  dei,  *  "  that  subjects  himself  to  fear, 
grief,  ambition,  shame,  is  not  happy,  but  altogether  miserable, 
tortured  with  continual  labour,  care,  and  misery."     It  is  as 

1  Subtil.  18,  lib.  tlmor  attrahit  ad  8e  o  Com.  in  Ariat.  de  Anima.  *  Qui 

Dcmonas,   timor   et  error  multum    in  mentem    snbjecit    timoris    dominationi, 

bominibus  posflunt.         >  Lib.  2,  Spectria  cupiditatis.  dolori8,  ambitionis,  pudoris, 

ea.  8,  fortes  rar6  npectra  yident,  quia  felix  non  est,  sed  omnin  miser,  assiduk 

minus  timent.      >  Vita  ejus.      *  Sect.  2,  laboribus  torquetur  et  miseria. 
Uemb.  4,  Subi.  7.        ^  De  Tirt.  et  vitiis 


850  Causes  of  Mdanchdy.  [Part.  L  sec  t 

forcible  a  batterer  as  any  of  the  rest ;  ^  "  Many  men  neglect 
the  tumults  of  the  world,  and  care  not  for  glory,  and  yet  they 
are  afraid  of  infamy,  repulse,  disgrace,  (^Tul,  offin.  L  1,)  they 
can  severely  contemn  pleasure,  t)ear  grief  indifferently,  but 
they  are  quite  *  battered  and  broken  with  reproach  and  oblo- 
quy;"  (siquidem  vita  etfama  pari  pctssu  ambulant)  and  are 
60  dejected  many  times  for  some  public  injury,  disgrace,  as  a 
box  on  the  ear  by  their  inferior,  to  be  overcome  of  their  ad- 
versary, foiled  in  the  field,  to  be  out  in  a  speech,  some  foul 
fact  committed  or  disclosed,  &c.,  that  they  dare  not  come 
abroad  all  their  lives  after,  but  melancholize  in  comers,  and 
keep  in  holes.  The  most  generous  spirits  are  most  subject  to 
it ;  Spiritus  altos  frangit  et  generosos :  Hieronymus.  Aris- 
totle, because  he  could  not  understand  the  motion  of  Euripus, 
for  grief  and  shame  drowned  himself :  Ccelius  Rodiginus  an- 
tiquar,  lee.  lib.  29,  cap.  8.  Homer  us  pudore  consumptus,  was 
swallowed  up  with  this  passion  of  shame  •  "  because  he  could 
not  unfold  the  fisherman*s  riddle."     Sophocles  killed  himself, 

*  "  for  that  a  tragedy  of  his  was  hissed  off  the  stage : "  Valer, 
Max.  lib.  9,  cap.  12.     Lucretia  stabbed  herself,  and  so  did 

*  Cleopatra,  "  when  she  saw  that  she  was  reserved  for  a  tri- 
umph, to  avoid  the  infamy."  Antonius  the  Roman,  • "  after 
he  was  overcome  of  his  enemy,  for  three  days'  space  sat  soli- 
tary in  the  fore-part  of  the  ship,  abstaining  from  all  company, 
even  of  Cleopatra  herself,  and  afterwards  for  very  shame 
butchered  himself,"  Plutarch  vita  efus.  "Apollonius  Rho- 
dius  '^  wilfully  banished  himself,  forsaking  his  country,  and  all 
his  dear  friends,  because  he  was  out  in  reciting  his  poems,** 
Plinius,  lib.  7,  cap.  23.  Ajax  ran  mad,  because  his  arms 
were  adjudged  to  Ulysses.  In  China  'tis  an  ordinary  thing 
for  such  as  are  excluded  in  those  famous  trials  of  theirs,  or 

1  Mult!  contemnunt  mnndi  strepltnm,  vere  non  posaet.  *  Ob  Tragoedlam 

reputant  pm  nihilo  gloriatn,  sed  timent  explosam,  mortem  sibi  gladio  conwivit 

infamiam,  ofTenRionem,  repulsam.     Vo-  &  Cum  yidit  in  triumphum  se  mmA 

luptatem    severiai^im^    contemnunt,    in  cauRa  ejus  ignominias  yitandte  mortem 

dolore  sunt  molliores,  gloriam  negligunt,  sibi  conscivit     Plut.  0  Bello  Tictiu, 

franguntur  infamia.  ^  Gravius  con-  per  tres  dies  sedit  in  prora  nayiSf  absti* 

tumeliam  ferimuR  quam  detrimentum,  ni  nens  ab  omni  consortio,  etiam  Cleopatrai 

ftbjecto  nimis  animo   simns.      Plut.  in  postea  se  interfecit.        T  Cum  mali  red* 

SimoL         8  Quod  piscatoris  nnigma  sol-  tasset  Argonautica,  ob  padorem  exolaTil 


Hern.  8,  subs.  6.]    Shame  and  Disgrace,  Causes,  851 

Diiould  take  degrees,  for  shame  and  grief  to  lose  their  wits, 
'^Mat.  Riccius  expedit,  ad  Sincts,  L  3,  c.  9.  Hostratus  the 
friar  took  that  book  which  Reuchlin  had  writ  against  liim, 
nnder  the  name  of  Epist  •ohscurorum  virorum,  so  to  heart, 
that  for  shame  and  grief  he  made  away  himself,  *  Jovius  in 
dogiis,  A  grave  and  learned  minister,  and  an  ordinary 
preacher  at  Alcmar  in  Holland,  was  (one  day  as  he  walked 
in  the  fields  for  his  recreation)  suddenly  taken  with  a  lax  or 
looseness,  and  thereupon  compelled  to  retire  to  the  next 
ditch;  but  being  'surprised  at  unawares,  by  some  gentle- 
women of  his  parish  wandering  that  way,  was  so  abashed, 
that  he  did  never  after  show  his  head  in  public,  or  come  intc 
the  pulpit,  but  pined  away  with  melancholy :  {Pet.  Forestus 
med,  obset'vcU.  lib,  10,  observat,  12.)  So  shame  amongst  other 
passions  can  play  his  prize. 

I  know  there  be  many  base,  impudent,  brazen-faced  rogues, 
that  will  *  Nulla  pallescere  culpa,  be  moved  with  nothing,  take 
no  infamy  or  disgrace  to  heart,  laugh  at  all ;  let  them  be 
proved  perjured,  stigmatized,  convict  rogues,  thieves,  traitors, 
lose  their  ears,  be  whipped,  branded,  carted,  pointed  at,  hissed, 
reviled,  and  derided  with  *  Ballio  the  Bawd  in  Plautus,  they 
rejoice  at  it,  Cantores  probos ;  "  baboe  and  bombax,"  what 
care  they  ?     We  have  too  many  such  in  our  times, 

*•  Exclaraat  Melicerta  perfsse 
Frontem  de  rebus,"  * 

Yet  a  modest  man,  one  that  hath  grace,  a  generous  spirit, 
tender  of  his  reputation,  will  be  deeply  wounded,  and  so 
grievously  aflfected  with  it,  that  he  had  rather  give  myriads 

1  Qnidam   pne  yerecnndia   simtil   et  Ps.  Verbero.    B.  qnippeni?    Ps.  furcifer. 

dolore  in  iosaniam  iaciJunt.  eo  quod  a  B.  factum  optime.    Ps.  soci  fraude.    B. 

literatorum  gradu  in  examine  excludua-  sunt  mea  Lstnc.    Ps.  parricida.  B.  perge 

tor.  ^  Dostratus  cucullatus  adeo  tu.   Ps.  flacrileKe.   B.  fateor.  Ps.  peijure. 

crariter  ob  Reuolini  librum,  qui  inscribi-  B.  vera  dicis.  Ps.  pemities  adolem>entum. 

tur,  Epl'<tol8D  obscurorum  virorum,  do-  B.  acerrimfe.  Ps.  fur.   B.  babse.   Ps.  fugl- 

lore  siiuul  et  pudore  sauciatus,  ut  seip-  tive.    B.  bombax!    Ps.  fraus  populi.    B. 

ram  interfecerit.  >  Propter  ruborem  Plani»sim6.     Ps.   impure  leno,  coenum. 

confu.tus,  Btatim  coepit  delirare,  &c.,  ob  B.  cantores  probos.     Pseudolus.  Act.  1. 

Buspicionemf  quo'l  vlli  ilium  crimine  ac-  Seen.  3.  o  Melicerta  exclaims,  ^'all 

CQsarent.        ^  Ilorat.        &  Fs.  Impudice.  shame  haA  vani.^hed  from  hum^n  tracf- 

B   Ita  est.    Ph.  sceleste.    B.  dicis  vera,  actions."    Persius,  Sat.  6. 


852  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

of  crowns,  lose  his  life,  than  suffer  the  least  defamation  of 
honour,  or  blot  in  his  good  name.  And  if  so  be  that  he  can- 
not avoid  it,  as  a  nightingale,  Quce  cantando  mcta  moritur 
(saith  ^Mizaldus),  dies  for  shame  if  another  bird  sing  bettor, 
he  languisheth  and  pineth  awaj  in  the  anguish  of  his  spirit 

SuBSECT.  VII. — Envy,  Malice,  ffatred,  Caitses. 

Envy  and  malice  are  two  links  of  this  chain,  and  both,  as 
Guianerius  Tract.  15,  cap.  2,  proves  out  of  Galen  3  Aphor- 
ism.  com.  22,  ^ "  cause  this  malady  by  themselves,  especially 
if  their  bodies  be  otherwise  disposed  to  melancholy."  *Tis 
Valescus  de  Taranta,  and  Foelix  Platerus's  observation, 
•  '*  Envy  so  gnaws  many  men's  hearts,  that  they  become  alto- 
gether melancholy."  And  therefore  belike  Solomon,  Prov. 
xiv.  13,  calls  it,  "  the  rotting  of  the  bones,"  Cyprian,  vtdnia 

occuUum  ; 

4"  Siculi  non  invenere  tyranni 
Majus  tcrmentum  " 

The  Sicilian  tyrants  never  invented  the  like  torment.  It 
crucifies  their  souls,  withers  their  bodies,  makes  them  hollow- 
eyed,  *  pale,  lean,  and  ghastly  to  behold,  Cyprian,  ser.  2,  ds 
zelo  et  livore.  ®"As  a  moth  gnaws  a  garment,  ?o,"  saith 
Chrysostom,  "  doth  envy  consume  a  man ;  to  be  a  living 
anatomy ;  a  skeleton,  to  be  a  lean  and  "^  pale  carcass,  quick- 
ened with  a  ®  fiend,"  Hall  in  Charact.  for  so  often  as  an  en- 
vious wretch  sees  another  man  prosper,  to  be  enriched,  to 
thrive,  and  be  fortunate  in  the  world,  to  get  honours,  offices, 
or  the  like,  he  repines  and  gi'ieves. 

9  "  intabescitqne  videndo 
Successus  hominum suppliciumque  suum  est." 

1  Cent.  7  e  Plinio.        *  Multos  videmus  conoumit.              ''  Pallor  in  oto  iedet, 

propter   invidiam    et  odium   in  melan-  maoiea  in  corpore  toto.     Nusquam  recta 

choliam    incidisse:    et  illos  potissimum  aciea,  livent  ruhigine  dentes.        ^Diaboli 

quorum    corpora   ad   hanc  apta   8unt  expres^a  Imago,  toxicumcharitatis,  vene- 

sinvidiaaflaigit  liomineaadeo  et  corrodit,  num  amicitise,  abyssus  mentis,  i.on  est 

ut  hi  melancholici  penitus  fiant.      ^  Ilor.  eo   monstrosius    monstrnra,   damnositif 

ftlliJtyultus  minax.  torvus  aspectus,  pal-  damnum,  urit,  torret,  diacruciat,  macie 

lor  in  fiicie,  in  labiis  tremor.  Rtridor  in  et  aqualore  conflcit.    Austin.  Domin.  pri' 

ctontibus,  &c.        0  xjt  tinea  corrodit  ves-  mi  Advent.         ^  Ovid.  lie  pines  away  at 

timentuin,  aio  invidia  eum  qui  zelatur    the  sight  of  another's  success it  il 


a,  8,  snfia.T.]      May,  Malice,  Hatred,  Causes. 


3S3 

He  tortures  himself  if  his  equal,  friend,  neighbour,  be  pre- 
ferred, cominenJed,  do  well ;  if  he  understand  of  il,  it  galls 
faitn  afresh  ;  aud  no  greater  pain  can  come  to  him  than  to 
tear  of  another  man's  well-doing ;  'tis  a  dagger  at  his  heart 
every  s«cli  object.  He  looks  at  him  as  they  that  fell  down 
in  Lucian's  rock  of  honour,  with  an  envious  eye,  and  will 
damage  himself  lo  do  another  a  mischief:  Atqiie  cadet  subilo, 
dam  super  ho»te  eadal.  As  he  did  in  ^sop,  lose  one  eye 
willingly,  that  hia  fellow  might  lose  both,  or  that  rich  man  in 
*  Qutnlilian  that  poisoned  the  Howers  in  his  garden,  because 
bis  neighbour's  bees  should  get  no  more  Loney  from  them. 
Hj9  whole  life  ia  sorrow,  and  every  word  he  speaka  a  satire; 
nothing  iaXs  Lim  but  other  men's  ruins.  For  lo  speak  in  a 
word,  envy  is  nought  else  but  Tristitia  de  honii  alienU,  sor- 
row for  other  men's  good,  be  il  present,  past,  or  to  coiue;  et 
gmidiwrt  de  adversis,  and  'joy  at  their  harms,  opposite  to 
mercy,  ^  which  grieves  at  other  men's  mischances,  and  mia- 
affects  the  body  iu  another  kind  ;  so  Damasceu  defines  it,  lib. 
2,  de  orthod,  Jid.  Thomas  3,  2,  quxsl.  36,  art.  1,  Aristotle, 
I  2,  met.  c.  i  et  10,  Plato  Pbilebo.,  Tulty  3  Tiwc,  Greg. 
Jft'c.  L  de  virt.  aaimre,  c.  12,  Bmil.  de  Jnndict,  Piitdana  Od. 
1,  ser.  h,  and  we  find  it  true.  'Tis  a  common  disease,  and 
almost  natural  to  us,  as  'Tacitus  holds,  to  envy  another  man's 
prosperity.  And  'lis  in  most  men  an  incurable  disease.  *  "  I 
have  read,"  saith  Marcus  Aureliua,  '■  Greek,  Hebrew,  Chal- 
dee  authors ;  I  have  consulted  with  many  wise  men  for  a 
remedy  for  envy,  I  could  find  none,  but  to  renounce  all  hap- 
piness, aud  lo  be  a  wretch,  and  miserable  for  ever."  'Tis  the 
beginning  of  hell  in  this  life,  and  a  passion  not  to  he  excused. 
•"  Every  other  sin  hath  some  pleasure  annexed  lo  it,  or  will 

UupwW  lortniB.       •Doclnm.ia,  Unl-    sltno.  morbillbiiJ!  .  Mta™  rKSDlpm  »ll- 


'Id-    bont,  1»  dsKimKll,  gala  HOator,  0 


854  Causes  of  Mdanchohf.  [Part.  I.  see.  l 

admit  of  an  excuse ;  envy  alone  wants  both.  Other  sins  last 
but  for  awhile ;  the  gut  may  be  satisfied,  anger  remits^ 
hatred  hath  an  end,  envy  never  ceaseth."  Cardan,  lib.  2,  de 
sap.  Divine  and  human  examples  are  very  familiar;  you 
may  run  and  read  them,  as  that  of  Saul  and  David,  Cain  and 
Abel,  angehat  ilium  non  proprium  peccatum^  sedfrairis  pros* 
peritas,  saith  Theodoret,  it  was  his  brother's  good  fortune 
galled  him.  Rachel  envied  her  sister,  being  barren,  Gen. 
XXX.  Joseph's  brethren,  him,  Gen.  xxxvii.  David  had  a 
touch  of  this  vice,  as  he  confesseth,  *  Ps.  37.  *  Jeremy  and 
•  Habakkuk,  they  repined  at  others'  good,  but  in  the  end  they 
corrected  themselves.  Ps.  75,  "  fret  not  thyself,"  &c.  Domi- 
tian  spited  Agricola  for  his  worth,  *"that  a  private  man 
should  be  so  much  glorified."  *  Cecinna  was  envied  of  his 
fellow-citizens,  because  he  was  more  richly  adorned.  But 
of  all  others,  •  women  are  most  weak,  ob  pulchritudinem  in- 
vidcB  sunt  fiemirue  (Musceus)  aut  amaty  aut  odity  nihil  ed 
tertium  (Granatensis),  They  love  or  hate,  no  medium 
amongst  them.  Implacabiles  plerumque  Uesce  mulieres,  Agrip- 
pina  like,  "^  **  A  woman  if  she  see  her  neighbour  more  neat 
or  elegant,  richer  in  tires,  jewels,  or  apparel  is  enraged,  and 
like  a  lioness  sets  upon  her  husband,  rails  at  her,  scofis  at 
her,  and  cannot  abide  her ; "  so  the  Roman  ladies  in  Tacitus 
did  at  Solonina,  Cecinna's  wife,  ® "  because  she  had  a  better 
horse,  and  better  furniture,  as  if  she  had  hurt  them  with  it ; 
they  were  much  offended."  In  like  sort  our  gentlewomen  do 
at  their  usual  meetings,  one  repines  or  scoff's  at  another's 
bravery  and  happiness.  Myrsine,  an  Attic  wench,  was  mur- 
dered of  her  fellows,  ®"  because  she  did  excel  the  rest  in 
beauty,"  Constantine  Agricult.  L  11,  c.  7.  Every  village 
will  yield  such  examples. 

nm  finem  habet,  inyidia  nunqnam  qui-  Guianerios,  lib.  2,  cap.  8,  vim.  M.  Ann- 

escit.        1  Urebat  me  aemulatio  propter  Ui  fBemina  vicinam  ele^^ntius  se  vestitam 

gtultos.        *  Ilier.  12,   1.        ^  Hab.  1.  videas,  leaense  infltar  in  yirum  insurgit, 

*  Invidit  privati  nomen  snpra  principis  &c.        8  Quod  insigai  equo  et  ostro  t«- 
attolli.        6  Tacit.  HiRt.  lib.  2,  part  6.  heretur,  quanquam  nullius  cum  injaila, 

*  Peritnrse  dolore  et  invidia,  Ri  quein  vld-  omatum  ilium  tanqnam  Isesse  gravaban* 
erint  omatiorem  se  in  publicum  prodi-  tur.        ^  Quod  pulchritudine  omnes  eS> 

Platina  dial,  amorum.        7  Ant.    celleret,  puell»  iDdigoatse  ocoiderunt 


kiidation,  Haired,  ^e  85S 

f-^JEimilatiort,  Haired,  Faction,  Desire  of 
RtKtnge,  Cause*. 
Wroot  of  envy  i  spring  those  feral  branches  of 
I,  livor,  emulatioD,  which  cause  the  like  grier- 
e,  the  aaws  of  the  soul,  ■  eonstema- 
affeclug,  affections  full  of  desperate  amazement; 
irian  describes  emuhition,  it  is  *"a  motli  of  tbe  soul, 
tnption  to  make  another  man's  happiness  his  miseiy, 
*,  crucify,  and  execiita  himself,  to  eat  his  own  heart. 
It  and  drink  can  do  such  men  no  good,  they  do  always 
ve,  sigh,  and  groan,  day  and  night  without  intermission, 
r  breast  is  torn  asunder;"  and  a  little  after, '"  Whom- 
rer  be  is  whom  thou  dost  emulate  and  enry,  be  may 
id  tbee,  but  thou  canst  neither  avoid  him  nor  thyself; 
iresoever  thou  art  he  ia  with  thee,  thine  enemy  is  ever  ia 
breast,  thy  destruction  ia  within  thee,  thou  art  a  captive, 
nd  hand  and  foot,  as  long  as  thou  art  mahcious  and  envi- 
and  canst  not  be  comforted.  It  was  the  devil's  over- 
iw;"  and  whensoever  thou  art  thoroughly  affected  with 
paasion,  it  will  be  thine.  Yet  no  perturbation  so  fr^ 
nt^  no  passion  so  common. 


s,  pKCiu  Bine  intfnnlK>l(i» 


itlbtia  Uweqt.    Nod  ctbus  Callbnn    CyprEaTi,    bbt.    2,   d«  s 
1.  DOn  potui  po'ett  tne  Jueunilug;    <H«lod.Op.  etDIa. 
(MIU  leiiiper  at  jiBudtur,  at  dDkCUI 


854 


Gttues  of  Melanch^f. 


[Pllrt.I.BB!.f 


sdmit  of  an  eizcu^e  ;  ^a\j  alone  wonta  both.  Other  si 
but  for  awhile ;  the  gut  may  be  aatisfied,  anger  ; 
batreil  hath  an  end,  envj  never  ceoseth."  Cardan,  Hb.  %  3t 
tap.  Divine  and  human  examples  are  very  familiar  i  j« 
mny  run  and  read  them,  as  (hat  of  Saul  and  David,  Cain  « 
Abel,  tm^ehat  ilium  non  proprium  peeeatum,  ted  Jratrii  pfV'. 
peritas,  i^ailh  Ttieodoret,  it  was  his  brotbet^d  good  f 
gallud  him.  Rachel  envied  her  sister,  being  barren,  Grefti 
XXX.  Joseph's  brethren,  bim.  Gen.  xxxvii.  David  1 
touch  of  this  vice,  as  he  confesseth,  '  Fs.  S7.  'Jeremyaoi 
'  Ilabakkuk,  they  repined  at  othei's'  good,  but  in  tlie  end  111 
corrected  themselves.  Ps.  75,  "  fret  not  thyself,"  &c.  Doist 
tian  spited  Agricola  for  his  worth,  '"that  a  private  n 
should  he  eo  miicli  glorified."  '  Cecinaa  was  envied  of 
fellow-citizens,  because  he  was  more  richly  adorned.  1 
of  all  otliers,  *  women  are  most  weak,  ob  puJchrititdinem  nl 
vida  mnl  faemiiue  {Miaeeus)  aul  amal,  atd  odit,  nihil  4 
tertiiim  (Granalermt).  Tbey  love  or  hate,  ni 
amongst  them.  Tmplacahihs  plerumque  liesce  mulieret,  Agi^ 
pina  hke,  '"A  woman  if  she  see  her  neighbour  more  a 
or  elegant,  richer  in  tires,  jewels,  or  apparel  is  enraged,  I 
like  a  lioness  seta  upon  her  husband,  rails  at  her,  scofife  \ 
her,  and  cannot  abide  her ; "  so  the  Eoraan  ladies  in  Tacitq 
did  at  Solonina,  Cecinna's  wife,  °  •'  because  she  had  a  bett(j 
horse,  and  better  furniture,  as  if  she  had  hurt  them  with  it, 
they  were  much  offended,"  In  Uke  sort  our  gentlewomen  i 
at  their  usual  meetings,  one  repines  or  scoSa  at  anothet^ 
bravery  and  happiness,  Myrsine,  an  Attic  wench,  i 
dered  of  her  fellows,  '"because  she  did  escel  the  rest  j 
beauty,"  Constantine  AgrieuU.  I.  11,  e.  7.  Eve 
will  yield  such  examples. 

Dm  Dnsm  hnbet,  Inrldls  nnniiuiun  qnl-    (laliinerliii,  lib.  <i,  mp.  B, ' 


M^n.  8,  snbs.  8.]        MntUaiiony  Hatred,  S^c  855 

SuBSECT.  Vin. — Ermdation,  Haired,  Faction,  Desire  of 

Revenge,    Causes, 

Out  of  this  root  of  envy  \  spring  those  feral  branches  of 
Action,  hatred,  livor,  emulation,  which  cause  the  like  griev- 
ances, and  are,  serrce  animce,  the  saws  of  the  soul,  *  constemor' 
tionis  pleni  affectus,  affections  full  of  desperate  amazement ; 
or  as  Cyprian  describes  emulation,  it  is  ^'^  a  moth  of  the  soul, 
a  consumption  to  make  another  man's  happiness  his  misery, 
to  torture,  crucify,  and  execute  himself,  to  eat  his  own  heart. 
Meat  and  drink  can  do  such  men  no  good,  they  do  always 
grieve,  sigh,  and  groan,  day  and  night  without  intermission, 
tiieir  breast  is  torn  asunder;"  and  a  little  after,  *"  Whom- 
soever he  is  whom  thou  dost  emulate  and  envy,  he  may 
avoid  thee,  but  thou  canst  neither  avoid  him  nor  thyself; 
wheresoever  thou  art  he  is  with  thee,  thine  enemy  is  ever  in 
thy  breast,  thy  destruction  is  within  thee,  thou  art  a  captive, 
bound  hand  and  foot,  as  long  as  thou  art  malicious  and  envi- 
ous, and  canst  not  be  comforted.  It  was  the  devil's  over- 
throw ; "  and  whensoever  thou  art  thoroughly  affected  with 
this  passion,  it  will  be  thine.  Yet  no  perturbation  so  fre- 
quent, no  passion  so  common. 

*  Vial  Kspafui^  Kepafiei  Koriei  Kot  tektovi  rsicruvt 
Kcd  TTTUxbg  TTTUXV  ^^oveei  icdl  aoiddc  &oid(f>. 

A  potter  emulates  a  potter; 

One  smith  envies  another: 
A  beggar  emulates  a  beggar: 

A  singing  man  his  brother 

1  Latt  patet  inTidise  ftecundse  pemities,  dies  et  noctes,  pectus  sine  intermissione 

•t  Uror  radix  omnium   malorum,  fons  laceratur.         8  Quisquis  est  ille  quern 

eladium,  inde  odium   gurgit.  emnlatio.  aemularis,  cui  in^des  is  te  subterfugera 

Cyprian,  aer.  2,  de  Liyore.        *  Valerius,  potest,  at  tn  non  te  ubicunque  fugerls, 

1.  3,  cap.  9.        s  Quails  est  animi  tinea,  adversarius  tuus  tecum  est,  hostis  tuus 

quae  tabes  pectoris  zelare  in  altero  vel  semper  in  pectore  tuo  est,  pemicies  intus 

tUomm  feellcitatem  suam  ikcere  mioeri-  inclusa,  ligatus   es,  yictus,  zelo   domi- 

•m,  et  Telnt  quosdam  pectori  sno  admo-  nante  captivus :  nee  solatia  tibi  uUa  sub« 

Tere  carniflces,  cogitationibus  et  sensibus  yeniunt :  hinc  diabolus  inter  initia  statim 

Buis  adhlbere  tortores,  qui  se  intestinis  mundi,  et   periit    primus,  et  perdidit, 

emclatlbus  lacerent.    Non  cibus  talibus  Cyprian,    ser.    2,    de   zelo    et     livore. 

betus,  non  potns  po'.est  esse  jucundus ;  4  Hosiod.  Op.  et  Dies, 
raspirator  semper  et  gemitur,  et  doletur 


SSG  CavMt  of  Mehnchofy.  \?tai.l.tac\ 

Every  society,  corporation,  and  pri\-ate  family  is  full  of  iliil 
takes  hold  almost  of  all  sorts  of  men,  ft'om  the  prince  to 
tlie  ploughman,  eveo  amongst  gossips  it  is  to  be  seen,  «caKS 
three  in  a  company  but  there  \i  siding,  faction,  einulatioi^ 
between  two  of  them,  some  limullas,  jar,  private  gi 
tearl-buming  in  the  midat  of  them.  Scarce  two  genlleiMB 
dwell  togeiler  in  the  country  (if  they  be  not  near  kin  a 
linked  in  marriage),  but  there  is  emulation  betwixt  the* 
and  their  servants,  some  quarrel  or  some  grudge  betwi*' 
their  wives  or  children,  friends  and  followers,  some  o 
lion  about  wealth,  gentry,  precedency,  &c.,  by  means  of 
which,  like  the  frog  in  '  ^sop,  "  that  would  swell  till  she  m«! 
as  big  aa  an  ox,  burst  herself  at  last ;  "  they  will  stretch  b»*- 
yond  iheir  fortunes,  callings,  and  strive  so  long  that  theytM*' 
sume  their  substance  in  lawsuits,  or  otherwise  in  hospitality 
feasting,  fine  clothes,  to  gut  a  few  bombast  titles,  for  aahSF 
tioid  paupertate  laboramus  omnet,  to  outbrave  one  anolll^|[ 
they  will  tire  their  bodies,  macerate  their  souls,  and  throu^ 
contentions  or  mutual  invitations  beggar  themselves.  Scanv 
two  great  scholars  in  an  age,  but  wilh  bitter  inveclivea  th^ 
fall  foul  one  on  the  other,  and  their  adherents;  Scotiati 
Tliomi»ts,  Reals,  Nominals,  Plato  and  Amtotle,  Galenii 
and  Faracel^tians,  &,c,  it  holds  in  all  professions. 

Honest  °  emulation  in  studies,  in  a!l  callings  is  hottoltl 
disliked,  'tis  ingeniorum  cos,  as  one  calls  it,  the  whetstone  d 
wit,  the  nurse  of  wit  and  valour,  and  those  noble  Romans  a 
of  this  spirit  did  brave  exploits.  There  is  a  modest  an 
bition,  as  Thcmistocles  was  roused  up  with  the  gloiy  of  SS 
tiades ;  Achilles's  trophies  moved  Alexander, 


V  sluggish  humour  not  to  emulate  or  to  sne  at  bH,  1 
raw  himself,  neglect,  refrain  from  such  places,  honow 


Mem.  8,  sniw.  8.]        Emuhdion,  Hatred,  Sfe.  537 

ofSces,  tlirough  sloth,  niggardliness,  fear,  bn^hAilness,  or 
otherwise,  to  which  by  hb  birth,  place,  fortunea,  education, 
he  is  called,  apt,  fit,  and  well  able  to  undergo ;  but  when  it  ia 
immoderate,  it  ii  a  plague  and  a  miserable  pain.  What  a 
deal  of  money  did  Henry  VIII.  and  Francis  I.  king  of 
France,  spend  at  that  'famous  interview  ?  and  how  many  vmn 
courtiers,  seeking  each  to  outbrave  other,  spent  themselves, 
their  livelihood  and  fortunes,  and  died  beggars?  'Adrian  the 
emperor  vaa  so  galled  with  it,  that  he  killed  all  bis  ei^uals  ; 
BO  did  Nero.  This  passion  made  'Dionysius  the  tyrant 
banish  Plato  and  Fhiloxenus  the  poet,  l>ecause  they  did  excul 
and  eclipse  his  glory,  as  ho  thought ;  the  Romans  exile  Co- 
riolanus,  confine  Camillua,  murder  Scipio ;  the  Greeks  by 
ostracism  to  expel  Aristides,  Nicias,  Alcibi!ide3,  imprison 
Theseus,  make  away  Phocion,  &c.  When  Richard  I.  and 
Philip  of  France  were  fellow  soldiers  together,  at  the  siege 
of  Aeon  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  Richard  had  approved  him- 
self to  be  the  more  valiant  man,  insomuch  that  all  men's  eyea 
were  upon  him,  it  so  galled  Philip,  FroRcum  urebal  Re^ 
victoria,  saith  mine  *  author,  tarn  agrl  ferebat  Hichardi 
ghriam,  ul  carpers  dicta,  calumniari  facta  ;  that  he  cavilled 
at  aU  his  proceedings,  and  fell  at  length  to  open  defiance ; 
he  could  contain  no  longer,  but  hasting  home,  invaded  his 
territories,  and  professed  open  war.  "  Hatred  stirs  up  con- 
tention," Prov.  X.  12,  and  they  break  out  at  last  into  immor- 
tal enmity,  into  vimlency,  and  more  than  Vntinian  hate  and 
rage ;  '  they  persecute  each  other,  their  fi'iends,  followers, 
and  all  their  posterity,  with  bitter  taunts,  hostile  wars,  scur- 
rile  invectives,  libels,  calumnies,  fire,  sword,  and  the  like,  and 
will  not  be  reconciled.  Wimess  that  Gueljih  and  Ghibel- 
liue  faction  in  Italy;  that  of  the  Adumi  and  Fregosi  in 
Genoa;  that  of  Cneius  Papirius,  and  Quintus  Fabius  in 
Gome ;    Cfesar  and   Pompey ;    Orleans   and   Burgundy  in 


358  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec  S 

France,  Yoik  and  Lancaster  in  England;  yea,  this  passion 
BO  rageth  ^  many  times,  that  it  subverts  not  men  only,  and 
families,  but  even  populous  cities,  *  Carthage  and  Corinth 
can  witness  as  much,  nay  flounshing  kingdoms  are  brought 
into  a  wilderness  by  it.  This  hatred,  malice,  faction,  and 
desire  of  revenge,  invented  first  all  those  racks 'and  wheels, 
strappadoes,  brazen  bulls,  feral  engines,  prisons,  inquisitions, 
severe  laws  to  macerate  and  torment  one  another.  How 
happy  might  we  be,  and  end  our  time  with  blessed  days  and 
sweet  content,  if  we  could  contain  ourselves,  and,  as  we  ought 
to  do,  put  up  injuries,  learn  humility,  meekness,  patience, 
forget  and  forgive,  as  in  *  Grod's  word  we  are  enjoined,  com- 
pose such  final  controversies  amongst  ourselves,  moderate 
our  passions  in  this  kind,  "  and  think  better  of  others,"  as 

•  Paul  would  have  us,  "  than  of  ourselves :  be  of  like  afiection 
one  towards  another,  and  not  avenge  ourselves,  but  have 
peace  with  all  men."  But  being  that  we  are  so  peevish  and 
perverse,  insolent  and  proud,  so  factious  and  seditious,  so 
malicious  and  envious ;  we  do  invicem  angariare^  maul  and 
vex  one  another,  torture,  disquiet,  and  precipitate  ourselves 
into  that  gulf  of  woes  and  cares,  aggravate  our  misery  and 
melancholy,  heap  upon  us  hell  and  eternal  danmation. 

SuBSECT.  IX. — Anger,  a  Cause. 

Anger,  a  perturbation,  which  carries  the  spirits  outwards, 
preparing  the  body  to  melancholy,  and  madness  itself;  Ira 
furor  hrevis  est,  "  anger  is  temporary  madness ; "  and  as  *  Pio- 
colomineus  accounts  it,  one  of  the  three  most  violent  passions. 

•  Areteus  sets  it  down  for  an  especial  cause  (so  doth  Seneca, 
ep,  18,  /.I)  of  this  malady.  'Magninus  gives  the  reason, 
Ex frequentiira  supra  modum  calefiunt ;  it  overheats  their 
bodies,  and  if  it  be  too  frequent,  it  breaks  out  into  manifest 

1  Ita  Pserit  haec  stygfa  ininiRtra  ut  ur-  «  Paul.  8  Col.        »  Rom.  12.        <  Orad. 

bes  subvertat  aliquando,  deleat  populos,  1.  c.  54.        ^  Ira  et  moeror  et  Ingens  ani- 

Sro^ncias  alioqui  florentes  redigat  in  sol-  mi    consternatio     melanchoUcos     fiicit. 

indines,  mortaleo  vcro  mineroH  in  pro-  Areteus.    Ira  immodica gignit  insaniam. 

ftanda  miseriarum  valle  miserabiliter  im-  o  Reg.  Sanit.  parte  2,  c.  8.  in  apertam 

IBMgat.        *  Carthago  aemula  Romani  insaniam  mox  ducitur  iiatua. 
«nperil  fiinditus  interiit.    Salust.  CatU. 


a.  9,  Bubs.  9.] 


Anger,  a  Cdtae. 


ss,  saith  St.  Ambrose.  'Tia  a  known  saying,  Farorfi 
a  S€epius  paiientia,  the  moat  patient  spirit  Lliat  is,  if  lie  be 
a  provoked,  will  be  incensed  (o  madness  ;  it  wiil  icatce  a 
of  a  saiat;  and  therefore  Basil  (belike)  in  hia  Homily 
!,  calls  it  (enemas  ralionii,  morbum  animce,  et  damonem 
itan;  (be  darkening  of  our  understanding,  and  a  bod 
'  Lncian,  in  Abdicata,  torn.  1,  will  have  this  passion 
>rk  this  effect,  especially  in  old  men  and  women.  "  Anger 
and  calumny  (saith  he)  ti-ouble  (hem  at  first,  and  after  awhile 
break  out  into  madness  ;  many  things  cause  fury  in  women, 
especially  if  they  love  or  hate  overmuch,  or  envy,  be  muuh 
grieved  or  angry  ;  these  things  by  little  and  little  lead  (hem 
on  to  this  malady."  From  a  dispoaiiion  they  proceed  to  on 
habit,  for  there  is  no  difference  between  a  mad  man,  and  an 
Igi'y  man,  in  the  time  of  his  fit;  anger,  as  Lnetantius  de~ 
SSbes  it.  L.  de  Ira  Dei,  ad  Donaium,  c  5,  is  *iava  animi 
^c,  a  cruel  tempest  of  the  mind ;  "  making  bis 
)  sparkle  tire,  and  stare,  teeth  gna.->b  in  his  head,  his 
!  stutter,  his  face  pale,  or  red,  and  what  more  filthy 
lutation  can  be  of  a  mad  man  ?  " 

I  "  Ora  tnmBnt  irS,  farveacunt  sanguine  vena, 


?hey  are  void  of  reason,  inexorable,  blind,  like  beasts  and 
monsters  for  the  lime,  say  and  do  they  know  not  what,  curse, 
Bwear,  rail,  fight,  and  what  not  ?  How  can  a  mad  man  do 
more?  as  he  said  in  the  comedy,  * Iractindia  non  sum  apua 

tl  am  not  mine  own  man.  If  these  fits  be  immoderate, 
tjnue  long,  or  be  frequent,  without  doubt  they  provoke 
Iness.  Moutanus,  comil.  21,  had  a  melanclioly  Jew  to 
patient,  he  ascribes  this  for  a  principal  cause:  Irascebatur 
levibus  de  cawis,  he  was  easily  moved  to  anger.     Ajax  bad 

1  QUbertD Coffnato iDterpMd,  UultlB.eC    ennt*  kc-^  hiec  panlatlni   In  InnanlMa 

Cnnlam.    PncTDiiiiitleruiiinirpiinimul-    aeiiUa    conrnpaDl,    &s.  '  Oilil 

bl  In/wtant.  El  In  hmio  mocbnin  addu-    '  Tuleace. 
:iiiit,  prsclpud  111  qua  odvrluG  aab  iuvld-- 


860  Causei  of  MdanchcJiy.  [Part.  L  sec.  1 

no  other  beginning  of  his  madness ;  and  Charles  the  Sixth, 
that  lunatic  French  king,  fell  into  this  misery,  out  of  the  ex- 
tremity of  his  passion,  desire  of  revenge  and  malice,  ^  mcensed 
against  the  Duke  of  Britain,  he  could  neither  eat,  drink,  nor 
sleep  for  some  days  together,  and  in  the  end,  about  the  cal- 
ends of  July,  1392,  he  became  mad  upon  his  horseback,  draw- 
ing his  sword,  striking  such  as  came  near  him  promiscuously, 
and  so  continued  all  the  days  of  his  life,  .j^hniL  lib,  10,  CroL 
hist  ^gesippiis  de  excid.  urhis  Hieros,  I,  1,  c,  37,  hath  such 
a  story  of  Herod,  that  out  of  an  angry  fit,  became  mad,  *  leap- 
ing out  of  his  bed,  he  killed  Josippus,  and  played  many  such 
bedlam  pranks,  the  whole  court  could  not  rule  him  for  a  long 
time  after ;  sometimes  he  was  sorry  and  repented,  much 
grieved  for  that  he  had  done,  Postquam  deferhuit  ira^  by  and 
by  outrageous  again.  In  hot,  choleric  bodies,  nothing  so  soon 
causeth  madness,  as  this  passion  of  anger,  besides  many  other 
diseases,  as  Pelesius  observes,  cap.  21,  L  1,  de  hum,  affedU 
causis ;  Sanguinem  imminuit^  fel  auget ;  and  as  •  Valesius 
controverts,  Med,  controv,  lib,  5,  contro,  8,  many  times  kills 
them  quite  out.  If  this  were  the  worst  of  this  passion,  it 
were  more  tolerable,  * "  but  it  ruins  and  subverts  whole 
towns,  *  cities,  families,  and  kingdoms;"  Nulla  pestis  humano 
generi  pluris  stetit,  saith  Seneca,  de  Ira^  lib,  1.  No  plague 
hath  done  mankind  so  much  harm.  Look  into  our  histories, 
and  you  shall  almost  meet  with  no  other  subject,  but  what  a 
company  ®  of  hare-brains  have  done  in  their  rage.  We  may 
do  well,  therefore,  to  put  this  in  our  procession  amongst  the 
rest ;  "  From  all  blindness  of  heart,  from  pride,  vainglory, 
and  hypocrisy,  from  envy,  hatred  and  malice,  anger,  and  all 
such  pestiferous  perturbations,  good  Lord  deliver  us." 

SuBSECT.  X. — Discontents,  Cares,  Miseries,  S^c,  Causes, 
Discontents,  cares,  crosses,  miseries,  or  whatsoever  it  is, 

1  Infensnfl  Britanni«e  Dnci,  et  in  ultio-  rentem  non  capiebat  aula,  &e.       *  An 

oem  versus,  nee  cibum  cepit.  nee  qu!e-  ira  possit  hominem  interimere.       ^  Ab- 

tern,  ad  Calendas  Julias  1392,   comites  ernethy.       &  As  Troy,  saevee  memorem 

occidit.        3  Indignatione  nimiSL  furens,  Junonis  ob  iram.        o  Stultorum  r^am 

animique  impotens,  exiliit  de  lecto,  fu-  et  populorum  continet  aestus. 


Uem.8,sTi)iB.  10.]       Diseonfentt,  Cares,  < 

that  shnll  cause  any  molestotian  of  Bpirils,  grief,  anguisli,  aacl 
perplexity,  may  well  be  reduced  to  thia  head  (preposleroiialy 
placed  here  in  Eome  men's  judgments  they  may  seem),  yet  in 
that  Aristotle  in  his  'Rhetoric  defines  these  cares,  as  liu  doth 
enyy,  emulation,  &c.,  still  by  grief,  I  think  1  may  well  rank 
them  in  this  irascible  row ;  being  that  they  are  as  the  rest, 
both  causes  and  symptoms  of  this  disease,  producing  ibe  lilca 
inconveniences,  aud  arc  mo^t  part  accompanied  with  anguish 
and  paia.  The  common  etymology  will  evince  il,  Oara,  qticui 
cor  uro,  Demente)  aura,  imoimtes  cura,  damnosie  eurte,  tristes, 
mordaees,  camijices,  S^c,  biting,  eating,  gnawing,  ci-uel,  bitter, 
sick,  sad,  unquiet,  pale,  tetiic,  miserable,  intolerable  cares,  as 
the  poets  '  call  tbem,  worldly  cares,  and  are  as  many  in  num- 
ber as  the  sea  sanda.  '  Galen,  Femelius,  Felix  Plater, 
Yalescus  de  Taranta,  &a.,  reckon  aSltctious,  miseries,  even 
all  these  contentions,  and  vexaljona  of  the  mind,  as  principal 
causes,  in  that  they  take  away  sleep,  hinder  concoction,  dry 
up  the  body,  and  consume  the  substance  of  it.  They  are  not 
BO  many  in  number,  but  their  causes  be  as  divers,  and  not 
one  of  a  thousand  free  from  them,  or  that  can  vindicate 
;elj)  whom  that  Ale  dea, 

hominum  cnpita  molliler  nmbalana, 


^^jmsi 


Flantas  pedun 


With  te 


la  wnlkingnlnft, 
trading  80  8on," 


Homer'a  Goddess  Ate  hath  not  involved  into  thia  discon- 
tented *  rank,  or  plagued  with  some  misery  or  other.  Hy- 
ginus,^afi.  220,  to  this  purpose  hath  a  pleasant  tale.  Dame 
Cura  by  chance  went  over  a  brook,  and  taking  up  some  of 
the  dirty  slime,  made  an  image  of  it ;  Jupiter  eftsoona  com- 
ing by,  put  life  to  it,  but  Cura  and  Jupiter  could  not  agree 
what  name  to  give  him,  or  who  should  own  him  ;  the  matter 

iLfh.  a.    In^dk  at  dolar  <t  Kmbttlo    itm  rant  mtriins  mclHTirhollrl.  qinn- 


T,  ds  locli  sflKtSi,  h 


362  Chnues  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  sec  2i 

was  referred  to  Saturn  as  judge,  he  gave  this  arbitrement 
his  name  shall  be  Homo  ah  hurno,  Oura  eum  possideat  quanh 
diu  vivat,  Care  shall  have  him  whilst  he  lives,  Jupiter  his 
soul,  and  Tellus  his  body  when  he  dies.  But  to  leave  tales. 
A  general  cause,  a  continuate  cause,  an  inseparable  accident, 
to  all  men,  is  discontent,  care,  misery  ;  were  there  no  other 
particular  affliction  (which  who  is  free  from?)  to  molest  a 
man  in  this  life,  the  very  cogitation  of  that  conmion  misery 
were  enough  to  macerate,  and  make  him  weary  of  Lis  life; 
to  think  that  he  can  never  be  secure,  but  still  in  danger, 
sorrow,  grief,  and  persecution.  For  to  begin  at  the  hour  of 
his  birth,  as  *  Pliny  doth  elegantly  describe  it,  "  he  is  bom 
naked,  and  falls  ^a  whining  at  the  very  first,  he  is  swad- 
dled, and  bound  up  like  a  prisoner,  cannot  help  himself,  and 
BO  he  continues  to  his  life's  end."  Cujusque  ferce  pabulum^ 
saith  *  Seneca,  impatient  of  heat  and  cold,  impatient  of  la- 
bour, impatient  of  idleness,  exposed  to  fortune's  contumelies. 
To  a  naked  mariner  Lucretius  compares  him,  cast  on  shore 
by  shipwreck,  cold  and  comfortless  in  an  unknown  land; 
t  no  estate,  age,  sex,  can  secure  himself  from  this  common 
misery.  "  A  man  that  is  bom  of  a  woman  is  of  short  con- 
tinuance, and  full  of  trouble."  Job  xiv.  1,  22.  "  And  while 
his  flesh  is  upon  him  he  shall  be  sorrowful,  and  while  his 
soul  is  in  him  it  shall  mourn."  "All  his  days  are  sorrow 
and  his  travels,  griefs ;  his  heart  also  taketh  not  rest  in  the 
night,"  Eccles.  ii.  23,  and  ii.  11.  "  All  that  is  in  it  is  sorrow 
and  vexation  of  spirit."  '  Ingress,  progress,  regress,  egress, 
much  alike ;  blindness  seizeth  on  us  in  the  beginning,  labour 
in  the  middle,  grief  in  the  end,  error  in  all.  What  day 
ariseth  to  us  without  some  grief,  care  or  anguish?  Or 
what  so  secure  and  pleasing  a  morning  have  we  seen,  that 

1  Lib.  7,  Nat,  Hist.  cap.  1,  hominem  rior,  &c.         •  Ad  Marinum.         t  Bo- 

nnduin,    et   ad   Tagitum   edit   natura.  ethiu8.        >  Initium    ceecitas,    progres- 

Hens   ab    initio,  devinotus  jacet,   &o.  sum  labor,  exitum  dolor,  error  omnia: 

t  Atucpva  xi(^v  kyevouriv,  kcu  daKOvrdg  quern  tranquillum  quseso,  quern  non  la- 

hn&infaKu>'  Tb  yivog  ^v^punuv  no-    ^^^^^  *"'  "'^^^  ^«°^  ^K^""' 
•i    .'  t    A     X        »       '  Pctrarcii. 

^••rtflucpuToi',  aa&evec,  oUrpov.    Lach- 

ns  natufl  sum,  et  lachiymaiu  mo- 


Bohi.  10.]       ViscoiaenU,   Cares,  ^c 


363 


hath  not  been  overcast  before  the  evening  ?  One  is  miser- 
^le,  another  ridiculous,  a  Ihird  odious.  One  complains  of 
this  grievance,  another  of  that.  Atiguando  nervi,  aiiquando 
pedeg  vexant,  (Senet^)  nuiK  diiiiUaiio,  nunc  kepatis  morbut  / 

ICWJnc  deeal,  nunc  tuperest  aanguia:  now  the  head  aches  then 
w  the  lungs,  then  the  liver,  &c.  Huic  eensut 
erat,  ssd  est  puiiori  degener  sanguis,  ^c.  He  is  rich,  but 
e  bom ;  he  i:)  noble,  but  poor  ;  a  third  halh  mean^  but  he 
}  health  perad venture,  or  wit  to  manage  hia  estate  j 
Biildren  ves  one,  wife  a  second,  &c.     NemofaeUe  cum  con- 

w'diiione  suA  concordat,  no  man  is  pleased  with  his  fortune,  % 
pound  of  Borrow  is  familiarly  mixed  with  a  dram  of  content, 
little  or  no  joy,  little  comfort,  but  *  everywhere  danger,  con- 
tention, anxiety,  in  all  places ;  go  where  thou  wilt,  and  thou 
sbalt  find  disL-on tents,  cares,  woes,  complaints,  sickness,  dis- 
easea,  incumbrances,  exclamations ;  "  If  thou  look  info  the 
market,  there  (saith  *  Chrysostom)  is  brawling  and  conten- 
tioQ  ;  if  to  the  court,  there  knaveiy  and  flatteiy,  &c, ;  if  to  a 
private  man's  house,  there's  cark  and  care,  heaviness,"  &c. 
As  he  eaid  of  old,  ^  Nil  homine  in  terra  spirai  miserum 
magis  alma  ?  No  creature  so  miserable  as  man,  so  gener- 
ally molested,  *"in  miseries  of  body,  in  miseries  of  mind, 

wheresoever  he  tuma,"  as  Bernard  found,  Nunquid 

kfofl'o  est  vita  humana  tuper  terram  ?     A  mere  temptation 

■  our  life  (Ausiia,  confess,  lih.  10,  cap.  28),  catena  perpetuo- 

I  malorvm,  et  quis  potest  mohstias  el  dlfficiillates  patif 

Tbo  can  endure  the  miseries  of  it?     t "  In  prosperity  we 

nsolent  and  intolerable,  dejected  in  adversity,  in  all  for- 

hies  foolish  and  miserable."     *  In  adversity  I  wish  for  pros- 

trity,  and  in  prosperity  I  am  afraid  of  adversity.     What 


864  Catises  of  Meumchohf.  [Part  L  see.  l 

mediocrity  may  be  found?  Where  is  no  temptation?  What 
condition  of  life  is  free  ?  ^  Wisdom  hath  labour  annexed  to 
it,  glory  envy  ;  riches  and  cares,  children  and  incumbrances, 
pleasure  and  diseases,  rest  and  beggary,  go  together ;  as  if  a 
man  were  therefore  bom  (as  the  Platonists  hold)  to  be 
punished  in  this  life  for  some  precedent  sins.     Or  that,  as 

*  Pliny  complains,  "  Nature  may  be  rather  accounted  a  step- 
mother, than  a  mother  unto  us,  all  things  considered ;  no 
creature's  life  so  brittle,  so  full  of  fear,  so  mad,  so  furious; 
only  man  is  plagued  with  envy,  discontent,  griefs,  covetous- 
ness,  ambition,  superstition."  Our  whole  life  is  an  Irish  sea, 
wherein  there  is  nought  to  be  expected  but  tempestuous 
4torms  and  troublesome  waves,  and  those  infinite, 

S"  Tantuin  malorum  pelagus  aspicio, 
Ut  non  sit  inde  enatandi  copia,*' 

no  halcyonian  times,  wherein  a  man  can  hold  himself  secure, 
or  agree  with  his  present  estate;   but  as  Boethius  infers, 

*  "  There  is  something  in  every  one  of  us  which  before  trial 
we  seek,  and  having  tried  abhor ;  *  we  earnestly  wish,  and  ea- 
gerly covet,  and  are  eftsoons  weary  of  it."  Thus  between  hope 
and  fear,  suspicions,  angers,  •  Inter  spemque  metumqite,  ttmores 
inter  et  iras,  betwixt  falling  in,  falling  out,  &c.,  we  bangle 
away  our  best  days,  befool  out  our  times,  we  lead  a  conten- 
tious, discontent,  tumultuous,  melancholy,  miserable  life ;  in- 
somuch, that  if  we  could  foretell  what  was  to  come,  and  it 
put  to  our  choice,  we  should  rather  refuse  than  accept  of  this 
painful  life.  In  a  word,  the  world  itself  is  a  maze,  a  laby- 
rinth of  errors,  a  desert,  a  wilderness,  a  den  of  thieves, 
cheaters,  &c,  full  of  filthy  puddles,  horrid  rocks,  precipitiums, 


1  Caitlan.  Consol.  Sapientise  labor  an-  unl  animantlam  ambitlo  data,  Inctns, 

nexus,  glorUeinvidia,  divitiis  curse,  soboli  avaritia,  uni  superstitio.        >  Euripides. 

Bolicitudo,  Toluptati    morbi  quieti  pau-  ^*  I  perceive  such  an  ocean  of  troubles  be 

pertas,  ut   quasi  fruendorum  scelerum  fore  me,   that  no   means  of  escape  »• 

causa  nasci  hominem  possis  cum  Platonis-  main."        *  De  conf>ol.  1. 2.     Nemo  fitcil^ 

tis  agnoficere.      2  Lib.  7,  cap.  1.   Non  satis  cum  conditione  sua  concordat,  inest  da- 

leetimare,  an  melior  parens  natura  homi-  gulls  quod  imperiti  petant,  experti  hw* 

-  4'«i<i«i0r  noverca  fuerit:  Nulli  fra-  reant.        »  Esse  in  honore  Juyat,  mag 

"^▼or,  oonfusio,  rabies  major,  displicet.        *  Uor. 


B.^«ttBs.lO.]      IXseanlenti,   Ottret,  ^e. 


