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Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes
State Conference

SOUVENIR

28TH & 29TH APRIL 1 979

LAL BAHADUR STADIUM
HYDERABAD.

"3 I" rf sS

VICE-PRESIDENTS

SRI G. RAJA RAM

Minister for Finance and Power.

L...

SRI M. MANIK
Minister for P.W.D.

SRI B. RAMDEV
Minister for Animal Husbandry,

SRI K. B. NARASAPPA ^

Minister for Small Scale and Sugar-
Industries.

SRI A. VJEERAPPA
Minister for Civil Supplies and Rationing.

SRI A. MADAN MOHAN |
Minister for Health and Medical.

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE BACKWARD CLASSES CONFERENCE,

HYDERABAD, 1979.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Honorary President :

1. DR. M. CHANNA REDDY,
Chief Minister.

Executive President :

2. SRI K. V. R. S. PADMANABHA RAJU,

Minister for Social Welfare.

General Secretary :

3. SRI B. BABURAO VARMA, A.P.A.S.
Executive Committee :
Vice-Presidents :

4. SRI G. RAJARAM,

Minister for Finance & Power.

5. SRI K.B. NARASAPPA,

Minister for Small Scale, Industries and Sugar Industries.

6. SRI M. MANIK RAO,

Minister for Roads and Buildings,

7. SRI B. RAMDEV,

Minister for Animal Husbandry,

8. SRI A. MADAN MOHAN,

Minister for Health & Medical.

9. SRi A. VEERAPPA,

Minister for Civil Supplies and Rationing.

Members :

10. SRI G. VENKATASWAMY,

Minister for Labour & Employment.

11. SRI N. AMARANATHA REDDY,

Minister for Co-operation.

12. SRI N. JANARDHANA REDDY,

Minister for Revenue.

13. SRI P. V. CHOWDARY,

Minister for Textile.

14. SRI C. DASS,

Minister for Minor Irrigation and Elections.

15. SRI P. GANG A REDDY,

Minister for Excise.

16. SRI M. M. HASHIM,

Minister for Home.

17. SRI T. HAYAGRIVACHARI,

Minister for Indian Medicine & Technical Education.

18. SRI V. NAGESWARA RAO,

Minister for Municipal Administration.

19. SRI K. OBUL REDDY,

Minister for Medium Irrigation.

20. SMT. RODA MISTRY,

Minister for Tourism.

.21. SRI SUDHAKARA RAO,

Minister for Major Irrigation & Commercial Taxes.

22. SRI V. VENKATANARAYANA,

Minister for Endowments and Planning.

23. SRI M. BAG A REDDY,

Minister foi Panchayat Raj.

24. SRI Y. VENKATA RAO,

Minister for Agriculture.

25. SRI B. VENKATA RAM REDDY,

Minister for Education.

26. SRI K. RANGA RAO,

Minister for Housing and Youth.

27. SRI P. SHESHAVATHARAM,

Minister for Rural Development & Village Industries.

28. SRI AHMED SHAREEF,

Minister for Relief and Rehabilitation.
19. SRI N. BHASKARA RAO,

Minister for Law, Courts and Ports.

30. SRI NIZAM VAL1,

Minister for Forests.

31. SRI M. S. V. PRASADA RAO,

Minister for Marketing.
.32. SRI A. VENGALA REDDY,
Minister for Transport.

33. SRI S. VENKATA REDDY,

Minister for Mines and Geology.

34. SRI ANANTHA REDDY,

Chairman, Telangana Planning and Development Cornmitte*

35. SRI VEDANTHA RAO,

Charman, Coastal Andhra Planning & Development Committee
It. SRI SAIFULLAH BAIG,

Chairman, Rayalaseema Planning & Development Cornmitteo

37. SRI G. ROSAIAH, M.L.C.,

Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Council

38. SRI G. LATCHANNA, M.L.A.,

Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.

39. SRI N. CHARLES,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Panchayati Rai)

40. SRI B. KRISHNA,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Education)

41. SRI K.E. KRISHNA MURTHY,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Co-operation)

42. SRI RAVINDER NAIK,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Social Welfare)

43. SMT. SAT5fAVATHl,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Tourism )
-44. SRI JR. NAGABHUSHANAM,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Major Irrigation and
Commercial Taxes).

Dr. M. CHANNA REDDY

Chief Minister
Honorary President

IF"

Sri K. V. R. S. PADMANABHA RAJU

Minister for Social Welfare

Executive President

Sri BABURAO VARMA

Director, Backward Classes Welfare

General Secretary

ANDHRA PRADESH BACKWARD CLASSES STATE CONFERENCE
RECEPTION COMMITTEE

DR. M. CHANNA REDDY, Honorary President

Chief Minister.

SRI K.V.R.S. PADMANABHA RAJU, Executive President

Minister (Social Welfare}.

SRI G. RAJ ARAM, Vice-President

Minister (Finance and Power}.

SRI K.B. NARASAPPA,

Minister (Small Scale Industries and Sugar Industries).

SRI M. MANIK RAO,

Minister (Roads and Buildings),

SRI B, RAM DEV,

Minister (Animal Husbandry),

SRI A. MADAN MOHAN,

Minister (Health and Medical).

SRI A. VEERAPPA,

Minister (Civil Supplies and Rationing).

SRI G. VENKATASWAMY, Member-

Minister (Labour and Employment).

SRI N. JANARDIIANA REDDY,

Minister (Revenue).

SRI N. AMARNATHA REDDY,

Minister (Co-operation).

SRI P.V. CHOWDARY,

Minister (Textiles).

SRI C. DASS,

Minister (Minor Irrigation & Elections).

SRI P. GANGA REDDY,

Minister (Excise).

SRI M.M. HASHIM,

Minister (Home).

SRI T. HAYAGRIVACHARI, ,

Minister (Indian Medicine and Technical Education),

SRI V. NAGESWARA RAO,

Minister (Municipal Administration).

SRI K. OBUL REDDY, ,

Minister (Medium Irrigation).

SMT. RODA MISTRY,

Minister (Tourism).

SRI SUDHAKARA RAO,

Minister (Major Irrigation & Commercial Taxes).

SRI V. VENKATANARAYANA, ,

Minister (Endowments and Planning).

1 23-ii

SRI M. BAGA REDDY, Member

Minister (Panchayat Raj).

SRI Y. VENKATA RAO,

Minister (Agriculture).

SRI B. VENKATA RAM REDDY,

Minister (Education}.

SRI AHMED SHAREEF,

Minister (Relief and Rahabilitation).

SRI N. BHASKARA RAO,

Minister (Law, Courts and Ports).

SRI NIZAM VALI,

Minister (Forests).

SRI M.S. V. PRASADA RAO, ,,

Minister (Marke ting) .

SRI K. RANG A RAO, >,

Minister (Housing and Youth).

SRI P. SESHAVATARAM, V)

Minister (Rural Development and Village Industries).

SRI A. VENGALA REDDY,

Minister (Transport).

SRI S. VENKATA REDDY,

Minister (Mines and Geology).

SRI ANANTHA REDDY, 33

Chairman, Telangana Planning and Development Committee.

SRI VEDANTHA RAO, s ,

Chairman, Coastal Andhra Planning and Development Committee.

SRI SAIFULLA BAIG,

Chairman^ Rayalaseema Planning and Development Committee.

SRI G. ROSAIAH M.L.C.

Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Council.

SRI G. LATCHANNA M.L.A.

Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.

SRiN. CHARLES

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Panchayat Raj).

SRI B. KRISHNA

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Education).

SRI K.E. KRISHNA MURTHY

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Co-operation).

SRI D. RAVINDRA NAIK

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Social Welfare).
SMT. T. SATYAVATHI,

Parliamentary Secretary to Minister (Tourism).
SRI R. NAGABHUSHANAM,

Paliamentary Secretary to Minister (Major Irrigation and
Commercial Taxes).

SRI VASIREDDI VARDA RAMA RAO, M.L.A.,

SRI SRIRAMAMURTHY PYDL, M.L.A.

SRI BOMMIDI NARAYANA SWAMY, M.L.A.

SRI DOLA SEETHARAMULU, M.L.A. .Member

SRI KALAMATA MOHAN RAO, M.L.A.

SRI CHIK.ATI PARASURAMANAIDU, M.L.A.

SRI KOLLI VENKATA KURME NAIDU, M.L.A.

SRI M.B. PARANKUSAM, M.L.A.

SRI CHALLA LAKSHMI NARAYANA, M.L.A. 9i

SRI CHIGILIPALLI SVAMALA RAO, M.L.A.

SRI VANGAPADAU NARAYANAPPALA NAIDU, M.L.A. 5 ,

SRI KURCHA RAMU NAIDU, M.L.A.

SRI GOPATRUDU BOLOM, M.L.A.

SRI MALLADI SWAMY, M.L.A.

SRI PILLI APPA RAO, M.L.A.

SRI JAKKAMsinri VENKATESWARA RAO, M.L.A.

SRI NALABATI SURYA PRAICASA RAO, M.L.A.

SRI KATARI SATYANARAYANA RAO, M.L.A.

SKI EVURU SUBBA RAO, M.L.A.

SRI MUTTE VENKATESWARLU, M.L.A. )9

DR. (SMT) SKUNGARAPU JEEVARATNAM NAIDU } M.L.A. ,,

SRI GlDDALURU SUNDARA RAMAIAH, M.L.A. , }

SRI K.B. CLIENNA MALLAPL^A, M.L.A. ^

SRI K. THIPPESWAMY, M.L.A. 9J

SRI CHIRAG PRAIA? LINGAM, M.L.A.

SRI S. RAMDAS, M.L.A. 9J

SRI L. NANARAYANA, M.L.A. 9t

SRI B. BALAIAH, M.L.A. 5J

SRI A. KrstiAN DAS, M.L.A.

SRI TADUR BALA GOWD, M.L.A.

SRI K.V. KESHAVULU, M.L.A. 3>

SRI CHUNCHU LAXMHAH, M.L.A.

SRI AMBALA RAJARAM, M.L.A. B ,

SRI DESHINI CIIINNA MALLAIAH, M.L.A.

SRI ARELI BUCHAIAW, M.L.A. 9>

SRI MACHERLA JAG ANN AD HAM, M.L.A. S3

SRI G. SIDDAI AH, M.L.A. ,,

SRI N. NARASAPPA, M.L.A. ' ,

SRI JAYA RAMULU, M.L.A. ,, i

SRI (DR) G. NARSIMLU NAFDU, M.L.A. tl

SRI RAMULU NIMMALA, M.L.A. ..,

SRI PAPAIAH KOMMU. M.L.A. ,,

SRI AIRENI LINGAIAI-I, M.L.A. ^

SRI M.A. Aziz, M.L.A. ,,

SRI A. CI-IAKRAPANI, M.L.C. ,,.

RI K. KESHAVA RAO, M.L.C. .,

SRI PRAGADA KOTAIAH, M.L.C.

SRI V. KRISHNA MURTHY NAIDU, M.L.C.

SRI M. MADHAVA RAO, M.L.C.

SRI M.J. MANIKYA RAO M.L.C.

SRI G- SRIRAMULU NAIDU, M.L.C.

SRI K.S. NARAYANA, M,P.

SRI MALLIKARJUN, M.P.

SRI G. MALLIKARJUNA RAO J M.P.

SRI S.R.A.S. APPALA MAIDU, M.P.

SRI G. MURAHARI RAO, M.P.

SRI CH. VENKAT RAO, M.P.

SRI B. RAJA GOPAL RAO, M.P.

SRI P. RAJA SEKHARAM, M.P.

SRI SHIV SHANKAR, M.P,

SRI KONDA LAKSHMANA BAPUJI, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI A. LAKSHMINARAYANA YADAV, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI A. BHAGAVANTHA RAID Ex-M.L.A.

SRI MAJJI TULASIDAS, Ex-M.L.A.

SMT. SANGAM LAKSHMI BAI ; Ex-M.P.

SRI RAMACHANDRA RAO KALYANI, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI NAGAM KRISHNA, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI C. JAGANNADHA RAO, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI LAXMINARASAIAH, Ex-M.L.A.

SMT. KAMALAMMA, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI KAZAR NARAYANA, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI LAKSHMINARAYANA MUDIRAJ, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI S.R. VENKATESHAM, Ex-M.L.A.

SRI M. BALAIAH

Chairman 'H.U.D.A.'
SRI P. NARSING RAO ;

Chairman 'A.P.S.R.T.C.'

SRI SREERAMULOOj

Chairman A.P. Khadi Board.
SRI T. NAGESWAR RAOj Ex-M.L.A.
SRI Y.S. RAO, Ex-M.L.C.
SMT, DURGA BHAKTAVATSAL,

Chairman, A. P. State Social Welfare Advisory Board.
SMT. SAMRAJYA LAKSHMI

SRI SlVANNA,

President APCO.
DR. P.B. PATNAIK,

Former U.N. Advisor, 30 Srinagar Colony, Hyderabad.
SRI BATHULA VENKATESWARA RAO,

Advocate, Vijayanagar Colony, Hyderabad.

DIRECTOR OF BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE, HYDERABAD

Merribv.

General Set

ANDHRA PRADESH BACKWARD CLASSES STATE CONFERENCE

SUB-COMMITTEES

SI.

No.

Name of the
Committee

Name of the Chairman

Name of the Convenor

(2)

(3)

1. Conference Sub- Sri K.B.Narasappa, Minister Sri A.Chakrapani M.L.C., Govt.
Committee for Small Scale Industries Chief Whip in Council

2. Publicity and Exhi- Sri Y.Venkatarao, Minister Dr.A.R.Baji, Director-General,
bition Committee for Agriculture Information and Public Rela-
tions

3. Transport Committ- Sri A.Vcngal Reddy, Minister Sri R.Prabhalcar Rao, I.P.S.,
tee for Transport General Manager, R.T.C.

4. Accomodation Sri M. Manik Rao, Minister Sri Naram Krishna Rao,
Committee and for P.W.D. Chief Engineer (Public
Hospitality Health )

5. Souvenir Sri A.Vcerappa, Minister for Sri S. LaUhminirayaiu I.A.S.,
Committee Civil Supplies & Rationing Dy. Secretary (Rev)

6. Cultural programme Sri B. Venkata Ram Reddy, Dr. Anthati Narasimham,
Committee Minister for Education Education Department

7. Subjects Committee Sri G.Raja Ram,, Minister for Sri Y.S.Rao, Ex-M.L.C.

Finance & Power

8. Procession Sri B. Ram Dev, Minister for Sri B. Krishna, Parliamentary
Committee Animal Husbandry Secretary

9. Felicitation Sri P.V.Chowdary, Minister Sri T.Nageswara Rao,
Committee for Textiles Ex- M.L.A.

10. Students and youth Sri K.Ranga Rao,Minister for Director of Youth Services
Committee Housing and Youth Services

11. Women sub- Smt Shyamala Devi, Smt. Krishna Kuinari N. Rao,.
Committee Ex-MLC. Joint Director, Women Welfare

Smt. Lalita Rao Yadav,
(Joint Convenor)

Programme of the Conference

Saturday, the 28//z April, 1979

8-30 A.M. . . Flag Hoisting

g_45 A.M. . . Inauguration of Exhibit ion

9-00 'A.M. . . Delegates Session Inuuguiation by Dr. M. Channa Reddy, Chief

Minister
President $n K.V.R.S Pi.din.'i jblu Raju, Minister for Social Welfare

Welcome Address Sri K.B. N.i.iv.s;'pp i, Minister for Small Senile Indu-
stries and Sugar Industries/Chi' irman, Conference Sub-Committee

Key note address Sri G. Ri'jdK'iu, Minister for Finance r.nd Power/
Chairman, Subject i., Committee

Address by Sri M. Mr.nik Rao, Minister for P.W.D., Sri A Veeiappa
Minister for Civil Supplies, Sri B, Ramde\, Minister for Animal Hus-
bandry and Sri A. Mr.dan Mohan, Minister for Health and Medical

11-00 A.M. .. Croup ,//.,.//.'. / ( i/(\

3-00 P.M. .. Group discussions and Fincilisation of reports

8-00 P.M. .. Cultural Programme

Sunday, the 29th April, 1979

9-00 A.M. .. Delegates Session

Pi-^itk-nS Sri G. Rajarinu, Minister for Finance and Power/Chairman,
Subjects Committee

PRESENTATION OF THE REPORTS BY THE VARIOUS GROUPS

Speeches by prominent B.C. leaders
3-30 P.M. . . Procession
6-30 P.M." .,. public Meeting

President Dr. M. Channa Reddy, Chief Minister

FELICITATIONS TO BACKWARD CLASS EMINENT ARTISTS,
WRITERS, POETS, SCIENTISTS, SPORTSMEN ETC.

Release of Souvenir
Speeches

Vote of thanks B. Baburao Varma, Director of Backward Classes and
Genera] Secretary, Reception Committee

9-00 P.M. . . Cultural Programme

At the outset the Government of Andhra Pradesh deserves rich
commendation for organising the Backward Classes Conference of this
magnitude at the State Level, verily first of its kind in the Country, to
focus attention on the urgent problems impeding their progress and to
create an effective forum to discuss the subject thread bare and to
arrive at valuable and workable solutions. We are definite that this Con-
ference being held at the historic city of Hyderabad on April 28 and 29,
1979, would produce historic results conducive to the development of
the large neglected sections of our society.

This eventful conference has been made possible due to the states-
manly foresight of our dynamic Chief Minister Dr. M. Channa Reddy,
the guiding star of the masses, and the unstinted efforts of various other
members of different committees of this great convention. The good
wishes of the beacon light of the downtrodden and our unfailing leader
Smt Indira Gandhi will provide us added strength to make this con-
ference a landmark in the history of backward classes constituting a
sizable chunk of our State's population.

123 iii

Backwardness has been the bane on our society since times immemo-
rial. The Founding Fathers of our Constitution, having realised that some
sections of the society, because of social and other disabilities, were far
behind the rest thought it fit to make constitutional provisions and pro-
vide special facilities for the welfare of these underdeveloped sections.

Despite the clTorts of the Government in implementing various
welfare programmes all these years, the feeling that the points of develop-
ment did. not reach the really deserving sections, could not be wiped out
and on the contrary, the discontentment among poorer classes
continue to be on the increase. No responsible Government could be com-
placent to the growing sense of dismay and dissatisfaction among these
vulnerable sections of the society who are the real builders of the Nation's
wealth. Keeping this in view the present Government headed by
Dr. M. Channa Reddy, the Champion of the weaker sections, realised the
drowning depths of the social inequilibnumm our society, spare no efforts
and lost no time after assuming the office, in launching several schemes for
their welfare. Increased pro visions for the welfare of the weaker sections
in the successive budgets, special employment schemes for the educated
unemployed, and the like programmes bear ample testimony to the
sincere efforts of the Government in this direction. But still we have
to go a long way before heaving a sigh of relief of having tred a
considerable distance on the road to achieve our goal,

A word here, about the heriditary folk arts of our talented commu-
nity, will be, I hope, not out of place. The clouds of cultural and
educational backwardness and superstitions still cling onto this commu-
nity masking its enlightenment. It is time now that the winds of welfare
activities should blow to clean off the clouds thin. Well organised socio-
cultural and educational programmes and field publicity activities have
to be taken up immediately for the all-round development of these clas-
ses, An institute for Research and Development activities, has to be
founded soon to undertake the onerous task of modernising and promo-
ting these communities socially, culturally, technically, educationally
and economically.

Another problem, that confront these classes is the question of reser-
vations. The existing concessions and reservations coming to a close
shortly will sure engage the attention of the learned delegates and they
may strive to evolve an agreeable formula on which the present system
may be based more logically.

The present Souvenir though brought out in a very short period,
mirrors vividly the views of learned writers on the various aspects of the
problems of backward classes. I am indeed highly grateful to the eminent
contributors, who have co-operated with us to make this volume a
meaningful contribution.

My thanks are to the prominent leaders and personalities who have
given their messages. I have also the pleasure of recording my acknow-
ledgements to the members and convenor of the Souvenir Sub-Com-
mittee, the Director and other personnel of the Printing Press, the
Director-General Information and Public Relations, and his representa-
tives and a number of officers who have cooperated with us to bring out
this volume successfully in a very short time. My special thanks go to
ShrijG. Lakshminarayana, Dy. Director, International Telugu Institute
and the co-convenor of the sub-committee, who has taken greater pains
at all levels, to release this in time.

Yijayoostu.

AGISAM VEERAPPA

Minister for Civil Supplies and Rationing, A.P,

&
Chairman, SOUVENIR Sub-Committee.

MESS A GES

N. SANJIVARKDDY,
President of India

RASHTKAPATHI BHAVAN
NEW DELHI

INDIA.
April,' 19, 1979.

I am glad to know that the Government of Andhra Pradesh is
holding a State Level Backward Classes Conference from the 28th
April, 1979, I send my greetings to the organisers and participants
and wish the Conference every success.

N, SANJIVA REDDY

123-1

NEW DELHI,
April, 1979.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

I am happy to know from your lelter of the 29th March that
the State Government of Andhra Pradesh is holding a Backward
Classes Conference on the 28th and 29th April, 1979. I am sure
that the Conference will be able to highlight the welfare measures
undertaken by the State Government for the benefit of the backward
classes and to suggest better and further measures for the ameliora-
tion of their grievances. I wish the Conference every success.

With regards,

Y. V. CHANDRACHUD,

Chief Justice of India.

K. S. HEGDE, 20, AKBAR ROAD,

Speaker, Lok Sabha. NEW DELHI,

9th April 1979.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government
is holding a State Level Backward Classes Conference on the 28th
and 29th of this month. It is unfortunate that certain sections of
our society have remained backward economically as well as
socially due to a variety of reasons. It is necessary that adequate
measures should be taken to bring them on par with the other sec-
tions of the society so that they could become equal partners in the
successful functioning of our democratic policy. I hope the deli-
berations at the Conference will be fruitful and will help in this
task.

I wish the Conference all success.

K. S. HEGDE.

DELHI,
20/// April, 1979.

Improvement in the levels of living of all the weaker sections
of the Society, particularly those of the traditionally downtrodden
and the Backward is necessary to achieve that they do not have to
sufTer any socio-economic injustice. Our endeavour should there-
tore be stepped up to remove their disabilities within the shortest
possible time,

I am glad that Andhra Pradesh is holding a State Level Back-
ward Classes conference to explore further avenues for augmenting
Governmental efforts in this direction.

1 send my best wishes on the occasion,

MORARJl DESAl
Prime

India.

K. C. ABRAHAM
Governor
Andhra Pradesh

'-'

Hyderabad
23rd April, 1979,

A social transformation '"of enormous magnitude is on the
anvil throughout the country today. Our new strategies for bring-
ing out the desired results include a planned approach aimed at
accelerating the pace of progress by helping the man at the lowest
rung. The Backward Classes, who suffered neglect in the years
past are now our target groups for the developmental thrust
m whose liberation from the shackles of proverty and social back-
wardness alone lies the answer to our problems of misery, want
and ignorance.

In the fulfilment of our national objectives, this major task
requires not only funding but at the root of it more innovative plan*
ning that would help formulation of supporting programmes for
the backward classes, to ensuring lasting results. I am sure, the State
Backward Classes Conference, being held at Hyderabad on 28th and
29th April, 1979 will have a fruitful discussion on various aspects
concerning their welfare.

I have great pleasure in wishing the Conference all success.

C. ABRAHAM

123-2

HYDERABAD,
16th April, 1979.

My Dear A. Veerappa>

The Government have decided to hold the Classes Backward
-State Conference on the 28th and the 29th April, 1979 to highlight
the welfare programmes undertaken for the betterment of Backward
Classes in the State and suggest further measures for their acce-
lerated progress. I am extremely happy that a Souvenir is being
published to mark the occasion. District Backward Classes Con-
ferences have been held in all the Districts preceding the State Con-
ference. I and my colleagues are confident that the State Backward
Classes Conference which will be attended by delegates from all
parts of the State will, in its deliberations, discuss the problems rea-
listically and project useful suggestions for the betterment of the
Backward Classes at large, equitable and liarmoneous with the
development of other weaker sections of our society.

The welfare of Backward Classes has always been a prime
concern to our Government and my Government attaches utmost
importance to the programmes benefiting the Backward Classes
and other weaker sections. We have not only provided reserva-
tions in services and educational institutions but also introduced
several programmes in the field of education, social uplift, economic
uplift, housing etc., for the benefit of Backward Classes. Our State
has been pioneer in initiating several programmes and measures
for the uplift of the Backward Classes out of its own resources.
Important measures undertaken by the State Government during
the current year include provisions for construction of houses for
weaker sections on a mass scale and special employment schemes
benefiting the educated unemployed belonging to Backward Clas-
ses etc.

My Government has provided increased allocations for the
welfare of Backward Classes and is determined to do everything
possible to uplift these communities. Since the Government took
over charge, the budget for the Backward Classes Welfare has been
enhanced by Rs. 230,00 lakhs and during the current year a sum of
Rs. 781.80 lakhs has been provided inspite of serious constraints in
resources.

I am confident that the Conference will be a great success and
will be a land mark in the annals of our Government in the field
of welfare of the weaker sections of the society. I wish the efforts of
my colleagues who are heading various sub-committees to organise
the Conference, every success.

With Best Wishes

DR. M. CHANNA REDDY,

Chief Minister,
ANDHRA PRADESH.

Raj Bhavan,
GandMnagar
via., Ahmcdabad*

I am happy to learn that the Andhra Pradesh State
Backward Classes Conference will be held on April 28-29, 1979 to
highlight the welfare measures undertaken by the State Government
for the benefit of Backward Classes.

I extend my bcst;wishcs for the success of the Conference.

SHARADA MUKEIUEE,
Governor of Giyamt.

JOTHI VENCATACHELLUM RAJ BHAVAN

Governor of Kerala Trivendrum

April 20, 1979

I am happy to know that a State Level Conference of Backward
Classes is proposed to be held on 28th and 29th April, 1979 by the
Government of Andhra Pradesh with a view to highlighting the
welfare measures undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh
for the benefit of Backward Classes.

I have pleasure to send my best wishes for the success of the
Conference.

JOTHI VENCATACHELLUM

17
123-3

PRABHUDAS B. PATWARI, Raj Bhavan,

Governor of Tamil Nadu. Madras-6QQ 022

3rd April, 1979.

DEAR SHRI VEERAPPA,

I am happy to know that the State Government is holding a
State Level Backward Classes Conference on 28th and 29th April to
highlight the welfare measures undertaken by the State Government
for the benefit of backward classes.

Education and economic problems of the backward classes
are the burning problems of today. I am confident that your
Government will do its best in this direction.

I wish the Conference great success.
With warm regards.

PRABHUDAS B. PATWARI

Raj Bhavan,
Lucknow,
April 4, 1979.

Great national sin of ours has been the worst type of degrada-
tion that has been perpetuated throughout the centuries in the name
of casteism and thus the neglect of a great chunk of our society.
If we want to regenerate India, we must work for them. In the pro-
cess, however, while galvanic shocks of reformatory zeal are neces-
sary to rouse the sleeping sections they should not be destructive
and must be in line with our cultural heritage. Destructive measures
shall amount, we must bear in mind, to the killing as the 'mosquito
and the man' together.

I am glad to know that the A.P. Backward Classes State
Conference is being held shortly and I wish its deliberations
all success.

G.D. TAPASE

Governor of Uttar Pradesh.

Raj Bhavan,

Bangalore,

\2th April, 1979.

I am happy to learn that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
are organising a State Level Backward Classes Conference at Hyder-
abad from the 28th to 29th April, 1979 to review the results of the
welfare measures undertaken by the State Government for the bene-
fit of Backward Classes and to suggest suitable further measures
for their accelerated progress in the Stale.

' It is but proper that the State Government are taking parti-
cular interest in further accelerating the progress of the Backward
Classes in the State in view of the fact that Backward Classes consti-
tute more than 50 per cent of the State's population. It is under-
stood that measures already undertaken by Government include
reservations in educational institutions and Government services and
assistance under various schemes for their social and economic uplift.
India which had remained an under-developed country for long
is now one of the fast developing countries. Side by side with the
development of the country on various fronts, the economic and social
conditions of our people also should progressively improve. It
is in this context that Government have to devote special care for the
uplift of the conditions of the Backward Classes who have remained
backward for centuries and to bring them to the level of the advanced
classes in society. It is only when the backward and the weaker
sections of society are brought on par with the other sections
that society in general and the country can hope to make real
progress with equality of opportunity for every citizen to parlicipate
in the steady progress and development of the country.

It is interesting that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
have given top priority to the solution of this problem and a Recep-
tion Committee consisting of all the Cabinet Ministers under the
Chairmanship of the Chief Minister has been constituted to hold
preparatory District Level Backward Classes Conferences to focus

the main issues to be considered at the State Level 'Conference.
The discussions and the recommendations of this State Level
Conference would strengthen the hands of Government to undertake
major ameliorative measures for the early solution .of the problems
of Backward Classes.

I have great pleasure in extending my igreetings and felicita-
tions to the participants of the Conference and in wishing their
deliberations all success.

GOVIND NARA1N,

Governor of Kamataka.

25
12? 4

C. M. POONACHA Raj Bhavan,

Governor, JBhopal,

Madhya Pradesh. \\th April 1979.

I am happy to learn that the Andhra Pradesh. Government
have decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th of April, 1979. The general welfare of the Backward
Classes, with special emphasis on educational and social activities
would, I am sure, be highlighted at this Conference and necessary
guidelines be formulated for the purpose.

I wish the Conference all success.

C. M. POONACHA.

Parliament House,

New Delhi,

April 9, 1979.

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes
State Conference is scheduled to be held on the 28th and 29th of
April, 1979. It is also encouraging to know that preceding the
State Level Conference, district level conferences of Backward Classes
have already been held. This type of Conferences are bound to create
an awakening among the backward classes of the State which is very
essential to make them aware of the various types of facilities offered
by the Government for their general upliftment. I have no doubt
that the proposed Conference will highlight the need for sustained
effort to see that all the reservations and special guarantees that have
been made for the downtrodden sections of the society are imple-
mented.

I wish the Conference all success.

RAM NIWAS MIRDHA

Deputy Chairman,
Rajya Sabha.

GODEY MURAHARI, New Delhi-l 10001.

Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha. 4th April, 1979.

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA GARU,

Thank you for your letter dated 2nd April, 1979 regarding
the Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes State Conference. I am
glad to hear that the conference is being organised on the 28th and
29th April, 1979. It is being held in the background of a 1 series
of district conferences and I am sure the issues that must have been
discussed at the district level and the problems that face the backward
classes would find expression at the state level conference and I
am sure the conference will be able to come to certain decisions
which would go towards the solution of these problems in the long
run.

The backward classes, which form a bulk of the population
have been a neglected section in as much as some of them are very
poor and are even below the poverty level of certain scheduled cas-
tes and tribes. Several backward classes consist of a few affluent
people who might have bettered themselves during the last few
years, but the bulk of these casts live in abject poverty with no
opportunity of education or proper employment. They usually
belong to certain professions which though not untouchable are
looked down upon by the upper classes. Some of them are landless
labour and a few may be poor fanners. They need some special
attention and it is in this context that Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia had
advocated special opportunities for these backward classes. The
Government of Andhra Pradesh has undertaken several schemes
for the benefit of the backward classes but what percentage of peo-
ple it has been able to reach is anybody's guess. It is in this con-
text that the conference assumes importance.

I wish the Conference all success.
With greetings,

GODEY MURAHARI.

CALCUTTA ,
April 10, 1979.

I am happy to know that the Government of Andhra
Pradesh is going to hold the State Level Backward Classes Con-
ference on 28th and 29th April, 1979 to highlight the welfare
measures undertaken by the State Government for the benefit
of Backward Classes.

I hope the Conference will adopt a future guideline for
rendering the best services to the Backward Classes who even after
30 years of independence have remained backward.

I convey my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

S. A. M. HABIBULLAH,

Speaker,

Legislative Assembly,
West Bengal.

33
123-

SARVAN KUMAR, Simla,

Speaker, 9th April, 1979.

Himachal Pradesh,
Legislative Assembly.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

Many thanks for your D. O. letter No. Al-4716-78 dated
29th March, 1979.

I am very glad to know that the Government of Andhra
Pradesh is holding a Seminar on the 28th and 29th April, 1979 at
Hyderabad to highlight the welfare measures undertaken by them
for the uplift of backward classes in the Pradesh and also to suggest
suitable measures for their accelerated progress. Such Seminars
are of great help in solving the basic problem of backward classes.
I wish all success for this Seminar.

With kind regards,

SARVAN KUMAR ,

PANAJI,

HTH APRIL, 1979.

I am glad to know that P Andhra Pradesh Government has
decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference on
28th and 29th April, 1979 to highlight the welfare measures under-
taken by the State Government for the benefit of Backward Classes.
The Backward Classes are the sections of the Community which
deserve and should get greater attention than they have been gett-
ing, so that the word Backward Classes would gradually go out of
our vocabulary. The whole purpose of special programme for
these sections of the Society is that those who have not had the
opportunity for education, employment or good training, would
get enough opportunities and would move out of the backwardness.
I hope, by self-help and by means of the special programmes, the
Backward Classes will look forward for economic prosperity and
social uplift. I wish Dr. Channa Reddy, Chief Minister and the
Chairman of the Reception Committee and other organizers of the
Conference a great success, in achieving the desired goal.

NARAYANA S. FURGRO
Speaker, Legislative Assembly,
Goa, Daman and Diu,

VIDHAN BHAWAN,

LUCKNOW,

llth April, 1979

Dear Sri Veerappa,

I am glad to learn that the State Government is going to
hold a Conference of Andhra Pradesh State Backward Classes in
April 1979 and is also bringing out a Souvenir to mark the occasion.

The developmental effort for the backward classes so far
has been too meagre to make a significant impact on their condi-
tion. No clear strategy for their development has been evolved
though it is their problem which must be assigned a central posi-
tion in the national endeavour for growth with social justice. A pro-
gramme for the development of the 50 % of our total population
must lead to a basic structural change in the national life which is
bound to be resisted by the affected sections. The full dimensions
of this task have not been clearly appreciated with the result that
schemes for development are inconsequential in comparison.

The socio-economic situation of the backward classes has
been subjected to a variety of forces in the past few decades. Not-
able progress has been recorded in education in certain regions
and amongst certain communities though the condition of some
regions and many communities remain unchanged. The edu-
cated class, comprising a very small section though, has acquired
some vertical mobility through reservations in jobs and other eco-
nomic opportunities. But on the other extreme, the position
of vast masses is becoming more vulnerable with growing popu-
lation and keener competition for limited resources. The modern-
isation of traditional caste-occupation with the use of new techno-
logy, better financial support and expanding markets, is ironically
pushing the traditional worker to the despised and disagreeable
positions, the more articulate groups intruding into the more
lucrative and prestigious ones.

I hope this Conference will definitely find out ways and
means for their educational, economic and social uplift. I wish your
deliberations all success.

With regards,

VIRENDRA SWARUP.

Chairman Legislative Council,

Uttar Pradesh.
39

LAKSHMAN SINGH, JAIPUR

16th April, 1979.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

I am glad to learn that the Andhra Pradesh State Govern-
ment have decided to hold State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th April 1979 to highlight the welfare measures under-
taken by the State Government for the benefit of these classes. To
ameliorate the lot of backward classes should be the foremost
duty of every Government and I send my best wishes for the success
of the Conference,

LAKSHMAN SINGH.

123-6

Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore,
9th April, 1979.

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA,

I am happy to note that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
proposes holding a State Level Backward Classes Conference on 28th
and 29th April, 1979. The Government of Karnataka have under-
taken several ameliorative measures to improve the conditions of
backward classes. I am sure the Government of Andhra Pradesh
also has made impressive progress in this direction,

The backward classes form the backbone of this country and
upon their advancement in social and economic fields, depends the
ultimate progress of the country in the eyes of the world. Socialism
will have some relevance and meaning only if those who have
been denied opportunities in the past are given facilities to improve
their lot. I am sure the Conference you propose to hold will high-
light some of the problems facing the backward classes and that
the conclusions arrived at will produce fruitful results so far as
the actual programmes are concerned.

I wish the Conference every success.
With regards.

S. SIVAPPA,

Chairman,
Karnataka Legislative Council.

IT. ^HFW sft,

ftrasr ^4

ft? ST^ET

r, <ftfor c^

T ii

wiP<*'i

gr^r

vn*fNffr 1

ff | PP

CHANDI GARH,
April 9, 1979,

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes
State Conference is being held on 28th,29th, April 1979. This is really
a unique example worthy of emulation by other State Governments.
Since the Janata Party came into power in Haryana, we have
increased reservations for the backward classes in Government Ser-
vices from 2% to 5%. We are contemplating many more measures
for the uplift of the backward classes and would like to be enligh-
tened about the decisions of the proposed conference,

DEVI LAL.
Chief Minister? Haryana.

Bhubaneswar,
l\th April, 1979

It gives me great pleasure to learn that a State Level Backward
Classes Conference is being organised under the auspices
of the Government of Andhra Pradesh on April 28th and 29th
1979, to highlight the welfare measures undertaken by the State
Government for the benefit of Backward Classes and to suggest
suitable further measures for their accelerated progress in the State.
I have no doubt that the Conference will go a long way in creating
an atmosphere conducive to the upliftment of the backward classes
in Andhra Pradesh. 1 am glad that the Government of Andhra
Pradesh have risen to the occasion and are determined to ameliorate
the condition of the Backward Classes which constitute more than
50% of the State's population.

I wish the Conference all success.

NILAMONI ROUTROY,

Chief Minister t
Orissa.

123-7

NRIPEN CHAKRABARTI, Agartala,

Chief Minister, 9th April, 1979.

Tripura.

Dear Sri Veerappa,

Kindly refer to your D.O. No. Al/4716/78. dated 29-3-79.
I could not reply to your letter earlier, as I was on tour upto 8-4-79.

I am glad to know that Government of Andhra Pradesh
have decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th of April 1979 to highlight the welfare measures
undertaken by the State Government for the benefit of Backward
Classes and to suggest suitable further measures, if any.

I am confident that highlighting of the welfare measure already
undertaken and measures, if any, to be undertake, may give clear
impression in the minds of the people regarding the activities
of the Government. Moreover, this may help to remove the misunder-
standing, if any, between the people and the Government.

I wish the Conference a success.
With kind regards,

Jaipur

BHAIRON SINGH SHEKHAWAT, 13th April, 1979.

Chief Minister of Rajasthan,
Jaipur.

It gives me great pleasure to learn that the Andhra Pradesh
State Government is holding a State Level Backward Classes Con-
ference on 28th and 29th April, 1979. The Conference would bring
to fore the measures undertaken by the State Government for the
welfare of backward classes.

I have gone through the facilities extended by Andhra Pradesh
Government for the welfare of backward classes and I send my appre-
ciation for the same. However I feel that a re-thinking is needed on
the pattern of concessions and facilities to backward classes with
a view to make them self- sufficient and capable in the economic
and social spheres so that they could compete with their other
brothers of other classes.

I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

BHAIRON SINGH SHEKHAWAT.

BABUBHAI J. PATEL, GANDHINAGAR,

Chief Minister, 9th April, 1979.

Gujarat.

I am happy to learn that the Andhra Pradesh Backward
Classes State Conference will be held this month.

The uplift of backward classes deserves the highest priority.
In Gujarat, the development gap between the tribal area and
other areas is proposed to be bridged within five years
according to the new approach adopted in the draft Tribal
Area Sub-Plan (1978-83). Steps have also been taken for effective
implementation of Scheduled Castes Welfare Programme. Con-
tracts of forest coupes are given only to Forest Workers' Co-opera-
tives and the trade of minor forest produce has been taken over by
the Forest Development Corporation. This has stopped the exploi-
tation of tribals by private contractors and traders. I hope
Conference will devise ways and means to accelerate the programme
of uplifting the backward classes economically, socially and educa-
tionally in your State.

I convey my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

BABUBHAI J. PATEL.