S6S 


i  of  adversity,  an  heavy  yoke,  wherein  iufirniitiea 
1  calamities  overtake,  and  follow  one  another,  as  the  sea 
;  and  if  we  scape  Scylla,  we  fall  foul  on  Charybdia, 
I  in  perpeiua!  fear,  labour,  anguisJi,  we  run  from  one 
■,  one  mischief,  one  burden  to  another,  duram  ierviea- 
vitutetn,  and  you  may  as  soon  separate  weigtit  from 
I,  heat  from  fire,  moii-Iness  from  water,  brightness  from 
LID,  as  misery,  discontent,  care,  calamity,  danger  from  a 
Our  towns  and  cities  are  but  so  many  dweihngs  of 
a  misery.     "In  which  grief  and  sorrow  ('as  he  right 
^11  observes  out  of  Solon)  innumerable  troubles,  labours  of 
and  all  manner  of  vices,  are  included,  as  in  so 
uiy  pen&"     Onr  villages  are  like  mole-hills,  and  men  as 
its,  busy,  busy  still,  going  to  and  fi-o,  in  and 
out,  and  crossing  one  another's  project',  as  the  lines  of  sev- 
eral aea-cards  cut  each  other  in  a  globe  or  map.     "Now 
ligiit  and  merry,  hut  ('  as  one  follows  it)  by  and  by  sorrow- 
ful and  heavy;  now  hoping,  then  distrusting;  now  patient, 
to-morrow  crying  out ;  now  pale,  then  red  ;  running.  Bitting, 
sweating,  trembling,  halting,"  i&c.     Some  few  amongst   the 
rest,  or  perhaps  one  of  a  thousand,  may  be  PulJus  Jovis,  in 
the  world's  esteem,  Gallinie  JiUus  alhte,  an  happy  and  fortu- 
nate man,  ad  invidiam  felix,  because  rich,  fair,  well  allied,  ia 
^Jionour  and  office  ;  yet  peradventure  ask  himself,  and  he  will 
^^^^,  that  of  all  others,  *he  is  most  miserable  and  unhappy, 
^^ft  &ir  shoe,  Hlc  soccus  not/us,  slegatis,  a^  he  *  said,  ted  nescii 
^^Pi  wot,  but  thou  knowest  not  where  it  pincheth.     It  is  not 
another  man's  opinion  can  make  me  happy;  but  as 'Seneca 
well  hath  it,  "  He  is  a  miserable  wretch  that  doth  not  account 
himself  happy  i  though  he  be  sovereign  lord  of  a  world,  he 
k  sot  happy,  if  he  think  himself  not  to  be  so ;  for  what  avail- 


^Moot 


866  Causes  of  Melancholy.       .    [Part  L  see.  1 

etb  it  what  thine  estate  is,  or  seem  to  others,  if  thou  thyself 
dislike  it?"  A  common  humour  it  is  of  all  men  to  think 
well  of  other  men's  fortunes,  and  dislike  their  own :  ^  Cid 
placet  alterius,  sua  nimirum  est  odio  sors ;  but  ^qui  fit 
MecaenaSy  S^.,  how  comes  it  to  pass,  what's  the  cause  of  it  ? 
Manj  men  are  of  such  a  perverse  nature,  thej  are  well 
pleased  with  nothing,  (saith  •  Theodoret)  **  neither  with  riches 
nor  poverty,  they  complain  when  they  are  well  and  when 
they  are  sick,  grumble  at  all  fortunes,  prosperity  and  adver- 
sity ;  they  are  troubled  in  a  cheap  year,  in  a  barren,  plenty 
or  not  plenty,  nothing  pleaseth  them,  war  nor  peace,  with 
children,  nor  without."  This  for  the  most  part  is  the  hu- 
mour of  us  all,  to  be  discontent,  miserable,  and  most  unhappy, 
as  we  think  at  least ;  and  show  me  him  that  is  not  so,  or  that 
ever  was  otherwise.  Quintus  Metellus  his  felicity  is  in- 
finitely admired  amongst  the  Romans,  insomuch  that  as 
*  Paterculus  mentioneth  of  him,  you  can  scarce  find  of  any 
nation,  order,  age,  sex,  one  for  happiness  to  be  compared 
unto  him ;  he  had,  in  a  word.  Bona  antmty  corporis  et  for' 
tunm,  goods  of  mind,  body,  and  fortune,  so  had  P.  Mutianus, 
*Crassus.  Lampsaca,  that  Lacedemonian  lady  was  such 
another  in  •  Pliny's  conceit,  a  king's  wife,  a  king's  mother,  a 
king's  daughter;  and  all  the  world  esteemed  as  much  of 
Polycrates  of  Samos.  The  Greeks  brag  of  their  Socrates, 
Phocion,  Aristides ;  the  Psophidians  in  particular  of  their 
Aglaus,  Omni  vita  felix,  ah  omni  perictdo  immunis  (which 
by  the  way  Pausanias  held  impossible) ;  the  Romans  of  their 
^  Cato,  Curius,  Fabricius,  for  their  composed  fortunes,  and 
retired  estates,  government  of  passions,  and  contempt  of  the 
world ;  yet  none  of  all  these  were  happy,  or  free  from  dis- 

1  nor.  ep.  1. 1, 4.       >  Hor.  Ser.  1,  Sat.  1.  nns,  quinqae  habuisse  dicitur  rernm  b<h 

*  Lib.  de  carat,  inrsec.  affect,  cap.  6,  de  narum  maxima^  quod  esnet  ditiRsimus, 

provident.     Multis  nihil    placet   atqae  quodessetnobilimimuSfeloquentiasimus, 

adeoetdiyitiasdamnant,  etpaupertitem,  jurisconsaltisHimns,  pontifez    maximns. 

de  morbis   expostulant,    bene   valentes  ^  Lib.  7.  Regis  fllia,   Regis   uxor,  Regii 

graviter  fernnt,  atque  at  semel  dicam,  mater.  '  Qui  nihil  unquam  nuui 

nihil  eos  delectat,  &c.  ^  Vix  uUins  aut  dixit,  ant  fecit,  ant  sensit,  qui  beo* 

gentis,  tetatis,  ordinis,  homlnem  invenies  semper  fecit,  quod  aliter  fiusere  uon  poi* 

cv^us  feUcitatem  fortunae  Metelli  com-  ult. 
naiM,  ToL  1.              »  P.  Crassus  Mutia- 


Mem.  8,  subs.  10.]       Discontents,  Cares,  S^e.  367 

content,  neither  Metellus,  Crassus,  nor  Polycrates,  for  he 
died  a  violent  death,  and  so  did  Cato ;  and  how  much  evil 
doth  Lactantius  and  Theodoret  speak  of  Socrates,  a  weak 
man,  and  so  of  the  rest  There  is  no  content  in  this  life,  but 
as  ^  he  said,  "  All  is  vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit ; "  lame 
and  imperfect  Hadst  thou  Samson's  hair,  Milo's  strength, 
Scanderbeg's  arm,  Solomon's  wisdom,  Absalom's  beauty, 
Croesus's  wealth,  Pasetis  ohidum,  Caesar's  valour,  Alexandei^'s 
spirit,  Tully's  or  Demosthenes's  eloquence,  Gyges's  ring,  Per- 
seus's  Pegasus,  and  Grorgon's  head,  Nestor's  years  to  come, 
all  this  would  not  make  thee  absolute,  give  thee  content 
and  true  happiness  in  this  life,  or  so  continue  it  Even  in 
the  midst  of  all  our  mirth,  jollity,  and  laughter,  is  sorrow  and 
grief,  or  if  there  be  true  happiness  amongst  us,  'tis  but  for  a 
time,        J 

8  "  Desinit  in  piscem  mulier  formosa  snpern^ :  " 
"  A  handsome  woman  with  a  fish's  tail." 

a  fair  morning  turns  to  a  lowering  afternoon.  Brutus  and 
Cassius,  once  renowned,  both  eminently  happy,  yet  you  shall 
scarce  find  two,  (saith  Paterculus)  Qrws  fortuna  maiurius 
destituerit,  whom  fortune  sooner  forsook.  Hannibal,  a  con- 
queror all  his  life,  met  with  his  match,  and  was  subdued  at 
last,  Occurrit  forti,  qui  mage  fortis  erit.  One  is  brought  in 
triumph,  as  Caesar  into  Rome,  Alcibiades  into  Athens,  coronis 
aureis  donatus,  crowned,  honoured,  admired ;  by  and  by  his 
statues  demolished,  he  hissed  out,  massacred,  &c.  '  Magnus 
Gronsalva,  that  famous  Spaniard,  was  of  the  prince  and  people 
at  first  honoured,  approved  ;  forthwith  confined  and  banished. 
Admirandas  actiones  ;  graves  plerunque  sequuntur  invidice,  et 
acres  calurmdce :  'tis  Polybius  his  observation,  grievous  enmi- 
ties, and  bitter  calumnies,  commonly  follow  renowned  actions. 
One  is  bom  rich,  dies  a  beggar ;  sound  to-day,  sick  to-mor- 
row ;  now  in  most  flourishing  estate,  fortunate  and  happy,  by 
and  by  deprived  of  his  goods  by  foreign  enemies,  robbed  by 
thieves,  spoiled,  captivated,  impoverished  as  they  of  *  "  Rab- 

1  Solomon,  liccles.  1, 14.       *  Hor.  Art.  Poet.      >  Joyias,  Tita  doB.       4  2  Sam. 
1I1.8L 


868  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  I.  sec.  % 

bah,  put  under  iron  saws,  and  under  iron  harrows,  and  under 
axes  of  iron,  and  cast  into  the  tile  kiln," 

1 "  Quid  me  felicem  toties  jact&stis  amici, 
Qui  cecidit,  stabili  non  erat  ille  gradu.** 

He  that  erst  marched  like  Xerxes  with  innumerable  armies, 
as  rich  as  Croesus,  now  shifts  for  himself  in  a  poor  cock-boat, 
is  bound  in  iron  chains,  with  Bajazet  the  Turk,  and  a  foot- 
stool with  Aurelian,  for  a  tyrannizing  conqueror  to  trample 
on.  So  many  casualties  there  are,  that  as  Seneca  said  of  a 
city  consumed  with  fire,  Una  dies  interest  inter  maximam 
civitatem  et  nullam,  one  day  betwixt  a  great  city  and  none ; 
so  many  grievances  from  outward  accidents,  and  from  our- 
selves, our  own  indiscretion,  inordinate  appetite,  one  day 
betwixt  a  man  and  no  man.  And  which  is  worse,  as  if  dis- 
contents and  miseries  would  not  come  fast  enough  upon  us ; 
homo  homini  dcemon,  we  maul,  persecute,  and  study  how  to 
sting,  gall,  and  vex  one  another  with  mutual  hatred,  abuses, 
injuries  ;  preying  upon  and  devouring  as  so  many  *  ravenous 
birds  ;  and  as  jugglers,  panders,  bawds,  cozening  one  another; 
or  raging  as  '  wolves,  tigers,  and  devils,  we  take  a  delight  to 
torment  one  another ;  men  are  evil,  wicked,  malicious, 
treacherous,  and  *  nought,  not  loving  one  another,  or  loving 
themselves,  not  hospitable,  charitable,  nor  sociable  as  they 
ought  to  be,  but  counterfeit,  dissemblers,  ambidexters,  all  for 
their  own  ends,  hard-hearted,  merciless,  pitiless,  and  to  benefit 
themselves,  they  care  not  what  mischief  they  procure  to 
others.  *  Praxinoe  and  Gorgo  in  the  poet,  when  they  had 
got  in  to  see  those  costly  sights,  they  then  cried  bene  est,  and 
would  thrust  out  all  the  rest ;  when  they  are  rich  themselves, 
in  honour,  preferred,  full,  and  have  even  that  they  would, 
they  debar  others  of  those  pleasures  which  youth  requires, 

1  Boethias,  lib.  1,  Met.  1.         *  Om-  <  Quod   Paterculus  de  populo.  Romano, 

lies  hie  aat  captantur.  auf.  captant :  aut  durante  bello  Punico  per  annos  115,  anft 

eadarera  quse  lacerantur,  aut  corvi  qui  bellum  inter  eos,  aut  belli  prseparatio, 

lacerant.    Petron.        s  Homo  omne  mon-  aut  infida  pax.  idem  ego  de  mundi  acco* 

0i<rom  est,  ille  nam  suspirat  feras,  Inpos-  lis.        ^  Theocritus  Idjll.  16. 
qvm  ft  ttxsot  peotoro  obscoro  tegit.  Hens. 


a.  S,  ttA%.  10.]       Oitcontentg,   Cares,  S;e, 
S  they  fonnerly  have  enjoyed.     He  sila  at  tnble  in  a  Roft 


e,  but  lie  doth  n 


t  remember  in  the  b 


n  time  that 


a  tired  waiter  stands  behind  him,  "  an  hunjrry  fellow  minis- 
ters to  him  full,  he  is  athirat  that  gives  him  drink  (^th 
*  Eplctetus)  and  is  silent  n  hiht  he  speaks  his  pleasure  ;  pen- 
sive, sad,  when  lie  langhi,"  Phno  xe  proluit  auro  ;  he  feasts, 
revels,  and  profusely  spends,  hath  lariety  of  rohes,  sweet 
music,  ease,  and  all  the  pleasures  the  world  can  afford,  whilst 
many  an  hunger-starved  poor  creature  pines  in  the  street, 
wants  clothes  lo  cover  him.  labours  hard  all  day  long,  runs, 
rides  for  a  trifle,  fifihta  peradventure  from  sun  to  sun,  sick 
and  ill,  weary,  full  of  pain  and  grief,  is  in  great  distress  and 
Borrow  of  heart.  He  loathes  and  scorns  his  inferior,  hates  or 
emulalea  his  equal,  envies  his  superior,  insults  over  all  such 
as  are  under  him,  as  if  he  were  of  another  species,  a  demi- 
god, not  subject  to  any  fall,  or  human  infirmities.  Generally 
they  love  not,  are  not  beloved  again ;  they  tire  out  others' 
bodies  with  continual  labour,  (hey  themselves  living  at  ease, 
caring  for  none  el=e,  mbi  noli ;  and  are  so  far  many  times 
from  putting  lo  their  helping  hand,  that  they  seek  al!  means 
to  depress,  even  most  worthy  and  well  de.'ierving,  better  than 
tliemselves,  those  whom  (hey  are  by  the  laws  of  nature  hound 
to  relieve  and  help,  as  much  as  in  them  lies,  they  will  let 
them  caterwaul,  starve,  beg,  and  hang,  before  they  will  any 
ways  (though  it  be  in  their  power)  assist  or  ease ;  *  so  unnat^ 
nral  are  ihey  for  the  most  part,  so  unregardful ;  so  hard- 
h(«rted,  so  churlish,  proud,  insolent,  so  dogged,  of  eo  bad  a 
disposition.  And  being  so  brutish,  so  devilishly  bent  one 
towards  another,  how  is  it  possible  but  that  we  should  be  dis- 
content of  all  sides,  fiill  of  cares,  woes,  and  miseries? 
^^Hf  this  be  not  a  suiScient  proof  of  their  discontent  and 
^^Hpnyi  esamine  every  condition  and  calling  apart.  Kings, 
^^^Blces,  monarchs,  and  magistrates  seem  to  be  most  happy, 

IQolnrietlnDl.n-ol.  ommomllilt  Bihl    It   Iflwrinfl   TOlnptaWS  "OM  nxplBTBrint, 
oUiwo  inl"l>lFiira  nsgntlsva.  edsTiH  emi-    [1)1  uniiCla  iDipoDuat  luilorea  oodUiv 


870  Causes  of  Mdanchdy.  [Pait.  I.  sec  1 

but  look  into  their  estate,  you  shall  ^  find  them  to  be  most 
encumbered  with  cares,  in  perpetual  fear,  agonj,  suspidon, 
jealousy  ;  that  as  ^  he  said  of  a  crown,  if  they  knew  but  the 
discontents  that  accompany  it,  they  would  not  stoop  to  take  it 
up.  Qriem  mihi  regem  dabis  (saith  Chrysostom)  non  cum 
plenum  ?  What  king  canst  thou  show  me,  not  full  of  sares? 
•  "  Look  not  on  his  crown,  but  consider  his  afflictions ;  attend 
not  his  number  of  servants,  but  multitude  of  crosses."  NikU 
altud  potestas  culminis,  qtiam  tempestas  mentisy  as  Gregory 
seconds  him  ;  sovereignty  is  a  tempest  of  the  soul ;  Sylla-like 
they  have  brave  titles  but  terrible  fits :  splendorem  tittdo,  cru- 
datum  anitno ;  which  made  *  Demosthenes  vow,  si  vel  ad 
tribunal,  vel  ad  interitum  ducereiur :  if  to  be  a  judge,  or  to  be 
condemned,  were  put  to  his  choice,  he  would  be  condemned. 
Rich  men  are  in  the  same  predicament ;  what  their  pains  are, 
sttdti  nesciunt,  ipsi  sentiurU :  they  feel,  fools  perceive  not,  as  I 
shall  prove  elsewhere,  and  their  wealth  is  brittle,  like  chil- 
dren's rattles ;  they  come  and  go,  there  is  no  certainty  in 
them  ;  those  whom  they  elevate,  they  do  as  suddenly  depress, 
and  leave  in  a  vale  of  misery.  The  middle  sort  of  men  are 
as  so  many  asses  to  bear  burdens ;  or  if  they  be  free,  and 
live  at  ease,  they  spend  themselves,  and  consume  their  bodies 
and  fortunes  with  luxury  and  riot,  contention,  emulation,  && 
The  poor  I  reserve  for  another  *  place,  and  their  discontents. 
For  particular  professions,  I  hold  as  of  the  rest,  there's  no 
content  or  security  in  any  ;  on  what  course  will  you  pitch ; 
how  resolve  ?  to  be  a  divine,  'tis  contemptible  in  the  world's 
esteem  ;  to  be  a  lawyer,  'tis  to  be  a  wrangler ;  to  be  a  physi- 
cian, ^pudet  loiii,  'tis  loathed ;  a  philosopher,  a  madman ;  an 
alchymist,  a  beggar  ;  a  poet,  esurit,  an  hungry  jack  ;  a  musi- 
cian, a  player ;  a  schoolmaster,  a  drudge ;  an  husbandman, 
an  emmet ;  a  merchant,  his  gains  are  uncertain  ;  a  mechani- 

1  Lu^brls  Ate  luctuque  fero  Regnm  as,  sed  Titam  affiictlone  refertam,  noc 

tnmidas  obsidet  arcea.    Res  est  inquieta  catenras  satellitum,  sed  curarum  malti- 

ftelkitas  s  Plus  aloes  quam  mellis  tudinem.  *  As    Plutarch   relateth 

h»bet.    Non    humi   Jaoentem    toUeres.  ♦  Sect.  2,  memb.  4,  sabsect.  6.        »  St« 

Taler.  1.  7»  c.  8.       s  Non  diadema  aapici-  ens  et  urina,  medicorom  feivula  otima 


8,8abt.l0.]       Discontents^  Cares^  S^c.  371 

dan,  base;  a  chirurgeon,  fulsome;  a  tradesman,  a  ^liar;  a 
tailor,  a  thief ;  a  serving-man,  a  slave  ;  a  soldier,  a  butcher ; 
a  smith,  or  a  metalman,  the  pot's  never  from's  nose  ;  a  cour- 
tier, a  parasite^  as  he  coald  find  no  tree  in  the  wood  to  hang 
himself;  I  can  show  no  state  of  life  to  ^ve  content.  The 
like  yoa  may  say  of  all  ages ;  children  live  in  a  perpetual 
-.lavery,  still  imder  that  tyrannical  government  of  masters ; 
yoang  men,  and  of  riper  years,  subject  to  labour,  and  a  thou- 
sand cares  of  the  world,  to  treachery,  falsehood,  and  cozenage, 

*  "  Incedit  per  ignes, 
Snppositos  cineri  doloso," 

**  you  incautious  tread 
On  fires,  with  faithless  ashes  overhead.*' 

'  old  are  full  of  aches  in  their  bones,  cramps  and  convulsions, 
tUtcemia,  dall  of  hearing,  weak  sighted,  hoary,  wrinkled, 
harsh,  so  much  altered  as  that  they  cannot  know  their  own 
fiioe  in  a  glass,  a  burden  to  themselves  and  others,  afler 
seventy  years,  "  all  is  sorrow  **  (as  David  hath  it),  they  do  not 
live  but  linger.  If  they  be  sound,  they  fear  diseases ;  if  sick, 
weary  of  their  lives ;  Mm  est  vivere  sed  valere,  vita.  One 
complains  of  want,  a  second  of  servitude,  *  another  of  a  secret 
or  incurable  disease ;  of  some  deformity  of  body,  of  some 
loss,  danger,  death  of  friends,  shipwreck,  persecution,  impris- 
onment, disgrace,  repulse,  *  contumely,  calumny,  abuse,  injury, 
contempt,  ingratitude,  unkindness,  scoffs,  fiouts,  unfortunate 
marriage,  single  life,  too  many  children,  no  children,  false 
servants,  unhappy  children,  barrenness,  banishment,  oppres- 
sion, frustrate  hopes  and  ill  success,  &c. 

***  Talia  de  genere  hoc  adeo  sunt  molta,  loquacem  ut 
Delassare  yalent  Fabium." 


»» 


**  But,  every  various  instance  to  repeat, 
Would  tire  even  Fabius  of  incessant  prate.* 

Talking  Fabios  will  be  tired  before  he  can  tell  half  of  them ; 

1  Nihil  lacrantarf  niai  admodam  men-  mendicos,  quos  nemo  audet  foelicefl  dio* 

tfendo.    Tall.  Ofllc.       <  Hor.  1.  2,  od.  1.  ere.    Card.   lib.   8,  c.  46,   de  rer.    xar. 

<  Banu  feliz  idemqae  senex.    Seneca  in  ^  Spretaeque  iqjaria  fomue        *Hor. 
Her.  aeteo.        «  Omitto  ttgnw,  ezoles, 


872  Causes  of  Melanchcly.  [Part.  1.  see.  1 

they  are  the  subject  of  whole  volumes,  and  shall  (some  of 
them)  be  more  opportunely  dilated  elsewhere.  In  the  mean 
time  thus  much  I  may  say  of  them,  that  generally  they  cru- 
cify the  soul  of  man,  ^  attenuate  our  bodies,  dry  them,  wither 
them,  shrivel  them  up  like  old  apples,  make  them  as  so  many 
anatomies  ('  ossa  atque  pellis  est  totus,  ita  curis  tn<zcet),  they 
cause  tempus  fcedum  et  squalidumj  cumbersome  days,  tV 
groJtaque  tempora,  slow,  dull,  and  heavy  times ;  make  us  howl, 
roar,  and  tear  our  hairs,  as  sorrow  did  in  '  Cebes's  table,  and 
groan  for  the  very  anguish  of  our  souls.  Our  hearts  fail  us 
as  David's  did,  Psal.  xl.  12,  ''  for  innumerable  troubles  that 
compassed  him ;  **  and  we  are  ready  to  confess  with  Heze- 
kiah,  Isaiah  Iviii.  17,  "  behold,  for  felicity  I  had  bitter  grief;** 
to  weep  with  Heraclitus,  to  curse  the  day  of  our  birth  with 
Jeremy,  xx.  14,  and  our  stars  with  Job ;  to  hold  that  axiom 
of  Silenus,  *  "  better  never  to  have  been  bom,  and  the  best 
next  of  all,  to  die  quickly ; "  or  if  we  must  live,  to  abandon 
the  world,  as  Timon  did ;  creep  into  caves  and  holes,  as  our 
anchorites ;  cast  all  into  the  sea,  as  Crates  Thebanus ;  or  as 
Theombrotus  Ambrociato*s  four  hundred  auditors,  precipitate 
ourselves  to  be  rid  of  these  miseries. 

SuBSECT.  XI. —  Concupiscihle  Appetite,  as  Desires,  Ambition, 

Causes. 

These  concupiscihle  and  irascible  appetites  are  as  the  two 
twists  of  a  rope,  mutually  mixed  one  with  the  other,  and  both 
twining  about  the  heart ;  both  good,  as  Austin  holds,  h  14, 
c.  9,  de  civ,  Dei,  * "  if  they  be  moderate ;  boch  pernicious  if 
they  be  exorbitant."  This  concupiscihle  appetite,  howsoever 
it  may  seem  to  carry  with  it  a  show  of  pleasure  and  delight, 
and  our  concupiscences  most  part  affect  us  with  content  and  a 
pleasing  object,  yet  if  they  be  in  extremes,  they  rack  and 
wring  us  on  the  other  side.  A  true  saying  it  is,  "  Desire 
hath  no  rest ;  **  is  infinite  in  itself,  endless  ;  and  as  •  one  calls 

1  Attenuant  yigiles  corpus  miserabile  ci,  aut  cito  mori.  B  Bonae  si  rectam  m- 
ounB.  >  Plautus.  >  Hiec  quae  crines  tionem  sequuntur,  maUe  si  ezozi>itanft. 
er«Uit,  serumxuu       4  Optimum  non  nas-    •  Tho.  Buovie.  ProD.  18. 


Mem.  8,  sabs.  11.]  Ambition^  a  Cause.  373 

it,  a  perpetual  rack,  ^  or  horsemill,  according  to  Austin,  still 
going  round  as  in  a  ring.  They  are  not  so  continual,  as 
divers,  fdicius  atomos  denumerare  possem^  saith  ^  Bernard, 
gudm  motus  cordis  ;  nunc  hasc,  nunc  ilia  cogito,  you  may  as 
well  reckon  up  the  motes  in  the  sun  as  them.  *  '^  It  extends 
itself  to  everything,"  as  Guianerius  will  have  it,  "  that  is  su- 
perfluously sought  after;  *'  or  to  any  *  fervent  desire,  as  Fer- 
nelius  interprets  it ;  be  it  in  what  kind  soever,  it  tortures  if 
immoderate,  and  is  (according  to  *  Plater  and  others)  an 
especial  cause  of  melancholy.  Mukuosis  concupiscentiis 
dilaniantur  cogitationes  mea,  ^  Austin  confessed,  that  he  was 
torn  a  pieces  with  his  manifold  desires ;  and  so  doth  '  Ber- 
nard complain,  ^  that  he  could  not  rest  for  them  a  minute  of 
an  hour ;  this  I  would  have,  and  that,  and  then  I  desire  to 
be  such  and  such.**  'Tis  a  hard  matter  therefore  to  confine 
them,  being  they  are  so  various  and  many,  impossible  to  ap- 
prehend all.  I  will  only  insist  upon  some  few  of  the  chief, 
and  most  noxious  in  their  kind,  as  that  exorbitant  appetite 
and  desire  of  honour,  which  we  commonly  call  ambition; 
love  of  money,  which  is  covetousness,  and  that  greedy  desire 
of  gain ;  self-love,  pride,  and  inordinate  desire  of  vainglory 
or  applause,  love  of  study  in  excess  ;  love  of  women  (which 
will  require  a  just  volume  of  itself),  of  the  other  I  will  briefly 
speak,  and  in  their  order. 

Ambition,  a  proud  covetousness,  or  a  dry  thirst  of  honour, 
a  great  torture  of  the  mind,  composed  of  envy,  pride,  and 
covetousness,  a  gallant  madness,  one  ^  defines  it  a  pleasant 
poison,  Ambrose,  "  a  canker  of  the  soul,  an  hidden  plague ;  '* 
•  Bernard,  "  a  secret  poison,  the  father  of  livor,  and  mother 
of  hypocrisy,  the  moth  of  holiness,  and  cause  of  madness, 
crucifying    and    disquieting    all     that    it    takes    hold    of.'* 


1  Molam  asinariam.       *  Tract,  de  In-  ragor,  nullo  temporis  momento  quiesco. 

ter.   c.   92.        *  Circa    qnamlibet    rem  talis  et  talis  esse  cupio,  illud  atque  illud 

mundi  hfpc  passio  fieri  potest,  quae  su-  habere  desidero.        ^  Ainbros.  1.  8,  super 

perflui    diligatur.     Tract.     15,    c.     17.  Lucam,  aerugo    animse.        *  Nihil  ani* 

<  Ferventius  desiderium.        6  Imprimis  mum  cruclat,  nihil  molestias  inquiotat, 

ver6  Appetitus,  &c.  8.  de  alien,  ment.  secretum  Tirus,  pestis  occulta,  &c.,epi8t. 

Conf.   1,  c.  29.        7  Per  diversa  loca  126. 


874  Causei  of  MetcaicAoty.  [Part.  L  seo.  S. 

^Seneca  calls  it  rem  solicttaniy  timtdam,  vancun,  ventMom^ 
a  windy  thing,  a  vain,  solicitous,  and  fearful  thing.  For 
commonly  they  that,  like  Sysiphus,  roll  this  restless  stone 
of  ambition,  are  in  a  perpetual  agony,  still  ^  perplexed, 
semper  tactti,  tristesque  recedunt  (Lucretiu8)|  doubtful,  tim- 
orous, suspicious,  loath  to  offend  in  word  or  deed,  still  cog- 
ging and  colloguing,  embracing,  capping,  cringing,  applaud* 
ing,  flattering,  fleering,  visiting,  waiting  at  men's  doors,  with 
all  affability,  counterfeit  honesty  and  humility.'  If  that  will 
not  serve,  if  once  this  humour  (as  *  Cyprian  describes  it) 
possess  his  thirsty  soul,  ambiHonU  scdsugo  uhi  bibulam  ani* 
mum  possidet,  by  hook  and  by  crook  he  will  obtain  it,  ''  and 
from  his  hole  he  will  climb  to  all  honours  and  offices,  if  it  be 
possible  for  him  to  get  up,  flattering  one,  bribing  another,  he 
will  leave  no  means  unessay*d  to  win  all."  *  It  is  a  wonder 
to  see  how  slavishly  these  kind  of  men  subject  themselves, 
when  they  are  about  a  suit,  to  every  inferior  person ;  what 
pains  they  will  take,  run,  ride,  cast,  plot,  countermine,  protest 
and  swear,  vow,  promise,  what  labours  undergo,  early  up, 
down  late ;  how  obsequious  and  affable  they  are,  how  popular 
and  courteous,  how  they  grin  and  fleer  upon  every  man  they 
meet ;  with  what  feasting  and  inviting,  how  they  spend  them- 
selves and  their  fortunes,  in  seeking  that  many  times,  which 
they  had  much  better  be  without ;  as  ®  Cyneas  the  orator  told 
Pyrrhus;  with  what  waking  nights,  painful  hours,  anxious 
thoughts,  and  bitterness  of  mind,  inter  spemque  metumque, 
distracted  and  tired,  they  consume  the  interim  of  their  time. 
There  can  be  no  greater  plague  for  the  present.  If  they  do 
obtain  their  suit,  which  with  such  cost  and  solicitude  they 
have  sought,  they  are  not  so  freed,  their  anxiety  is  anew  to 

1  Ep.    88.         *  Nihil   infelicins    his,  tnr,  freqnentat  curias,  -visitat,  opUmates 

quantug    lis   timor,    quanta   dubitatio,  amplexatur,    applaudit,   adulatur:  per 

quantus  conatu8,  quanta  solicitudo,  nulla  fiia  et  ne&s  i  latebris,  in  omnem  gradum 

illifl  k  molentiis  vacua  bora.        3  Semper  ubi   aditus  patet   se   ingerit,  discnrrit 

attonitus,  semper  pavidus  quid  dicat,  &-  &  Turbse  cogit  ambitio    regem  inserrire, 

ciatve:  ne  dispUceat  humilitatem  simu-  ut  Homerus  Agamemnonem  querentt^m 

lat,    honestatem    mentitur.         *  Cypr.  inducit.          >  Plutarchus.     Quin   coa< 

Prolog,  ad  ser.  To.  2,  cunctos  honorat,  Tivemur,  et  in  otio  nos  oblectemur,  quo-- 

BnlTerilB  inclinat,  subsequitur,  obsequi-  niam  in  promptu  id  nobis  dt,  &c. 


begin,  for  they  are  never  satisfied,  nihil  oliad  nisi  iniperium 
^irant,  their  thoughts,  actions,  etideavoura  are  all  Jbr  sov- 
ereignty and  honour,  like  '  Lues  Sforsia  lliat  huffing  duke  of 
Milan,  "  a  man  of  lingular  wisdom,  but  profound  ambition, 
bom  to  his  own,  and  to  the  destruction  of  Italy,"  though  it 
be  to  tht'ir  own  ruin,  and  friends'  undoing,  they  will  wjntend, 
they  may  not  cease,  but  as  a  dog  in  a,  wheel,  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
or  a  squirrel  in  a  chain,  so  '  Budceus  cooiparea  them  ;  '  they 
climb  and  elimb  fitill,  with  much  labour,  but  never  make  an 
end,  never  at  the  top.  A  knight  would  be  a  baronet,  and 
&twi  a  lord,  and  then  a  vi.scount,  and  then  an  earl,  &c. ;  a 
or,  a  dean,  and  then  a  bishop ;  from  tribune  to  prretor  j 
1  bains'  to  major;  tirst  tliis  office,  and  then  that;  as 
Pjrrhus  in  *  Plulareh,  Ihey  will  first  have  Greece,  then  Af- 
t,  and  then  A^ia,  and  swell  with  ^-^op's  frog  so  long,  till 
ktbe  end  ihey  burst,  or  come  down  with  Sejanus,  ad  Gemo- 
ts ici^as,  and  break  their  own  necks  ;  or  as  Evnngelus  the 
in  Lucian,  that  blew  his  pipe  bo  long,  till  he  fell  down 
If  be  chance  to  miss,  and  have  a  canvass,  he  ta  in  a 
a  the  other  side  ;  eo  dejected,  that  he  is  ready  to  hang 
If,  turn  heretic,  Turk,  or  Iraitor  in  an  instant.  Enraged 
Ipinst  his  enemies,  he  rails,  swears,  fights,  slanders,  detracts, 
murders  ;  and  for  his  own  part,  at  appetitum  explere 
%  potest,  fitrore  corripilwr  ;  if  he  cannot  satisfy  his  desire 
'Badine  writes)  he  runs  mad.  So  that  both  ways,  hit  or 
is  distracted  so  long  as  bis  ambition  lasts,  he  can 
lo  other  but  anxiety  and  care,  discontent  and  grief 
ean  time,  *  madness  itself,  or  violent  death  in  the 
end.  The  event  of  this  is  common  to  be  seen  in  populous 
cities,  or  in  princes'  courts,  for  a  courtier'a  life  (as  Budajua 
deecribea  it)  "  is  a  '  gallimaufry  of  ambition,  lust,  fraud,  im- 


It  .Wi  nntai. 


1. 1,  Tir 


lAm-    mal,&c.Fiill>PL 


876  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec.  & 

posture,  jiissimulation,  detraction,  envy,  pride  ;  *  the  court,  a 
common  conventicle  of  flatterers,  timeservers,  politicians," 
&c ;  or  as  ^  Anthony  Perez  will,  "  the  suburbs  of  hell  itself." 
If  you  will  see  such  discontented  persons,  there  you  shall 
likely  find  them.  *  And  which  he  observed  of  the  markets 
of  old  Home, 

^  Qui  perjurura  convenire  vult  hominem,  mitto  in  Comitium; 
Qui  mendacem  et  gloriosum,  apud  Cluasinse  sacrum; 
Dites,  damnosos  maritos,  sub  basilica  quserito,"  &c. 

Perjured  knaves,  knights  of  the  post,  liars,  crackers,  bad 
husbands,  &c.,  keep  their  several  stations ;  they  do  still,  and 
always  did  in  every  commonwealth. 

SuBSECT.  XII. — ^iXapyvpia,  CovetoitsnesSf  a  Catise, 

Plutarch,  in  his  *  book  whether  the  diseases  of  the  body 
be  more  grievous  than  those  of  the  soul,  is  of  opinion,  "  if 
you  will  examine  all  the  causes  of  our  miseries  in  this  life, 
you  shall  find  them  most  part  to  have  had  their  beginning 
from  stubborn  anger,  that  furious  desire  of  contention,  or 
some  unjust  or  immoderate  affection,  as  covetousness,"  &c. 
"  From  whence  are  wars  and  contentions  amongst  you  ?  * 
*  St.  James  asks ;  I  will  add  usury,  fraud,  rapine,  simony, 
oppression,  lying,  swearing,  bearing  false  witness,  &c.,  are 
they  not  from  this  fountain  of  covetousness,  that  greediness 
in  getting,  tenacity  in  keeping,  sordity  in  spending ;  that  they 
are  so  wicked,  ^  "  unjust  against  God,  their  neighbour,  them- 
selves ; "  all  comes  hence.  "  The  desire  of  money  is  the 
root  of  all  evil,  and  they  that  lust  after  it,  pierce  themselves 
through  with  many  sorrows,"  I  Tim.  vi.  10.  Hippocrates 
therefore  in  his  Epistle  to  Crate va,  an  herbalist,  gives  him 
this  good  counsel,  that  if  it  were  possible,  ®  **  amongst  other 

1  Aulica  yita  colluvies  ambitionis,  cupid-  ta  cnpiditate,  originem    traxisse  sciet. 

ItatiSj  simulationis,  imposturaBf  fraudis,  Idem  fere  Chrysostomus  com.  in  c.  6«  ad 

invidin,  superbi^e  Titaanicee,  diversori-  Roman,  ser.  11.  *  Cap.  4, 1.  ^  Ut 

urn,  aula,  et  commune  conveuticulum  sit  iniquus  in  denm,  in  proximnm,  in 

assentandi,  artificum,  &c.    Budaeus  de  seipsum.       >  Si  vero,  Crateva,  inter  cset- 

asse.  lib.  5.        ^  In  his  Aphor.       ^  Plau-  eras  berbarum  radices,  avaritiae  radicem 

tus  Curcul.  Act.  4,  Seen.  1.        ^  Tom.  2.  eecare  posses  amaram,  ut  nulls  reliquia 

Si  examines,  omnes  miseriae  causas  vel  a  essent,  probe  scito,  &o. 
-"-••ioso  couteudendi  studio,  yel  ab  iigus- 


Hem.  8,  sabs.  12.]        Covetotuness,  a  Cause.  877 

herbs,  he  should  cat  up  that  weed  of  covetoasness  by  the 
roots,  that  there  be  no  remainder  lefl,  and  then  know  this  for 
a  certainty,  that  together  with  their  bodies,  thou  mayst 
quickly  cure  all  the  diseases  of  their  minds."  For  it  is 
indeed  the  pattern,  image,  epitome  of  all  melancholy,  the 
fountain  of  many  miseries,  much  discontented  care  and  woe ; 
this  "inordinate  or  immoderate,  desire  of  gain,  to  get  or 
keep  money,"  as  ^Bonaventure  defines  it;  or,  as  Austin 
describes  it,  a  madness  of  the  soul;  Gregory,  a  torture; 
Chrysostom,  an  insatiable  drunkenness;  Cyprian,  blindness, 
spedosum  suppUcium,  a  plague  subverting  kingdoms,  families, 
an  *  incurable  disease ;  BudaBUS,  an  ill  habit,  ^ "  yielding  to 
no  remedies;"  neither,  JEsculapius  nor  Plutus  can  cure 
them ;  a  continual  plague,  saith  Solomon,  and  vexation  of 
spirit,  another  hell.  I  know  there  be  some  of  opinion,  that 
covetous  men  are  happy,  and  worldly-wise,  that  there  is  more 
pleasure  in  getting  of  wealth  than  in  spending,  and  no  delight 
in  the  world  like  unto  it,  'Twas  f  Bias's  problem  of  old 
"  With  what  art  thou  not  weary  ?  with  getting  money.  What 
is  more  delectable?  to  gain."  What  is  it,  trow  you,  that 
makes  a  poor  man  labour  all  his  lifetime,  carry  such  great 
burdens,  fare  so  hardly,  macerate  himself,  and  endure  so 
much  misery,  undergo  such  base  offices  with  so  great  pa- 
tience, to  rise  up  early,  and  lie  down  late,  if  there  were  not 
an  extraordinary  delight  in  getting  and  keeping  of  money  ? 
What  makes  a  merchant  that  hath  no  need,  satis  supergue 
domiy  to  range  all  over  the  world,  through  all  those  intem- 
perate \  zones  of  heat  and  cold ;  voluntarily  to  venture  his 
life,  and  be  content  with  such  miserable  famine,  nasty  usage, 
in  a  stinking  ship  ;  if  there  were  not  a  pleasure  and  hope  to 
get  money,  which  doth  season  the  rest,  and  mitigate  his  inde- 
fatigable pains  ?     What  makes  them  go  into  the  bowels  of 

1  Cap.  6.    Bietee   salutis  :  avaritia  est  tur  quam  insania :  quoniam  hac  omnef 

amor  iiumoderatus  pecunisB  vel  acquiren-  fer6  medlci  laborant.    Ilip.  ep.  Abierit. 

dee,  Tel  retiueadae.        *  Ferum  profecto  X  Extremos  currit  mercator  ad  Indos. 

dirumque  ulcus  animi,  remediis  noti  ce>  llor.        f  Qua  re  non  es  lassus?  lucrum 

dens  medendo  exasperatur.         ^  Mai  us  faciendo  :  quid  maxima  delectabile?  la- 

est  morbus  maleqne  afflcit  avaritia  siqui-  crari. 
lem  oenseo,  &c.,  avanUa  difflcilius  cura- 


878  Causes  of  Mdanchokf.  [Part.  I.  tea.  2. 

the  earth,  an  hundred  fathom  deep,  endangering  their  dearest 
lives,  enduring  damps  and  filthj  smells,  when  they  have 
enough  already,  if  thej  could  be  content,  and  no  such  cause 
to  labour,  but  an  extraordinary  delight  thej  take  in  riches. 
This  may  seem  plausible  at  first  show,  a  popular  and  strong 
argument ;  but  let  him  that  so  thinks,  consider  better  of  it, 
and  he  shall  soon  perceive,  that  it  is  far  otherwise  than  he 
supposeth  ;  it  may  be  haply  pleasing  at  the  first,  as  most  part 
all  melancholy  is.  For  such  men  likely  have  some  litcida 
intervaUay  pleasant  symptoms  intermixed ;  but  you  must  note 
that  of  *  Chrysostom,  '*  'Tis  one  thing  to  be  rich,  another  to 
be  covetous ; "  generally  they  are  all  fools,  dizzards,  mad- 
men, *  miserable  wretches,  living  beside  themselves,  sine  arte 
fruendiy  in  perpetual  slavery,  fear,  suspicion,  sorrow,  and  dis- 
content, plus  aloes  quam  meUis  hdbent ;  and  are  indeed, 
"rather  possessed  by  their  money,  than  possessors;"  as 
*  Cyprian  hath  it,  mancipoH  pecumis ;  bound  prentice  to 
their  goods,  as  f  Pliny »  or  as  Chrysostom,  servi  divitiarum^ 
slaves  and  drudges  to  their  substance ;  and  we  may  conclude 
of  them  all,  as  'Valerius  doth  of  Ptolomaeus  king  of  Cy- 
prus, "  He  was  in  title  a  king  of  that  island,  but  in  his  mind, 
a  miserable  drudge  of  money ; " 

X  "  potiore  metallis 
Libertate  carens — ** 

wanting  his  liberty,  which  is  better  than  gold.  Damasippus 
the  Stoic,  in  Horace,  proves  that  all  mortal  men  dote  by  fits, 
some  one  way,  some  another,  but  that  covetous  men  *are 
madder  than  the  rest ;  and  he  that  shall  truly  look  into  their 
estates,  and  examine  their  symptoms,  shall  find  no  better  of 
them,  but  that  they  are  all  *  fools,  as  Nabal  was,  Re  el 
nomine  (1  Reg.  25).     For  what  greater  folly  can  there  be, 

*  Horn.   2,  alind  ayarus  aliud  divefl.  rex  tltulo,  sed  animo  pectinias  miserabito 

1  Divitiss    ut   spinn    animum    hominis  mancipium.      t  Hor.  10,  lib.  1.      ^Dan* 

ttmoribus,     Bolicitudinibus,     angoribtu  da  est  hellebori  multo  para  maxima  aya- 

mlriflc6     pungunt,    vexant,    cruciant.  lis.  &  Luke,  xii.  20.    Stulte,  hae 

Qreg.  in  bom .      SEpist.  ad  Donat.  cap.  2.  nocte  eripiam  Rnitn«.m  tuam. 
t  Lib.  9,  ep.  80.       «  Lib.  9,  cap.  i,  insulcs 


Mem.  8,  subs.  12J       OoveUntsness,  a  Cause,  3711 

or  *  madness,  than  to  macerate  himself  when  he  need  not  ? 

and  -when,  as  Cyprian  notes,  ^  '*  he  may  be  freed  from  his 

burden,  and  eased  of  his  pains,  will  go  on  still,  his  wealth 

increasing,  when  he  hath  enough,  to  get  more,  to  live  besides 

himself,"  to  starve  his  genius,  keep  back  from  his  wife  ^  and 

children,  neither  letting  them  nor  other  friends  use  or  enjoy 

that  which  is  theirs  by  right,  and  which  they  much  need  per- 

haps ;  like  a  hog,  or  dog  in  the  manger,  he  doth  only  keep  it, 

because  it  shall  do  nobody  else  good,  hurting  himself  and 

others ;  and  for  a  little  momentary  pelf,  damn  his  own  soul  I 

They  are  commonly  sad  and  tetric  by  nature,  as  Ahab's 

spirit  was,   because   he  could   not  get  Naboth*s  vineyard, 

(3  Meg,  21,)  and  if  he  lay  out  his  money  at  any  time,  though 

it  be  to  necessary  uses,  to  his  own  children's  good,  he  brawls 

and  scolds,  his  heart  is  heavy,  much  disquieted  he  is,  and 

loath  to  part  from  it :  Miser  abstinet  et  timet  utiy  Hor.     He  is 

of  a  wearish,  dry,  pale  constitution,  and  cannot  sleep  for 

cares  and  worldly  business ;  his  riches,  saith  Solomon,  will 

not  let  him  sleep,  and  unnecessary  business  which  he  heapeth 

on  himself;  or  if  he  do  sleep,  *tis  a  very  unquiet,  interrupt, 

unpleasing  sleep  ;  with  his  bags  in  his  arms, 

• 

^  congestis  undique  saccis 

Indormit  inhians,** 

And  though  he  be  at  a  banquet,  or  at  some  merry  feast,  "  he 
sighs  for  grief  of  heart  (as  *  Cyprian  hath  it)  and  cannot 
sleep  though  it  be  upon  a  down  bed  ;  his  wearish  body  takes 
no  rest,  *  troubled  in  his  abundance,  and  sorrowful  in  plenty, 
unhappy  for  the  present,  and  more  unhappy  in  the  life  to 
come."  Basil.  He  is  a  perpetual  drudge,  *  restless  in  his 
thoughts,  and  never  satisfied,  a  slave,  a  wretch,  a  dust-worm, 

•  Opes  quldexn  mortalibus  sunt  demen-  >  Epist.  2,  lib.  2.    Suspirat  in  convivio, 

tia.    Tbeog.        i  Ed.  2,  lib.  2.    Exonerare  bibat  licet  genuuis  et  toro  molliore  mar- 

cum  se  pasfiit  et  relevare  ponderibus  per-  cidum  corpus  condiderit,  vigilat  in  plu- 

git  magis  fortunis  augentibus  pertinaci-  ma.           <  Angustatur   ex   abundantia, 

ter  incubare.         >  Non  amicis,  non  libe-  contristatur  ex  opulenti  >,  infblix  prsesen- 

ris,  non  ipsi  sibi    quidquam  impertit ;  tibus  bonis,  infelicior  in  futuris.        o  II- 

oossidet  ad  hoc  tan  turn,  ne  posfddere  al-  lorum    cogitatio    nunquam   cessat   qui 

teri  liceat,  &c.  Hieron.  ad  Paulin.  tarn  pecunias   supplere   diligunt.      Quiauer. 

ieest  quod  habet  quam  quod  non  habet.  tract.  15,  o.  l7* 


880  Caitses  of  Mdancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec  S. 

$emper  quod  idolo  tua  immolety  sedulus  ohservat,  Cjpr.  prolog, 
ad  sermon,  still  seeking  what  sacrifice  he  may  offei  to  his 
golden  god,  per  fas  et  nefas,  he  cares  not  how,  his  trouble  is 
endless,  ^  crescunt  diviticB^  tamen  curtce  nescio  quid  semper 
abest  rei :  his  wealth  increaseth,  and  the  more  he  hath,  the 
more  *  he  wants ;  like  Pharaoh's  lean  kine,  which  devoured 
the  fat,  and  were  not  satisfied.  *  Austin  therefore  defines 
covetousness,  quarumlihet  rerum  inhonestam  et  insatiabilem 
eupiditatemy  a  dishonest  and  insatiable  desire  of  gain ;  and 
in  one  of  his  epistles  compares  it  to  hell ;  *  "  which  devours 
all,  and  yet  never  hath  enough,  a  bottomless  pit,"  an  endless 
misery ;  in  quern  scopulum  avaritice  cadaverosi  senes  ut  pluri' 
mum  impingunt,  and  that  which  is  their  greatest  corrosive, 
they  are  in  continual  suspicion,  fear,  and  distrust.  He  thinks 
his  own  wife  and  children  are  so  many  thieves,  and  go  about 
to  cozen  him,  his  servants  are  all  false : 

**  Rem  suam  periisse,  seque  eradicarier, 
£t  divQin  atque  hominum  clamat  continub  fidem, 
De  suo  tigillo  f  urn  us  si  qua  exit  foras.*' 

"  If  his  doors  creak,  then  out  he  cries  anon, 
His  goods  are  gone,  and  he  is  quite  undone.** 

Timidus  Plutus,  an  old  proverb.  As  fearful  as  Plutus ;  so 
doth  Aristophanes  and  Lucian  bring  him  in  fearful  still,  pale, 
anxious,  suspicious,  and  trusting  no  man,  * "  They  are  afraid 
of  tempests  for  their  corn  ;  they  are  afraid  of  their  friends 
lest  they  should  ask  something  of  them,  beg  or  borrow ;  they 
are  afraid  of  their  enemies  lest  they  hurt  them,  thieves  lest 
they  rob  them ;  they  are  afraid  of  war  and  afraid  of  peace, 
afraid  of  rich  and  afraid  of  poor ;  afraid  of  all."  Last  of 
all,  they  are  afraid  of  want,  that  they  shall  die  beggars, 
which  makes  them  lay  up  still,  and  dare  not  use  that  they 

1  Hor.  8,  Od,  24.    Quo  plus  sunt  potse,  Adag.  chil.  8,  cent.  7,  pro.  72.  Nulll  flden- 

plussitiuntur  aqusB.       ^  Ilor.  1. 2,  Sat.  6.  tea  omnium  formidant  opes,  ideo  pavi* 

0  si  angulus  ille  proximus  accedat,  qui  dum  malum  vocat  Euripides :  metuunt 

nunc  deformat  agellum.        ^  Lib.  3.  de  tempest&tes  ob  frumentum,  amicos  n« 

lib.  arbit.    Immoritur  studtis,  et  amore  rogent,  inimicos  ne  Isedant,  fUres  nera> 

senescit  habendi.        <  Avarus  vir  infer-  plant,  bellum    timent,    ptxem  timeat, 

uo  est  similis,  &c.,  modum  non  habet,  summos,  medios,  iufimos. 
hoc  egeutior  quo  plura  habet.      6  £rasm. 


B,  sulM.  IS.]        Covetoutness,  a   Cause. 


381 


what  if  a  dear  year  come,  or  dearth,  or  some  loss  ? 

-re  it  not  that  they  are  loath  to  'lay  out  money  on  a 
rope,  they  would  bti  hanged  forthwith,  and  sometimes  die  lo 
aave  clmrges,  and  make  away  Ihemselvea,  if  their  corn  and 
cattle  miBcarry;  thongh  they  have  abundance  left,  as  *Agel- 
liu3  notes.  '  Valerius  makea  mention  of  one  t)iat  in  a  fam- 
ine sold  a  mouse  for  two  hundred  pence,  and  fami-hed  him- 
self; such  are  their  carea,  *  griefs,  and  perpetual  fears.  These 
symptoms  are  elegantly  expreased  by  Tlieophrastua  in  his 
character  of  a  covetous  man;  '''lying  in  bed,  he  asked  hia 
wife  whether  she  shut  tlie  trunks  and  chests  fast,  the  carcasa 
be  sealed,  and  whether  the  hall  door  be  bolted  ;  and  though 
Bhe  say  all  is  well,  he  riseth  out  of  his  bed  in  his  shirl,  bare- 
foot and  barelegged,  to  see  svhellier  it  be  so,  with  a  dark  lan- 
tern searching  every  corner,  scarce  sleeping  a  wink  all  night." 
Lucian,  in  that  pleasant  and  witty  dialogue  called  Gallus, 
brings  in  MyciUus  the  cobbler  disputing  with  his  cock,  aome- 
tinies  Pythagoras ;  where  after  much  speech  pro  and  con  to 
proTe  the  happiness  of  a  mean  estate,  and  discontents  of  a 
rich  man,  Pythagoras's  cock  in  the  end,  to  illustrate  by  exam- 
ples that  which  he  had  said,  brings  liim  to  Gnyphon  the  usu- 
rer's house  at  midnight,  and  aller  that  lo  Eucrates;  whom 
they  found  both  awake,  casting  up  their  accounts,  and  telling 
of  their  money,  °  lean,  dry,  pale  and  anxious,  i<till  suspecting 
lest  somebody  should  make  a  hole  through  the  wall,  and  so 
get  in  ;  or  if  a  rat  or  mouse  did  but  stir,  starting  upon  a 
sudden,  and  running  to  tlie  door  to  see  whether  all  were  fast. 
Plautus,  in  his  Aulularia,  makes  old  Euclio'  commanding 
Staphyla  his  wife  to  shut  the  doora  fast,  and  the  fire  to  be 


r.        1  ABelUuj,  lib.  8,  ( 


rls.      l^.i«D 


882  Cau$e8  of  Melomeholy.  [Part  I.  see.  S. 

put  out,  lest  anybody  should  make  that  an  errand  to  come  to 
his  house ;  when  he  washed  his  hands,  ^  he  was'  loath  to  fling 
away  the  foul  water,  complaining  that  he  was  undone,  be- 
cause the  smoke  got  out  of  his  roof.  And  as  he  went  from 
home,  seeing  a  crow  scratch  upon  the  muck-hill,  returned  in 
all  haste,  taking  it  for  malum  omeriy  an  ill  sign,  his  money 
was  digged  up ;  with  many  such.  He  that  will  but  observe 
their  actions,  shall  find  these  and  many  such  passages  not 
feigned  for  sport,  but  really  performed,  verified  indeed  by 
such  covetous  and  miserable  wretches,  and  that  it  is, 

*  **  manifesta  phrencsis 
Ut  locaples  moriaris  egentis  vivere  fato." 

A  mere  madness,  to  live  like  a  wretch,  and  die  rich. 

SuBSECT.  Xin. — Love  of  Gaming^  Sfc,  and  Pleasures  inh 

moderate;  Causes. 

It  is  a  wonder  to  see,  how  many  poor,  distressed,  miser- 
able wretches,  one  shall  meet  almost  in  every  path  and  street^ 
begging  for  an  alms,  that  have  been  well  descended,  and 
sometimes  in  flourishing  estate,  now  ragged,  tattered,  and 
ready  to  be  starved,  lingering  out  a  painful  life,  in  discontent 
and  grief  of  body  and  mind,  and  all  through  immoderate  lust, 
gaming,  pleasure  and  riot.  'Tis  the  common  end  of  all  sen- 
sual epicures  and  brutish  prodigals,  that  are  stupefied  and 
carried  away  headlong  with  their  several  pleasures  and  lusts. 
Cebes  in  his  table,  S.  Ambrose  in  his  second  book  of  Abel 
and  Cain,  and  amongst  the  rest  Lucian  in  his  tract  de  Mercede 
conductisy  hath  excellent  well  deciphered  such  men's  pro- 
ceedings in  his  picture  of  Opulentia,  whom  he  feigns  to  dwell 
on  the  top  of  a  high  mount,  much  sought  after  by  many 
puitors ;  at  their  first  coming  they  are  generally  entertained 
by  pleasure  and  dalliance,  and  have  all  the  content  that  pos- 
sibly may  be  given,  so  long  as  their  money  lasts ;  but  when 
their  means  fail,  they  are  contemptibly  thrust  out  at  a  back 
door,  headlong,  and  there  left;  to  shame,  reproach,  despair. 

1  Ptont  aquam  proftmdere,  fcc,  periit  dam  ftimus  de  tigillo  exit  foraa.    *  Jut.  8.  li> 


Xotw  cf  Gaming,  ^o. 


383 


i  he  at  first  that  luid  bo  many  atlendant?,  parasilns,  and 
lowers,  young  and  luaty,  ricbly  arrayed,  and  all  the  daiutj 
e  that  might  be  had,  with  all  kind  of  welcome  and  good 
s  now  upon  a  sudden  strjpt  of  all,  '  pale,  naked,  old, 
and  for^kcn,  cursing  his  stars,  and  ready  lo  stran- 
gle himself;  having  no  other  company  hut  rcpenlnnce,  sor- 
row, grief,  derision,  beggary   and   conlerapt,   which    arc   his 
^^Jgiiy  attendants    to  hid  life's  end.     As   the  '  prodigal  sod 
^^K|d  exquisite  music,  merry  company,  dainty  fare  at  first; 
^^^■t   a  sorrowful   reckoning   in   the   end ;   so  have    all   such 
^^Hin  delighta  and  their  followers.     'IVistes  voluplatum  ex- 
^^Kj^  ei   qnisgma  volnptaium  tuarum  reminisci  volet,  iniel- 
^^^pat,  as  hitter  as  gall  and  wormwood  is  their  last;  grief  of 
^^Bmd,  madness  itself.     The  ordinary  rocks  upon  which  such 
men  do  impinge  and  precipitate  themselves,  are  cards,  dice, 
hawks  and  hounds,  Iiisanani  vtnandi  studium,  one  calls  it, 
\7i»anm  sulslrucHones :  their  mad  structures,  disports,  plays, 
&C.,  when   they  are  unseasonably  used,  imprudently  han- 
dled, and  beyond  their  ibrtunes.     Some  men  are  consumed 
by  mad  fantastical  building  by  making  galleries,  cloisters, 
terraces,  walks,  orchards,  gardens,  pools,  rillets,  bowers,  and 
Bucli  like   places  of  pleasure ;   InutiUi  domos,  *  Xcnophon 
calls  them,  which  howsoever  they  be  delightsome  tilings  in 
themselvea,  and  acceptahle   to  all  beholders,  an  ornament 
and  belitling  some  great  men  ;   yet  unproiilahle   lo  others, 
and  the  sole  overthrow  of  their  estates.     Foreslus  in  his  ob- 
servations hath  an  example  of  such  a  one  that  became  melan- 
choly upon  the  like  occasion,  having  consumed  his  substance 
in  an  unprofitable  building,  which  would  afterward  yield  him 
no  advantage.     Others,  I  say,  are  '  overthrown  by  those  mad 
sports  of  hawking  and  hunting ;  honest  recreations,  and  fit 
for  some  great  men,  but  not  for  every  base  inferior  person  j 
whilst  they  will  maintain  their  falconers,  dogs,  and  hunting- 

rinll^Dlil  hi)  mlHruiD   couflcianl.  be.     bIs,  PDlvrmt.  I.  1,  c.  It,  Tean 
Utka  IT.        ■  DoMhliu.        <  la  Osco-    wUiua  itutdtutloasB  ndolen 


384  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec.  1 

nag9,  their  wealth,  saith  *  Salmutze, "  runs  awaj  with  hounds, 
and  their  fortunes  fly  away  with  hawks."  They  persecute 
beasts  so  long,  till  in  the  end  they  themselves  degenerate  into 
beasts,  as  ^  Agrippa  taxeth  them,  "Actaeon-like,  for  as  he  was 
eaten  to  death  by  his  own  dogs,  so  do  they  devour  them- 
selves and  their  patrimonies,  in  such  idle  and  unnecessary 
disports,  neglecting  in  the  mean  time  their  more  necessary 
business,  and  to  follow  their  vocations.  Over-mad,  too,  some- 
times, are  our  great  men  in  delighting,  and  doting  too  much 
on  it  * "  When  they  drive  poor  husbandmen  from  their 
tillage,"  as  *  Sarisburiensis  objects,  Polycrat.  L  1,  c.  4,  "  fling 
down  country  farms,  and  whole  towns,  to  make  parks,  and 
forests,  starving  men  to  feed  beasts,  and  *  punishing  in  the 
mean  time  such  a  man  that  shall  molest  their  game,  more 
severely  than  him  that  is  otherwise  a  common  hacker,  or  a 
notorious  thief."  But  great  men  are  some  ways  to  be  ex- 
cused, the  meaner  sort  have  no  evasion  why  they  should  not 
be  counted  mad.  Poggius  the  Florentine  tells  a  merry 
Btory  to  this  purpose,  condemning  the  foUy  and  impertinent 
business  of  such  kind  of  persons.  A  physician  of  Milan, 
saith  he,  that  cured  mad  men,  had  a  pit  of  water  in  his 
house,  in  which  he  kept  his  patients,  some  up  to  their  knees, 
some  to  the  girdle,  some  to  the  chin,  pro  modo  tnsamce,  as 
they  were  more  or  less  affected.  One  of  them  by  chance, 
that  was  well  recovered,  stood  in  the  door,  and  seeing  a 
gallant  ride  by  with  a  hawk  on  his  fist,  well  mounted,  with 
his  spaniels  after  him,  would  needs  know  to  what  use  all  this 
preparation  served;  he  made  answer  to  kill  certain  fowls; 
the  patient  demanded  again,  what  his  fowl  might  be  worth 

rum.    Raro  invenitar  quisquam  eorum  a^colonis  prsecluduntur  bjIysb  et  prata 

modestus  et  gravis,  raro  continens,  et  at  pastoribua  ut   augeantur  pascua   feris. 

eredo  sobrius  unquam.  i  Pancirol.    Majestatis  reus  agricola  ni  gustarit 

Tit.   23,   avolant   opes    cum    accipitre.  ^  A  novsdibus   suis   arcentur   agricolaOf 

>  Insignis  venatorum  stultitia,  et  super-  dum  feras  habeant  yagandi  libertatem : 

tacanea  cura  eorum.  qui  dum  nimium  iatis,  ut  pascua  augeantur,  praedia  sub- 

Teuationi  insistunt,  ipsi  abjecta  omni  hu-  .trahuntur,  &c.    Sarisburiensis.        *  Fe- 

tnanitate  in  feras  d<^nerant.  ut  Acteon,  ris  quam  hominibus  aequiores.    Canibd. 

ftc.               *  Sabin.  in  Ovid.  Metamor.  de  Guil.  Conq.  qui  86  Ecolesias  matricei 

<Agrippa  de  yanit.  acient.  Insanum  ve-  de  populatus   est  ad  forestam   noTam. 

IHUmU  studium,  dam  k  noyalibus  arcen-  Mat.  Paris. 
tax  ascksolfe  subtrahunt  prwdia  rostids, 


which  he  killeJ  in  a  year  j  he  replied  five  or  ten  crowns ; 
and  wben  he  urged  him  farther  what  hia  dogs,  horse,  and 
hawks  stood  him  JD,  lie  told  liim  four  hundred  crawDi^ ;  with 
that  tlie  patient  bade  he  gone,  aa  he  loved  hia  life  and 
welfare,  for  if  our  master  come  and  find  thee  here,  he  will 
put  ihee  ID  the  pit  amongst  mad  men  up  to  the  chin ;  taxing 
the  madness  and  folly  of  each  vain  men  that  spend  them- 
Belvea  in  those  idlo  sports,  neglecting  theii'  businesa  and 
necessflry  affaira.  Leo  dedmus,  that  hunting  pope,  is  much 
discommended  by  '  Joviua  in  his  life,  for  his  immoderate  de- 
fui-e  of  hawl^ing  and  hunting,  insomuch  that  (as  he  saith) 
he  would  sometimes  hve  about  Ostia  weeks  and  months  to- 
gether, leave  suitorg  '  un respected,  bulls  and  pardons  un- 
aigned,  to  hia  own  prejudice,  and  many  private  men's  loss. 
•"  And  if  he  had  been  by  chance  crossed  in  hia  sport,  or  his 
game  not  so  good,  he  was  so  impatient,  that  he  would  revile 
and  miseaU  many  times  men  of  great  worth  with  most  bitter 
taunts,  look  so  sour,  be  so  angry  and  waspish,  so  grieved  and 
molested,  that  it  is  incredible  to  relate  it."  But  if  be  tiad 
good  sport,  and  been  well  pleased,  on  the  other  side,  incredib- 
ill  mumficentia,  with  unspeakable  bounty  and  munificence 
he  would  reward  all  his  fellow  huntera,  and  deny  nothing  to 
any  suitor  when  he  was  in  that  mood.  To  say  truth,  'tis  the 
common  humour  of  all  gamesters,  as  Galatieus  observes,  if 
they  win,  no  men  living  are  so  jovial  and  merry,  but  *  if  they 
lose,  though  it  be  but  a  trifle,  two  or  three  games  at  tables, 
or  a  dealing  at  cards  for  twopence  a  game,  they  are  so  chol- 
eric and  testy  that  no  man  may  speak  with  tliem,  and  break 
many  limes  into  violent  passions,  oaths,  imprecations,  and 
nubcsueming  speeches,  htile  differing  fi-om  mad  men  for  the 

Hie.  Generally  of  all  gamestera  and  gaming,  if  it  be  ex- 
l^ve,  thus  much  we  may  conclude,  that  whether  they  win 
flose  for  the  present,  their  winnings  are  not  Munera  for- 
T-«i.2,  de  ilHi  niiutrlnoi.  1. 4,  de  Tit.  iK.  ot  iFimdlblle  »1  nuill  rultBg  uiirol- 
Hndslnt  et  nncuDlb.        >  Aut  tnltUdter    £irrs[.  &c.  •  Ua<pul>|us  au»ni  bi 


886  Causes  of  Mdancholy.  [Part.  L  seo.  1 

tuncB^  sed  tnsidice,  as  that  wise  Seneca  determines,  not  for- 
tune s  gifls,  but  baits,  the  common  catastrophe  is  ^  beggarj^ 
^  Ui  pestis  vitam,  sic  adimtt  aha  pecuniatn,  as  the  plague 
takes  awaj  life,  doth  gaming  goods,  for  *  omnes  nudi^  inopes 
et  egeni ;  . 