CULCUTTA

3rd April, 1979.

I urn glad to know that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
is holding a StateLevel Backward, Classes Conference on April 28th
and 29th, 1979.

Vast number of our population belong to the backward, classes,
Tt is our national duty to work for their economical and social uplift.
1 do hope that this Conference will generate among the people an
awareness of this task.

I send my greetings to all and wish the Conference all success.

JYOTI BASU

Chief Minister,
West Bengal.

57
123-8

S. G. PAWAR, Mantmlaya,

Chief Minister, Bombay-4QQQ32.

Maharashtra. 6th April, 1979.

DEAR SHRI VEERAPPA,

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government is
holding a two -day State Level Backward Class Conference at Hyder-
abad to highlight the welfare measures undertaken and to suggest
measures to accelerate the social uplift programme.

I have great pleasure in extending my best wishes to the
Conference and its deliberations.

With regards,

S. G. PAWAR.

SURJIT SINGH BARNALA.

Minister, NEW DELHI

Agriculture and Irrigation, India. 2Qth April, 1 979 .

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government is orga-
nising a Conference of the State Backward Classes during this Month
I wish Conference all success.

SURJIT SINGH BARNALA.

H. N. BAHUGUNA

MINISTER OF PETROLEUM New Delhi-l 10 001.

CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZES s April 12, 1979.

INDIA.

I am glad to learn that the Andhra Pradesh Government is-
organising a State Level Backward Classes Conference at Hyder-
abad on April, 28 and 29.

The Constitution provides a number of safeguards to protect
and promote the interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other socially and educationally Backward Classes. Though
a number of schemes have been initiated to promote their educational
and economic interests but we have still a long way to go in this
regard. A Backward Classes Commission has been set-up to
de-fine the criteria for specifying socially and educationally backward
classes and recommend steps for their advancement including
reservations in public services. The report of this Commission is
likely to be received by the end of this year.

To ameliorate the lot of these people, the States have already
prepared special component plans. I understand that for
Andhra Pradesh there is an outlay of Rs. 8.32 crores in 1978-79.
a crore more than last year.

There is great scope for improving the economic conditions of
these classes through activities like animal husbandry, fishery, agri-
culture and village industries. This could be achieved by larger
institutional credit. The States can form Scheduled Castes Deve-
lopment Corporations. The Union Government is considering giv-
ing Central Assistance to strengthening such corporations. A
provision of Rs. 10 crores has been made for 1979-80 in this regard.

I hope the two-day Conference would have ample opportunity
to discuss all the problems in depth and prepare a strategy for
implementation in Andhra Pradesh.

I send your Conference my good wishes.

H. N. BAHUGUNA.

SIKANDER BAKHT NEW DELHI,

Minister of Works, Housing, APRIL 9, 1979,

Supply and Rehabilitation
& Wakfs, India,

Backward classes are an important segment of our society.
The country cannot progress unless we carry them forward with
the other sections of our people. It is gratifying to note that increas-
ing attention is now being paid for their welfare. Many State
Governments have provided reservation in services and are giving
other facilities for their educational, economic and social uplift.
I am very glad to kiu>w that your State is taking very keen interest
in their welfare and giving a number of facilities to bring them at
par with the other people. The State Level Backward Classes Con-
ference being organised by you is a welcome step. I understand
that among other things, the Conference will suggest further suitable
measures for the accelerated uplift of these classes. I hope the Con-
ference will suggest concrete measures in this regard and the Govern-
ment will give due consideration to implement them.

My best wishes for the success of the Conference,

SIKANDER BAKHT,

65
123-9

SHANTI BHUSHA.N,

Minister of Law, Justice, New Delhi,

and Company Affairs, India. 4th April, 1979.

I am glad that the Andhra Pradesh Government is holding
a two-day State Level Backward Classes Conference beginning on
April 28, 1979 to focus attention on the welfare measures under-
taken for the Backward Classes in the State and suggest what fur-
ther steps can be taken to step up the developmental efforts for
these communities. I commend the efforts of the State Govern-
ment for measures taken so far in this respect. I am sure the out-
come of the Conference will go a long way as regards development
of backward classes not only in the State but also in other parts
of the country.

I wish the Conference all success.

SHANTI BHUSHAN.

DR. P. C. CH UNDER, New Delhi,

Education Minister, India. 6th April, 1979.

It is indeed heartening to know that the Andhra Pradesh
State Government have decided to hold the State Level Backward
Classes Conference at the end of this month. The conference will
help to bring into focus the welfare measures needed by the back-
ward classes who constitute more than 50% of the population of
the State. The progress of the State as a whole thus hinges on the
speedy advance of these classes in several fields of human endeavour
and achievement. I hope that the deliberations of the conference
will help to achieve the objectives in view.

On this occasion, I have great pleasure in conveying my best
wishes to the Andhra Pradesh State Government.

P. C. CHUNDER.

MOHAN DHARIA, New Delhi,

Minister for Commerce, 4th April, 1979.

Civil Supplies and Co-operation,

I am glad to know that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
have convened a State Level Backward Classes Conference to high
light the welfare measures undertaken by the State Government
for the benefit of backward classes.

There is a rising consciousness for social and economic jus-
tice amongst the members of the backward classes. There is also
an awareness amongst the other classes of the society of the need
for making all efforts for the socio-economic upliftment of this large
section of our society. I hope the discussions at the Conference
would be directed to adopting constructive and positive approach
by the members of the backward classes so that they can derive
real benefit from the measures presently being adopted by the
Government and make constructive suggestions regarding improve-
ments to be made for them.

My best wishes for the Conference,

MOHAN DHARIA.

RABI RAY, NEW DELHI

Minister of 1th April 1979.

Health and Family Welfare,
India.

I am glad to know that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
has taken steps to look to the problems of the Backward Classes
in a systematic and organised manner. The State has already
taken several effective measures to provide opportunities to the
members of the backward classes to come up not only in the edu-
cational and economic fields but also t o get entry in the services .
The under privileged classes deserve the highest consideration and
we must do our best to bring them at par with others, so that they
may also be equal partners in the development and growth of the
country. This process will also directly help in raising the stan-
dard of living of these people and reducing the ill effects of poverty,

I am confident, the deliberations of the State Level Backward
Classes Conference will be very successful and will throw up con-
structive suggestions for effective implementation.

I wish the Conference all success.

RABI RAY.

73
123-10

H. M, PATEL, New Delhi,

Home Minister, India, April, \2th 1979.

I am happy to learn that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
have decided to hold a State Level Backward Classes Conference on
28th and 29th April, 1979. Despite the fact that our Constitution
guarantees equality of oppurtunity for all citizens, in practice, this
cannot be since a large number of our people had fallen so very far
behind-hand that they are not only in no position to-day to compete
on equal terms with their advanced brothern, but that it would be
quite sometime before they can be helped to catch up. I have, no
doubt, that this State Level Conference will apply itself to the task
of dentifying factors which are responsible for their backwardness,
and evolve a realistic programme of action to ensure that these
backward classes are able to develop specially to a point where they
are able to compete on more or less equal terms. I send my good
wishes for the success of this Conference.

H. M. PATEL.

P. RAMACHANDRAN, NEW DELHI,

Minister for Energy, India. April 1th, 1979.

(Oorja Mantri Bharat)

Dear Shri Veerappa,

lam glad to know from your letter that the Government of
Andhra Pradesh is holding its State Level Backward Classes Con-
ference on the 28th and 29th of this month at Hyderabad to high-
light the various welfare measures undertaken by the Government
for the benefit of these neglected communities and to chalk out
future programme for speedy implementation of those measures.
In order to mark the occasion, I understand you are also proposing
to bring out a Souvenir. Although on account of paucity of time I
am not able to contribute an article for publication in the Souvenir,
I send my best wishes on this occasion.

With regards,

P. RAMACHANDRAN

A. B. VAJPAYEE NEW DELHI,

MINISTER OF EXTERNAL" AFFAIRS April 7, 1979.

INDIA.

I am glad to know that a souvenir is being brought out to mark
the State Level Backward Classes Conference which the Govern-
ment of Andhra Pradesh is organising on the 28th and 29th April
1979.

I send my greetings and best wishes.

A. B. VAJPAYEE.

RAVINDRA VARMA, NEW DELHI

Minister of \2th April, 1979.

Parliamentary Affairs andLabour,
India.

My. Dear Shri Veerappa,

Thank you very much for your letter of 29th March, 1 979 regard-
ing the State Level Backward Classes Conference to be held in
Andhi-a Pradesh on the 28th and 29th of April, 1979. I am glad
to know that the Government of Andhra Pradesh is holding a Con-
ference to highlight the measures undertaken for the welfare of the
backward Classes in the State. I hope the Conference will be able
to chalk out constructive programmes for the accelerated uplift of
the backward Classes in Andhra Pradesh. I wish the Conference
all success.

With kind regards,

RAVINDRA VARMA.

81
123 -11

KAMALAPATI TRIPATHI New Z>e//-l 10001

Leader of Opposition 7-Janpathj

Rajya Sabha. 9th April 1979.

I am glad to learn that the Government of Andhra Pradesh
have decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th April, 1979 and bringing out a souvenir on this
occasion.

I express my good wishes for the backward classes and wish the
Conference a success.

KAMALAPATI TRIPATHI.

NEW DELHI,
17th April, 1979.

I am glad to know that the Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes
State Conference will be meeting this month to consider steps
for the benefits of backward classes.

The country has achieved a considerable progress in the field
of economic and development activity in the last 25 years or so.
It has also created certain social tensions. We should ensure that
this benefit of development should reach each section of the society.

I send my good wishes on this occasion.

D. S. GULSHAN,

Minister of State for

Education, Social Welfare & Culture^

Government of India.

SAMARENDRA KUNDU, New Delhi,

Minister of State, 6th April, 1979.

Ministry of External Affairs, India.

I am happy to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government
is holding a State Level Conference for Backward Classes on April
28 and 29, 1979 and on this occasion the Government is bringing
out a Souvenir.

As is well known, the Janata Government is committed to
the establishment of an egalitarian society and to this end the
Government has framed and implemented many programmes for the
upliftment of the backward classes. The programmes of adult
education, food for work, minimum needs, land reforms, promo-
tion of village and cottage industries, etc., are all steps which the
Government has taken which will largely benefit the backward classes.
In view of the above, it is important that the backward community
should frequently meet to consolidate the gains and at the same
time should strive to realise their unfulfilled aspirations. Such
conferences will go a long way to arouse awareness among the peo-
ple that social liability such as untouchability, casteism, etc., are
great impediments to socio-economic progress of the country.
Indeed, the Government is fully alive to the noble ideals enshrined
in our Constitution.

I wish your Conference all success.

SAMARENDRA KUNDU.

S. D. PATIL, NEW DELHI,

Minister of State, Home, APRIL 9, 1979.

India.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

I am glad to learn from your D.O. letter No. AI/4716/78, dated
the 29th March, 1979, that the Andhra Pradesh Government is
holding a State Level Backward Classes Conference to highlight
the welfare measures undertaken by the State Government and to
suggest suitable measures for their progress. I am sure this Con-
ference will prove useful for Backward Classes. Government
of India also have recently appointed a Backward Classes Com-
mission for recommending steps that should be taken for the welfare
of the socially and educationally backward classes.

I send my good wishes for the success of the Conference.

S. D. PATIL.

ZULF1QUARULLA, New Delhi-1 10001

Minister of State 5th April, 1979.

Ministry for Finance, India.

I. am happy to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government
is organising a State Level Backward Classes Conference. I
understand that the State of Andhra Pradesh like other States, has
taken measures to ameliorate the condition of the backward classes.
It is no doubt the foremost duty of the Government to make all
possible efforts to remove backwardness from the country. The
Conference will no doubt review the progress of the various wel-
fare schemes undertaken so far, and will consider ways and means
to accelerate the progress of the schemes for the removal of back-
wardness.

I wish the Andhra Pradesh State Backward Classes Confe-
rence every success.

ZULFIQUARULLA.

SMT. ABHA MAITI New Delhi,

Minister of State, \2th April, 1979.

Ministry of Industry, India,

I am very happy to learn that the Government of Andhra
Pradesh have decided to hold a State Level Backward Classes Con-
ference on 28th and 29th April, 1979 to highlight the welfare mea-
sures undertaken by the State Government for the benefit of Back-
ward Classes and to suggest firther measures for their accelerated
progress in the State. I wish the Conference all success.

Smt. ABHA MAITI.

89
123-12

S. D. PATIL, NEW DELHI,

Minister of State, Home, APRIL 9, 1979.

India.

Dear Shri Veer ap pa,

I send my good wishes for the success of the Conference.

S. D. PATIL.

ZULF1QUARULLA, New >e//zM 10001.

Minister of State 5th April, 1979.

Ministry for Finance, India.

I am happy to know that the Andhra Pradesh Government
is organising a State Level Backward Classes Conference. I
understand that the State of Andhra Pradesh like other States, has
taken measures to ameliorate the condition of the backward classes.
It is no doubt the foremost duty of the Government to make all
possible efforts to remove backwardness from the country. The
Conference will no doubt review the progress of the various wel-
fare schemes undertaken so far, and will consider ways and means
to accelerate the progress of the schemes for the removal of back-
wardness.

I wish the Andhra Pradesh State Backward Classes Confe-
rence every success.

ZULFIQUARULLA.

ZULFIQUARULLA, New

Minister of State 5th April, 1979.

Ministry for Finance, India.

I wish the Andhra Pradesh State Backward Classes Confe-
rence every success.

ZULFIQUARULLA.

HYDERABAD,

IS//? April, 1979.

Dear Shri Veerappa,

I am indeed very happy that our Government have decided to
hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference on 28th and 29th
of April, 1979 at Hyderabad to highlight the welfare measures for
the benefit of backward classes and to suggest suitable further
measures for their accelerated progress. It is also happy to note
that the State Government have given reservations to Backward
Classes in educational institutions and recruitments apart from ex-
tending several facilities for their educational, economic and social
uplift.

I am sure that under the able and dynamic leadership of the
Honourable Chief Minister Dr. M. Channa Reddy, the backward
class population of this State will get more uplift in every environ-
ment in future.

I wish the conference great success.

P. V. CHOWDARY,

Minister for Textiles. A. P.

Hyderabad,
1th April, 1979.

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA,

I am extremely happy to know that the State Level Backward
Classes Conference is being held at Hyderabad on 28th and 29th
April 1979 to highlight the welfare measures undertaken by the
State Government for the benefit of backward classes.

Under the Directive Principles enshrined in the Constitu-
tion of India, it shall be the responsibility of the State to promote
the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of
our people and to protect them from social injustice and exploita-
tion. Among these weaker sections whose interests deserve to be
promoted and protected are those who have been listed as Back-
ward Classes. Unless the Backward Classes and weaker sections
of the Society are properly cared for, provided for and encouraged
to become at least literate, hard-working and gainfully employed
and unless "vertical" mobility is attempted, national progress will
remain only a distant goal. The State Government that assumed
office a year back under the stewardship of Dr. Channa Reddy, re-
alised the force behind the above challenge and the need to
tackle the problem on a war footing basis and evolved many schemes
aimed at the upliftment of the long neglected sections of our
society. I am very happy to state that this Government is firmly
determined to root out administrative delays and complacency
in this task of ushering in an economic revolution in the weaker sec-
tions of the society with particular reference to Backward Classes.

I send my best wishes for the grand success of the Conference.

C. DASS,

Minister for Minor Irrigation and
Elections A.P.

li 3-1 3

HYDERABAD,
April, 1979.

Backward classes have long suffered from many a social &
economic infirmity in our Country. This Govt., is committed to
removing these infirmities not only to restore to them their rightful
place in the society but also to ensure their full and meaningful
in volvement in all its activities.

I am indeed very pleased to know that a State-level Confe-
rence is being held on April, 28 and 29 at Hyderabad to identify and
problems facing the backward classes. I have no doubt in my
mind that under the able and progressive leadership of our Chief
Minister it will be possible to translate into reality the hopes and
dreams of the another equally weak sections of society.

I wish the Conference all success.

M. M. HASHIM,
Minister for Home, A. P.

Hyderabad,
IQth April 1979.

Thank you for your letter dated 29th March, 1979.

The State Government under the dynamic captainship of
Dr. M. Channa Reddy, Chief Minister, has plunged into action
rather with vengeance to undo the injustice meted out to vast section
of the people over last several years. Such a noble endeavour de-
serves wide publicity for involving the people in this noble cause and
enlist the co-operation from cross-section of the Society.

I hope the Souvenir would serve the said purpose abundantly.
I pray God for making this venture a grand success.

With Good wishes.

T. HAYAGRIVACHARY

Minister for Technical Education
and Indian Medicine, A.P.

101

HYDERABAD,
April, 1979.

Dear Shri Veerappa Garu,

I am very glad that the State Level Backward Classes Confe-
rence to highlight the welfare measures undertaken by the Govern-
ment for the benefit of Backward Classes is being held on 28th and
29th of April, 1979.

Under the dynamic leadership of Dr. M. Channa Reddy, our
beloved Chief Minister, our Government embarked upon many
schemes for rapid development of the State with particular reference
to the uplift of the downtrodden and weaker sections of the commu-
nity. Fruits of these efforts have already become apparent particu-
larly in rural areas.

Increased budget provision for the welfare of weaker sections,
exemption of land revenue to small and marginal farmers,, handing
over possession of the lands allotted to the poor, provision of drink-
ing water facilities in rural areas, but services to villages and launch-
ing of special employment schemes for the benefit of the educated
unemployed, provision of house-sites and houses and creating civic
amenities like internal roads, school buildings, street lighting, drink-
ing water wells, etc., indeed peak volumes of the determined
efforts of the State Government in the direction of bettering the lot
of weaker sections of our Society. Growing and enthusiastic res-
ponse from the people for the programmes undertaken by the
Government could be seen everywhere in the State.

I hope that the conference which we are going to have will
take note of all those efforts of the State Government and offer use-
ful suggestions for accelerating the tempo of development in the
State.

I wish the Conference all success.

N. JANARDHANA REDDY

Minister for Revenue, A. P.
103

HYDERABAD,
April, 1979.

Since independence our planners have launched schemes and
programmes in the series of Five-Year Plans to improve the economy
of the Country , but it has to be conceded that its impact has been
negligible on the social and economic conditions of the Backward
Classes and other weaker sections.

This realisation has compelled us to change our basic approach
in this regard. Happily a beginning is made to lay greater empha-
sis on the all-round improvement of these sections. The measures
set in motion to achieve this goal have unfortunately created reac-
tion among the affluent sections who are coining new slogans and
theories to frustrate these efforts.

It is therefore necessary that those who champion the cause of
these classes should be vigilant and intensify our campaign.

I wish the
grand success.

State Level Conference of Backward Classes a

M. MANIK RAO,

Minister for Roads and Buildings, A. P.

105

123-14

HYDERABAD

7th April, 1979.

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA,

1 am happy that a Souvenir is being brought out in con-
nection with the State Level Backward Classes Conference to be held
on 28th and 29th April. The Government headed by Dr. Channa
Reddy Garu is wedded to the upliftment of down-trodden parti-
cularly those who are in the lower rungs of the society. Pursuance
to this policy, Government have undertaken many ameliorative
measures for upliftment of these classes in social, educational and
economic fields. District-wise Conferences have been held in each
District and the District Collectors are made responsible for pre-
paring and executing the schemes intended for the betterment of
these classes. Government is fully aware of its responsibilities and
obligations to these classes and living upto them.

I hope the Souvenir will serve as a hand-out of steps taken
up by the Government for betterment of these classes. I wish the
conference every success.

V. NAGESWARA RAO,

Minister For
Municipal Administration?^ .P.

107

HYDERABAD,
21st April, 1979.

It gives me pleasure to know that it is proposed to hold the
State Level Backward Class Conference on 28th April, 1979. Illi-
teracy, historical factors, superstitions wrought havoc with the
destinies of this neglected communities,eroded deeply into the very,
fabric of their life and rendered them utterly helpless and dependent
This kind of exploitaton is cruel and calls for a halt. This imbalance
between the poor, the neglected and the rich and forward classes
in their living and economic standards calls for an urgent rethinking
Our Father of the Nation who hailed from forward classes realised
that unless the poor, harijans and the down-trodden are provided
the due status and economic stability the freedom given to the people
cannot be justified as real and true. In order, therefore, to bring
about a sense of realisation among the well-placed, he first identi-
fied himself with the Harijans and the down-trodden and ilved with
their way of life. He had thus kindled an awakening in the hearts
of the mass of people for the urgent need to fulfil our sacred duty
towards the backward classes. After independence we have pledged
to the upliftment of these neglected lot of people. We have, no doub
done substantially in fulfilling the aspirations of our Father of the
Nation to bring the backward classes to a level of thinking. But
then, this alone will not help them. The gap between the rich
forward and the backward classes is still continuing in considerable
magnitude. There is every need for an exercise of introspection
and to formulate as to how best and soon we will be able to file up
this unhealthy continuing gap and bring about to sense of satisfac-
tion_and security to the backward classes and to provide them equal
status and social justice as guaranteed in the Constitution.

This Conference which we are holding, I am sure,will deliberate
on all these aspects and evolve measures to ameliorate the conditions
of backward classes for no Society can possibly be built on the
denial of individual freedom and betterment.

I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

G. RAJARAM,

Minister for Finance, Power and
Sports, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.

109

HYDERABAD,
16th April, 1979.

Andhra Pradesh State Level Backward Classes Conference
Scheduled to be held on 28th and 29th April, 1979 is first ever held
by the Government in Andhra Pradesh. Also no State Govern-
ment in the Country has ever organised such Conference.

This Conference will not only highlight the Welfare measures
undertaken by the State Government for the Social, Educational and
Economical advancement of the Backward Classes in the State, but
also will discuss various problems concerning their betterment with
a view of find out their solution.

We know, that based on the recommendations of the Backward
Classes Commission, the State Government have recognised a list
of Backward Classes containing 93 communities.

It is a fact that there are reservations in Government services
and concessions in educational institutions for Backward Classes in
the State. These reservations etc., will have to be continued till
the conditions of the Backward Classes improve.

This Conference will not only take decision to request the
Government to extend the period of reservations and concessions
by 10 or more years but also to request to increase allotments in the
State Budget for the economic betterment of the Backward Classes.

It is hoped that the resolutions passed at this Conference will
receive utmost consideration by the State Government under the
able leadership of our beloved Chief Minister Dr. M. Channa
Reddy.

Pray for the success of the Conference.

B. RAMDEV,

Minister for Animal Husbandry
and Dairy Development, P. A.

Ill

tf^fl ff*tf^tf tfotfJO

Hyderabad,
nth April, 1979.

Extremely happy to know that the State Government have
decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference on
28th and 29th of April, 1979 to highlight the welfare measures
undertaken by the State Government for the benefit of Backward
Classes and to suggest suitable further measures for their accelerated
progress in the State and a Souvenir will be brought out on that
occasion.

We wish the Conference and the venture all success.

RODA MISTRY,

Minister for Tourism, Woman & Child
Welfare, A. P.

113

123-15

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19, 1979

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117

19, 1979.

Jfcoo

Sr-o-

fie?*

vfiorr

"3. SD.

119

Hyderabad,
1th April, 1979.

. j

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA GARU,

I am glad that State Level Backward Classes Conference
is proposed to be held on 28th, 29th of April, 1979 to highlight the
welfare measures undertaken by State Government for benefit of
Backward Classes.

This is the first time to hold Backward Classes Conference
in such a large scale. It gives us an opportunity to meet
various representatives of Backward Classes in large scale and
understand their problems in person. Not that the Government is
not aware of their problems now, the whole object and effort of
Government is how best we can make use of our plans and machi-
nery to improve the lot of economically backward sections of society
and bring them above the poverty line in a planned manner.
Many steps like educational concessions, reservation of jobs in
addition to implementing S.F.D.A., M. F. D. A., and Agricultural
Labour Programme are being taken up to help the weaker sections.
Government is still looking forward for many useful schemes to
help the Backward Classes. In this connection the voluntary
organisations should also share this social responsibility to take
up rural industry projects to create employment potential in the
villages.

I am sure that the organisation of this type of conference
at State Level will create awakening in the public.

I wish the Conference a grand success.

PARAKALA SESHAVATARAM,

Minister for Rural Development, A.P.

121
123-16

HYDERAJBAD,
17th April, 1979.

I am happy to note that the State Government have decided
to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference on 28th and
29th April, 1979 to. highlight the welfare measures undertaken by
the State Government for the benefit of the Backward Classes and
to suggest suitable further measures for their accelerated progress
in the State. It is indeed a great privilege to the participants to
discuss openly the several facilities hitherto extended to Backward
Classes by Government and to emphasise the need for providing
more facilities for their speedy development in the society. I wish
the Conference a grand success.

NADENDLA BHASKARA RAO,

Minister for Law and Ports, A. P.

1*3

VIDYA PATHAK, Jaipur,

Minister of State for Social Welfare, 1th April, 1979.

Tourism, Irrigation and Power,
Rajas than.

I am very glad to learn that the Andhra Pradesh Government
have decided to hold a State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th April, 1979 to highlight the welfare measures
undertaken by the State Government and they propose to bring out
a Souvenir to mark the occasion. I am confident that the delibera-
tions in the proposed Conference would pave way to further accele-
rate all-round upliftment of the Backward Classes.

Indeed, it would be a great day, if our country is able to achieve
the goal set forth before us to remove the disparity amongst the
different classes of people,

I send my good wishes for the success of the Conference as also
for the continued progress in the state, for which it has dedicated
itself.

VIDYA PATHAK.

HYDEABAD,
nth April, 1979.

I am glad that the Statewide conference of Backward Clas-
ses will be held this mouth at Hyderabad. The District conferences
that were held earlier served as a preparatory ground for the ensu-
ing Statewide conference. Several useful resolutions were passed
at the district level conference which have to be discussed at State
level and endorsed for acceptance by Government.

I am sure the Statewide conference will make its mark by
passing practical resolutions to uplift backward classes in the
State.

I wish the conference complete success.

M. S. V. PRASADA RAO,
Minister for Marketing and Warehousing, A. P.

127

JUSTICE K. AMARESWARI, ''Avanthi"

Judge, A.P. High Court. 3-5-696, Himayatnagar f

Hyderabad-5W 029.
Uth April, 1979.

I am very happy to learn that the State Government have
decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference on
28th and 29th of April, 1979 to highlight the welfare measures under-
taken by the State Government for the benefit of Backward Classes
and to suggest suitable further measures for their accelerated progress
in the State. According to me this should have been done long back
as the Backward Classes constitute more than 50% of the State's
population.

I hope the conference will discuss various methods and
means by which the progress of the Backward Classes can be
achieved and the deliberations would yield useful results.

I wish the conference all success.

K. AMARESWARI.

133

PIUT SINGH RATHEE
Minister for Revenue,
Govt. of Haryana.

I am glad to know that the State Level Backward Classes
Conference is being held on April, 28 and 29, 1979 to highlight the
welfare measures taken by the Andhra Pradesh Government for the
backward classes and suggest suitable measures for their accelerated
progress.

The gigantic task of uplifting downtrodden masses is being
speedily implemented by the government. I hope the conference
would chalk out a result oriented programme to prove penacea for
all the ills of the suppressed classes.

I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

129
123- 17

PR IT SINGH RATHEE
Minister for Revenue,
Govt. of Haiyana.

I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

PRIT SINGH RATHEE

129
123- 17

L. G. HAVANUR, VIDHANA SOUDHA,

Minister for Law, Social Welfare BANGALoRE-11,

and Backward Classes, 11 th April, 1979.

I am glad that A. P. Government is holding a State Level
Backward Classes Conference, preceded by District Level Back-
ward Classes Conference, on the 28th and 29th of April, to highlight
the welfare measures undertaken by your Government for the uplift-
ment of Backward Classes and to get suitable suggestions for accele-
rated progress of weaker sections in the State. I am happy to note that
more than.50% of the State population in Andhra Pradesh is classi-
fied as Backward under Articles 15 (4) and 1 6 (4) of the Constitution.
I arn glad that a Souvenir is being brought out to Commemorate
the Conference. I wish the Souvenir will contain articles from
learned Jurists, socialogists and educationalists suggesting mea-
sures for the upliftment of these weaker sections.

I send my best wishes for the success of the Conference.

L. G. HAVANUR.

131

JUSTICE K. AMARESWARI, ''Avanthi"

Judge, A.P. High Court. 3-5-696, Himayatnagar ,

Hyderabad-5QQ 029.
llth April, 1979.

I hope the conference will discuss various methods and
means by which the progress of the Backward Classes can be
achieved and the deliberations would yield useful results.

I wish the conference all success.

K. AMARESWARI.

133

JUSTICE P. A. CHOUDARY. 1-10-1/16 ASHOK NAGAR,

HYDERABAD,
IQth April, 1979.

Dear Mr, Agisam Veerappa,

The Backward Sections of our people constitute an over-
whelming majority of our society. In a democracy, therefore, it
is legitimate for all right thinking people to work for their imme-
diate social and economic uplift which was thwarted by the two
centuryold alien rule in this country. I realize that this calls for
a great adjustment of conflicting social and economic interests.
I am sure your Conference will help find a workable solution.

I wish your Conference all success.

P. A. CHOUDARY

13$

JUSTICE A. SEETHARAM RJEDDY. HYDERABAD,

llth April, 1979.

Dear Sri Veerappa Garu,

Jusnaturalae or natural law ordains the more fortunate sec-
tion of the society to extend a helping hand to those who are less
fortunate, in order to co-exist as human beings.

I am quite sanguine that the conference will to this end strive
to evolve positive formulae so as to be given a practical shape
without loss of time remembering that time and tide will wait for no
man.

Wishing the conference every success.

137
123-18

KESARA ANANTA REDDY, Hyderabad-5QQQ29

Chairman, IQth April, 1979.

Telangana Planning &.
Development Committee.

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA GARU,

I am extremely happy to know that a State Level Backward
Classes Conference is going to be held on 28th and 29th April, 1979
and that a Souvenir also is being brought out to mark the occasion.

With a view to promote the well being of the weaker sections
of society particularly the listed Backward Classes, certain impor-
tant welfare programmes like scholarships, supply of text-books and
note books, special coaching for competitive examinations, distri-
bution of house-site pattas and weaker sections housing programme
etc., have been taken up and are under implementation. The
benefits under these programmes could reach only to a small section
of this society. Therefore, if the benefits of the welfare programme
meant for these listed backward classes are to reach as large a popu-
lation as possible, a co-ordinated effort and concentrated attention
may have to be paid both at the formulation and implementation
stages. I am sure the deliberations at the conference will enable
the participants to discuss various suggestions and in taking appro-
priate decisions to design various programmes aiming at the
overall economic development and well being of the backward
classes.

I wish the Conference a grand success.

KESARA ANANTA REDDY.

139

MOGAL SYFULLA BAIG HYDERABAD,

Chairman, 1<M April, 1979-

Rayalaseema Planning and
Development Committee.

I am very happy to learn that a State Level Backward Class
Conference is convened on 28th and 29th April, 1979 to light the
welfare measures undertaken by State Government for the benefit of
Backward Classes and to explore further measures for their acce-
lerated progress. I am also happy to know that a Souvenir is go-
ing to be released on this occasion which would highlight the mea-
sures taken to better the living conditions of the backward class
people. I feel apart from these sporadic attempts now and then
there is absolute need for continuous and sustained efforts to better
the lot of backward classes and a programmatic follow up action on
the efforts made so far. I wish the Conference all success.

M. SYFULLA BAIG.

141

M. BALAIAH

Chairman

Hyderabad Urban Development Authority.

HYDERABAD,
20f/z April, 1979.

It is a matter of great pleasure that for the first time in the
history of India, Government of Andhra ' Pradesh under the auspices
of Dr. M. Channa Reddy, Hon'ble Chief Minister is holding a State
Level Conference of the Backward Classes scheduled to be held on
28th and 29th April, 1979. This Conference is a forum that affords
opportunity for the participants of the Backward Classes to think,
analyse and evolve solutions to problems confronted by them espe-
cially in the fields of Social, Economical and Educational etc., I am
sure all the enlightened members of the community will contribute
their best in formulating ,'and finalising various programmes and
policies which will ultimately aim at the welfare of our brethren,

I wish the Conference all success.

M. BALAIAH.

143

KALKA DASS, DELHI,

Chairman, Metropolitan Council, Delhi, 13TH APRIL, 1979,

I am glad to know that A.P, Government is holding the State
level Backward Classes Conference on 28th and 29th of April, 1979
and a Souvenir is being published on this occasion.

It is praiseworthy that A. P. Government has formulated
various schemes for the benefit of Backward Classes. It is also note-
worthy that several facilities are being provided for the educational,
economic and social uplift of the backward classes.

I wish your venture a great success.

KALKA. DASS

145
123-19

NEW DELHI

K. SUBRAMANIAM, 21, Western Court,

Member, 18th April, 1979.

Backward Classes Commission,
Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India.

Dear Sri Agisam Veerappa,

I am profoundly elated and profusely gleeful to know that the
Andhra Pradesh Government have dicided to hold the State Level
Backward Classes Conference on 2Sth and 29th of April, 1979 as
the summit culmination after District and Block Level Conferences
to highlight the welfare measures under taken by the State Govern-
ment for the benefit of the Backward Classes,

I know for certain Andhra Pradesh is one of the pioneering
states in India which stands for the accelerated progress of the Back-
ward Classes which constitute almost 50% of the State's population.

In the capacity of a member of the Backward Classes Commis-
sion investigating the Conditions of socially and educationally
Backward Classes, I hope the proposed conference will turn a new
leaf in the history of the onward march of the Backward Classes in
India and give me the benefit of knowing the Socio-educational
conditions available in your State. Also I am sure you all will
endeavour to depict the corporate image of the steps that you
have taken to improve the living conditions of the weaker sections
of the Society.

With a plank to think aloud and a flag to fly over let us
march for a better India where in the lives of the Backward Classes
would at least be meaningful and purposeful. I am confident that
the combined effort of Dr, Channa Reddy, the Chief Minister and
also the Chairman of the Reception Committee will contribute to
the betterment of the socially and educationally backward sections
of the society enabling us to forge ahead a casteless society.

I wish the function all success.

With kind regards,

K. SUBRAMANIAM
147

I. J. NAIDU HYDERABAD,

Chief Secretary, 19/A April, 1979.

Government of Andhra Pradesh.

It is, indeed, in all fitness of things that the State Govern-
ment should organise the State Level Backward Classes Conference
at Hyderabad on 28th and 29th April, 1979, having organised similar
conference at district level as a prelude to the State Conference, and
is indicative of the State Government intension and determination
to pursue its avowed policy of bettering the prospects of the Back-
ward Classes,

I am sure the Conference will discuss in depth all aspects of
the developmental programmes and efforts required to further
ensure speedy economic upliftment of the Bakward Classes and
suggest practical solutions to achieve the same,

I have no doubt the Souvenir which you propose to bring
out will reflect the efforts of the State Government in ameliorating
the conditions of the Backward Classes.

I wish the Conference all success.

I, J. NAIDU

149

N. J. KAMATH, Hyderabad,

Addl Chief Secretary. 12th April, 1979.

It gives me much happiness to know that it has been decided
to hold the Andhra Pradesh State Level Backward Classes Confe-
rence on 28th and 29th of April, 1979 at Hyderabad. In pursuance
of the recommendations of the Backward Classes Commission
appointed in 1968, the State had recognised certain communities
as Backward classes and to-day their list consists of 93 such commu-
nities. Since the listed Backward Classes constitute more than 40%
of the population of Andhra Pradesh, it is the duty of all concerned
in the State to earnestly see in what way they can contribute towards
ameliorating the conditions of the Backward Classes with a view
to ultimately achieving the object of bringing them into the main
stream of national life without distinction of caste, creed or class.
It is refreshing to note that Distric level Backward Classes Confe-
rences have already been held in all districts by now. I had an
opportunity to participate in atleast one of these District Level
Conferences. I have now every hope that the forthcoming
State Level Backward Classes Conference will provide a welcome
forum for taking stock of the effect of the welfare measures under-
taken by the State Government for the benefit of the Backward Classes
and provide a launching pad for suggestions and schemes aimed
at accelerating the progress of development of the Backward Classes
into equal and responsible citizens of the State.

I have, therefore, the greatest pleasure in extending my
hearty congratulations to the convenors for organising this Confe-
rence and my best wishes for its success in achieving the laudable
object of uplifting the Backward Classes and bringing them into
the main stream of our society.

N. J. KAMATH

151

M. SNTAPP, PH.D., (LoND.), PH.D. (MNCH.) TIRUPATI,

Vice-Chancellor, HTH APRIL, 1979.

Sri Venkateswara University.

Dear Shri Veerappa Garu t

I am thankful to you for sending your D.O. letter No. Al/-
4716/78, dated 29th March, 1979. I am also happy to learn that the
State Level Backward Classes Conference is taking place on 28th
and 29th April 1979 to high light the welfare measures undertaken
by the State Government for the benefit of Backward Classes and to
suggest suitable further measures. The work that has been now
done by the Andhra Pradesh State Government under the dynamic
leadership of the Chief Minister Dr. M. Channa Reddi garu is praise-
worthy and laudable. I am sure the help given by the State
Government to the Backward Classes will enable the latter to find
their due place among the various communities in our State. Also
with your goodself at the helm of affairs, I am sure, the interests of
the Backward Classes are adequately safeguarded and the latter can
take their legitimate pride that their problems would receive highest
attention at your hands.

May I wish your Conference all success

With personal regards,

M, SANTAPPA

153

1 2 1 .A

DR. N. SHANMUKHA RAO, Hyderabad,

Vice-Chancellor, II th April, 1979.

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University

DEAR SRI VEERAPPA

I am pleased to learn that a conference of Andhra Pradesh
State Backward Classes is being organised by the State Govern-
ment and I hope that this conference will arrive at suitable recommen-
dations for the accelerated progress of the Backward Classes.

With kind regards,

N. SHANMKHA RAO.

155

B. N. RAMAN, I.A.S
Secretary to Government
Social Welfare

The State Level Conference of Backward Classes is a unique
Conference involving official administrative approach, non-official
discernment and thought and popular hopes and aspirations. One
could hardly conceive of another forum where at the State level
such a combination would have assembled to ponder over problems
facing a large section of population, suggesting solutions for them
and endowing them with practicality to enable the State Government
to proceed with renewed vigour on the path of progress by striking
a true balance among competing fields of expenditure and State
activity for social good.

District level meetings which preceded the Conference threw
up the problems from grass roots, thus making the State Level
Conference an organic, intelligent and responsible representation
not only of the concerned section of the community but of the people
of the State as a whole. The Conference, in. such a context, is bound
to be successful functioning as it will in an atmosphere of calm
appraisal, sound thinking and over-all comprehension, mutual
understanding and good-will.

Normally processing of a Conference is left to administrative
machinery. In this Conference rich guidance and active personal
participation has been forthcoming from the Chief Minister, his
Cabinet colleagues, Members of the Legislative Assembly and
Legislative Council, Officers of Secretariat Departments and Admi-
nistrative Departments. In such a context the hope, that, even before
most of the recommendations are proposed, some significant an-
nouncement of Government decisions on vital issues would be
made appear beyond doubt.

The Conference has received wishes for its success from the
President, Vice-President, Prime Minister and a large number of
dignatories and personages concerned with the cause of the Nation's
development. 1 am proud of associating myself and my colleagues
with the laudable objectives of this promising Conference.

B. N, RAMAN

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I extend my best^wishes for the success of the Conference.

SHARADA MUKERJEE,
Governor of Gujarat.

"3. ffl.

JOTHI VENCATACHELLUM RAJ BHAVAN

Governor of Kerala Trivendrum

April 20, 1979

I am happy to know that a State Level Conference of Backward
Classes is proposed to be held on 28th and 29th April, 1979 by the

Government of Andhra .Pradesh with a view to highlighting the
welfare measures undertaken by the Government of Aadhra Pradesh
for the benefit of Backward Classes*

I have pleasure to send my best wishes for the success of the
Conference*

JOTHI VENCATACHELLUM:

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ID-BO,

PRABHUDAS B. PATWARI, Raj Bhavan,

Governor of Tamil Nadu. Madras-6M 022

3rd April, 1979.