*  "  Alea  Scylla  vorax,  species  certissima  furtt, 

Non  contenta  bonis  animum  quoque  perfida  mergit, 
Fceda,  furax,  iafamis,  iners,  furiosa,  mina/' 

For  a  little  pleasure  they  take,  and  some  small  gains  aiid 
gettings  now  and  then,  their  wives  and  children  are  wringed 
in  the  mean  time,  and  they  themselves  with  loss  of  body  and 
soul  rue  it  in  the  end.  I  will  say  nothing  of  those  proiligi- 
ous  prodigals,  perdendce  pecunicB  genitos,  as  he  *  taxed  An- 
thony, Qui  patrimonium  sine  uUd  fori  calumnia  ,amittunt, 
saith  *  Cyprian,  and  '  mad  Sybaritical  spendthrifts,  Quique 
una  comedunt  patrimonia  ccend  ;  that  eat  up  all  at  a  break- 
fast, at  a  supper,  or  amongst  bawds,  parasites,  and  playerSi 
consume  themselves  in  an  instant,  as  if  they  had  flung  it 
into  ®  Tiber,  with  great  wagers,  vain  and  idle  expenses,  &c^ 
not  themselves  only,  but  even  all  their  friends,  as  a  man 
desperately  swimming  drowns  him  that  comes  to  help  him, 
by  suretyship  and  borrowing  they  will  willingly  undo  all  their 
associates  and  allies.  ^  '  Irati  pecuniis,  as  he  saith,  angry 
with  their  money ;  *^ "  what  with  a  wanton  eye,  a  liquorish 
tongue,  and  a  gamesome  hand,  when  they  have  indiscreetly 
impoverished  themselves,  mortgaged  their  wits  together  with 
their  lands,  and  entombed  their  ancestors'  fair  possessions 
in  their  bowels,  they  may  lead  the  rest  of  their  days  in 
prison,  as  many  times  they  do ;  they  repent  at  leisure ;  and 
when  all  is  gone  begin  to  be  thrifty;  but  Sera  est  in f undo 
parsimonia^  'tis  then  too  late  to  look  about ;  their  i'  end  is 

1  Juven.  Sat.  8.    Nee  enim  loculis  com-  27.       ^  Sallust.       «  Tom.  8,  Ser.  de  Alea. 

itantibus  itur  ad  casum  tabulae,  posita  7  pintufl  in  Aristoph.  calls  all  such  game* 

sed  luditur  area.   LemniuR.  instit.  ca.44,  sters  madmen.    Si  in  insanum  hominem 

mendaciorum  quidem,et  peijurlorum  et  contigero.    Spontaneum  ad  se  trahunt 

paupertatis  mater  ent  alea,  nuUam  ha-  furorem.  et  os,  et  nares,  et  oculos  rivoi 

bens  patrimonii  reverentiam,  quum  illud  faciunt  furoris  et  diversoria,  Ghrys.  hoia> 

effaderit,  sensim  in  furta  delabitur  et  ra-  17.        ®  Pasca^iius  Justus,  1.  1,  de  ales, 

pinas.    Sarifi.  Polycrat.  1. 1.  c.  6.     *  Dam-  »  Seneca,      lo  Hall.       ii  In  Sat.  11.  Sed 

noderus.    sDan.Souter.    ^  Petrar.  dial,  deficiente  crumena  :  ei  ereaoente  ga]a» 


lEem.  8,  tubs.  18.]         Love  of  Gaming,  S^c.  387 

misery,  sorrow,  shame,  and  discontent  And  well  thej  de- 
serve to  be  infamous  and  discontent.  ^  Gatamidiari  in  Am- 
vhithecUro,  as  by  Adrian  the  emperor's  edict  they  were  of 
old,  decoctores  honorum  stiorum,  so  he  calls  them,  prodigal 
fools,  to  be  publicly  shamed,  and  hissed  out  of  all  societies, 
rather  than  to  be  pitied  or  relieved.  *  The  Tuscans  and  Boe- 
tiaiis  brought  their  bankrupts  into  the  market  place  in  a  bier 
with  an  empty  purse  carried  before  them,  all  the  boys  fol- 
lowing, where  they  sat  all  day  circumstante  plebe,  to  be  infa- 
mous and  ridiculous.  At  '  Padua  in  Italy  they  have  a  stone 
called  the  stone  of  turpitude,  near  the  senate  house,  where 
spendthrifts,  and  such  as  disclaim  non-payment  of  debts,  do 
sit  with  their  hinder  parts  bare,  that  by  that  note  of  disgrace, 
others  may  be  terrified  from  all  such  vain  expense,  or  bor- 
rowing more  than  they  can  tell  how  to  pay.  The  *  civilians 
of  old  set  guardians  over  such  brain-sick  prodigals,  as  they 
did  over  madmen,  to  moderate  their  expenses,  that  they 
should  not  so  loosely  consume  their  fortunes,  to  the  utter  un- 
doing of  their  families. 

I  may  not  here  omit  those  two  main  plagues,  and  com- 
mon dotages  of  human  kind,  wine  and  women,  which  have 
infatuated  and  besotted  myriads  of  people ;  they  go  commonly 
together. 

^^  Qui  vino  indulget,  quemque  alea  docoqnit,  ille 
In  venerem  putret." 

To  whom  is  sorrow,  saith  Solomon,  Pro.  xxiii.  29,  to  whom 
is  woe,  but  to  such  a  one  as  loves  drink  ?  it  causeth  torture 
(vino  tortus  et  ira),  and  bitterness  of  mind,  Sirac.  31,  21. 
Vinum  furoris,  Jeremy  calls  it,  15  cap,  wine  of  madness,  as 
well  he  may,  for  insanire  facit  sanos,  it  makes  sound  men 
eick  and  sad,  and  wise  men  *  mad,  to  say  and  do  they  know 
not  what.     Accidit  kodie  terribilis  casus  (saith  ^  S.  Austin), 

qtiis  te  manet  exltns — ^rebus  in  yentrem  die  consumeB,  a  third  is  decomposed  by 

mersis.       i  Spartian.  Adrlano.      a  Alex,  venery."  « Poculum  quasi  sinus  ia 

ab  Alex.  lib.  6,  c.  10.    Idem  Gerbelius,  quo  ssepe  naufragium  faciunt,   jactum 

lib.  6,   GiJB  disc.  « Fines  Moris,  turn  pecuniae  turn  mentis.    Erasm.  in 

♦  Justinian,  in  Digestia.      »  Persius,  Sat.  Prov.  calicum  remiges.  chil.  4,  cent.  7, 

ft.    **  ChM  indulges  in  wine,  another  the  Pro.  41.       ^  Ser.  83,  ad  frat.  in  £remOb 


888  Cause$  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  seo.  1 

hear  a  miserable  accident;  Cyrillus's  son  this  day  in  his 
drink,^  Matrem  prcegnaniem  nequitlr  appresnty  sororem  vio" 
lore  voluity  pairem  occidiifere,  et  duos  cUias  sorores  ad  mor» 
tern  vulneravtty  would  have  violated  his  sister,  killed  his 
father,  &c.  A  true  saying  it  was  of  him,  Vino  dari  latUiam 
et  doloremy  drink  causeth  mirth,  and  drink  causeth  sorrow, 
drink  causeth  "  poverty  and  want,"  (Prov.  xxi.)  shame  and 
disgrace.  Mulit  ignohiles  evasere  oh  vini  potum,  et  (Austin) 
amissis  honorihus  profugi  aberrdrunt ;  many  men  have 
made  shipwreck  of  their  fortunes,  and  go  like  rogues  and 
beggars,  having  turned  all  their  substance  into  aurum  potab- 
tie,  that  otherwise  might  have  lived  in  good  worship  and 
happy  estate,  and  for  a  few  hours'  pleasure,  for  their  Hilary 
term's  but  short,  or  ^  free  madness,  as  Seneca  calls  it,  pur- 
chase unto  themselves  eternal  tediousness  and  trouble. 

That  other  madness  is  on  women,  ApostcUare  /cunt  eor^ 
saith  the  wise  man,  ^  Atque  homini  cerebrum  minuit  Pleas- 
ant at  first  she  is,  like  Dioscorides  Rhododaphne,  that  fair 
plant  to  the  eye,  but  poison  to  the  taste,  the  rest  as  bitter  as 
wormwood  in  the  end  (Prov.  v.  4)  and  sharp  as  a  two-edged 
sword,  (vii.  27)  "  Her  house  is  the  way  to  hell,  and  goes 
down  to  the  chambers  of  death."  What  more  sorrowful  can 
be  said  ?  they  are  miserable  in  this  life,  mad,  beasts,  led  like 
•  "  oxen  to  the  slaughter ; "  and  that  which  is  worse,  whore- 
masters  and  drunkards  shall  be  judged,  amittunt  grattctm, 
saith  Austin,  perdunt  ghriamy  incummt  damnatianem  aei/ef* 
nam.     They  lose  grace  and  glory ; 

*  "  brevis  ilia  voluptas 
Abrogat  seternum  coeli  decus  " 

they  gain  hell  and  eternal  damnation. 

1  Llbene  nnitis  hone  iiuanlam  SBtemo    mentary  pleasure  blots  oat  the 
tem  ports  taDdio  pensant.         *  Menander.    glory  of  a  heaTenly  lUb." 
ProT.  6.       *  Merlin,  eoco.    "  That  mo- 


Mem.  8,  sabs.  14.]     PhilauHOf  or  Self-love^  S^e.  389 

SuBSEGT.  XIV. — Philautic^  or  Self-love^  Vainglory^  Praise^ 
Honour^  Lmmoderate  Applausej  Pride^  overmtich  Joy,  S^c^ 
Causes. 

Self-love,  pride,  and  vainglory,  ^  caectis  amor  sui,  which 
Chrjsostom  calls  one  of  the  devil's  three  great  nets ;  *  "  Ber- 
nard, an  arrow  which  pierceth  the  soul  through,  and  slajs  it ; 
a  slj,  insensible  enemy,  not  perceived,"  are  main  causes. 
Where  neither  anger,  lust,  covetousness,  fear,  sorrow,  &c., 
nor  any  other  perturbation  can  lay  hold ;  this  will  slyly  and 
insensibly  pervert  us,  Qtietn  non  gula  victt,  PhUatUia  supera^ 
vUj  (saith  Cyprian,)  whom  surfeiting  could  not  overtake,  self- 
love  hath  overcome.  •  "  He  hath  scorned  all  money,  bribes, 
gifts,  upright  otherwise  and  sincere,  hath  inserted  himself  to 
no  fond  imagination,  and  sustained  all  those  tyrannical  con- 
cupiscences of  the  body,  hath  lost  all  his  honour,  captivated 
by  vainglory.**  Chrysostom.  sup.  lo.  Tu  sola  ammum  men^ 
temgue  peruris,  gloria^  A  great  assault  and  cause  of  our  pres- 
ent malady,  although  we  do  most  part  neglect,  take  no  notice 
of  it,  yet  this  is  a  violent  batterer  of  our  souvs,  causeth  mel- 
ancholy and  dotage.  This  plea'^ing  humour;  this  sofl  and 
whispering  popular  air,  Amahilis  insania ;  this  delectable 
frenzy,  most  irrefragable  passion,  Mentis  gratissimus  error^ 
this  acceptable  disease,  which  so  sweetly  sets  upon  us,  ravish- 
eth  our  senses,  lulls  our  souls  asleep,  puffs  up  our  hearts  as 
80  many  bladders,  and  that  without  all  feeling,  ^  insomuch  as 
"  those  that  are  misaffected  with  it,  never  so  much  as  once 
perceive  it,  or  think  of  any  cure."  We  commonly  love  him 
best  in  this  •  malady  that  doth  us  most  harm,  and  are  very 
willing  to  be  hurt ;  adulattonibus  nostris  Uhenter  favemus 
(saith  •  Jerome)  we  love  him,  we  love  him  for  it :  ^  (?  Bon- 
eiariy  suave  suave  fuit  a  ie  tali  kcec  tnbui ;  *Twas  sweet  to 

1  Hor.         *  Saidtta  qun  animam  pene-  centias  sustinuerlnt,  hi  multotles  cap- 

trat,  l«*\iter  penetrat,  sed  non  leve  intli-  ti    k    vana   gloria   omnia    perdiJerunt. 

I^t  vulnus.  sup.  cant.           s  Qui  omnem  *  Hoc  eorrepti  non  cogitant  de  medela, 

reuiiiaruni  contemptum  hnbtiut,  et  nul-  ^  Dii    talum    k    terns    avertite    pestem. 

imnginatiouis  totius  mundi  m  immia-  >  Ep.  ad  KuFtochium,  de  custod.  virgin, 

onerint,  et  tyrannicaa  corporis  concupis-  f  Lyps.  £p.  ad  Bonciuium. 


390  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  see.  S. 

hear  it  And  as  ^  Pliny  doth  ingenuously  confess  to  his  dear 
firiend  Augurinus,  ^  all  thj  writings  are  most  acceptable,  but 
those  especially  that  speak  of  us."  Again,  a  little  after  to 
Maximus,  ^ "  I  cannot  express  how  pleasing  it  is  to  me  to 
hear  myself  commended."  Though  we  smile  to  ourselves,  at 
least  ironically,  when  parasites  bedaub  us  with  fiedse  enoo 
miums,  as  many  princes  cannot  choose  but  do,  Quum  Uds 
quid  nihil  intra  se  repererintj  when  they  know  they  come  as 
far  short,  as  a  mouse  to  an  elephant,  of  any  such  virtues; 
yet  it  doth  us  good.  Though  we  seem  many  times  to  be 
angry,  *  "  and  blush  at  our  own  praises,  yet  our  souls  in- 
wardly rejoice,  it  puffs  us  up ; "  'tis  faUax  stuwitas,  hUmdus 
damon,  '^  makes  us  swell  beyond  our  bounds,  and  forget  our- 
selves." Her  two  daughters  are  lightness  of  mind,  immod- 
erate joy  and  pride,  not  excluding  those  other  concomitant 
vices,  which  *  lodocus  Lorichius  reckons  up ;  bragging,  hy- 
pocrisy, peevishness,  and  curiosity. 

Now  the  common  cause  of  this  mischief,  ariseth  from  our- 
selves or  others,  *  we  are  active  and  passive.  It  proceeds 
inwardly  from  ourselves,  as  we  are  active  causes,  from  an 
overweening  conceit  we  have  of  our  good  parts,  own  Worth, 
(which  indeed  is  no  worth,)  our  bounty,  favour,  grace,  valour, 
strength,  wealth,  patience,  meekness,  hospitality,  beauty,  tem- 
perance, gentry,  knowledge,  wit,  science,  art,  learning,  our 
t  excellent  gifts  and  fortunes,  for  which.  Narcissus-like,  we 
admire,  flatter,  and  applaud  ourselves,  and  think  all  the  world 
esteems  so  of  us ;  and  as  deformed  women  easily  believe 
those  that  tell  them  they  be  fair,  we  are  too  credulous  of  our 
own  good  parts  and  praises,  too  well  persuaded  of  ourselves. 
We  brag  and  venditate  our  •  own  works,  and  scorn  all  others 
in  respect  of  us ;  Injlati  scientid  (saith  Paul),  our  wisdom, 
•  our  learning,  all  our  geese  are  swans,  and  we  as  basely  es- 

1  Ep.  lib.  9.    Omnia  tua  scripta  pul-  laudem  Ruam  intrlnseciu  animn  lietan- 

eherrima  existimo,  maxima    tamen  ilia  tur.     3  Thesaur.  Theo.     *  Nee  enim  milii 

qun  de  doMh.  s  Exprimere  non  pos-  cornea  fi bra  ef*t.    Per.      t  B  manibus  illis, 

■lun  quim  sit  jucundum,  &c.         *  Hie-  Nascentur  violsd.     Pers.  1,  Sat.        ^Om* 

ion.  et  licet  nos  indi^nos  dicimTis  et  call-  nia  enim  nostra  supra  modum  placent 

iluB  rubor  ora  perfundat,  attamen  ad  >fab.  1.10,  c.  8.    Bidentur,  mala  oom* 


Mem.  8,  subs.  14.]     PhilatUta^  or  Self -love,  Sfc,  391 

teem  and  vilify  other  men's,  as  we  do  over-highly  prize  and 
value  our  own.  We  will  not  suffer  them  to  be  in  «e- 
eundis,  no,  not  in  tertiis ;  what,  Mecum  confertur  Ulysses  f 
thej  are  Mures^  MusctBy  cvlices  prce  se,  nits  and  flies  com- 
pared to  his  inexorable  and  supercilious,  eminent  and  arro- 
gant worship  ;  though  indeed  they  be  far  before  him.  Only 
wise,  only  rich,  only  fortunate,  valorous,  and  fair,  puffed  up 
with  this  tympany  of  self-conceit ;  *  as  that  proud  Pharisee, 
they  are  not  (as  they  suppose)  "  like  other  men,"  of  a  purer 
and  more  precious  metal ;  *  Soli  rei  gerendi  sunt  efficaceSy 
which  that  wise  Periander  held  of  such ;  *  meditantur  omne 
qui  prius  negotiuniy  S^c.  Nom  quendam  (saith  f  Erasmus)  I 
knew  one  so  arrogant  that  he  thought  himself  inferior  to  no 
man  living,  like  *  Callisthenes  the  philosopher,  that  neither 
held  Alexander's  acts,  or  any  other  subject  worthy  of  his  pen, 
such  was  his  insolency ;  or  Seleucus  king  of  Syria,  who 
thought  none  fit  to  contend  with  him  but  the  Romans.  ^JEos 
solos  dignos  rattis  quibuscum  de  imperio  certaret.  That 
which  Tully  writ  to  Atticus  long  since,  is  still  in  force, 
• "  There  was  never  yet  true  poet  nor  orator,  that  thought 
any  other  better  than  himself."  And  such  for  the  most  part 
are  your  princes,  potentates,  great  philosophers,  historiog- 
raphers, authors  of  sects  or  heresies,  and  all  our  great  schol- 
ars, as  *  Hierom  defines ;  "  a  natural  philosopher  is  a  glorious 
creature,  and  a  very  slave  of  rumour,  fame,  and  popular  opin- 
ion," and  though  they  write  de  contemptu  glorice^  yet  as  he 
observes,  they  will  put  their  names  to  their  books.  VoUs  et 
famce  me  semper  dedi,  saith  Trebellius  Pollio,  I  "  have  wholly 
consecrated  myself  to  you  and  fame."  "  'Tis  all  my  desire, 
night  and  day,  'tis  all  my  study  to  raise  my  name."  Proud 
^  Pliny  seconds  him ;   Quanquam  0  !  S^c,  and  that  vainglori- 

ponant  carmina,  yemm  gandent  ocriben-  existimaret,  To.  Vossius,  lib.  1,  cap.  9,  da 

teSf  et  se  yenerantur^  et  ultra.    Si  taceas  hist.       *  Plutarch,  vit.  Oatonis.       &  Ne- 

laudant,  quicquid  scripsere  beati.    Hor.  mo  unquam  Poyta  aut  Orator,  qui  quen- 

ep.  2, 1.  2.  1  Luke  xriii.  10.  '^  De  quam  se  metiorem  arbitraretur.       ^Cou- 

meliore    luto    fiuxit    prsecordia    Titan,  sol.  ad   Pammachium      Vlundi  philoso« 

Auson  sap.         t  Chil.  8,  ceot.  10,  pro.  phus,  glorise  animal,  et  popularis  auras 

97.    Qui  se  crederet  neminem  ulla  in  re  et  rumorum  venale  mancipium.    7  Epist. 

prsBstnntiorem.        >  Tanto  &8tu  scripsit,  6,  Capitoni  suo :  Diebus  ac  noctibus,  hoe 

bt  Alexandri  gesta  inferiora  scriptis  suis  solum  cogito  A  quSL  me  possum  leTur 


892  CaiLsei  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec.  & 

ous  ^  orator,  is  not  ashamed  to  confess  in  an  Epistle  of  his  to 
Marcus  Lecceius  Ardeo  incredihili  cupiditatey  Sfc.  ^  I  bum 
with  an  incredible  desire  to  have  mj  ^  name  registered  in  thy 
book."  Out  of  this  fountain  proceed  all  those  cracks  and  brags, 
*  gperamus  carminajinffi  Posse  linenda  cedro,  et  lent  ser- 


vanda  cupresso *  Non  usitatd  nee  tenui  ferar  pennd 

nee  in  terra  morabor  longius.     Nil  parvum  avt  humili  modoj 

nil  mortah  loquor.     Dicar  qua  violens  ohstrepit  Ausidas,——^ 

JExegi  monninentum  cere  perennius.    Jamque  opus  exegi,  quod 

nee  Jovis  ira,  nee  tynis,  Sfc,,  cum  venit  tile  dies,  S^e.,  parte 

tamen  meliore  mei  super  alia  perennis  astra  ferar,  nonienque 

erit  indelebile  nostrum.     (This  of  Ovid  I  have  paraphrased 

in  English.) 

**  And  when  I  am  dead  and  gone, 
My  corpse  Inid  under  a  stone, 
My  fame  shall  yet  survive. 
And  I  shall  be  alive, 
In  these  my  works  forever, 
My  glory  shall  perse ver,"  &c. 

And  that  of  Ennius, 

"  Nemo  me  lachrjrmis  decoret,  neque  funera  fletu 
Faxit,  curV  volito  docta  per  ora  virdm.'* 

^  Let  none  shed  tears  over  me,  or  adorn  my  bier  with  sorrow 
—  because  I  am  eternally  in  the  mouths  of  men."  With 
many  such  proud  strains,  and  foolish  flashes  too  common  with 
writers.  Not  so  much  as  Democharis  on  the  *  Topics,  but 
he  will  be  immortal.  Typotius  de  famd^  shall  be  famous, 
and  well  he  deserves,  because  he  writ  of  fame ;  and  every 

trivial  poet  must  be  renowned.  " —  Plausuque  petit  dares* 

cere  vulgiP  "  He  seeks  the  applause  of  the  public"  This 
puffing  humour  it  is,  that  hath  produced  so  many  great  tomes, 
built  such  famous  monuments,  strong  castles,  and  Mausolean 
tombs,  to  have  their   acts   eternized,  "  Digito  monstrari,  el 

humo.  Id  Toto  meo  suflScit,  &c.        i  Tul-  sius  forat.  uneb.  de  Seal.  'Hor.  art. 

litis.  2  Ut  nomen  meum  scriptis  tuis  Pogt.  *  Od.  Vit.  1.  8.    Jamque  opni 

tllustretur.   Inquies  animus  studio  aeter-  exegl.    Vade.  liber  foelix ;  Paliogen.  !ib. 

nitatifl,  noctes  et  dies  angebatur.    Uen-  18.        *  In  lib.  8. 


Kern  «,  subs.  14.]  Vainglory^  Pride,  S^c.  893 

dicier  hie  est  /  "  "  to  be  pointed  at  with  the  finger,  and  to  have 
it  said,  *  there  he  goes,'"  to  see  their  names  inscribed,  as 
Phryne  on  the  walls  of  Thebes,  Phryne  fecit ;  this  causeth 
60  many  bloody  battles,  ^et  nodes  cogit  vigilare  serenas;" 
*  and  induces  us  to  watch  during  calm  nights."  Long  jour- 
neys, ^Magnum  iter  intendoy  sed  dot  mihi  gloria  vires"  "  I 
contemplate  a  monstrous  journey,  but  the  love  of  glory 
strengthens  me  for  it,"  gaining  honour,  a  little  applause, 
pride,  self-love,  vainglory.  This  is  it  which  makes  them 
take  such  pains,  and  break  out  into  those  ridiculous  strains, 
this  high  conceit  of  themselves,  to  ^  scorn  all  others  ;  ridiculo 
fastu  et  iniolerando  contemptu  ;  as  ^  Palsemon  the  grammarian 
contemned  Varro,  secum  et  natas  et  morituras  literas  jacianSj 
and  brings  them  to  that  height  of  insolency,  that  they  cannot 
endure  to  be  contradicted,  *  or  "  hear  of  anything  but  their 
own  commendation,"  which  Hierom  notes  of  such  kind  of 
men.  And  as  *  Austin  well  seconds  him,  "'tis  their  sole 
study  day  and  night  to  be  commended  and  applauded." 
When  as  indeed,  in  all  wise  men's  judgments,  quibus  cor  sapit, 
they  are  '^  mad,  empty  vessels,  funges,  beside  themselves,  de- 
rided, et  ut  Camelus  inproverbio  qucerens  comua,  etiam  quas 
hahehat  aures  amisit,  ®  their  works  are  toys,  as  an  almanac 
out  of  date, '  auihoris  pereunt  garruUtate  sui,  they  seek  fame 
and  immortality,  but  reap  dishonour  and  infamy,  they  are  a 
common  obloquy,  insensati,  and  come  far  short  of  that  which 
they  suppose  or  expect.     ®  0  puer  tit  sis  viicdis  metuo. 

"  How  mnch  I  dread 
Thy  days  are  short,  some  lord  shall  strike  thee  dead/* 

Of  so  many  myriads  of  poets,  rhetoricians,  philosophers, 
Bophisters,  as  *  Eusebius  well  observes,  which  have  written 
in  former  ages,  scarce  one  of  a  thousand's  works  remains, 

1  De  ponte  dejicere.  *  Sueton.  lib.  Insaniam  istam,  domine,  longg  fac  ^  me. 

depram.        &  Nihil  libenter  audiunt,  nisi  Austin,  cons.  lib.  10,  cap.  37.  ®  *'  As 

laudes  Hoas.  *  Epis.  66.    Nihil  aliud  Camelus,  in  the  novel,  who  lost  his  ears 

dies  noctesque  cogitant  nisi  ut  in  studiis  while  he  was  looking  for  a  pairot  horns.'* 

suis  laudentur  ab  hominibus.         &  Quae  7  Mart.  1.  5,  51.  ^  Ilor.  Sat.  1, 1.  2. 

m^jor  dementia  aut  dici,  aut  excogitari  *  Lib.  cont.  Pbilos.  cap.  1. 
potest,  qu^im  sio  ob  gloriam  cruciari'f 


394  Causes  of  Melancholy.  f^art  I.  aeo.  % 

nomina  et  libri  simrd  cum  corporibus  interierunt^  their  books 
and  bodies  are  perished  together.  It  is  not  as  they  vwnly 
think,  they  shall  surely  be  admired  and  immortal,  as  one  told 
Philip  of  Macedon  insultingly,  after  a  victory,  that  his 
shadow  was  no  longer  than  before,  we  may  say  to  them^ 

"  Nos  demiramur,  sed  non  cum  deside  vulgo, 
Sed  velnt  Harpyas,  Gorgonas,  et  Furias.** 

"  We  marvel  too,  not  as  the  vulgar  we, 
But  as  we  Qorgons,  Harpies,  or  Furies  see.'* 

Or  if  we  do  applaud,  honour,  and  admire,  qiiota  pars,  how 
small  a  part,  in  respect  of  the  whole  world,  never  so  much  as 
hears  our  names,  how  few  take  notice  of  us,  how  slender  a 
tract,  as  scant  as  Alcibiades's  land  in  a  map !  And  yet 
every  man  must  and  will  be  immortal,  as  he  hopes,  and  ex- 
tend his  fame  to  our  antipodes,  when  as  half,  no  not  a  quarter 
of  his  own  province  or  city,  neither  knows  nor  hears  of  him ; 
but  say  they  did,  what's  a  city  to  a  kingdom,  a  kingdom  to 
Europe,  Europe  to  the  world,  the  world  itself  that  must  have 
an  end,  if  compared  to  the  least  visible  star  in  the  firmament, 
eighteen  times  bigger  than  it  ?  And  then  if  those  stars  be 
infinite,  and  every  star  there  be  a  sun,  as  some  will,  and  as 
this  sun  of  ours  hath  his  planets  about  him,  all  inhabited, 
what  proportion  bear  we  to  them,  and  where's  our  glory? 
Orhem  terrarum  victor  Romanus  hahehat,  as  he  cracked  in 
Petronius,  all  the  world  was  under  Augustus ;  and  so  in  Con- 
stantine*s  time,  Eusebius  brags  he  governed  all  the  world, 
universum  mundum  prceclare  admodum  admimstravit,—^-€t 
omnis  orhis  gentes  Imperatori  suhjecti  ;  so  of  Alexander  it  is 
given  out,  the  four  monarchies,  &c.,  when  as  neither  Greeks 
nor  Romans  ever  had  the  fifteenth  part  of  the  now  known 
world,  nor  half  of  that  which  was  then  described.  What 
braggadocios  are  they  and  we  then  ?  quam  brevis  hie  de  n(h 
his  sermo,  as  ^  he  said,  ^pudebit  audi  nominis,  how  short  a 
time,  how  little  a  while  doth  this  fame  of  ours  continue? 
Every  private  province,  every  small  territory  and  city,  when 

1  Tul.  Som.  Sdp.       s  Boethios. 


eDi.  8,  subs.  14.]  Vainglory^  Pride,  S^c.  395 

we  have  all  done,  will  yield  as  generous  spirits,  as  brave  ex* 
amples  in  all  respects,  as  famous  as  ourselves,  Cadwallader  in 
Wales,  Bollo  in  Normandy,  Bobin  Hood  and  Little  John,  are 
as  much  renowned  in  Sherwood,  as  Caesar  in  Borne,  Alexan- 
der in  Greece,  or  his  Hephestion,  ^  Omnis  cetas  omnisque  pop' 
tUus  in  exemplum  et  admircUionem  veniety  every  town,  city, 
book,  is  full  of  brave  soldiers,  senators,  scholars ;  and  though 
s  Bracydas  was  a  worthy  captain,  a  good  man,  and  as  they 
thought,  not  to  be  matched  in  Lacedsemon,  yet  as  his  mother 
truly  said,  plures  habet  Sparta  Bracyda  meliores,  Sparta  had 
many  better  men  than  ever  he  was  ;  and  howsoever  thou  ad- 
mirest  thyself,  thy  friend,  many  an  obscure  fellow  the  world 
never  took  notice  of,  had  he  been  in  place  or  action,  would 
have  done  inuch  better  than  h6  or  he,  or  thou  thyself. 

Another  kind  of  mad  men  there  is  opposite  to  these,  that 
are  insensibly  mad,  and  know  not  of  it,  such  as  contemn  all 
praise  and  glory,  think  themselves  most  free,  when  as  indeed 
they  are  most  mad ;  calcant  sed  alio  fastu ;  a  company  of 
cynics,  such  as  are  monks,  hermits,  anachorites,  that  contemn 
the  world,  contemn  themselves,  contemn  all  titles,  honours, 
offices ;  and  yet  in  that  contempt  are  more  proud  than  any 
man  living  whatsoever.  They  are  proud  in  humility,  proud 
in  that  they  are  not  proud,  scepe  homo  de  vance  ghrice  con^ 
tempiUy  vanius  gloriatur,  as  Austin  hath  it,  confess,  lib,  10, 
cap.  38,  like  Diogenes,  intus  gloriantur,  they  brag  inwardly, 
and  feed  themselves  fat  with  a  self-conceit  of  sanctity,  which 
is  no  better  than  hypocrisy.  They  go  in  sheep's  russet,  many 
great  men  that  might  maintain  themselves  in  cloth  of  gold, 
and  seem  to  be  dejected,  humble  by  their  outward  carriage, 
when  as  inwardly  they  are  swoln  full  of  pride,  arrogancy,  and 
self-conceit.  And  therefore  Seneca  ad-viseth  his  friend  Lu- 
cilius,  ♦  "  in  his  attire  and  gesture,  outward  actions,  especially 
to  avoid  all  such  things  as  are  more  notable  in  themselves ;  as 

1  Putean.  Cisalp.  hist.  lib.  1.        >  Plu-  sunt,  aaperum  cultum  et  yitioHum  caput, 

tarch.  Lycurgo.  *  Epist  18.    lUud  negligentiorem  barbaiu,  indictum  argen* 

te  admoneo,  ne  eomm  more  facias,  qui  to  odium,  cubile  humi  positum,  et  quic« 

non  proficere,  sed  conspici  cupiunt,  quae  quid  ad  laudem  perversa  yia  sequitor 

In  ii&bitu  tuo,  aut  genere  vitas  notabilia  evita. 


896  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  1 

a  rugged  attire,  hirsute  head,  horrid  beard,  contempt  of 
money,  coarse  lodging,  and  whatsoever  leads  to  fame  that  op- 
posite way.*' 

All  this  madness  yet  proceeds  from  ourselves,  the  main 
engine  which  batters  us  is  from  others,  we  are  merely  passive 
in  this  business  ;  from  a  company  of  parasites  and  flatterers, 
that  with  immoderate  praise,  and  bombast  epithets,  glozing 
titles,  false  eulogiums,  so  bedaub  and  applaud,  gild  over  many 
a  silly  and  undeserving  man,  that  they  clap  him  quUe  out  of 
his  wits.  Res  imprimis  violenta  est,  as  Hierom  notes,  this 
common  applause  is  a  most  violent  thing,  laudum  placenta,  a 
drum,  fife,  and  trumpet  cannot  so  animate ;  that  fattens  men, 
erects  and  dejects  them  in  an  instant  *  Palma  negata  mar 
crum,  donata  reducit  opimum.  It  makes  them  fat  and  lean,  as 
frost  doth  conies.  *  "  And  who  is  that  mortal  man  that  can 
80  contain  himself,  that  if  he  be  immoderately  commended 
and  applauded,  will  not  be  moved  ?  "  Let  him  be  what  he 
will,  those  parasites  will  overturn  him ;  if  he  be  a  king,  he  is 
one  of  the  nine  worthies,  more  than  a  man,  a  god  forthwith, 
*  edictum  Domini  Deique  nostri;  and  they  will  sacrifice 

unto  him, 

t  "  divinos  si  tu  patiaris  honores, 
Ultrb  ipsi  dabiiaus  meritasque  sacrabimus  aras.** 

If  he  be  a  soldier,  then  Themistocles,  Epaminondas,  Hector, 
Achilles,  duo  falmina  belli,  triumviri  terrarum,  S^c,  and  the 
valour  of  both  Scipios  is  too  little  for  him,  he  is  inmctissimus^ 
serenissimus,  miUtis  tropkceis  omatissimus,  natures  dominus, 
although  he  be  lepus  galeatus,  indeed  a  very  coward,  a  milk- 
sop, J  and  as  he  said  of  Xerxes,  postremus  in  piignd,  primus  in 
fugd,  and  such  a  one  as  never  durst  look  his  enemy  in  the 
face.  If  he  be  a  big  man,  then  is  he  a  Samson,  another 
Henmles  ;  if  he  pronounce  a  speech,  another  Tully  or  Demos- 
thenes ;  as  of  Herod  in  the  Acts,  "  the  voice  of  God  and  not 

1  Per.         s  Quia  vero  tam  bene  modu-  you  will  accept  divine  honours,  we  will 

lo  sue  mctiri  8e  novit,  ut  eum  asfliduse  et  willingly  erect  and  consecrate  altars  tO 

immodiras    laudationes    non    moveant?  you."        t  Justin. 
Uen.  Steph.        ♦  Mart        t  Stroza.  "  If 


tfem.  s,  rain. «.]        Vainfflon/,  /ViA,  ^c.  397 

of  man  ; "  if  he  can  make  a  verse,  Homer,  Virgil,  &c.  And 
then  mj  eilly  weak  patient  takes  all  thei<e  eulogiums  to  him- 
self; it'  he  be  a  scholar  so  commended  for  his  mui;h  reading, 
excellent  style,  method,  &.C.,  he  will  eviacerate  himself  like  a 
spider,  study  to  death,  Laudaias  ostendil  avU  Junonia  pen- 
no*,  pcaixick-ltlce  he  will  display  all  his  feathers.  If  he  be  a 
Eoldier,  and  so  applauded,  bis  valour  estoUed,  though  it  be 
impar  cangrtimn,  as  that  of  Troilus,  and  Achilles,  Infelix 
puer,  he  will  combat  with  ft  giant,  run  first  upon  a  breach, 
as  another  -*  Philippua,  he  will  ride  into  the  thickest  of  his 

enemies.      Commend  his  housekeeping,  and  he  will  beggar 

Dself ;  commend  his  temperance,  he  will  starve  himself. 


lad,  mad,  mad,  no  woe  with  him  ; impatient  con- 

t  erit,  he  will  over  the  'Alps  to  be  talked  of,  or  to  main- 
liis  credit.  Commend  an  ambitious  man,  some  proud 
J  or  potentate,  si  plus  mquo  laudeiur  (saiih  '  Erasmus) 
I  erigit,  e^cuil  hominem,  Deum  *e  pidai,  he  sets  up  his 
C,  and  will  be  no  longer  a  mau  but  a  god. 


V  did  thia  work  with  this  Alexander,  that  would  needs  be 
pitei's  son,  and  go  like  Hercules  in  a  lion's  skin  ?  Domi- 
1  god  {%  Dominus  Deus  natter  ric  _^ffrijM5e(),  like  the 
I  Persian  kings,  whose  image  was  adored  by  all  that  came 
into  the  city  of  Babylon.  Commodus  the  emperor  was  so 
gulled  by  hb  flattering  parasites,  that  he  must  be  called  War- 
cules.     *Antonius  the  Eoman  would  be  crowned  with  ivy, 


I  UtIui.    Oloris  taDtmn  el 


natlo  Su.    Jut.  Sit,  10, 


ilfn,    AndsAJiquldi&D., 


'ii  p]&^   JuR^L,  flt  pro  dd 


8v^8  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Pari.  I.  see.  1 

carried  in  a  chariot,  and  adored  for  Bacchus.  Cotjs,  king  of 
Thrace,  was  married  to  ^Minerva,  and  sent  three  several 
messengers  one  after  another,  to  see  if  she  were  come  to  his 
bed-chamber.  Such  a  one  was  ^  Jupiter  Menecrates,  Maxi- 
minus  Jovianus,  Dioclesianus  Herculeus,  Sapor  the  Persian 
king,  brother  of  the  sun  and  moon,  and  our  modem  Turks, 
that  will  be  gods  on  earth,  kings  of  kings,  Grod's  shadow,  com- 
manders of  all  that  may  be  commanded,  our  kings  of  China 
and  Tartary  in  this  present  age.  Such  a  one  was  Xerxes, 
that  would  whip  the  sea,  fetter  Neptune,  stidtd  jactantidy  and 
send  a  challenge  to  Mount  Athos ;  and  such  are  many  sottish 
princes,  brought  into  a  fooFs  paradise  by  their  parasites,  'tis  a 
common  humour,  incident  to  all  men,  when  they  are  in  great 
places,  or  come  to  the  solstice  of  honour,  have  done,  or  de- 
served well,  to  applaud  and  flatter  themselves.  StuUitiam 
stiam  produnt,  S^c,  (saith  *  Platerus)  your  very  tradesmen  if 
they  be  excellent,  will  crack  and  brag,  and  show  their  folly 
in  excess.  They  have  good  parts,  and  they  know  it,  you 
need  not  tell  them  of  it ;  out  of  a  conceit  of  their  worth,  they 
go  smiling  to  themselves,  a  perpetual  meditation  of  their  tro- 
phies and  plaudits,  they  run  at  last  quite  mad,  and  lose  their 
wits.*  Petrarch,  lib.  1,  de  contemptu  mundiy  confessed  as 
much  of  himself,  and  Cardan,  in  his  fifth  book  of  wisdom, 
gives  an  instance  in  a  smith  of  Milan,  a  fellow-citizen  of  his, 
*  one  Galeus  de  Rubeis,  that  being  commended  for  refining 
of  an  instrument  of  Archimedes,  for  joy  ran  mad.  Plutarch 
in  the  life  of  Artaxerxes,  hath  such  a  like  story  of  one  Cha- 
mus,  a  soldier,  that  wounded  king  Cyrus  in  battle,  and  "  grew 
thereupon  so  ^  arrogant,  that  in  a  short  space  after  he  lost  his 
wits."     So  many  men,  if  any  new  honour,  office,  preferment, 

heJera,  et  corona  yelatng  anrea,  et  thjr-  11.  OracQlnm  est,  Tivida  ssepe  ingenkk 
sum  tenens,  cothurnisque  succinctus  luxuriare  hac  et  evanescere,  multosqae 
curru  velut  Liber  pater  vectU9  est  Alex-  sensum  penitus  amisisse.  Homines  Into- 
andrias.  Pater,  vol.  post.  i  MinerrsB  entur,  ac  tii  ipai  non  essent  homines, 
niiptias  ambit,  tanto  furore  percitus,  ut  ^  Galeas  de  Rubeis,  civis  noster  faber  fer> 
satellites  mitteret  ad  videndum  num  dea  rarlus,  ob  inventionem  instrument!  Co- 
in thalamis  venisset,  &c.  >  JEIian.  li.  cleae  olim  Archimedis  dicti,  prse  lietitii 
12.  *  I>e  mentis  alienat.  cap.  8.  ^  Se-  insaniyit.  &  Insania  postmodum  car* 
qnitaTqoe  iuperbla  formam.    Liyius,  li.  reptus,  ob  nimiam  inde  arrogantiam. 


Hem.  8,  subs.  15.]  Study^  a  Cause.  399 

booty,  treasure,  possession,  or  patrimony,  ex  tnsperato  fall 
unto  them,  for  immoderate  joy,  and  continual  meditation  of  it, 
cannot  sleep  ^  or  tell  what  they  say  or  do,  they  are  so  rav- 
ished on  a  sudden ;  and  with  vain  conceits  transported,  there 
is  no  rule  with  them.  Epaminondas,  therefore,  the  next  day 
after  his  Leuctrian  victory,  *  "  came  ahroad  all  squalid  and 
Bubmiss,"  and  gave  no  other  reason  to  his  friends  of  so  doing, 
than  that  he  perceived  himself  the  day  before,  by  reason  of 
his  good  fortune,  to  be  too  insolent,  overmuch  joyed.  That 
wise  and  virtuous  lady,  *  Queen  Katherine,  Dowager  of  Eng- 
land, in  private  talk,  upon  like  occasion,  said,  "that  *she 
would  not  willingly  endure  the  extremity  of  either  fortune ; 
but  if  it  were  so,  that  of  necessity  she  must  undergo  the  one, 
she  would  be  in  adversity,  because  comfort  was  never  want- 
ing in  it,  but  still  counsel  and  government  were  defective  in 
the  other ; "  they  could  not  moderate  themselves. 

SuBSECT.  XV. — Love  of  Learning,  or  overmuch  Study. 
With  a  Digression  of  the  Misery  of  Scholars,  and  why  the 
Muses  are  Melancholy. 

Leonartus  Fuchsius,  Instit,  lib.  iii.  sect.  1,  cap.  1,  Faelix 
Plater,  lib.  iii.  de  mentis  cdienat.,  Here,  de  Saxonia,  Tract, 
post,  de  melanch.  cap.  3,  speak  of  a  ®  peculiar  fury,  which 
comes  by  overmuch  study.  Fernelius,  lib.  1,  cap.  18,  'puts 
study,  contemplation,  and  continual  meditation,  as  an  especial 
cause  of  madness ;  and  in  his  86  consul,  cites  the  same  words. 
Jo.  Arculanus,  in  lib.  9,  Rhasis  ad  Alnansorem,  cap.  16, 
amongst  other  causes  reckons  up  studium  vehemens  ;  so  doth 
Levinus  Lemnius,  lib.  de  occtd.  nat.  mirac.  lib.  1,  cap.  16. 
^"Many  men  (saith  he)  come  to  this  malady  by  continual 

1  Bene  ferre  magnam  disce  fortunam.  hac  nulli  unqnam  dcfult  solatium,  in  al- 

Hor.     Fortunam  reverenter  habe,  qui-  tera  multis  consilium,  &c.  Lod.  Virea, 

cunque  repents  Dives  ab  exili  progrediere  ^   Peculiaris    furor,    qui    ex    literis    fit. 

loco.  Ausonius.         ^  Processit  squalidus  >  Nihil  magis  auget,  ac  assidua  stndia,  et 

et  submissuR,  ut  hesterni  diei  gaudium  profundas  cogitationes.        7  Non  desunt, 

intemperans  hodie  castigaret.          »  Uxor  qui  ex  jugi  studio,  et  intempestiva  lucu' 

Henr.  8.         *  Neutrius  se  fortunas  extre-  bratione,  hue  devenerunt,  hi  pro)  caeteril 

mum  libenter  experturam  dixit :  sed  si  enim  pleruaque  melaacholia  solent  infe^ 

necesKitas  alterius  sub  nde  imponeretur,  tari. 
optare  se  difflcil)m  et  adversam :  quod  in 


400  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec.  1 

•  study,  and  night-waking,  and  of  all  other  men,  scholars  are 
most  subject  to  it ; "  and  such,  Rhasis  adds,  *  "  that  have  com- 
monly the  finest  wits."  Cont.  lih,  1,  tract.  9.  Marsilius  Fi- 
cinus,  de  sanit.  tuendd,  lib,  1,  cap.  7,  puts  melancholy  amongst 
one  of  those  five  principal  plagues  of  students,  'tis  a  coramon 
Maul  unto  them  all,  and  almost  in  some  measure  an  insepar- 
able comoanion.  Varro  belike  for  that  cause  calls  Trisies 
Philosopnos  et  severoSy  severe,  sad,  dry,  tetric,  are  common 
epithets  to  scholars ;  and  '^  Patritius  therefore,  in  the  institu- 
tion of  princes,  would  not  have  them  to  be  great  students. 
For  (as  Machiavel  holds)  study  weakens  their  bodies,  dulls 
the  spirits,  abates  their  strength  and  courage ;  and  good 
scholars  are  never  good  soldiere,  which  a  certain  Goth  well 
perceived,  for  when  his  countrymen  came  into  Greece,  and 
would  have  burned  all  their  books,  he  cried  out  against  it,  by 
no  means  they  should  do  it,  * "  leave  them  that  plague, 
which  in  time  will  consume  all  their  vigour,  and  martial 
spirits."  The  *  Turks  abdicated  Cornutus  the  next  heir  from 
the  empire,  because  he  was  so  much  given  to  his  book  ;  and 
'tis  the  common  tenet  of  the  world,  that  learning  dulls  and 
diminisheth  the  spirits,  and  so  per  consequens  produceth  mel- 
ancholy. 

Two  main  reasons  may  be  given  of  it,  why  students  should 
be  more  subject  to  this  malady  than  others.  The  one  is,  they 
live  a  sedentary,  solitary  life,  sibi  et  musts,  free  from  bodily 
exercise,  and  those  ordinary  disports  which  other  men  use ; 
and  many  times  if  discontent  and  idleness  concur  with  it, 
which  is  too  frequent,  they  are  precipitated  into  this  gulf  on 
a  sudden;  but  the  common  cause  is  overmuch  study;  too 
much  learning  (as  ^  Festus  told  Paul)  hath  made  thee  mad ; 
'tis  that  other  extreme  which  effects  it.  So  did  Trincavellius, 
lib,  1,  consiL  12  and  13,  find  by  his  experience,  in  two  of  his 

*  Stndy  is  a   continual  and  earnest  81.    Graecis  hanc  pe^tem  relinquite,  qn» 

meditation,  applied    to  something  with  dubium  non  est  quin  brevi  omnem  iifl 

great  desire.    Tully.        i  EtiUi  qui  sunt  vigorem  ereptura,  Martiosque  spiritus  ex- 

BubtiliH  ingenii.  et  multse  prtemeditatio-  hausturasit;  ut  ad  anna  trac  tan  da  plane 

nis,  de  £u;ili  incidunt  in  melancholiam.  inhabiles  futuri  sint.        *  Knoles,  Turk 

S0bstudiorumsolicitudineniJib.5,Tit.5.  Hist.         6  Acts,  xxtI.  24. 
)  'laspar  Bus,  Thesaur.  Polit.  Apoteles. 


Hem.  8,  subs.  15.J  Study,  a  Cause.  401 

patients,  a  young  baron,  and  another  that  contracted  thia 
malady  by  too  vehement  study.  So  Forestus,  observat.  I.  10, 
observ.  13,  in  a  young  divine  in  Louvaine,  that  was  mad,  and 
said,  *  "  he  had  a  Bible  in  his  head ; "  Marsilius  Ficinus  de 
tanit.  tuend.  lib,  1,  cap.  1,  3,  4,  and  lib,  2,  cap,  16,  gives 
many  reasons,  ^  "  why  students  dote  more  often  than  others.** 
The  first  is  their  negligence ;  *  "  other  men  look  to  their  tools, 
a  painter  will  wash  his  pencils,  a  smith  will  look  to  his  ham- 
mer, anvil,  forge ;  a  husbandman  will  mend  his  plough-irons, 
and  grind  his  hatchet,  if  it  be  dull ;  a  falconer  or  huntsman 
will  have  an  especial  care  of  his  hawks,  hounds,  horses, 
dogs,  <&c. ;  a  musician  will  string  and  unstring  his  lute,  &c ; 
only  scholars  neglect  that  instrument,  their  brain  and  spirits 
(I  mean)  which  they  daily  use,  and  by  which  they  range  over 
all  the  world,  which  by  much  study  is  consumed."  Fide 
(saith  Lucian)  ne  funiculum  nimis  tntendendo,  aliquando  ah" 
rumpas  :  "  See  thou  twist  not  the  rope  so  hard,  till  at  length 
it  *  break.**  Ficinus,  in  his  fourth  chap,  gives  some  other 
reasons ;  Saturn  and  Mercury,  the  patrons  of  learning,  they 
are  both  dry  planets ;  and  Origan  us  assigns  the  same  cause, 
why  Mercurialists,  are  so  poor,  and  most  part  beggars ;  for 
that  their  president  Mercury  had  no  better  fortune  himsel£ 
The  destinies  of  old  put  poverty  upon  him  as  a  punishment ; 
since  when,  poetry  and  beggary  are  Gemelli,  twin-born  brats, 
inseparable  companions ; 

*  "  And  to  this  day  is  every  scholar  poor; 

Gross  gold  from  them  runs  headlong  to  the  boor:  " 

Mercury  can  help  them  to  knowledge,  but  not  to  money. 
The  second  is  contemplation.  ®"  which  dries  the  brain  and 

1  Nimlifl  stndiis  melancholicus  eTasit,  &c.,  soli  mnsamm  myntse  tam  negligeu- 

dlcens  86  Biblium  in  capite  habere.    ^Car  tes  sunt,  ut  InRtrumentnin  illud   quo 

melanctaolil   aasiduSl,  crebrisque  delira-  mundum  universum  metiri  solent,  spiri- 

mentlfl  vexeutur  eorum  animl  ut  deflipere  turn  scilicet,  penitus  negli<^re  videantur 

eogantur.        '  Solera  qnilibet  artifex  in-  *  Arcus  et  arma  tibi  non  sunt  iraitanda 

sirumenta  sua  diligentissim^  curat,  peni-  Dianse.    Si  nunquam  cesRes  tendere  mol 

cellos  pictor  ;  malleos  incudesque  fiiber  lis  erit.    Orid.        6  Ephemer.         «  Con 

fiBrrarius;  miles  equos,  arma  venator,  au-  tern platio  cerebrum  ex^iccat  et  extinj^iit 

ocps  ares  et  canes,  cythuam  oytharsedus,  calorem  naturalem,  unde  cerebrum  frigl- 

VOL.  I.  26 


402  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  1 

extinguisheth  natural  heat ;  for  whilst  the  spirits  are  intent 
to  meditation  above  in  the  head,  the  stomach  and  liver  are 
lefl  destitute,  and  thence  come  black  blood  and  crudities  by 
defect  of  concoction,  and  for  want  of  exercise  the  superfluous 
vapoure  cannot  exhale,"  &c.  The  same  reasons  are  repeated 
by  Gromesius,  lib.  4,  cap.  1,  de  sale  ^  Nymannus  oral,  de  Imag» 
Jo.  Yoschius,  lib,  2,  cap.  5,  de  peste;  and  something  more 
they  add,  that  hard  students  are  commonly  troubled  with 
gouts,  catarrhs,  rheums,  cachexia,  bradiopepsia,  bad  eyes, 
stone  and  colic,  ^crudities,  oppilations,  vertigo,  winds,  con- 
sumptions, and  all  such  diseases  as  come  by  overmuch  sitting; 
they  are  most  part  lean,  dry,  ill-coloured,  spend  their  fortuneaj 
lose  their  wits,  and  many  times  their  lives,  and  all  through 
immoderate  pains,  and  extraordinary  studies.  If  you  will 
not  believe  the  truth  of  this,  look  upon  great  Tostatus  and 
Thomas  Aquinas's  works,  and  tell  me  whether  those  men 
took  pains  ?  peruse  Austin,  Hierom,  &c.,  and  many  thousands 

besides. 

**  Qui  cupit  optatam  cnrsn  contingere  metam, 
Multa  tulit,  fecitque  puer,  sudavit  et  alsit.** 

"  He  that  desires  this  wished  goal  to  gain, 
Must  sweat  and  freeze  before  he  can  attain,** 

and  labour  hard  for  it.  So  did  Seneca,  by  his  own  confession, 
ep.  8.  '  "  Not  a  day  that  I  spend  idle,  part  of  the  night  I 
keep  mine  eyes  open,  tired  with  waking,  and  now  slumbering 
to  their  continual  task."  Hear  Tully,  pro  Archid  PoelAi 
"  whilst  others  loitered,  and  took  their  pleasures,  he  was  con- 
tinually at  his  book,"  so  they  do  that  will  be  scholars,  and 
that  to  the  hazard  (I  say)  of  their  healths,  fortunes,  wits,  and 
lives.     How  much  did  Aristotle  and  Ptolemy  spend?  unhis 

dnm  et  Riccnm  evadit  quod  eat  melanchol-  cachecticl   et   nunquam  bene   eolorati, 

icum.    Acredtt  ad  hoc.  quod  natura  ia  propter  debilitatem  digeatiTse  fkcultatifli 

conteraplatione.  oerebro  prori^UR  cordique  multiplicantur  in  lis  superflultates.    Jot 

intenta,  fltomachum  heparqne  destituit,  Voschius,  parte   2,    cap.    6,    de   pesteb 

unde  ex  alimentis  male  coctift,  sanguis  ^  Nullufl  mih!  per  otium  dies  exit.  parMB 

cra88U8  et  nij^r  efflcttur,  dum  nimio  otio  noctis  fltudiis  dedico,  non  Tero  somnOi 

membrorum  superflui  vapores  non  exha-  sed  oculos  visrilia.  fatigatos  oadentesqiMi 

lant.         1  Cerebrum  exsiccatnr,  corpora  in  operam  detiaeo. 
•ensim  gracilescunt.          '  Studiosi  sunt 


Mem. «,  mib».  16.]  Study,  a  Catue.  403 

regni  preetuin  they  say,  more  than  a  king's  ransom  ;  how 
many  crowns  per  annum,  to  perfect  arU,  the  one  about  hia 
History  of  Creatures,  the  other  on  his  Almagest  ?  How 
much  time  did  Thebet  Benchorat  employ,  to  find  out  the 
motion  of  the  eighth  sphere  ?  forty  years  and  more,  some 
write ;  how  many  poor  scholars  have  lost  their  wits,  or  be- 
come dizznrds,  neglecting  all  worldly  affuira  and  their  own 
beattli,  wealth,  esse  and  bene  esse,  to  gain  knowledge,  for 
which,  after  all  their  pains,  in  this  world's  esteem  thej  are 
accounted  ridiculous  and  silly  fools,  idiots,  a<iae3,  and  (as  oft 
they  are)  rejected,  contemned,  derided,  doting,  and  mad. 
Look  for  examples  in  Hildesheim,  spied.  2,  de  mania  el 
ddirio;  read  Trincavellius,  /.  3.  coniil.  36,  et  c.  17.  Mon- 
tanua,  coniil.  283.  '  Gsrceus,  da  Jiidic.  genit.  cap.  33.  Mer- 
curialis,  consil  86,  cap.  'io.  Prosper  "Cfdenius  in  his  Book 
de  alrd  bile  ;  Go  to  Bedlam  and  ask.  Or  if  tliey  keep  their 
wits,  yet  they  are  esteemed  scrubs  and  fools  by  reason  of 
their  carriage  "  after  Bcven  yeara'  study  " 

Plerumque  et  risu  populum  quatit." 

"  He  becomes  more  silent  than  a  statue,  and  generally  excilea 
people's  laughter."  Because  they  cannot  ride  a  horse,  which 
every  clown  can  do ;  salute  and  court  a  gentlewoman,  corva 
at  table,  cringe  and  make  conges,  which  every  common 
Bwoaher  can  do,  *  hos  populus  ridel,  &c.,  they  are  laughed  to 
Ecom,  and  accounted  silly  fools  by  our  gallants.  Yea,  many 
times,  such  is  their  misery,  (hey  deserve  it ;  '  a  mere  scholar, 


Ifel! 


"  Obalipo  capitB,  at  flganti 


rTolcsa.  I  Cardinrklll    Athenu  et  HpUm    FtudU*  BnnM  dnllt, 

ibaiwn.  Tlgllliiin,  et  lUutur-    iDFennlCttua.    T^hrii  et  carin  sUlaa  1mI> 

aantu  fldiUe  °bDt,  u  Thc^    qiulit,  Uoc'ip.  1,  lib.  2." 