DEARSHRI VEERAPPA,

Education and economic problems of the backward classes
are the burning problems of today. I am confident that your
Government will do its best in this direction.

I wish the Conference great success.
With warm regards.

PRABHUDAS B. PATWARI

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Lucknow,
April 4, 1979.

I am glad to know that the A.P. Backward Classes State
Conference is being held shortly and I wish its deliberations
all success.

G.D.TAPASE

Governor of Uttar Pradesh.

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I have great pleasure in extending my greetings and felicita-
tions to the participants of the Conference and in wishing their
deliberations all success.

GOVIND NARA1N,
Governor of Rarnataka.

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C. M. POQNACHA Raj Bhavan,

Governor, Bhopal,

Madhya Pradesh. llth April, 1979.

I am happy to learn that the Andhra Pradesh Government
have decided to hold the State Level Backward Classes Conference
on 28th and 29th of April, 1979. The general welfare of the Backward
Classes, with special emphasis on educational and social activities
would, I am sure, be highlighted at this Conference and necessary
guidelines be formulated for the purpose.

I wish the Conference all success.

C. M. POONACHA.

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CHANDI GARH,

9, 1979.

DEVI LAL,
Chief Minister, Haryana.

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Bhubaneswar,
\ltli April, 1979

It gives me great pleasure to learn that a State Level Backward
Classes Conference is being organised under the ounces
of the Government of Andhra Pradesh on April 28th and 29th
?979 to h ghHght the welfare measures undertaken by the State
Government for the benefit of Backward Classes and to suggest
siitoble further measures for their acce crated progress m theSftOe
have no doubt that the Conference will go a long way in creating
an atmosphere conducive to the upliftment of the backward classes
in Andhra Pradesh. I am glad that the Government oi Andhra
PradSsh have risen to the occasion and are determined to ameliorate
the condition of the Backward Classes which constitute more than
50%, of the State's population.

I wish the Conference all success.

NILAMON1 ROUTROY,

Chief Minister,
Orissa,

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SURJIT SINGH BARNALA.

Minister, NEW DELHI

Agriculture and Irrigation, India. 2Qth April, 1979.

I am glad to know that the An.dh.ra Pradesh Government is orga-
nising a Conference of the State Backward Classes during this Month
I wish Conference all success.

SURJIT SINGH BARNALA.

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123-18

ENGLISH SECTION

123*1

Pages

1 BRIGHT FUTURE FOR BACKWARD CLASSES . . . . . . 5-7

Dr. M. Chatma'Reddy

ft I* -

2 ONE LAW FOR THE LION AND Ox . . . . . g-9 1

G. Vedanta Rao

* 4

3 DEVELOPMENT OF BACKWARD CLASSES IN HA.RYANA .. .. 12-13-

frit Singh Rathee.

4 WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES (IN A NUTSHELL) ... .. 14-15

5 HANDLOOM INDUSTRY IN ANDHRA PRADESH .. .. 16*20

B. V. Reddy, I.A.S.

6 EDUCATIONAL UPLIFTMENT OF BACKWARD CLASSES .. .. 21-22:

Prof. K. V. Sivayya

1 NEW DEAL TO BACKWARD CLASSES UNDER FIVE YEAR PLANS , . 23-25-

V* Raman Rao

8 WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES: CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS .. 26-31

J, Viraswamy.

9 A.P.S.R.T.C. IN THE SERVICE OF BACKWARD CLASSES . . . . 32-33=

R. Prabhakara Rao, I.P.S.

10 SMALL SCALE AND RURAL INDUSTRIES SECTOR : SPECIAL ATTENTION*

TO THE OCCUPATIONAL PROBLEMS OF BACKWARD CLASSES . . 34-36-

K. S. R, Murthy, I.A.S.

11 SPECIAL PROGRAMMES IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT .. .. 37-38-

Shravan Kumar, I.A.S.

12 FACILITIES TO BACKWARD CLASSES UNDER TECHNICAL EDUCATION 39

13 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMITMENT TO UPLIFT BACKWARD CLASSES . . 40-42".

S. Lakshminarayana

14 BACKWARD CLASSES Vis-A-Vis THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 43-44-

Anagani Bhagvaantha Rao

15 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES FOR BACKWARD CLASSES .. .. 45-49"

Baburao Varma

16 AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE BENEFIT OF BACKWARD

CLASSES IN ANDHRA PRADESH. . . . . . . 50-54-

U. B. Raghavendra Rao, LA.S.

17 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE SANCTIONED TO WEAKER SECTIONS

SOCIETIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH, . . . . '55

G. Kumar a Swamy Reddy, LA.S.

18 BACKWARD CLASSES IN TAMILNADU .. .. .. 56-58

G. R. Edmund

19 ANDHRA PRADESH BACKWARD CLASSES

CO-OPERATIVE FINANCE CORPORATION ... _ 59-64

20 CONSTITUTIONAL CONCEPT OF RESERVATION IN FAVOUR OF SOCIALLY

AND EDUCATIONALLY BACKWARD CLASSES OF CITIZENS .. 65-69

P. Shiv Shankar, M.P.

21 INDIAN POLICY AND BACKWARD CLASSES . . . , 70-73

B. Subbarayanan

22 BACKWARD CLASSES A CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH . . . . 74-79

C. Sriramulu

23 GOVERNMENT ORDERS REGARDING BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE .. ^-102

Dr. M. CHANNA REDDY*

Our Constitution enjoins the State Governments to make special provisions for the
advancement of the socially and educationally backward classes of citizens as distingui-
shed from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The progress of a people can be
assessed only by the extent the weaker sections among them have been benefited by
various programmes undertaken and implemented by the administration particularly
when the weaker sections comprise a large part of the population. During the three
decades of our independence, though much progress has been achieved in various fields
it cannot be denied that many of the benefits of development have not reached the weaker ,
sections of our society. Keeping all this in view, my Government has, soon after
assuming office, launched various schemes for the uplift of the people belonging to various
poor sections in our State.

More than 40 per cent of the people in our State belong to the backward classes. A,
majority of them arc occupational groups 'like carpenters, bacaksmiths, ' weavers, shep-
herds, fishermen, tailors, potters, barbers, sweepers, washermen, etc-, Shortage of
finance, absence of technical know-how, limited markets for their products etc,, have
been some of the huidles in the way of.thejr economic development. . The creation of a
separate Backward Classes Co-operative Finance Corporation is one important .step
taken by the Government to overcome this problem making available an institution to
serve as a special instrument of planned economic development of members of the
Backward Class Communities.

The programmes for the welfare of backward classes include essentially educational
concessions, house-sites distribution, community services and economic support progra-
mmes through the Corporation.

For implementing educational schemes for the backward classes students, my
Government has provided an amount of Rs. 236.44 lakhs to be sanctioned as scholar-
ships, including those for pre and post-matric and esidential rstudents. An amount
exceeding Rs. 2.00 crores'has been provided for the maintenance of hostels. Besides the
351 hostels already existing, 22 new hostels and 5 Ashram Schools were opened recently
for the benefit of children of fishermen. The number of students belonging to back-
waid classes who are admitted into hostels have risen from 13,136 to 31,665 in the current
year. Supply of nationalised text books, fee concessions, clothes for students in Govern-
ment hostels, pre-examination training to 50 backward class candidates for Group
services, short term training programmes for employment as village, officers, 'drivers,
tailors, etc., are some of the other concessions extended to provide not only opportunities
for the spread of literacy among the youth belonging to backward classes but also to
provide them with avenues of employment. These measures have already begun to
yield results and the people of these long neglected sections are taking up tjheir justiful
place in the mainstream of social life in our State.

*Chief Minister, A. P. / ''

-, 5
123-2

Most of the backward class people live in the countryside and housing facilities
and attendent amenities have been unsatisfactory. My Government has decided to
expedite actions for the distribution of hous.e'-sites assigning high priority to this work
both in terms of time and finance. During the last financial year the allocation for distri-
bution of house-sites was enhanced to Rs. 500 lakhs and another provision of Rs. 100
lakhs was made for site improvements erection of structures etc. Till now, about 11
lakh house-sites have been distributed in the State, about forty per cent of the beneficia-
ries belonging to the backward classes. As a corollary to this, we have launched an
ambitious housing programme to assist those who were allotted house-sites to construct
houses,. The following housing programmes were formulated and taken up for imple-
mentation :

(fl) the sites-services programme on the Vizag and Kurnool pattern to cover
1,25,000 families by end of May, 1979.

(6) the rural permanent housing programme to cover 50,000 families with loan
assistance from institutional agencies like i Housing and Urban Development Corpora-
tion (H.U.D.C.O.), Corporation LIFE INSURANCE (L.I.C.) and General Insurance
Corporation (G.I.C.)

(d) permanent housing programme through Weavers and Fishermen and other
artisan Co-operative Societies with loan assistance from institutional agencies.

The Sites-Services Programme would comprise of
(a) Provision and development of house-sites.

(fe) Provision of Civic amenities and services such as roads, drains, drinking
water, street lighting;

(J) Economic support Scheme to augment the income of beneficiaries.

The civic amenities are being provided from the grant of Social Welfare Department
and/or earmarked funds of the P.R. Institutions, suitably augmented by linkage with the
Food for Work Programme. The financial assistance for housing has been standardised
at Rs. 200 in the shape of building materials and Rs. 200 as Food under Food for Work
Programme. Further orders have been issued through G.O. Ms. No. 180, F. & R.D.
Department, dated 5-3-1979 for supply of bamboos at concessional rates. The Programme
has gained considerable momentum in all the districts.

With the loan assistance of G.I.C. to a tune of Rs. 50 lakhs a pilot rural permanent
housing programme is taken up for implementation in all the districts.

A scheme was submitted to the H.U.D.C.O. for 25,000 rural permanent houses with
a unit cost of Rs. 4,000 each and the scheme has been technically cleared and formal
clearance is awaited.

As far as Urban housing scheme is concerned Collectors have formulated scheme
for all the towns in Municipal areas and proposals for 6,026 houses with a loan of
Rs. 289.90 lakhs were submitted to HUDCO. These proposals are technically cleared
and formal sanction is awaited.

My Government has also initiated new schemes to provide employment to unemp-
loyed youth belonging to the weaker sections, particularly among the backward classes.
The Special Employment Scheme launched in August last year has already begun to
yield results. About 75,000 unemployed or under-employed person- have been provided
gainful employment or occupations through assistance like margin money and institu-
tional and infrastructural arrangements. Most of these beneficiries belong to back-
ward class communities.

Various other steps like distribution of surplus lands, reservation of some seats in
Panchayati Raj and Municipal institutions etc., are also being implemented. The
present government has provided an additional sum of Rs. 230 lakhs in the Current
year raising the budget provision to Rs. 710 lakhs for the Welfare of Backward Classes.
The efforts of the State Government to bring due relief to this section of our society needs
the whole-hearted co-operation of all sections of the people. Though our achivements
in this field have become noticeable we propose to continue massive efforts in the coming
years. With the co-operation of the people, I am confident that the history of
backwardness and misery will be soon forgotten and our Society will march towards
prosperity without disabilities and inequalities,

One Law

For
The Lion And Ox

G. VEDANTHA RAO*

The other day there was violent agitation against reservations to backward classes.
in Bihar the echo of which was seen at Guntm in an anti-reservation-rally. At the other
end at Vizag on the Republic Day there was equally massive rally by Scheduled Castes
with black flags and slogans that they have not yet got Independence. These two incidents
demonstrate two distinct and contradictory freiiiTs in the society, one is for more reser-
vations and more effective special protection to the weaker sections and the other is
for scrapping of reservations and seeking for equal treatment. What course the
State should pedal ?

The Constitution-The Fundamental Law of our country-charges the Government
in Art. 46 to take special care of the socio-economic interests of the weaker sections and
to protect them from all forms of exploitation. Art. 15(4) of the Fundamental Rights
equally permits the State to give special protection to the socially and educationally back-
ward classes. Ait, 16(4) of the Constitution joins c.horous with Art. 15(4) and permits
the State to make reservations or special provisions to the socially and educationally back-
ward classes in the matter of appointments and promotions. Thus, there is the consti-
tutional mandate to the States to make special provisions or grant special protection
or make reservations to the backward classes.

Despite the Constitutional prescriptions for special treatment ot privileges or con-
cessions to weaker sections, why is this controversy about reservations? Is it not a fact
that the caste system which is prevalent in the society for centuries segragated certain
castes, excluded from the culture, heritage, and civilisation of our country and left them
as socio-economic destitutes. We have an affluent, civilised cultural society at one end
and the illiterate ignorant and uncivilised destitutes at the other end. Should we not
bring this unfortunate section of society who even to-day cannot afford a hut, a full
meal or a couple of clothes, socially stigmatised, on par with the other sections of the
society to make them feel that they are also citizens of this great country breathing free
air?

While there is no controversy on the permissive provisions of the Constitution to
extend special treatment to the backward classes, while equally there is no controversy
the low weight. What is it we are doing by giving special protection to the weaker
section by reservations or otherwise if it is not handicapping ? Should we not draw lessons
from this "justice of the horse racing". While the mute horses are rendeved equal justice
why not the mute suffering millions of backward classes be rendered justice by similar

*Chairman 3 Coastal Andhra Planning and Development Committee.

that there is a wide gap between forward sections and backward sections in social, ed-
ucational cultural and economic status, still the votaries of anti-reservations raise certain
familiar issues against reservations. Let us examine them :

WHY RESERVATIONS?

Some say, we had already suffered by caste system which left a permanent
scar on the cultural heritage and civilisation of our society with pyramidical
structure of social, educational, economical and cultural distinctions and disparities. The
caste system has to be abolished as any reservations to backward classes or Scheduled
Castes perpetuates the caste system and defeats the objectives of our Constitution to have
eagalitarian society. This review is apparently very attractive which speaks of uniform
laws for all without any distinction but there appears to be a fallacy in their approach.
Is, not caste an identifiable social, economic and cultural group in Indian society? If it
is an identifiable social group what wrong is there in treating separately such groups with
a larger view to integrate the various heterogeneous social groups ?

Equality before the law in an unequal world produces only in. quality but does not
render equal justice. Equality before the law implies "like must be treated alike". Law
must be equal among equals but not equal among unequals. Look at a farmer what he
does in his field : if there is a low-lying area he would level it up and if there is a high
level area he will level it down to make the field plain. Should we not extend this
justice of the farmer to the low-high indian society? No doubt our larger aim is to have/
a casteless society but should we not achieve this by extending special protection to the
handicapped communities to bring them on par with the advanced castes ? The caste cannot
be abolished by a Constitutional prescription nor by overnight legislation but could only
be abolished by a long drawn active process of social ,eductional and economic emanci-
pation of the down trodden communities. The cultural gap, the educational gap, the
economic gap and the status gap have to be bridged by appropriate legislative and
executive measures.

The equality before Jaw must ensure equal opportunities to one and all. There
will be citizens who were born in an affluent society with good environment, culture
civilisation and opportunities. There will be equally citizesns who were born in a poor
family, born in a socially stigmatised caste without any culture 01 civilisation, 10 persons
living under roof of one hut with a kerosene lamp, ill-clad and half fed. Can the latter
compete with the former in any field ? Can the son of a Cobbler compete with the SOD
of a Collector or the son of a Zarnindar or the son of an affluent? Should we not
afford equal opportunity to both these sections of citizens ? Can the uniform law for the
high and low bring about eagalitarian society or aggravate inequalities, the rich becoming
richer and the poor becoming poorer.

When I think of this problem, I am reminded of the horse racing. The horses
are divided into several classes. 1,11,111, IV and A and B, the last being B. The classia-
cation is based on previous record of the horses, their pedigree, their acheivements, their
successes and failures. Even in a particular class before the horses are held out for
racing the handicapper seeks to equalise the opportunities of the various horses
in the same class by imposing relative weights to the horses based on
their capacities and previous performance. In class one, to run the same distance for
the horses in that class there will be gradation of weights. One horse will be given
60 k.gs. the other 58 k.gs. and the other 56 k.gs. and the other 50 and so on, the last
wil be given 46 or 45 k.gs. The handicaps are imposed to equalise opportunities and
to have a fair game, the mighty being given the high weight and the weak being given

123-3

handicaps. If you go further from handicapping and ask tho punter to choose the winner
he looks to the -^cjigfci, the previous performance, the trainer, the owner, and
the Jocky etc. Are we not giving special protection looking at the pedigree
the social, cultural and economic status of the parents or the grand parents
or the cummunity to which they belong ? What is wrong in it ? Do you know that if a
horse in a particular class wins a race, weight will be increased for the next race,
and if it continuously succe3ds, it will be promoted. If it fails, the weight will be de-
creased, and continuously fails it wil be demoted. The human race requires identical
handicapping and that is what the Constitution envisages.

There is the other argument regarding reservations. One gentlemen asked me "when
you reserve 40% to weaker sections, are we not reserving 60% to forward sections"? It
appears to be so. To test this proposition you take the persons sc!c:tcd in the 60% open
competition and check up how many of them belong to weaker sections. You find none,
Why then you find fault with reservations for backward classes without finding fault
for 60% reservations for forward classes. Take the independent professions of lawyers
or doctors or engineers or architects who do not enjoy Government jobs but indepen-
dently practice and chc;k up what percentage of weiker sections we have in them.
You find a big zero of weaker sections. Take any field of activity, industry, profession
or other avocations, the first leading 25 will always be from the advanced sections and
the weaker sections will somewhere be near 100. Docs it not expose that still a lot has
to be done to them to bring them on par with the advanced sections. Should wo not allow
the fair game to be played by equalising unequals.

The other proposition that often held out is, while there are backward classes who
are socially, economically, educationally and culturally out-castes who have to be taken
care of, can't we do this by clar-if, iir; them as economically backward class thereby
curbing the forces of perpetution of castes and achieve egalitarian society? This pro-
position exfacie looks very attractive. The proposition overlooks the fact that the back-
wardeness in the Indian society is not merely economical but mostly social, cultural
and educational. By mere correcting the economic imbalances, you cannot correct tho
social, cductional and cultural gaps. The few economically backward in advanced sec-
tions may need some protection, but they cannot be classified for the purpose of Con-
stitutional protection along with social, educational and cultural backward classes.
Why, the Consiitution itself answers this. In Art. 15(4) or 16(4) and 46 or elsewhere
the Constitution speaks of social and educational backward class but not of economical
backward classes.

In the fields, where thei'ois no reservation be it in politics or public service or else
where, the common complaint is that tho posts or places are shared between two or three
dominant communities and even the meritorious persons of other communities are hardly
conside;ed. Some say that after the judgment of Supreme Court in Champakam Dorai-
rajan case communal representation was ostensibly given up but in fact the system is work-
ing up communally. Recourse then must be had to law to intervene and correct the
caste prejudices and caste preferences.

Should the reservations continue in perpetuam or should we at some stage or other
put a stop to this. Certainly reservations, cannot be indefinite in point of time. Had
we vigorously in the letter and spirit of the Constitution implemented programmes of
special protection for weaker sections in all fields of activity, by now, we could have
stopped. But unfortunately excepting traditional sectors of education and services
precious little was done in other sectors of .life particularly in the economic life- of the

society. The Constitution docs not restrict special protection to only education and
services but c .lenvK to all sphere* of activities when it speaks of social and economic interest^
and protection from all forms of exploitation. The reservations could be stopped when in
the open sector or in the open competition the backward classes are able to size up suffi-
cient number of posts and places, Till then the reservations have to continue.

Reservations no doubt continue the division of society into castes but they must be
understood in the right per/jicjiivc of ameliorating the conditions of the exploited under-
dog. There must be a spirit of give and take from the higher sections, Gandhiji has said
that the strong, the rich and the educated are the trustees of the weak, poor and the un-
educated, Let us not forget the ancient Indian civilisation and tradition. While we
give special protection to the handicapped persons wo must encourage inter-caste marri-
ages and this cross fertilisation alone in the course of time wipe out the caste system in
this country. Equally we should guard against the danger of the few affluent sections of
the weaker sections knocking the cream of reservations and leaving nothing for tho
mejority weakest among tho weaker sections. We may have to adopt a process of gra-
dual exclusion of some of tho classes and castes from the weaker sections 01 some sections
in the same caste if we seriously intend to reach the real backward classes and castes.

Equality before law in an unequal Indian society could only mean proportional equa-
lity, each according to his want. Equality before law cannot be one Law for the Lion
and the Ox.

Development of
Backward Classes
in Haryana

PHIT SINGH RAIHEE*

Under Article 46 of the Constitution of India in one of the Directive Principles the
State Government has been called upon to promote with special care the educational and
economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation. Article 16 (4) of the Constitution permits the State Government to make
reservation in appointments of posts in favour of backward classes. Besides Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes there is another section of the society which is economically
and educationally backward. The State Government was required to draw a list of such
castes who fell under the Backward Classes. For this purpose a committee was appointed
by the erstwhile Punjab Government in 1951 and on the basis of the recommendations
of the Committee 14 castes wore declared as Backward Classes by the State Government.
The criteria adopted for the declaration of tha Backward Classes w.vj economic and
educational backwardness coupled wirh some inherent factor that the community concer-
ned was looked down upon which was akin to untouchability.

Latei often on political considerations the State Government went on adding to
the list of Backward Classes from time to time so as to make a larger and larger number
of poisons eligible for educational and service benefits. As no separate census of back-
ward classes have been conducted information about the population etc., is not avail-
able. However, it is estimated that 5 to 10% population belongs to Backward Classes
as declared by the State Government. At present the following concessions are given
to persons belonging to Backward Classes :

I. Reservation of posts in Government Services

5% of all the posts (in class I, II, HI and IV) are reserved for Backward Classes in
direct recruitment and the same percentage of reservation exists in class III and IV
promotion posts on the basis of seniority-cM/n-merit. Before September 1978. the per-
centage of reservation was as 2%, Backward Classes persons are given relaxation of
5 years in age for all posts under the State Government and only l/4th of the regular
amount of fee is charged from Backward Classes candidates for any post by the Haryana
Public Service Commission/Subordinate Service Selection Board. The representation
of Backward Classes in State Services as on 1-1-1978 is given below ;

Total employees Class-wise Backward Classes Class-wise. Percentage

i ii in iv i ii m iv i n m iv

813 3,5781,08,480 26,302 1 40 5,472 2,920 .. 1.12 5.04 11.10
* Minister Jor Revenue, Haryana

2. Reservation of seats in Educational Institutions

2% seats are reserved for Backward Classes in all Technical Educational and
Professional Institutions in the State.

3. Other facilities

(0 Children belonging to Backward Classes, the income of whose parents do not
exceed Rs. 4,200 per annum, are assisted financially in the 9th, 10th and llth classes.
The rate of scholarship is being enhanced from Rs. 8 to Rs. 16 per month per student
from the cm rent academic session.

(tV) Beside this, Post-Matric students are also awarded scholarships at varying
rates ranging from Rs. 15toRs. 35 per month for different classes under the State
Harijan (Education) Welfare Scheme. The rates aie being suitably enhanced from the
current academic session.

(Hi) Provision has been made to allot the surplus area declared under the Haryana
Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 to the members belonging to Backward Classes
besides Scheduled Castes, agricultural workers, landless persons, ex-servicemen and
persons owning land not exceeding two hectares of Barani Land.

(/v) Loans not exceeding Rs. 2,000 each aie granted to the members of Backward
Classes for setting themselves up in various trades and professions. The loans are
interest free and are recoverable in twenty equated half yearly instalments commencing
after the lapse of four years from the date of payment of the loan amount.

(v) Under the Rural Industries Scheme launched by State Government for the
benefit of entrepreneurs from the lower strata of society, members of the Scheduled
Castes and Backward Classes, alongwith other economically backward classes can esta-
blish tiny units with an investment up to Rs. 1 lakh in fixed capital. Whereas in ihe
case of other classes of entrepreneurs the minimum qualification is Matriculate or I.T.I.
certificate, in the case of members of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes they are
eligible for assistance under the scheme even if they are only literate. This gives an
additional benefit to members of these classes for availing of facilities under the scheme
which has been introduced primarily to generate employment opportunities.

(vi) The Slate Government have provided 78,000 house sites measuring 100 Sq.
yards each to the persons belonging to Backward Classes.

123-4

IN A NUTSHELL

WELFARE

OF
BACKWARD CLASSES

More than 40 per cent of the people in the State belong to the
backward classes. Most of them are occupational groups like car-
penters, blacksmiths, weavers, shepherds, fishermen, tailors, potters,
barbers, sweepers, washermen, etc. Shortage of finance, absence
of technical know-how, lack of marketing facilities were some hur-
dles in their way of economic advancement. Programmes for the
benefit of these people have been accelerated during the recent years.
The creation of A. P. Backward Glasses Co-operative Finance Cor-
poration is one important step taken by the Government to fill this
gap, to remove these hurdles and to serve as a special instrument of
planned economic development of backward classes.

Programmes for the welfare of backward classes are broadly
classified into three groups; educational uplift, house-sites and com-
munity services and economic support programmes through the Cor-
poration.

Financial Allocation

** Allotment of plan and six-point formula funds during
1978-79 has been as much as the allotment for two years
(1975-76 and 1976-77) put together.

** The A. P. Backward Classes Corporation has so far im-
plemented various schemes with a total outlay of Rs. 27.61
crores utilising margin money of Rs. 4 . 71 crores, enlisting
banks participation of Rs. 22,20 crores, benefiting
1,45,665 backward class people for the period ending
March 15, 1979. During 1978-79 alone sdv'siKs worth
Rs. 5 . 34 crores were implemented utilising' margin money of
Rs. 93 . 87 lakhs, enlisting banks participation of Rs. 4 . 26
crores and benefiting 17,850 listed backward classes.

Scheme for Economic Betterment

** The schemes implemented by the Corporation in 1978-79
include those for surplus land development (5,281 benefi-
ciaries), support to economically poor persons (3,918 be-
neficiaries) and economic support to freed bonded labourers
(292 beneficiaries).

** Rs. 30.71 lakhs have been released for implementation of
special employment programmes including passenger tra-
nsport programmes for people in the old city for training
and employment.

** Another amount of Rs. 32 lakhs has been released for im-
plementation of schemes to assignees of Government lands
for development of land and providing irrigational facilities.

Educational Schemes

** An amount of Rs. 236.44 lakhs has been spent during
1978-79 towards sanction of various types of scholarships,
including those for pre-matric, post-matric and residential.
This allotment represents an increase of Rs. 33 lakhs over
the previous year. The scholarships also include merit
scholars & scholarships to students studying outside the State.
An amount of Rs. 281.42 lakhs is provided in 1979-80.

** An amount of Rs. 211.46 lakhs has been provided during
1978-79 for the maintenance of hostels and opening of new
ones. Besides 378 hostels now being operated, it is pro-
posed to start another 100. In 1979-80 an amount of
Rs. 259.63 lakhs is provided.

:|< * 5 Ashram schools for children of fishermen have been con-
tinued during the year 1978-79. Besides, a fresh allotment
of Rs. 25 lakhs has been made to open more such Ashrams
for Children of fishermen and other backward classes. Or-
ders for opening five of them have since been issued.

** Supply of nationalised textbooks, fee concession for listed
backward classes, clothing to students in Government hos-
tels, pre-examination training to 50 listed backward classes
candidates for Group 1 Services, part-time coaching for
Group 1 service examinations, special coaching to 1st year
engineering students, short-term training programmes for
employment as village officers, drivers, fishermen, tailors,
IAS pre-examination coaching centres are some other
schemes under which support is being extended to them.

Other Schemes

** 48 5 215 families belonging to backward classes, 13,593 fa-
milies belonging to other weaker sections were provided
house-sites during 1977-78 involving an fP^ture of
Rs. 58 . 46 lakhs and Rs. 8 . 06 lakhs respectively. .The budget
allotment for 1978-79 was stepped np to Rs. 500 la^hs tor
house-sites, apart from provision of Rs. 100 lakhs towards
levelling of land, erection of structures, etc.

** A token amount of Rs. 25,090 has been provided to give
monetary relief to members of backward classes wiio be-
came victims of 'altrocities daring 1978-7^.

** 15% of the houses constructed under A. P. Housing Board
have been reserved for backward classes.

Andhra Pradesh

SRI B. V. REDDY, I.A.S.*

In Andhra Pradesh State the estimated loomage is 6.00 lakhs and the actual icgis-
tered loomage is 5,02 lakhs, From 1935 onwards with a view to improve the economic
conditions of Weavers, steps have been taken to organise them into co-operatives. The
progress in covering weavers by co-operatives, was rather slow till the beginning of the
Second World War period. With the diversion of production by mill sector to
Defence requirements, handlooms had to play a very important role in meeting clothing
requirements of civilian population. In order lo regulate supply of scarce raw materials
and also supply of finished goods, number of Weavers' Co-operative Societies have been
icgistered during the Second World War period. Thereafter with the introduction of
handloom development schemes from early 1950s the handloom weavers, co-operative
movement in the Andhra Pradesh State received further fillip. Even then coverage of
weavers by Co-operatives was less than 50%. With the implementation of recommen-
dations made by the Sivaraman Committee and matching assistance being provided by
Government of India for Co-operative Coverage, the State made appreciable progress in
bringing more weavers into co-operatives. As on date 3.27 lakhs of handloom weavers
have been brought into co-operative fold. The position with regard to total loomage in
the State, coverage of co-operatives, effective employment provided by Co-operatives, pro-
duction etc,, is as given below.

Total loomage in the State

Rgistered loomage

Total value of bandloom goods produced in the State

annually

Major varieties produced
Special varieties of State

Loomage in the Co-operatives

Effective loomage in the co-operatives

No. of Weavers Co-operative Societies

No. of Weavers Co-operative Societies (active)

Annual Production by Co-operatives

Amount invested in the shares of Primaries by
Government

6. 00 lakhs
5. 02 lakhs
Rs. 90 crores

Sarees, Dhoties, and Skirtings
Himroos, Tye-Dye, Venkatagiri,
Gadwal and Siddipet Sarees,

120s dhoties of Mori and

Narayanavaram

3. 27 lakhs
1.60 lakhs
. 1630
1570

Rs. 20. 00 crores worth
Rs. 32. 42 lakhs

Director of Handlooms and Textiles

50% of the notional loomage is only actually working for co-operatives. In other
words, the co-operatives are not able to provide employment to all the members. -In
teralia, the main reason for the societies providing employment to 50 of their members
is the inadequacy of working capital. Societies (Primaries) command own resources to
the extent of Rs. 3 .00 crores and credit being made availabe to them is Rs 3 to 4.00
crores annually.

Under Plan Schemes though assistance is provided for the development of Hand-
loom. Industry it is not always adequate. Yearly 1 . 50 to 2 . 00 crores of rupees are being
initially provided in the State Budget for various handloom development schemes. By
the end of the financial year State Government have been finding additional funds to
some extent. The Plan Schemes being implemented in the State are mainly the following.

1. Covering of Weavers by Co-operatives.

2. Strengthening the Share Capital structure of Primary Weavers Co-operative Socie-

ties by State Government directly investing in their Shares and providing oppor-
tunity even to dormant societies to lestart functioning.

3. Assistance towards marketing by way of rebate and for opening of sales empoiia.

4. Introduction of technical improvements in Industry calculated to improve the com-

petitive capacity of the weaver.

5. Provision of pre-loom and post-loom facilities.

6. Subsidising interest on borrowings.

7. Assisting by investing in the Shares of the Apex Society to develop market outlets and
relieve primaries to the maximum extent possible from marketing their production.

Textile Development Corpoiation which is to serve the private sector also is assisted
by investment in its shares and also in implementing the Intensive Development, Expoit
Production and Special Rehabilitation Projects. The following is the break up of last
year's Plan (i.e., 1978-79) outlay of Rs. 1.54 crores.

(Rupees in lakhs)

1. Coverage of weavers by Co-operatives 10.00 The programme is to cover 11,000

weavers by Co-operatives

2. Strengthening the Share Capital struct-

ture of dormant and weak societies 10.00

3. Marketing/Rebate .. .. 17.00.

4. Technical Schemes/ - 10.00 It is proposed to assist 10 selected
Intensive Development Project .. 15.00 Weavers Co-operative Socie-
ties with an outlay of Rs. 7.00
lakhs under Package Scheme.
Under Package Scheme, im-
proved type of looms, construc-
tion of sheds, establishment of
dye units, Hydro extractor,
Warping machines, Small mer-
cerising plant and Technical
assistance to supervise the
production would be provided.
These Societies would under-
take production of improved
varieties,

17
123-5

5. Interest Subsidy .. .. 12.00

6. Investment in the Shares of Apex/ 20.00

Corporation

7. Investment in the Shares of Wool and 4.50

silk Societies

To make the Wool and Silk So-
cieties eligible to borrow credit
under R.B.I. Scheme, invest-
ment in its shares by Govern-
ment is proposed

8. Powerlooms .. .. .. 10.00

9. Majiagerial Subisidy to dormant . 50

societies

10. Organisational expenses .. .. 5.00

11. Development of Sericulture .. 20.00

12. State participation in Co-operative 20.00

Spinning Mills .. .. 20.00

Total : . . 154.00

For the year 1979-80 the following is
respect of the each scheme.

the tentative programme and outlay in

1. Share Capital loans to Weavers Co-operative Societies

2. Investment in the shares of dormant and weak societies . .

3. Marketing Schemes

4. Rebate on sales of handloom cloth/procurement subsidy ..

5. Working Capital loans to Weavers Co-operative Societies

6. Interest Subsidy on loans to Weavers Co-operative Societies

7. Technical Schemes . . . . . .

8. Intensive Development Project

9. Share Capital contribution to Apex Institutions

10. Investment in the Shares of Silk Weavers Co-operative Societies

11. Investment in the shares of Wool Weavers Co-operative Societies

12. Organisational expenses . . . .

13. Construction of residential quarters to weavers

14. Working Capital to Garment Manufacturing Co-operative Societies

15. Powerlooms ..

16. Sericulture

Total : . .

(Rupees in
lakhs.)

18.00
35.00
30.00

150.00
10.00
15,00

200.00
61.25
80.00
15.00
25.00
11.00
10.00
5.00
45.00
80.00

790.25

Credit limits :

There is considerable increase in the provision of credit availability to primaries and
Apex institutions as shown below:

Primaries

Apex

(Rupees in lakhs)

1976-77
1977-78
1978-79

151.00
460.13
400.34-f

290.00
650,00
750,00

145.00

(additional limits
pending sanction)

Controlled cloth :

The Scheme was introduced in the year 1976-77 (i.e., October, 1976) The progress is
as follows :

Year

Target
lakh

Looms
Covered

Production

Sales

Sq. Mts.

Lakh Value

Value

Sq. Mts.

1976-77

1,640

4.58 13.74

1.42-

1977-78

170

22,433

188.99 566.97

321.54

1978-79

27,089

102.00 291.00

169.40

(Million

(Upto 9/78)

Sq. Mts.)

From 10/78 to 3/79

the production ii

expected to be 220

Million sq. mts.

Pre-Loom and Post-Loom facilities :

A processing unit is being established at Hyderabad with a total estimated cost of
Rs, 2.10 crores. The total paid up Share Capital by Government as well as members is
Rs, 51 .28 lakhs. The Society has purchased site and commenced civil works. Part of the
machinery has already arrived and remaining would be finalised soon. The unit would
go into production within 6 or 7 months.

Sericulture Industry :

Sericulture Development Schemes are spread over in the Districts of Anantha pur
Cliittoor, Kurnool, Cuddapah, Nellore, Krishna, West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Sri,
kakulam , Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam-
Nizamabad and Adilabad. Progress achieved so far is as follows:

As on date

Mulberry

Coverage of acre

Production of Reeling Cocoons

Production of D.F.L.S.

.. 18,000

.. 18. 00 lakh Kgs. (Year)

.. 32. 79 lakh Kgs. (Year)

Financial assistance provided from 1974-75 to 1978-79
(i) Under Plan Schemes . . . . Rs. 51 . 50 lakhs

(if) Under Six Point Formula . . .. Rs. 39.77 lakhs

.(i) Under D.P.A.P. . . . . . . Rs. 141 .69 Jakhs

Under Tassar as against the production of 43.00 lakhs Nos. of reeling cocoons dur-
ing 1977-78, production during last year was expected to be 80.00 lakh Nos.
The programme was to establish 3 new grainages, 7 Silk reeling units of 250 ends
capacity, sinking of new irrigation wells, purchase of Pump sets and construction
of rearing sheds for the benefit of Small and Marginal Farmers.

SPINNING MILLS

There are 31 Spinning Mills in the State, of which 2 are composite mills. The insta-
led capacity of these mills is 5,85 lakhs spindles. Of the 31 Spinning Mills in the State
5 are in the Co-operative Sector, 6 are run by the National Textile Corporation and
remaining 20 are in the Private Sector. One more Co-operative Spinning Mill with 25,000
spindles in the growers sector is coming up at Adilabad.

The Spindleage of Co-operative Spinning Mills is 85,000. The production of these
mills is about 3,000 bales per month. Government have invested Rs. 3 19 . 00 lakhs in the
Share Capital of these mills. Government have also extended 100% guarantee to total
sum of Rs. 265.00 lakhs to the financing agencies like I.F.C.T. and I.D.B.I. on behalf of
the Co-operative Spinning Mills to enable them to obtain Block Capital.

The Co-operative Spinning Mills at Guntakal and Chirala have taken up modernisa-
tion programme by availing soft loan from the I.D.B.I. The I.D.B.I. has sanctioned
Rs. 56.00 lakhs and Rs. 49.00 lakhs to the Guntakal and Chirala Co-operative Spinn-
ing Mills icspectively.

The Mills at Nellore and Chirala have programmes of expansion of spindleage to
25,000. The Andhra Co-operative Spinning Mills, Guntakal and the Rajahmundry
Co-operative Spinning Mills have also proposed to increase their spindleage further by
11,500 and 6,000. The expansion programme of these .mills would be taken up shortly.

Educational Upliftment

Backward Classes

PROFESSOR K.V. SIVAYYA*

The segregation of human beirgs, with the same flesh and blood, has been the bane
of all societies of the world. Though there is a change in civilisation Ihere is no corres-
ponding change in the acceptance of all human beings as one.

In India, the society is divided on the r basis of caste system and we are familiar with
he r categories i.e., forward, backward and scheduled castes/tribes. But the economic
conditions have divided these into haves and havenots. By and large the backward
classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form a majority of the society. The
relationship between the caste and the economic status, i.e., the lower the caste the
lower the economic status is geneially observable in our society. It has been the ardent
endeavour of our government to uplift the lot of the backward classes; but there is a lot
to be done.

Realising the existence of the problems of the backward classes, a Committee under
the Chairmaship of Sri Kakasaheb Kalelkar was appointed by the Government of India
to determine the criteria to be adopted in considering whether any section of the people
in the territory of India should be treated as socially and economically backward. The
recommendations of this committee had to be dropped because of political arid other
problems. Hence, the constitutional safeguards for the backward classes though concei-
ved earlier could not see the light of the day. However, in view of the gravity of the situa-
tion prevailing in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the neighbourhood, the Government of
Andbra Pradesh appointed a committee headed by Sri Anantha Raman, as Chairman.
In pursuance of the recommendations of this committee, the Government of Andhra
Pradesh, on the 23rd September, 1970 recognised the socially, economically and politically
backward classes and categorised them into the groups of A, B,C and D depending on
their backwardness.

The problems of the backward classes are mostly due to lack of education and ade-
quate protection. Added to this, ignorance of the majority in utilising the benefits thrown
open to them is another cause for their backwardness. In the State of Andhra Pradesh
it has been estimated that 50 per cent of the population belong to backward classes and as
such the strength of the state lies in the economic and social strength of this large group.
Hence it is considered, educational upliftment of backward classes along with safeguards
would give them economic status and a pride of place. This paper would address itself
to the importance of education in the socio-economic and political life of the backward-
classes.