404  Causei  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  seo.  1 

^groti  veteris  meditantes  somnia,  gigni 

De  nihilo  nihilum ;  in  nihilum  nil  posse  revertL** 

1  "  who  do  lean  awry 
Their  heads,  piercing  the  earth  with  a  fixt  eye; 
When,  by  themselves,  they  gnaw  their  murmuring, 
And  furious  silence,  as  Hwere  balancing 
Each  word  upon  their  outstretched  lip,  and  when 
They  meditate  the  dreams  of  old  sick  men, 
As  *  Out  of  nothing,  nothing  can  be  brought; 
And  that  which  is,  can  ne^er  be  turned  to  nought.*  *' 

Thus  they  go  commonlj  meditating  unto  themselves,  thus 
they  sit,  such  is  their  action  and  gesture.  Fulgosus,  L  8,  c.  7, 
makes  mention  how  Th.  Aquinas,  supping  with  king  Lewis 
of  France,  upon  a  sudden  knocked  his  fist  upon  the  tahle, 
and  cried,  conclusum  est  contra  Manichceos ;  his  wits  were  a 
wool-gathering,  as  thej  saj,  and  his  head  busied  about  other 
matters,  when  he  perceived  his  error,  he  was  much  *  abashed. 
Such  a  story  there  is  of  Archimedes  in  Vitruvius,  that  hav- 
ing found  out  the  means  to  know  how  much  gold  was  mingled 
with  the  silver  in  king  Hiero's  crown,  ran  naked  forth  from 
the  bath  and  cried  etunjKa,  I  have  found ;  •  "  and  was  commonly 
so  intent  to  his  studies,  that  he  never  perceived  what  was 
done  about  him ;  when  the  city  was  taken,  and  the  soldiers 
now  ready  to  rifle  his  house,  he  took  no  notice  of  it'*  St 
Bernard  rode  all  day  long  by  the  Lemnian  lake,  and  asked 
at  last  where  he  was,  MaruUus,  lib,  2,  cap,  4.  It  was  De- 
mocritus's  carriage  alone  that  made  the  Abderites  suppose  him 
to  have  been  mad,  and  sent  for  Hippocrates  to  cure  him ;  if 
he  had  been  in  any  solemn  company,  he  would  upon  all 
occasions  fall  a  laughing.  Theophrastus  saith  as  much  of 
Heraclitus,  for  that  he  continually  wept,  and  Laertius  of 
Menedemus  Lampsacus,  because  he  ran  like  a  madman 
*  saying,  "  he  came  from  hell  as  a  spy,  to  tell  the  devils  what 
mortal  men  did."  Your  greatest  students  are  commonly  no 
better,  silly,  soft  fellows  in  their  outward  behaviour,  absurd, 

1  Translated  by  M.  B.  Holiday.       <  Tho-  &e.        4  Sub  Fnrin  larvft  eircnmlTit  ur- 

mas  ruboreconftisns  dixit  se  de  airmen-  benif  dicitans  se  ezploratorem  ab  inftiis 

to  eogit&Bse.       8  PIntarch.  vital  Mamelli.  reniase,  delatumm  dmnonibus  nuwtatt 

•»*—  ^nsit  nrbem  captain,  nee  militeR  in  um  peccata. 
"n  Irrnentes,  adeo  intentus  studiis, 


n.  8,  enbg.  IG.)  J^vdff,  a   Cause,  4<5S 

J  iidiculoua  to  others,  and  no  whit  experienced  in  worldly  bast- 
neas ;  they  rain  measure  the  lieavens,  range  over  the  world, 
teach  others  wisdom,  and  yet  in  bargains  and  contracts  they 
are  circumvented  by  every  base  tradesman.  Are  not  these 
men  fbob  ?  and  how  should  they  be  otherwise,  "  but  as  so 
m*^y  sots  in  schools,  when  (as  '  he  well  observed)  they 
neither  hear  nor  see  such  things  as  are  commonly  practised 
abiXJad  ?  "  how  should  they  get  experience,  by  wliat  means  ? 
'"I  knew  in  my  time  many  scholars,"  saith  iEneas  Sylvius 
(in  an  episile  of  his  to  Gasper  Scitick,  chancellor  to  the  em- 
peror), "  excellent  well  learned,  but  so  rude,  so  silly,  that 
they  had  no  common  civility,  nor  knew  how  to  manage  their 
domestic  or  public  affairs."  "  Paglarensis  was  amazed,  and 
said  his  farmer  hud  surely  cozened  him,  when  he  beard  him 
tell  that  his  sow  had  eleven  pigs,  and  his  ass  had  but  ona 
foal."  To  say  the  best  of  this  profession,  I  can  give  no  other 
testimony  of  them  in  general,  than  that  of  Pliny  of  Isfeus ; 
*"He  is  yet  a  scholar,  than  which  kind  of  men  there  is 
nothing  so  simple,  bo  sincere,  none  better,  they  are  most  pari 
harmless,  honest,  upright,  innocent,  plain-dealing  men." 

Now,  because  they  are  commonly  subject  to  such  hazards 
and  inconveniences  as  dotage,  madness,  simplicity,  &&,  Jo. 
Voschiiis  would  have  good  scholars  to  be  highly  rewarded, 
and  had  in  some  extraordinary  respect  above  other  men,  "  to 
have  greater  '  privileges  than  the  rest,  that  adventure  them- 
Bfilves  and  abbreviate  their  lives  for  the  public  good."  Bat 
our  patrons  of  learning  are  so  far  nowadays  from  respecting 
the  muses,  and  giving  that  honour  to  scholars,  or  reward 
tvbieli  they  deserve,  and  are  allowed  by  those  indulgent  privi- 
leg.M  of  many  noble  princes,  that  after  all  their  pains  taken 
iu  the  universijcs,  cost  and  charge,  expenses,  irksome  hours, 


')»ortino1<iUehni,p>r«(iue«lo(lllill(e^    S     Adhnr  jcholn--— '— • —  -''■ 


^ 


«oc 


Cautei  of  MelaniAoIi/.  IPart.  L  u 


laboriuus  tasks,  wearisome  Aajs,  dangers,  hazards  (barn 
interim  from  all  pleasures  which  other  men  have,  mewed  a 
like  hawks  all  their  lives),  if  tliey  chance  to  wade  thro)^ 
them,  they  shall  b  the  end  be  rejected,  contemned,  and  why 
is  their  greatest  misery,  driven  lo  their  shifts,  expo 
Vont,  poverty,  and  beggary.     Their  familiar  attendania  aifli 


If  there  were  nothing  else  to  trouble  thero,  the  conceit  oi 
this  alone  were  enough  to  make  them  all  melancholy.  Moi 
olher  trades  and  professions,  after  some  seven  years'  apptw 
ticesliip,  are  enabled  by  their  craft  lo  live  of  themselves,  . 
merchant  adventures  his  goods  at  sea,  and  though  his  hazai 
be  great,  yet  if  one  ship  return  of  four,  be  likely  makes 
saving  voyage.  An  husbandman's  gains  are  almost  cert^itf 
qiiibus  ipse  Jupiter  Twoere  non  potest  (whom  Jove  himself 
can't  harm),  ('tis  t  Cato's  hyperhole,  a  great  husband  h 
self) ;  only  scholars,  inethinks,  are  most  uncertain,  unrespecte^i, 
subject  to  all  casualties  and  hazards,  for  first,  not  one  of  1^ 
many  proves  to  be  a  scholar,  all  are  not  capable  and  docile,  i«| 
omni  ligno  non  jit  Mercuriui  ;  we  can  make  majors  and  oSiceil 
every  year,  but  not  scholars ;  kings  can  invest  knights  anili 
barons,  as  Sigismund  the  emperor  confessed  ;  universities  d 
give  degrees ;  and  Tit  quod  es,  e  popitlo  quilibet  esse  petatft 
but  he  nor  they,  nor  all  the  world,  can  give  learning,  ma! 
philosophers,  artists,  orators,  poets ;  we  can  soon  say,  ( 
Seneca  well  notes,  0  mrum  bonum,  6  divitem,  point  at  i 
rich  man,  a  good,  a  happy  man,  a  prosperous  man,  sumpluot 
vegtitum,  Calamistralum,  bene  olenlem,  Toaffno  lemporii  tK 
pendio  coiialai  heec  laudatio,  6  virum  literarum,  but  'lis  a 


•  VlrB,  e 


flgtlfoliUonifl  u 


Mem.  3,  subs.  15.]  Study y  a  Cause.  407 

BO  easily  performed  to  find  out  a  learned  man.  Learning  is 
not  so  quickly  got,  though  they  may  be  willing  to  take  pains 
to  that  end  sufficiently  informed,  and  liberally  maintained  by 
their  patrons  and  parents,  yet  few  can  compass  it.  Or  if 
they  be  docile,  yet  all  men's  wills  are  not  answerable  to  their 
nits,  they  can  apprehend,  but  will  not  take  pains ;  they  are 
either  seduced  by  bad  companions,  vel  in  pueUam  impingurUj 
vd  in  pocidum  (they  fall  in  with  women  or  wine),  and  so 
spend  their  time  to  their  fnends*  grief  and  their  own  un- 
doings. Or  put  case  they  be  studious,  industrious,  of  ripe 
wits,  and  perhaps  good  capacities,  then  how  many  diseases 
of  body  and  mind  must  they  encounter  ?  No  labour  in  the 
world  like  unto  study.  It  may  be,  their  temperature  will  not 
endure  it,  but  striving  to  be  excellent  to  know  all,  they  lose 
health,  wealth,  wit,  life  and  all.  Let  him  yet  happily  escape 
all  these  hazards,  cereis  intestinis,  with  a  body  of  brass,  and  is 
now  consummate  and  ripe,  he  hath  profited  in  his  studies,  and 
proceeded  with  all  applause ;  after  many  expenses,  he  is  fit 
for  preferment,  where  shall  he  have  it  ?  he  is  as  far  to  seek 
it  as  he  was  (after  twenty  years'  standing)  at  the  first  day  of 
his  coming  to  the  University.  For  what  course  shall  he 
take,  being  now  capable  and  ready  ?  The  most  parable  and 
easy,  and  about  which  many  are  employed,  is  to  teach  a 
school,  turn  lecturer  or  curate,  and  for  that  he  shall  have  fal« 
ooner's  wages,  ten  pound  per  annum,  and  his  diet,  or  some 
small  stipend,  so  long  as  he  can  please  his  patron  or  the 
parish ;  if  they  approve  him  not  (for  usually  they  do  but  a 
year  or  two),  as  inconstant  as  *  they  that  cried  "  Hosanna  ** 
one  day,  and  "  Crucify  him  "  the  other ;  serving-man-like, 
he  must  go  look  a  new  master;  if  they  do,  what  is  his 
reward? 

1  ^  Hoc  qnoqae  te  manet  ut  pueros  elementa  docentem 
Occapet  extremis  in  vicis  alba  senectus.** 

^  At  last  thy  snow-white  age  in  suburb  schools, 
Shall  toil  in  teaching  boys  their  grammar  rules.** 

*  Hat.  21.       1  Hor.  epist.  20, 1. 1. 


408  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part  L  sec.  l 

Like  an  ass,  he  wears  out  his  time  for  provender,  and  can 
show  a  stum  rod,  togam  tritam  et  laceram,  saith  *  Haedus,  an 
old  torn  gown,  an  ensign  of  his  infelicity,  he  hath  his  labour 
for  his  pain,  a  modicum  to  keep  him  till  he  be  decrepit,  and 
that  is  all.  Grammaticus  non  est  fodixy  &c.  If  he  be  a 
trencher  chaplain  in  a  gentleman's  house,  as  it  befell  ^  Eu« 
phormio,  after  some  seven  years*  service,  he  may  perchance 
Lave  a  living  to  the  halves,  or  some  small  rectory  with  the 
mother  of  the  maids  at  length,  a  poor  kinswoman,  or  a 
cracked  chambermaid,  to  have  and  to  hold  during  the  time 
of  his  life.  But  if  he  offend  his  good  pati*on,  or  displease 
his  lady  mistress  in  the  mean  time, 

2  "  Ducetur  Plant&  velat  ictus  ab  Hercule  Cacus, 
Ponetnrqae  foras,  si  quid  tentaverit  unquam 
Hiscere  '* 

as  Hercules  did  by  Cacus,  he  shall  be  dragged  forth  of  doors 
by  the  heels,  away  with  him.  If  he  bend  his  forces  to  some 
other  studies,  with  an  intent  to  be  a  secretis  to  some  noble- 
man, or  in  such  a  place  with  an  ambassador,  he  shall  find 
that  these  persons  rise  like  apprentices  one  under  another, 
and  in  so  many  tradesmen's  shops,  when  the  master  is  dead, 
the  foreman  of  the  shop  commonly  steps  in  his  place.  Now 
for  poets,  rhetoricians,  historians,  philosophers,  •  mathemati- 
cians, sophisters,  &c. ;  they  are  like  grasshoppers,  sing  they 
must  in  summer,  and  pine  in  the  winter,  for  there  is  no  pre- 
ferment for  them.  Even  so  they  were  at  first,  if  you  will 
believe  that  pleasant  tale  of  Socrates,  which  he  told  fair 
Phsedrus  under  a  plane-tree,  at  the  banks  of  the  river  Iseus ; 
about  noon  when  it  was  hot,  and  the  grasshoppers  made  a 
noise,  be  took  that  sweet  occasion  to  tell  him  a  tale,  how 
grasshoppers  were  once  scholars,  musicians,  poets,  &c.,  be- 
fore the  Muses  were  born,  and  lived  without  meat  and  drink, 
and  for  that  cause  were  turned  by  Jupiter  into  grasshoppers. 
And  may  be  turned  again,  In  Tythoni  OicadaSy  aut  Lycio- 
rum  ranaSy  for  any  reward  I  see  they  are  like  to  have ;  or 

*  lib.  1,  de  coatem.  amor.         i  SatyricOn.       <  Juv.  Sat  5.       <  An  coUt  astm. 


Mem.  8,  subs.  15.]  Study^  a  Cause.  409 

else  in  the  mean  time,  I  would  thej  could  live  as  thej  did^ 
without  anj  viaticum,  like  so  manj  ^  manucodiatae,  those  In- 
dian birds  of  paradise,  as  we  commonly  call  them,  those  I 
mean  that  live  with  the  air  and  dew  of  heaven,  and  need  no 
other  food?  for  being  as  they  are,  their  ♦"rhetoric  only 
serves  them  to  curse  their  bad  fortunes,"  and  many  of  them 
for  want  of  means  are  driven  to  hard  shifls  ;  from  grasshop- 
pers they  turn  humble-bees  and  wasps,  plain  parasites,  and 
make  the  muses,  mules,  to  satisfy  their  hunger-starved 
paunches,  and  get  a  meal's  meat  To  say  truth,  'tis  the  com- 
mon fortune  of  most  scholars,  to  be  servile  and  poor,  to  com- 
plain pitifully,  and  lay  open  their  wants  to  their  respectless 
patrons,  as  f  Cardan  doth,  as  }  Xilander  and  many  others ; 
and  which  is  too  common  in  those  dedicatory  epistles,  for 
hope  of  gain,  to  lie,  flatter,  and  with  hyperbolical  eulogiums 
and  commendations,  to  magnify  and  extol  an  illiterate  un- 
worthy idiot,  for  his  excellent  virtues,  whom  they  should 
rather  as  ^Machiavel  observe,  vilify  and  rail  at  downright 
for  his  most  notorious  villanies  and  vices.  So  they  prostitute 
themselves  as  fiddlers,  or  mercenary  tradesmen,  to  serve 
great  men's  turns  for  a  small  reward.  They  are  like  §  In- 
dians, they  have  store  of  gold,  but  know  not  the  worth  of  it ; 
for  I  am  of  Synesius's  opinion,  •  "  King  Hiero  got  more  by 
Simonides's  acquaintance,  than  Simonides  did  by  his ; "  they 
have  their  best  education,  good  institution,  sole  qualification 
from  us,  and  when  they  have  done  well,  their  honour  and  im- 
mortality from  us ;  we  are  the  living  tombs,  registers,  and  as 
80  many  trumpeters  of  their  fames  ;  what  was  Achilles  with- 
out Homer  ?  Alexander  without  Arrian  and  Curtius  ?  who 
bad  known  the  Caesars,  but  for  Suetonius  and  Dion  ? 

U  "  Vixerunt  fortes  ante  Agamemnona 
Multi :  sed  omnes  illachrymabiles 

1  AldroYsndns  de  Aribus.  1. 12,  Gesner,  potiuB  rituperare  oporteret.  $  Or  u 

fcc.  *  Literas  habent  quels  sibi  et  homes  know  not  their  strength,  they  con« 

fortunse  suae    maledicant.    Sat.    Menip.  sider  not  their  own  worth.        3  Plura  ex 

t  Lib.  de  libris  i'ropriis,  fol.  24.       X  Prae-  Simonidts    familiaritate  Hiero   conseqn* 

SaX,  trauslut.  Plutarch.  ^  Polit.  dis-  utus  e8t.  quam  ex  Ilierouis  Simonides. 

rut.  laudibus  extollunt  eos  ac  si  virtuti-  ||  Ilor.  lib.  4,  od.  9. 
bus  poilereat  quos  ob   infinita   scelera 


410  Causes  of  Mdaneholy.        '    [Part.  L  aeo.  I. 

tJrgentar,  ignotique  looga 
Kocte,  carent  quia  vate  sacro.** 

**  Before  great  Agamemnon  reign*d, 

Reign*d  kings  as  great  as  he,  and  brave, 
Whose  hnge  ambition^s  now  contain*d 

In  the  small  compass  of  a  grave : 
In  endless  night  Uiey  sleep,  unwept,  unknown, 
Ko  bard  they  had  to  make  all  time  their  own." 

tbej  are  more  beholden  to  scholars,  than  scholars  to  them ;  bat 
thej  undervalue  themselves,  and  so  by  those  great  men  are 
kept  down.  Let  them  have  that  encyclopsedian,  all  the 
learning  in  the  world;  they  must  keep  it  to  themselves, 
♦  "  live  in  base  esteem,  and  starve,  except  they  will  submit," 
as  Budaeus  well  hath  it,  "  so  many  good  parts,  so  many  en- 
signs of  arts,  virtues,  be  slavishly  obnoxious  to  some  illiterate 
potentate,  and  live  under  his  insolent  worship,  or  honour,  like 
parasites,"  Qui  tanquam  mures  cdienum  partem  comedunL 
For  to  say  truth,  artes  hce  non  sunt  lucraiivee^  as  Guido 
Bonat  that  great  astrologer  could  foresee,  they  be  not  gainful 
arts  these,  sed  esurientes  etfamelic€e,  but  poor  and  hungry. 

t  **  Dat  Galenus  opes,  dat  Justinianus  honores, 
Sed  genus  et  species  cogitur  ire  pedes:  " 

**  The  rich  physician,  honour'd  lawyers  ride. 
Whilst  the  poor  scholar  foots  it  by  their  side.** 

Poverty  is  the  muses'  patrimony,  and  as  that  poetical  divin- 
ity teacheth  us,  when  Jupiter's  daughters  were  each  of  them 
married  to  the  gods,  the  muses  alone  were  left  solitary,  Heli- 
con forsaken  of  all  suitors,  and  I  believe  it  was,  because  they 
had  no  portion.  ^ 

**  Calliope  longura  cselebs  cor  vixit  in  aevum? 
Nempe  nihil  dotis,  quod  numeraret,  erat.*' 

"  Why  did  Calliope  live  so  long  a  maid? 
Because  she  had  no  dowry  to  be  paid." 

Ever  since  all  their  followers  are  poor,  forsaken,  and  left 

*  Inter  inertet  et  plebeios  fere  jacet,  terrte  Insolentisque  potentite,  Lib  1,  da 

ultlmum  locum  haben^,  nisi  tot  artis  yir-  contempt,  rerum  fortuitarom.         f  Bo* 

tutisque     inRignia,     turplter,    obnnxi6,  chanan.  eleg.  lib. 
sapparisitando  fiuscibus  8ul]()ecerit  pro- 


Hem.  8,  subs.  16.]  Studyy  a  Cause.  411 

nnto  themselves.  Insomuch,  that  as  *  Petronius  argues,  you 
bhall  likely  know  them  by  their  clothes.  "There  came," 
saith  he,  "by  chance  into  my  company,  a  fellow  not  very 
«pruce  to  look  on,  that  I  could  perceive  by  that  note  alone  he 
was  a  scholar,  whom  commonly  rich  men  hate ;  I  asked  him 
what  he  was,  he  answered,  a  poet ;  I  demanded  again  why 
he  was  so  ragged,  he  told  me  this  kind  of  learning  never 
made  any  man  rich." 

2  "  Qui  Pelago  credit,  magno  se  foenore  toUit, 
Qui  pugnas  et  rostra  petit,  prsecingitur  auro: 
Vilis  adulator  picto  jacet  ebrius  ostro, 
Sola  pruinosis  horret  facundia  pannis." 

"  A  merchant's  gain  is  great,  that  goes  to  sea; 
A  soldier  embossed  all  in  gold ; 
A  flatterer  lies  fox'd  in  brave  array; 
A  scholar  only  ragged  to  behold.** 

All  which  our  ordinary  students,  right  well  perceiving  in  the 
universities,  how  unprofitable  these  poetical,  mathematical, 
and  philosophical  studies  are,  how  little  respected,  how  few 
patrons ;  apply  themselves  in  all  haste  to  those  three  commo- 
dious professions  of  law,  physic,  and  divinity,  sharing  them- 
selves  between  them,  *  rejecting  these  arts  in  the  mean  time, 
history,  philosophy,  philology,  or  lightly  passing  them  over, 
as  pleasant  toys  fitting  only  table-talk,  and  to  furnish  them 
with  discourse.  They  are  not  so  behoveful;  he  that  can 
tell  his  money  hath  arithmetic  enough ;  he  is  a  true  geometri- 
cian, can  measure  out  a  good  fortune  to  himself;  a  perfect 
astrologer  that  can  cast  the  rise  and  fall  of  others,  and  mark 
their  errant  motions  to  his  own  use.  The  best  optics  are,  to 
reflect  the  beams  of  some  great  men's  favour  and  grace  to 
shine  upon  him.  He  is  a  good  engineer,  that  alone  can  make 
an  instrument  to  get  preferment.  This  was  the  common 
tenet  and  practice  of  Poland,  as  Cromerus  observed  not  long 

1  In  Satyricdn.  intrat  MTiex,  sed  cultu  Arbiter.         8  Oppressus  paupertate  ani- 

non   ita   specio^us,  ut  facili  appareret  niU8,  nihil  eximiutn  aut  snblime  cogitare 

sum  hac  nota  literatnm  eflse,  quos  divites  potest,  amoenitat'es    literarum,  aut  e1e« 

odi&oe  Solent.    Ego  inquit  Poeta  sum:  gantiam,  quoniam  nihil  prsesidii  in  his 

Quar^  ei^  tani  mal^yestitus  es?    Prop-  ad  vitse  commodum   videt.  prim^  negU- 

ter  hoc  ipsum ;  amor  iagenii  neminem  gere,  mox  odisse  incipit.    Hens, 
anquam  divltem  fiicit.             >  Petronius 


412  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  see  2. 

Bince,  in  the  first  book  of  his  history ;  their  universities  were 
generally  base,  not  a  philosopher,  a  mathematician,  an  anti* 
quary,  &c.,  to  be  found  of  any  note  amongst  them,  because 
they  had  no  set  reward  or  stipend,  but  every  man  betook 
himself  to  divinity,  hoc  solum  in  votis  habenSy  opimum  sacer^ 
dotium,  a  good  parsonage  was  their  aim.  This  was  the  prac- 
tice of  some  of  our  near  neighbours,  as  *  Lipsius  inveighs, 
"  they  thrust  their  children  to  the  study  of  law  and  divinity, 
before  they  be  informed  aright,  or  capable  of  such  studies." 
Scilicet  omnibus  artibus  antistat  spes  lucri,  et  formosior  est 
cumulus  auri,  quam  guicquid  Grceci  Latinique  delirantes 
scripserunt.  Ex  hoc  numero  deinde  veniunt  ad  gubemacula 
reipub,  intersunt  et  prcesunt  consiliis  regum,  6  pater ^  6  patria  f 
so  he  complained,  and  so  may  others.  For  even  so  we  find, 
to  serve  a  great  man,  to  get  an  office  in  some  bishop's  court 
(to  practise  in  some  good  town),  or  compass  a  benefice  is  the 
mark  we  shoot  at,  as  being  so  advantageous,  the  highway  to 
preferment. 

Although  many  times,  for  aught  I  can  see,  these  men  fail 
as  often  as  the  rest  in  their  projects,  and  are  as  usually  frus- 
trate of  their  hopes.  For  let  him  be  a  doctor  of  the  law,  an 
excellent  civilian  of  good  worth,  where  shall  he  practise  and 
expatiate  ?  Their  fields  are  so  scant,  the  civil  law  with  us  so 
contracted  with  prohibitions,  so  few  causes,  by  reason  of 
those  all-devouring  municipal  laws,  quibus  nihil  illiteratiuSf 
saith  *  Erasmus,  an  illiterate  and  a  barbarous  study  (for 
though  they  be  never  so  well  learned  in  it,  I  can  hardly 
vouchsafe  them  the  name  of  scholars,  except  they  be  other- 
wise qualified),  and  so  few  courts  are  left  to  that  profession, 
such  slender  offices,  and  those  commonly  to  be  compassed  at 
such  dear  rates,  that  I  know  not  how  an  ingenious  man  should 
thrive  amongst  them.  Now  for  physicians,  there  are  in 
every  village  so  many  mountebanks,  empirics,  quacksalvers 
paracelsians,  as  they  call  themselves,  Caucijici  et  sanicidOj 
60  t  Clenard  terms    them,  wizards,  alchemists,  poor  vicars, 

•Epistol.  quaest.  Ub.  4,  Ep.  21.       i  Ciceron.  dial.        f  Epist  Ub.  2. 


I.  S,  guliB.  IE.]  <S^c?jf,  a   CauM. 


413 

cast  apothecarieB,  physicians'  men,  barbers,  and  good  wives, 
professing  great  skill,  that  I  make  great  doubt  bow  tbey  ahaU 
be  maintaiDcd,  or  wbo  sLall  lie  their  patients.  Besides,  there 
are  so  many  of  boih  sorts,  and  some  of  them  such  harpies, 
ao  covetous,  so  clamorous,  so  impudeot ;  and  as  '  be  said,  litig- 

"  tjaibos  loqiiiiolfl  aflpitlm  nrrogantiffl  eat, 
PerltiB  pardm  aut  nihil, 
Nee  ulltt  mica  UlsrariE  salis. 


b 


tiligna  liTi^ 


a,  lltlum  etrophce, 

tiuni  oolior',  tugnti  vnlturea, 

AgJTtUS,"  &o. 

I**  Which  hare  no  ekill  but  pratinft  nmigHncii, 
No  learning,  luoh  r  pnr>e-mil)iin|;  nationi 
Gown'd  yultnroi,  thieves,  and  a  litigiuus  root 
Orcoienan,  that  haunt  this  occupation,"  &D. 


tbat  they  cannot  well  tell  how  to  live  one  by  another,  but  aa 
he  jested  in  the  Comedy  of  Cloeks,  tbey  were  BO  many, 
^  major  pars  populi  anda  replant  fame,  they  are  almost 
starved  a  great  part  of  them,  and  ready  to  devour  their  fel- 
lows, •  Bk  noxia  caSiditate  se  eorrtpere,  such  a  multitude  of 
pettifoggers  and  empirics,  such  impostors,  that  an  honest  man 
knows  not  in  what  sort  to  compose  and  behave  himself  in 
their  society,  to  carry  himself  with  credit  in  so  vile  a  rout, 
tcienli<E  nomtn,  tot  sumplihrn  parlum  et  vigiliis,  projiteri 
dispudeat,  postqiiam,  ifC. 

Last  of  all  come  to  our  divines,  the  most  noble  profession 
and  worthy  of  double  honour,  but  of  all  others  the  most  dis- 
tressed and  miserable.  If  you  will  not  believe  me,  Iiear  a 
brief  of  it,  as  it  was  not  many  years  since  publicly  preached 
st  Paul's  cross,  'by  a  grave  minister  then,  and  now  a  rever- 
end bishop  of  this  land  :  "  We  that  are  bred  up  in  learning, 
and  destinated  bj  our  parents  to  tins  end,  we  suffer  our  child- 
hood in  the  grammar-school,  which  Austin  calls  •aagnam  ty- 
rannidem,  et  grave  malum,  and  compares  it  to  the  torments  of 


414  Catises  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  seo.  1 

martyrdom ;  when  we  come  to  the  university,  if  we  live  of 
the  college  allowance,  as  Phalaris  objected  to  the  Leontines, 
irdvrow  h^e^f  'n^v  yjLfiov  Kot  06/3w,  needy  of  all  things  but  hunger 
and  fear,  or  if  we  be  maintained  but  partly  by  our  parents' 
cost,  do  expend  in  unnecessary  maintenance,  books  and  de- 
grees, before  we  come  to  any  perfection,  five  hundred  pounds, 
or  a  thousand  marks.  If  by  this  price  of  the  expense  of 
time,  our  bodies  and  spirits,  our  substance  and  patrimonies, 
we  cannot  purchase  those  small  rewards,  which  are  ours  by 
law,  and  the  right  of  inheritance,  a  poor  parsonage,  or  a 
vicarage  of  fifty  pounds  per  annum,  but  we  must  pay  to  the 
patron  for  the  lease  of  a  life  (a  spent  and  out-worn  life) 
either  in  annual  pension,  or  above  the  rate  of  a  copyhold, 
and  that  with  the  hazard  and  loss  of  our  souls,  by  simony  and 
perjury,  and  the  forfeiture  of  all  our  spiritual  preferments, 
in  esse  and  posse,  both  present  and  to  come.  What  father- 
after  awhile  will  be  so  improvident  to  bring  up  his  son  to  his 
great  charge,  to  this  necessary  beggary  ?  What  Christian 
will  be  so  irreligious,  to  bring  up  his  son  in  that  course  of 
life,  which  by  all  probability  and  necessity,  coget  ad  turpia^ 
enforcing  to  sin,  will  entangle  him  in  simony  and  peijury," 
when  as  the  poet  said,  Invitatus  ad  hcec  aliqms  de  ponte  ne- 
ffcdnt :  "  a  beggar's  brat  taken  from  the  bridge  where  he  sits 
a-begging,  if  he  knew  the  inconvenience,  had  cause  to  refttse 
it."  This  being  thus,  have  not  we  fished  fair  all  this  while, 
that  are  initiate  divines,  to  find  no  better  fruits  of  our  labours, 
*  hoe  est  cur  pciUes,  cur  quis  non  prandecU  hoc  est  f  do  we 
macerate  ourselves  for  this  ?  Is  it  for  this  we  rise  so  early  all 
the  year  long  ?  ♦  "  leaping  (as  he  saith)  out  of  our  beds,  when 
we  hear  the  bell  ring,  as  if  we  had  heard  a  thunderclap.* 
If  this  be  all  the  respect,  reward  and  honour  we  shall  have^ 
^frange  leves  calamoSj  et  scinde  Thalia  UheUos :  let  us  give 
over  our  books,  and  betake  ourselves  to  some  other  course  of 
life ;  to  what  end  should  we  study  ?     •  Quid  me  litteridoM 

-.  Sat.  8.       •  E  lecto  exsilientes.    folmina  territi.  1.       >  Mart.       <  Mart 
vm  tiathmaboU  plaosam  qoaal 


Mem.  8,  snbs.  15.]  Study,  a  Cause,  415 

stutti  docuere  parerUeSj  what  did  our  parents  mean  to  make  us 
scholars,  to  be  as  far  to  seek  of  preferment  after  twenty  years' 
study,  as  we  were  at  first;  why  do  we  take  such  pains? 
Quid  tantum  insanis  juvat  impaUescere  chartisf  If  there  be 
no  more  hope  of  reward,  no  better  encouragement,  I  say 
again,  Frange  leves  ccUamos,  et  scinde  Thalia  liheUos ;  let's 
turn  soldiers,  sell  our  books,  and  buy  swords,  guns,  and  pikes, 
or  stop  bottles  with  them,  turn  our  philosopher's  gowns,  as 
Cleanthes  once  did,  into  millers'  coats,  leave  all,  and  rather 
betake  ourselves  to  any  other  course  of  life,  than  to  continue 
longer  in  this  misery.  *  Prcestat  derUiscalpia  radere,  qudm 
Uterarils  monumentis  magnatum  favorem  emendicare. 

Yea,  but  methinks  I  hear  some  man  except  at  these  words, 
that  though  this  be  true  which  I  have  said  of  the  estate  of 
scholars,  and  especially  of  divines,  that  it  is  miserable  and 
distressed  at  this  time,  that  the  church  suffers  shipwreck  of 
her  goods,  and  that  they  have  just  cause  to  complain  ;  there 
is  a  fault,  but  whence  proceeds  it  ?  If  the  cause  were  justly 
examined,  it  would  be  retorted  upon  ourselves,  if  we  were 
cited  at  that  tribunal  of  truth,  we  should  be  found  guilty,  and 
not  able  to  excuse  it  That  there  is  a  fault  among  us,  I  con- 
fess, and  were  there  not  a  buyer,  there  would  not  be  a  seller ; 
but  to  him  that  will  consider  better  of  it,  it  will  more  than 
manifestly  appear,  that  the  fountain  of  these  miseries  pro- 
ceeds from  these  griping  patrons.  In  accusing  them,  I  do 
not  altogether  excuse  us ;  both  are  faulty,  they  and  we ;  yet 
in  my  judgment,  theirs  is  the  greater  fault,  more  apparent 
causes,  and  much  to  be  condemned.  For  my  part,  if  it  be 
not  with  me  as  I  would,  or  as  it  should,  I  do  ascribe  the 
cause,  as  *  Cardan  did  in  the  like  case  ;  rneo  infortunio  potiug 
quam  iUorum  sceleri,  to  tJ^i^i®  own  infelicity  rather  than 
their  naughtiness ;  although  I  have  been  baffled  in  my  time 
by  some  of  them,  and  have  as  just  cause  to  complain  as 

*  Sat.  Menip.        ^  Lib.  3,  de  cona.  insulsus,  recudi  non  possum  jam  senior 

1 1  had  DO  money,  I  wanted  impudence,  ut  sim  talis,  et   flngi  nolo,  utcunque 

I  could  not  scramble,  temporize,  di^sem-  malecedatinrem  meam  et  obscuruB  inde 

ble :  non  pranderet  olus,  &c.,  vis  dicam,  delitescam. 
td  palpaadum  et  adulandum   penitus 


416  Causes  of  MeJaneholy,  [Parti. seel 

another ;  or  rather  indeed  to  mine  own  negligence  ;  for  I  was 
ever  like  that  Alexander  in  *  Plutarch,  Crassus  his  tutor  in 
philosophy,  who,  though  he  lived  many  years  familiarly  with 
rich  Crassus,  was  even  as  poor  when  from  (which  many 
wondered  at)  as  when  he  came  first  to  him ;  he  never  asked, 
the  other  never  gave  him  anything  ;  when  he  travelled  with 
Crassus  he  borrowed  a  hat  of  him,  at  his  return  restored  it 
again.  I  have  had  some  such  noble  friends'  acquaintance 
and  scholars,  but  most  part  (common  courtesies  and  ordinary 
respects  excepted),  they  and  I  parted  as  we  met,  they  gave 

me  as  much  as  I  requested,  and  that  was And  as  Alex-- 

ander  ah  AlexandrOj  GeniaL  dter,  L  6,  c,  16,  made  answer  to 
Hieronimus  Massainus,  that  wondered,  quum  plures  ignavoi 
et  ignohiles  ad  dignitates  et  sacerdotia  promotos  quotidie  vide' 
ret,  when  other  men  rose,  still  he  was  in  the  same  state, 
eodem  tenore  et  fortuna  cut  mercedem  hborum  studiorumque 
deben  putaret,  whom  he  thought  to  deserve  as  well  as  the  rest 
He  made  answer,  that  he  was  content  with  his  present  estate, 
was  not  ambitious,  and  although  obfurgabujidus  suam  segnitiem 
accusaret,  cum  obscurce  sortis  homines  ad  sacerdotia  et  pon- 
tificaius  evectos,  S^c,  he  chid  him  for  his  backwardness,  yet 
he  was  still  the  same ;  and  for  my  part  (though  I  be  not 
worthy  perhaps  to  carry  Alexander's  books),  yet  by  some 
overweening  and  well-wishing  friends,  the  like  speeches  have 
been  used  to  me ;  but  I  replied  still  with  Alexander,  that  I 
had  enough,  and  more  peradventure  than  I  deserved ;  and 
with  Libanius  Sophista,  that  rather  chose  (when  honours  and 
offices  by  the  emperor  were  offered  unto  him)  to  be  talts 
Sophista,  qudm  talis  Magistratus,  I  had  as  lief  be  still  De- 
mocritus  junior,  and  pritms  privatus,  si  mihi  jam  daretur 

optiOf  quam  talis  fortasse  Doctor,  talis  Dominus. Sed 

quorsum  h(Ec  f  For  the  rest  'tis  on  both  sides  /acinus  detes" 
tandum,  to  buy  and  sell  livings,  to  detain  from  the  church, 
that  which  God's  and  men's  laws  have  bestowed  on  it ;  but 

*  yit  GnuL  nee  fkeili  jndieare  potest  ntram  pauperior  cum  piimo  ad  CruBum^ 

^0. 


Mem.  8,  subs.  16.]  Study,  a  Cause,  417 

in  them  most,  and  that  from  the  covetousness  and  ignorance 
of  such  as  are  interested  in  this  business ;  I  name  covetous* 
ness  in  the  first  place,  as  the  root  of  all  these  mischiefs, 
which,  Achan-like,  compels  them  to  commit  sacrilege,  and  to 
make  simoniacal  compacts  (and  what  not)  to  their  own  ends, 
*  that  kindles  God's  wrath,  brings  a  plague,  vengeance,  and  a 
heavy  visitation  upon  themselves  and  others.  Some,  out  of 
that  insatiable  desire  of  filthy  lucre,  to  be  enriched,  care  not 
how  they  come  by  it  'per  foi  et  nefas,  hook  or  crook,  so  they 
have  it  And  others  when  they  have  with  riot  and  prodi- 
gality embezzled  their  estates,  to  recover  themselves,  make  a 
prey  of  the  church,  robbing  it,  as  *  Julian  the  apostate  did, 
spoil  parsons  of  their  revenues  (in  keeping  half  back  *  as  a 
great  man  amongst  us  observes) ;  "  and  that  maintenance  on 
which  they  should  live ; "  by  means  whereof,  barbarism  is 
increased,  and  a  great  decay  of  Christian  professors ;  for  who 
will  apply  himself  to  these  divine  studies,  his  son,  or  friend, 
when  after  great  pains  taken,  they  shall  have  nothing  where 
upon  to  live  ?     But  with  what  event  do  they  these  things  ? 

*  "  Ope«:qne  totis  viribus  venamini, 
At  inde  messis  accidit  miserrima.** 

They  toil  and  moil,  but  what  reap  they  ?  They  are  com 
monly  unfortunate  families  that  use  it,  accursed  in  their  prog- 
eny, and,  as  common  experience  evinceth,  accursed  themselves 
in  all  their  proceedings.  "  With  what  face  (as  *  he  quotes 
out  of  Aust,)  can  they  expect  a  blessing  or  inheritance  from 
Christ  in  heaven,  that  defraud  Christ  of  his  inheritance  here 
on  earth  ?  "  I  would  all  our  simoniacal  patrons,  and  such  as 
detain  tithes,  would  read  those  judicious  tracts  of  Sir  Henry 
Spelman,  and  Sir  James  Sempill,  knights  ;  those  late  elabo- 
rate and  learned  treatises  of  Dr.  Tilflye,  and  Mr.  Montague, 
which  they  have  written  of  that  subject.     But  though  they 

iDeum  habetitiratniiifgibiqiie  mortem  in    his   Reports,  second    part,    fol.  44. 

aeternamacquirunt,aliismiserabilemrui-  *  Euripides.        ^  Sir  Henry  Spelman,  d I 

nam.   Serrarins  in  josuam,  7.  Euripides,  non  temerandis  Ecclesils. 
*  Nicephoroii,  lib.lO,  cap.  6.    *  Lord  Cook, 

VOL.  I.  27 


418  Causes  of  MeVxrjih^  [Part  L  sec  1. 

should  read,  it  would  be  to  small  purpose,  clames  licet  et  moart 
eah  confundas  ;  thunder,  lighten,  preach  hell  and  damnation, 
tell  them  'tis  a  sin,  thej  will  not  believe  it ;  denounce  and 
terrify,  they  have  *  cauterized  consciences,  they  do  not  attend, 
as  the  enchanted  adder,  they  stop  their  ears.  Call  them  base, 
irreligious,  profane,  barbarous,  pagans,  atheists,  epicures,  (as 
some  of  them  surely  are,)  with  the  bawd  in  Flautus,  Euge^ 
aptime,  they  cry  and  applaud  themselves  with  that  miser, 
*  simul  ac  nummos  contemplor  in  area ;  say  what  you  wiU, 
quocunque  modo  rem ;  as  a  dog  barks  at  the  moon,  to  no 
purpose  are  your  sayings ;  Take  your  heaven,  let  them  have 
money.  A  base,  profane,  epicurean,  hypocritical  rout;  for 
my  part,  let  them  pretend  what  zeal  they  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  world's  eyes,  bombast  themselves,  and  stuff 
out  their  greatness  with  church  spoils,  shine  like  so  many  pea- 
cocks ;  so  cold  is  my  charity,  so  defective  in  this  behalf,  that 
I  shall  never  think  better  of  them,  than  that  they  are  rotten 
at  core,  their  bones  are  full  of  epicurean  hypocrisy,  and  athe 
istical  marrow,  they  are  worse  than  heathens.  For  as  Diony- 
sius  Halicamasseus  observes,  Antiq,  Rom,  lib,  7,  *  Primum 
locumy  S^c,  "  Greeks  and  Barbarians  observe  all  religious 
rites,  and  dare  not  break  them  for  fear  of  offending  their 
gods ;  but  our  simoniacal  contractors,  our  senseless  Achans, 
our  stupefied  patrons,  fear  neither  Grod  nor  devil,  they  have 
evasions  for  it,  it  is  no  sin,  or  not  due  jure  divino,  or  if  a  sin, 
no  great  sin,  &c  And  though  they  be  daily  punished  for  it, 
and  they  do  manifestly  perceive,  that  as  he  said,  frost  and 
fraud  cx)me  to  foul  ends  ;  yet  as  *  Chrysostom  follows  it,  NuUa 
ex  poena  sit  correcHo,  et  quasi  adversis  malitia  haminum  pro* 
vocetur,  crescit  quotidie  quod  puniatur ;  they  are  rather 
worse  than  better, — iram  atque  animos  a  crimine  sumuni, 
and  the  more  they  are  corrected,  the  more  they  offend ;  but 
let  them  take  their  course,  *  Hode,  caper,  vites,  go  on  still  as 

1 1  Urn.  4.  2.         «  Hor.         »  Primum  Barbari,  &c.  ♦  Tom.  1,  de  steril.  t* 

joeum  apudomnes  genteshabetpatritius  urn  annonun  sub  ElU  sermone.     ftOrUL 

'^rum  caltus,  et  gentorum.  nam  hunc  Fast. 

"■asdmi  eastodiunt,  tarn  Gneci  quam 


Mem.  3,sn1is.  IS.]  Su^,  a  Catue.  419 

they  begin,  'tia  no  sin,  let  them  rejoice  secure,  God's  ven- 
geance will  overtake  them  in  the  end,  and  these  ill-gotten 
goo«]j,  as  an  eagle's  featherii,  '  wiil  consume  the  rest  of  their 
Bubslance ;  it  is  °  nurum  Thohsaaum,  and  will  produce  no 
better  effects.  '  "  Let  them  lay  it  up  safe,  and  make  their 
conveyances  never  bo  close,  lock  and  shut  door,"  saith  Cbrya- 
ostom,  "yet  fraud  and  covetouaness,  two  most  violent  thieves, 
arc  still  included,  and  a  little  gain  evil  gotten  will  subvert  the 
rest  of  llieir  goods."  The  eagle  in  .^sop,  seeing  a.  piece  of 
flesh,  now  ready  to  he  Bacrificed,  swept  it  away  wiili  her 
clawf,  and  carried  it  to  her  nest;  but  there  was  a  burning 
coal  stuck  to  it  by  chance,  which  unawares  consumed  her 
young  ones,  nest,  and  all  together.  Let  our  simoniacal 
church-chopping  patrons,  and  sacrilegious  harpies,  look  for  no 
better  success. 

A  t^econd  cause  ia  ignorance,  and  from  thence  contempt, 
tuccesnt  odium  in  lileras  ab  ignarantid  vidgi;  which  ^Junius 
well  perceived ;  this  hatred  and  contempt  of  learning  pro- 
ceeds out  of  'ignorance  ;  as  they  are  themselves  barbarous, 
idiots,  dull,  illiterate,  and  proud,  so  they  esteem  of  others, 
,Sint  Mecanedes,  non  deerunt,  Flacei,  Marones :   Let  there  bo 

mtiful  patrons,  and  there  will  be  painful  scholars  in  all 
But  when  they  contemn  learning,  and  think  thera- 
''flelves  sufficiently  qualified,  if  they  can  write  and  read,  scram- 
ble at  a  piece  of  evidence,  or  have  so  much  Latin  as  that 
eraperor  had,  '^i  neseil  dimmulare,  nescit  vivere,  they  are 
nnfit  to  do  their  country  service,  to  perform  or  undertake 
action  or  employment,  which  may  tend  to  the  good  of  a 

imonwealth,  except  it  be  to  fight,  or  (o  do  country  justice, 
%th  common  sense,  which  every  yeoman  can  likewise  do. 
And  so  they  bring  up  their  children,  rude  as  they  are  ihcra- 
aelves,  unqualified,  untaught,  uncivil  moat   part.      "  Quis  i 


^elv. 
ble 

nnfit 


420  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part.  I.  seo.  1 

nosird  juventute  legitime  instituitur  Uteris  f  Quis  oratores 
aut  philosophos  tangitf  quis  historiam  Ugity  iUam  rerum 
agendarum  qitasi  animam  f  pracipitant  parentes  vota  tua,  S^c, 
'twas  Lipsius's  complaint  to  his  illiterate  countrymen,  it  may 
be  ours.  Now  shall  these  men  judge  of  a  scholar's  worth, 
that  have  no  worth,  that  know  not  what  belongs  to  a  student's 
labours,  that  cannot  distinguish  between  a  true  scholar  and  a 
drone  ?  or  him  that  by  reason  of  a  voluble  tongue,  a  strong 
voice,  a  pleasing  tone,  and  some  trivially  polyanthean  helps, 
steals  and  gleans  a  few  notes  from  other  men's  harvests,  and 
80  makes  a  fairer  show  than  he  that  is  truly  learned  indeed ; 
that  thinks  it  no  more  to  preach,  than  to  speak,  ^  ^^  or  to  ran 
away  with  an  empty  cart,"  as  a  grave  man  said ;  and  there- 
upon vilify  us,  and  our  pains;  scorn  us,  and  all  learning. 
•  Because  they  are  rich,  and  have  other  means  to  live,  they 
think  it  concerns  them  not  to  know,  or  to  trouble  themselves 
with  it ;  a  fitter  task  for  younger  brothers,  or  poor  men's  sons, 
to  be  pen  and  inkhom  men,  pedantical  slaves,  and  no  whit 
beseeming  the  calling  of  a  gentleman,  as  Frenchmeil  and 
Germans  commonly  do,  neglect  therefore  all  human  learning 
what  have  they  to  do  with  it  ?  Let  mariners  learn  astron- 
omy ;  merchants'  factors  study  arithmetic ;  surveyors  get 
them  geometry;  spectacle-makers  optics;  landleapers  geog- 
raphy ;  town-clerks  rhetoric,  what  should  he  do  with  a  spade, 
that  hath  no  ground  to  dig ;  or  they  with  learning,  that  hath 
no  use  of  it  ?  thus  they  reason,  and  are  not  ashamed  to  let 
mariners,  apprentices,  and  the  basest  servants,  be  better 
qualified  than  themselves.  In  former  times,  kings,  princes, 
and  emperors,  were  the  only  scholars,  excellent  in  all 
faculties. 

Julius  Caesar  mended  the  year,  and  writ  his  own  Commen* 

taries, 

*  "  media  inter  prselia  semper, 
Stellanim  coelique  plagis,  superisque  vacavit." 

1  Dr.  King,  in  his  lost  lecture  on  Jonah,    barbaro  fiutn  Uteras  ooatenmimt.    *  JjV 
■ometime  right  reverend  lord  bishop  of   can.  lib.  8. 
London.  *  Qoibus  opes  et  otium,  hi 


Usm.  S,  mbt.  IB.]  SCudi/,  a    CaiUf. 


421 


'  Antooiiis,  Adrian,  Nero,  Seve.  Jul.  &c.  Michael  the 
emperor,  and  Isacius,  were  so  much  given  lo  Uieir  studies, 
that  no  base  fellow  would  talte  bo  much  pains ;  Orion,  Per- 
eeus,  Alphonsus,  Ptolomeus,  famous  aslronomera ;  Sabor, 
Mitbridates,  L;^siroac]ius,  admired  physicians  ;  Plato's  kings 
all  J  Evax,  [hat  Arabian  prince,  a  most  expert  jeweller,  and 
an  exquisile  philoaoplier ;  the  kings  of  Egj-pt  were  priests  of 
old,  chosen  and  from  thence, — Idem  rex  homiiium,  Phcebiqae 
tacerdos;  but  those  heroical  times  are  past;  the  Muses  are 
now  banished  in  this  bastard  age,  ad  sordida  tuffuriola,  to 
meaner  persons,  and  confined  alone  almost  to  universitiea. 
In  those  days,  scholars  were  highly  beloved,  '  honoured, 
esteemed ;  as  old  Eniiius  by  Seipio  Africanua,  Virgil  by 
Augustus  ;  Horace  by  Meoeaas ;  princes'  companions  ;  dear 
to  them,  as  Anacreon  to  Polycrates ;  Philoxenus  to  Diony- 
eius,  and  highly  rewarded.  Alexander  sent  Xenocrates  the 
Philosopher  dfty  talents,  because  he  wa,i  poor,  eisw  reram, 
aut  eruditione  preetlaitten  viri,  mentit  olim  regum  adfiibili, 
ss  Philostratus  relates  of  Adrian  and  Lampridius  of  Alex- 
ander Severus ;  famous  clerks  came  to  these  princes'  eourta, 
velul  in  Lyeasum,  as  to  a  university,  and  were  admitted  to 
Iheir  tables,  quasi  divum  epulis  aecumhentea ;  Archilaus, 
that  Macedonian  king,  would  not  willingly  sup  without  Eurip- 
ides (amongst  the  rest  he  drank  to  him  at  supper  one  night 
and  gave  him  a  cup  of  gold  for  his  pains),  deicciaiui  poel» 
tttavi  lermoae ;  and  it  was  lit  it  should  be  so;  because,  as 
•  Plato  in  his  Protagoras  well  saith,  a  good  philosopher  as 
much  excels  other  men,  as  a  great  king  doth  the  commons  of 
bis  country;  and  again,  ^quoniam  illii  nihil  deeit,  el  minimi 
tgere  soleat,  et  diseipUnas  qiias  profitentur,  soli  a  contemptu 
vindieare  possunt,  ibey  needed  cot  to  beg  so  basely,  as  they 
compel  *  scholars  in  our  times  lo  complain  of  poverty,  o( 

1  SparOtn.   BolWt!   de  rehna   nlmU.    inlbmanmbrnt  hotoM.    Erum.Bp.Jo. 


INkwt    1,  Anil. 


i}LilfM]i>t,  HLkLeQi  OinDi- 


422  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  tee.  1 

crouch  to  a  rich  <^uff  for  a  meal's  meat,  but  could  Vindicatia 
themselves,  and  those  arts  which  thej  professed.  Now  they 
would  and  cannot ;  for  it  is  held  by  some  of  them,  as  an 
axiom,  that  to  keep  them  poor,  will  make  them  study ;  they 
must  be  dieted,  as  horses  to  a  race,  not  pampered,  ^  Ahndos 
volant,  non  saffinandoSy  ne  meltons  mentis  Jlammula  extin^ 
gualur ;  a  fat  bird  will  not  sing,  a  fat  dog  cannot  hunt,  and 
so  by  this  depression  of  theirs,  ^some  want  means,  others 
will,  all  want  'encouragement,  as  being  forsaken  almost;  and 
generally  contemned.  'Tis  an  old  saying,  SliU  MecancUeSf 
non  deerunt,  Flacci,  Marones,  and  'tis  a  true  saying  stiU. 
Yet  oftentimes,  I  may  not  deny  it,  the  main  fault  is  in  our- 
selves. Our  academics  too  frequently  offend  in  neglecting 
patrons,  as  *  Erasmus  well  taxeth,  or  making  ill  choice  of 
them ;  negligimus  ohlaios  aut  amplectimur  parum  aptos,  or 
if  we  get  a  good  one,  non  studemus  mutuis  officiis  faxorem 
ejiLS  alere,  we  do  not  ply  and  follow  him  as  we  should. 
Idem  mihi  accidit  Adolescenti  (saith  Erasmus)  acknowledg- 
ing his  fault,  et  gravissime  peccavi,  and  so  may  f  I  say  my- 
self, I  have  offended  in  this,  and  so  peradventure  have  many 
others.  We  did  not  spondere  magnatum  favoribus,  qui  caspe- 
runt  nos  amplecti,  apply  ourselves  with  that  readiness  we 
should ;  idleness,  love  of  liberty,  immodicus  amor  lihertatis 
effecit  ut  diu  cum  perfidts  amiciSy  as  he  confesseth,  et  perti' 
naci  paupertate  colluctarery  bashfulness,  melancholy,  timo- 
rousness,  cause  many  of  us  to  be  too  backward  and  remiss. 
So  some  offend  in  one  extreme,  but  too  many  on  the  other,  we 
are  most  part  too  forward,  too  solicitous,  too  ambitious,  too 
impudent ;  we  commonly  complain  deesse  McBcenates,  of  want 
of  encouragement,  want  of  means,  when  as  the  true  defect  is 
in  our  own  want  of  worth,  our  insufficiency ;  did  Maecenas 
take  notice  of  Horace  or  Virgil  till  they  had  shown  them- 
selves first  ?  or  had  Bavius  and  Mevius  any  patrons  ?    Bgre- 

1  Seneca.  *  Haud  fkcili  emerj^ntf  4,  Cent.  1.  adag.  1.  t  Had  I  done  as 

&c.  8  Media  quod  noctis  ab  bora  se-  others  did.  put  myself  forward,  I  might 

iisti  qu&  nemo  faber,  qui  nemo  sedebat,  have  haply  been  as  great  a  man  as  many 

4ui  dooet  obliquo  lanam  deducere  ferro :  of  my  equals. 
ntnb  toaien  merc«a.  Jur.  Sat.  7.     *  Chil. 


Mem.  8,  suIm.  15.]  Sludify  a  Cause,  423 

ffium  specimen  dent,  saith  Erasmus,  let  them  approve  them- 
selves worthy  first,  suflSciently  qualified  for  learning  and 
manners,  before  they  presume  or  impudently  intrude  and 
put  themselves  on  great  men  as  too  many  do,  with  such  bas< 
flattery,  parasitical  colloguing,  such  hyperbolical  elogies  they 
do  usually  insinuate,  that  it  is  a  shame  to  hear  and  see* 
Jmmodtccs  laudes  conctliant  invidiam,  potius  quam  laudem, 
and  vain  commendations  derogate  from  truth,  and  we  think 
in  conclusion,  non  melius  de  loudato,  pejus  de  laudante,  ill  of 
both,  the  commender  and  commended.  So  we  oifend,  but 
the  main  fault  is  in  their  harshness,  defect  of  patrons.  How 
beloved  of  old,  and  how  much  respected  was  Plato  to  Diony- 
fiius  ?  How  dear  to  Alexander  was  Aristotle,  Demeratus  to 
Philip,  Solon  to  Croesus,  Anexarcus  and  Trebatius  to  Augus- 
tus, Cassius  to  Vespatian,  Plutarch  to  Trajan,  Seneca  to 
Nero,  Simonides  to  Hiero?   how  honoured? 

I**  Sed  hsc  priiis  faere,  nuuc  recoudita 
Senent  quiete," 

those  days  are  gone ;  JiJt  spes,  et  ratio  studiorum  in  Ccesare 
tantum  /  *  as  he  said  of  old,  we  may  truly  say  now,  he  is  our 
amulet,  our  ^sun,  our  sole  comfort  and  refuge,  our  Ptolemy, 
our  common  Maecenas,  Jacobus  munijicus,  Jacobus  pacijlcus, 
mysta  Musarum,  Rex  Platonicus :  Grande  decus,  columenque 
nostrum;  a  famous  scholar  himself,  and  the  sole  patron, 
pillar,  and  sustainer  of  learning ;  but  his  worth  in  this  kind 
is  so  well  known,  that  as  Paterculus  of  Cato,  Jam  ipsum 
laudare  nefas  sit;  and  which  f  Pliny  to  Trajan,  Seria  te 
carmina,  honorque  cetemus  annalium,  non  hcec  brevis  et  piA- 
denda  prcedicatio  colet.  But  he  is  now  gone,  the  sun  of  ours 
set,  and  yet  no  night  follows,  Sol  occubuit,  nox  nulla  sequuta 
est.  We  have  such  another  in  his  room,  { aureus  alter* 
Avulsus,  simili  frondescit  virga  metallo,  and  long  may  he 
reign  and  flourish  amongst  us. 

1  Catullus,  Juven.  *  All  our  hopes  Phoebus  hio  noster.  rolo  intuitu  lubentt* 
ftnd  ioducements  to  study  are  centred  iu  orem  reddat.  t  ^anegyr.  %  Virgil. 
^Isesar  alone.  >  Nemo  est  quern  noa 


421  Cauie»  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec.  2. 

Let  me  not  be  malicious,  and  lie  against  mj  genius,  I  may 
not  deny,  but  that  we  have  a  sprinkling  of  our  gentry,  here 
and  there  one,  excellently  well  learned,  like  those  Fuggeri 
in  Grermany;  Dubartus,  Du  Plessis,  Sadael,  in  Fitmce; 
Picus  Mirandula,  Schottus,  Barotius,  in  Italy ;  Apparent  rati 
nantes  in  gurgite  vasto.  But  they  are  but  few  in  respect  of 
the  multitude,  the  major  part  (and  some  again  excepted,  that 
are  indifferent)  are  wholly  bent  for  hawks  and  hounds,  and 
carried  away  many  times  with  intemperate  lust,  gaming  and 
drinking.  If  they  read  a  book  at  any  time  (si  quad  est  in- 
terim otiid  venaiUf  pociUis,  aledj  scortis)  'tis  an  English  Chron- 
icle, Sir  Huon  of  Bordeaux,  Amadis  de  Gaul,  &c,  a  play 
book,  or  some  pamphlet  of  news,  and  that  at  such  seasons 
only,  when  they  cannot  stir  abroad,  to  drive  away  time, 
*  their  sole  discourse  is  dogs,  hawks,  horses,  and  what  news  ? 
If  some  one  have  been  a  traveller  in  Italy,  or  as  far  as  the 
emperor's  court,  wintered  in  Orleans,  and  can  court  his  mis- 
tress in  broken  French,  wear  his  clothes  neatly  in  the  new- 
est fashion,  sing  some  choice  outlandish  tunes,  discourse  of 
lords,  ladies,  towns,  palaces,  and  cities,  he  is  complete  and  to 
be  admired ;  ^  otherwise  he  and  they  are  much  at  one ;  no 
difference  between  the  master  and  the  man,  but  worshipful 
titles ;  wink  and  choose  betwixt  him  that  sits  down  (clothes 
excepted)  and  him  that  holds  the  trencher  behind  him ;  yet 
these  men  must  be  our  patrons,  our  governors  too  some- 
times, statesmen,  magistrates,  noble,  great,  and  wise  by  in- 
heritance. 

Mistake  me  not  (I  say  again)  Fb«,  6  Patritius  sanguis^ 
you  that  are  worthy  senators,  gentlemen,  I  honour  your 
names  and  persons,  and  with  all  submissiveness,  prostrate 
myself  to  your  censure  and  service.  There  are  amongst  you, 
I  do  ingenuously  confess,  many  well-deserving  patrons,  and 
true  patriots,  of  my  knowledge,  besides  many  hundreds  which 
I  never  saw,  no  doubt,  or  heard  of,  pillars  of  our  common- 

^  '"~nu  enim  ferme  sensus  communis    nns  genere,  et  prspclaro  nominu  tantmiB, 
"-Ttutift.  Jut.  Sat.  8.  a  Quia    Inaipils.  Juv.  Sa».  8. 

woram  dixeiit  huao  que  Indig- 


Mem.  8,  snbs.  15.]  Study^  a  Cause.  425 

wealth,  *  whose  worth,  bounty,  learning,  forwardness,  true 
zeal  in  religion,  and  good  esteem  of  all  scholars,  ought  to  be 
consecrated  to  all  posterity ;  but  of  your  rank,  there  are  a  de- 
bauched, corrupt,  covetous,  illiterate  crew  again,  no  better 
than  stocks,  merum  pecus  (testor  Deum,  non  mihi  videri  dig- 
nos  ingenui  hominis  appellatione),  barbarous  Thracians,  ei 
quis  iUe  thrax  qui  hoc  negetf  a  sordid,  profane,  pernicious 
company,  irreligious,  impudent,  and  stupid,  I  know  not  what 
epithets  to  give  them,  enemies  to  learning,  confounders  of  the 
church,  and  the  ruin  of  a  commonwealth ;  patrons  they  are 
by  right  of  inheritance,  and  put  in  trust  freely  to  dispose  of 
Buch  livings  to  the  church's  good  ;  but  (hard  task-masters  they 
prove)  they  take  away  their  straw,  and  compel  them  to  make 
their  number  of  brick ;  they  commonly  respect  their  own 
ends,  commodity  is  the  steer  of  all  their  actions,  and  him  they 
present  in  conclusion,  as  a  man  of  greatest  gifts,  that  will 
give  most;  no  penny,  ^no  pater-noster,  as  the  saying  is. 
Nisi  preces  auro  fulctas,  ampUus  irritas :  ut  Cerberus  offoy 
their  attendants  and  officers  must  be  bribed,  feed,  and  made, 
as  Cerberus  is  with  a  sop  by  him  that  goes  to  hell.  It  was 
an  old  saying,  Omnia  Romce  vencdia  (all  things  are  venal  at 
Boiiie),  'tis  a  rag  of  Popery,  which  will  never  be  rooted  out, 
there  is  no  hope,  no  good  to  be  done  without  money.  A 
clerk  may  offer  himself,  approve  his  '  worth,  learning,  hon- 
esty, religion,  zeal,  they  will  commend  him  for  it ;  but  *  prohi' 
tas  laudatur  et  alget.  If  he  be  a  man  of  extraordinary  parts, 
they  will  flock  afar  off  to  hear  him,  as  they  did  in  Apuleius, 
to  see  Psyche  :  mtiUi  mortales  confluehant  ad  videndum  scecuH 
decus,  speculum  gloriosum,  laudatur  ah  omnibus,  spectatur  db 
omnibus,  nee  quisquam  non  rex,  non  regius,  cupidus  ejus  nup* 
tiarum  petitor  accedit ;  mirantur  quidem  divinam  formam 
omnes,  sed  ut  simulacrum  fabre  politum  mirantur ;  many 
mortal  men  came  to  see  fair  Psyche  the  glory  of  her  age, 

1 1  have  often  met  with  myself,  and  Musis  yenias  comitatus,  Horn  ere,  Nil  ta« 

ronferred  with  divers  worthy  gentlemen  men  attuleris,  ibis,  Ilomere,  foras.     8  Et 

In  the  rountry,  no  whit  inferior,  if  not  to  legat  historioos  auctores,  noverit  omnes 

be  preferred,  for  divers  kinds  of  learning,  Tanquam  unjfues  digitosque  suos.  Juy 

to  luany  of  our  academics.      >  Ipse  licet  Sat.  ?•        *  Juvenal. 


426  Catues  of  MeUmrknkg.  [Part.  L  sec.  Sl 

tibej  did  admire  her,  commend,  desire  her  for  her  divine 
beaatjy  and  gaze  upon  her ;  bat  as  on  a  pictare ;  ncme  would 
many  her,  qmod  indoictUL,  fidr  Psjcfae  had  no  m<mej.  ^  So 
Ihej  do  bj  kaming ; 

s  **•  didicit  jszn  dires  aTmnxs 
Tantam  admixuri,  tantam  landare  dis^ioa, 
XJt  paeri  Jononis  arem  ** 

**  Tour  rich  men  have  now  learned  of  latter  days 
T'  admire,  commend,  and  come  together 


To  hear  and  see  a  worthj  schoiar  speak. 
As  children  do  a  peacock's  feather.* 


»t 


He  shall  have  all  the  good  words  that  maj  be  ^ven,  *a 
proper  man,  and  'ds  pity  he  hath  no  preferment,  all  good 
wLihes,  but  inexorable,  indurate  as  he  is,  he  will  not  prefer 
him,  though  it  be  in  his  power,  because  he  is  indoUOuSy  he 
hath  no  monej.  Or  if  he  do  give  him  entertainment,  let 
him  be  never  so  well  qualified,  plead  affinity,  consanguinity, 
sufficiency,  he  shall  serve  seven  years,  as  Jacob  did  for  Ra- 
chel, before  he  shall  have  it  ^  If  he  will  enter  at  first,  he 
must  yet  in  at  that  Simoniacal  gate,  come  off  soundly,  and 
put  in  good  security  to  perform  all  covenants,  else  he  will  not 
deal  with,  or  admit  him.  But  if  some  poor  scholar,  some 
parson  chaff,  will  offer  himself;  some  trencher  chaplain,  that 
will  take  it  to  the  halves,  thirds,  or  accept  of  what  he  will 
give,  he  is  welcome  ;  be  conformable,  preach  as  he  will  have 
him,  he  likes  him  before  a  million  of  others ;  for  the  best  is 
always  best  cheap ;  and  then  as  ELierom  said  to  Cromatius, 
patella  dignum  operculum,  such  a  patron,  such  a  clerk ;  the 
cure  is  well  supplied,  and  all  parties  pleased.  So  that  is  still 
verified  in  our  age,  which  *  Chrysostom  complained  of  in  Ws 
time,  Qui  opulentiores  sunt,  in  ordinem  parasttorum  cogurU 
eo8,  et  ipsos  tanquam  canes  ad  mensas  suas  enutriunt,  eorunif 

1  Ta  vero  licet  Orpheus  sis.  mxa  sono  biqne  eongiaritim  est.  4  Qnataor  wi 

testndinifl  emoUiens,  niiti  plambea  eoram  portas  Ecclerias  itus  ad  omnes  ;  san^- 

eorda,  auri  yel  ar^nti  malleo  emoIliaA,  nis  aut  Simonis,    pnesalis    atqae   Dri 

fte.    Salbbariensis,  Policrat.  lib.  5,  c.  10.  Holcot.        5  Lib.  contra  Qentiles  de  Bab> 

'  '  *««o.  Sat.  7.        s  Euge  bene,  no  need,  lis  martyre. 
'  Cf  od.  lib.  2,— dot  ipsa  scientia  a- 


Mem.  8,  subs.  15.]  Study^  a  Cause.  427 

que  impudentes  Vent  tes  iniquarum  ccenarum  reliquiis  differ* 
tiufUy  iisdem  pro  arhitrio  ahuientes:  Rich  men  keep  these 
lecturers,  and  fawning  parasites,  like  so  many  dogs  at  their 
tables,  and  filling  their  hungry  guts  with  the  ofiTals  of  their 
meat,  they  abuse  them  at  their  pleasure,  and  make  them  sajr 
what  they  propose.  *"  As  children  do  by  a  bird  or  a  but- 
terfly in  a  string,  pull  in  and  let  him  out  as  they  list,  do  they 
by  their  trencher  chaplains,  prescribe,  command  their  wits, 
let  in  and  out  as  to  them  it  seems  best."  If  the  patron  be 
precise,  80  must  his  chaplain  be ;  if  he  be  papistical,  his  clerk 
must  be  so  too,  or  else  be  turned  out  These  are  those  clerks 
which  serve  the  turn,  whom  they  commonly  entertain,  and 
present  to  church  livings,  whilst  in  the  mean  time  we  that  are 
University  men,  like  so  many  hide-bound  calves  in  a  pasture, 
tarry  out  our  time,  wither  away  as  a  flower  ungathered  in  a 
garden,  and  are  never  used ;  or  as  so  many  candles,  illumin- 
ate ourselves  alone,  obscuring  one  another's  light,  and  are 
not  discerned  here  at  all,  the  least  of  which,  translated  to  a 
dark  room,  or  to  some  country  benefice,  where  it  might  shine 
apart,  would  give  a  fair  light,  and  be  seen  over  alL  Whilst 
we  lie  waiting  here  as  those  sick  men  did  at  the  Pool  of  *  Be- 
thesda,  till  the  Angel  stirred  the  water,  expecting  a  good 
hour,  they  step  between,  and  beguile  us  of  our  preferment. 
I  have  not  yet  said,  if  after  long  expectation,  much  expense, 
travel,  earnest  suit  of  ourselves  -and  friends,  we  obtain  a  smaU 
benefice  at  last ;  our  misery  begins  afresh,  we  are  suddenly 
encountered  with  the  flesh,  world,  and  devil,  with  a  new 
onset ;  we  change  a  quiet  life  for  an  ocean  of  troubles,  we 
come  to  a  ruinous  house,  which  before  it  be  habitable,  must 
be  necessarily  to  our  great  damage  repaired ;  we  are  com- 
pelled to  sue  for  dilapidations,  or  else  sued  ourselves,  and 
icarce  yet  settled,  we  are  called  upon  for  our  predecessor's 
arrearages ;  first-fruits,  tenths,  subsidies,  are  instantly  to  be 

1  Pnescribtint,  imperanfc,  in  ordinem  tant,  ant  attrahunt,  nos  &  libidine  sua 

TOgant,  ingenium  nostrum  prout  ipsis  pendere   sequum   cenMntes.     Hein^iiuflL 

▼idebitur,  estringunt  et  relaxant  nt  pa-  *  Job.  6 
pilionem  pueri  ant  bruobum  filo  demit* 


428  Cause$  of  Melancholy*  [Part.  I.  see.  S. 

paid,  benevolence,  procurations,  &c.,  and,  which  is  most  to  be 
feared,  we  light  upon  a  cracked  title,  as  it  befell  Clenard,  of 
Brabant,  for  his  rectory  and  charge  of  hb  Begirus  ;  he  was 
no  sooner  inducted,  but  instantly  sued,  coBpimusque  {*  saith 
he)  strenue  litigare,  et  implacdbili  heUo  confligere  ;  at  length, 
ailer  ten  yeai*s'  suit,  as  long  as  Troy's  siege,  when  he  had 
tired  himself,  and  spent  his  money,  he  was  fain  to  leave  all 
for  quietness'  sake,  and  give  it  up  to  his  adversary.  Or  else 
we  are  insulted  over,  and  trampled  on  by  domineering  officers, 
fleeced  by  those  greedy  harpies  to  get  more  fees ;  we  stand 
in  fear  of  some  precedent  lapse  ;  we  fall  amongst  refractory, 
seditious  sectaries,  peevish  puritans,  perverse  papists,  a  las- 
civious rout  of  atheistical  Epicures,  that  will  not  be  reformed, 
or  some  litigious  people  (those  wild  beasts  of  Ephesus  must 
be  fought  with)  that  will  not  pay  their  dues  without  much 
repining,  or  compelled  by  long  suit;  Laid  clericis  oppido 
infesti,  an  old  axiom,  all  they  think  well  gotten  that  is  had 
from  the  church,  and  by  such  uncivil,  harsh  dealings,  they 
make  their  poor  minister  weary  of  his  placre,  if  not  his  life ; 
and  put  case  they  be  quiet  honest  men,  make  the  best  of  it, 
as  often  it  falls  out,  from  a  polite  and  terse  academic,  he  must 
turn  rustic,  rude,  melancholize  alone,  learn  to  forget,  or  else 
as  many  do,  become  maltsters,  graziers,  chapmen,  &c.,  (now 
banished  from  the  academy,  all  commerce  of  the  muses,  and 
confined  to  a  country  village,  as  Ovid  was  from  Rome  to 
Pontus,)  and  daily  converse  with  a  company  of  idiots  and 
clowns. 

Nos  interim  qitod  attinet  (nee  enim  immunes  ah  hoc  noxd 
sumits)  idem  reatus  manet,  idem  nobis,  et  si  non  muUo  graviusj 
crimen  ohjici  potest:  nostra  enim  ctdpd  sit,  nostra  incurid, 
nostra  avaritid,  quod  tarn  frequentes,  foedceque  Jiant  in  Ec- 
clesid  nundinationes,  (templum  est  vaenale,  deusque)  tot  sordes 
invehantur,  tanta  grassetur  impietas,  tanta  nequitia,  tarn  in- 
sanus  miseriarum  Euripus,  et  turbarum  cestuarium,  nostra 

*  Epiat.  lib.  2.    Jam  suffectus  in  locum  demortoi,  protin  as  exortus  est  adyersariof 
fco.,  po8t  muitos  labores,  sumptus,  &o. 


Hem.  S,  snba.  15.]  Stu3y,  a  Cause.  429 


inqaam,  omnium  ( Anademicoram  imprimis)  vitio  siL  Quod 
tot  Sesp.  malts  afficiatur,  a  nobis  leminanum ;  ukrd  malum 
hoe  atcei-simus,  et  guuais  eontumdid,  tjudais  interim  miserid 
dignif  qui  pro  virili  non  occurrimus.  Quid  enim  jiert  posse 
iperamus,  quian  tot  indies  sine  delectu  pauperta  alumni,  terrst 
JUii,  et  cujuscunque  ordines  homunciones  ad  gradus  certatim 
admitlantur  f  qui  si  definitionem,  dislinctionemque  unam  aui 
alteram  memoriler  edidictrint,  el  pro  more  lot  annos  in  dia- 
leeticii  posuerint,  non  referi  quo  pTofecla,  quotes  demum  sirtt, 
idiottB,  nuffotores,  otialores,  aleatores,  compotores,  indit/ni,  libid- 
inis  voluptatumque  admimstri,  "  Sponsi  Penelopes,  nehdonea 
Alcinoique,"  modo  tot  annos  in  academid  insumpserint,  et  is 
pro  togatis  vendildrint ;  lucri  causA,  el  amicorum  iniercessu 
prieseiilanlur :  addo  eliam  et  magnifieis  nonnunqiiam  dogiis 
morum  et  seientite:  et  jam  vahdicturi  testimonicdi&us  hiscs 
Ittteris,  amplissimi  conscriplis  in  eorum  gratiam  honorantar, 
a&  iis,  qui  fidei  sum  el  exist! laationis  jacluram  procul  duhio 
faeiunt.  Doctores  enira  et  profeasores  (quod  ail  'iHeJid 
Dnum  curanC,  uC  ex  profession ibus  Jreqnentibus,  et  tumultuariia 
putius  quam  le^timi^,  commoda  sua  promoveitnt,  et  ex  dis- 
pendio  publico  euum  faciant  incrementum.  Id  solum  in  voUt 
hahent  annui  plerumque  magistratus,  ut  ah  incipienltum  nu- 
mero  'pecunias  emungant,  nee  muUum  interest  qui  sint,  Uiera- 
tores  an  literati,  modd  pingii.es,  nitidi,  ad  aspectum  spedosi, 
et  quod  verba  dicam,  pecuniosi  sint.  *  Philosophaslri  licen- 
tittntnr  in  ariibus,  artem  qui  non  hdhertt,  *  Eosqiie  sapientas 
esse  jubent,  qui  nulla  piiediti  sunt  sapientia,  et  nibil  ad 
graduia  pneterquam  Telle  adferunt,  TlieologastTi  (solvarA 
modo)  satis  superque  doeti,  per  omfies  honorum  gradus  evt- 
hitnlur  el  ascendunl,  Aique  hino  Jit  qudd  lam  viles  scurra, 
lot  passim  idiotee,  literarvm  crepvsculo  posili,  larvm  pastorum, 
circamforaaei,  vagi,  barbi,  fungi,  erassi,  asini,  merum  pecus, 
ologia  aditus,  iUotis  pedibus  irrumpanl. 


hUflnca)  TUIh.  '  Hot  nnn  lt«  prj-    ! 

ilB  ptntrlDxi  In  PbUDsDpbuitr^  Cddub- 


430  Causes  of  Mdanchdly.  [Part. L  see.! 

primer  tnverectmdam  frontem  adferentes  nihil,  vidgares  quaS' 
dam  quisquilias,  et  scholarium  qiUEdam  nugamerUa,  indigna 
qtUB  vel  recipiantur  in  triviis.  Hoc  illud  indtpium  genus 
hominum  et  famelicum,  indigum,  vagum,  ventris  mancipiumj 
ad  stivam  potius  relegandum,  ad  haras  aptius  quam  ad  aras, 
quod  divinas  hcuce  literas  turpiter  prostituit ;  hi  sunt  qui 
pvlpita  complent,  in  cedes  noUHum  irrepunt,  et  quum  reliquis 
vitce  destituantur  suhsidiis,  oh  corporis  et  animi  egestatenij 
aliarum  in  repub.  partium  minimi  capaces  sint ;  ad  sacram 
hanc  anchoram  confagiunt,  sacerdotium  quovismodo  captcmteSy 
non  ex  sinceritate,  quod  ^  Paulus  ait,  sed  cauponantes  verbum 
Dei.  iVc  quis  interim  viris  bonis  detractum  quid  putet,  quos 
habet  ecclesia  Anglicana  quamplurimos,  egregih  doctos,  iUuS' 
ires,  intact4E  famce  homines,  et  plures  forsan  quam  quavis 
Europce  provincia  ;  ne  quis  a  Jhrentissimis  Academiis,  qiue 
viros  undiqudque  doctissimos,  omni  virtutum  genere  suspic' 
iendos,  abunde  producunt.  JEk  mtdid  plures  utraque  hahi' 
tura,  midto  splendidior  futura,  si  non  ha  sordes  splendidum 
lumen  ejus  obfuscarent,  obstaret  corruptio,  et  cauponantes 
qucedam  harpyce,  proleiariique  bonum  hoc  nobis  non  invi' 
derent.  Nemo  enim  tarn  ccecd  mente,  qui  non  hoc  ipsum 
videat :  nemo  tam  stolido  ingenio,  qui  non  intelligat ;  tam  pet' 
tinaci  judicio,  qui  non  agnoscat,  ab  his  idiotis  circumforaneiSf 
sacram  poUui  Theohgiam,  ac  ccelestes  Musas  quasi  prophanum 
quiddam  prostitui.  Viles  animas  et  effrontes  (sic  enim  Lu- 
therus  ^  alictibi  vocat)  lucelli  causa,  ut  muscae  ad  mulctra,  ad 
nobilium  et  heroum  mensas  advolant,  in  spem  sacerdotii, 
cujuslibet  honoris,  officii,  in  quamvis  aulam,  urbem  so  inge- 

runt,  ad  quodvis  se  ministerium  componunt, "  Ut  nervis 

alienis  mobile  lignum Ducitur" Ifor.  Lib.  II.  SaL 

7,  '  ofiTam  sequentes,  psittaeorum  more,  in  praedae  spem  quid- 
vis  effutiunt :  obsecundantes  Parasiti  (*  Erasmus  ait)  quidvis 
docent,  dicunt,  scribunt,  suadent,  et  contra  conscientiam  pro- 
bant,  non  ut  salutarem  reddant  gregem,  sed  ut  magnificam  sibi 
parent  fortunam.     *  Opiniones  quasvis  et  decreta  contra  ver- 

1 2  Gor.  U.  17.       s  Comment,  in  Oal.       •  Hdnsius.       «  Bocledaat.       «  Lath 
tnCteL 


Mem,  8,  snbs.  15.]  Study,  a  CatLse.  431 

bum  Dei  astruunt,  ne  non  offendant  patronum,  sed  ut  retin- 
eant  favorem  procerum,  et  populi  plausum,  sibique  ipsis  opes 
accumulent  Eo  etenim  plerunqtte  ammo  ad  Theohgiam 
accedunt,  non  ut  rem  dtvinam,  sed  tU  stuim  faciani  ;  non  ad 
EcdesiCB  bonum  promovendum,  sed  expilandum ;  qucerenieSj 
guod  Paulus  ait,  non  quas  Jesu  Christi,  sed  quae  sua,  non 
domini  thesaurum,  sed  ut  sibi,  suisque  thesaurizenU  Nee 
tantum  ns,  qui  vtlioris  fortunes,  et  abjecice  sortis  sunt,  hoc  in 
usu  est :  sed  et  medios,  summos,  elatos,  ne  dicam  EpiscopoSy 
hoc  malum  invasit.  ^  "  Dicite,  pontijices,  in  sacris  quidfacit 
aurum  ?"  ^ summos  saepe  viros  transversos  agit  avaritia,  et  qui 
r^iquis  morum  probitate  prcelucerent ;  hi  fojcem  prceferunt 
ad  Simoniam,  et  in  corruptionis  hunc  scopulum  impingentes, 
non  tondent  pecus,  sed  deglubunt,  et  quocunque  se  conferunt^ 
expilant,  exhauriunt,  ahradunt,  magnum  famce  sues,  si  non 
aninuB  naufragium  facierUes  ;  vi  non  ab  injimis  ad  summos, 
sed  d  summis  ad  injimos  malum  promandsse  videatur,  et 
iUud  verum  sit  quod  tile  olim  lusit,  emerat  ille  prius,  vendere 
jure  potest  Simoniacus  enim  (quod  cum  Leone  dicam) 
gratiam  non  accepit,  si  non  accipit,  non  habet,  et  si  non  babet, 
nee  gratus  potest  esse ;  tantum  enim  absunt  istorum  nonnuUi, 
qui  ad  clavum  sedent,  a  promovendo  reliquos,  ut  penitus  im* 
pediant,  probe  sibi  conscii,  quibus  artibus  iUic  pervenei\nt, 
*  Nam  qui  ob  literas  emersisse  illos  credat,  desipit ;  qui  vero 
ingenii,  eruditionis,  experientiae,  probitatis,  pietatis,  et  Musa- 
rum  id  esse  pretium  putat  (quod  olim  reverd  fuit,  hodie  pro^ 
mittitur)  planissime  insanit.  Utcunque  vel  undecunque  malum 
hoc  originem  ducat,  non  tdtra  quceram,  ex  his  primordiis 
ccepit  vitiorum  colluvies,  omnis  calamitas,  omne  miseriarum 
agmen  in  Ecclesiam  invehitur,  Hinc  tarn  frequens  simonia^ 
hinc  ortce  querelce,  fraudes,  impostures,  ah  hoc  forde  se  derivd' 
runt  omnes  nequitice.  Ne  quid  obiter  dicam  de  ambitione, 
adulatione  plusquam  aulicd,  ne  trisii  domiccenio  Idborent,  de 
luxu,  de  fcedo  nonnunquam  viice  exemplo,  quo  nonnuUos 
offendunt,  de  compoiatione  Sybariticd,  S^c,  hinc  ille  squalor 

iPere.  Sat.  2.       *  Sallust.       'Sat.  Menip. 


432  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part.  L  sec.  Sl 

academicuSj  tristes  hac  tempestate  Camense,  quum  quivis 
homunculus,  artlum  iffnaitiSf  his  artihus  a^surgat,  hunc  in 
modum  promoveatur  et  ditescat,  ambittosis  appellationifms  in- 
siffntSj  et  multis  dignitatihus  augustus  vulgi  oculos  perstringat, 
bene  se  habeai,  et  grandia  gradiens  majestatem  quandam  ac 
amplitudinem  prce  se  f evens,  miramqvs  solicitudinem,  harbd 
reverendus,  toga  nitidus,  purpurd  coruscus,  supeUectilis  splen- 
dorej  et  famulorum  numero  maxime  conspicutis.  Quales 
BtatuoB  (quod  ait  ^  tile)  quae  sacris  in  aedibus  columnis  im- 
ponuntur,  velut  oneri  cedentes  videntur,  ac  si  kisiidarent, 
quum  revera  sensu  sint  carentes,  et  nihil  saxeam  adjuvent 
firmitatem :  atlantes  videri  volunt,  quum  sint  statuce  lapidece, 
umbratiles  revera  homunciones^  fungi^  forsan  et  bardi,  nikUd 
saxo  differcntes.  Quum  interim  docti  viri,  et  vitce  sanctions 
ornamentis  prcediti,  qui  cestum  did  sustinent,  his  iniqud  sorts 
serviant,  minimo  forsan  salario  conienti,  puris  nominihus 
nuncupati,  humiles,  obscuri,  muUoque  digniores  licet,  egentes, 
inhonorati  vitam  privam  privatam  agant,  tenuique  septdti 
sacerdotio,  vel  in  coUegiis  suis  in  aetemum  incarceratiy  in- 
glorie  delitescant.  Sed  nolo  diutius  hanc  movers  sentinam, 
hinc  iUce  lachrgmce,  lugubris  musarum  hahitus,  *  hinc  ipsa 
religio  (quod  cum  Seceliio  dicam)  in  ludibrium  et  contemptum 
addbcitur,  abjectum  sacerdotium  (atque  hoec  ubi  Jlunt,  ausim 
dicere,  et  putidum  ^putidi  dicterium  de  clero  usurpare)  puti- 
dum  vulgus,  inops,  rude,  sordidum,  mdanchoUcum,  miserum, 
despicabile,  contemnendum,^ 

1  Budseus,  de  Asse,  lib.  5.        *  Lib.  de  them,  and  are  deserring  of  every  oppro 

rep.  Qallomm.       ^  Campian.       t  As  for  brium  and  suffering,  ftiiice  we  do  not  aftei^ 

our84'Iye8(for  neither  are  we  free  from  this  wards  encounter  them  according  to  oar 

fault)  the  same  guilt,  the  same  crime,  may  strength.    For  what  better  can  we  expect 

be  objtHJted  against  us ;  for  it  is  through  when  so   many  poor,  beggarly  fellows, 

our  fault,  negligence  aud  avarice,  that  so  men  of  every  order,  are  readily  and  with- 

many  and  such  shameful  corruptions  oc-  out  election,  admitted  to  degrees?    ^Vho, 

cur  in  the  church  (both  the  temple  and  if  they  can  only  commit  to  memory  a 

the  Deity  are  offered  for  sale),  that  such  few  definitions  and  divisions,  and  pass  the 

Bordidness  is  introduced,  such  impiety  customary  period  in  the  study  of  logics, 

committed,  such  wickedness,  such  a  mad  no  matter  with  what  effect,  whatever  sort 

gulf  cf  wretchedness  and  irregularity —  they  prove  to  be,  idiots,  triflers,  idlerSj 

these  I  say  arise  from  all  our  faults,  but  gamblers,  sots,  sensualists, 
more  particularly  from  ours  of  the  Uni- 
versity.     We  are  the  nursery  in  which  "  mere  ciphers  in  the  book  of  liA 

tbose  ills  are  bred  with  which  the  state  Like  those  who  boldly  woo^d  Ulysses'f 
If  allUcted;    we   voluntarily   introduce  wife; 


Hem.  4,  subs.  1.] 


^urse,  a  Cause. 


433 


MEMB.  IV. 


SuBSECT.  I. — Non-necessary^  remote^  outward,  adventitious^ 
or  accidental  causes :  a^  first  from  the  Nurse, 

Op  those  remote,  outward,  ambient,  necessary  causes,  I 
have  sufficiently  discoursed  in   the  precedent  member,  the 


Bom  to  eonsnme  the  fruits  of  earth :  in 

truth, 
As  Tain  and  idle  as  Pheacia's  yonth ; " 

only  let  them  have  paswd  the  8tipalat«d 
period  in  the  University,  aud  profes8«d 
themselves  collegians;  either  for  the  sake 
of  profit,  or  through  the  InflueQce  of 
thdr  friends,  they  obtain  a  presentation ; 
nay,  sometimes  even  accompanied  by 
brilliant  eulogies  upon  their  morals  and 
acquirements ;  and  when  they  are  about 
to  take  leave,  they  are  honoured  with  the 
most  flattering  literary  testimonials  in 
their  favour,  by  those  who  undoubtedly 
Busttun  a  loss  of  reputation  in  granting 
them.  For  doctors  and  professors  (as  an 
author  says)  are  anxious  about  one  thing 
only,  viz:  that  out  of  their  various  call- 
ings chey  may  promote  their  own  advan- 
tage, and  convert  the  public  loss  into 
their  private  gains.  For  our  annual  offi- 
cers wish  this  only,  that  those  who  com- 
mence, whether  they  are  taught  or  un- 
taught is  of  DO  moment,  shall  be  sleek, 
fat,  pigeons,  worth  the  plucldng.  The 
Philosophastic  are  admitted  to  a  degree 
in  Arts,  because  they  have  no  acquaint- 
ance with  them.  And  they  are  desired 
to  be  wise  men,  because  they  are  endowed 
with  no  wisdom,  and  bring  no  qualifica- 
tion for  a  degree,  except  the  wish  to  have 
it.  The  Theolo^tic  (only  let  them  pay) 
thrice  learned,  are  promoted  to  every 
academic  honour.  Ilence  it  is  that  so 
many  vile  buffoons,  so  many  idiots,  every- 
where, placed  in  the  twilight  of  letters, 
the  mere  ghosts  of  scholars,  wanderers 
in  the  market  place,  vagrants,  barbels, 
mushrooms,  dolts,  asses,  a  growling  herd, 
irith  unwashed  feet,  break  into  the  sacred 
precincts  of  theology,  bringing  nothing 
along  with  them  but  an  impudent  ftont, 
some  vulgar  trifles  and  fiwlish  scholastic 
technicalities,  unworthy  of  respect  even 
at  the  crossing  of  the  highways.  This  Ls 
the  unworthy,  vagrant,  voluptuous  race, 
fitter  for  the  hogsty  (haram)  than  the 
altar  (aram),  that  basely  prostitute  divine 
literature;  these  are  they  who  fill  the 
pulpits,  creep  into  the  palaces  of  our  no- 

TOL.  I.  28 


bility  after  all  other  prospects  of  existence 
fail  them,  owing  to  their  iuibecility  of 
body  and  mind,  and  their  being  incapa- 
ble of  sustaining  any  other  p.irts  in  the 
commonwealth  ;  to  this  sacred  refnge 
they  fly,  undertaking  the  office  of  the 
ministry,  not  from  sincerity,  but  as  St. 
Paul  says,  huckstering  the  word  of  Qod. 
Let  not  any  one  suppose  that  it  is  here 
intended  to  detract  from  those  many 
exemplary  men  of  which  the  Church  of 
England  may  boast,  learned,  eminent, 
and  of  spotless  fiinie,  for  they  are  more 
numerous  in  that  than  in  any  other 
church  of  Europe  ;  nor  from  those  most 
learned  universities  which  constantly 
send  forth  men  endued  with  every  form 
of  virtue.  And  these  seminaries  would 
produce  a  still  gpreater  number  of  inesti- 
mable scholars  hereafter  if  sordidness  did 
not  obscure  the  splendid  light,  corrup- 
tion interrupt,  and  certain  truckling 
harpies  and  beggars  envy  them  their  use- 
fulness. Nor  can  any  onu  be  so  blind  as 
not  to  perceive  this — any  so  stolid  as  not 
to  understand  ic — any  so  perverse  as  not 
to  acknowledge  how  sacred  Theology  haa 
been  contaminated  by  those  notorious 
idiots,  and  the  celestial  Muse  treated  with 
profonity .  Yile  and  shameless  rouIs  (says 
Luther)  for  the  sake  of  gain,  like  flies  to 
a  milkpail,  crowd  round  the  tables  of  the 
nobility  in  expectation  of  a  church  liv- 
ing, any  office,  or  honour,  and  flock  into 
any  public  hall  or  city  ready  to  accept 
of  any  employment  that  may  offer. 

"  A  thing  of  wood  and  wires  by  others 
played." 

Following  the  paste  as  the  panvt,  they 
stutter  out  anything  in  hopes  of  reward; 
obsequious  parasites,  says  Erasmus,teach, 
say  write,  admire,  approve,  contrary  to 
their  conviction,  anything  you  please, 
not  to  benefit  the  people  but  to  improve 
their  own  fortunes.  They  subscribe  to 
any  opinions  and  decisions  contrary  to 
the  word  of  God,  that  they  may  not  of- 
fend their  patron  but  retain  the  favout 
of  the  great,  the  applause  of  the  multl- 


434 


Catues  of  Melancholy, 


[Part  L  sec.  1 


non-necessary  follow ;  of  which,  saith  *  Fuchsius,  no  art  can 
be  made,  by  reason  of  their  uncertainty,  casualty,  and  multi- 
tude ;  80  called  "  not  necessary "  because,  according  to  *  Fer- 
nelius,  "they  may  be  avoided,  and  used  without  necessity.** 
Many  of  these  accidental  causes,  which  I  shall  entreat  of 
here,  might  have  well  been  reduced  to  the  former,  because 
they  cannot  be  avoided,  but  fatally  happen  to  us,  though  acd- 


tade,  and  thereby  acquire  riches  for 
themselvea ;  for  they  approach  Theology, 
not  that  they  may  perform  a  sacred  duty, 
but  make  a  fortu  ae  ;  not  to  promote  the 
intereflt  of  the  church,  but  to  pillage  it ; 
seekitig,  as  Paul  8ayfl,  not  the  things 
which  are  of  Jesus  Christ,  but  what  may 
be  their  own ;  not  the  treasure  of  their 
Lord,  but  the  enrichment  of  themselves 
and  their  followers.  Nor  does  this  evil 
belong  to  those  of  humbler  birth  and 
fortunes  only,  it  possesses  the  middle  and 
higher  ranks,  bishops  excepted. 

"  0  Pontiff:^,  tell  the  efficacy  of  gold  in 
sacred  matters !  "  Avarice  often  leads 
the  highest  men  astray,  and  men,  admira- 
ble in  all  other  respects  ;  these  find  a  sal- 
vo for  simony ;  and,  striking  against  this 
rock  of  corruptiou,  they  do  not  shear 
but  flay  the  tlock;  and,  wherever  they 
teem,  plunder,  exhaust,  raze,  making 
shipwreck  of  their  reputation,  if  not  of 
their  souls  also.  Hence  it  appears  that 
this  malady  did  not  flow  from  the  hum- 
blest to  the  highest  classes,  but  vice  versi^ 
so  that  the  maxim  is  true  although  spoken 
in  jest — '•*■  he  bought  first,  therefore  has 
the  best  right  to  sell."  For  a  Simoniac 
(that  I  may  use  the  phraseology  of  Leo) 
has  not  received  a  favour ;  since  he  has 
not  received  one  he  does  not  possess  one; 
and  since  he  does  not  possess  one  he 
cannot  confer  one.  So  far  indeed  are 
some  of  those  who  are  pl8M;ed  at  the  helm 
from  promoting  others,  that  they  com- 
pletely obstruct  them,  from  a  conscious- 
ness of  the  means  by  which  themselves 
obtained  the  honour.  For  he  who  im- 
agines that  they  emerged  from  their  ob- 
scurity through  their  learning,  is  de- 
ceived; indeed,  whoever  supposes  promo- 
tion to  be  the  reward  of  genius,  erudition, 
experience,  probity,  piety,  and  poetry 
(which  formerly  was  the  case,  but  now- 
adays is  only  promised)  is  evidently  de- 
ranged. How  or  when  this  malady  com- 
menced,! shall  not  further  inquire;  but 
from  these  beginnings,  this  accumulation 
of  vices,  all  her  calamities  and  miseries 
have  been  brought. upon  the  Church; 
hence  such  frequent  acts  of  simony, 
complaints,  fraud,  impostures— from  this 
due  fountain  spring  all  its  conspicuous 


iniquities.  I  shall  not  press  the  qnestiot 
of  ambition  and  ox>urtly  flattery,  lest  they 
may  be  cha^rrined  abou^  luxury,  ban 
examples  of  life,  which  ofiend  the  honeHt, 
wanton  drinking  parties,  &c.  Yet,  henee 
is  that  academic  squalor,  the  muses  now 
look  sad,  since  every  low  fellow  ignorant 
of  the  arts,  by  those  very  arts  rises.  i> 

Eromoted,  and  grows  rich,  distinguished 
y  ambitious  titles,  and  puflfed  up  by  his 
numerous  honours;  he  just  shows  him* 
self  to  the  vulgar,  and  by  his  stately  ca^ 
riage  displays  a  species  of  majesty,  a  r»* 
markable  solicitude,  letting  down  a  flow* 
ing  beard,  decked  in  a  brilliant  toga  ro- 
splendeut  with  purple,  and  respected 
also  on  account  of  the  splendour  of  his 
household  and  number  of  his  servants. 
There  are  certain  statues  placed  in  sacred 
edifices  that  seem  to  sink  under  their  load, 
and  almost  to  perspire,  when  in  realitj 
they  are  void  of  sensation,  and  do  not 
contribute  to  the  stony  stability,  so  theM 
men  would  wish  to  look  like  Atlaae& 
when  they  are  no  better  than  statues  of 
stone,  insignificant  scrubs,  funguses, 
dolts,  little  different  from  stone.  Mean* 
while  really  learned  men,  endowed  with 
all  that  can  adorn  a  holy  life,  men  who 
have  endured  the  heat  of  mid-day,  by 
some  unjust  lot  obey  these  dizzards,  con* 
tent  probably  with  a  mi:«erable  salary, 
known  by  honest  appellations,  humble, 
obscure,  although  eminently  worthy, 
needy,  leading  a  private  life  without 
honour,  buried  alive  in  some  poor  bene- 
fice, or  incarcerated  forever  in  their  col- 
lege chambers,  lying  hid  ingloiiou^ty 
But  I  am  unwilling  to  stir  this  sink  any 
longer  or  any  deeper ;  hence  those  teaiSi 
this  melancholy  habit  of  the  muses; 
hence  (that  I  may  speak  with  Secelius)il 
it  that  religion  is  brought  into  disrepute 
and  contempt,  and  the  priesthood  abject; 
(and  since  this  is  so,  I  must  speak  out 
and  use  the  filthy  witticism  of  the  filthy) 
a  fetid  crowd,  poor,  st^rdid,  melancholy, 
miserable    despicable,  contemptible. 

1  Proem,  lib.  2.  Nulla  ars  constitoi 
potest.  s  Lib  1,  c.  19.  de  morborum 
causis.  Quas  declinare  licet  aut  nnUt 
necessitate  utimur 


Hem.  4,  tabs.  1.] 


Jfwne,  a  Cause. 


435 


denlnliy,  and  unawares,  et  dome  lime  or  other  j  (lie  resl  are 
contingent  and  inevitable,  and  more  properly  inserted  in  this 
rank  ol'  caui^es.  To  reckon  up  all  ia  a  thing  impoasibje  ;  of 
some,  therefore  most  remarkable  of  these  contingent  cauaes 
which  produce  melancholy,  I  will  briefly  ?peak  and  in  their 

From  a  child's  naiivity,  the  first  ill  accident  that  can  likely 
bolall  him  in  this  kind  is  a  bad  nurse,  by  whose  means  alone 
he  may  be  tainted  with  this  'malady  from  bis  cradle,  Aulus 
Gelliua,  I.  12,  c.  1,  brings  in  Phavorinus,  that  eloquent  phil- 
osopher, proving  this  at  large,  ^"  that  there  is  the  same  vir- 
tue and  property  in  the  milk  as  in  the  seed,  and  not  in  men 
alone,  but  in  all  other  creatures ;  he  gives  instance  in  a  kid 
and  lamb,  if  either  of  them  suck  of  the  other's  milk  the  lamb 
of  the  goat's,  or  the  kid  of  the  ewe's,  the  wool  of  the  one 
will  be  hard,  and  tlie  hair  of  the  other  sofl,"  Giraldus,  Cam- 
bren$is  Itinerar,  Cambrite,  l.  1,  c.  2,  confirms  this  by  a  nol> 
able  example  which  happened  in  his  time.  A  sow-pig  by 
chance  sucked  a  brach,  and  when  she  was  grown,  ' "  would 
miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer,  and  that  as  well,  or 
rather  better,  than  any  ordinary  hound."  His  conclusion  is, 
'"  that  men  and  beasta  participate  of  her  nature  and  condi- 
tions by  whose  milk  they  are  fed."  Phavorinus  urges  it 
fiirther,  and  demonstrates  it  more  evidently,  that  if  a  nurse 
be  '  ■"  misshapen,  unchaste,  dishonest,  impudent,  °  cruel,  or  the 
like,  the  child  that  sucks  upon  her  breast  will  he  so  too  j "  all 
other  affections  of  the  mind  and  diseases  are  almost  ingrafted, 
OS  it  were,  and  impinnted  into  the  temperature  of  the  infant, 
by  the  nurse's  milk  ;  as  pox,  leprosy,  melancholy,  &c  Cato 
foP  Gome  such  reason  would  make  his  servants'  cliildren  suck 


sasi 


n  Ti^,  Virg. 


436  Cause*  of  Melancholy,  [Part  I.  see.  1 

upon  his  wife's  breast,  because  bj  that  means  they  would  love 
him  and  his  the  better,  and  in  all  likelihood  agree  with  them 
A  more  evident  example  that  the  minds  are  altered  by  milk 
cannot  be  given,  than  that  of  *  Dion,  which  he  relates  of 
Caligula's  cruelty ;  it  could  neither  be  imputed  to  father  nor 
mother,  but  to  his  cruel  nurse  alone,  that  anointed  her  paps 
with  blood  still  when  he  sucked,  which  made  him  such  a 
murderer,  and  to  express  her  cruelty  to  a  hair ;  and  that  of 
Tiberius,  who  was  a  common  drunkard,  because  his  nurse 
was  such  a  one.  Et  si  delira  Juerit  (^  one  observes)  infan- 
tulum  delirum  fadet,  if  she  be  a  fool  or  dolt,  the  child  she 
nurseth  will  take  after  her,  or  otherwise  be  misaifected; 
which  Franciscus  Barbarus,  /.  2,  c.  uU.  de  re  tixorid,  proves 
at  full,  and  Ant.  Guivarra,  lib.  2,  de  Marco  Aurelio ;  the 
child  will  surely  participate.  For  bodily  sickness  there  is  no 
doubt  to  be  made.  Titus,  Vespasian's  son,  was  therefore 
sickly,  because  the  nurse  was  so,  Lampridius.  And  if  we 
may  believe  physicians,  many  times  children  catch  the  pox 
from  a  bad  nurse,  Botaldus,  cap.  Ql,  de  Itie  vener.  Besides 
evil  attendance,  negligence,  and  many  gross  inconveniences, 
which  are  incident  to  nurses,  much  danger  may  so  come  to 
the  child.  '  For  these  causes  Aristotle,  Polit.  lib.  7,  c.  17, 
Phavorinus  and  Marcus  Aurelius  would  not  have  a  child  put 
to  nurse  at  all,  but  every  mother  to  bring  up  her  own,  of  what 
condition  soever  she  be  ;  for  a  sound  and  able  mother  to  put 
out  her  child  to  nurse,  is  naturce  intemperies,  so  *  Guatso 
calls  it,  'tis  fit,  therefore,  she  should  be  nurse  herself;  the 
mother  will  be  more  careful,  loving,  and  attendant,  than  any 
servile  woman,  or  such  hired  creatures ;  this  all  the  world 
acknowledgeth,  convenientissimum  est  (as  Rod.  h  Castro,  d$ 
nat,  mulieruniy  lib.  4,  c.  12,  in  many  words  confesseth)  matrem 
ipsam  laciare  infantem^  "  It  is  most  fit  that  the  mother  should 
suckle  her  own  infant " — who  denies  that  it  should  be  so  ?— 
and  which  some  women  most  curiously  observe ;  amongst  the 

1  TJh.  2.  de  Caenribiu.      >  Beda,  o.  27,    aliinento  degeneret  corptn,  et  animm 
^Im.  hist.  s  Ne  inaitivo  lactis    eorrumpatur.       *  Lib.  8,  de  ciT.  ouiiTeA 


Mem.  4,  nibs.  1.]  Nurse^  a  Cause.  437 

rest,  ^  that  queen  of  France,  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  that  was 
60  precise  and  zealous  in  this  behalf,  that  when  in  her  absence 
a  strange  nurse  had  suckled  her  child,  she  was  never  quiet 
till  she  had  made  the  infant  vomit  it  up  again.  But  she  was 
too  jealous.  If  it  be  so,  as  many  times  it  is,  thej  must  be 
put  forth,  the  mother  be  not  fit  or  well  able  to  be  a  nurse, 
I  would  then  advise  such  mothers,  as  ^  Plutarch  doth  in  his 
book,  de  liheris  educandis,  and  ^  S.  Hierom,  li.  2,  epist,  27, 
LatcB  de  institute  JiL  Magninus  part.  2,  Reg.  sanit.  cap.  7, 
and  the  said  Bodericus,  that  they  make  choice  of  a  sound 
woman,  of  a  good  complexion,  honest,  free  from  bodily  dis- 
eases, if  it  be  possible,  all  passions  and  perturbations  of  the 
mind,  as  sorrow,  fear,  grief,  *  folly,  melancholy.  For  such 
passions  corrupt  the  milk,  and  alter  the  temperature  of  the 
child,  which  now  being  ^  Udum  et  moUe  liUum,  "  a  moist  and 
soft  clay"  is  easily  seasoned  and  perverted.  And  if  such  a 
nurse  may  be  found  out,  that  will  be  diligent  and  careful 
withal,  let  Phavorinus  and  M.  Aurelius  plead  how  they  can 
against  it,  I  had  rather  accept  of  her  in  some  cases  than  the 
mother  herself,  and  which  Bonacialus  the  physician,  Nic. 
Biasius  the  politician,  lib.  4,  de  repub.  cap.  8,  approves, 
*  "  Some  nurses  are  much  to  be  preferred  to  some  mothers." 
For  why  may  not  the  mother  be  nought,  a  peevish,  drunken 
flirt,  a  waspish,  choleric  slut,  a  crazed  piece,  a  fool  (as  many 
mothers  are),  unsound,  as  soon  as  the  nurse  ?  There  is 
more  choice  of  nurses  than  mothers ;  and  therefore  except  the 
mother  be  most  virtuous,  staid,  a  woman  of  excellent  good 
parts,  and  of  a  sound  complexion,  I  would  have  all  children 
in  such  cases  committed  to  discreet  strangers.  And  'tis  the 
only  way ;  as  by  marriage  they  are  ingrafted  to  other  families 
to  alter  the  breed,  or  if  anything  be  amiss  in  the  mother,  as 
Ludovicus  Mercatus  contends,  Tom.  2,  lib.  de  morb.  hcered.  to 
prevent  diseases  and  future  maladies,  to  correct  and  qualify 
the  child's  ill-disposed  temperature,  which  he  had  from  his 

»  Stephanus.        2  To.  2.    Nutrices  non    Ilicr.      4  Prohibcudum  ne  stolida  lactet 
laafivis  sed  maxime  probaa  deligamun.    s  Pers.  *  Nu  trices  iuterdum  matii* 

'KutrU  uon  fiit  laMsiya  aut  temuleata.    bos  sunt  meliores. 


488  Causes  of  Mdanchcly.  \;ttsX  L see.! 

parents.     This  is  an  excellent  remedj,  if  good  choice  hk 
made  of  such  a  nurse. 

ScBSECT.  n. — Education  a  Cause  of  Melancholy, 

Education,  of  these  accidental  causes  of  Melancholj, 
may  justly  challenge  the  next  place,  for  if  a  man  escape  a 
bad  nurse,  he  may  be  undone  by  evil  bringing  up.  ^  Jascm 
Prntensis  puts  this  of  education  for  a  principal  cause ;  bad 
parents,  step-mothers,  tutors,  masters,  teachers,  too  rigorous, 
too  severe,  too  remiss  or  indulgent  on  the  other  side,  are 
often  fountains  and  furtherers  of  this  disease.  Parents  and 
such  as  have  the  tuition  and  oversight  of  children,  offend 
many  times  in  that  they  are  too  stem,  always  threatening, 
chiding,  brawling,  whipping,  or  striking ;  by  means  of  which 
their  poor  children  are  so  disheartened  and  cowed,  that  they 
never  after  have  any  courage,  a  merry  hour  in  their  lives,  or 
take  pleasure  in  anything.  There  is  a  great  moderation  to 
be  had  in  such  things,  as  matters  of  so  great  moment  to  the 
making  or  marring  of  a  child.  Some  fright  their  children 
with  beggars,  bugbears,  and  hobgoblins,  if  they  cry,  or  be 
otherwise  unruly ;  but  they  are  much  to  blame  in  it,  many 
times,  saith  Lavater,  de  spectris,  part.  1,  cap,  5,  ex  metu  in 
morhos  graves  incidunt  et  noctu  dormientes  clamant,  for  fear 
they  fall  into  many  diseases,  and  cry  out  in  their  sleep,  and 
are  much  the  worse  for  it  all  their  lives  ;  these  things  ought 
not  at  all,  or  to  be  sparingly  done,  and  upon  just  occasion. 
Tyrannical,  impatient,  hare-brained  schoolmasters,  aridi  ma- 
gistri,  so  *  Fabius  terms  them  Ajaces  fiageUiferij  are  in  this 
kind  as  bad  as  hangmen  and  executioners,  they  make  many 
children  endure  a  martyrdom  all  the  while  they  are  at  school, 
with  bad  diet,  if  they  board  in  their  houses,  too  mu(;h  severity 
and  ill-usage,  they  quite  pervert  their  temperature  of  body 
and  mind  ;  still  chiding,  railing,  frowning,  lashing,  tasking, 
keeping,  that  they  are  fracti  animisy  moped   many  times 

1  Lib.  de  uorbis  capitifl,  cap.  de  mania;    causaa.    Irgusta  novercs.  *Iib.  % 

Binid-  poetrema  causa  supputatur  edu-    cap  4. 
"'>,  inter  has   mentis  abalienationis 


Mim.  4,  snbs.  2.]  Mducation^  a  Cause,  439 

weary  of  their  lives,  *  nimia  severitate  deficiurU  et  desperant, 
and  think  no  slavery  in  the  world  (as  once  I  did  myself)  like 
to  that  of  a  grammar  scholar.  Prceceptorum  ineptiis  diS' 
cruciantur  ingenia  puerorum^  *  saith  Erasmus,  they  tremble 
at  his  voice,  looks,  coming  in.  St  Austin,  in  the  first  book 
of  his  confess,  et  4,  ecu  calls  this  schooling  meticidosam  neceS" 
iitcUem,  and  elsewhere  a  martyrdom,  and  confesseth  of  him- 
self, how  cruelly  he  was  tortured  in  mind  for  learning  Greek, 
ntdla  verba  naveram,  et  savis  terroribus  et  pants,  ut  nossem, 
insiabatur  mihi  vehementer,  I  knew  nothing,  and  with  cruel 
terrors  and  punishment  I  was  daily  compelled.  *  Beza  com- 
plains in  like  case  of  a  rigorous  schoolmaster  in  Paris,  that 
made  him  by  his  continual  thunder  and  threats  once  in  a 
mind  to  drown  himself,  had  he  not  met  by  the  way  with  an 
uncle  of  his  that  vindicated  him  from  that  misery  for  the 
time,  by  taking  him  to  his  house.  Trincavellius,  lib.  1,  consiL 
16,  had  a  patient  nineteen  years  of  age,  extremely  melancholy, 
ob  nimium  studium,  Tarvitii  et  prceceptoris  mmas,  by  reason 
of  overmuch  study,  and  his  *  tutor's  threats.  Many  masters 
are  hard-hearted,  and  bitter  to  their  servants,  and  by  that 
means  do  so  deject,  with  terrible  speeches  and  hard  usage  so 
crucify  them,  that  they  become  desperate,  and  can  never  be 
recalled. 

Others  again,  in  that  opposite  extreme,  do  as  great  harm 
by  their  too  much  remissness,  they  give  them  no  bringing  up, 
no  calling  to  busy  themselves  about,  or  to  live  in,  teach  them 
no  trade,  or  set  them  in  any  good  course ;  by  means  of  which 
their  servants,  children,  scholars,  are  carried  away  with  that 
stream  of  drunkenness,  idleness,  gaming,  and  many  such 
iiTegular  courses,  that  in  the  end  they  rue  it,  curse  their 
parents,  and  mischief  themselves.  Too  much  indulgence 
causoth  the  like,  *tnepta  pcUris  lenitas  etfacilitas  prava  when 
as  Mitio-like,  with  too  much  liberty  and  too  great  allowance, 

*  Idem.  Et  quod  maximd  nocet,  dum  fet.  ad  Testam.  '  Plus  mentia  paeda- 

in    tcneri)  !ta   timent   nihil    conantur.  gogico  supercilio  abstulit,  quAm  unquara 

"  The  pupirs  (kculties  are  perrerted  by  prseceptia     suis     sapientiss      instillaTit. 

tjbe  iuducretioxL  of  the  master."     >  Prse-  ^  Ter.  Adelph.  8,  4. 


440  Catues  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  S 

thej  feed  their  children's  humours,  let  them  revel,  wench, 
riot,  swagger,  and  do  what  they  will  themselves,  and  then 
punish  them  with  noise  of  musicians ; 

1  ^  Obsonet,  potet,  oleat  unguenta  de  meo; 

Atnat?  dabitur  k  me  argentum  ubi  erit  commodum. 
Fores  effregit  ?  restituentur:  descidit 

Vestetn?  resarcietar. Facial  quod  lubet, 

Sumat,  coDsumat,  perdat,  decretum  est  pati/' 

But  as  Demeo  told  him,  tu  iUum  corrumpi  sims,  jour  lenity 
will  be  his  undoing,  prcemdere  videor  jam  diem  ilium,  quum 
hie  egens  profugiet  cdigud  militatum,  I  foresee  his  ruin.  So 
parents  often  err,  many  fond  mothers  especially,  dote  so 
much  upon  their  children,  like  '  JBsop*s  ape,  till  in  the  end 
they  crush  them  to  death,  Corporum  ntUrices  animarum 
noverccBy  pampering  up  their  bodies  to  the  undoing  of  their 
souls ;  they  will  not  let  them  be  •  corrected  or  controlled,  but 
still  soothed  up  in  everything  they  do,  that  in  conclusion 
"  they  bring  sorrow,  shame,  heaviness  to  their  parents, 
(Ecclus.  cap,  XXX.  8,  9,)  become  wanton,  stubborn,  wilful, 
and  disobedient;  rude,  untaught,  headstrong,  incorrigible, 
and  graceless ; "  "  they  love  them  so  foolishly,"  saith  *  Car- 
dan, "  that  they  rather  seem  to  hate  them,  bringing  them 
not  up  to  virtue  but  injury,  not  to  learning  but  to  riot,  not  to 
sober  life  and  conversation,  but  to  all  pleasure  and  licentious 
behaviour."  Who  is  he  of  so  little  experience  that  knows 
not  this  of  Fabius  to  be  true  ?  *  **  Education  is  another 
nature,  altering  the  mind  and  will,  and  I  would  to  God  (saith 
he)  we  ourselves  did  not  spoil  our  childi-en's  manners,  by 

1  Idem.  Act.  1,  rc.  2.    "  Let  him  feast,  odisse  potins  yideamrir,  illos  non  ad  rir- 

drink,  perfume  himself  at  my  expense :  tutem  sed  ad  injuriam,  non  ad  eruditio- 

If  he  be  in  love,  I  shall  supply  him  with  nem  sed  ad  luxum,  non  ad  virtutem  sed 

money.    II  is  he  broken  in  the  gates  ?  voluptatem  educantes.           &  Lib.  1,  c.  8. 

they  shall  be  repaired.    Has  he  torn  his  EJucatio  altera  natura,  alterat  animoi 

garments?  they  shall  be  replaced.    Let  et  voluntatem.  atque  utinam  (inquit)  lib- 

him  do  what   he  pleases,   take,  spend,  erorum  nostrorum  mores  non  ipsi  pei^ 

waste,  I  am  resolved  to  submit."      2  Cam-  deremus,  quum  infantiam  statim  deliciif 

erarius.  em.  77,  cent.  2,  hath  elegantly  solvimus  :  molli  r  ista  educatio,  quam 

expressed  it  an  emblem,  perdit  amando,  indulgentiam  vocamus,  nervos  omnes.  el 

&c.        s  ProT.  xiii.  24.  ^^  He  tbat  spareth  mentis  et  corporis  frangit ;  fit  ex  his  oon- 

the  rod  hates  his  son."            *  Lib.  2,  de  suetudo,  inde  oatura. 
eoasol.  Tarn  stult^  pueros  diligimus  ut 


Ifem.  4,  subs.  8.]    Terrors  and  Affriffhts,   Causes.  441 

our  oyermuch  cockering  and  nice  education,  and  weaken  the 
strength  of  their  bodies  and  minds,  that  causeth  custom, 
custom  nature,"  &c.  For  these  causes,  Plutarch  in  his  book, 
de  lib.  educ.  and  Hierom,  epist.  lib,  1,  episL  17,  to  Lata  de 
institute  JilicB^  gives  a  most  especial  charge  to  all  parents, 
and  many  good  cautions  about  bringing  up  of  children,  that 
they  be  not  committed  to  indiscreet,  passionate,  bedlam 
tutors,  light,  giddy-headed,  or  covetous  persons,  and  spare 
for  no  cost,  that  they  may  be  well  nurtured  and  taught,  it 
being  a  matter  of  so  great  consequence.  For  such  parents 
as  do  otherwise,  Plutarch  esteems  of  them  ^  '*  that  are  more 
careful  of  their  shoes  than  of  their  feet,"  that  rate  their 
wealth  above  their  children.  And  he,  saith  ^Cardan, 
"that  leaves  his  son  to  a  covetous  schoolmaster  to  be  in- 
formed, or  to  a  close  Abbey  to  fast  and  learn  wisdom  to- 
gether, doth  no  other,  than  that  he  be  a  learned  fool,  or  a 
sickly  wise  man." 

SuBSECT.  III. — Terrors  and  Affrights^  Causes  of  Melancholy. 

TuLLT,  in  the  fourth  of  his  Tusculans,  distinguishes  these 
terrors  which  arise  from  the  apprehension  of  some  terrible 
object  heard  or  seen,  from  other  fears,  and  so  doth  Patritius, 
lib.  5,  Tit.  4,  de  regis  instittU.  Of  all  fears  they  are  most 
pernicious  and  violent,  and  so  suddenly  alter  the  whole 
temperature  of  the  body,  move  the  soul  and  spirits,  strike 
such  a  deep  impression,  that  the  parties  can  never  be  re- 
covered, causing  more  grievous  and  fiercer  melancholy,  as 
Felix  Plater,  c.  3,  de  mentis  alienat.  '  speaks  out  of  his  ex- 
perience, than  any  inward  cause  whatsoever;  and  imprints 

1  Perlnde  agit  ae  si  quia  de  calceo  sit  dentes  ita  animnm  commoTent.  vt  spiii« 

•olicituA.  pedem  nihil  curet.    Juven.  Nil  tus  nunquam  recuperent,  gravioromque 

patri  minus  est  quam  filius.         2  Lib.  8,  melancholiam  tenor  facit,  quam  qua;  ab 

de  sapient,  qui  avaris  pcedagogis  pueros  interna  causa  fit.    Impressio  tarn  fortis  la 

alendos  dant,  vel  clauses  in  coenobiis  je-  spiritibus  humoribusque  cerebri,  ut  ex- 

innare  simul  et  sapere,  nihil  aliud  agunt,  tracta  tota  sanguinea  massa,  a>gre  exprl- 

nisi  ut  sint  vel  non  sine  stultitia  eruditi,  matur,  et  htec  horrenda  species  uiolancho- 

vel  non  Integra  vita  sapientes.          3  Ter-  line  frequenter  oblata  mihi,  omues  exep» 

ror  et  metus  maxima  ex  improvise  acce*  cens,  viros,  jufeues,  senes. 