* Head of the Department of Commerce and Business Admn., Andhra
University, Visakhapatnam.

21
123-6

A majority of the backward classes had acquired various craft skills from their an-
cestors and remained as servicemen to the other sections of the village and town. But
with the advent of mechanical appliances and changing civilisation, these professions
have lost their importance and as a result were forced to go without vocation. Hence,
it is time for the government to give suitable education to their off-springs and thus
improve the economic position of these communities.

The Government of Andhra Pradesh have been kind enough to realise the size of back-
ward classes and the magnitude of their problems. It has reserved 25 per cent of the
seats for admission to Colleges and Universities and also reservations for job opportuni-
ties in the State.

The students of the backward classes enjoy scholarships to meet their full mess
charges, tuition fee and their pocket expenses and hostel facilities,, etc. This is a land-
mark in the educational programmes for the backward classes in our State and is also an
eye opener for other States. The State Government spent Rs. 7.2 crores for the welfare
of the backward classes during the year 1978-79. The Government's well intentioned
plans of the above are intended to benefit the weaker sections of the backward classes and
thus enable them to come out of the vicious circle.

If is time for the Government to identify the talent from the backward class stu-
dents at the primary school level and to open residential schools in villages and thus make
them realise the importance of education. This would not only bring discipline but also
motivate them to come up in life. At the College and the University levels, the pre-
sent financial benefits extended to the backward classes if backed up by additional
coaching to educationally weak might be of use to the needy, The above two ways of
imparting education would result in the reduction in the dropout rate that is now widely
pronounced. Coaching facilities to prepare for the admission test into M.R.B.S. and
I.I, Ts. have to be conducted for the Intermediate students belonging to the backward
class in veiw of the severe competition and high standards required for admission,

The present system of allowing the scheduled caste students to pursue higher studies
in foreign countries with certain concessions may also be extended to aspirants of the back-
ward classes. If this is taken up by the State Government and pursued with the Central
Government, it would throw open the whole world to the backward classes.

To safeguard the interests of the backward classes and to present problems to the rele-
vant authorities, Vigilence Committees may be set up in the District and State levels con-
sisting of administrators, academicians and legislators. In view of the changed events
development in economic status is only possible through educational advancement.
Hence, Government has to give adequate importance in imparting right education
suitable to the requirements of the State and the country.

-(o).

New Deal To Backward
Classes Under Five Year Plans

V. RAMAN RAO*

About fifty percent of the population of Andhra Pradesh comprises other Back-
ward Classes who by and large livo below the poverty lino. Ninety three communities have
been declared by Govt. of Andhra Pradesh as socially, educationally and economically
backward'on the basis of the recommendations of the Backward Class Commission set
up by the State Government in J968. The magnitude of the problem of bridging the gap
between the levels of living of these groups and the rest of the populationfexcluding Sche-
duled Castes and Tribes) is considerable. They continue to pursue traditional occupations
and inspitc of employment opportunities generated through various economic activities,
are unable to secure employment due to their low educational levels, lack of skills and
social backwardness.

^ Government of Andhra Pradesh had implemeted various schemes during the
past Five- Year Plan period for the economic advancement of these other Backward Classes.
These programmes gcneially fall under two categories (i) Programmes for providing
facilities in the field of educationand (ii) Programmes for economic betterment.

The educational schemes implemented under the five year plans related to the provi-
sion of pre-matric and post-matric scholarships, grant of stipends, free-ships, mid-day
meals, provision of uniforms, exemption from payment of examination fees, book grants,
hostels facilities etc. For the economic upliftment of these Backward Classes several
welfare mcasuics were undertaken by Government during the plans.

The total expenditure incurred on the welfare of Backward Classes during the plan
period was Rs. 589.34 lakhs as shown below.

(Rs. in lakhs)

Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) ., 24.78

Third Five Year Plan (196 1-66) ,. 28.57

Three Annual Plans (1966-69) .. 6.25

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) . , 132.29

Fifth Plan (1974 78) . .. 397.45

Total: .. 589.34

The important schemes undertaken during different plan periods for the welfare of
Backward Classes are enumerated in the following programmes '

Second Plan Period :

It is observed that many students belong : ng to Backward Classes drop out at primary
and secondary levels of educaion due to economic reasons. In order to ensure that
students belonging to Backward classes do not discontinue their studies, scholarships
were granted to 17037 students, with financial assistance amounting to Rs. 16. 22 lakhs
during the Second Five Year Plan period. Subsidised hostels were given assistance to

* Director, Finance and Planning Dept. ( Govt. of A, P.

the tune of Rs. 6.12 lakhs and 3045 students were benefited. Mid-day meals were
provided to 5593 students at a cost of Rs. 2.08 lakhs. Vocational assistance m the
shape of supply of raw materials and tools to 650 artisans were given at a
cost of Rs. 0.36 lakh.

Third Five Year Plan .*

Stipends and scholarships were given to 11,785 students costing Rs. 21.02 lakhs,
Monetary assistance for books and stationery was given to 90720 students at a cost of Rs.
4.96 lakhs. Mid-day meals were provided during 1961 and 1962 only to 2460 students
at a cost of Rs. 0.77 lakh. Economic uplift in the shape of industrial aid was provided to
an extent of Rs. 1 . 82 iakhs for 3767 persons during first two years ol the plan period.

Fourth Five Year Plan

Pre-matric stipends to I.T.I, students were given to 3,628 students at a cost of Rs,
8.25 lakhs. Government Hostels (18) both new and continuing were maintained at a
cost of Rs. 7.60 lakhs. Nutrition through CARE programme during 1971-73 was
given to 46,320 boarders. Economic aid in the shape of supply of milch animals was
given to 400 families at a cost of Rs. 2.00 lakhs.

Fifth Five Year Plan : (1974-78)

As seen from the following table the outlay for the welfare of backward classes
during Fifth Plan period has been considerably stepped up on different schemes.

S. No, Name of the Scheme,

Expd.
incurred
(Rs, in lakhs).

Unit

Physical
achie vement,

(2)

(3)

(4)

Total

397.45

(5)

State Scholarships to I.T.I, Students

14.00 No.

4,357

Government Hostels

89.30 No.

151

Construction of Hostel Buildings

25.25

Post-matric scholarships

43.03 No.

6,678

Pie-matric scholarships-Students

13.00 No.

16,600

Supply of Nationalised Text Books

3.09 Boarders

34,436

Monetary aid for clothing

5.65 do,

22,056

Investments in A.P.B.Cs., Fin. Corpn. . .

189.00 Beneficiaries

1,22,518

Short term Trg. Programme . .

8.19 Trainees

1,158

10.

Pre-Examination Training Centre in

0.87 Candidates

100

T.C.R. & T.I.

11,

Special Coaching for Engineering Students

0.50 Centres

12,

Sanitary amenities, Colonies

2.57 No.

114

13,

Marginal subsidy to A.P.B.C. Coop. Fin.

2.00 No.

}

Corpn.

Six-Point Formula Programme ;

Apart from the provisions made in the State Plan for welfare of Backward Classes,
the Central Government provided Rs. 118,51 lakhs as special assistance under Six-
Point Formula Programme during 1974-79 under the Economic Support Programmes
intended for the welfare of Backward Classes. Due to the- programmes implemented

under S.P.F. Programme, 24,391 persons were benefited. On the basis of the margin
money provided to the beneficiaries, an amount of Rs. 384.26 lakhs was raised through
Institutional Finance (Bank loans).

Policy and strategy for ///<? next plan :

Since the main objectives of the National Five-Year JPJan l97%-$3 are employment
generation, reduction In poverty; provision of frdsiti needs and krVices, it is imperative
that other Backwaid Classes who constitute the poorer and more vulnerable sections
of the community receive the maximum benefit from the plan programme designed to
achieve these over all objectives. The strategy of development of Backward Classes
will bo to lay greater emphasis on identification of schemes under general sectors of
development which would bo of particular benefit to them.

The main thrust of the Programme for the welfare of Backward Classes will bo on
raising literacy and improving the educational levels through schemes of pre and post
matric scholarships, coaching classes, boarding grants, hostel facilities etc. A concerted
drive will be made for expanding adult literacy.

The programme formulated for the welfare of Backward Classes, during the plan
period 1978-83 include opening of now Government Hostels; maintaining the existing
hostels; pioviding mess charges to the students; supply of nationalised text-books; sanc-
tion of post matric and pre-matric scholarships etc.

Under Economic Support Programme, it is proposed to provide more investment
in A.P.B.C.C Finance Corporation td enable to undertake more programmes, to prd-
vide funds for land acquisition and development of lands assigned; construction of
houses and sanction of sinking of irrigation Wells in the lands, assigned to Backward
Classes,

In the Annual Plan 1978-79 an amount of Rs. 355.00 lakhs was provided for wel-
fare of Backwai d Classes while the provision made in the current year's plan i.e.,
1979--80 is Rs, 234.23 lakhs.

A massive integrated Rural Development Programme is being launched during the
Plan period 1978-83 to provide employment opportunities and tackle the problem of
poverty. Most of the benefits from these programme will flow to the weaker section
of thejocicty of which the other Backward Classes form the majority.

BACKWARDNESS IS A BANE
ON THE SOCIETY

25
123-7

WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES

Constitutional Provisions

J. VIRASWAMY*

The preamble to the Constitution of India seeks to secure to all its citizens of India
among others :
ii .' .. . .

Justice, social, economic and political

Equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all ;
Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation.

*'' Article 38 of the Directive Principles of State Policy ordains that the State shall,
-strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as
It may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the
institutions of national life. -

Article 39 enacts that the State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing,
.among other things that the ownership and control of the material resources of the com-
imunity are so distributed as best to subserve the common good ; that the operation of the
recpnomic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production
to the common detriment.

, Article 46 stipulates that the State shall promote with special care the educational and
economic interests of the weakei sections of the people and, in particular, of the Scheduled
'CasLes 'arid the Scheduled Tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all
forms of exploitation.

Sub-clause (4) of articles' 15 and 16 which articles are embodied as Fundamental
Rights und-T Port III of the Constitution provide the basise and authority for making
Special provision! ir, rc-g '.rd to the grart of scholarrhipF, admission on educational institu-
tions r.nd other facilities including reserv. t'on t>f appointments or posts for fhe advance-
ment of any soci.-lly und edjcation.illy backward classes of citizens.

The following are the exact provisions of articles 15 and 16 in so far as they are
relev; nt in the Pr. sent context.

Article 15 (\) The State shall not discriminate against an> citizen on grounds only
of religion, race, CuSte, sex, pkice of birth or any of them.

(2) * - * * * *

(3) * * * * *

(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent thi State

from nu.king any special provision for the advancement of any < dally
and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes.

* First Member, A, P. Public Service Commissiun, Hyderabad.

Article 16 (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for ,all citizens in. mattets, relat-
ing to employment or appointment to any office undir the Slate.

(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent;

place rf birth, i csidence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated^
against in respect of any employment or office undsr the State. . '

(3) < ; * * * * *

(4) Nothing in this article shall pi event the State from making any provision

for the reservation ot appointments or posts in favour of any backward
cla^s of citizen* which, in the opinion of the S.ate, is not adequately
represented in the services under the State,

The Supreme Court in one of its decisions mado it clear that the reference to "back-,
ward class of citizens" occurring in article 16 (4) has in tho context to bo construed as a
reference to"socially and educationally backward classes of citizens and the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes" occurring in article 1 5 (4). What then are thb socially
and educationally backward classes of citizens apart front the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes which arc oxpresscly included in article 15 (4).

The following arc the general principles indicated by the Supremo Court in its
decisions for ascertaining social and educational backwardness.

(1) The backwardness must be both social and educational. It is not cither social
or educational. . , ;

(2) Classes of citizens cannot bo equated to castes of citizens. For ascertaining
whether a particular citizen or a group of citizens belong to backward cla.sei or, not his
or their caste may have some relevance but it cannot bo either solo or dominant
criterion for ascertaining the classes to which he or they belong. If in a givon situation
caste is excluded in ascertaining a class within the meaning of Article 15 (4) of the Consti-
tution it does not vitiate tho classification, if it satisfies the other tests. If on tho other
hand the castes as a whole are socially and educationally backward the list prepared on
this basis, though caste-wise is not violativo of Article 15 vide Supremo Court judgnwnt
in Writ Petition 1964 of Madras Government.

Note by the author s of this article :

.', It is woith mentioning hero that economic backwardness has not been specilhatty
mentioned cither in article 1 5 (4) or in article 1 6 (4), though poverty and economic back-
wardness are a to largo extent responsible for social and educational backwardness. All
the same, social backwardness cannot be equated with economic backwardness. In Hindu
Society, in social hierarchy casto plays an important role. A person born in any so called
lower castes oven if he is well to do financially, will not bo given tho same respoct and
social iccognitiou, as the one givon to any other well to do person born in tho S3 called
upper castes. To illustrate this phenomenon, one has only to go to our villages wharo
80% of our population lives to verify how persons born in so called lower castes are
looked down upon. Even poisons who arc poor flnaicially born in different cartes
maintain their superiority and inferiority complexes in their day to day social life depend-
ing upon superior or inferior, clean or unclean, dignified or undignified, aad re-
munerative or unrcimmerative occupation they pursue. Social contacts, intordmiugs
and inter-marriages are treated as prohibited even between parsons of equal fharuial
position belonging to different castes according to the Hindu Sastras, custom and usage.
The same holds good, to some extent, in respect of workers in factories aal industrial
establishments located in towns and cities. Houses for rent oven in urban areas are
denied in certain localities for persons of so called lower castes. Has not caste baoome
a vested interest for exploitation in all walks of life, including elections? Can it bo denied^

that all effective seats of power iri all walks of life aro enjoyed by
born in a fetv dominant so called upper Castes ? So long as caste system is practised, can
we ignore casteism and its impact in social and other walks of life ? The faots that these
artificial barriers created by the casto system Were manmade that they are outmoded
that the caste system should be annihilated being injurious to social harmony and na-
tional integration are well recognised by all enlightened rationalists in Hindu society.
But are the persons who can take decisions in this regard serious about the abolition of
caste system? Can they bring forward legislation to prohibit marriages within the samo
Caste and to declare them void ? Is there lack of moral courage to do it or should it be
concluded that persons in authority are more interested in the maintenance of status-quo
to the benefit of certain sections of Hindu Society ? The Vice-Chancellor of Osmania
University has made this bold and not impractical suggestion of prohibiting marriages
within the same caste at a seminar hold on 5-4-1 979 at Mini Theatre of Ravindra Bharathi.
Until the castei system is abolished ancl marriages within the same casto are prohibited
fey legislation. 'and the caste system coases to bo observed in practice, casto cannot ccasa
td be i a relevant factor in social life.

(3) Social backwardness is, on the ultimate analysis the losult of poverty to a very
largo extent. Hence it may bo relevant to take both caste and poverty in deter-
mining the backwardness of citizens.

(4) Occupations which are treated as inferior according to conventional beliefs and
classes of citizen^ who follow those occupations are apt to become socially
backward,

(5) Places of habitation also play not a minor part in determining the backwardness

of a community of persons.

(6) The problem of determining a particular socially backward class is no doubt

very complex. Sociological) social and economic considerations come into
play in solving the problem and evolving proper criteria for determining which
classes arc socially backward, is obviously a very difficult task,

(7) The backward classes are in the matter of backwardness comparable to Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

(8) The division of backward classes into backward and more backward classes was

in substance a division of the population into the most advanced and the rest,
the result being divided into backward and more backward classes and this was
not warranted by Article 15 (4).

(&) In determining educational backwardness of a class of citizens the literacy tosta
supplied by the Census Reports may not be adequate. Having regard to tho
fact that the test is intended to determine which arcs educationally backward
classes* it may not bo necessary or proper to put this test as high as has be-n
done by tho Nasamu Gawd Committee, that is, the average of student popula-
tion, in tho last three high school classes. It is only the Communities which are well
below the State average that can properly be regarded as educationally backward
classes of citizens. Classes of citizens whose average of student population
works below 50 per cent of tha State average are obviously educationally back-
ward classed of 1 citizens, On this point, the Supreme Court has expressed that
it is not proposed to lay down any hard and fast rule arid it is for the state to
consider the matter and decide it in a marmer which is consistent with the
requirements of Article 15 (4).

Based on the said principles, the Backward classes Commission appointed by the
(jovemmcnt of AndhraPiadcsh on 12-4-1968 by G. O. Ms. No. 870, Education Depart-
ment, dt. 12-44968 collected data, made detailed investigations by making extensive tours

to various places in Andhra Pradesh, studied the reports of various reports of other Stat
Backward Class Commissions, including the Backward Classes Commission appointed
by the Government of India, and verified the living conditions and vocations of various
groups and sections of the society. The State Backward Classes Commission issued also
a questionnaire, collected information, received representations from individuals and
Associations, heard their views personally and in the light of evidence collected, came to
the conclusion that the following criteria should be adopted 'for ascertaining social
backwardness :

(1) The general poverty of the class 01 community as a whole

(2) Occupation pursued by the classes of citizens the nature of which must be
inferior or unclean or undignified and unremunerative or one which does not
carry influence or power ; and

(3) Caste in relation to Hindus.

Having due regard to the views expressed by the Supreme Court, the State Back-
w ard Classes Commission adopted the formula that communities whose student popula-
tion in lOt h and 1 1th standards is well below the state average, are educationally back-
ward. Ad opting the above principles, the State Backward Classes Commission discussed
the position of all such castes and communities in detail which satisfied the above criteria
and included them in the list prepared by it. The State Government issued G.O.Ms.No.
1793, Edn. Department, dated 23-9-1970 accepting the list drawn up by the Commission
in toto and declared that the castes and communities specified in the annexure to the said
G.O. are socially and educationally backward classes for the purpose of Ai tide 15 (4)
of the Constitution. Though the Commission had recommended reservation of 30% of
the seats in the professional Colleges for the Backward classes, the Government in the
order decided that only 25% of seats in the professional colleges should be reserved for
the Backward Classes. The Government also agreed to the recommendations of the
Commission to the classification of Backward Classes into 4 groups and directed that on
the basis of population of those 4 groups, the 25 % reservation of seats was to be appor-
tioned amongst the said 4 groups in the proportion mentioned in the Government order
namely : -

B.C. (A) - 7%

B.C. (B) 10%

B.C.(C) - 1%

B.C.(D) - 7%

Note by the author of this article ;

This grouping of backward classes was evidently made by the Backward Classes
Commission on the basis of population of those groups with a view to ensure that a few
dominant and more advanced sections of backward classes do not monopolise these re-
servations to the detriment of the principle of equitable distribution among several other
weaker sections of backward classes. One has only to observe how in the absence of
such equitable distribution, persons born in a few backward class sections are alone
represented in political bodies and institutions while several less advanced sections among
the Backward Classes, have no representation at all in those bodies and institutions. The
Supreme Court also approved the classification of Backward Classes into four groups
having due regard to the rationale behind such classification. Before this grouping system
is disturbed, another Commission has to go into this aspect to study its working and its
impact after another ten year period of its working.

The Government amended the General Rules for the A. P. State and Subordinate
Service Rules to provide for reservation as per the above decisions. General Rule 22 so
far as it is relevant for the present purpose, is reproduced below :

29
123-8

22. Special representation. All appointments to a service, class, or category

(i) by direct recruitment except where the Government by a general or special
order made in this behalf exempt such service class or category.

(n) otherwise than by direct recruitment where the special rules lay down that
the principle of reservation of appointments shall apply to such service class or category;
shall be made on the following basis :

(a) the unit of appointments for the purposes of this rule shall be one hundred
of which fourteen shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes, four shall be reserved for
the Scheduled Tribes, twenty-live shall be reserved for the Backward Classes and the re-
maining fifty seven appointments shall be made on the basis of open competition;

Provided that where any special rules lay down that appointments shall also be
reserved for physically handicapped persons out of fifty seven appointments to be amde
on the basis of open competition three appointments shall be reserved for direct recruit-
ment of the physically handicapped persons :

(b) the claims of members of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, the
Backward Classes, the physically handicapped persons or the ex-servicemen as the case
may be shall also be considered for the remaining appointments which shall bo filled on
the basis of open competition and where a candidate belonging to any of the above cate-
gories is selected on the basis of open competition the number of appointments reserved
for that category shall in no way bo affected during the period the reservation for that
category is in force:

(c) appointments under this rule shall be made in the order of rotation speci-
fied below in every cycle of twenty-five vacancies :

1 . Open Competition

2. Scheduled Castes

3. Open Compstition

4. Backward Classes (Group A)

5. Open Competition

6. Open Competition

7. Open Competition
S. Scheduled Tribes
9. Open Competition

10. Backward Classes (Group B)

11. Open Competition

12. Open Competition

13. Open Competifion

14. Backward Classes (Group C)

15. Open Competition
[6. Scheduled Castes

17. Open Competition

18. Backward Classes (Group D)

19. Open Competition

20. Backward Classes (Group A)

2 1 . Open Competition

22. Scheduled Castes

23. Open Competition

24. Backward Classes (Group B)

25. Open Competition
Provided that :

/; ^ :a the case of appointments to posts referred to in the second proviso to sub-
rule (a) every twelfth turn in each of the first two cycles shall be reserved for ex-service-
men upto the 30th June 1979 so however that where the Speoiel Rules or the adhoc rules

specifically provide that there shall be no reservation in favour of such candidates 01 if a
qualified and suitable candidate is not available from ex-serviceman the turn allotted to
ex-servicemen shall be deemed to be allotted to open competition.

(ii) in very third and fourth cycles the twelfth turn shall be reserved for the Sche-
duled Castes

(iii) in every fourth cycle the sixth and twentieth turns shall be reserved for the
Backward Classes (Group B).

(iv) in every second third and fourth cycles the fourteenth turn shall be reserved
for the Backward calsses (Group D).

(v) xx xx

(d) (0 if a qualified and suitable candidate belonging to any particular Group
of the Backward Classes is not available for appointment in the turn allotted for them in
the cycle the turn shall accrue to the next group of the Backward Classes in the rotation
and only if no suitable and qualified candidate is available in any of the four groups the
turn shall be deemed to be allotted to the open competition.

(ii) the reservation in the case of Backward Classes shall be in force for the
period commencing from tht 23rd September 1970 and ending with the 22nd September
1980 and the reservation in the case of physically handicapped persons shall be in force
for the period commencing from the 23rd Sptember 1970 and ending with the 22nd Septem-
ber 1980.

When the said G.O. providing reservation to Backward Classe- was struck down
by the High Court the Government went in appeal to the Supreme Court and the Supreme
Court in its decision delivered on 28-1-1972 set aside the High Court's Judgment and
upheld the Government order. It will thus be seen that the reservation order issued by
the Government will be in force upto the 22nd September 1980. The Government can
by a mere executive order extend it for another ten years beyond 22nd September 1930,
Another Backward Classes Commission may be appointed to study its impact after
another ten years period with a view to eliminating any sections or communities which
might have oome up then to the level of other forward sections both socially and educa-
tionally. It may be left to the good sense of the few advanced families in the backward
classes not to claim these reservations in the meantime. It will be irrational and also
unlawful to meddle with the list without proper investigation and inquiry by another
Commission. If any meddling of the list is done without such investigation and inquiry
the entire list is liable to be struck down by the Courts.

In Rangachari's case the Supreme Court ruled that the reservation contemplated
by Article 16 (4) can be made not merely to initial recruitment but also to posts to which
the promotions are to be made.

The order of rotation specified by the Government in Rule 22 is being strictly
followed by the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission. The State Legislature was
pleased to appoint a Sub-Committee to verify whether the orders and rules on the subject
of reservation to Backward Classes are being implemented properly by various authori-
ties and Departments of the Government and the Committee has been submitting reports
from time to time on the subject.

The Andhra Pradesh Government which is committed to ameliorate the condi-
tions of socially and educaionally backward classes of citizens in Andhra Pradesh as provi-
ded in the Constitution may be expected to continue resefvations in favour of those Back-
ward Classes for another ten years beyond the 22 nd September 19 SO. The State Govern-
ment may appoint. another Backward Classes Commission sufficiently before the 22nd
September 1980 to make a detailed study and investigation about the conditions of all
listed Backward Classes then and submit its report to State Govemrneat.

A.RS.R.T.C. in the Service of
Backward Classes

R. PRABHAKAR RAO, J. P. S. *

One of the major objectives of the State Government is to improve the economic
conditions of the weaker sections so that they could come up on par with other sections of
the society. In line with the declared policy of the State Government, the Andhra
Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) has taken up serveral measures
to help the candidates belonging to the Backward Class Communities. It has been strictly
following the reservation quota for Backward Classes as fixed by Government from time
to time, Among the schemes taken up for thier upliftment include reservation of posts
in respect of direct recruitment; training under Special Employment Scheme and benefits
under the Village Link Transport Scheme.

Reserations in recruitmdnf :

Following are the concessions that are allowed to employees belonging to Backward
Communities :

(/) 25% posts against direct recuritment posts in all c.itegories including Officers
without any monetory limit have been reserved for Backward Class Candid ateii.

(') Concession of over age limit upto 5 years when direct recruitment is made.
(Hi) Waival of application fee for all candidates belonging to the Backward Classes

(iv) Reservation of these posts includes not only such of those employees, who
do not come up in the merit list, but also include those who have qualified for appointment
with lesser marks above the eligibility limits.

(v) Concession of 10% marks below the minimum required percentage of marks
for qualifying to the post of Conductors is given when compared to forward caste candi-
dates besides in the qualifying examination to determine the suitability for a post for direct
recruitment post. A concession of 10% is also given for the purpose of making them
eligible for consideration,

Special Employment Scheme :
Objectives :

The main objectives of the Special Employment Scheme in the Corporation are:

(i) to train 2,400 educated unemployed belonging to the Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Economically Backward Candidates :

(') to run 300 new buses by utilising finances provided for them by the State
Government and Financing Institutions ;

* Vice-Chairman and General Manager, A.P.S.R.T.C,

(ui) to provide increased mechanised tiansport facility in rural areas : ; and
(iv) to increase direct and indirect employment potential in the State.

Under the above scheme provision has been made for training facilities to" 120 candi-
dates belonging to Backward Communities alongwith other ScheduledfCastesl Scheduled
Tribe Candidates for a period of three years for the purpose of qualifying themselves as
Heavy Vehicle Drivers. During the period of training the candidates will be paid a monthly
stipend of Rs. 100.

Under the programme of Special Employment Scheme, .it is proposed to impart
intensive training to candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes, Backward
Class for taking up their employment in A.P.S.R.T.C., in the categories of Drivers,
Conductors, Cleaners, Mechanics and Artisans. As many as 1,200 candidates belonging
to the Backward Classes have already been recruited. During the period of training
they will be paid a stipend of Rs. 100 per month. The finances for this scheme are pooled
by having a seed capital finance of Rs. 6.00 crores by the A.P.State Financial Corporation
and the loans will be sanctioned for the purpose of purchase of 300 buses with which
employment is generated to 2,400 candidates at the rate of 8 candidates per bus,

A Bus to Every Village:

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation also has introduced a
noval scheme "A Bus to Every Village" in 1978 under which it is proposed to connect
all villages in the State with mechanised transport. During the year 1978-79 as many as
2,500 villages have been connected. This scheme has benefited many a person representing
to the Backward Class Community.

Komi is a Tribal woman. She lives in a little village called Chautapally, 55 _
away from Vijayawada. For years, Komi used to do all sorts of manual work earning
only two or three rupees per day. Even this income was not regular, only seasonal.
But now things have taken a turn for the better. To-day she earns around ten rupees per
jday. This change in Komi tortunes has been brought about by the new bus service
started in Chautapally under the scheme, "A Bus to Every Village". Everyday she takes
this bus and gets off at Kanohikacherla, the nearest market centre. She buys vegetables
from there, which she sells in her own village, A large number of other villagers also now
go to Kanchikacherla for- trade and work. They sell their produce there to the best
advantage.

This is the story of only one of the hundreds of villages that have benefited from the
new link services started under the scheme, <; A Bus to Every Village 1 '. This scheme
has beeD of immense value to the Backward Class Community in improving thier economy

123-9

SMALL SCALE AND RURAL INDUSTRIES

SECTOR

SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE OCCUPATIONAL
PROBLEMS QF BACKWARD CLASSES

K.S.R. MUKTHY, I.A.S.*

Promotion of Small Scale Industries should be one of the major activities of a de-
veloping country, as it helps in proper utilisation of the scarce capital and generation
of large employment opportunities.

Higher Employment Generation :

It may be interesting to note that for a given cpaital investment in any industry, Small
Scale Jndustries in general and self- employment schemes in particular give greater scope
for employment than large and medium scale industry. A lakh of rupees investment
in Small Scale Industry roughly generates employment for about 1\ persons as against
3 or 4 in large and medium scale units. Further, development of Small Scale Industries
helps in achieving dispersal of wealth and reducing regional imbalances.

Dtjinitioit of Small Scale :

The Small Scale Industry \s defined as an industry where thejnvestqent on ;j"Plant
an<4 machinery" deep not exceed Rs. 10 lakhs.

The Tiny Sector has been defined as an industry where investment in plant and
machinery is less than Rs. 1.00 lakh and it should be set-up in areas where the -popu-
lation is less than 50,000.

The broad activities presently carried out to achieve the objective of the A.P. Small
Scale Industrial Development Corporation are as follows I

Provision of consultancy services to the prospective entrepreneurs and existing SSI
Units; Participation in the capital structure of SSI Units ; supply of machinery on
hire purchase basis. Procurement and distribution of scarce raw materials to SSI Units;
Provision of marketing assistanc^ to the SSl Units; Management of production unit
undei its control; Montitcring the performance of SSI Units; and identifying the
area's of sickness and also to revive them and to organise Entrepreneurial Development e
programmes.

In the ^year 1977,. APSSIDC has taken up new programmes specially to help the
entrepreneurs from the weaker sections like grant of subsidy of 100% towards the cost
of feasibility reports subject to a maximum of Rs. 15,000 per scheme; A stipend of
Rs. 250 per month foi undergoing Entrepreneurial Development Programme/Inplant
training; Exemption from the earnest money deposit/margin money required to be
provided by the entrepreneurs under the Hire Purchase Scheme; no security other than

* Vice -Chairman &. Managing Director, Andhra Pradesh Small Scale Industrial
Development Corporation Ltd., Hyderabap.

Tembe Committee Report :

In order to help the Small Scale Industries with regard to their needs of finance and
credit facilities a working group with Shri W.S. Terabe,Executive Director,Reseive Bank
of India as convenor was set-up by the Ministry of Finance to Study among other as-
pects arrangements to ensure adequate flow of bank finance to weavers, artisans etc.,
who are outside the Co-operative structure, suggest solutions to the problem of seed
capital/margin money etc. The following are some of the important recommendations
of the committee.

Credit for Artisans and Village & Cottage Industries }

(/') Loans upto Rs. 25,000 to this sub-sector should be senctioned as term loan
whether it is for .equipment or working capital or both with repayment period of 7 to 10
years or even more with an intial moratorium period of 12 to 18 months both for interest
as well as principal. In the case of Artisans who get loan under differential rate of
interest scheme a similar consolidated loan upto Rs. 7,500 would be sanctioned as against
the present arrangement of sanction upto Rs. 5,000 per terra loan and Rs. 1,500 for work-
ing capital, (//) There should be no insistanco on margin for this category, (m) The banks
should not ask foi any collateral security/guarantee, and (iv) The maximum rate of
interest that can be charged on these should be 9% in backward areas and 11 % in
other areas.

Finance for tiny Sector :

(t) In the case of term loans to this sector the existing ceiling of 11 % annum
as prescribed by Reserve Bank of India shall continue. In so far as working capital
loans or limits between Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 1,00,000 banks may charge a rate not ex-
ceeding 12 %, (') In addition to the banks sanctioning the project assistance they
should sanction the equity assistance also to the entrepreneur as an agent of the Govern-
.ment and the risk involved need not be borne by the Government in respect of such
loans, (Hi) The equity assistance should be on soft terms and there should be no repayment
for the first 5 to 7 years. Thereafter it should be repaid in a fiuther period of 5 to 7
years and the rate of interest should be about 2 %, (iv) The equity assistance
should be for a minimum amount of Rs. 5,000 and maximum of Rs. 50,000 and should
be upto 25% of the total cost of the scheme.

These are several of the concessions which the Govt. has given and it is time tho
entrepreneurs from the weaker sections come out in large number to make use of them

SHRAVAN KUMAR, I.A.S *

Special Programmes in rural development viz., Small Farmers Development Agency
(SFDA), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP), etc., are basically oriented towards welfare of the weaker sections.
Small and Marginal Farmers having less than 5 acres in Small Farmers Development
Agency area and 1\ acres in Drought Prone Areas Programme area, agricultural labourers
having no land and rural artisans and fishermen deriving less than Rs. 2,400 income per
year are eligible for benefits under these Special Programmes. Since backward classes-
constitute a major chunk of the target groups, the special programmes have a great rele-
vance for their upliftment. The salient features of these programmes and steps taken by
the Government towards their effective implementation are explained here.

Coverage Small Farmers Development Agency programmes are being implemented
in 134 Blocks spread over 18 districts including Hyderabad urban and the proposed
Vijayanagaram district. Drought Prone Area Programme schemes are being implemented
in 72 Blocks spread over 7 districts. Integrated Rural Development Programme
schemes are being implemented in 174 Blocks out of 324 Blokes in the State. While the
area of operation of Small Farmers Development Agencies and Drought Prone Areas
Programme is different, area of operation of Integrated Rural Development Programme-,
substantially overlaps that of the special programmes including the Command Area
Development (CAD) areas and seeks to intensify the efforts with accent on full employment.

Salient Features The Special Programmes aim at creation of durable assets in
favour of the Small Farmers, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers, fishermen
and Rural artisans in the field of Agriculture, Minor Irrigation, Animal Husbandry,
Fisheries and Rural Industries and impart them the modern and appropriate technology
in Agriculture and allied activities. Subsidy @ 25% in favour of Small Farmers and
33i% in favour of Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers will be made available
from the Special Programmes on the capital cost of investment of the productive assets.
Utilising the subsidy amount as margin money, institutional credit will be raised in favour
of the beneficiaries towards the balance requirements of the investment cost. The Co-
operative as well as Commercial Banks participate in the programmes. Risk Cover fund
@ 4 per cent in favour of Primary Co-operative Societies and @ 2 per cent in favour of
Central Co-operative Societies on the additional crop loans and total Medium and Long:
Term loans is admissible from Small Farmers Development Agency funds. In addition to
the subsidy admissible the soft loan facility to the extent of 20 per cent margin money
available from the Backward Classes Development Corporation can also be utilised
in favour of the Backward class persons in the category of Small Farmers, Marginal
Farmers and Agricultural Labourers etc.

Programme Content : Under the major programme 'Agriculture' the schemes like
Land Development, Soil Conservation, input subsidy, supply of plough Bullocks, Carts
and other modern agricultural implements, etc., are being taken up. Excavation of Irriga-
tion wells, supply of pumpsets and exploitation of surface water sources through lift irriga-
tion projecs fall under the category of Minor Irrigation. Supply of Milch Animals, Sheep,.

*Secretary to Government, A.P., Forest R.D. Dept.

37
123-10

Poultry, ;. Piggery and Duck Units wherever feasible constitute Animal Husbandry Pro-
grammes. Supply of nylon yarn, catamarons, mechanized boats are some schemes for
fishermen. Supply of improved tools in the carpentry, Blacksmithy, Pottery trades and
the various other rural based industries including weaving can be covered under the
Special Programmes in favour of the target groups.

Progress Since inception ol the Small Farmers Development Agency during IV
Plan period, DPAP during V Plan period and Integrated Rural Development Programme
during 1978-79, broadly the progress achieved is as follows :

Under Small Farmers Development Agency grant-in-aid to the tune of Rs, 1872.50
Jakhs was utilised and institutional credit over Rs, 45crores was arranged benefiting over
3.36 lakhs Small Farmers, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers. Under
Drought Prone Areas Programme grant-in-aid exceeding Rs. 3445 lakhs was utilized,
major part of which was spent towards building up of useful infrastructure such as Irri-
gation Tanks, Milk Chilling/Cooling Centres, Milk Powder factories etc. Under Inte-
grated Rural Development Programme an amount exceeding Rs. 300 lakhs was utilized
towards subsidy amount in favour of the target groups during 1978-79.

State Government Support The outlay under Drought Prone Areas Programme
schemes is being shared by Central and State Government on 50 : 50 basis. The entire
outlay under Small Farmers Development Agencies and substantial outlay under Inte-
grated Rural Development Programme had been provided by Government of India upto
end of Match, 1979. The outlay under these programmes from the current year onwards
will be shared by the Centre and State on 50 : 50 basis.

The Government have ordered that 75% of the Crop loans and 50% of tne medium
and Long Teim loans advanced by Co- operatives should flow in favour of the weaker
sections. The Small Farmers, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers are totally
exempted from Stamp duty, Registration charges and Encumbrance certificate fee for
obtaining loans from Cooperative as well as Commercial Banks. Centage charges are waived
in respect of works executed by Panchayati Raj Engineering staff in favour of Small
Farmers, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers. Agricultural extension support
available at the Block level is considerably augmented by appointing special staff. Simi-
larly special staff is appointed in the category of Engineering Supervisors and Assistant
Hydro Geologists of Ground Water Departments towards fuller exploitation of surface
as well as ground water resources in favour of the Target groups.

The Government have persuaded the Government of India as well as Reserve Bank
of India for effecting liberalization of loaning procedures for facilitating need based
advances as against security oriented advances. At the State level a Ministerial Co-
ordination Committee under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister was constituted foi extend-
ing proper direction and supervision over the programmes. A Co-ordination and im-
plementation Committee was also constituted with Chief Secretary as Chairman.

The Special Programmes are boon to weaker sections and aim at providing
the basic infrastructure. It is observed that the full quantum of grant-in-aid being
provided under these Special Programmes could not be utilized. These is need for in-
creased participation of the target groups in the programmes. In some cases the level of
utilisation of loans, generation of incremental income and repayment of loans is not that
happy. It is hoped that the weaker sections including the Backward Classes for whom
the programmes are meant participate in larger numbers and become partners in the pro-
cess of national development.

oOo

Facilities to Backward Classes
Under Technical Education

The Department of Technical Education, with its net work of vocational !nitiii.ilii.n;,
has been serving- the cause of Technical Education in our State, The Department has
under its control as many as '24 Polytechnics, 1 J 2 Technical High Schools, one Domestic
Science Training College, 2 Girls Vocational Institutes, one Industrial School attached to
Andfua Polytechnic, 1 Curriculum 'Development Centre, 1 Damerla Rama Rao
Memorial Art Gallery and 1 Food Crafts Institute.

Twenty-five per cent of the intake into Polytechnics, Technical High Schools and other
institutions is reserved for the candidates belonging to Backward Classes, the reservations
for diffierent groups being: BC-A: 7%, BC-B: 10%, BC-C: 1% and BC-D: 7%.
As ag.iin.st the total number of 4, 185 candidates that were admitted to various diploma
courses offered in Polytechnics during the year 1978-79, as many as 992 candidates were
from backward classes. Similarly out of the total number of 871 students that secured
admission into the Techiiic.iI High Schools during the academic year 1978-79,225
candidates belong to Backward Classes.

Under the Special Employment Schemes launched by the State Government on 15th
August 1978, the Department of Technical Education has taken up a few schemes for
implementation creation of an additional section in Civil Engineering at Govt. Poly-
technic, Hyderabad, Andhra Polytechnic, Kakinada and Sri Veiik,.-te.-\\ ac.i Government
Polytechnic, Tirupati, tis well as. conducting special coaching classes in Typewriting and
Shorthand courses at 8 different institutions in the State, are among the schemes taken
up by this Department. Under these schemes 28% of the seats were reserved for Listed
Backward Classes while the reservation is 12% in respect of economically backward
Classes.

Against 48 seats reserved for the above two categories of Backward Classes for the
scheme of additional section in the Diploma Course in Civil Engineering at all the 3 Poly-
technics, 46 students belonging to Backward Classes have taken admission during the year
1978-79. Similarly, against 96 seats reserved for the candidates belonging to Backward
Classes, a total number of 102 students took admission into the Special Coaching classes
in Typewriting and Shorthand at the 8 institutions mentioned above.

(Source: Directorate of Technical Education).

Constitutional Commitment To
Uplift Backward Classes

S. IAKSHMINARAYANA, I.A.S.*

The expression "socially and educationally backward classes of citizens'" occurs in
Article 15 (4) of our Constitution. In Article 46, the expression "other weaker sections"
appears. These two expressions are synonymously used to denote the same section of
the people. But the expression 'backward class of citizens' occurring in Article 16 (4)
means and embraces Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as also the Backward Classes.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or
place of birth. Clause (4) of Article 15 is an exception to the principle of equality con-
tained in that Article and it reads that "nothing in this Article or in Clause (2) of Article
29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any
socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes". Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment Clause (4) of this Article which is also an exception, stipulates that
thingin this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation
of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion
of the State is not adequately represented in the services under the State". Thus both
the Clauses are special provisions for Backward Classes and they are exceptions to the
doctrine of equality enshrined in the two Articles.

Article 46 enjoins that "the State shall promote with special care the educational and
economic interests of the Weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all
forms of exploitation".

Thus Articles 15 (4), 16 (4) and 46 directly deal with the interests and welfare of the
Backward Classes, as also of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It is significant
that these three Articles find place in Part I[[ and Part IV, the most important chapters
on Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, which, together with
the Preamble, expound the political, social and economic philosophy of the Indian Consti-
tution.

The chapter on Fundamental Rights, which confers justiciable rights on citizen
is of avail only to the affluent sections of the society and not to the poor. If the lion and
the lamb are given the same liberty, it is not a liberty for the lamb but a danger to its life.
What is required for the lamb is not so much the liberty as the protection from the lion.

It is thus the Directive Principles of State Policy that are important so far as the
Weaker Sections are concerned. Although they are not enfoiceable by any Court, the
principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country
and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. The
State shall promote a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall
inform all the institutions of the national life. The State shall direct its policy towards
.securing that the citizens have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; that the

*Deputy Secretary to Govt. Revenue Secretariat, Hyderabad.

ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as
best to subserve the common good; that tho economic system does not result in the con-
centration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; that tho health
and strength of workers and the tender ago of children are not abused; and that citizens
are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuitod to thoir age 01 strength, '
The State shall endeavour to secure to all workers, work, a living wage, conditions of
work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cul-
tural opportunities and in particular, the State shall endeavom to promote cottage in-
dustries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas.

Thus Part IV contains the real Bill of Rights for the Weaker Sections of the people.
AJ1 the Executive Governments that come to power, whatever may be the political party
to which they may belong, should pursue policies which honour the constitutional com-
mitment made by the Republic of India. Of course, the sanction for the commitment is
only political.

During the last 28 years since the constitution came into force, the Governments
at the Centre and in the States have been ceaselessly endeavouring to honour this consti-
tutional commitment for the weaker sections.

The reservations for the Backward classes in the professional courses and services
in our State have helped them secure a fair representation in the services and play their
part in the public affairs of the State. The Union Government have not recognised Back-
ward classes and provided for reservations. Hence their representation in the All-
India Services and other Central Services has been negligible if not nil. The Govern-
ment of India have now appointed a Backward Classes Commission with Sri B.P. Mandal
as Chairman and it is hoped thai reservations will be provided for Backward Classes
also in the All-India Services and other Central Services. Till this is done it cannot be
said that Government of India hav^ taken any legislative 01 administrative action to
honour the commitment enshrined in Article 15(4), 16 (4) and 46 in so far as Backward
classes are concerned.

The rural artisans like the handloom weaveis, potters, carpenters, blacksmiths,
Goldsmiths, tailors, basket-makers, etc., constitute a large chunk of the Backward
Classes. The Directive Principle in Article 43 which requires promotion of cottage
industries and securing of living wage for workers, is much relevant to the welfare of the
Backward classes. In implementation of this article the Governments have been taking
legislative and administrative action by way of organising and establishing co-operatives
and autonomous boards like the Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes Finance Corporation,
Andhra Pradesh Handloom Weavers' Co-operative Society, A.P. Textile Development
Corporation at the State level and the All-India Khadi and Village Industries Board,
All-India Handicrafts Board, All-India Handloom Board, Small-Scale Industries Board
Silk Board, Coir Board at the national level. These bodies have, of course, been helping
the village artisans in the matter of finance, marketing and the like but still they do not
seem to have made any significant impact on their living standard. Their wages are
the lowest compared with the wages obtaining in any othei sector of our economy. Un-
fortunately, the trade union movement in the country has kept itself away from the village
artisans and has not organsied them into powerful pressure groups which influence deci-
sion-making in any representative democratic Government. The Minimum Wages
Acts applicable to some of these trades are yet to be implemented effectively. The village
artisans deserve a better deal from the Governments.

In the economic field, very many significant laws have been made both by the Union
Government and the State Governments to implement the Directive Principles of State

41
123-11

policy. The whole gamut of agrarian reform from abolition of zamindars and other inter-
mediaries to imposition of ceiling on agricultural holdings is in fulfilment of the Directive
Principle in Article 39. The nationalisation of banks and life insurance, abolition of
privy purses, imposition of ceilings on urban vacant landholdings, the growth of public-
sector industries, to mention but a few, are measures that implement the Constitutional
Commitment and fulfil the mass aspiration wisely incorporated into the chapter on
Directive Principles by our great national leaders.

In this connection it is pertinent to point out the hurdles created by the court judg-
ments in respect of almost all the legislative enactments mentioned in the preceding
para. May be, the courts could not help it because of the inherent conflict between the
Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. To get over these legal hurdles the
Constitution, particularly the chapter on Fundamental Rights, had to be amended many
a time. Articles 31A, 31B, 31C, and 31D, even Article 16 (4) arc all introduced through
constitutional amendments as exceptions to the operation of Fundamental Rights which
constituted extreme limitation on the scope for progressive legislation.

These difficulties are natural and unavoidable since the Foundirg Fathers of the
Constitution ardently desired to evolve and establish a State which will secure for the
citizens the best of both the democratic polity and the socialist economy, namely indivi-
dual liberty rule of kw, judicial supremacy etc., znd the economic liberty of Herald J.
Lasky's definition. The task set for the successive Governments in our counlry is thus a
formidable one since they have to establish a socialist society under a democratic polity
with rule of law and judicial review which often degenerated into judicial tyranny. In-
deed, what is going on in this country is a great experiment which, if successful, would
definitely set an exr.mple to be followed by the developing countries of the world.

Backward Classes Vis- A -Vis

The Socio - Economic

Development

ANAGANI BI-IAGAVANTHA RAO*

"Backwardness" is an essential feature of our economy and icflects tlio lacer.it ing
wounds in it. Healing such wounds is our basic task; but the task will be difficult. The
terms "Backward" or "Underdeveloped" are usocl with reference to aggregate geographical
concepts such as "Countries", areas, and regions or to broad indices such as low incomes
or capital investments per head. To sec this task in its proper perspective, one must have
in mind the considerations of "Backward People" of the society. The former Prime
Minister observed that these communities which we call them backward classes have been
suppressed so far. For a poor society, in which the social status of a person is determined
by his social position, not only do economic considerations but also social attitudes make
a meaningful content to our developmental ethos. It is a new awareness to have a deeper
concern for the "Backward People" or "Backward Classes". There is a similar concern
over "underdeveloped human resources". Underdeveloped resources having been so
long considered paramount, considerations of "underdeveloped human resources" get
greater priority now. The problems of Backward people are not dissimilar but need
greater understanding in our march towards Socio-economic transformation. Only
when we understand the social system and problems of economic growth, then we will be
able to fix the developmental priorities.

Developing other material and natural resources is different from "Developing
Human Resources". Underdevelopment of natural resources and backwardness of the
people are two distinct phenomena and they need not always coexist. The underdevelop-
nient of the natural resources may cause the backwardness of the people but it does not
follow any efficient developing of natural resources resulting in an increase in total out-
put which will always and pari passu reduce the backwardness of the people. The terms
Socially and Educationally backward people" and "Socially and Economically backward
peoplc"havc, within the frame work of our constitution, acquired anew dimension in the
context of our developmental priorities in planning Economic Programme.

The Congress Party is committed to the twin objectives-the development of backward
areas or regions and the amelioration of the Jiving conditions of the backward people
and the removal of their social disabilities. It is essential that we keep these twin objectives
firmly in mind in our developmental efforts. The 20-Point Programme is an attempt to
reinforce the element of social justice in the programme of our economic development.
It envisaged as Sri D.K. Barua, the then A.I.C.C. President observed not only distnbu-
tionof land but also redistribution of social and political power as we 11. In the corridors
of our planned economic growth, we find gaps, imbalances and dist or turns; the have to
be corrected. Thevasmaio ^ from 1Ilhereat d ' sabl ' lties - If

* 'Former Minister.

viewed, in historical perspective, the inherent backwardness and poverty of these classes
never gave them an opportunity to gather strength, the insight and sslf-coafideaco for tho
assumption of a leading role in society; not only that, all possibilities of economic growth
are blocked. One has to read into the trouma of these backward classes and its disas-
trous effect on the vitality of the country's political and social institutions in order to evolve
a new "Social Order".

The founding Eathers of our constitution provided "Social guarantees" for a
specific classes of people and included certain principles fundamental to the Governance
of the country. We read "meaning and purpose" in those guarantees to Scheduled Tribes,
Scheduled Castes, and other Backward Classes and in the Directive principles. In this
context, there is nothing that can be said that in organising the backward classes we are
playing big fraud on innocent people making an attempt to sink the state deeper into moras
of caste system. Nor an attempt to give a practical shape to the guarantees so provided
is an attempt to sacrifice quality or merit. The political power has a purpose. The ques-
tion was who was weilding the power and for what purpose ?As the Father of the Nation
desired we have to evole a society in which the poor shall feel that it is their country in
whose making they have an effective voice, in which there shall be no high class or low
class people and in which all communities shall live in perfect hormony. There are linger-
ing doubts added anxieties and also a sort of psychological bewilderment about the future
of the "backward classes" in the socio-economic changes that we want to bring in. It
is generally felt that these classes are not playing a wider role in political affairs. To get
the benefits of economic regeneration, they cannot remain isolated. The march of
national events force these classes into political maturity. They have to search for their
own identity and purpose in shaping political and economic events.

We are aware that a national 'Consensus' has emerged regarding the urgency of
evolving a socio-economic programme which respond to rising aspirations of these back-
ward classes with the broad or perspective of mobilising our country's vast reservoir of
human and material resources for national reconstruction and development. In terms;
of rationale of the problems involved and the imagination required for their solutions this
is an area which calls for a change in the conventional pattern of economic development
and need for vigours political action. Viewed in this context, tbere is a need to initiate
certain changes in the sphere of administration so as to make it adequate for fulfilling the
social, educational and economic objectives sought to be achieved through the programme
for 'Rural Development'. The concepts of economic support system and assistance to
artisans cfll for a critical analysis in view of the positive bias or positive discrimination
towards rural development and in favdur of rural poor in our planning. As such schema
should hot be considered as ''Social Welfare Measures* and in all these projections the
larger reality is economics.

Commenting on the backwardness of his country Deng Hisao Peng, the Vice-
Premier of China said "There is no use for an ugly woman to pretend she is beautiful".

Educational Facilities for
Backward Classes

BABURAO VARMA

Architects of the Constitution have realised that there are some sections of people
in the country who suffer from social, economic and political backwardness and their lot
in life is not on par with the remaining sections of the society. In order to eradicate this
phenomenon, they felt that certain constitutional provisions are necessary to protect
the interests of these neglected sections. Article 15 (4) of the Constitution enjoins the
State Government to malce special provisions for the advancement of the socially and
Backward Classes of citizens as distinguished from Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes.

The State Government had appointed a Backward Classes Commission in 1968 to
enquire and draw up a list of Backward Classes. Based on the recommendations of the
Backward Classes Commission, Government recognised (92) communities as Backward
Classes classified into 4 groups. The Government have recognised 3 more communities
subsequently as Backward Classes bringing the total communities to (96). Group 'A 5
consists (40) castes, which are mainly aboriginal tribes. Vimukta Jatis, Nomadic and
Seminomadic Tribes etc. Group 'B' consists of (21) castes comprising of mostly occupa-
tional groups among the Backward Classes. Group C C' consists of Scheduled Castes
converted to Christianity and their children. Group 'D' consists of (33) communities
belonging to other classes of the list.

Subsequently Lambadas and Yerukulas have been deleted from the list of Backward
Classes consequent to their inclusion in the list of Scheduled Tribes.

The Department of Social Welfare was looking after the implementation of the schemes
for the uplift of the Backward Classes till July, 1975. Keeping in view the recommendation
of the Backward Classes Commission and also to devote more attention for speedy deve-
lopment of Backward Classes on the one hand and the Scheduled Castes, on the other
hand, the Government in G.O. Ms. No. 561, Employment and Social Welfare, dated
1st July, 1975, bifurcated the Directorate of Social Welfare into Two Departments viz.,
the Directorate of Harijan Welfare and Directorate of Backward Classes Welfare. Thus
a new Department of Backward Classes Welfare has been created on 1st July, 1975 and
It is functioning with effect from 1st September, 1975. To start with, the Government
have entrusted to the Directorate of Backward Classes Welfare with the work relating
to the sanction of scholarships and maintenance of hostels for Backward Classes in the-
State in view of the importance attached to the educational programmes for the uplift.
ment of Backward Classes. After the formation of separate Department for Welfare of
Backward Classes, the educational facilities have been expanded for the accelarated
progress of the Backward Classes.

The Listed Backward Classes constitute more than 40% of the State's population ..
The G.O. containing the list of the Backward Classes and the criteria adopted for drawing:
up the list has been upheld by the Supreme Court in 1972.

The Government in G.O. Ms. No. 1793, Education, dated 23-9-1970 while recognising,
the list of Backward Classes who are socially and educationally backward have ordered

* Director, Bakward Classes Welfare Department.

45
123-12

-certain concessions and protection for the advancement of the Backward Classes in the
"State. Subsequently Government extended some more concessions to the Backward
Classes for their educational advancement which will be reviewed in 1980.

Education is the first and the foremost step for the removal of backwardness among
communities and it deserves top priority attention in any scheme of development
-designed for the uplift of the weaker sections. One of the important reasons for the
backwardness of these communities is educational backwardness among the members. The
literacy among the Backward Classes is poor and the Backward Classes Commission in
their report also observed that education among certain communities is nil. The
Backward Class students population at Primary education is 17,18,193 and the Backward
Class students at Middle School Education is 2,18,776 and again at High School level
it is only 1,48,450. Thus it can be seen that there is heavy dropout of Backward Class
students at Primary and Middle School Education level. The estimated college students
population is about 1,00,000. In view of the various steps taken by the Government for
the promotion of education, the importance of education is now being realised by the
Backward Classes and the demand everywhere is for more number of educational institu-
tions, scholarships, hostel facilities, free supply of books and dresses etc. Education
is the main level of progress. Greater emphasis, has therefore been laid on the provision
of education facilities to the Backward Classes. It is with the spread of education that
these Backward communities can advance and catch up with the general population of the
country. People when educated tend to assert their claims for social quality, since educa-
tion stimulates social change. Realising this important aspect of development for the
removal of backwardness, the Government have initiated a number of steps for the educa-
tional advancement of the Backward Classes who constitute more than 40% of the State's
population. Government are spending a sum of Rs. 7.81 crores during the current year
for the welfare of Backward Classes and out of this an amount of Rs. 5.70 crores is
earmarked for the educational programmes consisting of hostel facilities, award of
scholar ships, reimbursement of tuition fee etc., for Listed Backward Classes and Econo-
mically poor persons.

The educational facilities provided by the Government to the Backward Class ,
include reservations in educational institutions, award of scholarships, hostel facilities,
exemption from payment of tuition fee and special fee, supply of nationalised text-books
merit scholarships to the meritorious students etc. The following concessions and facili-
ties are available for Backward Classes in the State.

1. 25% of tho seats in professional colleges have been reserved for Backward
Classes in the ratio of Group 'A' 7%, Group 'B' 10%, Group 'C 1% and Group 'D'
7%.

2. 25% of the seats in all post-graduate courses are reserved for Backward Classes.

3. The educational institutions arc required to prepare merit list first irrespective
of the caste aiid then prepare separate list for the seats reserved for Backward Classes
and make selections to fill up the reserved quota in order of merit.

4. All the Backward Class students upto high school level whose parent's/guardian's
annual income does riot exceed Rs. 6,000 are exempted from the payment of tuition fee
and special fee,

5. All the Backward Class students in post-matric courses whose parent's/guardians
annual income does not exceed Rs. 6,000 are exempted from the payment of tuition fee
The income foregone by the private colleges and University colleges on account of exempt-
ing the Backward Class students from the payment of tuition fee is reimbursed by the Back-
ward Classes Welfare Depar ment.

6. All the Backward Class students whose parent's/guardian's annual income does
not exceed Rs. 6,000 are eligible for award of scholarships, hostel facilities and other
educational concessions provided by the Government.

7. Two Backward Class students who secured highest marks 60% and above in
S.S.C. examination in each district are sanctioned merit scholarships at Rs. 100 per month
for 12 months. Similarly 2 Backward Class students who have secured highest mark
in 7th class examination in each district are sanctioned merit scholarship at Rs. 50 per-
month for 12 months.

8. All the boarders residing in Government Backward Class hostels are supplied
with a pair of clothes free of cost.

9. All the boarders residing in Government Backward Class hostels are supplied with
nationalised text-books and note books free of cost.

SCHOLARSHIPS

The Backward Class students whose parents annual income does not exceed
Rs. 6,000 are sanctioned residential and non-residential scholarships from VthClass to the
post-graduate courses. Residential scholarships are sanctioned to those who are residing
in recognised hostels attached to the colleges, community organisation hostels and students
managed hostels. Non-residential scholarships are sanctioned to the day scholars residing
with their parents. The rates of scholarships depend upon the course of sudty. A sum
of Rs. 159.94 lakhs is provided towards scholarships during 1978-79.

FULL MESS CHARGES

The Backward Class students in professional and post-graduate courses and residing
in University and College- attached hostels are sanctioned full mess charges by the Govern-
ment. The scheme of sanction of full mess charges to the professional and post-graduate
Backward Class students staying in attached hostels has no parallel in any other State
Government are spending Rs. 26.88 lakhs- under the scheme benefiting 2,646 students
Under the scheme any eligible student staying in hostel attached to the college will be
provided scholarship to cover the full mess bill of the hostel.

OUT-SIDE STATE SCHOLARSHIPS

Residential and non-residential scholarships are also sanctioned to the Backward
Class students of the State studying in the institutions outside the State.

STUDENTS' MANAGED HOSTELS FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

The Government issued orders for organising students' managed hostels for the
b enefit of Backward Classes college students. These students* managed hostels are
tained by the students themselves within the mess charges sanctioned by the dej--

' 47

At present there are 4,566 Listed Backward Classes college students in the students' managed
hostels in the State. There are various Backward class hostels established and managed
by various community organisations in the twin cities or elsewhere to improve the educa-
tion among the members. They are providing admissions to other communities
also. Residential scholarships are also sanctioned to the students who are staying in
these community hostels recognised by the Government.

HIGH SCHOOL HOSTELS

The Backward Classes Welfare Department has been running hostels for the benelit
of Backward Class students. Free boarding and lodging facilities are provided in these
Government hostels. A sum of Rs. 50 per month per boarder is provided towards food
charges and Rs. 2 per month per boaider towards soaps and coconut oil etc. At present
there are 378 Government B.ickwaid Class hostels i\i the State c.-lcring to 31,665 boarders.
There is need to increase the number of hostels to provide hostel facilities to all the eligible
Backward Class students and they will be covered in a phased pio^i-amme in due course
oftime. Government are spending an amount of Rs, 2.11 crores towards m lintcnin-jc of
high school hostels in the State. The Backward Classes hostels maintained by the Back-
ward Classes Welfare Department are cosmopolitan in actual practice as there are reserva-
tions for different categories of student's in these hostels, In these hostels 52% of the
seats are reserved for Listed Backwardnesses, 23% for Economically Backward Classes,
20% for Scheduled Castes and 5% for Scheduled Tribes.

ASHRAM SCHOOLS

To encourage education among the children from most backward among b.iclcw.ird
especially nomadic communities, Government sanctioned Ashram schools for the benefit
of children of fishermen, where the students are provided with boarding and lodging
facilities also. Five Ashram schools were sanctioned in 1976-77 and 5 more schools have
been sanctioned during 1978-79.

EXEMPTION FROM PAYMENT OF TUITION FEE AND SPECIAL FEE

The Backward Class students whose parent's annual income does not exceed Rs. 6,000
are exempted from payment of tuition fee and special fee at all stages of education. The
loss sustained by the private colleges, University colleges and Government colleges in res-
pect of special fee are reimbursed by the Government at the management rates. Govern-
ment are spending Rs. 59.54 lakhs towards reimbursement of tuition fee and special
fee during the current year.

RESERVATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Government have ordered that 25 of the seats in all professional and post-graduate
courses in educational institutions to be reserved in favour of Backward Classes. Govern-
ment have also ordered that the rotation system in preparation of the list of selection
of the candidates be dispensed with and the educational institutions are required to prepare
merit list first irrespective of caste and then prepare separate list for the seats reserved
for Listed Backward Classes and make selection to fill up the reserved quota in order
of merit.

SPECIAL COACHING FACILITIES

In order to provide coaching facilities, there is a separate pre- examination training,
centre providing special coaching to Backward Class candidates appearing for I.A.S.,
I.P.S., an4 other All-India Competitive examinations and Group I service examination

conducted by the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission. Special coaching is-
also conducted, for the benefit of 1st year Engineering students specially coming from
other medium of instruction belonging to Backward Classes in the Engineering colleges,
to improve their knowledge in English, Maths and Science subjects.

The Government have also sanctioned the scheme of special coaching in General
English and Spoken English in the Osmani a University Campus, so as to increase the-
ability of the Backward Class students for competitive examinations.

The scheme of sanction of scholarships to the pre-matric children of persons engaged',
in unclean occupations i.e., scavenging of dry latrines, tanning and flaying was introduced
by the Government of India under centrally sponsored schemes to give good quality of
school ed ucation . Under this scheme, the Government of India have allotted 1 20 scholar-
ships at 30 for each district of Cuddapah, Warangal, Krishna and Visakhapatnam.

Scholarships are also sanctioned to post-matric students in this category. Govern-
ment have allotted 60 scholarships under the scheme.

Thus it is the aim of the Government to provide educational facilities to eligible
Backward Classes for their accelerated development in the field of education which is
the main cause of backwardness.

49
123-13

Agricultural Programmes for
the Benefit of Backward Classes
in Andhra Pradesh

U. B. RAGHAVENDRA RAO, I.A.S.*

Aid-Ira Pradesh, enjoys a unique place in Agriculture in India. The state has a
-geographical area of 2.77 lakh sq. km. with a cultivable area of 1,16,35, 640 hectares.
Food crops are being grown in an area of about 102 lakh hectares constituting 42.4% of
the total geographical area. Agriculture is providing livelihood to 74% of the total
population and accounting for more then 50% of State, income.

Most of the Backward classes people are illiterate and are finding their livelihood
from Agriculture as small farmers, marginal farmers and also as agricultural labour.
'Witt, scanty resources to develop Agriculture coupled with meagre returns their economic
plight lias been severe, to mitigate the hardships and to step up their Socio-economic
means. The Agriculture Department has mounted a number of production-oriented
schemes Tvith special reference to high yielding variety programmes, seed exchange pro-
.grammes, Community nurseries, Seed Village and whole village, pilot projects, Maghi
Jowar programmes, Fertiliser management, watershed managements in addition to sup-
ply of inputs with credit support and timely plaitf measures. The Backward
class people are mostly provided with subsidy in almost all the schemes of Agriculture,
not only through Department but also through co-ordinating the resources, from small
Fanners Development Agency, Drought Prone Area programmes, Nationalised Banks,
."Scheduled Caste, Backward Class corporations and several such other agencies. They are
also provided with auxiliary schemes allied to Agriculture like plough bullocks, milch
animals, poultry, assistance for the develompent of land and irrigation sources like
'digging new wells, repairs to old wells, purchase of oil engines and Electric motors. They
are also supplied with fruit plants for orchard growing.

Farmers' Training Programmes f

The main*objective of the Farmers' Training programme was to improve the effici-
ency of the human input which has a crucial role to play in accelerating the rate of
Agricultural growth through intensive snd extensive use of high yielding varieties of
crops and. the modern Agricultural techniques by providing necessary technical know
how and the skills. The schemes provide for integrated approach to the problem of
training tb.e millions of farmers on the basis of active collaboration with the All-India Radio
and the Functional Literacy programme,

* Director of Agriculture, A. P. Hyderabad.

Audio-visual method was conceived as the most important tool in this training
effort, in consonance with the level of literacy in the countryside and the limitations of
the printed word in carrying new ideas to the rural audience.

At present 13 Farmers' Training Centres are operating in the districts of Anautapur,
Chittoor, East Godavari, Guntur, Kurnool, Karimnagar, Nellore, Nalgonda, Mahaboob-
nagar, Ranga Reddy, Visakhapatnam, West Godavari and Warangal.

The Farmers' Training programme covers all the three segments of the farm family
namely, the practicing farmers, the farm women and their sons or young farmers.

Priority is being given to the Backward class people and economically weaker sections
people while enrolling the participants for the training programmes. During theyear
1978-79 (upto 31-12-78) 348 institutional Training Courses were conducted for the
farmers, farm women and for the convenors of discussion groups and 8886 were
trained (Farmers, Farm Women and convenors) 657 peripatetic Training programmes
have been conducted and 24,936 p uiicip itecl. 779 Discussion groups were orga-
nised in which 9424 farmers were enrolled.

Demonstrations:

The objective of the demonstrations is to provide an opportunity to the farmers
in the neighbourhood 1o see for themselves the method and results of the new agricultural
practice recommended to step up production

An amount of Rs.2.00 lakhs has been provided by the Department of Agriculture
during the year 1978-79 to establish the demonstrations. During 1978-79, 7862 demons-
Stratlons (including Small Farmers Development Agency) consisting various typesore
multiple cropping, inter-cropping, varietal and cultural trials were laid out.

High Yielding Varieties Programme:

The high yielding varieties programme of all Hybrids and high yielding variety of
various crops like paddy, Millets, oil soeds aid Pulses has bosn mounted in a big way in
Actdhra Pradesh. The Seeds produced on the Seed Farms of the Department. Sead
procured from the selected seed Farms and from Andhra Pradesh State Seed Dsvelopmsat
Corpoialion have been supplied by the Department to cover an area of 32.46 lakhs of hec-
tares as against the target of 31 . 83 lakh hectares. The Seeds have been supplied from the
Departmental Godowns on credit giving preference to Backward and economically weaker
sections to the extent of about 60% to 70%. Supplementing the Departmental activities
co-ordinating the resources from other agencies like Small Farmers Development Agency,
Drought Prone Area Programmes, Scheduled Caste, Backward Class Corporations for all
the Agricultural Programmes sponsored by the Department. They are exclusively meant
for small and marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers covering mostly the Backward
communities.

The Coverage under high yielding variety :

SI. Crop. Area covered during

No. 1978-79.

1. Paddy . . 25. 03 lakh ha.

2. Jowar .. 1.94

3. Bajra .. 2.13

4. Maize .. 0.89

5. Wheat .. 0.20

Community Nurseries :

The main object of the Scheme is to facilitate timely and advance planting for paddy.
This is achieved by raising community nurseries under supplemental sources,well in advance
of opening of main canals or receipt of water in tanks thus saving time and water.
In this scheme an amount of Rs. 1,000 per/ha is given as subsidy to the nursery growers
towards the cost of inputs and supply the nursery to the selected small farmers on no loss
no profit basis. An amount of Rs. 15 lakhs was provided to raise nurseries in 1500 has
the achievement being 1,332 hectares 9,840 hectares of paddy was transplanted with these
community nurseries benefiting 11,378 farmers of weaker sections who can not afford
to raise individual nurseries for timely planting.

Seed Exchange Programme :

The object of the scheme is to increase the area under hybrids and high yielding variety
and also help the economically backward, small and marginal farmers so that they can
derive the benefits of growing high yielding variety programme. A sum of Rs. 14.44
lakhs has been provided for this programme during 1978-79. Distributed 149. 22 tonnes
of hybrid and high yielding variety of Jowar, Bajra, Maize and Ragi on exchange basis
with local varieties covering an area of 16,100 hectares under this programme. Almost
all the Small Farmers of the Backward communities have been covered in those areas.

Pilot Project of minimum yield guarantee of Jowar :

A compact area of 400 hectare blocks were selected for Pilot Projects organised in
the districts of Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar, Adilabad, Hyderabad, Medak, and Khammam.
Under this scheme all the Backward Class people were covered with Seed Exchange pro-
gramme and credit for fertiliser in addition to technical guidance and special attention.

Fertiliser Management :

Millions of Soil samples were got tested in the district Soil Testing Laboratory cover-
ing the fields of the most of the farmers of Backward Classes and economically weaker
sections people. The fertiliser were supplied through departmental agency mostly on
credit to the tune of 1,600 lakhs along with seeds and insecticides also. About 70% to
80% of the beneficiaries are from Backward Classes and economically weaker sections.
A subsidy of -Jrd of the cost of the phosphatic fertilisers was allowed to the weaker sections.

To mitigate scarcity condition in the chronically drought affected areas soil conserva-
tion measures and watershed management were taken up by the Department in the entire
State and also through Drought Prone Area Programmes working in 7 district Anantha-
pur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Chittoor, Mahaboobnagar, Prakasam and Nalgonda. Special
dry farming projects are in operation in Ananthapur and Hyderabad districts to popula-
rise the Dry Farming techniques, giving input supplies on subsidy with special staff for
necessary guidance to the farmers. Most of the backward classes and economically
weaker sections people were benefited with the scheme.

Plant Protection :

With the introduction of high yielding varieties in a big way with multiple cropping
pattern to achieve maximum returns from unit area of land which is inelastic the plant
protection measures have assumed an important role to save crops from the damage.
J ,200 tonnes of dust formulations, 23,000 litres of liquid formulations covering an area

of 113 lakh hectares were distributed by the Department. The credit supplies from the
Department of Agriculture were mainly utilised for the Backward Class, Scheduled Caste
and Scheduled Tribe farmers. The other schemes which need mention are integrated
pest control schemes on rice at Bapatla and Warangal and control of Brown Plant Hopper
in the State.

10. Joint Farming Societies

In almost all the Districts of Andhra Pradesh with the funds of Scheduled Caste.
Backward Class Corporation, Small Farmers Development Co-operatives, Agricultural
Department. Small Farmers or Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes were assembled
forming a co-operative joint farming society on vacant Government lands. They art
given financial assistance from various organisations with technical guidance and input
supply from the Department of Agriculture. In each district the No. of Joint farming
societies of weaker sections ranges from 20 to 30 each covering an area of 60 Acres to
500 Acres. Irrigation wells, bore wells, tapping the ground water, land shaping etc.
were taken up on these society lands.

1 1 . Agricultural Rehabilitation in Cyclone affected Areas

The- State Government sanctioned various relief measures to the farmers affected by
the Cyclone and tidal wave. The following special schemes were implemented for the
Agricultural rehabilitation in the Cyclone affected area :

The Details of the Schemes and financial assistance given to the farmers in the Cyclone and
Tidal wave effected areas :

SI. Scheme.
No.

Amount Remarks,
sanctioned for
subsidy or
grant in-aid.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

1. Rejuvenation of standing crops

2. Land reclamation of (Saline soils)

3. For supply of seeds of Paddy,
Pulses and Fodder etc.

4. For repairs of Tobacco barns

Rs. 300 lakhs. Subsidy 33 1/3% and 25% for
marginal farmer and small far-
mers respectively.

50% subsidy not exceeding
Rs. 1,000 per acre was given.

Rs. 10 lakhs. Subsidy given at the rate of
31/3% and 25% for marginal
farmers and Small farmers res-
pectively.

Rs. 32. 5 lakhs Subsidy at the rate of Rs. 500
per barn.

5. For raising nurseries in 5,000 acres Rs. 20 lakhs.
6 To distribute a set of implements Rs. 40 lakhs. On full grant
worth of Rs. 200 to each family (50% ia met by 20,000 families.

Department and
50% by other
organisations)

basis for

213-14

Almost all the backward Classes and ecnomically weakersections who were affec-
ted due to Cyclone and tidal wave, were benefited with the subsidy and grant-iii-aid given
by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh for their Agricultural
rehabilitation in the Cyclone affected districts in the State viz., Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna
West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam and Kharnmam.

It is evident from the various schemes enumerated and implemerated by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and other allied Agencies for increasing Agriculture production were
mostly concentrated to benefit the weaker sections to receive the fruits of latest Agricultu-
ral development techniques. The main object of all the Schemes is mainly meant for
economic uplift ot Backward Class communities and economically weaker sections in the
entire Andhra Pradesh.

Financial Assistance Sanctioned

to Weaker Sections' Societies

In A. P.

G- KUMARA SWAMY REDDY, I, A. S.,*

To ameliorate the socio-economic conditions of the Bacfcwardclasses of the
State by bringing them on par with other socially forward communities, several
schemes have been taken up by Cooperative Department to assist them. Government
have been financing liberally by providing full cost of the schemes in the shape of share
capital contribution which bears no interest. Financial assistance is being provided to
Backward Classes through the Washermen Co-operative?, Barbers Co-operatives,
Rickshaw Pullers Co-operatives, Women's Welfare Co-operatives, Labour Contract Co-
operative Societies etc. A total sum of Rs. 18.37 lakhs to help about 7,027 members
belonging to backward classes during the year 1976-77 and Rs. 12.42 lakhs to assist
3,114 members during the year 1977-78 and a sum of Rs. 18.12 lakhs to help 2,505
members during the year 1978-79 was sanctioned. Steps aie being taken to bring the
Backward Classes into co-operative fold and to finance them as per the policy of the
Government. Each Rickshaw Puller is given one Rickshaw at a cost of Rs. 1,000. A
sum of Rs. 350 is given to each barber and Washermen. For purchase of Bullock
Carts an amount of Rs. 2,000 is given for each Bullock Cart including bullocks. With
regard to Women Welfare Co-operative Society financial assistance is sanctioned for
purchase of sewing machines, milch cattle and for taking up petty trades. Financial
assistance is also given to the members who take up pig rearing at the rate of Rs. 500
to Rs. 1,000 as per the cost of Pigs which varies from place to place. During the years
1977-78 and 1978-79, 2,574 and 2,057 respectively members of the backward community
were enrolled and benefited as members of Labour Contract Co-operative Societies.

Tappers in the state who have taken to tapping of palm trees either for drawing
toddy or for manufacturing palm goods as a means of their livelihood constitutes Weaker
Sections of the community. Toddy trade has been in the hands of private contractors at
whose hands the poor tapper artisan engaged in the hard labour of extracting toddy
was subject to exploitation and was mostly reduced to the state of wage earner.

To ameliorate the economic conditions of these poor tappers, Government have
launched the programme of entrusting toddy shops to the Co-operative Societies of tappers
formed for this purpose. The scheme was first implemented in Telangana area where
Government allotted certain number of shops to Co-operative Societies to be formed
year after year. Accordingly new types of Co-operative Societies styled as. Toddy
Tappers Co-operative Societies are brought into existence. For the past 3 years, Govern-
ment have been allotting Toddy Shops in Andhra area of the State also to Toddy
Tappers Co-operative Societies to be famed. So far Government have allotted about
6 000 Toddy Shops to the Toddy Tappers Co-operative Societies formed for the benefit
of tappers. An amount of Rs. 2.00 lakhs has been provided in the budget for 1979-80 to
assist the Toddy Tappers Co-operative Societies in Andhra area. The Excise Commi-
ssioner Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad has been requested to make necessary provision in
the budget for 1979-80 to assist the Toddy Tappers Co-operative Societies in Telangana
area as the administrative control over Toddy Tappers Co-operative Societies rests
with the Excise Department.

^Registrar Co-op. Societies, Andhra Pradesh.

Backward Classes
in Tamilnadu

G.R. EDMUND, B.A., B.L. *

Tamilnadu is one of the very few States in the sub-continent in pioneering the intro-
duction of welfare measures for uplifting the Backward Classes. Where the bulk of
the population, namely 54% belongs to Backward Classes the importance of the separate
department to look after them needs no special emphasis. Realising this, a Department
was newly formed in 1969.

The origin of the Backward Classes in this State can be dated back as early as to 1885.
The main criteria for inclusion in the list was educational and social backwardness besides
the traditional occupation pursued by the majority of the members of the community.
At present there are 146 communities consisting of three categories viz. (1) Backward
Classes (2) Most Backward Classes and (3) Denotified Tribes.

These communities remained backward, from times immemorial, due to lack of
facility for education and representation in services. Therefore it was considered that
educational advancement would be the sine qua non of their progress in all fields. In
order to tackle these problems, a three pronged attack was launched covering education,
employment and economic upliftment.

The overall allotment for this Department has been gradually raised from Rs. 112
lakhs in 1969 to Rs. 704 lakhs in 1979. Out of this, lion's share goes to education in
the form of scholarships, running schools and hostels. During 1978-79 a sum of Rs. 305
lakhs were disbursed as scholarships benefiting 3,23,000 students. 275 schools are run,
wherein 46,000 students are prosecuting their studies. 293 hostels are maintained by
this Department, where 19,784 students are accommodated. In addition to this, Boarding
grants are also sanctioned at the rate of Rs. 35 per month, to the privately managed
hostels recognised by this Department. With a view to encouraging the attendance in
the Elementary and Middle schools and also to reduce dropouts, Midday meals are supplied
to all the students studying in the Government Denotified Tribe Schools. Books and
Slates are supplied free of cost to the Denotified Tribes Children. Similarly, two sets
of dresses are also supplied to the pupils studying in Denotified Tribe Schools and the
inmates of the Government High School Hostels every year.

Prizes are awarded for the Backward Class students who score the highest marks in
Eighth Standard and S.S.L.C.

Most Backward Classes and Denotified Tribe students and converts from these
communities are eligible for full fee concession under Tamilnadu Educational Rule 92.
Loan scholarships are also sanctioned for Backward Classes students studying in

* Minister for Food, Tamilnadu.

professional courses and staying in the hostels whose parental annual Income exceed*
Rs, 2,501 and upto Rs. 6,000.

Tho then Madras State was the first State in bringing the communal G.O. in tho year
1922 when the Justice Party was at the helm of aTairs. The Madras State was also res-
ponsible in crusading for the amendment and incorporation of the Section 4 to Art. 15
of the Constitution,

Reservation in educational institutions is an important measure which will go a long
way in promoting the advancement of Backward Classes. That is why this Government
has reserved 31% of seats in the educational institutions for Backward Classes. Besides
this, they are also allowed to take chances in the remaining 51% of the seats on the basig
of merit.

^In order to promote ttc opportunities for employment at all India level, a Specia,
Training Institute is maintained to coach Backward Classes candidates appearing
for the Union Public Service Commission Competitive Examinations. Backward Class
students are coached for appearing the examinations conducted by the National Defence
Academy,

Employment :

31% of the posts in Tamilnadu State Services and the State undertakings and Corpo-
rations aro reserved for Backward Classes. A Special Officer has been appointed in tho
cadre of Deputy Collector to find out whether this has been implemented in all depart-
ments and if not to enforce the same.