442  Causes  of  Mdomcholy.  [Part.  L  see.  S 

itself  so  forciblj  in  the  spirits,  brain,  humours,  that  if  all  the 
mass  of  blood  were  let  out  of  the  body,  it  could  hardlj  be 
extracted.  This  horrible  kind  of  melancholy  (for  so  he 
terms  it)  had  been  often  brought  before  him,  and  troubles 
and  affrights  commonly  men  and  women,  young  and  old  of 
all  sorts."  *  Hercules  de  Saxonia  calls  this  kind  of  melan- 
choly {(tb  (zgitatiane  spirituum)  by  a  peculiar  name,  it  comes 
from  the  agitation,  motion,  contraction,  dilatation  of  spirits,  not 
from  any  distemperature  of  humours,  and  produceth  strong 
effects.  This  terror  is  most  usually  caused,  as  ^Plutarch 
will  have,  ^^from  some  imminent  danger,  when  a  terrible 
object  is  at  hand,"  heard,  seen,  or  conceived,  * "  truly  ap- 
pearing, or  in  a  •  dream ;  "  and  many  times  the  more  sudden 
the  accident,  it  is  the  more  violent. 

t  ^  Stat  terror  animis,  et  cor  attonitum  salit, 
Pavidumque  trepidls  palpitat  venis  jecur.** 

"  Their  souPs  aflfright,  their  heart  amazed  quakes, 
The  trembling  liver  pants  i*  th'  veins,  and  aches.** 

Arthemedorus  the  grammarian  lost  his  wits  by  the  unex- 
pected sight  of  a  crocodile,  Laurentius,  7,  de  melan.  *The 
massacre  at  Lyons,  1572,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.,  was 
60  terrible  and  fearful,  that  many  ran  mad,  some  died,  great- 
bellied  women  were  brought  to  bed  before  their  time,  gener- 
ally all  affrighted  aghast.  Many  lose  their  wits  *  *'  by  the 
sudden  sight  of  some  spectrum  or  devil,  a  thing  very  com- 
mon in  all  ages,"  saith  Lavater,  part,  1,  cap.  9,  as  Orestes 
did  at  the  sight  of  the  Furies,  which  appeared  to  him  in 
black  (as  J  Pausanias  records).  The  Greeks  call  them 
ftopiio2,vKeta,  which  so  terrify  their  souls,  or  if  they  be  but 
affrighted  by  some  counterfeit  devils  in  jest, 

*  Tract,  de  melan.  cap.  7  et  8,  non  ab  avit  fliirim  bello  mortnnin,  inde  Melan- 

intemperie,  sed    agitatione,  dilatatione,  cholica  consolari  noluit.  f  Senec. 

eontractione.  motu  spirituum.  i  Lib.  Here.  Oet.  *  Quarta  pars  OommeDt 

de  fort,  et  virtut.    Alex.  prseHertim  ine-  de  statu  religfonis  in  Qallia  sub  CaroIo9. 

unte  periculo,  ubi  res  prope  adsunt  terri-  1572.  6  Ex  occursu  dssmonum  aliqui 

biles.        2  Fit  a  visione  horrenda,  reverSL  furore  corripiuntur,etexperientianotain 

ftpparente,  vel  per  insomnia,  Platerus.  est.        t  Lib.  8,  in  Ajroad. 
A  painter's  wifi)  in  BasU,  1600.    Somni- 


Hem.  4,  sabs.  8.]    Terrors  and  Affrights,  Causes,  443 

4f  «  ut  piieri  trepidant,  atque  omnia  csecis 
In  tenebris  metuunt  ** 

as  children  in  the  dark  conceive  hobgoblins,  and  are  so 
afi'aid,  thej  are  the  worse  for  it  all  their  lives.  Some  bj 
sudden  fires,  earthquakes,  inundations,  or  anj  such  dismal 
objects ;  Themison  the  physician  fell  into  a  hydrophobia,  by 
seeing  one  sick  of  that  disease ;  (DioscorideSy  L  6,  c.  33,)  or 
by  the  sight  of  a  monster,  a  carcass,  they  are  disquieted 
many  months  following,  and  cannot  endure  the  room  where 
a  corpse  hath  been,  for  a  world  would  not  be  alone  with  a 
dead  man,  or  lie  in  that  bed  many  years  after  in  which  a 
man  hath  died^  At  ^  Basil  many  little  children  in  the  spring 
time  went  to  gather  flowers  in  a  meadow  at  the  town's  end, 
where  a  malefactor  hung  in  gibbets ;  all  gazing  at  it,  one  by 
chance  flung  a  stone,  and  made  it  stir,  by  which  accident,  the 
children  affrighted  ran  away ;  one  slower  than  the  rest, 
looking  back,  and  seeing  the  stirred  carcass  wag  towards 
her,  cried  out  it  came  after,  and  was  so  terribly  affrighted, 
that  for  many  days  she  could  not  rest,  eat,  or  sleep,  she 
could  not  be  pacified,  but  melancholy,  died.  ^In  the  same 
town  another  child,  beyond  the  Rhine,  saw  a  grave  opened, 
and  upon  the  sight  of  a  carcass,  was  so  troubled  in  mind 
that  she  could  not  be  comforted,  but  a  little  after  departed, 
and  was  buried  up.  Platerus,  ohservat,  /.  1,  a  gentlewoman 
of  the  same  city  saw  a  fat  hog  cut  up,  when  the  entrails  were 
opened,  and  a  noisome  savour  offended  her  nose,  she  much 
misliked,  and  would  not  longer  abide ;  a  physician  in  presence 
told  her,  as  that  hog,  so  was  she,  full  of  filthy  excrements, 
and  aggravated  the  matter  by  some  other  loathsome  in- 
stances, insomuch  this  nice  gentlewoman  apprehended  it  so 
deeply,  that  she  fell  forthwith  a  vomiting,  was  so  mightily  dis- 
tempered in  mind  and  body,  that  with  all  his  art  and  per- 

•  Lncret.          i  Pnellae  extra  urbem  in  subito  reversa  putavit  earn  vocare,  post 

prato  concurrentes,  &c.,  moe^ta  et  mel-  paucoa  cUas  obiit,  proximo  sepulchro  col- 

tncholica  domum  rediit  per  dies  aliquot  locata.    Altera  patibulum  sero  pneter- 

vexata,  dum  mortua  est.    Plater.      ^  Al-  iens.  metuebat  ne  urbe  exclusa  illic  per- 

tera  trans-Rhenana  ingreasa  sepulchrum  noctaret,  unde  melanchoHca  facta,  per 

NC6XU  apertum,  vidit  cadaver,  et  domum  multos  annos  laboravit.    Platerus. 


444  Causes  of  MeUnicholy.  [Parti. seel 

suasions,  for  some  months  afler,  he  could  not  restore  her  to 
herself  again,  she  could  not  forget  it,  or  remove  the  object 
out  of  her  sight,  Idem,  Man  j  cannot  endure  to  see  a  wound 
opened,  but  they  are  offended  ;  a  man  executed,  or  labour  of 
any  fearful  disease,  as  possession,  apoplexies,  one  bewitched ; 
*  or  if  they  read  by  chance  of  some  terrible  thing,  the  symp- 
toms alone  of  such  a  disease,  or  that  which  they  dislike,  they 
ore  instantly  troubled  in  mind,  aghast,  ready  to  apply  it  to 
themselves,  they  are  as  much  disquieted  as  if  they  had  seen  it, 
or  were  so  affected  themselves.  Hecatas  sihi  videntur  somniare, 
they  dream  and  continually  think  of  it.  As  lamentable  effects 
are  caused  by  such  terrible  objects  heard,  read,  or  seen,  auditus 
maximos  motiLS  in  corpore  facit,  as  ^  Plutarch  holds,  no  sense 
makes  greater  alteration  of  body  and  mind ;  sudden  speech 
sometimes,  unexpected  news,  be  they  good  or  bad,  prcevisa 
minus  orcUio^  will  move  as  much,  animum  obruere,  et  de  sede 
sua  dejicere,  as  a  *  philosopher  observes,  will  take  away  our 
sleep  and  appetite,  disturb  and  quite  overturn  us.  Let  them 
bear  witness  that  have  heard  those  tragical  alarms,  outcries, 
hideous  noises,  which  are  many  times  suddenly  heard  in  the 
dead  of  the  night  by  irruption  of  enemies  and  accidental 
fires,  &c.,  those  *  panic  fears,  which  often  drive  men  out  of 
their  wits,  bereave  them  of  sense,  understanding  and  all, 
some  for  a  time,  some  for  their  whole  lives,  they  never  re- 
cover it.  The  *  Midianites  were  so  affrighted  by  Gideon's 
soldiers,  they  breaking  but  every  one  a  pitcher  ;  and  *  Han- 
nibal's army  by  such  a  panic  fear  was  discomfitted  at  the 
walls  of  Rome.  Augusta  Livia  hearing  a  few  tragical  verses 
recited  out  of  Virgil,  Tu  MarceUus  eris,  Sfc,  fell  down  dead 
in  a  swoon.  Edinus  king  of  Denmark,  by  a  sudden  sound 
which  he  heard,  *  "  was  turned  into  fury  with  all  his  men," 
Cranzius,  /.  5,  Dan,  hist,  et  Alexander  ah  Alexandra,  L  3,  c. 
5.     Amatus  Lusitanus  had  a  patient,  that  by  reason  of  bad 

1  Snbitns   oocnrsus,  inopinata   lectio,  nunc  inflat  cornoa  Fannns  ait.    Aldai 

•  Lib.  de  audiUone.  *  Theod.  Prodro-  erabl.  122.  *  Jud.  6,  19  »  Piutar. 

.....  UK  7   Amomm.  «Effu8ocer-  chus,  vita^us.       •  In  furorwn  com  so» 

^  Hgmine  turmas,  Quis  mea  ciis  versiu. 


Mem.  4,  sabs.  8.]    Terrors  and  Affrights^  Causes.  445 

tidings  became  epilepticus,  cen.  2,  cura,  90,  Cardan  suhtiL  L 
18,  saw  one  that  lost  his  wits  by  mistaking  of  an  echo.  If 
one  sense  alone  can  cause  such  violent  commotions  of  the 
mind,  what  maj  we  think  when  hearing,  sight,  and  those 
other  senses  are  all  troubled  at  once?  as  by  some  earth- 
quakes, thunder,  lightning,  tempests,  &c  At  Bologna  in 
Italy,  Anno  1504,  there  was  such  a  fearful  earthquake 
about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  night  (as  ^  Beroaldus,  in  his  book, 
de  terns  motu,  hath  commended  to  posterity)  that  all  the 
city  trembled,  the  people  thought  the  world  was  at  an  end, 
actum  de  mortalibus,  such  a  fearful  noise,  it  made  such  a 
detestable  smell,  the  inhabitants  were  infinitely  affrighted, 
and  some  ran  mad.  Atidi  rem  atrocem^  et  anncdibus  memO' 
randam  (mine  author  adds),  hear  a  strange  story,  and  wor- 
thy to  be  chronicled:  I  had  a  servant  at  the  same  time  called 
Fulco  Argelanus,  a  bold  and  proper  man,  so  grievously 
terrified  with  it,  that  he  *  was  first  melancholy,  after  doted, 
at  last  mad,  and  made  away  himself.  At  'Fuscinum  in 
Japona  ^  there  was  such  an  earthquake,  and  darkness  on  a 
sudden,  that  many  men  were  offended  with  headache,  many 
overwhelmed  with  sorrow  and  melancholy.  At  Meacum 
whole  streets  and  goodly  palaces  were  overturned  at  the 
same  time,  and  there  was  such  a  hideous  noise  withal,  like 
thunder,  and  filthy  smell,  that  their  hair  stared  for  fear,  and 
their  hearts  quaked,  man  and  beasts  were  incredibly  terrified. 
In  Sacai,  another  city,  the  same  earthquake  was  so  terrible 
unto  them,  that  many  were  bereft  of  their  senses  ;  and  others 
by  that  horrible  spectacle  so  much  amazed,  that  they  knew 
not  what  they  did."  Blasius,  a  Christian,  the  reporter  of  the 
news,  was  so  affrighted  for  his  part,  that  though  it  were  two 
months  after,  he  was  scarce  his  own  man,  neither  could  he 

1  Snbitnrins  teme  motuf.  *  Coepit  plurfmls  cor  moerore  et  melancholia  ob- 

Inde  desipere  com  dispendio  sanitatis,  in-  rueretur.    Tantum  fremitum  edebat,  iil 

de  adeo  dementans,  ut  sibi  ipsi  mortem  tonitru  fragorem  iniitari  videretur,  tan- 

Inferret.  *  Ilistorica  relatio  de  rebus  tamque,  &c.    In  urbe  Sacai  tam  horrif* 

Japonlcis  Tract.  2,  de  legat.  regis  Chinen-  icus  fuit,  ut  homines  vix  sui  '  ompotes 

ris,  a  Lodovico  Froia,  Jesuita.    A.  1596.  essent  di  sensibus  abalienati,  m<vrore  op* 

Fusdni  de  repente  tanta  aSris  caligo  et  preset  tam  horrendo  spectaeulo,  &o. 
term  motuB,  at  multi  capita  dolerent, 


44  C  Causes  of  MeUmektHy.  [Part.  Lsm.I 

dripe  ihe  remembmnce  of  it  out  of  his  mind.  Many  times, 
Bome  years  following,  lliey  will  tremble  afresh  at  the  'remem- 
brance or  conceit  of  snch  a  terrible  object,  even  all  thetf 
lives  long,  if  mention  be  made  of  it.  Cornelius  Agripps 
relates  out  of  Gulielmas  Parisienais,  a  story  of  one,  that  aftef 
a  distasteful  purge  which  a  physician  had  prescribed  unti 
was  so  much  moved,  *  "  that  at  the  very  sight  of  jihysic  hft 
would  be  distempered,"  though  he  never  so  much  as  smelled 
to  it,  the  box  of  physic  long  after  would  give  him  a  purgci 
nay,  the  very  remembrance  of  it  did  effect  it ;  '  "  like  travel- 
lers mid  seamen,"  saith  Plutarch,  "that  when  they  have  beoi' 
Banded,  or  dashed  on  a  rock,  forever  after  fear  not  thai 
mischanee  only,  but  all  auch  dangers  whatsoever." 

SoBSECT.  IV. — Scoffs,  Calummet,  bitter  Jests,  how  they  ct 
Melnnehohj. 

It  is  an  old  saying,  *  "  A  blow  with  a  word  strikes  deeptf 
than  a  blow  with  a  sword  ;"  and  many  men  are  as 
galled  with  a  calumny,  a  scurrilous  and  bitter  jest,  a  libel, )( 
pasquil,  wilire,  apologue,  epigram,  stage-play  or  the  like,  ai 
with  any  misfortune  whatsoever.  Princes  and  polenlatej 
that  are  otherwise  happy,  and  have  all  at  command,  securf 
and  free,  qtiihus  potentia  sceleris  impunitalem  fecit,  are  _ 
ously  vexed  with  these  pasquilling  libels  and  satires;  Ih^ 
fear  a  railing  *Aretine,  more  than  an  enemy  in  the  field,  whidt- 
made  most  princes  of  his  time  (as  some  relate)  "  allow  him  If. 
liberal  pension,  that  he  should  not  lax  them  in  his  satires.'"' 
The  gods  had  their  Slomus,  Homer  his  Zoilus,  Achilles  U 
Tliersites,  Philip  his  Demades ;  the  Ctesars  themselves  I 
Bome  were  commonly  taunted.  There  was  never  wanting  | 
Petronius,  a  Lucian  in  those  times,  nor  will  be  a  Rafaclati 
an  Euphormio,  a  Boccalinus  in  ours.  Adrian,  the  sixth  popfl 
'(Jnaia  anMt  rainn  IrfMlwliiiii  nwSj    Titor  Tulnemnt.    Bormraiis.        ""  "^^ 

torwrisaMiQmLiiipogDrint.aiitiiiinljB,  magn.w.  non  llluntreiilijwnitiuin 
Dvmarea  ml  cMlla  noQ  Ik(b  moito  qiue  ne  mnn»  tpwiram  Satjrla  eulii 
oStnilunl,  Hd  M  ilnitlli  hornnt  perpet-    Oup.  Burthliu,  prmbt.  pkcdbiM. 


.  1,  snb«.  4.]  Scoffs,   Ccdumnieg,  S^c. 

'waa  so  highly  offended,  and  grievously  vexed  with  Pa^ipil- 
lers  at  Rome,  lie  gave  command  that  his  statue  should  be 
demolished  and  burned,  the  ashes  flung  into  the  river  Tiber, 
and  had  dune  it  forthwith,  had  not  Lodovicus  Sues^anus,  a 
fiicele  companion,  dissuaded  Lim  to  the  conlriiry,  by  telling 
him,  that  Paaquil's  ashes  would  turn  to  frogs  in  the  bottom 
of  the  river,  and  croak  worse  and  louder  than  before, — genut 
irritalik  vaium,  and  therefore  *  Socrates  in  Plalo  adviseth  all 
his  friendj,  "  that  respect  their  credits,  to  stand  in  awe  of 
poets,  for  they  are  terrible  fellows,  can  pi'aise  and  di^^praise 
ss  they  see  cause."  Hinc  quam  sic  calamus  savior  ense, 
patet.  The  prophet  David  complains.  Psalm  cxxiii.  4,  "that 
Ilia  aoul  was  full  of  (he  mocking  of  the  wealthy,  and  of  the 
despitefulness  of  the  proud,"  and  Psalm  Iv.  4,  "  for  the  voice 
of  the  wicked,  &c.,  and  their  hate ;  Ins  heart  trembled  within 
him,  and  tlie  terrors  of  death  came  upon  liim  ;  fear  and  hor- 
rible fesir,"  &C.,  and  Psalm  Isis.  21),  "  Rebuke  hath  broken 
my  heart,  and  I  am  full  of  heaviness."  Who  hath  not  like 
cause  to  complain,  and  is  not  BO  troubled,  that  shall  fall  into 
the  mouths  of  such  men  ?  for  many  are  of  so  '  petulant  a 
Epleeii ;  and  have  that  Jtgure  Siircasmua  so  often  in  their 
moulh><,  so  bitter,  so  foolish,  as  *  Baltasar  Castillo  notes  of 
thera,  that  "  they  cannot  apeak,  but  they  must  bite  ; "  they 
had  rather  lose  a  fi'iend  than  a  jest;  and  what  compaoy 
soever  they  come  in,  they  will  be  scoffing,  insulting  over 
their  inferiors,  especially  over  such  as  any  way  depend  upon 
them,  humouring,  misusing,  or  putting  gulleries  on  some  or 
r  till  they  have  made  by  their  humouring  or  gulling  *kc 
0  insanum,  a  mope  or  a  noddy,  and  all  to  make  them' 
es  merry : 

ExcuCiat  Blbi;  noil  tiic  culqnam  pnrait  nmico;  " 


aolta^but'^ud.'i 


448  Cauiet  of  Melancholy*  [Part.  I.  see.  a 

Friends,  neuters,  enemies,  all  are  as  one,  to  make  a  fool  a 
madman,  is  tlieir  sport,  and  they  have  no  greater  felicity  than 
to  scoff  and  deride  others ;  they  must  sacrifice  to  the  god  of 
laughter,  with  them  in  ^  Apuleius,  once  a  day,  or  else  they 
shall  be  melancholy  themselves;  they  care  not  how  they 
grind  and  misuse  others,  so  they  may  exhilarate  their  own 
persons.  Their  wits  indeed  serve  them  to  that  sole  purpose, 
to  make  sport,  to  break  a  scurrile  jest,  which  is  leinssimus 
in  genii  fructus^  the  froth  of  wit,  as  *  Tully  holds,  and  for  this 
they  are  often  applauded,  in  all  other  discourse,  dry,  barren, 
stramineous,  dull  and  heavy,  here  lies  their  genius,  in  this 
they  alone  excel,  please  themselves  and  others.  Leo  Deci- 
mus,  that  scoffing  pope,  as  Jovius  hath  registered  in  the 
Fourth  book  of  his  life,  took  an  extraordinary  delight  in  hu- 
mouring of  silly  fellows,  and  to  put  gulleries  upon  them,  *  by 
commending  some,  persuading  others  to  this  or  that;  he 
made  ex  stolidis  stultissimoSf  et  maxime  ridiculos,  ex  stvUis 
insanos ;  sofl  fellows,  stark  noddies ;  and  such  as  were  fool- 
ish, quite  mad  before  he  left  them.  One  memorable  exam- 
ple he  recites  there,  of  Tarascomus  of  Parma,  a  musician 
that  was  so  humoured  by  Leo  Decimus,  and  Bibiena  his  sec- 
ond in  this  business,  that  he  thought  himself  to  be  a  man  of 
most  excellent  skill  (who  was  indeed  a  ninny),  they  *  "  made 
him  set  foolish  songs,  and  invent  new  ridiculous  precepts, 
which  they  did  highly  commend,"  as  to  tie  his  arm  that 
played  on  the  lute,  to  make  him  strike  a  sweeter  stroke, 
* "  and  to  pull  down  the  Arras  hangings,  because  the  voice 
would  be  clearer,  by  reason  of  the  reverberation  of  the  wall." 
In  the  like  manner  they  persuaded  one  Baraballius  of  Caieta, 
that  he  was  as  good  a  poet  as  Petrarch ;  would  have  him  to 
be  made  a  laureate  poet,  and  invite  all  his  friends  to  his  in- 
stalment ;  and  had  so  possessed  the  poor  man  with  a  conceit 
of  his  excellent  poetry,  that  when  some  of  his  more  discreet 
friends  told  him  of  his  folly,  he  was  very  angry  with  them, 

1  Lib.  2.       *  Pe  orat.        *  Landando,    qusedam  Musices  praecepta  commentare- 
lljnbtt  its  persnadendo.  <  Bt  vana    tur,  &c.  &  Ut  Toces  oudis  parietibui 

^      -\  qyloioae,  incredibilia  ao  ridenda    ilUsae,   suaviiia    ac    acutiua    reuilirent 


Mem.  4,  sabs.  4.]  Scoffs^   Calumnies,  S^c.  449 

and  said  ^  "  they  envied  his  honour  and  prosperity ; "  it  was 
strange  (saith  Jovius)  to  see  an  old  man  of  sixty  years,  a 
venerable  and  grave  old  man,  so  gulled.  But  what  cannot 
such  scoffers  do,  especially  if  they  find  a  soft  creature,  on 
whom  they  may  work  ?  nay,  to  say  truth,  who  is  so  wise,  or 
so  discreet,  that  may  not  be  humoured  in  this  kind,  especially 
if  some  excellent  wits  shall  set  upon  him ;  he  that  mads 
others,  if  he  were  so  humoured,  would  be  as  mad  himself,  as 
much  grieved  and  tormented ;  he  might  cry  with  him  in  the 
comedy,  Proh  Jupiter j  tu  homo  me  adigas  ad  insaniam.  For 
all  is  in  these  things  as  they  are  taken  ;  if  he  be  a  silly  soul, 
and  do  not  perceive  it,  'tis  well,  he  may  haply  make  others 
sport,  and  be  no  whit  troubled  himself;  but  if  he  be  appre- 
hensive of  his  folly,  and  take  it  to  heart,  then  it  torments  him 
worse  than  any  lash;  a  bitter  jest,  a  slander,  a  calumny, 
pierce th  deeper  than  any  loss,  danger,  bodily  pain,  or  injury 
whatsoever ;  leviter  enim  volat  (it  flies  swiftly),  as  Bernard 
of  an  arrow,  sed  graviter  vxdnerat  (but  wounds  deeply),  es- 
pecially if  it  shall  proceed  from  a  virulent  tongue,  "  it  cuts 
(saith  David)  like  a  two-edged  sword.  They  shoot  bitter 
words  as  arrows,"  Psalm  Ixiv.  3.  "  And  they  smote  with 
their  tongues,"  Jer.  xviii.  18,  and  that  so  hard,  that  they 
leave  an  incurable  wound  behind  them.  Many  men  are 
undone  by  this  means,  moped,  and  so  dejected,  that  they  are 
never  to  be  recovered ;  and  of  all  other  men  living,  those 
which  are  actually  melancholy,  or  inclined  to  it,  are  most 
sensible  (as  being  suspicious,  choleric,  apt  to  mistake)  and 
impatient  of  an  injury  in  that  kind  ;  they  aggravate,  and  so 
meditate  continually  of  it,  that  it  is  a  perpetual  corrosive,  not 
to  be  removed  till  time  wear  it  out.  Although  they  perad- 
venture  that  so  scoff,  do  it  alone  in  mirth  and  men*iment, 
and  hold  it  optimum  aliend  frui  insanid,  an  excellent  thing 
to  enjoy  another  man's  madness ;  yet  they  must  know,  that 
it  is  a  mortal  sin  (as  ^Thomas  holds),  and  as  the  prophet 

1  ImiDortaUtati  et  gloriss  anas  pTorsuB  invidentes.        *  2,  2dee  quaest.  75.    Tr 
tfo  mortale  peccatom. 

VOL.  I.  29 


450  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  I.  sec  s. 

*  Da^'id  denouncett,  "  they  that  use  it,  shall  never  dwell  in 
Grod's  tabernacle." 

Such  scurrilous  jests,  flouts,  and  sarcasms,  therefore,  ought 
not  at  all  to  be  used ;  especially  to  our  betters,  to  those  that 
are  in  misery,  or  any  way  distressed ;  for  to  such,  tjerumna' 
rum  incrementa  sunt,  they  multiply  grief,  and  as  ^he  per- 
ceived. In  muUis  pudoTy  in  multis  tracundia,  Sfc,  many  are 
ashamed,  many  vexed,  angered,  and  there  is  no  greater  cause 
or  furtherer  of  melancholy.  Martin  Cromerus,  in  the  Sixth 
book  of  his  history,  hath  a  pretty  story  to  this  purpose,  of 
Uladislaus,  the  second  king  of  Poland,  and  Peter  Dunnius, 
earl  of  Shrine;  they  had  been  hunting  late,  and  were  en- 
forced to  lodge  in  a  poor  cottage.  When  they  went  to  bed, 
Uladislaus  told  the  earl  in  jest,  that  his  wife  lay  softer  with 
the  abbot  of  Shrine ;  he  not  able  to  contain,  replied,  M  tua 
cum  DdbessOy  and  yours  with  Dabessus,  a  gallant  young 
gentleman  in  the  court,  whom  Christina  the  queen  loved. 
Tetigit  id  dictum  Principis  animum,  these  words  of  his  so 
galled  the  prince,  that  he  was  long  after  tristis  et  cogitabundus, 
very  sad  and  melancholy  for  many  months ;  but  they  were 
the  earFs  utter  undoing ;  for  when  Christina  heard  of  it,  she 
persecuted  him  to  death.  Sophia  the  empress,  Justinian's 
wife,  broke  a  bitter  jest  upon  Narsetes  the  eunuch,  a  famous 
captain  then  disquieted  for  an  overthrow  which  he  lately  had: 
that  he  was  fitter  for  a  distaff  and  to  keep  women  company, 
than  to  wield  a  sword,  or  to  be  general  of  an  army ;  but  it 
cost  her  dear,  for  he  so  far  distasted  it,  that  he  went  forthwith 
to  the  adverse  part,  much  troubled  in  his  thoughts,  caused 
the  Lombards  to  rebel,  and  thence  procured  many  miseries 
to  the  commonwealth.  Tiberius  the  emperor  withheld  a  leg- 
acy from  the  people  of  Rome,  which  his  predecessor  Augus- 
tus had  lately  given,  and  perceiving  a  fellow  round  a  dead 
corse  in  the  ear,  would  needs  know  wherefore  he  did  so ;  the 
fellow  replied,  that  he  wished  the  departed  soul  to  signify  to 
Augustus,  the  commons  of  Rome  were  yet  unpaid ;  for  this 

1  raal.  xy.  8.       *  Balthasar  Gutilio,  lib.  2,  de  ftolico. 


Mem.  4,  subs.  4.]         Scoffs j  CcdummeSy  S^c.  451 

bitter  jest  the  emperor  caused  him  forthwith  to  be  slain,  and 
carry  the  news  himself.  For  this  reason,  all  those  that 
otherwise  approve  of  jests  in  some  cases,  and  facete  compan- 
ions, (as  who  doth  not  ?)  let  them  laugh  and  be  merry,  rum- 
pantur  et  ilia  Codro,  'tis  laudable  and  fit,  those  yet  will  by  no 
means  admit  them  in  their  companies,  that  are  any  way  in- 
clined to  this  malady ;  non  jocandum  cum  its  qui  miseri  sunt, 
€t  (srumnosi,  no  jesting  with  a  discontented  person,  *Tis  Cas- 
tillo's caveat,  ^  Jo.  Pontanus,  and  *  Galateus,  and  every  good 
man's, 

''Play  with  mo,  but  hurt  me  not: 
Jest  with  me,  but  shame  me  not.** 

Comitas  is  a  virtue  between  rusticity  and  scurrility,  two  ex- 
tremes, as  afiability  is  between  flattery  and  contention,  it 
must  not  exceed ;  but  be  still  accompanied  with  that  '  a^Xapeta 
or  innocency,  qiUE  nemini  nocet,  omnem  injuritB  oUcUionem 
ahhorrensy  hurts  no  man,  abhors  all  offer  of  injury.  Though 
a  man  be  liable  to  such  a  jest  or  obloquy,  have  been  over- 
seen, or  committed  a  foul  fact,  yet  it  is  no  good  manners  or 
humanity  to  upbraid,  to  hit  him  in  the  teeth  with  his  offence, 
or  to  scoff  at  such  a  one ;  'tis  an  old  axiom,  turpis  in  reum 
omnis  exprolratio.*  I  speak  not  of  such  as  generally  tax  vice, 
Barclay,  Grentilis,  Erasmus,  Agrippa,  Fishcartus,  &c.,  the 
Varronists  and  Lucians  of  our  time,  satirists,  epigrammatists, 
comedians,  apologists,  &&,  but  such  as  personate,  rail,  scoff 
calumniate,  perstringe  by  name,  or  in  presence  offend ; 

^ ''  Ludit  qui  stolidly  procacitate, 
Kon  est  Sestius  ille  sed  caballus;  ** 

Tis  horse-play  this,  and  those  jests  (as  he  *  saith)  **  are  no 
better  than  injuries,"  biting  jests,  mordentes  et  actUeati,  they 
are  poisoned  jests,  leave  a  sting  behind  them,  and  ought  not 
to  be  used. 

1  Be  mrmone,  lib.  4.  cap.  8.         *  Fol.  *  Mart.  lib.  1,  eplg.  85.         *  Tales  joci  ab 

55.    Galateus.          8  Tnlly  Tnsc.  qusest.  injuriis  non  pcuasiat  disoerni.    Galateua, 

•  ^^  Every  reproach  uttered  against  one  fo.  65. 
already   condemned   is   mean-spirited.'* 


452  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec.  & 

1**  Set  not  thy  foot  to  make  the  blind  to  fill; 
Nor  wilfully  offend  thy  weaker  brother: 
Nor  wound  the  dead  with  thy  tongue's  bitter  gall. 
Neither  rejoice  thou  in  the  fall  of  other.*' 

If  these  rules  could  be  kept,  we  should  have  much  more  ease 
and  quietness  than  we  have,  less  melancholy;  whereiis,  on 
the  contrary,  we  study  to  misuse  each  other,  how  to  sting  and 
gall,  like  two  fighting  boors,  bending  all  our  force  and  wit, 
friends,  fortune,  to  crucify  ^  one  another's  souls ;  by  means  of 
which,  there  is  little  content  and  charity,  much  virulency, 
hatred,  malice,  and  disquietness  among  us. 

SuBSECT.  V. — Loss  of  lAherty^  Servitiule,  Lnprisonment,  how 

they  cause  Melancholy. 

To  this  catalogue  of  causes,  I  may  well  annex  loss  of 
liberty,  servitude,  or  imprisonment,  which  to  some  persons  is 
as  great  a  torture  as  any  of  the  rest  Though  they  have  all 
things  convenient,  sumptuous  houses  to  their  use,  fair  walks 
and  gardens,  delicious  bowers,  galleries,  good  fare  and  diet, 
and  all  things  correspondent,  yet  they  are  not  content,  be- 
cause they  are  confined,  may  not  come  and  go  at  their  pleas- 
ure, have  and  do  what  they  will,  but  live  •  aliend  quadra,  at 
another  man's  table  and  command.  As  it  is  ^  in  meats  so  it 
is  in  all  other  things,  places,  societies,  sports;  let  them  be 
never  so  pleasant,  commodious,  wholesome,  so  good;  yet 
omnium  rerum  est  satietas,  there  is  a  loathing  satiety  of  all 
things.  The  children  of  Israel  were  tired  with  manna,  it  is 
irksome  to  them  so  to  live,  as  to  a  bird  in  a  cage,  or  a  dog  in 
his  kennel,  they  are  weary  of  it.  They  are  happy,  it  is  true, 
and  have  all  things,  to  another  man's  judgment,  that  heart 
can  wish,  or  that  they  themselves  can  desire,  bona  si  sua 
ndrint ;  yet  they  loathe  it,  and  are  tired  with  the  present: 
Est  natura  hominum  novitatis  avida ;  men's  nature  is  still 
desirous  of  news,  variety,  delights ;  and  our  wandering  affec- 

1  Pybrac  fai  big  Qoadraint,  87.      *  Ego    rum   est   aliena   yivere   quadra.     Jut. 
t.«i«^  misera  Iktuitate  et  dementia  con-    <  CrambsB  bis  coctte.    Yitn  me  redde  pri- 
ToU.  ad  Attic.  U.  11.        SMise-    ori. 


Mem.  4,  subs.  5.]  Loii  of  lAheriy^  Servitude^  S^e.  453 

dons  are  so  irregular  in  this  kind,  that  they  must  change, 
though  it  must  be  to  the  worst  Bachelors  must  be  married, 
and  married  men  would  be  bachelors  ;  they  do  not  love  their 
own  wives,  though  otherwise  fair,  wise,  virtuous,  and  well 
qualified,  because  they  are  theirs ;  our  present  estate  is  still 
the  worst,  we  cannot  endure  one  course  of  life  long,  et  quod 
modo  voveratj  odit,  one  calling  long,  esse  in  honore  juvat,  max 
dispUcet;  one  place  long,  ^7?om<B  Tyhar  amOy  ventoso  Tyh- 
ure  Ronianij  that  which  we  earnestly  sought,  we  now  con- 
temn. Hoc  quosdam  agit  ad  mortem  (saith  '  Seneca)  quod 
proposita  scBpe  mutando  in  eadem  revolvuntur,  et  non  relin^ 
quurU  novitati  locum :  Fastidio  coepit  esse  vita,  et  ipsus  mun- 
duSy  et  subit  iUud  rapidissimarum  delidarum,  Quousque 
eadem  f  this  alone  kills  many  a  man,  that  they  are  tied  to  the 
same  still,  as  a  horse  in  a  mill,  a  dog  in  a  wheel,  they  run 
round,  without  alteration  or  news,  their  life  groweth  odious, 
the  world  loathsome,  and  that  which  crosseth  their  furious 
delights,  what  ?  still  the  same  ?  Marcus  Aurelius  and  Solo- 
mon, that  had  experience  of  all  worldly  delights  and  pleasure, 
confessed  as  much  of  themselves ;  what  they  most  desired, 
was  tedious  at  last,  and  that  their  lust  could  never  be  satis- 
fied, all  was  vanity  and  affliction  of  mind. 

Now  if  it  be  death  itself,  another  hell,  to  be  glutted  with 
one  kind  of  sport,  dieted  with  one  dish,  tied  to  one  place ; 
though  they  have  all  things  otherwise  as  they  can  desire,  and 
are  in  heaven  to  another  man's  opinion,  what  misery  and  dis- 
content shall  they  have,  that  live  in  slavery,  or  in  prison 
itself?  Quod  tristius  morte,  in  servittUe  vivendum,  as  Her- 
molaus  told  Alexander  in  '  Curtius,  worse  than  death  is 
bondage :  *  hoc  ammo  scito  omnes  fortes  ut  mortem  servituti 
anteponant,  All  brave  men  at  arms  (Tully  holds)  are  so 
affected.  ^Squidem  ego  is  sum  qui  servitutem  extremum 
omnium  malorum  esse  arhitror :  I  am  he  (saith  Boterus)  that 
account    servitude    the    extremity  of  misery.      And    what 

1  Hor.        s  De  tranqnlU    animie.  27.       3  Lib.  8.       *  Tallius  Lepido,  Fan.  10 
Botenu,  1. 1,  polit.  cap.  4 


454  Causes  of  Melanchofy.  [Part.  L  sec.  i» 

calamity  do  they  endure,  that  live  with  those  hard  task- 
masters, in  gold-mines  (like  those  30,000  *  Indian  slaves  at 
Potosi,  in  Peru),  tin-mines,  lead-mines,  stone-quarries,  coal- 
pits, like  60  many  mouldwarps  under  ground,  condemned  to 
the  galleys,  to  perpetual  drudgery,  hunger,  thirst,  and  stripes, 
without  all  hope  of  delivery?     How  are  those  women  in 
Turkey  affected,  that  most  part  of  the  year  come  not  abroad ; 
those  Italian  and  Spanish  dames,  that  are  mewed  up  like 
hawks,   and   locked  up   by   their  jealous   husbands?    how 
tedious  is  it  to  them  that  live  in  stoves  and  caves  half  a  year 
together  ?  as  in  Iceland,  Muscovy,  or  under  the  ^  pole  itself, 
where  they  have  six  months'  perpetual  night.     Nay,  what 
misery  and  discontent  do  they  endure,  that  are  in  prison  ? 
They  want  all  those  six  non-natural  things  at  once,  good  air, 
good  diet,  exercise,  company,  sleep,  rest,  ease,  &c.,  that  are 
bound  in  chains  all  day  long,  suffer  hunger,  and  (as  ^  Lucian 
describes  it)  ^  must  abide  that  filthy  stink,  and  rattling  of 
chains,  bowlings,  pitiful  outcries,  that  prisoners  usually  make ; 
these  things  are  not  only  troublesome,  but  intolerable."    They 
lie  nastily  among  toads  and  frogs  in  a  dark  dungeon,  in  their 
own  dung,  in  pain  of  body,  in  pain  of  soul,  as  Joseph  did, 
Psalm  cv.  18,  "  They  hurt  his  feet  in  the  stocks,  the  iron 
entered  his  soul."      They  live  solitary,  alone,  sequestered 
from  all  company  but  heart-eating  melancholy ;  and  for  want 
of  meat,  must  eat  that  bread  of  affliction,  prey  upon  them 
selves.     Well  might  *  Arculanus  put  long  imprisonment  for 
a  cause,  especially  to  such  as  have  lived  jovially,  in  all  sen- 
suality and  lust,  upon  a  sudden  are  estranged  and  debarred 
from  all  manner  of  pleasures :  as  were  Huniades,  Edward, 
and  Richard  II.,  Valerian  the  Emperor,  Bajazet  the  TurL 
If  it  be  irksome  to  miss  our  ordinary  companions  and  repast 
for  once  a  day,  or  an  hour,  what  shall  it  be  to  lose  them  for- 
ever ?     If  it  be  so  great  a  delight  to  live  at  liberty,  and  to 

*  Laet.  deficript.  Americn.      i  Tf  there  vincitur,  ad  has  miseries  accidit  corporil 

be  any  inhabitants.        ^  in  Taxari.    In-  feetor,  strepitus  ejulantium,  aomni  brevi- 

leirdia  quidem  colluin  yinctam  est,  et  ma-  tafl.  hsBc  omnia  plan^  molesta  et  intolenii- 

BUf  constrictai  nocta  yero  totum  corous  bilia.        >  In  9  Khasis. 


Mem.  4,  subs.  6.]      Poverty  and  Wanty   Causes.  455 

enjoy  that  variety  of  objects  the  world  affords ;  what  misery 
and  discontent  must  it  needs  bring  to  him,  that  shall  now  bo 
cast  headlong  into  that  Spanish  inquisition,  to  fall  from 
heaven  to  hell,  to  be  cubbed  up  upon  a  sudden,  how  shall  he 
be  pei*plexed,  what  shall  become  of  him  ?  ^  Robert  Duke  of 
Normandy  being  imprisoned  by  his  youngest  brother  Henry  L, 
ab  iUo  die  inconsolahili  dolore  in  carcere  contahuit,  saith  Mat- 
thew Paris,  from  that  day  forward  pined  away  Tvith  gnef, 
•Jugurtha  that  generous  captain,  "brought  to  Rome  in 
triumph,  and  after  imprisoned,  through  anguish  of  his  soul, 
and  melancholy,  died."  ^  Roger,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  the 
second  man  from  King  Stephen,  (he  that  built  that  famous 
castle  of  *  Devizes  in  Wiltshire,)  was  so  tortured  in  prison 
with  hunger,  and  all  those  calamities  accompanying  such  men, 
^tU  vivere  nohierit,  mori  nescierit,  he  would  not  live,  and  could 
not  die,  between  fear  of  death,  and  torments  of  life.  Francis, 
King  of  France,  was  taken  prisoner  by  Charles  V.,  ad  mortem 
fere  melancholicitSj  saith  Guicciardini,  melancholy  almost  to 
death,  and  that  in  an  instant.  But  this  is  as  clear  as  the  sun, 
and  needs  no  further  illustration. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Poverty  and  Want^  Causes  of  Melancholy. 

Poverty  and  want  are  so  violent  oppugners,  so  unwel- 
come guests,  so  much  abhorred  of  all  men,  that  I  may  not 
omit  to  speak  of  them  apart.  Poverty,  although  (if  consid- 
ered aright,  to  a  wise,  understanding,  truly  regenerate,  and 
contented  man)  it  be  donum  Dei,  a  blessed  estate,  the  way  to 
heaven,  as  ^Chrysostom  calls  it,  God's  gift,  the  mother  of 
modesty,  and  much  to  be  preferred  before  riches  (as  shall  be 
shown  in  his  *  place),  yet  as  it  is  esteemed  in  the  world's  cen- 
sure, it  is  a  most  odious  calling,  vile  and  base,  a  severe  tor- 
ture, summum  scelus,  a  most  intolerable  burden ;  we  ^  shun  it 

1  William  the  Conqueror's  eldest  son.  tse  tormenta,   &c.               ^  Vies,  hodie. 

*  Sallost.    nomam  triampho  ductus  tan-  ^  Seneca.      &  Com.  ad  Hebrreos.      ^  Part, 

demque  in  carcerem  conjectus.  animi  do-  2  Sect.  8,  Memb.  3.           ^  Quern  ut  diffi- 

k)re  periit.        >  Camden  in  Wiltsh.  mise-  cilem  morbum  pueris  tradere  formida- 

rum  senem  ita  fiune  et  calamitatibus  in  mas.    Plut. 
carcere  fregit,  inter  mortis  metum,  et  ri- 


156  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

all,  cane  pejus  et  angue  (worse  than  a  dog  or  a  snake),  we 
abhor  the  name  of  it,  ♦  Paupertas  fugitur^  totoque  arcessitut 
orbe,  SLS  being  the  fountain  of  all  other  miseries,  cares,  woea^ 
labours,  and  grievances  whatsoever.  To  avoid  which,  we 
will  take  any  pains, — extremos  currit  mercator  ad  Indos, 
we  will  leave  no  haven,  no  coast,  no  creek  of  the  world  un- 
searched,  though  it  be  to  the  hazard  of  our  lives ;  we  will 
dive  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  to  the  bowels  of  the  earthf 
t  five,  six,  seven,  eight,  nine  hundred  fathom  deep,  through 
all  five  zones,  and  both  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ;  we  will 
turn  parasites  and  slaves,  prostitute  ourselves,  swear  and  lie, 
damn  our  bodies  and  souls,  forsake  Grod,  abjure  religion,  steal, 
rob,  murder,  rather  than  endure  this  insufferable  yoke  of 
poverty,  which  doth  so  tyrannize,  crucify,  and  generally  de- 
press us. 

For  look  into  the  world,  and  you  shall  see  men  most  part 
esteemed  according  to  their  means,  and  happy  as  they  are 
rich:  J  Ubique  tanti  quisque  quantum  hahuit  fuiU  If  he 
be  likely  to  thrive,  and  in  the  way  of  preferment,  who  but 
he  ?  In  the  vulgar  opinion,  if  a  man  be  wealthy,  no  matter 
how  he  gets  it,  of  what  parentage,  how  qualified,  how  virtu- 
ously endowed,  or  villanously  inclined ;  let  him  be  a  bawd,  a 
gripe,  an  usurer,  a  villain,  a  pagan,  a  barbarian,  a  wretch, 
§  Lucian's  tyrant,  "  on  whom  you  may  look  with  less  security 
than  on  the  sun ; "  so  that  he  be  rich  (and  liberal  withal)  he 
shall  be  honoured,  admired,  adored,  reverenced,  and  highly 
1  magnified.  "  The  rich  is  had  in  reputation  because  of  his 
goods,"  Eccl.  X.  31.  He  shall  be  befriended  :  "  for  riches  gather 
many  friends,"  Pro  v.  xix.  4, — multos  numerabit  amicos,  all 
*  happiness  ebbs  and  flows  with  his  money.  He  shall  be  ac- 
counted a  gracious  lord,  a  Mecaenas,  a  benefactor,  a  wise,  dis- 
creet, a  proper,  a  valiant,  a  fortunate  man,  of  a  generous 

*  Lucan.  1. 1.    t  As  in  the  Bilver  mines  pulchris  Divitiis  parent.     Tlor.  Ser.  1.  2, 

at  Friburgh  in  Germany.    Fines  Mori-  Sat.  3.    Olarua  eris,  fortis,  Justus,  sapi- 

ion.  X  Euripides.  $  Tom.  4,  dial.  ens.  etiam  rex     Et  quicquid  volet.  Hor. 

minore  periculo  solem  quam  Iiunc  defixis  *  Et  genua,  et  formam,  regina  p(H;unia  do- 

oculis  licet  intueri.         i  Omnis  enim  res,  nat.    Money  adds  spirits,  counige,  &o. 
virtus,  fama,  decus,  diyina  humanaque 


Mem.  i  snbs.  6.]      Poverty  and  Want,   Causes.  457 

Bpirit,  Pidlus  Jovts,  et  gaUince  filius  oKhb  ;  a  hopeful,  a  good 
man,  a  virtuous,  honest  man.  Quando  ego  te  Junonium  'pue* 
rum  et  matris  partum  vere  aureum,  as  ^  Tully  said  of  Octavia- 
nus,  while  he  was  adopted  Caesar,  and  an  heir  '-*  apparent  of 
so  great  a  monarchy,  he  was  a  golden  child.  All  *  honour, 
offices,  applause,  grand  titles,  and  turgent  epithets  are  put 
upon  him,  omnes  omnia  bona  dicere  ;  all  men's  eyes  are  upon 
him,  God  bless  his  good  worship,  his  honour ,  *  every  man 
speaks  well  of  him,  every  man  presents  him,  seeks  and  sues 
to  him  for  his  love,  favour,  and  protection,  to  serve  him,  be- 
long unto  him,  every  man  riseth  to  him,  as  to  Themistocles  in 
the  Olympics,  if  he  speak,  as  of  Herod,  Vox  Dei,  non  homi* 
nisy  the  voice  of  God,  not  of  man  All  the  graces.  Veneres, 
pleasures,  elegances  attend  him,  ^  golden  fortune  accompanies 
and  lodgeth  with  him ;  and  as  to  those  Eoman  emperors,  is 
placed  in  his  chamber. 

8  "  Secura  naviget  aura, 
Fortunamque  suo  temperet  arbitrio:  " 

he  may  sail  as  he  will  himself,  and  temper  his  estate  at  his 
pleasure,  jovial  days,  splendour  and  magnificence,  sweet  mu- 
sic, dainty  fare,  the  good  things,  and  fat  of  the  land,  fine 
clothes,  rich  attires,  sofl  beds,  down  pillows  are  at  his  com- 
mand, all  the  world  labours  for  him,  thousands  of  artificers 
are  his  slaves  to  drudge  for  him,  run,  ride,  and  post  for  him ; 
*  Divines  (for  Pythia  Philippisat),  lawyers,  physicians,  phi- 
losophers, scholars  are  his,  wholly  devote  to  his  service. 
Every  man  seeks  his  'acquaintance,  his  kindred,  to  match 
with  him,  though  he  be  an  oaf,  a  ninny,  a  monster,  a  goose- 
cap,  uxorem  ducat  Danaen,1[  when  and  whom  he  will,  hunc 
optant  generum  Rex  et  Regina he  is  an  excellent  *  match 

1  Epist.  TiU.  ad  Atticum.  <  Onr  cnbicnlis  reponl  solita.    Julius  Capitoll- 

young  master,  a  fine  towardly  gentleman,  nus,   vita  Antonini.  •  Petroniug. 

God  bless  him,  and  hopeful;  why?  he  is  ♦  Theologi  opulentis  adhaerent,  Jurispe- 

heir  apparent  to  the  right  worshipful,  to  riti  pecuniosis,  literati  nummosis,  liberal- 

the  right  honourable,  &c.  "^  0  num-  ibus  artifices.  7  Multi  ilium  juvenes, 

mi,  nummi  :  vobis  hunc  prsestat  bono-  mult«  petiere  puellae.  t  "  He  may 

rem.        4  Exinde  sapere  eum  omnes  dici-  have  Danag  to  wife."         ^  Dummodo  ait 

mus.  ac  quisque  fortunam  habet.   Plaut.,  dives,  barbarus  illc  placet 
Pseud.            6  Aurea  fortuna,  principum 


458  Cause$  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec  S. 

for  my  son,  my  daughter,  my  niece,  &c.  Qutcquid  ecdcaverii 
hie,  Rosa  fiet^  let  him  go  whither  he  will,  trumpets  sounds 
bells  ring,  &c,  all  happiness  attends  him,  every  man  is  will- 
ing to  entertain  him,  he  sups  in  ^Apollo  wheresoever  he 
comes  ;  what  preparation  is  made  for  his  ^  entertainment !  fish 
and  fowl,  spices  and  perfumes,  all  that  sea  and  land  affords. 
What  cookery,  masking,  mirth  to  exhilarate  his  person  ! 

*  ^*  Da  Trebio,  pone  ad  Trebium,  vis  frater  ab  illls 
Ilibus? 

What  dish  will  your  good  worship  eat  of? 

*  "  dalcia  poma, 
Et  qaoscanque  feret  coitus  tibi  fundus  honores, 
Ante  Larem,  gustet  venerabilior  Lare  dives.** 

^  Sweet  apples,  and  whatever  thy  fields  afford, 
Before  thy  Gods  be  served,  let  serve  thy  Lord.** 

What  sport  will  your  honour  have  ?  hawking,  hunting,  fish- 
ing, fowling,  bulls,  bears,  cards,  dice,  cocks,  players,  tumblers, 
fiddlers,  jesters,  &c.,  they  are  at  your  good  worship's  com- 
mand. Fair  houses,  gardens,  orchards,  terraces,  galleries, 
cabinets,  pleasant  walks,  delightsome  places,  they  are  at 
hand :  ^  in  aureis  lac,  vinum  in  argenteis,  adolescenttdis  ad 
nudum  speciosce,  wine,  wenches,  &c,  a  Turkish  paradise,  a 
heaven  upon  earth.  Though  he  be  a  silly  soft  fellow,  and 
scarce  have  common  sense,  yet  if  he  be  bom  to  fortunes  (as  I 
have  said),  ^jure  hcereditario  sapere  jubetur,  he  must  have 
honour  and  office  in  his  course  :  ^Nemo  nisi  dives  honore  dig' 
mis  (Ambros.  offic.  21,)  none  so  worthy  as  himself;  he  shall 
have  it,  atque  esto  quicquid  Servius  aut  Labeo.  Get  money 
enough  and  command  f  kingdoms,  provinces,  armies,  hearts, 
hands,  and  affections ;  thou  shalt  have  popes,  patriarchs  to  be 
thy  chaplains  and  parasites ;  thou  shalt  have  (Tamerlane- 
like) kings  to  draw  thy  coach,  queens  to  be  thy  laundresses, 


1  Plut.  in  Lucnilo.  a  rich  chamber  so  elati  sunt  animis,  loftj  spirits,  brave  men 

called.        2  Panifl  pane  melior.        >  Jut.  at  arms;  all  rich  men  are  generous,  con- 

Sat.  5.        *  Ilor.  Sat.  >.  lib.  2.         <  Bo-  ra  eous.  &c.  t  Nummos  ait  pro  dm 

benius  de  Turcis  et  Rredenbach.       &  Eu-  nubat  Coruubia  Romao. 
phormio.              <  Qui  pecuoiam  habent, 


Mem.  4,  sabs.  6.]         Poverty  and  WarU,  Causes.  459 

emperors  thy  footstools,  build  more  towns  and  cities  than 
great  Alexander,  Babel  towers,  pyramids,  and  mausolean 
tombs,  &c,  command  heaven  and  earth,  and  tell  the  world  it 
is  thy  vassal,  auro  emitur  diadema,  argento  caelum  pandituTj 
denarius  philosophum  conducttj  nwnmusjus  cogit,  oholus  lite" 
ratum  pascit,  metallum  sanitatem  conciliate  ces  amicos  conghUi" 
nat.  *  And  therefore  not  without  good  cause,  John  de 
Medicis,  that  rich  Florentine,  when  he  lay  upon  his  death- 
bed, calling  his  sons,  Cosmo  and  Laurence,  before  him, 
amongst  other  sober  sa}"ings,  repeated  this,  animo  quieto  di* 
gredior,  quod  vos  sanos  et  divites  post  me  relinquam,  "  It  doth 
me  good  to  think  yet,  though  I  be  dying,  that  I  shall  leave 
you,  my  children,  sound  and  rich : "  for  wealth  sways  all.  It 
is  not  with  us,  as  amongst  those  Lacedemonian  senators  of 
Lycurgus  in  Plutarch, "  He  preferred  that  deserved  best,  was 
most  virtuous  and  worthy  of  the  place,  ^not  swiftness,  or 
strength,  pr  wealth,  or  friends  carried  it  in  those  days  ; "  but 
inter  optimos  optimum,  inter  temperantes  temperantissimus,  the 
most  temperate  and  best  We  have  no  aristocracies  but  in 
contemplation,  all  oligarchies,  wherein  a  few  rich  men  domi- 
neer, do  what  they  list,  and  are  privileged  by  their  greatness. 
*They  may  freely  trespass,  and  do  as  they  please,  no  man 
dare  accuse  them,  no  not  so  much  as  mutter  against  them, 
there  is  no  notice  taken  of  it,  they  may  securely  do  it,  live 
after  their  own  laws,  and  for  their  money  get  pardons,  indul- 
gences, redeem  their  souls  from  purgatory  and  hell  itself,— 
dausum  possidet  area  Jooein*  Let  fhem  be  epicures,  or 
atheists,  libertines,  machiavelians  (as  they  often  are),  ^''^  Ei 
quamvis  perjurus  erit,  sine  gente,  cruentus"  they  may  go  to 
heaven  through  the  eye  of  a  needle,  if  they  will  themselves, 
they  may  be  canonized  for  saints,  they  shall  be  *  honourably 


•  "  >  Jiadem  is  purchased  with  gold ;  certamen,  non  inter  celeres   cclerrimo, 

rilTer  opens  the  way  to  hearen;  philoso-  non    inter   robustos   robusti?8imo,   &c, 

phy  may  be  hired  for  a  penny ;  money  *  Quicquid  libet  licet.           ^  Hot.  Sat.  5, 

controls  justice  ;  one  obolus  satisfies  a  lib.  2.           *  Cum  moritur  dives  concur- 

man  of  letters;  precious  metal  procures  runt  undique  cives:  Pauperis  ad  funr- 

health ;  wealth  attaches  friends."    i  Non  tIx  est  ex  millibus  unus 
liiit  apud  morUiles   ullum  excelleutiua 


460  CatLseM  of  Melancholy.  [PartLsBcS. 

interred  in  mausolean  tombs,  commended  by  poets,  registered 
in  histories,  have  temples  and  statues  erected  to  their  names, 
— e  manibus  tilts — nascentur  violcB. — If  he  be  bountiful  in 
hb  life,  and  liberal  at  his  death,  he  shall  have  one  to  swear, 
as  he  did  by  Claudius  the  Emperor  in  Tacitui^,  he  saw  his 
soul  go  to  heaven,  and  be  miserably  lamented  at  his  funeral 
Amhubaiarum  collegia,  S^c.  Trimalcionis  topania  in  Petronius 
recta  in  caelum  abiit,  went  right  to  heaven;  a  base  quean, 
*  "  thou  wouldst  have  scorned  once  in  thy  misery  to  have  a 
penny  from  her;"  and  why?  modio  nummos  metut,  she 
measured  her  money  by  the  busheL  These  prerogatives  do 
not  usually  belong  to  rich  men,  but  to  such  as  are  most  part 
seeming  rich,  let  him  have  but  a  good  *  outside,  he  carries  it, 
and  shall  be  adored  for  a  god,  as  ^  Cyrus  was  amongst  the 
Persians,  ob  splendidum  apparatum,  for  his  gay  attires ;  now 
most  men  are  esteemed  according  to  their  clothes.  In  our 
gullish  times,  whom  you  peradventure  in  modesty  would  give 
place  to,  as  being  deceived  by  his  habit,  and  presuming  him 
some  great  worshipful  man,  believe  it,  if  you  shall  examine 
his  estate,  he  will  likely  be  proved  a  serving-man  of  no  great 
note,  my  lady's  tailor,  his  lordship's  barber,  or  some  such 
gull,  a  Fastidius  Brisk,  Sir  Petronel  Flash,  a  mere  outside. 
Only  this  respect  is  given  him,  that  wheresoever  he  comes, 
he  may  call  for  what  he  will,  and  take  place  by  reason  of  his 
outward  habit. 