Economic Uplift ;

In any society, if a community has to come up, it should have an economic base.
As most of tho Backward Classes people are economically backward, this Government
has boon providing loans to the most vulnerable section of the Backward Classes Communi-
ties like Barbers and Dhobies and Boyars, Tocli are supplied to these people free of cost
9,462 Dhobies, 9,083 Barbers and 100 Boyars were benefited so far,

Agriculture :

For sinking irrigation wells, particularly to the Denotified Tribe Agriculturists a sum
of Rs. 2,500 is sanctioned as subsidy. The beneficiary should be a small farmer.

Dhobikanas :

Financial assistance on half loan and half subsidy basis to Muncipalities and Town
Panchayats are being given for construction of Dhobikanas. 47 Dhobikanas have been
constructed so far,

Trade Loan :

Margin money is also sanctioned to obtain trade loans from the State Bank of India
to start laundries.

In order to help the dropouts from the High Schools and also the Denotified Tribe
Boys, three General Purpose Engineering Workshops are run by the assistance of fheir
Department to train them in the trades of Sheet Metal, Blacksmithy, Carpentry and Fittes

123-15

After undergoing training for. 18 months successfully, they can stand on their own legs
by starting industries. For this purpose loan assistance is provided through Nationa-
lised Banks.

Since the Govt. of India have constituted a Backward Classes Commission to go
into the matter in detail, it is the duty of all who are interested in the welfare of Backward
Classes to insist that the Govt. of India also should provide reservations in their services
and also in the public sector undertakings, as it has been incorporated under Art. 15 (4)
of the Constitution. . .

As all the Backward Classes Leaders of the States are attending the conference at Hyder-
abad, I think it will be the proper forum to discuss the problems involved in the matter
It may bs remembered that no assistance are given to the States by the Govt. of India for
the implementation of the schemes at State level. This Conference may be used as a forum
to move the Central Government to give plan assistance to the schemes.

Towards Economic Prosperity :

Andhra Pradesh

Backward Classes Co-operative
Finance Corporation

Towards Economic Prosperity:

The setting up of the Andhra. Pradesh Backward Classes Co-operative Finance
Ltd., Hyderabad which is first of its kind in the country, has added a new dimension
and approach to the concept of the programmes designed for the economic welfare of
Backward Classes wherein institutional finance is mobilised on a mass scale for the eco-
nomic support programmes benefiting the Backward Classes who constitute more 'than
than 40% of our State population.

The economic status of different classes of people particularly in rural areas is very
much based on the traditional professions of the different sections of the society. The
economic status and the range of income levels in the community arc the factors for the
backwardness of these classes and any programme of planned economic development
should take into account the needs of the Backward Classes who consists of distinct,
occupational groups like fishermen, shepherds, tappers, tailors, potters, carpenters,,
blacksmiths, barbers, washermen etc. and they have not been able to develop due to
'shortage of finance, absence of technical know-how, lack of paucity of finance and market-
ing facilities. . , ' .

The Backward Classes Co-operative Finance Corporation has been created to fill up
this gap to serve as a special instrument of planned economic development of Backward
Classes in the State by mobilising institutional finance on a mass scale.

The Andbra Pradesh State Backward Classes Finance Corporation has been regi-
steied on 4th September, 1974 with iegisliatton No. T.A. 1 631 under Andhia ^radesfr
Co-operative Societies A"t of 1964 with 1 headquarters at Hyderabad and its area of opera-
tion extends to the whole State of Andhra Pradesh, :

- The primary duty of the Corporation is to address itself to the tasks of economic!
uplift of the members of the Backward Oassps in the State by mobilising institutional!
finance and enlisting banks participation, jn economic viable schemes beneQrting the
Backward Classes both in the field of agriculture and non-agricultural artisan) smart
business and self employment ventures etc, which are helpful to the Backward Classes,

The main objects of the Corporation are-; : .'

' 0') to plan 4 promote, undertake and assist programmes of agricultural develop-
ment, animal husbandry, marketings, processing, supply -'and storage of agricultural

products, small scale industry, village industry, cottage industry, trade business or any
other activity which will enable its members to earn a better living and help them to
improve their standards of living.

(/) to undertake a massive programme of employment oriented agro-industries
cottage and small scale industries, village industries etc. by providing technical know-how
managerial assistance, financial assistance and any other form of assistance which may be
required in achieving the above objective, providing the necessary financial guarantees
to its members,

(/'//) to provide facilities for survey, research, or study of the problems rslating to
Cottage and village industries, small business to assess potentialities of village, cottage
and small scale industries and scope of their development with a view to promote such
industries and business for their purpose of providing employment to its members
especially the occupational groups among them.

(/v) to provide working capital to the members by advancing loans and cash credits
etc. '

Management :

The executive management of the Corporation vests in a Board of Directors consist-
ing of 17 persons which has representatives of the development departments of the
Government as well as 5 non-official members including the Chairman.

The Director of Backward Glasses Welfare is the Managing Director of the Corpora*
tion.

Share Capital :

The Corporation has been set up with share capital of Rs. 5.00 crores to start with
In 1974 and in view of the increasing activities, it has been raised upto Rs. 26.00 crores
recently. The Corporation can draw loans from, tho Life Insurance Corpoiatiorij
Commcicia! Banks and other financial institutions. The share capital of the Corpora-
tion is provided by the Government.

District Units ;'"'.'

The District Societies have bean formed at the district level consists of 14 members
including"4 non-official members with Collector as Chairnnn and the Executive Officer?
as Secretary, The district societies registered undci Co-operative Societies Act function
as primaries to the Corporation. The margin money is being released to the District
Societies for implementation of the schemes by mobilising the institutional finance. Tho
schemes are processed and referred to the banks by the district societies to secure their
participation. Tho documentation and formalities of release of margin money are
attended to by tho district society.

There is one Executive Officer for Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes Societies
at the district level with the supporting staff,, who is inchargo of implementing economic
support programmes for the welfare of Backward Classes. -Tne district staff consists of
one executive officer, ono assistant executive officer, 4 senior-inspectors, one clerk, one
clerk-cum-typist,' one typist and 3 attendees. , . , . ,. . , ... :> , -

Pattern of Assistance :

According to the pattern of assistance the Corporation will provide financial assi-
stance by way of margin money to the Backward Class beneficiaries to the extent of 20%
of the outlay and 80% will be obtained from the Commercial or Cooperative Banks.

The rate of interest on the margin .money loan of the Corporation is - 6^% per annum.
The rate of interest on the institutional finance i.e. bank .loan will be prevailing lending
rate of the banks.

The Corporation has prepared several model schemes for the economic uplift of the
Backward Classes suitable to the occupational groups belonging to Backward Classes
and also those engaged in the field of agriculture, small scale and cottage industries and
small business and self employment ventures.

A set of the schemes have been sent to all the District Collectors who are Chairmen
of the District Societies to take up schemes suitable to the Backward Classes with modifi-
cation to suit to the local conditions and as per felt needs of the Backward Classes subject
to condition that it is economically viable and productive in character by mobilising
institutional finance.

The District Societies have been asked to take up the schemes with, a small outlay
to benefit large number of poor and deserving backward classes.

Funds ;

Government have been providing financial assistance to the Corporation under plan
budget from its inception and upto 1978-79 a sum of Rs. 366.90 lakhs has been provided
to the Corporation for the benefit of Listed Backward Classes,

A sum of Rs. 40.00 lakhs have been provided to the Corporation under Plan for
implementation of the scheme for the economically poor persons during last 2 years.

During 1979-80 Government have provided a sum of Rs. 90.00 lakhs for the Listed
Bckward Classes and Rs. 10.00 lakhs for the economically poor persons to the Corpo-
ration to take up economic support programmes.

Six point Formula :

The Corporation has been getting funds under Six Point Formula allotted by the
Regional Planning and Development Committees for taking up economic support
programmes for the benefit of Listed Backward Classes in the concerned districts.
During 1974-75 to 1977-78 a sum of Rs. 119.51 lakhs have been provided by the Govern-
ment under Six Point Formula for the benefit of Backward Classes which has been fully
utilised.

Under this programmes, the Corporation has so far implemented schemes worth
Rs. 567.83 lakhs benefiting 26.652 beneficiaries utilising Rs. 112.31 lakhs as margin
money and enlisting banks participation of Rs. 455.11 lakhs.

61
123-16

Schemes Implemented under the Provision of Surplus Land Development:

The Corporation is also implementing schemes for the development of Surplus
lands tenefitting the Backward Classes.

Government have provided an amount of Rs. 36, 16,745 from 1976-77 to 1978-79
for development and cultivation of surplus lands taken over under Land Ceiling Act and
assigned to the Backward Classes.

During 1978-79 Government provided an amount of Rs. 7. 10 lakhs under the scheme.
The schemes worth of Rs. 15,45,559 benefitting 5,281 beneficiaries covering 3,522-27
acres of land have been implemented so far and further schemes are in progress.

Economically Poor Persons :

Government have provided an amount of Rs. 40.00 lakhs under plan to the Cor-
poration so for taking up economic support programmes benefitting economically
poor persons of the society. Since 1977-78 the Corporation is also undertaking econo-
mic support programmes for the benefit of all poor persons whose annual income less
than Rs. 1,500 and who do not technically fall within the category of Listed Backward
Classes. The schemes worth Rs. 79.88 lakhs utilising margin money of Rs. 15.92 lakhs
enlisting banks participation of Rs. 62.44 lakhs benefitting 3,192 economically poor
persons.

Direct Loan :

There is a persistant demand for loans and to participate in the scheme of Corpora-
tion. The Corporation may obtain loans directly from the banks and render assis-
tance to the Backward Classes for speedier development of Backward Class beneficia-
ciaries and the difficulty has also been arisen in mobilising institutional finance from
the banks.

The programme of direct lending involves lot of administrative machinery for
recovery of loans.

ECONOMIC SUPPORT PROGRAMMES INCLUDING REHABILITATION OF
BACKWARD CLASSES BONDED LABOURERS.

Under this scheme, it is proposed to render immediate required assistance to the
Backward Class bonded labour released and to enable them to eke out their livelihood
by providirg agricultural inputs such as plough bullocks, seeds marury etc., for their
economic uplift aiad lehabilitation.

The scheme envisages undertaking the programmes for the economic uplift of the
Backward Classes in co-ordination with on going schemes like Small Farmers Develop
ment Agency, Di ought Prone Area Programme, Sis Point Formula etc., depending upon
the nature of the programme.

An amount of Rs, 5.00 lakhs has been provided under direct economic support
programmes including Rehabilitation of freed bonded labour.

In Medak schemes worth of Rs. 4,29,302 benefitting 234 freed bonded labour and
in Mahabubnagar district schemes worth of Rs. 9,480 benefitting 38 beneficiaries have
been implemented.

The Corporation has so far implemented schemes with a total outlay of Rs. 4.39
lakhs benefitting 292 freed bonded labour.

During the current year, it is proposed to spent Rs. 4.00 lakhs under the scheme by
mobilising institutional finance.

Training Programmes:

Short term training programmes are undertaken to improve the skills and job opportu-
nities of the Backward Classes.

Cyclone Relief :

The Corporation has also render assistance to the village artisans affected by Cyclone
in November, 1977. A sum of Rs. 16 .00 lakhs has been released to the District Socities
under the scheme from the Corporation to the District Societies of Krishna, Guntur,
Prakasam for implementation of the scheme by mobilising institutional finance wherever
needed.

Special Employment Scheme '.

Great emphasis has been laid by the Government on the programme of special em-
ployment to the educated unemployed. Government have introduced special employ,
ment scheme for the benefit of educated unemployed belonging to Backward Classes-
The Corporation has been implementing the schemes under this programme. There are
27,619 educated unemloyed in the State as per live registers of the Employment Ex-
changes. ,

A sum of Rs. 30.71 lakhs has been allotted to the Corporation under Special Em-
ployment scheme which have been released to the Districts to take up scheme for the
benefit of Listed Backward Classes and economically poor persons and the schemes are
at various stages for implementation.

The Corporation is also participating in the scheme providing special employment
to the Backward Calsses through passenger transport buses implemented by Road Trans-
port Corporation with the institutional finance provided by the State Finance Corpora*
tion.

The scheme envisages the operation of 300 buses employing 8 persons on each bus
or a unit.

The Corporation is participating in the scheme to the extent of Rs. 30.00 lakhs for
the benefit of 686 Listed Backward Classes and Ra. 5.00 lakhs for the economically
poor persons.

Development of Irrigation Schemes in Assigned Lands if

Government have recently sanctioned a sum of Rs 40.00 lakhs to the Corporation
for implementation of the schemes for the lands assigned to the Backward Classes for
development by providing irrigation facilities and other necessary inputs. It envisages
for undertaking the scheme on the same lines of Surplus lands development.

Performance, :

The Corporation was registered on 4th September 1974. It has actually started to
implement schemes from January, 1975 and during this short period of 4 years, the Corpo-
ation has implemented schemes worth Rs. 26.37 crores enlisting banks participation of
Rs. 21.21 crores, utilising the margin money of Rs. 4.79 crores benefiting 1.40 lakhs bene-
ficiaries in the State. Thus the performance of the Corporation has been very excellent
during this short period and the tempo of economic support development activities
generated by the Corporation for the progress of Backward Classes in the State will be
continued.

The schemes implemented so far in various districts include assistance to the marine
fishermen, handlooms, weavers, powerlooms, garments manufacturing, auto rickshaws,
mini buses, lorries, cycle rickshaws, printing presses, ration shops, potter?, tappers, tarslo,
milch animals, sheep rearing, piggery, poulty, community irrigation wells, pump sets
oil engines, plough bullocks, fisheries, small cottage industries, artisans, loan assistance to
washermen and barbers, small business ventures, etc.

The Corporation is proposing to fonulats specific Scheme for the acceleratd develop-
ment of dietrict occupational groups among the Backward Classes and educated un-
employed.

The setting of the Corporation is a land mark in the annals of administration of the
State to serve the Backward Classes on a mass scale by mobilising institutional finance.

Several States visited out place to study the functioning of the Corporation. The
States of Karnataka and Punjab have also set up similar Corporations in their States.

Thus the Corporation has set its best foot foremost and continue to provide opportuni-
ties for self-employment ventures and the economic support programmes to both edu-
cated and uneducated belonging to Backward Classes by enlisting banks participation or
a massive scale.

Constitutional Concept of Reservation in

Favour of Socially and Educationally

Backward Classes of Citizens

P. SHIV SHANKER, M-P.,*

The concept of reservations in favour of the socially and educationally backward'
classes of citizens and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes has a genesis in the goal
as to social justice enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution of India. People of
India while adopting, enacting and giving unto themselves the constitution, made a solemn
resolve to secure to all its citizens amongst others social justice. The extension of this
principle can be envisioned in the various Articles of the Constitution ;viri.iail;i.ily those
engrafted in part III of the Constitution styled as Fundamental Rights. The Socially
and educationally backward classes along with the scheduled caste:, and scheduled tribes
get an impetus for the advancement, having regard to Article 15 (4) of the Constitution
which article while prohibiting the State not to discriminate against any citizen on the
ground only of religion, race, castt, sex, place of birth or of any of them engrats the pro-
vision for their advancement in Clause (4) of Article 15 to sub-serve the ultimate interests
postulated and posited in the equality clause. In the matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the state, while the Constitution in Art, 16 (1) asserts tly
principle of equality of opportunity for all citizens, it carves out the provision in favour of
the backward classes of citizens under clause (4) of that Article where under the State
is enabled to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in their
favour which class of citizens in the opinion of the State are not adequately represented
in the services.

It is apposite to recall the genesis of the reservations in favour of the socially and
educationally backward classes and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The
Congress Party which fought as one man for the freedom of our country in unshackling
the bandages of slavery from the British entperialism, was signally aware of the class and
the caste structure in this vast country which made the distinction between man and man.
As a result, large segments of the society consisting of the socially and educationally back-
ward classes and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were left far behind from the
national strecm in their progress towards achieving the egalitarion society, Infact, the Cong-
ress Party and its titans were very much aware of the disparities in the vast and complex
society inhabiting this country and therefore were wedded to the emancipation of the lot.
of the backwards so as they join the main stream of the society at the earliest of the time and
opportunity. It is in this background that with the advent of independence when the-
constituent assembly proceeded to draft the Constitution, they took particular care to-
see that clear safeguards were drafted in favour of the socially and educationally backward
class of citizens of this country and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. It is with
this objective that not only clear goals were set in the preamble of the Constitution of India
so as the nation may march onwards to achieve the hallmarks but various provisions were

"* Member of parliament and Senior Advocate Supreme Court.

123-17

en-grafted in different parts of the Constitution to make the concepts of social justice and
equality etc., a reality shorn of illusion. It is with this objective that Right to equality
was guaranteed under Art. 14 of the Constitution and its various specis weie clearly carved
out in the subsequent articles of the Constitution. Art. 16 which dealt 'with the equality
of opportunity in the matters of public employment as stated, took care to engraft the
provision in clause(4) thereof enabling the State to provide a handicap to the backward
-classes of citizens in the country when they are not adequately represented in the services
of the State. Article 340 empowered the President of India to appoint a Commission to
investigate into the conditions of the socially and educationally backward classes within
the territory of India, and the difficulties under which they labour, and to make recom-
mendations as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove
such difficulties and to improve their conditions and as to the giants that should be made
for the purpose by the union or any State, and the conditions subject to which such
grants should be made. In part IV of the constitution which is entitled as directive princi-
ples of the state policy (which part in other words marks out the rights of the society vis-
.a-vij those of individuals as enshrined in part III of the Constitution) Art. 46 was engrafted
ordaining the State to promote with Special care the educational and economic interests
of the weaker sections ofthe people and in particular ot the scheduled castes and scheduled
tribes so as to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitations.

It is in the background of these provisions ofthe constitution as uai rated above, that
he reservation order issued by the Madras Government was sought to be claimed piotec-
tion when the same came to be under fire before the Madras High Court immediately
with the advsent of the Constitution in the case ofSmf. Champacf-m Doi-ai RajanVs.
.State of Madras The State Government having lost the battle in the High Court pre-
ferred the appeal to the Supreme Couit which judgment since is reported in AIR1951
.Supreme Court 226 whereby it faced the some humiliation at the hands ofthe Supreme
Court. The order of the Madras Government which was impugned successfully before
the judiciary fixed certain proportions in which students seeking for admission to the
Engineering and medical colleges in the State were to bt admitted. The Supreme Court
held that this order was violative- of the fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 15
.and 29 (2) ofthe Constitution which were not controlled by any exception and that since
there was no provision under Art. 15 corresponding to Art. 16 (4) dealing with public
employment the order was not sustained. The State Government sought protection as
to the validity of their action having regard to the directive principle enshrined in Art. 46
-of the Constitution but in vain. It was directly as a result of the decision in the case of
Smt. Champakam Dorai that Clause (4) of Article 15 was adumberated as an amend-
ment by virtue of the very first amendment to the Cnstitution, to get over the difficulty.
Thus it is by virtue of Art. 15 (4) alone that the State is enjoined to make any special pro-
vision for the advancement of any social and educational backward class of citizens or
for the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes.

It is only to make the rights under Art. 15 and 16 in favour of the backward classes
-of citizens a reality, the President of India in the exercise of his powers under Art. 340 (les
-of the Constitution appointed a Backward Classes Commission by order dated 19-1-1953
.headed by Sri Kaka Kalelkar. The Commission was directed inter-alia to investigate
the conditions of the socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of
India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to
the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties to
improve their conditions. The Commission which submitted its report on 30-3-1955
probed in detail, into the problem at large faced by the socially and educationally back-
"wafd classes. In classifying the backward classes, the relevant factors which they consi-
dered were the traditional occupation or profession ofthe class; the percentage of literacy

or the general educational advancement made by them; the estimated population of the
community; and the distribution of various communities throughout the State or their
concentration in certain areas. The Commission also probed the social position which
the community occupied in the caste heirarchy as well as its representation in the Govern-
ment service or in the Industrial sphere. According to the Commission, the classes
enumerated by them as socially and educationally backward suffered through the tradi-
tional apathy for education on account of social and environmental conditions or occupa-
tional handicaps; poverty and lack of educational institutions in rural areas; living in
inaccessible areas; lack of adequate educational aids such as free studentships and scholar-
ships and monetary grants; lack of residential hostel facilities; unemployment among
the educated which acted as a damper on. the desire of the members to educate their chil-
dren; and defective educational system which does not train students for appropriate
occupations and professions.

It is rather unfortunate that despite socially and educationally backward classes
having been enumerated by Sri Kafca Kalelkar Commission, nothing was done by the
Central Government to fulfil the long cherished desires and 'aspirations of the socially
and educationally backward classes. The Central Government oa their part left it to the
realm of the States to determine socially and educationally backward classes to make
provisions for their advancements. This was really unfortunate, as S'-'p.ir.iia actions taken
by the diverse States from time to time were subjected to litigatory processes in various
actions before the State High Courts as also the Supreme Court, These legations interep-
ted and interrupted the concept as to the provision of reservations intermittently in diffe-
rent States. It is pathetic that even today in many a States of our democratic fabric, the
concept of social justice as enshrined in the different equality Clauses in part III of the
Constitution still remain an illusion.

So far as our state of A. P. is concerned, after quite a lot of legal vicissitudes,
the Government had to appoint a Commission in the latter half of 60s to enumerate
socially and educationally backward classes entitled to r thc rights conferred upon them
under the fundamental right provisions of the Constitution. The Commission submitted
its well t-onsidered report on 20th Juno, 1970 categorising various classes to be treated as
backward classes and recommended reservation of 30% of seats to the persons belonging
to those classes in the educational institutions. The State Government by there ordot
No. 1793 Education dt. 23-9-1970 announced reservation of 25% of the seats etc. The
benefits conferred under the G. O. were initially provided for a period of 10 years to bo
renewed thereafter. This G. O. was successfully assailed by cartain persons belonging
to the advanced classes claiming to be aggrieved by the order and a Bench of our High
Court quashed the same. The State Government had to carry the matter to Supreme
Court in appeal aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court, the Supreme Court went
into the details as to the geneses of the G. O. and upheld the same as also the list of
socially and educationally backward classes so enumerated therein, by their judgment
rendered on 28th June, 1972. The Supreme Court Inter alia observed that a caste is also
a class of citizens and as such a caste can be socially and educationally backward, They
feltthat aftei collecting the necessary data of it is found that the caste as a whole is socially
and educationally backward, the reservation made of such persons will have to be upheld
notwithstanding the fact that a few individuals in that group may be both socially and
educationally above the general average. This judgment of the Supreme Court was
rendered in the State of A. P. Vs. U. S. V. Balaram reported in A.I.R. 1972 S.C. page
1375.

It is only by virtue of the above referred judgment that the socially and educationally
'backward classes got a little handicap in our State from 1972 onwards by way of reserva-
tions either in_the technical and educational institutions or public employment at the initial

stage of recruitment. Thus the concept of social justice for the socially and educationally
backward classes found way to reality because of the decision of the Supreme Cou r*-
judgment. Needless to say that in the last 7 to 8 years, these classes had a little opening
but it is axiomatic, that a lot has to be done in future to further the advancement of these
socially and educationally backward classes so that the concept of equality and social
justice does not elude them any longer.

Theie is yet another aspect of reservations to socially and educationally backward
classes that deseive a serious consideration having regard to the controversy raged from
time to time. It lelates to the percentage of reservations in favour of the socially and
educationally backward classes. The Supreme Court in the case of M. RBalajty
State of A/jtforeeported in A.I.R. 1963 Supreme Court 649 dealing with the percentage
of reservations spoke as follows :

"A special provision contemplated by Art. 15 (4) like reservation of posts and
appointments contemplated by Art 16 (4) must be within reasonable limits. The intersts
of weaker sections of society which are a first charge on the states and the centre have to
be adjusted with the interests of the community as a whole. The adjustment of these
competing Claims is undoubtedly difficult matter, but if under the guise of making a special
provision a State reserves practically all the seats available in all the colleges, that clearly
would be subverting the object of Art. 15 (4). In this matter again we are reluctant to say
definitely what would be a proper provision to make. Speaking generally and in a broad
way a special provision should be less than 50%, how much less than 50% would depend upon
the relevant prevailing circumstances in each case". (Stress supplied).

From the above quoted passage, it is obvious from the strcess supplied portion, that
the Supreme Court has not earmarked the 50% reservations as a maximum in favour of
the socially and educationally backward classes on any sound and firm basis of law.
Speaking in a broad way they thought that the special provision should be less than 50%.
They were themselves reluctant to say what would be proper provision to make. Could
this statement of law be still true in a case, here let us take it, that a population more
than 50% is socially and educationally backward ? With great respect to Supreme Court
in such circumstances this dicta has to necessarily fail.

It has to be noted that the percentage of reservations depends on diverse factors and
no hard and fast rule, as laid down by Supreme Court as to the maximum percentage of
reservation could be a sound guiding principle. It is heartening to note that the various
observations of Supreme Court in its subsequent judgements seem to differ from the law
laid down in the case of M.RBolaji. One such later case that could be cited with authority
is found in the State of Kerala Vs, N. M Then. as reported in A.I.R. 1976 Supreme
Court 490. The Supreme Court in this case while dealing with the concept of reservation
in public employment under Art. 16 stressed that if equality of opportuity guaranteed
under Art. 16 (1) means effective material equality, then Art. 16 (4) is not an exception to
Art. 16 (1). They said, it, is only an emphatic way of putting the extent to which equality
of opportunity could be carried, i.e., even upto the point of making reservations. They
further observed that the state can adopt any measure which would ensure the adequate
representation in public service.

This observation and the discussion of law at length as to reservations would only
support the Contention advanced Supra. Contrary to the maximum reservation principle
enunciated in M.R. Balaji's case, if the concept adumberated by the Supreme Court in
Balaji's case is taken to be the last word, then it would be far from realities with which the
socially and educationally backward classes suffer. For these cUsses the adage of J.Hegde-

of the Supreme Court or in the case of Heralal in 1970 that the leap to be provided to
then depends on. the gap to be filled becomes totally otiose which truly is a practical
concept.

There had been quite on unnecessary debate on the reservations to the socially and

educationally backward classes and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the

promotional chances after their initial recruitment. This aspect has been highlighted in

detail in many a judgments of Supreme Court right from Rangac/ian's case reported in

A.I.R. 1962, S.C. 36. These reservations are considered in the background of

the expression "employment or appointment to any office under the State" in Art, 16 of

the constitution . In the cases of HeeraM Vs. State ofpanjab reported in 1971 Service

Law Reporter Page 98 and State of Kerala N. M. Thomas reported in 1976 S.C. 490

the Supreme Court has categorically 'Justified the reservations in promotional chances

to the socially and educationally backward classes and the scheduled castes and scheduled

tribes on the principle of equality of opportunity in public employment under the State

as enshrined in Art. 16 of the Constitution. These 2 cases are merol> illustrative to make

it clear as to the principle enunciated and approved by the Supreme Court. But alasl

despite all this, nothing tangible has been done by the States to provide the reservations.

for these classes in the promotional arena and the concept still remains a mirage to these

classes. It is sincerely hoped that our State Government would translate that concept

into a reality very soon and would not allow this aspect of the branch of social justice to

remain any more elusive.

The Central Government at this stage in December 1978 has thought it fit to appoint
Mandal Commission to go into the problems of the socially and educationally backward
classes. The cardinal term of reference to the commission enjoins upon them to determine
the criteria as to socially and educationally backward classes which sets the
clock back and it is highly unfortunate. It is well known that the various dictas of the
Supreme Court have well settled the criteria and the attempt of the central Government
in fixing up this criteria for the Mandal Commission gives room to the suspicion as to
whether the Central Government are really keen and interested to make the concept of
social justice a reality.

In the end it deserves to be more plain that the provision as to reservations in favour
of the socially and educationally backward classes is not a case of doling out a bounty to
them, but it is a case of rights to which they are legally and constitutionally entitled to.
It is well known that no segment of the society could afford to remain backward if egalita-
rian society has to be ushered in which the Constitution seeks to so assiduously achieve.
Let us make fervent efforts to breathe life into the constitutional provisions by our acts
and deeds so that the hopes and aspirations of our founding fathers of the constitution
become a reality and provide succour and relief to the miserable teeming millions of
this great democracy.

69
123-18

Indian Polity

and

Backward Glasses

B. SUBBARAYAN,*

"Poor people who wander about find
no work, no wages and strove, whose
lives are a continued round of sore
afflictions and pinching poverty
cannot be proud of the constitution
and its law"

DR. S. RADHAKRTSHNAN

In, Chapter III OR "Caste and Society" the Kaka Saheb Kalelka Commission report
gives origin of "Shudra" as per ancient functional division the "Trivarnic" or "Chatur-
varnic" configuration of the Society.

Brahmin, Kshtriya with Vaishya joining later to constitute Trivarna civilization
formed upper strata leaving "Shudra"' as the fourth category. Shudra is again sub-
divided broadly into two classes. (1) White collared land owning class such as Reddy,
Kamma, Kapu, Velama and (2) Blue collared general class consisting of domestic and
menial servants besides the other professional classes like barbers, goldsmiths, washermen,
blacksmiths etc. It is said that when cultural forces were strong, the functional ideas of
"Varna" prevailed and got crystalyaed by the efflux of time in the social structre emerging
new pattern of socio-anthropo-enthnographic problems, in India to-day.

By the time European trade settlers, began frequenting Indian shores during 1 5th Cen-
tury and after, caste system in India posed a unique social phenomenon. It is an institution
-of highly complex origin. In point of fact, the word "Caste" is derived from the Portu-
ijuses word "Casta". Each caste is a social unit in itself. The customs habits, social
onarass demonstrate marked difference demarcating each of the castes. Inter-dining, inter-
marrying among different castes are prohibited by conventional practice.

During historical times particularly from medieval times till recent times, these caste
groups or in modern parlance the backward classes had a raw-deal giving rise jajmani
system, watandari or vettichakiri a sort of bonded labour in villages and particularly
widespread in the then Nizam regions.

*Secretary, A.P. Balala Akademy.

BRITISH PERIOD.

During British period, the claim for representation of backward classes in the State
-services was started in South India provinces. It gained great momentum under the
-aggressive leadership of Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, of the composite Madras
province. It was in those days known as " Self-respect movement" fighting for their civil
liberties for social mancipation. Elsewhere,Bombay (Maharashtra), Mysore, (Karnataka,)
Travancore-Cochin (Kerala) exposed to such movements though in a lesser degree from
time to time.

In Madras province which included in those days the Coastal and Rayalaseema
districts of Andhra, a system of communal rotation was introduced to accord represen-
tation to all the recognised backward classes groups with a view to remove inequalities of
representation in public services. In those days the non-brahmin movement was so vigo-
rous that it gave rise to a political situation forcing Justice Party to form the Ministry
under Montford Reform. The system of communal rotation in public services was in full
force from then onwards till the advent of Indian Independence in 1947.

It is gathered that Mysore princely State recognised the question of removing inequali-
ties in Stale services for certain communities as early as 1894 and reviewed later in 1918,
1927 and 1934 to give a better deal to the backward classes. In Mysore all castes except
Brahmins were classified as backward classs for the purpose of public services.

It was the practice in those days for the Government of India after 1935 Act to pub"
lish every year authenticated list of backward classes in each of the provinces of British
India. After Independence,, Government of India continued this practice for public
service as well as awarding educational and scholarship till 1957. These lists formed
"basis against this socio-cuHural background after Indian Iiulependence,statwart law makers
particularly B.R. Ambedkar who championed the cause of the downtrodden, managed
to provide safeguards for the removal of inequalities under Article 14., 15, 16, 340, 341 etc.,
-of Constitution of India which came into force on Jan. 26, 1950. The Government of
Madras (composite) modified their Communal G.O, in the light of a dicision of the
"Supreme Court but subsequently restored re ervations under Article 16 (4) of the Con-
stitution According to this order, a reservation of five out of every twenty vacancies is
made for qualified candidates from backward cUmes other than Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes. They have also relaxed age restrictions and have given fee concession
for admission into competitive examinations. The same rules prevailed later in Andhra.
UnderArticle 341 of Constitution of India, the government of India appointed a backward
class Commission in 1953 under the Chairmanship of Kaka Saheb Kalelkar and
itsreport was submitted to Government of India in 1957. Later a memorandum on the
report was placed before the Lok Sabha in 1957.

During Nizam regime in the Nizam State, certain rules and provisions were made
for safeguarding the interests of backward classes.

After the formaion of Andhra Pradesh and even earlier, mass leader SardarGouthu
Latchanna in Andhra regium and late Bojjam Narsimhulu,T.Sambayya and others inTelaa-
.gana region made indefatigable efforts to bring about awareness among all denominations
of weaker sections in the society through public platform on one side and on the other
side prevailing on the Govt. to protect the just right of the backward class through
legialature High Court and Supreme Court of India.

The rights guaranteed under Articles 15, 16 and so on of the Constitution are un-
exceptionable on grounds of expediency and practical limitation, But the fact is that

the Preamble aims at equality of status and of opportunity a concept of equality which is
highly positive. Equality of status implies not only the equality of legal status, but also
the provision of a national minimum standard of liting for all citizens. Equality of op-
portunity does not imply only the claim of equal treatment in the available opportuni-
ties, but also the provision of adequate opportunities for the development of all to the
best of their capabilities.

This means that the State must function vigorously as a service entity, in order that
ideal of equality of status and of opportunity enshrined in the preamble to the Constitu-
tion may be a icality in the life of every Indian. It must not remain contended with admini-
stering the scheme of right to equality as envisaged by these five articles and as now being
interpreted and approved by the judiciary.

Inspite of the fact that the Right to Equality in the scheme of Constitution of India
is essentially a right against discrimination it has by now, been judicially interpreted to
mean a right against adverse discrimination and numerous exceptions have been endorsed
by the highest court in the Country i.e., Supreme Court of India.

Erudite legal pundits agree that the general prohibition by discrimination has to be-
fuither sustained by contemplating innumerable exceptions and this bitter fruit, mankind
seems, destined to continuosly swallow foi having engrafted a formal concept of legal
equality into a real situation of actual inequalities.

Articles. 15 (4^ 16 (4) of Constitution of India provides reservation in educational
institutions and appointments to State services for any backward class citizens whom the
State considers to be not adequately represented in the service under the State.

These exceptions came into operation only when two conditions are satisfied namely
(1) the reservations made in favour of any backward class and (2) the State is of the opi-
nion that such a class is not adequately represented in the public services under tbe State-
As a sequel to the Supreme Court decision in State of Madras Versus Champakam
a suitable amendment was passed in the Parliament introduced by the Constitution (First
amendment) Act. 1951. The statement of objects and reasons of the constitution (Amende-
ment) Bill 1951 read as follows.

It is laid down in Article 46, as a Directive Principle of State policy that the State
should promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker
sections of the people and protect them from social injustice. In order that any special
provision that the State may make for the educational, economic or social advancement
of any backward class of citizens may no tbe challenged on the ground of being discrimi-
nating, it is proposed that Article 15 (3) be suitably amplified. Clause (4)authorises making
of special provisions for the advancement of backward classes and not merely making of
.special provisions,

I may conclude the article with the policy statement of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made
on 26th January 1950 while on the eve of adopting Constitution of India.

"We will have equality in politics and inequality in social and economic life". We
must semovethis contradiction at the earliest moment or else those who suffer from in-
equality will blow up the structure of political democracy".

Government of Andhra Pradesh appointed committees on Backward classes from time to
time and their recommendations have been kept in view in policy making for the welfare
of backward classes.

-The Janata Party (1977) committed New Deal for-weaker sections in its election mani-
fes.to on the .eve of the Sixth General Elections: as follows :

It is a matter of deep shame that even thrco decades after the advent of independence,

the social and economic conditions of the weaker sections of our society, particularly the

scheduled castes and tribes, continue to be object. They arc still subject to many forms of

discrimination and have been victims of foul atrocities. The average income of most of

these groups is ' below the subsistance level. Their social and economic backwardness

'have made it difficult for them to take full advantage of even the limited opportunities

and facilities available. This in turn effects and inhibits tho avenues of employment and

promotion open to them, and the acquisition of the skills necessary to take up project*

for self-employment or co-operative efforts in the fields of agriculture, industry and trade.

The Janata Party belives that the disparities that separate these members of our society
from the more educationally and economically advanced sections cannot be radically
reduced without a policy of special treatment in their favour. It will accordingly, .provide
preferential opportunity for education and self-employment to these sections, In this
connection it will reserve between 25 and 33 percent of all Appointments tp government
service for trie backward classes, as recommended by the Kalelkar Commission". , .

' ' '/ ' ' ' '

The Janata Government which was catapulted into the gadi of Central Government

in March, 1977 instead of ordering straight way implementing the ' recommendation?

''of 19i3 Kaka'Saheb kalelkar Report, chose; to appoint another Backward cjasses. commas

sionin January 1979 under the Chairmanship of Sri B.P. Mandal, MP'.with'the following

terWs of reference.

.,--, - " ' , ."..'''." I . , . . ' \, ; ' : M . '' ,'

V.. (1) to determine the criteria for defining the socially, and educationally backward
(classes, : , ; . "',: ' ' Ct

(2) to recommend steps to he taken for the advancement of the : socially and edu<-
'cationally backward classes of citizens so identified ; ' ' . ' ' r '[

'.- (3), to examine the desirability or otherwise sp of making provision for the resem*
don of appointments or posts in favour of such backward classes of citizens which are
not adequately represented in the public services and posts in connection with the

affairs of the Union or of any State .; and . j ;

: (4) 'present to the President a report setting out tho facts as found' by them and
making such recommendations as they think proper.

'"'Whatever may be "the outcome of this Mandals' commission or the present State
Level Conference whose sphere of influence is limited to the state services, tfie Government

of Andhra Pradesh should prevail upon ,the Central, government forthwith through its
M.P's and otherwise for expeditious implementation of Kalelkar commission's reconimen-
vdatipns tp benefit vast number of weaker sections in Central Sector undertakings as wellfts
.cental services such as, UPSC, P '& T, Railways which are potential job, market .plaices
-for the backwards -in the State.

Backward Classes

A Constitutional Approach

C. SRIRAMULU, M.A..LL.B.*

The preamble to the Constitution enunciates the great objectives and the social goals
for the achievement of which the Indian Constitution has been established. In the formu-
lations and declarations of the social objectives contained in the preamble, one can clearly
discern the impact of the modern political philosophy which regards the State as an
organ to secure the good and welfare of the people. This concept is further strengthened
by Directive Principles of State Policy which set out the economic, social and political
goals of the Indian Constitutional system. In the Directive Principles, the philosophy
of a welfare state is very much pronounced and well-developed.

The Indian society lacks homogeneity as there exist differences of religion, language,
culture, etc. There arc sections of people who are comparatively weaker than others
educationally, economically, socially and culturally-and their lot can be ameliorated only
when the State makes a special effort to that end. The Constitution contains a liberal
scheme of safeguards to minorities, backward classes and scheduled castes. Provisions
have thus been made, inter alia, to reserve seats in the State Legislatures and lok Sabha,
and to make reservations in the services, for some of these groups, to promote the welf?re
of the depressed and backward classes and to protect the language and cultuie of the
rrinorities.

Democracy requires not only equality, but also justice. The essence of justice is
the attainment of happiness and good of all as distinguished from the happiness and good
of individuals of even of the majority of them. But justice in this sense cannot be secured
unless there is equality Of status and opportunity. Equality of status and opportunity
cannot be obtained unlets all sections of the people are equally in a position and circums-
tances to benefit therefor. Indian Constitution not only prohibits discrimination on
grounds of birth, religion, caste or creed, but also adequately provides for the promotion
of the interests of the Backward Classes.

Article 46 in the part of the Constitution dealing with Directive Principles states that
the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the
weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the scheduled castes and the scheduled
tribes and the State shall protect from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. So
far as equality of opportunity is concerned there is the trinity of Articles 14, 15 and 16.

Art. 14 is the general one which enjoins equality before the law and the equal pro-
tection of the laws. Article 15 is a special manifestation of the general principle of
'equality provided by Article 15. And Article 16 is yet another specific provision renting
to matters of employment, in the service under the State. It has ordained that equality
of opportunity shall not be denied to any citizen of the State ; no person shall be discri-
minated on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or
any of them. Reference may also be made to Article 29 (2) which provides that no citizen

*CMef Judge, City Small Causes Court, Hyderabad.

-shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or
receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, caste, race, language or any
; of them.

There is povision made in Article 335 that the claims of the members of the
.Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently
with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to
services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State. The Presiden
has the power under Article 340 of the Constitution to appoint a commission to investi-
gate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the territory of
India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to
the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and
.to improve their condition.

Under Art. 341 "The president may with respect to any State or Union territory and
where it is a State after consultation with tho Governor thereof by public notification
specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tiibes which
shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation
to that State or Union territory, as the case may be.

Under Art. 342, in the same manner, the President may specifyjhe tribes or tribal
'Communities as Scheduled Tribes,

The expression "Backward Classes of Citizens" occurs in Art. 15 (4) and Art, 16 (4)
of the Constitution which read as under :

"15 (4) Nothing in this Article or in Cl. (2) of Ait. 29 shall prevent the State from
making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens of for the Scheduled Castes and tho Scheduled Tribes."

"16 (4) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision
for the reservation of appointments of posts in favour of any backward class of citizen^
-which, in the opinion or the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the
.State."

"Scheduled Castes" and "Scheduled Tiibes" respectively have been defined in sub*
-els. (24) and (25) of Art. 366 of the Constitution but there is no clause defining "backward
Classes of citizens." In fact, Backward Classes of citizens for whom special provision
has been made are, by Art. 15 (4) itself, treated as being similar to the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes. Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes, which havo been defined
-were known to be Backward and it was felt that special provision should bo made for their
.advancement. There are other classes of citizens as well as who equally or may be some-
what less backward than the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and it was thought
*hat some special provision be made for their advancement as well. Arts, 15 (4) and
16 (4) of the Constitution are meant for that purpose. It is the responsibility of the
'State to take effective steps for the upliftment of the Backward Classes of citizens socially,
educationally and economically. The State is enjoined to promote with special care tho
educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of tho people and shall protect
4hem from special injustice and all foims of exploitation (Art. 46 of the Constitution),
These responsibilities are, however, to bo exercised within constitutional limits.

Art. 15 (4) was introduced by the First Amendment of 1951 to cure the lacuna
that came to light in State of Madras Vs. Champakam Dorairnjan (A.I.R. 1951
Supreme Court Page 226) It enables special provision being made for the
advancement ol any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens and
ior the Scheduled Castes and Tribes not whstaudirg anything in Articles 15 and 26

Art., 15 (4) fifst received consider ation in Balaji Vs. State of Mysore (A.I.R.
.19.63 Supreme: Court Page 649,) wheriri the Court pointed out that the classes of
citizens for whom special provLion is peimitted by Art. 15(4) must be backward both
socially and educationally and ttnt the special provision must not be excessive. Follow-
ing Bfajee there has been a "spate of cases in relation to admission to Government Colleges,
particularly the profesrional colleges like Medical' and Engineering. The rush of appli-
cations for the limited number of .seats available has necessitated reservation of .seats
for cei tain categories of applicants on the one hand, and the adoption of some method
.of selection for the unreserved seats on the other hand. The validity of both the above
has met with challenge in Courts. Some of the important principles laid down by the
Court are summarised below :

The Supreme Court held in Balaji's case that

Under Article 15 (4) the backwardness must be both soalaLand educational,,, it i
not either social or educational backwardness. Farther, the concept of. backwardness
'in Art. 15(4) is riot relative in the sense that, excepting the most advanced classes, all
other classes are backward.

The Court then referred to some of the important matters which will icquire to be
taken into consideration in .determining social and educational backwardness. As
regards Social' 'Backwardness, it was quite obvious that Caste could not be the sole basis,
for there could then be no special provision for persons belonging to religions other than
/the Hindu religion which ^P pot have any Cfaste system. In relation to Hindus, caste
may be one of the relevant factors but cannot bef made the sole. test. Poverty, occupa-
tion, place of habitation may all be relevant factors to betaken into consideration,

; As to Educational backwardness, the court .held that the State was not justified ip
including in the list of backward classes all those castes or communities whose average
.of student, population per thousand was slightly abcvc "or very near or just below the
JState average. Only those whi<rh were well below the State average can be regarded as-
'backward, ..'....,.,: ..','.-...., : . '.. . -.'. .. ; . .;!,'..': i ...'.'".' , ; - ' ' - ; . :' ' '" ;

The scope and extent of Articles 15 (4) and 16 (4) of the Constitution earlier came
t6: be examined by the Supreme Court in a number of cases.

In Chitralekhcfs Case (A.I.R. 1964 Supreme Court, Page 1823), Supreme Court
reiterated that the caste is a relevant circumstance in ascertaining the backwardness
of a. class. Further it was observed therein :. ".,.' V' ' .

' - "While this court has not excluded caste, from ascertaining the. backwardness of
a class' of -citizens, it has not made it one of the compelling circumstances affording a
basis for the ascertainment of backwuidness of a class. To put it differently the authority
concerned may take- cisre into consideration in ascertaining the backwardness of a group
'of persons; but, if it does not, its order will not be bad on that account, if it can ascertain.
the backwardness of a- group of persons on the basis' of 'other relevant criteria." l ^

The same view was expressed by vSupietne Court in State of Andhra Pradesh
Vs-P- Sugar A,I. R. 1963 Supreme <CoJ.rt, -Pago 1379. '''

In Rajendran ''Vs. " State 'of Madras ( A.I.R. 1963 Supreme Court Pages 1012)<
Supreme Court upheld the reservations made under ';Art 15(4); by reference
caste. ^Thc^ourt said: if the reservation had been .based pnly on the caste and had not
..taken' mtp'account the social and educational bapkwardness of the caste in. question, 'It.
Jwould offend Art. 15 (4); .but it inust not b^ forgotten that, a- paste is also, a class-of citi-
Izens/and, if tlje p^ste on thevyholois socially and F educati0HaJJy backwatd^ reservation

"be made in favour of such a caste on the ground that it is a socially and educationally
Backward class within the meaning of Art. 15 (4). Hence we are unable to uphold the
contention that the impugned reservation in not is accordance with Art. 15 (4) .

In A, Periakaruppan Vs. State of Tamilnadu (1971 Supreme Court Page 2303 j
also it was held the classification of backward class on the basis of castesis within
the purview of Art 15. (4) if these castes are shown to be socially and educationally
backwaid.

IN State of Andhra Pradesh Vs. U. S. V. Balaram ( A.t.R. 1972 Supreme

Cort Page No. 1375) it was held that Art. 15 (4) has to be read as a proviso or

exception to Art. s!5 (1) & 20 (2) . Therefore, the conditions which justify the

departure from Art. 15 (1) must be strictly shown to exist. The backward classea

for whose improvement special provision is contemplated by Art. 15 (4) must in the

matter of their backwardness comparable to Scheduled Castes end Saheduled Tribes.

However , social and educational backwardness need not be exactly similar' in all

respects to that of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Furthci, it was observed

that if an entire caste is as a fact found to be socially and educationally backward, their

inclusion in the list of Backward Classes by their caste name is not violative of Art.

15 (4). A caste is also a class of citizens and a caste as such may be socially and

educationally backward. If after collecting the necessary data, it is found that the caste

as a whole is socially and educationally backward the reservation made for such person

will have to be upheld notwithstanding the fact that a few individuals in that group may

be both socially and educationally above the general average. Explaining M.R.Balaji's

case (A. I. R. 1963 Supreme Court Page No. 649 ) (Supra] it was held that is not

axiomatic that the educational average of the class should not be calculated on the basis

of the student population in the last three High School classes. Nor that only those

classes whose average is below the State average that can be treated as educationally

backwaid.

The provision of Art. 16(4) are similar to those of Art. 15 (4) and it contains
another exception to clauses (1) and (2) of Art. 15 and which was incorporated in the
Constitution, when it was passes unlike the provisions in Art. 15 (4) which was added in
1951 by the first amendment of the Constitution of India. In the caso of General
Manager, Southern Rly. Vs. Rangachary (A.I.R. 1962 Suplcnri Court Page 36( the
majority decision of the supreme Court held that the power of reservation which is
conferred on the State under Art. 16 (4) can by exercised by the State in a, proper case
not only by providing for reservation of appointments, but also by providing for reser-
vation of selection posts. This conclusion was reached on thebasis that it served to give
effect to the intention of the Constitution makers to mako adequate sa-fequards for
the advancement of Backward classes and to secure for theii adequate representation
in the services. The only point which was reaised in that case was whether the reser-
vation made was outside Art. 16 (4) and that posed the bare question about the cons-
struction of Art. 16 (4). The propriely, The reasonableness or the wisdom of the
impugned order was not questioned because it was not the respondents' ca^e i li.it if the
order was justified under Art. 16 (4), it was a fraud on the Constitution. Even so, it
was pointed out in the judgement that the efficiency of administration is of such a
paramount importance that it would be unwise and impermissible to make any reserva-
tion at the cost of efficiency of administration. Therefore, what is true in regard to
Art. 15 (4) is equally true in regard to Art. 16 (4). There can be no doubt that the
constitution-makers assumed, as they were entitled^, that while making adequate
reservation under Art. 16(4), care would be taken not to provide for unreasonable,
excessive or extravagant reservation, for that would, by eliminating general compe-
tition in < large field and by creating widespread dissatisfaction amogugst
the employees, materially affect efficiency. Hence, like the special provision

77
123-20

improperly made under Art- 15 (4) reservation made under Art. 15 (4) reservation made
Under Art. 16 (4) beyond the permissible and legitimate limits would liable to be chall-
ened as a fraud on the Constitution.

]\i State of Punjab Vs. Hiralal SupremCourt Page (A.I.R. 1971 Suprem Court Page
1777)it was held that Article 16 (1) is an extension of Article 14. But the equality con-
templated by this clause is not an ernbcdted equality. It is subject to several exceptions
undone of the exceptions is that provided in Article 16 (4). The Supreme Court observed
(at page^nSO)! :

'The extent of reservation to be made is primary a matter for the State to decide.
By this we do not mean to say that the decision of the State is not open to judicialrevieu
The reservation must be only for the purpose of giving adequate representation in the
services to the Scheduled Castes.. Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes. The ex-
ception provided in Art. 16 (4) should not make the rule embodied in Art. 16(1)
meaningless. But the burden or' establishing that a particular reservation made by the
State is offensive to Art. 16 (1) 'S on the person who takes the plea."

Judged in the light of the observations laid down by the Supreme Court in the cases
discussed hereinabove it is well settled that the State can make pecial piovision for
the rdvancement oi Socially and Educationally backward classes'of citizens or for the
Scheduled Castes and for the Scheduled Tribes in the matters of admissions into educar-
tional institutions and also by reservation of posts at the stage of appointment and for
promotion after appointment. But, the complications arise as to the tests to determine
whether a group of people constitutes a backward class of citizens. The concept of
backwardness is not relative in the sense that any and every class, which is backward in
relation to most rdvanced classes of the society must be included in it.

To qualify for reservation there must be social and educational backwardness.
It is not either social or educational, but it is both social and educational. The
group of citizens to whom articles 15 (4) and 16 (4) apply are describesd as -" Classes
of citizens ".

The laying down of criteria for ascertainment of social and educational backward-
ness of a class is a complex problem depending upon many circumstances which may,
vary from State to State and even from place to place in a State.

In A. I. R. 1963 Supreme Court page 649, Gajendra Gadkar, J., as he then was
dealing with Article 15 (4) observed:

" The problem of determining who are socially backward classes is undoubtedly
very complex. Sociological social and economic considerations come into play in
solving the problem, and evolving proper criteria for determining which classes are
socially backward is obviously a very difficult task ; it will need an elaborate investiga-
tion and collection of data and examining the said data in a rational and scientific way.

In lanokipershad Vs State of Jammu and Kashmir A. I. R. 1973 Supreme Court
Page No. 930, it was observed thus :

Article 15 (4) speaks about "socially and educationally backward classes of
citizens" while Article 16 (4) speaks only of "any backward class of citizens.". How-
ever,-it is now settled that the expresson "backward class of citizens" in Articlel6 (4)
means the same thing as th expressision "any socially and educationally backward class
of citizens" in Article 15 (4). In order to qualify for being called a "backward class
citizen" he must be a member of a socially and educationally backward class. It is social
and educational backwardness of a class which is material for the purposes of both
articles 15 (4) and 16 (4).

Many State Governments have found it difficult to determine which class of citizens
can be properly regarded as socially and educationally backward. Lists prepared by
several Governments were struck down by the Courts. Inspite of the fact that the
Supreme Court has approved the lists of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
prepared by the States of Anhdra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (Madras) solely on the
basis of caste as valid, the fact remains as already observed above the question of
Iaying""down of criteria for ascertainment of social and educational bakwardness of class
is a complex problem and it is likely to be raised in Courts of law in our State and other
States. Justice Subba Rao in Chitrakkha Vs. State of Mysore, A. I. R. 1964 Supreme
Court page 1823, has clearly laid down that castes cannot be equated with "classes'",
though the caste of an individual or a group of individuals may be considered along
with other relevant factors in putting him in a particular class.

In view of the complications created by the Supreme Court in the above decisions
by interpreting the words "Backward Class", the only solution of the problem is to
amend the Constitution of India suitably. As already observed above " Scheduled Castes"
and " Scheduled Tribes" have been defined in Sub-clauses (24) and (25) of Article 366 of
the Constitution but there is no claure defining the "Backward Classes of Citizens ".

I make the following suggestions for amendment of the Constitution :

(a) The words " or castes " be added after the words " socially and educationally
backward calsses " in clause (4) of the Article 15 of Constitution.

(b) Add the words "or caste" after the words "backward class" in Clause (4)
of Article 16 of the Constitution.

(z) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory, and where it
is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification specify
the "Backward Castes or Classes of Citizens, " races or tribes or parts or groups within
the castes or classes, races, or tribes, which show for the purpose of this Constitution
be deemed to be Backward Castes or Classes of Citizens .in relation to that State or
Union Territoiy as the case may be.

(H) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Backward
Castes or Classes of Citizens specified in notification issued under clause (1) any caste or
class, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid
a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subseqi^ent notifi-
cation.

(d) A sub-clause as- sub-clause No. (31) to Article 366 be added as follow :

(31) " Backward Classes or Castes of citizens " means such castes 01 classes, races
< r tribes or parts of or groups within such castes or classes, races or tribes as are deemed
under Article 341-A to be Bcakward Classes or Castes of Citizens for the purposes of
this Constitution.

GOVERNMENT ORDERS

Regarding Backward Classes Welfare

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

[G.O. Ms. No. 1793, dated 23rd September, 1970.]

ABSTRACT.

BACKWARD CLASSES LIST OF SOCIALLY AND EDUCATIONALLY BACKWARD
CLASSES CONCESSIONS IN REGARD TO RESERVATIONS IN PROFES-
SIONAL COURSES, SERVICES ETC., ORDERS ISSUED.

ORDER :

In G.O, Ms. No. 1880, Education Department, dated 29th July, 1966, the Govern-
ment had drawn up a list of Backward Classes (other than Scheduled Castes and Schedu-
led Tribes) and allowed certain concessions in regard to Scholarships, reservations
in professional college and in the Government Services, etc., for the uplift of the Back-
ward Classes. This G.O. was challenged through serveral Writ Petitions in the High
Court of Andhia Pradesh. The High Court allowed the writ petitions and struck down
the reservations made in professional colleges for the Backward Classes mentioned in
the said G.O. observing that no material or information relevant for determining the
Backwardness of classes of citizens, like population of each of these classes, percentage
of literacy or education, infeiiority of occupation, social and economic status, etc.,
was available with the Government. The High Court also observed that no person
or Commission was appointed to gather the relevant material or information in respect
of the Backward Classes and no atetmpt was made in that direction since 1963 when
the then existing list of backward classes was struck down. On appeal, the Supreme
Court upheld the above decision of the High Court.

2. The Government, therefore appointed a Commission in April, 1968 in G.O.
Ms. No. 870, Education, dated 12th April, 1968 under the Commission of Inquiry Act,
1952, with the following terms of reference ;

(/) to determine the criteria to be adopted in considering whether any sections
of citizens of India in the State of Andhra Pradesh (other than the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes specified by notification issued by the President of India under
Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India) may be treated as socially and educa-
tionally Backward Classes and in accordance with such criteria prepare a list of such
Backward Classes setting out also their approximate number and their territorial
distribution.

(') to investigate the conditions of all such socially and educationally backward
classes, and the difficulties under which they labour; and made recommendations as to
the special provisions which may be made by the Government for their advancement

and for promotion of their educational and economic interests generally and with
particular reference to :

(1) the reservations of seats in educational institutions maintained by the State
or receiving aid out of State funds;

(2) the concessions such as scholarships which may be given by way of assis-
tance;

(3) the percentage or proportion of such reservation, the quantum of such
assistance and the period during which such reservations or assistance may be made or
given; and

(Hi) to advise the Government as to the backward classes of citizens ( other than
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ) which aro not adequately represented in
the services under the State and prepare list of all such backward classes and made
recommendations as to

(1) the reservation of appointments of posts in favour of such backward
classes.

(2) the percentage of proportion of such reservation and the period during
which such reservation may be made.

3. The Commission toured all the Districts in the State and also the neighbouring
states of Tamilnadu, Kerala and Mysore collected a mass of evidence and material in.
respect of the various classes of citizens in the State and in the neighbouring States and
brought out a well considered report after having gone into the matter in great detail.
The Commission presented its report to the Government on the 20th June, 1970 .

4. The report was placed before the State Legislature and also referred to the-
Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee for their views. In the light of the view expressed
by the members of the legislative Assembly and the recommendations of the Regional
Committee the Government have examined the report in detail and issued the following
order :

5. The Commission adopted the following 'criteria for determining the social and
educational backwardness of citizens.

(1) The general poverty of the class or community as a whole;

(2) Occupations pursued by the classes of citizens, the nature of which must be-
inferior or unclean or undignified and unremunerative or one which does not carry
influence or power;

(3) Caste in relation to Hindus; and

(4) Educational backwardness.

The Government accept the above criteria adopted by the Commission for determin-
ing the social and educational backwardness of citizens.

6. On the basis of the above criteria, the Commission has drawn up a list of 92
classes which are socially and educationally backward and classified them into four groups
for purposes of reservations as explained in para 1 of this order (vide Annexure I to this
order). The Government accept the list drawn up by the Commission in. toto, in
Annexure I to this order as socially and educationally backward classes for purposes of
Article 15 (4) of the Constitution of India.

123-21

Reservation of*Seats in Professional Courses

1. The Commission has recommended that 30 per cent of seats in professional
colleges should be reserved for the backward classes.

At present certain percentages of seats in professional colleges are already reserved
for certain special groups like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Physically Handi-
capped, N.C.C. Candidates etc., who also require special protection considering that the
total reservations should not exceed 50 per cent it is found that it will not be possible to fix
Backward classes at 30 per cent as recommended by the Commission. In order that the
total reservations for all the special groups do not exceed 50 per cent, the Government
liave decided that 25 per cent of seats in professional courses (other than Post Graduate
Courses) should be reserved for the backward classes and the scheme of reservation of
seats in the various professional courses shall be revised as follows :

A. Medical Colleges in the State.
(1) (2) (3)~~

1. Scheduled Castes .. .. .. .. -.14%

2. Scheduled Tribes . . . . . . . . 4%

3. Backward Classes .. .. .. .. .. 25%

4. N.C.C. Sports and Children of ex-servicemen and armed pei'sonuel .. 4%

NOTE : (1) The total available seats in the medical colleges will be earmarked
between men and women in the ratio of 70 : 30 and the reservation
provisions in favour of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes
and Backward Classes etc., as indicated above will be applied sepa-
rately to the seats so earmarked.

(2) The existing provision regarding reservation of seats for candidates
nominated by the Government of India will continue.

B. Engineering : Technological and Teachnical Courses

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. Other State and Countries .. .. ., .-3% 3%

[2. Scheduled Castes .. .. .. ..14% 14%

3. Scheduled Tribes .. .. .. ..4% 4%

4. Backward Classes .. .. .. ..25% 25%

5. Physically Handicapped .. .. .. --1% I /

<6. N.C.C. Sports and Children of Ex-Servicemen and armed per-
sonnel .. .. .. .. .. 1% 4%

Total ,. 48% 48%
82

C. Agriculture : Veterinary and Home Science Colleges in the State.
(V (2) (3)_

1. Candidates sponsored by the Government of India . . . . 2%

2. Scheduled Castes .. .. .. , .. ., 14%

3. Scheduled Tribes .. .. .. .. -.4%

4. Backward Classes . . . , . . . . 25%

5. N.C.C. sports .. ,. .. .. . . 1%

6. V.L. Ws. or V.L.Is. . . . . . . . . . . 1 %

7. Self supporting foreign students candidates from other States and Defence

personnel. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1%

Total .. .. 48%

NOTE : -The special reservation for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Back-
ward Classes, etc., as shown above will be applied separately for the
special quota of 25 per cent of seats earmarked for the agriculturist families
and for the general quota of 75 per cent.

8. With a view to give equal opportunities for backward classes in professional
colleges and adequate representation in services, the commission has classified the back-
ward classes into four groups as indicated below and has recommended that the 30 per cent
reservation of seats for the backward classes in the professional colleges may bo distri-
buted among the four gropus as shown against each,

<X) Aboriginal Tribes, Vimuktha Jathis, Nomadic Semi-nomadic

Tribes, etc. . ,, 7%

(5) Vocational Groups ...13%

CD) Other Classes . 9%

The Government agree in principle to the classification of the Backward Classes
into four gruops as recommended by the Commission and direct that on the basis of
the population of these four groups, the 25 per cent reservation of seats in profes-
sional courses decided upon by the Government be apportioned among the four
.groups as shown below :

Group-A ,. 7%

Group-B ..10%

Group-C , t 1%

Group-D ,. 7%

The Commission has recommended that the reservation of seats shoud be over and
above the seats obtained by the backward classes candidates in the open competion. The
Government agree that the candidates selected in the open competitition need not be

counted against the reserved quota, but it is not desirable to select candidates in two ,
compartments, one for the general pool and the other for the reserved quota, as this woul d
cause hardship to the candidates belonging to the other communities. In order to protect
the interests of the backward classes and at the same time without causing prejudice to
the interests of the candidates belonging to other communities, the Government direct
that the following procedure be adopted for selection of candidates for the reserved seats,
in the professionad courses ;

9. A list of all candidates will be prepared strictly in the order of merit. From this
merit lists, selections will be made in the order of relation specified in Annexure II for
various faculties. .

When no suitable candidate for a seat reserved for' any particular group of backward
classes, is available, that seat, will accrue to t the next group in the order of rotation. Only
if no suitable candidate should be available in any of the four groups, then that seat will
lapse to the general pool.

10. The reservation of seats for the Backward Classes will not apply to the Post
Graduate professional courses.

11. The Government accept tfye recommendation of the Commission that the reser-
vations shall be in force for a period of ten years in the first instance, i.e. upto the end
of the academic year 1980-81 and the position reviewed thereafter.

12. Suitable amendments to the rules of admission into various professional courses
will issue separately from the administrative departments concerned.

Reservation in Services:

13. The commission has expressed the view that all the classes listed by them a
socially and educationally backward, under article 15 (4) of the Constitution are not
adequately represented in services under the State. The Government accept the view of
the Commission and consider that all the said classes are not adequately represented in
the services .under the State.

14. The 'Commission has recommended that 30 per cent of posts in State and Sub-
ordinate Services must be reserved for the backward classes and that this 30 per cent
reservation may be allocated among the four groups as follows :

Group-A
Group-B
Group-C
Group-D

As in the case of reservation of seats in professional courses the Government direct
25 per cent of posts or appointment in the State and Subordinate Services be reserved
for the Backward Classes. The scheme of reservation in services for the special groups
shall be revised as follows :

(1) Scheduled Castes .. 14%

(2) Scheduled Tribes . . 4%

(3) Backward Classes .. 25%

(4) E. C. Os. ... 2%

(5) Physically handicapped .. 3%

The 25 per cent of reservation of posts or appointments made in favour of the back"
Ward classes shall be allocated among the four groups as shown below on the basis of
Population, and an order or sub-rotation shall be fixed for equitable distribution of posts
a ttiong the four groups.

Group-A .. 7%

Group-B . . 10%

Group-C . , 1 %

Group-D . . ,7%

15. The following procedure shall be adopted for recruitment to the reserved posts
or appointments.

A list of successful candidates will be prepared strictly in the order or merit. From
this merit list, appointments will be made in the order of rotation specified in Annexure HI.

When no suitable candidate is available for the post reserved for any particular
group of backward classes, that post will accrue to the next group in the order of rotation
and only if no suitable candidate should be available in any of the four groups, then the
reserved post would lapse to the general pool.

16. The Commission has recommended that the reservations should be made
applicable for recruitment to posts under Zilla Parishads, Municipalities and Panchayat
Samithis also. The Government agree with this recommendation and direct that the-
scheme of reservation of posts for the backward classes shall be made applicable to the-
posts under the local and other authorities under the control of the State Government.

17. The Government also approve the following recommendations of the Commi-
ssion :

(i) There is no need to make any provision for carrying forward of unfilled vacan-
cies reserved for the backward classes.

(ii) The candidates who are recruited /selected on merits in open competition should
not be counted against the reserved number of posts /seats. (This recommendation is.
accepted to the extent specified in paragraphs 9 and 15).

(Hi) The reservation for backward classes in services may be made for a period of
ten years in the first instance and the position reviwed thereafter.

(iv) The Government may prevail upon the public undertakings to give representa-
tion for backward classes in the services of those undertakings.

(v) It is neither necessary nor desirable to provide reservation for promotions.

18.. The Commission has recommended that the upper age limits prescribed in the
special rules for entry into Government Services shall not be applied generally in the case
of backward classes in the following cases :

.(1) If the qualified prescribed for recruitment was lower than the degree of B,A. or
B. Sc of a University or any other degree recognised as equivalent to such a degree and
the backward classes candidates possessed educational qualification higher than the
minimum general educational qualifications.

(2) The backward Classes candidates held a degree of a University within the State
or any other degree recognised as, equivalent to such a degree.

123-22

Where the above conscessions do not apply, the Commission has suggested that the
candidates belonging to the backward classes should be given the benefit of five years over
the maximum age limit prescribed for the others. However, for direct recruitment to
posts for which the maximum age limit was 40 years and over, the Commission has con-
sidered that the above mentioned age concession of 5 years in the upper age limit need
not be allowed.

The above recommendations of the Commission were based on General Rule 12
which was in force when the list of backward calsses was in existence prior to 1964.
This rule had since been amended in G.O. Ms. 1073, General Administration Department
dated 25th September, 1964, according to which the maximum age limit prescribed in
the special rules shall be raised uniformly by 5 years in the case of candidates belonging to
the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and Aboriginal Tribes, provided that no
such age concession shall be allowed for direct recruitment to the posts for which the
maximum age limit is 40 years or above. The Government consider that the unlimited
age exemption given earlier is not desirable and hence they have decided that the age
concession of 5 years given for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for purposes
of recrutiment, be extended to the backward classes also.

19. Necessary amendments to the General rules and special Rules will issue from
the concerned administrative department.

20. The Commission has recommended that a separate Directorate of Backward
Classes with a Senior Officer as the Head of the Department should be created to take care
of the problem of the backward classes. The Government consider that for the present
it is enough to appoint an Officer of the grade of Joint Director in the Directorate of
Social Welfare to be incharge of the work relating to Backward Classes. A Special
cell will be created in the General Administration Department to deal with the matters
relating to Backward Classes. Half-yearly reports on the special provisions for the
Backward Classes will be sent to the Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee. Orders
in this regard will issue separately from the General administration Department.

21. The Commission has recommended that enumeration should be made
caste-wise atleast from the next census, as cast -wise statistics are not available from 1931
census. The Government have already accepted the recommendation of the Commi-
ssion and addressed the Government of India separately.

22. All the Departments of secretariate and Heads of Departments are requested
to take immedite action to implement the above orders.

23. Orders on the other recommendations of the Backward Classes Commission
will issue separately.

(By order and in the name of the Governor of Audhra Pradesh)

S.R.RAMAMURTHY,

Special Secretary to Government.

List of socially and Educationally Backward Classes vide G.O.Ms No. H93Educatlon

dated 23rd September 1970.

Gnoup-A.
Aborginal Tribes ,Vimuktha lathis, Nomadic and Semi-nomadic tribes etc.

1. Agnikula ICihatria, Palli, Veadabalija, Besta, Jalari, Gangavar, Gatigaputra,
Goudla, Vanyakulakshatriya (Vennakapu, Vetine Reddi, Paliikapu, Pullireddi,
Nayyala and Pattapu.

2. Balasanthu, Bahurupi,

3. Bandara,

4. Budabukkala.

5. Rajaka (Chakali, Vannari).

6. Dasari ( Formerly addicted to crimes uiid beggary).

7. Dommara.

8. Gangiredlovaru.

9. Jangam whose traditional occupation is begging.

10. Jogi. :

11. Katipapaia.

12. Korcha.

13. Deleted

14. Madari or Mahaiidra.

15. Mondivaru Mondibanda, Biinda.

16. Nayi Brahmin (Mangali) ,

17. Nakkala.

18. Pitchiguntla.

19. Pamula.

20. Pardhi ( Nirishikhari )

21. Pambala.

22. Peddammavandlu, Devaravndly, Yellammavandlu, Mutyalammavandlu,

23. Veeramushti (Nattikotala.)

24. Valimiki Boya, (Bidar, Kirataka, Nishadi, Yellapi pedda Boya), Talayavi

and Cliunduyallu.

25. Deleted

26. Gitd.ila.

27. Kanjara Batta.

28. Kinthdla Kalinga.

29. Kompara or Reddika.

30. Mondipatta.

31. Nokkar.

32. Pariki Muggula.

33. Yata.

34. Chopamai'i.
35 Kaikadi.

36. Joshinandiwalas.

37. Odda (Oddilu, Vaddi and yaddolu)

38. Mandula (vide Govt. Memo No. 40-VI-7-1 Edu., dated 10th February 1971^

39. Mahtar (Muslim vide Go.Ms No. 234-VI-72-2 Edd., dated 5th July 1972).

40. Kuoapuli.

GROUP-B.

1. Achukatlavandlu.

2. Aryakashatriya, Muchi (Telugu speaking ), Chittari, Giniya, Chitrakara, Nakhas.

3. Devanga.

4. Ediga, Gowda (Gamalla, Kalalee), Goundla, Settibalija of Visakhapatnam East

Godavari ,West Godavari and Krishna districts ).

5. Dudekula, Laddef, pinjari or noorbash.

6. Gandla, Talikula.

7. Jandra.

8. Kunimara or Kulala.

9. Karikalabhakthulu, or kaikolan or kailkala (Sangudam or sangunther.)

10. Karnabhakthulu.

11. Kurube, or kuruma.

12. Nagavaddilu.

13. Neelakanthi.

14. Patkar (Khatri).

15. Parika ( Parika Baliji, Purangiri Kshtriya) .

16. Nassi or Kurni.

17. Padmasali (sali,Salivan, Pattusali, Sanapathula, Thagata Sali) .

18. Srisayan ( Sagidi )

19. Swakulasali.

20. Thogata, Thogati or Thoogatayarakshatriya.

21. Viswabramin ( Ausula or Karasali ,Kumraari, Kanchari, Vadla or vadia or

Vadraangi and Silpis). /

GROUP- C (Harijan Converts)
1. Scheduled castes Converts themselves to Christianity and their children.

GROUP-D (Other Classes)

1. Agaru

2. Arekati, Katika.

3. Atagara.

4. Bhataraju.

5. Chinpolu ( Mera ) .

6. Gavara.

7. Godaba.

8. Hatkar.

9. Kakkala.

10. Jingar.

1 1 . Kandra.

12. Koshti.

13. Kachi.

14. Kalavanthula, Ganika.

15. Krishnabalija ( Dasari, Bukka ).

16. Koppulavelama.

17. Mathura.

18. Mali.

19. Mudiraj, Mustrasi, Tenugollu.

20. Munnurukapu ( Telangana) .

21. Nagava^am (Nagavansa).

22. Nelli.

23. Polinativalamas of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts.

24. pobsala.

25. Passi.

26. Rangrez or Bhavasara Kashatriya.

27. Sidhuchet'i.

28. Satani (Chattadasnvaishnivd)

29. Tammili.

30. Turupukapus or Gajula Kapus of Srikakulam and Visikhipatnam districts

are subject to social Customs of divorce and re-nvuriages among
woman.

31. Uppara or Sangara.

32. Vanjara ( Vanjari)

33. Yadava ( Golla ).

(G.O.Ms No. 996 dated 1L//2 A r .M- t /;i/v/-, 1975)
ABSTRACT

Social welfare-Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes Admission
to Colleges- Procedure for implementation of the rule of reservation in various pro-
fessional courses and Facalties Instructions-Issued.

Read the Folio-wing :

G.O.Ms No. 1793, Education, Dated 23rd September, 1970,

ORDER:

In G.O. Ms.No. 1793,Edue:ition dated 23rd September 1975 the folk ''ing percen-
tages of seats in various professional courses have been reserved for the Schedu-
led Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes.

Scheduled Castes . - . . 14%

Scheduled Tribes . . . . 4%

Backward Classes . . . . 25%

Group- A .. .. 7%

Group-B .. .. 10%

Group-C .. -.1%

Group-D . . 7%

The method of selection of candidates to the reserved seatee ha<? also been specified
in para 9 oi the said G.O. According to these orders, a list ol candidates is to be prepared
strictly in order of merit and fiom this merit list selections are to be made in the order
of rotation specified for the various facalties.

2. It has been brought to the notice of the Government that there are several
practical difficulties in following the order of rotation prescribed for admission into
professional courses particularly if the number, of seats in any course is less. In fact
some of the Universities are not following the rotation system at all. In thee Osmania
University for admission into certain technical courses a general list is prepared on the

12323

basis of merit and then separate lists one prepared to the Scheduled Castes,
ch.edu.led. Tribes and Backward Classes. The s:ime method is being followed in Andhra
University also. This method is more advantageous to the reserved groups, because
the candidates belonging to these groups who come up for selection in the general list
ore retained over and above the percentages reserved for them.

3. The Government have therefore decided that the rot ..tion system prescribed
in para 9 of G.O.Ms No. 1793, Education d ted 23rd September 1970 and in Annexure-II
thereof, may be dispensed with the/procedure being followed by the Osmanui and
AndliraUniversites sh?.ll be adopted for selection of candidates for admissions into variou
facalties. Accordingly in supersession of the orders in para 9 of G.O.Ms.No. 1793,
Education, dated 23rd September 1970, the Government direct that the following proce-
dure be followed for selection of candidates for admissions into all professional cour-
ses, with immediate effect,

(1) In the first instancy candidates should be selected for the general seats (unre-
served seats), only, strictly in the order of merit. After this is done, selection .should
be made for each reserved group separately in the order of merit.

(2) If sufficient number of candidates are not available to fill-up the seats reserved for
Scheduled Castes, they shall be IHled-up by suitable candidates from the Scheduled Tribe
and vice-versa. If the required number of candidates are not available for fiiHng-up the
quota of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, they my be iilled-up
by candidates from the general-pool on the basis of merit.

(3) If sufficient number of candidates of any particular group of Backward Classes
are not available to fill-up the seats reserved for that group, they may be filled-up by suitable
candidates in any other group in the order of merit,

(4) If no suitable candidate is available in any of the four groups, then the seats may
be frlled-up from the general pool.

4. The Government also direct that the reservation of seats of the Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes be extended to all post-graduate courses, inclu-
ding Professional postgraduate courses also.

5. The orders issued in G.O. Ms. No. 1793, Education, dated 23rd September, 1970,
shall be deemed to have been amended to the extant mentioned above.

(By order and in the name of the Governor of Andha Pradesh).

DILSUKH RAM,
Secretary to Government.

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE (P). DEPARTMENT

[G.O. Ms. No. 402, dated 12th June, 1974.]

ABSTRACT.

Backward Classes Fee Concessions in Schools and Colleges Exemption from
Payment Orders 1 Issued.

Read the following :

1. G.O. Ms. No, 2575, Education, dated 26th July, 1961.

2. G,O. Ms. No. 1019, Education, dated 29th April, 1966.

3. G.O. Ms, No. 1281, Education, dated 15th Juno, 1968. j

4. G.O. Ms. No. 1793, Education, dated 23rd September, 1970.

5. G.O. Ms. No. 282, Education, dated 28th January, 1971.

6. G.O. Ms. No, 433, Education, dated 10th August, I 972.

7. From the Director of Public Instruction.

Lr. Re. No. 3812-03/71, dated 16th May, 1973.

8. From the Director of Public Instruction.

Lr. Re. No. 1230-E4/73, dated 23rd May, 1973 and 31st May, 1973.

9. From the Director of Social Welfare

Lr. Dis. 14548/73-Gl, dated 30th June, 1973.

10. From the Director of Pdblic Instruction

Lr. Rs. No. 1230-E4/73. dated 2nd July, 1973,

ORDER :

The question of exempting the Backwatd Classes from the payment of special fees etc. ,
in schools and giving full fee concessinos in Colleges has beau engaging the attention of the
Government for some time past.

2. The present position regarding payment of College and school fees and conce-
ssions allowed to certain categories of students is as indicated below :

(i) Secondary education is free upto Xth Class to all students. Hence no fee ia
collected from any one upto the Class X.

(ii) The pupils belonging to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes and converted
to Scheduled Castes are granted full fee concession in post-matric arts and professional
courses, provided the income of parent/guardian, does not exceeds Rs. 3,600 per annum.

(iii) The pupil whose parent's/Guardian, income does not exceed Rs, 3,600 per
annum are granted half-fee concessions in Arts and Professional Courses irrespective of
the caste or Community to which they belong.

(iv) In G. O.Ms. No. 2575, Education, dated 26thJuly, 1961, the students of Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes were exempted from payment of
special fees, such as games fees, Library fees etc., in all Schools with eflfectfrom the School

Year 1961-62, subject to the condition that the income of parent or guatdian does
not exceed Rs. 3,600 per annum. In G.O. Ms. No. 1091, Education, dated 29th
April, 1966, Government have confined the concessions of exempting special fees
allowed in G.O. Ms. No. 2575, Education, dated 26th July, 1961 to the students of Sche-
duled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only as the list of Backward Classes was struck down
by the Courts. While issuing these orders, it was specified that the question of extension of
special fee concessions to Backward Classes (Other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes) would be considered after a fresh list of Backward Classes is drawn up.

3. With the issue of a fresh list of Backward Classes in the G.O. fourth cited, it has
become necessary to consider the question of exempting the socially and educationally
backward classes from the payment of special fees. As the economic condition of the
Listed Backward Classes is comparable to that of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes and as Backward Classes were exempted from payment of special fees, games fees
etc. previously when the Backward Classes list was in vouge in G.O. Ms. No. 2575,
Education, dated 26th July, 1961, it is only fair that these concessions should be restored
after the new list of Backward Classes has been drawn up in the G.O. fourth cited.

4. Government after careful consideration order the following concessions to be
given to the students belonging to the listed Backward Classes whose parent's/guardian's
annual income does not exceed Rs. 3,600 with effect from 1974-75.

(a) exemption from payment of special fees, like games fees, library fees, etc., in
Schools.

(b) exemption from payment of fees in all Post-Matric Arts and professional courses.

5. The Director of Social Welfare/Director of Public Instruction is requested to sub-
mit necessary proposals for amendments to the relevant rules in due course.

6. This order issues with the concurrence of Finance Department U.O. 1282/576/
E. & S. W./74-1, dated 24th January, 1974.

(By Order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh.)