But  on  the  contrary,  if  he  be  poor.  Pro  v.  xv.  15,  **  all  his 
days  are  miserable,"  he  is  under  hatches,  dejected,  rejected 
and  forsaken,  poor  in  purse,  poor  in  spirit ;  Sprout  res  nobis 
Jluit,  ita  et  animus  se  habet ;  *  money  gives  life  and  soul. 
Though  he  be  honest,  wise,  learned,  well-deserving,  noble  by 
birth,  and  of  excellent  good  parts ;  yet  in  that  he  is  poor, 
unlikely  to  rise,  come  to  honour,  office  or  good  means,  he  is 
contemned,  neglected,  yVw^^ra  saptt,  inter  literas  esurit  amicus, 

1  Et  modo  quid  fuit   ifpioscat   mihi  be  a  gentleman.  >  Est  sanguin  &tqii« 

genius    tuus,   nolui«w8    de    m  mu    ejus  spiritus  pecunia  mortalibua.        <Euriid' 

nummos  accipere.    2  He  that  wears  silk,  d!es.        6  Xeuophoa.  Cyropaed.  1.  8. 
■atia,  velvet,  and  gold  lace,  must  needs 


Mem.  4,  subs.  6.]      Poverty  and  WarUy   Causes.  461 

molesttts.  *"If  he  speak,  what  babbler  is  this?"  Ecclua, 
his  nobility  without  wealth,  is  ^projecta  vilior  alg  I,  and  he 
not  esteemed :  nos  viles  pulli  nati  infelicihus  ovis,  if  once  poor 
we  are  metamorphosed  in  an  instant,  base  slaves,  villains,  and 
vile  drudges;  *for  to  be  poor,  is  to  be  a  knave,  a  fool,  a 
wretch,  a  wicked,  an  odious  fellow,  a  common  eyesore,  say 
poor  and  say  all ;  they  are  bom  to  labour,  to  misery,  to  carry 
burdens  like  jumeutSy  pistum  stereos  comedere  with  Ulysses's 
companions,  and  as  Chremilus  objected  in  Aristophanes, 
*  salem  Imgere,  lick  salt,  to  empty  jakes,  fay  channels,  *  carry 
out  dirt  and  dunghills,  sweep  chimneys,  rub  horse-heels,  &c, 
I  say  nothing  of  Turks,  galley-slaves,  which  are  bought  *  and 
sold  like  juments,  or  those  African  negroes,  or  poor  ^  Indian 
drudges,  qui  indies  hinc  inde  deferendis  oneribus  occumbunt^ 
nam  quod  apud  nos  haves  et  asini  vehunt,  trahunt,  S^c.  *  Id 
omne  miseUis  Indis,  they  are  ugly  to  behold,  and  though  erst 
spruce,  now  rusty  and  squalid,  because  poor,  ^  immundas  for* 
tunas  cequum  est  squahrem  sequi,  it  is  ordinarily  so.  *  "  Others 
eat  to  live,  but  they  live  to  drudge,"  ^°  servilis  et  misera  gens 
nihil  recusare  audety  a  servile  generation,  that  dare  refuse  no 

task. "  *'  Heus  tu,  Dromo,  cape  hoc  JtaheUum^  ventidum 

hinc  facito  dum  lavamus,**  sirrah,  blow  wind  upon  us  while 
we  wash,  and  bid  your  fellow  get  him  up  betimes  in  the 
morning,  be  it  fair  or  foul,  he  shall  run  M\y  miles  afoot  to- 
morrow, to  carry  me  a  letter  to  my  mistress,  Socia  ad  pistri- 
num,  Socia  shall  tarry  at  home  and  grind  malt  all  day  long, 
Tristan  thresh.  Thus  are  they  commanded,  being  indeed 
some  of  them  as  so  many  footstools  for  rich  men  to  tread  on, 
blocks  for  them  to  get  on  horseback,  or  as  ^^  "  walls  for  them 
to  piss  on."     They  are  commonly  such  people,  rude,  silly, 

1  In  tenui  rara  est   filciindia  panno.  pelled  to  carry  from  place  to  place ;  for 

Jut.        *  Ilor.  *'  more  worthless  than  re-  they  carry  and  draw  the   loads  which 

Jected  weeds."      s  Egere  est  offendere,  et  oxen   and   asses    formerly   used,"    &o. 

indigere   scelestum    esse.      Sat.    Menip.  8  Plautus.         <*  Leo  Afer,  ca.  ult.  I.  I, 

*  Plaut.  act.  4.         ^  Nullum  tam  barba-  edunt  non  ut  bene  viyant,  sed  ut  fbrtitez 

ram,  tarn  vile  munus  est,  quod  non  lu-  laborent.    Ilcinsius.  lu  Munster  da 

bentitudmi   obire    velit   gens    yilissinia.  rusticis  Germanise,  Cosmog.  cap.  27,  ^ 

<  Lausius,  orat.  in  Uispaniam.        7  Laet.  &       i^  Ter.  Eunuch        i^  Pauper  p' 

descript.    Americse.  *  ^*  Who   cUiily  foetus,  quern  canicu  se  commingaal 

ftint  beneath  the  burdens  they  are  com- 


462  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  see.  S. 

superstitious  idiote,  nasty,  unclean,  lousy,  poor,  dejected, 
slavishly  humble ;  and  as  ^  Leo  Afer  observes  of  the  com- 
monalty of  Africa,  natura  viliores  sunt,  nee  apud  suos  duces 
majore  in  precto  qudm  si  canes  essent:  'base  by  nature, 
and  no  more  esteemed  than  dogs,  miseram,  lahoriosamy  calam- 
itosam  vitam  offunt,  et  inopem,  infcelicemj  rudiores  asinis, 
vt  e  brutis  plane  natos  dicas  ;  no  learning,  no  knowledge,  no 
civility,  scarce  common  sense,  nought  but  barbarism  amongst 
them,  helluino  more  vivunt,  neque  calceos  gestant,  neque  vestes, 
like  rogues  and  vagabonds,  they  go  barefooted  and  bare- 
legged, the  soles  of  their  feet  being  as  hard  as  horse-hoofs, 
as  '  Radzivilus  observed  at  Damietta  in  Egypt,  leading  a 
laborious,  miserable,  wretched,  unhappy  life,  *"like  beasts 
and  juments,  if  not  worse ; "  (for  a  ^  Spaniard  in  Incatan, 
sold  three  Indian  boys  for  a  cheese,  and  a  hundred  negro 
slaves  for  a  horse)  their  discourse  is  scurrility,  their  summum 
bonum  a  pot  of  ale.  There  is  not  any  slavery  which  these 
villains  will  not  undergo,  inter  iUos  plerique  latrinas  evactuzntj 
alii  ctdinariam  curant,  alii  stabularios  agunt,  urinatoresj  et  id 
genus  similia  exercent,  Sfc,  like  those  people  that  dwell  in  the 
•  Alps,  chimney-sweepers,  jakes-farmers,  dirt-daubers,  vagrant 
rogues,  they  labour  hard  some,  and  yet  cannot  get  clothes  to 
put  on,  or  bread  to  eat.  For  what  can  filthy  jwverty  give 
else,  but  ^  beggary,  fulsome  nastiness,  squalor,  content,  drudg- 
ery, labour,  ugliness,  hunger  and  thirst;  pediculohtm,  et 
pulicum  numerum  ?  as  ®  he  well  followed  it  in  Aristophanes, 
fleas  and  lice,  pro  pallio  vestem  laceram,  et  pro  pidvinari 
lapidem  bene  magnum  ad  caput,  rags  for  his  raiment,  and  a 
stone  for  his  pillow,  pro  cathedra,  rupta  caput  umce,  he  sits 
in  a  broken  pitcher,  or  on  a  block  for  a  chair,  et  malva  ramos 

1  Lib  1.  cap.  nit.        *  Deoe  omnes  illis  rlmCtm  latoml,  In  0«cella  Talle  cnltromm 

Infens  V  diceres :  tarn  pannosi,  fame  frac-  fabri  fumarii,  ia  Vigetla  sordidam  genus 

ti,  tot  a^9idu6  malis  afflcinntur,  tanquam  bominum,  qucd  repurgandis     carminil 

pecora  quibun  nplendor  rationis  etnortu-  yictum  parat.        f  I  write  not  tbis  any 

ns.        K  Peregrin.  Ilierofl.        *  Nihil  om-  ways  to  upbraid  or  scoff  at,  or  misuM 

nino  meliorem  vitam  degunt,  quam  ferss  poor  men,  but  ratber  to  condole  and  pity 

in  silvin,  jumenta  in  terri».     Leo  Afer.  them  by  expressing,  &o.        *  ChremiluS| 

SBartholomeusaCasa.    8  0rtelius,in  UpI-  ar.t.  4    Plaut. 
TeUa.   Qui  habitant  in  Caesia  valle  ut  plu' 


Mem.  4,  snbs.  6.]      Poverty  and  Want,  Causes.  .  463 

pro  panihtis  comedit,  he  drinks  water,  and  lives  on  wort  leaves, 
pulse,  like  a  hog,  or  scraps  like  a  dog,  ut  nunc  nobis  vita  affi' 
eitur,  quis  non  putahit  insaniam  esse,  infelicitatemque  ?  as 
Chremilus  concludes  his  speech,  as  we  poor  men  live  nowa- 
days, who  will  not  take  our  life  to  be  ^  infelicity,  misery,  and 
madness  ? 

If  they  be  of  little  better  condition  than  those  base  villains, 
hunger-starved  beggars,  wandering  rogues,  those  ordinary 
slaves,  and  day-labouring  drudges ;  yet  they  are .  commonly 
80  preyed  upon  by  *  polling  officers  for  breaking  the  laws,  by 
their  tyrannizing  landlords,  so  flayed  and  fleeced  by  perpetual 
•  exactions,  that  though  they  do  drudge,  fare  hard,  and  starve 
their  genius,  they  cannot  live  in  *  some  countries ;  but  what 
they  have  is  instantly  taken  from  them,  the  very  care  they 
take  to  live,  to  be  drudges,  to  maintain  their  poor  families, 
their  trouble  and  anxiety  "takes  away  their  sleep,"  Sirac 
xxxi.  1,  it  makes  them  weary  of  their  lives ;  when  they  have 
taken  all  pains,  done  their  utmost  and  honest  endeavours,  if 
they  be  cast  behind  by  sickness,  or  overtaken  with  years,  no 
man  pities  them,  hard-hearted  and  merciless,  uncharitable  as 
they  are,  they  leave  them  so  distressed,  to  beg,  steal,  murmur, 
and  *  rebel,  or  else  starve.  The  feeling  and  fear  of  this 
misery  compelled  those  old  Romans,  whom  Menenius  Agrippa 
pacified,  to  resist  their  governors ;  outlaws,  and  rebels  in 
most  places,  to  take  up  seditious  arms,  and  in  all  ages  hath 
caused  uproars,  murmu rings,  seditions,  rebellions,  thefts,  mur- 
ders, mutinies,  jars  and  contentions  in  every  commonwealth ; 
grudging,  repining,  complaining,  discontent  in  each  private 
family,  because  they  want  means  to  live  according  to  their 
callings,  bring  up  their  children,  it  breaks  their  hearts,  they 
cannot  do  as  they  would.  No  greater  misery  than  for  a  lord 
to  have  a  knight's  living,  a  gentleman  a  yeoman's,  not  to  be 

1  Panpertas  damm  onus  miseris  mor-  Essays,  speaks   of  certain    Indians    in 

talibas.         3  Vexat  censur^L  columbas.  France,  that  being  asked  how  they  liked 

*Dettx  ace  non  possunt,  et  sixcinque  the  country,  wondered  how  a  few  riclx 

idrere    nolunt:    Omnibus    est    notum  men  could  keep  so  many  poor  men  fn 

Quater  tre  solyere  totum.        <  Scandia,  subjection,  that  they  did  not  cut  Uu> 

Africa,  Lituania.        ^  Montaic^ne,  in  his  tiuroata. 


404  Causes  of  MekmdkoUf.  [Pait.  L  sec  S 


able  to  live  as  his  birth  and  place  require.  Poverty  and 
want  are  generally  corrosives  to  all  kind  of  men,  especially 
to  such  as  Lave  been  in  good  and  flourLihing  estate,  are  sod 
denlj  distressed,  ^  nobly  bom,  liberally  brought  up,  and  by 
some  disaster  and  casualty  miserably  dejected.  For  the  re^ 
as  they  have  base  fortunes,  80  have  they  base  minds  cor* 
respondent,  like  beetles,  e  stercore  ortij  e  stercore  victus\  in 
sternvre  delicium,  as  they  were  obscurely  bom  and  bred,  so 
they  delight  in  obscenity  ;  they  are  not  so  thoroughly  touched 
with  it  Angustas  animas  angtisto  in  pectore  verscmL  *  Yea, 
that  which  is  no  small  cause  of  their  torments,  if  once  they 
come  to  be  in  distress,  they  are  forsaken  of  their  fellows, 
most  part  neglected,  and  left  unto  themselves;  as  poor 
'  Terence  in  liome  was  by  Scipio,  Laelius,  and  Furius,  his 
great  and  noble  friends. 

**  Nil  Pnblius  Scipio  profuit,  dII  ei  Laelias,  nil  Fnrias, 
Tres  per  idem  tempus  qui  ngitabant  nobiles  facillira^, 
Horum  ille  oper&  ne  domam  quidem  habait  conductitiam.*'  * 

Tis  generally  so,  Tempara  sifuerint  nubila,  solus  eris,  he  is 
lefl  cold  and  comfortless,  nuUus  ad  amissas  ibit  amicus  opes, 
all  flee  from  him  as  from  a  rotten  wall,  now  ready  to  fall  on 
their  heads.  Prov.  xix.  4.  "  Poverty  separates  them  from 
their  *  neighbours." 

•  "  Dum  fortana  favet,  vultum  servatis,  amici, 
Ciim  cecidit,  turpi  vertitis  ora  fug&." 

**  Whilst  fortune  favourM,  friends,  you  smiled  on  me, 
But  when  she  fled,  a  friend  I  could  not  see." 

"Wliich  is  worse  yet,  if  he  be  poor  *  every  man  contemns  him, 
insults  over  him,  oppresseth  him,  scoffs  at,  aggravates  his 

misery. 

''"  Quum  coepit  qua^^sata  domus  subsidere,  partes 
In  proclinatas  omne  recumbit  onus." 

1  AngufltM  anlmaii  animoito  in  pectore  procure  a  lodging  through  their  patron- 

▼erganB.        «  "  A  narrow  breast  conceals  age."        ■*  Pror.  xix.  7.    '*  Though  he  be 

A  narrow  soul."        »  Donatus,  vit.  ejus.  Instant,  yet  they  will  not."        »  Petro- 

•*'PubHu»  Scipio,  Lfelius  and  Furius,  nius.        «  Non  est  qui  doleat  vicem,  nt 

three  of  the  most  distinguished   noble-  Petrus  Christum,  jurant    se    bominem 

men  at  that  day  in  Rome,  were  of  so  lit-  non  noyisse.        ^  Ovid,  in  Trist. 
tie  Berri:;e  to  him,  that  he  could  scarcely 


a.  i,  subs.  B.]      Popsriy  and  Want,  Causes,  455 

I  i.hrink, 

Nay,  they  ai-e  odious  to  lliuir  own  brethren  and  dearest 
fiTend.!,  Frov.  xix.  7.  "  HU  brethren  hale  him  ST  he  be  poor," 
*  omnes  vicini  oderunl,  "  his  neighbours  hate  him,"  Prov.  xiv. 
20,  ^  omne»  me  noli  ae  ignoti  deserunt,  as  he  complained  in  the 
comedy,  friends  and  strangers  all  forsake  me.  Wliich  is  most 
grievous,  poverty  makes  men  ridi<;u!ous.  Nil  kahet  infdix 
pauperlas  durius  in  se,  qtidm  quod  ridiculo»  homines  fftcit, 
ttiey  must  endure  'jests,  taunts,  flouts,  blows  of  their  betters, 
and  take  all  iji  good  part  to  get  a  meal's  meat :  *  magmtia 
pauperies  opprobium,  jubet  quidais  et  faeere  et  pati.  He 
must  turn  parasite.  Jester,  fool,  cum  desipienlibus  destpere; 
Baith  '  Kuripides,  slave,  villain,  drudge  to  get  a  poor  living, 
apply  himself  to  eaeh  man's  humoui-s,  to  win  and  please,  &c., 
and  be  bufleted  when  he  hath  all  done,  as  Ulysses  was  by 
Jlclanthius  *  in  Homer,  be  reviled,  baffled,  insulted  over,  for 
*polenliorum  stuUiiia  pvrferenda  est,  and  may  not  so  much  oa 
mutter  against  it.  He  must  turn  rogue  and  villain ;  for  aa 
tlie  saying  is,  Necessitas  eogit  ad  turpia,  poverty  alone  makes 
men  thieves,  rebels,  murderers,  Iniitors,  assassins,  "  because 
of  poverty  we  have  einncd,"  Ecclus.  xxvii.  1,  swear  and  for> 
swear,  bear  false  witness,  lie,  dis^mble,  anything,  as  I  say, 
to  advantage  themselves,  and  to  relieve  their  neces-sitiea ; 
^  Chdp<B  scelerisqits  magislra  est,  when  a  man  is  driven  to  his 
flhiiU,  what  will  he  not  do  ? 

'  "  ai  mif  enim  fortntm  Sinonem 
Finxit,  ranum  elliim  meailiiceniciiie  improbn  fioget." 

he  will  betray  his  father,  prince,  and  country,  turn  Turk,  for- 
sake religion,  abjure  God  and  all,  nidla  lam  horrmda  pro- 
ditto,  quam  tUi  lucri  causa  (sai  th  '  Leo  Afer)  perpelrare  nolint 
*°  Plato,  therefore,  calls  poverty,  "  thievish,  sacrilegious,  filthy. 


466  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  see.  1 

wicked,  and  mischievous  ; "  and  well  he  might  For  it  makes 
many  an  upright  man  otherwise,  had  he  not  been  in  want,  to 
take  bribes,  to  be  corrupt,  to  do  against  his  conscience,  to  sell 
his  tongue,  heart,  hand,  &c,  to  be  churlish,  hard,  unmerciful, 
uncivil,  to  use  indirect  means  to  help  his  present  estate.  It 
makes  princes  to  exact  upon  their  subjects,  great  men  tyran- 
nize, landlords  oppress,  justice  mercenary,  lawyers  vultures, 
physicians  harpies,  friends  importunate,  tradesmen  liars,  hon- 
est men  thieves,  devout  assassins,  great  men  to  prostitute 
their  wives,  daughters,  and  themselves,  middle  sort  to  repine, 
commons  to  mutiny,  all  to  grudge,  murmur,  and  complain. 
A  great  temptation  to  all  mischief,  it  compels  some  miserable 
wretches  to  counterfeit  several  diseases,  to  dismember,  make 
themselves  blind,  lame,  to  have  a  more  plausible  cause  to  beg, 
and  lose  their  limbs  to  recover  their  present  wants.  Jodocus 
Damhoderius,  a  lawyer  of  Bruges,  praxi  rerum  criminaL  e, 
112,  hath  some  notable  examples  of  such  counterfeit  cranks, 
and  every  \'illage  almost  will  yield  abundant  testimonies 
amongst  us  ;  we  have  dummerers,  Abraham  men,  &c  And 
that  which  is  the  extent  of  misery,  it  enforceth  them,  through 
anguish  and  wearisomeness  of  their  lives,  to  make  away 
themselves ;  they  had  rather  be  hanged,  drowned,  &c,  than 
to  live  without  means. 

1"  In  mare  csetifemm,  ne  te  premat  a^pora  egestas, 
Desili,  et  h,  celsis  corruo  Ccnic  jugLs." 

"  Much  better  'tis  to  break  thy  neck, 
Or  drown  thyself  i'  the  sea, 
Than  suffer  irksome  poverty; 
Go  make  thyself  away." 

A  Sybarite  of  old,  as  I  find  it  registered  in  ^  Athenosus,  sup- 
ping in  Phiditiis  in  Sparta,  and  observing  their  hard  fare, 
eaid  it  was  no  marvel  if  the  Lacedaemonians  were  valiimt 
men ;  "  for  his  part  he  would  rather  run  upon  a  sword  point 
(and  so  would  any  man  in  his  wits),  than  live  with  such  base 

1  Theoi^iis.       *  DipnoRopblst.  lib.  12.    mente  constaret)  qnam  \am  vV&b  et  lertott* 
liUlitfs  potiiu  moritaium  (si  quia  sibi    noA  victtifl  commuQionem  habere. 


Hem.  4,  tubs.  S.]       Pover^  and   Wani,   Cmtsei. 


4er 


diet,  or  lead  w  wretched  a  life."  ^  la  Japonia  't 
tiling  lo  stifle  their  children  if  Ihey  be  poor,  or  to  make  an 
abortion,  which  ArisIotJc  commends.  In  [hat  civil  common'- 
wealtli  of  China,  '  the  mother  strangles  her  child  if  she  bo 
not  able  to  bring  it  up,  and  had  rather  lose  than  sell  it,  or 
have  it  endure  such  misery  as  poor  men  do.  Amobius,  Hh. 
7,  adeerstts  gentes,  *  Laeianiiu?,  HL  5,  eap.  9,  objects  as  much 
to  tho.^e  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  "  ihej  did  expose  their 
children  to  wild  beasts,  strangle  or  knock  out  their  bralna 
against  a  stone,  in  such  cases."  If  we  may  give  credit  to 
^MuQster,  amongst  us  Christians  in  Lithuania,  tliej  vohmta- 
rily  mancipate  and  sell  themselves,  their  wives  and  childrea 
to  rich  men,  lo  avoid  hunger  and  beggary;  *many  make 
away  themselves  in  this  extremity.  Apicius  the  Roman, 
when  he  cast  up  his  accounts,  and  found  but  100,000  crowna 
1el%  mu['dered  himself  for  fear  he  should  be  fami.-^hed  to 
deatb.  F.  Forestus,  in  his  medicinal  observations,  hath  a 
memorable  example  of  two  brothers  of  Louvaia  that,  being 
destitute  of  meims,  became  both  mehincholy,  and  in  a  dia< 
contented  humour  massacred  themselves.  Another  of  a  mer- 
chant, learned,  wise  otherwise  and  discreet,  but  out  of  a  deep 
apprehension  he  had  of  a  loss  at  seas,  would  not  be  periiuaded 
but  aa  '  Ventidius  in  the  poet,  he  should  die  a  beggar.  In  a 
word,  thus  much  I  may  conclude  of  poor  men,  that  though 
they  have  good  '  parta  they  cannot  show  or  make  use  of 
them  :  'ah  inopid  ad  viiiulem  obsepla  est  via,  'tis  hard  for  a 
poor  man  to  ■  rise,  hand  facile  emiirgunt,  quorum  virlutibut 
obslat  res  angugta  domi?"  "  The  wisdom  of  the  poor  is  de- 
Hpised,  and  his  words  are  not  heard."  Eccles.  vi.  19.  Ilia 
■works  are  rejected,  contemned,  for  the  baseness  and  obscurity 


468  Qmsei  of  Meian^ofy.  [Pait. L seci 

of  the  anthoTy  though  laudable  and  good  in  themselyesy  they 
will  not  likelj  take. 

**  Nulla  placere  did,  neqne  vivere  carmina  poisimt, 
Quxe  scribtuitiir  aqa»  potoribus  *' 

**  No  verses  can  please  men  or  live  long  that  are  written  by 
water-drinkers."  Poor  men  cannot  please,  their  actions, 
counsels,  consultations,  projects,  are  vilified  in  the  world's 
esteem,  amiUurU  consilium  in  re,  which  Gnatho  long  since 
observed.  ^  Sapiens  crepictas  sibi  nunquam  nee  soUas  fecit, 
a  wise  man  never  cobbled  shoes ;  as  he  said  of  old,  but  how 
doth  he  prove  it  ?  I  am  sure  we  find  it  otherwise  in  oar 
days,  ^pruinosis  horret  facundia  pannis.  Homer  himself 
must  beg  if  he  want  means,  and  as  by  report  sometimes  he 
did  '  ^*  go  from  door  to  door,  and  sing  ballads,  with  a  company 
of  boys  about  him."  This  common  misery  of  theirs  mast 
needs  distract,  make  them  discontent  and  melancholy,  as  ordi- 
narily they  are,  wayward,  peevish,  like  a  weary  traveller,  for 
*  Barnes  et  mora  hilem  in  nares  conciunt,  still  murmuring  and 
repining :  Ob  inopiam  morosi  sunt,  quihus  est  male,  as  Fla- 
tarch  quotes  out  of  Euripides,  and  that  comical  poet  well 
seconds, 

4  *'  Omnes  qnibns  res  sunt  mintis  BecnndsB,  nescio  qnomodo 
Saspitiosi,  ad  contameliam  omnia  accipiont  magis, 
Propter  saam  impotentiam  se  credunt  negligi." 

**  If  they  be  in  adversity,  they  are  more  suspicious  and  apt 
to  mistake  ;  they  think  themselves  scorned  by  reason  of  their 
misery ; "  and  therefore  many  generous  spirits  in  such  cases 
withdraw  themselves  from  all  company,  as  that  comedian 
t  Terence  is  said  to  have  done  ;  when  he  perceived  himself 
to  be  forsaken  and  poor,  he  voluntarily  banished  himself  to 
Stymphalus,  a  base  town  in  Arcadia,  and  there  miserably 
died. 

1  PaKhalins.       >  Petroalns.       >  He-  tante  etim  pneromm  oboro.      *  Plauttu 

fodotus,  vita  ^00.    Scaliger,  In  poet.    Po-  Ampl.       <  Ter.  Act.  4,  Seen.  &  Adelph. 

tentiorum  aedes  oetlatim  adiens,  aliquid  Hegio.       t  Donat.  vita  c^ot. 
aoclpiebat,  canens  carmina  sua,  concomi- 


Mem  4,  subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents^  S^e.  469 

4f  **  ad  stinimani  inopiam  redactns, 
Itaqtie  h  conspectn  omnium  abiit  Grsecia  in  terram  nltimam  ** 

Neither  is  it  without  cause,  for  we  see  men  commonly  re- 
spected according  to  their  means  (f  an  dives  sit  omnes  qu4»- 
runty  nemo  an  bonus),  and  vilified  if  they  be  in  bad  clothes. 
*  Philophaemen,  the  orator,  was  set  to  cut  wood,  because  he 
was  so  homely  attired,  ^Terentius  was  placed  at  the  lower 
end  of  Cecilius*s  table,  because  of  his  homely  outside.  'Dante, 
that  famous  Italian  poet,  by  reason  his  clothes  were  but  mean, 
could  not  be  admitted  to  sit  down  at  a  feast  Gnatho  scorned 
his  old  familiar  friend  because  of  his  apparel,  ^  Hominem 
video  pannis,  annisque  obsitum,  hie  ego  ilium  contempsi  prcs 
me.  King  Persius  overcome  sent  a  letter  to  %  Paulus  JEmil- 
ius,  the  Roman  general ;  Persius  P.  Ck)nsuli,  S.  but  he 
Bcomed  him  any  answer,  tacite  exprobrans  fortunam  stiam 
(saith  mine  author),  upbraiding  him  with  a  present  fortune. 
§  Carolus  Pugnax,  that  gi'eat  Duke  of  Burgundy,  made  H. 
Holland,  late  Duke  of  Kxeter,  exiled,  run  afler  his  horse  like 
a  lackey,  and  would  take  no  notice  of  him ;  *  'tis  the  common 
fashion  of  the  world.  So  that  such  men  as  are  poor  may 
justly  be  discontent,  melancholy,  and  complain  of  their  pres- 
ent misery,  and  all  may  pray  with  *  Solomon,  "  Give  me,  O 
Lord,  neither  riches  nor  poverty;  feed  me  with  food  con- 
venient for  me." 

SuiiSECT.  Vn. — A  heap  of  other  Accidents  causing  Melan- 
choly.  Death  of  Friends,  Losses,  Sfc. 

In  this  labyrinth  of  accidental  causes,  the  farther  I  wan- 
der, the  more  intricate  I  find  the  passage,  mtdtce  ambages, 
and  new  causes  as  so  many  by-paths  offer  themselves  to  be 
discussed ;  to  search  out  all,  were  an  Herculean  work,  and 
fitter  for  Theseus  ;  I  will  follow  mine  intended  thread ;  and 
point  only  at  some  few  of  the  chiefest. 

*  "  Reduced  to  the  greatest  necessity,  2.        %  Lir.  dec.  9, 1.  2.         $  Comlneua^ 

he  withdrew  from  the  pize  of  the  public  6  He  that  hath  5/.  per  annum  coming  in 

to  the  most  remote  village  in  Greece."  more  than  others,  scorns  him  that  hath 

Kuripides.  ^  Plutarch,  vita  ejus,  less,  and  ia  a  better  man.       <ProT.  xxx. 

•  Vita  Ter.  »  aome-ius,  lib.  3,  c.  21,  8. 

d»  sale.         4  Ter.  Eunuch.  Act.  2,  Seen. 


470  Oauses  of  Mdancholy.  [Part  L  aee.  S. 

Death  of  FriendsJ]  Amongst  which,  loss  and  death  of 
friends  maj  challenge  a  first  place,  mitltt  tristantur,  as  *  Vivea 
well  observes,  post  delleiaSy  convivia^  dies  festos,  man7  are 
melancholj  after  a  feast,  holiday,  merrj  meeting,  or  some 
pleasing  sport,  if  they  be  solitary  by  chance,  left  alone  to 
themselves,  without  employment,  sport,  or  want  their  ordi- 
nary companions,  some  at  the  departure  of  friends  only  whom 
they  shall  shortly  see  again,  weep  and  howl,  and  look  after 
them  as  a  cow  lows  afler  her  calf,  or  a  child  takes  on  that 
goes  to  school  afler  holidays.  Ut  me  levurat  tuus  adventus, 
$ic  discessus  afflixit^  (which  f  Tully  writ  to  Atticus,)  thy 
coming  was  not  so  welcome  to  me,  as  thy  departure  was 
harsh.  Montanus,  consiL  132,  makes  mention  of  a  country 
woman  that  parting  with  her  friends  and  native  place,  be- 
came grievously  melancholy  for  many  years ;  and  Trallianus 
of  another,  so  caused  for  the  absence  of  her  husband ;  which 
is  an  ordinary  passion  amongst  our  good  wives,  if  their  hus- 
band tarry  out  a  day  longer  than  his  appointed  time,  or  break 
his  hour,  they  take  on  presently  with  sighs  and  tears,  he  is 
either  robbed,  or  dead,  some  mischance  or  other  is  surely  be- 
fallen him,  they  cannot  eat,  drink,  sleep,  or  be  quiet  in  mind, 
till  they  see  him  again.  If  parting  of  friends,  absence  alone 
can  work  such  violent  effects,  what  shall  death  do,  when  they 
must  eternally  be  separated,  never  in  this  world  to  meet 
again  ?  This  is  so  grievous  a  torment  for  the  time,  that  it 
takes  away  their  appetite,  desire  of  life,  extinguisheth  all 
delights,  it  causeth  deep  sighs  and  groans,  tears,  exclama- 
tions, 

("  0  dalce  germen  matris,  6  sangniR  mens, 
£heu  tepentes,  &c. 6  flos  tener.")t 

howling,  roaring,  many  bitter  pangs  (§  lamentis  gemituque  et 
fcemineo  ululatu  Tecta  fremunt)^  and  by  frequent  meditation 
extends  so  far  sometimes,  *"they  think  they  see  their  dead 
friends  continually  in  their  eyes,"  ohservantes  imagines,  as 

*  T)e  anima,  cap.  de  moerore.        t  Lib.    $  Vlrg.  4,  ^n.  i  Patrea  mortiios  co- 

12,  Epigt.  t  '>  Oh  8weet  offspring,  oh    ram  astanteii  et  filioB,   1^.     Uaroellas 

my  very  blood  ;  oh  tender  flower,"  &c.    Donatus. 


Mem.  4,  subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents,  S^c,  471 

Conciliator  confesseth  he  saw  his  mother's  ghost  presenting 
herself  still  before  him.  Quod  nimis  miseri  volunt,  hocfacilh 
credtmt,  still,  still,  still,  that  good  father,  that  good  son,  thaf 
good  wife,  that  dear  friend  runs  in  their  minds :  Totus  ani" 
nms  hdc  una  cogitatione  defixus  est,  all  the  year  long,  as 
♦  Pliny  complains  to  Romanus,  "  methinks  I  see  VirginiuSi 
I  hear  Virginius,  I  talk  with  Virginias,"  &c. 

i  "  Te  sine,  vae  misero  raihi,  lilia  nigra  videntur, 
Pallentesque  rosse,  nee  dulce  rubens  hyaclnthus, 
KuUos  nee  myrtas,  nee  laurus  spirat  odores." 

They  that  are  most  staid  and  patient,  are  so  furiously  carried 
headlong  by  the  passion  of  sorrow  in  this  case,  that  brave 
discreet  men  otherwise,  oftentimes  forget  themselves,  and 
weep  like  children  many  months  together,  X  "  as  if  that  they 
to  water  would,"  and  will  not  be  comforted.  They  are  gone, 
they  are  gone ;  what  shall  I  do  ? 

"  Abstrulit  atra  dies  et  funere  mersit  acerbo, 
Quis  dabit  in  lachr^'mas  fontem  mihi?  quis  satis  altos 
Accendet  gemitus,  et  acerbo  verba  dolori? 
Kxhaurit  pietas  oculos,  et  hiantia  frangit 
Pectora,  nee  plenos  avido  sinit  edere  questus, 
Magna  adeo  jactura  premit,"  &c. 

"  J'ountains  of  tears  who  gives,  who  lends  me  groans, 
Deep  sighs  sufficient  to  express  my  moans? 
Mine  eyes  are  dry,  my  breast  in  pieces  torn, 
My  loss  so  great,  I  cannot  enough  mourn." 

So  Stroza  Filius,  that  elegant  Italian  poet,  in  his  Epicedium, 
bewails  his  father's  death ;  he  could  moderate  his  passions  in 
other  matters  (as  he  confesseth),  but  not  in  this ;  he  yields 
wholly  to  sorrow, 

"  Nunc  fateor  do  terga  roalis,  mens  ilia  fatiscit, 
Indomltus  quondam  vigor  et  constantia  mentis.*' 

•  E|)!st.  lib.  2.  Vir^nlum  video,  audio,  neaa,  the  roses  become  pallid,  the  hy»- 

deftiiictniu  cogifo,  alloqiior.             t  Cal-  cinth  forjrets  to  bluBh;  neither  the  myr- 

phurnins  GreecuH.    "*■  Without  thee,  ah  !  tie  nor  the  laurel  retains  its  odours.'* 

wretched  me,  the  lilies  lose  their  white-  %  Chaucer. 


472  Causes  of  Melancholy,  [Part  L  sec.  1 

How  doth  ^  Quintilian  complain  for  the  loss  of  his  son,  to 
despair  almost ;  Cardan  lament  his  only  child  in  his  book  de 
Uhris  propriis,  and  elsewhere  in  manj  other  of  his  tracts, 
*  St.  Ambrose  his  brother's  death  ?  an  ego  possum  non  cogi' 
tare  de  te,  aiU  sine  lachrymis  cogitaref  0  amari  dies,  6 
Jlehiles  nodes,  S^c.  "  Can  I  ever  cease  to  think  of  thee,  and 
to  think  with  sorrow  ?  O  bitter  days,  O  nights  of  sonx)w,'* 
&C.  Gregory  Nazianzen,  that  noble  Pulcheria !  O  decorenij 
Sfc,  Jlos  recens,  puUtdans,  S^c»  Alexander,  a  man  of  most 
invincible  courage,  after  Hephestion's  death,  as  Curtius  re- 
lates, triduum  jacuit  ad  moriendum  obstinatus,  lay  three  days 
together  upon  the  ground,  obstinate,  to  die  with  him,  and 
would  neither  eat,  drink,  nor  sleep.  The  woman  that  com- 
muned with  Esdras  (lib,  2,  cap,  10)  when  her  son  fell  down 
dead,  "  fled  into  the  field,  and  would  not  return  into  the  city, 
but  there  resolved  to  remain,  neither  to  eat  nor  drink,  but 
mourn  and  fast  until  she  died."  "  Rachel  wept  for  her  chil- 
dren, and  would  not  be  comforted  because  they  were  not," 
Matt,  ii.  18.  So  did  Adrian  the  emperor  bewail  his  Anti- 
nous  ;  Hercules,  Hylas ;  Orpheus,  Eurydice ;  David,  Absa- 
lom ;  (O  my  dear  son  Absalom ;)  Austin  his  mother  Monica, 
Niobe  her  children,  insomuch  that  the  ^  poets  feigned  her  to 
be  turned  into  a  stone,  as  being  stupefied  through  the  extrem- 
ity of  grief.  ^JEgeus,  signo  lugubriJUii  co?istematiis,  in  mare 
se  prcecipitem  dedit,  impatient  of  sorrow  for  his  son's  death, 
drowned  himself.  Our  late  physicians  are  full  of  such  ex- 
amples. Montanus,  consiL  242,  *  had  a  patient  troubled  with 
this  infirmity,  by  reason  of  her  husband's  death,  many  years 
together.  Trincavellius,  I,  1,  c.  14,  hath  such  another,  almost 
in  despair,  after  his  *  mother's  departure,  tU  se  ferme  prcecipi-' 
tern  daret ;  and  ready  through  distraction  to  make  away  him- 
self;  and  in  his  Fifteenth  counsel,  tells  a  story  of  one  fifty 
years  of  age,  "  that  grew  desperate  upon  his  mother's  death ; " 
and  cured  by  Fallopius,  fell  many  years  after  into  a  relapse, 

1  Prsefat.  lib.  6.  *  Lib.  de  obitu    cholica  ob  mortem  mariti.  ^  Ex  ma* 

Batyri  fratiis.        2  Ovid.  Met.        ^  piut.    tris  obitu  in  desperationcm  incidit. 
vita  ^us.  <  Nobilis  martona  melan- 


Mem.  4,  subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents^  S^c.  473 

by  the  sudden  death  of  a  daughter  which  he  had,  and  could 
never  after  be  recovered.  The  fury  of  this  passion  is  so  vio- 
lent sometimes,  that  it  daunts  whole  kingdoms  and  cities* 
Vespasian's  death  was  pitifully  lamented  all  over  the  Roman 
empire,  totus  orbis  lugebcU,  saith  Aurelius  Victor.  Alexander 
commanded  the  battlements  of  houses  to  be  pulled  down, 
mules  and  horses  to  have  their  manes  shorn  off,  and  many 
common  soldiers  to  be  slain,  to  accompany  his  dear  Hephes- 
tion's  death;  which  is  now  practised  amongst  the  Tartars, 
when  ^  a  great  Cham  dieth,  ten  or  twelve  thousand  must  be 
slain,  men  and  horses,  all  they  meet ;  and  among  those  the 
*  Pagan  Indians,  their  wives  and  servants  voluntarily  die  with 
them.  Leo  Decimus  was  so  much  bewailed  in  Rome  after 
his  departure,  that  as  Jovius  gives  out,  ^communis  scdus^ 
puUica  hilaritas,  the  common  safety  of  all  good  fellowship, 
peace,  mirth,  and  plenty,  died  with  him,  tanquam  eodem 
sepvlchro  cum  Leone  condlta  lugehantur  ;  for  it  was  a  golden 
age  whilst  he  lived,  *  but  after  his  decease,  an  iron  season 
succeeded,  harbara  vis  etfceda  vastitas,  et  dira  malorum  om- 
nium t7icommoda,  wars,  plagues,  vastity,  discontent.  When 
Augustus  Caesar  died,  saith  Paterculus,  orbis  ruinam  timue" 
ramus,  we  were  all  afraid,  as  if  heaven  had  fallen  upon  our 
heads.  ^Budaeus  records,  how  that,  at  Lewis  the  Twelfth 
his  death,  tam  subita  mutatio,  ut  qui  prius  digito  coelum  attin- 
gere  mdebantur,  nunc  humi  derepente  serpere,  sideratos  esse 
diceres,  they  that  were  erst  in  heaven,  upon  a  sudden,  as  if 
they  had  been  planet-strucken,  lay  grovelling  on  the  ground ; 

t "  Concussis  cecidere  animis,  sea  frondibus  iogens 
Sylva  dolet  lapsis  " 

they  looked  like  cropped  trees.     J  At  Nancy  in  Lorraine, 

1  Mathias  h.   Michon.  Boter.  Am  phi-  ab  nptimi  princlpis  excesRu,  verb  ferream 

iheat.  ^  Lo.  Vertoman.  M.  Polufl  Ve-  pateremur,  famem.  peatem,  &c.        *  Lib. 

netus,  lib.  1,  CAp.  54,  perimun'  eo8  quos  5,  dea88e.  t  Maph.     '^  They  became 

knyiaobvioshabent.  (licentefi,  Ite.etdom-  fallen  in  feeling^i.  as  the  great  forest  la* 

jno  nostro  regi  servite  in  alia  vita.    Nee  ments  it8  fallen  leaves."  t  Ortelius 

tam  in  homines  insaniunt  Red  in  equo»,  Itinerario  :  ob  annum  integrum  &  cantu, 

&c.  3  Vita  ejus.  *  Lib.  4,  vitae  trapudiis  et  saltatiooibus  tota  ciTit-s  ab 

ejus,  auream  aetatem  condiderat  ad  hu-  stinere  jubetur. 
maui  generis  salutem  quum  uos  statim 


474  Oausei  of  Mdanchdy.  [Part.  I.  sec  a. 

when  Claudia  Valesia,  Henry  the  Second  French  king's  sis- 
ter, and  the  duke's  wife  deceased,  the  temples  for  forty  days 
were  all  shut  up,  no  prayers  nor  masses,  but  in  that  room 
where  she  was.  The  senators  all  seen  in  black,  and  for  a 
twelvemonth's  space  throughout  the  city,  they  were  forbid  to 
sing  or  dance. 

*  ^  Non  ulli  pastores  illis  egere  diebas 

Frigida  ( Daphne)  boves  ad  flamina,  nulla  nee  amnem 
Libavit  quadnipes,  nee  graminis  attigit  herbam.*' 

"  The  swains  forgot  their  sheep,  nor  near  the  brink 
Of  running  waters  brought  their  herds  to  drink; 
The  thirsty  cattle,  of  themselves,  abstain*d 
From  water,  and  their  grassy  fare  disdain'd.** 

How  were  we  affected  here  in  England  for  our  Titus,  deUcim 
humani  generis^  Prince  Henry's  immature  death,  as  if  all  our 
dearest  friends*  lives  had  exhaled  with  his  ?  f  Scanderb^s 
death  was  not  so  much  lamented  in  Epirus.  In  a  woixl,  as 
*he  saith  of  Edward  the  First  at  the  news  of  Edward  of 
Caernarvon  his  son's  birth,  immortcditer  gavisus,  he  was  im- 
mortally glad,  may  we  say  on  the  contrary  of  friends'  deaths, 
immortaliter  gementes,  we  are  divers  of  us  as  so  many  turtles, 
eternally  dejected  with  it. 

There  is  another  sorrow,  which  arises  from  the  loss  of  tem- 
poral goods  and  fortunes,  which  equally  afflicts,  and  may  go 
hand  in  hand  with  the  preceding;  loss  of  time,  loss  of  hon- 
our, office,  of  good  name,  of  labour,  frustrate  hopes,  will 
much  torment ;  but  in  my  judgment,  there  is  no  torture  like 
unto  it,  or  that  sooner  procureth  this  malady  and  mischief: 

a  "  Ploratur  lachrymis  amissa  pecunia  veris: " 
"  Lost  money  is  bewailed  with  grief  sincere: " 

it  wrings  true  tears  from  our  eyes,  many  sighs,  much  sorrow 
from  our  hearts,  and  often  causes  habitual  melancholy  itself, 
Guianerius,  tract,  15,  5,  repeats  this  for  an  especial  cause : 

*  Virg.       t  See  Barletins,  de  yita  efc  ob.  Seanderbeg.  lib.  18,  Uet.       I  Hit.  Puia. 
1  JuTenalis. 


Mem.  4,  8111m.  7.1  Other  AccideTUs,  ^e.  475 

'^^Loss  of  fnends,and  loss  of  good^s  make  many  men  melan- 
cholj,  as  I  have  often  seen  by  continual  meditation  of  such 
things."  The  same  causes  Amoldus  Villanovanus  inculcates^ 
Breviar,  L  1,  c.  18,  ex  rerum  amissione^  damno,  amicorum 
mort€j  4*^.  Want  alone  will  make  a  man  mad,  to  be  Sam 
argent  will  cause  a  deep  and  grievous  melancholy.  Many 
persons  are  affected  like  *  Irishmen  in  this  behalf,  who  if  they 
have  a  good  scimitar,  had  rather  have  a  blow  on  their  arm, 
than  their  weapon  hurt ;  they  will  sooner  lose  their  life,  than 
their  goods  ;  and  the  grief  that  cometh  hence,  continueth  long 
(saith  *  Plater),  "  and  out  of  many  dispositions  procureth  an 
habit"  •  Montanus  and  Frisemelica  cured  a  young  man  of 
twenty-two  years  of  age,  that  so  became  melancholy,  ob  amiS' 
sam  pecuniam,  for  a  sum  of  money  which  he  had  unhappily 
lost  Skenckius  hath  such  another  story  of  one  melancholy, 
because  he  overshot  himself,  and  spent  his  stock  in  unneces- 
sary building.  ^  Roger,  that  rich  bishop  of  Salisbury,  exutus 
opihus  et  castris  a  Rege  Stephana,  spoiled  of  his  goods  by  king 
Stephen,  vi  dohris  absorpius,  atque  in  amentiam  versus,  inde" 
centia  fecit,  through  grief  ran  mad,  spoke  and  did  he  knew 
not  what.  Nothing  so  familiar,  as  for  men  in  such  cases, 
through  anguish  of  mind  to  make  away  themselves.  A  poor 
fellow  went  to  hang  himself  (which  Ausonius  hath  elegantly 
expressed  in  a  neat  f  Epigram),  but  finding  by  chance  a  pot 
of  money,  flung  away  the  rope,  and  went  merrily  home,  but 
he  that  hid  the  gold,  when  he  missed  it,  hanged  himself  with 
that  rope  which  the  other  man  had  left,  in  a  discontented 

humour. 

"  At  qui  condiderat,  postquam  non  reperit  aurum, 
Aptavit  collo,  quern  reperit  laqueum." 

Such  feral  accidents  can  want  and  penury  produce.  Be  it 
by  suretyship,  shipwreck,  fire,  spoil  and  pillage  of  soldiers,  or 

1  Malt!  qui  res  amatas  perdiderant.  ut  cunisD,  victorise,  repulnani,  mortem  libe* 

Alios,    opes,  noa   sperantes   recuperare,  rorum,  quibus  longo  post  tempore  ani* 

propter    assidunra    talium  con&idenitio-  mus  torquetur.  et  k  dispoiiitione  sit  habi* 

uem    melaocholici   flunt,  ut   ipse  vidi  tus.         ^  Consil.  26.  *  Nubrigenids 

*  StaDitiurstas.  Uib.  Hist.  •  Cap.  3.  t  £pig.  22. 

Melancholia  semper  Tenit  ob  Jacturam  pe- 


476  Cau$ei  of  Mekmehdly.  [Part.  I.  see.  % 

what  loss  soever,  it  boots  not,  it  will  work  the  like  eflTect,  the 
same  desolation  in  provinces  and  cities,  as  well  as  private 
persons.  The  Romans  were  miserably  dejected  after  the 
battle  of  Cannae,  the  men  amazed  for  fear,  the  stupid  women 
tore  their  hair  and  cried.  The  Hungarians,  when  their  king 
Ladislaus  and  bravest  soldiers  were  slain  by  the  Turks,  Lw> 
tus  publicuSf  Sfc,  The  Venetians,  when  their  forces  were 
ovcicome  by  the  French  king  Lewis,  the  French  and  Span- 
ish kings,  pope,  emperor,  all  conspired  against  them  at  Cam- 
bray,  the  French  herald  denounced  open  war  in  the  senate : 
Lauredane  Venetarum  dux,  S^c,  and  they  had  lost  Padua, 
Brixia,  Verona,  Forum  Julii,  their  territories  in  the  conti- 
nent, and  had  now  nothing  left  but  the  city  of  Venice  itself, 
et  urhi  quoque  ipsi  (saith  *  Bembus)  timendum  putarent,  and 
the  loss  of  that  was  likewise  to  be  feared,  tanius  repente  dolor 
amnes  tenuit,  ut  nunquam  alias,  S^c,  they  were  pitifully 
plunged,  never  before  in  such  lamentable  distress.  Anno 
1527,  when  Rome  was  sacked  by  Burbonius,  the  common 
soldiers  made  such  spoil,  that  fair  f  churches  were  turned  to 
stables,  old  monuments  and  books  made  horse-litter,  or  burned 
like  straw ;  relics,  costly  pictures  defaced ;  altars  demolished, 
rich  hangings,  carpets,  &c,  trampled  in  the  dirt.  {  Their 
wives  and  loveliest  daughters  constuprated  by  every  base 
cullion,  as  Sejanus's  daughter  was  by  the  hangman  in  public, 
before  their  fathers'  and  husbands*  faces.  Noblemen's  chil- 
dren, and  of  the  wealthiest  citizens,  reserved  for  princes* 
beds,  were  prostitute  to  every  common  soldier,  and  kept  for 
concubines  ;  senators  and  cardinals  themselves  dragged  along 
the  streets,  and  put  to  exquisite  torments,  to  confess  where 
their  money  was  hid ;  the  rest  murdered  on  heaps,  lay  stink- 
ing in  the  streets ;  infants'  brains  dashed  out  before  their 
mothers'  eyes.  A  lamentable  sight  it  was  to  see  so  goodly  a 
city  so  suddenly  defaced,  rich   citizens  sent  a   begging  to 

*  Lib.  8.    Venet.  hifit.        t  Templa  or-  oculln  maritorum  dilectiaMmsB  conjuf;ef 

nsmentis  nudata,    spoliata,    in   ptabula  ab  Ilispanorum  lixis  ronstnpratsD  suuL 

eqaorum  et  asinorum  yenia,  &c.  liii*ul8D  Filiae  magnatam  thoria  destioats,  &o. 
bumi  oonculcatas,  peditao,  &c.       %  la 


Mem.  4,  snbs.  7.]  Other  Accidents,  8^c.  477 

Venice,  Naples,  Ancona,  ifec.,  that  erst  lived  in  all  manner 
of  delights.  *  "  Those  proud  palaces  that  even  now  vaunted 
their  tops  up  to  heaven,  were  dejected  as  low  as  hell  in  an 
instant"  Whom  will  not  such  misery  make  discontent? 
Terence  the  poet  drowned  himself  (some  say)  for  the  loss  of 
his  comedies,  which  suffered  shipwreck.  When  a  poor  man 
hath  made  many  hungry  meals,  got  together  a  small  sum, 
which  he  loseth  in  an  instant ;  a  scholar  spent  many  an  hour's 
study  to  no  purpose,  his  labours  lost,  &c.,  how  should  it  other- 
wise be  ?  I  may  conclude  with  Gregory,  temporalium  amar, 
quantum  officii  cum  hceret  possessio,  tantum  quum  suhtrahitur, 
urit  dolor ;  riches  do  not  so  much  exhilarate  us  with  their 
possession,  as  they  torment  us  with  their  loss. 

Next  to  sorrow  still  I  may  annex  such  accidents  as  pro- 
cure fear;  for  besides  those  terrors  which  I  have  *  before 
touched,  and  many  other  fears  (which  are  infinite)  there  is  a 
superstitious  fear,  one  of  the  three  great  causes  of  fear  in 
Aristotle,  commonly  caused  by  prodigies  and  dismal  accidents, 
which  much  trouble  many  of  us.  (Nescio  quid  animus  mihi 
preesagit  malu)  As  if  a  hare  cross  the  way  at  our  going 
forth,  or  a  mouse  gnaw  our  clothes  ;  if  they  bleed  three  drops 
at  nose,  the  salt  fall  towards  them,  a  black  spot  appear  in 
their  nails,  ifec,  with  many  such,  which  Delrio,  Tom,  2,  L  3, 
sect,  4,  Austin  Niphus  in  his  book  de  Augunis,  Polydore 
Virg.,  /,  3,  de  Prodigiis,  Sarisburiensis,  Poly cr at,  I,  1,  c.  13, 
discuss  at  large.  They  are  so  much  affected,  that  with  the 
very  strength  of  imagination,  fear,  and  the  devil's  craft, 
* "  they  pull  those  misfortunes  they  suspect  upon  their  own 
heads,  and  that  which  they  fear  shall  come  upon  them/'  as 
Solomon  foretelleth,  Prov.  x.  24,  and  Isaiah  denouuceth, 
Ixvi.  4,  which  if  *they  could  neglect  and  contemn,  would 
not  come  to  pass,  Eorum  vires  nostra  resident  opinione,  ut 
morhi  gravitas  agrotantium  cogitatione,  they  are  intended  and 

^  Tta  Ihstu  ante  untun  menmm  turglda  fbar   firom  ominous  accidents,  destinies 

clritan.  et  cacuminibns  coelum   pulsare  foretold.              s  Accersuntsibi  nialnm 

visa,  ad  inferoA  usque  pancis  diebus  de-  >  Si  noo  obserremus,  niliil  valent.    PoU 

ieeta.             iBect.  2,Memb  4,  Subs.  8,  dor. 


478  Causes  of  Mdanchdly.  {Part  I.  see.  %. 

remitted,  as  oar  opinion  is  fixed,  more  or  less.  N.  N.  dot 
pcBncu,  saith  ^  Crato  of  such  a  one,  tttinam  non  cUtraheret : 
be  is  punished,  and  is  the  cause  of  it  ^  himself. 

*  Dum  fata  fugimtis,  fata  stulii  incurrimus^  the  thing  that 
I  feared,  saith  Job,  is  fallen  upon  me. 

As  much  we  may  say  of  them  that  are  troubled  with  their 
fortunes ;  or  ill  destinies  foreseen :  multos  angit  preescieniia 
malorum:  The  foreknowledge  of  what  shall  come  to  pass, 
crucifies  many  men ;  foretold  by  astrologers,  or  wizards,  tra- 
tum  oh  ccdumy  be  it  ill  accident,  or  death  itself;  which  oflen 
falls  out  by  God's  permission ;  quia  dtBmonem  timent  (saith 
Chrysostom)  Deus  ideo  permittit  acctdere.  Severus,  Adrian, 
Domitian,  can  testify  as  much,  of  whose  fear  and  suspicion, 
Sueton,  Herodian,  and  the  rest  of  those  writers,  tell  strange 
stories  in  this  behalf.  '  Montanus,  consi'L  31,  hath  one  exam- 
ple of  a  young  man,  exceeding  melancholy  upon  this  occasion. 
Such  fears  have  still  tormented  mortal  men  in  all  ages,  by 
reason  of  those  lying  oracles,  and  juggling  priests,  f  There 
was  a  fountain  in  Greece,  near  Ceres's  temple  in  Achaia, 
where  the  event  of  such  diseases  was  to  be  known ;  "  A  glass 
let  down  by  a  thread,"  &c.  Amongst  those  Cyanean  rocks 
at  the  springs  of  Lycia,  was  the  oracle  of  Thrixeus  Apollo, 
"  where  all  fortunes  were  foretold,  sickness,  health,  or  what 
they  would  besides ; "  so  common  people  have  been  always 
deluded  with  future  events.  At  this  day,  Metus  ftUuroru/n 
tnaxime  torquet  Sinas^  this  foolish  fear  mightily  crucifies 
them  in  China;  as  ^Matthew  Riccius  the  Jesuit  informeth 
us,  in  his  commentaries  of  those  countries,  of  all  nations  they 
are  most  superstitious,  and  much  tormented  in  this  kind, 
attributing  so  much  to  their  divinators,  lU  ipse  metus  fdem 
faciatf  that  fear  itself  and  conceit  cause  it  to  *fall  out ;  if  he 
foretell  sickness  such  a  day,  that  very  time  they  will  be  sick, 

1  Consil.  26, 1.  2.  >  Harm  watch,  sum  f>]nicu1o  deraittunt :  et  ad  Cyaneaa 

harm    catch.  ♦  Geor    Buchanan,  petras  ad  livciae  fontes,  &c.        *  Expedit. 

*  JuTenis  goUcitus  de  futuris  frustra,  fac-  in  Sinan,  lib.  1,  c.  3.  *  Timendo  prae* 

tu8  melancholicus.  t  Pau.saniu8.  in  occnpat.  quod  vitat,  iiltro  provocatque 

Achaici8,  lib.  7.        Ubi  omnium  eventus  quod  fugit,  gaudetque  moorens  et  lubau 

diguoscuntur.    Speculum  tenui  suspen-  miser  fUit.    Heinsios  AusCiiMO. 


Mem.  4,  rabs.  7.]  OOuet  AcciderUSy  Sfc.  479 

vi  metus  afflicti  in  cBgritudinem  cadunt ;  and  many  tiin«js  die 
as  it  is  foretold.  A  true  saying,  Timor  mortis^  mons  pejor^ 
the  fear  of  death  is  worse  than  death  itself,  and  the  memory 
of  that  sad  hour,  to  some  fortunate  and  rich  men,  "  is  as  bitter 
as  gall,"  Ecclus.  xli.  1.  Inquietam  nobis  vitam  facit  mortis 
metus,  a  worse  plague  cannot  happen  to  a  man,  than  to  be  so 
troubled  in  his  mind ;  'tis  triste  divortium,  a  heavy  separation, 
to  leave  their  goods,  with  so  much  labour  got,  pleasures  of 
the  world,  which  they  have  so  deliciously  enjoyed,  friends 
and  companions  whom  they  so  dearly  loved,  all  at  once. 
Axicchus  the  philosopher  was  bold  and  courageous  all  his 
life,  and  gave  good  precepts  de  contemnenda  morte,  and 
against  the  vanity  of  the  world,  to  others ;  but  being  now 
ready  to  die  himself,  he  was  mightily  dejected,  hoc  luce  pri- 
vahor  f  his  orbabor  bonis  ?  *  he  lamented  like  a  child,  &c. 
And  though  Socrates  himself  was  there  to  comfort  him,  ubi 
pristina  virtutum  jactatio,  0  Aocioche  ?  "  where  is  all  your 
boasted  virtue  now,  my  friend  ?  "  yet  he  was  very  timorous 
and  impatient  of  death,  much  troubled  in  his  mind,  Imbellis 
pavor  et  impatientia,  S^c.  "  O  Clotho,"  Megapetus  the  tyrant 
in  Lucian  exclaims,  now  ready  to  depart,  "  let  me  live  awhile 
longer.  ^  I  will  give  thee  a  thousand  talents  of  gold,  and  two 
boles  besides,  which  I  took  from  Cleocritus,  worth  a  hundred 
talents  apiece."  "  Woe's  me,"  ^saith  another,  "  what  goodly 
manors  shall  I  leave  !  what  fertile  fields  !  what  a  fine  house  I 
what  pretty  children  !  how  many  servants !  Who  shall  gather 
my  grapes,  my  corn  ?  Must  I  now  die  so  well  settled  ?  Leave 
all,  so  richly  and  well  provided  ?  Woe's  me,  what  shall  I  do?" 
•  Animida  vagida,  blandula,  qiue  nunc  abibis  in  loca  f 

To  these  tortures  of  fear  and  sorrow,  may  well  be  annexed 
curiosky,  that  irksome,  that  tyrannizing  care,  nimia  soliciiudo^ 
"^superfluous  industry  about  unprofitable  things  and  their 
qualities,"  as  Thomas  defines  it ;  an  itching  humour  or  a  kind 

♦  "  Must  T  be  deprived  of  this  life.— of  dem.    Hei  mihi  quae  relinquenda  pr»» 

thoRe  possesHions?  "        l  Tom.  4,  dial.  8,  dia?  quam  fertiles  agri!  &o.        >  Adrian 

Cataplo     Auri  puri  mille  talenta  me  ho-  <  Indostria  superfloa  circa  res  inutiles. 
iie  tibi  daturum  promitto,  &c.        >  Ibi- 


480  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  L  sec  2. 

of  longing  to  see  that  which  is  not  to  be  seen,  to  do  that 
which  ought  not  to  be  done,  to  know  that  ^  secret  which 
should  not  be  known,  to  eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit.  We  com- 
monly molest  and  tire  ourselves  about  things  unfit  and  un- 
necessary, as  Martha  troubled  herself  to  little  purpose.  Be 
it  in  religion,  humanity,  magic,  philosophy,  policy,  any  action 
or  study,  'tis  a  needless  trouble,  a  mere  torment.  For  what 
else  is  school  divinity,  how  many  doth  it  puzzle?  what  fruit- 
less questions  about  the  Trinity,  resurrection,  election,  pre- 
destination, reprobation,  hell-fire,  &c,  how  many  shall  be 
saved,  damned  ?  What  else  is  all  superstition,  but  an  end- 
less observation  of  idle  ceremonies,  traditions  ?  What  is 
most  of  our  philosophy  but  a  labyrinth  of  opinions,  idle 
questions,  propositions,  metaphysical  terms  ?  Socrates,  there- 
fore, held  all  philosophers,  cavillers,  and  mad  men,  circa  sulh 
tilia  CaviUatores  pro  insanis  habuit,  pedum  eos  arguens^  saith 
*  Eusebius,  because  they  commonly  sought  after  such  things, 
qu(B  nee  percipi  a  nobis  neque  comprehendi  possent^  or  put 
case  they  did  understand,  yet  they  were  altogeth(T  unprof- 
itable. For  what  matter  is  it  for  us  to  know  how  high  the 
Pleiades  are,  how  far  distant  Perseus  and  Cassiopea  from  us, 
how  deep  the  sea,  &c.  ?  we  are  neither  wiser,  as  he  follows  it, 
nor  modester,  nor  better,  nor  richer,  nor  stronger  for  the 
knowledge  of  it.  Quod  supra  nos  nihil  ad  nos,  I  may  say 
the  same  of  those  genethliacal  studies,  what  is  astrology 
but  vain  elections,  predictions  ?  all  magic,  but  a  troublesome 
error,  a  pernicious  foppery  ?  physic,  but  intricate  rules  and 
prescriptions  ?  philology,  but  vain  criticisms  ?  logic,  needless 
sophisms?  metaphysics  themselves,  but  intricate  subtilties 
and  fruitless  abstractions?  alchemy,  but  a  bundle  of  errors? 
to  what  end  are  such  great  tomes?  why  do  we  spend  so 
many  years  in  their  studies  ?  Much  better  to  know  nothing 
at  all,  as  those  barbarous  Indians  are  wholly  ignorant,  than 
as  some  of  us,  to  be  sore  vexed  about  unprofitable  toys: 

I  FlaT8B  secreta  Minerm  ut  Tiderafc  Aglaoros.    Ot.  Met.  2.       •  Contra  PhUot. 
—  61. 