M. A. HALEEM,
Secretary to Government,

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL WELFAE (P) DEPARTMENT

[Memo. No. 3916/7/74-4, dated 2\st February, 1975.]

Subject : Social Welfare Department Backward Classes-Fees Concession in Schocls
and Colleges Exemption from payment of Special Fees Clarification Issued.

Ref:(l) G.O. Ms, No. 402, E. & S.W. Department dated 12tla June, 1974.

(2) From the principal, A. P., Andhra University College of Science and Tech-

nology, Waltair, Lr. No. A5/FC/74, dated 24th July, 1974.

(3) From the DSW. Lr.'Rc. El/20549/74, dated 23rd August, 1974,

(4) From the Dy. D.P.I;^D.O. No. 2196-K2/73, dated 16th September, 1974.

In G.O. Ms. No. 402, Employment & Social Welfare, dated 12th June, 1974 orders
were issued exempting the students belonging to the Listed Backward Classes whose
parents,/guardian, annual income does no exceeds Rs 3,600 with effect from 1974-75.

(a) from payment of special fees, like games fees, library fees, etc., in school and

(b) from payment of fees in all post-matric arts and professional courses :
Doubts have been raised :

(a) whether the exemption, from payment of fees in atl post-matric arts and profes-
sional courses ordered in para 4 (6) G.O. Ms. No. 402, Employment and Social Welfare
Department, dated 12th June, 1974, is applicable to the student studying M.Sc. Course
in the University College, also, and

(b) whether exemption from payment of fees in post-matric and professional courses
includes special fees also or only tuition fees.

3. It is clarified as follows :

(a) The concession referred to in para 4 (b) of G.O. Ms. No. 402, Employment &
Social Welfare, dated 12th June, 1974 is applicable to all posts-matric course including
M.Sc. course in the University Colleges.

(b) the exemption from payment of fees in pont-matric and professional courses is in
respect of tuition fees only and not special fees like games fees, library fees, etc.

M, A- HALEEM,

Si't:rcUii-y to Government,

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL WELFAFE DEPAUTMKNT
[Memo. No. 473 6/P 1/74-7 5, E. &S. W. t dated 5th June, 1975.]

Subject ; Social Welfare Department Backward Classes Fee concessions in Schools
and Colleges Exemption from payment Regarding.

Ref: (1) From the Director of Public Instruction, L.Rc, No. 1230/E4/75, dated 9th
October, 1974 and 14th October, 1974.

(2) From the Director of Public Instruction, Lr. Re. No. 1296/K/JK-3/7J-1,
dated 21st February, 1975.

(3) From the Director of Social Welfare, Lr. Re. No. 20549/74-EI, dated 18th
March, 1975.

In G.O. Ms. No. 402, Employment and Social Welfare, dated ,12lh June, 1974 the
following^oncessions are given to the students belonging to Listed Backward Classes whose
parent's/guardian's annual income does not exceeds Rs. 3,600 with effect from 1974-75.

(ci) exemption from payment of special fees, like games fees, Jibrary fees, etc., in
schools. /

(A) exemption from payment of fees in all post-mat ric arts and professional
courses.

123-24

2. The following points have been raised for clarification :

(1) whether the above fee concessions are applicable to the students studying in
private colleges also; and

(2) who is to reimburse the loss sustained by the Universities and private colleges
on account of these fee conce sions given to the Listed Backward Classes.

3. As regards Item (1) above, it has since been clarified in Government Memo.
No. 325/P1/75-1, Employment and Social Welfare Department dated 15th April, 1975
that the fee concession are applicable to the student studying in private colleges also.

4. Regarding item (2) above the Director of Social Welfare has already been
reimbursing the loss sustained by the Universities and private colleges on account of half
fee concessions allowed for Listed Backward Classes, Economically Backward Classes,
Harijan Christians and there is also seperate piovision for this under Non-plan. The
Government direct that the loss sustained by the Universities and private colleges on
account of the full fee concessions also be reimbursed by the Director of Social Welfare.

In respect of private colleges, however reimbursement shall be made only in accordance
with the standard rates of fees specified by the Government or by the University.

M. A. HALEEM,
Secretary to Government.

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH.

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT.
[G. 0. Ms. No. 93, Dated the 26th August, 1976J
ABSTRACT

DIRECTOR OF BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE Scholarships Rationalisation of State
Scholarships rates for Listed Backward Classes and Economically Backward Classes students.
Proposal of the Director of Backward Classes Welfare Approved Orders Issued.

Read the following :

From the Director of Backward Classes Welfare, Letter Re. No. B2/626/75, dated
9-7-1976.

ORDER.

It has been reported that the existing rates of State 'non-residential' scholarships in
respect of Listed Backward Classes and Economically Backward Classes were fixed as
long back as in 1957-58 and that these rates are very low. The same rates are being
continued even after the prices have gone up and abnormal cost of living. There is a
vast difference in the 'no fee 'and 'half fee' rales of scholarships, which the Listed Backward
Classes and Economically Backward Classes are being sanctioned. In order to rationalise
the State scholarships, the Director of Backward Clas&es Welfare has proposed the follow-
i ag rates of 'non-resi dental' scholarships in respect of post-martic courses for Listed

Backward Classes and Economically Backward Classes students and has requested that
these rates may be approved :

Rs.

per annum.

Intermediate Course 1st year and Ilnd year . . - . 80.00

Degree courses and all Arts and Socience course.
1st year .. .. .. .. .. 120.00

Ilnd year. .. .. .. . . .. 120.00

Illrdyear .. .. .. .. . . .. 120.00

Post-Graduate courses. .. .. .. .. 200.00

Professional Degree and Post-graduate Course. . . . . 250.00

Post-matric Diploma Course like Polytechnic etc. ..' .. 100.00

2. Government after careful consideration, approve the proposal of the Director
of Backward Classes Welfare and direct that the rates of non-residential scholarships in
respect of post-matric courses for Listed Backward Classes and Economically Backward
Classes students mentioned in para 1 above, be adopted in the State with effect from the
academic year 1976-77.

3. The Director of Backward Classes Welfare is requested to take necessary action
to implement the above orders immediately.

4. The expenditure shall be met from the provision of courront year's budget and
shall be debited to "288. Social Security and Welfare (c) Welfare of Scheduled Caatos,
Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes (d) Welfare of Other Backward Classes
A. Welfare of Listed and other Backward Classes (n) State Scholarships 10. Scholar-
ships and stipends."

5. This orders issues with the concurrence of finance and Planning (Exp. ESW)
Department vide their U.O. No. 1272/OFS. B/76-1, dated 7-8-1976.

(By Order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh.)

S. R. SANKARAN,

Secretary to Government.

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH.

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT.
[C7. O. Ms. No. 132, dated the 5th October, 1976,]
ABSTRACT.

BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE Enhancement of rate of Residential Scholarships
to the Post-matric students belonging to Listed Backward Classes residing in College atta-
ched hostels Orders Issued.

Read the following :

1. Memo. No. 2582/E2/75-4, SW., dated 3-7-1976.

2. From the D.B.C.W. Re. No. B2/20/75, dated 7-7-1976.

ORDER.

Orders were issued in the Memorandum first read above accepting in Principle the
proposals submitted by Director of Backwaid Classes Welfare and directed that
necessary proposals should be sent for implementation of the schemes wherever considered
necessary for approval of the Government.

2. Accordingly, the Director of Backward Classes Welfare has now proposed to
enhance the rate of Residential scholarship to the Listed Backward Classes students
studying in the following courses and residing in College attached hostels or recognised
private hostels run by the Backward Community Organisations.

Rs.

per month
Intermediate .. 70 _ 00 for

10 months.
Graduate and Post-graduate courses _ 75.00 for

10 months.
Diploma courses other than professional. . . 70 o

3. The Government after careful consideration, accept the proposal of the Director
of Backward Classes Welfare and accordingly enhance the rates of Residential Scholar-
ships to the Post-matric Listed Backward Classes students studying in the following
courses and residing in college attached hostels or recognised private hostels run by the
Backward Classes community organisations.

Rs.

pei month
Intermediate . . 70.00 for

10 months.
Graduate and Post-graduate courses .. 75.00 for

10 months.
Diploma courses other than professional courses. . . 70.00

4. The expenditure sanctioned in para 3 above should be met from the provision
in the current years budget and should be debited to "288, Social Security and Welfare
(c) Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes (d) Welfare
of other Backward Classes (A) Welfare of Listed and Other Backward Classes (H) State
Scholarships and (10) Scholarships and stipends".

5, This order issued with the concurrence of Finance and Planning Department
vide thier U.O. No. 1690/Exp. ESW/76-1, dated 15-9-1976.

(By Order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh.)

S. R. SANKARAN,

Secretary to Government.

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

[ G.O. Ms. No. 137, dated 5th October, 1976].

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT.

ABSTRACT.

BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE. Enhancement of the rate of residential scholarships to
the professional course students belonging to Listed Backward Classes students residing
in College attached hostels from Rs. 50 per month to Rs, 100 per month for 10 months-
Sanctioned Orders Issued.

Read the following : '

1. Govt. Memo No. 2582/E2/75-4, dated 3-7-1976.

2. . From the D.B.C.W. Lr. Re. No. B2/90/75, dated 7-7-1976.

3. From the D.B.C.W. Lr. Re. No. B2/90/75, dated 26-7-1976,

ORDER.

The Director of Backward Classes Welfare is hereby authorised to incur an addi-
tional expenditure not. exceeding Rs. 4,50,000 (Rupees four lakhs and fifty thousand only
for enhancement of the rate of residential scholarships to the students of professional
courses belonging to Listed Backward Classes and residing in college attached hostel
from Rs. 50 .per month to Rs. 100 per month for 10 months with effect from the current
academic year 1976-77.

2. The expenditure sanctioned in para 1 above shall be debited to "288. Social
Security and Welfare-C. Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other
Backward Classes (d) Welfare of other Backward Classes schemes included in
the Fifth Five- Year Plan-A. Welfare of Listed and Other Backward Classes (/) State
Scholarships- 10 Scholarships and stipends".

3. This orders issues with the concurrence of Finance and Planning (Exp. E.S.W.
Department vide thier U.O. No. 1689/Exp. E.S.W- /76-1. dutod 15-9-1976.

(By order and in the Name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh).

S, R. SANKARAN,
Secretary to Government*

91
123-25

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

EDUCATION (SW-II) DEPARTMENT
[G. O. Ms. No. 1034, Education, dated 3rd July, 1971.]

ABSTARCT

Land Acquisition Social Welfare Provision of House-sites to Harijans and other
. Backward, Classes-^25% of reservation to Backward Classes instructions Issued,

Read :

(1) Government Memorandum No. 1441/K1/65-6, Education, dated 3 1st July, 1965.

ORDER :

The scheme of acquiring house-sites for Backward Classes has been one of the most
important welfare measures undertaken by Government. At present 12% of the house
sites acquired for Scheduled Castes can be reserved foi Backward Classes so as to bring
in cosmopolitan atmosphere, which is so necsssary for the removal of untouchability,
But it is felt that 12% reservation is not sufficient and it is not attractive enough for
Backward Classes to avail this facility. There has been great demand from Backward
Classes, who are also poor and deserving for increased allotment. There is, therefore,
imperative need to raise the percentage of reservation of hous-sites to Backward Classes,
This will not only act as an incentive for Backward Classes to avial themselves of the
facility but also will improve thier economic condition and accelerate the removal of
untouchability. It is considered that if there are a large number of Backward Classes
living side by side with the Scheduled Castes, the sprit of cosmopolitan living will be
strengthened.

2. Government therefore direct that from the current year onwards instead of
12% reservation, 25% reservation in house-sites shall bo made for Backward Classes
in Harijan Colonies.

3. All the Collectors and the District Social Welfare Officers are informed that they
should take suitable action to ensure compliance of the above instructions,

(By order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh).

S. R. RAMAMURTHY,
Secretary to Government.

Copy of Memo No. 1920/C1, dated llth March, 1976 of Dilsukh Ram, Secretary to
Governmnnt, Employment and Social Welfare (C) Department, addressed to all
the District Collectors,

SUB : Land Acquisition Social Welfare Department Acquisition of house-sites
provision of funds for house-sites to Backward Classes setting apart
25% of allotments made to each district instructions issued.
Government have decided that 25% of the amount allotted to each district, for
acquisition of house-sites, should be spent exclusively for acquiring house-sites of the
Backward Classes. The Collectors are therefore requested to set apart 25% of the funds
allotted to the District, for acquiring house-sites, exclusively for Backward Classes.

DILSUKH RAM,

Secretary to Government.

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT
[G.O. Ms, No. 517, dated 25th May 1976.

ABSTRACT

Backward Class Welfare Department Exemption from the payment of tuition fee to
Listed Backward Classes students Decentralisation of the scheme and delegation of
powers to District Collectors/D.R.O's, Orders Issued.

Read the following :

(1) G.O. Ms, No. 402, Employment and Social Welfare, dated 12th June, 1974.

(2) From the Director of Backward Class Welfare, Lr. Re. No. B2/170/75, dated

9th December, 1975.

(3) From the Director of Backward Class Welfare, Lr. Re. No. B2/ 170/75, dated

4thMarch, 1975.

ORDER :

Orders were issued in the G.O. first read above giving the following concessions to
the. students belonging to Listed Backward Classes whose parent's/guardian's annual in-
come dees not exceed Rs. 3,600 with effect from 1974-75.

(a) exemption from payment of special fees like games fees, library fees, etc., in

schools.

(b) exemption from payment of fees in all post-nmtric Arts trad professional courses,

The Director of Backward Class Welfare proposed that the claims from colleges in
the State for reimbursement of fees foregone by them on account of the above concessions
may be dealt with by the District Collectors or District Revenue Officers, as in the case of
Scholarships.

The Government approve the above proposals of the Director of Backward Class
Welfare and hereby delegate' powers to the District Collectors/District Rovenuo
Officers of all Districts including Twin Cities, Hyderabad District to sanction claims
from private colleges for reimbursement of fees on the basis of general orders issued by
Government from time to time. Detailed instructions in regard to the scale of fees to bo
admitted for purpose of reimbursement, mode, of scrutiny etc., will be issued by the
Director of Backward Class Welfare for the guidance of the District Collectors. The
Director of Backward Class Welfare will also exercise proper supervision to see that the
funds provided in the Budget are not exceeded and that the Collectors sanction the re-
imbursement within the limit of funds placed at thier disposal and as per the standard
scale of fees.

This order issues with 'the concurrence of Fiance and Planning Department vide thier
U.O. No. 524/Exp. E & S.W. 76-2, dated 16th March, 1976,

(By Order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh),

S. R. SANKARAN,
Secretary to Government

Backward Classes Fee concessions in Schools and Colleges Exemption from payment

Orders Issued.

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEARTMENT

G.O.Ms.No. 15, Dated the 21st January, 1977.

Read the following :

1. G.O.Ms.No. 402 Employment & Social Welfare, dated 12-6-1974.

2. From the D.B.C.W.Lr.Rc.No. B2/2078/76, dated 17-9-1976.

ORDER :

In G.O.Ms.No. 402 Employment and Social Welfare dated 12-6-1974 orders were
issued inter-alia that the post-matric students belonging to listed Backward Classes whoso
parents/Guardian annual income does not exceed Rs. 3,600 are exempted from the pay-
ment of tuition fees and the loss sustained by the private and University colleges on account
of such exemption shall be reimbursed by the Backward Classes Department. These
students are not exempted from the payment of special fees like games fees, library fees
and non-refundable deposits etc.

The Director of Backward Classes Welfare has proposed that the students belonging
to listed Backward Classes whose parents/Guardians annual income does not exceed
Rs. 3,600 may be exempted from the payment of special fees etc. and the income foregone
by the private colleges and Universities on account of such exemption to listed Backward
Classes students shall be reimbursed.

2. Government after careful consideration accept the proposal of the Director of
Backward Classes Welfare and direct that the post-matric students belonging to Listed
Backward Classes whose parents/Guardian annual income does not execccd Rs. 3,600
shall be exempted from payment of special fees like games fees, library fees and non-re-
fundable deposits etc. and the loss sustained by the private colleges and Universities on
account of this exemption to the listed Backward Classes students shall be reimbursed by
Backward Classes Welfare Department with effect from the academic year 1976-77.

3. The expenditure shall be debited to "288. Social Security and Welfare (C) Welfare
-of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Othei Backward Classes (G) Welfare of
other Backward Classes 1 . Welfare of listed and other Backward Classes (iv) Compensa-
;tion to Universities 9. Grants-in-aid".

! 4. This order issues with the concurrence of Finance and Planning (Expr. E.S.W.)
Department vide their U.O.No. 4519/F.P.S.P./76-1, dated 13-12-1976.

(By order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh)

S.R. SANKARAN,
Secretar to Government,

100

BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE Special Fee concessions in schools and colleges Reimburse-
ment of income to Government Colleges Orders Issued.

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT
(G,O. Ms. No. 64, dated 24th February, 1978.)

Read the following :

1. From the Director of B.C. Welfare, Lr. Re. No. B2/2753/77, dated 23-4-1977.

2. From the Director of Backward Classes Welfare, Lr. Re. No. B2/2752/77, dated
27-6-1977.

3. From the Directoi of Backward Classes Welfare, Lr. Re. No, B2/2752/77, dated

13-12-1977.

ORDER :

In G.O. Ms. 15 Social Welfare (E), dated 21-1-1977 orders were issued, exempting
the Listed Backward Class students whose parents/ guardian's annual income does not
exceed Rs. 3,600 per annum from the payment of special fees with effect from 1976-77.
Subsequently the monetary limit for sanction of the above concession has been raised
to Rs. 6,000 in G.O. Ms. No. 125 Social Welfare, dated 15-4-1977.

2. The Government have examined carefully the question of reimbursement
of special fee income to Government Colleges in respect of Listed Backward
Class students on account of exemption given to them in the orders referred to in
para 1 above, and consider that the Government Colleges like private colleges shall also
be reimbursed with the special fee income foregone by them, us this is a non-Government
income of the colleges meant for a specific purpose.

3. Government accordingly direct, that the special fees income foregone by the
Government colleges on account of exempting the Listed Backward Class students from
payment of special fees in view of the orders referred to in para 1 above be reimbursed
to them like private colleges. .

4. The Director of Backward Classes Welfare is requested to take necessary action
in Lhe matter accordingly.

(By order and in the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh)

S. R. SANKARAN,
Secretary to Government.

101
123-26

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

ABSTRACT

SOCIAL WELFARE Educational Concessions Enhancement of income limit for grant of
scholarships and for availing of Educational Concessions Orders Issued.

SOCIAL WELFARE (E) DEPARTMENT.
(G.O. Ms. No. 125, dated the \5th April, 1977.)

Read the following :

From the Director of Backward Classes Welfare Letter Re. No. B2/4705/76, dated
26-8-1976.

ORDER :

According to rule 92 of the Andhra Educational Rules, which were supercedod by
Andhra Pradesh Educational Rules 1966-67 an income limit of Rs. 3,600 per annum
was fixed for eligibility for educational concessions such as grant of scholarships and
admissions in Government Hostels by the students of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes
and Backward Class Communities.

2. Several representations have been received that the above income limit should
be enhanced from Rs. 3,600 to Rs. 6,000 per annum in view of the present increase in the
cost of living and inview of the fact that the income limit of Rs. 3,600 was fixed long
back.

3. The Government after careful consideration direct that tho income limit of Rs.
3,600 per annum shall be enhanced to Rs. 6,000 per annum for eligibility for grant of
scholarships and for availing of other educational concessions and hostel facilities in
respect of the students belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, Listed Backward
Class communities and Haiijan Christians from the academic year 1977-78.

4. The Director of Harijan Welfaie/Director of Tribal Welfare/Director of Back-
ward Classes Welfare is requested to implement the above orders.

(By order and iu the name of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh).

S. R. SANKARAN,
Secretary to Government

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(Makers of Cold Rolled Steel Strips)

Regd. Office: Works:

NAGARJUNA HILLS PATANCHERU

PANJAGUTTA MEDAK DISTRICT

HYEDRABAD-500 004 ANDHRA PRADESH

PHONES: 35207 (3 LINES)! ; PHONE: 261211

APTEX

The Andhra Pradesh State Textile Development Corporation Ltd.,

(an undertaking of the Government of

Andhra Pradesh)

WELCOMES

Delegates to and participants of the State Level Conference
of Backward Classes.

Offer a wide range of cotton printed material for shirtings,
tie and dye material for saris, etc.,

Bedsheets, cotton furnishing materials, lungis, towels, Pocham-
palli saris-silk, mercerised and cotton-Uppada saris, etc. at competi-
tive rates.

Our cotton and leather garments are known all over the sophis-
ticated market in the world.

VI SIT OUR SHOWROOM
AT CHANDRALOK COMPLEX,
SAROJINI DEVI ROAD,

SECUNDERABAD.

With best compliments from:

A. P. Lightings Limited

(Producer of quality G. L. S. Lamps)

BRINGING PROSPERITY TO THE

BACKWARD AREA OF

RAYALASEEMA"

Regd Office ;....'

""" 3-6-J40/2, .
LIBERTY ROAD,
HYDERABAD--29

Works:., .,-.-.
INDUSTRIAL , -
DEVELOPMENT AREA,
ANANTHAPUR,

1234

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE TRADING CORPORATION

SERVES THE ARTISANS A SMILE ON THE FACE
OF AN ARTISAN IS THE MEASURE OF PROGRESS '

APSTC HAS MADE

-by purchasing the products at remunerative prices & by making
promt payments.

-by Marketing the products within and outside A. P. through its
string of Lepakshis.

by making advances to ensure un-interrupted production,

by providing raw materials required in the production of Handi-
crafts,

-by providing feedback of Market demand to devise new products,
designs etc.

-byjcollaborating with all the agencies concerned with Handicrafts
for an all-round development of crafts and the craftsmen.

Contact

APTEX

for a wide range of quality fabrics

KB,*.-;! .

for garments both for gents & ladies

* BED SPREADS

* TOWELS

* LEATHER GARMENTS

Enquiries solicited from importers and exporters

ANDHRA PRADESH

STATE TEXTILE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD

P.B.NO. 196, Posnett Bhavan,
4th floor, Tilak Road,
Hyderabad 500001 (India)

TELEGRAMS : TEXDECO PHONE Nos : 5 1 5 1

Hyderabad 43337

43338

TELEX: 0155 524 APTX IN

Andhra Pradesh State Warehousing
Corporation Hyderabad.

Provides : j

1. Scientific storage facilities for Agricultural and notified

commodities.

2. Branch Warehouses at the door of cultivators.

3. Reservation of accommodation at any centre to any agency

4. Disinfestation and fumigation of Private stocks. . ;

5. Grading of stocks to avoid spot inspections.

6. Easy Bank Advances against warehouse receipts.

7. 12% rebate on storage charges to Co-operatives.

8. Maintenance of quality of stocks and thereby increased

bargaining power.

Further details may be had from the Warehouse Manager at any
of the following centres or the Managing Director, Andhra Pradesh
State Warehousing- Corporation, 'HydefaJ?ad 50Q{)p4.

1. Amadalavalasa.

2. Allagadda

3. Anantapur

4. Bapatla. * _.-.-
-5, , Bhongk.-

.. .. i. . : .

6. Bhirnavaramv

7. Cuildapah.

8. Chittoor,

9. Dhone,

10. Eluru.

11. Gudivada,

12. Guntakal.

13. Gudur.

14. Hindupur.

15. Jadcheila, r

16. Jaggayyapet,

17. Jagtial.

18. Kachiguda.

19. Kakinada.

20. Khammam.

21. Kothagudem,

22. Kurnool.

23. Karimnagar.

. . 24. Mahaboobabad.

. . 25. Mandapet.

. . 26. Mangalagiri.

; * .27-...., ,Miryalaguda.

.. 28. Musheerabadad,

. . 29. Narasaraopet.

. . 30. Nidadavole.

. . 31. Nirrnal.

. . 32. Nellore.

. . 33. Peddapalli.

. . 34. Ponnur.

. . 35. Piler.

. . 36. Proddatur.

.. 37. .Repalli.

. . 38. ^Tadpatri. ;:

. . 39. Tenali.

. . 40, Vizianagaram.

. . 41. Huzurnagar.

. . 42. Bakaram.

. . 43. Vedayapalem,

. . 44,;. :Metpally. : "

. . 45. Piduguralla.

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123

ANDHRA PRADESH HEAVY MACHINERY AND

Registered Office.

ENGINEERING LIMITED.

Head Office.

8-2-579/A, ROAD No. 8 V. H. R. SHOPPING-CW^-OFFICE COMPLEX'
Banjara Hills,

HYDERABAD-500 034 2ND FLOOR , BEASANT ROAD, GOVERNORPET,

VlJAYAWADA-520 002.

TELEX 01 55-655

TEL Nos. 32203 TELEX : 0475-224
38011 TEL. Nos. 75804
GRAMS "APMEL" 62521-3

GRAMS : "APMEL"

Training-cum-Production Centre.
INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,

VlJAYAWADA.

TEL No. 86510
Factory site :

KONDAPALLI

Manufacturers of sophisticated quality Leather Processing
Machinery, Chemical Machinery, Pharmaceutical Machinery,
Ceramic Machinery, Pollution Control Equipment and General
Engineering.

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION LIMITED.

* (A State Government Undertaking )

f f 6-3-789/A, AMEERPET, HvDEKABAD-500 016-A.P.

SRI A. P. RANGANATHA SWAMI, B.E., F.I.E.,
Chairman and Managing Director,
(Additional Charge.}

The Corporation is a Government of Andhra Pradesh Under-
taking intended to exploit the Irrigation potential for the benefit of
farmers and weaker sections. The Corporation is formed on 7th
September, 1974 with an authorised Share Capital of Rs. 10.000
Crores.

fj At the present the Corporation is taking up construction of

[ L.I. Schemes and Tubewell Schemes in the entire State of Andhra

( Pradesh. So far the Coproration has taken up 396 L.I. Schemes

{ (which are in various stages of execution and investigation)

costing about Rs. 5,228.00 Lakhs and providing benefit for an-
ayacut of 2,89,000 Hectares in both the crops. 69 L.I. Schemes
costing Rs. 947 . 1 6 lakhs have been taken up to benefit weaker sec-
tions also amongst others, and they are in various stages of comple-
tion, execution and investigation. The percentage beneficiaries
belonging to weaker sections varies from 1 .33% to 100%. Under
24 L.I . Schemes, the weaker sections constitute 50 % to 100% of bene-
ficiaries.

So far 577 tubewell schemes have been taken up, costing about
Rs. 510.50 Lakhs creating an Irrigation potential of 20,160 Hec-
{j tares. 337 No. of tnbewells benefit the weaker sections also

amongst others.

A scheme for obtaining loan under I.F.A.D. for the construc-
fl tion of 218 L. I, Schemes and 1800 Tubewell schemes costing

Rs 67 Crores creating an Irrigation potential of 1,53,868 Hectares
in kharif and 1,55,000 Hectares in Rabi, is prepared.

The Corporation runs on commercial lines. Hence the cost
together with the interest and running expenses will have to be rea-
lised from the beneficiaries by way of water rates fixed by the Corpo-
ration for each scheme. Government have sanctioned a subsidy
of Rs 88 per acre for Khariff paddy Rs. 53 per acre for Rabi and
Rs. 141 per acre for two crops for a period of 5 years which tapers
off in 6th and 7th years.

A. P. RANGANATHA SWAMI,

Chairman and Managing Director,
(Additional Charge.}

/
/

f
f

Galling Entrepreneurs of Small Industry to
Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh today is throbbing with industrial activity.
More and more units are being set up. Yet the scope is unlimited.
Start a small industry of your own, with A.P.S.S.I.D.C. backing you
all the way. And then consider the vast natural resources of
Andhra Pradesh and the liberal incentives and subsidies given by
the State Government.
Come to A.P.S.S.I.D.C. and be on your way to success.

Joint Venture Scheme.

We extend financial assis-
tance by equity or preference
shares to limited companies to
an extent of 50% of the pro-
ject cost.

Technical Consultancy and
Feasibility Reports.

A.P.S.S.I.D.C. makes avail-
able consultancy services to
entrepreneurs. Feasibility Re
ports are offered free of cost.

Hire Purchase Scheme.

We provide financial assis-
tance upto 90% of the cost of
machinery to the extent of
Rs.2.00 lakhs. For industries
the backward areas, the

upto

motivation and development -
training, waival of security
other than machinery supplied
for sanctioning of Hire pur-
chase scheme; Loans upto -
Rs. 25,000 towards working -
capital, etc.

Supply of raw Materials and
Raw Material Banking
Scheme.

The Corporation helps in pro-
curing raw materials for entre-
preneurs and also advances
loans against finished products
under this Scheme.

Ancillarisation Programme.

A. P. S. S. I. D. C. propose*
to select large State Public Se-
ctor Units for encouraging an-
cillaries to come up.
Entreprcneurship Develop-
ment and Training.
The Corporation has arran-
ged for the training of enter-
preneurs followed by in-plant
training.

Monitoring Cell to Revamp
Sick units.

A monitoring cell has been
set up to help certain sick Joint
venture and private units.
This will analyse the problems
of the units and assist in enhan-
cing their productivity and
profits.

Corporation - advances

Rs. 5.00 lakhs.

Marketing Assistance.

The Corporation helps entre-
preneurs market their products
by setting up Trade and Scale-
Centres, Show Rooms. A Cen-
tral Stores Purchase Organi-
sation is also thought of.

Concession to Weaker sections

Cent per cent (100%) subsidy
upto Rs. 15,000 for preparation
of feasibility reports, stipend
upto Rs. 250 per month
perentrepreneur undergoing

WRITE TO US FOR FURTHER DETAILS:

ANDHRA PRADESH SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION LTD. "PARISRAMA BHAVANAM ", 5-9- SBfB, FATEHMAIDAN
ROAD, HYDERABAD-500 029.

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE FILM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD.

(A State Government Undertaking)

"GRUHAKALPA",

M. J. ROAD

HYDERABAD-500 O0 1 .

GIVING FILLIP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FILM INDUSTRY IN
ANDHRA PRADESH

Loans for Construction of Cinema Halls:

Loans are restricted for towns /villages with a population
of 50,000 r.nd below

Total outlay not to exceed Rs. 6.00 lakhs
Loans upto Rs. 3 lakhs or 2/3 whichever is less

Loan repayable in. 84 monthly instalments

Interest 15% with a rebate of 3% for punctu.il pay*
ment on, due dates

Progress as on 1-4-1979

Loans sanctioned for con-
struction of 91 Cinema Halls

Rs. 21 2. 12 lakhs

Number of Cinema Halls
commenced business 54

Loans for Construction of Film Studios,
Laboratories, fytc*,

Loan assistance upto 70% to 80% of the cost of the Loans sanctioned to 5 Film

project Studios Rs, 75,09 lakhs

Interest 9% for first 5 years and 12% for subsequent

10 years ' : '" v . ' ; '- ' ' : ' " ' ' - v

And maiy more other r.ctivities for the growth of Film' Industry in Andhra Pradesh.

A. R. BAJI

Managing Director.

123

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION

Wait for the R. T. C. Bus in 'Que'.
You will get into the Bus safely.

Extra time required for boarding into the Bus is also curtailed and
unwanted

Held up of the Bus on account of overcrowding in the Bus caft be
avoided by following 'Que' System at all stages of ,A. P- S-, R. T. C.
in the Twin Cities of Secunderabad & Hyderabad,

YOUR CO-OPERATION HELPS US TO MAINTAIN
PUNCTUAL SERVICES AT ALL TIMES.

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF GHILlS

The Year 1979 is being celebrated as International Year of Child m

During the year, it is proposed to implement more vigorously the on j

going schemes centring on the welfare of children, as well as take I

up new schemes in Andhra Pradesh. 1 2

The integrated Child Development Services Scheme is being
implemented in two blocks in Adilabad and Anantapur districts-
Under the scheme, an integrated package of services covering nutri-
tion, health, education, and recreational facilities is provided.

Four more blocks in East Godavari, Warangal, Krishna and
Kurnool districts have been taken up in 1978-79. In.the j Interna-
tional Year ! of Child, three more blocks will be taken up in
Visiikhapatnam, [Chittoor and Medak districts.

D, G.I&P,R.43

1 APIIC

A**

Cuts a long story short

When an enterpreneur embarks on an ambitious Industrial
Projects 'he finds he's got so much of spade work to do like
arranging for land, sheds, finance. The result is that he tends
to round and round in circles. This is where the Andhra Pra-
desh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Limited steps in and
helps by providing developed plots at the various Industria]
Development Areas, disbursing Central Subsidy, arranging for
Finance and many other facilities^ APIIC makes the going
simpler and shorter for the entrepreneurs.

For details, please contact:

THE MANAGING DIRECTOR,

ANDHRA PRADESH INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
I CORPORATION LIMITED,

| - 5-9-58/B, 6th Floor, PARISRAMA BHAVANAM,

j FATHE MAIDAN ROAD, HYDERABAD-500 029'

Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes Co-operative
Finance Corporation, Hyderabad;

Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes Co-operative Finance Corporation is first
of its kind to be set up in the country.

The Corporation has been undertaking economic support programmes forth
welfare of Listed Backward Classes and Economically Poor persons.

The Corporation provides 20% hf margin money of the total outlay of the
schemes at 62% interest per annum and 80% of the loan from Bank Finance.

PERFORMANCE :

(Rs, in lakhs)

T - '
ft

I S.No. Scheme Margin Banks Total No. of
i money participa- outlay Beneficia-
E , utilised tion. ries.

n - -

i
i

(1) (2) (3)

(*) (5) (6)

1 1. For Listed Backward Classes .. 476-40

2,246-30 2,794-51 1,46,922

1 2. For Economically poor 20-26

80-69 103-26 4,054

persons.

3. Irrigation Schemes. 1-64

8-57 11-21 841

4. Special Employment Programme 6-11

23-27 29-39 212

5. Surplus Land Development . - Area
covered.

4,77- 12 20-30 9,398

Hectors.

6. For Bounded Labour released.

4-42 304

i
i

Thus the Corporation has set its best foot foremost and made a big leap for-
ward for the accelarated economic uplift of Backward Classes the State in a pla-
nned way,

B. BABURAO VARMA.

Managing Director.

-.:' ' . .

><>

123

i Everything you should look for in a Bank

' '

I 1 . .. i

^; r, ' r , ' i'i i ' . 1 ". ..-' . " .. . "

|! The Bank that cares for you

I We Offer- ' ^ -.- ;

I * Higher rates of interest on all types of deposits.

i; * Finances to farmers of A. P. for Agricultural operations.

$ <

pj *. Financial aid to set up any type of Small Scale Industry.

|[] * .Gnihalakshmi Deposit Scheme-where your money more than

I doubles your investment.

* Higher Education Deposit Scheme-which provides finances
J for a sound education and a bright career.

J * Marriage Deposit Scheme To meet marriage expenses.

j * Pension Deposit Scheme ensures a peaceful and comfortable

j:| retired life.

j," For Further details, please contact :

I i THE ANDHRA PRADESH STATE CO-OPERATIVE

|g BANK LTD.,

s .- -. - '

l y . . , A Scheduled Bank.

|JJ H.O.TROOP BAZAR, N.K.MURALIDHARA RAO I.A.S. I

la Hyderabad 500 001 1 Managing Director.

\i Telephone: 44481.

GRAMS: "HYCOCBANK" PHONE: 427O3 t

51273

THE HYDERABAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE CENTRAL BANK LTD.,

I NAMPALLY STATION ROAD, HYDERABAD-SCO 001 (A. P.)

|: Branches :

I KARWAN, SANATHNAGAR, MIR-ALAM-MANDI AND BAHADURPURA (CITY BRANCHES)

* u I * . ' ' . \\ ' ' '* '- V. ' , ' < '' ' : > , I ' ' -\ 4 *"\ - \ \ ' '' '

I VlKARABAD, TANDUR, SHANKERPALLY, IBRAHIMPATAN, YACHARAM7 CHEVlLLA, ]

1 MEDCHAL AND MOHAMMADADAD (Rural Branches).

I Serving the Weaker Sections and Agriculturists

! Working Capital of the Bank ..Rs. 710.33 Lakhs as on 31-12-1978.
Share-Capital of the Bank .. Rs. 100.53 Lakhs j

! Deposits of the Bank . . Rs. 335.49 Lakhs I

j RATES OF INTEREST OFFERED ON VARIOUS DEPOSITS, HIGHER THAN THE j

| RATES OF COMMERCIAL ATSfD SCHEDULED BANKS.

I Savings Bank Account .. 5% j

| Current Account --?% j

! Term Deposits .- ..Upto 9|% (\% more than Commercial

! Banks).

I Recurring Deposits .. ..Interest works out upto 10-J% ;

j JOIN IN OUR 'DHANALAXMI' SCHEME AND EARN INTEREST UPTO 34%

J Deposits with the Bank are guaranteed by the DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION .

j OF INDIA. |

j Invest your surplus funds with us and help agdculturists^rtisans, etc., the backbone of {

| nation's economy. |

K RAMKRISHNA REDDY, K. ABDUL HAQ, H. K. BABU,

B.A., LL.B., H.D.C., M.A., LL.B., H.D.C., LA.S.,

Secretary. Person-in-Charge. Chairman.

! With Best Compliments From:

i
i

NAGARJUNA CHEMICALS AND
FERTILISERS Ltd. HYD.

With best compliments

*
*

From I

GIRUAN CO-OPERATIVE I

CORPORATION i

HYDERABAD !

i
i

i
i
i
i
i
i
i

123

THE HYDERABAD CHEMICALS & FERTILIZERS LIMITED.

(A Government Company).
Registered Office.

'INTEKHAB MANZIL', 10-2-3, A. C. GUARDS,

HYDERABAD- 500004 (A. P.)

TELE

~] GRAMS "CHEMICALS"

J PHONES; 37530 & 32715

Manufacturers of :

SULPHURIC ACID, ALUM FERRIC,
SUPERPHOSPHATE 16% WS P 2 O B

&
FERTILIZER MIXTURES

for
ALL FOOD & CASH CROPS.

Factory : MAULA ALT- S. C. RAILWAY PHONE: 71341.

Buy Quality Goods Buy H.C.F. Products.

The

GROMOR FARMER
wishes prosperity

all GROMOR farmers

123

At AGROS, we have an obses-
sion The Farmer, Every
single activity at AGROS re-
volves around him, Whether
providing modern farming
techniques, manufacture of
fertilisers and pesticides, land
shaping and development or
catalysing the growth of agro- '

based industries, the farmer
forms the nucleus of our

activity.

From the farmers emanate
our objectives. He is our past,
our future, our concern, our
obligation and above all - our
bread-winner.

AGRWS

A. P. State Agro Industries Corp, Ltd,,
Hyderabad-500 004.

Gentleness

in a
baby

From the Andhra Pradesh
Dairy Development Corporation Ltd.

A formula specially suited to

Indian babies. Specially sweetened

as mother's milk. Easy to mix.

Easy to digest. The answer to a

mother's prayer.

Nourishing, delicious and
easily digestible. Vijayaspray
gives your baby everything
a doctor would want your
baby to have. Vitamins,
proteins, minerals and
carbo-hydrates.

Vijayaspray, is sweet as
mother's milk. Ideal for
baby's tender digestive
system. And slowly, gently.

Vijayaspray builds up your
baby to withstand the in take
of solids, 6 months later.
Vijayaspray made from
the internationally acclaimed
baby food formulation, is
so easy to prepare that all
it needs is the addition of
previously boiled water.

answer to a mother's prayer

Tho Andhra Pradesh

Dairy Development Corporation Ltd.,

Hyderabad 500789.

WISHING THE CONFERENCE

ALL SUCCESS

Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Tribes
Co-operative Finance Corporation

Limited.

(TRICOR)

6-3-563/33 -SOMAJIGUDA
HYDERABAD - 5OO OO4.

TELEGRAM: "TRICOR

TELEPHONES: 222357: MD (PER)
223150: GENERAL

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