Hem.  *,  tubs.  7.]  Other  Aceidena,  ^c. 


481 


slultas  labor  est  inepliarum,  to  build  a  house  wiihout  pins, 
make  a  rope  of  sand,  lo  what  end?  cut  /wno?  He  aludiea 
on,  but  as  the  boy  told  St.  Austin,  when  I  have  laved  the  sea 
dry,  thou  slialt  understand  llie  mystery  of  the  Trinity,  He 
makes  observations,  keep«  times  and  masons ;  and  as  '  Con- 
radua  the  emperor  would  not  touch  his  new  bride,  till  an 
astrologer  had  told  him  a  masculine  hour,  but  with  what  suc- 
cess ?  He  travels  into  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  seareheth  every 
creek,  eea,  city,  mountain,  gulf,  to  what  end  ?  See  one  prom- 
ontory («aid  Socrates  of  old),  one  raountaiti,  one  sea,  one 
river,  and  see  all.  An  alchemist  spends  his  fortunes  to  find 
out  the  philosopher's  atone  forsooth,  cure  all  diseases,  make 
men  long-lived,  victorious,  fortunate,  invisible,  and  beggars 
himself,  misled  by  those  seducing  impostors  (which  he  shall 
never  attain)  to  make  gold  ;  an  antiquary  eonaumes  his  treas- 
ure and  time  to  scrape  up  a  company  of  old  coins,  slatues, 
nilas,  edicts,  manuscripts,  Ac,  he  must  know  what  was  done 
of  old  it)  Athens,  Rome,  what  lodgings  diet,  houses  they  had, 
and  have  all  the  present  news  at  first,  though  never  so  re- 
mote, before  all  others,  what  projects,  counsels,  consultations, 
&C.,  <)u{d  Juno  in  aurem  insuMtrret  Jom,  what's  now  decreed 
in  Fi-ance,  what  in  Ilalj ;  who  was  he,  whence  comes  he, 
which  way,  whither  goes  he,  &c.,  Aristplle  must  find  out  the 

ition  of  Euripus  ;  Pliny  must  needs  see  Vesuvius,  but  how 
tliey  7  One  loseth  goods,  anotiier  his  life ;  Pyrrhus  will 
[uer  Africa  first,  and  then  Asia ;  he  will  be  a  sole  mon- 
_  :h,  a  second  immortal,  a  third  rich,  a  fourth  commands. 
^Turbine  magno  tpei  solieita  in  urbibiu  errant;  wo  run, 
ride,  take  indefatigable  pains,  all  up  early,  down  late,  striv- 
ing to  get  that  which  we  had  belter  be  without  (Ardelion'a 
busy-bodies  as  we  are),  it  were  much  fitter  for  us  lo  be  quiet, 
ait  still,  and  take  our  ease.     His  sole  study  is  for  words,  that 

they  l>e Lepidx  kxeU  composta  ul  tesierulx  omitet,  not  a 

lable  misplaced,  to  set  out  a  stramineous  subject ;  aa  thine 

.ftbout  apparel,  to  follow  the  fashion,  to  be  terse  and  polite. 


482  Causes  of  Mdanchofy.  [Part.  L  see.). 

Wa  thj  sole  basiness;  both  with  like  profit.  His  onlj  de- 
light is  building,  he  spends  himself  to  get  curious  pictures, 
intricate  models  and  plots,  another  is  wholly  ceremonious 
about  titles,  degrees,  inscriptions ;  a  third  is  over-solicitous 
about  his  diet,  he  must  have  such  and  such  exquisite  sauces, 
meat  so  dressed,  so  far  fetched,  peregriiii  aeris  volucres,  so 
cooked,  &c,  something  to  provoke  thirst,  something  anon  to 
quench  his  thirst  Thus  he  redeems  his  appetite  with  extia- 
ordinary  charge  to  his  purse,  is  seldom  pleased  with  any 
meal,  whilst  a  trivial  stomach  useth  all  with  delight,  and  is 
never  offended.  Another  must  have  roses  in  winter,  alieni 
temporis  Jlores,  snow-water  in  summer,  fruits  before  they  can 
be  or  are  usually  ripe,  artificial  gardens  and  fish-ponds  on  the 
tops  of  houses,  all  things  opposite  to  the  vulgar  sort,  intricate 
and  rare,  or  else  they  are  nothing  worth.  So  busy,  nice 
curious  wits,  make  that  insupportable  in  all  vocations,  trades, 
actions,  employments,  which  to  duller  apprehensions  is  not 
ofiensive,  earnestly  seeking  that  which  others  so  scornfully 
neglect.  Thus  through  our  foolish  curiosity  do  we  macerate 
ourselves,  tire  our  souls,  and  run  headlong,  through  our  in- 
discretion, perverse  will,  and  want  of  government,  into  many 
needless  cares  and  troubles,  vain  expenses,  tedious  journeys, 
painful  hours ;  and  when  all  is  done,  quorsum  hcec  f  cui  bonof 
to  what  end  ? 

1  »*  Nescire  velle  quae  Magister  maximus 
Docere  non  vult,  erudita  inscitia  est.*' 

Unfortunate  marriage.']  Amongst  these  passions  and  irk- 
some accidents,  unfortunate  marriage  may  be  ranked ;  a  cou« 
dition  of  life  appointed  by  Grod  himself  in  Paradise,  an 
honourable  and  happy  estate,  and  as  great  a  felicity  as  can 
befall  a  man  in  this  world,  ^  if  the  parties  can  agree  as  they 
ought,  and  live  as  'Seneca  lived  with  his  Paulina;  but  if 
they  be  unequally  matched,  or  at  discord,  a  greater  misery 

1  Jw.  Scallger,  In  Onomit.  "  To  profess  crown  of  her  husband."    Ptot.  xil.  4| 

a  disinclination  for  tiiat  icnowledge  which  '*  but  she,"  &c.  &o.  S  Lib.  17,  epM 

is  beyond  our  reach,  is  pedantic  igno-  105. 
xanea."         s  ^^  a  virtuous  woman  is  the 


expected,  lo  have  a  scolJ,  a  slut,  a  harlot,  a  fool,  a 
>r  a  fiend,  Ihere  can  be  no  such  [ilague.  Eccics.  xxxvL 
"  He  that  lialh  her  is  tm  if  he  held  a  scorpiou,"  &c, 
26,  "  a  wicked  wife  makes  a  sorry  countenance,  a  heavy 
earC,  and  he  had  rather  dwell  with  a  lion  than  keep  liousa 
Kith  such  a  wife."  Her  '  properties  Jovianus  Pontanua  hath 
icscribed  at  large,  Ant.  dial.  Tom.  2,  under  the  name  of 
Euphorbia.  Or  if  they  be  not  equal  in  years,  the  hke  mis- 
(^iof  happens.  Cecilius  in  AgeUiui,  lib.  2.  cap.  23,  complaina 
niich  of  on  old  wifti,  dum  ejus  morti  inhio,  egomet  morlaut 
pivo  inter  vivot,  whilst  I  gape  afler  her  death,  1  live  a  dead 
a  amongst  the  Uving,  or  if  they  dislike  upon  any  occa^ioo, 

*"  Judge  who  thnt  ara  unfortunnlely -wed 


'tod  parents  ht 


A  young  gentlewoman  in  Basil  was  married,  aaith  Felix 
Pinter,  observal.  £  I,  to  an  anuient  man  against  her  will, 
whom  she  could  not  aSect ;  she  was  continually  melancholy, 
and  pined-away  for  grief;  and  though  her  husband  did  all 
he  could  possibly  to  give  her  content,  in  a  discontented  humour 
at  length  she  hanged  herself.  Many  other  stories  he  relates 
in  thb  kind.  Thus  men  are  plagued  with  women ;  they 
again  with  men,  when  they  are  of  divers  humours  and  con- 
ditions ;  he  a  spendilu-if),  she  sparing ;  one  honest,  the  other 
dishonest,  &c.  Parents  many  times  disquiet  their  children, 
and  they  their  parents,  *  "  A  foolish  son  is  an  heaviness  to 
iiis  mother."  Ityusta  noverca  .■  a  step-mother  often  vexeth  a 
whole  family,  is  matter  of  repentance,  exercise  of  patience, 


484  (husei  of  Melancholy.  [Part.L8ec.2. 

fael  of  dissension,  which  made  Cato's  son  expostulate  with 
bis  father,  whj  he  should  offer  to  many  his  client  Solinius's 
daughter,  a  young  wench,  Cujtu  causd  novercam  induceret; 
what  offence  had  he  done,  that  he  should  marry  again  ? 

Unkind,  unnatural  friends,  evil  neighbours,  bad  servants, 
debts,  and  debates,  &c,  'twas  Chilon's  sentence,  comes  oris 
alieni  et  litis  est  miseria^  misery  and  usury  do  commonly 
together ;  suretyship  is  the  bane  of  many  families,  Sponde 
prcesto  noxa  est;  ^ he  shall  be  sore  vexed  that  is  surety  for  a 
stranger,"  Prov.  xi.  15,  "  and  he  that  hateth  suretysl  ip  is 
gure."  Contention,  brawling,  lawsuits,  falling  out  of  neigh- 
bours and  friends discordia  demens  (  Virg,  ,JSn.  6,)  are 

equal  to  the  first,  grieve  many  a  man,  and  vex  his  souL 
Nihil  sanl  misercdnlius  eorum  mentihus  (as  ^  Boter  holds), 
^nothing  so  miserable  as  such  men,  full  of  cares,  griefs, 
anxieties,  as  if  they  were  stabbed  with  a  sharp  sword ;  fear, 
suspicion,  desperation,  sorrow,  are  their  ordinary  compan- 
ions." Our  Welshmen  are  noted  by  some  of  their  *own 
writers,  to  consume  one  another  in  this  kind ;  but  whosoever 
they  are  that  use  it,  these  are  their  common  symptoms,  espe- 
cially if  they  be  convict  or  overcome,  *  cast  in  a  suit  Arius 
put  out  of  a  bishopric  by  Eustathius,  turned  heretic,  and 
lived  afler  discontented  all  his  life.  *  Every  repulse  is  of 
like  nature ;  heu  qiuznta  de  spe  decidi !  Disgrace,  infamy, 
detraction,  will  almost  affect  as  much,  and  that  a  long  time 
after.  Hipponax,  a  satirical  poet,  so  vilified  and  lashed  two 
painters  in  his  iambics,  tU  ambo  laqueo  se  suffocarenty  ^  Pliny 
saith,  both  hanged  themselves.  All  oppositions,  dangers, 
perplexities,  discontents,  *to  live  in  any  suspense,  are  of  tb« 
same  rank  :  potes  hoc  sub  casu  dvusere  somnos  f  Who  can  hh 
secure   in  such   cases?     Ill-bestowed  benefits,   ingratitude, 

1  De  increm.  urh.  lib.  8,  e.  8,  tanqnam  sd   omninm   boDomm   consnmptioneni 

diro  nmcrone  coDfossi,  his  nulla  requies,  contendunt.         >  Spretseque  injuria  fof 

nulla  delectatio.  solicitudine,  gemitu,  fu-  mm.      *  Quseqne  repulsa  graris.      ^Lib. 

rore,  desperatioue,   timore,  tanquam  ad  86,  c.  6.        *  Nihil  aeque  amarum,  qu4m 

rerpctuam  serumnam    infeliciter   rapti.  diu  pendere  :  quidam  sequiore  animo  fe* 

Uuiiifredu8Lluyd,epi8t.  ad  Abraham um  runt  prsecidi  epem  suam    qu&m  trahi. 

Ortelium.    M.  Vaughan,  in  his  Golden  Seneca,  cap.  3,  lib.  2,  de  Den.    Yizf.    Pla* 

fleece.    Litibus  et  controTersiia  usque  ter,  obsenrat.  lib.  1. 


Hem.  4,  sabs.  7.]  Other  Accidents,  S^e.  489 

unthankful  friends,  and  much  disquiet  molest  some.  Un* 
kind  speeches  trouble  as  manj ;  uncivil  carriage  or  dogged 
answers,  weak  women  above  the  rest,  if  thej  proceed  from 
their  surly  husbands,  are  as  bitter  as  gall,  and  not  to  be 
digested.  A  glassman's  wife  in  Basil  became  melancholy 
because  her  husband  said  he  would  marry  again  if  she  died. 
^  No  cut  to  unkindness,"  as  the  saying  is,  a  frown  and  hard 
speech,  ill  respect,  a  brow-beating,  or  bad  look,  especially  to 
courtiers,  or  such  as  attend  upon  great  persons,  is  present 
death:  Ingenium  vuUu  statque  caditque  sua,  they  ebb  and 
flow  with  their  masters'  favours.  Some  persons  are  at  their 
wits'  ends,  if  by  chance  they  overshoot  themselves*,  in  their 
ordinary  speeches,  or  actions,  which  may  after  turn  to  their 
disadvantage  or  disgrace,  or  have  any  secret  disclosed. 
JSonsetis,  epist  miscel,  3,  reports  of  a  gentlewoman,  twenty- 
five  years  old,  that  falling  foul  with  one  of  her  gossips,  was 
upbraided  with  a  secret  infirmity  (no  matter  what)  in  public^ 
and  so  much  grieved  with  it,  that  she  did  thereupon,  solitw- 
dines  qiusrerey  omnes  ab  se  ahlegare^  etc  tandem  in  gravis^ 
simam  incidens  metancholiam^  contabescere,  forsake  all  com- 
pany, quite  moped,  and  in  a  melancholy  humour  pine  away. 
Others  are  as  much  tortured  to  see  themselves  rejected,  con- 
temned, scorned,  disabled,  defamed,  detracted,  undervalued, 
or,  ^"lefl  behind  their  fellows."  Lucian  brings  in  JBta- 
macles,  a  philosopher  in  his  Lapith,  convivio,  much  discon- 
tented that  he  was  not  invited  amongst  the  rest,  expostulat- 
ing the  matter,  in  a  long  epistle,  with  Aristenetus  their  host. 
Praetextatus,  a  robed  gentleman  in  Plutarch,  would  not  sit 
down  at  a  feast,  because  he  might  not  sit  highest,  but  went 
his  ways  all  in  a  chafe.  We  see  the  common  quarrellings 
that  are  ordinary  with  us,  for  taking  of  the  wall,  precedency, 
and  the  like,  which  though  toys  in  themselves,  and  things  of 
no  moment,  yet  they  cause  many  distempers,  much  heart- 
burning amongst  us.  Nothing  pierceth  deeper  than  a  con- 
tempt or  disgrace,  ^especially  if  they  be  generous   spirits, 

1  Tnrpe  relinqui  est,  Ilor.        *  SclmoB  enim  generoem  naturas,  huUa  re  ddai 


486  Oauiei  of  Melancholy.         [Part.  L  mc.  2. 

icarce  anTtbiiig  affects  them  more  than  to  be  despised  or 
vilified.  Crato,  consiL  16,  /I  2,  exemplifies  it,  and  commoa 
experience  confirms  it  Of  the  same  nature  is  oppression, 
Ecdes.  viL  7,  ^  surely  oppression  makes  a  man  mad,"  losis  of 
liberty,  which  made  Brutus  venture  his  life,  Cato  kill  him- 
self, and  ^  TuUj  complain,  Omnem  hilaritcUem  in  perpetuum 
amisij  mine  heart's  broken,  I  shall  never  look  up,  or  be 
merry  again,  ^hcecjactura  irUoUrahUiSy  to  some  parties  'tis  a 
most  intolerable  loss.  Banishment  a  great  misery,  as  l^iv 
teus  describes  it  in  an  epigram  of  his, 

**  Nam  misemm  est  patri&  amiss&f  laribusque  vagari 
Mendioum,  et  timid&  voce  rogare  cibos: 
Omnibus  invisus,  quocunque  accesserit  exul 
Semper  erit,  semper  spretus  egensque  jacet,*'  &o. 

"  A  miserable  thin^  'tis  so  to  wander, 
And  like  a  beggar  for  to  wbine  at  door, 
Contemn' d  of  all  the  world,  an  exile  is, 
Hated,  rejected,  needy  still  and  poor.** 

Polynices  in  his  conference  with  Jocasta  in  •Euripides, 
reckons  up  five  miseries  of  a  banished  man,  the  least  of 
which  alone  were  enough  to  deject  some  pusillanimous 
creatures.  Oftentimes  a  too  great  feeling  of  our  own  in- 
firmities or  imperfections  of  body  or  mind,  will  shrivel  us 
up ;  as  if  we  be  long  sick : 

*'  0  beata  sanitas,  te  prsesente,  amoennm 
Ver  floret  gratiis,  absque  te  nemo  beatus :  *' 

O  blessed  health !  "  thou  art  above  all  gold  and  treasure," 
Ecclus.  XXX.  15,  the  poor  man's  riches,  the  rich  man's  bliss, 
without  thee  there  can  be  no  happiness  ;  or  visited  with 
some  loathsome  disease,  offensive  to  others,  or  troublesome  to 
ourselves ;  as  a  stinking  breath,  deformity  of  our  limbs, 
crookedness,  loss  of  an  eye,  leg,  hand,  paleness,  leanness, 
redness,  baldness,  loss  or  want  of  hair,  &c.,  hie  uhi  Jluers 
ccepit,  diros  ictus  cordi  inferty  saith  *  Synesius,  he  himself 

aaoreri.  aut  grarlus  afllcl  qnim  contemp-  lib.  12.  *  Epist.  ad  Brutam.  *  In 
ia  ao  despicientia.      i  Ad  Atticum  epist.    Plueniss.       *  In  laudem  oalyit. 


Mem.  4,  subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents,  SfC.  487 

troubled  not  a  little  ob  com4B  defectum,  the  loss  of  hair  alone, 
strikes  a  cruel  stroke  to  the  heart  Acco,  an  old  woman, 
seeing  by  chance  her  face  in  a  true  glass  (for  she  used  false 
flattering  glasses  belike  at  other  times,  as  most  gentlewomen 
do),  (tnimi  dolore  in  insaniam  delapsa  est  (Cselius  Rho« 
diginus,  /I  17,  c.  2),  ran  mad.  ^  Brotheus,  the  son  of  Vulcan, 
because  he  was  ridiculous  for  his  imperfections,  flung  him- 
self into  the  fire.  Lais  of  Corinth,  now  grown  old,  gave  up 
her  glass  to  Venus,  for  she  could  not  abide  to  look  upon  it. 
^  Qualis  sum  nolo,  qualis  eram  nequeo.  Generally  to  fair 
nice  pieces,  old  age  and  foul  linen  are  two  most  odious 
things,   a  torment  of   torments,   they  may  not  abide  the 

thought  of  it, 

*  "  6  deorum 
Quisquis  hsec  audis,  utinam  inter  errem 

Nuda  leones, 
Anteqnam  turpis  macies  decentes 
Occupet  malas,  tenerseque  succus 
Defluat  prsedae,  speciosa  qusero 
Pascere  tigres." 

**  Hear  me,  some  gi;acious  heavenly  power, 
Let  lions  dire  tiiis  naked  corse  devour. 
My  cheeks  ere  hollow  wrinkles  seize, 
Ere  yet  their  rosy  bloom  decays ; 
While  youth  yet  rolls  its  vital  flood, 
Let  tigers  friendly  riot  in  my  blood." 

To  be  foul,  ugly,  and  deformed,  much  better  be  buried  alive* 
Some  are  fair  but  barren,  and  that  galls  them.  "  Hannah 
wept  sore,  did  not  eat,  and  was  troubled  in  spirit,  and  all  for 
her  barrenness,"  1  Sam.  i.  and  Gen.  xxx.  Rachel  said  "  in 
the  anguish  of  her  soul,  give  me  a  child,  or  I  shall  die ; " 
another  hath  too  many ;  one  was  never  married,  and  that's 
his  hell,  another  is,  and  that's  his  plague.  Some  are  troubled 
in  that  they  are  obscure  ;  others  by  being  traduced^  slandered, 
abused,  disgraced,  vilified,  or  any  way  injured :  minime  miror 
tos  (as  he  said)  qui  insanire  occipiunt  ex  injuria,  I  marvel 
not  at  all  if  offences  make  men  mad.     Seventeen  particular 

lOvid.       SECret.       •  Hor.  Caim.  Lib.  8,  Ode 27. 


488  Came$  of  Melanchofy.  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

causes  of  anger  and  offence  Aristotle  reckons  them  up,  which 
for  brevity's  sake  I  must  omit  No  tidings  troubles  one ;  ill 
reports,  rumours,  bad  tidings  or  news,  hard  hap,  ill  success, 
cast  in  a  suit,  vain  hopes,  or  hope  deferred,  another ;  expecta- 
tion, adeo  omnibus  in  rehus  molesta  semper  est  expectation  as 
^Polybius  observes;  one  is  too  eminent,  another  too  base 
bom,  and  that  alone  tortures  him  as  much  as  the  rest ;  one  is 
out  of  action,  company,  employment ;  another  overcome  and 
tormented  with  worldly  cares,  and  onerous  business.  But 
what  ^  tongue  can  suffice  to  speak  of  all  ? 

Many  men  catch  this  malady  by  eating  certain  meats, 
herbs,  ixx)ts,  at  unawares ;  as  henbane,  nightshade,  cicuta,  man 
drakes,  &c  '  A  company  of  young  men  at  Agrigentum  in 
Sicily,  came  into  a  tavern ;  where  after  they  had  freely  taken 
their  liquor,  whether  it  were  the  wine  itself,  or  something 
mixed  with  it  'tis  not  yet  known,  ^  but  upon  a  sudden  they 
began  to  be  so  troubled  in  their  brains,  and  their  fantasy 
60  crazed,  that  they  thought  they  were  in  a  ship  at  sea,  and 
now  ready  to  be  cast  away  by  reason  of  a  tempest  Where- 
fore to  avoid  shipwreck  and  present  drowning,  they  flung  all 
the  goods  in  the  house  out  at  the  windows  into  the  street,  or 
into  the  sea,  as  they  supposed ;  thus  they  continued  mad  a 
pretty  season,  and  being  brought  before  the  magistrate  to 
give  an  account  of  this  their  fact,  they  told  him  (not  yet 
recovered  of  their  madness)  that  what  was  done  they  did  for 
fear  of  death,  and  to  avoid  imminent  danger ;  the  spectators 
were  all  amazed  at  this  their  stupidity,  and  gazed  on  them 
still,  whilst  one  of  the  ancientest  of  the  company,  in  a  grave 
tone,  excused  himself  to  the  magistrate  upon  his  knees,  0 
viri  Tritones,  ego  in  imo  jacui,  I  beseech  your  deities,  &c., 
for  I  was  in  the  bottom  of  the  ship  all  the  while ;  another 
besought  them  as  so  many  sea-gods  to  be  good  unto  them, 
and  if  ever  he  and  his  fellows  came  to  land  again,  *  he  would 

1  nist.  lib.  6.        3  Non  mihi  si  centum  putarent,  marique   ragabundo  tcmpes* 

linguae  sint,  oraque  centum,  omnia  cau-  tate  jactatos,  proinde  naufragium  veritli 

varum  percurrere  nominapostiem.     'Ce-  egestis  undique  rebus    Tasa   omnia   ia 

Uu8,  1.  IT,  cap.  2.  *  Ita  mente  exagi-  viam  6  leneHtris,  eeu  in  mare  prsecipit^* 

tuti  sunt,  ut  in  triremi  se   constitutos  runt:  postridie,  &c.  6  Aram  vobii 


H^mi.  4,  subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents^  SfC.  489 

build  an  altar  to  their  service.  The  magistrate  could  not  su& 
ficiently  laugh  at  this  their  madness,  hid  them  sleep  it  out,  and 
so  went  his  ways.  Many  such  accidents  frequently  happen, 
upon  these  unknown  occasions.  Some  are  so  caused  by 
philters,  wandering  in  the  sun,  biting  of  a  mad  dog,  a  blow 
on  the  head,  stinging  with  that  kind  of  spider  called  tarantula, 
an  ordinary  thing  if  we  may  believe  Skenck.,  /.  6,  de  Venenitj 
in  Calabria  and  Apulia  in  Italy,  Cardan.,  subtil,  L  9,  Scaliger, 
exerdtat,  185.  Their  symptoms  are  merrily  described  by 
Jovianus  Pontanus,  Ant,  dial,  how  they  dance  altogether,  and 
are  cured  by  music  *  Cardan  speaks  of  certain  stones,  if 
ihey  be  carried  about  one,  which  will  cause  melancholy  and 
madness ;  he  calls  them  unhappy,  as  an  ^  adamant,  seUnites^ 
Sfc,  "which  dry  up  the  body,  increase  cares,  diminish  sleep;" 
Ctesias  in  Persicis,  makes  mention  of  a  well  in  those  parts, 
of  which  if  any  man  drink,  '"he  is  mad  for  24  hours." 
Some  lose  their  wits  by  terrible  objects  (as  elsewhere  I  have 
more  *  copiously  dilated)  and  life  itself  many  times,  as  Hip- 
politus  affrighted  by  Neptune's  sea-horses,  Athemas  by  Juno's 
furies ;  but  these  relations  are  common  in  all  writers. 

*  "  Hlc  alias  poteram,  et  plures  subnectere  causas, 
Sed  jumenta  vocant,  et  Sol  inclinat,  Eundum  est.** 

"  Many  such  causes,  much  more  could  I  say, 
But  that  for  provender  my  cattle  stay: 
The  sun  declines,  and  I  must  needs  away/* 

These  causes  if  they  be  considered,  and  come  alone,  I  do 
easily  yield,  can  do  little  of  themselves,  seldom,  or  apart  (an 
old  oak  is  not  felled  at  a  blow),  though  many  times  they  aro 
all  sufficient  every  one  ;  yet  if  they  concur,  as  often  they  do, 
vis  unita  fortlor ;  et  quce  non  ohsunt  singida,  mtdta  nocenty 
they   may   batter  a  strong   constitution;    as   'Austin   said, 

lenratoribos  d!i!i  eriaiemus.            i  Lib  de  Numquid  minntissima  sant  gnntk  are. 

gemmis.           s  Quae  g:e.stat8B  Infelicem  et  use?  sed  si  arena  ampHus  in  navem  mit- 

triRtem  reddunj;,  curas  augent,  corpus  tatur.  mei^t  illam;  quam  minutae  gut- 

Biccant,  Romnum  minuunt.                ^  Ad  tae  p1uvi(e!et  tamen  implent  tlumina, 

ununi  diem  mente  alienatns.          *  Part,  domus  tgiciunt,  timenda  ergo  ruiua  mul- 

1,  Sect.  2.  Subsert.  3.        ^  Juven.  Sat.  8.  titudiais,  si  non  magnitudinis. 
lutus  bestisQ  minutse  malt»  necaut. 


490  Oausei  of  Melanchofy.  [Part  L see.! 

^  manj  grains  and  small  sands  sink  a  ship,  many  small  drops 
make  a  flood,"  &c.,  oflen  reiterated ;  many  dispositions  pro- 
duce an  habit. 


MEMB.  V. 

SuBSECT.  I. —  Continent,  inward,  antecedent,  next  causes^  and 
haw  the  Body  works  on  the  Mind, 

As  a  purlj  hunter,  I  have  hitherto  beaten  about  the  circuit 
of  the  forest  of  this  microcosm,  and  followed  only  those  out- 
ward adventitious  causes.  I  will  now  break  into  the  inner 
rooms,  and  rip  up  the  antecedent  immediate  causes  which  are 
there  to  be  found.  For  as  the  distraction  of  the  mind, 
amongst  other  outward  causes  and  perturbations,  alters  the 
temperature  of  the  body,  so  the  distraction  and  distemper  of 
the  body  will  cause  a  distemperature  of  the  soul,  and  'tis 
hard  to  decide  which  of  these  two  do  more  harm  to  the  other. 
Plato,  Cyprian,  and  some  others,  as  I  have  formerly  said,  lay 
the  greatest  fault  upon  the  soul,  excusing  the  body ;  others 
again  accusing  the  body,  excuse  the  soul,  as  a  principal  agent. 
Their  reasons  are,  because  ^  "  the  manners  do  follow  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body,"  as  Galen  proves  in  his  book  of  that 
subject,  Prosper  Calemus  de  Atra  bile,  Jason  Pratensis,  c. 
de  Mania^  Lemnius,  I,  4,  c.  16,  and  many  others.  And  that 
which  Gualter  hath  commented,  ham,  10,  in  epist.  Johannit, 
is  most  true  ;  concupiscence  and  original  sin,  inclinations,  and 
bad  humours,  are  ^  radical  in  every  one  of  us,  causing  these 
perturbations,  affections,  and  several  distempers,  offering  many 
times  violence  unto  the  soul.  "  Every  man  is  tempted  by 
his  own  concupiscence,"  (James  i.  14,)  the  spirit  is  willing 
but  the  flesh  is  weak,  and  rebelleth  against  the  spirit,  as  our 
*  apostle  teacheth  us  ;  that  methinks  the  soul  hath  the  better 
plea  against  the  body,  which  so  forcibly  inclines  us,  that  we 

1  Blores  seqauntur  temperaturam  corporis.       s  ScintUlsB  latent  in  corporibas. 
»  Gal.  6. 


Olher  Aecidentt,  S/e. 


491 


cannot  resist,  Nee  not  obniti  contra,  nee  tendare  lantrtm  nfffiet- 
mta.  How  the  body  beiug  mati^rial,  worketh  upon  the  im- 
material soul,  by  mediation  of  liumoitra  and  !ipirita,  which 
participate  of  boih,  and  ill-disposed  organs,  Cornelius  Agrippa 
hath  discoursed,  lib.  1,  de  ocruU.  Philos.  cap.  G3,  61,  Co. 
Levinu^  Lemnius,  lib.  1,  de  oceuU.  nat.  mir.  cap.  12,  et  IG,  et 
21,  iixalitat.  etd  opt.  vit.  Feikinm,  lib.  1.  Cases  of  Cons,  ctqi, 
12.  T.  BHght,  c.  10,  11,  12.  "in  his  treatise  of  melancholy," 
for  as  ^  anger,  fear,  aorrow,  obtreclalion,  emulation,  &c.,  n 
metitii  intiinos  recesstu  oceupHrird,  snith  ^  Lemnius,  corpori 
quoque  in/esta  sunt,  et  ilU  teterrimos  morbos  infenint,  ctiuse 
grievous  diseases  in  the  body,  so  bodily  diseases  affect  tha 
Boul  by  consent.  Now  the  cliiefest  causes  proceed  from  tha 
'heart,  humours,  spirits  ;  as  they  are  purer,  or  impurer,  so  is 
the  mind,  and  equally  suffers,  as  a  lute  oat  of  tone,  if  one 
string  or  one  organ  be  distempered,  all  the  rest  miscarry, 
*  corpus  omuilum  hestemis  vitiis,  animum  quoque  pragravat 
unu.  The  hotly  is  domiciVfum  ariimee,  her  house,  abode,  and 
stay ;  and  as  a  torch  gives  a  better  light,  a  sweeter  smell, 
according  to  the  matter  it  is  made  of;  so  doth  our  soul  per- 
form all  her  actions,  better  or  woree,  as  her  organs  are  dis- 


posed ;  or  as  wine  savi 
the  soul  receives  a  tine 
works.  We  see  111  is 
Asians,  hot  and  cold  clin 
sad  ;    phlegmatic,  dull ; 


s  of  the  cask  wherein  it  is  kept; 

e  from  the  body  through  which  it 
old    men,    children,    Europeans ; 

;  sanguine  are  naerry  ;  melancholy, 
;  by  reason  of  abundance  of  lliose 
humours,  and  they  cannot  resist  such  passions  which  are  in- 
flicted by  them.  For  in  this  inlirmity  of  human  nature,  as 
Melancthon  declares,  the  understanding  is  so  tied  lo,  ami 
captivated  by  his  inferior  senses,  that  without  their  help  he 
cannot  exercise  his  functions,  and  the  will  being  weakened, 
bath  but  a  small  power  to  restrain  those  outward  parts,  but 


k  )FgB  cQD»nli  affloi- 


492  Oauiei  of  Mdcmcholy.  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

suffers  herself  to  be  overruled  by  them ;  that  I  must  needs 
conclude  with  Lemnius,  spirtttu  et  humares  maximum  nocu- 
mentum  oUinentj  spirits  and  humours  do  most  harm  in 
^troubling  the  soul.  How  should  a  man  choose  but  be 
choleric  and  angrj,  that  hath  his  body  so  clogged  with  abun* 
dance  of  gross  humours  ?  or  melancholy,  that  is  so  inwardly 
disposed?  That  thence  comes  then  this  malady,  madness, 
apoplexies,  lethargies,  &c.,  it  may  not  be  denied. 

Now  this  body  of  ours  is  most  part  distempered  by  some 
precedent  diseases,  which  molest  his  inward  organs  and 
instruments,  and  so  per  consequens  cause  melancholy,  ac^rd- 
ing  to  th6  consent  of  the  most  approved  physicians.  *  **  This 
humour  (as  Avicenna,  /.  3,  Fen.  1,  Tract  4,  c.  18,  Amoldus, 
breviar,  L  1,  c.  18,  Jacchinus,  comment,  in  9  Hhasis,  c,  15, 
Montaltus,  c.  10,  Nicholas  Piso,  c.  de  Melan.  S^c,  suppose)  is 
begotten  by  the  distemperature  of  some  inward  part,  innate, 
or  lefl  after  some  inflammation,  or  else  included  in  the  blood 
after  an  'ague,  or  some  other  malignant  disease."  This 
opinion  of  theirs  concurs  with  that  of  Galen,  L  3,  c.  6,  de  locis 
affect.  Guianerius  gives  an  instance  in  one  so  caused  by  a 
quartan  ague,  and  Montanus,  consil.  32,  in  a  young  man  of 
twenty-eight  years  of  age,  so  distempered  after  a  quartan, 
which  had  molested  him  five  years  together;  Hildesheim, 
spicel.  2,  de  Mania,  relates  of  a  Dutch  baron,  grievously  tor- 
mented with  melancholy  after  a  long  *ague;  Galen,  /.  de 
atra  bile,  c.  4,  puts  the  plague  a  cause.  Botaldus  in  his 
book  de  lue  vener.  c.  2,  the  French  pox  for  a  cause,  others 
frenzy,  epilepsy,  apoplexy,  because  those  diseases  do  often 
degenerate  into  this.  Of  suppression  of  hemorrhoids,  haem- 
orrhagia,  or  bleeding  at  the  nose,  menstruous  retentions 
(although  they  deserve  a  larger  explication,  as  being  the 
sole  cause  of  a  proper  kind  of  melancholy,  in  more  ancient 

1  namores  pravl  mentem  obnubilant.  cholicnnn  vel  post  febrem  reddi,  ant  all- 

t  Hie  humor  vel  k  partb  intumperie  i^ne-  urn  morbum.    Oalida  iaterapeiies  innata, 

vatur  vel  relinquitur  post  intlammatinnei*,  vel  4  febre  contracta.        *  Karo  quis  diu- 

Tel  cnuwior  in  venia  concIuAus  vel  torpi-  tumo  morbo  laborat,  qui  non  sit  melan- 

duA    mali<^am     qualitatem    contrahit.  cholicus.    Mercurialis,  de  affect,  capitis 

>  Scepe  couBtat  la  febre  hominein  Melaa-  lib.  1,  cap.  10,  de  Mclano. 


maids,  nuna  and  widows,  handled  apart  by  Roderiona  k 
Castro,  and  Mercatus,  as  I  have  elsewhere  signified),  or  any 
other  evacuation  slopped,  I  have  already  spoken.  Only  this 
I  will  add,  that  this  melancholy  which  ^hall  be  caused  by 
auch  infirmities,  deserves  to  be  pitied  of  all  men,  and  to  be 
respected  with  a  more  tender  compassion,  according  to  Lau' 
renting,  as  coming  from  a  more  inevitable  cause. 

Sdbsect.  II. — Dislemperatiire  of  particular  Parti,   Cautel. 

There  is  almost  no  part  of  the  body,  which  being  dis- 
tempered, doth  not  cause  this  malady,  as  the  brain,  and  hia 
part^,  heart,  liver,  spleen,  stomach,  inalrix  or  womb;  pylorus, 
miracbe,  mesentery,  hypochondries,  meseraic  veins;  and  in  8 
word,  saith  ^  Arculanus,  "  ttiere  is  no  part  which  cauaeth  not 
melancholy,  either  becanae  it  ia  adust,  or  doth  not  expel  the 
superfluity  of  the  nutriment.  Savanarola,  Pract.  major,  n*- 
6nc.  1 1,  Tract.  6,  cap.  1,  is  of  the  same  opinion,  that  melancholy 
is  engendered  in  each  piirticular  part,  and  ^  Cralo  in  consiL 
17,  lib.  2,  Gordonius,  who  is  instar  ommtim,  lib.  med.  pariie, 
%  cap.  19,  confirms  as  much,  putting  the  *"  matter  of  melan- 
choly, sometimes  in  the  ntomach,  liver,  heart,  brain,  spleen, 
mirache,  hypochoiidries,  when  as  the  melancholy  humour 
resides  there,  or  the  liver  is  not  well  cleansed  "  &om  melan- 
choly blood." 

The  brain  is  a  familiar  and  frequent  cauce,  too  hot,  or  too 
cold,  *  "  tlimugh  adust  blood  so  caused,"  as  Mercurialis  will 
have  it,  "  within  or  without  the  head,"  the  brain  itself  being 
distempered.  Those  are  most  apt  to  this  disease,  ' "  that 
have  a  hot  heart  and  moist  brain,"  whieh  Montallus,  cap.  II, 
de  Melanck.  approves  out  of  Halyabbas,  Khasis,  and  Avi- 
cenna.  Alercurialis,  cimail.  11,  assigns  the  coldness  of  liia 
brain  a  cause,  and  Salustius  Snlvianus,  med.  lect.  I.  2,  e.  1, 


494  C<m»e$  of  Melariicholy,  [PartLseQ.9* 

^will  have  it  ^  arise  from  a  cold  and  dry  distemperature  of 
the  brain."  Piso,  Benedictus  Victorias  Faventinus,  will  have 
it  proceed  from  a  *  "  hot  distemperature  of  the  brain ; "  and 
'Montaltus,  cap.  10,  from  the  brain's  heat,  scorching  the 
blood.  The  brain  is  still  distempered  by  himself,  or  by  con- 
sent ;  by  himself  or  his  proper  affection,  as  Faventinus  calls 
it,  ^  ^  or  by  vapours  which  arise  from  the  other  parts,  and 
fume  up  into  the  head,  altering  the  animal  faculties." 

Hildesheim,  spiceL  2,  de  Mania,  thinks  it  may  be  caused 
from  a  '^ "  distemperature  of  the  heart ;  sometimes  hot ; 
sometimes  cold."  A  hot  liver,  and  a  cold  stomach,  are 
put  for  usual  causes  of  melancholy ;  Mercurialis,  consiL  11 
et  connL  6,  consiL  86,  assigns  a  hot  liver  and  cold  stomach 
for  ordinary  causes.  'Monavius,  in  an  epistle  of  his  to 
Crato  in  Sooltzius,  is  of  opinion,  that  hypochondriacal  melaur 
choly  may  proceed  from  a  cold  liver ;  the  question  is  there 
discussed.  Most  agree  that  a  hot  liver  is  in  fault;  '"the 
liver  is  the  shop  of  humours,  and  especially  causeth  melan- 
choly by  his  hot  and  dry  distemperature.  'The  stomach 
and  meseraic  veins  do  often  concur,  by  reason  of  their  ob- 
structions, and  thence  their  heat  cannot  be  avoided,  and 
many  times  the  matter  is  so  adust  and  inflamed  in  those 
parts,  that  it  degenerates  into  hypochondriacal  melancholy.^ 
Guianerius,  c,  2,  Tract  15,  holds  the  meseraic  veins  to  be  a 
sutficient  *  cause  alone.  The  spleen  concurs  to  this  malady, 
by  all  their  consents,  and  suppression  of  hemorrhoids,  dum 
non  expurget  altera  causa  lien,  saith  Montaltus,  if  it  be  ^*  "  too 
cold  and  dry,  and  do  not  purge  the  other  parts  as  it  ought," 
cansiL  23.  Montanus  puts  the  ^^  **  spleen  stopped,"  for  a 
great  cause.     ^  Christopherus  d  Vega  reports  of  his  knowl- 

1  Sequltar  melancholia  malam  iatem-  tatett.  *  Ab  intemperie  cordis,  modo 

Miiem  flrigiJam  et  siccam    ipsius  cere-  calidiore,  modo  frifddiora.        *£pi8t.  2(J0. 

Dri.        S8eepefltexcalid1orecerebro,aut  Scoltsdi.  '  Offlcina  hamorum  hepar 

«orpore   eoUigenti   melancholiam,    Piso.  concurrit,  &c.         ^  Ventrioulus  et  yeDtt 

*V«1  per  propriam  affiM^tionem,  Tel  per  meoeraicse  concurruut,  quod  he  parrea 

tOQfensom,  earn  vaporei)  exhalaot  in  oe-  obstructae  sunt,  &c.         9  Per  ra  ^angoi- 

mbinm.    Montait.  cap.  14.         ^Autibi  nem  adurentes.       lo  Lien  frigidus  et  sio- 

|%aitar  melancholicus  fumns,  aut  all-  cui^  cap.  13.  ^^  Splen  obstruotus. 

fubitor,  alterando  anhnales  fiicul-  u  De  arte  med.  lib.  8,  cap.  SA. 


B.  >,]       Cataei  of  Wead-Mtlaneholy. 


495 


edge,  that  bo  hath  known  melancholy  caused  from  putrefied 
blood  in  ihose  seed-veins  and  nomb ;  * "  Arculanus,  from 
that  menstruoua  blood  turned  into  melandtoly,  and  »e<^d  loo 
long  detained  (as  I  have  already  declared)  by  putrefaction 
or  aduslion." 

The  me^onteriuni,  or  midriff,  diaphragma,  is  a  cause  winch 
the  'Greeks  called  fpiutt:  Lecau^  by  his  inniunmation  the 
mind  is  much  troubled  with  convulsions  and  dolago.  All 
these,  most  part,  offend  by  inflammation,  corrupting  liumoura 
and  spirits  in  this  non-natural  melancholy ;  for  from  these  aic 
engendered  fuliginous  and  black  spirits.  And  for  that  reason 
•Montahus,  enp.  10,  de  catuii  melan.  will  liave  *'  ihe  efficient 
cause  of  melancholy  to  be  hot  and  dry,  not  a  cold  and  dry 
didtemperatare,  as  some  hold,  fi-om  the  heat  of  the  brain, 
roasting  the  blood,  immoderate  heat  of  the  liver  and  bowels, 
and  inflammation  of  the  pylorus.  And  so  raucli  the  rather, 
because  that."  as  Galen  holds,  "  all  spices  inflame  the  blood, 
solitariness,  waking,  agues,  study,  meditation,  all  which  heat ; 
and  therefore  he  concludes  that  this  disteraperature  causing 
adventitious  melancholy  is  not  cold  and  dry,  but  hot  and  dry." 
But  of  this  I  have  sufficiently  treated  in  the  mallei'  of  melan- 
choly, and  hold  tliat  this  may  he  true  in  non-natural  melan- 
choly, which  produceth  ma<lne3s,  but  not  in  that  natural, 
jfhich  is  more  cold,  and  b«ing  immoderate,  produceth  a  gentle 
"  Which  opinion  Geraldus  de  Solo  maintains  in  his 
ment  upon  Rhasiit. 

Sl'bsect.  III. — Causes  of  Head-Metanehdy. 
I  After  a  tedious  discourse  of  the  general  causes  of  melan- 
Kjly,  I  am  now  returned  at  last  to  treat  in  brief  of  the  lliroo 
particular  species,  and  auch  causes  as  properly  appertain  unto 
them.     Although  these  causes  promiscuously  concur  to  each 


496  Catues  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

and  every  particular  kind,  and  commonly  produce  their  effects 
in  that  part  which  is  most  weak,  ill-disposed,  and  least  ahle  to 
resist,  and  so  cause  all  three  species,  yet  many  of  them  are 
proper  to  some  one  kind,  and  seldom  found  in  the  rest.  As, 
for  example,  head-melancholy  is  commonly  caused  by  a  cold 
or  hot  distemperature  of  the  brain,  according  to  Laurentius, 
cap.  5,  de  melan.  but  as  ^  Hercules  de  Saxonia  contends,  from 
that  agitation  or  distemperature  of  the  animal  spirits  alone. 
Salust.  Salvianus,  before  mentioned,  lib.  2,  cap.  3,  de  re  med. 
will  have  it  proceed  from  cold ;  but  that  I  take  of  natural 
melancholy,  such  as  are  fools  and  dote  ;  for  as  Galen  writes, 
lib.  4,  de  puis.  8,  and  Avicenna,  *  **  a  cold  and  moist  brain  is 
an  inseparable  companion  of  folly."  But  this  adventitious 
melancholy  which  is  here  meant,  is  caused  of  a  hot  and  dry 
distemperature,  as  •  Damascen,  the  Arabian,  lib.  3,  cap.  22, 
thinks,  and  most  writers ;  Altomarus  and  Piso  call  it  * "  an 
innate  burning  intemperateness,  turning  blood  and  choler  into 
melancholy."  Both  these  opinions  may  stand  good,  as  Bruel 
maintains,  and  Capivaccius,  si  cerebrum  sit  calidiu^,  *"if 
the  brain  be  hot,  the  animal  spirits  will  be  hot,  and  thence 
comes  madness  ;  if  cold,  folly."  David  Crusius,  Theat.  morb. 
Hermet  lib.  2,  cap.  6,  de  atra  bile^  grants  melancholy  to  be  a 
disease  of  an  inflamed  brain,  but  cold  notwithstanding  of  itself: 
calida  per  accidens,  frigida  per  se,  hot  by  accident  only ;  I  am 
of  Capivaccius's  mind  for  my  part.  Now  this  humour,  ac- 
cording to  Salvianus,  is  sometimes  in  the  substance  of  the 
brain,  sometimes  contained  in  the  membranes  and  tunicles 
that  cover  the  brain,  sometimes  in  the  passages  of  the  ventri- 
cles of  the  brain,  or  veins  of  those  ventricles.  It  follows 
many  times  ^  **  frenzy,  long  diseases,  agues,  long  abode  in  hot 
places,  or  under  the  sun,  a  blow  on  the  head,"  as  Rhasis  in- 
formeth  us  ;  Piso  adds  solitariness,  waking,  inflammations  of 

1  Lib.  8,  Tract.  poRtbtiin.  de  melan.  splritus   animalls   calidior,  et    deliriam 

*  A  fotaitate  inffeparabilis  cerebri  frigidi-  maniacum  ;     el   fHgidior.    Act    fatuitas. 

tas.  *  Ab  interno  calore  araatur.  >  MelanchoUa  capitis  accedit  post  phreae- 

<  Intemperies  inoata  exurens,  flavam  bi-  sim  aut  longam  moram  sub  sole,  aut  per> 

lem  ao  saoguinem  in  melancholiam  con-  cuasionem  Ui  capite,  cap.  18,  lib.  1. 
fHTtens.       »  Si  cerebrum  fit  oalidiua,  flet 


Mem.  5,  subs.  4.]       Causes  6f  Windy  Melancholy,  497 

the  head,  proceeding  most  part  ^from  much  use  of  spices,  hot 
wines,  hot  meats ;  all  which  Montanus  reckons  up,  consil.  22, 
for  a  melancholy  Jew;  and  Heurnius  repeats,  cap.  12^  de 
Mania  ;  hot  baths,  garlic,  onions,  saith  Guianerius,  bad  air, 
corrupt,  much  *  waking,  &c.,  retention  of  seed  or  abundance, 
stopping  of  haemorrhagia,  the  midriff  misaffected ;  and  accord- 
ing to  Trallianus,  /.  1,  16,  immoderate  cares,  troubles,  griefs, 
discontent,  study,  meditation,  and,  in  a  word,  the  abuse  of  all 
lhi)se  six  non-natural  things.  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  cap,  16, 
lib,  1,  will  have  it  caused  from  a  'cautery,  or  boil  dried  up, 
or  an  issue.  Amatus  Lusitanus,  cent,  2,  cura,  67,  gives  in- 
stance in  a  fellow  that  had  a  hole  in  his  arm,  * "  after  that 
was  healed,  ran  mad,  and  when  the  wound  was  open,  he  was 
cured  again."  Trincavellius,  consil  13,  lib,  1,  hath  an  exam- 
ple of  a  melancholy  man  so  caused  by  overmuch  continuance 
in  the  sun,  frequent  use  of  venery,  and  immoderate  exercise ; 
and  in  his  cons,  49,  lib,  3,  from  a  *  headpiece  overheated, 
which  caused  head-melancholy.  Prosper  Calenus  brings  in 
Cardinal  Caesius  for  a  pattern  of  such  as  are  so  melancholy 
by  long  study ;  but  examples  are  infinite. 

SuBSECT.  IV. —  Causes  of  Hypochondriacal,  or  Windy  Mel" 

ancholy. 

In  repeating  of  these  causes,  I  must  crambem  bis  coctam 
apponere,  say  that  again  which  I  have  formerly  said,  in  ap- 
plying them  to  their  proper  species*  Hypochondriacal  or 
flatuous  melancholy,  is  that  which  the  Arabians  call  myra- 
chial,  and  is  in  my  judgment  the  most  grievous  and  frequent, 
though  Bruel  and  Laurentius  make  it  least  dangerous,  and 
not  so  hard  to  be  known  or  cured.  His  causes  are  inwai'd  or 
outward.  Inward  from  divers  parts  or  organs,  as  midriff, 
spleen,  stomach,  liver,  pylorus,  womb,  diaphragma,  meseraic 
veins,  stopping  of  issues,  &c.      Montaltus,  cap,  15,  out  of 

1  Qui  bibant  Tina  potentia,  et  saepi  et  ulcere  exsiccato.  *  Ab  ulcere  curato 
rant  sub  flole  <  Curse  validte,  largiores  inddit  in  insaniam,  aperto  vulnere  cu- 
▼ini  et  aromatmn  usus.        >  A  cauterio    rator.       ^  A  galea  nimls  calefiieta. 

VOL.  I.  82 


498  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  I.  see.  X 

Gralen  recites,  ^  ^  heat  and  obstruction  of  those  meseraic  veins, 
as  an  immediate  cause,  by  which  means  the  passage  of  the 
chylus  to  the  liver  is  detained,  stopped,  or  corrupted,  and 
turned  into  rumbling  and  wind."  Montanus,  consiL  233,  hath 
an  evident  demonstration,  Trincavellius  another,  lib.  1,  cap. 
12,  and  Plater  a  third,  observat.  lib,  1,  for  a  doctor  of  the  law 
visited  with  this  infirmity,  from  the  said  obstruction  and  heat 
of  these  meseraic  veins;  and  bowels ;  qwmiam  inter  venine* 
ulum  et  jecur  vena  effervescunt,  the  veins  are  infiamed  about 
the  liver  and  stomach.  Sometimes  those  other  parts  are 
together  misaffected ;  and  concur  to  the  production  of  this 
malady :  a  hot  liver  and  cold  stomach,  or  cold  belly ;  look  for 
instances  in  Hollerius,  Victor  Trincavellius,  consiL  35,  L  3, 
Ilildesheim,  SpiceL  2yfoL  132,  Solenander,  consiL  9,  pro  cive 
Lugdunensi,  Montanus,  consiL  229,  for  the  Earl  of  Montfort  in 
Germany,  1549,  and  Frisimelica  in  the  233d.  consultation  of 
the  said  Montanus.  I.  Caesar  Claudinus  gives  instance  of  a 
cold  stomach  and  over-hot  liver,  almost  in  every  consultation, 
con.  89,  for  a  certain  count ;  and  con.  106,  for  a  Polonian 
baron,  by  reason  of  heat  the  blood  is  inflamed,  and  gross 
vapours  sent  to  the  heart  and  brain*  Mercurialis  subscribes 
to  them,  cons.  89,  * "  the  stomach  being  misaffected,"  which 
he  calls  the  king  of  the  belly,  because  if  he  be  distempered, 
all  the  rest  suffer  with  him,  as  being  deprived  of  their  nutri- 
ment, or  fed  with  bad  nourishment,  by  means  of  which  come 
crudities,  obstructions,  wind,  rumbling,  griping,  &c.  Her- 
cules de  Saxonia,  besides  heat,  will  have  the  weakness  of  the 
liver  and  his  obstruction  a  cause,  facuUcUem  dehilem  jecinoris^ 
which  he  calls  the  mineral  of  melancholy.  Laurentius  assigns 
this  reason,  because  the  liver  over  hot  draws  the  meat  undi* 
gested  out  of  the  stomach,  and  bumeth  the  humours.  Mon- 
tanus, cons.  244,  proves  that  sometimes  a  cold  liver  may  be  a 
cause.  Laurentius,  c.  12,  Trincavellius,  lib.  12,  consiL,  and 
Gualter  Bruel,  seems   to   lay  the  greatest  fault   upon  the 

1  Exuritur  mnguin  et  yensB  obstruun-  rugltus  et  flatus  vertitur.  *  Stomacho 
tnr,  quibus  obRtructis  prohibetur  transi-  laeao  robur  corporis  imminuitur,  et  reli> 
tus  Chili  ad  J«cur,  corrumpitur  et  in    qua  membra  alimeoto  orbata,  &o. 


I 


mb(.  tj       Catue*  of  Windy  Melancholy.  499 

that  doLh  not  his  dutf  in  purging  tiie  liver  as  he 
ougbl,  being  too  great,  or  too  little,  in  drawing  too  much 
blood  sometimea  lo  it,  and  not  expelling  it,  ai  P.  Cnemian- 
drus  in  a  'consultation  of  his  noled  Camorem  Uenis,  he  names 
it,  and  the  fountain  of  melancholy.  Diocles  supposed  tho 
ground  of  this  kind  of  mclancbolj  to  proceed  from  the  iuflam- 
ination  of  the  pylorus,  which  is  the  neiher  moulh  of  the  yen- 
Iriele.  Others  assign  the  mesenteriuin  or  midriff  distempered 
by  hoit,  the  womb  misafiected,  stopping  of  hismorrhoids,  willi 
iDnny  such.  All  which  Laurentius,  cap.  12,  reduceth  to 
tht«(!,  mesentery,  liver,  and  spleen,  fmw.  whence  he  denom- 
inaleE  hepatic,  splenetic,  and  meseraic  melancholy.  Outward 
■e  bad  diet,  care,  griefs,  discontents,  and  iu  a  word 
all  thojc  eix  nou-natural  things,  as  Montanus  found  by  bis 
experience,  cojmL  244,  Solenander,  comil,  9,  for  a  citizen  of 
Xijons,  in  France,  gives  bb  reader  to  understand  that  he 
inew  this  mbchief  procured  by  a  medicine  of  cantharides, 
.arhich  an  unskilful  physician  ministered  his  patient  to  drink 
ad  venerem  excitandam.  But  most  commonly  fear,  grief,  and 
sudden  commotion,  or  perturbation  of  the  mind,  begin 
it,  in  such  bodies  especially  as  are  iU-di.^posed.  Melanethon, 
tract.  14,  cap.  2,  de  animd,  will  have  it  as  common  to  men,  as 
the  mother  to  women,  upon  some  grievous  trouble,  dislike, 
passion,  or  discontent.  For  as  Camerariua  records  in  hia 
life,  Melancthon  himself  waa  much  troubled  with  it,  and  there- 
fore could  speak  out  of  experience.  Montanus,  contil.  22, 
f^ro  deliranle  Judao  confirms  it,  ^grievous  symptoms  of  tho 
mind  brought  him  to  it.  Bandolotius  relates  of  himself,  that 
being  one  day  very  intent  to  write  out  a  pbj-sician's  notes, 
aiolested  by  an  occasion,  he  fell  into  a  hypochondriacal  fit,  to 
&void  which  he  drank  the  decoction  of  wormwood,  and  was 
freed.  •Melancthon  ("seeing  the  disease  is  so  troublesome 
Bud  frequent)  holds  it  a  most  necessary  and  pro(iIal>lo  study, 
for  every  man  to  know  the  accidents  of  it,  and  a  dangerous 

I  midfShrLin.        ■mbulCsicTiiKniQil    ric,  nlila  est  bdjan  TtKecO  nocldsntb 
luua,  kv-      *  OsttaaikiijuuA  morbEu  ciim    cnusu  morbl  IgoarBOtiboa. 


500  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  L  sec.  2. 

thing  to  be  ignorant,''  and  would  therefore  have  all  men 
in  some  sort  to  understand  the  causes,  symptoms,  -and  cures 
of  it. 

SuBSECT.  y. — Catises  of  Melancholy  from  the  whole  Body. 

As  before,  the  cause  of  this  kind  of  melancholy  is  inward 
or  outward.  Inward,  ^  ^  when  the  liver  is  apt  to  engender 
such  a  humour,  or  the  spleen  weak  bj  nature,  and  not  able 
to  discharge  his  office."  A  melancholy  temperature,  reten- 
tion of  hsemorrhoids,  monthly  issues,  bleeding  at  nose,  long 
diseases,  agues,  and  all  those  six  non-natural  things  increase 
it.  But  especially  *  bad  diet,  as  Piso  thinks,  pulse,  salt  meat, 
shell-fish,  cheese,  black  wine,  &c.  Mercurialis  out  of  Aver- 
roes  and  Avicenna  condemns  all  herbs ;  Gralen,  lib.  3,  de  loc. 
affect,  cap.  7,  especially  cabbage.  So  likewise  fear,  sorrow, 
discontents,  &c.,  but  of  these  before.  And  thus  in  brief  you 
have  had  the  general  and  particular  causes  of  melancholy. 

Now  go  and  brag  of  thy  present  happiness,  whosoever 
thou  art,  brag  of  thy  temperature,  of  thy  good  parts,  insult, 
triumph,  and  boast ;  thou  seest  in  what  a  brittle  state  thou 
art,  how  soon  thou  mayest  be  dejected,  how  many  several 
ways,  by  bad  diet,  bad  air,  a  small  loss,  a  little  sorrow  or  dis- 
content, an  ague,  &c ;  how  many  sudden  accidents  may  pro- 
cure thy  ruin,  what  a  small  tenure  of  happiness  thou  hast  in 
this  life,  how  weak  and  silly  a  creature  thou  art  "  Humble 
thyself,  therefore,  under  the  mighty  hand  of  Grod,"  1  Peter, 
V.  6,  know  thyself,  acknowledge  thy  present  misery,  and  make 
right  use  of  it  Qui  stat  videat  ne  cadat.  Thou  dost  now 
flourish,  and  hast  bona  animi,  corporis,  et  fortuna,  goods  of 
body,  mind,  and  fortune,  nescis  quid  serus  secum  vesper  ferat, 
thou  knowest  not  what  storms  and  tempests  the  late  evening 
may  bring  with  it  Be  not  secure  then,  "be  sober  and 
watch,"  ^fortunam  reverenter  habe,  if  fortunate  and  rich ;  if 
sick  and  poor,  moderate  thyself.     I  have  said. 

1  Jeenr  aptiiin  ad  generandnm  talem  choHam,  qtrn  fit  &  redandanUa  hmnorlt 
hnmorem,  splen  natuxa  imbecilUor.  Pi-  in  toto  corpore.  TictuB  imprimis  general 
■0,  AltomaruB,  Onianeiiiif.         *  Melan-    qui  earn  humorem  parit.       *  Auioniaf 

END  OP   VOL.  I. 


LANE   MKDiCAI,   LTBRARY 


dc^- 


m  25 1'f 


m « 


-1969 
2861 


I  SEP  3     1974 


I